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PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON. 


121st  session. 


From  November  1908  to  June  1909. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED    FOR   THE   LINNEAN    SOOIBTT. 

BURLINGTON  HOUSE,  PICCADILLY,  W., 

BT   TATLOB    AND    FEANCIfl,    BED    LION    OOTTBT,   FIHBT    BTBIBT. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


LliNNEAN   SOCIETY  OF   LONDON. 


fT?!™W 


119th   session. 


Feom  November  1906  to  Juke  1907, 


LONDON: 

PEI]!JTED   FOE  THE   LINNEAN   SOCIETY. 
BURLINGTON  HOUSE,  PICCADILLY.  W., 
1907.  K 


PRINTEn    BY   TAYLOE   AND    FRANCIS, 

RED  LIOX  COURT,  FLEET  STREET. 


-F 


D 


/on       Af 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

List  of  Publications  issued     iv 

Proceedings  of  the  119th  Session      i 

President's  Address    19 

Obituaries    . .  37 

Eeception :  List  of  Exhibits 61 

„           Abstracts  of  Lectures    64 

Abstracts  of  Papers    73 

Letter  from  C.  v.  Linne  to  P.  Arduino    Zt, 

Manuscript  List  of  the  Linnean  Herbarium 89 

Additions  to  the  Library    127 

Donations    162 

Benefactions   163 

Index   171 


1&6SQ89 


Publications      of  the  Society  issued  during  the  period,  31st  July. 
1906,  to  31st  July,  1907  :— 

Journal  (Botany),  No.  261,  18th  Oct.,  1906. 
„    262, 1st  Nov.,  1906. 
„    263,  11th  July,  1907.    ' 
„      (Zoolo«y),  No,  195,  24th  May,  1907. 


Transactions  (2nd  Ser.  Botany),  Vol.  VII.  Part   v.,  March  1907. 
(2nd  Ser.  Zoology),  Vol.  IX.  Part  xi.,  March  1907. 

„  XII.,  July  1907. 

Vol.     X.     „    VI.,  Oct.  1906. 

„  VII.,  May  1907. 


Proceedings,  118th  Session,  from  Nov.  1905  to  June  1906: 
October  1906. 


List  of  [Fellows,  Associates,  and  Foreign  Members],  1906-1907. 


PROCEEDINGS 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY  OF   LONDON. 


(OXE  HUNDRED  AXD  NINETEENTH  SESSION, 
1906-1907.) 


November  1st,  1906. 
Prof.  W.  A.  HERDMAisr,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  business  of  the  Meeting,  the  President 
called  attention  to  the  redecoration  of  the  Meeting-room  during 
the  recess,  and  the  new  carpet  which  was  the  gift  of  one  of  our 
Fellows,  Mr.  Heebeet  Deuce,  for  which  the  Council  had  passed  a 
special  vote  of  thanks. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  21st  June,  1906, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Henry  Eobert  Knipe  was  admitted  a  Pellow. 

Mr.  Morley  Thomas  Daw,  Dr.  Ailhur  Thomas  Masterman,  and 
Mr.  James  Anthony  Weale,  were  severally  elected  Fellows. 

Mrs.  Harriet  Isabel  Adams,  the  Eev.  Alfred  John  Campbell, 
Mr.  James  Drummond,  Mr.  John  Stanley  Gardiner,  M.A. 
Mr.  Joseph  Jackson  Lister,  F.E.S.,  Mr.  John  Mastin,  Mr.  John 
Clark  Newsham,  Mr.  Montagu  Austin  Phillips,  Miss  Harriet 
Eichardson,  Miss  Cora  Brooking  Sanders,  and  Mr.  Walter  Henry 
Toung,  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

The   Peesident   exhibited   spirit- specimens    of    young   Plaice 

LIXIS'.  SOC.  PROCEEDCs'GS. — SESSION   1906-1907.  6 


2  PEOCBEDINfiS    OP    THE 

hatched  and  reared  in  captivity  at  Port  Erin,  Isle  o£  Man,  and 
pointed  out  the  different  rate  of  growth  occasioned  by  different 
surroundings  at  the  station. 

Mr.  George  Talbot  exhibited  abnormal  specimens  of  Equisetum 
maximum,  Lam.  (syn.  E.  Telmateia,  Ebrh.),  from  Broxbourne, 
Herts,  where  they  grew  on  dry  ground  and  in  a  narrow  area. 
They  were  characterised  by  the  development  of  a  fruiting  zone  on 
an  otherwise  typical  sterile  stem ;  one  specimen  showed  a  prolon- 
gation of  the  stem  bearing  branches  beyond  the  cone  ;  another 
showed  an  extremely  reduced  cone  borne  on  the  summit  of  a 
branch. 

Mr.  L.  Boodle,  F.L.S.,  made  some  observations  on  these  speci- 
mens, which  he  supplemented  by  drawings  from  the  fresh  material, 
copies  of  figures  from  Milde  and  from  Celakovsky. 

Prof.  F.  E.  AVeiss,  F.L.S.,  also  sent  three  lantern- slides  for 
exhibition,  of  specimens  of  the  same  species  from  one  spot  near 
Stockport  which  annually  produces  normal  and  abnormal  cones 
from  the  same  rootstock. 

Prof.  J.  W.  H.  Trail  and  Mr.  W.  C.  Worsdell  also  spoke. 

The  General  Secretary  exhibited  a  collotype  print,  42  cm.  x 
33  cm.,  two-thirds  the  size  of  the  original  portrait  of  Carl  von 
Linne,  by  P.  Krafft,  which  had  been  presented  by  Herr  J.  Ceder- 
quist  of  Stockholm.  It  had  been  prepared  for  the  forthcoming 
200th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Carl  von  Linne,  and  was  con- 
sidered an  admirable  specimen  of  collotype  printing. 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

Sir   Dietrich   Brandis,  K.C.I.E.,   E.R.S.,   E.L.S.— "  On  the 

Structure  of  Bamboo  Leaves." 
Dr.  J.  G.  DE  Man. — *'  Crustacea  from  the  Inland  Sea  of  Japan." 

(Communicated  by  Dr.  W.  T.  Calman,  E.L.S.,  E.Z.S.) 
Prof.  A.  J.  EwART,  D.Sc,  E.L.S.— "  The  Systematic  Position  of 

Hectorella  c(xsj}itosa,  Hook,  f." 


November  15th,  1906. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  E.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of   the  General  Meeting  of  the   1st  November, 
1906,  %vere  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  William  Erancis  Cooper  was  admitted  a  Eellow. 

The  President  announced  the  death  of  Mr.  William  Mitten, 
A.L.S. 


JAT/rSEXS   SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  3 

The  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbixg  exhibited  Mr.  J.  G.  Filter's  Chart 
of  the  Metric  System,  published  by  the  Decimal  Associatioa.  He 
strougly  commended  the  simplicity  and  clearness  with  which  the 
system  was  presented  by  this  graphic  method,  needing  so  few 
words  of  textual  ex|)lanation.  At  the  same  time  he  thought  that 
some  of  the  technical  terms  were  open  to  objection  either  in 
regard  to  spelling  or  formation.  We  have  long  had  in  English 
the  word  meter  for  measurements  quite  distinct  from  those  of  the 
comparatively  recent  French  metre  and  millimetre.  These  and 
similar  words,  therefore,  now  to  be  borrowed  from  the  French, 
should  preferably  I'etain  their  French  terminations,  following  the 
English  (though  not  the  A.merican)  usage  in  such  words  as  centre. 
Further,  the  words  hectogram,  hectometer,  hectoliter,  were  unfor- 
tunate and  misleading,  since  they  appear  to  come  from  the  Greek 
eKTos,  meaning  "the  sixth,"  whereas  their  real  connection  is  with 
€KaTuv,  meaning  "  a  hundred,"  so  that  they  ought  to  be  respectively 
Tiecatoc/rara,  hecatometre,  hecatolitre.  Are,  for  100  square  metres  as 
the  unit  of  surface  measure,  is  not  a  particularly  welcome  addition 
to  the  English  language,  and  hectare,  for  100  ares,  ought  to  be 
either  hecatare  or  hecatoatare.  Still,  defects  in  the  terminology 
should  not  divert  attention  from  the  importance  of  the  system 
itself  and  the  desirability  that  students  of  science  should  be  fully 
acquainted  with  its  character  and  merits. 

Dr.  Rendle  made  some  brief  remarks  on  the  Chart. 

On  behalf  of  Mr.  John  Cryer,  of  Shipley,  the  General  Secretary 
exhibited  a  series  of  21  specimens  of  Polygula  amarella,  Crantz, 
selected  to  show  its  wide  range  of  form  under  various  conditions. 
The  species  was  discovered  at  Grassington  in  May  1902,  and  spe- 
cimens were  shown  at  the  General  Meeting,  4th  December,  1902. 
In  a  communication  which  was  sent  with  the  plants,  Mr.  Cryer 
states  that  this  species,  which  grows  on  the  Great  Scar  Limestone, 
in  the  West  Riding  of  Yorkshu'e,  was  to  be  seen  the  past  season 
in  great  abundance  over  a  large  area.  It  could  be  fouud  iu  many 
situations  and  at  various  altitudes  from  Sweet  Side,  Grassington, 
to  Buckden  Pike,  a  distance  of  about  nine  miles  as  the  crow  flies ; 
from  Buckden  Pike  to  Arncliffe,  four  and  a  half  miles;  from 
Arncliffe  to  Gordale,  live  and  a  half  miles ;  and  from  Gordale 
through  Bordley  to  Sky  Home,  four  miles.  These  districts 
embrace  an  area,  as  measured  on  the  Ordnance  Map,  of  about 
thirty-six  square  miles. 

The  first  six  specimens  shown  were  from  three  to  eight  inches 
high,  from  an  elevation  of  75u  feet ;  as  the  elevation  increased,  the 
height  diminished,  till  the  plant  became  less  than  one  inch  high. 

Blue-flowered  specimens  were  found  well  distributed  over  the 
whole  area  ;  \vhite-flowered  specimens  aere  unequally  distributed  ; 
rose-coloui*ed  plants  were  only  found  in  one  locality,  but  there  it 
was  locally  abundant.  Spatliulate  rosettes  of  root-leaves  are  the 
winter  state  of  the  plant. 

One  characteristic  of  Polygala  amarella  is,  that  it   can  grow 

62 


4  PROCEED iXGS    OF    THE 

where  there  is  but  little  soil  for  its  support.  Mr.  Cryer  has  found 
it  growing  on  what  was  almost  bare  rock  ;  it  has  the  habit  of 
thrusting  its  roots  into  the  cracks  and  crevices  of  rocks  or  between 
the  stones  and  rocky  fragments.  Wherever  he  has  found  it,  with 
one  exception,  there  has  been  little  or  no  depth  of  soil. 

Mr.  Cryer  has  compared  P.  austriaca,  Crantz,  a  closely  allied 
species  in  Kentish  localities,  and  points  out  that  the  latter  has  a 
less  condensed  habit,  with  smaller,  uniformly  lilac-blue  flowers, 
more  scattered  on  the  stem  ;  cauline  leaves  smaller,  less  pointed 
at  the  apex  ;  and  only  traces  of  a  basal  rosette  of  leaves. 

The  Eev.  John  Gerard,  S.J.,  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle  referred  to 
certain  interesting  points  raised  by  this  exhibition. 

The  paper  of  the  evening  was  by  Mr.  Hoeace  W.  Mokcktox, 
Treas.  &  V.-P.,  "On  the  Fjaerlands' Fjord,  Norway." 

During  the  past  summer  the  Author  spent  a  fortnight  at 
Mundal  on  the  Fjaerlands  Fjord,  and  he  had  paid  short  visits  to 
the  same  place  in  previous  years.  The  fjord  is  a  long  arm  running 
from  the  Sogne  Ijord  in  a  north-easterly  direction,  and  snow- 
fields  lie  near  the  fjord  on  both  sides,  though  at  a  considerable 
altitude  above  it.  Mundal  is  about  90  miles  from  the  open  sea, 
but  Fucus  grows  well  on  the  rocks  and  foreshore  and  Mytilns  and 
Gardinm  floui'ish. 

In  August  1898  the  Author  found  a  colony  of  Mya  arenaria, 
Linn.,  living  on  the  foreshore  a  little  above  low-water  mark  at  the 
head  of  the  fjord  ;  and  he  exhibited  some  specimens  at  the  Meeting 
of  the  Society  on  January  19th,  1899  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  1898-9,  p.  6). 
Last  August  he  could  not  find  any  living  shells,  though  they  might 
possibly  have  been  found  had  he  been  able  to  carry  his  examination 
below  low-water  mark.  He,  however,  found  a  large  number  of 
dead  shells  remaining  in  the  muddy  sand  in  the  position  of  life, 
with  the  valves  united  and  filled  with  sand  or  mud.  Fossil-beds 
with  the  shell  in  the  position  of  life  are  occasionally  met  with. 
Mr.  H.  B.  Woodward  mentions  an  instance  in  the  Crag  at 
Bramerton  Common,  near  Norwich  ("  Greolog_y  of  the  Country 
around  Norwich,"  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  1881,  p.  82);  and  the 
Author  thought  the  Fjserland  case  a  good  example  of  such  a  fossil- 
bed  in  process  of  making. 

The  Author  then  drew  attention  to  the  question  to  what  extent 
the  snow-fields  and  glaciers  of  Norway  can  be  looked  upon  as  relics 
of  the  Glacial  Period,  and  in  this  connection  he  referred  to  a 
paper  by  Mr.  J.  Eekstad,  of  the  Norwegian  Geological  Survey 
("  Skoggraenseus  og  sneliniens  storre  hoide  tidligere  i  det  sydlige 
Norge,"  Norges  geol.  Undersogelse,  No.  3fi,  Aarbog  for  1903: 
Kristiania,  1903).  Mr.  Eekstad  quotes  several  authors  who  have 
recorded  the  occuri'ence  of  trunks  and  relics  of  the  Scotch  Fir 
{Finns  sylvestris)  in  bogs  at  a  level  much  above  the  present  top- 
most limit  of  that  tree;  and  he  infers  that  the  topmost  limit  of 
the  tree  has  sunk  as  much  as  1100  feet  in  the  central  part  of 
Southern  Norway.     The  question  then  arises :  If  the  limit  of  the 


LIXXEAN    SOCIEXr    OF    LOXDOX.  5 

Piue  was  so  much  higher  than  at  present,  must  not  the  suow-Kne 
have  been  raised  to  a  corresponding  amount  ?  If,  however,  the 
suow-line  were  raised  1100  feet,  the  snow-fields  woukl  in  most 
cases  vanish  and  in  a  few  others  be  very  small,  and  the  larger 
glaciers  would  probably  cease  to  exist.  Xow  the  bogs  in  which 
the  fir-remains  are  found  are  almost  certainly  more  recent  than 
the  main  part  of  the  Glacial  Period — in  short,  post-Grlacial  in  the 
ordinary  sense  of  the  term ;  and  if  the  above  inference  be  correct, 
the  present  snow-fields  and  glaciers  can  scarcely  be  called  relics 
of  the  Grlacial  Period, 

In  conclusion  the  Author  exhibited  a  series  of  photographs  of 
the  snow-fields  and  glaciers  around  the  Pjaerlands  Pjord. 

An  animated  discussion  followed  the  reading  of  the  paper 
(which  was  illustrated  by  numerous  lantern-slides  from  the 
Author's  photographs),  in  which  the  President,  Col.  Swinhoe, 
Sir  H.  Howorth,  K.C.I.E.,  F.E.S.  (visitor),  Mr.  W.  Whitaker, 
P.E.S.  (visitor),  Dr.  Treutler,  and  Prof.  Dendy  took  part, 
Mr.  Mouckton  replying. 

December  6th,  1906. 

Prof.  AV.  A.  Herdmax.  F.li.S.,  Pi-esident,  in  the  Chair. 

Tiie  Aliuutes  of  the  General  fleeting  of  the  loth  November, 
1006,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Colonel  John  "William  Terbury  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 
Miss  Mary  Anderson  Johnstone,  B.Sc.Lond.,  was  proposed  as  a 
Fellow. 

The  following  were  proposed  for  election  as  Associate  in  place 
of  the  late  3Ir.  William  :\Iitten,  A.L.S. :— Mr.  Herbert  Clifton 
Chadwick,  Mr.  Wilham  Holland,  Mr.  James  Lomax,  Mr.  Arthur 
Patterson,  and  Mr.  William  Henry  Pearson. 

The  following  were  severally  balloted  for,  and  elected  Fellows : — 
Mrs.  Harriet  Isabel  Adams,  the  Rev.  Alfred  John  Campbell, 
Mr.  James  Drummond,  Mr.  John  Stanley  Gardiner,  3I.A., 
Mr.  Joseph  Jackson  Lister,  F.E.S. ,  3Ir.  John  Mastin,  Mr.  John 
Clark  Xewsham,  Mr.  Montagu  Austin  Phillips,  Miss  Harriet 
Eichai'dson,  Miss  Cora  Brooking  Sanders,  and  Mr.  Walter  Henry 
Young. 

The  General  Secretary  having  by  desire  of  the  President 
explained  the  foundation  and  constitution  of  the  Linnean  Medal 
in  1888,  the  President  handed  to  Mr.  H.  C.  Grueber,  F.S.A., 
Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins  and  Medals  in  the  British 
Museum,  a  silver  copy  of  the  said  Medal,  for  the  National 
Collection  under  his  charge.     3Ir.  Grueber,  in  acknowledging  the 


6  PEOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

gift,  referred  to  the  difficulty  his  department  experienced  in  pro- 
curing specimens  of  modern  medals,  which  were  usually  restricted 
in  number  and  rarely  came  into  the  market. 

The  Eev.  H.  Pueefot  FitzGebald,  P.L.S.,  exhibited  specimens 
and  a  water-colour  drawing  of  Siegesbeckia  orientalis,  Linn.,  which 
has  been  recently  described  as  a  valuable  external  curative  agent 
in  skin  diseases.     (Abstract,  p.  73.) 

Mr.  A.  O.  Walkee,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  cut  specimens  of  Clioisya 
ternata,  H.  B.  K.,  which  were  now  in  full  flower  in  his  garden 
near  Maidstone.  These  bushes  had  flowered  normally  last  May, 
but  the  present  flowering  he  attributed  to  the  drought  of  last 
season  acting  as  a  resting-period  to  vegetation,  which  is  usually 
performed  by  the  cold  of  winter. 

Dr.  A.  T.  Masteeman,  F.L.S.,  showed  an  abnormal  specimen  of 
the  common  Dab  with  three  eyes,  which  had  been  obtained  from 
the  Dogger  Bank.  He  was  unable  to  give  a  full  account,  as  the 
specimen  has  not  jQt  been  dissected. 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed : — 

Prof.  A.  J.  EwAET,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.— "  The  Physiology  of  the 

Museum  Beetle,  Anthrenus  museorum  (Linn.),  Pabr." 
Mr.  E.  E.  BuEDON,  M.A.,  F.L.S.— "  Note  on  the  Origin  of  the 

name  Chermes  or  Kermes.''' 
Messrs.  E.  W.  L.  Holt  and  L.  Byene. — "  Biscayan  Plankton. — 

Part   X.  Pishes."      (Communicated   by  Dr.  G.    Hbebeet 

Powlee,  F.L.S.) 


December  20th,  1906. 

Lieut.-Col.  Peain,  C.I.E.,  P.E.S.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  6th  December, 
1906,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  John  Mastin,  Mr.  George  Stephen  West,  and  Miss  Cora 
Brooking  Sanders  were  admitted  Pellows. 

Mr.  Charles  Arnold  Newman,  B.A.  (Cantab.),  and  Mr.  Arthur 
William  Garrard  Bagshawe,  M.B.  (Cantab.),  were  proposed  as 
Fellows. 

Mr.  WiLFEED  Maek  Webb,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  two  specimens  of 
albino  woodlice,  Oniscus  aseVus,  Linn.  Prof.  Poulton  enquired 
whether  either  specimen  had  recently  moulted,  which  would 
account  for  the  absence  of  colour.  Mr.  Webb,  in  reply,  said 
that  was  not  the  case  iu  one,  at  least,  of  the  specimens  shown. 


LIXXEAX    SOCIETY    0¥    LONDON.  7 

Mr.  N.  E.  Beown,  A.L.S.,  exhibited  a  photograph  and  dried 
specimens  of  Fockea  capensis,  Etidl.,  a  plant  of  considerable  interest 
on  account  of  its  great  rarity  and  its  apparent  great  longevity. 
It  was  originally  described  and  figured  by  N.  J.  Jacquin,  a  hundred 
years  ago,  in  his  '  Fragmenta  Botanica,'  p.  31,  t.  34.  f.  5,  as 
Cynanchum  crispum,  from  a  plant  which  had  been  introduced 
from  South  Africa  and  cultivated  in  the  Imperial  Garden  at 
Schonbrunn.  In  1838,  Eudlicher,  in  his  '  Iconographia  Generum 
Plantarum,"  retigured  the  plant  and  generically  separated  it  from 
Cynanclium  on  account  of  its  remarkable  structure.  This  self- 
same individual  (from  which  both  the  above-mentioned  figures 
were  made)  has  been  in  cultivation  at  Schonbrunn  from  Jacquiu's 
time  until  now,  and  is  the  only  example  of  the  species  known, 
since  Dr.  A.  Zahlbruckner  states  that  all  attempts  to  propagate  it 
have  failed,  and  no  collector  appears  to  have  refound  it,  the  ouly 
dried  specimen  in  existence,  so  far  as  known,  being  the  one 
exhibited.  The  living  plant  was  exhibited  at  the  Botanical 
Congress  held  at  Vienna  in  1905,  and  in  the  Eeport  of  that 
Congress,  p.  77,  is  a  note  concerning  it,  where  it  is  stated  that 
the  age  of  the  plant  is  probably  about  150  years.  But  when 
Jacquin  described  the  plant  100  years  ago,  he  stated  that  the  tuber 
was  about  1  foot  long  and  6  inches  thick ;  at  the  present  time, 
from  calculations  I  have  made  from  the  photograph  of  the  plant 
by  comparing  the  length  of  the  largest  leaves  on  the  dried  speci- 
men \^'ith  those  of  the  photograph,  I  find  that  the  tuber  is  about 
7-^  inches  thick  and  stands  about  12i  inches  above  the  ground. 
As  this  small  increase  in  size  during  100  years  has  been  obtained 
under  the  conditions  of  cultivation,  where  the  plant  would  obtain 
more  moisture  and  be  likely  to  groM-  more  rapidly  than  in  the  very 
dry  climate  of  its  natural  habitat,  it  would  appear  conclusive  that 
its  growth  is  extremely  slow,  and  that  the  actual  age  of  the  indi- 
vidual in  question  is  probably  much  more  than  150  years.  Burchell, 
in  a  note  with  a  dried  specimen  of  the  very  closely  allied  i^.(7?a6ra, 
Decne.,  states  that  the  tuber  is  sometimes  as  much  as  2  feet  in 
diameter,  and,  if  as  slow-growing  as  F.  ccqoensis,  this  would  imply 
that  the  plant  must  attain  an  age  of  several  centuries.  Xoue  of 
the  species  of  Fochea  appears  to  be  common,  and  as  the  tubers  are 
eaten  by  the  natives  and  do  not  seem  to  produce  fruit  freely,  it 
it  possible  that  they  may  be  approaching  extinction. 

Two  other  interesting  plants  are  Babiana  spathacea,  Ker,  and 
Eriosphcfva  Ocvhi.s-cati,  Less.,  which  are  exhibited  further  to 
illustrate  how  very  rare  or  very  local  some  of  the  South  African 
plants  are,  since  neither  of  these  two  has  been  collected  by  any 
botanical  traveller  since  Thunberg  found  them  in  1774,  until 
these  specimens  were  gathered.  The  Babiana  was  originally 
described  as  Gladiolus  spathaceus,  Linn,  f.,  Suppl.  p.  96,  from  a 
specimen  collected  by  Thunberg.  The  type  and  the  specimen 
here  exhibited  are  identical  with  it.  An  account  of  the  plant  will 
be  found  in  Hooker's  '  Icones  Plantarum,'  vol.  xxviii.  t.  2710. 


8  PKOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  Eriosphcera  was  originally  described  as  Gnaphalium  Oculus- 
cati,  Linn,  f .,  Suppl.  364,  from  a  specimen  collected  by  Sparrman ; 
a  specimen  of  it  in  Thunberg's  herbarium,  upon  which  Lessiug 
founded  the  genus  Eriosplicera,  is  figured  by  Harvey  in  his  '  The- 
saurus Capensis,'  vol.  ii,  p.  30,  t.  149. 

A  discussion  followed.  Prof.  Poulton,  Dr.  E-endle,  Dr.  Stapf 
(who  gave  an  account  of  the  probable  introduction  of  the  photo- 
graphed specimen  to  Schonbrunn  in  1758),  and  the  Chairman 
took  part.  The  last  referred  to  the  courtesy  of  the  Vienna 
authorities  in  lending  the  only  existing  herbarium  specimens  of 
Fockea  to  Kew  for  a  short  time. 


The  following  papers  were  read  atid  discussed  : — 

Dr.  Alfred  B,  Eendle,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  and  others. — "  Report 
on  the  Botanical  Results  of  the  Third  Tanganyika  Expe- 
dition." 

Messrs.  W.  F.  CooPEE,  F.L.S.,  and  L.  E.  Eobinson. — "  A  New 
and  Abnormal  Species  of  2ihipicep7iah(s" 


January  17th,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman,  E.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  20th  December, 
1906,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Tiie  Rev.  Alfred  John  Campbell,  Mr.  Walter  Henry  Young, 
and  Mr,  John  Clark  JNTewsham  were  admitted  Eellows. 

Mr.  Charles  Edward  Eryer  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

Miss  Mary  Anderson  Johnstone,  B.Sc.(Lond,),  was  elected  a 
Eellovv. 


The  President  referred  to  the  death  of  Mr,  William  Mitten  as 
having  caused  a  vacancy  in  the  list  of  Associates,  to  fill  which 
five  candidates  had  been  proposed  on  the  6th  December,  1906  ; 
on  balloting,  Mr.  William  Heney  Peaeson  was  elected  an 
Associate. 


The  Geneeal  Seceetaet  drew  attention  to  the  copy  by  Jean 
Haagen  of  the  portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  by  J.  H.  Schetfel,  dated 
1739,  now  preserved  in  the  Linnean  Museum  at  Hammarby, 
which  had  been  presented  to  the  Society  by  the  University  of 
Upsala.  Mr.  Carruthers  and  Dr.  Murie  having  spolien,  a  special 
vote  of  thanks  to  the  University  for  this  most  acceptable  gift  was 
voted  unanimously. 


LIXNEAX    SOCIETi'    OF    LO'DOX.  9 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

W.  BoTTi>'G  Hemsley,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. — '■'■  PJatantliera  chlorantJia, 

Custor,  \a.r.  tricakarata." 
The  late  Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.—"  Acanthaceae  of 

insular  Malava."      (Communicated   by   Dr.    Otto   Staff, 

F.L.S.) 
Eev.  T.  E.  E.  Stebbixg,   F.E.S,,   Sec.L.S.— "  A  Freshwater 

Isopod  from  Calcutta." 
]\Ir.    Alexander  Patiexce. — "  On  a  new  British  Terrestrial 

Isopod."     (Communicated  by  the  Zoological  Secretary.) 


February  7th,  1907. 

Lieut  .-Col.  Praix,  CLE.,  F.E.S. ,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  17th  January, 
1907,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Frederick  "William  Cousens  and  Mr.  Gregory  Macalister 
Mathews  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Arthur  William  G  arrard  Bagshawe  and  Mr.  Charles  Arnold 
Xewman  were  elected  Fellows. 

The  Eev.  Johx  Gerard.  S..T.,  F.L.S.,  brought  forward  "  Some 
Observations  on  Climbing  Plants,"  illustrating  his  remarks  by 
lantern- slides  from  his  own  photographs  from  living  plants  and 
herbarium  material.  He  began  by  pointing  out  the  two  opposing 
methods  of  describing  spiral  growth  or  torsion  as  viewed  from  the 
exterior  or  from  the  interior  of  the  spiral,  the  result  being  that 
the  "  dextrorse  "  of  the  first  is  the  "  sinistrorse  "  of  the  second 
method.  With  or  against  the  sun,  ^yhich  applies  to  the  northern 
hemisphere,  is  reversed  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  and  for  these 
reasons  he  preferred  to  use  the  terms  "  clockwise  ''  and  "  counter- 
clocku  ise  ''  (shortened  to  "  counterwise ")  :  the  Honeysuckle 
(Lonkera  Peridymenum)  and  the  Hop  {Hiunulus  Lupulus)  turning 
clockwise,  and  the  Convolvulus  {Convolvulus  arvcnsis)  and  the 
Scarlet  Eimner  Bean  (PJiaseolus  vulgaris)  twining  counterwise. 
He  showed  the  result  of  some  experiments  he  had  made  b}'  growing 
beans  ( Vicia  Faha)  in  opaque  cylinders,  to  discover  if  possible 
whether  the  deviation  of  the  twist  were  innate,  or  from  the  direc- 
tion of  the  light,  the  conclusion  being  drawn  that  the  plant 
possessed  an  inclination  resembling  the  instinct  of  animals,  of 
proceeding  in  a  given  direction,  and  resented  any  attempt  to  force 
it  otherwise.  The  Author  concluded  with  some  observations  on 
the  behaviour  of  tendrils,  as  those  of  Bn/onia  dloica,  displaying 
one  specimen  which  had  vax'ied  the  torsion  four  times,  and  showed 
ten  turns  in  one  direction  against  seventeen  in  the  contrary. 


lO  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  discussion  which  followed  was  taken  part  in  by  Prof.  Dandy, 
Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  the  General  Secretary,  Mr.  Clement  Eeid, 
Mr.  T.  A.  Sprague,  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle,  Mr.  A.  P.  Young,  and  the 
Chairman,  who  confirmed  the  statement,  that  in  Dioscorea  the 
direction  of  the  twist  indicated  in  advance  the  character  of  the 
fruit ;  whether  belonging  to  the  typical  group  or  the  section 
Helmia. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  W.  Eose  Smith, 
two  volumes  of  four  formed  by  a  German  collector,  A.  Euperti,  of 
Halle  in  Westphaha,  in  1698-1700.  It  was  pointed  out  that  this 
method  of  pasting  down  plants  in  a  volume  was  the  earlier  plan, 
that  of  using  separate  sheets  being  a  much  later  usage ;  the 
question  was  raised,  at  what  date  was  the  book  form  practically 
discontinued  ? 

The  General  Secretary  and  Mr.  J.  Burtt-Davy  contributed  a 
few  remarks  on  this  exhibition. 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

Dr.  Otto  Stapf,  E.L.S. — "  New  Plants  from  Malaya." 
Mr.  P.  Chapman,  A.L.S. — "  Tertiary  Poraminifera  of  Victoria  : 
The  Balcombian  Deposits  of  Port  Phillip." 

February  21st,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman,  P.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  7th  February, 
1907,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Joseph  Jackson  Lister,  P.E.S.,  and  Mr.  John  Stanley 
Gardiner,  M.A.,  were  admitted  Pellows. 

Mr.  Harry  Howard  Bloomer,  Mr.  Charles  John  Cowper  Mee, 
and  Mr.  George  Penrose  were  proposed  as  Pellows. 

Mr.  Charles  Edward  Pryer  was  elected  a  Pellow. 

The  following  papers  of  "  The  Percy  Sladen  Trust  Expedition 
to  the  Indian  Ocean  in  1905  under  Mr.  J.  Stanley  Gardiner  "  were 
read : — 

Mr.  J.  Stanley  Gaedineb,  P.L.S.,  and  Mr.  C.  Postee  Coopee. — 
"  Description  of  the  Expedition. — I.  Introduction.  II. 
History  and  Equipment  of  the  Expedition.  III.  Resume 
of  the  Voyage  and  AVork — Part  1.  Colombo  to  Mauritius." 

The  following  papers  were  communicated  by  Mr.  J.  Stanley 
Gardiner,  M.A.,  P.L.S. 

Mr.  E.  C.  PuNNETT,  M.A. — "  Land-Nemerteans,  with  a  Note  on 
the  Distribution  of  the  Group." 


IINNEAX    SOCIETY    OF  LOXDOX,  1 1 

Mr,  L.  A.  BoREADAiLE,  M.A. — "  Land  and  Freshwater  Crustacea." 

Mr.  P.  Camerois". — "  Hymenoptera." 

Mr,  F.  F.  Laidlaw. — "Dragon-Flies," 

M.  A.  FoEEL, — "  Fourmis  des  Seychelles,  Amirantes,  Farquhar 

et  Chagos." 
Prof,  G.  H.  Carpexter. — "  Pycnogonida." 
Dr,  H.  F.  Gadow,  F.E,S.,  and  Mr.  J.  Stanley  Gardiner, 

F,L,S.— "Aves."' 


March  7th,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A,  Herdman,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair, 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  21st  February, 
1907,  were  read  and  confirmed, 

Mr.  William  Percival  Westell  and  Mr.  Eowland  Edgar  Nicholas 
were  proposed  as  Fellows, 

Mr,  Frederick  William  Cousens  and  Mr.  Gregory  Macalister 
Mathews  were  elected  Fellows. 

The  Meeting  having  been  declared  Special  in  accordance  with 
the  notice  previously  sent  out  as  required  by  Bye-Laws,  Chap.  VIII. 
Sect.  XL,  the  Fellows  present  proceeded  to  vote  for  a  Zoological 
Secretary  in  the  place  of  the  Eev.  Thomas  Eoscoe  Eede  Stebbing, 
resigned. 

The  Ballot  being  closed  the  President  appointed  Mr.  Herbert 
Druce,  Mr.  John  Hopkinson,  and  Mr.  Henry  Groves,  Scrutineers  : 
the  votes  having  been  cast  up,  the  Scrutineers  reported  to  the 
President,  who  thereupon  declared  that  Prof.  Arthur  Dendy  had 
been  unanimously  elected  Zoological  Secretary, 

The  President  then  moved  a  vote  of  thanks  to  the  retiring 
Secretary,  which  was  spoken  to  by  Mr,  Horace  W.  Monckton, 
Dr,  D.  JH[.  Scott,  and  Mr.  B.  Daydon  Jackson,  whereupon  the 
vote  was  carried  by  acclamation. 

Dr,  James  MuErE,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  a  portion  of  a  human  skull 
with  a  growth  of  Sahellaria  alveolata  and  several  hydroids  upon  it ; 
it  had  been  dredged  near  the  Black  Deep  in  the  Thames  estuary. 
The  President  commented  on  the  exhibit,  and  Dr,  Murie  replied, 

Messrs.  H.  &  J.  Groves,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  a  series  of  specimens  of 
Nitella  ornithopoda,  A.  Braun,  collected  by  the  Eev.  Canon  Bullock- 
Webster.  This  rare  species  has  only  been  found  in  a  small 
district  in  the  West  of  France,  from  Augouleme  in  the  north  to 
the  south  of  Arcachon,  and  doubtfully  in  one  locality  in  Portugal. 
The  especial   interest  of   the  specimens  exhibited,  which   were 


12  PEOCEEDIXGS    OF    THE 

collected  to  the  south  of  Arcachon  in  March  and  April  1906,  was 
that  they  represented  gatherings  of  the  plant  from  very  different 
habitats  and  showed  great  variations.  The  plants  collected  in 
shallow  ditches  were  already  in  full  fruit,  while  those  from 
running  water  and  those  from  Lake  Cazan  were  quite  immature, 
and  so  far  sterile.  Only  a  few  specimens  of  this  species  have 
previously  reached  England,  and  the  collection  exhibited  was 
probably  by  far  the  most  extensive  series  of  forms  yet  obtained. 

Braun  recognised  two  forms — the  more  typical  one  almost 
resemblicig  in  habit  some  forms  of  our  N.  tenuissima  (this  form 
Avas  called  f .  moniliformis  by  Prof.  Migula),  and  the  other  var.  laxa, 
which  resembles  N.  gracilis.  Among  the  specimens  were  some 
from  roadside  ditches  near  Arcachon,  representing  a  third  and 
very  distinct  form;  this  may  be  called  var.  rohusta.  It  is  4-5  in. 
high,  very  dark  green,  much  more  robust  than  the  ordinary  form, 
and  with  comparatively  short  ultimate  rays  to  the  branchlets, 
giving  it  the  appearance  of  N.  mucronata  in  miniature. 

N.  orniiliopoda  is  interesting  as  representing,  in  Europe,  Braun's 
section  Polyabteeodactyl.e.  The  headquarters  of  the  species  in 
this  section  is  Australasia,  where  there  are  eleven  species,  two 
reach  north  to  Japan,  and  one  occurs  in  India.  Two  or  three  are 
found  in  South  America,  and  one  in  North  America.  Three 
species  occur  in  Africa,  one  of  which  is  also  recorded  by  Dr.  Nord- 
stedt  from  Portugal.  It  is  not  qiiite  certain  that  N.  ornithojrjoda 
is  distinct  from  this  last. 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

Miss  N.  F.  Layard,  F.L.S. — "  On  the  Ornamentation  of  the 

Frog-tadpole."     (Abstract,  p.  74.) 
Mr.  S.  B.  Kemp,  B.A.— "  Biscayan  Plankton.  Part XI.  Decapoda." 

(Communicated  bv  Dr.  G.  Herbert  Fowler,  F.L.S.) 
Prof.  E.  B.  PouLTON,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.—"  On  the  Colour-changes 

in  South  African  Cliamaeleons." 
Mr.   (x.    Claeidge  Druce,  F.L.S. — "  On    the    Occurrence  of 

Speri/ularia    atheniensis   and    Agrostis    verticiUata    in    the 

Channel  Islands."     (Abstract,  p.  76.) 


March  21st,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Herdmax,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  7th  March,  1907, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Richard  Elmhirst  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

Miss  Mary  Anderson  .Johnstone,  Mr.  Gregory  Macalister 
Mathews,  Prof.  Eichard  Henry  Aapp,  and  Mr.  Charles  Arnold 
Newman  were  admitted. 


IIXNEAN   SOCIETY    OF    LONDON,  1 3 

Mr.  Hany  Howard  Bloomer,  Mr.  Charles  John  Cowper  Mee, 
and  Mr.  George  Penrose  were  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  W.  Cabruthebs,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  ou  behalf  of 
Mrs.  Heleiv  Waiid,  of  Slough,  a  series  of  19  drawings  of  Alpine 
flowers,  grouped  according  to  their  time  of  flowering,  and  intended 
to  illustrate  a  forthcoming  volume. 

Mr.  J.  Burtt-Dayy,  F.L.S.,  showed  50  lantern-slides  illustrative 
of  the  tree  and  bush  vegetation  of  the  Trausvaal ;  the  President, 
Prof.  "Weiss,  Miss  Gibbs,  and  Mr.  Carruthers  joined  in  a  discussion, 
to  which  Mr.  Burtt-Davy  replied. 

The  following  paper  was  read  and  discussed  : — 

Mr.  E.  A.  K'ewell  Aebeb,  F.L.S. — "  On  the  Origin  of  Angio- 
sperms." 


April  ISth,  1907. 
Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodwaud,  F.R.S.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  21st  March,  1907, 
were  read  and  confii'med. 

Mr.  William  Holmes  Burrell,  Mr.  Eobert  Patterson,  and  Mr. 
Geoffrey  Watkin  Smith,  M.A.,  wei-e  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Eowland  Edgar  Nicholas  and  Mr.  William  Percival  Westell, 
were  elected  Fellows. 

The  following  were  proposed  from  the  Chair  as  Auditors  for 
the  Society's  Accounts  for  the  financial  year  ending  30th  April, 
and  by  show  of  hands  were  elected : — 

For  the  Council,  Dr.  Horace  T.  Brown  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Rendle. 
For  the  Fellows,  Mr.  Herbert  Druce  and  Mr.  John  Hopkinson. 

The  follo\\'ing  proposed  new  Section  of  the  Bye-Laws  was  read 
for  the  first  time  from  the  Chair : — 

Chap.  II.  Section  2  a. — A  Fellow,  not  in  ai*rear  with  his  Annual 
Conti'ibution,  may,  on  giving  proof  of  his  age  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  Council,  compound  for  all  future  Annual  Contributions, 
according  to  a  scale  for  age.  Such  scale  sliall  be  fixed  by  the 
Council,  and  the  Council  shall  have  power  to  vary  it  from  time  to 
time. 

Mr.  James  Saun'dees,  A.L.S.,  showed  a  series  of  lantern-slides 
of  "  Witches'  Brooms,"  wliich  he  explained  are  usually  caused  by 


14  PROCEEDIXGS  OF  THE 

one  of  three  agents — parasitic  fungi  (^cidium  and  Exoascus), 
parasitic  insects,  and  gnarling.  The  illustrations  shown  were  of 
trees  affected  by  parasitic  fungi,  the  mycelium  of  which  permeates 
in  the  woody  tissue  of  the  diseased  plants.  They  included  Silver 
Fir,  Norway  Spruce,  Common  Elm,  Hazel,  Hornbeam,  Birch, 
Elder,  Hawthorn,  and  Wild  Cherry  {Primus  avium).  The  Silver  Eir 
was  from  Norfolk,  but  all  the  others  came  from  South  Bedfordshire 
and  North  Hertfordshire. 

Mr.  John  Hopkinson,  Mr.   G.  S.   Saunders,  and  Mr.   A.   O. 
Walker  joined  in  the  discussion  which  followed. 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  :  — 

Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  E.L.S. — "  On  the  (Ecologic  Functions  of 
Stolons  and  Cleistogamous  Elowers."     (Abstract,  p.  78.) 

Mr.  A.  O.  Walker,  E.L.S. — "The  Conservation  of  existing 
Species  by  Constitutional  or  Physiological  Variation." 

Mr.  Hugh  Scott. — "  On  an  Aberrant  form  of  Coccidae.'"'  (Com- 
municated by  J.  J.  LiSTEE,  E.E.S.,  E.L.S.) 

Prof.  W.  B.  BoTTOMLEY,  E.L.S. — "  On  some  Eesults  of  Inocu- 
lation of  Leguminous  Plants." 


May  2nd,  1907. 
Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman,  E.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  18th  April,  1907, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Harrv  Howard  Bloomer  and  Dr.  Arthur  Thomas  Master- 
man  were  admitted  Eellows. 

Mr.  Illtyd  Buller  Pole  Evans,  B.A.,  B.Sc,  Mr.  Frederick 
Ambrose  Gardiner,  and  Mr.  Frank  Campbell  McClellan,  were 
proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Eichard  Elmhirst  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

Dr.  G.  Herbert  Fowler,  E.L.S. ,  exhibited  a  new  closing-net, 
of  light  but  effective  construction,  for  tow-netting.  The  President, 
the  Bev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing,  and  Dr.  Murie  contributed  remarks 
on  the  subject. 

Prof.  E.  B.  PouLTON,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  the  probate  of 
the  Will  of  Richard  Anthony  SaUsbury  (1761-1829),  F.L.S., 
and  manuscripts  of  Dr.  W.  John  Burchell,  E.L.S. ,  which  had 
been  recently  presented  to  the  University  of  Oxford  by  Mr.  F. 
A.  Burchell,  of  Rhodes  University  College,  Grahamstown,  South 
Africa. 

The  General  Secretary  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  the  owner,  two 


LINNEAN  SOCIETT  OF  LONDON.  I  5 

portraits  of  John  Eeaser,  F.L.S.,  by  John  Hoppner  and  Sir  George 
Raebarn  ;  the  latter,  he  pointed  out,  was  the  unacknowledged 
source  of  the  lithographed  portrait  in  Hooker's  '  Companion  to 
the  Botanical  Magazine,'  vol.  ii.  (1836)  p.  300.  The  following 
note  accompanied  the  exhibit : — 

"John  Fraser  (1750-1811)  was  born  at  Tomnacloich,  Inverness- 
shire  in  1750,  and  apparently  came  to  London  in  1770,  when 
he  married  and  settled  as  a  hosier  and  draper  at  Paradise  Row, 
Chelsea.  Having  acquired  a  taste  for  plants  from  visiting  the 
Botanical  Garden,  Chelsea,  then  under  the  care  of  Forsyth,  he 
sailed  to  Newfoundland  in  1780  in  search  of  new  species,  return- 
ing the  same  year.  In  1784  he  embarked  for  Charleston,  whence 
he  returned  in  1785,  only  to  start  again  the  same  year.  His 
third,  fourth,  and  fifth  visits  to  North  America  were  made  in  1790, 
1791,  and  1795,  he  having  in  the  latter  year  established  a  nursery 
at  Sloane  Square,  Chelsea,  to  which  his  discoveries  were  consigned. 
Having  introduced  various  American  pines,  oaks,  azaleas,  rhodo- 
dendrons, and  magnolias,  in  1796  he  visited  St.  Petersburg,  where 
the  Empress  Catherine  purchased  a  collection  of  plants  from  him. 
Revisiting  Russia  in  1797  and  1798  he  was  appointed  botanical 
collector  to  the  Czar  Paul,  and  commissioned  by  him,  returned  to 
America  in  1799,  taking  with  him  the  eldest  of  his  two  sons. 

"  In  Cuba  he  met  and  was  assisted  by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland. 
On  his  return  the  Czar  Alexander  declined  to  recognise  his  appoint- 
ment; by  his  predecessor,  though  Fraser  made  two  journeys  to 
Russia  to  obtain  remuneration. 

"  In  1806  he  started  on  his  seventh  and  last  visit  to  America, 
again  taking  his  son  ;  he  returned  with  many  new  plants,  in  1810, 
to  his  nursery,  which  however  was  never  successful." 

He  died  at  Sloane  Square  on  26th  April,  1811.  Walter's 
herbarium,  which  he  possessed,  was  presented  in  1849  to  the 
Linnean  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  Fellow,  by  his  son  ;  but  was 
disposed  of  in  1863. 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

Mr.  A.  D.  Daebishiee. — "  On  the  Respiratory  Mechanism  in 

certain  Elasmobranchs."  (Communicated  by  Prof.  A.  Dendy, 

Sec.L.S.) 
Prof.  E.  B.  PouLTON,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.— On  the  Fauna  and  Flora 

of  Abyssinia  as  compared  with  that  of  West  Africa." 
Herr  C.  J.  With. — "  Pseudoscorpions."    (Communicated  by  the 

Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.) 

The  Peesident  then  laid  before  the  Society  four  papers  of  a 
proposed  series  on  the  Fauna  of  the  Sudanese  Red  Sea ;  they  con- 
sisted of  (1)  An  Introduction,  by  the  President;  (2)  a  narrative 
of  Mr.  Cyril  Crossland's  explorations;  (3)  Mr.  Crossland's  account 
of  the  formation  of  certain  shore-cliffs  in  Egypt,  and  (4)  of  the 
Red  Sea  Coral  Reefs ;  with  (5)  Mr.  E.  R.  Sykes's  enumeration  of 
the  Polyplacophora  collected. 


I 6  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

May  24th,  1907. 

Anniversary  Meeting. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  P.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  2ad  May,  1907, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

The  Duke  of  Bedford  and  Mr.  Charles  Edward  Pryer  were 
admitted  Pellows. 

Mr.  Ealph  Sneyd  Pearson  was  proposed  as  a  Pellow. 

The  President  read  from  the  Chair  the  proposed  new  subsection 
of  the  Bye-Laws. 

The  Treasurer  then  laid  the  Annual  Cash  Statement  (p.  17), 
which  had  been  duly  audited,  before  the  Fellows ;  he  pointed  oat 
that  the  Society's  investment  in  Consols  had  been  sold,  and 
reinvested  in  other  securities  returning  a  higher  dividend. 

The  Treasurer's  report  was  received  and  adopted. 

The  General  Secretary's  Eeport  of  deaths,  withdrawals,  and 
elections  during  the  past  year  was  read,  as  follows : — 

Since  the  last  Anniversary  Meeting  13  Pellows  have  died  or 
their  deaths  been  ascertained  : 

Major  E.  Cary  Barnard.  Sir  Michael  Poster. 

Mr.   Charles    William   Agnew    1  Prof.  WilHam  Pream. 

Bruce.  Sir  Thomas  Hanbury. 

Sir  Walter  Lawry  Buller.  I  Mr.  George  Darby  Haviland. 

Mr.  Edward  Chapman.  I  Mr.  Prederick  Justen. 

Mr.  Charles  Baron  Clarke.  \  Prof.  Harry  Marshall  Ward. 

Dr.  S.  M.  Curl.  !  Mr.  William  Waterfield. 

Associate  (1). 
Mr.  William  Mitten. 

PoREiGN  Member  (1). 
Prof.  Prans  Eeinhold  Kjellman. 

The  following  9  Pellows  have  withdrawn  : 


Lieut.-Col.    Alfred    William 

Alcock. 
Mr.  Herbert  Goss. 
Mr.  Prederick  William  Hildyard. 
Mr.  Charles  Plolme. 


Mr.  Eichmond  William  Hullett. 
Eev.  Andrew  Bayne  Morris. 
Mnjor  E.  G.  Wardlaw  Eamsay. 
Mr.  J.  Brooking  Eowe  ^ 
Mr.  Harold  Stuart  Thompson.  ^ 


HNXEAX  SOCIETi"  OF  LOXDON. 


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LIXX.  SOC.  PROCEEDIXGS. SESSION  1906-1907. 


1 8  PEOCEBDIIS'GS    OF    THE 

Mr.  Harry  Edward  Heath  Smedle^y  has  been  removed  from  the 
List  of  Fellows,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Bye-Laws,  Chapter  II., 
Section  6. 

Thirty-two  Fellows  have  been  elected  (of  whom  30  have 
qualified),  and  one  Associate. 

The  Librarian's  report  was  then  laid  before  the  Meeting  as 
follows : — 

During  the  past  year,  85  Volumes  and  135  Pamphlets  have 
been  received  as  Donations  from  Private  Individuals. 

From  the  various  Universities,  Academies,  and  Scientific 
Societies  287  volumes  and  64  detached  parts  have  been  received 
in  exchange  and  otherwise,  besides  60  volumes  and  20  parts 
obtained  by  exchange  and  as  Donations  from  the  Editors  and 
Proprietors  of  independent  Periodicals. 

The  Council  have  sanctioned  the  purchase  of  186  volumes  and 
98  parts  of  important  works. 

The  total  additions  to  the  Library  are  therefore  618  volumes 
and  317  pamphlets  and  separate  parts. 

The  number  of  Books  bound  during  the  year  is  as  follows  : — 

In  full  morocco  5  volumes,  in  half-morocco  210  volumes,  in  half- 
calf  4  volumes,  in  full  cloth  236  volumes,  in  vellum  53  volumes, 
in  buckram  28  volumes,  in  boards  or  half-cloth  21  volumes. 
Relabelled  (half-morocco  and  cloth  backs)  62  volumes.  Total 
619  volumes. 

The  Secretary,  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  then  read  the  Bye-Laws 
governing  the  elections  of  the  Council  and  Officers,  consisting  of 
Chap.  VIII.  Sect.  4-8  inclusive. 

The  President  then  opened  the  business  of  the  day,  and  the 
Fellows  present  proceeded  to  vote. 

The  President  then  delivered  his  Annual  Address  as  follows  : — 


LIXNEAX    SOCIETY   OF    LONDOX.  19 


PRESIDENTIAL   ADDEESS. 

EeLLOWS  of  the  LiNIfEAN  SOCIETY, 

At  the  conclusion  of  my  third  year  of  office  I  thank  you 
again  for  the  opportunity  you  have  given  me  of  serving  our 
Society,  and  I  ask  you  to  join  me  in  thanking  my  fellow-oflScers 
who  have  taken  their  fulJ  share  of  the  responsibihty  and  the 
work. 

To  the  regret  of  us  all,  our  honoui-ed  Zoological  Secretary,  the 
Eev.  T.  R.  E.  Stebbiug,  E.E.S.,  whose  reputation  as  an  original 
worker  in  Carcinology  gave  distinction  to  the  office,  intimated  his 
intention  of  retiring  during  the  present  Session.  We  did  what 
seemed  possible  to  induce  our  colleague  to  remain  in  office  at  least 
until  this  anniversary  meeting,  but  the  claims  of  much  unfinished 
work  elsewhere  weighed  too  heavily,  and  tlie  Council  after  due 
consideration  felt  bound  to  respect  Mr.  Stebbing's  undoubted 
wish,  and  to  release  him  from  duty.  I  am  sure  that  I  only 
express  the  opinion  of  all  tlie  Eellows  when  I  say  that  Mr. 
Stebbing  carries  with  him  on  retiring  our  most  cordial  thanks  for 
his  devotion  to  our  affairs  during  the  last  four  Sessions,  our 
appreciation  of  his  work,  both  on  Council  and  at  the  meetings, 
and  our  earnest  hope  that  he  may  long  have  health  and  strength 
to  continue  those  admirable  researches  which  have  ad<led  so  much 
to  our  knowledge  of  systematic  Invertebrate  Zoology.  Our 
personal  loss,  in  this  instance,  is,  it  may  be  confidently  expected, 
a  gain  to  Science  at  large. 

The  Society  is  fortunate  in  having  found  Prof.  Arthur  Dendy 
able  and  willing  to  accept  office  and  take  up  at  short  notice  the 
duties  relinquished  by  Mr.  Stebbing ;  and,  at  our  special  meeting 
on  March  7th,  on  the  nomination  of  the  Council,  he  was  duly  elected 
Zoological  Secretary.  As  Prof.  Dendy  was  already  a  Councillor 
his  nomination  and  election  to  office  created  no  vacancy,  and 
consequently  Mr.  Stebbing  was  enabled  to  retain  for  the  remainder 
of  the  Sessiou  his  seat  upon  our  Council. 

We  have  enjoyed  a  normal,  active  and  useful  Session.  Anyone 
attending  the  meetings  with  some  regularity,  or  looking  over  the 
series  of  fortnightly  abstract  reports  which  are  circulated  to 
the  Eellows  and  afterwards  printed  in  the  '  Proceedings,'  wiU 
agree  that  we  have  received  and  discussed  a  number  of  very 
varied  and  interesting  communications,  ranging  over  most  depart- 
ments of  Botany  and  Zoolcgy.  Amongst  noteworthy  papers  may 
be  mentioned  Dr.  Herbert  Eov^  ler's  series  on  Biscayan  Plankton, 
Mr.  Stanley  Gardiner's  on  the  Results  of  the  first  Percy-Sladen 
Trust  Expedition  to  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  Mr.  Crossland's  on  the 
Sudanese  Eed  Sea  Fauna  ;  an  important  work  by  our  late  Fellow, 
Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  on  Malayan  Acanthaceae ;  the  paper  on  the 
Fauna  and  Flora  of  Abyssinia  and  West  Africa,  by  Prof.  Poultou ; 

c2 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


and  that  on  the  Origin  of  Angiosperms,  by  Messrs.  Newell  Arber 
and  J.  Parkin,  Avhich  gave  rise  to  an  excellent  discussion. 

The  number  of  new  Fellows  we  have  elected  this  Session,  32, 
is  unusually  large,  and  includes  active  workers  in  both  sides  of 
our  Science — whose  closer  co-operation  we  value. 

The  death  of  Mr.  William  Mitten.  A.L.S.,  the  well-known 
Bryologist,  left  a  vacancy  which  the  Society  filled  up  on  January 
17th  by  electing  Mr.  W.  H.  Pearson  as  an  Associate.  Any 
Pellow  examining  the  claims  of  the  five  men  who  were  proposed 
on  that  occasion,  could  not  fail  to  be  struck  by  the  high  order  of 
merit  they  all  presented.  It  is  a  matter  of  congratulation  that 
our  Associateship  is  so  highly  prized  by  recognised  workers  in 
Science ;  but  still  I  think  many  of  us  felt  some  regret  that  we 
could  give  the  honour  to  one  only  of  five  such  excellent  candidates, 
all  of  whom  were  well-qualified  and  worthy. 

The  death  of  our  Foreign  Member  Professor  Frans  Reinhold 
Kiellman,  the  successor  of  Linnaeus  as  occupant  of  the  Chair  of 
Botany  at  Upsala,  was  especially  startling,  occurring  as  it  did  only 
a  few  weeks  previous  to  the  great  Linnean  celebrations  at  his 
University.  The  vacancy  thus  created  in  our  list  has  not  yet 
been  filled,  but  the  matter  will  shortly  come  up  before  the  Council 
for  consideration.  Our  losses  in  ordinary  Fellows,  thirteen  in  all, 
have  not  been  numerous  this  Session,  but  they  include  some 
notable  figures — both  veterans  of  Science,  such  as  Sir  Michael 
Foster  and  Mr.  C.  B.  Clarke,  and  also  younger  men  of  high 
distinction,  such  as  Prof.  Marshall  Ward,  by  whose  work  and 
counsel  we  might  naturally  have  expected  to  profit  for  many 
years  to  come.  Mr.  Clarke  served  the  Society  as  President  from 
1894  to  1896,  and  he  was  a  member  of  Council  and  a  Vice-President 
up  to  within  a  few  months  of  his  death.  The  obituary  notices 
of  the  deceased  Fellows  will  be  laid  upon  the  table  by  the 
Secretaries  as  usual. 

The  Council  has  awarded  the  Linnean  Medal  this  year  to  the 
distinguished  Botanist  Dr.  Melchior  Treub,  for  many  years 
Director  of  the  State  Botanic  Gardens  at  Buitenzorg  in  Java,  and 
in  regard  to  whose  services  to  Science  I  shall  have  something  to 
say  at  a  later  stage  in  these  proceedings. 

Our  arrangements  for  publishing  the  scientific  results  of  the 
first  Percy-Sladen  Trust  Expedition  were  alluded  to  in  my  last 
Address,  and  you  may  now  be  interested  to  hear  of  the  progress 
of  that  undertaking.  The  first  seven  of  the  reports  were  laid 
before  the  Society  on  February  21st  along  with  the  first  half 
of  the  Introduction,  including  the  Narrative  of  the  Expedition 
from  Ceylon  to  Mauritius  by  Mr.  Stanley  Gardiner  and  Mr. 
Forster  Cooper.  The  second  half  (Mauritius  to  Seychelles)  is 
now  nearljr  completed,  and  five  additional  reports,  dealing  with 
Lithothamnia,  Ticks,  Fishes,  Stomatopoda,  and  Nudibranchiata, 
are  already  in  our  Secretary's  hands.  That  on  the  Fishes  in- 
cludes an  account  of  185  species,  of  which  51  ai-e  new,  requiring 
8  new  genera.      Most  of  the  above-mentioned  sections  of  the 


LINNE.VN    SOCIETY    OF    LONBOX.  2  1 

report  are  by  tliis  time  in  the  press,  and  Pellows  may  reasonably 
expect  to  receive  a  first  instalment  of  this  special  publication  in 
our  series  of  '  Transactions  '  before  very  long. 

This  is  a  notable  Session,  and  to-day  is  a  notable  date  in  the 
annals  of  our  own  and  all  similar  Societies.  At  this  meeting  we 
celebrate  the  200th  Anniversary  of  the  birth  of  our  eponymous 
hero,  the  illustrious  Swedish  Naturalist  Carl  von  Linne  ;  and  at 
this  time  the  eyes  of  Linneans  all  the  world  over  will  naturally 
turn  to  Upsala,  where  the  ancient  University  celebrates,  yesterday 
and  to-day,  with  fitting  pomp  and  circumstance,  an  occasion  with 
■\^hich  we  desire  to  express  our  most  cordial  sympathy  and  con- 
gratulations. This  Society  was  officially  invited  to  appoint  a 
delegate  to  take  part  in  the  proceedings  as  a  guest  of  the 
University,  and  our  Council  expressed  the  wish  that  if  the  President 
of  the  Society  was  unable  to  go  to  Sweden  himself  at  this  time, 
he  should  name  a  representative  to  take  his  place.  Our  present 
Anniversary  Meeting  and  other  duties  in  England  prevented  me 
from  having  the  honour  of  representing  the  Society,  and  I  had 
great  pleasure  in  proposing  to  the  Council  the  nomination  of  our 
Past-President,  Mr.  William  Carruthers,  P.R.S.,  whose  well-known 
and  long-continued  studies  on  the  history,  work,  and  personal 
relics  of  Linnaeus  rendered  him  a  most  suitable  representative  on 
the  occasion. 

Mr.  Carruthers,  accompanied  by  our  General  Secretary,  is 
now  in  Sweden,  conveying  both  to  Upsala  and  to  Stockholm 
our  messages  of  goodwill  and  congratulation  ;  and  bearing  for 
presentation  to  the  University  of  Linnseus  a  special  copy  of  our 
Linnean  Medal.  We  shall  hope  to  hear  from  our  representative, 
at  a  future  meeting,  some  account  of  the  proceedings  at  this 
historic  gathering  in  Sweden  ;  and  1  would  now  propose  to  you 
that,  if  you  are  agreeable,  we  should  participate  so  far  as  we 
can  in  those  proceedings  by  sending,  at  the  conclusion  of  this 
meeting,  to  the  Rector  of  the  University  of  Upsala,  a  telegram  of 
congratulation  in  the  following  terms : — 

Linnean  Societi/  of  London  assembled  at  Anniversary 
Meeting  congratulates  University  of  Upsala  on  historic 
Linnean  Celebration. 

Our  Council  has  decided  that,  in  addition  to  the  recognition  of 
the  occasion  at  the  present  meeting,  our  own  rejoicing  on  this 
200th  Anniversary  should  take  the  form  of  a  Conversazione,  in 
these  rooms,  which  we  hope  the  Fellows  and  their  friends  and  a 
few  other  representative  men  of  Science  will  be  pleased  to  attend. 
The  date  fixed  is  June  7th  ;  the  invitations,  as  you  are  aware,  have 
been  issued,  and  we  only  regret  that  limitations  of  space  prevent 
us  from  receiving  a  wider  circle  of  scientific  friends  in  this  house. 
We  expect  on  the  occasion  to  have  displayed  in  the  Library  and 
Council-room   upstairs    some   exhibits   of   scientific  interest  and 


22  PROCEKDIKCfS    OF    THE 

novelty,  while  in  this  meeting-room  there  will  be,  during  the 
course"  of  the  evening,  a  few  brief  illustrated  lecturettes  or 
demonstrations  by  Fellows  of  the  Society. 

In  my  two  previous  Addresses  I  have  dealt  with  the  application 
of  biological  knowledge,  from  the  time  of  Linnaeus  onwards,  to  au 
economic  problem  of  considerable  importance — the  production 
naturally  and  artificially  of  precious  pearls  in  shell-fish.  It  may 
interest  you  to  know  that  since  I  last  spoke  to  you  on  the  subject, 
another  highly  successful  fishery  has  been  held  on  the  Ceylon 
pearl-banks,  resulting  in  the  capture  of  twenty-one  millions  of 
Oysters  which  have  sold  for  £70,000.  After  a  barren  period 
of  twelve  years,  during  which  these  banks  produced  nothing,  we 
have  had  since  1902  a  series  of  five  most  successful  seasons — the 
most  profitable  pearl-fisheries  that,  so  far  as  is  known,  have  ever 
been  held — yielding  in  all  to  their  fortunate  possessors  nearly 
half  a  million  sterling,  besides  much  benefit  both  direct  and 
indirect  to  the  native  populations  of  India  and  Ceylon.  The 
Government  has  taken  what  is  probably,  underall  the  circumstances, 
a  very  wise  step  in  leasing  the  fisheries  for  a  period  of  years  at  a 
fair  rent  on  well-considered  conditions  of  tenure.  The  banks  are 
now  being  cai-efully  cultivated,  under  scientific  direction,  and  may 
confidently  be  expected,  when  they  pass  back  into  the  hands  of 
the  Government  at  the  conclusion  of  the  lease,  to  prove  even  a 
more  valuable  property  than  they  are  at  present. 

This  is  an  example  taken  from  one  little  corner  of  the  vast 
field  of  useful  work  in  Applied  Science  open  to  the  modern 
biologist.  I  desire  on  the  present  occasion  to  deal  briefly  with  a 
wider  question  of  far  greater  importance  from  both  the  scientific  and 
the  administrative  or  economic  points  of  view,— viz.,  the  scientific 
investigation  of  the  oceans  of  the  world,  and  primarily  of  our  own 
British  coasts,  in  the  interests  of  the  sea-fisheries  and  other  allied 
industries.  The  more  enlightened  of  our  administi-ators,  as  well 
as  scientific  men  generally,  are  now  becoming  convinced  of  the 
necessity  of  studying  the  forces  and  resources  of  Nature  as  a 
means  of  subjugating  the  world  to  the  human  mind.  The  future 
undoubtedly  belongs  to  that  nation  or  race  which  comes  to 
understand  best  the  working  of  nature,  and  which  can  most 
skilfully  and  economically  apply  that  knowledge  to  the  welfare 
of  man. 

Biology  has  been  later  than  some  of  the  inorganic  sciences  in 
entering  this  field  of  practical  applications  to  industry,  and  as  yet 
it  has  not  been  utilised  to  the  same  extent  as,  for  example, 
Chemistry  or  Electricity.  But  the  extension  and  recognition  of 
the  practical  utility  of  our  Science  has  of  late  been  increasing 
by  leaps  and  bounds,  and  the  outlook  at  present  is  most  promising. 
I  need  scarcely  delay  to  remind  you  that  Bacteriology  and  a  great 
part  of  modern  Medicine  and  Surgery  are  essentially  applications 
of  Biology.  Cold  storage,  the  canning  trades,  and  many  other 
industries  and   processes   are   based   upon   biological   principlea. 


UNIfEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDOlf.  23 

Even  apart  from  questions  of  food-supply  and  public  health,  there 
are  wide  applications  both  in  the  trades  and  in  the  arts.  Many 
industrial  products  of  the  sea  of  great  value  to  man,  such  as  tlie 
pearl,  the  coral  and  the  sponge  fisheries  of  the  world,  are  wholly 
biological  concerns  susceptible  of  scientific  treatment.  The 
Japanese  have  recently  started  an  important  coral  fishery — a 
fishery  for  the  precious  coral — on  their  southern  coasts,  where  it 
is  now  a  growing  industr}^  And  the  first  thing  they  did  was  to 
appoint  two  scientific  men,  well-known  zoologists  (Kishinouye 
and  Kitahara),  to  investigate  thoroughly  the  animals  concerned 
and  the  conditions  under  which  they  hve,  in  order,  to  quote  the 
words  of  the  .Japanese  report,  to  "  prevent  exhaustion  and  make 
it  an  endless  source  of  profit."  That  is  the  action  that  an 
enlightened  Government  in  a  countr}^  of  advanced  civilisatioa 
will  naturally  take. 

Japan  has  an  efficient  Imperial  Bureau  of  Fisheries  and 
employs  many  scientific  men.  The  United  States  similarly  has  a 
powerful  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  formerly  the  famous  "  Commission 
of  Fish  and  Fisheries."  Germany  and  other  European  countries 
have  also  well-equipped  departments  and  institutions  for  fisheries 
research  supported  by  the  State.  That  being  so,  it  is  an  extra- 
ordinary circumstance,  and  difficult  to  realise,  that  our  own 
powerful  and  wealthy  country,  having  perhaps  a  greater  stake  in 
the  harvest  of  the  sea  than  any  other  nation,  has  no  adequate, 
scientifically  equipped  department  prepared  to  deal  comprehen- 
sively with  sea-fisheries  problems.  Our  Government  department 
of  Fisheries,  once  at  the  Board  of  Trade,  now  a  constituent  part 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries,  is  admittedly  not 
organised  and  not  equipped  and  not  provided  with  tlie  material 
resources  to  undertake  the  necessary  marine  investigations. 

The  Sea-Fisheries  authorities  around  the  coast,  upon  whom 
devolves  the  administration  and  promotion  of  the  local  fisheries, 
are  subject  in  their  actions  to  the  supervision  of  the  Central 
Government,  but  are  not  provided  with  any  funds  from  the 
Treasury.  It  has  been  left  to  a  few  sea-coast  Universities 
and  Marine  Laboratories  (St.  Andrews,  Plymouth,  Cullercoats, 
Liverpool)  to  conduct  investigations  on  their  own  initiative  and, 
in  the  main,  at  their  own  expense.  Recently,  an  International 
scheme  for  the  Exploration  of  the  North  Sea  and  adjoining  waters 
has  been  conducted  jointly  by  our  own  and  other  neighbouring 
Governments  as  a  temporary  agreement. 

As  the  period  of  five  years  for  which  this  international  engage- 
ment was  made  ends  in  July,  and  as  the  question  whether  such 
international  work  or  a  proposed  national  scheme  of  sea-fisheries 
research  will  best  suit  the  needs  of  this  country  is  to  be  made  the 
subject  of  a  Government  enquiry,  the  present  seems  a  fitting  time 
for  scientific  men  who  are  interested  in  fishery  questions  to  look 
somewhat  critically  into  the  work  that  is  being  done,  and  determine 
if  possible  how  far  the  methods  employed  are  adequate  and  are 
calculated  to  vield  reliable  results. 


24  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Five  years  ago,  in  1901-02,  au  "  Ichthyological  Research  Com- 
mittee," after  sitting  at  the  Board  of  Trade  for  nearly  a  year, 
taking  evidence  and  discussing  results,  issued  a  report  which  has 
probably  met  with  the  fate  of  many  Government  publications 
vs'hen,  decently  shi-ouded  in  blue  covers,  they  are  laid  to  rest  on 
shelves  and  buried  in  dust.  In  that  forgotten  report  a  plan 
of  organisation  of  fishery  research  is  outlined  which,  wdth 
modifications  and  elaborations,  might  be  suitable  for  adoption 
at  the  present  juncture.  For  I  believe  it  will  be  pretty  generally 
agreed  in  this  country  that  the  time  has  now  come  when  the 
International  scheme,  having  run  for  the  five  years  of  its  appoint- 
ment, has  served  its  purpose,  and  may  with  advantage  give  place 
in  England  to  a  National  scheme  somewhat  on  the  lines  of  that 
put  forward  in  1902.  Much  has,  however,  happened  in  the  last 
five  years,  many  opinions  on  fishery  matters  have  been  expressed, 
and  it  may  well  be  that  some  points  in  that  scheme  can  now  be 
improved,  and  that  some  new  details  should  be  added. 

So  many  of  our  fisheries  experts  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland  are,  from  their  official  connections  or  as  a  consequence  of 
holding  salaried  posts,  prevented  from  expressing  a  public  opinion, 
that  it  may  be  useful  if  one  who  is  a  free-lance  with  no  official 
position,  no  emoluments  and  no  responsibilities  that  tie  his  hands 
or  tongue,  puts  forth  at  this  time,  not  as  a  member  or  represen- 
tative of  any  Council  or  Committee,  but  simply  and  solely  on  his 
own  responsibility,  a  scheme  v^hich  may  possibly  find  acceptance 
by  the  various  bodies  concerned,  and  in  any  case  will  serve  as  a 
basis  for  discussion. 

The  first  proposition  I  would  lay  down  is  that  sea-fislieries 
investigation  is  worTc  that  ought  to  be  undertaJcen,  directed,  and  sub- 
sidised by  the  Oovernnient.  If  the  nation  accepts  responsibility  for 
the  Ordnance  Survey,  for  the  Geological  Survey,  and  for  Agri- 
cultural enquiries,  it  is  difficult  to  see  on  what  grounds  the  closely 
related  biological  survey  of  our  territorial  waters  can  be  repudiated. 
The  scheme  then  ought  to  be  a  National  one,  and  the  Government 
Department — possibly  changed,  possibly  enlarged,  possibly  under 
new  auspices — but  still  a  Government  Department  of  Fisheries,  must 
be  regarded  as  the  responsible  centre  or  head. 

My  second  proposition  is  that,  as  a  result  of  past  history,  there 
are  now  a  number  of  more  or  less  independent  organisations 
carrying  on  useful  work  on  different  parts  of  the  coast  more  or 
less  uncontrolled  and  unsupported  by  the  Government ;  and  it  is 
clear  that  all  these  energies  ought  to  be  utilised  and  co-ordinated. 
The  Sea-Fisheries  Committees  of  England  and  Wales,  the  Marine 
Biological  Association,  the  Liverpool  Marine  Biology  Committee, 
the  Fishmongers'  Company,  and  the  National  Sea-Fisheries  Pro- 
tection Association  ought  to  be  brought  together  around  the 
Government  Department  in  such  a  way  that  without  losing  their 
identity  or  independence  their  sea-fisheries  work  may  be  done  in 
consultation,  under  control  and  at  the  expense  of  the  State. 
Various  University  and  marine  laboratories — such  as  Plymouth, 


LINXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOIS'.  25 

Lowestoft,  Port  Erin,  Liverpool,  Cullercoats,  and  possibly  others — 
should  be  utilised  either  wholly  or  in  part,  either  continuously  or 
from  time  to  time  as  may  be  found  necessary.  The  men  and  the 
materials,  the  organisations  and  the  institutions,  are  all  in  existence, 
they  only  require  to  be  co-ordinated  and  subsidised  to  constitute 
an  efficient  National  scheme  embracing  all  parts  of  the  coast. 

How,  then,  are  they  to  be  co-ordinated  ?  These  various  bodies 
are  so  independent  and  well-established  that  the  only  possible  basis 
of  co-ordination  is  adequate  representation  on  the  controlling  board. 
The  Ichthyological  Research  Committee  recommended  the  forma- 
tion of  a  representative  "  Fishery  Council  for  England,"'  and  after 
five  years'  further  discussion  of  the  matter  I  am  still  of  opinion 
that  such  a  body  is  the  only  possible  solution  of  the  problem. 
The  head  officials  of  the  G-overnment  Department  would  form  a 
nucleus  round  which  would  be  grouped  representatives  of  marine 
laboratories  and  coastal  authorities,  meeting  periodically  at  head- 
quarters for  consultation  as  to  the  allotment  of  subsidies,  the 
delegation  and  subdivision  of  work,  the  co-ordination  of  observa- 
tions, and  the  formulation  of  results.  I  would  submit  that  it  is 
eminently  desirable  that  membership  of  this  Fishery  Council  should 
be  Honorary,  and  that  no  member  should  himself  receive  salary  or 
grant  for  work  done  under  the  auspices  of  the  Council.  Members 
of  such  a  Council  must  be  absolutely  independent  and  should  have 
no  vested  interests. 

Some  other  details  which  may  still  be  applicable  ^^ill  be  found 
in  the  blue-book  I  have  referred  to,  many  other  points  will  no 
doubt  have  to  be  arranged  by  an  organising  Committee  of  experts, 
but  I  feel  confident  that  it  is  only  some  such  scheme  as  this  that 
will  unite  our  independent  authorities,  satisfy  conflicting  interests, 
and  end  the  present  state  of  chaos. 

In  addition  to  the  organisation  of  Sea-Fisheries  research  there 
is,  however,  the  still  more  fundamental  question  as  to  agreement 
in  the  methods  of  investigation  ;  and  1  have  recently  become 
deeply  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  investigating  our  methods 
before  we  investigate  nature.  At  the  time  of  the  Ichthyological 
Research  Committee  and  the  commencement  of  the  International 
North  Sea  work,  I  was  one  of  those  who  held  that  the  proposed 
observations  were  far  too  distant  in  time  and  space  to  yield 
reliable  conclusions ;  and  I  think  it  may  be  claimed  that  the 
course  of  events  since,  and  the  diff'erences  of  opinion  now  existing 
amongst  experts  as  to  the  value  of  the  results  obtained,  have 
justified  our  opinion.  Before  taking  gatherings  of  marine 
organisms  almost  haphazard,  and  then  proceeding  to  regard  them 
as  samples  of  large  areas,  we  must  find  out  what  our  gatherings 
really  represent  and  what  relation  they  bear  to  fair  '•  samples," 
also  how  these  samples  vary  with  changes  in  time,  place,  wind, 
depth,  and  other  conditions — and  all  this  can  only  be  determined, 
I  believe,  by  the  intensive  study  of  very  hmited  areas  ituder  various 
conditions. 


20  PBOCEEDIJTGS   OF    THE 

I  have  published  elsewhere*  during  the  last  year  some  obser- 
vations that  confirm  me  in  the  belief  that  the  plankton  in  the 
ocean,  which  is  directly  or  indirectly  the  food  of  fishes,  has  no 
such  uniformity  of  distribution  as  is  sometimes  supposed.  If, 
then,  this  uniformity  does  not  exist  over  wide  areas,  how  can  we 
pretend  to  investigate  such  an  enormous  region  as  the  North  Sea 
by  means  of  comparatively  few  and  distant  observations  ?  We 
must,  in  my  opinion,  learn  the  meaning  and  value  of  our  work  by 
the  intensive  study  of  areas  such  as  the  Firth  of  Forth,  Kiel  Bay, 
Plymouth  Sound,  or  Liverpool  Bay,  before  attempting  the  English 
Channel,  the  Irish  Sea,  or  the  Clyde  Sea-area,  and  these  again 
before  tackling  the  relatively  enormous  North  Sea,  which  is  at 
least  twenty  times  the  size  of  the  Irish  Sea. 

Convinced  of  the  fundamental  importance  of  such  work,  I  spent 
the  greater  part  of  the  last  summer  vacation  in  experimenting 
day  after  day  with  various  plankton  nets  under  similar  and  under 
varying  conditions  in  a  limited  sea-area  oif  Port  Erin  in  the  Isle 
of  Man — with  results  that  were  startling  in  their  diversity.  It 
was  obvious  that  the  plankton  Avas  at  that  time  very  unequally 
distributed  over  the  depths,  the  localities,  and  the  dates.  It 
seemed  clear  that  one  net  might  encounter  a  swarm  of  some 
organism  which  a  neighbouring  net  escaped,  and  that  a  sample 
taken  on  one  day  might  be  very  different  in  quantity  from  a  sample 
taken  imder  the  same  conditions  next  day. 

I  stopped  this  series  of  observations  on  September  17th.  After 
a  few  days  of  Avind  a  spell  of  quiet,  calm  weather  followed,  during 
which  I  took  some  tow-nettings  both  inside  Port  Erin  Bay  and 
outside,  both  in  the  day  and  at  night,  and  all  of  these  differed 
entirely  in  character  from  the  gatherings  of  the  previous  weeks — 
being  composed  mainly  of  Chcntoceros  and  other  Diatoms.  During 
this  period  of  calms  and  Ught  easterly  winds  the  surface  of  the 
sea  was  smooth  and  the  water  was  distinctly  coloured  by  the 
abundance  of  Diatoms.  When  the  weather  broke  again,  at  the 
end  of  September,  another  abrupt  change  took  place,  and  gatherings 
taken  at  the  beginning  of  October  showed  very  few  Diatoms  but 
many  Copepoda.  It  is  evident  that  if  any  observer  had  been 
taking  quarterly  or  even  monthly  samples  of  the  plankton  in  that 
sea-area,  he  w-ould  have  obtained  very  different  results,  according 
to  the  exact  date  of  his  visit.  On  three  successive  weeks  about 
the  end  of  September  he  might  have  found  evidence  for  as  many 
different  far-reaching  views  as  to  the  composition  of  the  plankton 
in  that  part  of  the  Irish  Sea.  How  it  can  be  supposed  that  hauls 
taken  miles  apart  and  repeated  only  at  intervals  of  months,  or 
even  weeks,  can  give  any  sure  foundation  for  calculations  as  to 
the  population  of  wdde  sea  areas,  I  fail  to  see. 

These  conclusions  need  not  lead  us  to  be  discouraged  as  to  the 
ultimate  success  of  scientific  methods  in  solving  what  may  be 
called  world-wide  problems,  but  they  suggest  that  it  might  be 

*  Trans.  Biol.  Soc.  Liverpool,  vol.  xxi.  p.  1. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  27 

wise  to  secure  by  detailed  local  work  a  firm  foundation  upon  which 
to  build,  and  to  ascertain  more  accurately  the  representative  vahie 
of  our  samples  before  we  base  conclusions  upon  them. 

I  do  not  doubt  that  in  limited,  circumscribed  areas  of  ^^ate^,  in 
the  case  of  organisms  that  reproduce  with  great  rapidity,  the 
plankton  becomes  moi*e  uniforml}- distributed,  and  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  samples  may  then  be  fairly  representative  of  the 
whole.  That  is  probably  more  or  less  the  case  with  fresh-water 
lakes  ;  and  I  have  noticed  it  in  Port  Erin  Bay  in  the  case  of 
Diatoms.  In  spring,  and  again  in  autumn,  when  suitable  weather 
occurs,  as  it  did  last  year  at  the  end  of  September,  the  Diatoms 
may  increase  enormously,  and  under  such  circumstances  they  seem 
to  be  very  evenly  spread  over  all  parts  and  to  pervade  the  water 
at  all  depths  ;  but  that  is  emphatically  not  the  case  with  the  Cope- 
poda  and  other  constituents  of  the  plankton,  and  it  was  not  the 
case  even  with  the  Diatoms  during  the  present  spring. 

With  the  view  of  testing  plankton  methods  still  further,  at 
another  time  of  year,  I  devoted  a  month  this  spring  (March  28th 
to  April  27th)  to  a  systematic  exploration,  from  the  S.T.  '  Lady- 
bird,' of  the  sea  off  Port  Erin  at  the  south-west  corner  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.     The  region  in  which  I  worked  measured  (see  map) 


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10  miles  from  east  to  west  (out  to  sea)  and  rather  less  from  nortli 
to  south  (along  the  coast),  but  the  area  investigated  was  really 
much  more  limited  than  these  numbers  indicate,  since  the  samples 
were  taken  from  only  two  "  off-shore  "  stations,  one  5  miles  (I.) 
and  the  other  10  miles  (II.)  out  from  Bradda  Head  ;  and  frona 
three  "  along-shore "  stations,  one  to  the  north  (III.)  tov  ards 
Niarbyl,  one  to  the  south  (IV.)  towards  the  Calf  Island,  and 
one  in  the  "southern  sea"  (Y.)  off  Spanish  Head — all  in  water 
of  much  th<^'  same  depth,  about  20  fatlioms. 


28  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Whilst  I  was  taking  these  samples  in  the  open  sea,  almost  daily, 
from  the  yacht,  Mr.  Douglas  Laurie,  with  a  crew  of  students  from 
the  Biological  Station,  simultaneously  took  similar  samples  inside 
Port  Erin  bay  in  comparatively  sheltered  water.  In  23  working 
days  I  find  that  we  took  in  all  276  samples,  an  average  of  12 
per  day.  It  will  be  readily  understood  by  anyone  who  has  carried 
on  such  work  continuously,  with  varied  weather,  that  it  was  a 
busy  time  ;  and  that  on  some  days  we  were  fairlj'-  wet,  without 
any  time  to  get  cold,  from  moi'ning  till  night.  So  much  practical 
work  could  only  be  carried  on  with  the  wilhng  help  of  several 
assistants.  All  on  board  the  yacht  helped  in  various  ways,  but  I 
must  thank  especially  Mr.  Buchanan-Wollaston  who  assisted  me 
in  working  the  nets,  Mr.  Chadwick  who  preserved  most  of  the 
material  in  the  laboratory  at  the  end  of  each  day's  work,  and 
Mr.  Andrew  Scott,  A.L.S.,  who  has  systematically  examined  the 
samples  for  me.  A  detailed  account  of  these  gatherings  will  appear 
elsewhere ;  I  propose  at  present  to  discuss  only  some  of  the  more 
obvious  features  of  the  series — partly  from  my  own  records  made 
at  the  time  of  collection  and  partly  from  Mr.  Scott's  notes. 

At  each  station,  after  taking  the  bearings  and  the  depth,  we  first 
lowered  two  vertical  nets,  the  Petersen-Hensen  and  the  Nansen, 
to  a  depth  of  20  fathoms,  pulled  them  up  slowly  through  10 
fathoms,  and  then  closed  them  by  "  messengers "  run  down  the 
line.  This  gave  us  samples,  taken  vertically  with  these  two  very 
dilferent  nets,  of  the  organisms  present  in  the  w^ater  between  10 
and  20  fathoms.  After  that  three  ordinary  horizontal  open  tow- 
nets  exactly  alike  in  all  respects  (size,  shape,  mesh,  age)  were  put 
over — one  (A)  with  a  weight  attached  was  allowed  to  sink  to  a 
depth  of  about  10  fathoms,  from  which  it  gradually  rose  as  the 
ship  went  slowly  ahead ;  while  the  other  two  (B  and  C),  un- 
weighted, remained  continuously  at  or  just  under  the  surface  and 
worked  side  by  side,  like  a  pair  of  sharks  or  porpoises  swimming  in 
our  wake.  Tliese  last  two  nets  ought,  if  there  is  any  uniformity 
whatever  in  the  plankton  even  in  the  most  limited  areas,  to  give 
similar  results,  and  of  course  they  did  so  in  most  cases.  My 
purpose  in  taking  the  two  similar  surface  nettings  side  by  side 
was  to  show  this,  and  also  to  test  the  reliability  of  the  sample  ; 
for  I  would  only  consider  it  a  trustworthy  sample  when  these  two 
nets  agreed  in  their  evidence.  Where,  under  the  circumstances 
stated  above,  the  gatherings  differed  notably,  there  must  have  been 
some  accident  in  the  working  of  the  nets  or  some  abnormality  in 
the  distribution  of  the  plankton,  such  as,  no  doubt,  will  sometimes 
be  encountered  when  traversing  the  edge  of  a  swarm  of  gregarious 
organisms ;  and  it  is  important  to  get  some  evidence  as  to  how 
frequently  such  accidents  or  abnormalities  may  be  met  with. 
Por  example,  on  April  2nd,  at  Station  III.,  I  find  that  the  two 
surface-nets  used  together  gave  17  cc.  and  42*5  c.c.  of  material 
respectively;  on  April  9th,  at  Station  I.,  2-5 and 8  c.c.  respectively; 
and  on  April  24th,  at  Station  II.,  they  gave  7  c.c.  and  15  c.c. 


H>'NEAN'    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON^.  20 

respectively.     On  most  occasions  of  course  thej  were  very  similar 
and  on  some  absolutely  identical  in  their  catch. 

The  net  A  (which  may  be  called  the  weight-net)  is  of:  use  as 
having  traversed  a  wider  range,  0  to  10  fathoms,  so  as  to  sample 
all  the  water  above  the  zone  traversed  by  the  vertical  nets,  and  it 
freqiiently,  and  in  fact  usually,  obtained  a  larger  gatherino-  and 
showed  a  greater  variety  of  organisms  than  either  the  bottom 
(vertical)  or  the  surface  nets. 

On  some  occasions,  at  the  "along-shore"  stations  (e.  g.,  2  miles 
off  Bradda  Head)  hauls  were  taken  with  a  new  "  shear-net "  made 
on  the  principle  of  the  Heligoland  "  Scherbrutnetz  "  {Conseil  Inter- 
national— llapports  et  Proces-verh.,  vol.  ii.  p.  62,  1904).  This  was 
used  as  a  mid-water  net — being  lowered  to  a  depth  of  5  to  10 
fathoms,  where,  through  the  action  of  the  shearing  plate,  placed 
like  a  vertical  otter-board,  it  remained  even  when  the  ship  went 
ahead  at  a  moderate  speed,  and  so  formed  a  most  efficient  instru- 
ment of  capture  in  waters  where  the  ordinary  net  cannot  be  towed. 
The  mouth  measured  9  feet  in  circumference,  the  net  was  over 
10  feet  in  length,  and  being  formed  of  rather  coarse  mesh  caught 
large  quantities  of  the  larger  organisms  of  the  plankton  such  as 
Sagitta,  Medusae,  Ctenophora,  Zoeas,  the  larger  Copepoda  and 
some  young  fishes. 

As  a  vertical  closing  net  I  greatly  prefer  the  Nansen  to  the 
Petersen-Henseu.  It  is  lighter  and  less  complicated  (a  matter  of 
some  importance  in  a  rough  sea),  more  easily  manipulated,  less 
liable  to  failure  in  action,  costs  less  and  seems  to  catch  more  for  its 
size  of  opening. 

The  localities  to  be  sampled,  all  within  a  ten-mile  radius  of 
Port  Erin,  were — the  two  "off-shore"  stations,  No.  I.,  5  miles,  and 
No.  II.,  10  miles,  from  Bradda  Head  respectively,  and  three  "alono-- 
shore "  stations,  No.  III.  towards  Niarbyl,  No.  IV.  towards  the 
Calf  Island,  and  No.  V.  off  Spanish  Head.  The  nets  to  be  com- 
pared were: — two  vertical  deep-water, the Nansen  and  the  Petersen- 
Henseu,  and  three  horizontal,  one  weighted  and  the  other  two 
surface.  In  addition  a  shear-net  gathering  was  taken  on  occasions 
from  intermediate  waters.     Each  haul  was  a  15  minutes  one. 

I  shall  append  (pp.  32-33),  in  tabular  form,  my  first  statement  of 
results,  which  may  require  to  be  modified  in  detail  or  supplemented 
later  on,  but  which  may  be  taken  as  substantially  correct.  Whether 
one  looks  at  the  hauls  Avith  the  same  net  at  the  one  locality  on 
different  days,  or  at  neighbouring  localities  on  the  same  day,  the 
want  of  uniformity  both  in  quantity  and  in  quality  is  striking. 
The  range  for  all  nets  is  from  0-5  c.c.  to  164  c.c,  and  it  is  the  same 
for  the  Nansen  ;  for  the  Petersen-Hensen  it  is  from  O'o  to  04-5  c.c, 
for  the  weighted  open  net  from  5*5  to  41  c.c,  for  the  surface 
nets  from  1  c.c  to  42'5  c.c,  and  for  the  shear-net  from  11  to 
78-5  c.c. 

One  or  two  broad  features  of  the  collection  are  obvious.  la  the 
earlier  part  of  the  time,  up  to  about  the  middle  of  April,  Diatoms 


30 


moCEKDIXGS    OF    THE 


were  abuadant,  and  nearly  all  the  gatherings  bad  a  greenish  tinge. 
Durino'  that  period  the  plants  were  more  abundant  in  the  bottom 
waters,  and  the  animals  at  the  surface. 

Day  after  day  we  found  that  the  two  closing  vertical  nets  hauled 
up  from  20  to  10  fathoms  were  of  a  brownish-green  colour  and 
contained  (especially  the  jSTanseu)  an  abundant  gathering  of  Diatoms. 
The  surface  nets  during  this  time  contained  more  Copepoda.  On 
April  15th  and  19th,  however,  when  the  change  in  plankton  was 
taking  place,  the  Diatoms  were  found  to  be  mainly  on  the  surface 
and  the  Copepoda  below.  As  an  example  of  wide  distribution  I 
may  cite  April  10th,  when  the  nets  gave  consistent  results  all  the 
afternoon  at  three  localities  north  of  Port  Erin,  the  Diatoms  being 
in  all  cases  more  abundant  at  the  bottom  and  the  Copepoda  on 
the  surface. 

AVe  were  fortunate  enough  on  one  occasion  to  obtain  incontro- 
vertible evidence  of  the  sharply  defined  nature  of  a  shoal  of 
organisms,  forming  an  instructive  example  of  how  nets  hauled 
under  similar  circumstances  a  short  distance  apart  may  give  very 
different  results.  On  the  evening  of  April  1st,  at  the  "  alongshore" 
station  III.,  north  of  Port  Erin,  off  the  "  Cronk  "  one  mile  out,  I 
took  6  simultaneous  gatherings  in  both  surface  and  deeper  waters. 
Two  of  the  nets  were  the  exactly  similar  surface  townets  which  I 
have  called  B  and  C.  At  half-time,  as  the  result  of  a  sudden 
thought  I  hauled  in  B,  emptied  the  contents  into  a  jar,  and 
promptly  put  the  net  out  again.  This  half  gathering  was  of  very 
ordinary  character,  containing  a  few  Copepoda,  some  Diatoms  and 
some  larvae,  but  no  Crab  Zoeas.  At  the  end  of  the  15  minutes, 
when  aU  the  nets  were  hauled  on  board,  aU  the  gatherings,  in- 
cluding B,  showed  an  extraordinary  number  of  Crab  Zoeas  render- 
ing the  ends  of  the  nets  quite  dark  in  colour.  B  was  practically 
the  same  as  C,  although  B  had  only  been  fishing  for  7  minutes.  It 
Avas  evident  that  at  about  half-time  the  nets  had  encountered  a 
remarkable  swarm  of  organisms  which  had  multiplied  several  times 
the  bulk  of  the  catch  and  had  introduced  a  new  animal  in  enormous 
numbers.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  chance  observation  of  the 
contents  of  B  at  half-time,  it  would  naturally  have  been  supposed 
that,  as  all  the  nets  agreed  in  their  evidence,  the  catches  were  fair 
samples  of  w^hat  the  water  contained  over  at  least  the  area  traversed 
— whereas  we  now  know  that  the  Zoeas  were  confined  to,  at  most, 
the  latter  half  of  the  traverse  and  may  have  been  even  more 
restricted.  Under  these  circumstances,  an  observation  made  solely 
in  the  water  traversed  during  the  first  7  minutes  would  have  given 
a  very  different  result  from  that  actually  obtained  ;  or,  to  put  it 
another  way,  had  two  expeditions  taken  samples  that  evening  at 
what  might  well  be  considered  as  the  same  station,  but  a  few 
hundred  yards  apart,  they  might  have  arrived  at  very  different 
conclusions  as  to  the  constitution  of  the  plankton  in  that  part  of 
the  ocean. 

The  bearing  of  such  observations  as  these  upon  some  recent 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON,  3 1 

speculations  as  to  the  fisli-population  of  the  sea,  and  even  as  to 
the  amounts  of  food-matters  present  in  the  waters  of  large  areas, 
is  obvious.  Nothing  in  the  economics  of  the  sea  could  be  more 
important  than  such  speculations  in  regard  to  what  I  have 
proposed  should  be  called  the  "  hylokinesis  "  *  of  the  ocean,  if  we 
could  be  certain  that  our  conclusions  are  correct,  or  even  that 
thev  are  reasonably  close  approximations. 

it  is  possible  to  obtain  a  great  deal  of  interesting  information 
in  regard  to  the  hylokinesis  of  the  sea  without  attempting  a 
numerical  accuracy  which  is  not  yet  attainable.  The  details  of 
measurement  of  catches  and  of  computation  of  organisms  become 
useless  and  the  exact  figures  are  non-significant,  if  the  liauls  from 
which  they  are  derived  are  not  really  comparable  with  one  another 
and  the  samples  obtained  are  not  adequately  representative  of 
nature.  If  the  stations  are  so  far  apart  and  the  dates  are  so 
distant  that  the  samples  represent  little  more  than  themselves, 
if  the  observations  are  liable  to  be  affected  by  any  accidental  factor 
■which  does  not  apply  to  the  entire  area,  then  the  results  may  be 
so  erroneous  as  to  be  useless — or  worse  than  useless,  since  they 
may  lead  to  deceptive  conclusions. 

If  the  biologist  then  has  great  opportunities  in  the  application 
of  his  science  to  important  human  industries,  he  has  also  gi'ave 
responsibilities. 

In  pure  science,  erroneous  conclusions  are  of  comparatively 
little  moment.  They  are  evanescent,  and  it  has  been  argued  that 
they  may  even  be  useful  in  stimulating  further  research  which 
will  inevitably  lead  to  their  overthrow.  Charles  Darwin  has  said 
of  false  views  they  "  do  little  harm,  for  everyone  takes  a  salutary 
pleasure  in  proving  their  falseness  ;  and  when  this  is  done,  one 
path  towards  error  is  closed,  and  the  road  to  truth  is  often  at  the 
same  time  opened."  t 

But  1  would  submit  that  it  is  very  different  in  the  case  of 
conclusions  that  may  be  applied  to  industries.  In  such  cases  we 
have  no  certainty  that  the  conclusions  will  be  received  with 
scientific  caution  and  made  the  subject  of  further  investigation. 
They  may  be  taken  blindly  and  may  be  applied  wrongly  without 
being  exposed  to  scientific  criticism.  It  is  necessary  then  for  the 
scientific  man  who  deals  in  practical  applications  to  be  doubly 
careful.  Much  may  depend  upon  the  results  of  his  work.  Private 
enterprise,  public  opinion,  local  regulations,  and  even  imperial 
legislation  may  all  be  affected  by  his  decisions.  He  must  not 
lightly  come  to  conclusions  upon  weighty  matters.  Of  all  the 
varied  lines  of  research  in  modern  biology,  none  present  problems 
more  intricate  than  some  of  those  connected  with  our  fisheries — 
none  are  more  interesting  and  none  more  important  in  their 
bearing  upon  the  welfare  of  mankind. 

*  In  place  of  "  metabolism  "  which  is  an  inappropriate  term  (see  Trans. 
Biol.  See.  Liverpool,  vol.  xxi.  p.  19). 

t  '  Descent  of  Man,'  2nd  edit,  1882,  p.  606. 


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HNX.  SOC.  PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1906-1907. 


34  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Dr.  Albert  C.  L.  G.  Gunxheb  then  moved : — "  That  the 
President  be  thanked  for  his  excellent  Address,  and  that  he  be 
requested  to  allow  it  to  be  printed  and  circulated  among  the 
Fellows  " ;  which  was  seconded  by  the  Eev.  T.  E.  R.  Stebbing 
and  carried  unanimously. 

On  the  motion  of  the  President,  a  telegram  of  congratulation 
was  sent  to  the  Rector  of  the  University  of  Upsala  in  the 
following  words  : — 

"  Linnean  Society  of  London  assembled  at  Anniversary 
Meeting  congratulates  University  of  Upsala  on  historic 
Linnean  Celebration." 

The  ballots  for  Council  and  Officers  having  been  respectively 
closed  at  the  times  required  by  the  Bye-Laws,  the  President 
appointed  Mr.  Henry  Groves,  Mr.  John  Hopkinson,  and  Mr.  George 
S.  Saunders  Scrutineers.  The  votes  having  been  counted  and 
reported  to  the  President,  he  declared  the  result  as  follows : — 

For  the  Council : — Vernon  H.  Blackman,  M.A.,  Leonard 
Alfred  Boodle,  Esq.,  Prof.  Gilbert  C.  Bourne,  Pi-of.  Arthur 
Dendx,  D.Sc,  Eev.  Canon  Fowler,  M.A.,  Dr.  G.  Herbert 
Fowler,  Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  F.E.S.,  ProF.  James  Peter  Hill, 
B.  Datdon  Jackson,  Esq.,  Horace  W.  Monckton,  F.G.S.,  Prof. 
F.  W.  Oliver,  F.E.S.,  Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton,  F.E.S.,  Lt.-Col.  D. 
Prain,  F.E.S.,  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle,  M.A.,  Miss  Ethel  Sargant, 
Dr.  DuKiNEiBLD  H.  Scott,  F.E.S.,  Dr.  Otto  Stape,  Eoland 
Trimen,  F.R.S.,  Prof.  Frederick  Ernest  Weiss,  and  Dr.  A.  Smith 
Woodward,  F.E.S.  ;  the  retiring  Councillors  being  E.  Asshbton, 
M.A.,  Dr.  Horace  T.  Brown,  F.R.S.,  Clement  Ebid,  F.E.S., 
Arthur  Everett  Shipley,  F.E.S.,  and  the  Eev.  T.  E.  E. 
Stebbing,  F.E.S. 

The  President  then  appointed  the  same  Scrutineers  to  examine 
the  ballot  for  the  Officers,  and  the  votes  having  been  cast  up  and 
reported  to  the  President,  he  declared  the  result  as  follows : — 

President :  Prof.  William  Abbott  Herdman,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 

Treasurer :  Horace  Woollaston  Monckton,  F.G.S. 

Secretaries :  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.E.S., 
Prof.  Arthur  Dendt,  D.Sc,  and 
Mr.  B.  Datdon  Jackson. 

The  Secretary  then  laid  before  the  Meeting,  the  following  papers 
specially  prepared  for  the  celebration  of  the  200th  Anniversary  of 
the  birth  of  Linnaeus  on  the  13/23rd  May,  1707. 

1.  A  copy  of  a  letter  from  Linnaeus  to  Professor  Pietro  Arduino 
at  Padua,  with  an  introduction  by  Dr.  G.  B.  De  Toni,  Hon.F.E.M.S. 
Communicated  by  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY   OF    LONDOX.  35 

2.  On  a  MS.  List  of  the  Linnean  Herbarium  prepared  by 
Linnaeus  in  1753-5,  with  a  Catalogue  of  the  genera  now  existing  in 
the  Herbarium,  by  Benjamin  Daydon  Jackson,  General  Secretary. 

The  Pbesident  then  addressed  Mr.  Van  Royen,  Councillor  of 
the  Netherlands  Legation,  and  in  presenting  the  Linnean  Medal 
to  him  for  transmission  to  Dr.  Melchiob,  Tkeub,  P.M. U.S.,  &c., 
specified  as  follows  the  services  to  science  which  had  weighed  with 
the  Council  in  making  this  award. 

The  President  said : — 

SiE, — It  is  my  privilege,  in  announcing  the  award  of  the 
Linnean  Gold  Medal  this  year  to  Dr.  Melchior  Treub,  of 
Jjuiteuzorg,  to  add,  as  the  mouthpiece  of  this  Society,  a  few 
sentences  as  to  the  high  claims  of  your  distinguished  countryman 
in  Java  whom  we  now  delight  to  honour.  The  Council  have 
selected  Dr.  Treub  from  among  the  Botanists  of  the  world  as  the 
man  whom  they  regarded  as  most  deserving  of  the  highest 
distinction  it  is  in  their  power  to  bestow.  They  hope  he  may  be 
gratified  by  this  tribute  from  his  fellow-workers  in  this  Society, 
whereby  his  name  is  enrolled  in  the  short  list  of  Botanical 
recipients  of  the  Linnean  Medal  extending  from  Sir  Joseph  Hooker 
in  1888  to  Prof.  Strasburger  in  1905. 

Dr.  Melchior  Treub  succeeded  the  late  Dr.  E.  H.  C.  C.  Scheffer 
as  Directeur  van  's  Lands  Plantentuin  at  Buitenzorg,  Java,  in 
November  1880*.  Under  his  administration  this  renowned 
Botanical  Garden  has  grown  much  in  material  resources  and  in 
scientific  importance.  Dr.  Treub  has  been  able  especiall}'-  to  add 
to  the  Herbarium  and  the  Museum  organised  by  his  predecessor  a 
series  of  well-equipped  laboratories  for  scientific  and  technical 
research.  One  of  his  earliest  acts  was  to  persuade  his  enlightened 
Government,  with  wise  liberality,  to  found  a  special  laboratory 
reserved  for  foreign  botanists  who  might  visit  Java  to  undei'take 
original  research  and  study  the  living  flora  of  the  Eastern  tropics. 
We  have  only  to  recall  the  names  and  the  work  of  some  of  these 
investigators — Graf  zu  Solms-Laubach,  Goebel,  Warburg,  Madame 
Weber  van  Bosse,  A.  P.  W.  Schimper,  Karsten,  A.  J.  Ewart, 
Stahl,  Haberlaudt,  Heioricher  are  a  few  from  among  the  many 
able  botanists  who  have  profited  by  this  generous  hospitality — to 
form  an  estimate  of  the  debt  that  Botany  owes  to  our  present 
Linnean  Medallist. 

Dr.  Treub's  great  administrative  gifts  have  been  utilised  to  the 
full  by  the  Government  of  the  Dutch  East  Indies,  and  his  work 
as  an  organiser  has  culminated  in  the  establishment  in  Java  of  a 
really  scientific  "  Departement  van  Landbouw,"  whereof  the 
Botanical  establishment  over  which  he  had  so  ably  presided  for  a 

*  I  am  indebted  to  our  Vice-President  Colonel  Prain  and  to  our  Ectanioal 
Secretary,  i)r.  Scott,  for  information  as  to  Dr.  Treub's  career  and  puDlished 

work. 

•12 


^6  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

quarter  of  a  century  forms  au  integral  part.  With  widened 
powers  and  an  ampler  Held  for  the  exercise  of  his  administrative 
skill,  Dr,  Treub,  as  "  Directeur  van  Landbouw,"  is  now  in  charge 
of  this  important  State  department. 

But  in  spite  of  the  engrossing  nature  of  his  official  duties  and 
of  the  exacting  character  and  extraordinary  amount  of  his 
administrative  work,  Dr.  Treub  has  found  time  to  undertake  much 
original  research,  and  to  bring  to  completion  a  large  number  of 
scientific  studies  of  great  importance  and  value.  Among  the  more 
notable  of  these  have  been  the  following : — 

His  early  work  on  the  meristem  of  the  root  in  Monocotyledons 
and  in  the  higher  Pteridophytes  (1876-78)  is  an  elaborate  inves- 
tigation in  which  a  wide  view  is  taken  of  the  questions  of  affinity 
involved.  In  his  works  on  the  nucleus  (1878-80),  Treub  first 
proved  the  occurrence  of  multinucleate  cells  (bast-fibres  and  lati- 
ciferous  tubes)  in  the  higher  plants,  and  demonstrated  the  process 
of  fragmentation  (  =  amitosis).  His  joint  paper  with  Mellink  on 
the  embrj^o-sac  (1880)  though  short  was  a  valuable  contribution 
to  fundamental  questions  of  morphology  then  much  disputed. 

From  the  time  of  his  appointment  to  Buitenzorg  all  Ti'eub's 
principal  work  has  appeared  in  the  '•  Annales  du  Jardin  Botanique," 
a  splendid  publication  of  which  he  has  long  been  the  editor. 
Beginning  in  1882  with  his  classical  investigation  of  the  pollen- 
sac,  ovule  and  embryo  of  the  Cycads,  and  of  the  remarkable 
embryology  of  the  parasitic  family  Loranthaceae,  he  went  on  to 
equally  striking  researches  of  biological  interest,  on  the  extra- 
ordinar}^  myrmecophilous  plant  Myrmecodia,  and  on  the  pitchers 
of  the  epiphyte  Dischidia,  and  about  the  same  time  he  described  a 
new  category  of  climbing  plants  (Hook-climbers,  e.  g.  Ancistrodadus). 
From  1882  to  1884  he  continued  his  investigations  of  the  ovule 
and  embryo  in  a  number  of  peculiar  types,  and  in  the  latter  year 
he  began  the  publication  of  a  series  of  studies  of  the  most  funda- 
mental importance  on  the  Lycopodiaceae,  discovering  and  inves- 
tigating in  the  most  complete  manner  the  prothallus  and  embryo 
in  a  number  of  tropical  species  of  Lycopodiura,  and  thus  filling 
what  had  until  then  been  one  of  the  most  serious  gaps  in  our 
knowledge  of  the  Higher  Cryptogams.  This  work  extended  to 
1890,  and  in  the  following  year  Treub,  returning  to  the  morphology 
of  Flowering  Plants,  astonished  the  Botanical  world  by  the 
discovery,  in  Casiumna,  of  a  totally  new  method  of  fertilisation, 
the  pollen-tube  penetrating  the  tissues  at  the  base  of  the  ovule 
(chalazogamy)  instead  of  entering  by  the  micropyle. 

Another  important  series  of  investigations  by  our  medallist  has 
elucidated  various  cases  of  parthenogenesis  or  apogamy,  in  the 
parasite  Balanopliora,  in  a  species  of  Fig,  and  in  the  Urticaceous 
genus  Elatostema  (1898-1905). 

In  Physiology,  Treub's  work  on  the  role  of  hydi'ocyanic  acid  as 
the  first  product  of  the  assimilation  of  nitrogen  by  the  green  plant 
(1896  and  1904)  has  been  of  fundamental  importauce.  No  other 
Botanist   has  ever  made  such  splendid  use  of  the  opportunities 


LIXXEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDOX.  37 

afforded  by  a  great  Botanical  Garden  in  the  Tropics  for  purposes 
of  scientific  investigation.  All  Treub's  work  is  characterised  by 
admirable  clearness  and  by  sound  judgment,  his  memoirs  are 
beautifully  illustrated  by  drawings  entirely  from  his  own  hand, 
and  he  is  distinguished  among  Botanical  writers  by  his  perfection 
of  treatment  and  style. 

I  ask  you,  Sir,  to  receive  this  medal  for  transmission  with  our 
most  cordial  sentiments  and  good  wishes  to  your  distinguished 
countryman  in  Java. 

The  Medal  having  been  formally  handed  to  Mr.  Van  Royen, 
that  gentleman  made  a  suitable  reply,  undertaking  to  transmit  the 
medal  to  Dr.  Treub. 

The  Secretary  having  laid  the  Obituaries  of  deceased  Fellows 
before  the  Meeting,  the  proceedings  ended. 


OBITUARY  NOTICES. 

Major  Egbert  Cart  Barnard  was  born  at  Cbeltenliam  on 
13th  December,  1827,  but  was  brought  up  at  Bartlow  in 
Cambridgeshire,  where  his  father  lived.  He  received  his 
education  first  at  private  schools,  then  at  Winchester  under 
the  Kev.  G.  Moberly. 

In  1847  he  received  a  commission  in  the  41st  Regiment,  and 
served  ten  years.  He  went  out  to  the  Crimea,  but  was  attacked 
with  fever  at  Scutari  and  was  invalided  home,  and  on  his  return 
to  the  seat  of  war  operations  were  over. 

On  his  retirement  from  the  army  with  the  rank  of  Major, 
he  married  and  went  to  ]Sew  Zealand,  intending  to  settle  there  ; 
but  the  death  of  his  wife,  two  months  after  their  landing  ni 
the  colony,  determined  his  return  home.  He  then  entered  at 
Emmanuel  College,  Cambridge,  and  took  his  degree  in  Natural 
Science  the  first  year  degrees  were  granted  in  that  Tripos.  Whilst 
at  Cambridge  lie  became  acquainted  with  Professor  J.  S.  Hensiow, 
whose  youngest  daughter,  Anne,  he  married  in  1859. 

He  settled  in  Cheltenham  and  received  pupils  for  the  army, 
besides  teaching  at  Cheltenham  College.  Ten  years  later  he 
moved  into  a  house  he  had  built  and  named  Bartlow,  after  the 
scene  of  his  boyhood;  and  there  he  resided  till  his  death.  He 
busied  himself  in  local  work,  was  a  member  of  the  Leckhampton 
Local  Board,  was  a  founder  of  the  Cheltenham  Public  Library, 
and  took  part  in  the  work  of  the  Cheltenham  Natural  History 
Society,  and  was  recognised  as  a  leading  local  botanist  and 
archaeologist.  He  became  a  widower  in  1899  ;  and  in  October 
1906  the  sudden  death  of  his  eldest  daughter,  who  was  his 
housekeeper,  caused  a  shock  from  which  he  never  recovered. 
Two  months  later  he  was  seized  by  influenza,  and  after  three 


38  PROCEEDINGS    OF    TUB 

weeks'  suffering  he  died  on  22nd  December,  1906,  a  few  day» 
after  completing  his  79th  year,  leaving  seven  children  and  nine 
grandchildren. 

He  was  elected  a  Fellow,  4th  April,  1861.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Sir  Walter  Lawry  Buller,  K.C.M.Gt.,  F.K.S.,  D.Sc,  vi-as 
born  in  1838  and  died  at  Pondtail  Lodge,  Meet,  Hants,  on 
July  19th,  1906.  His  father  was  the  Eev.  James  Buller,  of 
Canterbury,  New  Zealand.  He  vi'as  educated  at  Auckland  and 
studied  afterwards  under  the  well-known  naturalist,  William 
Swainson,  F.R.S.,  who  was  living  in  the  colony.  While  still 
young  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  Colony  and.  held 
various  official  appointments,  in  which  his  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  Maori  language  was  of  much  service.  When  he  was  thirty- 
three  years  of  age  he  came  to  London  as  Secretary  of  the  New- 
Zealand  Agency.  Li  1873  he  published  his  celebrated  and 
magnificently  illustrated  monograph  on  the  Birds  of  New  Zealand, 
of  which  a  second  edition  appeared  in  1888.  His  name  will 
always  be  remembered  as  that  of  one  of  the  great  pioneers 
of  New  Zealand  Natural  History,  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Linneau  Society,  21st  January,  1858.  [A.  D.] 

Edward  Chapman,  who  died  at  Hill-end,  Mottram  in  Longdendale, 
Cheshire,  on  the  25th  July  last,  was  the  son  of  John  Chapman,  M.P., 
and  was  born  on  the  12th  October,  1839.  He  matriculated  at  his 
father's  college  (Merton)  in  1860,  where  he  had  as  contemporaries 
W.  C.  Sidgwick  and  (Bishop)  Creighton.  Li  1863  he  married 
Elizabeth  Beaudoe,  daughter  of  F.  Grundy  of  Mottram,  and  took 
his  degree  the  following  yeai- — First  Class  Honours  in  Natural 
Science.  Following  this  he  became  Tutor  in  Natural  Science  in  his 
own  college.  The  development  of  the  Manchester,  Sheffield,  and 
Lincolnshire  Railway  (in  which  he  had  an  hereditary  interest)  into 
the  Great  Central  Bail  way  compelled  him  at  a  later  period  to 
withdraw  from  academic  life  and  residence  ;  but  Magdalen  College 
in  1867  re-elected  him  "  Fellow  without  emolument,"  a  position 
he  highly  valued,  as  enabling  him  to  keep  touch  with  old  Oxford 
friends.  His  chief  scientific  work  was  done  in  the  Daubeny 
Laboratory  at  Magdalen,  one  of  his  old  pupils,  Mr.  E.  T.  Giinther, 
succeeding  him  as  Tutor. 

The  causes  which  compelled  him  to  remove  from  Oxford  con- 
tinued opei-ative  during  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was  Deputy- 
Chairman  of  the  Great  Central  Railway,  Lord  of  the  Manor  of 
Hattersley,  Chairman  of  Aarious  local  bodies.  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  and  Member  of  Parliament  for  the  Hyde  Division  of 
Cheshire  from  ]900  to  1906.  He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  2ud  May,  1872.  [B.  D.  J.] 

No  loss  during  the  past  Session  has  inflicted  so  deep  an 
impression  on  this  Society  as  the  unexpected  death  of  Charles 
Baron  Clarke  last  summer.     The  eldest  son  of  Turner  Poulter 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  39 

Clarke,  he  was  born  on  17th  June,  1832,  at  Andover,  a  town  he 
loved  to  term  "  the  Metropolis  '*  and  boast  of  the  many  notable 
worthies  it  had  produced.  He  obtained  his  early  education  at 
King's  College  School,  thence  going  up  to  Cambridge,  at  lirst 
at  Trinity  College,  migrating  later  to  Queen's  College.  Amongst 
his  contemporaries  were  Henry  Pawcett,  Leslie  Stephen,  John 
Eigby,  and  one  whom  he  ever  regarded  as  the  chief  of  his  set, 
Edward  Turner,  whom  weak  health  and  the  management  of  a 
large  estate  debarred  from  showing  the  abilities  with  which  he 
was  endowed,  to  the  world  at  large.  He  graduated  in  1856,  and 
was  bracketed  Third  Wrangler  in  that  year;  in  1857  he  became 
Fellow  of  Queen's  College,  and  for  nearly  ten  years  remained  at 
Cambridge  as  College  Tutor  in  Mathematics.  In  1858  he  was 
called  to  the  Bar  in  Lincoln's  Inn,  but  never  practised  in  the 
Courts,  till  in  1866  he  left  for  India  to  join  the  uncovenanted 
staff  of  the  Education  Department,  at  first  at  the  Presidency 
College,  afterwards  as  Inspector  of  Schools.  For  two  years,  from 
1869  till  1871,  he  was  Acting  Superintendent  of  the  Eoyal 
Botanic  Garden  at  Shibpur,  near  Calcutta,  filling  the  interval 
caused  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Thomas  Anderson  until  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  then  Dr.  George  King.  He  resumed  his  education 
work  till  1877,  in  which  year  he  returned  to  Europe  on  two  years' 
furlough.  Before  this  he  had  made  his  first  essay  in  botanic 
literature  by  printing  a  list  of  Andover  plants,  at  Calcutta,  in 
1866  ;  and  H.  C.  Watson,  in  a  review  in  the  '  Journal  of  Botany,' 
v.  (1867)  pp.  51-59,  made  sport  of  the  "Price  Threepence," — a 
review  which  was  resented  by  Clarke,  who  extorted  an  apology  by 
threatening  legal  process,  and  published  his  rejoinder  in  the  same 
journal,  vi.  (1868)  pp.  215-218.  His  second  book  was  the  folio 
•  Commelinaceae  et  Cyrtandracese  Bengalenses,'  in  1874,  at  Cal- 
cutta, and  a  third  his  '  Compositae  Indicse,'  in  1876,  which  he  had 
to  correct  on  his  up-country  journeys,  much  to  his  annoyance,  as 
expressed  in  the  preface.  He  had  found  the  want  of  a  handy 
volume  on  the  flora  of  India,  and  accordingly  reprinted  Eoxburgh's 
'  Flora  Indica '  verbatim  in  1874.  On  the  termination  of  his 
leave  in  March  1879  Clarke  was  put  on  special  duty  at  Kew,  to 
elaborate  some  portion  of  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker's  '  Flora  of  British 
India ' ;  and  in  the  second  volume  of  that  work  appear  about 
284  pages  from  his  pen,  beginning  with  Saxifragacese  and  closing 
with  Cornacese.  These  were  issued  in  1878-79.  In  the  next 
volume  he  was  responsible  for  244  pages,  from  Caprifoliacea)  to 
Salvadoracese,  in  1880-82 ;  the  fourth  volume  a  still  larger  share, 
ending  with  Yerbenaceae,  in  1885.  Concurrently  with  this 
he  prepared  and  issued  through  our  'Transactions'  the  three  parts 
of  his  ''  Eeview  of  the  Ferns  of  Northern  India  "  (ser.  ii.  Bot. 
vol.  i.  pp.  425-611,  pis.  49-84). 

He  returned  to  India  in  1883,  and  in  1885  was  transferred 
from  Bengal  to  Assam,  where  he  remained  till  his  retirement  in 
1887  at  the  age  of  55. 

From  an  early  period  Clarke  had  collected  plants,  in  England, 


40 


PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE 


Scotland,  Switzerland,  and  Madeira.  In  India  he  threw  himself 
into  the  pursuit  with  immense  energy.  Tor  a  full  account  of  his 
Indian  journeys,  reference  should  be  made  to  the  '  Kew  Bulletin,' 
1906,  n.  7,  pp.  272-274,  where  Lieut.-Colonel  Prain  has  di-awn  up 
a  statement  showing  the  use  made  of  long  holidays  to  explore 
distant  parts  of  India,  from  Assam  to  Kashmir  and  from  Sikkim 
to  Madras.  His  field-numbers  were  extensive  :  his  first  herbarium 
contained  25,000  plants  in  5000  species,  and  he  appended  field- 
tickets  each  evening  giving  full  particulars,  so  that  his  specimens 
possess  a  very  high  value.  He  presented  the  whole  to  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Kew — the  first  part  in  1877,  the  last  in  1888. 

On  his  final  home-coming  in  1887,  he  settled  at  Kew,  living 
with  his  brother,  Poulter  Clarke,  and  working  assiduously  all  day 
in  the  Herbarium.  Trom  this  time  onward  his  attention  became 
concentrated  on  the  Cyperaeeae,  though  not  exclusively,  for  he 
still  continued  to  work  at  Acanthaceae,  and  two  memoirs  on  these 
plants  are  awaiting  publication. 

On  Cyperacese  he  had  become  an  acknowledged  authority,  and 
foreign  collections  came  to  be  named,  and  herbaria  containing 
types  were  freely  lent  to  Kew  for  his  examination.  The  fruits 
of  these  labours  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  papers  on  sections 
of  floras,  of  which  the  principal  may  be  mentioned,  as  follows : — 
In  our  own  issues,  '  Transactions ' :  the  I^erns  of  Northern  India, 
in  1880,  as  previouslv  mentioned  ;  the  Cyperacese  of  the  Malay 
Peninsula  (1893),  Mt.Kinabalu  (1894),  and  Matto  Grosso  (1895)  ; 
also  the  Commelinacese  of  the  last  region  (1895).  In  our '  Journal' : 
the  Commelinacese  of  Bengal  (1870) ;  Indian  Gentianacese  (1875) ; 
Botanic  Notes  from  Darjeeling  to  Tonglo  (1876)  ;  Indian  Begonias 
(1880);  Madagascar  Species  of  Cyperus  (1883);  Hemicarex  of 
Bentham  (1883);  Indian  Species  of  Cyperus  (1884);  Plants  of 
Kohima  and  Muneypore  (1889)  ;  authentic  Cyperacese  of  Linnseus 
(1894);  the  Subsubareas  of  British  India  [=on  distribution  of 
Cyperacese]  (1898)  ;  the  Cyperacese  of  the  Chinese  Plora  (1903-4) 
and  Carices  of  Malaya  (1904),  In  our  'Proceedings,'  his  two 
Presidential  Addresses  (1895-6).  The  '  Philosophical  Trans- 
actions,' B.  (1892) :  on  Biologic  Regions  and  Tabulation  Areas, 
with  map.  In  the  '  Journal  of  Botany '  :  a  revision  of  Leea 
(1881)  ;  Eleocliaris  of  Europe  (1887) ;  and  17  smaller  papers  and 
reviews.  Engler's  '  Botanische  Jahrbiicher  '  (1901-6)  contain 
three  papers,  the  longest  on  Chilian  Cyperacese ;  the  '  Botanisk 
Tidsskrift '  also  three  ;  '  Bulletin  de  I'Herbier  Boissier  '  eight,  the 
chief  being  Clarke's  determination  of  Hassler's  Sedges  (1903). 
He  was  also  responsible  for  Acanthaceai  and  Commelinacese  in  the 
'  Cape  Flora';  and  with  Mr.  J.  G.  Baker  worked  up  the  Gesneracese 
for  '  Tropical  Africa,'  and  completed  the  Acanthacese,  which  had 
been  begun  by  Mr.  Burkill,  for  the  same  work,  from  p.  44  to  p.  262. 
A  detailed  list  will  be  found  in  the  '  Kew  Bulletin '  already  men- 
tioned, pp.  276-281.  The  last  memoirs  of  his  to  see  the  light  are 
his  posthumous  "  Cyperacese  of  the  Philippines  :  a  List  of  the 
Species  in  the  Kew  Herbarium,"  in  the  '  Philippine  Journal  of 
Science  :   Botany,'   vol.  ii.   April   1907,   pp.   77-110  ;   and   the 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  41 

CyperaceiB  iu  A.  Chevalier's  "  Xovitates  liorse  Africanse  "  iu  Bull. 
Soc.  Bot.  Fr.  liv.  (1907)  Mem.  8,  pp.  26-29.  Two  treatises  oa 
Malayan  Acanthacese  are  to  be  issued  this  autumn,  the  first  in  the 
'  Journal  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal,'  and  the  second  in  our 
own  'Journal.' 

He  was  President  of  our  Society  from  1894  to  1896,  and  served 
on  our  Council  almost  continuously  from  1880-1906,  and  Vice- 
President  similarly  from  1881-1905.  Assiduous  iu  his  attendance, 
he  was  ever  ready  to  bear  his  part  in  the  discussion  of  papers  read 
before  the  Society  ;  and  his  wide  and  long  experience  of  men 
enabled  him  to  intervene  with  peculiar  and  happy  results.  He 
was  a  delightful  man  iu  private  talk,  ready  and  willing  to  converse 
on  various  matters,  scientific,  litei-ary,  or  controversial.  This  is 
not  the  place  to  enlarge  on  his  ultra-scientific  labours  ;  but  he 
wrote  and  distributed  many  pamphlets  on  topics  of  the  day,  and 
took  a  very  active  part  in  electioneering  for  Henry  Pawcett.  An 
irksome  delay  on  one  of  his  Indian  journeys  was  beguiled  by  his 
sitting  down  to  compile  an  arithmetic  book  for  Bengalis  ;  and  he 
also  drew  up  manuals  of  geography  for  school  use.  The  large 
output  to  be  credited  to  him  was  due  to  his  writing  much  of  his 
work  in  the  evening ;  but  this  did  not  prevent  his  being  up 
betimes  the  next  morning,  for  a  run  before  breakfast.  In  the 
last  few  years  he  had  taken  to  bicycling,  and  his  favourite  course 
was  a  spin  round  liiclimond  Park.  He  was  a  sturdy  and  almost 
tireless  rider ;  ouce  mounted  he  would  ride  to  Andover,  60  miles, 
without  dismounting,  yet  he  never  acquired  a  mastery  of  his 
machine.  He  could  not  look  round,  raise  his  hand  from  the 
handles,  or  get  on  or  off  on  the  level.  He  never  rode  except  in 
broad  daylight,  and  never  carried  a  lamp,  bell,  or  brake  on  his 
machine  :  yet  he  never  had  a  serious  mishap. 

He  was  elected  a  Pellow  of  our  Society,  5th  December,  1867  ; 
of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1882 ;  and  of  tlie  Geological  Society  in 
1868.  Next  to  botanising,  he  enjoyed  the  excursions  of  the 
Geologists'  Association,  where  his  powers  of  walking  were  shown 
to  advantage.  His  character  is  well  epitomised  in  the  sympathetic 
notice  contributed  by  an  intimate  friend  to  the  '  Journal  of 
Botany '  for  November  last  (p.  375),  where  it  is  said  : — "  Clarke, 
particularly  as  he  advanced  in  years,  became  very  catholic  as 
regards  channels  of  publication.  His  earlier  papers  are  frequently 
piquant,  not  to  say  pungent,  as  well  as  clear.  He  grew  old  with 
inlinite  grace  ;  and  v^hile  the  pungency  largely  disappeared  from 
his  contributions,  the  lucidity  remained.  The  kindest  of  men, 
the  most  modest  and  the  most  unselfish,  he  was  always  ready  to 
help  others,  was  a  charming  host,  and  a  staunch  friend."  In  the 
same  memoir  is  the  latest  portrait  taken  of  our  deceased  Fellow, 
which  is  strikingly  like,  though  it  did  not  please  the  sitter ;  it  is 
fall  face,  and  without  spectacles,  which  may  account  for  this 
judgment,  as  it  must  be  remembered  that  Clarke's  sight,  though 
very  strong,  was  very  short. 

The  writer  recalls  the  painful  shock  when,  travelling  home  from 
his  summer  holiday  in  the  north,  he  procured  a  London  news- 


42  PEOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

paper,  and  in  that  a  brief  paragraph  told  of  the  end  of  a  career 
which  four  weeks  earlier  seemed  so  full  of  promise  for  an  old  age 
of  prolonged  work.  He  came  of  a  long-lived  family  :  both  his 
uncles,  Fellows  of  this  Society  (Mr.  Benjamin  Clarke  of  Hamp- 
stead  and  IMr.  Joshua  Clarke  of  Saffron  AValden)  attained  a  great 
age,  as  did  many  others  of  his  family.  In  August  he  visited 
Andover  on  his  bicycle ;  the  return  was  made  on  a  hot  day,  and 
he  seemed  overpowered  by  the  heat  and  drank  tea  eagerly.  The 
night  did  not  bring  its  usual  sound  sleep  ;  so  in  the  morning  he 
rode  round  Richmond  Park,  with  difficulty.  On  reaching  home-, 
he  went  to  bed  and  sent  for  a  doctor,  who  pronounced  him  to  be 
suffering  from  paresis  of  the  lower  bowel.  An  operation  was 
performed  that  day,  but  though  the' strong  constitution  of  our  late 
colleague  withstood  the  shock  of  the  operation  at  the  time,  after 
ten  days  of  suffering  he  passed  away  on  Saturday,  25th  August, 
1906  in  the  75th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  buried  at  Andover 
five  days  later. 

It  is  compvited  that  the  voluminous  manuscripts  he  left  at  bis 
death,  containing  the  enormous  mass  of  detailed  examination 
of  material  from  every  quarter  and  from  books,  would  amount  to 
more  than  3000  pages  :  whether  this  can  ever  be  printed  is 
problematical.  Amongst  these  are  144  plates,  printed  chiefly  in 
collotype,  from  selected  drawings  made  under  his  close  super- 
vision. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  at  least  may  be  issued, 
as  they  illustrate  his  views  of  genera,  accompanied  as  they  are  by 
printed  descriptive  text. 

His  completion  of  the  Eev.  E.  T.  Lowe's  '  Elora  of  Madeira '  is 
practically  ready  for  press  :  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
getting  together  materials  for  a  life  of  the  author.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Professor  Sir  Michael  Tostee,  Iv.C.B.,  was  born  at  Huntingdon 
on  8th  March,  183G  ;  he  died,  almost  suddenly,  in  London  on  the 
early  morning  of  29th  January,  1907.  Between  these  dates  lay  a 
life  full  of  activity  and  one  which  made  an  impression  upon  the 
scientific  thought  of  the  age.  Poster  was  educated  at  Huntingdon 
Grammar  School,  and  later,  from  1849  to  1852,  at  University 
College  School,  London,  and  then  at  the  College,  from  which  he 
took  the  B.A.  degree  with  a  Scholarship  in  Classics  at  the  London 
University.  In  1858  he  passed  the  London  M.B.  Examination, 
and  took  his  M.D.  the  following  year.  During  the  next  two  years 
he  continued  his  medical  education,  partly  at  Paris,  and  found 
time  for  some  original  research.  In  1861  he  settled  down  to 
practise  his  profession  in  Huntingdon,  but  six  years  later  he 
abandoned  medicine  and  returned  to  University  College,  first  as 
Teacher  in  Practical  Physiology,  and  in  1869  as  Professor  of  the 
same  subject.  Before  coming  to  Huntingdon  he  had  some 
symptoms  of  pulmonary  trouble,  which,  however,  soon  disap- 
peared, and  for  them  he  was  recommended  to  take  a  voyage  on 
the  steamship  'L^nion  '  to  the  Eed  Sea. 

Poster's  intimate  friendship  with  Huxley  had  a  marked  influence 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    Or    LO>'DOX.  43 

upou  his  career.  Together  with.  Eay  Lankester  and  Eutherford 
he  acted  as  demonstrator  in  1870  to  Huxley's  first  practical  course 
of  Biology  held  at  South  Kensington ;  he  succeeded  Huxley  as 
Pullerian  Professor  at  the  Eoyal  Institution,  and  as  Biological 
Secretary  of  the  Eoyal  Society,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  Huxley's 
recommendation  that  in  1870  Foster  left  London  and  came  to 
Cambridge  as  Praelector  in  Physiology  at  Trinity  College. 

The  mark  made  by  Poster  on  the  thought  and  on  the  science  of 
his  times  falls,  broadly  speaking,  under  three  heads.  He  was  a 
great  teacher,  profoundly  influencing  those  who  came  into  personal 
contact  with  him.  He  was  a  great  Mriter  and  the  author  of  a 
classical  text-book  which  spread  his  influence  far  beyond  the  walls 
of  his  lecture -room  and  Laboratory.  He  was  a  most  capable 
organizer,  and  first  at  Cambridge,  and  later  in  London,  he  initiated 
and  carried  to  a  successful  issue  many  important  schemes  for  the 
advancement  of  Science. 

When  he  first  came  up  to  Cambridge  the  L^niA^ersity  was  able  to 
assign  him  only  one  room,  now  part  of  the  Philosophical  Library, 
and  this  served  him  both  as  laboratory  and  as  lecture-room.  Here 
he  gathered  around  him  a  small  band  of  pupils,  stimulated  by  his 
enthusiasm  to  devote  their  lives  to  his  science.  Amongst  these 
may  be  mentioned  Walter  Gaskell,  Prank  Balfour,  J,  N.  Langley, 
A.  "Sheridan  Lea,  A .  G.  Drew-Smith,  H.  Newall-Martin,  A.  Milnes 
Marshall,  S.  H.  Vines,  and,  later,  many  others.  His  principle  of 
teaching  involved  much  practical  work.  He  held  "  that  a  student 
must  see  and  do  things  for  himself  in  order  to  gain  a  real  and 
lasting  hold  on  any  scientific  subject."  He  was  always  ready  to 
discuss  difficulties  and  to  suggest  solutions  to  difiicult  problems. 
At  his  coming  to  Cambridge  the  Medical  School,  fostered  by  the 
care  of  Sir  George  Paget  and  Sir  George  Humphrey,  was  already 
flourishing ;  but  it  now  grew  to  be  one  of  the  largest  Faculties  in 
the  University,  and  Foster  was  soon  lecturing  to  large  audiences. 
At  his  prime,  Foster  was  a  remarkable  lecturer,  deliberate,  slow, 
reasoning  out  his  siibjects  as  he  went  along,  and,  avoiding  dog- 
matic statement,  he  made  his  audience  think.  He  had  an  admirable 
skill  in  making  histological  sketches  with  but  few  lines,  and  always 
with  three  coloured  chalks.  He  used  little  gesticulation,  stood 
very  still,  rolling  the  chalk  in  his  hands,  and  occasionally  giving 
forth  most  gravely  some  humorous  thought  which  was  punctuated 
by  a  little  up-look  at  the  class,  and  sometimes  by  his  characteristic 
half-suppressed  chuckle. 

During  the  early  years  at  Cambridge,  and  before  in  London, 
Foster  published  several  original  memoirs,  which  are  enumerated 
by  Professor  Langley  in  his  article  in  the  'Journal  of  Physiology'*. 
Later  the  pressure  of  other  work  prevented  his  investigating  him- 
self, but  he  was  the  cause  of  much  research  in  others,  and  he  took 
the  keenest  and  deepest  interest  in  the  work  carried  on  by  his  pupils. 

Foster's  '  Text-book  of  Physiology '  is  a  classic.  The  first  edition 
appeared  in  1876,  and  there  were  many  editions  until,  growing  as 
*  Vol.  XXV.  1907,  p.  233. 


44  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

the  subject  grew,  it  necessarily  split  into  several  volumes,  and  as 
the  aid  ot  other  writers  became  imperative  it  lost  something  in 
the  unity  of  treatment,  and  eventually  became  too  large  for  the 
ordinary  medical  student.  As  in  his  lectures  so  in  his  text-book 
he  avoided  dogmatic  statements.  He  gave  the  various  views,  dis- 
cussed them,  pointed  out  the  difficulties,  and  sometimes — but  not 
always — summed  up  in  favour  of  one  view.  His  graphic  literary 
style  gave  distinction  to  the  work,  and  some  chapters  rise  to  a 
high  level  of  eloquence.  The  book  was  a  great  success  and  was 
translated  into  several  of  the  chief  European  languages  ;  its  philo- 
sophic breadth  of  view  greatly  helped  the  recognition  of  Physiology 
as  a  complete  and  independent  science.  The  charm  and  humour 
of  Foster's  style  are  jjerhaps  best  shown  in  his  short  memoir  on 
Claude  Bernard,  and  especially  in  his  •  History  of  Physiology 
during  the  16th,  17th,  and  18th  Centuries,'  which  embody  the 
lectures  he  gave  at  the  Cooper  College,  San  Francisco,  in  1900. 
Foster  published  several  other  books  and  many  articles,  all  of  them 
characterised  by  an  admirable  clearness  and  felicity  of  expression. 
He  also  founded,  in  1878,  the  '  Journal  of  Physiology,'  and  edited 
it  until  1891.  In  this  connection  it  may  also  be  mentioned  that 
Foster  was  exceptionally  happy  as  an  after-dinner  speaker,  a  post 
in  which  his  sense  of  humour  was  allowed  full  play.  As  an 
oi'ganizer  Foster  did  an  immense  work  in  starting  and  guiding 
many  of  the  modern  movements  in  Biological  teaching.  Botany, 
Animal  Morphology,  and  Physiology  as  taught  in  England  owe 
much  of  their  present  methods  to  him.  For  many  years  he  took 
an  active  part  in  University  affairs,  and  sat  upon  the  Council  of 
the  Senate  from  1886  to  1890,  but  the  increasing  demands  of  the 
Eoyal  Society  and  of  various  Commissions  which  compelled  him 
to  be  more  and  more  in  Loudon  gradually  left  him  but  little  time 
for  affairs  in  Cambridge. 

In  1881  Foster  succeeded  Huxley  as  Biological  Secretary  of  the 
Eoyal  Society,  and  from  that  date  onwards  he  gave  an  immense 
amount  of  time  and  energy  to  its  affairs.  He  widened  the  basis 
of  the  activities  of  the  Society,  advocated  its  more  intimate  relation 
with  the  Government,  and  was  the  trusted  adviser  of  the  Treasury 
in  scientific  matters.  He  took  a  considerable  part  in  starting  the 
JSTational  Physical  Laboratory,  the  International  Congress  of 
Geodesy,  the  International  Catalogue  of  Scientific  Papers,  and  the 
International  Association  of  Academies.  To  him  was  largely  due 
the  founding  of  the  Physiological  Society,  over  which  he  presided 
in  1898  at  the  Cambridge  Meeting.  He  served  on  the  Eoyal 
Commission  on  "Vaccination,"  on  that  of  the  "Disposal  of  Sewage," 
was  Chairman  of  the  Treasu.ry  Departmental  Committee  on 
"  Botanical  Work  and  Collections  at  the  British  Museum  and  at 
Kew,"  1900-1,  and  was  Chairman  of  the  "  Tuberculosis  "  Com- 
mission at  the  time  of  his  death.  For  nearly  forty  years  Foster 
was  a  member  of  the  Linnean  Society.  He  was  elected  Jan.  16, 
1868  ;  he  also  sat  on  several  Departmental  Committees,  served 
on  our  Council  in  1870-71,  and  again  in  1880-81. 


LINXEAX    SOCIETV    Of    LOXDON".  45 

Fostei'  was  an  active  member  of  the  British  Association,  taking 
his  full  share  of  the  secretarial  work  of  both  the  Sections  and  the 
Council.  He  was  President  of  Section  L  (Physiolog)-)  at  the 
Toronto  Meeting  in  1S97,  when  he  delivered  an  address  on  the 
salient  features  of  physiological  activity  in  recent  years,  and  Presi- 
dent of  the  Association  at  the  Dover  Meeting  in  1899.  In  that 
year  he  was  created  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  the 
Bath. 

In  1900  he  was  elected  to  Parliament  as  Eepresentative  of 
London  University,  and  sat  as  its  Member  till  Mr.  Balfour's 
Government  resigned,  Postei'  was  not  a  party  man,  but  he  most 
faithfully  represented  the  world  of  science,  and  when  he  s])oke  his 
words  were  weighty.  Still,  as  things  are  now,  a  Member  of 
Parliament  who  puts  the  State  above  the  party  is  apt  to  receive 
cold  looks  from  the  official  managers,  and  on  seeking  re-election, 
in  190G,  Poster  lost  his  seat  by  twenty-four  votes. 

Foster  was  one  of  the  men  who  counted  during  the  last  half  of 
Queen  Victoria's  reign.  To  him  education  owes  much,  and  through 
his  pupils  his  influence  is  an  ever-widening  one.  He  initiated 
many  new  organisations  for  co-ordinating  and  advancing  science, 
and  through  these  his  name  will  be  pei'petuated.  He  was  wise  in 
council,  sound  in  judgment ;  very  helpful  and  encouraging  to  his 
])upils  :  very  persuasive.  AboA^e  all,  he  had  a  gift  for  friendship 
which  to  many  has  made  the  world  a  poorer  place  since,  last 
January,  they  heard  the  news  of  his  sudden  death. 

[A.  E,  Shipley.] 

Feederick  Ebnest  Geant  was  born  at  Farlesthorpe,  Lincohi- 
shire,  on  23rd  March,  1866,  and  died  at  Sydney,  Australia,  31st 
January,  1907.  In  1883  he  emigrated  to  New  Zealand.  Five 
years  later  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Union  Bank  of  Australia. 
While  stationed  at  the  Auckland  branch  he  formed  a  collection  of 
natural  history,  and  gained  a  good  knowledge  of  the  local  fauna, 
especially  of  the  mollusca. 

When  the  Bank  transferred  him  to  the  Melbourne  office,  he 
much  appreciated  the  wider  intellectual  horizon  which  life  in  a 
large  city  opened  for  him.  He  became  an  active  member  of  the 
local  scientific  societies.  At  first  geology  was  his  chief  hobby. 
From  1901  he  published,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  E,  Ihiele  (now 
Govt,  Geologist  of  Nigeria,  Africa),  several  articles  on  geologv  in 
the  '  Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Victoria.'  Remarking 
that  no  local  student  had  undertaken  investigations  in  Crustacea, 
he  adopted  the  vacant  field  of  carcinology.  With  Mr,  S.  W.  Fulton 
he  wrote  in  the  Trans.  Eoy.  Soc.  of  Victoria  a  series  of  papers 
entitled  "  Some  little-known  Victorian  Decapod  Crustacea,  with 
Descriptions  of  new  Species  '"  (1901-G),  and  a  '■  Census  of  the 
Victorian  Decapod  Crustacea."  of  which  one  part  only ^ has 
appeared.  It  was  in  1901  that  Messrs.  Fulton  and  Grant  re- 
ported the  curious  fact  that  they  had  found  the  common  shore- 
crab  of  Great  Britain  living  in  Port  Phillip,  Victoria. 


46  PKOCEBDINGS    OF    THE 

In  1902  Mr.  Grant  re-visited  England  and  took  the  opportunity 
of  studying  the  carcinological  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
He  attended  several  Meetings,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society,  18th  December,  1902. 

On  his  return  to  Australia,  the  Bank  transferred  him  to  the 
Sydney  office.  He  immediately  took  an  active  share  in  the  scientific 
life  of  that  city,  and  was  elected  to  the  Council  of  the  Linnean 
Society  of  New  South  Wales.  In  1904  he  joined  an  expedition 
organised  by  Mr.  C.  Hedley  for  biological  work  on  the  Great 
Barrier  Reef.  With  the  assistance  of  Mr.  A.  R.  MacCulloch  he 
reported  on  the  Crustacea  obtained  by  the  party.  He  also  accom- 
panied two  deep-sea  dredging-expeditions.  In  the  '  Proceedings 
of  the  Linnean  Society  of  New  South  Wales  '  he  published  an 
account  of  the  Crustacea  obtained  by  the  first,  and  was  engaged 
in  writing  up  that  of  the  second  at  the  time  of  his  decease.  A 
posthumous  paper  on  the  Crustacea  of  Norfolk  Island  will  appear 
shortly.     He  leaves  a  widow  and  three  children.         [C.  Heulby.] 

Sir  Thomas  Hanbuby,  K.C.V.O.,  Avho  was  born  at  Clapham,  near 
London,  21st  June,  1832,  and  who  died  on  the  9th  March,  1907, 
belonged  to  a  family  who  had  for  several  generations  been  members 
of  the  Society  of  Friends.  Sir  Thomas  spent  nearly  twenty  years  in 
Shanghai,  where  he  was  a  leading  merchant,  much  beloved  by  the 
Chinese  commercial  community  on  account  of  his  kind  and  sympa- 
thetic, but  at  the  same  time  just,  treatment  of  them.  During  a  visit 
paid  to  England  in  the  year  1867  he  acquired  by  purchase  the  Palazzo 
Orenga,  situated  on  a  beautiful  spot  on  the  Italian  Riviera,  about 
four  miles  from  Mentone  on  the  west,  and  about  twice  as  far  from 
Bordighera  on  the  east.  This  house  had  been  in  former  times  the 
property  of  the  Oi'enga  family  of  Ventimiglia.  With  the  house 
he  acquired  also  the  extremely  picturesque  ridge  which  extends 
from  the  village  of  La  Mortola  to  the  sea,  into  which  it  projects 
as  a  long  narrow  promontory  of  about  50  acres  in  extent.  Re- 
tiring from  China  and  relinquishing  his  business  career  a  few  years 
later,  Sir  Thomas  settled  in  the  Palazzo,  which  he  enlarged  con- 
siderably, and  it  remained  his  home  until  his  death.  For  many 
years  he  occupied  himself  in  transforming  the  La  Mortola  ridge 
into  one  of  the  most  picturesque  gardens  in  Europe.  Full  ad- 
vantage was  taken  of  the  natural  features  of  the  ground  so  as  to 
secure  good  landscape  effects,  and  the  views  along  the  coast 
stretching  from  Bordighera  to  Mentone  were  perfectly  charming. 
There  was  a  total  absence  of  vulgarity,  and  no  suggestion  what- 
ever of  carpet-  or  ribbon-bedding  and  other  undesirable  forms  of 
horticulture. 

The  La  Mortola  ridge  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  a  picturesque 
ravine,  the  further  side  of  which  lies  within  the  Principality  of 
Monaco.  Here  is  a  tract  of  country  which,  in  times  past,  had  been 
almost  entirely  denuded  of  its  natural  vegetation  by  the  ravages 
of  goats  in  search  of  food  and  by  peasants  in  search  of  fuel.  A 
piece  of  this  bare  tract  was  leased  by  Sir  Thomas  and  was  most 


LINXEA>*    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  47 

strictly  preserved  by  him,  not  a  single  twig  being  allowed  to  be 
cut,  or  a  single  bird  or  mammal  to  be  shot  or  suared.  It  was  Sir 
Thomas's  desire  to  allow  the  normal  vegetation  to  recover,  and 
thus  to  restore  that  area  to  its  natural  condition.  Very  little 
planting  was  therefore  done  within  this  protected  area,  and  the 
few  species  which  were  selected  for  introduction  were  of  sorts 
little  likely  to  hybridise  with  indigenous  species. 

The  soil  of  the  La  Mortola  ridge  is  very  poor  and  its  rainfall 
is  scanty.  The  plants  which  were  most  suitable  for  introduction 
on  it  were  naturally  those  of  Southern  Europe,  the  Levant,  the 
South  and  West  of  Africa,  Mexico,  and  Australia.  A  large  pro- 
portion of  these  are  succulents,  and  some  of  the  specimens  of 
these,  such  as  Agave  and  Aloe,  are  particularly  fine.  La  Mortola 
was  cultivated  by  Sir  Thomas  on  the  lines  of  a  Botanic  Garden, 
and  a  free  and  most  generous  distribution  and  exchange  of  seeds, 
living  plants,  and  specimens  was  regularly  carried  on  with  gardens 
all  over  the  world.  The  grounds  were,  moreover,  thrown  open  to 
the  public  on  two  days  a  week,  and  were  frequented  by  numerous 
visitors.  The  present  Curator,  Mr.  Alwyn  Berger,  is  an  excellent 
botanist,  who  has  for  some  years  been  engaged  in  the  preparation 
of  a  series  of  monographs  of  succulent  plants,  the  first  of  which 
(on  the  Eupliorbias)  was  issued  a  few  months  prior  to  Sir  Thomas's 
death.  Two  editions  ot  an  excellent  popular  account  of  the 
Botany  and  Zoology  of  the  Biviera  by  a  friend  writing  under  the 
initials  "  C.  C."  [Comerford-Caseyj  were  printed  at  Sir  Thomas's 
expense.  The  second  edition  of  this  most  useful  work  is  profusely 
illustrated.  Located  in  a  building  within  the  grounds  is  aa 
excellent  Herbarium  of  plants  grown  in  the  garden,  and  also  of 
those  indigenous  in  its  neighbourhood  ;  and  in  another  building  is 
preserved  a  collection  of  Eoman  antiquities  found  in  the  district. 

Although  resident  in  England  for  only  a  few  months  in  each 
year.  Sir  Thomas's  interest  in  English  Horticulture  remained  very 
keen,  and  this  led  him,  in  the  year  1903,  to  buy  from  the  heirs  of 
the  late  Mr.  G.  E.Wilson  the  well-known  garden  at  Wisley,  where 
that  enthusiastic  gentleman  had  brought  together  his  splendid 
collection  of  rare  and  interesting  species.  Sir  Thomas  also  bought 
sixty  acres  of  laud  adjoining  the  garden  proper,  and  presented  the 
whole  to  the  Eoyal  Horticultural  Society  of  England.  He  also 
presented  to  the  Pharmaceutical  Society  of  England  the  mag- 
nificent collections  of  specimens  of  drugs  and  the  library  of  books 
on  Pharmacy  (some  of  them  very  rare)  which  iiad  been  bequeathed 
to  him  by  his  late  brother,  Daniel  Hanbury,  E.R.S.,  author  (in 
conjunction  with  Professor  Fliickiger,  of  Strassburg)  of  the  well- 
known  '  Pharmacographia.'  These  latter  gifts  are  now  located 
in  the  Society's  Museum  in  Bloomsbury  Square.  Sir  Thomas's 
benefactions  to  Italy  were  numerous  and  varied.  He  founded 
and  endowed  the  Hanbury  Botanical  Institute  in  the  University  of 
Genoa ;  he  also  founded  and  supported  the  Prehistoric  Museum 
near  Mentone,  in  which  are  preserved  the  most  interesting  of  the 
fossil  and  prehistoric  remains  dug  out  of  the  caverns  in  the  high 


48  PI50CKKDINGS    OV    THE 

cliffs  oji  the  coast  near  Mentone;  But,  besides  these  benefactions 
of  a  scientific  nature,  Sir  Thomas's  works  of  charity  and  benevo- 
lence were  unbounded,  and  many  of  them  had  the  great  merit  of 
being  practically  done  in  secret.  The  neighbouring  ancient  town 
of  Ventimiglia  was  indebted  to  hiiu  for  the  rescue  and  re-habili- 
tation  of  a  valuable  and  ancient  library  which  for  years  had  lain 
forgotten  in  the  cellars  of  a  convent ;  for  schools,  avenues  of  trees, 
gardens,  and  for  much  aid  to  its  hospital.  His  reputation  for 
generosity  and  goodness  of  heart  Avas  hnown  to  the  inhabitants  of 
every  valley  in  the  mountains  to  the  northward  of  Ventimiglia  and 
Meutone,  and  to  the  cry  of  the  poor  and  distressed  among  them 
his  ear  was  ever  open.  The  love  and  reverence  with  which  he 
A^as  regarded  was  strikingly  shown  at  his  funeral,  several  thousands 
of  peasants  having  followed  the  hearse  which  conveyed  his  body  to 
San  Kemo  to  be  cremated.  He  will  be  terribly  missed  by  the  poor 
for  whom  he  had  done  so  much. 

Sir  Thomas  was  created  by  the  Government  of  Italy  a  Com- 
mendatore  of  the  Orders  of  SS.  Maurizio  e  Lazzaro  and  of 
the  Cross  of  the  Crown  of  Italy,  and  soon  after  the  succession 
of  Edward  YIT.  to  the  throne  of  England  he  was  made  a  Knight 
of  the  Eoyal  Victorian  Order.  He  became  a  Eellow  of  this 
Society,  5th  December,  1878.  [GEOiiaE  King.] 

Eeej)Erick  Justen  was  born  at  Bonn  on  the  29th  Eebruary,  1832, 
and  there  began  his  acquaintance  with  the  business  of  a  book- 
seller. On  the  recommendation  of  an  English  visitor  to  that 
town,  he  came  to  London,  and  entered  the  house  of  Dulau  &  Co., 
as  German  assistant ;  in  course  of  time  he  succeeded  to  the 
proprietorship  of  the  business.  When,  in  1863,  Wilham  Pamplin, 
A.L.S.,  retired  from  the  business  which  he  carried  on  in  succession 
to  Huuneman,  who  died  in  1839,  the  natural  history  department 
of  Dulau's  receiA'cd  an  impetus  which  resulted  in  Mr.  Justen's 
subsequent  and  close  connection  with  the  heads  of  the  various 
Departments  of  the  British  Museum.  By  his  means  the  depart- 
mental and  general  libraries  at  the  Natural  History  Museum, 
Cromwell  Eoad,  assumed  their  admirable  equipment.  A  friend  of 
Dr.  AVelwitsch,  he  became  one  of  his  executors,  and  had  to 
encounter  a  lawsuit  brought  by  the  Portuguese  Crown  to  recover 
the  whole  of  Dr.  Welwitsch's  Angolan  Collections  :  in  the  end  a 
compromise  was  effected ;  the  Portuguese  Government  acquired 
the  title  to  the  collections,  and  gave  the  second  set  to  the  British 
Museum,  with  a  full  copy  of  the  notes  by  the  collector,  and  the 
law  costs  of  the  whole  litigation. 

Mr.  Justen  w^as  elected  Eellow,  16th  December,  1886,  and 
was  a  regular  attendant  at  the  Meetings ;  the  splendid  copy  of 
L'Heritier's  '  Stirpes  Novae,'  with  its  cabinet  now  exhibited  in  the 
Library,  x^as  a  gift  fi-om  our  late  Eellow,  who  preferred  to  place 
it  in  a  secure  position,  rather  than  it  should  be  sold  after  his 
death.  His  son  predeceased  him,  but  he  leaves  a  daughter  and 
grand-daughter.  He  died  at  his  house  in  Soho  Square  on  the 
20th  November,  1906,  aged  74.  [B.  D.  J.] 


LIXNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  49 

The  death  of  Mr.  William  Mitten  ou  July  27th,  1906,  has 
severed  one  of  the  few  remaining  links  connecting  the  botanists 
of  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  with  those  of  the 
present  day.  He  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the  Linnean  Society 
on  Jan.  19th,  18-17..  and  was,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  the 
oldesC  on  the  list  of  Associates.  He  was  born  at  Hurstpierpoint, 
in  Sussex,  on  Nov.  30,  1819.  He  was  appi^enticed  to  a  chemist, 
named  Saxby,  at  Lewes,  and  it  was  during  this  period  that  he 
evinced  a  decided  taste  for  natural  history,  devoting  all  his  spare 
time  to  the  study  of  various  branches  of  British  botany.  After 
leaving  Lewes  he  stayed  in  London  for  a  time  as  assistant  with 
a  wholesale  chemist  named  Yates,  and  it  was  apparently  during 
his  residence  there  that  in  May  1843  he  sent  his  first  contribution 
to  the  '  Phytologist '  concerning  the  discovery  of  BapUurum  tenu- 
issimum  at  Highgate.  This  was  followed  by  the  finding  of  Carex 
montana  at  Eridge,  and  the  rare  fructification  of  the  moss  Aula- 
eomnioti  androgynum  in  Abbey  Wood.  He  settled  at  Hurstpier- 
point, Sussex,  soon  after  this  period.  As  a  keen  observer  and 
gifted  with  unusually  critical  faculty  in  discriminating  between 
closely  allied  species,  he  early  attracted  the  attention  of  William 
Borrer,  who  resided  at  the  neighbouring  town  of  Henfield. 

Mr.  Borrer  took  great  interest  in  his  work,  allow^ed  him  the 
use  of  his  valuable  library  and  gave  him  an  excellent  microscope, 
and  probably  introduced  him  to  Sir  AVilliam  Hooker.  On  Dec.  19, 
1844,  Mr.  Mitten  married  Miss  Ann  Jordan  at  Abbots  Kipton, 
Huntingdonshire.  His  first  letter  to  Sir  William  Hooker,  in 
Dec.  1846,  was  in  connection  with  a  paper  on  the  parasitism  of 
Thesiuin,  which  appeared  in  Hooker's  '  London  Journal  of  Botany  ' 
in  1847,  and  was  evidently  considered  to  be  of  unusual  interest, 
since  it  was  repeated  in  the  '  Annales  des  Sciences  Natui'elles.' 
In  1848  he  published  descriptions  of  new  British  plants  in  the 
same  Journal,  and  wrote  for  the  Supplement  to  'English  Botany  ' 
the  description  of  Gymnomitrium  odustum  (t.  2925)  and  Lolium 
linicola  (t.  2955).  About  this  date  his  attention  was  especially 
directed  to  Musci  and  Hepaticae,  for  although  he  had  begun  their 
study  in  1843,  it  was  not  until  after  the  death  of  Thomas  Taylor 
in  Eebruary  1848,  who  had  been  associated  with  the  Hookers  in 
working  at  the  various  collections  received  at  Kew,  that  he 
published  much  in  these  branches  of  botany,  but  from  1851 
onwards  he  became  recognised  as  the  British  authority  on  Musci 
and  Hepaticse.  Sir  William  Hooker  desired  to  retain  his  services 
and  offered  him  the  post  of  Curator  of  the  Herbarium  in  place 
of  J.  E.  Planchon,  but  Mitten  declined  for  financial  reasons, 
preferring  to  carry  on  his  botanical  studies  in  such  limited  time  as 
could  be  spared  from  work  in  his  pharmacy.  Eor  many  years 
the  collections  of  Musci  and  Hepaticae  received  at  Kew  from 
all  parts  of  the  world  were  handed  to  him  for  identification  and 
description.  His  first  important  contribution,  apart  from  short 
notes,  was  a  Catalogue  of  the  Cryptogamic  plants  collected  by 
Jameson  in  the  vicinity  of  Quito,  published  in  the  '  Kew  Journal 

LINN.  see.  PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1906-1907.  C 


5° 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


of  Botany  '  in  1851,  pp.  49-57  and  351-361,  and  tlie  last  was 
published  conjointly  with  C.  H.  Wright,  of  the  Kew  Herbarium, 
on  the  Muscineae  of  Mt.  Kinabalu  in  North  Borneo,  in  our 
'  Transactions,'  ser.  2,  Bot.  iv.  (1894)  pp.  255-261.  His  numerous 
contributions  to  our  Journal  began  in  1859,  and  his  most  compre- 
hensive work,  the '  Musci  Americani,' containing  Latin  descriptions  of 
1745  species,  including  many  new  ones,  which  took  up  the  whole  of 
the  twelfth  volume,  was  published  in  1869.  The  work  of  Mitten  in 
Bryology  may  be  compared  to  that  of  De  Candolle  on  Phanerogams, 
since  he  was  the  first  to  arrange  them  in  strictly  natural  groups. 
Up  to  the  date  of  the  publication  of  Mitten's  paper  on  the  "  Musci 
Indise  Orientalis"  in  1858,  mosses  were  classified  principally 
according  to  the  character  of  their  spore-cases,  although  C.  Miiller, 
in  his  '  Synopsis  Muscorum,'  had  already,  in  1849,  utilised  the 
leaf-structure  in  the  characters  of  tribes  and  genera.  In  this 
paper  (Jom-n.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  iii.  (1859)  Suppl.  pp.  1-6)  Mitten 
pointed  out  the  greater  importance  of  the  structure  of  the  leaf  for 
purposes  of  classification  and  relegated  to  the  second  place  the 
characters  derived  from  the  peristome.  This  new  method  of 
classificatio]!  was  followed  by  Dr.  Braithwaite  in  his  classical 
'  British  Moss  Flora,'  and  in  the  '  Popular  Science  B,eview,'  1871, 
p.  374,  he  remarks  concerning  it :  "  Believing  these  views  to  be 
strictly  in  accordance  with  facts  derived  from  careful  study  of  the 
plants  themselves  and  therefore  true  to  nature,  I  feel  bound  to 
adopt  them,  though  I  have  ventured  to  deviate  a  little  from  the 
arrangement,  believing  that  the  retention  of  the  acrocarpous  and 
pleurocarpous  system  is  certainly  convenient."  It  has  also  been 
adopted  by  Dixon  and  Jameson  in  their  popular  '  Handbook  of 
British  Mosses,'  with  slight  alterations,  which  are  convenient, 
rather  than  in  accordance  with  the  principle  outlined  by  Mitten. 
The  extraordinary  amount  of  work  accomplished  by  Mitten  during 
a  long  series  of  yeai's,  without  neglecting  his  work  in  the  pharmacy, 
must  have  puzzled  many  of  his  correspondents.  Those. to  whom 
he  was  personally  unknown  probably  regarded  him  as  a  bad 
correspondent,  for  he  never  wasted  a  moment  in  unnecessary 
replies  to  enquiries  made  by  those  who  wished  to  save  themselves 
the  trouble  of  examining  specimens,  as  so  many  dabblers  in  botany 
do ;  but  anyone  who  sent  a  specimen,  probably  new,  or  showing 
that  time  and  trouble  had  been  expended  on  it  by  the  sender, 
received  a  prompt  and  courteous  reply.  By  thus  limiting  his 
cori'espondence,  and  utilising  all  spare  moments  for  work  with  his 
microscope,  he  was  able  to  do  an  astonishing  amount  of  literary 
and  scientific  work  and  to  spare  a  little  time  for  horticultural 
experiments.  During  his  later  years  he  was  much  assisted  by  his 
daughter  Flora,  who  qualified  herself,  by  passing  the  Examination 
of  the  Pharmaceutical  Society,  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the 
pharmacy.  One  of  his  greatest  pleasures  was  to  sift  the  mosses 
sent  from  foreign  countries  for  chance  seeds  to  try  and  grow  them. 
He  thus  obtained  several  plants  from  remote  islands  visited  by 
the  '  Challenger '  Expedition.      His  few  hybridising  experiments 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOKDON.  5 1 

resulted  in  a  hybrid  Oampanula  with  variegated  I'ohage,  which  was 
taken  up  by  a  neighbouring  florist,  and  in  a  hybrid  pink  between 
Diantlius  alpimis  and  D.  Gardnerianus,  and  possibly  others.  But 
his  garden  was  always  an  interesting  one  to  visit  on  account  of  the 
number  of  rare  British  plants  that  found  a  congenial  home  there. 
Although  he  rarely  visited  London  and  was  almost  unknown  in 
botanical  circles,  owing  to  his  modest  and  retiring  disposition,  he 
was  highly  respected  in  his  native  town,  and  his  advice  was  con- 
stantly sought  by  his  fellow  townsmen  in  all  important  public  and 
even  private  personal  matters.  He  was  gifted  with  a  strong  vein  of 
quiet  humour  and  very  keen  perception,  but  he  had  a  kind  and 
lovable  disposition,  and  was  never  known  to  make  an  unkind  remark 
concerning  anyone,  preferring  to  be  silent  when  nothing  good 
could  be  said.  The  late  Bishop  Haunington  and  Dr.  H.  M. 
Holman  were  his  most  intimate  friends,  and  with  the  former  he 
made  njany  botanical  excursions  in  Devonshire  and  elsewhere. 
Mr.  Mitten  retained  his  faculties  to  the  last,  and  shortly  before 
his  death  described  a  new  species  of  Scalemoss,  Loijliocolea  alata, 
which  he  had  detected  in  1875  in  North  Devon,  and  allowed 
Miss  C.  E.  Larter,  who  was  interested  in  ]S!"orth  Devon  botany, 
to  publish. 

An  excellent  portrait  of  Mitten  is  given  in  the  October  number 
of  the  'Journal  of  Botany  '  for  October  1906.  He  leaves  a  widow 
who  is  93  years  of  age,  and  still  in  the  full  possession  of  her 
faculties,  a  daughter  who  is  the  wife  of  the  famous  naturalist 
Dr.  A.  R.  Wallace,  and  two  unmarried  daughters,  one  of  whom 
still  carries  on  the  Pharmacy  at  Hurstpierpoint. 

Mr.  Mitten's  entire  collection  ot  Mosses  and  Hepaticse  were  at 
his  request  offered  to  Mrs.  JN".  L.  Britton,  a  keen  American 
bryologist,  who  had  made  his  acquaintance  some  years  previously. 
The  collection,  at  her  instigation,  was  purchased  for  the  Herbarium 
of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gardens.  Details  of  the  Collection 
are  given  in  the  '  Journal  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gardens '  for 
February  1907,  pp.  28-32.  The  entire  collection  abounds  in 
beautiful  di-awings,  which  as  well  as  memoranda  and  original 
descriptions,  were  usually  laid  in  the  covers  with  the  specimens. 
Dr.  A.  R.  Wallace  has  stated  concerning  the  collection  : — "  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  they  constitute  the  richest,  or  nearly  the 
richest,  private  collection  of  these  groups  in  existence,  whilst  it  is 
doubtful  if  any  public  collections  are  much  richer.  Of  all  the 
collections  he  received  to  name  and  describe  he  received  sets  for 
himself,  and  thus  accumulated  an  enormous  collection.  The  loss 
of  the  collection  to  this  country  is  much  to  be  regretted,  but  it  is 
understood  that  Mrs.  Britton  will  return  the  British  specimens  to 
England,  whei'e  they  will  doubtless  speedily  find  a  suitable  home." 

Mr.  Mitten  was  an  Honorary  Member  of  the  Linnean  Society 
of  New  South  Wales  and  of  the  New  Zealand  Institute,  of  the 
South-Eastern  Union  of  Scientific  Societies,  and  of  the  Brighton 
Natural  History  Society.  [E.  M.  Holmes.] 

e2 


52  PBOCEEDINGS    OT   THE 


BlBLIOGEAPHY. 


1 .  On  the  Economy  of  the  Roots  of  Theskim  linoplnillum.      Hooker, 

London  Journ.  Bot.  vi.  (1847)  146-148,  t.  4;  Ann.  Sci.  Ts^at.  vii., 
Bot.  (1847)  127-128:  Phytologist,  ii.  (1847)  807-808. 

2.  Descriptions  of  some   Plants  new  to  the  Britisli  Flora.     Hooker, 

London  Journ.  Bot.  vii.  (1848)  528-533. 

3.  Description  of  a  Species  of  Fumaria  {F.  agraria)  new  to  Britain.    lb. 

556-557. 

4.  Some  Remarks  on  Mosses,  with  a  proposed  new  Arrangement  of  the 

Genera.     Ann.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  2,  viii.  (1851)  51-59. 

5.  A  List  of  all  the  Mosses  and  Hepaticae  hitherto  observed  in  Sussex. 

lb.  305-324,  362-370. 

6.  Catalogue  of  Cryptogamic  Plants  collected  by  W.  Jameson  in  the 

Vicinitv  of  Quito.     Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  iii.   (1851)   49-57, 
3ol-36'l. 

7.  [Musci  and  Hepaticfe  in]  Dr.  Y.  Welwitsch,  Some  Notes  upon  the 

Crvptogamic  Portion  of  the  Plants  collected  in  Portugal  (1842- 
1850).     London  (1853),  14-24. 

8.  [Hepaticaj  in]  J.  D.  Hooker,  Flora  Novse-Zelandise,  ii.  (1855)  125- 

172. 

9.  On  some  Undescribed  Species  of  Musci  belonging  to  the   Genera 

Mniuvi  and  Bryuvi.  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  viii.  (1856)  230- 
233. 

10.  A  List  of  the  Musci  and  Hepaticae  collected  in  Victoria,  Australia, 

by  Dr.  F.  MiiUer.     lb.  257-266. 

11.  A  List  of  some  Mosses  and  Hepaticae  collected  by  the  Rev.  Charles 

Parish  at  INEoulmein.     lb.  353-357. 

12.  [Hepaticae  of  Panama  in]  B.  Seemann,  The  Botany  of  the  Vovage  of 

H.M.S.  '  Herald  '  (1845-1851).     London  (1852-1857),  245-246. 

13.  A  few  Notes  on  some  New  or  Rare  British  Mosses.     Phytologist,  ii. 

(1857-8)  1771-80.  _ 

14.  Musci  Indiae  Orientalis  :  an  Enumeration  of  the  Mosses  of  the  East 

Indies  (18.58).     Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  iii.  (1859)  Suppl.  1-171, 

15.  [Hepatica;  in]  J.  D.  Hooker,  Flora  Tasmanife,  ii.  (1860)  221-241. 

16.  Descriptions   of   some   new   Species  of   Musci  from  New  Zealand 

and  other  parts  of  the  Southern  Hemisphere,  together  with  an 
Enumeration  of  the  Species  collected  in  Tasmania  by  Wilham 
Archer,  arranged  upon  the  plan  proposed  in  the  Musci  Indiae 
Orientalis  (1859).     Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  iv.  (1860)  64-100. 

17.  Musci  et  Hepaticae  Vitienses.     Bonplandia,  ix.  (1861)365-367;  x. 

(1862)  19-20. 

18.  Hepaticae  Indiae  Orientalis  (1860).     Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  v.  (1861) 

89-128. 

19.  On  some  new  Species  of  Musci  and  Hepaticae  in  the  Herbarium  of 

Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  collected  in  Tropical  Africa,  chiefly  by  the 
late  Dr.  A^ogel  and  Mr.  Barter  (1860).  Trans.  Linn.  Soc  xxiii. 
(1862)  pp.  51-58. 

20.  On  the  Musci  and  Hepaticae  from  the  Cameroon  Mountains  and  from 

River  Niger.     Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  vii.  (1863)  147-169. 

21.  JTt/pmim  abietinum,  Linn.     Journ.  Bot.  i.  (1863)  356-357. 

22.  On  Anisostichimn,  a  proposed  new  Genus  of  Musci.     Journ.  Linn. 

Soc,  Bot.  vii.  (1863)  119-120. 

23.  A  new  Genus  of  Hepaticae  [Adela7ithus].     U).  (1864)  243-244. 

24.  Some  Observations  on  the  Moss  known  to  British  Bryologists  as 

Hypnum  pratense.     Journ.  Bot.  ii.  (1864)  122-123. 


LINXEAN    SOCIETT    OF    LONDOX.  53 

25.  Descriptions   of  new  Britisli  Mosses :   Hypnmn  imponetis,   Funnria 

microstoma,  Sellffcria  culcicolu,  S.  calcarea,  S.  pusilla.  Joum. 
Bot.  ii.  (1864)  193-196.. 

26.  Contributions  to  Ciyptogamic  Flora  of  the  Atlantic  Islands  (1863). 

JoLirn.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  yiii.  (1865)  1-10. 

27.  The  Bryologia  of  the  Siu-vey  of  the  49th  Parallel  of  Latitude.     lb. 

12-55. 

28.  On  some  new  Species  of  Musci  and  Hepaticae,  additional  to   the 

Floras  of  Japan  and  the  Coast  of  China.     lb.  148-158. 

29.  A  few  Notes  on  some  British  Mosses  allied  to  Tortula  fallax,  Hedw. 

Journ.  Bot.  v.  (1867)  324-329. 

30.  New  or  Kare  Britisli  Mosses  :  Trichostomumjlavovirens,  T.  diffractum, 

T.  littorale.     lb.  vi.  (1868)  97-99. 

31.  A  List  of  the  Musci  collected  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Powell  in  the 

Samoa  or  Navigator's  Islands  (1867).  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xi. 
(1869)  166-195. 

32.  Musci  Austro- American!,  sive  enumeratiomuscorum  omnium  Austro- 

Americauorum  mihi  hucusque  cognitorum,  eorum  praecipue  in 
terris  Amazonicis  Andinisque  a  Ricardo  Spruceo  lectorum  (1868). 
lb.  xii.  ^1869)  1-632. 

33.  [Musci,  IlepaticEe  in]  F.  Du  Cane  Godman's  Natural  History  of  the 

Azores.     London  (1870),  288-328. 

34.  Observations  of  the   Species  of   Puttia  allied  to  P.   truncata,  with 

descriptions  of  Three  new  Species  :  P.  littoralis,  P.  asperula, 
P.  viridifolia.     Journ.  Bot.  ix.  (1871)  2-5. 

35.  Descriptions   of  new    Species    of    Musci    collected   in   Cevlon   by 

Dr.  Thwaites  (1872).  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xiii.  (18t3)  293- 
326. 

36.  [Muscinese  in]  B.  Seemanu,  Flora  Vitiensis.     London  (1873),  378- 

419. 

37.  On  the  Aloina  Section  of  the  Genus  Tortula.     Journ.  Bot.  iii.  (1874) 

139-142. 

38.  [Mosses  of  the  Island  of  St.  Paul]  (1874).     Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot. 

xiv.  (1875)  480-482. 

39.  [Muscineaj  in]  J.  C.  Melliss,  St.  Helena  (1875),  357-374. 

40.  The  Musci  and  Hepaticfe  collected  by  H.  N.  Moselev,  Naturalist  to 

H.M.S.  '  Challenger'  (1875).  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xv.  (1877) 
59-73. 

41.  List  of  the  Musci  and  Hepaticse  collected  in  Kerguelen's  Island  by 

the  Rev.  A.  E.  Eaton  (1876).     lb.  193-197. 

42.  List  of  Hepaticse  collected  by  the  Rev.  A.  E.  Eaton  at  the  Cape  of 

Good  Hope  (August  and  September,  1874)  (1877).  lb.  xvi. 
(1878)  187-196. 

43.  [Mosses  and  Jungermannise  in]  Sir  G.  S.  Nares,  Narrative  of  a  Voyage 

to  the  Polar  Sea,  during  (1875-76);  2nd  Edit.  vol.  ii.  Appendix, 
no.  14.    London  (1878),  313-319. 

44.  [Musci  Maroccani  in]  J.  Ball,  Spicilegium  Florae  Maroccanse  (1877). 

Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xvi.  (1878)  737-739. 

45.  [Transit  of  Venus  Expedition,  1874-75]  Enumeration  of  the  Plants 

hitherto  collected  in  Kerguelen  Island,  &c. :  ii.  Musci,  iii.  Hepaticae. 
Phil.  Trans.  168  (Extra  Vol.)  (1879),  24-45. 

46.  [ Collections  from  Rodriguez]  Musci,  Hepaticas.     lb.  388-401. 

47.  Record  of  new  Localities  of  Polynesian  Mosses,  with  Descriptions  of 

some  hitherto  undefined  Species  (1882),  New  South  Wales.  Linn. 
Soc  Proc  vii.  (1883)  98-104. 

48.  [Musciueae   in]    Mason    and    Theobald's   Burma,    its    People    and 

Produetions,  vol.  ii.     Hertford  (1883),  36-55. 


54  PROCEEDINGS    OF    XllE 

49.  Australian  Mosses.      Trans.  &  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Victoria,  xix.  (1883) 

49-96. 

50.  [Muscinese   in]   W.    B.   Hemslev,   Report  on   Botany    of    H.M.S. 

'  Challenger,'  i.  (1885)  88-93,  &c. 

51.  Notes  on  the  European  and  North  American  Species  of  Mosses  of  the 

Genus  Fissidens  (1885).  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xxi.  (188(3) 
550-560. 

52.  Some  new  Species  of  the  Genus  Metzgeria  (1886).     lb.  xxii.  (1887) 

241-243. 

53.  The  Mosses  and  Hepaticae  collected  in  Central  Africa  by  the  late 

Rig-ht  Rev.  James  Hannington,  Bishop  of  Mombasa,  F.L.S., 
r.G.S.,  &c.,  with  some  others,  including  those  gathered  by  Mr.  H. 
H.  Johnston  on  Kilimanjaro.     Ih.  (1887)  298-329. 

54.  [Musci  in]  W.  B.  Hemsley,  Report  on  the  Vegetation  of  Diego  Garcia. 

lb.  339-340. 

55.  Musci  of  Roraima  Expedition  of  1884.    Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ser.  2, 

Bot.  ii.  (1887)  296-297  (1887). 

56.  [Muscinese  in]  I.  B.  Balfour,  Botany  of  Socotra,  in  Trans.  Rov.  Soc. 

Edinburgh,  vol.  xxxi.  (1887)  330-336. 

57.  An  Enumeration  of  all  the  Species  of  Musci  and  Hepaticoe  recorded 

from  Japan  (1889).     Trans.  Linn,  Soc.  ser.   2,  Bot.  iii.  (1890) 
153-206. 
With  Charles  Knight,  F.L.S. : 

58.  Contributions  to   the    Lichenographia  of  New  Zealand  ;    being  an 

Account  with  Figures  of  some  new  Species  of  Graphidete  and  allied 
Lichens  (1860).      lb.   101-106    (in   collaboration   with  Charles 
Knight). 
With  William  Wilson,  F.L.S. : 

59.  Enumeration  of  the  Mosses  collected  in  India  by  Dr.  J.  D.  Hoolcer 

and    Dr.    T.  Thomson,   with  their  Habits,   Elevations,    and  the 
Numbers  under  which   they   have   been  distributed  (written   in 
collaboration  with  W.  W.  Wilson).     Hook.   Kew  Journ,   Bot. 
ix. (1857)  289-300,  321-333,  363-370, 
With  Charles  Henry  Wright,  A.L.S.  : 

60.  [Muscinefe  in]  Dr,  O.  Stapf's  On  the  Flora  of  Mount  Kinabalu,  in 

North  Borneo  (1903).  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  ser.  2,  Bot.  iv.  (1894) 
255-261  (in  conjunction  with  C.  H.  Wright). 

Although  failing  health  during  the  last  two  years  had  warned 
the  numerons  friends  of  Habrt  Marshall  "Ward  that  his  life 
was  approaching  its  term,  yet  the  news  of  his  death  at  Torquay 
on  Sunday  night,  the  26th  August,  came  as  a  shock  to  many. 

Born  in  1854  at  Hereford,  his  early  years  were  spent  in  the 
country,  M'here  he  acquired  a  love  of  botany  in  the  field.  Early 
in  the  seventies  he  came  under  the  influence  of  Darwin's  researches, 
and  in  1874  he  began  attending  the  biological  course  under 
Prof.  Huxley  at  the  School  of  Science,  South  Kensington,  in 
succession  to  his  early  education  at  Owens  College,  Manchester. 
The  following  year,  a  course  of  practical  botany,  perhaps  the  first 
in  modern  sense  arranged  in  this  country,  was  carried  out  by 
Professor  (now  Sir)  W,  T.  Thiseltou-Dyer  and  Professor  Vines, 
Both  were  struck  by  the  promise  of  one  of  the  pupils,  and  at 
their  suggestion,  in  the  spring  of  1876,  he  became  a  candidate 
for  an  open  scholarship  in  natural  science  at  Christ's  College, 


LINNEiS.N    SOCIETr    OF    LOXDOX,  55 

Cambridge,  and  succeeding,  lie  went  into  residence  in  October  of 
that  year.  He  found  himself  amongst  congenial  companions, 
amongst  them  Professor  F.  O.  Bower,  Dr.  Hail  (now  Master  of 
Downing  College),  Professor  Hillhouse,  and  Dr.  Walter  Grardiner, 
attending  physiological  and  morphological  zoology  under  the  late 
Sir  Michael  Poster  and  P.  M.  Balfour. 

The  opportunity  of  residence  at  the  University  came  about 
under  singular  circumstances.  An  anonymous  letter  came  to  him 
saying  that  if  he  would  enter  at  Cambridge  he  would  find  a 
sufficient  sum  to  pay  his  expenses  at  Mortlock's  Bank.  His 
success  in  winning  his  scholarship  thus  assured  him  of  means  to 
pursue  his  studies,  and  very  shortly  after  tliis,  in  November  of 
the  same  year,  the  unknown  benefactor  died  at  sea ;  but  having 
provided  in  his  will  for  the  conthiuunce  of  the  subsidy,  he 
proved  to  be  a  young  pupil  of  Huxley's,  Mr.  L.  A.  Lucas,  who 
had  evidently  observed  the  promise  of  distinction  shown  by  Ward. 
A  first  class  in  the  natural  history  tripos  brought  his  Cambridge 
undergraduate  cai-eer  to  a  close  in  1879. 

We  may  rejoice  that  one  of  the  earliest  results  of  investigation 
was  a  paper  on  the  embryo-sac,  which  was  read  before  this  Society, 
20th  jVovember,  1879,  and  published  in  the  'Journal'  (Botany, 
vol.  xvii.  (1880)  519-546,  pis.  17-25). 

Por  some  months  he  worked  at  Wiirzburg  under  Sachs,  and 
then  in  1880  he  was  commissioned  to  proceed  to  Ceylon  to 
investigate  the  coffee-leaf  disease  which  was  causing  havoc  in  the 
coffee  estates  in  that  colony. 

The  outcome  was  another  paper  read  on  1st  June,  1882 
(Journal,  Bot.  xix.  (1880)  pp.  299-335),  followed  by  one  on  a 
bve-product  on  an  epiphyllous  lichen,  which  appeared  in  our 
'  Transactions '(ser.  11.  Bot.  ii.  (1884)  87-119,  pis.  18-21).  It 
was  during  his  work  in  Ceylon  that  he  formed  views  on  the  para- 
sitism of  Pungi,  which  largely  influenced  his  succeeding  labours. 

In  1882  he  was  elected  Berkeley  Pellow  at  Owens  College, 
becoming  assistant  to  Professor  Williamson,  and  staying  there  till 
1885,  in  which  year  he  removed  to  Cooper's  Hill,  as  Professor  of 
Botany,  in  the  Forestry  Department  of  the  Eoyal  Indian 
Engineering  College. 

During  the  ten  years  he  remained  at  Cooper's  Hill,  much  of 
his  most  striking  work  was  accomplished.  In  1887  appeared 
a  paper  in  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions'  on  the  tubular 
swellings  on  the  roots  of  Vicia  Faba,  this  paper  contributing 
some  important  facts  in  the  biology  of  the  case,  proving  that  these 
nodules  were  of  parasitic  origin,  and  that  the  parasite,  since 
known  to  be  a  bacterium,  enters  by  the  roat-hairs.  The  subject 
was  summed  up  in  a  kuninous  article  in  the  '  Annals  of  Botany ' 
then  just  started.  The  same  volume  also  contained'  a  joint  paper 
by  him  and  Mr.  T.  Dunlop  on  the  origin  of  rhamnin,  the  yellow 
pigment  of  "  Prench  Berries"  from  Rhamnus  by  a  ferment  in  the 
testa  of  the  seed.  Another  paper  on  a  ferment,  this  time  in  a 
lily,  appeared  in  the  following  volume.     A  memoir  on  the  relations 


c6  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

between  host  and  parasite  in  certain  epidemic  plant  diseases  was 
published  in  the  '  Proceedings  of  the  Eoyal  Society  '  in  1&90,  and 
led  to  his  being  selected  as  Croonian  Lecturer  in  that  year. 

A  sbort  paper  on  Craterostigma  jyuinilum  in  our  '  Transactions  ' 
(Bot.  V.  (1899)  348-355,  pis.  34,  35),  while  interesting  for  its 
account  of  the  colouring-matter  contained  in  the  root,  reads 
curiously  as  to  the  first  part,  where  the  steps  are  detailed  by 
which  tiie  determination  of  the  plant  was  made,  sho\\  ing  that  the 
brilhant  investigator  was  not  equally  at  home  on  taxonomic 
points.  The  symbiotic  life  of  the  organism  known  as  the  "  Ginger- 
beer  plant "  was  set  out  in  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions '  in 
1892. 

A  laborious  series  of  investigations  on  the  "Water  Research 
Committee  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1893-6,  in  conjunction  with 
Professor  Percy  Prankland,  showed  Ward's  powers  of  working 
out  the  life-history  of  no  fewer  than  eighty  bacterial  organisms 
found  in  the  river  Thames,  bis  fifth  report  in  1897  summing  up. 
Bacterial  subjects  occupied  much  of  bis  attention  about  this  time, 
as  shown  by  his  "  Characters  in  Classifying  the  Schizomycetes  "  in 
the  'Annals  of  Botany,'  1892;  "Action  of  Light  on  Bacteria," 
Phil.  Trans.  1895 ;  "  Some  Thames  Bacteria "  and  "  A  Violet 
Bacillus  from  the  Thames"  (Ann.  Bot.  1898). 

Whilst  these  researches  were  being  carried  on,  Professor  C.  C. 
Eabington,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Cambridge,  passed  away,  and 
Ward  was  appointed  his  successor,  at  the  same  time  becoming 
professorial  Pellow  of  Sidney  Sussex  College.  Transferred  into 
this  more  congenial  atmosphere,  he  succeeded  in  giving  a  fresh 
impulse  to  the  progress  of  his  science  in  his  own  University, 
The  Botanical  School  acquired  so  much  importance  that  the 
University  allowed  a  large  share  of  the  benefaction  fund  to  the 
erection  of  a  new  botanical  institute,  which  was  opened  by  L[is 
Majesty  the  King  in  the  spring  of  1904. 

The  Uredine  fungi  became  the  dominant  interest  of  Ward's 
later  investigations.  The  Brown  Busts  on  Brome  Grasses  were 
shown  to  be  physiological  species,  forms  morphologically  identical, 
but  showing  varying  powers  of  infection,  or  even  of  inability  to 
attack  certain  species  of  Bromus.  He  became  involved  in  a 
controversy  on  the  mycoplasm  theory,  which,  after  long  in- 
vestigation, he  considered  he  had  shown  to  be  untenable. 

His  principal  original  papers  have  only  been  briefly  touched 
upon,  but  this  notice  cannot  pass  by  his  other  contributions  to 
botanic  literature,  as  his  translation  of  Sachs's  '  Physiology  of 
Plants,' 1884  ;  'Timber  and  some  of  its  Diseases,' 1889  ;  'The 
Oak,'  1892  ;  a  revision  of  Laslett's  '  Timber  and  Timber  Trees,' 
1894;  'Diseases  of  Plants,'  1889  ;  'Grasses,'  'Disease  in  Plants,' 
both  in  1901 ;  '  Trees,'  of  which  three  parts  have  appeared, 
1 902-6.  A  paper  which  appeared  in  our  '  Transactions '  a  few 
years  ago  by  one  of  his  pupils  was  unobtrusively  condensed  and 
rearranged  for  publication  by  Ward. 

Marshall  Ward  was  elected  Pellow  of  our  Society  6th  May, 


LIX>EA>'    SOClEXr   or    LOXDOX.  57 

1SS6,  and  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1888,  receiving  a  Eoyal  Medal 
in  1893,  and  strviug  a  term  on  the  Councils  of  both  Societies.  In 
1897  he  was  elected  Honorary  i'ellow  of  Christ's  College,  and  was 
Sc.D.  of  Cambridge,  and  D.Sc.  of  Victoria  University,  Manchester, 
besides  many  other  honorary  distinctions. 

He  died  at  Torquay,  as  mentioned  previously,  and  was  buried 
at  the  Huntingdon  Eoad  Cemetery,  Cambridge,  on  3rd  September, 
1906,  Professor  Vines  and  Lieut.-Colonel  Train  representing  our 
Society,  He  leaves  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a  brilliant 
investigator,  a  masterly  expositor,  a  genial  companion,  a  whole- 
hearted devotee  to  the  work  of  his  life.  The  work  he  accomplished 
and  its  high  quality  testify  to  the  consuming  enthusiasm  of  the 
man  who  compressed  so  much  into  litlle  more  than  halt-a-century 
of  existence.  [B.  D.  J.] 

"William  "Waterfield  was  born  at  The  Cloisters,  Westminster, 
on  14th  August,  1832,  and  went  to  Westminster  School  in  1843, 
was  elected  head  into  College  (i.  e.,  gained  a  scholarship)  in  1846, 
was  Captain  of  the  School  in  1849-50,  and  became  a  "  major- 
candidate,'"'  i.  e.,  underwent  the  examination  necessary  for  his 
election  to  the  University,  but  withdrew  his  name  befoi-e  the 
electors  came  to  decide  on  the  merits  of  the  candidates.  He  so 
distinguished  himself  during  the  examination  as  to  elicit  the 
universal  approbation  of  the  electors  ;  and  the  Dean  of  Christ 
Church  (with  whom  lay  the  first  choice)  expressed  his  regret  and 
disappointment  that  he  could  not  seciu'e  so  prortiisiug  a  student 
for  Christ  Church. 

Mr.  Waterfield,  however,  preferred  an  appointment  to  a  Bengal 
Writership,  and  accordingly  went  to  Haileybury,  then  the  training 
college  for  service  under  the  East  India  Company.  At  Haileybury 
he  maintained  the  reputation  he  had  obtained  at  Westminster 
and  gained  many  prizes  and  medals  for  classics,  mathematics, 
and  English  essays,  &c.,  and  for  Sanskrit,  Persian,  Hindustani, 
Hindi,  and  Bengali. 

He  left  Haileybury  in  1852,  being  head  of  his  Term,  and  went 
out  to  India,  where  the  College  of  Fort  Wilham  was  then  still  in 
existence  in  Calcutta.  Here  he  obtained  medals  for  Oordoo, 
Bengalese,  Hindee,  Persian,  and  Ai'abic,  and  so  distinguished 
himself  that  the  Grovernor-General,  Lord  Dalhousie,  presented  him 
with  his  Degree  of  Honour  in  person.  Mr.  Waterfield  was  the 
last  student  to  obtain  the  Degree  of  Honour,  the  College  being 
abolished  in  1854. 

He  was  posted  to  Bengal,  where  he  served  mainly  in  the  Eevenue 
and  Survey  Department  from  1852  to  1859,  devoting  his  spare  time 
to  a  study  of  the  natural  history  of  the  tracts  of  country  which  he 
visited  in  the  course  of  his  official  duty.  In  1859,  on  the  transfer 
to  the  Crown  of  the  government  of  India,  he  \\as  appointed  Eirst 
Assistant  to  the  Accountaut-General  for  India,  a  charge  of  great  trust, 
for  which  mathematical  attainments  conjoined  with  marked  capacity 
for  business  specially  fitted  him,  and  from  that  time  until  his 


58  PltOCEEDINGS   or    THE 

retirement  from  service  in  India  he  held  successive  posts  under 
the  Finance  Department,  in  the  Southern  Presidencies  largely ; 
and  on  return  from  leave  hotne  in  1874  was  confirmed  as  Aceoun- 
tant-General  at  Allahabad  for  the  Government  of  what  are  now 
known  as  the  LTnited  Provinces  of  Agra  and  Oudh.  It  was  the 
writer's  good  fortune  to  be  his  fellow-passenger  in  the  autumn  of 
1874  on  the  voyage  to  Bombay,  and  be  never  missed  a  fair  oppor- 
tunity of  interesting  those  whose  work  and  interests  were  to  be 
bound  up,  for  the  best  years  of  their  lives  at  least,  with  India,  in 
the  history  and  products,  and  especially  the  flora,  of  that  country. 
With  the  flora  he  was  well  acquainted,  though  the  pressure  of 
official  responsibilities  seems  to  have  precluded  him  from  making 
any  public  contribution  to  botanical  literature  ;  while  his  knowledge 
of  the  plants  reared  for  use  or  ornament  in  gardens,  differing  as 
these  necessarily  do  widely  in  the  different  parts  of  India,  was  as 
remarkable  as  it  still,  unfortunately,  is  exceptional.  He  was  also 
a  keen  student  of  astronomy,  a  pursuit  to  which  it  was  perhaps 
more  easy  to  attract  beginners  than  to  field-botany,  which,  even 
in  the  Nilgiris  or  Himalaya,  demands  considerable  sacrifice. 
"VVaterfield  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society  on 
6th  April,  1876.  From  1877-1880  he  was  Comptroller-General 
in  India,  the  highest  post  in  the  domain  of  finance  outside  the 
Viceroy's  Council,  and  on  leaving  India  finally  retired  from  the 
public  service  in  1881.  On  returning  to  this  country  he  settled 
at  Starcross  in  Devon,  and  became  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  that 
county,  and  engaged  in  local  work  and  cultivating  botanic  rarities 
in  his  garden. 

The  writer  has  to  thank  Mr.  Philip  G.  Waterfield  for  the  infor- 
mation given  above  of  the  early  career  of  our  late  Fellow. 

[J.  R.  Deummond.] 


June  6th,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  24th  May, 
1907,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  F'rank  Arthur  Stockdale  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

Mr.  Wilham  Holmes  Bnrrell,  Mr.  llltyd  Buller  Pole  Evans, 
Mr.  Frederick  Ambrose  Gardiner,  Mr.  Frank  Campbell  McClellan, 
Mr.  E-obert  Patterson,  and  Mr.  Geoffrey  Watkin  Smith  were 
elected  Fellows. 

The  President  announced  that  he  had  appointed  as  Vice- 
Presidents  for  the  ensuing  year : — Mr,  Horace  W.  Monckton, 
Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton,  Lieut.-Col.  Prain,  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle. 

A  telegram  was  despatched  to  Stockholm,  from  the  meeting,  to 
congratulate  His  Majesty  the  King  of  Sweden  on  the  occasion  of 
Their  Majesties'  golden  wedding. 


LINKEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOXUOX.  59 

111  accordance  with  the  anuounceuient  made  on  the  18th  April, 
a  new  subsectiou  to  Chap.  II.  of  the  Bye-Laws  was  read  a  third 
time  from  the  Chair,  and,  by  Ballot,  approved  by  24  votes  in 
favour,  with  1  against,  and  2  abstentions. 

The  Pbesident  invited  Dr.  W.  Caeruthers,  T.E.S.,  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  Society  at  the  recent  Linnean  celebrations  in 
Sweden,  to  make  a  report,  upon  which  Dr.  Carruthers  gave  an 
account  of  the  proceedings,  beginning  on  the  21st  May  at  Land, 
where  the  Eector  of  the  University  received  the  visitors,  and, 
after  a  lunch,  the  excursion  by  special  train  to  Rashult,  the  return 
to  Elmhult  for  supper,  the  further  journey  soutli  to  Hessleholm 
to  meet  the  train  from  Malmo,  and  the  subsequent  night  journey 


Obverse  and  Eeverse  of  the  special  Linnean  Gold  Medal ;  the  Eeverse  had  the 
following  inscription  on  the  space  in  continuation  of  that  round  the  edge : — 
"  Univ.  Kegiae  Upsaliensi  dat  amicitiae  pignus,  X  Kal.  Jun.  MCMVII." 


to  Stockholm  and  Uppsala.  Next  he  described  a  special  journey 
toLinne's  Hammarby  with  his  travelling  companion  Mr.  (now  Dr.) 
B.  Daydon  Jackson,  and  Lieut.-Colonel  Praiu,  T.E.S.  The  events 
of  the  two  following  days  were  then  recounted — the  students' 
greeting  at  the  railway  station  on  the  morning  of  the  23rd  May ; 
the  celebration  in  the  Aula  of  the  University,  where  he  presented 
the  special  Linnean  Gold  Medal  aud  the  Societj^'s  Address ; 
next  the  reception  of  the  foreign  delegates  by  the  Prince  Regent, 
the  decoration  of  Prof.  Poulton  and  the  General  Secretary  by  the 
Prince  on  behalf  of  the  King  with  the  insignia  of  the  Polar  Star ; 
the  Students'  Concert  in  the  afternoon,  in  the  Botanic  Garden;  and 
the  Hector's  dinner,  at  which  only  three  toasts  were  proposed, 
one  being  that  of  "  The  Linnean  Society,"  to  which  the  represen- 
tative responded,  and  a  reception  afterwards  in  the  University. 
I'riday  24th  opened  with  a  salute  of  21  guns  from  the  castle ; 
the  great  bell  of  the  Cathedral  rang  from  8  till  8.15  ;  at  noon  the 
procession  from  the  University  started  to  the  Cathedral,  and  he 


(3o  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

described  the  scene  of  the  Promotion,  the  Promotor  in  each  case 
being  the  Dean  of  his  respective  Paculty :  Divinity,  Law,  Medicine, 
and  Philosophy.  Mr.  F.  Darwin,  the  General  Secretary,  and 
himself,  Fellows  of  the  Society,  had  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor 
of  Philosophy  conferred  upon  them.  Artillery  was  fired  during 
the  granting  of  the  degi'ees,  and  soon  after  3.0  p.m.  the  audience 
dispersed,  the  new  doctors  to  gather  on  the  steps  of  the  University 
to  receive  the  homage  of  the  students  with  their  banners,  presi- 
dent, and  chorus.  The  dinner  was  in  the  Aula,  followed  by  a 
students'  ball,  which  was  attended  by  the  General  Seci-etary. 
Early  on  Saturday  the  delegates  left  for  Stockholm,  but  the  special 
train  was  late  in  reaching  Stockholm,  too  late  to  permit  of  the 
Bergielund  Botanic  Garden  being  visited.  At  2.0  p.m.  the  event 
of  the  day  took  place  at  the  Kungl.  Musikaliska  Akademi,  where 
Count  Mcirner,  President  of  the  Kungl.  Svenska  Vetenskaps 
Akademi,  after  eulogising  Linnseus,  spoke  in  English  and  an- 
nounced that  the  Bicentenary  Medal  of  the  Academy  had  been 
awarded  to  Sir  Joseph  Hooker.  A  dinner  at  Hasselbacken  closed 
the  day's  doings,  and  a  garden  party  at  the  Palace  the  following  day 
put  the  seal  on  the  festivities.  No  one  who  was  present  during 
that  momentous  week  would  ever  forget  it,  but  must  always  look 
back  upon  it  as  a  most  delightful  episode,  to  be  treasured  in 
memory  to  the  end  of  life. 

The  General  Secretary  added  a  few  supplementary  remarks, 
pointing  out  on  a  map  on  the  screen  the  position  of  the  places 
named,  and  then  showing  lantern-slides  of  Lund  University,  the 
obelisk  at  Eashult,  the  Cathedral  at  Uppsala  (three  views),  and  a 
students'  procession  in  front  of  Uppsala  University. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Druce,  E.L.S.,  showed  a  specimen  of  Orohanche  Bitro 
from  the  Channel  Islands,  which  had  been  named  var.  hypochceroides 
by  Glinther  von  Beck  ;  also  fresh  specimens  of  Bromus  interrupius 
from  N.AV.  Northants,  and  Orchis  Simia,  gathered  the  previous  day. 

Mr.  G.  Glover  exhibited  a  small  portrait  of  William  Kirby, 
the  entomologist,  painted  on  xicademy  board.  The  Rev.  T.  R.  II. 
Stebbing  recalled  the  early  history  of  the  celebrated  Introduction 
to  Entomology  from  the  pens  of  "  Kirby  and  Spence.'' 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

Prof.  A.  Dendy,  D.Sc,  Sec.L.S.,  and  E.  Hindle.— "  Some 
Additions  to  our  Knowledge  of  the  ISew  Zealand 
Holothurians." 

Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  E.L.S. — "  Australasian  Polyclads."  (Com- 
municated by  Prof.  A.  Dendy,  D.Sc,  Sec.L.S.) 

Mr.  C. Tate  Eegan. — "  Marine  Fishes  collected  by  Mr.  J.  Stanley 
Gardiner  in  the  Indian  Ocean." 

Prof.  Neumann. — "  Ixodidae  collected  in  the  same  Expedition^' 
(Communicated  by  the  Zoological  Secretary.) 


LiyXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  6 1 

Eeception  by  the  Presidext  and  Couxcil  in  the  Eooms  of  the 
Societs',  BurUngton  House,  on  Friday,  7th  June,  1907,  from 
8.30  to  11.0  P.M.,  in  honour  of  the  200th  Anniversary  of  the 
Birth  of  LixxMUS,  on  the  13/23  May,  1707. 


The  guests  were  received  by  the  President,  Professor  W.  A. 
Herdman,  D.Sc,  F.K.S.,  and  Mrs.  Herdman,  in  the  Library ; 
about  tliree  hundred  were  present,  nearly  one-half  being  ladies. 
Amongst  those  present  were  His  Excellency  Count  Wrangel,  the 
Swedish  Minister,  other  members  of  the  Legation,  and  several 
Swedish  visitors.  Sir  Thomas  Elliott,  Iv.C.B.,  Secretary  to  the 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  Eisheries  ;  Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Geological  Society  and  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society; 
Sir  "William  Eamsay,  K.C.B.,  President  of  the  Chemical  Society; 
Sir  John  Murray,  K.C.B.,  were  also  present,  and  other  eminent 
men  of  science. 

A  special  feature  of  the  exhibition  was  a  display  of  manuscripts, 
books,  personal  relics,  medals,  &c.,  of  the  great  Swedish  Naturalist, 
which  belong  to  the  Society  ;  and  the  beautiful  Inlander  medallion 
was  surrounded  by  a  wreath  of  laurel  (which  had  been  used  in  the 
conferment  of  the  degree  of  Phil. Dr.  at  the  recent  celebrations 
at  Uppsala)  formed  of  leaves  gathered  from  a  bay-tree  planted 
by  Linnaeus  himself,  and  lent  by  the  General  Secretary ;  whilst 
the  Swedish  flag  formed  a  background  to  the  small  model  of 
Kjellberg's  statue  of  Linnaeus  in  the  Library. 

In  the  Library  the  follo\Aing  were  shown  : — 

1.     From  tlie  LixxEAX  Relics  in  the  possession  of  the  Lixneax 
Society  of  Loxdox. 

(a)  Selection  of  drawers  containing  Fishes,  Lepidoptera, 
Coleoptera,  Shells,  &c. 

(h)  Portrait  of  Linnteus  by  C.  F.  Inlander;  copy  of  the  same 
in  alabaster  ;  iMedals  struck  in  his  honour,  including 
the  Linnean  Society's  Annual  award,  and  the  Bicen- 
tenary Medal  of  the  Royal  Swedish  Academy  of 
Sciences. 

Photogi'aphs  of  his  father,  and  his  only  brother 
Samuel ;  Wood  blocks  formerly  belonging  to  Linnjeus, 
engraved  for  the  elder  Rudbeck. 

(c)  Dried  Plants  (Zwi?iOBa  and  BroivalUa)  from  the  Linnean 
Herbarium  to  show  the  method  of  mounting  and 
naming ;  the  number  at  foot  refers  to  the  same 
number  in  the  '  Species  Plantarum,'  ed.  1. 

{d)  Letters  from  Lixx^eus  to  Johx  Ellis,  F.R.S.,  and  in 
return. 

(e)  Interleaved  volumes.— 1st  and  2nd  editions  of  the 
'  Species  Plantarum,'  with  copious  manuscript  additions ; 


62  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

also  of  'Cent.  I.  Plantariun/ showing  the  alterations  in 
naming  Dianthus  sujyerbus  and  its  final  shape  in  the 
'  Amoenitates  Academicfe,'  iv.  p.  272. 

(/)  Manuscripts,  including  '  Iter  lapponicum,'  his  Auto- 
biography, '  Iter  dalecarlicum,'  '  Spolia  botanica  '  of 
1729;  works  on  assaying,  '  Systema  morborum,' 
walking-stick,  pencil-case,  seals,  &c. 

(g)  Manuscript  list  of  his  Herbarium  in  1755,  with  a 
memoir  on  the  same,  prepared  for  the  200th  anni- 
versary of  Linnseus's  birth.  Books  showing  additional 
notes. 

{h)  Letters  written  by  Linn^us  (a)  to  Ehret,  the  botanic 
draughtsman,  and  (b)  to  Haller,  the  latter  a  short 
but  interesting  letter  which  healed  the  breach  between 
the  two.     (Latter  lent  by  the  General  Secretary.) 

(i)  Carved  rhinoceros  horn,  mentioned  in  '  Amoenitates 
Academicpe,'  iv.  p.  234,  and  figured  in  the  life  of 
Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  ii.  p.  230. 

2.  Dr.  Tempest  Anderson,  F.L.S. 

Photographs  showing  growth  of  vegetation  since  the 
eruption  of  1902  in  St.  Vincent. 

3.  Dr.  C.  W.  Andrews,  F.R.S. 

Model  of  the  skull  and  mandible  of  Prozenglodon  atrox, 
Andrews,  one  of  the  forms  intermediate  between  the 
Oreodont  Carnivora  and  the  Zeuglodonts.  The  three- 
rooted  premolars  and  molars  and  the  comparatively 
forward  situation  of  the  nostrils  are  the  chief  primitive 
characters.  Collected  by  Mr.  H,  J.  L.  Beadnell  in  the 
Middle  Eocene  beds  of  the  Fayum,  Egypt. 

4.  Miss  Margaret  Benson,  D.Sc,  F.L.S. ,  and  Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver, 

F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 
Preparations   of    the    Palasozoic    Seeds,    Lagenostoma 
ovoides  and  Physostoma  elegans,  showing  bodies  pre- 
sumed to  be  Spermatozoids. 

5.  Mr.  A.  D.  Darbishire,  M.A. 

Specimens  showing  the  result  of  crossing  diflerent 
varieties  of  the  culinary  Pea,  Pisum  sativum,  as 
illustrative  of  Mendelian  phenomena  of  inheritance. 
During  the  evening  some  actual  cross-fei'tilizations 
were  made. 

6.  Prof.  A.  Dendy,  D.Sc,  Sec.L.S. 

{a)  Microscopic  preparations  of  the  Egg-shell  of  Ooperi- 
patus  oviparios,  Dendy,  showing  the  sculptured  pattern. 

{b)  Microscopic  preparation  of  the  Integument  of  Ooperi- 
p>atus  viridimaculatus,  Dendy. 

(c)  Microscopic  prepaiutions  of  Fossil  Sponge-Spicules  from 
the  0am aru  Siliceous  Earth  of  New  Zealand.  Pre- 
pared by  H.  Grayson. 


LIXNEAN  SOCIETY  OF   LOXDo:sr.  6;^ 

(d)  Diagram    of    the   Evolution   of   Tetraxonid   Siliceous 
Sponge-Spicules. 

7.  Prof.  J.  Brexlaxd  Farmer,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 

Preparations  showing  the  phenomena  of  Apogamy,  the 
asexual  production  by  budding  of  new  plants  from  a  pro- 
thallium. 

8.  The  President,  Prof.  Herdmax,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 

(«)  Photographs  and  specimens  illustrating  the  Oyster 
Fisheries  of  Ceylon,  and  (b)  A  series  of  Plankton  gatherings 
illustrating  both  quantitative  and  qualitative  vaiiation, 
according  to  locality,  date,  and  net  used. 

9.  Mr.  Frederick  Keeble.  M.A. 

The  infecting  organism  of  Convoluta  roscoffensis. 

10.  ]\[r.  Francis  J.  Lewis,  F.L.S. 

Plant-remains,  Seeds,  Leaves,  ifec.  from  the  Peat. 

11.  Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 

Charts  and  Photographs  to  illustrate  a  stage  in  the 
development  of  a  Salt- Marsh.     (From  the  Erquy  Station.) 

12.  Mr.  J.  A.  We4le. 

Photographs  of  transverse  sections  of  Castanea  vesca 
and  Aristolochia  Sipho. 

Lohby. 

13.  Mrs.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.L.S. 

Animated  photographs  of  Plant-life  shown  by  the  Kam- 
matograph. 

East  Gallery. 

14.  Copies  of  addresses    sent    by  («)  The  Linnean    Society  of 

London,  and  (5)  The  Royal  Society,  to  the  Royal  University 
of  Uppsala  and  The  Royal  Swedish  Academy  of  Sciences, 
Stockholm,  i-espectively. 

North  Gallery. 
1.5.     Prof.  J.  P.  Hill,  D.Sc,  F.L.S. 

Photographs  and  drawings  illustrating  the  development 
and  life-history  of  the  Native  Cat  {Dasyurus  viverrinus), 
one  of  the  pouched  mammals  or  Marsupialia  of  Australia. 

The  photographs  and  drawings  exhibited  represented  (1)  a 
practically  complete  series  of  developmental  stages  beginning  in 
the  unsegmented  e^x^:  and  ending  in  the  newly-born  yoimg,  and 
(2)  the  subsequent  growth  of  the  young  in  the  pouch  dui-ing  a 
period  of  three  months. 

Attention  was  directed  to  the  micropbotographs  of  segmenting 
e^§?'.  and  to  the  drawings  showing  the  recently  born  young  just 
before  and  j  ust  after  the  attachment  to  the  teat. 

South  Gallery. 
16.     Mr.  J.  Stanley  Gardixer,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

Photographs  taken  during  his  recent  voyage  in  the  Indian 
Ocean  in  H.M.S.  '  Sealark,'  for  the  Percy  Sladen  Trust. 


64  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE 

In  the  Meeting  Room  four  lectures  and  lantern-demonstrations 
were  delivered,  beginning  at  9.0,  when  Professor  E.  B.  Poulton, 
r.R.S.,  gave  a  brief  account,  illustrated  with  many  slides,  on 
Dr.  Burchell  and  his  travels  in  South  Africa. 

William  John  Burchell  was  born  on  July  23rd,  1781  or  1782, 
the  eldest  son  of  Marthew  Burchell,  proprietor  of  the  celebrated 
Nursery  Gardens  at  Fulham.  He  received  a  fine  education  at  the 
Kayleigh  House  Academy,  Mitchatn.  In  1805  Burchell  sailed  for 
St.  Helena,  and  landed  on  the  island  December  13th.  In  1807 
a  young  lady,  to  whom  Burchell  had  been  engaged  in  Fulham,  set 
out  in  order  to  join  him  in  the  island  :  she  landed  April  17th, 
1808,  but  refused  to  marry  him.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
bitter  disappointment  influenced  Burchell's  character  and  whole 
career.  After  a  stormy  and  uncomfortable  sojourn  in  St.  Helena 
he  sailed  for  Cape  Town,  landing  November  26th,  1810.  This 
point  marks  the  beginning  of  his  great  work  '  Travels  in  the 
Interior  of  Southern  Africa,'  w  hich  comes  to  an  abrupt  conclusion 
on  August  3rd,  1812,  the  day  on  which  he  brought  to  an  end  his 
first  visit  to  Litakun,  the  capital  of  the  Bachapin  nation.  Burchell 
had  intended  to  travel  N.W.  and  reach  the  W.  coast,  but  wns 
compelled  by  the  fears  of  his  men  to  turn  back  on  October  27th, 
1812,  after  reaching  furthest  north  at  the  "  Maadji  Mountain," 
in  British  Bechuanaland,  on  nearly  the  same  latitude  as  Maretsani 
siding  on  the  railway  and  as  Johannesburg.  At  this  part  of  his 
journey,  during  which  great  hardships  were  endured,  Burchell 
discovered  the  so-called  "  White  Rhinoceros,"  afterwards  described 
by  him  and  named  R.  simus.  Burchell  returned  S.  on  a  track  to 
the  W.  of  his  former  route,  which  he  rejoined  near  Kuruman 
Station,  thence  retracing  his  steps  to  Klaarwater  (the  existing 
Griquatown).  He  then  struck  S.E.  to  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Fish  Eiver,  which  he  left  October  25th,  1813,  for  a  leisurely 
journey  westward  along  the  S.  coast  to  Cape  Town.  He  arrived 
about  the  middle  of  April,  1815  ;  we  know  that  on  the  15th  of 
the  following  September  he  was  at  St.  Helena  on  his  voyage  home. 
During  the  next  ten  years  Burchell  lived  with  his  family  at 
Churchfield  House,  Fuihara,  naming  and  arranging  his  great 
botanical  and  zoological  collections  and  writing  his  classical  work, 
of  which  the  first  volume  was  published  in  1822,  the  second  in 
1S2'J.  On  March  10th,  1825,  he  again  started  for  a  great  journey, 
this  time  in  the  New  World.  On  the  way  to  Rio  he  collected  for 
two  months  near  Lisbon,  for  a  day  in  Madeira  and  two  in  Tenerife. 
Burchell  reached  Rio,  January  18th,  1825,  and  remained  until 
September  10th,  1826,  making  two  excursions  of  about  a  month 
each  into  Minas  Geraes  and  the  Organ  Mountains.  Pinally,  on 
September  10th,  he  sailed  for  Santos  and  began  his  great  three- 
years'  journey  northward  to  Para,  through  the  heart  of  Eastern 
Brazil.  Burchell's  father  died  on  July  12th,  1828,  but  such  was 
the  difficulty  in  communicating  with  him  that  he  did  not  know  of 
his  loss  until  October  15th,  1829,  four  months  after  his  arrival  at 


LIXNEAX    SOCIETlf    OF    LOXDOX.  65 

Para,  on  June  10th.  He  sailed  from  Para  ou  Pebruarv  10th, 
1830,  arriving  at  i\ilham  March  25fch. 

The  Honorary  Degree  of  D.C.L.  was  conferred  upon  Burchell 
by  the  University  of  Oxford  on  May  8th,  1834.  Although  this 
great  natui-alist  had  some  intimate  friends  he  lived  a  secluded  life, 
and  tended  as  years  went  on.  to  withdraw  himself  more  and  more 
from  his  scientific  colleagues,  and  indeed  from  all  except  the 
members  of  his  family.  During  the  long  period  which  intervened 
between  his  return  from  Brazil  in  1830  and  his  tragic  death  bv 
his  own  hand  on  March  23rd,  1863,  at  the  great  age  of  81  or  82, 
Burchell  expended  immense  labour  on  the  arrangement  and 
labelling  of  his  collections.  He  travelled  in  England  and  on  the 
Continent  from  time  to  time,  making  sketches  and  doing  a  little 
coUeciing.  His  great  Herbarium  with  a  splendid  set  of  manuscript 
notes  is  at  Kew ;  his  tine  collection  of  insects,  and  as  much  of  his 
other  zoological  collections  as  remained  in  1863,  at  Oxford- 
(Something  has  been  done  to  publish  his  wonderful  records,  and 
when  the  whole  is  before  the  world  it  will  be  realised  that  he  was 
one  of  the  greatest  of  travellers  and  observers. 

The  lecturer  desired  to  thank  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  for  his  constant 
kindness  and  help  in  all  the  earlier  parts  of  his  investigations  into 
the  history  of  this  grear  man.  In  consequence  of  his  own  lecture 
in  Cape  Town  (Eep.  Brit,  and  S.  Afr.  Assoc.  1905,  vol.  iii.  pp.  57- 
110),  August  17th,  1905,  Professor  Poulton  was  brought  into 
communication  with  a  grand-nephew  of  ihe  great  explorer,  Mr. 
Francis  Augustus  Burchell,  of  the  Ehodes  University  College, 
Grrahamstown,  and  both  he  and  the  Rev.  Evan  Davies,  of  Springs, 
Transvaal,  had  been  »:»xtremely  kind  in  permitting  the  study  of 
drawings,  letters,  journals,  and  other  records. 

The  second  address  was  by  the  Presidekt  (Prof.  "W.  A.  Herd- 
MA^,  E.R.S.),  who  said  :— 

Before  passing  to  the  Ceylon  Pearl  Fisheries,  upon  which  it  has 
been  arranged  that  I  am  to  make  some  remarks  and  to  show  you 
some  lantern  illustrations,  I  desire  to  say  a  very  few  words  in  regard 
to  the  occasion  and  the  manner  of  our  gathering  here  to-night. 

Briefly  it  is  in  honour  of  Linnaeus  and  in  commemoration  of  his 
work.  The  celebration  of  the  200th  birthday  of  our  eponymous 
hero,  the  illustrious  Swedish  naturalist,  Carl  von  Linne,  has  been 
made  the  occasion  of  congratulatory  meetings  in  Sweden  and 
elsewhere  throughout  the  civilized  world — wherever  the  JN^atural 
Sciences  are  cultivated  and  the  debt  of  the  Naturalist  to  Linnaeus 
is  gratefully  acknowledged. 

On  our  anniversary  meeting,  a  fortnight  ago,  held  on  the  reputed 
birthday  of  Linnseus,  the  occasion  was  formally  dealt  with  in  the 
Presidential  Address,  and  a  congratulatory  telegram  was  despatched 
from  our  meeting  to  the  L^niversity  of  L^psala. 

This  Society  was  represented  at  the  celebrations  in  Upsala  and 
Stockholm  by  our  Past-President,  Dr.  William  Carruthers,  as  the 
official  delegate,  accompanied  by  our  General  Secretary,  Dr.  Daydon 

LIXX.  SOC.  PUOCEEDIXGS. — SESSION  1906-1907  f 


66  PEOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Jackson.  Dr.  Oarrutbers  conveyed  our  formal  addresses  to  the 
University  and  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  also  a  copy  of  our 
Linnean  Gold  Medal,  specially  struck  for  the  occasion  and  pre- 
sented to  the  University  in  which  Linnaeus  was  a  professor. 

These  more  formal  celebrations  of  the  ainiiversary  are  now  past ; 
and,  moreover,  it  is  recognized  that  our  very  existence  in  this 
Society  is  in  honour  of  Linnseus,  and  that  all  our  corporate  life 
and  work  may  be  said  to  be  devoted  to  the  exposition  and  the 
further  advancement  of  the  undying  labours  of  the  founder  of  the 
sciences  of  Descriptive  Botany  and  Zoology.  Cousequently,  it  has 
been  decided  by  our  Council  that  the  present  further  commemo- 
ration of  this  noteworthy  year  in  the  annals  of  our  own  and  all 
kindred  societies  should  take  the  informal  shape  of  a  social 
gathering,  and  that — apart  from  this  brief  statement,  which  I  have 
been  requested  to  make — our  time  together  this  evening  should 
be  devoted  to  profitable  conversation,  to  the  inspection  of  the 
many  Linnean  and  other  scientific  exhibits  upstairs,  and  to  the 
short  demonstrations  which  will  be  given  from  time  to  time  in 
this  Meeting  Eoom  ;  it  being  understood  that  all  that  we  do,  and 
our  very  presence  here  this  evening,  is  in  honour  of  Linnaeus  and  in 
commemoration  of  the  foundations  he  laid  in  the  Sciences  we 
love. 


The  President  then  proceeded  to  show  some  illustrations  of  the 
celebrated  Pearl  Fisheries  of  Ceylon — probably  the  most  important, 
the  most  famous,  and  the  most  ancient  of  pearl  fisheries  in  the 
world.  Photographic  slides  were  exhibited  showing  the  location 
of  the  Pearl  Pisheries  in  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  the  characteristic 
scenery  of  the  coasts,  and  the  manner  in  which  a  temporary  town 
of  perhaps  40,000  inhabitants  and  miles  of  streets  was  run  up  in 
a  few  days  at  Marichchukadde,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Modragam 
river.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  fishery  this  great  population  melts 
away  again  in  a  few  hours,  and  the  site  of  "  Pearl  towai "  becomes 
once  more  a  solitary  sandy  waste. 

The  vessels  composing  the  fishing  fleet  were  then  described  and 
illustrated,  and  the  divers  and  their  habits  and  mode  of  life  were 
shown.  These  men  are  mainly  Indians  from  the  Adam's  Bridge 
district  and  Arabs  from  the  Persian  Gulf.  No  diving  suits  or 
mechanical  appliances  are  used,  and  the  divers  rarely  stay  down 
more  than  a  minute  and  a  half  and  do  not  dive  in  water  deeper 
than  about  9  fathoms. 

The  pearl-oysters  {Margaritifera  vulgaris)  were  then  shown,  and 
their  life-history  from  the  egg  to  the  adult  was  briefly  traced. 
The  enormous  numbers  of  the  "spat"  and  the  possibihties  of 
wholesale  destruction  at  various  stages  by  organic  enemies  and 
inorganic  agencies  was  shown  to  afford  man  an  opportunity  of 
averting  calamity  to  the  fisheries  by  transplanting,  cultching,  and 
other  measures  of  artificial  cultivation. 

The  structure  of  Mother-of-pearl  and  of  the  Orient  pearl  was 
illustrated ;  and  the  question  of  pearl-production,  and  its  relation 


LIXXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  67 

ill  the  Cevlon  pearl-oyster  to  the  presence  of  larval  Cestodes  of 
th(i  genus  Tetyarhi/nchiis,  was  briefl)'  discussed  :  photographs  of 
different  stages  in  the  process  were  shown. 

Finally,  photographs  were  shown  illustrating  some  of  the  ancient 
customs  of  the  fishery,  which  have  probably  existed  since  pre- 
historic times  with  little  or  no  change  ;  and  some  of  the  ancient 
temples  and  buried  cities  of  the  north  of  Ceylon,  which  date  back 
to  the  same  early  times  and  which  were  erected  by  native  princes 
who  obtained  their  pearls  from  the  Gulf  of  Manaar  centuries 
before  the  Cliristian  era. 


Lieut.-Colouel  Praix,  F.R.S.,  V.P.L.S.,  then  delivered  the  third 
of  the  series,  epitomised  thus  : — Botanical  studies,  if  purely  syste- 
matic, though  perhaps  uninviting  to  outsiders,  are  engrossing  to 
the  initiated.  Those  other  botanical  studies  that  are  termed, 
somewhat  pragmatically,  scientific  are  as  interesting  to  their 
votaries  as  they  are  varied  in  themselves.  We  are  not  uo\a-, 
however,  concerned  with  either,  but  with  botanical  studies  of  still 
another  class,  those  economic  ones  that  appear  often  as  uninviting 
to  the  systematic  worker  as  systematic  studies  appear  to  the 
botanist  whose  "  science "  excludes  taxonomy.  The  economic 
botanist,  humble-minded  soul,  cannot  indulge  in  airs  and  graces  ; 
his  work  can  only  go  on  with  the  help  of  his  scientific  colleagues; 
it  can  only  begin  if  his  taxonomic  colleagues  have  provided  him 
with  a  sure  foundation.  Humility  is  not  the  only  virtue  he  has 
to  cultivate.  He  must  be  patient  too.  The  natural  law  which  he 
finds  least  irregular  in  its  application  is  that  our  knowledge  of  a 
vegetable  product  varies  inversely  with  its  importance.  He 
cannot,  like  the  taxonomist,  decline  to  deal  with  a  subject  because 
the  material  before  him  is  incomplete  ;  he  often  has  to  be  content 
with  what  he  can  get,  and  is  sometimes  driven  to  make  the  most 
of  rather  scrappy  samples. 

In  general,  however,  the  human  interest  of  his  studies  relieves 
bis  work  of  the  monotony  that  might  be  anticipated,  and  the  by- 
paths into  which  he  is  enticed  often  lead  him  to  unexpected  places 
and  result  in  reciprocal  greetings  with  workers  whose  field  of  study 
seems  at  first  sight  foreign  to  botany. 

A  few  stray  instances  taken  from  experience  gained  in  the 
course  of  Indian  economic  enquiries  may  serve  to  indicate  the 
interest  of  such  collateral  results.  A  study  of  the  distribution  of 
the  races  of  Wheat  in  Eastern  India  shows  that,  although  it  is 
impossible  to  hope  for  a  good  crop  in  any  part  of  Lower  Bengal 
in  any  year,  on  account  of  "  rust,"  the  cultivation  of  this  cereal, 
so  widely  grown  in  Upper  India,  does  not  stop  short  when  the 
western  margin  of  the  unsuitable  region  is  reached,  but  extends  in 
a  narrow  belt  through  Central  into  Eastern  Bengal.  We  are  thus 
brought  in  contact  with  the  history  of  the  progress  of  the  Mogul 
power  eastward.  The  wheat-consuming  conquerors,  not  content 
with  the  rice  which  is  the  staple  food  of  those  they  overcame, 
must  needs  persist  in  growing  their  favourite  grain. 

f2 


68  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

IE  we  consider  the  distribution  of  the  races  of  Mustard  culti- 
vated ill  the  same  region,  we  tiud  that  our  familiar  Bras^slca  is 
known  iii  Behar  as  it  is  elsewhere  in  Upper  India  as  '  Sarson.' 
In  the  Lower  Gangetic  Plain,  where  the  language  is  Bengali,  the 
corresponding  word  is  '  Sarisha.'  But  while,  as  a  matter  of 
linguistics,  the  two  names  are  identical,  we  find  that  the  Hindu 
*  Sarson  '  and  the  Bengali  '  Sarisha  '  are  entirely  distinct  plants, 
and  the  incidence  of  the  two  names  never  varies  in  either  region. 
The  striking  feature  in  this  case  is  that  both  plants  are  equally 
widely  grown  and  equally  well  known  in  the  two  areas,  but  that 
in  Bengal  the  Hindu  '  Sarson  '  is  termed  '  Dhepo,'  in  Behar  the 
Bengali  '  Sarisha  '  is  termed  '  Latni.'  We  learu  then  that,  though 
linguistically  two  names  may  be  the  same  and  though  the  general 
siguifieance  of  the  two  may  be  similar,  their  specific  application 
may  be  quite  distinct. 

in  North-Eastern  Bengal  one  finds  that,  while  there  as  elsewhere 
in  this  alluvial  rice-swamp  the  staple  monsoon  field-crop  is  almost 
necessarily  Oryza  saliva,  in  the  winter  months  the  people  grow  as 
garden  rather  than  as  field  crops  a  number  of  plants  unknown  in 
cultivation  elsewhere  in  India.  These  include  among  others  a 
chrysanthemum  yielding  an  oil-seed ;  a  cabbage  ;  mustard  ;  a 
mallow,  elsewhere  a  field-weed,  here  a  deliberately  cultivated 
mucilaginous  vegetable;  a  form  of  China-grass,  grown  for  its 
fibre,  so  as  to  supply  strong  ropes  for  the  haulajje  of  country  boats 
against  the  stream  in  the  summer  floods.  The  climate  even  in 
winter  is  not  particularly  well  suited  for  any  of  these,  and  the 
conclusion  to  wliich  one  is  irresistibly  led  is  that  we  see  here,  even 
if  the  people  themselves  be  unaware  of  it,  a  parallel  to  the  efforts 
of  European  denizens  in  India  to  grow,  in  the  winter  months, 
wallflowers,  stocks,  violets,  and  the  like,  not  because  these  plants 
can  be  grown  easily  or  grown  well,  but  because  they  are  associated 
with  "home."  Hindu  as  to  faith,  Bengali  in  speech,  it  Avould 
surprise  these  people  if  it  were  suggested  that  racially  they  are 
entirely  unlike  their  Bengali  neighbours  south  and  west  of  the 
Ganges.  But  when  it  is  realized  that  the  winter  garden  crops  in 
question  are  Chinese  and  not  Indian  ones,  the  idea  suggests  itself 
that  the  people  who  grow  them  also  came  into  India  across  the 
north-eastern  frontiers.  Here,  then,  the  economic  botanist  finds 
himself  in  contact  with  the  ethnologist,  and  in  this  particular 
instance  can  apply  evidence  confirmatory  of  a  hypothesis  suggested 
by  the  facts  obtained  from  head-measurements. 

These  are  but  instances  to  show  that  economic  botanical  studies, 
apart  from  their  direct  interest,  which  in  itself  may  be  sufficiently 
fascinating,  particularly  when  the  material  available  admits  of 
their  being  cai-ried  to  completion,  may  lead  to  results  that  are  of 
interest  to  the  historian,  the  scholar,  the  ethnologist.  But  before 
leaving  the  subject  it  may  be  permissible  to  allude  to  an  instance 
where  a  botanical  study — this  time,  however,  scientific,  and  not 
economic — seems  to  supply  food  for  thought  to  those  interested 
in  folk-lore. 

In  the  garden  of  a  native  gentleman  near  Calcutta  occurs  a 


LIXNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDUX.  69 

Ficiis  which  exhibits  the  pecuharity  of  having  all  its  leaves  modified 
into  hypoascidial  cups.  The  alteration  of  leaves  into  cups  is  not 
an  uncommon  phenomenon,  but  it  rarely  extends  to  all  the  leaves 
of  an  individual  plant,  and  in  no  other  known  plant  are  the  leaves 
hypoascidial.  A  sustained  enquiry  failed  to  show  whence  this 
particular  tree  had  originally  come  or  to  indicate  that  another  tree 
with  foliage  of  this  kind  occurs  elsewhere.  After  some  trouble 
two  rooted  cuttings  of  the  original  tree  were  established  in  the 
nurseries  of  the  iioyal  Botanic  Cxarden  at  Calcutta.  But,  though 
nothing  of  the  kind  had  ever  been  seen  or  heard  of  elsewhere,  the 
rooted  cuttings  in  question,  which  were  a  soiave  of  great  interest 
to  the  native  gardeners  of  the  establislunent,  at  once  evoked  a 
myth  of  the  most  circumstantial  character,  in  which  an  incident 
in  the  life  of  Rama  was  made  to  account  for  the  appearance  oi 
these  supernatural  cups.  Nor  did  the  matter  end  hex'e.  When, 
a  couple  of  seasons  later,  one  of  the  two  cuttings  had  become 
sutticiently  large  to  admit  of  its  being  planted  out  in  the  public 
part  of  the  garden,  where  it  again  excited  great  interest  among  a 
wider  and  often  much  more  highly  educated  class,  another  myth 
as  circumstantial  as  the  first  was  evolved  to  explain  the  occuri'ence 
and  shape  of  the  leaves.  But  the  incident  and  the  explanation 
were  altogether  different,  and  the  supernatural  power  required  to 
account  for  the  existence  of  the  cups  was  attributed  to  Krishna, 
not  to  Kama.  The  inference  from  the  existence  of  a  myth  in 
connection  with  a  natural  phenomenon,  that  therefore  the  pheno- 
menon which  the  myth  endeavours  to  explain  has  been  long  known, 
is  in  this  case  precluded  ;  while  the  fact  that  in  the  instance  under 
review  not  one  myth  only,  but  two,  were  promptly  forthcoming, 
seems  to  show  that,  given  a  child-like  and  imaginative  people, 
a  phenomenon  only  requires  to  be  sutticiently  striking  to  ensure 
the  impromptu  evolution  of  a  mythical  explanation. 

The  last  lecture  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Fbakcis  J.  Lewis,  F.L.S., 
on  the  Plant-remains  in  British  Peat-mosses  ;  he  said  : — 

I  have  been  asked  to  say  a  few  words  this  evening  on  the 
succession  of  vegetation  in  the  peat  of  Britain  ;  a  deposit  of  some 
interest,  inasmuch  as  many  peat-bogs  contain,  buried  in  their 
depths,  a  complete  story  of  the  vegetation  which  has  existed  over 
such  spots  since  the  Glacial  period. 

The  interest  of  a  peat-moss  depends  upon  the  fact  that  it  shows 
definite  stratification.  A  few  slides  «ill  make  this  evident.  If 
the  stream  channels  of  many  mosses  are  walked  through,  the  stems 
and  roots  of  large  trees  are  often  seen  exposed  as  the  bank  is 
gradually  cut  back  by  the  stream  at  its  base. 

When  the  peat  is  deep  and  the  stream  has  cut  its  way  dow^n  to 
the  underlying  soil,  the  tree-roots  and  stems  are  seen  to  occur  in 
a  definite  layer — sometimes  one,  more  frequently  two,  and  occa- 
sionally three  such  forest  layers  can  be  recognized,  separated  by 
thick  beds  of  peat  quite  free  from  tree-remains. 

Two  such  forest  zones  can  be  I'ecognized  in  Britain. 


7° 


PROCEEDINGS    Ol-    THE 


Slides  exhibited. 


1.  The  Upper  Forest,     Caithness-Sutherland  border, 

2.  Upper  Forest  exposed  by  denudation.     Cairngorms. 

3.  Upper  Forest.     Kells. 

The  arctic  zone  between  the  forest  beds. 

4.  Arctic  zone.     Merrick-Kells. 

The  sequence  in  the  Southern  Uplands. 

5.  Sequence  in  Merrick-Kells. 

Turning  noiv  to  a  district  far  north  of  this,  that  ivas  examined 
two  years  later,  the  same  features  appear. 

6.  Sequence  in  Shetland. 

When  Highland  areas  are  examined  the  upper  beds  remain  in 
general  cliaracters  the  same,  but  the  beds  below  the  intercalated 
arctic  are  missing. 

7.  Sequence  of  Spey-Findhorn. 

8.  The  areas  examined.     Map. 

The  meaning  of  the  missing  basal  beds  in  Highlands. 

9.  "Ways  in  which  peat  may  be  removed.    Coire  Bog  torrent  beds. 

10.  Photo  of  actual  example. 

11.  Merrick-Kells,  general  view. 

12.  Shetland.     Burn  of  Dale. 

13.  Cape  Wrath  district. 

14.  The  Lews  mosses. 

15.  The  denudation  of  peat  universal,  except  in  boulder  clay-basins 

in  lowlands.     Cross  Fell  peat-bogs. 

16.  JSr.  Uist  denudation. 
1(3  a.  Denudation  in  Lews. 

17.  General  view  of  Cross  Fell  deposits. 

18.  Peat  running  up  to  limestone  outcrop.     Cross  Fell. 

19.  The  Upper  Forest.     Cross  Fell. 

20.  The  altitudinal  hmits  of    an  arctic  alpine  flora  and    forest 

vegetation  at  successive  stages  since  the  Glacial  period. 

21.  Doubling  of  pine  zone  (Upper  Forest).    Spey-Findhorn  v\  ater- 

shed. 

22.  Stonechrubie,  Assynt.     No  arctic  plants  at  the  base. 

23.  Eannoch    Moor.      Presence  of    arctic   plants    at    base    and 

doubling  of  Upper  Forest. 

24.  A  section  on  banks  of  Sma  Lochs.  , 

25.  Peat  coming  up  to  base  of  limestone.  ■ 

26.  The  character  of  the  zones — Empetrum.  ■ 

27.  Moraines  on  which  southern  upland  peat  rests.     The  glacial 

succession. 


LIXXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  71 

June  20th,  1907. 

Prof.  AV.  A.  Hebdman,  P.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair, 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  6th  June,  1907, 
\^ere  read,  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Geoffrey  Watkin  Smith,  Mr.  Montagu  Austin  Phillips,  and 
Mr.  Frederick  Ambrose  Gardiner  were  admitted  Fellows. 

Mr.  Walter  Henry  Baker,  Mr.  Keginald  Evelyn  Child  Beale, 
and  Dr.  John  Tanner  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Balph  Sneyd  Pearson  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

The  President  read  a  letter  congratulating  Sir  J.  D.  Hookee  on 
his  sixty-five  years  of  Fellowship  of  the  Linnean  Society,  and  the 
approaching  completion  of  his  ninetieth  year,  which  was  signed 
by  the  Fellows  present,  for  transmission  to  the  veteran  botanist. 

An  acknowledgment  from  the  principal  secretary  of  H.M.  the 
King  of  Sueden,  in  reply  to  the  telegram  sent  on  the  6th  June 
on  the  occasion  of  his  golden  wedding,  was  read  by  the  General 
Secretary. 

The  Rev.  T.  E.  E.  Stebbing,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  referred  to  the 
recent  Eeception  (7th  June)  and  hoped  that  the  lectures  delivered 
then  would  be  printed  in  the  '  Proceedings ' ;  a  reply  was  given  by 
the  President,  and  further  remarks  made  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone. 

3Ir.  W.  C.  WoKSDELL,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  some  remarkable  cases 
of  carpellody  of  the  inner  stamens  of  Papaver  convnutatum,  selected 
from  a  bed  of  plants  at  Kew  so  labelled,  with  one  specimen  of 
P.  orientule  showing  the  same  peculiarity  of  separate  carpels  sui'- 
rounding  the  capsule. 

Dr.  Scott  and  Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone  spoke  on  this  exhibit. 

The  GENEEAii  Secretary  exhibited  two  photographs  he  had 
received  that  morning  from  Prof,  yak  Leersum:  of  Leiden,  of  two 
pages  from  the  audience  book  of  Herman  Boerhaave,  showing  the 
signature  of  Carl  Linnaeus  on  eachj^^ith  many  other  signatures  of 
men  who  afterwards  became  famous. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle  mentioned  the  celebrated  letter  of  Boerhaave 
introducing  Linnaeus  to  Sloane,  which  was  now  on  view  at  the 
British  Museum  (Natural  History). 

The  following  papers  were  read  and  discussed  : — 

The  late  Dr.  Maxwell  T.  Masters,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.— "  On  the 
Distribution  of  Conifers  in  China  and  neighbouring 
Countries." 

Mr.  J.  Stanley  Gardiner,  M.A.,  F.L.S. — "  Introduction, 
part  II.,  of  the  '  Sealai'k  '  Expedition." 


J  PROCEEDINGS    OE    THE 

Mr.  E.  E.  Green. — "  Coccidse."     (Communicated   by   Mr.  J. 

Stanley  Gardiner,  M.A.,  E.L.IS.) 
Herr   M.   Eoslie. — "  Lithothamnia."     (Communicated  by  the 

same.) 
Mr.  L.  A.  BoRRADAiLE,  M.A. — "  Stomatopoda."     (Communi- 
cated by  Dr.  W.  T.  Calman,  E.L.S.) 
Mr.  A.  W.  Waters,  E.L.S. — "  Species  and  Ovicells  of   Tuhu- 

cellaria." 
Mr.  Clement  Eeid,  E.E.S.,  E.L.S.,  &  Mrs.  Eeid.— "  On  the 

Pre-Glacial  Elora  of  Britaui." 
Dr.  W.  E.  HoiLE. — "  Cephalopoda  of  the  Sudan."     (Communi- 
cated by  the  President.) 
Mr.  E.  A.  Newell  Arper,  M.A.,  E.L.S. — "  Triassic  Species  of 

Zamites  and  Pieroj)hyHmn." 
Messrs.  E.  G.  Baker,  E.L.S.,  S.  L.  Moore,  E.L.S.,  and  A.  B. 

PiENDLE,  M.A.,  D.Sc,   E.L.S.— "  Descriptions    of   Plants 

from  JVIount  Euwenzori." 
Dr.  E.  E.  Eritsch,  E.L.S. — "  The  Anatomy  of  the  Julianiacese." 
Mr.  G.  S.  West,  E.L.S. — "On  certain  critical  EreshwaterAlga?." 
Dr.  11.  jS^orris  Woleendek,  E.L.S. — "  Eeport  on  the  Kesults 

obtained  during  the  cruise  of  the  Tacht  '  Silver  Belle.'  " 
Mr.  W.  M.  Tattersall. — "  Amphipoda."      (Communicated  by 

Rev.  T.  E.  E.  Steering,  E.E.S.,  E.L.S.) 
Mr.  G.  F.  Earran. — "  Fyrosoma  sjnnosum."     (Communicated  by 

Dr.  R.  A.  Woleenuen,  E.L.S.) 
Messrs.  E.  W.  L.  Holt  &  L.  Byrne. — "  Rare  or  little-known 

Fishes  taken  by  the  '  Silver  Belle.' "     (Communicated  by 

Dr.  A.  GtJNTHER,  E.R.S.,  E.L.S.) 


Ll>'Ni;A\    SOCIEXT    OJf    LONDOX.  73 

ABSTRACTS. 


A  Note  on  Siec/esheclia  orientaUs. 
By  the  Eev.  H.  Pueefoy  JFitzgerald,  F.L.S. 

[Bead  6th  December,  1906.] 

My  chief  object  in  sending  the  exhibit  and  note  of  Siegesbecl-ia  is  not 
to  convey  any  tresli  information  but  to  gain  it,  and  to  invite  evidence 
of  its  medicinal  virtues  from  any  wiio  are  acquainted  with  it. 

Last  spring,  my  friend  M.  Sers  from  Reunion  supplied  me  with 
seed,  askuig  vxhether  I  would  try  and  raise  it  in  this  country  ;  he 
also  sent  some  to  Jvew  Gardeus,  and  a  large  crop  has  been  grown 
near  San  iVancisco  for  experimental  purposes.  M.  Sers  tells  me 
that  the  natives  in  Reunion  make  very  great  use  of  the  plant 
for  all  kinds  of  skni  diseases  ;  it  is  there  known  by  the  name 
Guerit-vite  (the  quick-cure).  He  tells  me  also  that  he  has  seen 
a  dog,  which  w  as  so  bad  with  mange  that  it  was  ordered  to  be 
killed,  cured  in  three  weeks  by  being  washed  with  water  ni  which 
this  plant  had  been  boiled.  Siegeshechia  oritntalis  is  a  native  of 
India,  but  Lieut.-Col.  Prain,  the  Director  of  Kew  Gardens,  tells 
me  he  has  never  heard  of  its  being  used  for  any  purpose  in  India, 
and  this  is  confirmed  by  Sir  George  Watt,  the  authority  on  Indian 
economic  plants. 

In  the  2nd  vol.  of  the  '  Pharmacographia  Indica '  (Dymock, 
Warden  &  Hooper)  there  is  a  short  account,  of  some  of  the  uses 
to  which  the  plant  has  been  applied  in  the  islands  of  Mauritius 
and  Reunion,  and  it  is  further  stated  that  it  appears  to  have  been 
known  for  a  long  time  in  Chiua  as  a  remedy  for  agite,  rheumatism, 
and  renal  colic. 

The  account  further  states : — "  In  Reunion  it  {SiegesbecJcia 
07'ientalis)  has  a  considerable  local  reputation  as  a  sialologue 
(exciting  saliva),  vulnerary,  tonic,  aperient  and  depurative ;  it  is 
aajingredient  in  Perichon's  8irop  depuratif  vegetal,  which  is  used 
as  a  remed}^  in  scrofulous  affections.  The  juice  of  the  fresh  herb 
is  used  as  a  dressing  for  wounds,  over  which,  as  it  dries,  it  leaves  a 
varnish-like  coating.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves  and  young  shoots 
is  used  as  a  lotion  for  ulcers  and  parasitic  skin  diseases." 

Undoubtedly,  then,  in  Reunion  the  plant  is  largely  used  for 
various  purposes,  and  it  seems  likely  that,  if  it  retains  its  peculiar 
virtues  when  grown  in  other  countries,  it  may  turn  out  to  be  a 
plant  of  much  value. 

The  whole  of  my  crop  has  been  sent  to  a  skin  hospital,  where  it 
is  being  experimented  with  in  various  ways,  but  sufficient  time 
has  not  yet  elapsed  for  any  statements  to  be  made. 

I  have  supplied  a  decoction  to  a  woman  who  has  for  years 
suffered  from  an  extremely  irritable  sort  of  erysipelas,  and  she 
has  found  considerable  relief  by  using  it. 


74  PKOCEEDINGS    OF    THIC 

Sieqeshechia  orientalis  is  an  erect,  branclied  annual  herb,  one  oi: 
the  Compositae,  growing  about  3  feet  high,  be.iring  opposite, 
broadly  triangular,  coarsely  toothed  leaves.  The  flowers  are 
insignificant,  yellow  in  colonr,  the  ray  florets  strap-shaped  and 
pistil-bearing,  the  disk  florets  being  tubular  and  perfect.  It  is 
quite  hardy  and  bears  seeds  abundantly. 

The  bitter  principle  of  the  plant  was  discovered  in  1885  by 
M.  Auffray,  and  named  Darutyne  ;  a  specimen  of  the  white  crys- 
talline scales  was  shown  in  the  Indian  and  Colonial  Exhibition, 
London,  1886  ('  Pharmacographia  Indica"). 

I  should  be  glad  if  this  note  brings  forth  any  further  informa- 
tion from  the  Fellows  of  this  Society  who  have  come  across  it  and 
have  seen  it  used  for  any  specific  purpose. 

Lieut.-Col.  Prain,  Director  of  Kew,  has  very  kindly  lent  me  tlie 
dried  specimens  and  the  painting  ;  the  latter  will  probably  be  of 
more  use  than  the  former,  in  showing  the  main  features  of  the 
plant. 


II. 

The  Ornamentation  of  the  Frog  Tadpole  {Rana  ienq^oravia). 
By  Nina  P.  Layaeb,  P.L.S. 

[Read  7th  March,  1907.] 

"When  the  young  tadpole  frees  itself  from  its  jelly  covering  it  is 
entirely  black,  but  by  the  time  it  is  ten  days  old,  or  possibly 
before,  gold  spots  begin  to  appear  sparsely  sprinkled  over  the 
dusky  skin.  Very  rapid  changes  in  coloration  then  begin  to  take 
place,  and  the  following  notes  are  from  a  daily  diary  kept  while 
these  appearances  were  being  carefully  observed. 

On  the  tenth  day  after  the  tadpole  had  broken  away  from  its 
envelope,  a  thin  sprinkling  of  gold  spots  was  observed.  At  first 
the  spots  are  disposed  singly  and  in  no  apparent  order,  except 
that  on  the  upper  part  of  the  ridge  of  the  tail  they  form  a  more 
or  less  regular  line.  There  were  more  spots  on  the  upper  than 
on  under  part  of  the  tadpole,  and  a  few,  perhaps  three  or  four, 
irregularly  scattered  over  the  eye. 

On  the  eleventh  day  the  spots  had  increased  in  nulnber,  and  by 
the  twelfth  were  alternately  arranged  in  two  lines  on  the  ridge 
of  the  tail,  and  were  thickly  sprinkled  over  the  eye.  On  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  days  the  only  noticeable  change  was  a 
slight  yellowness  about  the  nose.  Two  days  afterwards,  when 
the  tadpole  was  sixteen  days  old,  a  sudden  and  curious  change 
was  observed  in  the  eye.  The  spots  had  cleared  away  from  the 
centre,  and  now  formed  a  golden  iris,  arranged  in  perfect  order, 
though  a  few  were  still  sprinkled  over  the  ball  outside  the 
iris.  At  the  same  time,  the  lines  of  spots  on  the  ridge  of 
the  tail  had  broken  up  into  groups  composed  gf  three  or  four 


L1>NEAN    SOCIKTI'    Ol'    LOXDOX.  75 

spots  each.  By  the  seventeenth  day  the  skin  of  the  tadpole 
presented  a  very  beautiful  appearance  under  the  microscope.  On 
a  black  background  were  thickly  sprinked  groups  of  golden  spots, 
strangely  resembling  a  midnight  sky  with  its  groups  of  starry 
constellations. 

Choosing  a  portion  of  the  skin  to  which  I  could  be  guided  by 
the  junction  of  the  tail  with  the  body,  1  made  a  map  of  a  few 
groups  that  were  specially  defined,  but  they  had  so  altered  their 
positions  during  the  night,  that  I  could  recognize  none  of  them 
on  the  following  day.  Meanwhile  the  tail  had  assumed  a  very 
elegant  leaf-like  shape,  of  a  pale  brownish  hue,  fretted  with  spots 
of  darker  brown.  On  the  twentieth  day  1  again  made  a  map  of 
the  gold  spots  as  they  appeared  on  the  ridge  of  the  tail  at  12  p.m., 
but  by  20  minutes  to  eleven  on  the  following  day  it  was  impossible 
to  identify  any  of  the  groups.  On  May  the  9th,  which  was  the 
twenty-sixth  day,  I  made  a  drawing  of  some  spots  which  were 
seen  on  the  eye  outs'de  the  iris,  and  although  tlie  next  day  the 
groups  could  be  recognized,  certain  changes  had  begun  to  take 
place.  Above  and  beJow  the  lowest  pair  of  spots  gold  bars  had 
appeared,  and  a  triangular  gold  blotch  at  the  lelt  had  disappeared. 

The  twenty-third  day  showed  constant  alterations  in  tlie  dis- 
position of  the  groups  ;  and  by  the  twenty-fourth  day  all  the 
spots  distributed  over  the  body,  from  being  circular  had  in  one  night 
become  starry,  or  perhaps  they  would  now  be  more  accurately 
described  as  "  rosettes,'"'  such  as  are  seen  on  the  flanks  of  the 
leopard,  but  golden  instead  of  black.  At  this  time  also,  the 
uniform  blackness  of  the  underlying  skin  gave  place  to  a 
yellowish-brown  about  the  nose  and  surrounding  the  eyes ;  and 
four  days  later  the  M'hole  of  this  portion,  which  comprehends 
almost  half  the  body  of  the  tadpole,  had  turned  to  burnished  gold, 
spotted  with  black,  while  the  rest  of  the  body  remained  black,  but 
literally  crusted  over  with  gold  spangles.  A  black  mark  shaped 
like  a  spear-head  now  appeared  on  the  elevated  ridge  between  the 
eyes,  and  the  tail  became  reddish  in  the  centre,  and  speckled 
with  red  and  black  spots. 

By  the  thirtieth  day  the  frog-tadpole  had  perhaps  attained  its 
highest  degree  of  perfection  as  regards  ornamentation,  and 
although  it  went  through  many  subsequent  changes,  all  beautiful 
in  their  way,  I  will  conclude  my  notes  with  a  description  of  it  at 
this  age,  when  I  think  it  could  hardly  be  surpassed  in  brilliancy  of 
decoration  by  any  other  creature. 

During  the  three  days  which  had  elapsed  since  it  was  last 
sketched,  several  changes  had  taken  place.  It  was  still  more 
thickly  spangled  with  gold,  and  a  second  fainter  mark  had 
appeared  in  advance  of  the  spear-head  marking  between  the  eves. 
Around  the  spear-mark  spots  of  a  brilliant  torquoise-blue  had 
grouped  themselves,  and  the  effect  of  these  spots,  surrounded  as 
they  were  by  gold,  was  very  jewel-like  and  striking.  Finally,  the 
tail  was  very  transparent,  only  slightly  speckled,  and  frilled  near 
the  end.     It  is  perhaps  impossible  to  exaggerate  the  splendour  of 


76  rEOCEEDixGs  or  the 

a  frog-tadpole  at  tbe  age  of  one  month.  As  this  tadpole  unfor- 
tuuatel_y  died  the  day  after  the  last  drawing  was  made,  I  have 
wondered  whether  the  blue  spots  were  possibly  the  result  of  an 
niihealthy  condition,  but  I  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of 
repeating  the  observations. 

Note. — In  Miss  Hinckley's  "Notes  on  the  Development  of 
Rana  sylvatica"  which  appeared  in  the  '  Proceedings '  of  the 
Boston  Natural  History  Society,  she  mentions  the  continual  change 
of  colour  taking  place  in  the  skin  of  the  frog.  So  rapid  were  these 
changes,  that  she  found  it  almost  impossible  to  secure  a  correct 
representation.  She  found  that  within  lifteen  minutes  the  frog, 
if  placed  in  a  glass  on  white  paper,  would  turn  from  the  ordinary 
shade  of  brown  to  light  ashy  fawn. 

Schnetzler  beheved  that  "  the  privation  of  light  diminished  and 
stopped  the  foruiation  of  the  colouring  matter  of  the  skin,"  and 
according  to  his  experiments  frogs  reared  in  green  glasses  remained 
very  black. 


III. 

On  the  Occurrence  of  Ar/rostis  verticillata,  Vill.,  and  Alsine 
atheniensis,  nobis,  in  the  Channel  Islands.  By  (x.  Clauidge 
Dkuce,  M.A.,  E.L.S. 

[Read  7th  March,  1907.] 
Ageostis  tebticillata,  Vlllars,  in  the  Channel  Isles. 

A.  verticillata,  Yillars,  Prosp.  PI.  Dauph.  p.  16  (3  779),  et  His- 
toire,  ii.  p.  74  (1787) ;  not  of  Thuih.  PI.  Par.  ii.  p.  36  (1790). 
— A.  stolonifera,  Linn.  Herb,  (not  of  the  'Species  Plantarum'); 
Eichter,  PI.  Europ.  p.  42  (^1690). — A.  aquatica,  Pourr.  in  Act. 
Toul.  in.  p.  306  (17b3).— ^.  densa,  M.  Pieb.  PI.  Taur.  Cauc. 
i.  p.  56  (1S09).— .4.  refracta,  Moench,  Meth.  Suppl.  p.  60 
(1794). — A,  alba,  Chaix  in  Vill.  I.  c,  not  ot  Linn. — A.  rivu- 
laris,  Brot.  Pi.  Lusit.  p.  75  (lb04). — A.  VUlarsii,  Poir.  Euc. 
Meth.  Supph  i.  p.  251  (1810). 

Vilfa  stolonifera,  Presl,  Cyp.  &  Gram.  Sic.  p.  22  (1820). 
Inhabiting  South  Europe  and  Portugal ;  adventitious  in  Western 

Prance  and  Hamburg. 

Descr.  Stoloniferous.  Stems  6-20  inches,  geniculate,  ascend- 
ing; leaves  flat,  soft,  glaucous;  ligule  short,  truncate;  panicle 
1-4  inches  long,  compact,  thyrsoidly-lobate ;  branches  rough, 
remaining  open  after  llo\^erillg,  garnished  tvith  spikelets  to  their 
base,  greyish-green  or  purphsh-red  ;  glumes  subobtuse,  puberously- 
scabrid  over  the  whole  surface;  pales  equal,  obtuse. 

This  species  greatly  resembles  Agrostis  alba  (the  variety  of 
which  in  Britain  we  know  as  A.  stolonifera,  and  is  perhajis 
identical  with  var.  'prorepens,  Ivoch)  in  habit  and  general  appear- 
ance, but  may  be  kno^\n  by  the  bianchlets  being  garnished  with 


LINXEA>'    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  77 

spikelets  to  the  base,  whereas  in  alha  and  its  varieties  they  are 
bare  of  spikelets. 

Last  July,  when  in  the  company  of  Mr.  E.  D.  Marquand,  I  saw 
•growing  plentifully  in  the  excavated  soil  near  the  Vale  Castle  in 
(guernsey  a  grass  which  was  different  from  any  British  form 
known  to  me,  and  subsequently  found  it  covering  an  extensive 
area  and  in  considerable  quantity,  not  only  in  such  situations, 
but  also  by  the  sides  of  roads  and  other  dry  bare  places  in  the 
northern  portion  of  Guernsey  and  also  extending  westwards  to 
the  Grande  Mare,  where  it  grew  by  the  roadside.  On  my  visit  to 
Alderiiey  I  found  it'  growing  on  made  soil  in  Braye  Bay  and  on 
quarry  debris  farther  east.  I  have  also  detected  a  small  piece 
among  some  grasses  gathered  at  St.  Luke's,  Jersey,  in  the  pre- 
vious June,  but  this  was  on  some  I'ecently  disturbed  ground, 
where  alien  plants  were  present.  In  Corbiere's  '  Xouvelle  Tlore 
de  Normandie'  he  reports  it  as  a  southern  species  naturalized  for 
upwards  of  40  years  at  Cherbourg,  espec-ially  about  the  ditches  of 
the  western  port.  From  the  fact  of  its  not  being  a  native  of 
Western  Erance,  it  may  be  held  to  be  also  adventitious  in  the 
Channel  Islands,  and  in  a  country  so  disturbed  by  the  operations 
of  man  as  these  small  islands,  it  must  be  very  ditlicult  to  decide. 
On  the  one  hand,  there  are  the  facts  of  its  absence  from  the 
opposite  coast  of  France  as  a  native  species,  and  that  no  botanist 
has  hitherto  recorded  it  from  the  islands,  while  the  geographical 
range  is  not  strongly  in  favour  of  its  being  native  in  the  Channel 
Islands  ;  yet,  on  the  other  hand,  it  may  be  urged  that  it  extends 
up  the  western  coast  as  7ar  as  Spain  and  Portugal,  that  it  is 
extremely  similar  to  A.  alha  var.  stolonifera  in  appearance  and 
chooses  the  same  situations,  and  may  thus  have  escaped  observa- 
tion, while  in  its  undoubtedlv  native  area  it  prefers  ground  which 
has  been  disturbed  by  man,  and  that  it  is  now  at  any  rate  abundant 
and  widely  spread  ;  moreover,  the  recent  discovery  of  Sperfjidaria 
atheniensis  in  Jersey  (a  distinctly  Mediterranean  species)  supports 
the  possibility  of  its  being  native. 

Curiously  it  represents  A.  stolonifera  in  the  Li nnean  Herbarium, 
and  for  that  reason  Eichter  in  the  '  Plautse  Europoeae '  puts  it 
under  that  name.  But  as  Linnaeus  bases  his  stolonifera  on  the 
plant  described  in  the  '  Flora  Suecica,'  ii.  p.  66  and  i.  n.  61,  it 
evidently  cannot  refer  to  this  Mediterranean  species.  Indeed, 
some  authors  have  thought  it  refers  to  A.  vulgaris.  With. ;  but 
since  this  plant  represents  A.  stolonifera  in  his  herbarium  it  would 
apj)ear  more  probable  that  the  well-known  form  of  A.  alha,  which 
mimics  this  plant  so  closely,  is  really  the  Linnean  stolonifera. 

Alsii^'e  atheniensis,  nohis,  in  Jersey. 

Spergularia  atheniensis,  Ascherson  ex  Schweinfurth,  Beitr.  Fl. 
^Ethiop.  p.  267  (1867),  nomen  tantum  ;  JSyman,  Consp. 
p.  123  ;  Halacsy,  Consp.  Fl.  Graec.  i.  p.  25  L — /S'.  7'uhra  var. 
atheniensis,  Heldr.  &  Sart.  in   Heldr.    Herb.  Graec.  Xorm, 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


n.  590.— >S'.  cnmpestris,  Heldr.  Herb.  Graec.  Norm.  n.  831  (not 

oi:  Ascherson);   Willk.  &  Lange,  Prod.  Fl.  Hisp.  ii.  p.  165.— 

SiMrgularia  diandm,  Boiss.M.  Or.  i.  p.  733  ;  and  Index  Kew. 

ii.  p.  956. 

Descr.  Annual    or   biennial.      Glandular-viscous,    prostrate    or 

ascending,  nearly  leafless  at  the  base.     Leaves  long,  linear,  flat. 

Stipules  subtriangular,  broader  than  long,  and  overlapping  at  the 

base,  dull  greyish-yellow.     Elowers  numerous,  in  dense  leafless  or 

nearly    leafless  cymes,  the    pedicels    shorter   than    the    capsules. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  with  scarious  margiu.     Petals  obovate,  as  long 

or  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals.     Stamens  from  5  to  10,  usually 

about  7  or  8  in  number.     Capsule  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Seeds  wingless,  greyish-brown,  larger  than  those  of  -S'.  rubra. 

From  S.  ruhra  it  may  easily  be  distinguished  by  the  absence  of 
the  basal  rosette  of  leaves,  and  by  the  short,  broadly-ovate,  dull- 
coloured  stipules,  so  different  from  the  long,  narrow,  lanceolate, 
glistening  silvery-white  stipules  of  -S'.  ruhra.  From  the  more 
closelv  allied  S.  diandra,  with  which  it  is  united  or  confounded  by 
Lebel",  Kindberg,  and  '  Index  Kewensis,'  and  under  which  as  a 
subspecies  it  is  placed  by  Nyman,  Alsine  atlicniensis  may  be  known 
bvits  more  robust  appearance  and  by  the  more  numerous  stamens, 
S.  diandra,  as  its  name  im])lies,  having  2  or  3  only. 

Alsine  atheniensis  is  found  in  sandy  places  on  or  near  the  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean  from  Phaleron,  near  Athens,  where  I  have 
seen  it,  westwards  to  Spain,  and  it  also  occurs  in  Corsica.  S. 
diandra  is  recorded  by  Nyinan  from  Portugal. 

The  above  description  has  been  drawn  up  from  the  Jersey 
plant,  which  I  found  last  June  growing  on  loose  sand  at  and  near 
St.  Hehers.  Its  occuri^ence  in  Jersey,  where  there  is,  I  suppose, 
no  reason  to  doubt  its  being  indigenous,  although  it  grew  on 
ground  near  the  coast  railway,  is  especially  interesting  from  its 
ijeing  a  Mediterranean  species  unrecorded  for  the  coast  of 
Western  Prance,  although,  as  we  have  seen,  the  closely-allied 
S.  diandra  is  reported  from  Portugal.  The  presence  of  the 
Mediterranean  element  in  the  flora  of  the  Channel  Isles  at  present 
awaits  a  perfectly  satisfactory  explanation,  although  Mr.  Lester- 
Garland,  in  'Flora  of  Jersey,'  offers  an  ingenious  suggestion. 


IV. 

On  the  CEc'ological  Functions  of  Stolons  and  Cleistogamous 
Flowers.     By  J.  C.  Shenstone,  F.L.S. 

[Eead  18th  April,  1007.] 

The  colonies  of  plants  formed  by  means  oT  rhizomes,  creeping 
stems,  offsets,  runners  and  suckers,  or  by  the  self-planting  of  seeds 
in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the  parent  plant,  are  familiar 
to  us  all,  but  an  important  service  which  this  habit  of  forming 
colonies  affords  to  the  species  appears  to  have  been  overlooked. 
It  is  self-evident  that  a  more  or  less  dense  colony  of  plants  has 


LTXXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  79 

a  much  better  chance  of  holding  its  own,  when  sm-rounded  bv 
hixuriaut  vegetation,  than  single  individuals  would  have.  Colon- 
ization aho  often  affords  important  service  by  rendering  the 
pollinizatioii  of  the  ovule  more  certain  than  would  be  the  case  if 
the  plants  were  thinly  scattered  as  isolated  individuals.  In  the 
case  of  rock-loving  plants,  the  cushion-like  colonies,  so  frequent 
among  our  rock  flora,  retain  moisture  by  collecting  debris  and 
dust  round  the  thickly-matted  offsets. 

It  may  be  well  to  recall  some  familiar  examples  illustrating  the 
advantages  secured  by  this  habit  of  colonization. 

The  common  daisy  {BeUis perennis)  affords  us  a  tj-pical  example 
of  a  plant  w  hich  would  certainly  be  smothered  if  it  grew  in  a  con- 
dition oi:  isolation.  Those  who  have  watched  this  little  plant 
gradually  taking  possession  of  their  lawn,  must  have  noticed  the 
first  unfolding  of  its  rosette  of  stifl'  leaves,  either  in  some  thin 
place  upon  the  lawn,  or  at  an  earlier  period  of  the  season,  before 
the  surrounding  herbage  has  commenced  to  grow.  Having  secured 
its  foothold,  it  quickly  sends  up  offsets  which  soon  clear  a  com- 
paratively large  space,  thus  securing  an  abundance  of  light  and  air. 
The  colony  rapidly  spreads,  neighbouring  colonies  join  their  forces, 
until  a  large  portion  of  the  lawn  is  occupied  by  our  humble  friend. 

The  short,  thick  rhizome  of  the  iris  {Iris  Pseudncorus)  co-oper- 
ates with  the  rigid  sword-shaped  leaves  to  secure  light  and  air  for 
a  plant  growing  under  very  different  circum>tances.  Even  the 
rank  riverside  vegetation  is  quite  unable  to  resist  the  force  of  the 
growth  of  these  thick  rhizomes  crowned  by  rigid  leaves.  IVor 
must  we  overlook  the  important  service  rendered  by  colonies  of 
grasses  and  sedges  on  our  sand-dunes,  in  holding  the  sand  together 
by  their  matted  roots  ;  but  for  these  matted  offshoots  no  plant 
could  live  upon  these  sands. 

Amongst  the  wind-fertilized  plants,  the  perennial  mercury 
{MercariaUs  jyerennis)  illustrates  the  service  rendered  by  colonies. 
The  seedling  plant  quickly  forms  comparatively  thick  colonies  by 
means  of  underground  stems,  and  the  inflorescence  is  developed 
in  the  early  spring  before  the  woodland  vegetation  has  appeared ; 
orherwise  the  wind-blovATi  pollen  of  this  plant  would  be  obstructed 
in  its  passage  from  colony  to  colony.  One  colony  produces  stami- 
nate  flowers  exclusively,  another  colony  produces  pistillate  flowers 
only.  The  colony  of  staminate  flowers  sends  out  clouds  of  pollen, 
whilst  the  pistillate  flowers  unfold  their  stigmas  gradually,  and  are 
thus  for  a  long  period  ready  to  catch  the  pollen  as  the  clouds  pass 
in  their  direction.  It  is  clear  that  pollination  would  be  more  pi-e- 
carious  if  the  pollen  was  produced  in  small  quantities  by  isolated 
plants. 

The  common  stinging-nettle  ( Urtica  dioica)  also  forms  colonies 
hi/  mca7is  of  underground  stems,  and  these  likewise  send  out  clouds 
of  pollen  which  fertilize  flowers  of  neighbouring  colonies. 

The  wild  thyme  (Thymus  Serpyllum)  may  be  cited  as  an  example 
of  a  plant  which  secures  the  fertilization  of  its  ovules  by  the 
formation  of  dense  colonies.     Its  flowers  would  have  small  chance 


8o  PROCEEDINGS    OE    TITE 

of  attractina;  visitors  required  for  cross-fertilization,  if  its  slender 
stems  lost  themselves  amongst  surrounding  vegetation,  instead  of 
forming  dense  tufts  covered  with  bright  flowers.  These  tuFts  also 
send  out  much  larger  volumes  of  tl>e  odour  so  characteristic  of  the 
plant  than  isolated  stems  would  do,  and  thus  afford  an  additional 
attraction  to  insects. 

In  the  pretty  little  moscatel  (Ado.va  Moschatellhia)  we  have  a 
rare  instance  of  an  entomophilous  plant  emitting  a  slight  odour, 
secreting  nectar,  and  yet  being  devoid  of  the  brightly  coh)ured 
corolla  which  we  associate  with  such  distinctly  entomophilous 
plants.  Grrant  Allen  tells  us  that  no  reason  Ciin  be  given  for  the 
green  corolla  of  this  plant,  but  I  would  suggest  that  the  formation 
of  colonies  of  these  bright  green  plants  bjf  undert/round  stems 
renders  them  very  conspicuous  in  contrast  with  the  brown  colora- 
tion of  our  woodlands  in  spring,  and  thus  bright-coloured  corollas 
are  not  necessary. 

I  would  now  direct  attention  to  the  two  most  characteristic 
cleistogamic  flower-producing  plants  of  our  British  flora.  Careful 
observation  will  show  us  that  these  cleistogamous  flowers  not  only 
serve  the  plants  by  producing  mature  seeds  without  the  aid  of 
wind  or  insects — an  important  service,  but  also  by  keeping  the 
colonies  of  plants  dense  in  their  very  centres,  and  by  this  means 
enabling  the  colonies  to  maintain  themselves  against  outside  attack 
for  much  longer  periods. 

The  sweet  violet  (Viola  odorata),  growing  in  woods  and  hedges 
surrounded  by  luxurious  vegetation,  would  soon  be  smothen^d  if 
growing  as  isolated  plants  or  in  straggling  colonies.  Tlie  plant 
thrusts  the  capsules,  produced  by  the  cleistogamous  flowers 
abundantly  in  the  autumn,  to  the  ground  close  to  the  parent 
plant;  thus  a  number  of  vigorous  young  seedlings  are  introduced 
into  the  colonies,  reinvigorating  them  at  their  centres,  whilst  the 
creeping  stems  spread  outwards  and  extend  the  colonies  in  a 
centrifugal  manner.  The  seeds  produced  by  the  jierfect  flowers, 
which  serve  to  start  new  colonies,  are  very  sparingly  produced, 
hence  it  is  important  to  the  plant  that  the  colonies,  when  once 
established,  should  hold  their  own  for  a  lengthened  period. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  the  dog  violet  (Viola  canina),  growing  in 
more  open  situations  and  surrounded  by  less  luxuriant  vegetation, 
relies  much  more  u])on  its  perfect  flowers  for  the  reproduction  of 
the  species.  These  perfect  flowers  are  produced  later  in  the 
season,  when  insects  are  more  abundant,  and  consequently  pro- 
duce an  abundance  of  seed.  They  thrust  the  capsules  produced 
by  these  perfect  flowers  well  above  the  surrounding  vegetation 
and  scatter  their  seeds  very  widely.  The  plant  appears  to  realize 
that  it  lives  under  different  conditions  to  those  under  which  its 
near  relative  the  sweet  violet  has  to  struggle,  and  takes  full 
advaTitnge  of  the  more  favourable  conditions.  Nevertheless  it 
develops  cleistogamic  flowers,  and  plants  the  seeds  produced  by 
them  inside  the  colonies,  though  relying  less  upon  them.     It  is 


LUTNEAlf    SOCIETT    OF    LONDON.  8 1 

noteworthy  also  that  whilst  the  wood  violet  relies  upon  its  strong 
perfume  for  drawing  the  few  insects  which  fly  in  the  spring  to  its 
flowers,  not  attempting  to  raise  its  flowers  above  the  vegetation 
surrounding  it ;  the  dog  violet  raises  its  flowers  and  makes  itself 
conspicuous  by  their  light  violet  colour,  dispensing  with  perfume 
altogether. 

The  wood  sorrel  {Oxalis  Acetosella),  like  the  wood  violet,  flowers 
in  very  early  spring,  and  forms  colonies  of  bright  green  small 
plants  by  means  of  underground  stems  in  shady  situations  in 
woods.  It  selects  situations  where  at  this  early  period  of  the 
year  vegetation  is  not  abundant,  and  when  the  contrast  between 
these  colonies  of  bright  green  plants  serves  to  attract  the  few 
insects  on  wing  from  some  distance ;  its  delicately-tinted  corolla 
serving  as  a  sign  to  insect  visitors  that  nectar  may  be  found 
within.  This  has  likewise  small,  inconspicuous  cleistogamous 
flowers,  which  carefully  bury  the  capsule  in  the  ground ;  the 
mature  capsules  being  surprisingly  large.  These  serve  to  re- 
invigorate  the  colonies,  but  the  perfect  flowers  of  these  plants 
raise  their  capsules  high  up  in  the  air,  and  are  pi'ovided  with 
mechanism  serving  to  shoot  the  seeds  to  a  great  distance,  a  feat 
which  later  in  the  season  \a  ould  be  impossible — the  seeds  would 
then  be  obstructed  by  other  plants. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  in  the  above  plants  both  tho  stolons  and 
the  cleistogamous  flowers  co-operate  with  the  other  organs  in  the 
very  important  function  of  enabling  the  species  to  contend  against 
the  competition  in  the  environment  in  which  it  lives.  The  manner 
in  which  the  cleistogamous  flowers  supplement  the  action  of  the 
creeping  stems  in  producing  dense  colonies  is  peculiarly  instruc- 
tive. The  important  function  served  by  these  organs  appears  to 
have  been  overlooked  by  botanists. 

It  appears  to  me  doubtful  whether,  the  bisexual  process  of 
reproduction  having  been  perfected,  the  less  perfect  method  by 
offshoots,  or  degenerate  cleistogamous  flowers,  would  survive, 
unless  they  showed  some  important  secondary  functions  beyond 
the  reproduction  of  the  species. 


LINJf.  SOC.  PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1906-1907. 


A    LETTER    FROM 

CARL    VON    LINNE 

TO  Pkofessok  PIETRO    ARDUINO, 
AT  Padua, 

WITH   AN    INTRODUCTION    BY 

Dk.  G.    B.    DE    TONI,    Hon.P.R.M.S. 


(Communicated  by  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S., 

Secretary  of  the  Linnean  Society.) 


gontbjbuted  to  the  anniversary  meeting  of  the  linnean 

Society  of  London,  24th  May,  1907,  in  commemoration  of 

THE  200th  Anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Carl  von  Linnb. 

(Born  ^  May  1707  ;  died  10  Jan.  1778.) 


84  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


A  Letter  from  Caul  von  Linnk  to  Pietro  Arduino. 
Contributed  with  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  G .  B.  De  Toni, 
Hon.F.E.M.S. 

(Commuuicated  by  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S.,  Sec.L.S.) 

I  HAVE  the  honour  of  taking  part  in  the  celebration  by  the  Linnean 
Society  of  London  of  the  200th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the 
great  systematist  Carl  von  Linne,  by  contributing  a  letter  *  which 
the  Swedish  naturalist  despatched  on  the  3rd  November  1764  from 
Upsala  to  the  Italian  botanist,  Pietro  Arduino,  at  Padua  f. 

This  letter,  which  Mr.  S.  Morpurgo,  director  of  the  National 
Library  in  Florence,  has  been  so  kind  as  to  have  transcribed  from 
the  original  preserved  in  the  "  Collezione  Autografi,  fondo  Gronnelli, 
Cart.  21,  no.  113,"  furnishes  several  particulars  of  considerable 
interest  as  to  the  relations  existing  between  the  two  botanists 
with  regard  to  certain  plants  which  Arduino  had  sent  by  special 
request  to  Linne. 

In  this  letter  the  Swedish  botanist  gives  expression  to  his  great 
regret  at  the  loss  of  Porskal,  the  explorer  of  Arabia,  one  of  his 
pupils,  who,  previous  to  his  death  in  1763  +,  had  communicated 


*  With  regard  to  the  correspondence  of  Linn^  with  the  naturalists  of  his 
time,  reference  may  be  made  to  : — Gr.  A.  Pritzel,  'Thesaurus  hteraturise  botanicse,' 
Lipsise  (Brockhaus),  1872,  4<',  p.  188  ;  '  Linnseana  in  Nederland  aauwezig,' 
Amsterdam  (Scheltema  &  Holkema),  1878,  8",  pp.  42-45;  to  which  may  be 
added, '  Lettere  inedite  di  Carlo  Linneo  a  Giovanni  Antonio  Scopoli '  (published 
under  the  editorship  of  Messrs.  Gr.  de  Cobelli  and  0.  Delaiti),  Eovereto 
(V.  Sottochiesa),  1889, 8"  ;  and  A.  Alberg, '  The  Floral  King ;  a  Life  of  Linnaus,' 
London  (Allen  &  Co.),  1888,  80. 

t  Pietro  Arduino,  born  at  Caprino  (Verona),  18th  July  1728,  Professor  of 
Agriculture  at  the  University,  and  Director  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Padua, 
where  he  died,  loth  April  1805.  For  biographical  notices,  see  P.  A.  Saccardo, 
'  La  botanica  in  Italia,'  Venezia  (M.  Ferrari),  4";  Parte  1. 1895,  p.  17  ;  Parte  II. 
1901,  p.  12. 

\  Pehr  Forskal,  born  at  Calmar  (Smaland)  in  1736,  died  at  Jerim  (Arabia), 
nth  July  1763,  and  not  1768,  as  indicated  by  G.  A.  Pritzel,  Thes.  hot.  p.  110, 
and  following  him  by  Saccardo,  op.  cit.  p.  74.  Evidently  this  is  due  to  a 
blunder  in  copying,  for  an  old  work  gives  1763  as  the  true  year  of  the  death  of 
the  botanical  traveller  ForskSl ;  see  0.  Sprengel, '  Historia  rei  herbarisB,'Tomu3  ii. 
p.  420,  Amstelodami,  1808. 


LINNEAN    SOCIKTY    OF    LONDOX.  85 

some  observations  on  the  plants  collected  in  the  region  through 
which  he  was  travelHug. 

The  following  is  the  Latin  text  of  Linne's  letter : — 

Vtro  Clarissimo 
D.  Peteo  Ardttino 

s.  p.  d. 
Car.  a  Linne,  Equ. 

Epistolam  quam  ad  me  pridie  calend.  Julii  exarabas,  rite  accepi ; 
at  fasciculum  simul  missum  nondum.  Tabellarius  enim  6  nummos 
aureos  (Ducatos  aureos)  pro  fasciculo  exigebat,  quod  mihi  videbatur 
nimis  pretiosum.  Solvuntur  enim  heic  omnes  epistolae  secundum 
uncias ;  et  pro  quavis  uncia  exoticarum  tabellario  renumeratur 
■|-  pars  Ducatus.  Si,  vir  amicissime,  inscripsisses  fasciculo,  uti 
antea  monui  *  Societati  Eegiae  Scientiarum  Upsalise,  tum  habu- 
issem  eundem  absque  impensis.  Scribebam  Holmiam  ad  magnates 
quibus  tabellarii  res  paret,  nee  respousum  accepi.  Solvi  antea  hoc 
anno  ultra  40  ducatos  pro  Uteris ;  nunc  delassatus  proposui  non 
redimere  literas  quae  constant  ultra  unum  ducatum. 

Astragalus  chinensis  mihi  duplex  est ;  tuus  erit  sine  dubio  parvus 
acaulis  purpureus  quem  habeo  una  cum  Velio  pseudocytiso  t  et 
Nolana  prostrata. 

Prsepropera  fata  Porskahlei  mei  in  Arabia  felici  multo  me  affecere 
dolore  ;  habui  literas  paulo  ante  eius  mortem  de  genere  opobalsimi 
[sic]  cum  ejus  charactere  octandra  1-gynia  tetrapetala  +.  Tandem 
accepi  in  hortum  verissimum  Ehabarbarum  quod  est  Ehabarbarura 
palmatum  nee  non  Actaeam  cimicifugam  quam  diu  avidissime 
exoptavi ;  at  hsec  non  dum  mihi  floruit,  spero  proximo  anno 
florituram. 

*  For  reasons  of  economy,  Linn6  was  accustomed  to  beg  his  correspondents 
to  send  letters  and  packets  to  the  '  Societas  Eegia  Scientiarum  Upsalise ' ;  the 
same  request  will  be  found  in  letters  addressed  to  Scopoli  and  published  by 
Cobelli  et  Delaiti. 

t  Gen.  Vella,  L.  (1737).    Cruciferse.   Sp.  Vella  Pseudocytisus,  L. 

+  It  is  obvious  that  he  is  referring  to  Amyris  Opobalsammn,  described  in  the 
posthumous  work  of  Forskal,  'Flora  Aegyptiaco-Arabica  sive  descriptiones 
plantarum,  quas  per  Aegyptum  inferiorem  et  Arabiam  felicem  detexit,  illustravit, 
Petrus  Forskil,  post  mortem  auctoris  edidit  Carsten  Niebulir,'  p.  79,  Haunise, 
Ex  off.  MoUeri.     4°. 


86  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Floruit  mihi  hoc  tempore  tua  Salvia  cum  minutis  floribus,  divers- 
issima  ab  americana,  quam  putaveram  quondam  eandem  fuisse. 
Mirer  quod  potueras  videre  stamina  Salviae  in  hac,  tani  parva, 
tamen  genuina.     Videtur  mihi  fore  perennem  plan  tarn. 

Dabam  Upsahse  1764  d.  3  Novembris. 

Viro  Amplissimo 

j)iio  pj;rpEo  Aeduino, 
Professori  Publico, 
Paduce. 


[Translation.] 

Care  yon  Linne,  Knight, 

with  cordial  greeting 

to  the  distinguished  Pietro  Aedfino. 

I  have  duly  received  the  letter  which  you  wrote  to  me  on  the 
3rd  June,  but  not  yet  the  packet  sent  at  the  same  time.  The 
postman  demanded  6  rixdollars  (gold  ducats)  for  the  packet, 
which  seemed  to  me  excessive.  They  charge  all  letters  so  much 
per  ounce,  and  for  each  foreign  letter  the  postman  charges  one- 
third  of  a  rixdollar  per  ounce.  If,  my  dear  friend,  you  had 
addressed  your  packet,  as  I  have  previously  advised,  to  the  Royal 
Society  of  Sciences  at  Upsala,  I  should  have  received  it  free  of 
charge.  I  wrote  to  the  postal  authorities  at  Stockholm,  but  have 
received  no  reply.  I  have  during  the  present  year  paid  more  than 
40  rixdollars  for  letters  ;  I  am  now  tired  of  this,  and  propose  not 
to  take  in  letters  which  cost  more  than  one  rixdollar. 

My  Astragalus  chinensis  has  two  forms  ;  yours  is  doubtless  the 
small  stemless  purple  one  which  I  have,  with  VeTla  pseudocytisus 
and  Nolana  prostrata. 

The  untimely  fate  of  my  pupil  Forskal  in  Arabia  felix  has 
occasioned  me  much  grief  ;  I  had  letters  from  him  shortly  before 
his  death,  about  the  genus  Opohalsamum,  with  its  characters,  eight 
stamens,  one  style,  four  petals.  At  last  I  have  received  into  my 
garden  the  true  E-habarbarum  which  is  Rhabarhanim  [recte  Rheum] 
palmatum,  together  with  Actcea  cimicifuga  which  I  have  long 
ardently  wished  for,  but  the  latter  has  not  yet  flowered  with  me, 
though  I  hope  it  will  next  year. 


IilNNEAIT    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  Sj 

At  the  present  time  your  Salvia  with  small  flowers  is  flov^ering 
with  me ;  it  is  very  different  from  S.  americana,  which  at  one 
time  I  thought  to  be  the  same.  I  am  surprised  that  you  were 
able  to  see  the  stamens  in  this  Salvia,  true  stamens  though  so 
diminutive.     It  seems  as  though  it  may  be  a  perennial  plant, 

TJpsala,  3rd  NoTeinber,  1764. 

To  Professor  P.  Abdfino, 
Padua. 


ON  A  MANUSCRIPT  LIST 


OF  THE 


LINNEAN    HERBARIUM 

IN  THE 

HANDWRITING  OF   CARL   VON   LINNE' 

PRESUMABLY  COMPILED  IN  THE  YEAR 

175  5. 


BY 

BENJAMIN    DAYDON    JACKSON, 

General  Secretary   of   the   Ltnnean    Society 
OF  London. 


To  which  is  appended  a  Catalogue  of  the  Genera 
in  the  Herbarium,  with  the  numbers  of  sheets 
of  specimens. 


Pmbpambd  for  the  Annivessamt  Meeting  of  the  Linnean 
Society  of  London,  2lfTH  May,  190T,  in  celebration  of  thb 
200th  Anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Carl  von  Linne. 


90  PKOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


No  portion  of  the  Linnean  Society's  collections  is  so  frequently 
consulted  as  the  Linnean  Herbarium,  Suggestions  have  been 
frequently  made  that  a  full  catalogue  of  this  Herbarium  should  be 
printed  and  issued  by  the  Society,  but  the  difficulties  in  the  way 
of  complying  with  such  suggestions  have  hitherto  proved  in- 
superable. In  the  original  cabinets  are  contained  nearly  14,000 
sheets,  which  would  need  a  thick  octavo  volume  merely  to  record 
the  names  of  the  species  and  accompanying  notes.  So  brief  a 
catalogue  would  be  of  very  little  service  to  the  botanists  who  refer 
to  the  Herbarium,  while  a  complete  critical  enumeration  of  every 
specimen  is  at  present  quite  unattainable.  A  host  of  specialists 
would  be  required,  and  as  the  specimens  naturally  are  not  allowed 
to  be  taken  from  the  Society's  rooms,  nor  tampered  with  in  any 
way,  it  would  mean  that  these  experts  would  have  to  perform 
their  task  under  disadvantageous  conditions  ;  they  would  have  to 
rely  upon  their  recollection  and  not  upon  their  power  to  match 
species  by  placing  specimens  side  by  side. 

There  have  been  numerous  references  to  special  genera  and 
species  scattered  throughout  the  literature  of  descriptive  botany, 
from  the  days  of  Sir  J.  E.  Smith  to  the  present  time,  but  we  may 
say  that  only  five  considerable  portions  of  the  Herbarium  have 
hitherto  been  adequately  examined  and  the  reports  published. 
These  are : — 

1.  Haetman    (C). — "  Anteckningar   vid    de    Skandinaviska 

viixterna  i  Linnes  Herbarium."  Handl.  K.  Sv.  Vet.- 
Akad.  Stockholm,  1849  (1850)  pp.  145-191 ;  ibid.  1851 
(1853)  pp.  211-426. 

2.  MuNEO  (W.). — "  On  the  Identification  of  the  Grasses  of 

LinnsDus's  Herbarium  . .  ."  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  vi. 
(1861)  pp.  33-58. 

3.  Anderson  (T.). — "  On  the  Identification  of  the  Acanthaceae 

of  the  Linnean  Herbarium  . .  ."  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot. 
vii.  (1863)  pp.  111-118. 

4.  ScHiMPEE    (W.    P.). — "  Synonymia    Muscorum    herbarii 

Linnseani  .  .  ."  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xi.  (1869) 
pp.  246-252. 

5.  Claeke  (C.   B.). — "  On  certain  authentic  Cyperaceae  of 

Linnaeus."  Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xxx.  (1894)  pp.  299- 
315. 

By  the  foregoing  statement  it  will  be  understood  how  small  a 


hnxi;an  society  of  londox.  gx 

portion  of  the  Herbarium  has  been  investigated  by  experts,  and 
how  large  a  portion  remains  only  partially  explored. 

The  mere  cataloguing  of  the  sheets  offers  considerable  difficulty : 
it  can  only  be  accomplished  by  some  person  adequately  equipped 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  handwTiting  of  the  various  persons  who 
contributed  the  plants  to  Carl  von  Linne ;  a  transcriber  only 
would  be  useless. 

Though  the  perfect  catalogue  is  to  be  hoped  for  rather  than 
expected,  the  Liuuean  Society  has  two  catalogues  which  supply 
some  information,  and  the  present  paper  is  concerned  with  these. 
In  the  Banksian  collections,  formerly  at  the  British  Museum,  at 
Bloomsbury,  and  now  at  Cromwell  Eoad,  South  Kensington,  there 
exists  a  copy  of  Linne's  '  Species  Plantarum,'  first  edition,  marked 
by  either  Solander  or  Dryander  (probably  the  latter)  with  a  short 
stroke  under  the  running  number  of  each  species,  showing  what 
species  at  some  unstated  date  were  represented  in  the  Linnean 
Herbarium  (see  Journ.  Bot.  xxxiv.  (1896)  pp.  359-362).  These 
references  were  copied  by  Mr.  "W".  Carruthers  into  a  copy  of  the 
'  Species  Plantarum  '  which  he  gave  to  the  Eoyal  Botanic  Gardens, 
Kew,  in  1871,  which  copy  also  contains  the  suppressed  pages 
reprinted  in  facsimile  by  Herr  von  Piatt  in  the  '  Botanisches 
Centralblatt,'  Bd.  Ixvi.  (1896)  pp.  218-219.  It  was  formerly 
supposed  that  these  marks  M^ere  inserted  during  the  winter  of 
1784-5,  when  the  Linnean  Herbarium  was  compared  with  that 
belonging  to  Sir  Joseph  Banks  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  1887-88  (1890) 
pp.  27-28),  but  this  is  probably  an  error,  for  amongst  the  Linnean 
books,  one  of  the  two  interleaved  and  annotated  copies  of  the  first 
edition  of  the  '  Species  Plantarum '  is  marked  in  the  same  manner; 
it  seems  certain  that  from  this  Dryander  copied  his  notes. 

Notwithstanding  the  interest  attaching  to  this  copy  and  its 
secondary  copies,  another  list  exists  of  a  somewhat  later  date,  and 
fuller  in  details.  It  consists  of  a  small  quarto  volume,  20  cm.  x 
16  cm.,  without  title  or  heading,  in  contemporary  binding  with 
calf  back  and  corners,  and  sides  covered  with  sprinkled  paper  ;  it 
contains  39  leaves  written  on  both  sides  in  double  column 
(except  the  last  page)  of  all  the  names  of  plants  then  known,  with 
a  mark  against  such  as  were  in  the  Herbarium.  This  mark  was  at 
first  an  underscore  as  in  the  '  Species  Plantarum,'  but  from  the 
sixth  page  onwards  the  mark  consists  of  a  dot  placed  before  the 
figure  in  front  of  each  name,  as  shown  in  the  specimen  page 
annexed  (p.  95).  A  blank  leaf  was  left  between  each  written  leaf, 
but  at  some  later  period  three  of  these  blank  leaves  were  roughly 


92 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


torn  out,  and  the  remainder  used  for  drafts  oE  specific  descriptions 
by  the  younger  Carl  von  Liane. 

The  age  of  the  list  may  be  placed  about  the  middle  of  1755  for 
the  following  reasons:  — 

The  significant  mark  is  changed  in  the  course  of  transcription 
from  an  underscore  to  a  dot,  apparently  an  afterthought  when 
copying  from  the  book  record.  Another  proof  of  the  relative  ages 
of  the  two  records  may  be  found  in  this,  that  the  supplementary 
part  of  the  '  Species  Plantarum'  (pp.  1190-1200),  and  two  pages 
added  without  pagination  after  '  Nomina  trivialia,'  are  inserted  in 
their  proper  sequence,  e.  g.  Thalia,  p.  1193,  is  placed  in  the  MS. 
list  under  MonandriaMonogynia  hQiweenKcerapferia  and Boe^^havia, 
and  the  three  species  of  Fllago  from  the  end,  are  correctly  placed. 
Too  much  reliance  must  not  be  placed  on  this,  for  Boerhavia  diandra 
(p.  1194)  is  interpolated  on  the  first  page  of  the  MS.  thus 

3  scandens, 
5  diandra, 

4  repens. 

Again,  in  the  list  as  originally  drawn  up  we  find  some  species 
which  were  published  afterwards,  occupying  their  proper  position, 
thus  seeming  as  if  the  plants  were  known  to  the  compiler  but 
were  awaiting  their  opportunity  to  be  published.  For  possibly 
two  years  the  author  seems  to  have  added  names  chiefly  from  the 
theses  '  Demonstrationes  plantarum '  resp.  J.  C.  Hojer,  Oct.  1753, 
'  Herbarium  Amboinense '  resp.  O.  Stickman,  Maii  1754,  and 
'  Centuria  plantarum  I.'  resp.  A.  D.  Juslenius,  Febr.  1755  ;  from 
'  Centui'ia  plantarum  II.'  resp.  E.  Torner,  Jun.  1756,  I  find  only 
one  entry,  and  from  the  fact  that  practically  all  the  species  from 
Cent.  I.  are  entered  and  practically  none  from  Cent.  II.,  we  may 
conclude  that  the  entries  ceased  soon  after  the  former  was  printed, 
that  is  in  the  spring  of  1755,  to  which  period  I  would  assign  this 
catalogue. 

The  list  offers  many  points  of  interest,  but  I  must  confine  my 
remarks  to  a  few  only.  It  was  written  without  special  care,  for 
I  find  no  fewer  than  eighteen  species  published  in  the  '  Species 
Plantarum '  which  were  overlooked  and  inserted  afterwards,  such 
as  the  BoerJiavia  diandra  previously  mentioned.  Some  of  the  in- 
terpolations are  incorrect ;  the  following  are  referred  to  as  from 
the  '  Cent.  I.,'  but  they  will  be  found  as  noted  in  parentheses — 
Bupleurum  semicompositum  (Dem.),  Cistus  liirta  (Sp.  PI.),  Aniir 
rhinum  sparteum  and  A.  molle  (both  Sp.  PL),  and  Trifolium 
Cherleri  (Dem.).     It  must  be  noted  that  these  citations  are  from 


LINNEAN    SOCIEXr    Or    LONDON.  93 

the  original  theses,  and  not  from  the  reprints  in  '  Amceuitates 
Academicse,'  iv.  pp.  261-296,  where  several  names  were  changed, 
e.  g.  Antirrhinum  siictrteum  and  A.  molle  became  A.  junceum  and 
A.  glaucum  respectively,  and  Potentilla  heptaphyUa  is  changed  to 
P.  opaca.  Further,  Dianihus  hyssopifolius  was  changed  in  '  Am. 
Acad.'  to  D.  superbus,  Oeranium  versicolor  became  G.  striatum, 
and  Hieramim  tomentosmn  was  renamed  ^ncZr^aZa  lanata.  Several 
names  also  occur  which  were  not  published  with  diagnosis  till 
later ;  such  are  Convolvulus  Dorycnium,  Silene  quadrijida,  Psidium 
Cujavus,  Myrtus  Leucadendra,  Dolichos  tetragonolohus  and  D. 
'prunens,  which  appeared  in  the  tenth  edition  of  the  '  Systema'  in 
1759,  the  last  four  being  mentioned  only  by  name  in  '  Herb. 
Amb.' 

There  remain  three  names  in  the  list  deserving  of  special 
attention  :  (1)  Sison  ammoides,  a  manuscript  and  unpublished  name 
for  Seseli  ammoides,  Sp.  PI.  ;  (2)  Lupinus  stoloniferus,  Cent.  I.,  was 
not  brought  forward  in  '  Am.  Acad.'  and  proves  to  be  L.  hirsutus, 
Sp.  PL  ;  and  (3)  Trifolium  retusum,  which  has  escaped  all  recog- 
nition in  later  works,  proves  to  be  that  species  described  in 
'  Demonstrationes  plantarum,'  p.  21,  in  a  footnote  as  "  Trifolium 
capitidis  fructus  imbricafis,  calycibus  reflexis  patulis  corolla  lonr/i- 
oribus.  Habitat  in  Hispania,  Loefl."  etc.  [These  seven  lines  as 
well  as  the  name  "  retusum,"  were  not  reprinted  in  '  Am.  Acad.' 
iii.  p.  419  (1756).]  This  is  the  "  Trifolium  retusum  album,  caly- 
cibus reflexis  patidis"  of  Loefling's  '  Iter  hispanicum,' Stockholm, 
1758,  p.  88.  A  reference  to  the  Linnean  Herbarium  shows  the 
specimen,  as  unfortunately  is  so  often  the  case,  without  any  note 
of  its  origin,  to  be  Trifolium  stnctum,  Linn.  !  the  word  '^retusum" 
being  written  by  Linne  at  the  base  of  the  specimen. 

In  concluding  these  remarks  on  the  volume  specified,  I  may 
perhaps  be  permitted  to  refer  to  the  Herbarium  itself.  It 
must  not  be  allowed  to  escape  our  minds  that  the  Linnean 
Herbarium  differs  in  many  respects  from  the  modern  idea  of  an 
herbarium.  Carl  von  Linne  in  a  multitude  of  cases  described  his 
species  from  the  books  of  his  predecessors,  and  his  dried  plants 
were  frequently  used  to  modify  the  diagnoses  of  the  previously 
described  species.  It  was  only  when  he  was  strictly  confined  to 
a  single  specimen  that  Linne  was  forced  to  keep  to  the  plant 
actually  under  his  eyes,  and  to  describe  it  as  would  now  be  done 
with  newly  found  plants. 

I  have  formerly  set  forth  the  method  by  which  the  Linnean 
Herbarium  came  into  being,  and  how  it  grew  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc. 


94 


PKOCEEDIIfGS    OP    THE 


1887-88,  pp.  18-22).  That  account  may  be  supplemented  by  the 
statement  that  the  Herbarium  appears  to  be  practically  as  it  was 
on  the  death  of  the  elder  Linne,  the  bulk  of  his  son's  accretions 
being  incorporated  in  the  herbarium  of  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  also  in 
the  possession  of  the  Linnean  Society.  The  collection  may  be 
said  to  consist  of  three  series  of  plants — («)  those  cited  in  the  two 
editions  of  the  '  Species  Plantarum ' ;  (b)  those  omitted  from  that 
work,  but  named  by  Linne  himself,  and  probably  acquired  at  a 
later  date  or  intentionally  set  aside,  amongst  these  being  the  plants 
of  the  '  Mantissse '  and  the  '  Supplementum  ' ;  and  (c)  various 
additions,  some  of  which  perhaps  never  came  under  the  scrutiny 
of  the  elder  Linne,  but  were  put  in  by  the  son.  The  plants  which 
Smith  gave  to  Banks,  81  in  number,  were  duplicates,  as  I  have 
satisfied  myself  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  1902-3,  p.  10). 

A  transcript  of  the  catalogue  of  the  genera  contained  in  the 
Linnean  Herbarium  is  appended ;  it  was  drawn  up  by  order  of  the 
Council  of  the  Linnean  Society,  21st  May,  1836,  and  consists  of, 
firstly,  an  enumeration  of  the  genera  in  the  Linnean  order  with 
a  running  number  prefixed,  and  followed  by  the  number  of  sheets 
under  each  genus  ;  and,  secondly,  an  alphabetic  arrangement,  with 
reference  to  the  running  numbers,  so  that  any  required  genus  can 
be  as  readily  found  as  a  page  in  a  book  by  its  index. 

A  comparison  of  this  list  of  genera  with  the  Linnean  manuscript 
catalogue  shows  a  few  discrepancies  ;  thus  Linne  enumerates  the 
following  which  will  not  be  found  in  the  appended  catalogue  : — 

Leucadendron  ;  inerged  in  Protea. 

Diodia  ;  wanting. 

Cupania  ;  wanting. 

Sciirrula  ;  merged  in  Loranihus. 

Barreria  ;  proves  to  be  A(/athosma  imbricata,  Willd.,  and 

the  type-sheet  is  in  the  Diosma  cover. 
Calamus ;  wanting. 
Bartramia  ;  merged  in  Trmmfetta. 
Daliharda  ;  is  Ruhus  Dalibarda.  » 

Sarracenia  ;  cover  empty. 
JVejifnthes  ;  wanting.     A  small  unmarked  sheet  in  Smith's 

herbarium  may  be  this. 

I  have  searched  Smith's  herbarium  under  each  of  these  missing 
genera,  but,  with  the  possible  exception  mentioned  under  Nepenthes, 
I  have  found  nothing  to  throw  any  light  on  the  omissions,  which 
cannot  have  occurred  since  the  collection  came  into  the  possession 
o£  the  Linnean  Society. 


LINJJEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


95 


[Recto  of  Leaf  45  of  the  MS.  Catalogue.] 


Lupinus        •!  perennis 

stoloniferus  Cent. 
■2  albus 
•3  varius 
•4  hirsutus 
'5  angustifolius 
•6  luteus 

RoMnia         -1  Pseudo  Acacia 
•2  grandi flora 
•3  Carjigana 
L  -4  frutex  * 
•6  pjgmaea 

Colutea         •!  arborescens 
L  '2  frutescens  * 
•3  herbacea 

Phaseolus     •!  vulgaris 

nanus  Cent. 
•2  coccineus 
3 lunatus 

4  inamoenus 

5  farinosus 

6  vexillatus 

7  helvulus 

8  alatus 

9  Caracalla 
•10  radiatus 
•11  Max 

Dolichos        "1  Lablab 

2  unguiculatus. 

3  ensiformis 

4  minimus 

•5  scarabaeoides 
•6  erosus 
•7  trilobus 

8  regularis 

9  lignosus 

10  polj'stachyos 

11  Soja 

12  biflorus 
tetragonolobus^«i6. 
pruriens  A7nb. 


Pisum 


Orobus 


Lathyrus 


1  sativum 

2  arvense 

•3  maritimum 
•4  Ochrus 

•1  Lathy  roides 
•2  hirsutus 
•3  luteus 
4  vernus 
•5  tuberosus 
•6  angustifolius 
•7  niger 

sylvaticus  Cent. 
8  pyrenaicus 

1  Aphaca 
•2  Nissolia 
•3  amphicarpos 

4  Cicera 

5  sativus 

6  inconspicuus 
•7  setifolius 

•8  angulatus 
•9  bithynicust 

•10  articulatus 

•11  odoratus 
annuus  Dem 

•12  hirsutus 

•13  tiniiitanus 

•14  Clymenum 

•15  tuberosus 
16  pratensis 

•17  sylvestris 

•18  latifolius 

•19  heterophyllus 

•20  palustris 

•21  pisiformis 


*  The  prefixed  letter  L  may  mean  LoeBing 

t  Afterwards  struck  out ;   =  Vicia  bithynica,  Linn.  Syst.  ed.  X.  (1759). 


96 


PKOCEIiDlNGS    OF    THE 


LIST 


OF  THE 


GENERA    IN    THE    LINNEAN    HERBARIUM. 


1.  Systematically  aeeanged  aftee  the  Linnean  System,  in 

1292  genera,  with  13753  sheets  of  specimens. 

2.  Alphabetically  aeeanged,  giving  the  running  numbers  of 

the  genera  as  index  numbers. 


I 

2 

3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

lO 

II 


12 

13 
14 
15 


i6 


MONANDEIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Sheets. 

Canna 5 

Eenealmia    1 

Amomum     6 

Costus 2 

Myrisma 1 

Maranta   3 

Curcuma 4 

Ksempferia   3 

Boerhavia     9 

Salicornia     13 

Hippuris 3 

DiGYNIA. 

Corispermum   3 

Callitriche     3 

Blitum 4 

Cinna    2 

DIANDEIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Nyctanthes 6 


17 
i8 

19 
20 
21 

22 

23 
24 

25 

26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 

Z3 
34 
35 
36 
37 
38 

39 

40 

41 


Sheets. 

Jasminum    7 

Lignstrum    2 

Phillyrea 6 

Olea 6 

Chionanthus     1 

Syringa     4 

Dialium    1 

Eranthemum    1 

Circaea 2 

Veronica 67 

Psederota 5 

Justicia    34 

Dianthera     4 

Gratiola 12 

Schwenkia    1 

Calceolaria   3 

Pinguicula    3 

Utricularia 9 

Verbena   20 

Lycopus   5 

Amethystea 1 

Cunila 8 

Zizyphora     4 

Monarda 7 

Rosmarinus 2 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


97 


Sheets 

Salvia   73 

Collinsonia 1 

Morina 1 

G-lobba 3 


DiGYNIA. 

Anthoxanthum    . 

Trigtnia. 
Piper    


2 
18 


TEIANDRTA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Valeriana 25 

Tamarindus 3 

Cneorum 1 

Melothria     2 

Rotala 1 

Ortegia     3 

Loeflingia     .    1 

Polycnemum    3 

Crocus 2 

Witsenia 1 

Ixia 39 

Grlacliolus      33 

Antholyza     10 

Iris   ..". 33 

Morsea 7 

Dilatris     3 

Wachendoriia  .....  1 

Commelina 20 

Callisia 2 

Xyris    2 

Scbcenus 17 

Kyllinga 12 

Cyperus    76 

Seirpus 85 

Eriophorum 4 

Nardus 9 

Pommereulla 2 

Lygeum    1 

DiGYNIA. 

Cnrnucopiae 4 

Saccharum    7 

Phalaris    14 

Paspalum 11 

Pauicum   73 


8i 
82 

83 

84 

85 
86 

87 
88 

89 
90 

91 
92 

93 
94 
95 
96 

97 
98 

99 
100 

lOI 

102 
103 
104 


105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
1 10 
III 
1 12 

113 
114 

115 


116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 


Sheets. 

Phleum     7 

Alopecurus 11 

Milium     8 

Agrostis    49 

Aira 23 

Melica 10 

Poa 78 

Briza    10 

Uuiola 7 

Dactylis    8 

Cynosurus    23 

Festuca     36 

Bromus     60 

Stipa     12 

Avena 35 

Lagurus    2 

Arundo     18 

Aristida    11 

Loliuin 11 

Elymus     15 

Eottboellia 11 

Secale   2 

Hordeum 9 

Triticum 20 

Teigynia. 

Eriocaulon    9 

Montia 2 

Proserpinaca    1 

Triplaris   1 

Holosteum   3 

Koenigia   1 

Polycarpon 2 

Mollugo    9 

Minuartia     16 

Queria 2 

Lechea 6 

TETEANDEIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Protea 40 

Globularia    5 

Cepbalantbus 2 

Dipsacus  4 

Scabiosa    44 

Knautia    6 

Allionia    1 

Hedvotis  .........  13 


LINN.  SOC.  PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1906-1907. 


PROCEEDnfGS    OF   THE 


124 

26 
[27 
128 

29 
[30 

[32 

^33 
'34 

'35 
.36 

'37 
'38 

39 
[40 
[41 
[42 

f43 

[44 

'45 
[46 

'47 
[48 

'49 
'5° 
'51 
'52 
'53 
54 
:55 
56 
57 
58 

'59 
[60 
[61 
[62 
'63 
[64 

'65 
[66 


167 
168 
169 
170 


Sheets. 

Scabrita    2 

Spermacoce 13 

Sherardia 3 

Asperula 15 

Houstonia    4 

Galium     50 

CrucianeUa 5 

Rubia    7 

Ixora     3 

Pavetta     3 

Petesia 2 

Mitcbella 1 

Callicarpa 4 

Samara 2 

Sirium 2 

Polvpremum     1 

Penaea 10 

Blaeria 5 

Buddleia 4 

Exacum    4 

Plantago 32 

Scoparia    3 

Rhacoma 1 

Centunculus     1 

Sanguisorba 3 

Cissus   7 

Epimedium 1 

Cornus 13 

Fagara 2 

Ptelea 2 

Ludwigia 3 

Oldenlandia 6 

Ammanuia   5 

Isnardia    3 

Trapa    2 

Cometes    1 

Elaeagnus 4 

Santalum 1 

Hti'uthiola     6 

Rivina 3 

Salvadora 2 

Camphorosma 6 

Alchemilla    5 

DiGYNIA. 

Aphanes   3 

Bufonia     2 

Hamamelis 2 

Cuscuta    10 


171 

172 


173 
174 

175 
176 
177 
178 


179 
180 
181 

182 

183 
184 

185 
186 

187 
188 
189 
190 
191 
192 

193 

194 

195 
196 
197 
198 
199 
200 


203 
204 
205 
206 
207 
208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
213 


Sheets. 

Hypecoum   5 

Gomozia   1 

Tetragitnia. 

Ilex 3 

Coldenia   2 

Potamogetoii    16 

Ruppia 2 

Sagina 5 

Till^a   6 

PENTANDRIA. 

MONOGTNIA, 

Heliotropium   14 

Myosotis 12 

Lithospermum     ....  13 

Anchusa   8 

C^'noglossum     11 

Pulmonaria 10 

Symphytum 4 

Cerinthe    2 

Onosma    7 

Borago 6 

Asperugo 2 

Lycopsis 6 

Echium     24 

Messerschmidia    ....  1 

Tournefortia    7 

Nolana 1 

Diapensia 1 

Aretia 4 

Androsace    12 

Primula     17 

Cortusa     5 

Soldanella     1 

Dodecatheon    1 

Cyclameo 2 

Menvauthes     5 

Hottonia 3 

Hydrophjllum     ....  4 

El'lisia  .  ." 2 

Lysimachia 13 

Anagallis 8 

Retzia 2 

Spigelia     3 

Ophiorhiza   5 

Virecta 2 

Lisianthus    3 


LINNEAN    SOCIETi'    OP    LONDON. 


99 


Sheets 

Eaudia 1 

Azalea 7 

Plumbago     3 

Phlox    13 

Couvolvulus 71 

Ipomoea    16 

Polemonium     6 

Campanula 83 

Eoella 2 

Phyteuma     2 

Trachelium 3 

Samolus    2 

Xauclea    2 

Macroeuemum     ....  1 

Portlandia    1 

Scsevola     1 

Cinchona 2 

Psychotria    7 

Coffea 1 

Chiococca .  6 

Hamellia 1 

Lonicera 16 

Morinda   3 

Conocarpus 3 

Kuhnia     2 

Mussaenda    3 

Mirabilis 3 

Coris     2 

V^erbascum   12 

Datura 5 

Hyoscyamus     9 

Nicotiana .  .  5 

Atropa 7 

Physahs    17 

Solanum   65 

Capsicum 7 

Strychnos     1 

Ipinatia 2 

Chironia   14 

Cordia 9 

Ehretia 2 

Varronia 3 

Laugeria 1 

Brunfelsia     1 

Cestrura    7 

Lycium     13 

Chi-ysophyllum     ....  1 

Sideroxylon 10 

llhamnus 45 


263 

264 
265 
266 
267 
268 
269 
270 
271 
272 

273 
274 

275 
276 
277 
278 
279 
280 
281 
282 
283 
284 
285 
286 
287 
288 
289 
290 
291 
292 

293 

294 

295 
296 

297 

298 

299 
300 

301 

302 

3°3 
304 
305 


306 

307 
308 

309 


Sheets. 

Phylica 16 

Ceanothus    8 

.t\rduina    2 

Biittneria 2 

Myrsine    1 

Celastrus 8 

Euonymus    8 

Diosma     39 

Brunia 18 

Cyrilla 2 

Itea 3 

Cedrela     2 

Escallouia     1 

Mangifera    5 

Plectronia .  2 

Eibes    9 

Aquilicia 3 

Kedera     3 

Vitis 11 

Lagcecia    1 

Sauvagesia    2 

Roridula 2 

Clay  tonia 4 

Heliconia 5 

Achyranthes     12 

Celosia 12 

Chenolea 3 

Illecebrum    30 

Glaux 1 

Tbesium    20 

Eauvolfia 4 

Paederia    3 

Carissa 3 

Cerbera    4 

Gardenia 12 

AUamanda      2 

Vinca    5 

Nerium     3 

Plumeria 2 

Echites      13 

Cameraria     1 

Tabernaemontana     .  .  4 

Ceropegia     4 

DiGYNIA. 

Pergularia    3 

Periploca ,  11 

Cynanchum 14 

-Apocynum     9 

A  2 


PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


310 
312 

314 
315 

316 

317 

318 

319 
320 
321 
322 
323 
324 
325 
326 

327 
328 

329 
330 

33^ 
332 
333 

334 
335 
33^ 
337 
33^ 
339 
340 
341 
342 
343 
344 
345 
346 
347 
348 
349 
350 
351 
352 
353 
354 
355 
356 
357 
358 


Sheets. 

Asclepias 52 

Stapelia    2 

Herniaria (i 

Chenopodium 30 

Beta 3 

Salsola 51 

Anabasis 7 

Cressa  2 

Steris    1 

Gomphrena 3 

Bosea    1 

Ulmus 7 

Nama   3 

Linconia 2 

Schrebera 1 

Heuchera 1 

Velezia 2 

Swertia     6 

Gentiana '18 

Vablia 3 

Phyllis 1 

Eryngium     12 

Hydrocotyle     20 

Sanicula   2 

Astrantia      4 

Bupleurum 33 

Echinopbora     2 

Tordylium    7 

Caucalis    17 

Artedia     2 

Daucus     14 

Amrai 5 

Bunium    2 

Conium     7 

Selinum    28 

Athamanta 13 

Peucedanum     10 

Grithmum     4 

Hasselquistia    4 

Cachrys    11 

Ferula 7 

Laserpitium     3  5 

Heracleum   15 

Ligusticura 9 

Angelica 9 

Slum     11 

Sison    11 

Bubon 3 

Cuminum     1 


359 
360 

361 
362 
363 
364 
365 
366 

367 
368 

369 
370 
371 
372 
373 
374 
375 
376 


377 
378 

379 
380 
381 
382 
383 
384 
385 
386 

387 
388 

389 
390 
391 


392 
393 


394 
395 
396 
397 
398 

399 
400 
401 


Sheets. 

(Enanthe 7 

Phellandrium   3 

Cicuta  .  .  ., 4 

^thusa    7 

Coriandrum 2 

Scandix    10 

Chaerophyllum     ....  14 

Imperatoria 1 

Seseli    36 

Thapsia    5 

Pastinaea      3 

Smyrnium    8 

Anethum 7 

Carum 2 

Pimpinella    16 

Apiiim 3 

TEgopodium 1 

Cussonia 1 

Teigtnia. 

Semecarpus 1 

Ehus     29 

Viburnum     12 

Cassine     9 

Sambucus 5 

Staphylea     2 

Tamarix   4 

Turnera    7 

Telephium    1 

Corrigiola     1 

Pharnaceum     9 

Alsine 5 

Drypis 1 

Basella      1 

Sarothra   1 

Teteagynia. 

Parnassia 1 

Evolvulus     7 

Pextagynia. 

Aralia 7 

Statice 37 

Linum 41 

Aldrovanda 1 

Drosera    7 

Gisekia     2 

Crassula   45 

Sibbaldia 4 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


lOl 


402 


404 


POLTGTNIA. 


Myosurus 


Sheets. 
.      1 


HEXANDRIA. 

MONOGTNIA. 

Tillaudsia     7 

Burmannia 2 

Lachenalia   2 

406  iTradescantia    8 

407  Poutederia   6 

408  H^emanthus      3 

409  I  Galanthus     3 

410  Leucojum     3 

411  iTalbaghia     -i 

412  j  Xarcissus 1-1 

413  j  Pancratium 5 

414  Massonia 2 

415  Criuum .  7 

416 1  Amaryllis     9 

417  j  Biilbocodium    1 

418J  Aphyllanthes 2 

419  Allium 42 

42o|lAliuin 9 

421 
422 

423 
424 

425 
426 

427 
42S 
429 
430 
431 
432 
433 
434 
435 
436 
437 
43^ 

439 

440 

441 
442 

443 
444 


Fritillaria     3 

Uvularia 4 

Gloriosa 2 

Erythronium    2 

Tulipa 4 

Albuca 4 

Hypoxis 19 

Ornithogalum 22 

Scilla    15 

Cyanella   5 

Asphodelus 6 

Anthericum 27 

Leoutiee 5 

Asparagus     19 

Dracaena 5 

Convallaria 8 

Polianthes     1 

Hyacinthus 17 

Phorraiura    3 

Aletris 5 

Yucca   2 

Aloe 2 

Agave   2 

Alstroemeria     2 


445 
446 

447 
448 
449 

450 
451 
452 
453 
454 
455 
456 
457 
458 
459 


460 
461 


Sheets. 

Gethyllis 1 

Hemerocallis    2 

Acorus 1 

Orontium     1 

Juncus 60 

Achras 2 

Richardia 1 

Prinos 5 

Berberis    7 

Capura 1 

Loranthus     7 

Canarina 1 

Frankenia    9 

Peplis    3 

Gahnia 2 


DiGYNIA. 


Oryza   . 

Falckia . 


462  Atraphaxis   3 

Trigynia. 

463  Flagellaria    1 

464 1  Eumex 47 

465  :  Scheuchzeria    2 

466  j  Triglocbin    3 

Melantbium     17 

Medeola   3 


467 
468 

469  i  Trillium    3 

470 

471 


472 


Colcbicum    2 

Helonias 2 

Tetragynia, 

Petiveria 2 


Polyqynia. 
473  Alisma 9 

HEPTANDEIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 


474 

475 
476 


Trientalis . 
Disandra  . 
tEscuIus   . 


DiGYNIA. 


477  JLimeum    2 


PBOCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


478 
479 


480 


482 
483 

484 

485 
486 

487 
488 

489 

490 
491 
492 

493 
494 

495 
496 

497 
498 

499 
500 

501 

502 

503 
504 
505 


506 

507 
508 

509 


510 

511 
512 
513 
514 


Tetbagtnia. 

Sheets. 

Saururus  1 

ApoDOgeton 3 

Heptagtnia. 

Septas  3 

OCTANDEIA. 

MONOGTNIA. 

Tropaeoluin 8 

Osbeckia 1 

Ehexia 8 

(Enothera     10 

Gaura   1 

Epilobium    11 

Antichonis    1 

Melicocca 1 

Gruarea 1 

Amyris 2 

Ximenia   1 

Mimusops     2 

Memecvlon 1 

Chlora' 3 

DodoQsea 6 

Lawsonia 2 

Vaccinium    22 

Erica     125 

Ophira 4 

Daphne     18 

Dirca     1 

Gnidia 17 

Stellera     1 

Passerina 16 

Baeckea    1 

DiGYNIA. 

Schmidelia    1 

Galenia     3 

Weinmannia    2 

Moehringia   1 

Trigynia. 

Polygonum   45 

Coccoloba 3 

Paulliuia 11 

Cardiospermum    ....  3 

Sapindus 6 


515 
516 

517 


518 
519 


520 
521 


522 
523 
524 

525 
526 

527 
528 

529 
530 
531 
532 
533 
534 
535 
536 
537 
538 
539 
540 
541 
542 
543 
544 
545 
546 
547 
548 
549 


Texeagynia. 

Sheets. 

Paris     1 

Adoxa   1 

Elatine 3 

ENNEANDEIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Laurus 25 

Cassyta     3 

Teigynia. 

Kheum 5 

Hexagynia. 

Butomus 1 

DECANDEIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Sophora    22 

Anagyris 2 

Cercis    2 

Bauhinia 6 

Hymenaea     1 

Parkinsonia 2 

Cassia   41 

Poinciana 5 

Csesalpinia    2 

Guilandina 7 

Guaiacum     4 

Cynometra   1 

Anacardium 2 

Codon  (drawing). 

Dictamnus    2 

Euta 5 

Hsematoxylon 2 

MuiTsea    2 

I  Adenanthera    2 

j  Trichilia    1 

Swietenia 2 

Melia    3 

Zygophylluui    7 

Quassia     4 

Fagonia    1 

Tribulus    5 

Bergera     2 

Turraea 1 


LINNEAN   SOCIETr   OF   LONDON, 


Sheets. 

Limonia    6 

Monotropa   3 

Jussia3a     5 

Quisqualis    2 

Dais 2 

Diouaea     1 

Bucida 1 

Copaifera 2 

Samyda     2 

Melastoma    16 

Kalmia 2 

Ledum 2 

Rhododendron     ....  6 

Andromeda 23 

Epigaea 1 

Gaultheria   1 

Arbutus    7 

Clethra     1 

Pyrola 9 

Styrax 3 

DiGYNIA. 

Eoyena     9 

Cunonia    2 

Trianthema 4 

Hydrangea 2 

Chrysosplenium  ....  2 

Saxifraga      64 

Tiarella     2 

Mitella 2 

Scleranthus 3 

Gypsophila 26 

Saponaria     10 

Dianthus 28 

Teigynia. 

Cucubalus    24 

Silene 76 

Stellaria    17 

Arenaria 72 

Cherleria 3 

Garidella 1 

Malpighia       18 

Banifiteria    6 

IViopteris     1 

Erythroxylon 2 

Pentagtnia. 

Averrhoa 4 


593 
594 
595 
596 
597 
598 

599 
600 
601 
602 
603 
604 
605 


606 
607 


608 
609 
610 
611 
612 
613 
614 

615 
616 

617 
618 
619 
620 
621 
622 
623 
624 
625 
626 


627 
628 


629 
630 


Sheets. 

Spondias 1 

Cotyledon     8 

Sediim 11 

Penthorum 1 

Bergia 2 

Suriana     3 

Grrielum 2 

Oxalis 44 

Agrostemma     3 

Lychnis    16 

Cerastium     33 

Spergula 6 

Forskohlea   3 

Decagynia. 

JS'eurada 1 

Phytolacca   5 

DODECANDRIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Asarum    2 

Boccouia 2 

Bassia 1 

Ehizophora 3 

Blakea 2 

Befaria     2 

Vatica 2 

Gai'cinia   2 

Halesia     3 

Decumaria    2 

Winterania 1 

Cratseva    4 

Triumfetta   3 

Peganum 2 

Hudsonia 1 

Dodecas    1 

Nitraria    2 

Portulaca 6 

Lythrum 20 

DiGYNIA. 

Heliocarpus 1 

Agrimonia 5 

Teigynia. 

Reseda 29 

Euphorbia    98 


I04 


PEOCEEDLJfGS  OF  TTTR 


631 
632 


634 

636 

637 
638 

639 
640 
641 
642 


643 


644 

645 


646 
647 
648 
649 
650 
651 


652 

653 

6\6\ 

657 

658, 

660 1 


Testxbynix. 

Sheets. 
Glinus 1 

DODBCAGT^^A. 

Semperviram 3 


lOOSA^TDEIA. 

MoNoeiarLA. 

Cactus 7 

Philadelphus     1 

Psidimn    8 

Eugenia    5 

Myrms     23 

Punica      2 

AiDTgdalas   7 

Prunus 26 

CkrysobaJanus 3 

Plinia    2 

DlGT2rtA. 

Crataegus 20 

TiaGT5XA. 

Sorbus 6 

SesuTium 1 

Testjlgtstl. 

MespaJus 25 

Pyrus    9 

Tetragonia    4 

Mesembryanthemum .  17 

Aizoon      6 

8pir»a 25 

PoiTGT3fIA. 

Bosa     47 

Enbos 24 

Fragaria 22 

Potentilla     47 

Tormentilla 2 

Geum  ...    7 

Dryas  3 

Comarum 1 

CalycanthuB  2 


661 
662 
663 
664 
665 
666 
667 
668 
669 
670 
671 
672 
672= 

673 
674 

675 
676 
677 
678 
679 
6S0 
681 
682 
683 
68jl 

68:^ 

686 
687 
688 
689 
690 
691 


'     POLTAXDEIA. 

MaJfCMSTlTLA., 

1  Sheets. 

Marcgravia 1 

Temstroemia    2 

Alstonia    2 

Capparis 10 

Actiea 3 

."^anguinaria 2 

Podophyllum    2 

Cheiidonium     7 

Papaver    10 

Argemone    1 

Ca  m  bogia  (in  Asclep. ).  1 

Muntingia    2 

Sarrac^enia  (empty). 

Xymphaea     8 

Bixa      1 

Mammsea      3 

Calophyllum     3 

Sparmannia      3 

Yallea 1 

Tilia 3 

Lsetia    1 

Eljeocarpus  .    2 

Lecythis    1 

Delima 2 

Lagerstroemia 2 

...  4 

...  1 
1 

...  1 

...  78 

...  1 


Thea     

Caryophyllus 
Mentzelia     . 

Loasa    

Cistas 

Prockia     . . . 


Corchorus     10 


DiGrSTA. 

692  Paeonia 4 

693  ^  Pothergilla 3 

TsiGTSXi. 

694  Delphinium 13 

695  Aconitum     9 


Tetbagthia. 

696  "Wintera   

697  Tetracera 

698  Cimicifuga    


mrsxAsr  societi  of  LoyDOx. 


105 


699 
700 
701 
702 


703 


704 

705 
706 
707 
708 
709 
710 
711 
712 
713 
714 

715 
716 

717 
718 
719 
720 


721 
722 

723 
724 

725 
726 
727 
728 
729 
730 
731 
732 
too 
734 
735 
736 
737 


PESTAGrSlA. 

Sheets. 

AqaOegia ...    5 

Nigelk 8 

Beaamutia 1 

Bnthys    1 

HKXAGrSTA. 

Stratiotes 2 


POLrTGT^SIA. 


Uliciiuii    1 

liriodendron   1 

Magnolia 4 

MirlM^liai   5 

Anona 13 

Unona ....    2 

Anemone      35 

AtragenB 7 

dematis 17 

Thalictrom 31 

Adonis      9 

Bannncahis 78 

TroUius    2 

Isop jnun     1 

HeUeborus 8 

Gdtlia 2 

2 


DIDTXAMIA. 

I  Ajoga   .  12 

Taicriam 43 

ISatnreja   13 

Thyrabia 2 

Hjssopus .......    .  4 

^epeta 31 

Larandula    8 

Hediosma  [g.  ined.]. .  3 

Sideritis 22 

Mentha    25 

Perilla 3 

Gledioma     1 

Lamiom   12 

GaLeopsis 5 

Betonica 7 

Stadiys    32 

Ballota 8 


73S 

739 
740 
741 
742 
743 
744 
745 
746 

747 


749 
750 

751:1 

752  !i 

753  I 

754] 
7551 


Mannbiiim 15 

Leonoras 8 

Phiomis    22 

Molaooella .  5 

Clinopodimn    4 

Origaiuim    16 

Tfa  jmus    . .  23 

Melissa    9 

Draooeephalum    ....  20 

Sorminom 2 

Melittis    1 

Ocjmiim 20 

Tnchostema     3 

ScoteUaria   18 

PmneDa 6 

Ckonia     2 

Prasinm   5 

Phijma    3 

I  AireiofiPiauiUL. 

756|Bartsia 4 

757  jCastilleja 2 

758  { Bhifumtfins 12 

759 !  Eaphiasia    7 

760  MehmpjTum   6 

761  Lathnea 3 

762  ToKzia 2 

763  Pedicolaris 33 

764  Gerardia 9 

765  Cliel«ie    3 

766  Gesneria 3 

767  Ajntirriiiniim    76 

768  Cymbaiia 1 

769  Maiijnia 3 

770  Torenia    5 

771  iBeaJexit    3 

772  I  BCemimeris 6 

773  Scrophulana  20 
774>Gelsia -    -  6 

775  Digitalis 10 

776  Bignonia 12 

777  [  Otharexjlon    6 

778|HaDeEui   1 

779  i  C^«9oeiitia   2 

780  Gmeliaa 3 

781  i  Petrea      I 

Premna    6 

TiMitana 10 

Ooniiitia 2 


782 

783 
784 


k 


io6 


PEOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


Sheets. 

785  Capraria   6 

786  Selago 17 

787  Manulea 17 

788  Hebenstretia    10 

789  Erinus 5 

790  Buchnera 16 

791  Browallia 3 

792  Linnsea     2 

793  Sibthorpia 6 

794  Limoseila 3 

795  Vaudellia 3 

796  Lindernia      3 

797  Sternodia 3 

798  Orobauche    12 

799  Hyobanche 4 

800  I  Dodartia 3 

801  ILippia 3 

802  iSesamum 4 

803  Mimulus 1 

804  i  Euellia 27 

805  Barleria    14 

806  DLuanta    3 

807  Ovieda 2 

808 1  MilliDgtonia     2 

809 1  Volkameria 6 

810  Clerodendrum 9 

8ii(Vitex    9 

812  Bontia 1 

813  Avicenniii     3 

814  Columnea     1 

8i5iThuubergia 2 

816  ,  Acanthus 13 

817  iPedalium 2 

SiSjMeiianthus 4 

TETEADTNAMIA. 

SiLICULOSA. 

819  Myagrum 19 

820  Vella     3 

821 !  Anastatica    3 

822  'Subularia      2 

823lDraba   14 

824iLepidium 28 

825!Thlaspi     16 

826  Cochlearia    8 

827  llberis    15 

828  i  Alyssum 30 

829  Peltaria    4 


I  Sheets. 

830  IClypeola 5 

8;;  1 1  Biscutella     8 

Lunaria    2 


832 


833 
834 

835 
836 

837 
838 

839 
840 

841 
842 

843 
844 
845 
846 

847 
848 

849 
850 


851 


851^ 
852 

853 
854 
855 


856 

857 
858 

859 


860 
861 


862 

863 


SiLIQUOSA. 

Eicotia      6 

Dentaria 4 

Cardamine    18 

Sisymbrium      64 

Eiysimum     10 

Chamira    1 

Cheiranthus 33 

Heliophila    12 

Hesperis 6 

Arabis ]5 

Turritis     4 

Brassica    23 

Sinapis , 21 

Raphanus     7 

Bunias 16 

Isatis    2 

Crambe     5 

Cleome 24 


MONADELPHIA. 
Teiandria. 

Gralaxia     6 

Pentandbia. 

Lerehea    2 

Waltheria     4 

Symphonia 1 

Hermannia     23 

Melochia 8 

Decandeia. 

Connarus 1 

Hugonia   2 

Geranium      101 

Brownea 5 

DODECANDEIA. 

Pentapetes    1 

Plagianthus 1 

POLYANDEIA. 

Adansonia    1 

Gustavia 4 


LIXNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


107 


864 
865 

866 

867 

868 

869 

870 

871, 

872, 

873  I 
874 

875 
876 

877 
878 

879 


880 
881 


882 
883 


885 
886 
887 
888 
8S9 
890 
891 
892 

893 
894 

895 
896 

897 
898 
899 
900 
901 
902 
903 


Slieets. 

Barringtonia    1 

Carolinea      1 

Sida 39 

Malachra 1 

Althaea 4 

Alcea    3 

Malva 34 

Lavatera 11 

Malope     1 

Urena 10 

Gossypium   7 

Hibiscus 42 

Stewartia 4 

Gordonia 2 

Camellia 1 

Mesua 1 


DIADELPHIA. 

Hexandria. 

Saraca  1 

Fumaria   15 

OCTANDRIA. 

Polygala   50 

Securidaca    4 

Decandeia. 

Nissolia    4 

Abrus   1 

Dalbergia 4 

Pterocarpus      7 

Erythrina     6 

Piscidia     1 

Borbonia 2 

Spartiuui    17 

Genista    30 

Aspalathus   57 

Amorpha 2 

Crotalaria     42 

Ononis      38 

Anthyllis 18 

Lupinus    8 

Phaseolus     13 

Dolichos 22 

Glycine    26 

Clitoria     6 

Pisum   3 


!  Sheets. 

904  Orobus 10 

905  Lathyrus 28 

906  Vicia     37 

907  Ervum 8 

908  Cicer     2 

909  Arachis     1 

910  Liparia 12 

911  Muellera 1 

912  Cytisus 26 

913  Robinia    9 

914  Colutea     9 

9 1 5  Ulex     3 

916  Glycyrrhiza 5 

917  Coronilla 16 

918  Ornithopus  ........      6 

919  Hippocrepis      5 

920  8corpiurus    4 

921  Hedysarum 79 

922  ^schynomene    18 

923  ludigofera    27 

924  Galega 12 

925  Pbaca    20 

926  Astragalus    88 

927  Biserrula      1 

928  Psoralea    27 

929  Ebenus     2 

930;Trifoliuni      69 

931  Lotus    36 

932  Trigonella     19 

933  Medicago     27 


POLYADELPHIA. 

Decandeia. 
Theobroma 4 

DODECANDEIA, 

Abroraa    2 


934 


935 
936 


Monsonia     5 

!  ICOSANDEIA. 

937  i  Citrus 6 

POLTANDEIA. 

938  Glabraria      1 

939  Muenchhausia     ....  3 

940  Durio    1 

941  Melaleuca     6 


io8 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


942 

943 
944 


945 
946 

947 
948 

949 
950 
951 
952 
953 
954 
955 
956 
957 
958 

959 
960 
961 
962 

963 

964 

965 
966 
967 
968 
969 
970 
971 
972 
973 
974 

975 
976 

977 
978 

979 
980 
981 
982 
983 
984 
985 
986 


Sheets. 

Hopea 3 

Hypericum 51 

Ascyrum 3 

SY^S'GENESIA. 

Aeqtjams. 

Geropogon    3 

Tragopogou 10 

Scorzonera    14 

Picris    5 

Sonchus    19 

Lactuca     10 

Choudrilla 7 

Pi-euaathes 9 

Leontodon    18 

Hieracium    64 

Crepis 28 

Andryala 10 

Hyoseris 13 

Seriola 1 

Hypochaeris      6 

Lapsana    4 

Catananche  .  .    3 

Cichorium     4 

Scolymus      5 

Arctiam    3 

Serratida 21 

Carduus    50 

Cnicus 7 

Onopordum      2 

Cynara      2 

Cai'lina 11 

Atractylis     10 

Barnadesia 1 

Carthamus    8 

Spilautlius    7 

Bidens      15 

Cacalia 26 

Ethulia     5 

Eupatorium      34 

Ageratum     3 

Pteronia   20 

Staehelina     6 

Chrysocoma     18 

Tarchouanthus     ....  5 

Galea    4 

Sautolina      6 

Athanasia     24 


987 
988 
989 
990 
991 
992 

993 
994 

995 
996 

997 
998 

999 
000 
001 
002 
003 
004 
005 
006 
007 
008 
009 
010 
on 
012 
013 
014 

015 
016 
017 
018 
019 
020 
021 
022 
023 


1024 
1025 
1026 
1027 
1028 
1029 
10^0 


Sttpeeflita. 

Sheets. 

Tanacetuin    11 

Artemisia     61 

Gnaphalium     114 

Xeranthemum      ....  25 

Carpesiura    2 

Baccharis      10 

Conyza     38 

Erigerou 30 

Tussilago 33 

Senecio     85 

Aster    82 

Solidago    22 

Inula    46 

Cineraria 42 

Arnica 9 

Doronicuui   7 

Perdicium     6 

Mutisia     1 

Helenium     2 

Bellis    5 

Bellium     2 

Leysera     6 

Tagetes     3 

Uuxia   1 

Pectis    2 

Chrysanthemum  ....  28 

Matricaria    .  .  .  .  :    .  .  9 

Cotula 33 

Auacyclus    3 

Anthemis 32 

Achillea    29 

Sigesbeckia 2 

Zinnia 2 

Eelipta      7 

Verbesina     13 

Buphthalmum      ....  10 

Amellus    3 


ERrSTRAKEA. 

Helianthus   17 

Rudbeckia    9 

Coreopsis      14 

Gorteria   13 

Zoegea 2 

Osmites    7 

Centaurea     83 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


109 


I  Necessaeia. 

Sheets, 

1031  JMilleria    5 

1032  jSilphium 9 

1035 1  Polymnia      5 

io34!Melampodium      ....  1 

1035 1  Calendula     9 

io36!Arctotis    30 

1037  j  Osteospermum     ....  20 

1038 !  Othonna 28 

io39jHippia      7 

1040  Eriocephalus     4 

1041  Pilago  ...    9 

1042  Micropus      3 


1043 
1044 

1045 
1046 


Segeegata. 

Elephantopus 4 

Sphaeranthus    4 

Echinops 6 

Jungia 1 


1047  ICEdera 3 


1048 


Stoebe 11 


MONOGAMIA. 

1049  .  Seriphium     8 

1050 '  Jasione     1 

105 1  Lobelia 54 

1052  Viola     25 

1053  Impatiens     9 


1054 

1055 
1056 

1057 
1058 

1059 
1060 
1061 
1062 
1063 


1064 
1065 
1066 
1067 


GTNANDEIA. 

DiANDEIA. 

Orchis 52 

Satyrium 10 

Ophrys      40 

Serapias    9 

Limodorum 2 

Arethusa 4 

Disa      2 

Cypripedium    4 

Epidendrum     25 

Gunnera 2 


Teiandeia. 

Sisyrincbium    .  .  .  . 

Ferraria    

Salacia 

Stilago 


1068 
1069 
1070 


1071 
1072 


1073 
1074 


1075 


1076 
I  1077 
i  1078 
1079 
1080 
1081 
1082 
1083 


1084 
1085 
1086 
1087 
1088 
1089 
1090 
1091 


1092 
1093 


1094 

1095 
1096 

1097 

1098 


Pentandeia. 

Sheets. 

Gluta    1 

Ayenia 2 

Passiflora 27 

Hexandeia. 

Aristolochia     14 

Pistia    2 


Decaxdeia. 

Kleinbovia   

Helicteres    

DODECANDEIA. 

Cytinus .  .  .  . 


POLYANDEIA, 

Grewia 8 

Xylopia    1 

Ambrosinia 1 

Arum    19 

Dracontium 3 

Calla     2 

Potbos 2 

Zostera     4 


MONCECIA. 


MONANDEIA. 


Cynomorium 
Zannichellia 
Ceratocarpus 
Artocarpus  .  . 

Chara 

Phyllachne  .  , 
Casuarina     . 
-Slgopricum .  . 


DiANDEIA. 


Anguria 
Lemna.  . 


Teiandeia. 


Typha..... 
Sparganium , 

Zea 

Tripsacum    . 
Coix     


PROCEEDINCiS    OF    THE 


1099 
1 1 00 
I  lOI 
I  102 
IIO3 
I  104 
IIO5 

I  106 

I  107 
II08 
IIO9 

1  no 
nil 
1112 


1113 
1114 
1115 
1116 
1 117 
1118 


1119 
1120 


Sheets 

Olyra    i 

Carex   98 

Axj'ris 6 

Omphalea     1 

Tragia S 

Heruandia 4 

Phyllauthus 14 

Tetbandria. 

Serpicula 2 

Littorella     2 

Cicca    2 

Betula 15 

Buxus 1 

Urtica  .  . 27 

Morus 10 

Pentandria. 

Xanthium     4 

Ambrosia 4 

Parthenium 2 

Iva    3 

Amaranthus     36 

Leea     9 


1122 
1123 
1 1 24 
1125 
1126 
1127 
1128 
1129 
1130 
1131 
1132 
^^33 
1134 


1135 
1136 


Hexandria. 

Zizania 

Pharus 

Heptandria. 
Guettarda    


POLTANDRIA. 

Ceratophyllum     .  .  . 

Myriophyllum 

Sagittaria     

Begonia    

Theligonum 

Poterium 

Quercus   

Juglans    

Fagus  

Carpinus  

Corylus     

Plutanus 

Liquidambar    


MONADBLPHIA. 


Pinus 
Thuja 


3 
4 

It 
/ 

3 
1 
3 
35 
5 
4 
4 
4 
6 
3 


23 
3 


"37 
1138 

1139 
1 1 40 
1141 

1 1 42 

1 143 
1144 

ti45 
1 1 46 

1147 

1148 


1149 
1 1 50 

1152 

1153 
1154 


1155 


1156 


IIS7 
1158 

1159 


1160 
1161 
1162 
1163 
1 1 64 


1165 
1166 
1167 
1168 
1169 


Sheets. 

Cupressus       4 

Dalecharapia    4 

Acalypha 7 

Croton . .  .' 25 

Jatropha 16 

Ricinus    2 

Sterculia 1 

Hura    2 

Agyneja 7 

Hippomanes    4 

Srilliugia 1 

Grnetum    2 

Stngenesia, 

Trichosauthes 1 

Momordica 13 

Cucurbita     5 

Cucumis 14 

Bryonia    17 

Sicyos 3 

Gtnanbria. 

Andrachne 3 


DIffiCIA. 

MojsrAJ>rjDRiA. 
Najas   


DiANDRIA. 

Vallisneria   2 

Salix     125 

Cecropia 3 

Triandria, 

Empetrum    2 

Osyris 4 

Excoecaria    2 

Caturus    1 

Kestio 25 

Tetrawdria. 

Tropins     1 

Viscum     13 

Motitinia 2 

Hippophae   3 

Myrica ,  . .  13 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


Ill 


Pentandeia. 

Sheets. 

iiyolPistacia    12 

1 1 7 1  Zanthoxylum   6 

1 1 72  I  Canariuin     1 

Antidesma   "2 

Spinacia    2 

Iresine 1 

Acnida 2 

Cannabis 2 

Humulus 3 

Zanonia    1 

Fevillea    1 


1173 
1174 

1175 
1176 
1177 

1178 
1179 
1180 


1181 
1182 
118:: 


Hbxandeia. 

Tamus 3 

Smilax 20 

Rajania       1 

1 1 84  Dioscorea     9 


Octandbia. 


1185 
1186 
1187 


1188 
1189 


1 190 
1191 
1192 
1193 


1194 

1195 
1196 


1197 


Populus  .  .  . 
Ehodiola  .  .  . 
Margaritaria 


Enneandria. 


Mercui'ialis  . 
Hydrocbaris 


Decandeia. 

Carica 

Kiggelaria    

Coriaria    

Schinus     


II 

1199 


Dodecandeia. 

Euclea 3 

Menispermum 4 

Datisca     5 

POLYANDEIA. 

Cliffortia 7 


MONADBLPHIA. 

Juniperus     11 

Taxus    4 

1200 1  Ephedra 5 

1 201  Adelia 4 

1202 1  Cissampelos 3 


1203 

1204 

1205 
1206 


1207 

1208 

1209 

1210 

1211 

1212 

1213 

1214 

12x5 

1216 

1217 

1218 

1219 

1220 

1221 

1222 

1223 

1224 

1225 

1226 

1227 

1228 


Sheets. 

Napsea 2 

Myristica 1 

Syngenesia. 
E-uscus 6 

Gynandeia. 
Clutia 15 

POLYGAMIA. 

MONCECIA. 

Musa    2 

Opbioxylon 2 

Celtis    5 

Veratrum     .....  3 

Andropogon    32 

Holcus 16 

Apluda     6 

Iscbsemum    8 

Manisuris     2 

Spinifex    5 

Cenchrus 14 

.^gilops    12 

Valantia   13 

Parietaria     9 

Atriplex   35 

Terminalia    2 

Brabejiim     2 

Clusia 5 

Acer 19 

Gouania   2 

Hermas    3 

Mimosa    117 


1229 

1230 

1231 

1232 

1233 

1234 

1235 
1236 

1237 
1238 


1239 

1240 


Dkecia. 

Gleditsia 7 

Fraxinus 4 

Diospyros     8 

Nyssa   3 

Antbospermum    ....  6 

Stilbe    4 

Arctopus 1 

Pisonia 4 

Panax 7 

Chrysitrix    3 

Tekecia. 

Ceratonia 3 

Eicus     20 


PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 


1241 
1242 

1243 
1244 

1245 
1246 
1247 
1248 
1249 
1250 
I251 
1252 
1253 
1254 

1255 
1256 


1257 
1258 

1259 
1260 
1261 
1262 
1263 
1264 
1265 
1266 


CETPTOaAMIA. 

FiLICES. 

Sheets. 

Equisetum    9 

Onoclea    3 

Ophioglossum 5 

Osmunda 15 

Acrostichum     24 

Pteris   25 

Blechnum     4 

Hemionitis 3 

Loncbitis 1 

Aspleuiura   28 

Polypodiuna      73 

Adiantum     26 

Trichomanes    9 

Marsilea   6 

Pilularia 1 

Isoetes      3 

Musci. 

Lycopodium     34 

Sphagnum    3 

Buxbaumia 4 

Pbascum 8 

PontiDalis    12 

Splachnum    17 

Polytrichum     10 

Mnium     35 

Bryiim 118 

Hypnum 137 


1267 
1268 
1269 
1270 
1271 
1272 
1273 
1274 

1275 
1276 

1277 
1278 


1279 
1280 
1281 
1282 
1283 
1284 
1285 
1286 
1287 
1288 
1289 


1290 
1291 
1292 


Alg^. 

Sheets. 

Jungermannia 79 

Targionia 1 

Marcbantia 14 

Blasia 2 

E-iccia   3 

Antboceros 4 

Lichen 314 

Fucus   175 

Ulva     32 

Tremella 7 

Conferva 60 

Byssus 20 

Fungi. 

Agaricus 21 

Boletus     10 

Hydnum 4 

Phallus     3 

Clathrus  4 

Helvella   4 

Peziza 7 

Clavaria    6 

Lycoperdon 12 

Spbseria    3 

Mucor 9 

Palm^. 

Mauritia 1 

Phoenix     22 

Cvcas    1 


LINNEA.N   SOCIETY   OF    LOKDOH. 


"3 


INDEX 


Abrus     885 

Abroma 935 

Acalypba    1 139 

Acanthus    816 

Acer 1225 

Achillea 1017 

Achras   450 

Achyranthes 287 

Acnida 1 1 7  6 

Acoiiitum 695 

Aconis   447 

Acrostichum 1245 

Actaea     665 

Adansonia 862 

Adelia    1201 

Adenantbera 540 

Adiantuiu 1252 

Adonis    714 

Adoxa     516 

^Egilops 1218 

^gopodium 375 

JEgopricum    1091 

^scbynomene 922 

tEscuIus     476 

^Ethusa 362 

Agariciis    1279 

Agave     443 

Ageratum 979 

Agrimonia 62S 

Agrostemma 601 

Agrostis     84 

Agyneja     1145 

Aira    85 

Aizoon .  .  650 

Ajuga     721 

Albuca   426 

Alcea      869 

Alchemdla .    166 

L]>'N,  SOC.  PROCEEDlIfGS 


Aldrovanda    397 

Aletris    440 

Alisma    473 

Allamanda 298 

Allionia 122 

Allium    419 

Aloe    442 

Alopecurus    82 

Alsine     388 

Alstonia     663 

Alstroemei'ia 444 

Altheea 868 

Alyssum     828 

Amarauthus 1117 

Amaryllis 416 

Ambi'osia    1 1 14 

Ambrosinia    1078 

Amellus 1023 

Amethystea    37 

Ammannia    156 

Auimi     341 

Amomum 3 

Amorpha    894 

Amygdalus     639 

Amyris 490 

Anabasis    316 

Anacardium 534 

Anacyclus 1015 

Auagallis    208 

Anagyris       523 

Anastatica 821 

Ancbusa     182 

Andrachue     1 1 55 

xlndromeda    563 

Andropogon ...  1 2 1 1 

Androsace 197 

Andryala    956 

Anemone   710 


.— SESSTo^f  1906-1907. 


114 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


Anethum    .  .  371 

Angelica     354 

Anijuria 1092 

Auona    708 

Anthemis 1016 

Anthericum 432 

Anthoceros    1272 

Antholyza 60 

Anthospermum 1233 

Anthoxanthum 46 

Anthyllis    897 

Antichorus     487 

Antidesma ii73 

Antirrhinum 767 

Aphanes     , 167 

Aphyllanthes     418 

Apium    374 

Apluda 1213 

Apocynum 309 

Aponogeton 479 

Aquilicia    279 

Aquilegia 699 

Arabis    842 

Arachis 909 

Aralia    394 

Arbutus 566 

Arctium 964 

Arctopus    1235 

Arctotis      1036 

Arduina 265 

Arenaria     ....  585 

Arethusa    1059 

Aretia     196 

Argemone .  670 

Aristida 98 

Aristolochia 107 1 

Arnica    looi 

Artedia 339 

Artemisia 988 

Artocarpus     1087 

Arum 1079 

Arundo 97 

Asarum 608 

Asclepias    310 

Ascyrum    944 

Aspalathus     893 

Asparagus 434 

Asperugo   .        189 

Asperula    127 

Asphodelus    ...    43  ^ 


Asplenium 1250 

Aster 997 

Astragalus     926 

Astrantia    334 

Athamanta     .  .' 345 

Athanasia 986 

Atractylis 971 

Atragene    711 

Atraphaxis     462 

Atriplex     1221 

Atropa   246 

Avena     95 

Averrhoa    592 

Avicennia 813 

Axyris    iioi 

Ayenia   1069 

Assalea    215 

Baceharis   992 

Baeckea 505 

Ballota 737 

Baiiisteria 589 

Barleria 805 

Barnadesia     972 

Barringtonia 864 

Bartsia 756 

Basella   390 

Bassia     610 

Bauhiuia     525 

Befaria 613 

Begonia 1125 

Bellis 1006 

Bellium 1007 

Berberis 453 

Bergera 548 

Bergia    597 

Besleria 771 

Beta   314 

Betonica     735 

Betula    1 109 

Bidens    975 

Bignonia    776 

Biscutella 831 

Biserrula    927 

Bixa   674 

Blaeria    141 

Blakea    612 

Blasia     1270 

Blechnum 1247 

Blitum   14 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


1^5 


Boceonia  . . . , 
I5oerhavia  ... 

Boletus 

Bontia    

Borago   

Borbonia    .  .  . . 

Bosea     

Brabejum  .  .  . . 

Brassica 

Brathys 

Briza 

Broinus 

Browallia  .  .  . . 
Brownea  .  .  .  . 
Brunfelsia.  .  .  . 

Bruaia 

Bryonia 

Bryum    

Bubou    

Buchnera   . . . . 

Bucida    

Buddleia     . .  . , 

Bufouia 

Bulbocodium . , 

Bunias    

Buuiiim 

Buphthalmum 
Bupleurum  .  . 
Burmaunia  .  . 
Butomus  .  .  . . 
Biittneria  .  .  .  . 
Buxbaumia    .  . 

Baxus     

Bvssu.s    


Cacalia   

Cachrys  

Cactus    

Coesalpinia 

Calceolaria     

Calea 

Calendula 

Calla 

Callicarpa 

Callisia 

Callitriche 

('alophyllum 

Caltha       

Calycanthus 

Cauibogia  {cf.  Asclepias). 


609 

9 
1280 
812 
188 
890 
320 
1223 

844 
702 
88 
98 
791 
859 
257 
271 

1265 

357 
790 

556 
142 
168 

417 
847 

342 
1022 

335 
404 

521 
266 

1259 
I  no 
1278 

976 

349 
630 

530 

32 

984 

1035 

1081 

136 

66 

13 

676 
719 
660 
671 


Camellia  878 

Cameraria 303 

Campanula  221 

Camphorosma  165 

Canarina  456 

Canarium 1172 

Canna  i 

Cannabis    1177 

Capparis     664 

Capraria     785 

Capsicum   249 

Capura   454 

Cardamine 835 

Cardiospermum 513 

Carduus 966 

Carex ;  .  .  .  1 1 00 

Carica 1190 

Carissa    295 

Carliua 970 

Carolinea      865 

Carpesium 99 1 

Carpinus    1131 

Carthamus 973 

Carum    372 

Caryophyllus     686 

Cassia     528 

Cassiue 380 

Cassy  ta 519 

Castilleja    757 

Casuarina 1090 

Catauauche    961 

Caturus 1 1 63 

Caucalis 338 

Ceanothus 264 

Cecropia     1^59 

Cedrela 274 

Celastrus     268 

Celosia   288 

Celsia     774 

Celtis 1 209 

Cenchrus    1217 

Centaurea 1030 

Centunculus 147 

Cephalanthus     118 

Cerastium 603 

Ceratocarpus 1086 

Ceratonia 1239 

Ceratophyllum 1122 

Cerbera 296 

Cercis     524 

12 


ii6 


PEOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


Cerinthe     i86 

Ceropegia 305 

Oestrum      258 

Chserophyllum 365 

Chamaerops,  cf.  1291,  No.  1. 

Chamira     838 

Chara      1088 

Cheiranthus    839 

Chelidonium 668 

Chelone      765 

Chenolea    289 

Chenopodium     313 

Cherleria    586 

Chiococca 233 

Chionanthus 21 

Chironia     252 

Chlora    ,  .  .  .  494 

Chondrilla 951 

Chrysantheiuum    10 12 

Chrysitrix 1238 

Chrysobalanus    641 

Clirysocoma 982 

Chrysophyllum 260 

Chrysosplenium     574 

Cicca 1 108 

Cicer 908 

Cichorium 962 

Cicuta     361 

Cimicifuga 698 

Cinchona    230 

Cineraria    1000 

Cinna     15 

Circsea    25 

Cissampelos   1202 

Cissus     149 

Cistus    689 

Citharexylon 777 

Citrus     937 

Clathrus     1283 

Clavaria 1286 

Claytonia 285 

Clematis     712 

Cleome 850 

Cleonia 753 

Clerodendrum    810 

Clethra      567 

Cliffortia    ii97 

Clinopodium 742 

Clitoria .  902 

Clusia     1224 


Clutia 1 206 

Clypeola     830 

Cneorum    50 

Cnicus    967 

Coccoloba  .  .  .  .' 511 

Coehlearia 826 

Codou     535 

Coffea     232 

Coix 1098 

Colehicum 470 

Coldenia     174 

Collinsouia     43 

Columnea  ., 814 

Colutea      914 

Comarum 659 

Cometes     159 

Commelina     65 

Conferva    ^277 

Couium 343 

Connarus    856 

Conocarpus    237 

Convallaria     436 

Convolvulus 218 

Conyza 993 

Copaifera 557 

Corchorus 691 

Cordia    253 

Coreopsis 1026 

Coriandrum    ^62, 

Coriaria 1192 

Coris 241 

Corispermum     12 

Cornucopiae    76 

Cornus   151 

Cornutia    784 

Coronilla    917 

Corrigiola 386 

Cortusa  . 199 

Corylus  .  .  .  .  , 1 132 

Costus    4 

Cotula    1014 

Cotyledon 594 

Crambe       849 

Crassula     400 

Crataegus    643 

Ci'ataeva     619 

Crepis 955 

Crescentia 779 

Cressa    317 

Crinum 415 


LINNEAX    SOCIETY    OP    LONDON. 


117 


Crithmum 347 

Crocus    56 

Crotalaria 895 

Croton    1 1 40 

Criicianella    130 

Cucubalus 582 

Cucumis     1152 

Cucufbita 1151 

Cuminum 358 

Cunila    38 

Cunonia 571 

Cupressus ii37 

Curcuma    7 

Cuscuta      1 70 

Cussonia    376 

Cyaiiella     430 

Cycas      1292 

Cyclamen 202 

Cymbaria   768 

Cynanchum    308 

Cynara   969 

Cynoglossum 1 83 

Cynoinetra     533 

Cynomorium 1084 

Cynosurus 91 

Cyperus     70 

Cypripeclium 1061 

Cyrilla    272 

Cytinus 107  5 

Cytisus 912 

Dactylis ....  90 

Dais    554 

Dalbergia 886 

Dalechampia 1 138 

Daphne 500 

Datisca 1 196 

Datura 243 

Daucus 340 

Decuraaria 617 

Delima 683 

Delphinium   694 

Dentaria    834 

Dialium      23 

Dianthera 29 

Dianthus    581 

Diapeasia 195 

Dictamnus 536 

Digitalis     775 

Dilatris 6t 


J^jonaea 555 

Dioscorea 1 1 84 

Diosma 270 

Diospyros 1231 

Dipsacus    119 

Dirca 501 

Disa   1060 

Disandra    1175 

Dodartia 860 

Dodecas .  623 

Dodecatheon 201 

Dodonaea    495 

Dolichos     900 

Doronicum     roo2 

Draba     823 

DracaBua    435 

Dracocephalum 746 

Dracontium   1 080 

Drosera 398 

Dryas     658 

Drypis    389 

Duranta     806 

Durio     940 

Ebenus 929 

Echinophora 336 

Echinops    1045 

Echites 302 

Efliium ....  191 

Eclipta   1020 

Ehretia 254 

Elseagnus. 160 

Elseocarpus    681 

Elatine 517 

Elephantopus     1043 

Ellisia    206 

Elymus 100 

Empetrum 1 160 

Ephedra     1 200 

Epidendrum 1062 

Epigsea 564 

Epilobium 486 

Epimedium    150 

Equisetum 1241 

Eranthemum 24 

Erica       498 

Erigeron     994 

Erinus    789 

Eriocaulon     105 

Eriocephalus 1040 


ii8 


PROCEEDIJfGS    Oil'    THE 


Eriophorum   72 

Ervum    907 

Eryngiura 331 

Erysiniiim 837 

Erythrina 888 

Erythronium     424 

Erythroxylon     . , 591 

Escallonia 275 

Ethulia 977 

Euclea   1 194 

Eugenia 6^6 

Evolvulus 393 

Euonymus 269 

Eupatorium    978 

Euphorbia 630 

Euphrasia 759 

Exacum      143 

Excoecaria 1 1 62 

Fagara    152 

Eagonia 546 

Eagus     II 30 

Falckia 461 

Eerraria   1065 

Ferula    350 

Festuca 92 

Fevillea 1 1 80 

Ficus 1240 

Filago     1041 

Flagellaria 463 

Fontinalis 1261 

Forskohlea     605 

Fothei'gilla     693 

Fragaria     654 

Frankenia 457 

Fraxinus    1230 

Fritillaria 42 1 

Fucus     1274 

Fumaria     881 

Grahnia 459 

G.ilanthus 409 

Galaxia 851 

Galega    924 

Galenia 507 

Galeopsis   734 

Galium 129 

Garcinia     615 

Gardenia    297 

Garidella    587 


Gaultheria     . . 565 

Gaura     485 

Geuista 892 

Gentiana    .  .  .  ., 328 

Geranium 858 

Gerardia     764 

Geropogon     945 

Gesneria    766 

Gethyllis 445 

Geum     657 

Gisekia 399 

Ghibraria    938 

Gladiolus    59 

Glaux     291 

Glechoma 732 

Gleditsia    1229 

Glinus    631 

Globba 45 

Globularia .    117 

Gloriosa     423 

Gluta     1068 

Glycine 901 

Glycyrrhiza   916 

Gmelina     780 

Gnaphalium 989 

Gnetum     1148 

Gnidia   502 

Goraozia    172 

Gomphrena   319 

Gordonia   877 

Gorteria     1027 

Gossypium     874 

Gouania     1226 

Gratiola     30 

Grewia       1076 

Grielum     599 

Guaiacum 532 

Guai-ea       489 

Guettarda      1121 

Guilandina    531 

Gunnera    1063 

Gustavia    863 

Gypsophila    579 

Haemanthus 408 

Hsematoxylon    538 

Halesia      616 

Halleria     778 

Haniamelis    169 

Hamellia    234 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON, 


119 


Hasselquistia     348 

Hebenstretia     788 

Hedera 280 

Hediosma 728 

Hedyotis    123 

Hedysarmn    921 

Helenium 1005 

Helianthus     1024 

Heliconia 286 

Helicteres io74 

Heliocarpus 627 

Heliophila     840 

Heliotropium     179 

Helleborus     718 

Helonias    471 

Helvella     1284 

Hemerocallis      446 

Hemimeris     772 

Hemionitis     1248 

Heracleum     352 

Hermannia 854 

Hermas 1227 

Hernandia     1104 

Herniaria 312 

Hesperis    841 

Heuchera 325 

Hibiscus    875 

Hieracium     954 

Hippia   1039 

Hippocrepis 919 

Hippomane    1146 

Hippopbae     11 68 

Hippuris    II 

Holcus 1212 

Holosteum     942 

Hordeuin   103 

Horminum     747 

Hottonia    204 

Houstonia      128 

Hudsonia 622 

Hugonia     857 

Humulus    1178 

Hura 1 144 

Hyacinthus    438 

Hydnum    1281 

Hydrangea     573 

Hydrastis 720 

Hydrocharis 11 89 

Hydrocotyle 332 

Hydropbyllum 205 


Hyraenaea 526 

Hyobanche    799 

Hyoscyamus        244 

Hyoseris    957 

Hypecoum     171 

Hypericum    943 

Hypnutn    1266 

Hypocbaeris 959 

Hypoxis     427 

Hyssopus 725 

Iberis     827 

Ignatia 251 

Ilex    173 

lllecebruui     290 

IlHcium      704 

Impatiens 1053 

Imperatoria 366 

Indigofera     923 

Inula 999 

Ipomoea     219 

Iresiue ii75 

Iris     61 

Isatis      848 

Iscbaemum     12 14 

Isnardia     157 

Isoetes 1256 

Isopyrum 717 

Itea    273 

Iva     1116 

Ixia    58 

Ixora      132 

Jasione 1050 

Jasminum 17 

Jatropha    1141 

Juglans II 29 

Juncus 449 

Jungermannia 1267 

Jungia   T046 

Juniperus 1 198 

Jussiaea 552 

Justicia 28 

Ksempferia    8 

Kalmia 560 

Kiggelaria     i  r9i 

Kleinbovia     io73 

Knautia 121 

Kcenigia     no 

Kubnia 238 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


Kyllinga     69 

Lachenalia     405 

Lactuca      950 

Laetia    680 

LagerstrcBinia    684 

Lagcecia     282 

Lagurus      96 

Lainium     733 

Laiitana     783 

Lapsana     960 

Laserpitium 351 

Lathrffia     761 

Lathyrus    905 

Laugeria    256 

Lauras   518 

Lavandula      727 

Lavatera    871 

Lawsonia   496 

Lechia    115 

Lecythis     682 

Ledum   561 

Leea 11 18 

Lemna   1093 

Leoutice    433 

Leontodon     953 

Leonurus   739 

Lepidium 824 

Lerchea      85 1^ 

Leucojum 410 

Leysera 1008 

Lichen   1273 

Ligusticuin    353 

Ligustrum      18 

Lilium    420 

Limeum     477 

Limodorum    1058 

Limonia     550 

Limosella 794 

Linconia    323 

Lindernia 796 

Linnsea 792 

Linum    396 

Liparia 910 

Lippia    801 

Liquidambar      1134 

Liriodendron     705 

Ljsianthus     213 

Lithospermum 181 

Littorella 1 107 


Loasa 688 

Lobelia 105 1 

Loeflingia 54 

Lolium 99 

Louchitis   .  .  .  .' 1249 

Lonicera    235 

Loranthus      455 

Lotus     93 1 

Ludwigia   154 

Liinaria     832 

Lupinus     898 

Lychnis      602 

Lycium 259 

Lycoperdon 1287 

Lycopodium 1257 

Lycopsis    190 

Lycopus     s^ 

Lygeum     75 

Lysimachia    207 

Lythrum    626 

Macrocnemum 227 

Magnolia    706 

Malachra   867 

Malope 872 

Malpighia      588 

Malva    870 

Mammsea 675 

Mangifera 276 

Mauisuris 1215 

Manulea    787 

Maranta 6 

Maregravia    661 

Marchantia    1269 

Margaritaria     1187 

Marrubium   738 

Marsilea    1254 

Martynia 769 

Massonia   414 

Matricaria      10 13 

Mauritia    1290 

Medeola     468 

Medicago 933 

Melaleuca 941 

Melam podium   i034 

Melampyrum     760 

Melanthium 467 

Melastoma     559 

Melia     543 

Melianthus    818 


LINXEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


Melica    86 

Melicocca 48S 

Melissa 745 

Melittis     748 

Meloehia    855 

Melothria 51 

Memecvlon    493 

Menispermum 1 195 

Mentha      730 

Mentzelia 687 

Menyanthes 203 

Merciirialis    1 188 

Mesembryanthemum    .  .  649 

Mespilus    646 

Messerschmidia     192 

Mesua    879 

Michelia     707 

Microcos,  cf.  Grewia. 

Micropus   1042 

Milium 83 

MiJleria 1031 

Milliiigtonia 808 

Mimosa 1228 

Mimulus    803 

Mimusops      493 

Minuartia 113 

Mirabilis    240 

Mik'hella 135 

Mitella       577 

Mnium       1264 

Mcehringia     509 

Mollugo     112 

Moluceella     741 

Momordica     1150 

Monarda    40 

Mouotropa     551 

JNIonsonia 936 

Montia 106 

Moutinia    1167 

Moraea    62 

Morina 44 

Morinda     236 

Morus    1112 

Mucor    1289 

Muellera    911 

Muenchhausia 939 

Muntingia      672 

Murraea      539 

Miisa      1207 

Mussaenda     239 


Mutisia 1004 

Myagruin 819 

Myosotis    180 

Myosurus 402 

Myrica 1 169 

Myriophyllum   1123 

Myrisma     5 

Myristica 1204 

Myrsine     267 

Myrtus 637 

IS^ajas     .  1 1 56 

Nama     322 

Napaea   1203 

jVarcissus   412 

Xardiis 73 

jSTauclea     226 

Xepeta     726 

Nerium       300 

Neurada     606 

Nicotiana 245 

Nigelia 700 

Nissolia      884 

Nitraria      624 

Nolaua 194 

Xyctanthes    16 

jN'ymphaea 673 

Nyssa     1232 

Ocymum    749 

OEdera    1047 

ffinanthe    359 

CEnothei'a 484 

Oldenlandia 155 

Olea    20 

Olyra      1099 

Omphalea 1 102 

Onoclea      1242 

Ononis    896 

Onopordum 968 

Ouosma      187 

Ophioglossum    1243 

Ophiorrbiza 211 

Ophioxylon    1208 

Ophira    499 

Ophrys 1056 

Orcbis    1054 

Origanum       743 

Ornitbogalum    428 

Ornithopus    918 


PliOCEEDlXGS    OF    THE 


Orobanche     798 

Orobus 904 

Orontiuru 448 

Ortegia 53 

Oryza     460 

Osbeckia    482 

Osmites      1029 

Osmunda 1244 

Osteospermum 1037 

Osyris    1161 

Othonna     1038 

Ovieda    807 

Oxalis     600 

Psederia 294 

Psederota    27 

Pseonia 692 

Panax     1237 

Pancratium    413 

Panicum     80 

Papaver     669 

Parietaria 1220 

Paris 515 

Parkinsonia   527 

Parnassia 392 

Parthenium    mS 

Paspalum   79 

Passerina   504 

Passiflora   1070 

Pastinaca   369 

Paullinia    512 

Pavetta 133 

Pectis     loii 

Pedalium    817 

Pedicularis     763 

Peganum    621 

Peltaria      829 

Penaea    140 

Pentapetes     860 

Penthorum     596 

Peplis     458 

Perdicium 1003 

Pergularia 306 

Perilla    731 

Periploca    307 

Petesia 134 

Petiveria    472 

Petrea    781 

Peucedanura 346 

Peziza     1285 


Phaca     925 

Phalaris      78 

Phallus 12S2 

Pharnaceum  .  . 387 

Pharus    11 20 

Phascum     1260 

Phaseolus 899 

PhellandrJuni     360 

Philadelplius      634 

Phillyrea    19 

Phleum 81 

Pblorais      740 

Phlox      217 

Phoenix 1291 

Phormium      439 

Pbryma 755 

Phyhca 263 

Phyllachne     1089 

Phyllanthus 1105 

Phyllis    330 

Physalis     247 

Phyteuma 223 

Phytolacca      607 

Picris      948 

Pilularia     1255 

Pimpinella     373 

Piuguicula     33 

Pinus      1 135 

Piper      47 

Piscidia       889 

Pisonia 1236 

Pistacia      1170 

Pistia      1072 

Pisuni     903 

Plagianthus    861 

Plantago    144 

Platanus     1133 

Plectronia 277 

Pliuia     642 

Plumbago 216 

Plumeria    301 

Poa     87 

Podophyllum      667 

Poinciana 529 

Polemonium 220 

Polianthes      437 

Poiycarpon    iii 

Polycnemum      55 

Polygala     882 

Polygonum    510 


LINNEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LONBON. 


123 


Polymnia   1083 

Polypodium   1251 

Polypremum      139 

Polytrichum 1263 

Pommereulla     74 

Pontederia     407 

Populus     1 185 

Portlandia      228 

Portulaca 625 

Potamogeton      175 

Potentilla 655 

Poterium    1127 

Pothos    1082 

Prasium     754 

Premna      782 

Prenanthes     952 

Primula      198 

Prinos    452 

Prockia 690 

Proserpinaca      107 

Protea 116 

Prunella     752 

Pruuus 640 

Psidiuin      635 

Psoralea     928 

Psychotria     231 

Ptelea    153 

Pteris     1246 

Pterocarpus 887 

Pteronia     .  .  980 

Pulraonaria    184 

Punica    ...    638 

Pyrola 568 

Pyrus     647 

Quassia      545 

Quercus      11 28 

Queria   114 

Quisqualis      553 

Eajania      11 83 

Eandia       214 

Eanunculus   715 

Eaphanus      846 

Eauvolfia 293 

lieaumuria    701 

Eenealmia     2 

Reseda 629 

Restio    1 164 

Ketzia    209 


Ehacoma    146 

E/liamuus 262 

Eheum 520 

Ehexia 483 

Ehinanthus   758 

Ehizophora    611 

Ehodiola    11 86 

Ehododendron 562 

Ehus      378 

Eibes     278 

Eiccia     1271 

Eichardia 45 1 

Eicinus      1142 

Eicotia 833 

Eivina    163 

Eobinia 913 

Eoella     222 

Eoridula    284 

Eosa       652 

Eosiuarinus  41 

Eotala    52 

Eottboellia    loi 

Eoyena 570 

Eubia     131 

Eubus    653 

Eudbeckia      1025 

Euellia 804 

Eumex 464 

Euppia  176 

Euscus   1205 

Eiita 537 

Saccharum     77 

Sagina    177 

Sagittaria 1 124 

Salacia    1066 

Salicornia 10 

Salix 1 158 

iSalsola .  315 

Salvadora 164 

Salvia     42 

Samara 137 

Sambucus 381 

Samolus     225 

Samyda 558 

Sanguinaria   666 

Sanguisorba 148 

Sanicula     ;^i^^ 

Santalum   161 

Santolina   985 


124 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


Sapindus    514 

Saponaria 580 

Saraca    880 

Sarothra    391 

Sarracenia      672" 

Satureja     723 

Satyrium   ^055 

Saururus    478 

Sauvagesia 283 

Saxifraga   575 

Scabiosa     120 

Scabrita      124 

Scsevola 229 

Scandix 364 

Scheuchzeria. . 465 

Schinus 1193 

Schmidelia     506 

Schoenus    68 

Schrebera 324 

Schwenkia 31 

Scilla 429 

Scirpus 71 

Scleranthus    578 

Scolymus   963 

Scoparia     145 

Scorpiurus     920 

Scrophularia 773 

Scutellaria     751 

Secale    102 

Securidaca     883 

ISedum   595 

Selago    786 

Selinum ,  .  .  .  .  344 

Seraecarpus   377 

Semper  vivum     632 

Senecio 996 

Septas    480 

Serapias 1057 

Seriola    958 

Seriphium      1049 

Serpicula   1106 

Serratnla    965 

Sesamum    802 

Seseli     367 

Sesuviuni    645 

Sherardia 126 

Sibbaldia    401 

Sibthorpia 793 

Sicvos    1 1 54 

Sida    866 


Sideritis     721 

Sideroxylon   269 

Sigesbeckia    1018 

Silene     > 583 

Silphium    1032 

Sinapis 845 

Sirium    138 

Sison      356 

Sisymbrium S^6 

Sisyriuchium     1064 

Sium 350 

Smilax    1185 

Smyruium 372 

Solanum     240 

Soldanella      208 

Solidago     998 

Sonchus      949 

Sophora     522 

Sorbus   644 

Sparganium io95 

Hparmannia   677 

Spartium    891 

Spergula    604 

Spermacoce    125 

Sphagnum 1258 

Sphferanthus     i044 

Spbseria      1288 

Spigelia      210 

Spilanthus      974 

Spinacia     1 1 74 

Spinifex     1216 

Spiraea   651 

Splachuum     1 262 

Spondias    593 

Stachys 736 

Staehelina 981 

Stapelia      311 

Stapbylea 382 

Statice   395 

Stellaria     584 

Stellera 503 

Stemodia    797 

Sterculia    1 143 

Steris      318 

Stewartia 876 

Stilago    1067 

Stilbe      1234 

Stillingia    1 147 

Stipa      84 

Stoebe    1049 


LIXNEAN    SOCIETY    OE    LONDON. 


125 


Stratiotes 703 

Struthiola 162 

Strychnos 250 

Styrax    569 

Subularia   822 

Suriana       598 

Swertia      327 

Swietenia 542 

Symphonia     853 

Symphytum 185 

Syringa 22 

Tabermemontana 304 

Tagetes 1009 

Tamariudus    49 

Tamarix       383 

Tamus    1181 

Tanacetum     987 

Tarchonanthus 983 

Targionia 1268 

Taxus     1 1 99 

Telephiam     385 

Terminalia     1222 

Ternstroemia 662 

Tetracera 697 

Tetragouia     648 

Teucrium 722 

Thalictrum    713 

Thapsia 368 

Thea 685 

Theligonum 1126 

Theobroma    934 

Thesium 292 

Tblaspi 825 

Thuja     1 136 

Thunbergia    815 

Thymbra    724 

Thymus 744 

Tiarella 576 

Tilia 679 

TilljBa    178 

Tillandsia 403 

Tordylium 337 

Torenia      770 

Tormentilla   656 

Tournefortia      193 

Tozzia    762 

TracheHum    224 

Tradescantia      406 

Tragia  T103 


Tragopogon 946 

Trapa  158 

Tremella    1276 

Ti'ianthema   572 

Tribulus     547 

Trichilia     541 

Trichomanes 1253 

Trichosanthes    1149 

Trichostema .  750 

TrientaHs 474 

Ti'ifolium 930 

Triglochin 466 

Trigonella 932 

Trillium     469 

Triopteris 590 

Triplaris 108 

Tripsacum 1097 

Triticum    104 

Triumfetta    620 

Trollius 716 

Tropseolum    481 

Trophis 1165 

Tulbaghia 411 

Tulipa    4.?  5 

Turnera     384 

TuiToea 549 

Turritis 843 

Tussilago    995 

Typha     1094 

Ulex 915 

Ulmus    321 

TJlva 1275 

Uniola    89 

tinona   709 

Unxia     10 10 

TJrena     873 

Urtica    iiii 

Utricularia     34 

Uvularia    422 

Vaccinium 497 

Vahlia    329 

Valantia     1219 

Valeriana 48 

Vallea    678 

Yallisneria     1157 

Vandellia 795 

Varronia    255 

Vatica    614 


126 


PBOCEEBINGS  OF  THE  LINNEAl^T  SOCIETY  OF  LONDOU'. 


Velezia   .  .  . 

Vella 

Veratrum  . 
Verbascuin 
Verbena  . 
Verbesina  . 
Veronica  . 
Viburnum  . 
Vicia 

Vinca  .  .  . 
Viola  .  .  . 
Virecta  . .  . 
Viscum  .  .  . 
Vitex      .  .  . 

Vitis 

Volkameria 


326 
820 

[2IO 
242 

35 

[021 

26 

379 
906 
299 

[052 
212 

[166 
811 
281 
809 


Wachendorfia    64 

Waltheria      852 

Weinuiannia 508 

Wintera    696 


Winterania 6t8 

Witsenia    57 

Xauthium 1113 

Xeranthemum' 990 

Ximenia     491 

Xylopia ^077 

Xyris 67 

Yucca     441 

Zannichellia 1085 

Zanonia      1^79 

Zanthoxylum     1171 

Zea     1096 

Zinnia    1019 

Zizania 1119 

Zizyphora 39 

Zoegea   1028 

Zostera 1083 

Zygophyllum 544 


ADDITIONS   AND   DONATIONS 

TO    THE 

L I  B  R  A  li  Y 

1906-1907. 


Aberdeen. 

Agricultural  Research  Association. 

Report  for  1906.  8vo.  Aberdeen,  1906. 

Utilisatiou    of    Nitrogen    in    Air    by   Plants.      By    Thos. 

Jamieson.     1906.  Thos.  Jamieson. 

Ador    (Emil).       See    Marignac    (Jean-Charles    Galissard    de). 

CEuvres  Completes. 
Agricultural   Journal   of    India.      See   Calcutta:    Agricultural 

Research  Institute,  Pusa. 
Agriculture,  Memoirs   of   the   Department   of,    in    India.      See 

Calcutta — A2;rieiiltural  Res^^a^ch  Institute,  Pusa. 
Albert    Honor e    Charles    (Prince  de   Monaco).      Meteorological 
Researches  in  the  High  Atmosphere.     Pp.  10 ;  plates  2,  fijis.  3. 
(Scottish  Geogr.  Mag.,  March  1907.)         8vo.  Edinburgh,  1907. 

Author. 

Alexander  (J.  A.).     Notes  on  the  Flora  of  the  Coast  and  Islands 

of  Portuguese  East  Africa,  with  Photographs  of  Interesting 

Trees,  Plants,  and  Forest  Scenery.     Pp.  19  ;  plates  3.    (Trans. 

Bot.  Soc.  Edinb.  xxiii.  part  2.)  Svo.  Edinburgh,  1906. 

Author. 
Allen  (Henry  A.).  Catalogue  of  Types  and  figured  Specimens  of 
British  Lamellibranchiata  from  the  Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper 
Oolites,  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  Practical  Geology,  Londoti. 
Pp.  21.  (Summary  of  Progress  Geo!.  Surv.  Gt.  Bnt.  for  1905. 
Append.  IV.)  Svo.  London,  1906.     Author. 

Ameghino  (Florentiuo).  Les  formations  sedimentaires  du  creiace 
superieur  et  du  tertiare  de  Patagonie  avec  un  parallele  entre 
leurs  faunes  mammalogiques  et  celles  de  Fancien  continnnt. 
Pp.  568  ;  plates  3,  figs.  358.  (An.  Mus.  jSTac.  Buenos  Aires, 
XV.)  8vo.  Buenos  Aires,  1906. 

Mi  Credo  disertacion  pronunciada  el  4  de  Agosto  de  1906 

en  la  fiesta  commemorativa  del  XXXIV°  Aniv^-r^-ario  de  la 
fundacion  de  lu  Socie^lad  Cientitica  Argentina.  Pp.  33.  (An. 
Soc.  Cient.  Argentina,  Ixii.)  8vo.  Bw^nos  Aires,  1906. 

Author. 
Sobre  dos  E>queletos  de   Mamiferos   fosiles  arma^los  re- 


cientemente  en  el  Museo  JS'acioual.    Pp.  9  ;  figs.  4.    (An.  Mus. 
Nac.  Buenos  Aires,  xvi.)  Svo.  Buenos  Aires,  1907. 


128  PEOCELDlXCiS    OF    THE 

Ameghino  (Florentino).      Les  Toxodontes  a  Corneo.      Pp.  43; 

figs.  21.     (An.  Mus.  Nac.  Buenos  Aires,  xvi.) 

8vo.  Buenos  Aires,  1907.     Author. 
Ames  (Oakes).     Descriptions  of  new  Species  of  Acoridium  from 

the  Philippines.     Pp.  11.     (Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Washington,  six.) 

8vo.  Washington,  1906. 
Hahenaria    orhicidata    and    H.    macrophylla.       Spiranthes 

ovalis.    Pp.  7  ;  fig.  1.    (Ehodora,  viii.)        8vo.  1906.    Author. 
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schaftHche   Auatomie.       (Anitliches    Organ   der   Anatomische 

Gesellschaft.)     Herausgegeben  von  .  .  .  K.  Bahdeleben. 

BaDd.  xvii.-xxix.  8vo.  Jeno,  1900-6. 

Annals   of  Tropical  Medicine   and  Parasitology.      Edited  by 

EoNALD   Eoss.      Issued   by  the   Liverpool   School  of  Tropical 

Medicine.     Series  T.  M.  vol.  i.  no.  1.  4to.  Liverpool,  1907->- 

Appenrodt  (August).     Die  Operationen  des  Echinococcus  liepatis. 

Inaugural  Dissertation.     Pp.40.  8vo.  Berlin, '[SQ^. 

N.  E.  W.  Maclaren. 
Arana  (Diego  Barros).    El  Doctor  Don  Eodolfo  Amando  Phiiippi 

su  vida  i  sus  obras.     Pp.  vii,  248 ;  with  portrait. 

8vo.  Santia;/o  de  Chile,  1904.     F.  Phiiippi. 
Arduino  (Pietro).      A  letter  from  Carl  von  Linne  to  Prof.  P. 

Arduino,  at  Padua,  with  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  Gr.  B.  De  Toki. 

See  Linne  (Carl  von). 
Arwidsson  (Ivar).     Studien  iiber  die  Skandinavischen  und  Arkt- 

ischen  Maldaniden  nebst  Zusammenstellung  der  iibrigen  bisher 

bekanuten  Arten  dieser  Familie.      Pp.  308 ;    mit   12  Tafeln. 

(Spengel,  Zool.  Jahrb.  Abt.  Syst.  Suppl.  ix.  Heft  1.) 

8vo.  Jena,  1907. 
AuriviUius    (Per    Olof    Christopher).      See  Linne   (Carl    von). 

Betydelse  Sasom  Natursforskare  och  Liikare.     1907. 
Austen    (Ernest    Edward).      See  British   Museum :    Dipterous 

Insects.      Illustrations   of   British   Blood-sucking   Flies,  with 

Notes  by  E.  E.  Austen. 
Bailey   (Frederick    Manson).      Contributions   to   the   Elora    of 

Queensland.     (Queeusl.  Agric.  Journ.  xvi..  xvii.,  xviii.) 

8vo.  Brisbane,  1906-1907. 

The  Weeds  and  suspected  Poisonous  Plants  of  Queensland. 

Pp.  245;  figs.  408.  8vo.  Brisbane,  1906-7.     Author. 

Balfour  (Andrew).  See  Khartoum  :  Wellcome  Eesearch 
Laboratories. 

Barber  (Charles  Alfred).  Xotes  on  Sugar-cane  Cultivation  with 
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Studies  in  Eoot-Parasitisni.     The  Haustorium  of  Santalum 

album. — I.  Early  Stages,  up  to  Penetration.     Pp.  30  ;  plates  7. 
(Man.  Dept.  Agric.  India,  vol.  i.  no.  1 .)         4to.   Calciiita,  1906. 

Bardeleben  (Carl  Heinrich  von).  See  Anatomischer  Anzeiger  . . . 
Herausgegeben  von  .  .  .  K.  Bardeleben. 


LINNEAK    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  I29 

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Beddard  (Frank  Evers).  A  Book  of  Whales-  With  forty 
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Bell  (James  Mackintosh).  See  Wellington :  Xew  Zealand  Geo- 
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the  Hokitika  Sheet,  Xorth  Westland  Quadrangle.  &c.         1906. 

Bennett  (Alfred  William).  See  Dalla  Torre  (Karl  Wilhelm  von). 
The  Tourist's  Guide  to  the  Flora  of  the  Alps. 

Berlin. 

Das  Tierreich,  Herausgegeben  vou  der  Deutscheu  Zoologischen 
Gesellschaft.  Generalredakteur :  Feaxz  Eilhaeo  Schulze, 
Liefg.  21,  22,  23.  Svo.  Berlin,  1906-7. 

Liefg.  21.     Aniphipoda. —  I.     Gammaridea.       Yon    Eev.    T.    E.    E. 
Stebbing.     I'JOG. 
.,      22.     Lepidoptera.       Heliconiidic.      Von   H.    Sticiiel   and    H. 

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Bernard  (Charles).    Sur  la  distribution  geograpliique  des  Ulmacees. 

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Svo.  Geneve.  1905-1906.     R.  Chodat 
Notes  de  Pathologic  Yegetale. — I.  Sur  quelques  maladies 

de  Thea  assamica,  de  Kiclwla  elastica  et  de  Hevea  bmslliensis. 

Pp.  55  ;  plates  4.     (Bull.  Dept.  Agric.  Indes  Neerland.  vi.) 

Svo.  Biiitenzorr/,  1907. 
Bettany  (George  Thomas).    See  Parker  (William  Kitchen).    The 

Morphology  of  the  Skull.  1877. 

Bibliotheca  Botanica  (continued). 

Heft  64.     Lang   (Wiliielm).      Zur   Bliiten-Entwickelung   der  Labiaten, 
Verbenaceen  und  Plantaginaceen.      Pp.  42;  mit  5  Tafeln- 
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,,    6o.     DoMix  (KLvui.).     Monographie  der  Gattung  Koelcria.     1907- 

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Band  XX.  Heft  49.  Leciie  (Wiliielm).  Zur  Entwicklungsgeschiehte  des 
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Taf.  4.     1907. 

„  ,:     50.     SciiWABE   (Josef).      Beitrage  zur   Morpbologie   und 

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17  Textabbildungen.     1906. 

„  ,,     51.     Leiber    (Adolf).        Yergleiebende     Anatomie     der 

Specbtzunge.     Pp.  79  ;  plates  6.     1907. 

Boecker  (August).     Zur  Statistik  der  Echiuococcen.     Inaugural 
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N.  H.  W.  Maclaren. 
Boissevain  (Maria).    The  Scaphopoda  of  the  '  Siboga '  Expedition. 

See  Siboga-Expeditie.     Monogr.  54. 
Bolus    (Harry),      Contributions    to    the    South-African    Flora. 
Pp.  20  :  plate  1.     (Trans.  South  African  Phil.  Soc.  xvi.  pt.  4.) 

Svo.  Cajie  Town,  1906.     Author. 
Liyy.  soc.  PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIOX  1906-1907.  /.• 


130  PJROCEEDIXGS    OP   THE 

Bonnier  (Gaston).      Album  de  la  Nouvelle  Flore  representant 

toutes  les  especes  de  Plantes  photographie'es  directemeat  d'apres 

nature.     Pp.  190  and  2028  photographs. 

8vo.  Paris,  [1906J.    Frank  Crisp. 
Boorsma   (W.   G.).      Ueber    Aloeholz   und   andere   Eiechholzer. 

Pp.  43.     (Bull.  Dept.  Agric.  Indes  Neerland,  vii.) 

8vo.  Buitenzorr/,  1907. 
Boott  (Francis).     Illustrations  of  the  Genus  Carex.     4  parts  (the 

4th  part  by  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker).  fol.  London,  1858-67. 

(Second  copy.)  Sir  Prior  Goldney,  Bt. 

Part      I.  Pp.  xii,  74 ;  plates  1-200.     (1858.) 

„      II.  Pp.  iv,  75-103  ;  plates  201-310.     (1860.) 
„    III.  Pp.  104-126;  plates  311-411.     (1862.) 
„     I\r.  Pp.  127-233;  plates  412-600.    (1867.) 

Borden  (L,  E.),     See  '  Neptune,'  The  Cruise  of,  Append.  I.,  VI. 
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See  Plankton-Expedition.      Die   Tripyleen   Eadiolarien : 

Tuscaroridse. 
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Shrubs,  Woody  Climbers,  Bamboos,  and  Palms,  indigenous  or 
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767 ;  figs.  201.  8vo.  London,  1906.     Author. 

Briquet  (John).     See  Vienna  :  Kongress  Intern.  Bot. 
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Queensland  Acclimatisation  Society. 

Annual  Report,  43.  Svo.  Brisbane,  1906. 

British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science. 

Report  (York),  1906.  8vo.  Londoii,  1907. 

Council  Brit.  Assoc. 

Fauna,  Flora,  and  Geology  of  the  Clyde  Area.    Edited  by 

G.  F.  ScoTx  Elliot,  Malcolm  Laurie,  and  J.  Barclay 
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Meeting  of  the  British  Association.     Pp.  x,  567,  and  map. 

8vo.  Glasgow,  1901. 
British  Museum  {continued). 

The  History  of  the  Collections  contained  in  the  Natural  History 
Departments  of  the  British  Museum.  Vol.  II.  Separate 
Historical  Accounts  of  the  several  Collections  included  in  the 
Department  of  Zoology.     Pp.  782.  8vo.  London,  1906. 

A  Catalogue  of  the  Works  of  Linnaeus  (and  Publications  more 
immediately  relating  thereto)  preserved  in  the  Libraries  of 
the  British  Museum  (Bloomsbury)  and  the  British  Museum 
(Natural  History)  (South  Kensington).  By  B.  B.  Woodward. 
Pp.  27.  4to.  London,  1907. 

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Illustrations  of  British  Blood-Sucking  Flies,  with  Notes  by 
Ernest  Edward  Austen.     Pp.  74 ;  plates  34. 

8vo.  London,  1906. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  I3I 

JBritish  Museum  (continued). 

Lepidopterous  Insects. 

Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Phaloenae  in  the  British  Museum. 
Vol.  VI.  Catalogue  of  the  Noctuidae  ia  the  Collection  of 
the  British  Museum.  By  Sir  George  Francis  Hampson, 
Bart.     Pp.  xiv,  532 ;  figs.  172,  plates  96-107. 

8vo.  London,  1906. 

Orthopterous  Insects. 

A  Synonymic  Catalogue  of  Orthoptera.  By  W.  F.  Kirbt. 
Vol.  11.  Orthoptera  Saltatoria. — Part  I.  (Achetidae  et 
Phasgonurida?.)     Pp.  viii,  562.  8vo.  London,  1906. 

Anthozoa. 

Catalogue  of  the  Madreporarian  Corals  in  the  British  Museum 
(Natural  History).  Vol,  IV.  The  Family  Poritid*.— 
I.  The  Genus  Goniopora.  By  Henry  M.  Bernard.  Pp.  viii, 
206  ;  plates  14.     1903. 

Vol.  V.     The  Family  PoritidiO.-II.  The  Genus  Porites. 

Part  I.     Porites  of  the  Indo-Pacilic  Kegion.     By  Henry  M. 
Bernard.     Pp.  vi,  303  ;  plates  35.     1 905. 

Vol.    VI.      The    Family    Poritidie.— II.    The    Genus 


Pontes. 

Part  II.  Forites  of  the  Atlantic  and  West  Indies,  with  the  European 
Fossil  Forms. 
The   Genus    Goiiiopora.      A   Supplement   to   Vol.   IV.      By 
Hexiiy  M.  Bernard.     Pp.  vi,  173 ;  plates  17. 

4to.  London,  1906. 
Plants. 

List  of  British  Seed-Plants  and  Ferns  Exhibited  in  the  De- 
partment of  Botany,  British  Museum  (Natural  History),  by 
James  Britten  and  Alfred  Barton  Eendle.     Pp.  44. 

8vo.  London,  1907. 

Gtjide-Books. 

Sjiecicd  Guide  No.  1. 

Guide  to  an  Exhibition  of  Old  Natural  History  Books,  illus- 
trating the  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  Study  of  Natural 
History  up  to  the  Time  of  Linna?us.     Pp.  27. 

8vo.  London,  1905. 

Special  Guide  No.  2. 

Books  and  Portraits  illustrating  the  History  of  Plant  Classi- 
fication exhibited  in  the  Department  of  Botany.  Pp.  19, 
with  one  plate  and  3  portraits.  Svo.  London,  1900. 

Z.-2 


132  PEOCEEDi;,'GS    or    THE 

British  Museum  (continued). 

SjpeciaJ  Guide  No.  y. 
Memorials  of  Linuteus,  a  Collection  of  Portraits,  Mauuscripts, 
Specimens,  and  Books  exhibited  to  Commemorate  the   Bi- 
centenary of  his  Birth.      By  A.  B.  Eexdle.     Pp.  10  and 
2  portraits.  Svo.  London,  1907. 

Britten  (James).     List  of  British  Seed-Plants  and  Ferns.     See 
British  Museum.     Plants.     Pp.  44.  1907. 

Browne  (Patrick).     The  Civil  and  Natural  History  of  Jamaica. 
In  three  parts.     Pp.  viii,  503  ;  plates  50.     (Second  copy.) 

fol.  London,  1756.    Sir  Prior  Goldney,  Bt, 
Buchan  Field  Club.     See  Peterhead. 
Euitenzorg. 
Departement  de  I'Agriculture  aux  Indes  Neerlandaises. 

Bulletni  No.  6.  Svo.  Bvitenzorfj,  1907. 

No.  0.  Notes  de  Pathologie  Vegetate. — 1.  Sur  quelques  maladies  de 
Thea  asi^amiva,  de  Kick.vla  elastica  et  de  Hevea  brasiliensis. 
Par  Dr.  Ciiaules  Berxard.     Pp.  55 ;  plates  4.     1907. 

Bullen   (Robert   Ashington).      Land   and  Freshwater  MoUusca 

from  Sumatra.     Part  II.     Pp.  5 ;  tigs.  5.     (Proc.  Malacol.  Soc. 

vii.)  Svo.  Jjondon,  1906.     Author. 

Buller  {Sir  Walter  Lawry).     Supplement  to  the  '  Birds  of  New 

Zealand.'     Yols.  I.,  II.  i'ol.  London,  1905. 

Burdett  {Sir  Henry  Charles).  See  Science  Progress. . . .  Conducted 

by  H.  C.;Bijedett,  &c.     Vols.  I.- VII.     1S94-9S. 
Burnat    (Emile).      Flore   des   Alpes    Maritinies,    on    Catalogue 

raisonne  des  Plantes  qui  croissent  spontanement  dans  la  Cha'ine 

des  Alpes  Maritimes,  &c.     Vol.  lY.     Pp.  303. 

Svo.   Geneve  4-  Bale,  1906. 
Butler  (Edwin  John).     An  Account  of  the  Genus  Pythium  and 

some  Chytridiacese.     Pp.160;  plates  10.     (Mem.  Dept.  Agric. 

India,  Bot.  Ser.  vol.  i.  no.  5.)  4to.  Calcutta,  1907. 
Some  Diseases  of  Cereals  caused  by  Selerosjyora  r/rc(minicol(i' 

Pp.  24;  plates  5.     (Mem.  Dept.  Agric.  India,  Bot.  Ser.  vol.  ii. 

no.  1.)  ^  4to.   Ocdcutta,  1907. 

Butler  (Edwin  John)  and  Hayman  (J.  M.),    Indian  AYheat  Eusts. 

With  a  Note  on  the  Relation  of  Weather  to  Eust  on  Cereals, 

by  William  Harbison  Moeeland.    Pp.  58  ;  plates  5.     (Mem. 

Dept.  Agric.  India,  Bot.  Ser.  vol.  i.  no.  2.)    4to.  Calcutta,  1906. 
Cairo. 

Khedivial  Agricultural  Society. 

Year  Book  for  1905.  4to.  Cairo,  1906. 

Zoological  Gardens. 

Report  VIII.  for  1906.  4to.  Cairo,  1907.     Director. 

Calcutta. 

Agricultural  Research  Institute,  Pusa. 

Bulletin  Nos.  3,  4,  5.  4to.  Cedcutla,  1906-1907. 

Journal,  Vols.  I.-II.  pt.  2.  4to.  Ccdcutta,  1906-1907. 


LINX£AN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDOX.  1 33 

Calcutta  (contiiu'ed). 
Agricultural  Research  Institute,  Pusa  (continued). 
Memoirs  (l^otaiiical  .Series),  Vols.  l.-II.  no.  1. 

4to.   Calcutta,  190G-1907. 
Memoirs  (Entomolo2;ical  Series),  Vol.  I.  nos,  1-5. 

4to.  Calcutta,  1906-1907. 
Imperial  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Annual  ileport  for  Year  J  904-05.  4to.   Calcutta,  1907. 

Indian  Museum. 

An  Accoiuit  of  tlie  Alcyonarians  collected  by  the  Royal 
Indian  Marine  Survey  Ship  'Investigator'  in  the  Indian 
Ocean.  By  .J.  Arthur  Thomsox  and  W.  D.  Hexderson. — 
I.  The  Alcyonarians  of  the  Deep  Sea.  Pp.  xvi,  132 ; 
plates  10.  4to.  Ccdcutta,  1906. 

Indian  Tea  Association.     No,  3.  8vo.  Calcutta,  1906. 

3.  The  Blister  Blight  of  Tea.      Bv  Harold  Hart  Maxx.      Pp.  13  ; 
plates  5.     19U(). 

Caldwell  (G.  B.).     See  '  Neptune,'  The  Cruise  of,  Appendix  I. 

Calzolari  (Francesco).  See  De  Toni  (Giovanni  Battista)  and 
Forti  (Achille).  Intorno  alle  relazioni  di  Francesco  Calzolari 
con  Luca  Ghini.     Pp.  S.  1907. 

Cambridge  (The)  Natural  History.  Edited  by  S.  E.  Harmer 
and  A.  E.  Shipley.     Vol.  I.-»  8vo.  London,  1906. 

Vol.  I.  Protozoa.    By  Maucls  Hautog.     (1906.) 

Porifera  (Sponge>).     By  ItiEttXA  B.  J.  Sollas.     (190(5.) 
Cocleuterata  and  Ctenophora.     By  S.  J.  Hkksox.     (1906.) 
Echinodermata.     By  E.  W.  MacBride.     (1906.) 

Cambridge  Natural  Science  Manuals.  Biological  Series.  General 
Julitor:  Arthur  E.  Shipley.  Svo.  Camhrklrie,  1201. 

Ward  (H.VRRY  Marshall).     Grasses.     Pp.  viii,  190  ;  figs.  81.     1901. 

Candolle  (Anne  Casimir  Pyramus  de).  Meliacec^  nova\  Pp.  55. 
(Ann.  (i'onserv.  Jardin  bot.  Geneve,  x.  1906-1907.) 

Svo.   Geneve,  1907. 

Sur  denx  Peperomla  a  feuilles  singulieres.     Pp.  9;  plate  1. 

(Arch.  Sci.  Phys.  et  Nat.  4  st'r.,  xxiii.)  Svo.   Geneve,  1907. 

Author. 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Department  of  Agriculture. 

Marine  Investigations  in  South  j\frica.     Vol.  III. 

Svo.   Cape  Toion,  1905.     J.  D.  F.  Gilchrist. 

Carruthers  (William).     Memoir  of  Jonx   Miers   (1789-1879). 

(Journ.  Bot.  xviii.)  Svo.  London,  1880. 

Castle  (William  E.).  Heredity  of  Hair-length  in  Guinea-pigs, 
and  its  Bearing  on  the  Theory  of  Pure  Gametes.  See  Wash- 
ington :  Carnegie  Institution.     Public.  Xo.  49. 

The   Origin   of    a   Polydactylous    Kace   of    Guiuea-pigs. 

See  Washington:  Carnegie  Institution.     Public.  Xo.  49. 


134  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Catesby  (Mark).  Hortus  Britanno-Americanus  :  or,  a  Curious 
Collection  of  Trees  and  Shrubs,  the  Produce  of  the  British 
Colonies  in  North  America  ;  adapted  to  the  Soil  and  Climate  of 
England.  ,  .  .     Pp.  vi,  41 ;  tab.  17  col.  4to,  London,  1763. 

/SVr  Prior  Goldney,  Bt. 

Chadwick  (Herbert  Clifton).  See  Liverpool:  Marine  Biology 
Committee.     Memoix '^\.  Antedon.     Pp.  viii.  47 ;  plates  7. 

1907.. 

Chandler  (Stafford  Edwin).  See  Freeman  (William  George). 
The  "World's  Commercial  Products. 

Chapman  (Frederick).  On  an  abnormal  Leaf  of  Ganfjamopteris 
spahdata,  M'Coy,  from  Bacchus  Marsh.  Pp.  4 ;  plate  1. 
(Vict.  Nat.  xxiii.)  Svo.  Melbourne,  1906. 

Note  on  an  Ostracodal  Limestone   from  Durlston   Bay, 

Dorset.     Pp.  3  ;  plate  1.     (Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  xix.) 

Svo.  London,  1906. 

On  some  I'oraminifera  and  Ostracoda  obtained  off  Great 

Barrier  Island,  New  Zealand.      Pp.    36  ;    plate    1.      (Trans. 
New  Zeal.  Institute,  xxxviii.)  8vo.    Wellington,  1906. 

Author. 

Cheeseman   (Thomas    F.).      Catalogue   of    the   Plants   of   New 

Zealand,  including   both   indigenous   and   naturalised  species. 

Pp.  33.  Svo.    Wellington,  N.Z.,  1906. 

Manual  of  the  New  Zealand  Flora;     Pp.  xxxvi,  1199. 

Svo.   Wellington,  N.Z.,  1906.     Author. 
Chodat  (Robert).      Les  ferments  oxyclants.      Pp.  V2.      (Journ. 
Suisse  de  Chemie  et  Pharm.  1905,  Nos.  46/48.) 

Svo.  Zilricli,  1905. 

Observations  sur  le  Macroplancton  des  Etangs  du  Paraguay. 

Pp.  5  ;  figs.  5.     (Bull.  I'Hert.  Boissier,  2°^^  sor.,  vi.) 

Svo.   Geneve,  1906, 
Quelques  remarques  sur  la  Flore  Mycologique  des  Ormonts 


(O.-Dessous,  canton  de  Vaud).     Pp.  4.     (Bull.  FHerb.  Boissier,, 
2'^*'  ser.,  vi.)  Svo.  Geneve,  1906. 

Champignons  observes  aux  Ormonts-Dessous  en  etc  1905. 

Pp.  4.     (Bull.  THerb.  Boissier,  2°^"  g^^.^^  yj  ) 

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fol.  Calcutta,  ]  906. 


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Der  vierbliitterige  Kleefarn  in  der  Flora  von  Budapest, 

Pp,  5,     (Magyar  botan.  lapok,  1904.) 

8vo,  Budapest,  1904,     Author. 

Kupfer  (Elsie).     Studies  in  Plant  Regeneration.     Pp.  47;  figs.  13. 

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8vo.  Braunschweig,  1906.     Author. 
Leche  (Wilhelm).     Zur  Entwicklungsgeschichte  des  Zahnsystems 
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146  PROCEEDIKGS   OF   THE 

den  Kongress  von  R.  v.  Wettstein  und  J.  AViesner  und 
A.  Zahlbeucknee.  Eedigiert  von  J.  P.  Lotst,  Pp.  vi, 
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4tO;  Jena,  1906. 
L'Escluse  (Charles  de).      Sa  Vie  et  des  CEiivres.     See  Morren 

(Charles  Jacques  Edouard). 
Lewis  (Francis  John).     The  Plant  Remains  in  the  Scottish  Peat 
Mosses.     Part  II.  The  Scottish  Highlands.     Pp.  26  ;  plates  4. 
(Trans.  Roy.  See.  Edinb.  vol.  45.) 

4to.  EdinhurgTi,  1906.     Author. 
Lignier  (Octave).     Vegetaux  Fossiles  de  Normandie.      Pp.  99 ; 
plates  7,  figs.  5.     (Mem.  Soc.  Linn.  Normand.  xxii.) 

4to.   Caen,  1907. 
Lindman  (Carl  Axel  Magnus).     See  Linne  (Carl  von).     Bety- 
delse  sasom  naturforskare  och  lakare.  1907. 

Linne  (Carl  von).  Ad  Memoriam  primi  sui  praesidis  eiusdemque 
e  conditoribus  suis  unius  CaroH  Linnsei  opus  illud  quo  primum 
Systema  Naturae  per  tria  Regna  dispositaa  explicavit  Regia 
Academia  Scientiarum  Svecica.  Biseculari  natali  Auctoris  denuo 
edidit.  fol.  Holmice,  1907.    Acad.  Sci.  Stockholm. 

Skrifter   a£   Carl  von  Linne  utgifua  af    Kungl.    Svenska 

Vetenskapsakademien.     Vols.  I.-III. 

8vo.   Uppsala,  1905-1906. 
I.  Flora  Lapponica  ofversatt  till  Svenska  spraket,   af  Tii.  M.  Fries. 
Pp.  320,  Tafl.  12,  19U5.    Bihaug  347-381,  1905. 
II.  Valda  SQiarre  skrifter,  dels  . .  .  oversatt  af  nagra  bans  liirjungar  ocli 
Tn.  M.  Fries.    Pp.  296.     1906. 
III.  Classes  Plantarum  opus  denuo  editum.     Pp.  656.     1906. 

Betydelse    sasom    naturforskare    och    lakare -skildriugar 

utgifna  af  Kungl.  Svenska  Vetenskapsakademien  i  anledning  af 
TvahundraSrsdagen  a£  Linnes  ftidelse.  8vo.   Uppsala,  1907. 

Contents  : — 
I.  Carl  von  Linne  sasom  lakare  och  niedicinsk  forfattare,  af  Otto  E.  A. 
Hjblt.  Pp.  244.  Bilaga,  innehallande  Liangs  '  Clavis  Medicince' 
(1766)  med  tillag  ur  ett  lians  egenhandiga  i  Linnean  Society  i 
London  forvarade  manuskript.  Pp.  153-233.  Noter  (till  Clavis), 
pp.  234-242.  1907. 
II.  Carl  von  Linne  sasom  zoolog,  af  Einar  Lonnberg  och  Ciir.  Auri- 
viLLius.     Pp.  80.     1907. 

III.  Carl  von  Linne  sasom  botanist,  af  C.  A.  M.  Lindman.    Pp.  116.   1907. 

IV.  Carl  von  Linne  sasom  geolog,  af  A.  G.  Natiiorst.     Pp.  80  ;  Tafler  2. 

1907. 
V.  Carl  von  Linne  sasom  mineralog,  af  Hj.  Sjogren.     Pp.  38 ;  figs.  24. 
1907. 
A  Letter  from  C.  v.  Linne  to  Prof.  Pietro  Arduino,  at 


Padua,  with  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  Gr.  B.  De  TojSti.  Contributed 
to  the  Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  Linnean  Society  of  Loudon, 
24th  May,  1907,  in  Commemoration  of  the  200th  Anniversary 
of  the  Birth  of  Carl  von  Linne.     Pp.  5. 

4to.  London,  1907.     G.  B.  De  Toni. 
iinneska  Institutet. 

Skrifter,  Hiiftet  I.     (Tryckt  i  Uppsala,  1807.) 

8vo.   Uppsala,  1906.     J.  M.  Hulth. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LOXDOIT.  1 47 

Linton  (Edwin).     Note  on  the  Habits  of  Flerasfer  affinis.     Pp.  4  ; 
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An  abnormal  Cestode  Pi-oglottid.     Pp.  3 ;  figs.  2.     (Biol. 

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12 


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8vo.  London,  1902. 

Weber  (Emil).  Die  Gattungen  Aj^toshmun  Burch.  und  Pelio- 
stomuni  E.  Mey.  Pp.  101 ;  mit  3  Tafeln.  (Beih.  Bot.  Centralbl., 
Abt.  2.  xxi.)   '  8vo.  Dresden,  1906. 

Weinzierl  (Theodor  Ritter  von).  See  Vienna  :  Kongress  Intern. 
Bot. 

Weiss  (Frederick  Ernest).  Die  Bliitenbiologie  von  Mercurialis. 
Pp.  4  ;  fig.  2.     (Ber.  Deutsch.  Bot.  Ges.  xxiv.) 

8vo.  Berlin,  1906. 

The  Parichnos  in  the  Lepidodendraceae.     Pp.  22;  plate  1, 

figs.  8.     (Mem.  &  Proc.  Manch.  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.  li.) 

8vo.  Manchester,  1907.     Author. 

Weiss  (Frederick  Ernest)  and  Yapp  (Richard  Henry).  Sketches 
of  Vegetation  at  Home  and  Abroad.  III.  "The  Karroo"  in 
August.     Pp.  15  ;  plates  3.     (New  Phvtol.  v.) 

Svo.  London,  19o6.     F.  E.  Weiss. 

Wellcome  Research  Laboratories,  Gordon  Memorial  College.  See 
Khartoum. 

Wellington. 

New  Zealand  Geological  Survey. 

^ew  Series.     Bulletin  no.  1.  4to.   Wellington,  1906. 

No.  1.  The  Geology  of  the  Hokitika  Sheet,  North  Westland  Quad- 
rangle, &c.  By  James  Mackintosh  Bell,  assisted  by  Colix 
Fraser.     Pp.  xi,  101 ;  plates  28  and  9  maps.     1906. 

Wettstein  (Richard  von).     >S^^e  Vienna:  Kongress  Intern.  Bot. 

White  (Adam).  Descriptions  of  a  new  Genus  and  Five  new 
8pecies  of  Crustacea.  S«e  Jukes  (Joseph  Beete).  Narrative 
of  the  Surveying  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Fhj,  &c.  1847. 


l6o  PROCEEDINGS    Oi"    THE 

Whiteaves  (Joseph  Frederick).     Pal?eozoic  Possils. 

J.  The  Fossils  of  the  Sihirian  (Upper  Sihirian)  Rocks  of  Keewatin, 
Manitoba,  the  North-eastern  siiore  of  Lake  Winnii^egosis,  and  the 
Lower  Saskatchewan  Eiver. 

6.  The  Canadian  Species  of  I'lrctoceraa  and  Barrandeocp-as. 

7.  Illustrations  of  Seven  Species  of  Fossils  from  the  Cambrian,  Cambro- 

Siluriaii,  and  Devonian  Rocks  of  Canada. 

8.  Revised  List  of  the  Fossils  of  the  Giielph  Formation  of  Ontario. 

Pp.  10-3 :  i^lates  20.     (Geol.  Surr.  Canada,  vol.  iii.  part  4.) 

8vo.   Ottawa,  1906. 
Whiting  (W.  H.  C).     See  United  States  :  Geological  and  Topo- 
graphical .Survey.    Report  of  the  Secretary  of  AVar,  &c.       1850. 
Wiesner  (Julius).     See  Vienna  :  Ivongress  Intern.  Bot. 
Wilson  ( Ernest  Henry).     See  Freeman  (William  George).    The 

World's  Commercial  Products. 
Wimhledon  (The)  and  Merton  Annual.     Edited  by  Hexet  t.  d. 
B.  CoPELANi).     Pp.  159  ;  plates  7.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

H.  W.  Pugsley. 
Winn  (James  Michell).     On  Darwin.     Pp.  18.    (Journ.  Psychol. 
Medicine  and  Mental  Pathol,  vol.  viii.  part  2.) 

Svo.  London,  [n.  d.]. 
Withering   (William).     Plantae  ITlyssipponensis.    MSS.      (M8. 

descriptions  8vo,  and  plates  4to.) 
Wood  (John  Medley).     Eeport   on  Xatal  Botanic  Ciardens  and 
Colonial  Herbarium  for  the  Tear  1905-1906. 

8vo.  Durban,  1906. 

A  Handbook  to  the  Flora  of  Natal.     Pp.  202. 

8vo.  Burhan,  1907.    Author. 
Woodward   (Bernard   Barham).      List    of    British   non-Marine 
Molliisca.     Pp.  16.     (Journ.  Conchol.  x,  no.  12.) 

Svo.  London,  1903. 

On  some  "  Feeding-Tracks  "  of  Gastropods.    Pp.  3  ;  figs.  4. 

(Proc.  Malacol.  Soe.  vol.  vii.  pt.  1.) 

8vo.  London,  1906.    Author. 

See  British   Museum.      A   Cataloeue   of   the   Works   of 


Linnaeus  (and  Publications  more  immediately  relating  thereto) 
preserved  in  the  Libraries  of  the  British  Museum  (Bloomsbnry) 
and  the  British  Museum  (Natural  History)  (South  Kensington). 
—  See  Kennard  (A.  S.).  The  Post-Pliocene  non-Marine 
Mollusca  of  Essex.     Pp.  24  ;  figs.  8  and  table  of  distribution. 

1897. 
A  Revision  of  the  Pliocene  non-Marine  Mollusca 


of  England.     Pp.  18  ;  figs.  4.  1899. 

Notes  on  Paludestrina  Jenhinsi  (Smith)  and  P.  con- 


fusa  (Frauenf.).     Pp.  4.  1899. 

The   Pleistocene   non-Marine  Mollusca  of  Ilford. 

Pp.  5.     (Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  xvi.)  1900. 

Further  Notes  on  the  British  Pliocene  non-Marine 


Mollusca.     (Proc.  Malacol.  Soc.  iv.)  1901. 

—     The   Post-Pliocene   non-Marine   Mollusca   of   tho 

South  of  England.     (Proc.  Geol.  Assoc,  xvii.)  1901. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  l6l 

Woodward  (Bernard  Barham).  See  Kennard  (A.  S.).  On 
Sections  in  the  Holocene  Alluvium  of  the  Thames  at  Staines 
and  Wargrave.    Pp.  7  ;  fig.  1.    (Proc.  Greol.  Assoc,  xix.) 

1906. 

On  the  Occurrence  of  Vertigo  panedentata,  Al.  Braun, 

in  Holocene  Deposits  in  Great  Britain.    Pp.  2.    (Proc.  Malacol. 
Soc.  vol.  vii.)  1906. 

See  Sherborn  (Charles  Davies).    Notes  on  the  Dates  of 


Publication    of   the   Parts   of   Kieuer's    "  Species    General   et 
Iconographie  des  Coquilles  Vivantes,"  &c.  (18;:54-S0).  1901. 

Wright  (Thomas).  See  Agassiz  (Jean  Louis  Rudolph)  and  Gould 
(Augustus  Addison).  Outlines  of  Comparative  Physiology,  &c. 
Eevised  Edition.  1851. 

Yapp  (Richard  Henry).  See  Weiss  (F.  E.).  Sketches  of  Vegeta- 
tion at  Home  and  Abroad.     III.  "  The  Karroo,"  in  August. 

1906. 
York,  Eastleigh,  Birmingham,  and  Cambridge. 

Watson  Botanical  Exchange  Club.     Annual  Report,  23rd. 

Svo.   Cambridge,  1907.     G.  Goode. 

Zahlhruckner  (Alexander).     See  Vienna  :  Ivongress  Intern.  Bot. 

Zahn  (Karl  Hermann).     Die  Hieracien  der  Schweiz.     Pp.  568. 

(Xeue   Denkschr.  allgem.  schweiz.   Ges.  gesammten   Naturw. 

Bd.  40.)  4to.  Ziiricli,  1906. 

Zoological  Record.     Vol.  42  (1905).  Svo.  London,  1906. 

Zurich. 

Botanisches  Museum  der  Universitat,  Zurich. 

Der   botanische    Garten   und   das   botanisclie   Museum   der 
Universitat,  Ziirich,  im  Jahre  1906. 

8vo.  Z'drich,  1907.    Dr.  Hans  Schinz. 
-zur  Strassen.    See  Strassen  (Otto  zur). 


LINX.  soc.  PROCEEDINGS.— SESSION  1906-1907. 


1 62  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


DONATIONS  IN  AID  OF  PUBLICATIONS. 

1907.  £    s.  d. 

April  18.  The  Eotal  Society.  Third  grant  in  aid 
of  Dr.  G.  Herbert  Eowleb's  "  Biscayan 
Plankton  "  (Trans.  2nd  ser.,  Zool.  vol.  x.)  .     50     0     0 

June  11.  The  Trustees  of  the  Percy  Sladen 
Memorial  Pund.  First  grant  in  aid  of 
Mr,  J.  Stanley  Gardiner's  Expedition 
to  the  Indian  Ocean  in  1905  (Trans.  2nd 
ser.,  Zool.  vol.  xii.)   200     0     0 


LIXNEAN   SOCIETY   OF    LONDON.  1 63 

BENEFACTIONS. 

List  in  accordance  with  Bije-Laws,  Chap.  XVII.  Sect.  1,  of  all 
Donations  of  the  amount  or  value  of  Tiventy-five  pounds  and 
upwards. 

1790. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart. 

Cost  of  Copper  and  engraving  oi  the  plates  of  the  first  volume 
of  Transactions,  20  in  number. 
The  same :  Medallion  of  C.  von  Linne,  by  C.  E.  Inlander. 

1796. 
The  same :  a  large  collection  of  books. 

1800. 

Subscription  towards  the  Charter,  .£295  4^.  Qd. 

Claudius  Stephen  Hunter,  Esq., F.L.S.(Grratuitous  professional 
services  in  securing  the  Charter.) 

1802. 

Dr.  Richard  Pulteney. 

His  collections,  and  £200  Stock. 
Aylmer  Bourke  Lambert,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  Henry  Seymer. 

1804. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart. 

His  collection  of  Insects. 

1807. 

Richard  Anthony  Salisbury,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  D.  C.  Solander,  by  J.  Zoffany. 

1811. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart. 

His  collection  of  Shells. 
Mrs.  Pulteney. 

Portrait  of  Dr.  R.  Pulteney,  by  S.  Beach. 

1814. 
Joseph  Sabine,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  C.  von  Linne,  after  A.  Roslin,  reversed. 
Dr.  John  Sims. 

Portrait  of  Dr.  Trew. 

1818. 

Subscription  of  £215  Qs.  for  Caley's  Zoological  Collection. 

m2 


164  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

1819. 

The  Medical  Society  of  Stockholm. 

A  medallion  of  Linnaeus  in  alabaster. 

1822. 
Bust  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  by  Sir  F.  Chantrey,  E.A. 
Subscription  of  the  Fellows. 

1825. 

The  late  Natural  History  Society. 

£190,  3|  Stock. 
Bust  of  Sir  James  Edward  Smith,  P.L.S.,  by  Sir  F.  Chantrey, 
E.A.,  by  Subscribers. 

1829. 
Subscription   for    the   purchase   of   the   Linnean   and    Smithian 
Collections,  £1593  8s. 

1830. 
Sir  Thomas  Grey  CuUum,  Bart. 
£100  Bond  given  up. 

1832. 
The  Honourable  East  India  Company. 

East  Indian  Herbarium  (Wallichian  Collection). 

1833. 

Subscription  for  Cabinets  and  mounting  the  East  Indian  Herbarium, 
£315  14s. 

1835. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Robert  Brown,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill,  E.A. 

1836. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Edward  Forster,  by  Eden  Upton  Eddis. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Archibald  Menzies,  by  E.  U.  Eddis. 

1837. 

Subscription  portrait   of  Alexander  MacLeay,    by   Sir   Thomas 
Lawrence,  P.E.A, 

1838. 
Collections  and  Correspondence  of  Nathaniel  John  Winch. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Wallich,  by  John  Lucas,  presented  by 
Mrs.  Smith,  of  Hiill. 

1839. 
Subscription  portrait  of  William  Tarrell,  by  Mrs.  Carpenter. 

1842. 
David  Don :  herbarium  of  woods  and  fruits. 
Archibald  Menzies :  bequest  of  £100,  subject  to  legacy  duty. 
Portrait  of  John  Ebenezer  Bicheno,  by  E.  U.  Eddis,  presented  by 
Mr.  Bicheno. 


LINiTEAir   SOCIETY   OF    LONDON.  1 65 

1843. 

Subscription  in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the  Society',  .£994  3s. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Six*  William  Jackson  Hooker,  by  S.  GanJ- 
bardella. 

1845. 
Microscope  presented  by  Subscribers. 

1846. 
Joseph  Janson :  -£100  legacy,  free  of  duty,  and  two  cabinets. 

1847. 

[Bequest  of  £200  in  trust,  by  Edward  Rudge  ;  declined  for  reasons 
set  forth  in  Proceedings,  i.  pp.  315-317.] 

1849. 
Portrait  of  Sir  J.  Banks,  Bart.,  bv  T.  Phillips,  E.A.,  presented  by 
Capt.  Sir  E.  Home,  Bart.,  E."N. 

1850. 
Subscription  portrait   of   the   Rt.   Rev.   Edward  Stanley,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Xorwich,  by  J.  H.  Maguire. 

1853. 

Portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  by  L.  Pasch,  presented  by  Robert 

Brown. 
Pastel  portrait  of  A.  B.  Lambert,  by  John  Russell,  presented  by 

Robert  Brown. 

1854. 
Professor  Thomas  Bell,  £105. 

1857. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  T.  Bell,  P.L.S.,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill, 

R.A. 
Thomas  Corbyn  Janson  :   two  cabinets  to  hold  the  collection  of 

fruits  and  seeds. 
Pleasance,  Lady  Smith  :  Correspondence  of  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  in 

19  volumes. 

1858. 
Subscription    portrait  of   Nathaniel   Bagshaw    Ward,    by   J.    P. 

Knight. 
Subscription  for  removal  to  Burlington  House,  £1108  15s. 
Diaiy   of   Carl   von   Linne,   and    letters   to   Bishop   Menander, 

presented  by  Miss  Wray. 
Dr.  Horsfield's  Javan  plants,  presented  by  the  Court  of  Directors 

of  the  Hon.  East  India  Company. 
Dr.  Ferdinand  von  jMueller's  Australian  and  Tasmanian  plants, 

including  manv  types. 

1859. 
Books   from  the  library  of  Robert  Brown,  presented  by  J.   J. 

Bennett,  Sec.L.S. 
Robert  Brown  :  two  bonds  given  up,  £200. 


1 66  PBOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

1861. 

Subscription  bust  of  Eobert  Brown,  by  Peter  Slater. 

Collection  of  birds'  eggs,  bequeathed  by  John  Drew  Salmon,  F.L.S. 

1862. 

The   Linnean   Club :    presentation   bust    of    Prof.   T.   Bell,   by 
P.  Slater. 

1863. 
Subscription  portrait  of  John  Joseph  Bennett,  by  E.  U.  Eddis. 

1864. 

Beriah  Botfield,  Esq. :  Legacy,  .£40  less  Duty. 

1865. 
Executors  of  Sir  J.  W.  Hooker,  £100. 

George  Bentham,  Esq. :  cost  of  10  plates  for  his  "  Tropical  Legumi- 
nosae,"  Trans,  vol.  xxv. 

1866. 
Dr.  Friedcich  Welwitsch  :  Illusti-atious  of  his  '  Sertum  Angolense,' 
£130. 

1867. 
George  Bentham,  Esq. :  General  Index  lo  Transactions,  vols,  i.-xxv. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  G.  S.  Brady  on  British  Ostracoda, 
£80. 

1869. 
Carved  rhinoceros  horn  from  Lady  Smith,  formerly  in  the  posses- 
sion of  C.  V.  Linne. 

1874. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Bentham,  by  L.  Dickinson. 
George  Bentham,  Esq.,  for  expenditure  on  Library,  £50. 

1875. 

Legacy  from  James  Yates,  £50  free  of  Duty. 
„         .,      Daniel  Hanbury,  £100  less  Duty. 

1876. 

Legacy  of  the  late  Thomas  Corbyn  Jansou,  £200. 

,,  „         „    Charles  Lambert,  £500. 

George  Bentham,  Esq. :    General  Index  to  Transactions,  vols, 
xxvi.-xxx. 

1878. 
Subscription  portrait  of  John  Claudius  Loudon,  by  J.  Linnell. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Eev.  Miles  Joseph  Berkeley,  by  James 
Peel. 

1879. 

Bev.  George  Henslow  and  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker  :    Contribution  to 
illustrations,  £35, 


IINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  1 67 

1880. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  cost  of  setting  up 
Dr.  Aitchison's  paper,  .£36. 

1881. 

George  Benthaui,  Esq.,  special  donation,  £25. 
The  same :  towards  Richard  Kippist's  pension,  .£.50, 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  George  Jackson  Mivart,  by  Miss  Solomon; 
presented  by  Mrs.  Mivart. 

1882. 

Executors  of  the  late  Frederick  Currey  :  a  large  selection  of  books. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Charles  Robert  Darwin,  by  Hon.  John 

Collier. 
The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  publication 

of  Dr.  xiitchison's  second  paper  on  the  Flora  of  the  Kurrum 

Valley,  £60. 

1883. 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart,  (afterwards  Lord  Avebury). 

Portrait  of  C.  von  Linne,  ascribed  to  M.  Hallman. 
Philip  Henry  Gosse,  Esq. :  towards  cost  of  illustrating  his  paper, 

£25. 
Eoyal  Society :  Graut  in  aid  of  Mr.  Gosse's  paper,  £50. 
Sophia  Grover,  Harriet  Grover,  Emily  Grover,  and  Charles  Ehret 

Grover :  11  letters  from  C.  von  Linne  to  G.  D.  Ehret. 

1885. 

Executors  of  the  late  George  Bentham,  £567  lis.  2d. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Busk,  by  his  daughter  Marian 

Busk. 

1886. 
A  large  selection  of  books  from  the  library  of  the  late  Spencer 

Thomas  Cobbold  (a  bequest  for  a  medal  was  declined). 
Sir  George  MacLeay,  Bart. :   MSS.  of  Alexander  MacLeay  and 

portrait  of  Rev.  William  Kirby. 

1887. 
"William  Davidson,  Esq. :  1st  and  2nd  instalments  of  grant  in  aid  of 

publication,  £50. 
Francis  Blackwell  Forbes,  Esq.,  in  aid  of  Chinese  Flora,  £25. 

1888. 
The   Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council:    Grant  in  aid  ol 

publication  of  results  of  the  Afghan  Boundary  Delimitation 

Expedition,  £150. 
Dr.  J .  E.  T.  Aitchisou,  towards  the  same,  £25. 
Trustees  of  the  Indian  Museum  :  Mergui  Archipelago  report,  for 

publication  in  Journal,  £135. 
Dr.  .Tohn  Anderson,  for  the  same,  £60, 
Wm.  Davidson,  Esq. :  3rd  and  last  instalment,  £25. 


1 68  PKOCEBDINGS   OF   THE 

1889. 
Bronze  copy  of  inoclel  for  Statue  of  C.  von  Linne,  by  J.  F.  Kjellberg  ; 
presented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1890. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  Delimitation 

Expedition  report,  £200. 
Oak  table  for  Meeting  Eoom,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  K.C.S.I.,  by 

Hubert  Herkomer,  R.A. 
Executors  of  the  late  John  Ball,  Esq. :  a  large  selection  of  books. 
An  anonymous  donor,  £30. 
Colonel  Sir  Henry  CoUett,  Iv.C.B.,  towards  the  publication  of  his 

Shan  States  collections,  <£50. 

1891. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart.  [Lord  Avebury], 

by  Leslie  Ward. 
George  Frederick  Scott  Elliot,  Esq.,  towards  cost  of  his  Madagascar 

paper,  £60. 

1892. 
Dr.  Richard  Charles  Alexander  Prior:  for  projection  lantern,  £50. 

1893. 

The  Executors  of  Lord  Arthur  Eussell :  his  collection  of  portraits 

of  naturalists. 
Electric  light  installation :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1894. 

Algernon  Peckovei',  Esq.,  Legacy,  £100  free  of  Duty. 
Miss  Emma  Swan,  "  Westwood  Bequest,"  £250.; 

1896. 

Clock  and  supports  in  Meeting  Room,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp, 
Esq. 

1897. 
William  Carruthers,  Esq. :  Collection  of  engravings  and  photo- 
graphs of  portraits  of  Carl  von  Linnc. 
Eoyal  Society  :   Grant  towards  publication  of  paper  by  the  late 

John  Ball,  £60. 
Subscription  portrait   of   Professor    George   James    Allman,  by 
Marian  Busk. 

1898. 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart. :    Contribution  towards  his   paper   on 

Stipules,  £43  14s.  9d. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Contribution  tov.ards  Cole's  paper,  £50. 

„         „  „  „         Murray  &Blackman's  paper, 

£80. 
„         „  „  „         Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 

,,         „  „  „         Forsyth  Major's  paper,  £50. 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OP  LONDOX.  1 69 

1899. 

A.  C.  Harms  worth,  Esq.  [Lord  Northcliffe]  :  Contribution  towards 

cost  of  plates,  .£43. 
Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  11.  T.  Giintlier's  paper 

on  Lake  Urmi,  ^50. 

1901. 
Hon.  Charles  Ellis,  Hon.  Walter  Eothschild,  and  the  Bentham 

Trustees :  The  Correspondence  of  William  8wainson. 
Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  F.  Chapman's  paper  on 

Funafuti  Foraminifera,  =£50. 
Prof,  E.  Eay  Lankester :  Contribution  towards  illustration,  £30  5s. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  G.  J.  Mivart ;  presented  by  Mrs.  Miyart. 

1903. 

Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  toward  Dr.  Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 
Legacy  from  the  late  Dr.  E.  C.  A.  Prior,  .£100  free  of  duty. 
Mrs.    Sladen:   Posthumous  Portrait   of   the   late   Walter   Percy 
Sladen,  by  H.  T.  Wells,  E.A. 

B.  Arthur  Bensley,  Esq. :  Contribution  to  his  paper,  £44. 

1904. 

Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  third  volume  of  the  Chinese  Flora, 

£120. 
Supplementary  Eoyal  Charter  :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1905. 

Eoyal  Society  :  First  grant  in  aid  of  Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler's  '  Biscayan 

Plankton."  £50. 
Executors   of  the   late  G.  B.  Buckton,  Esq. :   Contribution  for 

colouring  plates  of  his  paper,  £26. 

1906. 

Eoyal  Society  :  Second  grant  towards  '  Biscayan  Plankton,'  £50. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  S.  H.  Yines,  by  Hon.  John  Collier. 
Eoyal  Swedish  Academy  of  Sciences  :  Copies  of  portraits  of  C.  voa 

Linne,  after  Per  Krafft  the   elder,  and  A.  Eoslin,  by  Jean 

Haagen. 

1907. 

Eoyal  University  of  Uppsala  :  Copv  by  Jean  Haagen  of  portrait  of 

C.  V.  Linne,  by  J.  H.  Scheffer(1739). 
Eoyal  Societv  :  Third  and  final  grant  towards  'Biscayan  Plankton,' 

£50. 
The  Trustees  of  the  Percy  Sladen  Memorial  Fund :  First  Grant 

towards  publication   of  Mr.    Stanley  Gardiner's  Researches 

in  the  Indian  Ocean  in  H.M.S.  '  Sealark,'  £200. 


INDEX    TO    THE    PROCEEDINGS. 


SESSION  1906-1907. 


Note. — The  following  are  not  imlexed : — The  name  of  the  Chairman  at  each  meeting, 
speakers  wliose  i-emarks  are  not  reported  ;  and  passing  allusions. 


Abyssinia,  Fauna  and  Flora  of  (Poul- 
ton),  15. 

Atanlhacea'  of  Malaga  (Clarke),  9. 

Accounts,  1 7  ;  laid  before  Anniversary 
Meeting,  16. 

Adams,  Mrs.  H.  I.,  elected,  5;  pro- 
posed, I. 

Additions  to  Library,  127-161. 

Address,  Presidential,  19-33. 

Adoxa,  MoschatdUnu,  Linn.,  mentioned, 
79. 

A(/rof/ts  alba,  Linn.,  and  A.  stvhjiiifera, 
Linn.,  mentioned,  77. 

rerticillaff,    Vill.,     in     Channel 

Islands  (Druce),  12  ;  —  abstract,  76. 

vid<jarix,  With.,  mentioned,  77. 

Albino  woodlice,  OnUcns  asellug(Lmn.), 

(Webb),  6. 

Alcock,  Lieiit.-Col.  A.  W'.,  withdrawn,  1 6. 

Algas  critical  Freshwater  (West),  72. 

Alpine  flowers,  drawings  exhibited  (Mrs. 
Ward),  13. 

Ahine  afl/c/iiensls,  G.  C.  Drnce,  men- 
tioned, 77-78. 

Amphipoda  of  '  Silver  Belle  '  (Tatter- 
sall),  72. 

Anderson,  Dr.  T.,  photograjjhs  exhibi- 
ted, 62. 

Andrews,  Dr.  C.  W.,  skull  of  Proccuglo- 
doii  airo.v  shown,  62. 

Augiosperms,  their  origin  (Arber),  13. 

Anniversary  Meeting,  16. 

Anthrenua  luuscorum  (Linn.)  Fabr., 
(Ewart),  6. 

Ants  of  the  Seychelles  (Forel),  11. 

Arber,  E.  A.  N.,  Origin  of  Angiosperms, 
13  ;   Zamites  and  Ptcrophyllum,  72. 

Ardiiino,  Prof.  P.,  copy  of  a  letter 
from  Linnicus  to,  laid  before  Anni- 
versary Meeting,  34. 


Assheton,  R.,  Councillor  retired,  34. 
Associate,  deceased  (Mitten),  16;  elected 

(Pearson),  18. 
Auditors  elected,  13  ;  Certificate  (W.  B. 

Keen),  17. 
Australasian  Polyclads  (Haswell),  60. 
Aves  of  'Sealark  '  (Gadow  &  Gardiner), 

II. 

Bahhaia  spatkacca,  Ker  (Brown),  7. 
Bagshawe,  A.  W.  G.,  elected,  9  ;  pro- 
posed, 6. 
Baker,  E.  G.,  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle,  and 

S.  Moore,  Tanganyika  Expedition,  8  ; 

Plants  from  Mt.  Rnwenzori,  72. 
Baker,  W^.  H.,  proposed,  71. 
Balcombiau   Deposits  of  Port  Phillip 

(Chapman),  10. 
Ballots  for  Council  and  OfTicers,  34. 
Bamboo  leaves  (Brandis),  2. 
Barnard,  Major   K.  C,  deceased,   16  ; 

obituary,  37. 
Beale,  R.  E.  C,  proposed,  71. 
Bedford,  The  Duke  of,  admitted,  16. 
Beetle,   Museum,   Anthreiim   museorum 

(Linn.)  Fabi\,  (Ewart),  6. 
Bellis  j)cr<'nni><,  Linn.,  its  habit,  79. 
Benson,  Miss  M.,  and  Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver, 

preparations  of  Laijcuostoma  oooidrs 

and  Phi/soiiioiua  clcgans,  shown,  62. 
Birds  of  tlie  '  Sealark  '  cxped.  (Gadow 

&  Gardiner),  11. 
Biscayaii  Plankton  :  Deeapoda  (Kemp), 

12  ;  Fishes  (Holt  &  Byrne),  6. 
Blackman,  V.  H.,  elected  Councillor,  34. 
BlooiTier,  H.  II.,  admitted,  14;  elected, 

I  3  ;  proposed,  10. 
Boerhaave,    Herman,    photographs    of 

pages  of  his  audience  book    shown  , 

71. 


172 


IXDEX. 


Boodle,  L.  A.,  Equisefum  maxiiiuim, 
Lam.  (syn.  £.  Telniateia,  Ehrb.),  2  ; 
elected  Councillor,  34. 

Borradalle,  L.  A.,  Land  Crustacea  of 
'Sealark,'  11;  Stouiatopoda  of  'Sea- 
lark,'  72. 

Bottomley,  Prof.  W.  B.,  results  of  Lio- 
culation  of  Leguminous  Plants,  14. 

Bourne,  Prof.  G.  C,  elected  Councillor, 

34-  . 
Brandis,  Sir  D.,  Bamboo  leaves,  2. 
British     Museum,    copy     of     Linnean 

Medal  presented  to,  5. 
British  Terrestrial  Isopod  (Patience),  9. 
Broiiius  interruptus  (Druce),  60. 
Brown,  ]\^.  E.,  Fockea  capensis,  Endl., 

7-8. 
Brown,  Dr.  H.  T..  Councillor  retired, 

34;  elected  Auditor,  13,  cf.  17. 
Broxbourne,  Herts,  Equisetiim  yuaxiinum. 

Lam.  (sTn.  E.  Telmcdeia,  Ehi-h.),  from 

(Talbot),  2. 
Bruce,  C.  W.  A.,  deceased,  16. 
Buller,  Sir  \V.  L.,  deceased,  16  ;  obituary, 

38- 
Bullock-Webster,  Eev.  Canon,  XitcUa 

ornithopoda,  11. 
Burchell,    Dr.    W.    John,   lecture    on 

(Poulton),64;  manuscripts  (Poulton), 

14- 
Burdon,  E.  E,.,  Chcrmes  or  Kernics,  6. 
Burrell,  W.  H.,  elected.  58  ;  proposed, 

13- 

Burtt-Davy,  J.,  Tree  and  Bush  regeta- 
tion  in  Transvaal,  13. 

Bush  and  Tree  vegetation  in  the  Trans- 
vaal (Burtt-Davy),  13. 

Bye-Laws  (new  section).  Chap.  II. 
Sec.  2  a,  read  first  time,  1 3  ;  read 
second  time,  16;  approved,  59. 

Byrne,  L.,  with  E.  W.  L.  Holt,  Bis- 
cayan  Plankton.  Fishes,  6  ;  '  Silver 
Belle,'  Pishes,  72. 

Calcutta,  Isopod  from  (Stebbing),  9. 
Caiman,  Dr.  W.  T.,  communications  by 

(De  Man),  2  ;  (Bori-adaile),  72. 
Cameron,  P.,  Hymenoptera  of  '  Sealark,' 

II. 
Campbell,    Eev.   A.    J.,    admitted,    8  ; 

elected,  5;  proposed,  i. 
Carpenter,  Prof.  G.  H.,  Pycnogonida  of 

'  Sealark,'  11. 
Carpet  presented  by  H.  Druce,  i. 
Carruthers,  W.,  exhibited  drawings  on 

behalf  of  Mrs.  H.  Ward,  13  ;  report 

on  Linnefest,  59. 
Catalogue   of    Genera    in    Linn.   Herb. 

(Jackson),  89-126. 
Cederquist,    J.,    collotyije    portrait    of 

Linne,  2. 


Cephalopoda  of  the  Sudan  (Hoyle),  72. 

Chadwick,  H.  C,  proposed  as  Asso- 
ciate, 5. 

Chama?leon3,  their  colour  changes  in 
S.  Africa  (Poulton).  \z. 

Channel  Islands,  Bpergularia  athenieiisis 
ixnd  Af/rosti.<  vcrtkiUata  in  the  (Druce), 
12  ;  - —  abstract.  76. 

Chapman,  E..  deceased,   16;    obituarv. 

Chapman,  F..  Foraminifera  of  Victoria : 
The  Balcombian  Deposits  of  Port 
Phillip.  10. 

Chart  of  the  Metric  System  (J.  G.  Fil- 
ter) shown  (Stebbing),  3. 

Chenncs  or  Kermes  (Burdon).  6. 

China,  Distribution  of  Conifei-s  in 
(Masters),  71. 

Choisya  tcrnata,  H.  B.  Iv.,  twice-flower- 
ing, shown  (Walker),  6. 

Clarke,  C.  B..  Acanthacete  of  Malaya, 
9;  deceased.  16;  obituary,  38-42. 

Cleistogamous  Flowers  and  Stolons, 
Ecologic  Functions  of  (Shenstone), 
14  ;  —  abstract,  78, 

Climbing  Plants  (Gerard),  9. 

Closing-net  (Fowler),  14. 

Coccidte,  aberrant  form  of  (Scott),  14; 
'  Sealark  '  (Green),  72. 

Colour-changes  in  S.  African  Chamae- 
leons  (Poulton),  12. 

Conifers,  Distribution  of  Chinese  (Mas- 
ters), -I. 

Conservation  of  species  by  Constitu- 
tional Variation  (Walker),  14. 

Consols  sold,  16. 

Constitutional  Variation,  conservation 
of  species  by  (Walker),  14. 

Cooper,  W.  F.,  admitted,  2  ;  with  L.  E. 
Robinson,  on  Bhipicephcdus,  8. 

Coral  Reefs,  Red  Sea  (Crossland),  15. 

Council  elected,  34. 

Cousens,  F.  W.,  elected,  11  ;  proposed, 

9- 
Ci'ossland,  C,  Sudan  Investigations,  15. 
Crustacea    from    Japan   (De   Man),    2; 

— ,  land,  from  '  Sealark '  (Borradaile), 

II. 
Cryer,  J.,  Folyi/ala  amarcUa,  Crantz,  3. 
Curl,  Dr.  S.  M.,  deceased,  16. 

Dab,  from    Dogger   Bank,    with   three 

eyes  (Masterman).  6. 
Darbishire,  A.  D.,  Pia/nn  saficu,j>.  62  ; 

Respiratory   Mechanism  in    Elasmo- 

branchs,  15. 
Davy,  J.  B.,  sec  Burtt-Davy.  J. 
Dawe,  M.  T..  elected,  i. 
Deaths  recorded,  16. 
De   Man,  Dr.   J.    G..    Crustacea    from 

Japan,  2. 


INDEX. 


l73 


Dendy,  Prof.  A.,  communications  by, 
(Darbishire)  15,  (Haswell)  60.  (Neu- 
mann) 60  ;  elected  Councillor,  34  ; 
elected  Zoological  Secretary,  1 1,  cf. 
34. ;  exiiibited  at  Reception,  62  ;  with 
E.  Hindle,  N.  Z.  Holothurians,  60. 

De  Toui,  Dr.  G.  B.,  on  Liimean  letter, 
34,  <;/'.  S3. 

Dogger  Bank,  tbree-eyed  Dab  from 
(Masterman),  6. 

Donations  to  Library,  127-161  ;  to  the 
Society  (1790-1907).  163-169. 

Dragon-Flies  of '  Sealark '  ( Laidlaw),  1 1 . 

Druce,  G.  C,  Speryularia  afheniejisis 
and  Aqrostis  vcrticillafa  in  Channel 
Islands.  12;  —  abstract,  76;  Oro- 
hanche  Bitro,  Bromus  interrupt  us,  and 
Orchis  Simia,  shown,  60. 

Di-uce,  H.,  appointed  Scrutineer,  11  ; 
presented  carpet,  i  ;  elected  Auditor, 
13,  cf.  17. 

Druramond,  J.,  elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i. 

Ecologic    Functions     of    Stolons    and 

Cleistogamous   Flowers   (Sbenstone), 

14  ;  —  abstract,  7S. 
Elasiuobranchs,  i-espiration  of  (Darbi- 

shire),  i  5. 
Elections  at  Anniversary,  1 6. 
Elmhirst,   R.,   elected,    14  ;    proposed, 

12. 
EquisetiiiH  7Ha,vimH//i,  Lam.  (syn.  E.  Tel- 

iiiatcia,    Ehrh.),    from    Broxbourne, 

Herts   (Talbot),   2 ;    from   Stockport 

(Weiss),  2. 
Eriosphara  Oculus-cati,  Less.  (Brown), 

7- 
Evans,  L  B.  P.,  elected,  58  ;  proposed, 

14. 
Ewart,  Prof.  A.  J.,  on  Hectorella  ccsspi- 

tosa,  z ;   Museum  Beetle,  Anthrcnus 

museorum  (Linn.)  Fabr.,  6. 
Expedition,   Tanganyika   (Rendle    and 

others),  8, 

Farmer,   Prof.    J.    B.,   phenomena   of 

Apogaiuy  exhibited,  63. 
Farran,  G.  P.,  Pyrosoma  spinosuni  of 

'  Silver  Belle  '  exped.,  72. 
Fauna  and  Flora  of  Abyssinia  (Poul- 

ton),  15. 
Fellows  deceased,  16:  elected,  18;  re- 
moved, 18  ;  withdrawn,  16. 
Fishes  of  the  '  Silver  Belle '  exped.  (Holt 

&  Byrne),  72. 
FitzGerald,  Rev.   H.   Purefoy,  Sieges- 

hcckia  orientalis,  Linn.,  6  ;  —  abstract, 

73. 
Fjan-lands  Fjord,  Norway  (Monckton),4. 
Flora  and  Fauna  of  Abyssinia  (Poulton), 


Fockea  capcnsis,  Endl.  (Brown),  7-8. 

Foraminifera  of  Victoria  :  The  Balcom- 
bian  Deposits  of  Port  Phillip  (Chap- 
man), 10. 

Foreign  Member,  Prof.  F.  R.  Kjellman, 
deceased,  16. 

Forel,  A.,  Fourmis  des  Seychelles, 
from  '  Sealark,'  1 1. 

Foslie,  M.,  Lithothamnia  of  the  '  Sea- 
lark,' 72. 

Foster,  Sir  M.,  deceased,  16 ;  obituai-y, 
42-45. 

Fourmis  des  Seychelles,  'Sealark'(Forel), 
II. 

Fowler,  Dr.  G.  Herbert,  closing  net 
shown,  14;  communications  by  (Holt 
&    Byrne),    6  ;    elected    Councillor, 

3+- 
Fowler,    Rev.  Canon  W.  W.,    elected 

Councillor,  34. 
Fraser,  John,  portraits  shown  (Jackson), 

IS- 
Fream,  Prof.  W.,  deceased,  16, 
Freshwater  Alg£e  (West),  72. 
Fritsch,    Dr.   F.   E.,    Anatomy   of   the 

Julianiacea;,  72. 
Frog-tadpole  ornamentation  (Layard), 

1 1  ;  abstract,  74. 
Fryer,  C.  E.,  admitted,  16  ;  elected,  10 ; 

proposed,  8. 

Gadow,    Dr.  H.   F.,  with    J.   Stanley 

Gardiner,  Aves,  from  'Sealark,'  11. 
Gardiner,  F.  A.,  admitted,  71  ;  elected, 
58  ;  proposed,  14. 

Gardiner,  J.  Stanley,  admitted,  10; 
elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i  ;  Aves  of  '  Sea- 
lark '  (with  Gadow),  n  ;  communica- 
tions by  (Borradaile),  (Cameron), 
(Carpenter),  (Forel),  (Laidlaw),  (Pun- 
nett),  (himself  and  Gadow),  lo-ii  ; 
(Green)  and  (Foslie),  72 ;  with  C. 
Forster  Cooper  (Percy  Sladen  Trust 
Exped.) :  Description  of  the  Expedi- 
tion, I.  Introduction,  II.  History  and 
Equipment  of  the  Expedition,  III. 
Resume  of  the  Voyage  and  Work  : 
Part  I.  Colombo  to  Mauritius,  10; 
Introd.,  Part  II.,  'Sealark,'  71; 
Photographs  taken  during  the  '  Sea- 
lark '  expedition,  63. 

Genera  in  Liunean  Herb,  catalogued 
(Jackson),  8g. 

Gerard,  Rev.  J.,  Climbing  Plants,  9. 

Glover,  G.,  portrait  of  Wm.  Kirby 
shown,  60. 

Goss,  H.,  withdrawn,  16. 

Grant,  F.  E.,  obituary,  45. 

Grassington,  I'olygala,  amarella  from 
(Cryer),  3. 

Green,  E.  E.,  Coccida;  of  '  Sealark,'  72. 


174 


INDEX, 


Groves,    H.,  appointed  Scrutineer,  ii,   j 

34-  ! 

Grovee,  H.  &  J.,  on  Jsitclla  ornithopoda,   j 

A.  Braun,  ii. 

Grueber,  H.  C,  copy  of  Linnean  Medal 
received  for  British  Museum,  5. 

Giinther,  Dr.  A.  C.  L.  G.,  moved  thanks   | 
to  President  for  Address,  34 ;    com- 
munication by  (Holt  &  Byrne),  72. 

Haagen.  Jean,  copy  of  portrait  of 
Linnaeus,  8. 

Ilanbury,  Sir  T.,  deceased,  16;  obituary, 
46-48. 

Haswell,  Prof.  W.  A.,  Australasian 
Polyclads,  60. 

Ilaviland,  G.  D.,  deceased,  i6. 

Hectorella  cafpitoaa  (Ewart),  2. 

Hemsley,  W.  Botting,  Platan  fhera 
chlorantha,  Custor,  var.  tricalcarata,^. 

Herbarium,  Linnean,  Manuscript  List 
of  (Jackson),  89-126. 

Herdman,  Prof.  W.  A.,  Address,  19-33 ; 
appointed  Scrutineers,  11  ;  Ceylon 
Pearl  Fisheries,  65  ;  communication 
by  (Hoyle),  72 ;  elected  Councillor, 
34;  elected  President,  34;  Introd. 
to  Sudan  Investigations,  15;  moved 
thanks  to  retiring  Secretary,  1 1  ; 
on  Reception,  65  ;  photographs  and 
specimens  ilhistrating  the  Oyster 
Fisheries  of  Ceylon,  63  ;  plankton 
gatherings  shovrn,  63 ;  presentation 
of  medal  by,  35-37;  read  addition 
to  Bye-Laws,  16  ;  read  letter  to 
Sir  J.  D.  Hooker,  71;  referred  to 
vacancy  in  list  of  Associates,  8  ;  spe- 
cimens of  Plaice  shown,  1-2  ;  thanks 
to,  for  Address,  34. 

Hertfordshire,  Broxbourne,  Equisefum 

'/iia.vii/mm.  Lam.  (syn.  E.  Tclmatcia, 

Ehrh.),  from  (Talbot),  2. 

Hildyard,  F.  W.,  withdrawn,  16. 

Hill,  Prof.,  J.  P.,  elected  Councillor,  34 ; 

Dasyurus  vicen'imts,  drawings  shown, 

63. 

Hindle,  E.,  with  Prof.  A.  Dendy,  N.  Z. 
Holothurians,  60, 

Holland,  W.,  proposed  as  Associate,  5. 

Holme,  C,  withdrawn,  16. 

Holothurians,  New  Zealand,  our  know- 
ledge of  (Dendy  &  Hindle),  60. 

Holt,  E.  W.  L.,  and  L.  Byrne,  Biscayan 
Plankton,  Fishes,  6  ;  Fishes  of 
'  Silver  Belle,'  72. 

Hooker,  Sir  J.  D.,  congratulated,  71. 

Hopkinsou,  J.,  appointed  Scrutineer, 
II,    34;    elected    Auditor,     13,    cf. 

17- 
Hoppner,  John,  portrait  of  Eraser  by, 
shown  (Jackson),  14-15. 


Hoyle,  Dr.  W.  E.,  Cephalopoda  of  tlie 

Sudan,  72. 
Hullett,  R.  W.,  withdrawn,  16. 
Hymenoptera  of  'Sealark'  (Cameron), 

II.  , 

Indian  Ocean,  The  Percy  Sladen  Trust 
Expedition  to  the  (J.  Stanley  Gardiner 
&  C.  Forster  Cooper),  10. 

Inoculation  of  Leguminous  Plants 
(Bottomley),  14. 

Introduction.  Part  II.,  '  Sealark  '  (Gar- 
diner), 71. 

Investments,  changes  in,  16. 

Iris  Fseudacorus,  Liun,,  mentioned,  79. 

Isopod,  British  Terrestrial  (Patience),  9 ; 
from  Calcutta  (Stebbing),  9. 

Ixodidte, '  Sealark '  (Neumann),  60. 


Jackson,  B.  Daydon,  elected  Auditor, 
17;  — •  Coimcillor,  34;  — -Secretary, 
34 ;  explained  constitution  of  Linnean 
Medal,  5  ;  exhibited  portraits  of  J. 
Eraser,  14-15;  manuscript  list  of 
Linnean  Herbarium,  35  ;  —  printed, 
89-126  ;  Folygala  amarella  from  York- 
shire, shown,  3  ;  portrait  of  C.  von 
Linne  from  Stockholm,  shown,  2 ; 
■ —  copy  in  oil  from  Uppsala,  8 ; 
read  acknowledgment  from  King  of 
Sweden,  71  ;  signatures  from  Boer- 
haave's  audience  book,  71 ;  supple- 
mentary remarks  on  Linnean  celebra- 
tions in  Sweden,  60. 

Japan,  Crustacea  from  the  Inland  Sea 
of  (De  Man),  2. 

Johnstone,  Miss  M.  A.,  admitted,  12  ; 
elected,  8  ;  proposed,  5. 

Julianiaeese,  anatomy  of  the  (Fritsch), 
72. 

Justen,  F.,  deceased,  16;  obituary,  48. 

Keeble.  F.,  Convoluta  roxojfhisis,  63. 
Keen,  W.  B.,  Accoimtant's  certificate, 

17- 
Kemp,  S.  B.,  Biscayan  Plankton,  Deca- 

poda,  12. 
Kermes  or    Chermcs   (E.   R.   Burdon), 

6. 
Kew,  Papai'cr  commutatum  from  (Wors- 

dell),  71. 
King   of    Sweden,   congratulations    on 

Golden  Wedding.  58;  acknowledged, 

Kirby, William , portrait  shown  (Glover), 

60. 
Kjellman,  Prof.  F.  R.,  deceased,  16. 
Knipe,  H.  R.,  admitted,  i. 
Kraflt,  P.,  his  portrait  of  C.  y.  Linno 

in  collotype,  shown  (Jackson),  2. 


INDEX. 


Laidlaw,  F.  F.,  Dragon  Flies  of  'Sea- 
lark,'  II, 

Laj'ard,  Miss  N.  F.,  Tadpole  Ornamen- 
tation, II  ;  —  abstract,  74. 

Leaves  of  Bamboo  (Brandis).  2. 

Leersiim,  Prof,  van,  photogi'aphs  from, 
shown,  71. 

Leguniiuous  Plants,  their  Inoculation 
(Bottomley),  14. 

Lewis,  F.  J.,  Plant-remains,  Seeds, 
Leaves,  &c.,  from  the  Peat,  63 ; 
lecture  on  same,  69-70. 

Librarian's  Eeport,  18. 

Library,  Additions,  127-161. 

Linne,  C.  v.,  Manuscript  List  of  his 
Herbarium  (Jackson),  35,  S9-126 ; 
copy  of  a  letter  to  Prof.  P.  Arduino, 
34,c/  S3  ;  portrait  in  collotype  shown 
(Jackson),  2. 

Linnean  Celebrations  reported  on  (Car- 
ruthers),  59-60 ;  suppl.  remarks  ( Jack- 
son\  60. 

Herbarium.  Manuscript    List   of 

(Jackson),  35,  cf.  89-126. 

Medal  presented  to  Dr.  Treub,  37  ; 

copy  presented  to  British  Museum,  5  ; 
special  copy  presented  to  L^ppsala 
L^niversity,  59. 

List  of  the  Linnean  Herbarium  (Jack- 
son), 35,  S9-126. 

Lister,  J.  J.,  admitted,  10  ;  elected,  5  ; 
proposed,  i ;  communication  by  (Scott), 

H- 
Lithothamnia  of  '  Sealark  '  (Foslie),  72. 
Lomax,  J.,  proposed  as  Associate,  5. 

McClellan,  F.  C,  elected,  58  ;  proposed, 

14. 
Maidstone,  Choi.-^i/a  tcrnata,  H.  B.  K., 

twice       flowering,        shown       from 

(Walker),  6. 
Malaya,  Acanthacete   of    (Clarke),    9  ; 

new  plants  from  (Stapf),  10. 
Manuscript  List  of  the  Linnean  Her- 
barium (Jackson),  35,  89-126. 
Manuscripts  of  Dr.  W.  John  BurcheU, 

shown  (Poulton),  14. 
Marine  Fishes  of '  Sealark  '  (Eegan),  60. 
Masterman,  Dr.  A.  T.,  admitted,  14 ; 

elected,    i  ;     three-eyed    Dab    from 

Dogger  Bank,  6. 
Masters,  Dr.  M.  T.,  Chinese  Conifers, 

Mastin,  J.,  admitted,  6;  elected,  5; 
proposed,  i. 

Mathews,  G.  M.,  admitted,  12;  elected, 
1 1  ;  proposed,  9. 

Medal,  Linnean,  copy  presented  to 
British  Museum,  5 ;  presented  to 
Dr.  Treub,  3  5  ;  special  copy  presented 
to  the  University  of  Uppsala,  59. 


Medallist,  Dr.  Melchior  Treub,  35. 
Mee,C.  J.  C,  elected,  13  ;  proposed,  10. 
Meeting  declared  special  for  election  of 
I        Secretary,  11. 
Meeting  Eoom  redecorated,  i. 
Mercurialis  perennis,  Linn.,  mentioned, 

79- 
Metric  System,Pilter'sChart(Stebbing), 

3- 
Mitten,  W.,  deceased,  2,  16;  obituary, 

49 :  vacancy  due  to  death  of,  8. 
Monckton,  H.  W.,  Accounts,  17;  elected 

Councillor,  34 ;  elected  Treasurer,  34 ; 

Fjaerlands  Fjord,  Xorway,  4  ;  nomi- 
nated V.-P.,  58. 
Moore,  S.,  E.  G.  Baker,  aud  Dr.  A.  B. 

Rendle,  Plants  from  Mt.  Ruwenzori, 

72  ;  Tanganyika  Expedition,  8. 
Morris,  Rev.  A.  B.,  withdrawn,  16. 
Mount  Ruwenzori,  plants  from  (Baker, 

Moore,  &  Rendle),  72. 
Murie,  Dr.  J.,  skull  showing  growth  of 

Scibcllaria  alvcolata,  shown,  11. 
Museum   Beetle,    Anthre^ius  mtcseoriihi. 

(Linn.)  Fabr.,  (Ewart),  6. 

Nemerteans, land, from  'Sealark'  (Pun- 

nett),  10. 
Net,  a  new  closing  (Fowler),  14. 
jS'etherlands  Legation  receives  Linnean 

Medal  on   behalf  of    Dr.   Melchior 

Treub,  35. 
Neumann,  Prof.,  Isodidte  from 'Sealark 

60. 
Newman,  C.  A.,  admitted,  12;  elected, 

9  ;  proposed,  6. 
Newshara,  J.  C,  admitted,  8  ;  elected, 

5  ;  proposed,  i. 
Nicholas,  R.  E.,  elected,  13  ;  proposed, 

1 1. 
Nitclla  ornithopoda,  A.  Braun  (Groves), 

II. 
Northamptonshire,  Uromus  intenniptus 

from  (Druce),  60. 
Norway,  Fjisrlands  Fjord  (Monckton), 

4- 

Obituary  Notices,  37-58. 

Ecological  Functions  of  Stolons  and 

Cleistogamous  Flowers  (Shenstone), 

14 ;  abstract,  78. 
Officers  elected.  34. 
Oliver,  Prof.  F.  W.,  Development  of  a 

Salt-marsh,  63  ;   elected   Councillor, 

34- 
Oliver,   Prof.   F.  W.,   with    Miss    M. 

Benson,  preparations  of  La^enostonui 

oroides  and  Physosto7na  elegans,  62. 
Oniscvs  asellus  (Linn.),  (Webb),  6. 
Orchis  Simia  shown  (Druce),  60. 
Origin  of  Angiosperms  (Arber),  13. 


178 


INDEX. 


Viola  odorata,  Linn.,  and  V.  canina, 
Linn.,  mentioned,  79. 

Walker,  A.  O.,  Choisya  temata,  H. B.  K., 
6  ;  Conservation  of  Species  by  Con- 
stitutional Variation,  14. 

Ward,  Mrs.  Helen,  dra^vings  exhibited, 

13- 
Ward,  Prof".  H.  Marshall,  deceased,  i6; 

obituai'v,  s+. 
Waterfield,  W.,  deceased,  16;  obituary, 

57- 
Waters,  A.  W.,  Tubucellaria,  72. 
Weale,  J.  A.,  elected,  i ;  photographs 

of   Casfanea   vesca   and    Aristolockia 

Sipho,  shown,  63. 
Webb,  W.  M.,  Albino  woodlice,  Oniscus 

asellus  (Lmn.),  6. 
Webster,  B.,  see  Bullock- Webster,  Rey. 

Canon. 
Weiss,  Prof.  F.  E.,  elected  Councillor, 

34.;  Eqidsetum  maximum,  Ijmix.,  from 

Stockport,  2. 
West,    Q-.    S.,    admitted,    6  ;     critical 

Freshwater  Algaj,  72. 
Westell,  W.  Percival,  elected,  13  ;  pro- 
posed, II. 


Will   of    Richard   Anthony    Salisbury 

(Poulton),  14. 
Witches'  Brooms  (Saunders),  13-14. 
With,  C.  J.,  Pseudoscorpions,  15. 
Withdrawals  recorded,  16. 
Wolfenden,   Dr.  R.  N.,  communication 

by  (Farran),  72  ;  results  obtained  by 

cruise  of  "  Silver  Belle,'  72. 
Woodlice,  Albino,  Oniscus  asellus,  lAnn. 

(Webb),  6. 
Woodward,     Dr.    A.     Smith,     elected 

Councillor,  34. 
Worsdell,    W.   C.,   exhibited    abnormal 

Papaver  commutatum and  P. orientale, 


Yapp,  Prof.  R.  H.,  admitted,  12. 
Yerbury,  Lieut.-Col.  J.  W.,  admitted, 

5- 
Yorkshire,     Polygala     amarella     from 

(Cryer),  3  ;  (Jackson),  3. 
Young,  W.  H.,  admitted.  8  ;  elected,  5  ; 

proposed,  1. 


Zamites    and     Pterophyllum; 

Species  of  (Arber),  72. 
Zoological  Secretary  elected,  1 


Triassic 


PRINTED  BY  TAYLOIl  ANU  FRANCIS,  RED  LION  COURT,  FLEET  STREET. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON. 


120TII    SESSION. 


From  November  1907  to  June  1908. 


LONDON 

PRINTED    FOR  THE   LINNEAN    SOCIETY 

BURLINGTO»  HOUSE,  PICCADILLY,  W.. 

1908. 


PKIKTE])    BY    TATLOK    AND    FRANCIS, 
KED  LION  COUllT,  FLEET  STREET. 


ifoy/a 


CONTENTS. 


List  of  Publications  issued      iv 

Proceedings  of  the  120th  Session      i 

President's  Address     17 

Obituaries    42 

Abstract  of  Paper   74 

Additions  to  the  Library    77 

Benefactions,  1790-1908   116 

Index   124 


/{XAVu-^ 


IV 


Publications  of  the  Society  issued  during  the  period,  31st  July, 
1907,  to  31st  July,  1908  :— 

Journal  (Botany),  No.  264,  14th  Oct.,  1907. 
„  265,  11th  Jan.,  1908. 
„  266,  3rd  June,  1908. 
(Zoology),No.  196,  14th  Oct.,  1907. 
„  197,  31st  Mar.,  1908. 
„     203,  2Ist  Dec,  1907. 


Transactions  (2nd  Ser.)  Botany,  Vol.  VII.  Part      ti.,  Oct.  1907. 

„   yii.,  Nov.  1907. 

„  Yiii.,  Jan.  1908. 

IX.,  Jan.  1908, 

(2nd  Ser.)  Zoology,  Vol.  IX.  Part  xiii.,  Aug.  1907. 

„     XIV.,   Oct.  1907. 

Vol.  X.  Part  Till.,   Oct.  1907. 

Vol.  XII.  Part    I.,  Sept.  1907. 

II.,  Dec.  1907. 

„       III.,  May  1908. 


Proceedings,  119th  Session,  from  November  1906  to  June  1907 
October  1907. 


List  of  [Fellows,  Associates,  and  Foreign  Members],  1907-1908. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF    THE 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY  OF   LONDON. 


(OXE  HUNDRED  AXD  TWENTIETH  SESSION, 
1907-1908.) 


November  7th,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Heedmakt,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  20th  June,  1907^ 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Arthur  WiUiam  Garrard  Bagshawe,  M.B.,  and  Mr.  William 
Percival  Westell  were  admitted  Fellows. 

The  following  persons  were  proposed  as  Pellows  : — Dr.  Nelson 
Annandale,  Mr.  Stanley  Arden,  Mr.  Henry  Atkinson,  Dr.  Joseph 
Barker,  Dr.  Frederic  Hungerford  Bowman,  Mr.  David  Thomas 
Gwynne-Yaughan,  Mr.  James  Thomas  Hamilton,  Dr.  Frederick 
Keeble,  Prof.  Alexander  Meek,  M.Sc,  Mr.  James  William  Oliver, 
Mr.  Linsdall  Richardson,  Mr.  John  Crosby  Smith,  Mr.  Thomas 
Southwell,  Miss  Eva  Whitley,  and  Mr.  William  Robert  Worthingtou 
Williams. 

Mr.  Frank  Arthur  Stockdale  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

A  letter  from  Sir  Joseph  D.  Hookee,  G.C.S.I.,  F.R.S.,  dated 
11th  July,  1907,  in  reply  to  the  address  of  congratulation  sent 
from  the  General  Meeting  held  20th  June  last,  was  read  by  the 
General  Secretary,  as  follows  : — 

The  Camp,  Sunningdale, 
July  11,  1907. 
Dear  Dr.  Datdox  Jacksox, 

Your  letter  of  the  21st  ult.,  conveying  to  me  the  welcome 
congratulations  of   the  President  and  Fellows  of   the   Linnean 
Society  on  the  approach  of  my  90th  year  of  age  and  the  65th  of 
LINN.  SOC.  proceedings. — SESSION   1907-1908.  b 


2  PBOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

my  Fellowship,  has  touched  me  deeply,  and  I  beg  of  you  to 
transmit  to  them  my  profound  feelings  of  esteem,  fraternity,  and 
gratitude  for  this  token  of  their  abiding  friendship. 

"With  the  exception  of  an  ephemeral  Entomological  Society,  the 
Linnean  was  the  first  to  open  its  arms  to  me,  and  this  as  a  son 
and  grandson  of  two  of  its  own  body  rather  than  as  a  worthy 
aspirant  to  the  honour  of  Fellowship,  and  I  shall  never  forget 
the  pride  and  satisfaction  with  which  I  first  added  F.L.S.  to  my 
name. 

As  time  advanced  and  writings,  the  results  of  my  own  re- 
searches, were  honoured  by  admission  into  its  publications,  my 
affection  for  our  Society  and  interest  in  its  labours  redoubled ;  but 
it  was  not  till  the  efforts  of  some  devoted  Fellows,  in  which  I  was 
privileged  to  share,  had  persuaded  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury  that 
the  Society  was  so  woi'thy  of  recognition  as  to  justify  their  granting 
it  quarters  at  the  national  cost,  did  I  feel  that  its  future  sphere  of 
scientific  action  and  its  I'esources  were  adequately  ensured. 

That  this  grant  in  aid  was  as  wisely  as  well  bestowed  on  the 
part  of  the  Government  is  evidenced  by  the  number  of  calls, 
direct  and  indirect,  it  has  made  on  the  Society  for  advice  on  the 
fitting  out  and  conduct  of  scientific  expeditions,  in  combating 
tropical  diseases,  in  apportioning  rewards  for  researches  and 
discoveries,  and  in  many  other  ways. 

That  the  subsequent  great  advance  in  the  Society's  well-being 
and  sphere  of  utility  has  not  been  primarily  due  to  extraneous 
aid,  a  retrospect  of  its  condition  during  five  years  of  its  existence, 
when  1  knew  it  as  a  visitor  only,  and  from  many  succeeding  ones 
of  my  Fellowship  sufficiently  shows. 

There  were  years,  which  I  remember,  when  the  number  of 
attendants  at  the  evening  meetings  might  often  be  fingered  on  one 
hand ;  when  the  dearth  of  scientific  contributions  for  occupying 
the  hours  of  meeting  compelled  the  Society  to  resort  to  reading 
Hamilton's  Commentary  on  Eheede's  three-century  old  '  Hortus 
Malabaricus,'  which  was  abruptly  discontinued  only  after  having 
monopolised  eight  evenings,  and  that  only  in  1852,  a  time  when 
the  President  sternly  discouraged  any  discussion  on  the  papers 
read,  and  when  the  idea  of  a  lady  visitor  at  a  meeting  was  never 
entertained. 

I  cannot  conclude  without  an  allusion  to  the  Society's  com- 
memoration of  my  own  Fellowship  by  the  magnificent  medal 
struck  in  my  honour,  and  the  award  of  another  which  bears  the 
bust  of  the  great  man  who  gives  his  name  to  our  Society,  and  who 
is  in  many  senses  its  founder.  For  such  tokens  of  regard,  coupled 
with  the  congratulations  now  received,  I  canuot  voice  my  feelings 
of  gratitude.  Very  sincerely  yours. 

Dr.  B.  Daybon  Jackson,  (Signed)  Jos.D.  HoOKEB. 

Secretary  L.S. 

A  vacancy  in  the  list  of  Associates,  in  consequence  of  the  death 
of  Mr.  Frederic  Moore,  the  entomologist,  was  announced  from 
the  Chair. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON".  3 

The  General  Seci'etaiy  exhibited  a  copy  of  the  second  edition 
of  Hudson's  'Flora  Anglica,'  1771,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Alexander 
H.  Steyenson,  of  Dundee,  who  had  picked  up  the  volume  in  a 
dilapidated  state  on  a  bookstall.  It  contains  numerous  notes  by 
Eev.  William  Kirby,  an  early  Fellow  of  the  Society,  who  spent 
his  entire  clerical  life  of  68  years  in  the  parish  of  Barham,  a  few 
miles  from  Ipswich  in  the  direction  of  Saxmundham.  Many  of 
these  notes  relate  to  localities  in  the  neighbourhood,  recorded  in 
1797,  judging  from  the  few  which  are  dated. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle  exhibited  an  abnormal  specimen  of  Eucalyptus 
scdmonopldoia,  F.  Muell.,  from  West  Australia,  of  two  stems 
horizontally  connected  by  new  growth.  The  Rev.  J.  Gerard,  S.J., 
who  referred  to  similar  cases  in  the  yew  (Taxus  baccata),  and  the 
Eev.  G.  Henslow  commented  on  this  exhibition. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  On  the  Origin  of  the  Di-trimerous  Floral  Whorls  of  certain 

Dicotyledons."     By  the  Rev.  G.  Henslow,  INI. A.,  F.L.S. 

2.  "  Unrecorded  Acari  from  IN'evv  Zealand."      By  Albert  D. 

Michael,  F.L.S. 

3.  "  On   j^nigmatistes  africanus,  a  new  genus  and   species   of 

Diptera."     By  R.  W.  C.  Shelford,  F.L.S. 

November  21st,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A,  Herdman,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  7th  November, 
1 907,  were  i-ead  and  confirmed. 

The  following  persons  were  proposed  as  Fellows  : — Mr.  James 
Masson  Hector,  B.Sc.  (Aberd.),  and  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Massy 
Svvynnerton ;  also  as  Associate,  Mr.  Herbert  Clifton  Chadwick. 

Mr.  Walter  Henry  Baker,  Mr.  Reginald  Evelyn  Child  Beale, 
and  Dr.  John  Tanner  were  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Anderson  exhibited  a  specimen  of  a  light-giving  larva 
brought  by  him  from  near  the  boundary  of  British  Guiana  with 
Brazil,  exhibiting  when  Hving  a  ruby  light  in  its  head,  and  a 
double  row  of  phosphorescent  spots  along  the  body,  two  on  each 
segment.  These  lights  were  not  intermittent  but  glowed  con- 
tinuously. This  presumed  coleopterous  larva  was  called  "  Maca- 
doub  "  by  the  natives,  and  is  not  uncommon  in  the  region  named. 

Prof.  A.  Deudy,  Sec.L.S.,  in  opening  the  discussion,  called 
attention  to  the  paper  by  Mr.  Andrew  Murray  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Society,  Zoology,  vol.  x.  (186S)  pp.  74-82,  with  a  later  note 
by  Mr.  Roland  Trimen,  in  the  same  volume,  pp.  503-4  issued  in 
1870.  Other  speakers  were,  the  General  Secretary,  Dr.  Murie. 
Dr.  Caiman,  Mr.  C.  J.  Gahan  (a  visitor),  Mr.  H.  N.  Ridley,  and 
were  replied  to  by  Mr.  Anderson. 

52 


4  PEOCEEDIXGS    OF    THE 

Prof.  Deis'dt  exhibited  two  living  specimens  of  Peripatus  from, 
the  Cape,  which  he  had  succeeded  in  keeping  in  excellent  health, 
by  supplying  them  Avith  woodlice  as  food.  Dr.  Murie  and  the 
Eev.  T.  K.  K.  Stebbing  contributed  additional  remarJ^s. 

Mr.  G.  C.  Dktjce  showed  dried  specimens  of  Linaria  arenaria, 
DC,  which  he  had  gathered  near  Barnstaple  this  autumn,  but 
which  had  no  pretension  to  be  native,  as  it  had  been  sown  there 
fifteen  years  earlier.  Further  he  exhibited  herbarium  specimens 
of  Leontodon  hirtus  var.  Prisfis,  G.  C.  Druce,  from  Guernsey  and 
Alderney,  and  Picris  Meracioides  var.  incana,  G.  C.  Druce,  from 
the  latter  island. 

The  President,  Eev.  T.  E.  E.  Stebbing,  Prof.  J.  B.  Parmer, 
Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  Mr.  P.  K.  Williams,  and  Prof.  Dendy  took 
part  in  the  discussion  which  follo\^•ed,  the  last  speaker  calling 
attention  to  the  ti'ansportation  of  animal  organisms  with  living 
plants. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1 .  "  Abnormal  Structures  in  Leaves  and  their  Value  in  Mor- 

phology."    By  W.  C.  WoRSDELL,  P.L.S. 

2.  "Two  New  Species  of  Amphipoda."     By  the  Eev.  T.  E.  E. 

Stebbing,  M.A.,  P.E.S.,  P.L.S. 

3.  "The  Preservation  of  Specimens  in  Australian  Museums.'' 

By  J.  G.  Otto  Teppee,  P.L.S. 

December  5th,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman,  P.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  21st  November, 
1907,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

The  following  persons  were  proposed  as  Pellows : — Mr.  "Walter 
Barratt,  Mr.  Prederick  James  Chitrendeu,  Mr.  AValter  Edward 
CoUinge,  M.Sc,  P.E.S.,  Mr.  Arthur  AVilliam  Hill,  M.A.  (Cantab.), 
Mr.  Joseph  Hubert  Priestley,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  and  Miss  May 
Evelina  Bainbridge,  B.Sc. 

The  following  were  elected  Pellows  ; — Dr.  Nelson  Annandale, 
Mr.  Stanley  Arden,  Mr.  Henry  Atkinson,  Dr.  Joseph  Barker, 
Dr.  Prederic  Hungerford  Bowman,  Mr.  David  Thomas  Gwynne- 
Vaughan,  Mr.  James  Thomas  Hamilton,  Prof.  Prederick  Iveeble, 
Prof.  Alexander  Meek,  M.Sc,  Mr.  James  AVilliam  Oliver, 
Mr.  Linsdall  Eiehardson,  Mr.  John  Crosby  Smith,  Mr.  Thomas 
Southwell,  Miss  Eva  Whitley,  and  Mr.  William  liobert  Worthing- 
ton  Williams. 

Dr.  0.  Stape,  P.L.S.,  exhibited  a  series  of  specimens  of  SjMi'tina 
Townsendi  representing  different  stages  of  development  and  tall 
and  dwarf  forms,  and  for  comparison  also  typical  specimens  of 
S.  cdterniflora,  S.  stricta,  and,  on  behalf  of  Messrs.  H.  &  J.  Groves, 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  5 

S.  Neyrautii  from  the  estuary  of  the  Bidassoa  Eiver.  The 
specimens  of  *S'.  Townsendi  and  S.  stricta  were  collected  by  the 
exhibitor  in  the  Isle  of  Wight ;  those  of  fS.  alternijiora  near 
Mill  brook  Station  in  Southampton  Water.  He  pointed  out  the 
morphological  differences  of  the  three  English  species,  which 
show  S.  Toivnsendi  to  hold  in  many  respects  an  intermediate 
position  between  S.  alternijiora  and  ,6'.  stricta,  although  it  is 
different  enough  to  be  treated  as  specifically  distinct  from  either. 
He  then  described  the  distribution  of  the  three  species,  and  more 
particularly  that  of  S.  Townsendi,  which  was  first  collected  near 
Hythe  in  1870  and  distributed  as  S.  alierniflora.  Three  j'ears 
later  the  brothers  Grove  found  it  again  in  the  same  locality,  and 
in  1881  they  recognised  it  as  a  distinct  new  species  and  named  it 
S.  Tow)isendi.  At  present  it  covers  many  hundreds  or  may  be 
thousands  of  acres  on  the  muddy  foreshores  of  the  Hampshire 
coast  and  the  Isle  of  Wiglit,  threatening  S,  stricta  with  exter- 
mination in  some  places.  There  are  three  theoxnes  to  explain  the 
appearance  of  the  grass,  which  is  too  conspicuous  to  have  been 
long  overlooked  : — (1)  It  may  have  been  introduced,  likeyS.  alierni- 
flora, which  is  a  common  mud-grass  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
America  from  Newfoundland  to  Brazil.  Lord  Montagu  has,  in 
fact,  stated  that  the  people  on  the  shores  of  Southampton  Water 
have  a  notion  that  it  was  introduced  by  an  Argentine  ship.  But 
so  far,  no  Spartina  corresponding  to  S.  Toiviisendi  has  been  found 
in  America,  and  the  x\rgentine  species,  mentioned  by  Arechavaleta 
and  Stuckert,  are  distinctly  different,  (2)  It  may  have  originally 
arisen  as  a  mutation  of  S.  stricta,  and,  the  characters  having 
become  fixed,  the  progeny  now  behaves  like  an  ordinary  species. 
Against  this  may  be  argued  that  there  is  no  evidence,  historical  or 
morphological,  for  this  assumption.  (3)  It  sprang  from  a  fertile 
hybrid  or  hybrids  between  S.  alternijiora  and  S.  stricta,  and  has 
assumed  the  character  of  a  particularly  vigorous  and  fairly  con- 
stant species.  In  favour  of  this  theory  two  circumstances  may  be 
adduced:  first,  the  fact  that  S.  Toivnsendi  combines  actually  not  a 
few  of  the  distinctive  characters  of  both  species ;  and  secondly, 
that  it  has  an  almost  exact  pai'allel  in  S.  Neyrautii,  which  was 
described  as  a  hybrid  of  S.  alierniflora  and  S.  stricta  from  speci- 
mens found  growing  among  the  parents  in  the  estuary  of  the 
Bidassoa.  This  S.  Neyrautii  differs  from  S.  Toivnsendi  only  in 
the  more  pronounced  accentuation  of  the  characters  derived  from 
S.  alternijiora.  The  Adour  and  the  Bidassoa  Rivers  on  one  side 
and  Southampton  Water  on  the  other  are  the  only  two  places  in 
the  world,  so  far  as  we  know,  where  S.  alternijiora  and  *b'.  stricta 
meet ;  and  it  would  be  a  case  of  extraordinary  coincidence  if 
S.  Townsendi  and  S.  Neyrautii  should  after  all  be  found  to  have 
been  introduced  from  some  other  part  of  the  world  just  into 
those  two  localities.  An  attempt  of  artificial  crossing  of  S.  alterni- 
jiora and  S.  stricta  should  be  made.  Dr.  Stapf  finally  spoke  of  the 
grass  as  a  mud-binding  and  land-reclaiming  species. 

A  discussion  followed,  in  which  the  President,  Mr.  H.  Groves, 
Mr,  J.  C.  Shenstone,  and  Prof.  ¥.  W.  Oliver  engaged. 


O  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  On  a  Collection  of  Plants  from  Gunong  Tahan,  in  Pahang, 

by  Mr.  H.  C.  Robinson."     By  Henet  Nicholas  Eidlet, 
M.A.,  P.E.S.,  P.L.S. 

2.  "  Report  on  the  Aleyouaria  of  the  Red  Sea."     3y  Prof.  J. 

Arthur  Thomson.     (Communicated  by  the  President.) 

3.  "  Report  on  the  Crinoidea  of   the  Red  Sea."      By  H.  C. 

Chadwick.     (Communicated  by  the  President.) 

4.  "  Notes  on  some  Marine  Algae  of  the  Red  Sea."      By  Prof. 

R.  J.  Harvey  Gibson,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 

5.  "  Hydroid  Zoophytes  from  the  Red  Sea."     By  Miss  L.  R. 

Thoenelt.     (Communicated  by  the  President.) 

December  19th,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  5th  December,  1907, 
\^  ere  read  and  confirmed. 

The  President  read  an  Address  to  H.M.  Gustaf  V.  of  Sweden 
on  the  death  of  our  late  Honorary  Member,  H.M.  Oscar  II., 
v\hich  was  unanimously  adopted,  signed  by  the  President  and 
Secretaries,  and  ordered  to  be  sent  to  His  Excellency  the  Swedish 
Minister  for  transmission. 

Professor  Frederick  Keeble,  Miss  Eva  Whitley,  and  Mr.  "William 
Robert  Worthington  Williams  were  admitted. 

Mr.  Edward  Charles  Stuart  Baker,  Mr.  Edward  Alfred 
Cockayne,  M.A.,  B.M.(Oxon.),  Miss  Emmeline  Crocker,  and 
Mr.  Philippe  Leveque  de  Yilmorin  wei'e  proposed  as  Eellows. 

Mr.  James  Masson  Hector  and  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Massy 
Swynnerton  were  elected  Fellows,  and  Mr.  Herbert  Clifton 
Chadwick  was  elected  an  Associate. 

Dr.  G,  Archdall  Reid  read  his  paper,  communicated  by 
Sir  Ray  Lankester,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  "On  Mendelism 
and  Sex,"  of  which  the  following  is  the  Author's  abstract : — 

Species  are  adaptional  forms  ^vhich  have  arisen  under  the 
operation  of  Natural  Selection.  The  evidence  is  plain  that, 
speaking  generally,  variability  is  controlled  and  regulated  by 
Natural  Selection  ;  therefore  variability  itself  is,  in  a  real  sense, 
an  adaptation.  Nearly  all  variations  are  spontaneous  as  is  proved 
by  a  mass  of  evidence  afforded  by  human  beings  ;  Natural  Selec- 
tion builds  solely  on  spontaneous  variations.  When  selection 
ceases  as  regards  any  character,  that  character  tends  to  i-etrogress  ; 
therefore  retrogressive  variations  tend  to  predominate  over  pro- 
gressive variations.  This  tendency  to  retrogression  is  very  useful 
and   has  played  an  immense  part  in  adapting  species  to  their 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.  7 

environments.  The  author  then  touched  upon  blended  and 
alternative  inheritance ;  fluctuations  and  mutations  ;  differences 
between  Artificial  and  Natural  Selection ;  and  differences  in  the 
mode  of  reproduction  of  sexual  and  non-sexual  characters.  The 
mode  of  reproduction  of  mutation  tends  to  resemble  that  of 
sexual  characters  ;  when  conjugation  occurs  there  is  an  appearance 
of  alternative  inheritance  as  regards  both  sexual  characters  and 
mutations,  but  it  is  an  appearance  only.  The  evidence  is  plain 
that  there  is  only  alternative  reproduction  combined  with  latency 
of  one  alternative  and  patency  of  the  other,  and  actual  blending 
between  the  patent  character  of  one  individual  and  the  latent 
character  of  the  other,  therefore  blending  is  universal.  This 
tendency  owing  to  the  predominance  and  prepotency  of  retro- 
gressive characters  tends  to  cause  retrogression  on  cessation  of 
selection,  and  this  is  the  function  of  sex. 

The  President  having  invited  discussion,  the  following  speakers 
took  part : — Mr.  A.  O.  Walker,  Mr.  J.  T.  Cunningham  (visitor), 
Mr.  A.  D.  Darbishire  (visitor),  Dr.  "W.  T.  Caiman,  Mr.  G.  P. 
Mudge  (visitor),  Prof.  Dendy,  Sir  E.  Ray  Lankester,  and  Prof. 
Poulton,  Dr.  Archdall  Eeid  briefly  replying. 


January  16th,  1908. 
Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  P.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  19th  December, 
1907,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

The  Eev.  Dr.  Joseph  Barker,  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Massy 
Swynnerton,  and  Mr.  Henry  Atkinson  were  admitted  Pellows. 

Miss  May  Evelina  Bainbridge,  B.Sc,  Mr.  Walter  Barratt? 
Mr.  Frederick  James  Chittenden,  Mr.  Walter  Edward  Collinge, 
M.Sc,  F.E.S.,  Mr.  Arthur  William  Hill,  M.A.  (Cantab.),  and 
Mr.  Joseph  Hubert  Priestley,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  were  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  A.  P.  Young  exhibited  a  series  of  lantern-slides  to  show 
various  stages  of  soil-denudation  and  forest  destruction  in  the 
Tyrol. 

The  slides  from  photographs  taken  in  two  valleys,  one  north  of 
the  Brenner  Pass,  the  Navistal,  near  Innsbruck,  and  one  south  of 
the  Pass,  the  Schalderertal,  near  Brixen,  illustrated  various  limits, 
commencing  near  the  upper  limit  of  the  vine  cultivation  at  about 
700  m.  to  the  snow  limit  at  about  2800  m. 

Great  waste  of  soil  is  caused  in  forest  land  by  the  simultaneous 
felling  of  trees  over  single  plots  of  ground,  and  in  the  higher 
levels  by  the  encroachments  of  grazing  animals.  One  effect  of 
this  waste  is  the  recession,  not  only  of  the  ti'ee  line,  but  also  of 
the  limit  of  continuous  forests,  which  is  generally  considered  as 
distinct  from  the  tree  line. 

Waste  of  soil  in  high-level  pastures  was  also  attributed  to  the 


8-  PROCEEDINGS   OP   THE 

formation  of  tracks  by  grazing  animals.  The  grooves  are  often 
quite  bare  of  vegetation,  and  therefore  open  to  rapid  denudation 
by  rain-water. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  Notes   on  Brassica  Crosses."     By  Arthur  W.  Sutton, 

P.L.S. 

2.  "  Eevision  of  the  Genus  IlUgera."     By  S.  T.  Dunn,  F.L.S. 

3.  "  New    Coniferae   from    Formosa,"      By   Bunzo   JBLatata. 

(Communicated  by  W.  Botting  Hemsley,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.) 


February  6tb,  1908. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Rendle,  M.A.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  G-eneral  Meeting  of  the  16th  January,  1908, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Walter  Barratt  and  Mr.  Arthur  William  Hill  were 
admitted  Fellows. 

The  Rev.  George  Henry  Aidan  Elrington,  D.Sc.,  Mrs.  Marian 
Sarah  Farquharson,  Mr.  Charles  Francis  UUathorne  Meek,  and 
Miss  Winifred  Smith  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Edward  Charles  Stuart  Baker,  Mr.  Edward  Alfred  Cockayne, 
M.A.,  B.M.  (Oxon.),  Miss  Emmehue  Crocker,  and  Mr.  Philippe 
Leveque  de  Vilmorin  were  elected  F'ellows. 

A  letter  was  read  from  His  Excellency  Count  Wrangel,  con- 
veying the  thanks  of  His  Majesty  Gustaf  V.  for  the  address  of 
sympathy  adopted  in  General  Meeting  of  the  19th  December, 
1907. 

Mr.  Horace  W.  Monckton,  Treasurer  and  V.P.,  exhibited 
specimens  and  lantern-slides  of  leaf-impressions  from  the  Beading 
Beds,  on  behalf  of  himself  and  Mr.  O.  A.  Shrubsolb,  F.G.S.,  who 
was  prevented  by  illness  from  being  present. 

A  discussion  followed,  in  which  Mr.  E.  T.  Newton,  F.E-.S. 
(visitor),  Mr.  Clement  Reid,  F.R.S.,  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S., 
Sec.L.S.,  and  the  Chairman  engaged  ;  and  Mr.  Monckton  having 
replied,  a  vote  of  thanks  to  Mr.  Shrubsole  for  his  interesting 
exhibition  of  specimens  was  passed. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  Fruits  and  Seeds  from  the  Pre-Glacial  Beds  of  Britain  and 

the  Netherlands."     By  Clement  Eeid,  F.E.S. ,  F.L.S.,  and 
Mrs.  Eeid, 

2.  "  On  a  Method  of  Disintegrating  Peat  and  other  Deposits 

containing  Fossil  Seeds."     By  Mrs.  E.  M.  Eeid.     (Com- 
municated by  Clement  Eeid,  F.E.S,,  F.L.S.) 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDOiN. 


I 


"  On  a  Botanical  Expedition  to  Pokieu."  By  S.  T.  Dunn, 
F.L.S. 

"  Alcyonaria  from  the  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans."  (Ab- 
stract.) By  Miss  EuTH  M.  Harbison.  (Communicated 
by  Pi-o£.  Gilbert  C.  Bourne,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.) 


February  20tb,  1908. 

Lieut.-Col.  Prain,  CLE.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  V.-P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  6th  February,  1908, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Miss  May  Evehna  Bainbridge,  B.Sc,  Miss  Emmeline  Crocker, 
Mr.  William  Holmes  Burrell,  and  Mr.  James  William  OUver  were 
admitted  Fellows. 

Mr.  Hamilton  Herbert  Charles  James  Druce,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S., 
Mr.  Walter  Thomas  Haydon,  and  Mr.  John  Herbert  Milton,  were 
proposed  as  Fellows. 

The  Vice-President  in  the  Chair  announced  that  there  were  two 
vacancies  in  the  list  of  Foreign  Members  owing  to  the  death  of 
Prof.  Frans  Reinhold  Kjellman  and  of  Prof.  Jose  Vicente  Barboza 
du  Bocage. 

The  Chairman  also  stated  that  a  celebration  of  the  Jubilee  of 
the  presentation  of  the  Darwin-Wallace  joint  essay  on  1st  July, 
1858,  would  take  place  on  the  1st  July  next ;  the  details  were 
not  complete,  but  it  was  intended  that  an  afternoon  meeting  and 
an  evening  reception  should  take  place  on  the  day  named,  with  the 
award  of  copies  of  a  special  medal,  and  subsequent  publication  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  celebrations.  Subscriptions  were  invited  to 
defray  the  cost 

Mr.  T.  Ernest  Waltham  exhibited  stereoscopic  photographs  of 
Alpine  flowers  in  their  natural  colours,  some  of  the  slides  being 
also  shown  by  means  of  the  lantern  on  the  screen.  Mr.  E.  Morton 
Middleton,  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Sutton,  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle,  and  the 
Vice-President  in  the  Chair,  made  some  observations,  and 
Mr.  Waltham  replied. 

The  following  papers  were  read : — 

1.  "  Experiments  with  Wild  Types  of  Tuber-bearing  Solanums." 

By  Arthur  W.  Sutton,  F.L.S. 

2.  "  The    Life-history   and    Larval   Habits   of    Tiger-Beetles 

(Cicindehdae)."     By  Dr.  V.  E.  Shelford.     (Communicated 
by  the  Eev.  Canon  W.  W.  Fowler,  M.A.,  F.L.S.) 


lO  PROCEEDINGS   OE   THE 


March  5th,  1908. 

Lieut.-Col.  Peain,  C.I.E.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  V.-P.,  i^  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  20th  February, 
1908,  were  read  and  confii'med. 

Mr.  Hugh  Broughton,  and  Fleet-Surgeon  Charles  Geekie 
Matthew,  M.B.,  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Prof.  Otto  Biitschli,  of  Heidelberg,  and  Prof.  Alfred  Gabriel 
Nathorst,  of  Stockholm,  were  proposed  as  Foreign  Members. 

The  Eev.  George  Henry  Aidan  Elrington,  O.P.,  D.Sc, 
Mrs.  Marian  Sarah  Farquharson,  Mr.  Charles  Francis  TJllathorne 
Meek,  and  Miss  Winifred  Smith  were  elected  Fellows. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  On  a  possible  case  of  Mimicry  in  the  Common  Sole."     By 

Dr.  A.  T.  Mastermait,  F.L.S. 

2.  "  On  the  Morphology  of  Stigmaria  and  of  its  Appendages 

in  comparison  with  Hecent  Lycopodiales."     By  Prof.  F.  E. 
Weiss,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.     (See  p.  74.) 

3.  "  On    Triclioniscoides   alhidus   (Budde-Lund)   and   P.   sarsi. 

Patience."     By  Alexander  Patience.     (Communicated  by 
Prof.  Malcolm  Laurie,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.) 

March  19th,  1908. 

H.  W.  MoNCKTON,  Esq.,  Treasurer  &  Yice-President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  5th  March,  1908, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Henry  Haselfoot  Haines  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

Miss  Ethel  Louise  de  Fraine,  B.Sc,  Mr.  George  Edward 
Nicholls,  B.Sc,  A.E.C.S.,  and  Mr.  Eichard  Wilhams  Harold 
Eow,  B.Sc,  were  pi'oposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Hamilton  Herbert  Charles  James  Druce,  Mr.  Walter 
Thomas  Hajdon,  and  Mr.  John  Herbert  Milton  were  elected 
Fellows. 

The  Chairman  called  upon  the  General  Secretary  to  read  the 
terms  of  a  circular  about  to  be  sent  to  the  Fellows  explaining  the 
nature  of  the  Darwin-Wallace  Celebration  to  be  held  on  1st  July 
next. 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OF  LONDON.  II 

The  following  exhibitions  were  shown  by  permission  of  the 
Director,  Eoyal  Botanic  Gardens,  Kew  : — 

(1)  Mr.  ^y.  BoTTiNG  Hemslet,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  sent  for  exhibi- 
tion a  second  specimen  of  Platanthera  chlorantJia  with  three  spurs, 
Avhicli  was  described  in  his  absence  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Wright,  A.L.S. 
The  plant  now  shown  came  from  the  Rev.  E.  A.  Woodruffe- 
Peacock,  F.L.S.,  to  whom  it  had  been  sent  by  Miss  Susan  Allett, 
of  Bath,  and  exhibited  a  spike,  each  flower  of  which  had  the  three 
petals  spurred,  a  case  of  true  peloria,  whereas  the  specimen  shown 
on  17th  January,  1907,  had  the  three  sepals  spurred,  a  case  of 
false  peloria. 

In  consequence  of  the  publication  of  the  latter  specimen  in  the 
Society's  Journal  (Botany,  vol.  xxxviii.  (1907)  p.  3),  Cav.  Sommier 
has  drawn  attention  to  the  occurrence  of  true  and  false  peloria  in 
P.  bifolia  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Florence. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle  offered  a  few  remarks  on  this  exhibition. 

(2)  Mr.  T.  A.  Sprague,  F.L.S,,  showed  female  flowers  and 
fruits  of  Sterculia  Ale.vandri,  Harv.,  an  extremely  rare  tree  from 
Uitenhage,  the  only  locality  known  for  it,  where  it  was  first  found 
in  January  1848  by  Dr.  R.  C.  Alexander,  F.L.S.  (afterwards 
Prior).  The  specimens  shown  had  been  collected  by  Dr.  S.  Schcin- 
land,  P.L.S.,  who  reported  that  the  seeds  were  of  pleasant  taste 
resembling  a  chestnut,  and  were  greedily  sought  after  and 
devoured  bj'  the  baboons. 

Discussion  was  carried  on  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Young,  Mr.  J.  R. 
Drummond,  and  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes,  Mr.  Sprague  replying. 

(3)  Mr.  C.  H,  Wright,  A.L.S.,  showed  specimens  of  (a)Sj>hm'o- 
tliylax  ahjiformis,  Bisch.,  a  rare  South-African  Podosteraaceous 
plant,  and  spoke  of  the  outward  resemblances  of  some  plants  of 
this  family  to  certain  cryptogams,  showing  side  by  side  examples 
of  Hydrostachys  imbricata,  A.  Juss.,  and  IT.  nana,  Engl.,  as 
resembling  the  alga  Caulerpa  aqjressoides,  and  Tristiclia  Jiypnoides, 
Spreng.,  with  the  form  of  a  moss  ;  also  (b)  Archangiopteris  Henryi, 
Christ  &  Gilsenh.,  a  Chinese  genus  of  Marattiaceae,  of  which  a 
better  supply  of  material  had  been  recently  obtained. 

The  discussion  on  these  exhibitions  was  engaged  in  by  Dr.  A.  B. 
Rendle,  Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  and  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  the  latter 
expressing  his  concurrence  in  the  view  that  the  genus  Archangio- 
pteris was  very  nearly  allied  to  the  older  genus  Angiopteris. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "The  Podosomata  of    the  Temperate  Atlantic  and  Arctic 

Oceans."      By  the  Rev.    Canon  A.  M.  Normax,  F.R.S., 
P.L.S. 

2.  "  Amphipoda  Gammaridea  from  the  Indian  Ocean,  British 

East  Africa,  and  the  Red  Sea."     By  A.  O.  Walkeb,  P.L.S. 


12  PKOCEEDINGS   OF    THE 


3.  "A  Revision  of  the  Genus  Codonopsis."     By  T.  F.  Chipp. 

(Communicated  by  "W.  Botting  Hemslet,  P.R.S.,  F.L.S.) 

4.  '*The  Holothurians    of    the    Sudanese  Red  Sea."      By  E. 

HiNDLE.     (Communicated  by  the  President.) , 


AprU  2nd,  1908. 

Lieut.-Col.  Pbain,  C.I.E.,  LL.D.,  P.R.S.,  V.-P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  19th  March,  1908, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Miss  Winifred  Smith,  Mr.  Edward  Alfred  Cockayne,  Mr.  David 
Thomas  Gwynne-Vaughan,  and  Mrs.  Harriet  Isabel  Adams  were 
admitted  Eellows. 

Mr.  Charles  Aubrey  Ealand  was  proposed  as  a  Eellow. 

Mr.  Hugh  Broughton  and  Fleet- Surgeon  Charles  Geekie 
Matthew  were  elected  Fellows. 

The  Rev.  John  Geraed,  S.J.,  F.L.S. ,  exhibited  lantern-slides 
of  "  Vegetable  Imitations  or  Mimicries,"  amongst  them  Ophrys 
muscifera  and  0.  apifera,  Veronica  tetragona,  once  described  as  a 
G-ymnosperm,  and  a  Dacrydium  which  closely  resembles  it,  and 
instances  from  the  genus  Lysimachia  which  appear  to  mimic  Paris 
and  other  remote  genera  by  their  habit  and  foliage. 

Prof.  Dendy,  Prof.  Weiss,  and  the  Vice-President  in  the  Chair, 
contributed  remarks  on  the  subject. 

The  following  papers  were  read : — 

1.  "  The  Anatomy  of  some  Sapotaceous  Seedlings,"     By  Miss 

Winifred  Smith,  B.Sc,  F.L.S. 

2.  "  Notes  on  some   Sponges  recently  collected  irk  Scotland." 

By  Dr.  Nelson  Annandale,  F.L.S. 


May  7th,  1908. 
Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  2nd  April,  1908, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Fleet-Surgeon  Charles  Geekie  Matthew,  Monsieur  Philippe 
Leveque  de  Vilmorin,  Mr.  Hamilton  Herbert  Charles  James 
Druee,  Mr.  Reginald  Evelyn  Child  Beale,  the  Rev.  George  Henry 
Aidan  Elrington,  D.Sc,  and  Mr.  Frederick  James  Chittenden 
were  admitted  Fellows. 


LINXEAN  SOCIETY  OF  LONDOX.  13 

Mr.  Ernest  Melville  Cutting,  B.A.  (Cantab.),  Mr.  Louis  Charles 
Deverell,  F.Gr.S.,  Mr.  James  Montagu  Francis  Drummond,  B.A. 
(Cantab.),  Mr.  Cecil  Hallworth  Treadgold,  M.A.  (Cantab.),  and 
Miss  Grace  Wigglesworth,  M.Sc.  (Mane),  were  proposed  as 
Fellows. 

Miss  Ethel  Louise  de  Fraine,  B.Sc,  Mr.  George  Edward 
Nicholls,  B.Sc,  A.R.C.S.,  and  Mr.  Richard  Williams  Harold  Eow, 
B.Sc,  were  elected  Fellows ;  and  Prof.  Otto  Blitschli,  of  Heidel- 
berg, and  Prof.  Alfred  Gabriel  Nathorst,  of  the  Naturhistoriska 
Eiksmuseum,  Stockholm,  Foreign  Members. 

Prof.  J.  P.  Hill,  D.Sc,  and  Dr.  A.  B.  Eendle,  M.A.,  were 
proposed  as  Auditors  on  behalf  of  the  Council,  and  Mr.  Herbert 
Druce  and  Mr.  Henry  Groves  on  behalf  of  the  Fellows ;  and  by 
show  of  hands  were  elected  Auditors. 

The  President  announced  that  on  1st  July  next,  the  President 
and  Council  would  entertain  the  Darwin- Wallace  Medallists  and 
Foreign  Guests  to  Dinner  at  the  Princes'  Restaurant,  and  Fellows 
to  a  limited  number  could  also  purchase  tickets,  price  one  guinea, 
including  wine. 

Prof.  F.  E.  Weiss,  D.Sc,  exhibited  fruits  of  the  "  Buddha's 
Claw  "  variety  of  Citrus  Medica  which  he  had  obtained  at  Easter 
from  the  gardens  at  La  Mortola,  formerly  belonging  to  the  late 
Sir  Thomas  Hanbury,  K.C.V.O.,  F.L.S.,  also  a  normal  fruit  for 
comparison.  M.  de  Yilmorin  commented  on  the  frequent  por- 
trayal of  this  fruit  in  Japanese  art,  and  also  the  variety  of  preserves 
made  from  it  in  China. 

Mr.  F.  Martin  Duxcax,  F.R.P.S.,  exhibited  by  means  of  the 
IS'ewman  fire-proof  Kinematograph,  a  representation  of  the  move- 
ments of  Peripatus  and  other  invertebrate  animals.  The  special 
feature  of  the  apparatus  used  was,  that  it  enabled  one  to  analyse 
all  movement,  picture  by  picture,  instead  of  having  to  run  the 
whole  film  through  from  end  to  end  without  a  stop  as  in  ordinar}^ 
Kinematograph  projectors.  The  effect  of  concentrated  light 
upon  different  species  of  Invertebrate  animals  had  proved  of 
interest  and  frequently  a  difficulty,  so  that  colour  filters  and 
isochromatised  negative  films  had  in  some  cases  to  be  used  to 
obtain  a  satisfactory  record. 

In  reply  to  the  President,  the  exhibitor  explained  that  he  was 
engaged  in  study  of  the  complex  movements  displayed,  and  hoped 
at  a  later  period  to  bring  his  results  before  the  Society. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "Colony-formation  as  a  Factor  in  Organic  Evolution."  By 
H.  M.  Beexard,  M.A.  (Communicated  by  Prof.  Dendt, 
D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  Sec.  L.S.) 


14 


PKOCEBDINGS    OF    THE 


"  Antipatharia  from  the  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  '  Sealark.' "  By 
C.  FoRSTEE  Cooper,  M.A.  (Communicated  bv  J.  Stanley 
Gardiner,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  T.L.S.) 

"Freshwater  Fishes,  Batrachians,  and  Eeptiles  obtained  by 
Mr.  J.  Stanley  Gardiner's  Expeditiou  to  the  Indian  Ocean." 
By  G.A.BouLENGER,F.R.S.  (Communicated  by  J.  Stanley 
Gardiner,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.) 

"  The  Madreporarian  Corals. — Part  I.  The  Family  Fiingidae, 
with  a  Revision  of  its  Genera  and  Species  and  an  Account 
of  the  Geographical  Distribution."  By  J.  Stanley  Gar- 
diner, M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 


May  25th,  1908. 

Anniversary  Meeting. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  7th  May,  1908, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Herbert  Clifton  Chadwick  was  admitted  an  Associate,  and 
Prof.  Seittsiro  Ikeno  a  Foreign  Member. 

Miss  Helen  Stuart  Chambers,  B.Sc,  Mr.  Norman  Gill,  and 
Mr.  Henry  Herbert  Travers  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

It  was  proposed  from  the  Chair  on  the  initiative  of  the  Council 
that  His  Majesty  Gustaf  V.,  King  of  Sweden,  be  elected  au 
Honorary  Member,  which  was  done  by  acclamation. 

The  Treasurer  read  his  financial  statement,  which  was  received 
and  adopted  by  the  Meeting  (see  p.  15). 

The  General  Secretary's  report  of  deaths,  withdrawals,  and 
elections  during  the  past  year  was  read,  as  follow^s : — 

Since  the  last  Anniversary  Meeting  24  Fellous  have  died  or 
their  deaths  been  ascertained  : 


Dr.  Robert  Barnes. 

Rev.  Richard  Baron. 

Mr.   Edward   Alfred   Lionel 

Batters, 
Mr.  John  Benbow. 
Sir  Dietrich  Brandis. 
Mr.  Robert  Ingham  Clark, 
Mr.  John  Farrah. 
Mr.  Charles  Anderson  Ferrier, 
Mr.  Frederick  Ernest  Grant. 
Dr.  Edward  Alfred  Heath. 
Sir  James  Hector. 
Mr,  Joseph  Ince. 


Dr.  Maxwell  T.  Masters. 
Prof.  Alfred  Newton. 
Mr.  William  Rome. 
Mr.  Howard  Saunders. 
Mr.  Alexander  Somerville 
Dr.  Henry  Clifton  Sorby. 
Prof.  Charles  Stewart. 
Lieut.-Genei'al    Sir    Richard 

Strachey. 
Mr.  William  Thomas  L.  Travers 
Mr.  James  Herbert  Veitch. 
Mr.  John  Francis  Walker. 
Mr.  Charles  Augustus  Wright. 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OP  LONDON, 


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1 6  proceedings  of  the 

Associate  (1). 
Mr.  Frederic  Moore. 

Foreign  Members  (2). 

Prof.  Jose  Vicente  Barboza  da  Bocage. 
Prof.  Karl  Mobius. 

The  following  6  Fellows  have  withdrawn  : 


Mr.  William  Heniy  Blaber. 
Mr.  Frederick  James  Faraday. 
Mr.  James  Scott  Gordon. 


Mr.  Ei'nest  Charles  Horrell. 
B,ev.  Richard  Paget  Murray. 
Dr.  Charles  Symes. 


Mr.  Henry  Williams  and  Mr.  George  Sampson  V.  Wills  have 
been  removed  from  the  List  of  Fellows,  under  the  provisions  of 
the  Bye-Laws,  Chapter  II.  Section  6. 

Fifty  Fellows  have  been  elected  (of  whom  47  have  qualified), 
and  one  Associate. 

The  Librarian's  report  was  then  laid  before  the  Meeting  as 
follows  : — 

During  the  past  year,  94  volumes  and  120  pamphlets  have 
been  received  as  Donations  from  Private  Individuals. 

From  the  various  Universities,  Academies,  and  Scientific 
Societies  323  volumes  and  205  detached  parts  have  been  received 
in  exchange  and  otherwise,  besides  68  volumes  and  24  parts 
obtained  by  exchange  and  as  Donations  from  the  Editors  and 
Proprietors  of  independent  Periodicals. 

The  Council  have  sanctioned  the  purchase  of  178  volumes  and 
89  parts  of  important  works. 

The  total  additions  to  the  Library  are  therefore  663  volumes 
and  508  pamphlets  and  separate  parts. 

The  number  of  books  bound  during  the  year  is  as  follows : — 

In  full  morocco  5  volumes,  in  half-morocco  355  volumes,  in  half- 
calf  4  volumes,  in  full  cloth  142  volumes,  in  vellum  23  volumes, 
in  buckram  52  volumes,  in  boards  or  half-cloth  25  volumes, 
relabelled  (half-morocco  and  cloth  backs)  55  volumes.  Total 
601  volumes. 

The  General  Secretary  having  read  the  Bye-Laws  governing 
the  elections,  the  President  opened  the  business  of  the  day,  and 
the  Fellows  present  proceeded  to  vote. 

The  President  then  delivered  his  Annual  Address  as  follows : — 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDOX.  17 


PEESIDENTIAL  ADDRESS. 

Fellows  of  the  Li^tnean  Society, — 

It  is  with  feelings  of  regret,  of  relief  and  of  gratitude 
that  I  rise  to  address  you  for  the  last  time  from  this  Chair.  I 
regret  deeply  to  sever  my  official  connection  with  the  Society, 
and  yet  I  own  to  a  certain  sense  of  relief  that  I  have  served  my 
time  and  shall  now  be  free  to  return  to  those  excursions  into  the 
unknown  which  are  the  chief  business  of  a  scientific  man  and 
which  are  less  wearing  and  perhaps  more  profitable  in  the  end  than 
fortnightly  excursions  to  London.  Pleasant  as  my  work  here  has 
been,  it  is  no  light  responsibility  for  one  like  myself,  engaged  in 
active  professional  work  more  than  200  miles  away,  to  undertake 
for  four  years  the  duty  of  occupying  the  Presidential  Chair  of  such 
a  Society  as  this.  My  dominant  feeling,  however,  is  one  of 
gratitude — both  to  the  Pellows  for  having  given  me  this  oppor- 
tunity of  serving  them,  and  to  my  fellow  Officers  for  their 
constant  kindness  and  most  efficient  support.  I  ought  to  acknow- 
ledge especially  the  consideration  shown  to  me  during  my  recent 
absence  for  two  months  in  the  Gulf  of  Manaar,  when  the 
Treasurer  relieved  me  from  my  duties  on  Council  and  Colonel 
Prain  and  the  other  Yice-Presidents  took  my  place  in  this  Chair 
at  the  evening  meetings. 

I  congratulate  the  Society  on  having  elected  as  my  successor 
that  most  eminent  Botanist,  and  most  genial  of  colleagues.  Dr.  D. 
H.  Scott,  F.E.S.,  and  I  congratulate  Dr.  Scott  on  having  attained 
to  the  highest  honour  we  can  bestow  on  our  Officers  in  the  Society. 
Dr.  Scott's  elevation  to  the  Chair  causes  a  vacancy  in  the  secre- 
tariat, and  we  are  fortunate  in  having  now  selected  Dr.  Stapf  as 
our  Botanical  Secretary.  Occasional  changes  in  the  Executive 
are  inevitable,  and  they  have  perhaps  been  unusually  frequent 
during  the  last  few  years,  but  we  have  only  the  happiest  feelings 
and  anticipations  in  regard  to  the  appointments  made  to-day. 
That  the  Linnean  Society  may  increase  and  prosper  in  all  good 
works,  under  the  guidance  of  your  new  Officers,  is  the  earnest 
hope  of  your  retiring  President. 

We  know,  as  Anthropologists,  that  it  has  been  the  custom  in 
some  countries  to  put  the  king,  chief,  or  high  priest  to  death  while 
he  is  still  in  full  vigour,  bodily  and  mental,  hoping  thereby  to  pass 
on  his  strength  and  spirit  to  his  successor  unimpaired  by  decay. 
In  some  cases  the  practice  permitted  the  chief  to  reign  only  for  a 
fixed  period,  at  the  conclusion  of  which  he  was  inexorably  led  to 
the  sacrificial  altar. 

You,  in  your  wisdom,  have  adopted  the  same  principle.  Ton 
recognise  that  the  occupation  of  this  Chair  for  more  than  four  years 
might  lead  to  a  deterioration  in  the  active  spirit  which  you  rightly 
demand  should  animate  the  head  of  our  Society  ;  but  more  merciful 
than  the  early  Aryan  tribes,  who  required  that  their  leader  should 

LINN.  see.  PEOCEEDIKGS. SESSION   1907-1908.  c 


iS  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

be  slain  at  a  great  meeting  when  his  term  of  office  had  expired, 
you  permit  him  to  retire  with  his  hfe  into  the  obscurity  from 
which  you  raised  him — so  long  as  he  is  able  to  hand  on  the  work 
and  the  tradition  of  the  Society  unimpaired  to  his  successor,  and 
the  only  sacrifice  you  demand  is  that  he  should'  render  some 
account  of  his  time  by  addressing  you  upon  the  affairs  of  the 
Society,  and  upon  some  aspect  of  one  or  other  of  those  sciences 
which  you  cultivate. 

I  have  been  privileged  to  occupy  this  Chair  during  a  most 
interesting  pei-iod  in  the  history  of  the  Society.  In  the  first  of 
these  four  sessions  (1904-5)  the  Fellows  adopted  the  new  code  of 
bye-laws,  and  as  a  result  the  Fellowship  of  the  Society  was  thrown 
open  to  duly  qualified  scientific  women  on  equal  terms  with  men. 
In  all,  41  such  women  have  now  been  elected  ;  and  of  these,  six 
have  read  papers  while  others  have  taken  part  in  our  discussions, 
and  one  (Miss  Sargant)  has  served  on  Council  and  Committees. 
The  added  gain  and  strength  to  the  Society  is  recognised  and 
appreciated  by  us  all. 

In  all,  about  150  new  Fellows  have  been  elected  in  the  four  years, 
and  100  have  died  or  resigned  during  the  same  period  ;  so  the 
Society  is  growing,  although  not  so  rapidly  as  some  of  us  would 
wish.  This  is  a  Society  to  which  all  active  original  workers  in 
Biology  should  desire  to  belong,  and  the  more  experience  I  have 
of  its  meetings  the  more  I  am  impressed  with  the  value  of  that 
association  and  co-operation  of  Botanists  and  Zoologists  which  we 
still  enjoy  but  which  has  been  lost  in  many  Natural  History 
Societies  and  in  the  Sections  of  the  British  Association. 

The  work  brought  before  us  dui'ing  the  last  four  years  has  been 
large  in  amount  and  seems  to  be  increasing.  No  less  than  52 
papers  have  been  communicated  during  the  present  session.  A 
considerable  number  of  those  papers  have  come  to  this  Society  as 
the  result  of  the  arrangement  made  with  the  Trustees  of  the 
Percy  Sladen  Memorial,  whereby  we  have  undertaken  to  publish 
the  Reports  of  the  First  Percy  Sladen  Expedition  in  a  series  of  six 
large  volumes — to  meet  the  expenses  of  w  hich  the  Trusi  contributes 
largely.  Of  the  first  volume  three  parts  have  already  appeared, 
and  the  fourth  is  now  in  our  Secretaries'  hands  and  will  be  out 
before  long. 

The  Society  is  also  publishing  in  the  Zoological  Journal  a  series 
of  reports  upon  the  collections  made  by  Mr.  Cyril  Crosslaud  on 
the  Sudanese  coast  of  the  Bed  Sea — a  coral  region  of  considerable 
faunistic  interest.  Amongst  other  papers  of  special  interest 
this  session  the  following  have  given  rise  to  important  discus- 
sions : — Dr.  Archdall  Eeid's  "  Mendelism  and  Sex,"  Mr.  A.  W. 
Sutton's  "  Brassica  Crosses  "  and  "  Tuber-bearing  Solanums,"  and 
Mr.  Clement  Reid's  "  Preglacial  Fruits  and  Seeds." 

Our  loss  by  death  among  the  older  Fellows  has  been  unusually  severe, 
including  as  it  does  such  notable  veterans  of  science  as  Professor 
Newton,  Dr.  Masters,  Professor  Charles  Stewart,  Mr.  Howard 
Saunders,  Sir  James  Hector,  Sir  Richard  Strachey,  and  Dr.  Sorby. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDON.  1 9 

The  usual  obituary  notices  of  the  deceased  Fellows  will  be  laid 
upon  the  table  by  the  Secretaries. 

During  this  session  we  have  lost  by  death  two  of  our  Foreign 
Members,  Prof.  Barboza  du  Bocage  of  Lisbon,  and  Prof.  Karl 
Mobius  of  Berlin.  Two  additional  Foreign  Members  have  also 
been  elected,  Prof.  Nathorst  of  Stockholm  and  Prof.  Biitschli  of 
Heidelberg.  Tour  election  today  of  H.M.  the  King  of  Sweden 
as  an  Honorary  Member  fills  the  place  left  by  the  death  of  the 
late  King  Oscar  II,,  and  perpetuates  in  the  happiest  manner  the 
traditional  and  sympathetic  connection  which  has  long  existed 
between  this  Society  and  the  country  of  Linnaeus. 

The  death  of  Mr.  Frederic  Moore,  A.L.S.,  left  a  vacancy  in 
the  ranks  of  our  Associates  which  the  Societ}^  worthily  filled  by 
the  election  on  December  19  th  of  Mr.  H.  C.  Chad  wick,  Curator  of 
the  Port  Erin  Biological  Station.  The  Council  has  awarded  the 
Linnean  medal  this  year  to  our  former  Zoological  Secretary  and 
honoured  colleague,  the  Eev.  Thomas  R.  E.  Stebbing,  F.E-.S.,  than 
whom  there  coidd  be  no  more  worthy  recipient. 

During  last  session  we,  in  common  with  similar  societies  in 
Sweden  and  elsewhere,  celebrated  the  200th  Anniversary  of  the 
birth  of  Linnaeus.  In  addition  to  the  references  to  the  occasion 
made  at  our  last  Anniversary  meeting,  and  to  our  participation  in 
the  primary  celebrations  at  L'psala  and  Stockholm,  we  held  an 
evening  reception  in  these  rooms  on  June  7th,  which  was  largely 
attended  by  our  FelloAvs  and  their  friends  and  by  many  dis- 
tinguished guests,  including  the  Swedish  Minister  and  a  number 
of  eminent  men  of  Science.  On  this  occasion  there  were  exhibits 
of  scientific  interest — both  Linnean  and  others — in  the  Library 
upstairs,  while  short  addresses  and  illustrated  lectures  were 
delivered  in  this  meeting  room  at  intervals.  The  success  of  this 
conversazione  was  undoubted,  and  frequently  during  that  evening, 
and  also  since,  have  our  Fellows  spoken  to  me  in  high  appreciation 
of  the  form  which  our  Linnean  celebration  had  taken,  and  some 
indeed  expressed  the  hope  that  another  occasion  of  meeting  with 
so  much  of  scientific  interest  to  see,  hear  and  talk  about  would 
soon  be  provided. 

The  approaching  celebration  of  the  Jubilee  of  the  Darwin- 
Wallace  communication  to  this  Society  on  1st  July,  1858,  seems 
likely  to  provide  such  an  occasion.  A  special  Committee  of 
Council  is  engaged  in  arranging  the  programme  and  other  details, 
and  a  preliminary  circular  has  been  issued  showing  that  the 
celebration  will  consist  of  : — 

(1)  An  afternoon   meeting   for    the   delivery   of    appropriate 

addresses  and  the  award  of  special  medals  to  Dr.  Alfred 
Eussel  Wallace,  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  and  others. 

(2)  A  dinner  of  the  Fellows,  the  Medallists  and  other  Guests. 

(3)  An  evening  reception  in  these  rooms  ;  and 

(4)  The  publication  of  a  volume  containing  an  account  of  the 

ever  memorable  meeting  of  July  1st,  1858,  and  of  these 
Jubilee  proceedings. 

c2 


20  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

The  last  address  which  I  deHvered  to  you  from  this  Chair  dealt 
with  the  principles  underlying  the  organisation  of  Fishery 
Research  in  this  country,  and  with  the  methods  of  investigation  of 
that  floating  life  of  the  ocean  which  is  of  enormous  importance  in 
connection  with  the  food  supply  from  the  sea. 

The  method  has  been  adopted  by  Naturalists  and  Oceano- 
graphers  of  taking  samples  of  this  floating  life  or  plankton  with 
fine  silk  nets  of  known  straining  capacity,  the  hypothesis  being 
that  if  we  know  the  contents  of  a  small  sample  of  water  we  can 
calculate  the  living  contents  of  the  ocean.  It  is  obvious  that  this 
hypothesis  rests  upon  the  assumption  that  the  organisms  in 
questions  are  distributed  with  such  uniformity  that  small  samples 
of  the  water  are  representative  of  the  whole.  I  have  devoted  all 
my  spare  time  for  the  last  couple  of  years  to  work  at  sea  with 
various  kinds  of  closing  and  open  tow-nets  designed  for  the 
purpose  of  testing  this  assumption.  What  I  laid  before  you  last 
year  was  of  the  nature  of  a  preliminary  announcement  giving  the 
first  impressions  received  from  observation  of  the  catches.  Since 
then,  however,  the  six  or  seven  hundred  gatherings  which  I  took 
from  the  yacht  '  Ladybird '  in  the  seas  around  the  Isle  of  Man 
during  the  year  1907  have  all  been  exhaustively  examined  by  our 
Associate,  Mr.  Andrew  Scott ;  and  from  his  lists  and  my  own 
observations  I  have  drawn  some  arguments  and]  conclusions  *, 
with  a  few  of  which  I  propose  to  trouble  you. 

First,  as  to  the  data  : — We  have  nearly  900  gatherings  taken  in 
the  year  1907  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  Irish  Sea,  and  of 
these  about  650  are  from  a  limited  area  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
bourhood of  Port  Erin.  At  the  south  end  of  the  Isle  of  Man, 
where  these  gatherings  were  taken,  there  are  very  important 
fishing  grounds  M'hich  are  frequented  by  trawlers  from  Lancashire 
and  from  Ireland,  as  well  as  by  the  Manx  fishermen.  This,  as 
well  as  the  circumstance  that  we  have  there,  within  a  few 
miles,  a  sheltered  sandy  bay,  an  exposed  rocky  coast,  a  narrow 
strait  through  which  strong  tides  run  and  an  area  of  open  sea  with 
depths  reaching  to  70-80  fathoms,  has  led  me  to  consider  Port 
Erin  a  very  suitable  locality  for  a  thoroughly  exhaustive  or 
intensive  study  of  the  Marine  Plankton. 

I  think  it  desirable  to  point  out  here  that  the  sea  off  Port  Erin 
cannot  be  regarded  as  an  exceptional  locality.  The  narrow  strait 
known  as  the  Calf  Sound  (IV  on  map  opposite)  where  the  tidal 
currents  run  with  great  velocity  is,  no  doubt,  exceptional  in  some 
respects ;  but  the  open  sea,  5  to  10  miles  off  land  (I  and  II  on 
map),  has  no  physical  peculiarities  such  as  would  lead  us  to  expect 
any  unusual  distribution  of  organisms. 

It  may  be  useful  to  repeat  here  the  same  little  map  that  I  used 
last  year  in  order  to  show  the  localities  at  which  the  gatherings 
were  taken.     The  nets  used,  it  will  be  remembered,  were  : — Two 

*  A  detailed  account  of  the  results  upon  which  these  conclusions  are  based 
will  be  [and  since  this  was  written  lias  been]  published  in  the  Lancashire  Sea- 
Fisheries  Laboratory  Keport  for  1907  (Trans.  Liverpool  liiol.  Soe.  vol.  xxii.). 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY   OF    LOXDOJ^. 


21 


closing  vertical  nets,  the  Nansen  and  the  Petersen-Hensen,  a 
weighted  and  two  surface,  open,  horizontal  tow-nets,  all  made  of 
No.  20  bolting-silk  ;  and  in  addition  a  coarser  silk  tow-net  (No.  6 
silk)  and  a  large-meshed  shear-net  only  used  occasionally. 

During  the  present  Easter  vacation  (April  11th  to  29th, 
inclusive)  I  have  taken  186  additional  gatherings,  in  15  working 
days  (an  average  of  over  12  per  day),  which  will  serve  to  compare 
with  those  taken  during  the  corresponding  period  of  1907.  The 
number  of  Diatoms  does  not  appear  to  be  so  great  this  year  as  in 
1907.     The  spring  maximum  does  not  reach  to  such  a  height  and 


I    I 


OFF   PORT   ERIN     l.o.M. 


£3*3. 


is  certainly  later  in  April  than  was  the  case  last  year.  I  have  as 
yet  only  the  volumes  of  the  catches  before  me,  the  numbers  of  the 
different  organisms  present  in  each  net  have  not  yet  been  calculated. 
The  monthly  average  in  cubic  centimetres  for  the  first  four  months 
of  the  year  1908  is  as  follows  : — January  0-8  ;  February  0-6  ; 
March  1-8 ;  April  7"4,  showing  an  increase  in  March  which 
became  still  more  marked  in  April,  but  is  small  compared  with 
that  in  1907.  The  average  haul  during  April,  1908,  with  the 
different  nets  used  is  : — 


Hensen.      Nansen. 


0-6 


1-42 


Surface 

Surface 

Weight-net. 

Surface 

(No.  20). 

(No.  6). 

(Bay). 

2-77 

3-45 

4-18 

5-5 

Shear. 


15 


Showing  much  the  same  proportions  between   the  nets  as  in  the 
previous  year,  but  smaller  numbers  throughout. 

I  now  turn  to  the  conclusions  to  be  drawn  from  a  study  of  the 
detailed  figures  for  1907.  It  is  clear  that  many  of  the  great 
seasonal  variations  in  the  plankton  are  not  due  to  changes  in  the 
sea-water  such  as  are  recognised  in  hydrographic  observations,  but 
are  caused  simply  by  the  normal  sequence  of  stages  in  the  life- 
histories   of   organisms   throughout   the   year.      No   amount   of 


22  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE 

"  hydrographic  "  change  in  the  water  will  determine  the  presence 
of  Echinoderm  larvae  at  a  time  of  year  when  they  are  not  produced, 
nor  of  Crab  Megalopas  when  they  do  not  naturally  occur. 

Three  factors,  at  least,  contribute  to  the  constitution  of  the 
plankton  from  day  to  day  throughout  the  year  : — 

(1)  The  sequence  and  periodicity  of  stages  in  the  life-history 

of  the  organisms ; 

(2)  Irregularities  due  to   the   inter-action  of  organisms,  as 

when  one  group  serves  as  the  food  of  another ; 

(3)  Periodic   changes    and   abnormalities    of   either  time  or 

abundance  caused  by  the  nature  of  the  sea-water  or  by 
weather  conditions  which  may  either  determine  or  pre- 
vent the  normal  or  permit  of  an  abnormal  development 
of  certain  species. 

The  appearance  of  swarms  of  Balanoid  Nauplii,  followed  after 
an  interval  by  the  "  Cypris  "  stage,  is  an  example  that  comes  under 
the  first  head.  The  disappearance  of  Diatoms  when  used  as  food 
by  the  increasing  swarms  of  Copepoda  and  other  Crustacea,  both 
larval  and  adult,  and  of  the  Copepoda  in  turn  when  eaten  by  the 
developing  post-larval  fish,  are  changes  falling  under  the  second 
head.  The  great  increase  in  the  number  of  Diatoms  in  spring 
when  the  physical  condition  of  the  sea-water  has  become 
favourable,  the  enormous  development  of  Dinoflagellates  which 
may  take  place  suddenly  in  autumn  under  unusual  weather  con- 
ditions, the  almost  total  suppression  of  a  group  such  as  the 
Medusae  in  some  localities  in  an  unusually  stormy  summer,  and 
the  immigration  of  a  species  or  a  group  of  species  from  the  open 
ocean  or  from  a  neighbouring  sea-area  as  the  result  of  variations 
in  the  hydrographic  conditions,  are  all  examples  that  may  be 
classed  in  the  third  category. 

Two  or  all  of  these  factors  may,  however,  be  at  work  together, 
and  so  the  explanation  of  any  particular  change  may  be  a  very 
complicated  problem.  The  increased  development  of  a  group,  or 
the  immigration  of  a  species,  may  so  disturb  the  balance  of 
nature  as  to  be  followed  by  unusual  changes  in  other  groups. 

The  results  of  the  hauls  obtained  on  April  9th  and  10th  in 
Port  Erin  Bay  are  good  examples  of  a  local  plankton  mainly  com- 
])osed  of  Diatoms.  It  is  noticed  in  running  the  eye  down  the 
groups  that  whereas  the  Diatoms  occur  in  thousands  extending  up 
to  even  100,000,  the  Dinoflagellates  are  in  hundreds,  extending,  at 
most,  to  a  thousand  ;  the  Copepoda  are  in  tens,  rarely  reaching  a 
hundred  or  two,  while  the  fish-eggs  are  scattered  units,  such  as 
1  and  2.  The  general  character  of  the  hauls  on  April  9th  is  that 
there  are  ten  times  as  many  Copepods  as  fish-eggs  ;  ten  times  as 
many  Dinoflagellates  as  Copepods,  and  ten  times  as  many 
Diatoms  as  Dinoflagellates,  per  species.  On  the  following  day, 
April  10th,  the  proportions  are  somewhat  the  same  ;  and  if  we  pick 
out  the  largest  numbers  recorded  in  each  of  these  groups,  these 


LrNNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  2$ 

may  be  described  iu  the  case  of  each  day  as   uuits,  hundreds 
thousands,  and  tens  oi:  thousands — or  thereabouts. 

Diatoms.         Dinoflagellates.     Copepods.    Fish-Eggs. 

April    9 100,000  1000  250  2 

April  10 90,000  2000  780  8 

As  another  example  of  the  same  run  of  figures  in  these  groups 
we  note  that  in  a  surface  haul,  W.  of  the  Calf  Island,  on 
March  29th,  the  total 

Diatoms  amount  to   72,650 

Dinoflagellates     „       3,500 

Copepoda      „   363 

Fish-Egffs            , 93 


-oo"- 


Generally  speaking  these  proportions  hold  good  for  many  of  the 
series  of  hauls  not  only  in  the  Bay,  but  also  from  the  open  sea 
outside.      Fig.   1  shows  by  the  proportions  of  the  squares  the 

Fig.  1. — Diagram  showing  maximum  haul  in  the  year. 

JJlATOMS 


numbers  contained  in  the  greatest  hauls  of  Diatoms,  Copepods, 
Dinoflagellata,  Oikopleura,  and  Sagitta,  respectively. 

Lists  compiled  from  the  gatherings  and  curves  drawn  from  these 
hsts  show  that,  as  a  consequence  of  the  three  factors  noted  above, 
certain  groups  and  certain  prominent  species  differ  from  one 
another  greatly  in  their  relative  abundance  throughout  the  months 
of  the  year  (see  fig.  2,  p.  24). 

Thus,  the  Diatoms  take  on  an  enormous  development  in  early 
spring,  and  reach  their  maximum  in  April,  then  die  down  during 
the  summer,  and  may  rise  again  to  a  second  but  much  less 
important  and  less  constant  maximum  in  autumn  (fig.  3,  p.  24). 
It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  the  species,  and  to  some 


■24 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 


extent  the  genera,  that   form  the  autumn   increase   (Chcetoceros 
subtile  and  species  of  BMzosolenia)  are  quite  different  from  those 


Fig.  2. — Distribution  throughout  the  year — diagijammatic. 
Jan.     Feb.     Mar.     Apr.      May     June    July     Aug.     Sept.    Oct.      Nov.     Dec. 


Diatoms 

''^^ 

' 

Dinoflagellates 

^ 

^^ 

Ceratium 

Sagitta 

, 

• 

Tomopteris 

Copepoda 

^ 

— 

^^ 

^ 

L__ 

^^^ 

„.          , 

Centropages 

Temora 

Oikopleura 

Total  Plankton 

^^^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^^ 

^■" 

present  in  spring  (e.  g.,  Chcetoceros  contortum,  and  species  of  Tha- 
lassiosira). 

From  the  list  of  the  total  plankton  throughout  the  year,  reduced 


DworuKCUinis 


PORT   E.RIN  PLANKTON     1907     NLWCRICAL    PROPORTION  OF  SOMt  CROUPS 

to  the  average  per  net  per  day,  it  is  seen  that  the  greatest  bulk  of 
plankton  in  the  water  is  in  April,  when  the  total  catches  in  the 


LINNB^Jf   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  25 

day  reached  an  average  of  51  c.c.  per  haul.  Other  lesser  elevations 
are  seen  in  June  with  20  c.c,  and  August  with  25  c.c.  The  catch 
in  some  individual  hauls  runs  a  great  deal  higher  than  these 
averages,  the  top  score  being  the  Nansen  net  on  April  4th,  with 
164-5  c.c.      Fig.  4,  showing  the  average  haul  of  plankton  per 

Fig.  4. — Diagram  showing  average  ]iaul  of  Plankton  per  month. 


Jan.     Ftir     War      A^'      Ma^    Jone     J^lu    A^J     5e|it-    (Pet     Nov.     Dec 


month,  brings  out  the  great  range  and  remarkable  diversity 
between  adjacent  months. 

The  spring  maximum  in  the  amount  of  the  plankton  is  clearly 
due  to  a  great  and  sudden  increase  in  the  amount  of  Diatoms 
present  (see  fig.  3).  The  other  rises  seen  later  in  the  year,  as  in 
June,  August,  and  to  a  slighter  extent  in  October,  are  less  marked, 
and  are  less  clearly  due  to  one  cause. 

The  hauls  taken  on  an  ofF-shore  station,  on  April  5th,  show  the 
condition  of  affairs  during  the  spring  maximum  of  the  Diatoms, 
when  14  millions  of  one  species,  Chcetoceros  contortum,  were  present 
in  one  haul  of  the  Nansen  net.  The  total  number  of  Diatoms  in 
that  haul  was  nearly  17  millions,  including  '  two  millions  of 
Thalassiosira  Nordenshioldii.  Comparatively  few  Copepoda  and 
other  organisms  were  present.  The  two  surface  gatherings  of  this 
date  were  moderately  alike,  the  same  organisms  were  present  in 
both,  although  one  net  had,  in  some  cases,  about  twice  as  many  as 
the  other  ;  but  still  the  hauls  were  of  the  same  general  type  and 
the  quantities  were,  in  most  cases,  not  very  different,  showing  that 
one  can  get  a  good  general  idea  of  the  fauna  by  such  hauls,  but 
that  one  cannot  depend  upon  their  being  minutely  representative. 


i6  PEOCEEDIXGS   OV   THE 

They  may  show  something  hke  double  or  half  the  quantity  of 
organisms  obtained  in  neighbouring  hauls. 

For  comparison  with  such  gatherings,  we  may  examine  the  similar 
series  of  hauls  taken  late  in  August  from  about  the  s^ame  locality. 
On  August  21st  there  are  practically  no  Diatoms  present,  there 
being  only  a  very  few  individuals  of  Blddulphia  mohiliensis.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  Copepoda  are  much  more  abundant  than  they 
were  in  April,  for  example,  compare  Oithona  similis,  where  only 
tens,  amounting  at  most  to  a  few  hundreds,  were  present  in  April, 
and  thousands  (reaching  eleven  thousand  in  the  weighted  net)  were 
in  the  August  haul.  Other  interesting  differences  can  be  noticed 
on  comparing  the  two  lists  in  detail. 

The  Copepoda  have  two  maxima  in  the  year,  the  first  in  April 
and  the  second  in  September  and  October.  The  records  start  in 
January  with  about  2000  per  haul  and  keep  below  that  level 
throughout  February  and  most  of  March.  During  April  they 
rapidly  mount  up  with  a  series  of  successively  higher  records,  with 
falls  between,  such  as  April  2nd  4,500,  April  13th  10,755, 
April  16th  11,600,  till  the  climax  is  reached  on  April  27th  with 
29,825.  During  May  the  numbers  are  low,  1,015  to  6,505  ;  in 
June  they  rise  somewhat,  13,610  on  the  11th  and  15,450  on  the 
27th,  falling  again  in  July  to  numbers  between  2,895  and  7,930. 
August  shows  a  series  of  rises  with  falls  between,  the  tops  being 
18,200  on  the  10th,  19,400  on  the  14th,  14,700  on  the  15th, 
16,915  on  the  24th,  and  10,970  on  the  29th.  September  begins 
at  a  low  level,  reaches  11,942  on  the  4th,  and,  with  falls  between, 
27,177  on  the  12th,  13,440  on  the  20th,  and  27,312  on  the  20th, 
followed  by  10,582  on  21st,  18,450  on  23rd,  11,850  on  24th,  and 
12,110  on  30th.  October  is  also  high,  with  16,973  on  the  9th, 
27,790  on  14th,  and  24,480  on  24th.  November  shows  one  high 
figure,  10,937  on  the  8th  ;  while  December  ranges  from  1,724  to 
2,755  ;  the  year's  record  ending  very  much  at  the  same  level  where 
it  commenced  in  January.  The  range  in  number  of  the  Copepoda 
per  net,  30  to  29,800,  is  considerable  compared  with  that  of  some 
groups,  but  does  not  equal  that  of  the  Diatoms. 

The  monthly  averages  of  the  Copepoda  during  this  year  are  as 
follows : — 


Jan 1,816 

Feb 793 

Mar 1,379 

Apr 5,858 


July   5,462 

Aug 5,496 

Sept 6,514 

Oct 17,572 


May    3,415     i     Nov 6,923 

June    12,138     1     Dec 2,289 

The  highest  averages  here  (June  and  October)  do  not  quite 
coincide  with  the  maxima  (April  and  September-October)  in  the 
previous  treatment  where  the  days  were  taken  singly.  The  ex- 
planation is,  of  course,  that  although  April  contains  a  maximum 
far  above  that  of  June,  it  also  contains  in  the  earlier  part  of  the 
month  many  low  records  that  pull  down  the  average  when  the 
month  is  treated  as  a  whole.     The  maxima  in  high  average  bulk  of 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  27 

catch  extending  over  the  month,  but  not  in  exceptional  catches, 
are  seen  from  this  Hst  to  be  in  June  and  October,  and  especially 
in  the  latter. 

If  we  look  now  for  the  largest  individual  hauls  of  a  single 
species  of  Copepod  we  find  that  they  occur  in  April,  August, 
and  September.  The  following  are  some  of  the  more  important 
of  these : — 

April    9— Pseudocalanus  elongatus     16,000 

9 — Teinora  longicoruis  19,000 

23 — Calanus  belgolandicus     13,480 

24 — Acartia  c] ausi    28,000 

Aug.  13-Oithouasimili.s 14,000 

17—  „  „       25,000 

24— Acartia  clausi    29,000 

27—      „  „       24,700 

29 — Pseudocalanus  elongatus     23,000 

Sept.    4 — Acartia  clausi    23,600 

4 — Pseudocalanus  elongatus     36,000 

12—  „  „  33,600 

18—  „  .,  25,000 

20— Oitbona  similis 29,270 

These  also  bear  out  the  idea  of  maxima  in  April  and  in  autumn, 
the  latter  being  the  more  important  one  ;  in  both  cases  they  follow 
the  phytoplankton.  As  a  rule  a  haul  rich  in  Copepoda  has  few- 
Diatoms,  and  vice  versa,  but  the  Copepoda  do  not,  like  the  Diatoms, 
present  great  maxima  and  marked  depressions.  Even  when  both 
groups  are  present  in  the  plankton  we  frequently  find  that  they 
are  in  different  zones  ;  for  exauiple,  in  some  April  hauls  in  1907 
the  Diatoms  were  markedly  on  the  surface  and  the  Copepoda 
below,  while  later  in  the  year  these  positions  were  reversed. 

The  distribution  of  particular  Copepoda  (Calanus,  Anomalocera, 
Microcalanns,  Pseudocalanus,  Centropages,  Temora)  have  been  fol- 
lowed separately  and  form  interesting  studies.  Calanus,  Pseudo- 
calanus, Centropages,  and  Temora  are  present  throughout  the  year ; 
Anomalocera  appears  in  our  district  in  spring  ;  Microcalanns  in  late 
autumn. 

The  Diatom  fauna  makes  its  appearance  again  in  September 
(fig.  3).  The  two  surface-nets  on  Sept.  12th  show  very  large 
numbers  of  Diatoms,  extending  up  to  13  millions  and  16  millions 
in  single  hauls  in  the  case  of  Ehizosolenia  semispina — in  fact  this 
highest  peak  in  the  September  maximum  of  Diatoms  is  mainly 
composed  of  this  one  species  of  Bhizosolenia,  whereas  in  the  spring 
maximum  the  bulk  of  the  catch  is  made  up  of  Chceioceros  contortum 
and  Thalassiosira  Nordenshioldii,  species  that  are  rare  or  altogether 
absent  in  September  gatherings.  The  genus  Thalassiosira  is 
mainly  a  spring  form,  rarely  present  after  May,  and  is  not  repre- 
sented in  autumn  in  this  year's  results. 

When  a  comparison  is  made  between  the  three  similar  open 
tow-nets  which  were  worked  together  for  15  minutes  at  a  time — 
two  at  or  close  to  the  surface,  and  the  other  weighted  so  that  it 
was  lowered  to  a  depth  of  about  ten  fathoms,  and  gradually  rose, 
as  the  boat  went  slowly  ahead,  to  a  depth  of  a  foot  or  two  below 
the  surface — it  is  almost  invai'iably  found  that  the  weighted  net, 


28  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

with  its  wider  range  through  the  deeper  layers  o£  water,  gave  a 
larger  and  sometimes  a  much  larger  quantity  of  organisms.  The 
only  exceptions  to  this  rule  are  on  some  occasions  in  April,  when 
the  sea  was  full  of  Diatoms  and  the  surface-nets  gaye  very  large 
hauls,  equal  to  or  even  exceeding  the  deeper  ones.  But  even 
during  the  Diatom  maximum  in  April  some  days  showed  more 
in  the  weighted  than  in  the  surface-nets.  For  example,  on 
April  10th,  at  along-shore  station  III,  the  surface  gave  11-5  and 
the  net  at  one  fathom  19'5  c.c,  and  the  total  Diatoms  were 
27,000  in  the  former  and  188,000  in  the  latter. 

In  some  cases,  as  I  showed  last  year,  the  two  similar  surface- 
nets  worked  together  gave  dissimilar  results.  Even  when  the 
results  are  very  much  alike  quantitatively,  they  may  be  very 
different  qualitatively  ;  and  it  is  by  no  means  always  the  two 
hauls  that  are  most  alike  in  bulk  that  agree  best  in  the  kind 
and  number  of  organisms.  It  will  probably  be  agreed  that  it 
is  unlikely  that,  with  the  large,  varied  and  irregularly  scattered 
population  that  we  jfind  the  sea  to  contain,  two  nets  should 
often  catch  the  same  quantities  of  the  same  sets  of  organisms. 
Consequently  a  result  like  that  obtained  on  April  22nd,  where 
the  two  nets  caught  precisely  the  same  amounts  and  where  the 
lists  of  organisms  constituting  the  hauls  are  almost  exactly  alike 
both  in  kinds  and  numbers,  is  interesting. 

On  considering  the  Diatom  list,  some  other  points  come  out : — 
The  average  number  of  Diatoms  per  catch  often  varies  considerably 
from  day  to  da  v.  Thus  on  April  5th  the  average  of  all  catches  of 
that  day  was  3,533,800,  while  on  April  6th  it  fell  to  348,750  ; 
on  April  24th  it  was  191,873,  while  on  April  25th  it  was  only 
663. 

But  these  numbers  scarcely  give  an  adequate  idea  of  the 
quantitative  variation  among  individual  catches.  Thus  on 
{September  10th  surface-nets  A  and  B  contained  250  and  550 
respectively,  while  two  days  later  the  corresponding  numbers  were 
13,495,500  and  16,300,500;  on  April  8th  two  hauls  of  the 
JSTansen  net  gave  respectively  198,000  and  3,739,000,  and  many 
other  such  cases  could  be  quoted. 

A  general  inspection  of  an  uusmoothed  curve  drawn  from  the 
list  of  Diatom  hauls  within  Port  Erin  Bay,  shows  a  well-marked 
maximum  at  the  end  of  March  and  earlier  part  of  April.  The 
marked  increase  of  Diatoms,  and  also  of  Copepod  Nauplii,  towards 
the  end  of  March  is  seen  well  in  the  following  three  surface 
hauls  : — 

March  26.  March  27.  March  29. 

12  c.c.  145  c.c.  18o  c.c. 

Total  Diatoms  =    220,000  ...  277,000  ...  326,000 

Biddulphia  mobiliensis 46,000  ...  50,000  ...  58,000 

Chffitoceros  debile     6,000  ...  8,000  ...  10.000 

decipiens   100,000  ...  150,000  ...  160,000 

Coscinodiscus  eoncinnus  64,000  ...  67,000  ...  75,000 

Oopepod  Nauplii  7,000  ...  27,000  ...  35,000 

There  is  also  an  autumn  maximum  in  the  Bay  showing  a  very 


LINNEAlf  SOCIETY   OP   LONDON.  29 

high  peak  at  the  end  of  September.  Omitting,  however,  the 
single  catch  of  September  30th  (which  is  due  in  the  main  to 
lihizosolenia  semisjpina)  the  peak  is  reduced  to  less  than  one-third 
its  former  height.  A  remarkable  feature  of  this  September  hump 
is  the  sudden  character  of  its  appearance  and  disappearance  and 
its  short  duration  (six  days).  An  inspection  of  the  temperature 
curve  of  the  year  for  the  water  of  the  Bay,  shows  that  the  sudden 
increase  in  the  phytoplankton  coincided  with  the  maximum  in 
temperature;  and  our  weekly  weather  records  at  the  Biological 
Station  show  at  that  same  time  a  week  of  fine  calm  weather  with 
easterly  breezes  (S.E.  and  E.S.E.).  I  have  noticed  the  same 
phenomenon  in  previous  years,  both  at  Port  Erin  and  on  the 
west  coast  of  Scotland,  which  seems  to  indicate  that  if  weather 
conditions  be  suitable  at  the  end  of  autumn  the  phytoplankton 
may  suddenly  increase  so  as  to  constitute  a  second  jnaximum  in 
the  year,  the  first  being  in  spring  ;  but  that  this  possible  "  maxi- 
mum "  may  be  so  modified  in  time  and  in  amount  by  temperature 
and  wind  as  to  be  unrecognisable.  In  1906  it  was  very  much 
more  marked  at  Port  Erin  than  in  1907,  and  lasted  longer. 

The  phytoplankton  minimum  for  the  bay  occurs  in  August,  no 
Diatoms  being  taken  from  August  9th  to  August  23rd,  though 
nettings  were  taken  on  all  days  included  between  these  dates  save 
three. 

As  an  example  of  a  sudden  change  in  the  plankton,  we  may 
compare  the  surface  hauls  taken  in  the  bay  on  October  1st  and 
14th.  The  total  quantities  of  the  two  gatherings  were  1*5  and 
1]*5  i-espectively  ;  on  the  1st,  Diatoms  were  relatively  abundant 
(over  91,000)  ;  by  the  14th  they  had  disappeared.  But  Sagitta 
and  various  larvae,  and  especially  Copepoda,  had  greatly  increased 
in  number  by  the  latter  date.  The  adult  Copepoda  in  all  numbered 
only  1,045  on  the  1st,  while  they  reached  27,790  by  the  14th ; 
younger  forms  and  Nauplii  had  also  become  much  more  abundant. 
By  November,  however,  the  Diatoms  were  back  in  quantity,  and 
Copepoda  had  begun  to  decrease  again. 

The  Dinoflagellata  rise  to  a  maximum  in  April  later  than  the 
Diatoms,  and  may  have  a  second  period  of  sudden  increase  in  the 
autumn  if  weather  conditions  are  favourable. 

Ceratium  tripos  is  the  most  abundant  species  of  Dinoflagellate 
in  the  Irish  Sea,  and  is  present  practically  all  the  year  round  in 
considerable  abundance  (up  to  7753  per  haul)  at  the  Isle  of  Man. 
Our  650  gatherings  in  one  year  showed  C.  tripos  on  492 
occasions. 

The  curve  for  Ceratium  tripos  agrees  in  general  with  that  for 
the  total  Dinoflagellates,  but  differs  markedly  from  those  both  of 
Diatoms  and  Copepoda.  The  spi-ing  maximum  in  the  Dino- 
flagellates is  later  thivn  that  of  the  Diatoms,  but  precedes  that  of 
the  Copepoda.  Then  again  the  September  hump  of  the  Dino- 
flagellates is  earlier  than  that  of  the  Diatoms,  and  much  earlier 
than  the  October  maximum  of  Copepoda.  On  the  whole  the 
annual  curve  for  the  Dinoflagellates  lies  intermediate  between 
those  for  Diatoms  and  Copepoda. 


30  PEOCEEDINGS   OP    THE 

Sagitta  is  present  throughout  the  year  ;  it  is  most  abundant  in 
August,  and  the  minimum  occurs  in  winter  (January  to  March). 

As  showing  the  difference  produced  by  a  lai'ger  net  of  wider 
mesh,  we  find  that  during  April,  when  the  hauls  with  the  ordinary 
tow-nets  were  giving  units  and  tens,  those  taken  at  the  same 
time  with  the  shear-net  ran  into  hundreds,  as  follows  : — 360, 
123,  286,  310,  200,  200,  400,  400,  300,  800.  The  fact,  however, 
that  the  weighted  tow-net,  not  invariably,  but  usually,  took  a  much 
larger  number  than  the  similar  surface-nets,  shows  that  Sagitta  is 
usually  more  abundant  in  a  zone  of  water  below  the  surface, 
extending  down  to  10  fathoms,  and  that  consequently  the  much 
greater  numbers  obtained  by  the  shear-net  may  be  due  not  wholly 
to  the  size  of  the  net  and  mesh  but  in  part  to  the  depth  at 
which  it  was  worked. 

The  Nauplius  and  Cypris  stages  of  Balanus  form  an  interesting 
study.  The  adult  Barnacles  are  present  in  enormous  abundance 
on  the  rocks  of  Bradda  Head,  and  they  reproduce  in  winter,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year.  The  Nauplii  first  appeared  in  1907 
in  the  bay  gatherings  on  February  22nd,  and  increased  with  ups 
and  downs  to  their  maximum  on  April  15th,  and  then  decreased 
until  their  disappearance  on  April  26th.  None  were  taken  at  any 
other  time  of  the  year.  The  "  Cypris  "  stage  follows  on  after  the 
Nauplius.  It  is  first  taken  in  the  bay  on  April  6th,  rises  to  its 
maximum  on  the  same  day  with  the  Nauplii,  and  was  last  caught 
on  May  24th.  Throughout,  the  "  Cypris  "  curve  keeps  below  that 
of  the  Nauplius,  the  maxima  being  1,740  and  10,500  respective!}'. 
Probably  the  difference  between  the  two  curves  represents  tlie 
death-rate  of  the  Balani  during  the  Nauplius  stage. 

The  two  large  Copepoda  Calanns  helgola adieus  (Claus)  and  Ano- 
malocera  paitersoni.  Temp.,  are  both  regarded  as  "  oceanic  "  species, 
and  are  both  present  in  fair  abiindanee  in  the  Irish  Sea.  They 
are  two  of  the  most  conspicuous  objects  in  our  plankton  gatherings, 
and  can  readily  be  picked  out  with  the  eye  and  counted. 

Calanus  was  present  in  our  gatherings  in  1907  during  every 
month  of  the  year  from  January  8th  to  December  30th.  It  was 
represented  on  nearly  every  occasion  when  hauls  were  taken,  and 
in  some  cases  when  absent  from  one  net  it  was  taken  in  another 
gathering  made  on  the  same  day,  showing  that  the  apparent 
absence  was  due  either  to  irregular  distribution  or  to  some  imper- 
fection in  the  sampling  of  the  sea.  When,  then,  we  find  that  a 
species  like  this  is  not  recorded  from  a  particular  haul  at  a  time 
of  year  when  gatherings  are  being  taken  once  a  week  only,  one  is 
inclined  to  suspect  from  the  appearance  of  the  records  at  other  times 
when  the  observations  were  more  frequent,  that  if  another  haul 
had  been  taken  that  day  or  on  an  adjoining  day  the  species  would 
have  been  represented. 

Anomalocera,  on  the  other  hand,  first  appears  in  our  records 
on  March  29th,  and  then  only  in  the  form  of  metanauplii  (100, 
170,  and  30  in  surface  hauls  off  the  Calf  Island).  It  continues 
to  be  represented,  in  small  numbers,  by  both  adults  and  young, 
throughout  August  and  September,  and  finally  on  November  8th. 


LIXNEA.K    SOCIETr    Or    LOXDON.  3 1 

The  distribution  ol  Microcalanus pusilhis,  Gr.  O.  Sars,  throughout 
the  year  is  interesting.  It  appears  for  the  first  time  in  our  records 
late  in  August,  and  remains  fairly  constantly  present  but  never  very 
abundant  throughout  the  autumn  until  January,  when  it  disappears. 
During  the  first  few  weeks  it  is  only  in  the  offshore  hauls, 
appearing  first  out  in  mid-channel  on  August  24th  in  the  Hensen 
and  Nansen  nets  that  were  let  down  to  60  fathoms  and  hauled  up 
vertically.  As  specimens  were  present  in  all  the  nets  that  were 
closed  when  they  had  been  pulled  up  to  45  fathoms,  and  were 
not  present  in  the  surface  and  other  nets  used  above  this  level, 
it  is  evident  that  this  Copepod  was  on  its  first  appearance  only  in 
the  deep  water  in  mid-channel.  It  was  encountered  next  on 
August  26th,  in  the  weighted  net  hauled  at  10  fathoms,  on  the  inner 
edge  of  the  Train  bank,  some  eight  miles  off  land.  On  August  31st 
it  made  its  appearance  at  Station  I  in  the  Hensen  and  Nansen 
nets  hauled  up  from  24  fathoms,  and  in  the  weighted  net  from 
10  fathoms — the  latter  having  350  specimens.  It  was  also  present 
on  September  2nd  and  3rd,  under  the  same  circumstances.  On 
September  4th  we  again  fouud  it  in  n)id-channel  in  the  vertical 
nets  which  had  been  down  to  60  fathoms  ;  it  was  still  not  present 
in  the  surface-nets  nor  in  the  inshore  waters. 

On  September  6th,  Microcalanus  appeared  for  the  first  time 
inshore,  at  Station  IV,  off  the  Calf  Island,  but  only  in  the  Hensen 
and  Nansen  nets  which  had  been  closed  at  8  and  15  fathoms 
respectively  ;  it  was  not  present  in  the  surface  hauls  taken  at  the 
same  time.  It  was  next  met  with  on  September  1 1th,  ab  Station  Y, 
south  of  Calf  Sound,  inside  the  Wart  Bank,  when  100  specimens 
were  taken  in  each  of  the  two  surface-nets,  150  in  the  weighted 
net  at  10  fathoms,  and  5,  5,  5,  3,  in  the  four  vertical  nets  (2 
Hensen  and  2  ]^ansen)  hauled  from  20  up  to  10  fathoms.  It  had 
evidently  become  distributed  by  this  time  all  through  the  water 
around  the  Calf  Island.  The  following  day,  the  species  w^as 
present  in  nearly  all  the  numerous  nets  worked  at  various  depths 
down  to  60  fathoms  in  mid-channel ;  and  it  then  reached  its 
climax  in  numbers,  2000  in  the  net  at  10  fathoms  and  2500  in  an 
open  tow-net  attached  to  the  shear-net  at  20  fathoms.  Finally, 
on  September  21st  Microcalanus  turned  up  for  the  first  time  in 
the  surface  gatherings  taken  across  Port  Erin  Bay.  It  was  present 
in  these  bay  gatherings  on  October  1st  (35)  and  24th  (100), 
November  8th  (100),  December  20th  (80)  and  23rd  (50),  and 
finally  January  8th  (50  specimens). 

This  record  looks  like  the  immigration  of  an  oceanic  species  in 
summer  up  the  deep  water  of  the  mid-channel  between  the  Isle  of 
Man  and  Ireland,  and  then  its  gradual  spread  in  late  autumn  into 
the  shallower  inshore  waters  and  fiiiall}'  to  the  surface  of  the  bay, 
where  it  remained  throughout  the  winter. 

Centropages  hamatus  (Lilljeborg)  occurs  in  the  Irish  Sea  all  the 
year  round.  It  is  on  our  records  for  1907  in  every  month,  and  is 
practically  continuously  present  from  January  8th  to  December 
30th.  The  numbers  are  low  at  the  beginniug  of  the  year,  but 
reach  600  in  one  haul  of  the  surface-net  by  April  9th,  and  1300 


32  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

on  April  24th.     Contrary  to  the  usual  rule,  this  species  seems 
more  abundant  on  the  surface  than  deeper. 

Temora  longicornis  (Miill.)  occurs  the  whole  year  round  from 
January  to  December,  attains  to  high  numbers  in  early  spring,  and 
remains  fairly  abundant  into  late  autumn.  It  reaches  close  on 
7000  in  one  haul  on  April  1st,  and  19,000  on  April  9th  ;  and 
shows  1280  and  1600  up  to  the  23rd  of  September.  Temora 
longicornis  seems  to  be  equally  abundant  inside  the  bay  and  in  the 
open  sea,  on  the  surface  and  in  the  deeper  waters.  Sometimes 
the  large  numbers  are  in  the  surface-nets,  and  at  other  times  in 
the  weighted  net  from  below.  This  is  one  of  the  species  that 
congregates  in  swarms,  and  so  is  occasionally  caught  in  unusually 
large  numbers.  Of  four  similar  hauls  taken  across  Port  Erin  Bay 
on  April  13th,  the  first  two  gave  875  and  620  and  the  last  two 
1550  and  3700  specimens  of  Temora.  On  the  same  date  three 
hauls  (two  surface  and  oue  deeper)  taken  outside  (Station  III) 
gave  800,  850  and  900  specimens,  which  seems  to  indicate  an  even 
distribution,  but  half  an  hour  later  a  couple  of  miles  away  the 
same  two  surface-nets  gave  2400  and  4750  specimens ;  and 
moreover  in  this  last  case  nearly  all  the  Temora  in  the  2400  were 
young,  while  in  the  second  net  the  4750  were  all  adults,  indicating 
a  segregation  of  the  stages  in  sAvarms. 

A  set  of  hauls  were  taken  at  the  end  of  August  on  Station  V, 
inside  the  Wart  Bank.  One  remarkable  feature  of  this  occasion 
was  that  the  Hensen  net  hauled  up  from  14  fathoms  contained 
150  specimens  of  what  is  probably  a  new  species  of  Leptopsyllus, 
while  the  Nansen  net  used  at  the  same  time,  and  at  the  same 
depth,  on  the  other  side  of  the  ship,  caught  twice  as  much  material 
but  not  a  single  specimen  of  the  new  Copepod.  The  surface-nets 
are  also  somewhat  divergent  in  their  results,  while  the  deeper 
weighted  net  has  caught  a  very  much  larger  quantity  of  material, 
the  greater  part  of  which  is  clearly  made  up  of  Copepoda  both 
young  and  old — about  ninety-five  thousand  in  all. 

The  two  species  of  Cladocera  found  in  our  district,  Podon  inter- 
medius  and  Evadne  nordmanni,  occur  mainly  in  summer,  in  a  wide 
sense,  ranging  from  the  end  of  March  to  the  beginning  of  October. 
Our  first  record  of  Podon  is  six  specimens  on  March  26th,  and  the 
last  is  fifty  on  October  9th.  Evadne  begins  with  ten  on  March 
29th,  reached  500  on  April  9th,  and  ends  with  50  on  September 
20th.  Tens,  twenties  and  thirties  are  common  numbers  in  the 
records  of  both  species,  but  sometimes  the  hundreds  are  reached. 
As  a  rule  there  is  no  great  difference  between  surface  and  deeper 
hauls,  and  occasionally  there  is  a  great  constancy  of  results,  indi- 
cating an  even  distribution  : — e.g.,  on  April  18th  at  Station  II. 

At  Station  II.  Surface-nets.         10  faths.        Shear-net. 

Podon  intermedins  150         150  —  — 

Evadne  nordmanni 100         100  150  50  50 

On  April  19th,  in  the  bay,  two  similar  surface  hauls  took  40 
and  37  Podon,  and  75  Evadne  each  ;   and  at  the  same  time,  at 


LINNEAIf   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON. 


33 


Station  II,  ten  miles  ofi',  the  two  surface-nets  took  40  Podon  and 
75  Evadne  each.  Other  similar  cases  might  be  quoted ;  but  ou 
the  other  hand  there  are  diverse  hauls  on  other  dates  showing  a 
very  uneven  distribution.  The  numbers  during  May  and  June  are 
relatively  high  : — 

Podon     190  80  150  100  100  150 

Eyadne  60  80  300  300  300  650 

This  is  the  highest  point  reached  by  Evadne,  and  this  form  is 
practically  absent,  or  only  occasionally  present,  during  the  latter 
half  of  August  and  parts  of  September.  Podon  reaches  a  climax 
(500)  rather  later,  on  August  13th,  and  soon  after  that  drops  to 
tens  and  even  units,  with  an  occasional  appearance  (August  31st 
200)  in  greater  numbers.  During  most  of  September  the  group 
is  but  scantily  represented ;  although  neither  species  is  ever 
absent  for  long,  and  occasional  larger  numbers  occur — such  as 
September  19th,  off  Calf  Island,  deep  net,  Podon  70  and  Evadne 
100  ;  and  September  20lh,  Station  I,  shear-net,  Podon  110  and  290, 
deep  net  140,  and,  at  the  same  time,  inside  the  bay,  182.  On 
September  23rd  the  ordinary  surface-net  inside  the  bay  took  550 
Podon,  and  the  following  day  100,  after  which  the  numbers  fall 
ofi"  rapidly. 

The  common  species  of  Oikoj^leura  that  occurs  in  our  district 
{0.  dioica)  is  also  a  form  which  seems  to  deserve  special  notice. 
It  occurs  throughout  the  year,  beiug  present  in  every  month,  and. 
represented  in  nearly  every  gathering.  It  is  absent  or  rare  in 
the  case  of  the  hauls  taken  on  a  few  dates  between  August  24th 
and  28th,  and  then  again  on  September  4th  and  5th.  With  those 
exceptions,  Oilcopleura  is  one  of  the  most  constant  of  organisms  at 
all  times  of  the  year,  and,  moreover,  is  usually  present  in  quantities 
that  range  within  narrow  limits,  so  that  it  does  not  vary  to  the 
extent  that  some  Copepoda  and  Diatoms  do.  In  the  winter 
months — December,  January,  February  and  March — the  numbers 
taken  are  low,  but  from  April  to  November  inclusive  quantities  of 
a  thousand  or  two  per  net  are  very  frequently  taken.  The  highest 
numbers  occur  in  April,  and  they  only  reach  5500  per  net,  so 
there  is  no  marked  maximum. 

In  some  cases  the  numbers  of  Oilcopleura  remain  remarkably 
constant  for  several  hauls,  indicating  a  very  general  distribution 
through  the  water.  For  example,  in  one  traverse  of  Port  Erin 
Bay  2780  were  caught,  and  in  the  return  traverse  2030  ;  then 
again,  two  adjacent  hauls  gave  3840  and  3600  respectively,  and 
another  pair  of  simultaneous  hauls  gave  2250  each.  But  on  the 
other  hand,  on  another  occasion,  two  successive  traverses  of  the 
bay  gave  5050  and  2480  respectively,  and  other  examples  of 
diverse  results  might  be  quoted  from  our  records.  But  on  the 
whole  the  impression  received  by  an  inspection  of  the  records  is 
that  Oil-oplei'.ra  is  more  evenly  distributed  through  the  water  than 
most  of  the  other  common  organisms. 

In  regard  to  the  horizontal  distribution,  a  mere  inspection  of 

LINN.  see.  PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1907-1908.  d 


34  PROCEEDIJfGS    OF    THE 

our  results  shows  in  some  cases  close  resemblances  between 
adjacent  stations  (such  as  I  and  II)  on  the  same  day,  or  between 
adjacent  days  at  the  same  station,  and  in  other  cases  just  as 
striking  differences.  How  far  these  points  of  similarity  and  of 
divergence  are  normal  and  are  fundamental,  or  how  far  they  are 
due  to  wind,  sun,  and  other  weather  conditions,  or  to  tidal  or  other 
currents,  will  require  detailed  consideration. 

A  further  point  that  has  been  brought  out  in  the  progress  of 
this  investigation  is  the  obvious  distribution  of  at  least  some 
organisms  in  swarms.  This  can  occasionally  be  seen  b}^  the  eye, 
when,  for  example,  shoals  of  large  Medusae  are  encountered  which 
are  so  abundant  for  a  limited  area  that  on  a  calm  day  they  may 
cover  the  surface  Hke  a  tessellated  pavement,  and  assume  polygonal 
forms  from  mutual  pressure.  On  other  occasions  the  nets  have 
evidently  encountered  swarms  of  Copepoda,  of  Cirripede  Nauplii, 
of  Crab  Zoeas,  of  worm  larvae  or  of  other  organisms.  One  might 
expect  such  results  in  the  case  of  neritic  forms,  w"hich  are  merely 
stages  in  the  life-history  of  some  gregarious  organism  ;  but  the 
occurrence  is  by  no  means  confined  to  such,  it  extends  to  oceanic 
organisms  on  the  high  seas,  and  this  sporadic  distribution  in 
swarms  has  not  been  sufficiently  taken  into  account  by  some 
writers  who  have  treated  of  the  distribution  of  the  plankton  in 
recent  years. 

The  Irish  Sea  contains  a  surprising  number  of  w^hat  are  usually 
regarded  as  "  oceanic  "  species — not  merely  as  occasional  visitants, 
but  as  normal  and  continuous  constituents  of  the  plankton  during 
a  great  part  of  the  year.  Amongst  these  may  be  mentioned 
Chcetoceros  densum,  Coscinodiscus  radiatus,  Itliizosolenia  semispina, 
Ceratiuni  tripos,  Peridinium  sp.,  Tomopteris  onisciformis,  Sagitta 
hipunctata,  Pleurobrachia  pileus,  Calanus  Jielgolandicus,  Anomalocera 
pattersoni,  Acartia  clausi,  Oithona  similis,  and  OikojjJeura  dioica. 
Some  of  these  oceanic  species  seem,  so  far  as  we  can  judge  from 
the  published  records,  to  be  more  abundant  and  more  continuously 
present  round  the  Isle  of  Man  than  they  are  even  in  the  \A'estern 
part  of  the  Enghsh  Channel. 

We  have  evidence  from  our  closing  vertical  nets  that  the  zone 
of  most  abundant  life  is  not  on  the  surface  but  is  generally  a  few 
fathoms  below — sa)^  usually,  between  5  aud  10  fatlioms.  Samples 
of  water  from  5,  10  and  20  fathoms  obtained  with  the  "  Mill  " 
water-bottle  support  the  above  statement.  But  this  conclusion  was 
arrived  at  and  could  be  established,  quite  apart  from  the  evidence 
of  the  vertical  nets,  from  a  comparison  of  the  results  obtained  by 
the  weighted  and  surface  open  horizontal  tow-nets.  At  the  time  of 
the  Diatom  maximum  in  spring,  however,  our  closing  vertical  nets 
showed  that  these  Protophyta  are  more  abundant  in  the  deeper 
zones  than  at  the  surface,  and  increase  in  density  downwards  to  at 
least  20  fathoms. 

In  the  cases  of  some  groups,  e.  g.  Cladocera  and  Oikopleura, 
the  distribution  is  sometimes  remarkably  regular,  the  same 
numbers    being    taken    simultaneously    by  comparable    nets  at 


LINNEAX    SOCIETT    OF    LOXDOX.  35 

localities  up  to  ten  miles  apart ;  but  on  the  other  hand,  even  with 
these  same  groups  there  may,  on  other  dates,  be  very  diverse  hauls 
indicating  an  uneven  distribution.  Some  species,  and  some  groups 
of  neritic  larvae  markedly  congregate  in  shoals,  and  this  also  adds 
to  the  uneveuness  of  the  distribution. 

The  horizontal  distribution  of  the  plankton  is  consequently 
liable  to  be  very  variable  and  irregular,  and  although  its  character- 
istic constitution  at  different  times  of  the  year  may  be  described, 
and  the  relative  abundance  of  the  different  groups  discussed,  it 
is  very  doubtful  whether  any  numerical  estimates  can  be  framed 
which  will  be  applicable  to  wide  areas. 

It  is  clear  that  samples  taken  quarterly,  monthly,  or  even  fort- 
nightly, are  quite  inadequate  to  convey  a  correct  idea  of  the 
constitution  and  changes  of  the  plankton  of  a  sea-area  in  any 
detail ;  and,  consequently,  conclusions  ought  not  to  be  drawn  from 
such  insufficient  observations.  Samples,  taken  weekly  throughout 
the  year,  and  almost  daily  during  the  three  most  critical  months, 
give  by  no  means  too  much  information,  but  will  probably  suffice 
to  enable  one  to  make  that  detailed  comparison  between  adjacent 
localities  and  dates  which  are  necessary  for  the  purpose  of 
determining  the  representative  value  of  such  periodic  samples. 

In  thinking  of  this  address  last  winter  there  was  another 
subject  that  I  hoped  to  have  laid  before  you.  It  was  a  com- 
parison of  the  conditions  of  a  certain  fishing  bank  in  the  Irish 
Sea  70  years  ago  and  at  the  present  time,  and  it  seemed  to  me 
that  this  would  be  a  particularly  appropriate  study  to  lay  before 
this  Society  since  it  involved  questions  of  Zoology,  Botany,  and 
Greology  combined  which  might  interest  many  of  our  Fellows. 
I  started  some  of  the  necessary  investigations  at  sea  last  summer 
and  hoped  to  have  completed  them  this  Easter,  but  unfortunately 
winds  and  weather  were  such  in  the  Irish  Sea  during  April  that 
I  could  not  get  near  to  the  bank  in  question.  Consequently,  the 
research  is  still  incomplete,  but  it  may  interest  you  to  have  the 
problem  briefly  stated,  and  I  shall  hope  on  some  future  occasion 
to  publish  the  results  obtained. 

In  the  'Annals  and  Magazine'  for  1839  Professor  Edward 
Forbes  published  a  short  paper  entitled,  "  On  a  Shell-bank  in  the 
Irish  Sea,  considei'ed  Zoologically  and  Greologically "  (Ann.  & 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  vol.  iv.  1840,  p.  217),  in  which  he  recorded  the 
results  obtained  during  some  years  of  occasional  dredging  on  a 
scallop  bank  lying  opposite  Ballaugh  off  the  North- West  of  the 
Isle  of  Man.  As  these  observations  extended  over  seven  years 
previous  to  1839,  if  we  reckon  from  a  period  about  the  middle  of 
his  Mork  we  may  consider  that  we  are  now  dealing  with  a  record 
of  the  condition  of  the  marine  fauna  on  this  bank  well  over 
70  years  ago.  It  seemed  to  me  that  we  had  here  an  opportunity, 
such  as  rarely  occurs,  of  determining  whether  any  change  had 
taken  place  in  a  limited,  well-defined  area  after  a  considerable 
interval  of  time.     Forbes,  unfortunately,  did  not  deal   with  all 

d2 


^6  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

groups  of  animals,  and  in  fact  he  paid  most  attention  to  Mollusca, 
and  only  recorded  in  addition  the  Echinodermata  and  a  few  of 
the  Zoophytes.  Still  we  may  be  thankful  for  what  he  has  gi\'en 
us  at  such  an  early  date,  and  it  will  be  interesting  to  see  what 
can  be  made  of  it  in  comparison  with  our  observations  at  the 
present  time.  He  ends  his  paper  with  the  following  para- 
graph : — 

"  I  have  drawn  up  these  observations  chiefly  in  the  hope  of 
inducing  others  to  present  us  with  similar  reviews  of  the  shell- 
banks  of  our  coast.  Greology  and  zoology  will  gain  as  much  by 
inquiring  how  our  marine  animals  are  associated  together  as  by 
investigating  genera  and  species,  though  the  former  subject  has, 
as  yet,  been  but  little  attended  to  in  comparison  with  the  latter."' 

That  sentiment  is  in  such  thorough  accord  with  the  views  of 
nature  frequently  expressed  in  these  rooms,  that  I  am  sure  you 
will  approve  of  Forbes's  observations  of  seventy  years  ago,  and  of 
my  view  that  the  work  he  began  should  now  be  continued  and 
extended. 

As  yet  we  have  had  only  a  few  days'  work  on  the  Ballaugh 
bank,  and  if  we  have  already  found  more  species  than  Eorbes 
records,  that  does  not  necessarily  lead  us  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  fauna  is  now  more  abundant,  since  we  have  dealt  with  some 
groups  of  animals  that  were  not  given  in  the  older  list,  and 
possibly  our  modern  methods  with  a  convenient  steamer,  an 
Agassiz  trawl  and  wire-rope  enable  us  to  work  more  rapidly  and 
effectively.  But  looking  merely  at  the  groups  recorded  by  Forbes, 
w^e  find  that  we  have  not  found  quite  so  many  Mollusca,  but  a 
great  many  more  Zoophytes  and  Polyzoa.  The  bank  seems  to  be 
particularly  rich  in  Nudibranchiata  and  in  Coelenterata  ;  in  one 
haul  we  counted  200  beautiful  colonies  of  Alcyonium  digitatum, 
including  both  white  and  orange  forms. 

There  is  no  object  in  making  a  detailed  comparison  or  in 
attempting  to  draw  any  conclusions  until  we  have  done  more 
work  on  the  bank,  and  accumulated  a  greater  number  of  records. 
It  occurred  to  me,  however,  that  it  would  be  interesting  to  extend 
the  range  of  the  observations  by  including  two  other  shell-banks 
under  somewhat  different  conditions,  and  showing  apparently  very 
different  bottom-deposits.  These  are  (1)  the  Train  bank,  lying 
about  8  miles  N.W.  of  Port  Erin,  where  there  is  a  good  deal  of 
mud  mixed  M'ith  the  sand  ;  and  (2)  the  Wart  bank,  lying  2  miles 
S.  of  Spanish  Head,  near  Port  St.  Mary,  and  having  the  bottom 
formed  chiefly  of  broken  shells  and  other  calcareous  fragments. 
These  three  banks — the  Ballaugh,  the  Train,  and  the  Wart — 
lying  in  the  "  Coralline"  zone  off  the  Isle  of  Man,  ought,  in  the 
end,  to  give  us  interesting  information  in  regard  to  the  common 
characteristics  and  the  individual  features  of  such  fishing  banks 
in  our  seas.  The  problems  of  the  sea  are  still  manifold,  and  at 
least  as  important,  in  their  connection  with  human  affairs,  as  any 
that  confront  the  modern  biologist. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  37 

Mr.  John  Hopkinson  moved  :  — "  That  the  President  be  thanked 
for  his  excellent  Address,  and  that  he  be  requested  to  allow  it  to 
be  pi'inted  and  cii'culated  amongst  the  Pellows,"  which  was 
seconded  by  Mr.  P.  Ewinc4,  and  carried  unanimously. 

The  ballots  for  Council  and  Officers  having  been  respectively 
closed  at  the  times  recjuired  by  the  Bye-Laws,  the  President 
appointed  Mr.  George  S.  Saunders,  INIr.  E.  li.  Burdon,  and  Mr. 
Henry  Groves,  Scrutineers.  The  votes  having  been  counted  by 
them  and  reported  to  the  President,  he  declared  the  result  as 
follows : — 

For  the  Council: — E.  A.  jSTewell  Arbee,  M.A.,  Leonard  A. 
Boodle,  Esq.,  Prof.  Gilbert  G.  Bourne,  D.Sc,  Sir  Prank  Crisp, 
Prof.  Arthur  Dendy,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  Prof.  J.  B.  Farmer,  F.R.S., 
Dr.  G.  Herbert  Fowler,  Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  F.R.S.,  Prof. 
J.  P.  Hill,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  John  Hopkinson,  F.G.S.,  Dr.  B.  Daydon 
Jackson,  Horace  W.  Monckton,  F.G.S.,  Prof.  F.  W.  Oliyer, 
F.R.S.,  R.  INNES  PococK,  F.Z.S.,  Lt.-Col.  D.  Prain,  F.R.S.,  Miss 
Ethel  Sargant,  Dr.  Dukinfield  H.  Scott,  F.R.S.,  Dr.  Otto 
Staff,  F.R.S.,  Prof.  F.  E.  Weiss,  D.Sc,  and  Dr.  A.  Smith  Wood- 
ward, F.R.S. 

The  President  then  appointed  the  same  Scrutineers  to  examine 
the  ballot  for  the  Officers,  and  the  votes  having  been  cast  up  and 
reported  to  the  President,  he  declared  the  result  as  follows  : — 

President:  Dr.  Dukinfield  Henry  Scott,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 

Treasurer :  Horace  W.  Monckton,  F.G.S. 

Secretaries :  Dr.  ]3.  Daydon  Jackson, 

Prof.  A.  Dendy,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  and 
Dr.  Otto  Staff,  F.R.S. 


The  President  then  addressing  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing, 
M.A.,  F.R.S.,  some  time  Fellow  and  Tutor  of  AYorcester  College, 
Oxford,  and  recently  Zoological  Secretary  of  the  Linnean  Society, 
spoke  as  follows  : — 

Mr.  Stebbing, — Pleasant  as  it  always  must  be  to  a  President 
to  act  as  the  representative  of  the  Council  in  declaring  the  award 
of  the  Linnean  Medal  to  a  distinguished  man  of  Science,  I  think 
you  will  understand  how  especially  congenial  the  duty  is  to  me 
on  the  present  occasion,  when  the  worthy  recipient  is  a  tried 
friend  and  has  been  an  honoured  colleague.  To  you  and  to  me, 
Mr.  Stebbiug,  it  might  be  more  natural  and  more  pleasant  if  1 
were  able  to  stop  at  this  point ;  but,  as  you  are  aware,  it  is  our 
custom  to  have  the  claims  of  the  medallist  recited,  so  1  must  do 
my  duty  even  to  your  face,  and  you  must  submit  with  what 
patience  you  can  muster. 


38  PllOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  Eev.  T.  E.  E.  Stebbing,  F.E.S.,  has  been  an  ardent  and 
most  successful  student  of  the  Crustacea  for  the  last  35  years. 
His  first  contribution  to  knowledge  on  the  subject  is  dated  1873  *, 
and  he  has  published  in  all  between  60  and  70  important  roemoirs 
and  papers.  During  all  these  years  he  has  been  indefatigable 
in  making  known  novelties  in  structure,  classification,  and  dis- 
tribution, and  in  correcting  errors  in  fact  or  in  nomenclature. 
Although  he  has  ranged  widely  over  the  A'ast  field  of  Carcinology, 
still  his  chief  labours  have  been  amongst  the  Isopoda  and 
Amphipoda. 

To  most  zoologists,  however,  Mr.  Stebbing's  name  is  chiefly 
known  in  connection  not  with  this  mass  of  special  papers,  but 
with  certain  great  works  of  a  monographic  nature.  His  report 
upon  the  Amphipoda  of  the  '  Challenger '  Expedition  (1888) 
occupies  three  massive  quarto  volumes  comprising  1761  pages  of 
letterpress  and  212  lithographed  plates.  This  monumental  work 
is  remarkable  not  only  for  the  careful  and  accurate  descriptions 
and  drawings  of  the  many  new  species,  but  even  more  for  the 
invaluable  bibliography  giving  a  full  and  critical  report  of  every- 
thing that  had  been  written  respecting  these  Crustacea  from  the 
time  of  Aristotle  to  the  year  1887.  This  detailed  analysis  occupies 
more  than  600  pages,  and  is  nothing  less  than  a  history  of  our 
knowledge  of  the  group. 

Turning  for  a  moment  to  two  less  monumental,  but  excellent 
volumes,  we  have  (1)  our  author's  '  Naturalist  of  Cumbrae,'  pub- 
lished in  1891,  and  giving  a  chai-ming  account  of  the  life  and 
work  of  the  veteran  west-coast  marine  biologist  David  Eobertson  ; 
and  (2)  his  '  History  of  Crustacea  '  (1893),  published  in  the  Inter- 
national Scientific  Series — an  extremely  useful  Avork.  which  has 
supplied  many  students  and  teachers  with  the  most  recent 
information  and  correct  nomenclature  in  regard  to  the  British 
species  of  Podophthalmata,  Cumacea,  and  Isopoda. 

One  of  the  latest  and  perhaps  the  most  valuable  of  Stebbing's 
works  is  his  volume  of  'Das  Tierreich '  (21.  Lieferung,  Amphi- 
poda :  I.  Grammaridea,  Berlin  1906),  which  gives  abundant  evidence 
of  his  untiring  labour  and  exhaustive  research.  This  colossal 
work  gives  masterly  diagnoses  of  every  known  species  of  the 
group,  and  must  for  long  remain  the  standard  work  on  the 
subject.  The  amount  gf  skilled  labour  expended  upon  this  book 
and  upon  his  '  Challenger '  report  is  almost  appalling  to  con- 
template. 

It  is  impossible  to  allude  on  this  occasion  to  the  numerous 
useful  papers  on  Amphipoda  pubHshed  by  our  Medallist  in  the 
'Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,'  and  elsewhere, 
between  1874  and  1908 — and  each  one  of  them  bringing  a  welcome 
contribution  to  science — but  I  shall  mention  in  conclusion  a  few 

*  But  his  scientific  career  apparently  began  in  1869  with  a  paper  on 
"  Darwinism,"  read  before  the  Torquay  Natural  Historj^  Society,  and  re-pub- 
lished in  his  little  volume  entitled  'Essavs  on  Darwinism  '  (Longmans,  Green, 
&Co.:  London,  1871). 


LIXXEAN    SOCIETY   OF    LONDON.  39 

of  his  more  important  larger  papers  published  in  the  '  Transac- 
tions '  of  our  own  and  other  Societies  : — 

A  joint  report,  in  1SS6,  with  our  former  Linnean  Medallist, 
Canon  Xorman,  on  the  Isopoda  of  the  '  Lightning,' 
'  Porcupine,'  and  '  Valorous  '  Expeditions  (Trans.  Zool. 
Soc.  vol.  xii.). 

New  Amphipoda  from  Singapore  and  New  Zealand  (Trans. 
Zool.  Soc.  vol.  xii.,  1887). 

The  Genus  Urotlio'e,  &c.  (Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  vol.  xiii.,  1891). 

Amphipoda  of  the  Voyages  of  the  '  Willem  Barents  '  in  Arctic 
Seas  ;  1894. 

Nine  new  species  of  Amphipoda  from  the  Tropical  Atlantic 
(Trans.  Zool.  Soc.  vol.  xiii.,  1895), 

Crustacea  brought  by  Dr.  Willey  from  the  South  Seas :  1900. 

Amphipoda  from  the  Copenhagen  Museum,  &c.  (Trans.  Linn. 
Soc,  Zool.  2  ser.  vol.  vii.,  1897-99). 

Eeport  on  Isopoda  in  Herdman's  Ceylon  Pearl  Fisheries, 
Part  IV.  (Eoyal  Soc,  1905). 

Marine  Investigations  in  South  Africa — South  African  Crus- 
tacea, four  parts  ;  1900-1908. 

Any  analysis  of  these  or  other  papers  I  might  add  to  the 
list  would  take  me  far  beyond  the  limits  of  time  set  on  this 
occasion.  I  have  heard  it  said  that  the  distinguishing  qualities  of 
Mr.  Stebbing's  work  are  critical  insight,  industry  and  accuracy, 
and  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  more  valuable  combination  for 
the  promotion  of  true  science. 

There  is,  however,  another  side  to  Mr.  Stebbing's  work  Mhich 
I  must  just  mention,  and  that  is  his  zeal  and  influence  in 
promoting  the  study  of  Natural  History  in  local  scientific  societies, 
and  his  success  in  interesting  the  layman  in  the  results  of 
scientific  research.  Finally,  we  in  this  Society  do  not  require  to 
be  reminded  of  our  medallist's  whole-hearted  devotion  to  our 
interests  during  the  four  years  when  he  occupied  the  important 
position  of  Zoological  Secretary.  His  labours  both  on  the 
Council  and  at  our  evening  meetings  were  much  appreciated, 
and  we  were  very  unwilling  to  allow  him  to  retire  from  office, 
even  while  we  appi'oved  his  wish  to  obtain  more  leisure  for 
original  work. 

W^'e  ask  you,  Mr.  Stebbing,  to  receive  this  Medal  as  a  recogni- 
tion on  our  part  of  your  successful  devotion  to  Natural  Science, 
and  we  hope  that  you  may  long  continue  those  admirable 
researches  which  have  so  widely  extended  our  knowledge  of 
Carcinolog}". 

In  reply  Mr.  Stebbixg  said  : — 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen, — Some  of  you  may 
remember  the  legal  story  of  a  man  charged  with  stealing  a  silver 
cup.     By  the  eloquence  and  ingenuity  of  the  counsel  assigned  to 


40  PROCEEDINGS   OE   THE 

him  he  was  triumphantly  acquitted.  In  the  afternoon  he  called 
upon  his  advocate,  and  pathetically  explained  that  he  was  too 
poor  to  pay  any  fee,  unless  the  gentleman  would  accept  the  silver 
cup.  After  listening  to  all  that  the  President  has  so  skilfully 
urged  in  my  defence,  I  almost  feel  as  if  I  ought  to  ofer  him  the 
medal  back  again,  to  show  that  I  too  know  how  to  be  grateful. 

This  is  an  occasion  when  pride  and  humility  go  hand  in  hand. 
The  most  modest  of  men  could  not  help  feeling  elated  at  so  signal 
an  honour  as  the  bestowal  of  this  medal  confers.  Most  of  you 
are  already  well  aware  that  I  am  (or  was)  the  most  modest  of 
men,  but  you  have  spoiled  all  that  and  ruined  my  character  by 
making  me  the  proudest.  At  any  rate  the  circumstances  may 
excuse  my  being  a  little  egotistical,  not  to  praise,  or  appraise,  but 
simply  to  explain  myself.  The  education  of  my  boyhood  some 
sixty  years  ago,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  time,  included  no 
tincture  of  science.  It  was  nothing  accounted  of  in  those  days. 
All  the  attractions  and  rewards  wei'e  in  other  directions.  When, 
a  few  years  later,  I  went  up  to  Oxford,  it  happened  that 
Dr.  Acland  offered  a  prize  for  the  best  essay  on  the  Fauna  of 
Christ  Church  Meadow.  To  myself  and  other  undergraduates, 
on  reading  the  notice  posted  in  the  College  Hall,  the  scope  of  the 
subject  was  a  rather  comical  mystery.  In  the  year  1858,  a  year 
which  this  Society  considers  memorable,  it  chanced  that  my  time 
came  to  take  orders,  and  I  was  examined  and  ordained  by  a 
memorable  man,  Samuel  Wilberforce,  then  Bishop  of  Oxford. 
For  some  years  before  and  after  that  date  I  was  engaged  in 
learning  and  teaching  a  miscellaneous  mass  of  ancient  classics  and 
modern  history,  English  law  and  general  theology.  During  this 
period  there  broke  out,  as  you  well  know,  a  furious  controversy 
between  the  champions  of  science  and  the  champions  of  orthodox 
religion.  Had  the  ecclesiastical  party  not  lifted  their  voices  so 
loudly,  I  might  long  have  remained  in  a  state  of  ingenuous 
innocence.  But  the  clamour  was  shrill  and  in  due  course 
penetrated  to  my  ears.  Being  an  enthusiastic  young  clergyman, 
and  also  in  those  days  passionately  fond  of  arguing,  I  felt  it  my 
bounden  duty  to  join  in  the  fray. 

You  see,  I  had  at  my  command  a  weapon  of  keen  temper,  long 
tested,  and  guaranteed  to  be  invincible,  if  rightly  used,  against 
every  other  that  could  be  wielded  against  it.  Accoi'dingly  I 
approached  the  reading  of  Charles  Darwin's  '  Origin  of  Species  ' 
with  an  easy  confidence  that  I  should  be  able  to  smash  up  his 
heresy  and  others  like  it.  Instead  of  which  I  became  an  ardent 
convert,  and  very  soon  went  on  to  deliver  lectures  and  preach 
sermons,  harpiiig  continually  on  the  new  views.  These  expres- 
sions of  opinion  were,  it  appeared,  very  agreeable  to  those  who 
agreed  with  them,  but  very  annoying  and  distasteful  to  the 
others. 

After  a  while  it  occurred  to  me  that  I  knew  scarcely  anything 
at  first  hand  of  those  facts  of  nature  upon  which  the  issue  of  the 
contest  really  rested.     This  reflection  led  me  to  those  zoological 


LINJfEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDOX.  4I 

studies,  fascinating  but  laborious,  since  pursued  through  so  many- 
years  of  my  life,  with  it  must  be  admitted  a  plodding  industry,  on 
the  results  of  which  the  President  this  afternoon  has  contrived  in 
his  kindly  review  to  shed  a  passing  gleam  of  sunshine.  Along 
with  these  unambitious  efforts  my  awakened  mind  could  not 
neglect  the  history  and  progress  of  science  in  some  of  its  many 
branches.  For,  turn  where  you  will,  to  astronomy,  geology, 
biology,  or  almost  any  other  compartment  of  human  enquiry,  you 
learn  in  some  important  regards  the  very  same  lessons.  Por 
example,  you  find  that  the  most  eminent  among  teachers  and 
thinkers  and  practical  men  all  from  time  to  time  make  gross 
blunders,  so  that  confessedly  we  are  all  liable  to  error,  even,  as  the 
witty  Cambridge  philosopher  added,  even  the  youngest  of  us.  But 
apart  from  the  stumblings  of  individual  students,  in  every  school 
of  thought  and  section  of  science  we  find  continual  changes  of 
opinion,  new  points  of  view  and  new  discoveries  upsetting  old 
theories,  however  firmly  they  seemed  to  be  grounded.  The 
inference  is  clear  that  in  man's  intellectual  efforts  there  is  as  yet 
no  finality.  We  are  and  always  have  been  only  making  guesses 
at  truth.  How  absurd  it  would  have  been  had  any  parliament  of 
science  been  enabled  to  enact  that  all  scientific  truth  was  enun- 
ciated by  a  selected  list  of  writers  extending  from  Aristotle  to 
Lord  Bacon,  and  that  nothing  could  be  true  in  science  unless  it 
conformed  with  what  those  writers  had  already  told  us  !  Now, 
this  is  exactly  what  has  happened  with  a  selected  list  of  old 
Semitic  literature,  that  very  weapon  which  I  was  originally  taught 
to  confide  in  as  invincible,  and  which  thousands  of  persons  still 
regard  as  a  single  book,  instead  of  what  it  is  in  fact,  a  highly 
diversified  assemblage  of  writings,  attended  by  all  those  incidents 
of  uncertainty  to  which  human  effort  is  at  all  times  liable. 

There  is,  1  think,  nothing  in  science  to  prevent  our  believing 
that,  unseen  by  the  physical  eye,  there  may  be  horses  and  chariots 
of  fire  camping  round  about  the  righteous  to  protect  them  from  all 
evil,  or  that  there  may  be  guardian  angels  whispering  to  the  inner 
ear,  "  This  is  the  way,  walk  ye  in  it,  turning  neither  to  the  right 
hand  nor  to  the  left."  But,  because  these  things  are  possible,  is 
it  not  childish  to  maintain  that  the  Hebrew  literature,  extending 
over  many  centuries,  is  one  and  indivisible,  while  the  facts  show 
plainly  the  very  opposite  of  this  contention  ?  From  beginning  to 
end  we  find  a  long  succession  of  guesses  at  truth,  some  of  them 
in  the  highest  degree  ennobling,  consoling,  full  of  hope,  radiant 
with  sweet  charit}'-,  but  others  totally  inconsistent  with  these, 
grotesque  or  inhuman,  such  as  have  fettered  the  human  mind  for 
ages  and  have  exercised  over  it  again  and  again  an  intolerable 
tyranny.  There  is  about  to  meet  in  this  country  a  great  Pan- 
Anglican  Congress,  in  which  will  be  gathered  ecclesiastics,  not 
only  high  in  station  but  of  lofty  ideals,  self-denying  lives,  men  (be 
it  remembered)  fully  equal  in  mental  calibre  to  our  leading  men  of 
science.  Consider  now  the  hold  on  general  education  which  these 
able  theologians  with  an  immense  following  will  claim  to  exercise. 


42  PROCEEDINGS    OF    Tl£E 

Consider,  too,  the  vast  energy  which  is  expended  on  missionary' 
undertakiugs,  and  reflect  that  thousands  of  our  clerical  teachers, 
whatever  their  abilities,  know  practically  nothing  of  science  or 
criticism,  but  continue  to  draw  the  most  momentous  conclusions 
from  premises  preposterously  weak.  Under  these  circ'umstances 
ought  our  men  of  science  coldly,  haughtily,  disdainfully  to  stand 
aloof  from  such  a  congress  ?  Ought  they  not  rather  to  grapple 
with  the  situation  and  force,  if  possible,  au  answer  to  the  question 
whether  religion  is  the  only  science  iu  which  the  advancement  of 
knowledge  and  the  discovery  of  truth  are  of  no  importance. 

From  these  agitating  thoughts  the  hour  warns  me  that  I  must 
now  abruptly  turn  to  complete  the  shamefaced  expression  of  my 
personal  gratitude.  I  had  thought  of  many  hypotheses  to 
account  for  the  miracle  of  my  position  here  to-day,  but  I  renounce 
them  all  in  favour  of  this  simple  acknowledgment,  that  I  am 
steeped  in  "profound  satisfaction  at  what  I  am  fain  to  cherish  aa 
an  act  of  affection  on  the  part  of  former  colleagues  and  present 
companions  in  arms.  It  is  au  added  charm  that  I  have  received 
the  Medal  from  the  hands  of  one  who,  during  four  stirring  years 
of  the  Society's  history,  has  presided  over  us  with  a  wonderfully 
genial,  enlightened,  and  inspiriting  grace,  and  has  shown  himself 
to  me,  and  no  doubt  to  many  others,  invariably  a  warm-hearted 
friend. 


The  G-eneral  Secretary  then  placed  upon  the  table  obituary 
notices  of  deceased  Fellows  and  others. 

Lieut.-Colonel  Peain,  F.E.S.,  then  moved  a  vote  of  cordial 
thanks  to  the  retiring  President  for  his  valuable  and  unremitting 
exertions  for  the  good  of  the  Society  during  his  term  of  office, 
which  having  been  seconded  by  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker  was  carried  by 
acclamation. 


OBITTJAEY  NOTICES. 

Jose  Vicente  Barboza  du  Bocage  was  born  in  the  island  of 
Madeira  on  the  2nd  May,  1823.  Shortly  afterwards  his  father 
was  obliged  to  leave  the  island  for  political  reasons  and  did  not 
return  till  1834,  when  the  Liberal  party  had  finally  triumphed. 

In  1839  Jose  Vicente  was  sent  to  Portugal,  to  the  University 
of  Coimbra,  where  he  distinguished  himself  in  Mathematics  and 
Medicine.  He  took  his  degree  in  1846,  when  a  revolution  taking 
place  he  enlisted  in  the  Students'  Battalion  and  served  during 
the  year's  campaign  under  General  Povoas.  Peace  being  restored. 
Dr.  Bocage  settled  in  Lisbon  and  practised  as  a  medical  man,  and 
was  appointed  Surgeon  to  the  principal  Lisbon  Hospital. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OE    LONDON.  43 

la  1849  he  was  appointed  sub-professor  of  Zoology  at  the 
Polytechnic  Institute. 

He  married  in  1851  and  has  had  one  son,  the  present  Colonel 
Carlos  Koma  du  Bocage,  and  his  widow  also  survives  him. 

In  1878  he  was  elected  a  deputy  to  the  Portuguese  Cortes,  and 
there  displayed  considerable  parliamentary  talent;  in  1881  he  v\  as 
created  a  peer  and  joined  the  Upper  House. 

In  1883  he  took  office  as  Minister  of  the  Navy  and  Colonies, 
and  in  1884  became  Minister  for  Poreign  Affairs.  He  then  with- 
drew from  politics  and  decided  to  devote  his  energies  entirely  to 
science ;  but  when,  in  1890,  the  dispute  occurred  between  Grreat 
Britain  and  Portugal  regarding  East  African  affairs,  and  Lord 
Salisbury  was  compelled  to  send  an  ultimatum  to  the  Portuguese 
Government,  he  was  requested  by  the  King  to  resume  the  post  of 
Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs,  which  post  he  filled  with  great  success 
during  this  critical  period.  After  this  he  then  retired  finally  from 
public  life,  merely  attending  occasionally  the  meetings  of  the 
Privy  Council. 

He  published  many  valuable  works  and  papers  on  Zoology,  and 
was  a  contributor  to  the  Annals  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of 
Lisbon  and  to  the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London. 
Amongst  his  best  known  works  are  those  on  the  Birds  of 
Portugal  and  the  Azores,  the  Birds,  Eeptiles,  and  some  Mammals 
of  Western  Africa,  also  on  Portuguese  !Fishes,  especially  the 
Squalidae  of  the  Portuguese  coasts. 

Besides  being  a  Councillor  of  State  and  member  of  the  House 
of  Peers,  he  held  the  Grand  Crosses  of  the  Orders  of  Santiago,  of 
the  Spanish  Naval  Order,  and  of  the  Austrian  Order  of  Prancis 
Joseph,  besides  being  a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Legion  of 
Honour  and  of  the  Order  of  Izabel  la  Catolica. 

Although  his  sight  failed  in  the  year  1896,  he  bore  this  trial 
with  the  greatest  resignation  and  continued  to  do  much  valuable 
scientific  work.  The  earlier  part  of  his  long  life  was  passed  in 
stormy  times,  but,  unlike  many  others,  he  emerged  with  a  blame- 
less reputation,  and  it  was  with  great  repugnance  that  he  had 
repeatedly  to  abandon  his  beloved  scientific  pursuits  to  undertake 
many  difficult  political  appointments. 

He  was  elected  a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Linnean  Society  in 
1876.  [A.  W.  Tail] 

Dr.  EoBEET  Baenes  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  18th  June,  1896, 
"when  78  years  of  age ;  he  died  at  Bernersmede,  Eastbourne,  on 
Sunday,  12th  May,  1907.  Born  in  1818,  he  spent  his  early  school- 
days in  Bruges,  and  began  his  medical  studies  at  University 
College,  London,  after  an  apprenticeship  to  a  Mr.  Griffin,  at 
Norwich.  He  then  became  a  student  at  St.  George's  Hospital, 
and  after  qualifying  for  practice  as  a  member  of  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Surgeons,  London,  he  AAent    to  Paris  in  1842,  remaining  a 


44  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

twelvemonth  iu  the  study  of  Medicine,  Surgery,  and  Obstetrics. 
Returning  to  England,  he  became  a  general  practitioner  at  Netting 
Hill,  and  gradually  attaining  a  position  as  a  teacher,  lie  was 
appointed  Assistant  Obstetric  Physician  to  the  London  Hospital. 
From  this  he  passed  to  other  hospital  appointments,  Avas  a 
Member  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Physicians  in  1853,  and  Fellow 
in  1857. 

He  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  an  able  lecturer  and 
teacher.  His  "  Lectures  on  Obstetric  Operations  "  is  in  its  fourth 
edition,  and  still  a  text-book ;  his  smaller  papers  were  entirely 
concerned  with  professional  topics.  He  amassed  a  considerable 
fortune,  of  which  he  bequeathed  .£2000  to  London  Hospitals. 

[B.  D.  J.] 

The  Eev.  Eichaed  Barok  was  born  8th  September,  184:7,  and 
entered  the  Lancashire  Independent  College  for  theological 
training,  but  at  the  instigation  of  the  veteran  missionary  William 
Ellis,  of  South-Sea  Island  and  Madagascar  fame,  he  resolved  to 
devote  his  life  to  missionary  work  in  the  vast  African  island. 
He  left  England  to  take  up  his  duties  in  1872,  but  though  he 
applied  himself  with  remarkable  success  to  mastering  the  Malagasy 
language,  with  subsequent  translations  into  that  tongue,  he  found 
time  to  study  and  collect  plants  and  minerals.  Of  plants  the 
total  number  sent  by  him  to  Kew  between  1880  and  1896 
amounts  to  11,834,  many  of  which  were  described  from  time  to 
time  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Baker,  P.E.S.  The  following  are  that  botanist's 
chief  papers  upon  Mr.  Baron's  materials : — 

(a)  Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  Central  Madagascar.     Journ. 

Bot.  XX.  (1882)  17-20,  45-51,   67-70,   109-114,   137- 

140,  169-173,  218-222,  243-245,  266-271. 
(6)  Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  Madagascar. — Part  I.  Poly- 

petalfe.      Journ.  Linn.  Soc,  Bot.  xx.   (1883)   87-158, 

pis.  22,  23. 

Part  II.  Monopetala?.     lb.  159-236,  pis.  24-27. 

Part  III.  Incompletae,  Monocotyledons,  and  Filices. 

lb.  237-304. 

(c)  Further  Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  Central  Madagascar. 

lb.  xxi.  (1884)  317-353. 
— —     Second  and  Final  Part.     lb.  (1SS5)  407-455. 

(d)  Further  Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  Madagascar.     lb. 

XXV.  (1889-90)  294-350,  pis.  50-53. 

To  these  must  be  added  Mr.  Baron's  own  conclusions  entitled 
"  The  Flora  of  Madagascar,"  in  the  last  cited  volume  of  our 
Journal  (xxv.  246-224),  with  a  sketch-map,  which  he  read  before  the 
Society  on  1st  November,  1888  ;  he  had  then  been  a  Fellow  since 
7th  December,  1882. 

His  mineralogical  labours  iu  Madagascar  were  aided  by  the  gift 
of  a  special  microscope  for  prepared  rock-specimens,  from  the 
Eoyal   Society,  and  he  also  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Greological 


LINNEATf    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDON. 


45 


Society  in  1889.  On  his  reaching  his  sixtieth  year  he  contem- 
plated retiring,  and  came  home  on  furlough  in  April  1907,  staying 
for  a  few  weeks  in  London,  where  he  had  an  attack  of  blackwater 
fever.  Eeeovering  from  this,  he  spent  a  couple  of  months  in  the 
Lake  district,  closing  his  trip  A^ith  a  fortnight  with  a  nephew  in 
Kendal.  Lea\ing  that  place  for  Morecambe,  on  the  day  after  his 
arrival,  October  12th,  1907,  he  seemed  in  his  usual  health  in  the 
morning ;  in  the  afternoon  a  slight  attack  of  fever  set  in,  and  he 
retired  to  bed,  but  shortly  afterwards  he  expired.  He  was  buried 
at  Kendal  the  following  Wednesday. 

The  genus  Baronia,  of  the  natural  family  of  Anacardiacese,  was 
dedicated  to  our  deceased  Fellow  by  Mr.  J.  Gr.  Baker,  in  1882. 

[B.  D.  J.] 

Edavaed  ARTnuR  Lio>'EL  Battees's  death  on  the  11th  August, 
1907,  came  as  a  painful  surprise  to  his  friends,  who  knew  that  he 
had  only  the  month  before  removed  from  Hertfordshire  into 
Buckinghamshire,  at  Gerrard's  Cross. 

He  was  the  fifth  son  of  Mr.  George  Batters  of  Enfield,  and 
was  born  on  the  26th  December,  18G0  ;  he  received  his  education 
at  King's  College  School,  London,  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge, 
graduating  in  Arts,  afterwards  taking  the  degree  of  LL.B.,and  being 
called  to  the  Bar  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Having  early  acquired  a  love 
for  natural  history,  and  not  being  dependent  upon  his  profession, 
he  came  to  study  Algae  with  keen  interest,  and  remained  constant 
to  that  department  of  botany  to  the  end  of  his  life. 

In  1888  he  published  his  first  paper,  "A  description  of  three 
new  Marine  Algae,"  in  our  '  Journal,'  Botany,  xxiv.  pp.  450-453, 
plate  18,  and  in  the  next  year  brought  out  his  account  of  the 
Marine  Algae  of  Berwick-upon-Tweed,  where  much  of  his  time 
had  been  spent  as  a  child  ;  and  afterwards,  with  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes, 
he  prepared  a  list  of  British  Marine  Algae,  which  came  out  in  the 
'Annals  of  Botany"  in  1890,  pp.  63-107;  the  following  year  he 
issued  in  the  '  Journal  of  Botany  '  his  "  Handlist  of  the  Algae  oP 
the  Clyde  Sea  Area,"  with  map. 

In  1892  he  became  associated  with  'Grevillea,'  and  till  1894, 
when  that  journal  was  discontinued,  he  had  charge  of  the  Algo- 
logical  portion.  His  most  noteworthy  contribution  to  science  was 
his  "  Catalogue  of  the  British  Marine  Alga*,  being  a  list  of  all  the 
species  of  Seaweeds  known  to  occur  on  the  shores  of  the  British 
Islands,  with  the  localities  where  they  are  found,"  which  was 
issued  as  a  Supplement  to  the  '  Journal  of  Botany  '  for  1902,  and 
consists  of  107  pages  in  addition  to  the  titlepage.  This  was 
meant  as  the  forerunner  of  a  treatise  which  was  expected  from 
him,  but  was  only  begun  ;  his  extraordinary  knowledge  of  the 
facts,  which  only  needed  to  be  reduced  to  writing,  is  wholly  lost, 
as  he  was  accustomed  to  rely  upon  a  retentive  and  well-stored 
niemcnw,  rather  than  upon  note?. 

His  herbarium  is  believed  to  contain  more  than  13,000  sp(!ci- 
mens,  British  and  foreign,  the  former  constituting  about  three- 
fourths  of  the  whole. 


46  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

A  portrait  will  be  found  in  the  '  Journal  of  Botany  '  for  1907, 
opposite  page  385,  and  to  the  kindly  notice  of  our  deceased  Fellow, 
contributed  to  that  journal  by  Mr.  &  Mrs.  Gepp,  the  writer  is 
greatly  indebted  for  many  of  the  above-mentioned  facts.  They 
conclude  by  stating,  "  Both  as  a  friend  and  as  a  botanist,  he  will 
be  sorely  missed.  His  kindly,  modest,  unselfish  nature  made  him 
beloved  by  everybody  with  whom  he  came  in  contact.  In  his 
particular  branch  of  botany  his  loss  is  quite  irreparable.  Such  a 
good  systematist  and  collector  is  rare  nowadays.  The  knowledge 
which  he  possessed  is  not  to  be  learned  from  books  or  classes, 
and  demands  both  natural  aptitude  and  years  of  observation  and 
study." 

He  was  elected  Fellow,  18th  January,  1883.  [B.  D.  J.] 

John  Benbow  was  born  at  Maidenhead,  6th  March,  1821,  and 
died  at  Uxbridge,  where  he  had  long  resided,  lOth  February,  1908, 
within  a  few  weeks  of  his  87th  birthday.  British  botanists  are 
familiar  with  his  work  in  local  records,  and  although  handicapped 
by  the  loss  of  sight  in  one  eye,  he  managed  to  discover  plants 
overlooked  by  youuger  men  enjoying  the  use  of  both  eyes.  For 
many  years  he  had  devoted  attention  to  the  Willows,  Carices, 
Muhi,  and  Mosses,  chiefly  in  the  counties  of  Middlesex,  Bucks,  and 
Herts,  from  time  to  time  contributing  notes  and  short  articles  to 
the  '  Journal  of  Botany.'  He  was  elected  Fellow  of  the  Society, 
20th  January,  1887.    "  [B.  D.  J.] 

Sir  DiETEiCH  Brandis,  K.C.I.E.,  F.E.S.,  a  pioneer  of  the  Forest 
Department  of  British  India,  was  born  at  Bonn,  on  the  31st 
March,  1824  (or,  as  other  accounts  have  it,  the  following  day). 
He  was  the  son  of  Christian  A.  Brandis,  Professor  of  Philosophy 
in  that  University.  Father  and  son  passed  several  years  in 
Greece,  and  on  his  return  to  Northern  Europe  our  late  Fellow 
pursued  his  studies  in  the  Universities  of  Copenhagen,  Gottingen, 
and  Bonn.  At  the  age  of  25,  in  1849,  he  became  Privat-Docent 
on  Botany  at  Bonn,  and  in  1854  he  married  Eachel  Shepherd, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Marshman  of  Bengal,  which  became  a  determin- 
ing factor  in  his  life.  His  brother-in-law  General  Sir  Henry 
Havelock,  shortly  afterwards,  drew  the  attention  of  Lord  Dal- 
housie  to  the  merits  of  Brandis  as  a  fit  person  to  take  charge  of 
the  teak  forests  of  Pegu  in  Burma,  which  had  recently  come 
under  British  supremacy.  Brandis  lauded  at  Calcutta  in  1856, 
and  had  a  single  interview  with  the  Viceroy,  whom  he  never  saw 
again ;  but  his  Lordship's  remark,  that  if  the  scheme  propounded 
by  Brandis  were  carried  out.,  it  would  prove  of  the  greatest  value 
to  the  country,  was  never  forgotten  by  the  new  ofiicer.  Brandis 
came  at  an  opportune  moment,  and  by  systematic  and  hard  work 
managed  to  save  the  teak  forests  from  reckless  exploitation,  but 
also  so  regulated  their  management  that  they  are  now  the  chief 
sources  of  teak  timber  in  the  world.  His  first  report  on  the  Pegu 
Teak  forests  for  1857-60   was  issued  in  Loudon  in  1860,  and 


LINI^EAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOIf.  47 

eighteen  mouths  later  he  was  summoned  to  Simla,  presumably  on 
the  advice  of  Dr.  H.  V.  Cleghorn,  to  advise  upon  forest  matters 
in  the  Xorthern  Provinces.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  the  first 
Inspector-General  of  Porests,  and  thereupon  set  on  foot  svste- 
matic  and  uniform  forest  discipline  throughout  British  India. 
The  department  has  now  an  ai*ea  of  nearly  240,000  square  miles, 
that  is,  twice  the  area  of  the  United  Kingdom, 

His  subordinates  were  at  first  drawn  from  those  trained  on  the 
continent,  later  his  assistants  came  from  British  schools,  and 
finally  he  procured  the  establishment,  in  1878,  of  a  School  of 
Forestry  at  Dehra  Dun,  chiefly  for  native  officers.  The  result 
of  this  long-continued  effort  has  been  to  place  the  forest  resources 
of  the  Empire  on  a  solid  basis,  for  the  supply  of  timber,  firewood, 
grass,  and  other  products,  together  with  a  revenue  which  has 
increased  from  ,£40,000,  in  1864,  to  more  than  sixteen  times  that 
amount. 

Official  reports  were  issued  annually,  but  Dr.  Brandis  did  not 
confine  his  energies  to  purely  official  records.  Dr.  J.  L.  Stewart 
had  been  commissioned,  in  1869,  to  bring  out  a  Forest  Flora  of 
Xorth- Western  India,  and  a  few  sheets  were  put  in  type  in  1871, 
when  his  health  had  become  impaired,  and  on  returning  to  India 
he  died  shortly  afterwards.  In  1872,  the  materials  collected  by 
Dr.  Stewart  were  made  over  to  Dr.  Brandis,  who  elaborated  them 
at  Kew  into  the  well-known  '  Forest  Flora  of  Xorth-West  and 
Central  India,'  London,  1874,  octavo,  with  a  quarto  atlas  of  plates 
by  W.  H.  Fitch.  The  next  year  he  was  elected  into  the  lioyal 
Society. 

For  the  next  quarter  of  a  century,  his  published  papers  were  on 
practical  forestry  matters.  Eetiring  from  service  in  1883,  at  the 
age  of  59,  he  settled  in  his  native  Bonn,  until,  in  or  about  the  year 
1899,  he  began  his  last  work  which  occupied  him  till  the  close  of 
his  life,  under  the  title  of  '  Indian  Trees,'  with  numerous  figures, 
published  in  1906,  an  invaluable  repository  of  information,  not  only 
for  foresters,  but  for  botanists  also. 

Becoming  a  widower  after  nine  years  of  married  life,  in  1867 
he  married  Katherine,  daughter  of  Dr.  Eudolph  Hasse,  of  Bonn, 
who,  with  three  sons  and  one  daughter,  survive  him.  He  was 
appointed  CLE.  in  1876,  and  promoted  to  K.C.LE.  in  1887. 
Concurrently  with  the  preparation  of  his  '  Indian  Trees '  he 
became  absorbed  in  the  structure  of  the  leaves  of  bamboos,  and 
his  paper  upon  that  subject,  read  1st  November,  1906,  and 
published  in  March  1907,  was  his  last  contribution  to  science. 
He  left  for  Bonn  immediately  after  the  presentation  of  that 
paper,  but  being  taken  ill  soon  after  his  return  to  his  birthplace,  he 
was  compelled  to  undergo  a  severe  operation,  and  after  lingering 
for  some  weeks,  he  died  on  28th  May,  1907. 

Before  quitting  England  for  the  last  time.  Sir  Dietrich  Brandis 
had  an  album  presented  to  him  with  nearly  200  signatures  to  an 
address  of  congratulation,  in  the  hope  that  he  might  long  enjoy 
his  well  earned  rest — a  wish  that  was  not  realised. 


I 


48  PEOCEEDIIfGS    OF    THE 

Sir  Dietrich  Brandis  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society^ 
5th  May,  1860,  and  thus  just  exceeded  a  period  of  47  years  in 
that  counectioD.  [B.  D.  J.] 

John  Faebah,  of  Harrogate,  was  a  well-known  memher  of  the 
Yorkshire  Naturalists'  Union.  He  was  born  28th  May,  1849, 
and  during  his  business  hfe  as  a  member  of  a  firm  in  Harrogate, 
his  leisure  was  given  to  natural  history  and  antiquarian  pursuits, 
and  he  was  a  generous  supporter  of  associations  devoted  to  those 
pursuits.  His  contributions  to  botany  mostly  appeared  in  '  The 
Natui'alist,'  and  he  also  drew  up  an  account  of  the  flora  of 
Nidderdale,  in  H.  Speight's  volume  on  that  valley.  His  last  year 
was  saddened  by  the  loss  of  a  favourite  son,  whom  he  did  not 
long  survive,  dying  at  his  house,  Jefferies  Coate,  on  13th  November, 
1907,  and  was  buried  on  the  16th  November  folloA^ing.  He 
joined  the  Linnean  Society  on  19th  November,  1896.      [B.  D.  J.] 

Charles  Anderson  Ferriee  was  a  native  of  Dundee,  where 
he  was  born  10th  March,  1829,  but  lived  in  Arbroath  from  a 
very  early  age.  He  came  to  London  about  1848,  and  obtained 
an  introduction  to  William  Harvey,  for  whom  he  had  the  greatest 
admiration  and  to  whom  he  always  referred  as  his  best  friend. 
His  tastes  were  artistic  and  literary,  and  through  the  friendship 
of  Harvey  he  was  able  to  gain  inspiration  in  art  and  introductions 
to  authors,  Thomas  Hood  being  amongst  the  number  ;  in  later 
years  he  was  the  friend  of  Tom  Hood  the  younger,  whose  some- 
what early  death  he  felt  very  keenly.  Harvey  sent  him  to 
Dalziel  Brothers,  where  he  remained  until  he  commenced  his  own 
business.  He  always  spoke  of  them  w-ith  warm  admiration  and 
I'espective  degrees  of  affection :  they  in  their  turn  esteemed  him 
highly,  which  may  be  seen  in  the  tribute  paid  to  him  in  their  book 
upon  their  work,  as  follows  : — 

"  Charles  Anderson  Ferrier,  a  young  Scotsman  of  varied 
capabilities,  who  had  made  some  small  efforts  at  wood-engraving 
in  his  native  town  of  Arbroath,  without  instruction,  came  to 
seek  employment  through  an  introduction  he  had  obtained 
to  the  late  William  Harvey.  He  was  a  youth  of  consider- 
able promise,  and  full  of  enthusiasm  for  his  art.  Though  the 
specimens  he  had  to  shew  were  very  crude,  he  had  evidently 
been  looked  upon  as  a  genius  by  his  Scottish  friends ;  but 
on  entering  our  studio  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  studies  and 
eager  for  improvement.  Before  he  had  been  tw-o  months  with 
us,  he  became  the  '  London  Correspondent '  of  an  Arbroath 
weekly  paper.  This  Avork  he  generally  knocked  off  during  the 
hour  allowed  for  dinner  in  the  middle  of  the  day.  We  have 
reason  to  believe  that  he  turned  his  attention  to  scientific  subjects 
and  became  a  Tellow  of  more  than  one  of  the  learned  scientific 
Societies.  During  the  whole  of  his  life  he  has  been  a  staunch 
Teetotaller,  and  has  worked  hard  in  the  Temperance  cause.  He 
became  a  personal  fi'iend  of  George  Cruikshank,   Sir  Benjamin 


LIXXEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  49 

Ward  Eichardson,  Sir  James  Crichton-Browne,  aud  many  other 
scientific  people  ot"  the  numerous  learned  Societies,  who  preferred 
him  as  an  engraver  because  of  the  knowledge  he  possessed  of  the 
subjects  he  had  to  work  upon. 

"  Taken  altogether  Terrier  became  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
men  who  had  their  beginning  as  pupils  in  our  Studio." 

(From  "  Fifty  Years'  Work :  Our  Pupils,"  p.  349  ;  by  Dalziel 
Brothers.) 

His  one  cause  for  their  respect  was  his  extreme  conscientiousness, 
as  witness  the  following  may  be  cited :  a  question  of  time  arose, 
one  of  the  Brotliers  turned  to  the  housekeeper,  enquiring  "  Is  the 
clock  right  ?  "  "  Yes  "  was  the  reply,  "  1  set  it  when  Mr.  Ferrier 
arrived."  "  Then  that's  near  enough  I  "  showed  that  the  partner 
concurred.  The  paragraph  above  referred  to  was  his  greatest 
pride.  He  was  an  active  member,  ou  the  literary  side,  at 
Eegenl's  Square  Presbyterian  Church,  where  he  incurred  much 
obloquy  for  his  audacity  in  preferring  Shakespere  before  Biu-ns, 
and  advocating  teetotalism,  which  in  the  fifties  was  less  understood 
than  it  is  in  the  present  day. 

His  early  work  included  zoological  specimens  drawn  by 
T.  W.  Wood,  for  '  Beeton's  Boys'  Own  Magazine,'  which  (speaking 
open  to  correction)  he  continued  to  the  end  of  the  series;  'Land 
&  Water,'  the  '  Leisure  Hour,'  and  other  Xatural  History 
publications.  He  became  known  to  the  Geological  Society,  for 
which  he  did  much  work  in  his  own  careful  and  painstaking  way. 
The  whole  secret  of  his  pleasing  was — to  use  his  own  uords — that 
"  he  kept  the  drawing  of  the  artist  "  instead  of  altering  it  according 
to  fancy  or  accident. 

This  faculty-,  engendered  of  conscientiousness  and  artistic 
appreciation  of  the  subject,  won  him  his  good  name  ;  by  treating 
the  subject  sympathetically  it  pleased  both  the  draughtsuian  and  the 
authors, — who  wanted  the  picture  to  be  what  they  had  approved 
as  a  drawing.  The  advantage  of  this  power  was  greatly  felt  and 
appreciated  when  he  was  producing  anatomical  subjects  under 
Dr.  Murie,  who  then  was  at  the  Zoological  (xardeus,  when  it  was 
important  to  distinguish  between  hair,  tissue,  bone,  and  muscle. 

From  this  point  he  became  known  to  the  Linnean  Soci«ty  and 
was  elected  Fellow,  loth  June,  18S2. 

The  love  of  his  art,  and  the  rapid  growth  of  process-work, 
caused  unspeakable  soi*row  to  him  in  his  later  days.  He  mourned 
that  a  process  almost  purely  mechanical  should  supersede  an  art 
which  he  had  studied  for  50  years  and  of  which  he  still  had  much 
to  learn.  [K.  M.  Feriiiee.] 

Dr.  Edwaed  Alfeed  Heath,  born  June  22nd,  1S39,  at  Totnes 
in  Devon,  was  educated  at  Taunton,  and  was  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  Homoeopathic  pharmacy,  first  at  Torquay,  and  subsequently  on 
his  own  account  at  Taunton,  remo^■ing  to  London  in  1864,  where 
he  practised  in  Ebury  Street,  Eatou  Square,  until  December  1904, 
when  he  moved  to  Shoreham,  Kent.     He  obtained  his  degree  as 

Li:SN.  SOC.  PROCEEDIXGS. — SESSION  1907-190S.  e 


50  PnOCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

Doctor  of  Medicine  at  the  Hahneinann  Homoeopathic  College  iu 
Philadelphia,  where  lie  was  resident  for  two  years,  and  was  a 
most  conscientious  Hcnioeopath,  taking  the  greatest  pains  to 
verify  the  plants  employed  in  Medicine,  and  fully  belieA-ing  iu 
and  acting  upon  the  principles  of  Hahnemann,  and  as  such  he 
met  with  a  considerable  measure  of  success  iu  his  practice.  His 
spare  time  was  occupied  in  the  study  of  British  and  European 
Lepidoptera,  but  more  specially  of  Exotic  Coleoptera,  of  ^^■hich  he 
ultimately  possessed  one  of  the  largest  private  collections  in  the 
kingdom,  but  published  only  a  few  new  species. 

In  1904  he  retired  to  Shoreham  in  Kent,  where  he  died 
on  4th  October,  1907,  of  an  acute  attack  of  jaundice. 

Of  a  retiring  disposition,  he  took  but  little  part  in  scientific 
meetings,  but  by  those  who  had  the  privilege  of  his  personal 
friendship  he  was  highly  esteemed  and  respected.  [E.  M.  H.] 

Sir  James  Hector,  K.C.M.Gt.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in  1834  and 
educated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  receiving  the  degree  of 
M.D.  iu  1856,  He  was  a  member  of  the  Palliser  Exploring 
Expedition  to  British  North  America  from  1857  to  1860,  having 
been  selected  by  Sir  Eoderick  Murchison  to  accompany  the 
Expedition  as  surgeon,  geologist,  and  naturalist.  In  1861  he  was 
appointed  geologist  to  the  Provincial  Government  of  Otago,. 
N.Z.,  and  subsequently  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey 
of  Xew  Zealand.  For  many  years  he  was  also  Manager  of 
the  New  Zealand  Institute  and  head  of  the  AVellington  Museum. 
He  took  an  active  part  in  educational  affairs,  and  was  for  some 
years  Chancellor  of  the  New  Zealand  University.  He  was  elected 
a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1866,  and  of  the  Linnean  Society 
in  1875.  He  was  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  Edinburgh, 
and  of  the  Geological  Society,  a  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
Zoological  Society,  and  a  Member  of  several  Foreign  and  Colonial 
scientific  societies.  In  3  875  he  received  the  Lyell  Gold  Medal 
from  the  Geological  Society,  and  in  1891  the  Founder's  Gold 
Medal  from  the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society.  He  was  created 
C.M.G.  iu  1875  and  received  the  honour  of  Knighthood  in 
1887.  [A.  D.] 

The  death  of  Professor  Frans  Eeinhold  Kjellmax  a  few  weeks 
before  the  Linnean  Festival  at  Uppsala  in  May  last,  was  a  tragic 
element  in  the  midst  of  enthusiasm  and  rejoicing.  Although 
the  thought  was  never  allowed  to  obtrude,  it  was  probably  present 
to  every  mind  that  the  Chair  of  Botany  in  the  University,  filled 
with  so  much  distinction  by  C.  von  Linne  himself,  was  vacant  ou 
the  celebration  of  the  200th  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  the  great 
Swedish  Naturalist,  \\hich  had  drawn  representatives  from  many 
and  far  distant  lauds. 

Our  late  Foreign  Member  was  born  at  Torsci  near  Mariestad, 
on  the  4th  November,  1846,  and  in  1868  he  became  a  student  at 
Uppsala;  as  he  had  passed  through  the  schools  of  Arvika  and 
Karlstad,  he  was  received  into  the  Yiirmlaud's  Nation  ;  he  sustained 


LINXEAN"   SOCIEir   OP   LONDON.  5 1 

his  thesis  in  philosophy  iu  1872,  and  received  his  doctorate  in 
the  same  3'ear,  upon  which  he  was  appointed  Docent  iu  Botany  to 
the  University  ;  in  1883  he  was  named  Extraordinary  Professor 
o£  Botany,  and  in  1889  was  finally  installed  as  Borgstrumian 
Professor  of  Botany  and  Practical  Economy,  which  he  occupied 
till  his  death. 

Kjellman  had  early  chosen  Botany  as  the  great  business  of  his 
life,  and  pursued  it  steadily  through  his  travels  and  the  24  years 
of  his  University  professorship. 

His  first  entry  into  botanic  authorship  was  his  "  Bidrag  till 
Kannedom  om  Skandinavieus  Ectocarpeer  och  Tilopterider,"  a 
systematic  arrangement  of  a  critical  group  of  Algae,  and  his 
attention  to  Algae  generally  remained  constant  to  the  last. 

In  the  same  >ear,  1872,  as  he  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Philosophy,  he  accompanied  Nordenskiold  to  Spitsbergen  in 
the  '  Polhem ' ;  at  which  time  he  was  only  in  his  twenty-sixth 
year.  One  part  of  the  expedition  was  to  pass  the  winter  in 
Spitsbergen ;  Kjellman  belonged  to  the  other  portion  which  was 
to  return  home  before  the  winter  set  in,  and  on  the  16th  September 
they  were  to  start  homeward.  But  on  that  day  there  broke 
upon  them  a  severe  storm  from  the  north,  filling  Wijde-hay 
with  immense  icebergs  and  completely  choking  the  entrance. 
Thus  shut  up,  the  expedition  constructed  winter-quarters  in 
Mossel-bay,  and  when  the  cold,  which  had  attained  —21°  Ceut., 
had  passed,  and  the  icy  fetters  had  melted,  it  was  not  till 
the  1st  August,  1873,  that  the  '  Grladan '  and  '  Onkel  Adam  * 
were  able  to  steer  homewards.  During  this  period  Kjellman 
made  observations  along  the  coast  from  South  Cape  to  Low 
Island.  One  of  his  most  important  scientific  I'esults  was  the 
discovery  that  the  Arctic  Ocean  possessed  a  gigantic  algal 
flora,  which  uninterruptedly  grew  through  the  winter,  in  spite 
of  the  darkness  at  the  sea-bottom,  and,  at  a  tempei'ature  of  —  1° 
to  l'S°,  developed  normally,  grew,  and  fruited.  Two  years  later 
he  published  a  detailed  popular  account  of  the  voyage  entitled 
'Sveuska  Polarexpedition  ar  1872-1873,  uuder  ledning  af  A.  E. 
Nordenskiold,'  with  woodcuts,  lithographs,  and  map. 

We  soon  find  Kjellman  again  as  explorer.  Nordeuskicild  had 
planned  the  investigation  of  the  Arctic  Ocean  in  an  easterly  direc- 
tion, and  in  1875  undertook  a  journey,  which  formed  an  epoch  in 
the  history  of  polar  research.  The  Swedish  expediton  on  board  the 
hired  Norwegian  whaler  '  Proven  '  left  Tromso  on  the  8th  July, 
passed  into  the  Kara  Sea,  and  without  hindrance  by  ice, 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  Yenisei,  a  position  never  before 
attained  by  any  craft  from  the  Atlantic.  The  botanists  were 
Kjellman  and  A.  N.  Lundstrom,  the  zoologists  lij.  Theel  and 
A.  Stuxberg.  By  the  middle  of  August  the  expedition  divided, 
Nordenskiold  gave  the  command  to  Kjellman,  who  accompanied 
by  Theel  returned  to  Norway  by  the  Kara  Sea  and  reached 
Tromso  the  5th  October.  The  account  of  the  return  journey, 
so  far  as  regards  the  plant  and  animal  life,  was  rendered  by 
Kjellman  to  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  Stockholm,  in  1877. 

e2 


52  PEOCEEDINGS    OP    THE 

The  algological  result  was  that  the  Kara  Sea  possessed  a  special 
algal  flora,  consisting  of  elements  from  Novaja  Semlija,  Spits- 
bergen, the  Arctic,  and  Ochotsk  Sea.  Before  this,  it  was  supposed 
that  the  slight  salinity  of  the  Kara  Sea  was  insufficient  to  support 
mai'ine  algae,  and  in  reporting  his  results,  Kjellman  said,  "  It  is 
reserved  for  future  enquirers  to  solve  this  problem,"  but  he 
himself  after  no  long  interval  was  to  solve  it. 

Erom  1874  to  1877  he  occupied  himself  diligently  in  exploring 
the  west  coast  of  Sweden,  which  he  had  previously  visited  during 
winter;  and  he  did  not  restrict  himself  to  systematic  research 
only,  but  also  to  the  life-history  and  distribution.  Founded  on 
these  researches  he  published  his  '  Ueber  die  Algenvegetation 
des  Murmanschen  Meeres,'  and  '  Ueber  Algenregionen  und  Algen- 
formationen  im  ostlichen  Skager  Rack '  in  1878 ;  dividing  the 
sea-bottom  into  littoral,  sublittoral,  and  elittoral  regions,  and 
distinguishing  algal  formations  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  coast. 
Kjellman's  point  of  view  has  found  general  acceptance  with 
algologists. 

In  1878  he  again  left  Sweden  to  take  part  in  the  famous 
Swedish  polar  expedition,  the  voyage  of  the  '  Vega.'  That  vessel 
left  Karlski'ona  on  the  22nd  June,  1878,  and  reached  Goteborg 
harbour,  finally  weighing  anchor  the  19th  August.  On  the 
28th  September  at  Pitlekaj  she  became  locked  in  the  ice  till 
28th  July  following,  when  she  was  freed  from  her  fetters.  On 
the  24th  April,  1880,  she  reached  Stockholm,  after  having  circum- 
navigated Asia  for  the  first  time. 

During  this  long  period  Kjellman,  Avith  his  well-grounded 
knowledge  and  good  powers  of  observation,  had  the  best 
opportunities  for  research  in  unknown  seas  and  countries,  and 
toward  the  solution  of  interesting  questions.  A  chief  feature 
of  succeeding  years  was  the  increased  scientific  production  due 
to  his  '  Vega '  voyage.  In  the  first  place  he  published  his  botanic 
observations  from  Pitlekaj  and  other  parts  of  Siberia,  and  gave 
a  host  of  interesting  data  on  the  plant-life  of  this  little-known 
part  of  the  Arctic  circle.  Of  the  higher  plant-vegetation  we 
have  of  his,  '  Om  vaxtligheten  pa  Sibiriens  nordkust,'  '  Sibiriska 
nordkustens  fanerogamflora,'  and  other  reports  which  appeared 
in  the  '  Vega '  publications.  Of  special  value  is  the  work  '  Ur 
polarvaxternas  lif '  (1883),  for  which  his  arctic  travels  provided 
the  material;  but  from  this  date,  algology  assumed  the  chief  claim 
upon  his  attention,  and  in  the  year  jusb  mentioned  came  out 
his  most  comprehensive  "Norra  Ishafvets  Algflora"  in  the 
Stockholm  Haudhngar,  of  431  pages  and  31  plates,  part  being 
in  the  English  language.  In  this  memoir  Kjellman  treats  of 
259  species  in  111  genera,  and  the  number  of  new  species  is 
considerable.  Many  of  these  plants  were  found  to  be  as  large 
and  luxurious  as  those  occurring  in  the  Atlantic. 

By  this  work  Kjellman  secured  a  high  place  amongst  the 
students  of  marine  algae,  side  by  side  with  the  great  workers,  as 
the  two  Agardhs,  and  J.  E.  Areschoug.     After  several  memoirs  of 


I 


LTNNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  53 

greater  or  lesser  extent,  he  produced  the  first  part  of  his  '  Handbok 
in  Skandinaviens  Hafsal£;Hora '  (1S9U),  and  wrote  the  account 
of  certain  groups  for  Eugler  und  Prantl,  '  Die  natiirlichen 
PflanzeufamiUen.' 

He  was  selected  as  Extraordinary  Professor  in  1883,  and  soon 
showed  his  powers  as  a  teacher  in  higher  education.  With  a 
liveh'  interest  for  the  various  branches  of  botany,  he  succeeded, 
througli  his  rich  flowing  ideas  and  independent  apprehension, 
in  directing  his  public  teaching  by  original  and  singularly 
successful  courses  for  students.  The  many  new  sides  of  botany, 
which  after  a  long  period  of  preponderating  descriptive  and 
formal  morphologic  direction,  began  to  be  opened  up  in  the  last 
decade  of  the  nineteenth  century,  such  as  physiologic  anatomy, 
organography  as  morphology  with  permanent  regard  to  vital 
phenomena,  the  developmental  history  of  the  individual,  plant 
phylogeny,  plant  dispersal,  the  invasion  of  alien  plants,  types 
of  organised  plants,  as  aquatics,  xerophytes,  hanes,  etc.,  all  were 
investigated  by  Kjellman  and  utilised  by  him  to  the  modernisation 
of  the  study  in  Sweden.  By  means  of  a  bold  and  independent 
terminology,  he  imparted  his  botanic  ideas  and  new  points  of 
view,  which  seemed  to  him  to  promise  success.  At  the  same 
time  he  was  a  critical  and  exacting  teacher,  and  according  to  his 
lights  he  modified  botanic  institutions,  library,  work-rooms,  and 
botanic  gardens,  and  improved  their  resources.  His  professorial 
career  enabled  him  to  issue  a  dozen  or  more  of  treatises  or  discourses 
such  as  "  Om  nordeus  varvaxter,"  speech  at  a  promotion  of 
doctors  at  Uppsala  in  1895,  "  De  nordiska  tradens  arkitectonik," 
"  Skandinaviska  fanerogamflorans  utvecklingshistoriska  element," 
"  Vaxtorgeni,"  "  Svenska  vasternas  ofvervintring,"  etc.  On  Prof. 
T.  M.  Fries  retiring  from  the  Chair  of  Botany  in  the  autumn  of 
1900,  Kjellman  was  appointed  in  his  place.  On  his  reaching  the 
age  of  60,  his  past  and  existing  pupils  contributed  to  a  "Festskrift  " 
under  the  title  '  Botaniska  studier  tillagnade  F.  E.  Kjellman  den 
4  November,  1906,'  accompanied  bj'  a  congratulatory  address. 
He  was  elected  a  Foreign  Member  of  the  Linnean  Societv, 
2nd  May,  1901. 

At  the  beginning  of  1905  he  had  a  slight  apoplectic  attack, 
which  diminished  his  workhig  powers,  but  he  was  well  enough 
to  be  placed  upon  the  committee  charged  to  carry  out  the  details 
of  the  Linnean  celebration  last  year,  though,  as  it  happened,  he 
was  not  able  to  take  part  in  that  committee's  labours :  but  in 
April  1907,  another  and  more  serious  stroke  completely  broke 
down  his  vital  powers,  and  he  died  at  Uppsala  on  the  22nd  April 
last,  when  his  countrymen  were  busied  on  the  final  preparations 
fur  the  brilliant  "  Linnefest." 

The  writer  has  to  thank  Prof.  C.  A.  M.  Lindman  for  a  copy 
of  his  sympathetic  notice  of  his  old  professor  in  '  Tmer,'  and 
Dr.  Aksel  Andersson  for  a  copy  of  the  '  Inbjudningsskrift '  for 
the  public  lecture  on  the  19tli  February,  1900,  from  which 
publications  the  foregoing  account  has  been  compiled.    [B.  D.  J.] 


54  PEOCEEDINGS   OP   THE 

Botanic  and  horticultural  science  are  the  poorer  by  the 
unexpected  death  on  30th  May,  1907,  of  Maxwell  Tylden 
Masters,  M.D.,  F.R.S.  He  was  born  at  Canterbury  on  15th 
April,  1833,  the  youngest  son  of  Alderman  Masters,  a  nurseryman 
who  effected  some  noteworthy  hybridisations.  Young  Masters 
studied  medicine  at  King's  College  Hospital,  London,  was 
admitted  Licentiate  of  the  Society  of  Apothecaries  in  1854,  and 
two  years  later  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 
He  was  sub-curator  of  the  Fielding  Herbarium  at  Oxford  for 
a  short  time,  and  then  for  some  years  he  practised  as  a  general 
practitioner  at  Peckham,  taking  his  degree  of  M.D.  at  St.  Andrews ; 
he  was  Lecturer  on  Botany  at  St.  George's  Hospital  from  1855 
to  1863,  and  was  for  some  time  an  Examiner  in  Botany  in  the 
University  of  London,  and  to  the  Civil  Service. 

Dr.  John  Lindley,  the  founder  and  first  editor  of  the 
*  Gardeners'  Chronicle,'  after  a  few  years  of  failing  health,  died 
1st  November,  1865,  and  Dr.  Masters  was  appointed  joint-editor 
with  Thomas  Moore,  the  Curator  of  the  Physick  Garden  at 
Chelsea.  Our  late  Fellow  once  told  the  present  writer,  that 
although  the  stipend  he  received  on  entering  upon  this  new 
post  was  no  more  than  he  had  been  earning  at  Peckham,  yet 
the  feeling  of  its  certainty  gave  a  relief  to  his  mind,  which  he 
characterised  as  indescribable.  In  1882  Moore  retired,  and  Dr. 
Masters  remained  sole  editor  till  his  death. 

He  gave  the  best  of  his  powers  to  his  editorial  duties,  and 
those  who  knew  his  style,  could  recognise  many  unsigned  articles 
in  his  journal,  as  well  as  those  signed  or  initialled  by  him,  yet 
he  found  time  to  write  independent  volumes,  and  to  take  part 
in  serial  publications,  as  the  '  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa,'  and  the 
'  Flora  of  British  India.'  In  1866,  he  was  Congress  Secretary 
for  the  London  International  Exhibition  of  1866  of  Horticulture 
and  Botany,  which  was  additionally  noteworthy  for  the  promul- 
gation of  the  laws  of  nomenclature,  largely  due  to  the  drafting  of 
Alphouse  de  Candolle.  The  Exhibition  ended  in  a  profit  of  £30u0, 
and  the  Report  by  Dr.  Masters  bears  testimony  to  the  care  with 
which  the  details  were  worked  out.  The  newly  installed  editor 
profited  immensely  by  this  experience,  for  it  introduced  him  to 
many  foreign  cori'espondents  of  distinction. 

As  an  independent  author,  his  first  essays  seem  to  have 
been  printed  in  the  third  volume  of  the  Ashmolean  Society's 
'  Transactions,'  1854,  etc.,  while  he  was  at  the  Oxford  Botanic 
Garden.  In  1860  an  abstract  was  issued  in  the  *  Proceedings  ' 
of  the  Royal  Institution,  "  On  the  relation  between  the  abnormal 
and  normal  functions"!^in  plants,"  followed  by  "  Vegetable  Morph- 
ology," in  the  British  and  Foreign  Medico-Chirurgical  Review, 
for  1862.  These  seem  to  have  confirmed  him  in  the  study  of 
abnormalities,  resulting  in  his  '  Vegetable  Teratology '  published 
by  the  Ray  Society  in  1869,  and  long  out  of  print ;  the  author 
never   had  leisure   sufficient  to  revise  or  recast  the  work,  but 


LINXEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  55 

be  contributed  some  additions  to  the  German  translation  by 
U.  Dammer  which  appeared  in  1SS6  at  Leipzig.  '  Botany  for 
Beginners  '  was  a  shght,  unpretentious  vohune  in  1872 ;  and  in 
the  same  year  came  out  a  notice  of  Maria,  Lady  Hooker,  ^^■hich 
was  really  drawn  up  by  the  then  Dr.  J.  D.  Hooker,  though 
attributed  by  many  to  the  editor  of  the  '  Gardeners'  Chronicle ' 
in  whose  columns  it  appeared. 

During  these  years  Dr.  Masters  had  elaborated  the  natural 
families  of  ^Lalvacece,  Sterculiacese,  and  Tiliacete,  which  form 
pp.  175-268  of  the  first  volume  of  the  '  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa' 
(1868),  and  the  Samydaceae,  Loaseae,  Turneracea),  and  Passifloracese 
of  the  second  volume,  pp.  492-520  (1871).  Similarly  he  was 
answerable  for  the  enumeration  of  the  Malvaceae,  Sterculiaceae, 
Tiliaceae,  forming  pp.  317-409,  and  the  Olacineae,  pp.  572-598,  of 
the  first  volume  of  the  '  Flora  of  British  India '  (1874-75),  and 
to  the  second  volume  he  contributed  the  Passifloraceae,  pp.  593- 
603  (1879).  From  this  time  onward,  his  chief  subjects  of  study, 
in  addition  to  the  above-mentioned  families,  were  Eestiaceae  and 
Conifene.  He  drew  up  an  enumeration  of  Eestiaceae  for  De 
CandoUe's  '  Monographiae,'  vol.  i.,  and  described  the  Brazilian 
Passiftoraceae  in  3Iartius's  great  '  Flora  Brasiliensis.'  Many  of 
his  papers,  particularly  those  on  Coniferae,  were  contributed  to 
the  pages  of  our  publications.  Thus  we  find  that  his  earliest 
paper  issued  in  our  Journal  was  that  on  a  monstrosity  of  the 
flowers  of  Saponaria  officinalis  in  1857,  until  the  last  from  his 
pen,  "  On  the  Distribution  of  Conifers  in  China  and  Neighbouring 
Countries,"  which  appeared  posthumously  in  1907.  Forty  con- 
tributions from  him  appeared  in  our  Journal  or  '  Transactions  ' 
between  1857  and  1907.  A  valuable  bibliography,  com])iled  by 
Mr.  W.  Betting  Hemsley,  will  be  found  in  the  Kew  '  Bulletin  of 
Miscellaneous  Information,'  1907,  pp.  327-334,  but  that  does 
not  include  the  mass  of  his  articles  in  his  own  '  Gardeners' 
Chronicle.' 

He  was  also  author  of  very  many  short  articles  in  Lindley  and 
!^[oore's  '  Treasury  of  Botany,'  was  largely  responsible  for  the 
Eeport  on  ^lixed  Herbage  of  Permanent  Meadows  at  Eotliamsted 
ill  the  '  Philosophical  Transactions'  (1883),  and  edited  new  editions 
of  Henfrey's  '  Elementary  Course  of  Botany,'  2nd  edition  in  1870, 
and  the  3rd  and  4th  in  1878  and  1884  respectively. 

Dr.  Masters  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Linuean  Society,  6th 
December,  1860,  and  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1870  ;  he  also 
offic-iated  as  Chairman  of  the  Scientific  Committee  of  the  Eoyal 
Horticultural  Society,  in  whose  welfare  he  took  the  warmest 
interest ;  of  Foreign  recognitions,  he  was  a  Corresponding  Member 
of  the  institute  of  France,  and  an  officer  of  the  Belgian  Order 
of  Leopold. 

He  is  commemorated  by  the  leguminous  genus  2Iastersia 
.(J/,  assamica),  so  named  by  Bentham  in  1865. 

A  few  weeks  before  his  death,  he  became  indisposed,  but  no 


56  PEOCEEDINGS    OF   THE 

great  importance  was  attached  to  his  symptoms,  till  his  death,  as 
noted  above,  was  made  known  to  his  large  circle  of  friends.  The 
funeral  service  took  place  on  the  4th  June,  1907,  and  the 
cremation  at  Woking  followed.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Feederic  Moore,  D.Sc,  F.Z.S.,  who  was  elected  an  Associate 
of  the  Linnean  Society  in  1881,  died  May  10th,  1907,  at  the  age 
of  77.  He  was  a  distinguished  entomologist,  and  a  pi-ominent 
Fellow  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Loudon  for  more  than 
fifty  years.  For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Staff  of  the  East  India  Company's  Museum,  and  his  principal 
memoirs  dealt  with  Oriental  Lepidoptera.  [A.  D,} 

Professor  Alfred  Neavtok  was  the  fifth  son  of  "William  Newton 
of  Elveden  Hall,  Suffolk,  who,  for  many  years,  represented  the 
Borough  of  Ipswich  in  Parliament,  and  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
E.  S.  Milnes  of  Eryston,  Yoi-kshire,  who  sat  at  one  time  as 
Member  of  Parliament  for  the  City  of  York.  Through  his  mother 
he  was  thus  related  to  the  late  Lord  Houghton  and  to  the  present 
Earl  of  Crewe. 

Alfred  Newton  was  born  on  June  11th,  1829,  at  Geneva.  He 
was  educated  privately  until  he  entered  Magdalene  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  which  for  the  next  57  years  was  to  prove  his  home. 

Newton  graduated  in  1853,  and  shortly  afterwards  began  a 
series  of  extensive  travels,  visiting  (amongst  other  countries) 
Iceland,  Lapland,  North  America,  and  the  West  Indies,  where 
his  family  at  one  time  held  large  estates.  In  1864,  accompanied 
by  Sir  Edward  Birkbeck,  he  made  an  expedition  to  Spitsbergen. 
He  was  a  keen  yachtsman,  and  up  till  quite  recent  times  used  to 
enjoy  his  summer  holiday  yachting  with  his  old  friend  Mr.  H. 
Evans  of  Derby,  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland.  In  the  interval 
of  his  travels.  Professor  Newton  resided  at  Cambridge ;  and  in 
1865,  when  the  University  M-as  moved  to  change  Professor 
Clark's  Professorship  of  Anatomy  into  two,  one  of  Human  Anatomy 
and  a  second  of  Zoology  and  Comparative  Anatomy,  he  entered  the 
list  against  Dr.  Drosier  of  Gonville  and  Caius  College,  M-ho  had 
been  for  some  years  Deputy  to  Professor  Clark  ;  and  supported 
by  a  long  list  of  testimonials  from  Owen,  Gould,  Gray,  Rolleston,. 
and  others,  he  was  successful  in  attaining  the  Chair  by  a  majority 
of  28,  the  electors  being  the  resident  Masters  of  Art.  At  that  time 
the  study  of  Natural  Science  was  not  popular  in  the  University.  In 
the  year  in  which  Professor  Newton  entered  upon  his  duties  (1866). 
but  9  candidates  appeared  in  the  Natural  Sciences  Tripos,  compared 
with  over  200  at  the  present  time.  This  difference  is  due,  to  some 
extent,  to  the  wide  and  liberal  spirit  with  which  Newton  exercised 
his  functions.  Though  regarded  as  a  Conservative  by  many  people 
— and  in  fact  in  his  politics  he  was  in  most  things  a  Tory  of  the 
old  school,  and  in  private  life  adverse  to  change  in  his  established 
order  of  life  or  surroundings — in  scientific  matters  he  M'as  always, 
after  weighing  them  over  carefully,  prepared  to  accept  new  ideas. 


lixnea:;?  society  of  loxdox.  57 

He  welcomed  the  rise  of  embryology  under  Frauk  Balfour,  and  be 
took  very  great  interest  in  tbe  development  of  the  more  modern 
metbods  of  studying  beredity  and  A'ariation.  Amongst  zoologists 
he  Avas  one  of  the  iirst  to  adopt  tbe  theory  of  organic  evolution,  set 
forth  by  Darwin  and  Wallace. 

When  be  became  Professor,  be  bad  to  cover  tbe  whole  animal 
kingdom  ;  but  later,  when  Balfour,  Sedgwick,  and  others  covered 
the  morphological  ground,  bis  lectures,  which  were  always 
written  out,  dealt  with  the  theory  of  Evolution  and  with  tbe 
geographical  distribution  of  animals.  The  last  few  years  of  bis- 
life  he  appointed  a  deputy,  and  it  is  characteristic  of  his  appre- 
ciation of  tbe  value  of  the  newer  work,  that  he  appointed  Mr. 
Bateson,  who  lectured  upon  tbe  researches  with  which  bis  name  is 
so  intimately  associated.  Although  (as  we  have  said)  bis  lectures 
covered,  at  one  time,  the  whole  animal  kingdom,  in  his  writings 
he  restricted  himself  to  his  favourite  group  of  birds.  He  published 
the '  Oi-nitbology  of  Iceland,'  '  Tbe  Birds  of  Greenland,'  an  exhaus- 
tive '  Dictionary  of  Birds  '  in  which  be  characteristically  arranged 
the  genera  in  alpliabetical  order,  holding  that  no  existing  system 
of  classification  was  sufficiently  satisfactory  to  adopt.  He  also 
wrote  '  Ootheca  Wolleyana  " — a  monumental  work — tbe  first 
volume  of  which  appeared  in  1864,  the  second  and  last  shortly 
before  bis  death.  For  a  time  he  edited  the  '  Ibis '  and  '  Zoological 
Eecord,'  and  some  of  the  volumes  of  the  fourth  edition  of 
'  Tarreirs  British  Birds.'  A  small  text-book  on  Zoologj-,  published 
in  1872,  was  a  model  introduction  to  a  great  subject ;  and  to  the 
ninth  edition  of  the  '  Encyclopaedia  Britannica '  he  contributed 
numerous  articles  on  birds,  some  of  which  (for  instance,  those  on 
"  Migration  "  and  the  "  History  of  Ornithology  and  Geographical 
Distribution ")  are  regarded  as  classical  essays.  These  articles 
enlarged  and  corrected  were  republished  in  the  above-mentioned 
Dictionary. 

Professor  Newton  was  one  of  tbe  first  to  take  an  active  share 
in  the  protection  of  birds,  a  subject  which  we  have  reason  to 
believe  was  first  officially  recognised  by  tbe  British  Government, 
largely  owing  to  his  advocacy.  Forty  years  ago,  Newton  brought 
the  matter  before  tbe  British  Association,  and  for  many  years  be 
was  Chairman  of  tbe  Close  Time  Committee,  during  which  period 
three  Acts  dealing  with  this  subject  passed  through  Parliament. 
He  also  took  a  large  part  in  organising  the  observation  of  migra- 
tory birds  at  A-arious  lighthouses,  and  other  fixed  stations.  Of  the 
knowledge  we  have  acquired  from  these  observations  much,  at 
least,  is  due  to  his  foresight  and  powers  of  organisation. 

Tbe  Museum  of  Zoology  in  Cambridge,  which  has  grown  to  be 
one  of  tbe  largest  in  the  kingdom,  attained  its  position  largely 
under  his  guidance.  He  was  always  on  the  look  out  for  new  and 
valuable  specimens,  constantly,  though  anonymously,  buying  and 
presenting  these.  He  very  greatly  disliked  any  of  bis  donations  to 
be  recorded  in  theEeportsof  the  Museums  and  Lecturing  Syndicate. 
His  gifts,  not  only  of  specimens,  but  of  books,  to  the  Library  of 
the  Department  must  have  cost  a  very  large  sum. 


jS  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

His  interest  iu  old  books  and  early  editions  was  that  of  a 
Scholar.  He  spent  much  time  and  knowledge  on  the  University 
Library,  but  his  special  province  was  the  Philosophical  Library, 
situated  in  the  heart  of  the  Museums,  over  whose  destiny  he  pre- 
sided for  many  years.  It  is  largely  due  to  him  that  the  Library 
at  the  present  time  takes  in  over  GOO  periodicals,  and  nothing  gave 
him  greater  satisfaction  than  when,  by  the  careful  study  of  book- 
sellers' lists,  he  was  able  to  complete  a  "  broken  set." 

There  was  soinetliing  peculiarly  scholarly  about  Newton's 
writings  ;  and  in  small  matters  of  grammar  and  punctuation  he 
was  punctilious  in  a  way  that  is  now  becoming  rare.  Yery 
little  that  he  published  was  of  an  ephemeral  uatui'e,  and  his  printed 
word  is  characterised  by  a  width  of  knowledge,  untiring  research, 
and  an  unusual  degree  of  accuracy. 

It  is  difficult  to  write  about  the  personal  chai'acter  of  one  with 
whom  the  writer  has  lived  on  terms  of  affection  and  intimacy  for 
twenty-five  yeai's.  His  Sunday  evenings  in  the  Old  Lodge  at 
Magdalene  College  were  an  epoch  in  the  University  life  of  many  a 
student.  From  nine  o'clock  till  shortly  before  twelve,  Newton 
was  "  at  home,"  welcoming  everybody  (even  the  youngest  of  us), 
talking  to  us  on  the  subjects  that  he  thought  we  knew  best,  stimu- 
lating us  in  any  little  efforts  we  might  make  in  Natural  History, 
and  taking  the  widest  possible  view  of  the  subject  he  loved 
so  well. 

When  once  you  were  a  friend  of  Newton's,  you  were  always  his 
friend.  He  was  possessed  of  the  old-fashioned  courtesy  of  m.anner, 
and  a  certain  leisureness  of  habit,  which  made  a  visitor  feel  that 
he  was  not  trespassing  on  the  time  of  his  host.  Both  iu  appear- 
ance and  in  character  he  had  the  finest  attributes  of  the  old  race 
of  English  country  gentlemen,  to  which  by  birth  he  belonged. 
To  quote  a  writer  in  '  The  Times,'  he  was  "  staunch  in  his  friend- 
ships, firm  iu  his  opinions,"  and  he  invariably  followed  with  a 
dogged  perseverance  that  which  he  held  to  be  right. 

Professor  Newton  was  elected  Pellow  of  the  Linnean  Society 
March  3rd,  1857,  of  the  Zoological  iu  1859,  and  of  the  Eoyal  iu 
1870  ;  in  all  three  societies  he  served  on  the  Council,  and  was 
"Vice-President  of  the  Zoological  almost  coutinuously  from  1S61 
to  1897.  He  received  a  Royal  Medal,  and  from  the  Linnean 
Society  the  Linnean  Gold  Medal  in  1900.  [A..  E.  S.] 

His  late  Majesty  Oscab,  (II.)  Fredeik,  commonly  styled 
Oscar  IL,  King  of  Sweden  and  of  the  Goths  and  Vandals,  was 
born  21st  January,  1829.  He  was  the  great-great-grandson  of 
Marshal  Bernadotte,  who  was  chosen  in  1810  to  be  Crown  Prince 
of  Sweden,  and  King  in  1818.  Married  to  the  Princess  Sofia 
Wilhelmina  Mariana  Henrietta,  of  Hesse  Nassau,  on  the  6th  June, 
1857,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the  18th  September,  1872  ; 
was  crowned  in  Sweden  the  12th  May  and  in  Norway  the  18th  July 
of  the  following  year. 

Universally  known  and  honoured  as  probably  the  most  accom- 


LINXEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  59 

plished  monarch  in  Eui'ope,  he  was  more  than  once  called  upon  to 
arbitrate  in  international  disputes.  His  knowledge  of  languages 
(he  spoke  at  least  seven  fluently)  enabled  him  not  ouly  to  translate 
classic  works  from  English,  French,  German,  Spanish,  and  Latin, 
but  to  write  poems  in  other  languages  than  Swedish. 

Into  the  political  history  of  Scandinavia  during  the  late  King's 
reign,  it  is  not  our  province  to  enter;  but  it  may  be  recorded  that 
the  severance  of  the  jVorwegiau  people  from  his  dominion  ^as  a 
deep  and  lasting  grief.  It  was  to  the  King's  own  exertions  that 
a  peaceful  separation  was  effected,  and  a  fratricidal  and  doubtful 
var  was  avoided. 

At  our  centenary  celebration,  24th  May,  1SS8,  His  Majesty  was 
elected  b}''  acclamation  one  of  our  Honorary  Members,  whose 
numbers,  never  large,  had  been  suffered  to  lapse  since  the  death  of 
H.M.Leopold,  King  of  the  Belgians,  on  the  10th December,  ISOo, 
and  was  revived  eighteen  months  earlier,  in  1886,  when  His  Majesty 
Edward  YIL,  then  the  Prince  of  Wales,  accepted  the  distinction. 
King  Oscar's  signature  to  the  Roll  and  Charter  Book  was  affixed 
on  his  visit  to  our  shores  in  1889,  when  the  President  and  Senior 
Secretary  were  received  by  the  Swedish  monarch  in  special 
audience. 

In  the  interview  just  mentioned.  His  3Iajesty  disclaimed  all 
knowledge  of  biology,  but  the  services  rendered  to  science,  particu- 
larly geographical  science,  mainly  from  the  King's  own  generosity, 
Avere  large  and  continued  practically  during  the  whole  of  his  reign, 
and  even  before  it.  "Whilst  he  was  still  Duke  of  Ostergotland  and 
Crown  Prince,  he  contributed  handsomely  to  Torell's  great  expe- 
dition to  Spitsbergen  in  1861,  and  Xordenskiold's  expeditions  to 
the  same  country  in  1864,  1868,  and  1872-73. 

The  King's  extreme  interest  in  these  matters  became  fully 
manifest  as  regards  the  '  Yega '  expedition  of  1878-80,  for  as 
Baron  Xordenskiold  himself  stated.  His  Majesty,  himself  trained 
in  the  navy,  discussed  the  details  of  the  voyage  and  gave  his 
hearty  approval  and  support,  followed  later  by  the  bestowal  of  the 
Yega  medals. 

Later  expeditions  which  received  the  same  royal  support,  were 
two  Swedish  expeditions  in  1882  to  Spitsbei'gen,  one  conducted 
by  our  latest  elected  Foreign  Member,  Prof.  A.  Gr.  Nathorst,  on  a 
geological  quest,  the  other  by  Ekholm,  for  meteorological  pui-poses, 
which  wintered  in  the  north.  The  next  year  Xordenskiold's 
Greenland  expedition  took  place ;  in  1890  there  were  several 
north  polar  expeditions ;  Xansen's  voyage  in  the  '  Fram '  in 
1893-96  was  largely  supported  by  the  King  of  Norway  ;  financial 
support  was  also  accorded  to  Andree's  attempt  to  reach  the  Xorth 
Pole  by  balloon,  in  1897 ;  and  Count  De  Geer's  Isfjord  investi- 
gation, shortly  before,  received  practical  support  from  the  King. 
Dr.  Xathorst  again  visited  Spitsbergen  and  Kung  Karls  Land  in 
1898,  and  Andree  in  1899  went  to  Greenland.  The  Swedish- 
Russian  measurement  of  a  meridian  in  Spitsbergen  in  1898  was 
favoured,  not  only  by  the  King,  but  by  the  then  Crown  Prince, 


6o  PROCEEDINGS    OE    THE 

now  His  Majesty  Gustaf  V.  Sverdrup's  polar  journey,  1898— 
1902,  and  Anmndseu's  voyage  towards  the  magnetic  pole  were 
furthered  by  State  aid. 

Thus  for  more  than  40  years  did  the  late  King  give  his  generous 
help  to  many  journeys  undertaken  by  his  Swedish  and'Norwegian 
subjects  northward  ;  but  he  also  encouraged  travellers  in  other 
directions,  as  for  instance  Dr.  Sven  Hedin  in  Central  Asia.  Many 
localities  have  received  names  after  the  late  King,  as  Prins  Oscars 
Land  and  Kung  Karls  Land  (Spitsbergen),  Kung  Oscars  Bay 
(North  Asia),  Konung  Oscars  Hamn  (Greenland),  Konung  Oscars 
Fjord,  Oscar  II.s  Land  (Spitsbergen);  from  Dr.  Nansen  we  have 
Kong  Oscars  Halvo  (Taimyr  Bay),  and  from  Sverdrup  Kong 
Oscars  Land  (G-rinnell  Land) ;  these  are  in  the  Arctic  regions. 
Towards  the  Antarctic  we  find  Kong  Oscars  Land  (Grahams 
Land),  Kap  Oscar  (Victoria  Land);  and  in  Asia  Dr.  Hedin  dis- 
covered Konung  Oscars  Berg  on  the  northern  borders  of  Tibet. 

During  the  last  few  years  intervals  of  illness  had  caused  the 
Crown  Prince  to  act  as  Eegent.  After  some  weeks  of  increasing 
illness.  King  Oscar  II.  died  in  his  palace  at  Stockholm  on  the 
8th  December,  1907.  It  will  be  remembered  that  in  our  General 
Meeting  of  6th  June,  1907,  a  telegram  of  respectful  congratulation 
was  sent  to  Their  Majesties  the  King  and  Queen  of  Sweden,  on 
the  celebration  of  their  golden  wedding,  an  event  which  was 
destined  to  be  the  last  of  the  kind  in  the  monarch's  lifetime. 

[B.  D.  J.] 

William  Eome,  P.S.A.,  born  in  1842,  was  the  son  of  In- 
spector Eome  of  the  Esses  Constabulary,  and  as  a  boy  received 
his  early  education  at  the  National  Schools  of  his  native  Burnham. 
On  leaving  school  he  entered  the  well-known  establishment  of 
"  Sweetings  "  in  Cheapside,  and  gradually  rose  until  he  became 
sole  proprietor.  He  threw  himself  energetically  into  Corporation 
matters,  and  was  largely  the  means  of  establishing  the  loan  ex- 
hibitions at  the  Guildhall  Art  Gallery.  He  filled  many  civic 
appointments,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  his  residence,  Creeksea 
Place,  Burnham-on-Crouch,  his  energies  were  widespread.  At  his 
house  he  had  amassed  a  valuable  collection  of  antiquarian  treasures, 
medals,  and  coins,  which  he  was  ready  to  contribute  to  exhibitions^ 
After  the  opening  of  the  Spanish  art  loan  exhibition  in  the  City 
of  London,  towards  which  he  had  worked  hard,  the  King  of  Spain 
conferred  upon  him  the  Eoyal  Order  of  Isabella  the  Catholic. 

In  the  spring  of  1907,  Mr.  Eome  had  a  slight  apoplectic  attack, 
from  which  he  was  gradually  recovering  when  bronchitis  super- 
vened, and  after  a  fortnight's  illness  he  died  at  his  country-house, 
on  Sunday,  20th  October,  1907,  in  his  66th  year.  His  connection 
with  this  Society  dated  from  5th  December,  1889.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Howard  Saunders,  E.Z.S.,  died  on  the  22ud  October,  1907, 
at  the  age  of  72,  after  a  long  and  painful  illness.  In  him, 
as  in  so  many  great  naturalists,  the  collecting  instinct  seems  to 


LlJTIfEAN"   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  6 1 

have  shown  itself  at  an  early  age,  for,  while  still  a  pupil  in  a  large 
private  school  at  Rottingdean,  he  is  said  to  have  caused  amuse- 
ment and  amazement  to  his  companions  by  his  earnestness  in  this 
pursuit.  As  a  young  man  he  was  a  great  traveller,  spending 
several  years  in  South  America,  and,  in  18G0,  exploring  the  head- 
waters of  the  Amazon.  He  was,  however,  no  mere  collector,  but 
attained  a  high  position  as  a  scientific  ornithologist.  In  1882 
he  succeeded  the  late  Professor  Newton  as  editor  of  the  fourth 
edition  of  '  Yarreh's  British  Birds,'  and  in  1889  he  brought  out 
his  own  well-known  '  Manual  of  British  Birds.'  He  was  also  the 
author  of  the  Catalogue  of  Gulls  in  the  British  Museum,  aud  of 
various  other  ornithological  memoirs.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
the  work  of  the  scientitic  societies  with  which  he  was  connected, 
serving  on  the  Councils  of  the  Linnean,  the  Zoological,  and  the 
Royal  Geographical  Societies,  and  of  the  British  Ornithologists' 
Union.  For  six  years  he  served  the  British  Association  as 
Honoraiy  Secretary  of  Section  D,  and  for  a  considerable  time  he 
was  a  joint-editor  of  the  '  Ibis.'  His  service  on  the  Council  of  the 
liinnean  Society  comprised  three  separate  periods,  viz,  1883-86, 
1893-96,  1898-1900.  [A.  D.] 

Alexandek  Someeville  was  an  instance  of  an  episode  of  busi- 
ness intervening  in  a  life  mainly  given  to  biologic  studies.  He 
■was  born  at  Glasgow  2otli  March,  1842,  was  educated  at  Glasgow 
Academy  aud  the  University,  passing  thence  into  a  house  of 
business,  Messrs.  J.  H.  Young  &  Co.  In  1865  he  went  to  Cal- 
cutta, in  the  firm  of  Mackinnon  &  Mackenzie  for  fifteen  years, 
but  his  health  suffering  from  the  Calcutta  climate  he  came  home, 
resumed  his  interrupted  studies  at  Glasgow  University,  and 
graduated  as  B.Sc.  on  the  biological  side.  He  had  met  our  late 
i^ellow,  Sylvanus  Hanley,  at  Cannes,  and  was  on  his  initiative 
proposed  and  elected  a  Fellow  on  16th  June,  1881.  For  several 
years  he  worked  at  marine  zoology,  principally  mollusca,  in  which 
group  he  added  several  species  by  dredging  off  the  west  coast  of 
Scotland.  After  this  he  took  to  botany  and  remained  constant  to 
this  pursuit  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 

He  identified  himself  with  local  natural  history  and  associations, 
and  helped  to  procure  support  for  the  Scottish  Marine  Station  at 
Millport.  A  friend  who  was  much  associated  with  him  in  the 
Glasgow  Natural  History  Society  wrote  of  him  : — "  His  sympathies 
religious,  philanthropic,  scientific,  and  social  extended  over  so 
wide  a  field  and  were  manifested  in  so  many  forms  of  active  use- 
fulness, that  his  loss  would  be  far  more  deeply  felt  than  we  can 
ever  know."  He  died  on  5th  June,  1907.  The  writer  is  indebted 
to  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Somerville  for  the  chief  information  recorded 
above  of  his  brother.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Henby  Clifton  Sorby,  LL.D.  (Cantab.),  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.G.S., 
F.Z.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  the  well-known  geologist,  was  a  Fellow  of  the 
Linnean  Society  from  1875  until  the  date  of  his  death  in  March 


62  PEOCEEDIXUS    OF    THE 

1908.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1857  aud 
served  ou  the  Council  from  1876-77,  while  his  eminent  services 
to  science  were  recognised  by  the  award  of  the  Society's  Eoyal 
Medal.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  foundation  of  the 
Sheffield  University,  to  which  he  left  £6500  as  an  endowment  for 
a  Professoi-ship  of  Geology.  He  also  left  ,£15,000  to  the  Eoyal 
Society  for  the  promotion  of  scientific  research  in  connection  with 
the  University  of  Sheffield,  and  £1000  to  the  Geological  Societv. 

[A.  i).] 

AVhilst  his  researches  into  the  structure  of  metals  and  rocks 
led  to  his  scientific  eminence,  he  displayed  almost  a  boyish  eager- 
ness in  depicting  the  marine  organisms  brought  up  by  dredging 
from  his  yacht  '  Glimpse.'  On  more  than  one  occasion  he  has 
exhibited  some  of  his  preparations  at  our  meetings,  and  he  was 
ever  seeking  for  improved  methods  of  mounting  and  displaying 
his  captures.  The  last  paper  he  furnished  to  the  Linnean  Society 
was  printed  in  our  Journal  (Zoology),  xxix.  (1906)  pp.  434-439, 
entitled  "  Xotes  on  some  species  of  Nereis  in  the  District  of  the 
Thames  Estuaiy,"  which  was  read  in  the  absence  of  the  author  on 
1st  March,  1906.  His  last  printed  paper  occupies  seventy  pages 
in  the  '  Quarterly  Journal '  of  the  Geological  Society,  vol.  64, 
n.  254  (1908)  pp.  171-232,  pis.  14-18,  and  in  the  discussion  it 
was  pointed  out  that  it  suggested  new  methods  of  investigation. 

[B.D.J.] 

By  the  death  of  Professor  Chakles  Steavabt,  LL.D.,  F.E.S., 
M.E.C.S.,  the  Linnean  Society  has  lost  one  of  its  most  distin- 
guished Fellows  and  one  who  has  been  largely  identified  with  the 
work  of  the  Society'.  Boi'n  at  Plymouth  in  1840  he  was,  like  his 
father  and  grandfather,  framed  for  the  medical  profession,  obtain- 
ing the  diploma  of  M.E.C.S,  in  1S62.  His  scientific  instincts, 
however,  were  too  strong  to  allow  of  his  remaining  for  long  a 
medical  practitioner,  and  in  1866  he  was  fortunate  enough  to 
obtain  an  appointment  as  Curator  of  the  St.  Thomas's  Hospital 
Museum,  where  he  also  lectured  on  Comparative  Anatomy  and 
Physiology.  The  great  work  of  his  life,  Iiowever,  was  done  in 
connection  with  the  Museum  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons, 
where  he  succeeded  Sir  W.  H.  Flower  as  Conservator,  on  the 
appointment  of  the  latter  to  the  Directorship  of  the  Xatiu-;il 
History  Departments  of  the  British  Museum  in  1S84.  Although 
his  time  was  chiefly  occupied  with  the  arrangement  of  the  Museum 
and  with  the  anatomical  investigations  and  preparations  by  which 
the  Museum  has  so  greatly  benefitted.  Professor  Stewart  neverthe- 
less found  opportunities  of  making  his  influence  felt  as  a  teacher. 
As  Hiaiterian  Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Physiology 
he  lectured  at  the  College,  and  he  was  also  Fullerian  Professor  of 
Physiology  at  the  Eoyal  Institution  for  a  period  of  four  years. 

Although  he  published  little,  his  kno\vledge  of  the  minute 
anatomy  of  both  vertebrate  and  invertebrate  animals  was  extra- 


LINXEAX    SOCIETI    OF    LOXDOX.  6^ 

ordinarily  wide  and  deep,  as  all  must  have  realised  who  heard  Kim 
speak  at  the  meetings  of  the  Linnean  Societj'. 

It  is  gratityins;  to  be  able  to  record  that,  in  spite  of  Professor 
Stewart's  naturally  retiring  and  self-effacing  disposition,  his  work 
\\as  appreciated  even  during  his  lifetime, and  not  only  by  his  large 
circle  of  personal  friends,  but  also  by  the  official  dispensers  of 
scientific  honours.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society 
in  1S9G,  and  received  the  Honorary  Degree  of  LL.D.  from  the 
University  of  Aberdeen  in  1S99.  It  was  with  the  Liuneau  Societv, 
however,  that  he  more  particularly  identified  himself.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Fellowship  as  far  back  as  1SG6,  served  on  the 
Council  from  1875  to  ]877,  and  again  from  1S90  to  1895,  was 
President  from  1890  to  1894,  and  Vice-President  from  1894-1805. 
His  Presidential  Addresses,  which  will  be  found  in  the  '  Pro- 
ceedings '  of  the  Society  for  the  years  mentioned,  dealt  with 
Secondary  Sexual  Characters,  Commensalism  and  Symbiosis,  the 
Sound-producing  Organs  of  Animals,  and  the  Method  of  Loco- 
motion iu  certain  Crabs  and  Gasteropodous  Molluscs.  [A.  D.] 

Lieut.-General  Sir  Eichabd  Strachey,  G.C.S.I.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S., 
who  died  on  the  2nd  February,  1908,  from  influenza,  was  born  at 
Sutton  Court  on  the  24th  July,  1817,  and  iu  1836,  at  the  age  of 
19,  entered  the  service  of  the  Hon,  East  India  Company,  iu  the 
Bombay  Engineers,  was  transferred  to  the  Bengal  Engineers  in 
1839,  and  during  his  residence  in  India  filled  many  impoi-tant 
posts.  He  served  in  the  Sutlej  campaign  of  1845-46,  and 
during  the  Indian  Mutiny  he  was  Secretary  to  the  Government  of 
the  Central  Provinces  ;  from  1875  to  1889  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Council  for  India. 

As  regards  his  work  which  concerns  this  Society,  it  was  practi- 
cally limited  to  a  collection  made  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  J.  E. 
"Winterbottom  in  Kumaon  and  Garhwal,  ^hich  was  largely  named 
by  Sir  Joseph  Hooker,  who  with  Dr.  Thomson  speaks  thus  of  it : — 

"  The  collection  distributed  by  Captain  Strachey  and  Mr, 
Winterbottom  consists  chiefly  of  the  plants  of  Kumaon  and 
Garhwal,  and  of  those  of  the  adjacent  parts  of  Tibet,  Captain 
Eichard  Strachey  was  appointed  by  the  Indian  Government  to 
make  a  scientific  survey  of  the  province  of  Kumaon,  and  was 
occupied  upon  the  task  about  two  years,  during  which  time,  in 
addition  to  the  important  investigations  in  physical  science  which 
occupied  his  attention,  he  thoroughly  explored  the  flora  of  the 
province,  carefully  noting  the  range  of  each  species.  He  was 
joined  by  Mr.  Winterbottom  in  1848,  and  they  travelled  together 
in  Tibet,  Their  joint  collections,  amounting  to  2000  species,  were 
distributed  in  1852-53  to  the  Hookerian  Herbarium,  the  British 
Museum,  the  Linnean  Society,  and  some  foreign  museums  ;  and 
the  scientific  results  are  now  in  the  course  of  publication.  Tlie 
beautiful  preservation  of  the  specimens,  and  the  fullness  and 
accuracy  with  which  they  are  ticketed,  render  this  herbarium  the 
most  valuable  for  its  size  that  has  ever  been  distributed  from 


■64  PBOCEEDI]!fGS   OF   THE 

India  ;  and  we  beg  here  to  record  our  sense  of  the  great  benefit 
that  has  been  rendered  to  botanical  science  by  the  disinterested 
labours  of  these  indefatigable  and  accomplished  collectors." — 
Flora  Indica,  i.  65-66. 

On  Captain  Strachey's  return  home  on  leave,  the  su'm  of  <£500 
was  placed  at  his  disposal  by  the  Hon.  East  India  Company  for 
printing  his  report,  and  the  second  volume  should  have  continued 
with  the  account  of  his  plants  alluded  to  above,  but  as  he  himself 
told  the  writer,  he  was  unversed  in  printing  matters,  the  money 
rapidly  vanished,  and  the  botanic  part  was  never  published,  though 
a  few  copies  were  distributed  privately.  This  catalogue,  in  a 
tabular  form,  is  paged  63-122,  and  was  printed  about  1854 ;  it 
was  afterwards  brought  down  to  date  by  Mr.  J.  F.  Duthie,  F.L.S., 
and  by  him  inserted  as  pp.  403-670  of  E.  T.  Atkinson's  '  Gazetteer 
of  the  N.W.  Provinces  and  Oudh,'  Allahabad,  1876.  Early  in 
1898  Sir  R.  Strachey  was  anxious  that  the  Linnean  Society  should 
make  a  permanent  publication  of  his  work,  and  produced  the 
original  maps  and  profiles  of  the  country  traversed,  together  with 
elaborate  analyses  of  the  constituents  of  the  flora,  in  comparison 
Avith  other  parts  of  Asia  and  of  Europe.  The  Council  considered 
that  such  a  publication  would  require  careful  work  to  bring  it  in 
accordance  with  present  knowledge,  and  the  tabular  form  would 
largely  add  to  the  cost :  these  reasons  induced  Sir  Richard  not  to 
press  it  further  in  that  form,  but  the  idea  was  not  given  up,  for 
about  1903  the  manuscript  was  handed  to  Mr.  Duthie,  who  ulti- 
mately passed  it  through  the  press,  as  : — '  Catalogue  of  the  Plants 
of  Kumaonand  of  the  adjacent  portions  of  Garhwal  and  Tibet,  based 
on  the  collections  made  by  Strachey  and  Winterbottoni  during  the 
years  1846  to  1849,  and  on  the  catalogue  originally  prepared  in 
1852  bv  Lt.-Gren.  Sir  Richard  Strachey,  revised  and  supplemented 
by  J.  F.  Duthie,'  London:  Lovell"  Reeve  &  Co.,  1906.  8vo, 
pp.  vii,  269,  and  one  page  of  corrections.  In  the  introduction  the 
editor  enumerates  the  botanists  who  have  assisted  in  completing 
the  work. 

For  the  two  years  1888-90  Sir  Richard  was  President  of  tlie 
Royal  Geographical  Society  ;  he  was  rarely  seen  in  our  rooms, 
but  on  the  occasion  of  Mr.  Bentham's  retirement  in  1874  from  the 
presidency,  he  took  part  in  restoring  harmony  within  the  Society. 
He  died  at  Hampstead,  as  related  above,  and  was  cremated  at 
Golder's  Green  on  the  15th  February,  1908.  His  election  as 
Fellow  of  this  Society  dated  from  20th  January,  1859. 

It  is  stated  that  no  fewer  than  32  species  and  varieties  of  plants 
discovered  by  him,  bear  his  name  ;  botanically  he  is  commemorated 
by  a  leguminous  plant,  Straclieya  tibetica,  Benth.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Although  the  death  of  William  Thomas  Locke  Tkatebs 
took  place  so  far  back  as  the  26th  April,  1903,  from  the  effects  of 
an  accident,  the  fact  was  not  generally  known  till  recently. 

Born  at  Castleview,  near  Newcastle,  County  Limerick,  on  the 
9th  January,  1819,    he   received    his    education    principally   at 


LIXXEA.y    SOCIETY   OF    LOXDOJf.  65 

St.  Servan  College  in  France.  At  the  age  of  17  he  joined  the 
Spanish  Legion  during  the  Carlist  war,  and  served  also  in  the 
2nd  Eegiment  of  Lancers  till  1839,  during  which  period  he  had 
also  served  as  Aide-de-camp,  and  for  those  services  was  awarded 
the  Grand  Cross  of  the  Order  of  Cambodia.  Eeturning  to  Great 
Britain,  in  1844  he  was  called  to  the  Bar,  and  live  years  after 
emigrated  to  Xelson,  becoming  District  Court  Judge.  Quitting 
that  post,  he  represented  various  constituencies  in  the  Parlia- 
ment of  Xew  Zealand,  from  1854  onwards.  In  1869  he  settled 
in  "Wellington,  and  was  a  chief  promoter  of  the  New  Zealand 
Institute  in  1867,  and  served  as  its  Treasurer ;  he  had  also  a 
principal  share  in  founding  the  Botanic  Garden  in  that  city.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  the  "Wellington  Philosophical 
Society  for  thirty-two  years,  was  five  times  President,  and  was 
about  to  retire  from  that  position  when  his  death  occurred. 

In  biology  he  took  a  keen  but  general  interest,  and  we  find  in 
the  list  of  his  papers  accounts  of  the  birds,  shells,  and  plants  of 
various  parts  of  the  Dominion,  anthropology,  and  cosmic  pheno- 
mena. As  a  botanic  collector,  he  transmitted  plants  to  Eew  from 
1860  to  1880,  and  amongst  them  a  series  of  plants  well-known  as 
Veronica  Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  which  was  introduced  to  cultivation 
n  Britain  about  1873.  The  monotypic  genus  Traversia  is  now 
merged  in  iSenecio  and  the  species  T.  baccharoides  is  now  S.  gemi- 
nahis,  T.  Kirk.  About  a  dozen  other  plants  were  named  after  our 
late  Fellow,  as  the  follo\\ing  list  will  show : — Ranunculus  Traversn 
Hook.  f.  (now  sunk  in  H.  Lyallii,  Hook,  f.),  Drimys  Traversii 
T.  Kirk  (formerly  Hymenanthera  Traversii,  J.  Buch.),  AciijJiyUa 
Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  Olearia  Traversii,  Hook.  f.  (formerly  Euryhia 
Traversii,  F.  Muell.),  Ctlmisia  Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  Gnaplialium 
Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  Senecio  Traversii,  F.  Muell.  (now  sunk  in 
S.  hiUiclioides,  Hook,  f .),  DracopliyUura  Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  Myosotis 
Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  Veronica  Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  mentioned  above 
PimeJea  Traversii,  Hook,  f.,  and  Care:c  Traversii,  T.  Kirk,  now 
considered  conspecific  with  C.  DaUii,  T.  Kirk.  [B.  D.  J.] 

James  Hebbeet  "\^eitch  came  of  the  a\  ell-known  family  of  that 
name,  was  born  at  Chelsea  in  1868,  and  educated  at  Crawford 
College,  Maidenhead,  continued  technically  in  France  and  Germany. 
He  entered  upon  business  in  1885,  then,  when  23  years  of  a»e, 
he  undertook  a  voyage  to  India,  Malaya,  Japan,  Corea,  Australia, 
and  Xew  Zealand,  to  study  the  floras  of  those  regions  and  the 
conditions  of  growth,  with  a  view  to  enrich  the  number  of  culti- 
vated plants  by  additional  species.  During  this  round  he  sent 
letters  to  his  uncle,  Mr.  Harry  James  "V^eitch,  which  were  printed 
in  the  '  Gardeners'  Chronicle '  from  early  in  1892  to  the  end  of 
1893,  describing  the  various  gardens  and  nurseries  he  had  visited. 
He  amplified  and  supplemented  these  letters  after  his  return  home 
in  1893,  and  the  resulting  quarto  volume  appeared  in  1896  as 
'A  Traveller's  Notes.'  In  1898  his  firm  became  a  private  limited 
liability  company,  and  the  subject  of  our  notice,  two  years  later, 
LI>-y.  SOC.  PEOCEEDiyCS. — SESSIOX  1907-1908.  / 


66  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

succeeded  to  the  post  of  Managing  Director,  his  brother,  John 
Gould  Yeitch  the  younger,  being  Secretary.  Soon  after  this, 
Messrs.  Veitch  decided  to  revive  the  old  custom  of  their  house, 
and  dispatched  Mr.  E.  H.  Wilson  to  Chiua,  and  later  to  the 
extreme  west  of  China  and  to  Japan,  resulting  in  a  rich  harvest 
of  novelties,  both  from  the  botanist's  and  the  horticulturist's  point 
of  view.  His  last  work  was  the  compilation  of  the  sumptuous 
'  Hortus  Veitchii,'  1906,  in  which  the  history  of  the  firm  and 
accounts  of  their  numerous  collectors  are  attractively  set  forth. 
He  died  at  the  early  age  of  39,  on  the  13th  November,  1907,  and 
was  buried  at  Exeter,  the  ancestral  home  of  his  race.     [B,  D.  J.] 

John  Eeancis  "Walker,  who  was  elected  Fellow  on  the  17th 
April,  1873,  and  died  at  York  23rd  May,  1907,  was  born  in  that 
city  25th  IS'ovember,  1839,  his  family  having  resided  there  for 
many  generations.  After  his  early  schooldays  at  St.  Peter's  School, 
he  studied  at  Cirencester  College,  and  in  1862  entered  Sidney 
Sussex  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  bracketed  first  in  the  Natural 
Science  Tripos  in  1866.  After  taking  his  degree  he  studied 
chemistry  at  Bonn,  and  after  the  Eranco-German  war  he  returned 
to  this  country,  was  called  to  the  Bar,  but  never  practised.  In 
1882  he  married  and  retired  to  York,  devoting  himself  to  the 
Brachiopoda,  and  especially  the  Mesozoic  Brachiopoda,  of  which 
group  his  knowledge  was  large,  and  to  promoting  the  collections 
of  the  York  Museum,  of  which  he  became  Honorary  Curator. 
Besides  our  own  Society,  he  was  Eellow  of  the  Geological  and 
Chemical  Societies.  He  was  author  of  a  score  of  papers  on 
geological  topics.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Chaeles  Augustus  Wright,  the  third  son  of  John  Wright,  Esq., 
was  born  at  Cumberland  Terrace,  Eegent's  Park,  1834.  He  was 
privately  educated,  and  at  a  comparatively  early  age  accompanied 
his  parents  to  Algiers  and  afterwards  to  Malta,  where  he  resided 
many  years.  He  acted,  from  about  1865  to  1874,  as  correspondent 
for  '  The  Times '  in  the  Mediterranean,  being  also  present  with  a 
small  squadron  detailed  to  watch  British  interests  during  the 
Intransigeante  distui'bances  of  1873  at  Carthagena.  In  the  same 
year  he  participated  in  a  cruise  to  the  Levant  and  the  Dai'danelles  ; 
and  in  1874  he  accompanied  the  Fleet  under  Admiral  Sir  J.  E. 
Drummond,  in  its  expedition  to  the  same  waters.  In  his  younger 
days  a  keen  sportsman,  Mr.  Wright  devoted  himself  to  the 
Natural  History  and  especially  the  Ornithology  of  Malta  while 
he  lived  there  ;  and  his  "  List  of  Birds  observed  in  the  Islands 
of  Malta  and  Gozo,"  commenced  in  the  '  Ibis '  for  1864, 
with  appendices  in  1864-65,  1869,  1870,  1874,  was  made  by 
Dr.  Blasius  the  basis  (\\'ith  full  acknowledgment  of  its  use)  of 
his  "  Ornis  von  Malta  und  Gozo  "  ('  Ornis '  for  August  1895),  and 
was  noticed  by  Dr.  P.  L.  Sclater  in  his  opening  address  to  the 
Biological  Section  of  the  British  Association,  August  25th,  1875, 
pp.  90,  117. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  67 

The  Maltese  Avifauna  possesses  special  interest  in  relation  to 
tilt;  course  and  circumstances  o£  distribution  and  migration  ;  and 
Mr.  Wright's  collection  included  twelve  species  never  previously 
recorded  from  those  Islands,  of  which  two  were  altogether  new  to 
any  part  of  Europe.  Authentic  specimens  of  ten  out  of  the 
twelve  were  presented  by  him  to  the  Italian  National  Museum  at 
Florence,  viz. : — Saxicola  leucopyna,  Saxicola  stapazina  (or  deserti), 
Merops  j>ersicMS,  Caprimulgus  ruficollis,  Bartramia  longicaudata, 
Cypsehis  pcdlidus,  Hoploptems  spinosus,  Aedon  gcdactodes,  Chara- 
drius  fulvics,  and  Enjthrospiza  r/ithaghiea. 

In  the  '  Proceedings '  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,  April 
6th,  1875,  Mr.  Wright  contributed  a  paper  on  the  "  Specific 
Identity  of  the  Weasel  found  in  Malta,"  in  which  it  was  pointed 
out  that  the  Maltese  AVeasel  cannot  be  purely  identified  with  the 
common  Weasel  of  Southern  Italy,  nor  with  the  local  '  Boc- 
camele'  of  Sardinia.  One  of  the  examples  on  which  this  paper 
was  founded  was  presented  to  the  Natural  History  Branch  of  the 
British  Museum  (South  Kensington) ;  and  later,  at  the  request 
of  the  Museum  authorities,  five  more  specimens  of  the  Maltese 
Weasel  were  sent  for  special  examination  from  Mr.  Wright's 
private  collection,  with  the  result  that  the  Maltese  Weasel  has 
been  now  referred  by  Mr.  Oldfield  Thomas  (see  Proceedings  Zool. 
Soc.  London,  Feb.  5th,  1895)  to  the  extra -European  species 
Putoriiis  africaniis,  Desm. 

Mr.  Wright's  attention  was  by  no  means  confined  to  the  higher 
forms  of  animal  life  in  the  Malta  group,  or  to  their  living 
representatives,  and  his  efforts  to  explore  the  fossil  fauna  led  to 
the  discovery  of  remains  of  the  Mastodon  in  the  Lower  Miocene  of 
Gozo,  and  of  Halitherium  also  (see  A.  Leith  Adams  in  Journ. 
Geol.  Soc.  London,  Aug.  1879). 

He  had  also  formed  a  Herbarium  of  the  Flowering  Plants  and 
Ferns  of  Malta,  of  much  interest ;  and  was  an  enthusiastic 
conchologist,  his  fine  collection  being  rich  in  Mediterranean  shells 
particularly. 

Mr.  Wriglit  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  the  Crown 
of  Italy  on  the  22nd  March,  1883,  by  the  late  King  Humbert. 
He  was  elected  on  5th  December,  1878,  as  a  Fellow  of  this 
Society,  and  in  1880  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  British  Ornithologists'  Union,  of 
the  Essex  Field  Club,  and  the  Norwich  Natural  History  Society. 
His  first  contribution  to  the  '  Ibis  '  was  an  account  of  a  visit  to 
Filfila,  an  islet  on  the  south  coast  of  Malta,  in  1863,  and  his  last  a 
letter  on  a  Greenland  Falcon  shot  at  Lewes  in  1883.  For  some 
years  past  Mr.  Wright  resided  at  Kew,  and  though  latterly  much 
crippled  and  often  suffering  from  rheumatic  complaints,  he 
maintained  a  lively  interest  in  various  branches  of  Natural 
History,  and  with  devoted  assistance  from  members  of  his  family 
continued  the  formation  of  a  British  Herbarium,  which  includes 
many  fine  and  interesting  examples  of  our  native  phanerogamic 
flora.     He  lost  no  opportunity  of  learning  from  friends,  so  far  as 

/2 


L 


68  .  PEOCEEDINGS  OP  THE 

health  permitted,  all  that  was  going  on  in  Ornithological  circles^ 
and  among  Systematic  Botanists,  at  the  Zoological  Gardens,  or  at 
the  Linnean  Society  ;  he  was  able  to  take  part  in  the  fourth 
Ornithological  Congress  in  London  in  1905,  and  the  last  public 
function  he  attended  was  the  Evening  Reception  at  the  Eooms  of 
our  own  Society  on  the  7th  June,  1907. 

Our  late  Tellow's  acquaintance  with  the  Island  of  Malta,  its 
people,  languages  and  history,  was  such  as  not  many  have 
acquired :  he  was  a  Vice-President  of  the  local  Archaeological 
Society,  and  in  1874  shared  in  the  discovery,  through  its  efforts,  of 
interesting  remains  of  early  Christian  buildings  uear  Marsa. 

Latterly,  and  especially  in  1907  (which  was  his  seventy-fourth 
year),  repeated  illness  and  the  loss  of  friends,  Charles  Baron  Clarke 
and  Sir  D.  Brandis  particularly,  told  on  Mr.  Wright's  naturally 
vigorous  constitution,  and  an  outdoor  task  which  proved  beyond 
his  strength  resulted  in  an  accident,  producing  injuries  to  which 
he  succumbed  on  the  13th  July,  1907.  One  of  his  last  I'equests 
was  that  a  flowering  spray  from  au  exotic  Latliyrus  which  he  had 
raised  in  his  garden  at  "Kay hough"  (Kew  Gardens),  where  he  had 
lived  since  1876,  should  be  sent  to  a  friend  who  was  interested 
with  himself  in  its  determination.  [J.  E.  Dbummokd.] 


June  4th,  1908. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

On  taking  the  Chair,  Dr.  Scott  thanked  the  Society  for  the 
honour  done  him,  by  his  election  as  President. 

The  Minutes  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  25th  May, 
1908,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

The  President  announced  that  he  had  appointed  the  following 
to  be  Vice-Presidents  during  the  current  Session — Prof.  "W.  A. 
Herdman,  F.E.S.,  Mr.  Horace  W.  Monckton,  Treas.L.S.,  Lieut.- 
Col.  Prain,  P.E.S.,  and  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward,  P.E.S. 

Miss  Ethel  Louise  de  Eraiue  and  Mr.  Joseph  Hubert  Priestley 
were  admitted  Fellows. 

Mr,  Joseph  Pearson,  M.Sc,  was  proposed  as  a  Eellow. 

Mr.  Ernest  Melville  Cutting,  B.A.  (Cantab.),  Mr.  Louis  Charles 
Deverell,  E.G.S.,  Mr.  James  Montagu  Prancis  Drummond,  B.A. 
'Cantab.),  Mr.  Charles  Aubrey  Ealand,  Mr.  Cecil  Hallworth 
Treadgold,  M.A.  (Cantab.),  and  Miss  Grace  Wigglesworth,  M.Sc. 
(Mane),  were  severally  balloted  for  and  elected  PelloAvs. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OP   LONDON.  69 

Mr,  C.  E.  Salmon,  P.L.S,,  exhibited  a  series  of  original  coloured 
drawings,  and  lithographs  from  them,  from  Descourtilz's  '  Ornitho- 
logie  bresilienne.' 

Mr.  F.  Enock,  F.L.S.,  exhibted  a  series  of  lantern-slides 
illustrative  of  the  life-history  of  wood-boring  wasps,  showing 
their  method  of  capturing  prey,  and  storing  the  same  in  their  ex- 
cavated burrows,  with  the  extraordinary  faculty  shown  for  seizing 
the  selected  species  and  no  other,  for  the  food  of  the  future 
larvae.  He  mentioned  that  one  of  the  species  he  had  had  under 
his  own  observation  had  brought  to  its  burrow,  in  one  day, 
27  specimens  of  Tipula  imperialis,  a  species  so  rare  that  he 
himself  had  only  met  with  one  specimen  during  a  series  of 
many  years. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "Note  on  the  Spicules  of   CMrodota  geminifera,  Dendy  & 

Hindle."     By  Prof.  A.  Dendt,  D.Sc,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S. 

2.  "The  Caryophyllaceae  of  Tibet."      By   E.   N.   Williams, 

E.L.S. 

3.  "The  Polychaeta  of  the  Indian  Ocean."'    By  F.  A.  Potts. 

(Communicated  by  J.  Stanley  Gtabdiner,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
F.L.S.) 

4.  "  On  Koomoif/a  cursor  •   a  remarkable  new  type  of  malaco- 

stracous  Crustacea."  By  O.  A.  Saycb.  (Communicated 
by  Dr.  W.  T.  Calman,  F.L.S..  F.Z.S.) 

5.  "  The  Stylasterina  of  the  Indian  Ocean."      By  Dr.  S.  J. 

HiCKsON,  F.E.S.,  and  Miss  Helen  M.  England.  (Com- 
municated by  J.  Stanley  Gardiner,  M.A.,  F.E..S., 
F.L.S.) 

6.  "  A  Contribution  to  the  Mycology  of  South  Africa."     By 

Messrs,  W.  N.  Cheesman,  F.L.S,,  and  T.  Gibbs. 


June  18th,  1908. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair;  afterwards 
Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward,  F.R.S..  V.-P. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  4th  June  were 
read  and  confirmed. 

The  President  referred  to  the  recent  disuse  of  the  Library 
Eecommendation  Book  by  the  Fellows,  the  last  entry  being  nearly 
five  years  old. 

Mr.  Ernest  Melville  Cutting  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 


70  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Miss  Eleanor  Pearse  and  Mr.  James  Moore  Williams  were 
proposed  as  Fellows. 

Miss  Helen  Stuart  Chambers,  B.Sc,  Mr.  K'orman  Gill,  and 
Mr.  Henry  Herbert  Travers  were  severally  balloted'  for  and 
elected  Fellows. 

Mrs.  Habet  GrAT  exhibited  a  volume  of  drawings  of  plants  from 
the  Island  of  Bombay,  part  of  a  series  of  1700  she  had  painted 
during  a  residence  there  of  fourteen  years. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Weight,  A.L.S.,  exhibited  on  behalf  of  Mr.  J.  F. 
DuTHiE,  F.L.S.,  specimens  of  Melitella  imsilki,  a  new  genus 
of  Compositse  descinbed  recently  by  Cav.  Sommier,  from  material 
collected  by  him  in  the  island  of  Gozo,  near  Malta.  Dr.  Stapf> 
Mr.  Worsdell,  and  the  President  joined  in  a  discussion. 

Mr.  W.  C.  WoESDELL,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  a  lax'ge  series  of  seedlings 
of  the  Scarlet  Runner  bean,  Phaseolus  multijiorus,  exhibiting 
artificial  fasciation  induced  by  cutting  away  the  plumule  early  in 
its  growth.  The  President  and  Dr.  Stapf  contributed  some 
remarks,  the  Author  briefly  replying. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  Altitude  and  Distribution  of  Plants  in  Southern  Mexico."' 

By  Dr.  Hans  Gadow,  F.E.S.  (Communicated  by  Dr.  A. 
B.  Rendle,  F.L.S.) 

2.  "  Reports  ou  the  Marine  Biology  of  the  Sudanese  Red  Sea 

from  Collections  made  by  Cyril  Crossland,  M.A.,  B.Sc, 
F.Z.S.,  together  with  Collections  made  in  the  Red  Sea  by 
Dr.  R.  Hartmeyer. — On  the  Bryozoa,  Part  I.  Cheilo- 
stomata."    By  Aethue  Wm.  Watees,  F.L.S. 

3.  "  The  Alg£e  of  the  Tau  Tean  Reservoir."     By  G.  S.  West, 

F.L.S. 

4.  "  On  Gardenia  Thunhergia  and  its  allies."     By  Dr.  Otto 

Staff,  F.R.S.,  Sec.L.S.,  and  J.  Hutchinson. 

5.  "  The  Marine  Algae  collected  in  the  Indian  Ocean  by  H.M.S. 

'  Sealark.' "     By  A.  Gepp,  M. A.,  F.L.S. 

6.  "Nudibranchs    from    the    Red    Sea,    collected   by   Mr.   C. 

Crossland."  By  Sir  Chaeles  Eliot,  K.C.M.G.  (Com- 
municated by  Prof.  Heedman,  F.R.S,,  F.L.S.) 


I 


Linn.  Soc.  Proc.  1907-08.] 


\_To  face  p.  71. 


DARWIN-WALLACE    MEDAL. 
1st  July,  1908. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  7 1 


SPECIAL  GENEEAL  MEETING 

held  on  the  1st  July,  1908,  in  the  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  at  2.30  p.m. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  E.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair, 

The  President  welcomed  the  Delegates  and  other  guests  in  a 
brief  address. 

The  first  award  of  the  Darwin-Wallace  Medal,  specially  struck 
to  commemorate  the  50th  anniversary  of  the  reading  of  the  joint 
papers  by  Charles  Eobert  Darwin  and  Alfred  Eussel  Wallace, 
was  then  made.  The  gold  medal  was  presented  to  the  surviving 
essayist,  Dr.  Wallace,  E.E.S.,  E.L.S.,  the  President  addressing 
him  and  setting  out  the  reasons  which  had  caused  the  Council  to 
hold  this  Special  Meeting,  to  which  Dr.  Wallace  made  a  reply. 

In  succession  the  following  six  received  silver  copies  of  the 
medal,  the  President  in  each  case  reciting  the  claims  of  the 
recipient,  and  each  of  the  medallists  present,  in  turn,  replying. 

Sir  .Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  O.M.,  G.C.S.I.,  E.E.S.,  P.L.S. 

Prof.  Ernst  Haeckel,  E.M.L.S. 

Prof.  Edeard  Strasburger,  E.M.L.S. 

Prof.  August  Weismann,  E.M.L.S. 

Dr.  Francis  Galton,  F.E.S. 

Sir  Edwin  Eat  Lankester,  K.C.B.,  F.E.S.,  E.L.S. 

Profs.  Haeckel  and  Weismann  being  prevented  by  professorial 
duties  from  being  present,  their  medals  were  received  on  their 
behalf  by  Herr  von  Bethmann-Hollweg,  Secretary  of  the  German 
Embassy. 

The  reception  of  the  Delegates  of  Corporate  Bodies  then 
followed.  The  first  group,  consisting  of  representatives  from 
Universities  and  Schools,  was  introduced  by  speeches  from 
Dr.  Francis  Darwin,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S.,  and  Sir  W.  T.  Thiselton- 
Dyer,  K.C.M.G.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S. 

Christ's  College,  Cambridge  :  The  Master,  Dr.  J.  Peile. 
Shrewsbury    School:    The   Chief    Science   Master,   Mr.   C. 

J.  Baker. 
Hertford    Grammar    School :     The    Headmaster,    Mr.    G. 

W.  Kinman,  M.A. 

The  above  College  and  Schools  were  connected  with  the  early 
training  of  Darwin  and  Wallace. 


72  PROCEEDINGS    OP   THE 

The  University  of  Oxford  :  The  Vice-Chancellor,  Dr.  T.  H. 

Warren. 
Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton,  D.Sc,  F.B.S., 

r.L.s. 

„  „  Dr.  A.  H.  Church.      ' 

„  Cambridge  :  Dr.  Francis  Darwin,  F.R.S., 

F.L.S. 
„  St.  ^.ndrews  :  Prof.  P.  E.  Scott  Lang, 

M.  A.,  B.Sc.  (with  address). 
„  Glasgow:   Prof.  J.   Graham  Kerr,  M.A., 

F.L.S. 

„  Aberdeen  :  Lt.-Col.  Prain,  CLE.,  LL.D., 

r.R.S.,F.L.S.(with  address). 

„  Edinburgh :  Prof.  I.  Bayley  Balfour,  M.D., 

F.E.S.,F.L.S.(with  address). 

Dublin  :  Prof.  H.  H.  Dixon,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 

(with  address). 
(Dr.  Dixon  was  unable  through  illness  to 
present  the  addi-ess  himself,  which  was 
done    on    his    behalf    by   the    General 
Secretary.) 
Durham  :  Prof.  M.  C.  Potter,  F.L.S. 
„  London:     Sir    W.    T.    Thiselton  -  Dyer, 

K.C.M.G.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S. 
(with  address). 
„  Manchester:    Prof.   F.   E.  Weiss,  D.Sc, 

F.L.S.  (with  address). 

Wales  :  Prof.  E.  W.  Phillips,  D.Sc,  F.L.S. 

„  Birmingham  :     The   Vice- Chancellor,   Sir 

Oliver  Joseph  Lodge,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 

„  Liverpool :   Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  D.Sc, 

F.E.S.,  Past  President  L.S.  (with  address). 

„  Leeds :  Prof.  V.  H.  Blackman,  ScD.,  F.L.S. 

Sheffield :  Prof.  Denny,  F.L.S. 

University  College,  Bristol :  The  Principal,  Prof.   C.  Lloyd 

Morgan,  F.E.S.  (with  address). 
Nottingham  :  Prof.  J.  W.  Carr,  F.L.S. 

The  second  group  represented  Academies  and  Societies,  and 
M^as  introduced  by  speeches  from  Prof.  Einar  Lonnberg,  Ph.D., 
and  Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  K.C.B.,  Sec.E.S. 

The  Eoyal  Swedish  Academy  of  Science,  Stockholm : 

Prof.  E.  Lonnberg,  Ph.D.  (with  address). 


The  Eoyal  Society :  Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  Iv.C.B. 

The  Society  of  Antiquaries  :  The  Lord  Avebury,  P.C.,  F.E.S., 

F.L.S.  (with  address). 
The  Eoyal  Irish  Academy :  Dr.  E.  F.  Scharff,  F.L.S. 


LIXNEA.:^   SOCIEXr   OF   LOXDOy.  73 

The  Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  :    Mr.  C. 

Bailey,  M.Sc,  F.L.S. 
Tl»e  Eoval  Society  of  Eliuburgh  :    Prof.  D'Arcv  Thompson, 

C.B.,  F.L.S.  (with  address). 
The  Geological  Society  of  London  :    Mr.  W.  H.  Hudleston, 

F.E.S.,  P.L.S. 
The  Cambridge  Philosophical  Society :    Dr,   S,  F.  Harmer, 

F.R.S. 
The  Royal  Astronomical  Society :  The  President,  Mr.  H.  F. 

^^ewall,  F.R.S. 
The  Zoological  Society  of  London  :    Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger, 

F.R.S. 
The   British   Association  :    The   President,    Sir  David  Gill, 

K.C.B.,  F.R.S. 
The    Entomological    Society   of    London:    The    President, 

Mr.  C.  O.  Waterhouse. 

The  Royal  Microscopical  Society :  The  President,  The  Lord 

Aveburv,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.  (with  address). 

The  Chemical  Society  :  'Dr.  Horace  T.  Brown,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 

The   Marine   Biological   Association  :    Mr.   A.    E.    Shipley, 

F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 
The  Malacological  Society :  Mr.  R.  H.  Byrne,  F.Z.S. 


The    British    Academy :     The    President,    Sir    E.    Maunde 

Thompson,  K.C.B.  (with  address). 


The  Lord  Avebubt  then  gave  an  address,  for  which  a  vote  of 
thanks  was  proposed  from  the  Chair,  and  accorded  by  acclamation. 
The  proceedings  then  closed. 


A  dinner  of  the  Fellows  took  place  at  the  Princes'  Restaurant, 
Piccadilly,  at  6.30  p.m.,  at  which  the  following  Medalhsts  and 
Foreign  guests  were  present : — Prof.  Strasburger,  Dr.  Galton, 
Sir  Ray  Lankester,  Prof.  Einar  Lonnberg,  Prof.  Hubrecht,  and 
Prof.  AYarming.     The  total  number  amounted  to  ninety. 

At  9.30  a  reception  was  held  in  the  Rooms  of  the  Society  in 
Burlington  House,  the  guests  being  received  by  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott 
and  Mrs.  Seott.  Various  objects  were  on  view  in  the  Library, 
and  two  lantern  demonstrations  were  given  in  the  Meeting  Room, 
by  Prof.  Seward,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.  "The  Jurassic  Vegetation  of  the 
World — a  Study  in  Plant-Migration,"'  and  by  Dr.  A.  Smith 
Woodward,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  "The  Evolution  of  Mammals  in  South 
America." 

A  full  description  is  given  in  the  special  volume. 


74  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

ABSTEACTS. 

Abstbact  of  Prof.  Weiss's  Paper  on  the  Morphology  of  Stig- 
maria  and  of  its  Appendages  in  Comparison  with  Becent 
Lycopodiales. 

[Eead  5tb  March,  1908.] 

The  opposition  to  the  identification  of  Stirjmaria  as  the  "  root- 
system"  of  Sigillaria  has  gradually  disappeared  owing  to  the 
accumulation  of  evidence  supporting  Binney's  discovery  in  1845 
of  an  organic  connection  between  Stigmaria  and  Sigillaria. 
But  the  recognition  of  this  fact  and  its  subsequent  extension 
to  the  case  of  Lejndodendron  did  not  settle  definitely  the  morpho- 
logical value  of  the  Stigmarian  axis.  It  might  still  be  regarded 
either  as  a  large  bifurcating  root  bearing  lateral  roots  or  as 
an  underground  stem  (rhizome),  in  which  case  its  appendages 
might  be  adventitious  roots  (Scott)  or  leaA'es  modified  to  serve 
absorptive  purposes  (Solms-Laubach),  or  possibly  both  kinds  of 
lateral  organs  might  be  present  (Renault).  Some  recent  obser- 
vations have  tended  to  reopen  the  discussion  of  the  morphology 
of  the  appendages,  particularly  the  recognition  of  peripheral 
"  transfusion  "  tracheids  in  the  Stigmarian  appendages  and  the 
presence  of  a  parichnos-strand  in  these  organs.  But  though  both 
have  their  counterpart  in  the  leaves  of  the  Lepidodendracese,  T  can 
only  see  analogy  and  not  homology  in  these  structures,  and 
believe  their  presence  is  due  to  the  physiological  requirements  of 
the  organs  in  question. 

The  older  objection  to  the  identification  of  the  appendages  as 
rootlets,  namely  their  exogenous  origin,  is  sufficiently  answered 
by  the  fact  that  several  recent  Lycopodiales,  such  as  Phylloglossum 
and  the  young  sporophyte  of  Isoetes,  have  exogenous  roots.  The 
regular  quincuncial  arrangement  of  the  rootlets  similar  to  that  of 
the  leaves  of  the  Lepidodendracese  might  be  explained  by  the  fact 
that  we  know  of  rootlets  placed  close  to  the  base  of  the  leaves  of 
certain  Sigillarige  (Sigillaria  sjnnulosa). 

A  suppression  of  the  leaves  on  the  underground  axis  might 
leave  the  rootlets  with  the  same  arrangement  as  the  leaves  in  the 
aerial  portion  of  the  stem.  These  considerations  and  the  very 
close  agreement  in  structure  of  these  problematical  appendages 
with  the  monarcli  roots  of  Isoetes,  seem  to  me  strong  reasons  for 
regarding  the  Stigmarian  appendages  as  true  roots. 

As  regards  the  axes  on  which  they  were  borne,  their  structure, 
so  different  from  that  of  the  rootlets  and  so  singularly  unlike  the 
roots  of  any  living  plant,  seems  to  prevent  our  regarding  them  as 
main  roots.  Their  cauline  nature  has  been  questioned  on  account 
of  the  difference  in  their  structure  from  that  of  the  aerial  stems  of 
the  Lepidodendracese.  But  recent  evidence  in  confirmation  of 
Renault's  observations  of  the  existence  of  Stigmarice  with  centri- 
petal wood  partially  removes  this  objection.     Still,  in  the  case  of 


LIXNEAN    SOCIETY   OF    LOXDOX. 


75 


the  Lycopodiales  we  are  not  limited  to  the  two  alternatives  root 
or  stem,  since  Goebel  and  Bruchmann  have  shown  that  the 
rhizophores  of  Sdaginella  are  indeterminate  organs  which  can 
develop  either  as  root-bearers  or  as  leafy  shoots.  Their  position 
in  the  young  sporophyte  of  Selaginella  is  very  suggestive  of 
analogy  with  the  Stigmarian  axes,  and  attention  has  been  drawn 
to  this  by  Scott,  Bower,  and  others.  But  the  peculiarly  root-like 
structure  of  these  rhizophores  and  the  fact  that  they  produce 
their  roots  endogenously,  shows  that  they  are  in  Selaginella  very 
highly  specialised.  The  Stigmarian  axes  though  undoubtedly 
analogous  structures  are  more  stem-like  in  their  character  and 
probably  more  primitive.  A  more  useful  comparison  might 
therefore  be  made  between  Stigmaria  and  the  very  primitive 
Phylloglossiim. 

Here  we  have  not  only  exogenous  and  adventitious  roots 
developed  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  (cf.  Sigillaria  spinidosa),  but 
in  similar  positions  one  or  more  outgrowths  are  produced  which 
serve  the  purpose  of  vegetative  reproduction.  But  though 
specialised  for  this  function,  they  are,  I  believe,  of  the  same 
indeterminate  natui'e  as  the  rhizophores  of  Selaginella ;  and  as 
they  show  more  resemblance  to  true  shoots  and  bear  their  roots 
exogenously,  they  are  really  more  closely  analogous  to  the 
Stigmarian  axis.  Organs  of  this  nature  would  probably  have 
bifurcated  in  the  case  of  the  extinct  Lycopodiales,  to  keep  pace 
with  the  physiological  requirements  of  the  branching  main  axis. 
They  may  possibly  possess  the  power  of  forming  under  certain 
conditions  upright  leafy  stems,  which  would  explain  some  structures 
figured  and  described  by  G-rand'Eury  and  others. 

The  conformation  of  the  underground  axes  of  Stigmariojms 
and  the  still  more  pronounced  contraction  of  the  base  of 
Pleuromeia  and  of  Isoetes,  would  be  explained  by  reduction  of 
the  requirements  of  the  plants  so  far  as  root-absorption  was 
concerned. 


ADDITIONS   AND   DONATIONS 

TO   THE 

LIBRARY. 

1907-1908. 


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On  the  Flora  of  Shetland.     Pp.  8.     (Ann.  Scottish  Nat. 

Hist.,  April  1908.)  8vo.  Edinburgh,  1908. 

The  Scape  of  Taraxacum.     Pp.  5.     (Journ.  Bot.  vol.  46.) 

8vo.  London,  1908.     Authoi". 

Belli  (Saverio  Carlo).  See  Mattirolo  (Oreste).  Michele  Antonio 
Piazza  da  A'illafranca  (Piemoute),  &c. 

Benedicks  (Carl).     Linnes  Pluto  Svecicus  och  Beskrifning  iifwer 

o 

stenriket.  See  Uppsala  Univ.  Arsskr.  1907.  Linnefest- 
Skrifter  3. 

Berg  (L.  S.).  Die  Cataphracti  des  Baikal-Sees  (Fara.  Cottidse, 
Cottocomephoridae  und  Comephoridae).  Beitrage  zur  Osteologie 
und  Systeraatik.  Pp.  ii,  75  ;  mit  5  Tafeln  und  15  Abbildungen 
im  Text.    (AVissench.  Ergeb.  Zool.  Exped.  Baikal-Sees,  Liefg.  3.) 

4to.  St.  Petersburg  6f  Berlin,  1907. 


8o  PliOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Bergen. 
Bergens  Museum. 

Aarsberetnicg,  &c.,  1885-91.  8vo.  Bergen,  1886-92. 

\_Conthmed  asi] 
Aarbog  .  .  .  Afhandlinger  og  Aarsberetning,  &c.,  1892^ 

8vo.  Bergen,  lS93-> 

[In  vol.  1887-*-  each  paper  is  separately  paged.] 

Skrifter.     Bd.  V.->  4to.  Bergen,  1894^ 

V.  On  the  DeTelopment  and  Structure  of  the  Whale. — Part  I.  On 

the  DeTelopment  of  the  Dolphin.     By  G.  Guldberg  .  .  .  and 

F.  Nansen.     Pp.  t,  70 ;  pis.  7.  1894. 

VI.  Eeport  on  Norwegian  Marine  Investigations  1895-97.     By  Dr. 

JoiiAN  Hjort,  a.  Noedgaakd,  and  H.  H.  Gran.  1899. 

Turbellaria  ad  Litora  Norvegiae  occidentalia.     Turbellarier 

ved  Norges  Vestkyst,  a£  Olae  S.  Jensen.     Pp.  viii,  97 ; 

8  pis.  col.  4to.  Bergen,  1878. 

Nye   Alcyonider,    Gorgonider    og    Pennatnlider    tilhorende 

Norges  Fauna,  ved  Johan  Koeen  og  D.  C.  Danielssen. 

Pp.  [iv],  xvi,  38  ;  13  pis.  col.  4to.  Bergen,  1883. 

Bidrag  til  Myzostomernes  anatomi  og  histologi,  af  Peidtjof 

Nansen.     Pp.  viii,  80;  9  plates.  4to.  Bergen,  1^S5. 

Hydrographical  and  Biological  Investigations  in  Norwegian 

Piords.     By  A.  Noedgaaed,  1905. 

The  Protist  Plankton  and  the  Diatoms  in  Bottom  Samples. 

By  E.  JoEGENSEN.     Pp.  254 ;  with  21  plates  and  10  figures 

in  the  text.  1905. 

Berger  (Alwin).     See  Engler  (A.).    Das  Pflanzenreich.    Heft  33. 

Liliacese — Asphodeloidese — Aloineae.    Pp.347;  mit  817  Einzel- 

bildern  in  141  Piguren  und  1  Tafel.  1908. 

Berlin  (Karl  Henrik).     Om  de  elektriska  fiskarna.     Akademisk 

Afhandling,     Pp.  18.     8vo.   Upsalu,  1866.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 

Bernard   (Charles).      Notes    de   Pathologie   Vegetale. — II,    Sur 

quelqiies  maladies  de  Citrus,  sp.,  Castilloa  eJastica,  Tliea  assamica, 

Oreodoxa  regia,  &c.     Pp.  55 ;  plates  3.     (Bull.  Depart.  Agric. 

Indes  Neerl.  no.  xi.)  8vo.  Buitenzorg,  1907. 

III,  Sur  quelqnes  maladies  des  Plantes  a  Caoutchouc. 

.   Pp.  ii,  79  ;  plates  2.    (Bull.  Depart.  Agric.  Indes  Neerl.  no.  xii.) 

8vo.  Buitenzorg,  1907. 
Betankande  rtirande  atgiirder  till  skydd  for  v§rt  lands  natur  och 
naturminnesmarken    afgifvet    af    inom    Kungl.    Jordbruksde- 
partementet  for  jindamalet  tillkallade  Sakkunnige. 

4to.  StoclJiolm,  1907. 
See  also  Stockholm,  Kungl.  Jordbruksdepartementet. 
Bibliotheca  Botanica  (continued). 

Heft  66.     Magee  (Hans).      Beitrage  zur  Anatomic  der  physiologischen 
Scheiden  der  Pteridophyten.     Pp.  58  ;  Tafeln  4.     1907. 
,    67.     Pascher  (Adolf).     Studieu  liber  die  Schwarmer  einiger  Silss- 

wasseralgen.     Pp.  115  ;  mit  8  Tafehi.     1907. 
,,    68.     Mattiiiesen  (Franz).   Beitrage  zur  Xenntnis  der  Podostemaceen. 

Pp.  65 ;  mit  9  Tafeln  und  1  Abbild.  im  Text.     1908. 
„    69.     Heinzerling  (Otto).     Der  Ban  der  Diatomeenzelle  mit  beson- 
derer  Beriicksichtigung  der  ergastischen  Gebilde  mid  der 
Eeziehung  des  Banes  zur  Systematik.    Pp.  88:  mit  3  Tafeln. 
1908. 


I 


LnflfEAN"  SOCIETY  OF  LONDOX.  8 1 

Bibliotheca  Zoologica  (continued). 

Eand  XX.     Heft  52.     BR.iE.vi  (Fritz).      Die  gescblechtliche    Entwickelmig 
von  Fredericella  sultana,  nebst  Beobachtimgen  iiber 
die  weitere  Lebensgescbicbte  der  Kolonien.  Pp.  37; 
plates  7,  1  text-figure.     1908. 
„  „     53.     HiLZHEiMER  (Max).     Beitrag  zur  Kenntnis  der  nord- 

afrikanischen  Schakale,  nebst  Bemerkungen  iiber 
deren  Yerbaltniszu  den  Hausbunden,  insbesoudere 
uordafi'ikanischen  uiid  altagvptiscben  Hunde- 
rassen.  Pp.  Ill;  mit  10  Tafeln  und  4  Tabellen. 
190S. 

Blaiiford  (William  Thomas).  The  Fauna  of  British  India,  in- 
cluding Ceylon  and  Burma  .  .  .  Edited  by  W.  T.  Bl.v>"ford 
(and  afterwards  by  Lieut. -Col.  C.  T.  Bingham). 

8vo.  London,  &c.,  1888-1908. 
Mammalia.    By  W.  T.  Blanford.     1888. 
Bird.s.    Vols.  L,  II.     By  E.  W.  Gates.     1889-90. 

Vols.  III.,  IV.     By  W.  T.  Blanfobd.     1895-98. 
Eeptilia  and  Batracbia.     By  G.  A.  Boulenger.     1890. 
Fishes.     By  F.  Day.     2  vols.     1889. 
Hymeuoptera.     Vol.    I.  Wasps  and  Bees. 

Vol.  II.  Ants  and  Cuckoo- Wasps. 

By  Lt.-Col.  C.  T.  Bingham.     1897-1903. 
Motbs.    By  G.  F.  Hajipson.     4  vols.     1892-96. 
Araebnida.     Bv  E.  I.  Pocock.     1900. 
Ebynebota.     By  W.  L.  Distant.     4  vols.     1902-1908. 
Butterflies.    By  Lt.-Col.  C.  T.  Bingham.     2  vols.     1905-1907. 
Coleoptera.     Vol.    I.  Cerarabycida;.     By  C.  J.  Gahan.     1906. 

Vol.  II.  Ckrysomelidne.     By  Martin  Jacoby. 
MoUusca.     Testacellidffi  and  Zonitidie.     By  the  late  W.  T.  Blanford, 
and  Lieut.-Col.  H.  H.  Godwin-Austen.     19US. 

Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council. 
Bloxam  (W.  Topplewell)  and  others.     Eeport  to  the  Government 

of  India,  containing  an  Account   of  the  Research  "Work  on 

Indigo,  performed   in   the  University   of    Leeds,  1905-1907. 

Pp.  117.  8vo.  London,  1908. 

Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council. 

Blytt  (Axel).     Handbog  i  Korges  Tlora.    Efter  Forfatterens  Dod 

afsluttet  og  udgivet  ved  Ove  Dahl.     Pp.  xi,  780 ;  mid   661 

illustrationer.  8vo.   Chrutiania,  1902-1906. 

Bohuslanske  Fiskarne,  Beskrifning   ofver,   utgifven   af   Kongl. 

Yettenskaps  och  A'itterhets  Samhallet  i  Gotheborg.     (Handl. 

Delen  iv.)  8vo.  Gotliehorg,  1821.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 

Bolting  (Gustaf).      Klassifakion  och  diagnostik  af  de  oorganis- 

erade   viixt-    och    djur-iimnen,    som    tillhora    farmakognosien. 

Forra  delen.     Akademisk  Afhandling.     Pp.  32. 

8vo.  Stoclchohn,  1867.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
Boodle  (Leonard  Alfred).      See  Solereder  (Hans).      Systematic 

Anatomy  of  the  Dicotyledons.  1908. 

Borgert   (Adolf).      See    Plankton-Expedition.      Die    Tripyleen 

Eadiolarien  :  ConcharidcC. 
Bbrgesen  (Frederik  C.   E.).     The  Marine  Alg^e  of  the  Fseroes. 

Pp.  204,  and  map.     (Botany  of  the  Faeroes,  Part  ii.  pp.  339- 

532.)  8vo.   Copenhagen,  1902 

lAT<rS.  see.  PEOCEEDIKGS. — SESSIOX  1907-1908.  g 


82  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Borgesen  (Frederik  C  E.).  Om  Algevegetatioaen  ved  Faer^ernes 
Kyster ;  en  Plantegeografisk  Undersogelse.  Pp.  iv,  122 ;  Taf . 
12,  &  map.     (Botany  of  the  Faeroes,  Part  iii.) 

8vo.   Copenhagen,  1904. 

Contributions  a  la  Connaissauce  du  G-enre  SiphoriodaduSy 

Schmitz.      Pp.   33,  figs.   13.      (Overs.   Kgl.  Danske  Vidensk. 
Selsk.,  Porh.  1905,  no.  3.)  8vo.   Copenhagen,  1905. 

An  Ecological  and  Systematic  Account  of  the  Caulerpas  of 


the  West  Indies.     Pp.  56,  figs.  31.     (Kgl.  Danske  Vid.  Selsk. 

Skrifter,  7  Etekke,  Afd.  iv.  5.)  4to.   Copenhagen,  1907. 

—     The  Dasycladaceas  of  the  Danish  West  Indies.     Pp.  13, 

figs.  8.     (Bot.  Tidsskr.  xsviii.)  Svo.  Copenhagen,  1908. 

Gardening   and   Tree-planting   in  the   PsRroes.      Pp.  17, 


figs.  7.     (Botany  of  the  Pceroes,  pp.  1027-1043). 

Svo.  Copenliagen,  1908.     Author. 
Borgesen  (Frederik  C.  E.)  and  Jensen  (Christian  C.  0.).     Utoft 
Hedeplantage  en  floristisk  Undersogelse  af  et  stvrke  Hede  i 
Vestjylland.      Pp.  45,  figs.   15.     (Bot.  Tidsskr.  Bd".  26,  Heft  2, 
pp.  177-220.)  8vo.  Copenhagen,  1904.     F.  Borgesen. 

Borgesen  (Frederik  C.  E.)  and  Jonsson  (Helgi).  The  Distri- 
bution of  the  Marine  Algae  of  the  Arctic  Sea  and  of  the 
Northernmost  Part  of  the  Atlantic.  Pp.  xxviii.  (Botany  of 
the  Faeroes,  Part  iii.  Append,  i-xxviii.) 

Svo.   Copenhagen,  1905.     F.  Borgesen. 
Borgesen  (Frederik  C.  E.)  and  Paulsen  (Ove).     Om  Vegetationen 
paa  de  Dansk-Yestindiske  Oer.     Pp.  113  ;  tav.  11,  figs.  43. 

Svo.  Kjobenhavn,  1898.     F.  Borgesen. 

[Also  in  French,  Eev.  G6ner.  Bot.  xii.] 
Borgstrom   (Ernst).     Ueber  Echinorhynchus  turbineUa,  hrevicollis 
und    porrigeiis.      Inaugural-Dissertation.      Pp.     60 ;    Taf.    5. 
(Bih.  Kongl.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Handl.  xvii.  Afd.  iv.  No.  10.) 

Svo.  Stockholm,  1895.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
Bovallius    (Carl).       Om    Balanidernas   Utveckling.     Akademisk 
Afhandling.     Pp.  44 ;  Taf.  5. 

Svo.  SiocMohn,  1875.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
Braem  (Fritz).     Die  geschlechtliche  Entwickelung  von  Frederi- 
cella  sidtana,  nebst  Beobachtungen  iiber  die   weitere  Lebens- 
geschichte  der  Kolonien.      Pp.  37 ;    plates    7,    1  text-figure. 
(Zoologica,  Bd.  xx.  Heft  52.)  4to.  Shdtgart,  1908. 

Brattstrom  (Julius).  Om  Kraniet  och  Skuldergordeln  hos 
Murcena  anguilla  Linn.      Akademisk  Afhandling.     Pp.  31. 

Svo.  Upsala,  1875.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
British  Museum  {continued). 

National  Antarctic  Expedition  (SS.  '  Discovery  ')  1901-1904:— 
Natural  History.     Vol.  I.  Geology.     (Field- Geology  :  Petro- 
graphy). 

Vol.    II.  Zoology.     (Vertebrata  :  Mollusca  :  Crustacea.) 

Vol.  III.  Zoology  and  Botany.     (Invertebrata  :  Marine 

Algae,  Musci.)  4to.  London,  1907. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY   OP    LONDON".  83 

I.  Field  Geology.     By  H.  T.  Farrer. 

Plant  Remains,     By  E.  A.  Newell  Auuer. 
Rock-specimens.     By  G.  T.  Piuoi!. 
ir.  Mammalia  (Whales  and  Seals).     By  Edward  A.  Wilson. 
Aves.     By  Edward  A.  Wilson. 
Anatomy  of  the  Emperor  and  Adelie  Penguins.     By  W.  P. 

Pycrapt. 
Pisces.     By  G.  A.  Biulexger. 
Cephalodiscus.     By  W.  G.  Ridewood. 
Cephalopoda.     By  W.  E.  Hoylk. 
Gastropoda.     By  Edgar  A.  Smith. 
Amphineura.     By  Edgar  A.  Smith. 
Nudibranchiata.     By  Sir  Oiiakles  Eliot. 
Lamellibranchiata.     By  Edg.4.r  A.  Smith. 
Brachiopoda.     Bj'  Edgar  A.  Smith. 

Decapoda.|      By  w.  T.  C.ilmax. 
Cumacea.    J  "' 

III,  On  Collecting  in  Antarctic  Seas,     By  T.  V.  Hodgso.v. 
Pteropoda.     By  Sir  Charles  Eliot, 
Amphipoda.     By  A.  O.  Walker. 
Leptostraca,     By  Dr.  J.  Tiiiele. 
Ostracoda,     By  Prof.  G.  S.  Brady. 
Oirripedia.     By  W.  A.  Gruvel. 
Pycnogonida.     By  W.  T.  V.  HoofisoN. 
Acari.     By  Dr.  E.  L.  Tkouessart. 
Cha2tognatha.     By  Dr.  E.  Herbert  Fowler, 
Nematoda.     By  Dr.  Otto  v.  Linstow. 
Cestoda.     By  Arthur  E.  Shipley, 
Alcyonaria,     By  Prof.  Sydney  J.  Hickson. 
Hydroid  Zoophytes.     By  Prof.  Sydney  J.  Hickson  and 

F.  H.  Gravely. 
Tentacles  of  a  Siphonophore,     By  Dr.  John  Rennie, 
Porifera  Hexactiuellida,     By  W.  R.  Kirkpatrick. 
Marine  Algas.     PhaophycetB  and  Floride^e.     By  A.  and 
Mr.s."E.  S.  Gepp. 
„  ,,  Corallinaceiie.     By  M.  Foslie, 

„  „  Musci.     By  Jules  Cardot, 

Insects — Dipteea. 

A  Monograph  of  the  Culicidfe  or  Mosquitoes  ;  mainly  compiled 
from  Collections  received  at  the  British  Museum.  By 
Frederick  Y,  Theobald,  Vol.  IV.  Pp.  xix,  639  ;  plates  1(5, 
with  297  figures  in  text.  8vo.  London,  1907. 

GUIDE-BOOKS. 

Guide  to  the  Great  Game  Animals  (Ungulata)  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Zoology,  British  Museum  (Natural  History),  By 
R.  Ltdekker,     Pp,  viii,  93  ;  figs.  52.        8vo.  London,  1907. 

A  Guide  to  the  Fossil  Invertebrate  Animals  in  the  Department 
of  Geology  and  Palaeontology  in  the  British  Museum  (Natural 
History).  By  Francis  Arthur  Bather,  and  others. 
Pp.  ix,  182 ;  with  7  plates  and  96  text-figures. 

Svo.  London,  1907. 

•Guide  to  the  Specimens  of  the  Horse  Family  (Equidae).  [By 
E.  Ltdekker.]     Pp.  42,  with  26  figs.        Svo.  London,  1907. 

a2 


64  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

A  Guide  to  the  Domesticated  Animals  (other  than  Horses). 

[By  E.  Ltdekkeb.]     Pp.  54,  with  24  figs. 

8vo.  London,  1908. 
A    Guide   to   the   Elephants   (Eecent   and   Fossil).      [By  Dr. 

Chaeles  "W.  Andrews,]     Pp.  46,  with  31  text-figures.' 

8vo.  London,  1908. 
Guide  to  the  Gallery  of  Pishes,  &c.     [By  Dr.  "W.  G.  Eidewood.] 

Pp.  V,  209  ;  illustr.  by  96  figs.  "         8vo.  Lovdon,  1908. 

A  Guide  to  the  Exhibited  Series  of  Insects.      Pp.  57,  with 

62  illustrations.  8vo.  London,  1908. 

Britten  (James).  See  Rendle  (Alfred  Barton).  Notes  on  the 
'List  of  British  Seed-Plants.'— II.  pp.  13.  1907. 

Brotherns  (Victor  Ferdinand).  Enumeratio  Muscorum  Caucasi. 
Pp.  V,  170.     (Acta  Soc.  Sei.  Pennicse,  six.  No.  12.) 

4to.  Helsingfors,  1892.     Trustees  Brit.  Mus. 
Briinn. 
Natnrforschender  Verein. 

Ergebnisse  der  phaenologischen  Beobachtungen  aus  Mahren 

und  Schlesien  im  Jahre  1905.     Pp.  16.    8vo.  Briinn,  1907. 

Brussels  :  Institut  Botanique  de  I'Universite  de  Liege.    See  Liege. 

Bulletin  duDepartement  de  I'Agriculture  aux  Indes  Ne'erlandaises. 

No.  X.  8vo.  Buitenzorg,  1907.     Director. 

X.  Plantje  Papuana?,  Ton  Dr.  Theodokic  Valeton.     Pp.  70.     1907. 

Burlingham  (Gertrude  Simmons).  A  Study  of  the  Lactarise  of 
the  United  States.  Pp.  109;  figs.  15.  (Mem.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club,  xiv,  no.  1.)  8vo.  New  Yorl;  1908. 

Calcutta. 

Indian  Museum. 

Eecords.       Vol.  I.  parts  1-3.  roy.  8vo.  Calcutta,  1907-> 

Memoirs.     Vol,  I,  part  1.  4to,   Calcutta,  1907^ 

Calcutta,     See  Plague  Commission. 

Cameron  (John)  of  Bangalore.  List  of  Botanical  Drawings,  in 
Water  Colours,  in  the  Collection  of  the  State  Botanical 
Gardens,  Lai  Bagh,  Bangalore.     Pp.  ii,  56. 

8vo.  Bangalore,  1907.     Author. 
Candolle  (Anne  Casimir  Pyramus  de).     A  Eevision  of  the  Indo- 
Malayan  Species  of  Cedrela.     Pp.  23.     (Eec.  Bot.  Surv.  India, 
vol.  iii.  no.  4.)  8vo.   Ccdcutta,  1908. 

Carlgren  (Oskar).    Studien  liber  Nordische  Actinien.  I.    Inaugural- 
Dissertation.      Pp.    148,   Taf.    10.       (Kongl.  Sv.   Vet.-Akad. 
Hand],  xxv,  no.  10.)     4to.  Stoclcliolm,  1893.     Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
Carr  (John  Wesley).     Nottinghamshire  Eungi.     Pp.  17.     (Proc. 
Nottingh.  Nat,  Soc.  for  1897-98.) 

8vo.  Nottingham,  1898.     Author. 
Carson  (Madeline),     On  the  Assimilatory  Tissue  of  Mangrove 
Seedlings.     Pp.  6,  figs,  3,     (New  Phytol.  vi.  nos.  6  &  7.) 

8vo.  London,  1907.     Author. 


LIXXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  85 

Castle  (William  E.)-  See  MacCurdy  (Hansford).  Selection  aud 
Cross-breeding  in  Relation  to  the  Inheritance  of  Coat-pigaients 
aud  Coat-patterns  in  Rats  and  Gainea-pigs.  1907. 

Cepele  (C).  See  Giard  (Alfred).  Sur  la  ponte  de  la  Morne  dans 
le  sud  de  la  mer  dii  Xord.     Pp.  5.  1907 

Chapman  (Frederick).  Report  on  Pleistocene  Microzoa  from  a 
Boring  in  the  Bed  of  the  Buffalo  River,  Eist  London.  Pp.  12, 
with  one  text-figure.     (Rec.  Albany  Mas.  vol.  ii.  no.  1.) 

Svo.   Graliamstoivn,  1907. 

A  Monograph  of  the  Sihirian  Bivalved  Mollusca  of  Victoria. 

Pp.  62 ;  plates  6.     (Metn.  Xat.  Mas.  Melbourne,  no.  ii.) 

•Ito.  Melbourne,  1908.     Author. 
Chapman  (Frederick)  and  Pritchard  (George  B.).     Fossil  Pish 
Remains  from  the  Tertiaries  of  Australia.     Part  II.     Pp.  17 ; 
plates  4.     (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Victoria,  n.  s.  xx.  pt.  1.) 

Svo.  Melbourne,  1907.     F.  Chapman. 
Chodat    (Robert).        ]S'ouvelles    Recherches    sur    les    Ferments 
Oxydants.     (Arch.  Sci.  Phys.  jSTat.  4  set.,  xxiii.,  xxiv.) 

Svo.  Geneve,  1907.     R.  Chodat. 

I.  Sur    le    mode    cVaction    de    li    Tyrosinase,  par    R.    Chodat    et 

W.  Staub.     1907. 
II.  Sur  le  partage  dans  Taction  de  la  Peroxjdass  en  presence  de  la 
Catalase,  jjar  R.  Chodat  et  J.  Pas.manik.     1907. 
III.  La  specificite  de  la  Tyrosiuase  et  son  action  sur  les  produits  de  la 
degradation  des  corps  proteiques,  par  R.  Chodat  et  W.  Staub. 
1907. 

Principes  de  Botanique.      Pp.  vii,  714,  avec  S29  gravures 

dans  le  texte.  Svo.  Geneve,  1907.     Author. 

Chodat  (Robert)  and  Hassler  (Einile).  Plantae  Hassleriancne,  soit 
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Hansen    (Emil  Christian).      Ueber  die   totende   Wirkuug   des 

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Univ.  of  Uppsala. 

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8vo.  Bellinzona,  1908.     Dr.  Hans  Schinz. 

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die  Saiumlung  iin  Koiiigl.  Museum  zu  Berlin,  herausgegeben 

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Janczewski    (Edouard     de).       Monographie     des     Groseilliers 

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Jensen  (Christian  C.  0.).     See  Borgesen  (Frederik  C.  E.).     Utoft 

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Johnston  (Sir  Harry  Hamilton).     Liberia.      With  an  Appendix 

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8vo.  London,  1906. 
Vol.  I.  Pp.  sxviii,  520.     Col.  illustr.  1-12. 
Black  and  white  illustr.  1-208. 
Separate  Maps  1-4. 
Maps  in  front  1-15. 
Tol.  II.  Pp.  XV,  521-1183. 
Col.  illustr.  13-28. 
Black  and  wliite  illustr.  209-426. 
Maps  in  text  16-18. 

Jones  (Lynds).  The  Development  of  Nestling  Feathers.  Pp.  18  ; 
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8vo.  Oberlin  (Ohio),  1907. 

Jonsson  (Helgi).  See  Borgesen  (Frederik  C.  E.).  The  Distri- 
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Jorgensen  (Eugen)  and  Nordgaard  (0.).  Hydrographical  and 
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Jost  (Ludwig).  Lectures  on  Plant  Physiology.  Authorized 
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Journal  of  Botany.     Vol.  46.  Svo.  London,  1907. 

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Jukes-Browne  (Alfred  John)  and  Else  (W.  J.).  A  List  of 
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Karny  (H.).  Eevisio  Conocephalidarum.  Pp.  114 ;  figs.  21. 
(Abh.  K.K.  zool.-bot.  Ges.  "Wien,  iv.  Hefb  3.)    4to.  Wien,  1907. 

Keimard  (Alfred  Santer)  and  Woodward  (Bernard  Barham). 
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Holocene  Deposits  of  tlie  Thames  Valley.  P.  1.  (Proc. 
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On  the  Non-Marine  Mollusca  from  the  Holocene  Deposits 

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On    the    occurrence    of    Neritina     grateloupJana,    Fer. 


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Notes  on  the  Post-Piocene  Mollusca  of  the  Mylue  Collection. 


Pp.  3.     (Proc.  Malacol.  Soc.  vii.  Part  6.)        8vo.  London,  1907. 

Notes  on  some  Holocene  Shells  from  Ightham.      Pp.  2. 

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B.  B.  Woodward. 
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8vo.  London,  1902. 
[Printed  (except  Preface)  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only.] 
Hand-list  of  Trees  and    Shrubs,  excluding  Coniferse,  grown 
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8vo.  London,  1902, 
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Hand-list    of     Coniferse     grown     in     the     Eoyal    Botanic 
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8vo.  London,  1903. 
[Printed  (except  Preface)  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only.] 
Hand-list    of    Orchids    Cultivated    in    the  Eoyal    Botanic 
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[Printed  (except  Preface)  on  one  side  of  the  paper  only.] 
Hand-list  of  Ferns  and  Fern  Allies  Cultivated  in  the  Eoyal 
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8vo.  Ijondon,  1906. 
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Official    Guide    to    the    Museums   of     Economic    Botany. 
No.  1.    Dicotyledons.     Third  Edition.     Pp.  236. 

8vo.  London,  1907. 

No.  2.     Monocotyledons  and  Cryptogams.    Pp.  109. 

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Director. 


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Bidrag  till  kannedomen  om  de  inom  Sverige  och  Norrige 

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Bidrag  till   kannedomen  om  underfamiljen  Lysianassina 

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Zoologiska    Studier.      Festskrift    WiLHELii    Lilljeborg 


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Xinnaniemi  (Walter  M.  Axelson).  Die  Apterygotenfauna  Fin- 
lands.  I.  AUgemeiner  Teil.  Akademischer  Abhandlung.  Pp.xii, 
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Univ.  of  Uppsala. 

Xinne  (Carl  von).     Caroli  Linnaei  Catalogus  Plantarum  Eariorum 

Scaniae  item  Catalogus  Plantarum  Eariorum  Smolandiae  1728. 

Manuscriptum  Auctoris  quod  in  Bibliotbeca  Degeeriana  Leuf- 

stadien^i  adseryatur  arte  photolithographica  expressum. 

8vo.  Bolmia',  1907.     Baron  Carl  de  Geer. 

Caroli  Linnaei  Hortus  L^plandicus  1730.    Manuscriptum 

Auctoris  quod  in  Bibliotbeca  Degeeriana  Leufstadiensi  adser- 
vatur  arte  pbotolitbographica  expressum. 

4to.  Hohnite,  1907.     Baron  Carl  de  Gear. 
Caroli  Linnaei  Adonis  Uplandicus  1731.     Manuscriptum 


Auctoris  quod  in  Bibliotbeca  Degeeriana  Leufstadiensi  adser- 
vatur  arte  photolithographica  expressum. 

4to.  Holmice,  1907.  Baron  Carl  de  Geer. 
—  A  Photolitbograpbic  Letter  of  C.  Linnreus  to  Dr.  M.  Chr. 
Gottl.  Ludwig,  in  Leipzig.  Lugdunum  Batavorum,  Oct.  22, 
1737.  Dr.  Xars  Aksel  Andersson. 

Hortus  Uplandicus    med    inledning  och    forlilaringar    af 


Th.  M.  Fkies.     Inbjudningsskrift,  &c.     8vo.   Upsala,  1899. 

Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
—     See  Hnlth  (J.  M.).     Bibliographia  Linnaeaua. 


LINN.  SOC.  PROCEEDINGS. SESSION  1907-1908.  ll 


gS  PEOCEEDIJfGS   OF    THE 

Linnes  Minne.  Ivviide  och  Tal  vid  K.  Vetenskaps-  och  Yetter- 
hets-Samhallets,  Gciteborgs  Hogskolas  och  Goteborgs  Lakare- 
siillskaps  Geraensamma  Fest  till  Linnes  Minne  den  23  Maj 
1907.  8vo.  Goteborr/,  1907.     Goteborg's  Stadsbibliothek. 

Contents: —  ^^  i 

Linne  i  Goteborg  den  13  Juli,  1746,  af  A.  U,  Baatii.     Pp.  7. 
Tal.  af  LuDviG  Stayenow.     Pp.  12. 
Tal,  af  LrDviG  Wolff.     Pp.  20. 

Linsbauer  (Karl).     Sec  Wiesner-Festschrift,  1908. 
Lisbon. 

Societe  Portugaise  de  Sciences  Naturelles, 

Bulletin.     Yol.  I.  fasc.  1.  8vo.  Lisbonne,  1907^ 

Liverpool. 

Liverpool  Marine  Biology  Committee. 

Memoirs  on  Typical  British  Marine  Plants  and  Animals. 
Edited  by  W.  A.  Heedman.     I.-XYI. 

8vo.  Liverpool,  1899-1908. 

XVI.  Cancer.     By  Joseph  Pearson.     Pp.  viii,  209 ;  plates  13,  and 
13  figs,  in  the  test.     1908. 

Marine  Biological  Station  at  Port  Erin  (Isle  of  Man),  &c. 
Annual  Eeport,  21.  8vo.  LiverpooJ,  1907. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman. 
London. 

British  Academy. 

Proceedings,  3903-04,  1905-1906.       8yo.  London,  1904-06. 
Geological  Society. 

The   History   of   the  Geological    Society  of   London.      By 
HoEACE  BoLiNGBEOKE  "WooDWAED.      Pp.  xis,  336  ;  illus- 
trations 27.  8vo.  London,  1907.     Council  Geol.  Soc. 
Holmesdale  Natural  History  Club,  Eeigate. 

Proceedings  for  the  Tears  1881-83,  1888-1905. 

8vo.  London  S,-  Beigate,  1884-1906.     C.  E.  Salmon. 
Royal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England. 

Descriptive  and  Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Physiological 
Series  of  Comparative  Anatomy  contained  in  the  Museum 
of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of  England.  Second 
Edition.     [By  Chaeles  Stewaet.]     3  vols. 

8vo.  London,  1900-1907. 
I.  Pp.  1,  160;  plates  14,  figs.  5.     1900. 
II.  Pp.  ix,  618  ;  figs.  254.     1902. 
III.  Pp.  siii,  391 ;  figs.  54.     [By  E.  H.  Burne.]     1907. 

Catalogue  of  the  Specimens  illustrating  the  Osteology  and 
Dentition  of  Yertebrated  Animals,  Eecent  and  Extinct,  con- 
tained in  the  Museum  of  the  Eoyal  College  of  Surgeons  of 
England.  By  William  Hekrt  Eloavee.  Second  Edition. 
[By  CH.UILES  Stewaet.]  Part  I.  Man :  Homo  sapietis, 
Linn.     Pp.  xxvi,  433.  8vo.  London,  1907. 

Annual  Eeport  on  the  Museum  by  the  Conservator,  Aethue 
Keith.     Pp.  14.  8vo.  London,  1908. 

The  jN"ubian  Pathological  Collection.  Presented  by  the  Survey 
Department  of  the  Egvptian  Government.     Pp.  5. 

8vo.  London,  1908. 


IINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF    LONDON.  99 

Lonnberg  (Axel  Johan  Einar).  Anatomische  Studieu  iiber  Skau- 
dinaviscbe  Cestodeu.  Inaugural-DissertatioD.  Pp.  109,  Taf.  3. 
(Kgl.  Sv.  Vet.-Akad.  Hand),  xxiv.  no.  6.)     8vo.  Stockholm,  1891. 

Undersokningar  rorande  Oresuuds  djurlif.     Pp.  76  &  map. 

(Meddel.  Kongl.  Landtbruksst,  No.  I.  ur  1898-1899.) 

8vo.   Ui>2)sala,  1898-1899. 
Clava   glomerata   mihi,  eine  anscheineiid   neue  Hydroide. 


Pp.  2.     (Zool.  Anz.  xsii.)  8vo.  Leipzig,  1899. 

Univ.  of  Uppsala. 
—    Caroli  Linnaei.    Methodus  Avium  Sveticaram.    See  Uppsala 

Univ.  Arsskr.  1907.     Linncfest-Skrifter,  5. 

Wissenschaftliche  Ergebuisse  der  Schwedischen  Zoologischen 


Expedition  nach  dem  Kilimandjaro  dem  Meru  und  den  um- 
gebenden  Massaisteppen  Dentsch-Ostafrikas  1905-1906,  unter 
LeituDg  von  Prof.  Dr.TNGVE  Sjostedt.  2.  Mammals.  By  E.  L. 
Pp.  58,  with  7  plates.  4to.   Uppsala,  1908.    Author. 

Lotsy  (John  Pieter).  Vorlesungen  iiber  Deszendenztheorien  mit 
besonderer  Beriicksichtigiing  der  Botanischen  Seite  der  Erage, 
gehalten  an  der  Eeichsuniversitat  zu  Leiden.     2  Teile. 

Eoy.  8vo.  Jena,  1906-1908. 
I.  Pp.  xii,  1-380,  Literaturverz  381-384,  Taf.  1-2,  figs.  1-124.     1906. 
II.  Pp.  Ti,  381-799,  Taf.  3-15,  figs.  125-225.     1908. 

Vortrage  iiber  Botanische  Stammesgeschichte  gehalten  an 

der  Eeichsuniversitat  zu  Leiden.  Eiu  Lehrbucli  der  Pflanzen- 
systematik.     Band  I.  8vo.  Jena,  1907. 

I.  Algen  und  Pilze.    Pp.  iv,  828 ;  mit  430  Abbildungen  im  Text.    1907. 
Lundherg  (Fredrik).      Bidrag  till  cifversigt  af  Sveriges  Ichthyo- 
logiska  Literatur.     Akademisk  Afhandling.     Pp.  xviii,  56. 

8vo.  Stocl-liolm,  1872.    Univ.  of  Stockholm. 
Lydekker  (Eichard).     See  British  Museum,  Guide-Books.    Guide 
to  the  Great  Game  Animals  (Ungulata)  in  the  Department  of 
Zoology,  Bi'itish  Museum  (jN'atural  History),  1907. 

— —     A  Guide  to  the  Horse  Eamily  (Equidse),  1907. 

A  Guide  to  the  Domesticated  Animals  (other  than 

Horses).     1908. 

McAtee  (W.  L.).  Birds  that  eat  Scale  Lisects.  Pp.  12.  (Yearb. 
Dept.  of  Agric.  1906.)  8vo.   Washington,  1907. 

Eood  Habits  of  the  Grosbeaks.     Pp.  92,  plates  4,  &  40  figs, 

(U.S.  Dept.  of  Agric,  Bureau  Biol.  Surv.  Bull.  No.  32.) 

8vo.  Washington,  1908.  Author. 
MacCurdy  (Hansford)  aud  Castle  (William  E.).  Selection  and 
Cross-breeding  in  Relation  to  the  Inheritance  of  Coat-pigments 
and  Coat-patterns  in  Rats  and  Guinea-pigs.  Pp.  50,  plates  2, 
figs.  5,  and  32  Tables.  (Carnegie  Inst.  Washington,  Public. 
Ko.  70.)  8vo.  Washington,  1907.     Authors. 

McDill  (John  E.).  See  Wherry  (William  B.).  Notes  on  a  Case  of 
Haematochyluria,  together  with  some  Observations  on  the  Mor- 
phology of  the  Embryo  Nematode  Filaria  nocturna.  Pp.  1-14, 
and  2  plates.     (Bui'eau  Govt.  Laboratories,  Bull.  31.) 

8vo.  Manila,  1905. 
h2 


lOO  PEOCEE  DINGS   OP    THE 

MacDougal  (Daniel  Trembly).  Heredity  and  Environic  Forces  ; 
an  Address  delivered  before  the  Section  of  Botany,  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Chicago  Meeting, 
December  30,  1907-January  4,  1908.     Pp.  11. 

8vo.   Washington,' 1907. 

Tbe  Desert  Basins  of  the  Colorado  Delta.     With  Map  by 

Godfrey  Stkes.     Pp.  25,  with  1  map  and  10  figs.    (Bull.  Amer. 
Geogr.  Sec.  Dec.  1907.)  8vo.  New  Tori;  1907. 

Report  of  the  Department  of  Botanical  Eesearch.     Pp.  18, 


and  5  plates.     (Fifth  Yearbook  Carnegie  Inst,  pages  119-135  ; 
plates  8-12.)  8vo.  Washington,  1907. 

JDr.  B.  Daydon  Jackson. 

MacDougal  (Daniel  Trembly),  Vail  (Anna  Murray),  and  Shull 
(George  H.).  Mutations,  Variations,  and  Relationsbips  of  the 
Oenotheras.  Pp.  92;  plates  22,  figs.  71.  (Carnegie  Inst,  of 
Washington,  Public.  'No.  81.  Papers  of  the  Station  for  Exper. 
Evol.  No.  9.)  8vo.    Washington,  D.C.,  1907. 

Macfarlane  (John  M.).  See  Engler  (A.).  Das  Pflanzenreich. 
Heft  34.  SarraceniacesB.  Pp.  38 ;  mit  43  Einzelbildern  in  10 
Pigui'en,  und  einer  Doppeltafel.     1908. 

McGregor  (Richard  C).  I.  Birds  from  the  Islands  of  Romblon, 
Sibuyan,  and  Cresta  de  Gallo.  II.  Further  Notes  on  Birds 
from  Ticao,  Cuyo,  Culion,  Calayan,  Lubaug,  and  Luzon.  Pp.  24  ; 
plates  10.     (Bureau  Govt.  Laboratories,  Bull.  25.) 

8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

McGregor  (Richard  C.)  and  Worcester  (Dean  C).  A  Hand-List 
of  tbe  Birds  of  tbe  Philippine  Islands.  Pp.  123.  (Bureau 
Govt.  Laboratories,  Bull.  36.)  8vo.  Manila,  1906. 

Mcintosh  (WUliam  Carmichael).  Scientific  Work  in  tbe  Sea- 
Fisheries.     Lecture  II.     Pp.  20.     (Zoologist,  1907.) 

8vo.  London,  1907. 

Notes  from  tbe  Gatty  Marine  Laboratory,  St.  Andrews, 

No.  XXVIII.    Pp.  17 ;  plates  3.    (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  7, 
vol.  XX.)  8vo.  London,  1907.     Author. 

Madras. 

Government  Museum. 

Catalogue  of  the  Prehistoric  Antiquities.     By  Robert  Bruce 

FooTE.     Pp.  six,  131 ;  plates  35.  8vo.  Madras,  1901. 

Mager  (Hans).    Beitriige  zur  Anatomie  der  pbvsiologiscben  Schei- 

den  der  Pteridophyten.    Pp.  58,  Tafeln  4.    (Bibl.  Bot.  Heft  66.) 

4to.  Stuttgart,  1907. 

Maiden  (Joseph  Henry).      A   Critical    Revision  of    tbe   Genus 

Eucalyptus.     Part  9.  4to.  Sydney,  1907.     Author. 

See  Sydney.     Botanic  Gardens  and  Government  Domains. 

Report,  1907. 

Manila. 

Department  of  the  Interior. 

Bureau  of  Government  Laboratories.     Nos.  8, 17,  25,  27,  28, 

29,  31,  35,  36.  8vo.  2Ianila,  1903-1906. 

No.  8.  A  Dictionary  of  the  Plant  Names  of  the  Philippine  Islands.     By 

Elmer  D.  Merrill.     Pp.  193.  8vo.  Manila,  1903. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDOK.  10 1 

No.  17.  New  or  Noteworthy  Philippine   Plants,   II.     By  Elmer   D. 

Merrill.     Pp.  47  ;  plates  y.  8vo.  Manila,  1904. 

No.  25.  I.  Birds  from  the  Islands  of  Komblon,  Sibuyan,  and  Cresta  de 

Gallo. 

II.  Further  Notes  on  Birds  from  Ticao,  Cuyo,  Culion,  Calajan, 

Lubang,  and  Luzon.     By  Richard  C.  McGregor.    Pp.  24 ; 

plates  10.  8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

No.  27.  A  Review  of  the  Identifications  of  tlie  Species  described   in 

Blanco's  '  Flora  de  Filipinas.'     By  Elmer  D.  Merrill. 

8vo.  Manila,  1905. 
No,  28.  I.  The  Polrpodiacea  of  the  Philippine  Islands.     Pp.  1-140. 

11.  New  Species  of  Edible  Philippine  Fungi.      Pp.  140-146; 
plates  3.    By  Edwin  Bingham  Copeland. 

8vo.  Manila,  1905. 
No.  29.  I.  New  or  Noteworthy  Philippine  Plants,  III.     Pp.  1-50. 

II.  The  Source  of   Manila  Elemi.     Pp.  51-62.     By  Elmer  D. 
Merrill.  8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

No.  31.  I.  Notes  on  a  Case  of  Hamatochyluria,  together  with  some  Ob- 
servations on  the  Morphology  of  tiie  Embryo  Nematode 
Filaria  nocturna.  By  William  B.  Wherry  and  John  R. 
McDill.  Pp.  1-14 ;  plates  1  &  2.  1905. 
II.  A  Search  into  the  Nitrate  and  Nitrite  Contents  of  Witte's 
"  Peptone."     By  William  B.  Wherry.     Pp.  17-26. 

8to.  Manila,  1905. 

No.  35.  I.  New  or  Noteworthy  Philippine  Plants,  IV".    Pp.  1-68.    1905. 

II.  Notes  on  Cuming's  Philippine  Plants  in  the  Herbarium  of 

the  Bureau  of  G-overnment  Laboratories.     By  Elmer  D. 

Merrill.     Pp.  69-78.     1905. 

III.  Notes  on  Philippine  Gramiueje.    By  E.  Hackel.    Pp.  79-82. 

1905. 

IV.  Scitamineas  Philippinenses.     By  H.  N.  Ridley.     Pp.  83-83. 

V.  Philippine  Acanthacete.     By  C.  B.  Clarke.    Pp.  89-93. 

8to.  Manila,  1905. 
No.  36.  A  Hand-List  of  the  Birds  of   the  Philippine  Islands.      By 
Richard  C.  McGregor  and  Dean  C.  Worcester.     Pp.  123. 

Bureau   of  Forestry.      Director,  Major  George  P.   Aheen. 
Bulletin  Xo.  7.  8vo.  Manila,  1907. 

No.  7.  A  Preliminary  Check  List  of  the  Principal  Commei-cial  Timbers 
of  the  Philippine  Islands.     By  H.  N.  Whitford.     Pp.  45. 

8vo.  Manila,  1907. 

Mann  (Albert).     Report  on  the  Diatoms  of  the  Albatross  Voyages 

in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  1888-1904.     (Contrib.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb. 

X.  pt.  5.)  Svo.    Washington,  1907. 

Matthiesen  (Franz).     Beitrage  zur  Kenntnis  der  Podostemaceen. 

Pp.  55  ;  mit  9  Tafeln  und  1  Abbild.  im  Text.     (Bibl.  Bot.,  Heft 

68.)  4to.  Stuttgart,  1908. 

Mattirolo  (Oreste).     Gli  Autoptici  di  Carlo  Vittadini  e  la  loro 

importanza  nello  studio  della  idnologia.     Pp.  7.     (Atti  Congr. 

Nat.  Ital.  Milano,  15-19  Settembre  1906.)    Svo.  Milano,  1907. 

Sujla   opportunita    di   conservare   il    nome    Generico   di 

"  Rea  "  (Bertero)  in  luogo  di  quello  di  "  Dendroseris  "  (Don). 
Pp.  11.    (Atti  E.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  vol.  42.)   8vo.  ToHno,  1907. 

Parole    pronunziate    nell'    Archiginnasio    di    Bologna   il 

12  Giugno  1907  in  occasione  delle  Onoranze  perlJLissE  Aldro- 
VAXDi  nel  III.  centenario  dalla  sua  morto.  Pp.  4.  (Atti  E. 
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102  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Mattirolo  (Oreste).  La  Flora  Segusina  dopo  2;li  Studii  di  Gr.  1\  Ee. 
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Pp.  86.     (Mem.  E.  Accad.  Sci.  Torino,  Serie  II.  vol.  58.) 

4to.  Torino,  1907.     Author. 

and  Belli  (Saverio  Carlo).     Michele  Antonio  Plazz!a  da 

Yillafranca  (Piemonte)  e  la  sua  opera  in  Sardegna  1748-1791. 
Con  lettera  di  A.  Tabamelli.  Pp.  28.  (Mem.  E.  Accad.  Sci. 
Torino,  Serie  II.  vol.  56.)  4to.  Torino,  1906.  0.  Mattirolo. 
Maxwell-Lefroy  (Harold).  A  Preliminary  Account  of  the  Biting 
Flies  of  India.  Pp.  iii,  45;  plates  4  and  32  text-figures. 
(Bull.  Agric.  Eesearch  Inst.  Pusa,  n.  7.)  8vo.  Calcutta,  1907. 
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Victoria.      By  Arthur  Smith  Woodward.     Pp.  32 ;    plates  11. 

190B. 

II.  Chapman   (Frederick).      A   Monograph  of  the   Silurian  Bivalvecl 

Mollusca  of  Victoria.     Pp.  62  ;  plates  6.     1908. 

Menegaux  (Auguste).     Les  Laboratoires  maritimes.     Le  Labora- 

toire  de   Wimereux.      Pp.  19 :  plates  6.     (Bull.  Inst.  Gener. 

Psychol.,  Anne'eY.  no.  6.)  8vo.  Paris,  1905.     Author. 

Merril  (George  P.).    Catalogue  of  the  Type  and  Figured  Specimens 

of  Fossils,  Minerals,  Eocks,  and  Ores.   Part  II.      (Bull.  U.S. 

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Merrill  (Elmer  D.).     A  Dictionary  of  the  Plant  Names  of  the 

Philippine  Islands.    Pp.  193.    (Bureau  Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  8.) 

8vo.  Manila,  1903. 

New   or    Noteworthy   Philippine   Plants.   II.      Pp.   47. 

(Bureau  Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  17.)  8vo.  Manila,  1904. 

A  Eeview  of  the  Identification  of  the  Species  described  in 

Blanco's  '  Flora  Filipinas,'     (Bureau  Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  27.) 

8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

New  or  Noteworth}^  Philippine   Plants.  III.     Pp.  1-50. 

(Bureau  Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  29.)  8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

The    Source    of    Manila   Elemi.     Pp.   51-62.       (Bureau 

Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  29.)  8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

— —     New  or  Noteworthy  Philippine  Plants.    lY.      Pp.  1-68. 
(Bureau  Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  35.)  8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

Notes  on  Cuming's  Philippine  Plants  in  the  Herbarium  of 


the  Bureau  of  Government  Laboratories.     Pp.  69-78.     (Bureau 
Govt.  Laborat.,  Bull.  35.)  8vo.  Manila,  1905. 

Miller  (Gerrit  S.).     The  Families  and  Genera  of  Bats.     Pp.  xvii, 
282 ;  plates  14,  figs.  49.     (Bull.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  no.  57.) 

8vo.   Washington,  1907. 
Miller  (Philip).     Gardener's  Dictionary.     Seventh  Edition. 

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Mottier  (David   M.)-      Fecundation  in   Plants.      Pp.  viii,  187 ; 

tigs,  75.     (Carnegie  Inst.  Washington,  Public.  15.) 

8vo.    Wasliinrjton,  1904. 
Nansen  (Fridtjof ).     Bidrag  til  Myzostomemes  anatomi  og  histo- 

logi.     See  Bergens  Museum.  4to.  1885. 

On  the  Development  and  Structure  o£  the  "Whale.    Part  I. 

On  the  Development  of  the  Dolphin.     See  Bergen  Museums, 
Skrifter,  Bd.  V.  4to.  1894. 

National  Antarctic  Expedition,  1901-1904.  See  British  Museum 
(Natural  History). 

Neuweiler  (E.).  See  Heierli  (Jakob).  Das  Kesslerloch  bei 
Thaingeu. 

Newstead  (Robert).  Preliminary  Eeport  on  the  Habits,  Life- 
cycle,  and  Breeding  Places  of  the  Common  House-fly  {Musca 
domestica,  Linn.),  as  observed  in  the  City  of  Liverpool,  with 
Suggestions  as  to  the  best  means  of  Checking  its  Increase. 
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I04  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

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Univ.  of  Uppsala. 


I06  PROCEEDIKGS   OF   THE 

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I08  PEOCEEDINGS   Or   THE 

Sherbom  (Charles  Davies)  and  Woodward  (Bernard  Barham). 
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LIIfNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  IO9 

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Director. 


^J 


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LIXNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  II5 

Zetterstedt  (Johan  Emanuel).     Om  viixtgeographiens  studiuDi. 

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Dr.  Hans  Schinz. 


t'Z 


Il6  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


BENEFACTIONS. 

List  in  accordance  with  Bye-Laws,  Chap.  XVII.  Sect.  1,  of  all 
Donations  of  the  amount  or  value  of  Ttventy-five  pounds  and 
upivards.       .  ' 

1790. 
The  Et.  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart. 

Cost  of  Copper  and  engraving  of  the  plates  o£  the  first  volume 
of  Transactions,  20  in  number. 
The  same :  Medallion  of  C.  von  Linne,  by  C.  E.  Inlander. 

1796. 

The  same :  a  large  collection  of  books. 

1800. 

Subscription  towards  the  Charter,  ,£295  4s.  6d. 

Claudius  Stephen  Hunter,  Esq.,  E.L.S.  (Gratuitous  professional 
services  in  securing  the  Charter). 

1802. 

Dr.  Richard  Pultene3\ 

His  collections,  and  o£200  Stock. 
Aylmer  Bourke  Lambert,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  Henry  Seymer. 

1804. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart. 

His  collection  of  Insects. 

1807. 

Richard  Anthony  Salisbury,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  D.  C.  Solander,  by  J.  Zoffany. 

1811. 
Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bart. 

His  collection  of  Shells. 
Mrs.  Pulteney. 

Portrait  of  Dr.  R.  Pulteney,  by  S.  Beach. 

1814. 

Joseph  Sabine,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  C.  von  Linne,  after  A.  Eoslin,  reversed. 
Dr.  John  Sims. 

Portrait  of  Dr.  Trew. 

1818. 

Subscription  of  £215  6s.  for  Caley's  Zoological  Collection. 


LINKEAK   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  II7 

1819. 

The  Medical  Society  of  Stockholm. 

A  medalUon  of  Liunseus  in  alabaster. 

1822. 
Bust  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  by  Sir  F.  Chantrej,  E.A. 
Subscription  of  the  Fellows. 

1825. 

The  late  Natural  Historv  Society. 

£190,  3i  Stock. 
Bust  of  Sir  James  Edward  Smith,  P.L.S.,  by  Sir  F.  Chantrey, 
E.A.,  by  Subscribers. 

1829. 
Subscription   for    the   purchase   of   the    Linnean   and    Smithian 
Collections,  £1593  8s. 

1830. 
Sir  Thomas  G-rey  Cullum,  Bart. 
£100  Bond  given  up. 

1832. 
The  Honourable  East  India  Company. 

East  Indian  Herbarium  (Wallichian  Collection). 

1833. 

Subscription  for  Cabinets  and  mounting  the  East  Indian  Herbarium, 
£315  Us. 

1835. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Eobert  Brown,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill,  E.A. 

1836. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Edward  Forster,  by  Eden  Upton  Eddis. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Archibald  Menziea,  by  E.  U.  Eddis. 

1837. 

Subscription   portrait   of   Alexander   MacLeay,    by   Sir   Thomas 
Lawrence,  P.E.A, 

1838. 
Collections  and  Correspondence  of  Nathaniel  John  Winch. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Wallich,  by  John  Lucas,  presented  by 
Mrs.  Smith,  of  Hull. 

1839. 
Subscription  portrait  of  William  Tarrell,  by  Mrs.  Carpenter. 

1842. 
David  Don :  herbarium  of  woods  and  fruits. 
Archibald  Menzies :  bequest  of  £100,  subject  to  legacy  duty. 
Portrait  of  John  Ebenezer  Bicheno,  by  E.  U.  Eddis,  presented  by 
Mr.  Bicheno. 


Il8  PEOCEEDIXGS   OF   THE 

1843. 

Subscription  in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the  Society,  £994  3s. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  William  Jackson  Hooker,  by  S.  Gam- 
bardella. 

1845. 
Microscope  presented  by  Subscribers. 

1846. 
Joseph  Janson :  £100  legacy,  free  of  duty,  and  two  cabinets. 

1847. 
[Bequest  of  £200  in  trust,  by  Edward  Rudge  ;  declined  for  reasons 
set  forth  in  Proceedings,  i.  pp.  315-317.] 

1849. 

Portrait  of  Sir  J.  Banks,  Bart.,  by  T.  Phillips,  E.A.,  presented  by 
Capt.  Sir  E.  Home,  Bart.,  R.N. 

1850. 

Subscription  portrait   of   the   Rt.   Rev.   Edward  Stanley,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Norwich,  by  J.  H.  Maguire. 

1853. 

Portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  by  L.  Pasch,  presented  by  Robert 

Brown. 
Pastel  portrait  of  A.  B.  Lambert,  by  John  Russell,  presented  by 

Robert  Brown. 

1854. 
Professor  Thomas  Bell,  £105. 

1857. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  T.Bell,  P.L.S.,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill, 

R.A. 
Thomas  Corbyn  Janson  :  two  cabinets  to  hold  the  collection  of 

fruits  and  seeds. 
Pleasance,  Lady  Smith :  Correspondence  of  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  in 

19  volumes. 

1858. 
Subscription    portrait  of  Nathaniel   Bagshaw   Ward,   by   J.   P. 

Knight. 
Subscription  for  removal  to  Burlington  House,  £1108  15s. 
Biography  of  Carl  von  Linne,  and  letters  to  Bishop  Menander, 

presented  by  Miss  Wray. 
Dr.  Horsfield's  Javan  plants,  presented  by  the  Court  of  Directors 

of  the  Hon.  East  India  Company. 
Dr.  Perdinand  von  Mueller's  Australian  and  Tasmanian  plants, 

including  many  types. 

1859. 
Books   from  the  library  of  Robert  Brown,  presented  by  J.   J. 

Bennett,  Sec.L.S. 
Robert  Brown  :  bequest  of  two  bonds  given  up,  £200. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  II9 

1861. 
Subscription  bust  of  Eobert  Brown,  by  Peter  Slater. 
Collection  of  birds'  eggs,  bequeathed  by  John  Drew  Salmon,  F.L.S. 

1863. 

The   Linnean   Club :    presentation   bust    of    Prof.   T.   Bell,   by 
P.  Slater. 

1863. 
Subscription  portrait  of  John  Joseph  Bennett,  by  E.  U.  Eddis. 

1864. 
Beriah  Botfield,  Esq. :  Legacy,  <£40  less  Duty. 

1865. 

Executors  of  Sir  J.  W.  Hooker,  <£100. 

George  Bentham,  Esq. :  cost  of  10  plates  for  his  "  Tropical  Leguini- 
nosae,"  Trans,  vol.  xxv. 

1866. 
Dr.  Friedrich  "Welwitsch  :  Illustrations  of  his  '  Sertum  Angolense,' 
£130. 

1867. 
George  Bentham,  Esq. :  General  Index  to  Transactions,  vols,  i.-xxv. 
Royal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  G.  S.  Brady  on  British  Ostracoda, 
£80, 

1869. 
Carved  rhinoceros  horn  from  Lady  Smith,  formerly  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Carl  von  Linue. 

1874. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Bentham,  by  Lowes  Dickinson. 
George  Bentham,  Esq.,  for  expenditure  on  Library,  o£o0. 

1875. 

Legacy  from  James  Tates,  £50  free  of  Duty. 
Daniel  Hanbury,  £100  less  Duty. 


)j         j> 


1876. 

Legacy  of  the  late  Thomas  Corbyn  Janson,  £200. 

,,  „         „    Charles  Lambert,  £500. 

George  Bentham,  Esq. :    General  Index   to    Transactions,    vols. 
xxvi.-xxx. 

1878. 
Subscription  portrait  of  John  Claudius  Loudon,  by  J.  Linuell. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Eev.  Miles  Joseph  Bei'kely,  by  James 
Peel. 

1879. 
Rev.  George  Henslow  and  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker :    Contribution  to 
illustrations,  £35. 


120  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

1880. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  cost  of  setting  up 
Dr.  Aitcbison's  paper,  £'66. 

1881. 
George  Bentham,  Esq.,  special  donation,  £25. 
The  same:  towards  Richard  Kippist's  pension,  <£50. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  George  Jackson  Mivart,  by  Miss  Solomon; 
presented  by  Mrs.  Mivart. 

1882. 

Executors  of  the  late  Frederick  Currey  :  a  large  selection  of  books. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Charles  Eobert  Darwin,  hv  Hon.  John 

Collier. 
The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  publication 

of  Dr.  Aitchison's  second  paper  on  the  Elora  of  the  Kurrum 

Valley,  =£60. 

1883. 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart,  (afterwards  Lord  Avebury). 

Portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  ascribed  to  M.  Hallman. 
Philip  Henry  Gosse,  Esq. :  towards  cost  of  illustrating  his  paper, 

£25. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  Mr.  P.  H.  Gosse's  paper,  £50. 
Sophia  Grover,  Harriet  Grover,  Emily  Grover,  and  Charles  Ehret 

Grover :  11  letters  from  Carl  von  Linne  to  G.  D.  Ehret. 

1885. 

Executors  of  the  late  George  Bentham,  ,£567  lis.  2d. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Busk,  by  his  daughter  Marian 

Busk. 

1886. 
A  large  selection  of  books  from  the  library  of  the  late  Spencer 

Thomas  Cobbold  (a  bequest  for  a  medal  was  declined). 
Sir  George  MacLeay,  Bart. :   MSS.  of  Alexander  MacLeay  and 

portrait  of  Rev.  William  Ivirby. 

1887. 

William  Davidson,  Esq. :  1st  and  2nd  instalments  of  grant  in  aid  of 

publication,  £50. 
Erancis  Blackwell  Eorbes,  Esq.,  in  aid  of  Chinese  Elora,  £25. 

1888. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  iu  Council:  Grant  in  aid  ot 
publication  of  results  of  the  Afghan  Boundary  Delimitation 
Expedition,  £150. 

Dr.  J.  E.  T.  Aitchison,  towards  the  same,  £25. 

Trustees  of  the  Indian  Museum  :  Mergui  Archipelago  report,  for 
publication  in  Journal,  £135. 

Dr.  John  Anderson,  for  the  same,  £60. 

Wm.  Davidson,  Esq. :  3rd  and  last  instalment,  £25. 


LINNEAIf   SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  121 

1889. 

Bronze  copy  of  model  for  Statue  of  C.  von  Linnd,  bv  J.  F.  Kjellberg ; 
presented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1890. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  Delimitation 

Expedition  report,  ^200. 
Oak  table  for  Meeting  Eoom,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  Iv.C.S.I.,  by 

Hubert  Herkomer,  E.A. 
Executors  of  the  late  John  Ball,  Esq. :  a  large  selection  of  books. 
An  anonymous  douor,  .£30. 
Colonel  Sir  Henry  CoUett,  K.C.B.,  towards  the  publication  of  his 

Shan  States  collections,  £50. 

1891. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart.  [Lord  Avebury], 

by  Leslie  Ward. 
George  Frederick  Scott  Elliot,  Esq.,  towards  cost  of  his  Madagascar 

paper,  £60. 

1892. 
Dr.  Richard  Charles  Alexander  Prior :  for  projection  lantern,  £50. 

1893. 

The  Executors  of  Lord  Arthur  Russell:  his  collection  of  portraits 

of  naturalists. 
Electric  light  installation :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1894. 
Algernon  Peckover,  Esq.,  Legacy,  £100  free  of  Duty. 
Miss  Emma  Swan,  "  Westwood  Bequest,"  £250. 

1896. 

Clock  and  supports  in  Meeting  Eoom,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp, 
Esq. 

1897. 
William  Carruthers,  Esq. :  Collection  of  engravings  and  photo- 
graphs of  portraits  of  Carl  von  Linne. 
•  Eoval  Society  :  Grant  towards  publication  of  paper  by  the  late 

'  John  Ball,  £60. 
Subscription   porti-ait   of   Professor    George   James    Allman,  by 
Marian  Busk. 

1898. 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bart. :    Contribution  towards  his  paper   on 

Stipules,  £4.3  14s.  M. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Contribution  towards  F.  J.  Cole's  paper,  £50. 
„         „  „  ,,         Murray&Blackman's  paper,. 

£80! 
„         „  „  „         Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 

.,         .,  „  „         Forsyth  Major's  paper,  £50. 


122  PKOCEEDENGS   OF   THE 

1899. 

A.  C.  Harmsworfch,  Esq.  [Lord  jN^orthcliffe] :  Contribution  towards 

cost  of  plates,  ^43. 
Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  E.  T,  Giinther's  paper 

on  Lake  Urmi,  <£50.  , 

1901. 

Hon.  Charles  Ellis,  Hon.  Walter  Eothschild,  and  the  Bentham 

Trustees  :  The  Correspondence  of  William  Swainson. 
Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  F.  Chapman's  paper  on 

Funafuti  Foraminifera,  ^50. 
Prof.  E.  Eay  Lankester :  Contribution  towards  illustration,  :£30  os. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  G.  J.  Mivart ;  presented  by  Mrs,  Mivart. 

1903. 

Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  toward  Dr.  Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 
Legacy  from  the  late  Dr.  E.  C.  A.  Prior,  £100  free  of  duty. 
Mrs.    Sladen:   Posthumous  Portrait   of   the   late   Walter   Percy 
Sladeu,  by  H.  T.  Wells,  E.A. 

B.  Arthur  Bensley,  Esq. :  Contribution  to  his  paper,  £44. 

1904. 

Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  third  volume  of  the  Chinese  Flora, 

£120. 
Supplementary  Eoyal  Charter  :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1905. 

Eoyal  Society  :  First  grant  in  aid  of  Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler's  '  Biscavan 

Plankton/  £50. 
Executors   of  the   late  G.  B.  Buckton,  Esq. :   Contribution  for 

colouring  plates  of  his  paper,  £26. 

1906. 

Eoyal  Society  :  Second  grant  towards  '  Biscayan  Plankton,'  £50. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  S.  H.  Vines,  by  Hon.  John  Collier. 
Eoyal  Swedish  Academy  of  Science:   Copies  of  portraits  of  C.von 

Linne,  after  Per  Krafft  the   elder,  and  A.  Eoshn,  by  Jean 

Haagen. 

1907. 

Eoyal  University  of  Uppsala  :  Copy  by  Jean  Haagen  of  portrait  of 

C.  V.  Linne,  by  J.  H.  Scheffel  (1739). 
Eoyal  Society  :  Third  and  final  gi-ant  towards  'Biscayan  Plankton,' 

£50. 
The  Trustees  of  the  Percy  Sladen  Memorial  Fund :  First  grant 

towards  publication   of  Mr.    Stanley  Gardiner's  Eesearches 

in  the  Indian  Ocean  in  H.M.S.  '  Sealark,'  £200. 


LlXXE.\2f   SOCIETY   OF   LOXDOX.  1 23 

1908. 

Prof.  Gustaf  Eetzius  :  Plaster  cast  of  bust  of  Carl  von  Linne, 
modelled  by  "Walther  Euneberg  from  the  portrait  by  Scheffel 
(1739)  at  Linues  Hammarby  ;  the  bronze  original  is  for  the 
fagade  of  the  new  building  for  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Science,  Stockholm. 


Addendum  to  page  50. 

The  death  of  Sir  James  Hectoe  took  place  at  Wellington,  Xew 
Zealand,  on  the  6th  November,  1907. 


INDEX    TO    THE   PROCEEDINGS. 


SESSIOjS"  1907-1908. 


Note. — Tlie  following  ai'e  not  indexed  : — The  name  of  the  Chairman  at  each  meeting, 
speakers  wliose  remarks  are  not  reported ;  and  passing  allusions. 


Aberdeen  University  represented,  72. 
Abnormal  Structures  in  Leaves  (Wors- 

dell),  4. 
Abstracts,  Mendelism  and  Sex  (Reid), 

6  ;  Spartina  (Stapf),  4-5  ;  Stigmaria 

(Weiss),  74. 
Academies   and   Societies    represented, 

72-3. 
Academy  of  Science,    Eoyal    Swedish, 

represented,  72. 
Acari  from  New  Zealand  (Michael),  3. 
Adams,  Mrs.  K.  I.,  admitted,  12. 
Additions  to  Library,  77. 
Address   delivered   by   Lord   Avebury, 

73  ;  —  to  H.M.  GuBtaf   Y.  King  of 

Sweden,  6. 
Addresses  received  from  Delegates,  72. 
jEnigmatistes,  africanus,  a   new    genus 

and  species  of  Diptera  (R.  W.  C.  Shel- 

ford),  3. 
Africa.  South,  Mvcology  of  (Cheesman 

&  Gibbs),  69. 
Alcyonaria  of  Red  Sea  (Thomson),  6  ; 

of  Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans  (Miss 

Harrison),  9. 
Alg£e,  Marine,  of  Red  Sea  (Gibson),  6  ; 

'  Sealark '    (Gepp),    70;    Yan    Yean 

Reservoir  (West),  70. 
Alpine   Flowers,    shown   by   means   of 

stereoscopic     transparencies      (Wal- 

tham),  9. 
Altitude  and  Distribution  of  S.  Mexican 

Plants  (Gadow),  70. 
Amphipoda  Gammaridea  (Walker),  11. 
Two  new   species   of  (Stebbing), 

4- 
Anatomy     of     Sapotaceous     Seedlings 

(Smith),  12. 
Anderson,  C.  W.,  exhibited  light-giving 

larva,  3. 


Annandale,  Dr.  N.,  elected,  4;  proposed, 

I. 

Sponges  collected  in  Scotland,  12. 

Anniversary  Meeting,  14. 

Anniversary   (50th)  of   the  reading   of 

the    joint    papers    by   Darwin    and 

Wallace  commemorated,  71. 
Antipatharia    from    '  Sealark '   Esped. 

(Cooper),  14. 
Antiquaries,    Society    of,    represented, 

72- 

Arber,  E.  A.,  elected  Councillor,  37. 

AreIiafigio])teris  Henry  i,  Christ  & 
Gilsenh.,  exhibited  (Wright),  11. 

Arctic  Ocean,  Podosomata  of  (Norman), 
II. 

Arden,  S.,  elected,  4;  proposed,  i. 

Associates  deceased,  16 ;  elected,  6 ; 
vacancy  declared,  i. 

Atkinson,  H.,  admitted,  7  ;  elected,  4  ; 
proposed,  i. 

Atlantic  Ocean,  Podosomata  of  (Nor- 
man), II. 

Auditors  elected,  1 3  ;  Certificate  (W.  B. 
Keen),  15. 

Australia,  West,  Euccdyptu&  salmono- 
pltloia  from,  exhibited  (Rendle),  3. 

Australian  Museums,  Preservation  of 
specimens  in  (Tepper),  4. 

Avebury,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  Ad- 
dress, 73  ;  —  thanked,  73  ;  represented 
the  Royal  Microscopical  Society,  73  ; 
and  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  72. 

Bagshawe,  A.  W.  G,  admitted,  i. 
Bailey,  C,  represented  the  Manchester 

Literary  and   Philosophical  Society, 

72. 
Bainbridge,  Miss  M.  E.,   admitted,  9; 
elected,  7 ;  proposed,  4. 


i 


INDEX. 


125 


Baker,  C.  J.,  represented  Shrewsbury 
School,  71. 

Baker,  E.  C.  S.,  elected,  8  ;  proposed, 
6. 

Baker,  W.  H.,  elected,  3. 

Ballots  for  Council  &  Officers.  37. 

Barboza  du  Socage,  Prof.  J.  V.,  de- 
ceased, 16;  obituary,  42. 

Barker,  Kev.  Dr.  J.,  admitted,  7 ; 
elected,  4;  proposed,  i. 

Barnes,  Dr.  E..,  deceased,  14;  obituary, 

43- 
Baron,  Rev.  E.,  deceased,  14;  obituary, 

++• 

Barratt,  "W.,  admitted,  8 ;  elected,  7 ; 
proposed,  4. 

Batrachians,  Freshwater  Fishes,  and 
Eeptiles  of  '  Sealark '  (Boulenger),  14. 

Batters,  E.  A.  L.,  deceased,  14 ;  obit- 
uary, 45. 

Beale,  R.  E.  C,  admitted,  12;   elected, 

Benbow,  John,  deceased,  14;   obituary, 

46. 
Benefactions,  List  of,  116. 
Bernard,  H.  M.,  Colonj--formation  as  a 

Factor  in  Organic  Evolution,  13. 
Bethmann-Hollweg,  Herr  von.  received 

medals  on  behalf  of  Pi'ofs.  Haeckel  & 

Weismann,  71. 
Biology,  Marine,  of  Sudanese  Red  Sea 

— Bryozoa,    Part.    I.    Cheilostomata 

(Waters),  70. 
Birmingham    University    represented, 

72. 

Blaber,  W.  H.,  withdrawn,  16. 

Blaekman.  Prof.  V.  H.,  represented 
Leeds  University,  72. 

Bombay  Island,  drawings  of  plants 
from,  exhibited  (Mrs.  Gay),  70. 

Boodle,  L.  A.,  elected  Councillor,  37. 

Botanical  Secretary,  elected,  37. 

Boulenger,  G.  A.,  Freshwater  Fishes, 
Batrachians,  and  Reptiles  of  '  Sea- 
lark,'  14  ;  represented  Zoological 
Society  of  London,  73. 

Bourne,  Prof.  G.  C,  communication  by 
(Harrison),  9  ;  elected  Councillor,  37. 

Bowman,  Dr.  F.  H.,  elected,  4 ;  pro- 
posed, I. 

Brandis,  Sir  D.,  deceased,  14;  obituary, 
46. 

Brassica  crosses  (Sutton),  8. 

Bristol,  University  College  represented, 

Britain,  Pre-glacial   Flora  of  (Mr,   & 

Mrs.  Reid),  8. 
British  Academy  represented,  73. 
British  Association  represented,  73. 
British  East  Africa,  Amphipoda  Gam- 

maridea  from  (Walker),  11. 


Broughton,  H.,  elected,  12;  proposed, 

10. 
Brown,    Dr.   H.,   T.,    represented   the 

Chemical  Society,  73. 
Bryozoa    (Cheilostomata)  of   Sudanese 

Red  Sea  (Waters),  70. 
"  Buddha's   Claw "    variety    of    Citncs 

Mcdica,  exhibited  (Weiss),  13. 
Burdon,  E.  R.,  appointed  Scrutineer,  37. 
Burrell,  W.  H.,  admitted,  9. 
Biitschli,    Prof.    O.,    elected    Foreign 

Member,  13;  proposed.  10. 
Byrne.  R.  H.,  represented  the  Malacc- 

logical  Society,  73. 

Caiman,  Dr.  W.  T.,  communication  by 
(Sayce),  69. 

Cambridge  Philosophical  Society  repre- 
sented, 73. 

Cambridge  University  represented  72. 

Carr,  Prof.  J.  W.,  represented  Univer- 
sity College,  Nottingham,  72. 

Caryophyllaceffi  of  Tibet  (Williams),  69. 

Caulcrpa  cupressoidcs,  Agh.,  exhibited 
(Wright),  II. 

Chadwick,  H.  C,  admitted  as  Associate, 
14;  elected,  6;  proposed,  3;  — Red 
Sea  Crinoidea,  6. 

Chambers,  Miss  H.  S.,  elected,  70 ;  pro- 
posed, 14. 

Cheesman,  W.  N.,  and  T.  Gibbs,  Mycol- 
ogy of  S.  Afi'ica,  69. 

Cheilostomata  (Bryozoa)  of  Sudanese 
Red  Sea  (Waters),  70. 

Chemiciil  Society  represented,  73. 

Chipp,  T.  F.,  Revision  of  the  genus 
Codouapsis,  12. 

Chirodota  geminifera ,  Dendy  &  Hindle 
Spicules  of  (Dendy),  69. 

Chittenden,  F.  J.,  admitted,  12  ;  elected, 
7 ;  proposed,  4. 

Christ's  College,  Cambridge,  represented, 
71- 

Church,  Dr.  A.  H.,  represented  Oxford 
University,  72. 

Oicindelidfe,  Life-history  of  (V.  E.  Shel- 
ford),  9. 

Circular  to  Fellows  for  Darwin-Wallace 
Celebration,  terms  read,  10. 

Citrus  Mcdica,  exhibited  (AYei.ss),  13. 

Clark,  R.  L,  deceased,  14. 

Cockayne,  E.  A.,  admitted,  12;  elected, 
8  ;  proposed.  6. 

Codonopsis,  Wall.,  Revision  of  the  genus 
(Chipp),  12. 

Colliuge,  W.  E.,  elected,  7 ;  proposed,  4, 

Colony-formation  as  a  Factor  in  Organic 
Evolution  (Bernard),  13. 

Coloured  drawings  exhibited  (Salmon), 
69. 

Coniferae  from  Formosa  (Hayata),  8. 


126 


IKDEX. 


Cooper,  C.  F.,  '  Sealark  '  Antipatharia, 

14- 
Corporate  Bodies,  Delegates  received, 

71- 
Council  elected,  37. 

Crinoidea  of  the  Red  Sea  (Chadwick),  6. 
Crisp,  Sir  F.,  elected  Councillor,  37. 
Crocker,  Miss  E.,  admitted,  9 :  elected, 

8  :  proposed,  6. 
Crossland,  Cyril,  Reports  on  Coll.  by, 

Cheilostomata  (Waters),  70;    Nudi- 

branchs  (Eliot),  70. 
Crustacea,  new  type  of  (Sayce),  69. 
Cutting,  E.  M.,  admitted,  69  ;   elected, 

68  ;  proposed,  13. 

Lact-ydmm,  slides  exhibited  (Gerard), 
12. 

D'Arcy  Thompson,  see  Thompson. 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert,  mentioned,  71 ; 
see  also  Darwin-Wallace  Celebration. 

Darwin,  Dr.  F.,  delivered  speech,  71 ; 
represented  Cambridge  University, 
72. 

Darwin  -  Wallace  Celebration,  an- 
nounced, 9  ;  Medallists  invited  to 
Dinner  (President),  13;  Medals  pre- 
sented, 71  ;  Terras  of  Circular  read, 
10. 

Deaths  i-ecorded,  14.. 

De  Fraine,  Miss  E.  L.,  admitted,  68 ; 
elected,  13  ;  proposed,  10. 

Delegates,  reception  of,  71. 

Demonstrations  (lantern)  at  Reception, 

73- 
Dendy,   Prof.   A.,   communication    by 

(Bernard),  13;  elected  Councillor,  37; 

—  Secretary,  37;  exhibited  Peripatus, 

4  ;  Spicules  of  Chirodota  geminifera, 

69. 
Denny,  Prof.  A.,  represented  Sheffield 

University,  72. 
Descourtilz's  '  Ornithologie  bresilienne,' 

drawings  from  (Salmon),  69. 
Deverell,  L.  C,  elected,  68  ;   proposed, 

13- 
De  Vilmorin,  P.  L.,  see  Vilmorm. 
Dicotyledons,  Origin  of  Di-trimerous 

Floral  Whorls  of  certain  (Henslow),  3. 
Dinner  at  Princes'  Restaurant,  alluded 

to  by  President,  13;  —  account  of, 

Diptera,  a  new  genus  and  species  of 

{Mnigmatistes  africamts),  (R.  W.  C 

Shelford),  3. 
Disintegrating      Deposits      containing 

Fossil  Seeds  (Mrs.  Reid),  8. 
Distribution  and  Altitude  of  S.  Mexican 

Plants  (Gadow),  70. 
Disuse   of    Library    Recommendation 

Book,  referred  to  by  President,  69. 


Di-trimerous  Floral  Whorls  of  Cotyle- 
dons, their  Origin  (Henslow),  3. 

Dixon,  Prof.  H.  H.,  attendance  pre- 
vented, 72. 

Donations  to  Library,  77. 

Drawings  exhibited  (Mrs.  Gay),  70 ; 
(Salmon),  69. 

Druce,  C.  G., exhibited  Linaria  arenaria, 
DC. ;  Leontoclon  hirtus  var.  Pristis, 
G.  C.  Druce  ;  and  Pieris  Meracioides 
var.  incana,  G.  C.  Druce,  4. 

Druce,  H.,  elected  Auditor,  13. 

Druce,  H.  H.  C.  J.,  admitted,  12 ; 
elected,  10  ;  proposed,  9. 

Druinmond,  J.  M.  F.,  elected,  68 ; 
proposed,  13. 

Dublin  University,  address  from,  72. 

Duncan,  F.  Martin,  Kinematograph 
representation  of  the  movements  of 
Pcrijxctns,  13. 

Dunn,  S.  T.,  Botanical  Expedition  to 
Fokien,  9. 

Durham  University  represented,  72. 

Duthie,  J.  F.,  Melitella  pusilla  exhibited 
on  his  behalf  (Wright),  70. 

Dyer,  Sir  Wm.  T.  Thiselton-,  delivered 
speech,  71 ;  represented  London  Uni- 
versity, 72. 

Ealand,  C.  A.,  elected,  68  ;    proposed, 

12. 
Edinburgli  University  represented    by 

Prof.  I.  B.  Balfour,  72, 
Elections  at  Anniversary,  37  ;  recorded, 

16. 
Eliot,   Sir   C,    Red    Sea  Nudibranchs 

collected  by  Cyril  Crossland,  70. 
Elrington,  Rev.  Dr.  G.  H.  A.,  admitted, 

12  ;  elected,  lo  ;  proposed,  8. 
England,  Miss  H.  M.,  with  Dr.  S.  J. 

Hickson,StylasterinaofIndianOcean, 

69. 
Enock,  F.,  exhibited    slides  of  wood- 
boring  wasps,  69. 
Entomological  Society  of  London  re- 
presented, 73. 
Eucali/ptus  salmonojMoia,  F.  v.  Muell., 

exhibited  (Rendle),  3. 
Evolution  of  Mammals  in  S.  America 

(Woodward),  74. 
Ewing,  P.,  seconded  vote  of  thanks  to 

President  for  Address,  37. 
Exhibitions    from   the   Royal  Botanic 

Gardens,  Kew,  11. 
Expedition  to  Fokien  (Dunn),  9. 
Experiments  with  Solanums  (Sutton),  9. 

Faraday,  F.  J.,  withdrawn,  16. 
Farmer,  Prof.  J.  B.,  elected  Councillor, 

37. 


UfDEX. 


127 


Farqubarson,  Mrs.  M.  S.,  elected,  10; 
proposed,  8. 

Farrab,  J.,  deceased,  14;  obituary,  48. 

Fellows  deceased,  14.;  elected,  16 ;  with- 
drawn, 16. 

Ferrier,  C.  A.,  deceased,  14 ;  obituary, 
48. 

Financial  Statement  (Treasurer),  15. 

Fishes,  Batracbians,  and  Reptiles  of 
'  Sealark  '  (Boulenger),  14. 

'  Flora  Anglica,'  1771  (Hudson),  exhi- 
bited by  General  Secretary  on  behalf 
of  Mr.  A.  H.  Stevenson,  3. 

Fokien,  Botanical  Expedition  to  (Dunn), 

9- 

Foreign  Guests  invited  to  Dinner  on 
the  occasion  of  the  Darwin-Wallace 
Celebration  (President),  1 3  ;  present 
at  Dinner,  73. 

Foreign  Members,  admitted,  14;  de- 
ceased, 16;  elected,  13;  proposed, 
10  ;  vacancies,  9. 

Forest  destruction  in  the  Tyrol  (Young), 

Formosan  Coniferje  (Hayata),  8. 

Forster  Cooper,  sec  Cooper. 

Fossil    Seeds,   Disintegrating  deposits 

containing  them  (Mrs.  Eeid),  8. 
Fowler,  Dr,  G.  H.,  elected  Councillor, 

37- 

Fowler,  Rev.  Canon  W.  W.,  communi- 
cation by  (V.  E.  Shelford),  9. 

Fraine,  Miss  E.  L.  de,  see  De  Fraine. 

Freshwater  Fishes,  Batracbians,  and 
Reptiles  of '  Sealark '  (Boulenger),  14. 

Fruits  and  Seeds  from  Pre-glacial  beds 
of  Britain  and  the  Netherlands  (Mr. 
k  Mrs.  Eeid),  8. 

Fungidse,  Part  I.  of  the  Madreporarian 
Corals  (Gardiner),  14. 

Gadow,  Dr.  H.,  Altitude  and  Distribu- 
tion of  South  Mexican  Plants,  70. 

Galton.  Dr.  F.,  present  at  Dinner,  73  ; 
presented  with  medal,  71  ;  —  replied, 

71- 

Gardenia  Thunbergia,  Stapf  &  Hutchin- 
son on,  70. 

Gardiner,  J.  S..  communications  by 
(Boulenger),  14  ;  —  (Cooper),  14  ; 
—  (Hickson  &  England),  69  ;  — 
(Potts),  69  ;  Madreporarian  Corals, 
Part  I.  Fungida?.  14. 

Gay,  Mrs.  H.,  exhibited  drawings,  70. 

Geikie,  Sir  A.,  delivered  speech,  72  ; 
represented  Royal  Society  of  London, 

General  Meeting,  Special,  71. 
Geological   Society  of    London   repre- 
sented, 73. 
Gepp,  A.,  '  Sealark '  Marine  Alga^,  70. 


Gerard,  Rev.  J.,  exhibited  slides  illus- 
trating "  Vegetable  Imitations  or 
Mimicries,"  12. 

German  Embassy,  Secretary  of,  received 
medals  on  behalf  of  Profs.  Haeckel  & 
Weismann,  71. 

Gibbs,  T.,  with  W.  N.  Cheesman,  Myco- 
logy of  S.  Africa,  69. 

Gibson,  R.  J.  H.,  Marine  Algte  of  the 
Red  Sea,  6. 

Gill,  Sir  D.,  represented  the  British 
Association,  73. 

Gill,  N.,  admitted,  70 ;  elected,  70 ; 
proposed,  14. 

Gold  Medal  presented  to  Dr.  A.  R. 
Wallace  (Celebration),  71 ;  (Linnean) 
presented  to  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Steb- 
bing,  39. 

Gordon,  J.  S.,  withdrawn,  16. 

Gozo  Island,  nr.  Malta,  Melitella  pusilla 
from  (Duthie),  70. 

Grant,  F.  E.,  deceased,  14. 

Groves,  H.,  appointed  Scrutineer,  37 ; 
elected  Auditor,  13. 

Groves,  H.  &  J.,  exhibited  Spartina 
Neyrautii  (Stapf),  45. 

Guests  present  at  Dinner,  73. 

Gunong  Tahan,  Plants  from  (Ridley), 
6. 

Gustaf  v.,  H.M  the  King  of  Sweden, 
address  to,  6  ;  thanks  from,  S  ;  Hon. 
Member,  14. 

Gwynne-Vanghau,  D.  T.,  admitted,  12  ; 
elected,  4  ;  proposed,  i. 

Haeckel,  Prof.  E.,  attendance  prevented, 

71  ;  medal  presented  to,  71. 
Haines,  H.  H.,  admitted,  10. 
Hamilton,  J.  T.,  elected,  4 ;  proposed,  i. 
Harmer,    Dr.   S.   F.,   represented    the 

Cambridge  Philosophical  Society,  73. 
Harrison,  Miss  R.  M.,  Alcyonaria  from 

Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans,  9. 
Hartmeyer,  Dr.  R.,  Collections   made 

by,  70. 
Hayata,  B.,  Formosan  Coniferse,  8. 
Haydon,  W.  T.,  elected,  10  ;  proposed, 

9- 
Heath,  Dr.  E.  A  , deceased,  14 ;  obituary, 

49. 
Hector,    Sir     J.,    deceased,    14,    123  ; 

obituary,  50. 
Hector,  J.  M.,  elected,  6  ;    proposed,  3. 
Hemsley,  W.   B.,  communications  by 

(Chipp),  12;  (Hayata),  8. 
Henslow,  Rev.  G.,  On  the  origin  of  the 

Di-trimerous  Floral  Whorls  of  certain 

Dicotyledons,  3. 
Herdman,  Prof.  W.  A.,  elected  Coun- 
cillor,   37 ;     nominated   V.-P.,    68  ; 

represented  Liverpool  University,  72. 


128 


INDEX. 


Hertford  Grammar  School  represented, 

71- 
Hickson,  Dr.  S.  J.,  with  Miss  H.  M. 

England,     Stylasterina     of     Indian 

Ocean,  69. 
Hill,  A.  W.,  admitted,   8  ;    elected,  7 ; 

proposed,  4. 
Hill,  Prof.  J,  P.,  elected  Auditor,  13; 

—  Councillor,  37. 
Hindis,  E.,  Holothurians  of  Sudanese 

Red  Sea,  12. 
Holothurians   of    Sudanese    Eed    Sea 

(Hindle),  12. 
Honorary  Member  elected,  14. 
Hooker,   Sir  J.  D.,  letter   in   reply  to 

congratulation  from  General  Meeting, 

I ;    Darwin-Wallace  medal  presented 

to,  71  ;  —  replied,  71. 
Hopkinson,  J.,  elected  Councillor,  37; 

proposed    thanks   to   President    for 

Address,  37. 
Horrell,  E.  C,  withdrawn,  16. 
Hubrecht,  Prof.,  present  at  Dinner,  73. 
Hudleston,    \Y.    H.,    represented    the 

Geological  Society  of  London,  73. 
Hutchinson,  J.,  with  Dr.  O.  Stapf,  on 

Gardenia  Thunbergia,  70. 
Hydroid  Zoophytes  from  the  Eed  Sea 

(Miss  Thoruelyj,  6. 
Hydrostachys   imbricata,    A.    Juss.,    & 

H.  nana,  Engl.,  exhibited  (Wright), 

II. 

Ikeno,  Prof.  S.,  admitted  Foreign 
Member,  14. 

Illigcra,  Revision  of  the  genus  (Dunn),  8. 

Imitations  or  Mimicries  in  Vegetables 
(Gerard),  12. 

Ince,  J.,  deceased,  14. 

Indian  Ocean,  Amphipoda  Gammaridea 
of  (Walker),  1 1  ;  Marine  Alga  of 
'  Sealark  '  (Gepp),  70  ;  Polychseta  of 
(Potts),  69  ;  Stylasterina  of  (Hickson 
&  England),  69. 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  Meeting 
held  at,  71. 

Invertebrate  animals,  action  of  concen- 
trated light  on  (Duncan),  13. 

Island  of  JBoinbay,  drawings  of  plants 
from  (Mrs.  Gay),  70. 

Jackson,  Dr.  B.  D.,  elected  Councillor, 
37;  — General  Secretary,  37;  read 
terms  of  Darwin-Wallace  Circular, 
10. 

Jurassic  Vegetation  of  the  World — a 
Study  in  Plant-Migration  (Seward), 
73- 

Keeble,  Prof.  F..  admitted,  6  ;  elected, 
4;  proposed,  i. 


Kinematograph  representation  of  the 
movements  oi  Pfiripatus  (Duncan),  13. 

Kinman,  W.  G.,  represented  Hertford 
Grammar  School,  71. 

Koonunga  cursor  (Sayce),  69. 

La     Mortola,      Citrus     Medica     from 

(Weiss),  13. 
Lang,   Prof.  P.    R.   Scott,  represented 

St.  Andrews  University,  72. 
Lankester,  Sir  E.  Ray,  communication 

by  (A.  Reid),  6  ;  Medal  presented  to, 

71;  replied,  71  ;    present  at  Dinner, 

73- 
Lantern  demonstrations  at  Reception, 

73- 
Larva,  light-giving,  exhibited  by  C.  W. 

Anderson,  3. 
Laurie,    Prof.  M.,    communication    by 
-    (Patience),  10, 
Leaves,  Abnormal  structures  in  (Wors- 

dell),  4. 
Leeds  University  represented,  72. 
Leontodon    hirtus    var.   Pristis,    G.    C. 

Druce,  exhibited  (G.  C.  Druce),  4. 
Librarian's  Report,  16. 
Library,    Additions     and     Donations, 

77  ;  —  Recommendation  Book  men- 
tioned (President),  69. 
Life-history  of  Tiger-Beetles  (Cicinde- 

lidiB),  (Shelford),  9  ;  of  Wood-boring 

Wasps  (Enock),  69. 
Linaria  arenaria  DC.,  exhibited  (G.  0. 

Druce),  4. 
Linnean  Medal  awarded  to  Rev.  T.  R.  R. 

Stebbing,  37. 
Lithographs  exhibited  (Salmon),  69. 
Liverpool  University  represented,  72. 
Lodge,  Sir  O.,  represented  Birmingham 

University,  72. 
London  University  represented,  72. 
Lonnberg,     Prof.     Dr.     E.,     delivered 

speech,  72  ;    present  at  Dinner,  73  ; 

represented  Royal  Swedish  Academy 

of  Science,  72. 
Lysimachia.  slides  exhibited  (Gerard), 

12. 

Madreporariau  Corals,  Part  I.  Fungidse 
(Gardiner^,  14. 

Malacological  Society  represented,  73. 

Malacostracous  Crustacea,  new  type  of 
(Sayce),  69. 

Mammals  in  S.  America,  their  Evolu- 
tion (Woodward),  74. 

Manchester  Literary  and  Philosophical 
Society  represented,  72. 

Manchester  University  represented, 
72. 

Marine  Algce  of  the  Red  Sea  (Gibaon), 
6  ;  of  '  Sealark'  (Gepp),  70. 


Marine  Biological  Association  repre- 
sented, 73. 

Marine  Biulogy  of  Sudanese  Red  Sea. 
Bryozua,  Part  I.  Cheilostomata 
(Waters),  70. 

Martin  Duncan,  sec  Duncan. 

Masternian,  Dr.  A.  T.,  Mimicry  in  the 
Sole,  10. 

Masters,  Dr.  M.  T.,  deceased,  14 ; 
obituary,  54. 

Matthew.  0.  Gr.,  admitted,  12;  elected, 
12  ;  propo.^ed,  10. 

Medallist  (Linnean),  Eev.  T.  R.  R. 
ytebbing,  37. 

Medallists,  claims  recited,  71 ;  invited 
to  Dinner  (President),  13;  present 
at  Dinner,  73. 

Medals,  Darwin-Wallace,  presented,  71. 

Meek,  Prof.  A.,  elected,  4;  proposed, 
I. 

Meek,  C.  F.  U.,  elected,  10  ;  proposed, 
8. 

Mel'della  j^iisilla,  exhibited  by  C.  H. 
Wright  on  behalf  of  J.  F.  Dutbie, 
70. 

Meudelism  and  Sex  (Reid),  6-7. 

Mexican  Plants,  their  Altitude  and 
Distribution  (Gadow),  70. 

Michael,  A.  D.,  Acari  from  New  Zea- 
land, 3. 

Milton,  J.  II.,  elected,  10  ;  proposed,  9. 

Mimicries  or  Imitations  in  Vegetables 
(Gerard),  12. 

Mimicry  in  tl^e  Sole  (Masterman),  10. 

Mobius,  Prof.  K.,  deceased,  16. 

Monckton,  H.  W.,  elected  Councillor, 
37  ;  — Treasurer,  37  ;  exhibited  speci- 
mens and  slides  of  leaf-impressions 
from  the  Reading  Beds,  8  ;  nomi- 
nated V.-P..  68. 

Moore,  F.,  deceased,  16;  obituary, 
56. 

Morgan,  Prof.  C.  L.,  represented  Uni- 
versity College,  Bristol,  72. 

Morphological  value  of  leaves  (Wors- 
dell),  4. 

Murray,  Rev.  R.  P.,  withdrawn,  16. 

Mycology  of  S.  Africa  (Cheesman  and 
Gibb.s),  69. 

Natborst,  Prof.  A.  G.,  elected  Foreign 
Member,  13  ;  proposed,  10. 

Netherlands,  Pre-glacial  Fruits  and 
Seeds  (Mr.  &  Mrs.  Reid),  8. 

Newall,  H.  F.,  represented  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society,  73. 

Newton,  Prof.  A.,  deceased,  14;  obitu- 
ary, 56. 

New  Zealand,  Acari  from  (Michael),  3. 

Nicholls,  G.  E.,  elected,  1 3 ;  proposed, 
10. 

LINN.  SOC,  PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 


INDEX.  129 

Norman,  Canon  A.  M.,  Podosomata  of 

the  Temperate  Atlantic  and  Ai-ctic 
Oceans,  1 1. 

Nottingham,  University  College  repre- 
sented, 72. 

Nudibranchs  collected  in  Red  Sea  by 
Cyril  Crossland  (Eliot),  70. 

Obituary  Notices,  42-68. 

Officers  elected,  37. 

Oliver,  Prof.  F.  W.,  elected  Councillor, 

37- 
Oliver,  J.  W.,  admitted,  9 ;  elected,  4 ; 

proposed,  i. 
Ophrys     apifcva,    and     0.     77mscifera, 

slides  exhibited  (Gerard),  12. 
Organic    Evolution,    Colony-formation 

as  a  Factor  in  (Bernard),  13. 
Origin  of  Di-trimerous  Floral  Whorls 

of  certain    Dicotyledons   (Heuslow), 

3- 
'  Ornithologie'  bresilienne'  (Descourtilz), 

drawings  exhibited  (Salmon),  69, 
Oxford  Uuiversity  represented  by  three 

Delegates,  72. 

Paris,  genus  mentioned  (Gerard),  12. 
Patience,  A.,  Trichoniscoides  albidus  and 

T.  sarsi,  Patience,  10. 
Pearse,  Miss  E.,  proposed,  70. 
Pearson,  J.,  proposed,  68. 
Peat,  method  for  Disintegrating  (Mrs 

Reid),  8. 
Peile,    Dr.    J.,     represented     Christ's 

College,  Cambridge,  71. 
PerijMtus,  exhibited  (Dendy),  4;  move- 
ments of  (Duncan),  13. 
Phaseohia  /?iul(iJiorus,  seedlings  exhibited 

(Worsdell),  70. 
Phillips,  Prof.  R.  W.,  represented  Wales 

University,  72. 
Picris   hicracioides   var  incana,   G.  C. 

Druce,  exhibited  (G.  C.  Druce),  4. 
Plants  from  Gunoug  Tahan,  in  Pahang 

(Ridley),  6;  in  South  Mexico,  their 

Altitude  and  Distribution  (Gadow), 

70. 
Plant-migration,  a  Study  in  (Seward), 

73. 
Platanthera  cklorantha    exhibited 

(Wright),  II. 
Pocock,  R.  I.,  elected  Councillor,  37. 
Podosomata  of  the  Temperate  Atlantic 

and  Arctic  Oceans  (Norman),  11. 
PolychaBta    of    Indian   Ocean    (Potts), 

6y. 

Potter,Prof.  M.C.,  represented  Durham 

University.  72. 
Potts,    F.    A.,    Polychreta    of    Indian 

Ocean,  69. 

1907-1908.  Tc 


13° 


Poulton,  Prof.  E.  B.  represented  Oxford 

University,  72. 
Prain,  Lieut.-Col.  D.,  elected  Councillor, 
37  ;  moved  thanks  to  retiring  Presi- 
dent, 42  ;  nominated  V.-P.,  68  ; 
represented  Aberdeen  University,  72. 
Pre-glacial   flora    of   Britain   and    the 

Netherlands  (Mr.  &  Jfrs.  Keid),  8. 
Preservation  of  specimens  in  Australian 

Museums  (Tepper),  4. 
President  (for  the  time  being),  address 
to  Medallists,  71  ;  appointed  Scru- 
tineers, 37 ;  appointed  Vice-Presidents, 
68  ;  communications  by  (Chadwick), 
3  ;  —  (Eliot),  70  ;  —  (Hindle),  12  ; 
—  (Thomson),  3  ;  —  (Thornely),  3  ; 
declared  result  of  Ballots,  37  ;  de- 
livered his  Address,  17-36;  elected, 
37  ;  moved  thanks  to  Lord  Avebury 
for  address,  73  ;  referred  to  Dinner, 
13  ;  —  Honorary  Member,  14;  spoke 
on  disuse  of  the  Library  Recom- 
mendation Book,  69 ;  tendered 
thanks  for  election  (Scott),  68 ; 
thanked  on  retirement  (Herdman), 
42 ;  welcomed  delegates,  7 1  ;  'with 
Mrs.  Scott,  received  guests  at  Eecep- 
tion,  73. 
Presidential  Address,  17. 
Priestley,  J.  H.,  admitted,  68  ;  elected, 

7  ;  proposed,  4. 
Princes'  Restaurant,  Dinner  mentioned 
(President),  13  ;   —  Dinner  at,  73. 

Reading    Beds,   leaf-impressions   from 

(Monckton),  8. 
Reception  in  the  Rooms  of  the  Society, 

73-  . 

Recommendation     Book    in     Library, 

disuse  of  (President),  69. 
Red  Sea  Alcyonaria  (Thomson),  6  ;  — 

Amphipoda  Gammaridea  (Walker), 

II  ;  Collections  (Hartmeyer),  70;  — 

Crinoidea    (Chadwick),  6  ;    —  Holo- 

thurians  (Hindle),   12  ;    —  Hydroid 

Zoophytes  (Thornely),  6  ;  —  Marine 

Algaj   (Gibson),  6  ;    —  Nudibranchs 

(Eliot),  70. 
Reid,  Dr.  A.,  Mendelism  and  Sex,  6-7. 
Reid,     C,    communication    by     (Mrs. 

Reid),  8. 
Reid,  C. ,  and  Mrs.  Reid,  Pre-glacial  flora 

of  Britain  and  the  Netherlands,  8. 
Rendle,    Dr.    A.     B.,    communication 

(Gadow),  70;   elected  Auditor,    13; 

exhibited  Eucalyjitus  salmoiiophloia, 

F.  Muell.,  3. 
Representatives    of     Univei-sities     and 

Schools,  i-eceived,  71. 
Reptiles,  Batrachians,  and  Freshwater 

Fishes  of  '  Sealark '  (Boulenger),  14. 


Reservoir,    Algte   of    the   Yan    Yean, 

(West),  70. 
Retirement  of  Prof.  Herdman  as  Presi- 
dent, 42. 
Revision  of  the  genus  IlUgera  (Dunn), 

8. 
Richardson,  L.,  elected,   4;    proposed, 

I. 
Robinson,  H.    C,  Plants   collected    in 

Gunong  Tahan  (Ridley),  6. 
Rome,   Wm.,  deceased,   14 ;    obituary, 

60, 
Row,  R.  W.  H.,  elected,  13  ;  proposed, 

10 
Royal  Astronomical  Society  represented, 

73- 
Royal  Irish  Academy  represented,  72. 
Royal  Microscopical  Society  represented, 

73- 
Royal  Society  of  Edinburgh  represented, 

73- 
Royal  Society  of  London  represented, 

Royal  Swedish  Academy  of  Science 
repi-esented,  72. 

St.   Andrews    University    represented, 

72. 
Salmon,     C.     E.,    exhibited    coloured 

drawings,  69. 
Sapotaceous  Seedlings,  their  Anatomy 

(Miss  Smith),  12. 
Sargant,  Miss  E.,  elected   Councillor, 

37- 
Saunders,  G.  S.,  appointed  Scrutineer, 

37- 

Saunders,  H.,  deceased,  14;  obituary, 
60. 

Sayce,  O.  A.,  Koonunga  cursor,  69. 

Scarlet-Runner  bean  seedlings  exhibited 
(Worsdell),  70. 

Scharff,  Dr.  R.  F.,  represented  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  72. 

Schools  and  Universities,  represen- 
tatives received,  71. 

Scotland,  Sponges  collected  in  (Annan- 
dale),  12. 

Scott,  Dr.  D.  H.,  elected  Councillor, 
37  ;  —  President,  37  ;  thanks  for 
election  as  President,  68  ;  with 
Mrs.  Scott  received  guests  at  Recep- 
tion, 73. 

Scott  Lang,  sec  Lang. 

Scrutineers  appointed,  37. 

'  Sealark  '  Expedition,  14 :  —  Marine 
Algse  of  (Gepp),  70. 

Secretaries  elected,  37. 

Secretary,  General,  Bye  Laws  govern- 
ing elections  read,  16  ;  obituaries, 
42 ;  report  of  deaths,  withdrawals, 
and  elections,  14-16. 


131 


Secretary  of  German  Embassy,  received 
medals  on  behalf  of  Profs.  Haeckel 
&  Weismann,  71. 

Seedlings,  Sapotaceous,  their  anatomy 
(Miss  Smith),  12. 

Seeds  and  Fruits  from  the  Pre-glacial 
beds  of  Britain  and  the  Netherlands 
(Mr.  &  Mrs.  Reid),  8. 

Seward,  Prof.  A.  C,  lantern  demon- 
stration at  Reception,  73. 

Sheffield  University  represented,  72. 

Shelford,  R.  W.  C,  .^nigmatistc^  afri- 
caniis,  a  new  genus  and  species  of 
Diptera,  3. 

Shelford,  Dr.  V.  E.,  Life-history  of 
Tiger-Beetles,  9. 

Shipley,  A.  E.,  represented  the  Marine 
Biological  Association,  73. 

Shrewsbury  School  represented,  71. 

Silver    medals    presented    (Darwin- 
Wallace  Celebration),  71. 

Smith,  J.  C,  elected,  4;  proposed,  i. 

Smith,  Miss  W.,  admitted,  12  ;  elected, 
10  ;  proposed,  8  ;  anatomy  of  some 
Sapotaceous  Seedlings,  12. 

Smith  Woodward,  see  Woodward. 

Societies  and  Academies  represented, 
72-3. 

Society  of  Antiquaries   represented, 
72- 

Soil-denudation  in  the  Tyrol  (Young), 

7- 

Soiree,  see  Reception. 

Solanums,  experiments  with  Wild 
Types  of  (Suttou),  9. 

Sole,  mimicry  in  the  (Masterman), 
10. 

Somerville,  A.,  deceased,  14  ;  obituary, 
61. 

Sorbj^  Dr.  H.  C,  deceased,  14 ;  obit- 
uary, 61. 

South  Africa,  Mvcology  of  (Oheesman 
&  Gihbs),  69. 

South  America,  Evolution  of  Mammals 
in  (Woodward),  73. 

Southwell,  T.,  elected,  4  ;  proposed,  i. 

SjMrtina  alteniiflora,  S.  Neyrautii, 
S.  stricta,  and  <S.  Toivnseiidi  ex- 
hibited (Stapf),  4. 

Special  General  Meeting,  71. 

Specimens  in  Australian  Museums, 
their  preservation  (Tepper),  4. 

Speeches  delivered,  71-72. 

Sph(B)-othijlax  algiforniis,  Bisch.,  ex- 
hibited (Wright),  II. 

Spicules  of  Chirodota  gc mini f  era,  Dendy 
&  Hindle  (Dendy),  69. 

Sponges  collected  in  Scotland  (Annan- 
dale),  12. 

Sprague,  T.  A.,  exhibited  Slcrculia 
Akxandri,  Harv.,  11, 


Stapf,  Dr.  O.,  elected  Councillor,  37 

—  Secretary,  37  ;  exhibited  Sjjartitia 
altcrniflora,  S.  Neyruudi,  S.  stricta, 
and  (S.  Totvnsendi ;  with  J.  Hutchin- 
son, on  Gardenia  Thiinhergia,  70. 

Statement  of  Accounts  (Treasurer),  15. 

Stebbing,  Rev.  T.  R.  R.,  Linnean  Medal- 
list,  37  ;  —  reply  to  President,  39  ; 
Two  new  species  of  Amphipoda,  4. 

Stcrculia  Alexandri,  Harv.,  exhibited 
(Sprague),  11. 

Stevenson,  A.  H.,  exhibited  Hudson's 
'  Flora  Auglica,'  1771,  3. 

Stewart,  Prof.  C,  deceased,  14 ;  obit- 
uary, 62. 

Sfigmaria,  Abstract  of  Prof.  Weiss's 
paper   on   the   Morphology   of,    74 ; 

—  memoir  read,  10. 
Stockdale,  F.  A.,  elected,  1. 
Stockholm,  Royal  Swedish  Academy  of 

Science,  represented,  72. 
Strachey,  Lieut.-Gen.  Sir  R.,  deceased, 

14;  obituary,  63. 
Strasburger,  Prof.  E.,  medal  presented 

to,  71;    —  replied,    71;    present  at 

Dinner,  73. 
Stj-lasterina     of     the     Indian    Ocean 

(Hickson  &  England),  69. 
Sudanese  Red  Sea,  Holotliurians  (Hin- 
dle),  12  ;  Marine  Biology  of — Bryo- 

zoa.  Part  I.  Oheilostomata  (Waters), 

70. 
Sutton,   A.   W.,    Brassica   Crosses,    8  ; 

Tuber-bearing  Solanums,  9. 
Sweden,  H.M.  the  King  of,  address  to, 

6  ;  thanks  from,  8  ;  Hon.  Memb.,  14. 
Royal  Swedish  Academy  of  Science 

represented,  72. 
Swynnertou,  C.  F.   M.,    admitted,    7  ; 

elected ,  6  ;  proposed,  3 . 
Symes,  Dr.  C,  withdrawn,  16. 


Tanner,  Dr.  J.,  elected,  3  ;  projjosed,  8. 
Tepper,   J.   G.    Otto,    Pi*eservation   of 

Austi-alian  Museum  specimens,  4. 
Thiselton-Dyer,  sec  Dyer. 
Thompson,  Prof.  D.,  represented  Royal 

Society  of  Edinburgh,  73. 
Thompson,  Sir  E.  M.,  represented  the 

British  Academy,  73. 
Thomson,  J.  A.,  Red  Sea  Alcyonaria,  6. 
Thornely,  Miss  L.    R.,  Hydroid    Zoo- 
phytes of  the  Red  Sea,  6. 
Tibet, CaryophylIace;\3  of  (Williams),  69. 
Tiger-Beetles  (Cicindelida;),  Life-history 

of(V.  E.  Shelford),  9, 
Tipula   i»iperialis,  its   rarity  (Euock), 

69. 
Training  of  Darwin  &  Wallace,  Schools 

connected  with,  71. 


132 


INDEX. 


Travers,  H.  H.,  elected,  70 ;  proposed, 
14. 

Travers,  W.  T.  L.,  deceased,  14  ;  obit- 
uary, 64. 

Treadgold,  0.  H.,  elected,  68 ;  pro- 
posed, 13. 

Treasurer  elected,  37  ;  his  accounts, 
15  ;  —  submitted,  14. 

Trichoniscoides  alhidus  (Budde-Lund), 
and  T.  sarsi.  Patience  (A.  Patience), 
10. 

Tristiclia  hypnoides,  Spreng.,  exhibited 
(Wright),  II. 

Tyrol,  Soil-denudation  in  the  (Young), 
7- 

Uniyersities  and  Schools,  representatives 
received,  71. 

represented,  Rce  under  their  re- 
spective names,  72. 

University  College,  Bristol,  repre- 
sented, 72. 

Nottingham,  represented,  72. 

Vaughan,  see  Gwynne-Vaughan. 
Vegetable     Imitations     or     Mimicries 

(ijrerard),  12. 
Veitch,  J.  H.,  deceased,   14  ;  obituary, 

65. 
Veronica    tetragona,    slides    exhibited 

(Gerard),  12. 
Vice-President,  announcements   by,  of 

Darwin  -  Wallace    Celebration,     9  ; 

vacancies  in  List  of  Foreign  Mem- 
bers, 9. 
Vice-Presidents  nominated,  68. 
Vilmorin,   P.    L.    de,     admitted,    12; 

elected,  8  ;  proposed,  6. 

Wales,  University  of,  represented,  72. 

Walker,  A.  O.,  Amphipoda  Gamma- 
ridea,  1 1  ;  seconded  thanks  to  Presi- 
dent upon  retirement,  43. 

Walker,  J.  F.,  deceased,  14;  obituary, 
66. 

Wallace,  Dr.  A.  R.,  presented  with 
Gold  Medal  (Darwin-Wallace  Celeb- 
ration), 71  ;  —  replied,  71. 

Waltham,  T.  E.,  exhibited  stereoscopic 
transparencies  of  Alpine  flowers  in 
natural  colours,  9. 

Warming,  Prof.  J.  E.  B.,  present  at 
Dinner,  73. 

Warren,  Dr.  T.  H.  represented  Oxford 
University,  72. 

Wasps,  wood-boring,  slides  exhibited 
(Enock),  69. 

Waterhouse,  C.  O.,  represented  the 
Entomological  Society,  73. 


Waters,  A.  W.,  Marine  Biologj'  of 
Sudanese  Eed  Sea — Bryozoa,  Part  I. 
Cheilostomata,  70. 

Weismann,  Prof.  A.,  attendance  pre- 
vented, 71  ;  medal  presented  to,  71. 

Weiss,  Prof.  F.  E.,  Abstract  of  paper, 
74;  elected  Councillor,  37  ;  exiiibited 
Citrus  Medica,  13  ;  Morphology  of 
Stigmaria  and  of  its  appendages  in 
comparison  with  recent  Lycopodiah  s, 
10  ;  i-epresented  Manchester  Uni- 
versity, 72. 

West,  G.  S.,  Algae  of  Tan  Yean  Reser- 
voir, 70. 

West  Australia,  Eucalypius  salmono- 
phloia  from,  exhibited  (Rendle),  3. 

Westell,  W.  P.,  admitted,  2. 

Whitley,  Miss  E.,  admitted,  6  ;  elected, 
4  ;  proposed,  i . 

Wigglesworth,  Miss  G.,  elected,  68 ; 
proposed,  13. 

Williams,  F.  N.,  Oaryophyllaceae  of 
Tibet,  69. 

Williams,  H.,  removed  from  List,  16. 

Williams,  J.  M.,  proposed,  70. 

Williams,  W.  R.  W.,  admitted,  6; 
elected,  4;  proposed,  i. 

Wills,  G.  S.  v.,  removed  from  List,  16. 

Witbdi-awals  recorded,  14. 

Wood-boring  Wasps,  slides  exhibited 
(Enock),  69. 

Woodward,  Dr.  A.  S.,  elected  Coun- 
cillor, 37  ;  lecture  at  Reception,  73  ; 
nominated  V.-P.,  68  ;  on  Evolution 
of  Mammals  in  S.  America,  74. 

Wordsell,  W.  C,  Abnormal  Structures 
in  Leaves  and  their  Morphological 
value,  4  ;  exhibited  seedlings  of  Pha- 
seohis  'limit iflorus,  70. 

Wrangel,  His  Excellency  Count,  letter 
from,  8. 

Wright,  0.  A.,  deceased,  14;  obituary, 
66. 

Wright,  C.  H.,  exhibitions  by  : — Arch- 
avgiopteris  Hcnryi,  Christ  &  Gilsenh., 
Cuidei-pa  cupressoides,  Agh.,  Hydro- 
sfacliys  imhricafa,  A.  Juss.,&  H.  nana, 
Engl.,  II;  Mclitella  fimlla,  70; 
Platanthcra  cMorantha,  Sjiharoihylax 
algiformis,  and  Tristicha  hypnoides, 
Spreng.,  11. 

Yan  Yean  Reservoir,  AlgjE  of  the 
(West),  70. 

Young,  A.  P.,  slides  showing  soil-denu- 
dation in  the  Tyrol,  7. 

Zoological  Secretary,  elected,  37. 
Zoological   Society   of    London   repre- 
sented, 73. 


PRINTED  BY  TAYLOU  AND  FRANCIS,  EED  LION  COUUT,  FLEET  STREET. 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OF   LONDON. 


121st   session. 


From  November  1908  to  June  1909. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED   FOR  THE   LINNEAN    SOCIETY, 

BURLINGTON  HOUSE    PICCADILLY,  W., 

1909, 


PEIHTRJ)    BT    TAYLOK    AND    FRANCIS, 

KBD  LION  r<)Ul!T,  FLEET  STREET. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 

List  of  Publications  issued      iv 

Proceedings  of  the  121st  Session      i 

Presidential  Address 21 

Obituaries    34 

Abstract  of  Paper   54 

Additions  to  the  Library    55 

Donations 86 

Benefactions,  1790-1909 87 

Index 95 


Publications  of  the  Society  issued  during  the  period,  31st  July, 
1908,,  to  Slst  July,  1909  :— 

Journal  (Botany),  No.  267,  13th  Oct.,  1908. 
„  268,  15th  Feb.,  1909. 
„  269,  11th  Mar.,  1909. 
(Zoology),  No.  198,  30th  Sept.,  1908. 
„  199,  6th  July,  1909. 
„  204,  11th  Nov.,  1908. 
„     205,  8th  Mar.,  1909. 


Transactions  (2nd  Ser.)  Botany,  Vol.  VII.  Part        x.,  Dec.  1908. 

XI.,  Feb.  1909. 

„       XII.,  July  1909. 

(2nd  Ser.)  Zoology,  Vol.  XI.  Part       i.,  Dec.  1908. 

II.,  Mar.  1909. 

„       III.,  Apr.  1909. 

„       IV.,  June  1909. 

v.,  July  1909. 


Proceedings,  120th  Session,  from  November  1907  to  June  1908 
October  1908. 


List  of  [Fellows,  Associates,  and  Foreign  Members],  1908-1909. 


PKOCEEDINGS 


or    THE 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY  OF   LONDON. 


(ONE  HUNDllED  AND  TWENTY-FIRST  SESSION, 
1908-1909.) 


November  5th,  1908. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  E.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  18th  June,  1908, 
Avere  read  and  confirmed. 

Miss  Grace  Wigglesworth,  M.Sc.  (Manch.),  and  Capt.  Andrew 
Thomas  Gage,  I.M.S.,  were  admitted  Fellows. 

The  following  were  proposed  as  Fellows : — Lieut.-Col.  Charles 
James  Bamber,  I. M.S.,  Mr.  Ernest  Brown,  Mr.  Ernest  Gibson, 
Mrs.  Mary  Jane  Longstaff,  Mr.  Ashley  Henry  Maude,  Miss  Mary 
(May)  Eathbone,  Miss  Agnes  Eobertson,  D.Sc.  (Lond,),  Miss 
Ethel  Nancy  Thomas,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  and  Miss  Anita  Florence 
Seed  AVilliams,  B.Sc.  (Lond.). 

Mr.  Joseph  Pearson,  M.Sc,  was  balloted  for  and  elected  a 
Fellow. 

A  silver  copy  of  the  Darwin- AVallace  Medal  was  presented  to 
the  British  Museum  :  Mr.  H.  A.  Grueber,  F.S.A.,  the  Keeper 
of  the  Department  of  Coins  and  Medals,  received  it  on  behalf  of 
the  Museum,  and  expressed  his  pleasure  in  accepting  for  his 
Department  so  noteworthy  a  medal. 

Prof.  A.  Dendy,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S.,  exhibited  bronze  copies  of 
the  new  Eesearch  Medal  instituted  by  the  New  Zealand  Institute, 

LINN.  SOC.  PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION    1908-1909.  h 


2  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

as  a  memorial  to  Capt.  Hutton,  F.E.S. ;  it  had  been  modelled  by 
Prof.  E,  Lauteri,  showing  on  the  obverse  a  portrait  of  Hutton, 
and  on  the  reverse  S2:>7ienodon  j^unctatus,  A2)ten/x  ;  Phorminm  tenax, 
Cordyline  australis,  and  a  Celmisia  for  the  fauna  and  flora,  whilst 
geology  was  represented  by  a  geologist's  hammer  and  a  distant 
range  of  volcanoes.  ' 

Mr.  L.  A.  Boodle,  !F.L.S.,  exhibited  a  preparation  and  drawings 
of  a  remarkable  gall  sent  from  Bombay  by  Mr.  T^^.  A.  Talbot, 
F.L.S.,  Conservator  of  Forests.  Prof.  Trail  and  Dr.  Stapf  dis- 
cussed certain  points,  and  Mr.  Boodle  replied. 

Dr.  Otto  Stapf,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S.,  referred  to  Mr.  Scott  Elliot's 
problematical  plant,  described  and  discussed  in  Jouru.  Linn.  Soc, 
Bot.  vol.  XXX.  (1894)  p.  155,  t.  8,  and  identified  by  M.  H.  Hua 
with  Lepidagathis  Pobef/uinii.  He  produced  one  of  Scott  Elliot's 
specimens,  and  explained  bow  from  the  presence  of  c^'stoliths  in 
the  epidermis  in  connection  with  the  peculiar  distribution  of  the 
phloem  in  the  stem  the  affinity  of  the  plant  might  have  been 
ascertained  in  spite  of  the  absence  of  inflorescences. 

The  President,  Miss  A.  L.  Smith,  and  Mr.  Boodle  commented 
on  the  exhibition. 

The  following  papers  were  read : — 

1.  "  Notes  on  some  Parasitic  Copepoda,  with  a  description  of  a 

new  species  of  Clwndr acanthus,  i.  e.  C.  ivjlahis."  By  Miss 
Mat  E.  BAiyBEiDGE,  B.Sc,  F.L.S. 

2.  "  On  some  Nemei-teans  from  the  Eastern  Indian  Ocean." 

By  E.  C.  PunjS'ett,  M.A.,  and  C.  Foester  Coopee,  M.A. 

(Communicated  by  J.  Stanley  G-aedinee,  M.A.,  F.E.S., 
F.L.S.) 

3.  "  Eeport   on   the  Echinoderms  (other   than  Holothurians) 

collected  by  Mr.  Stanley  (xardiner  in  the  Yrestern  parts 
of  the  Indian  Ocean."  By  Prof.  F.  Jeffrey  Bell,  M.A. 
(Communicated  by  the  same.) 


November  19th,  1908. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

On  tiaking  the  Chair,  the  President  announced  that,  accompanied 
by  Dr.  Stapf  and  the  General  Secretary,  he  had  been  received  in 
audience  by  H.M.  the  King  of  Sweden,  at  Windsor,  Mho  signed 
the  Eoll  and  Charter  Book  as  an  Honorary  Member. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  5th  November  were 
head  and  confirmed. 


LINNEA.N   SOCIETr   OF   LONDOX.  3 

Mr.  William  Booth  Waterfall  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

Miss  Eleanor  Pearse,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  and  Mr.  James  Moore 
Williams  were  severally  balloted  for  and  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  Harold  AVageii,F.E.S.,F.L.S.,  gave  a  lantern  demonstra- 
tion on  "  The  Optical  Behaviour  of  the  Epidermal  Cells  of  Leaves." 
He  stated  that  Professor  Haberlandt  had  suggested  that  the 
epidermal  cells  of  certain  leaves  are  functional  as  ocelli  or  primi- 
tive eyes  and  are  capable  of  the  perception  of  light.  The  structure 
of  these  cells  is  such  that  the  rays  of  light  which  fall  upon  them 
are  refracted  and  brought  to  a  focus,  and  in  one  case  Haberlandt 
was  able  to  obtain  a  photograph  of  a  microscope  the  image  of 
which  was  focussed  upon  the  basal  walls  of  the  epidermal  cells. 
This  image,  as  figured  in  his  book,  is  not  very  clear,  and  it  has 
since  been  found  possible  to  obtain  much  clearer  images  of  a 
variety  of  subjects  through  the  cells  both  of  the  upper  and  lower 
epidermis  of  many  leaves,  including  portraits  from  life,  flowers, 
houses  and  landscapes,  reproductions  of  photographs  and  pictures, 
and  simple  diagrams  in  colour  on  the  autochrome  plates  of 
Messrs.  Lumifere. 

In  order  to  explain  this  lens-function,  Haberlandt  has  put 
forward  the  extremely  interesting  hypothesis  that  the  convergence 
of  the  light  rays  causes  a  differential  illumination  of  the  proto- 
plasmic layer  on  the  basal  walls  of  the  epidermal  cells  and  sets  up 
a  stimulus  which  results  in  the  orientation  of  the  leaf  into  that 
position  in  which  it  can  obtain  the  most  suitable  illumination. 

There  is  no  doubt  a  good  deal  of  evidence  in  favour  of  Haber- 
landt's  view,  but  there  are  many  facts  to  be  explained  before  a 
definite  conclusion  can  be  arrived  at.  For  example — convergence 
takes  place  in  the  lower  as  well  as  in  the  upper  epidermal  cells,  as 
shown  by  Albrecht  for  Viscum  and  by  the  exhibitor  in  many  other 
plants.  In  a  species  of  Mesembryanthemum  there  are  special  lens- 
cells  equally  well  developed  on  the  lower  surface  as  on  the  upper 
surface.  In  Garrya  elliptica  also  there  are  special  lens-shaped 
thickenings  of  the  cuticle  equally  well  developed  on  both  surfaces. 
The  papillate  cells  of  many  petals  show  a  very  clear  convergence. 

It  is  not  impossible  that  the  convergence  may  bring  about  a 
more  efficient  illumination  of  the  chlorophyll  grains.  Haberlandt 
himself  suggested  something  of  this  kind  many  years  ago,  and  the 
numerous  observations  which  have  been  made  upon  ScMsiostega, 
Osmundaceoe,  some  Selaginellas  and  Hepatics,  and  other  plants, 
and  some  observations  by  the  exhibitor  upon  Botrydium  granu- 
latum,  all  clearly  indicate  that  this  hypothesis  must  be  taken  into 
account.  It  is  significant,  also,  that  epidermal  cells  v^■ith  long 
focus  appear  to  be  associated  with  long  palisade-cells,  whilst  the 
cells  with  short  focus  are  associated  with  short  palisade-cells. 

The  President  and  Dr.  S.  E.  Chandler  commented  on  the  exhi- 
bition, and  the  Author  replied. 

62 


4  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Mr.  C.  T.  DRrERY  exhibited  some  ferns  growing  in  a  bottle 
presumably  airtight,  on  silver  sand,  which  during  a  period  of  four 
years  had  nearly  filled  the  jar.  The  question  he  propounded 
was,  How  did  this  vegetative  growth  procure  the  needful  carbon 
dioxide  ?  , 

Mr.  G-.  P.  Mudge  (visitor).  Dr.  Eendle,  and  Dr.  Drabble  engaged 
in  a  short  discussion  on  the  point  raised. 

The  Eev.  John  Gerard,  S.J.,  showed  a  series  of  lantern-slides : 
(a)  illustrating  Tew  stems  natural!}'  inarched,  from  Stonyhurst, 
Lancashire  ;  and  (b)  Wistaria  stems,  one  of  which  having  been 
twined  round  a  pillar  "  clock- wise "  fashion,  had  ceased  to  put 
forth  fresh  shoots,  though  still  living.  The  other,  having  twined 
itself  "  counter-clockwise,"  had  flowered  freely.  Dr.  Eendle, 
Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  and  the  President  joined  in  the  discussion 
which  followed. 

Miss  A.  L.  Smith  showed  under  the  microscope  and  by  lantern- 
slides,  Myxococcus  pyriformis  or  M.  ruhescens  (?),  a  British  member 
of  the  MyxobacteriaceES,  which  had  also  been  found  near  Berlin. 

The  Eev.  T.  E.  E.  Steering  exhibited  specimens  of  an  Alcyo- 
narian  evidently  belonging  to  the  suborder  Pennatulaeea,  and  not 
improbably  to  the  widely  distributed  species  Cavernularia  olesa, 
Milne-Edwards  &  Haime,  in  Kolliker's  family  Cavernulariidse. 
They  had  been  sent  from  Borneo  some  years  ago  by  Charles  Hose, 
Esq.,  D.Sc,  at  that  time  the  Eesident  in  the  Baram  district, 
Saraw-ak.  The  suggested  identification  was  founded  on  Professor 
S.  J.  Hickson's  discussion  of  the  species  in  Gilchrist's  '  Marine 
Investigations,'  vol.  i.  p.  92,  pi.  3  (1902),  and  on  inspection  of  a 
specimen  in  the  British  Museum  under  the  care  of  Professor 
Jeifrey  Bell.  Mr.  Stebbing  pointed  out  that  the  genus  Cavernu- 
laria was  established  in  1850  by  Milne-Edwards  &  Haime  (British 
Eossil  Corals,  part  i.  p.  Ixxxiv),  and  should  not  be  credited  to 
Valenciennes  who  only  gave  the  name  in  manuscript  on  a  museum 
label.  A  similar  remark  applies  to  the  species  C.  ohesa.  The 
largest  of  the  specimens  is  about  three  and  a  half  inches  or  87  mm. 
in  length.  AVheu  received  in  England,  and  for  months  afterwards, 
they  had  the  appearance  of  slender,  almost  smooth,  light-brown 
sausages,  besprinkled,  except  for  a  still  smoother  fifth  or  sixth  of 
their  length,  with  small  black  dots.  The  chief  motive  for  bringing 
them  under  the  notice  of  the  Society  lay  in  the  circumstance  that, 
Avhen  again  examined  after  a  further  long  interval,  during  all 
which  time  they  had  been  in  a  preservative  medium,  the  speci- 
mens displayed  for  the  most  part  an  entirely  different  aspect. 
The  surface  had  become  in  many  parts  conspicuously  squamose, 
and  from  many  of  the  black  dots  polyps  were  now  more  or  less 
expansively  protruded.  It  looked  as  if  by  their  powder  of  with- 
drawal into  the  common  fleshy  polypidom,  these  creatures  were 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LOSDOy. 


able  for  an  imraense  time  to  resist  the  poisoning  influence  ot 
spirit  or  formalin,  but  Prof.  Dendy  suggested  that  a  post-^nortem 
shrinkage  of  the  polypidom  might  have  protruded  the  polyps. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  On  a  new  Species  of  Sympliyla  from  the  Himalayas."     Br 

Prof.  A.  D.  Imms,  D.Se.    (Communicated  by  A.  E.  Shipley, 
F.E.S.,  P.L.S.) 

2.  "  The  Freshwater  Crustacea  of  Tasmania,  with  remarks  on 

the  Geographical  Distribution."     By  Geoffrey  W.  Smith, 
M.A.,  F.L.S. 


December  3rd,  1908. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  19th  November 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  George  Edward  Nicholls,  B.Sc,  Miss  Eleanor  Pearse,  B.Sc, 
and  Mr.  Albert  William  Bartlett,  B.A.,  B.Sc,  were  admitted 
Fellows. 

Mr.  "William  John  Yandenbergh  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

The  following  persons  were  severally  balloted  for  and  elected 
Fellows  : — Lieut.-Col.  Charles  James  Bamber,  I. M.S.,  Mr.  Ernest 
Brown,  Mr.  Ernest  Gibson,  Mrs.  Mary  Jane  Longstaff,  Mr.  Ashley 
Henry  Maude,  Miss  Mary  (May)  Eathbone,Miss  Agues  Eobertsou, 
D.Sc.  (Lond.),  Miss  Ethel  IVancy  Thomas,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  and  Miss 
Anita  Florence  Seed  Williams,  B.Sc.  (Loud.). 

Dr.  O.  Rosenheim  exhibited  a  large  series  of  lanteru-slides 
prepared  by  the  starch-grain  colour  process,  and  explained  the 
method  by  which  these  results  had  been  obtained.  The  President, 
Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  Mr.  A.  P.  Young,  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker,  and 
Dr.  Y.  H.  Yeley,  F.R.S.  (visitor),  contributed  some  remarks,  and 
Dr.  Rosenheim  replied  to  the  questions  which  had  been  put. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  Biscayan  Plankton  :  the  Ostracoda."     By  Dr.  G.  Heebeux 

Fowler,  F.L.S. 

2.  "  Mimicry  in  Spiders."     By  R.  Innes  Pocock,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S. 

3.  "  Note  on  Jimiperus  taxifolia,  Hook.  &  Am."    By  B.  Hayat.i. 

(Communicated  by  W!  Boxting  Hemsley,  F.R.S. ,  F.L.S.) 


6  riiOCEEDINGS    or    THE 

December  17th,  1908. 
Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Cliair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  3rd  December  were 
read  and  confirmed. 

Miss  Anita  FJorence  Seed  Williams,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  Miss  Ethel 
Nancy  Thomas,  B.Sc.  (Lond.),  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Ullathorne 
Meek,  and  Mr.  Ashley  Henry  Maude,  J. P.,  were  admitted  Fellows. 

Mr.  Richard  Dupont,  Mr.  William  Herbert  Mullens,  M.A., 
LL.M.,  and  Mr.  Gurney  Wilson  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  William  Booth  Waterfall  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

Mr.  EuPEET  Vallentin,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  a  rare  barnacle, 
Lepas  fascicularis,  obtained  in  July  last  off  the  Scilly  Isles,  and 
the  coral  Dendrophytlia  cornigera  dredged  in  St.  Ives  Bay.  The 
Eev.  T.  E.  E,  Stebbing  contributed  some  observations  with  regard 
to  this  and  other  barnacles. 

Mr.  W.  C.  WoESDELL,  F.L.S.,  exhibited  living  specimens  of 
various  forms  of  Selaginella,  and  remarked  that  in  Selaf/inella 
inequalifolia,  Spring,  S.  Willdenovii,  Baker,  ^.  canalicidata,  Baker, 
S.  serpens,  Spring,  S.  Mettenii,  A.  Br.,  he  observed  rhizophores 
which  had  grown  out  spontaneously  into  leafy  shoots.  The  mode 
in  which  this  takes  place  shows  that  the  rhizophore  has  the 
morphological  character  of  a  shoot,  as  there  is  clearly  but  a  single 
organ  here  concerned,  and  there  is  no  question  of  the  shoot 
developing  out  of  an  organ  of  a  different  nature  represented  by 
the  extreme  base  of  the  whole  structure.  The  exogenous  origin 
of  the  normal  rhizophores,  the  fact  that  the  two  (upper  and  lower) 
at  the  base  of  each  dichotomy  of  the  stem  form  therewith  a 
tetrachotomy ,  two  arms  of  which  are  in  a  plane  at  right  angles  to 
the  other  two,  and  their  constant,  definite  place  of  origin,  are  all 
in  favour  of  their  shoot-nature.  Transitions  occur  betAveen  the 
normal  rhizophore  and  the  extreme  leafy  form. 

The  rhizophore  is  probably  homologous  wiih  the  "  protocorm  " 
of  Lycopodium  and  PhyllogJossum,  and  with  the  organ  known  as 
Stigmaria  •  if  so,  it  follows  that  both  the  "  protocorm "  and 
Stigmaria  are  also  of  shoot-nature.  It  is  very  unlikel}^  that 
organs  intermediate  between  shoot  and  root  can  exist  in  Nature. 

The  President  remarked  upon  the  interest  of  this  exhibition. 

The  third  exhibition  was  by  Mr.  Geoege  Massee,  F.L.S.,  who 
exhibited  preserved  specimens,  and  lantern-slides  ot  the  "  Black 
Scab  "  of  potatoes.  During  the  past  few  years  this  disease,  caused 
by  a  parasitic  fungus,  has  assumed  the  proportions  of  an  epidemic 


LINNEAN   SOCIE'ir   OF   LONDOX.  7 

in  various  parts  of  this  country.  Tlie  tuber  is  the  part  most 
frequently  attacked,  but  very  young  leaves  are  sometimes  infected. 
In  tubers  the  young  "  sprouts  "  are  attacked,  and  owing  to  the 
stimulation  induced  by  the  parasite  in  infected  spi'outs  rapidly 
increase  in  size  aud  form  large  coralloid  masses  or  warts,  which 
frequently  cover  the  greater  portion  of  the  surface  of  the  tuber. 
These  masses  eventually  become  blackish-brown  in  colour,  due  to 
the  presence  of  myriads  of  dark-coloured  resting-spores. 

Infection  always  takes  place  from  without,  consequently  the 
epidermal  or  peripheral  cells  alone  are  infected.  The  presence  of 
mature  resting-spores  imbedded  deeply  in  the  tissue  of  the  host, 
at  first  sight  appears  to  contradict  this  statement,  but  this  appear- 
ance is  due  to  the  rapid  growth  and  division  of  uninfected 
epidermal  cells,  which  soon  form  a  tissue  superposed  on  what 
was  previously  the  peripher}^ . 

A  point  of  interest  in  connection  with  this  disease  is  the  absence 
of  periderm,  which  in  other  diseases  of  potato  tubers  is  so  readily 
formed.  On  germination,  the  inner,  thin  hyaline  wall  is  extruded 
in  the  form  of  a  sphere,  through  a  crack  in  the  thick  coloured 
outer  wall  of  the  resting-spore.  The  thin  wall  of  the  extruded 
inner  membrane  soon  deliquesces,  aud  liberates  myriads  of  ellip- 
tical, uniciliate  zoospores. 

The  facts  that  the  host  is  infected  through  the  epidermal  or 
peripheral  cells,  and  the  extrusion  of  the  inner  wall  of  the  resting- 
spore  as  a  sphere,  from  which  the  zoospores  escape  in  an  active 
condition,  indicate  that  the  parasite  belongs  to  the  old  and  well- 
known  genus  Syncliytrium. 

What  happens  to  the  zoospores  after  their  liberation  into  the 
ground  remains  to  be  discovered,  but  experiments  conducted  at 
Kew  prove  that  soil  once  infected  produced  a  diseased  crop  even 
after  a  period  of  five  years. 

Prof.  Dendy,  Mr.  A.  P.  Young,  and  the  President  contributed 
some  remarks,  and  Mr.  Massee  replied  to  certain  questions. 

Messrs.  H.  &  J.  Groves,  P.L.S,,  exhibited  specimens  of  Luzula 
pallescens,  Besser,  collected  in  Woodwalton  Fen,  Hants,  by  Mr.  J. 
Groves  in  company  with  Mr.  E.  W.  Hunuybuu,  who  discovered 
the  plant  there  last  year.  L.  ]jallescens  has  previously  heen 
recorded  as  British  from  specimens  collected  by  the  Rev.  Augustin 
Ley  in  1898  at  Presteign,  Radnorshire  ;  but  on  examination  of 
Mr.  Ley's  specimens,  they  proved  to  be  merely  a  pale  state  of 
L.  erecta.  In  Messrs.  Groves'  opinion  the  differences  between 
L.  pallescens  and  L.  erecta  were  sufficient  to  warrant  their  being 
regarded  as  distinct  species ;  the  principal  characteristics  of 
L,  pallescens  being  the  very  numerous  smaller  oval  heads,  the 
much  smaller  perianths  and  fruits,  and  the  minute  seeds,  besides 
which  there  was  a  great  difference  between  the  outer  and  inner 
perianth-segments.  Though  originally  described  from  Scandi- 
navia by  Wahlenberg  (under  the  genus  Juncus),  the  headquarters 


8  PEOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

of  L.  pallescens  appears  to  be  Eastern  Central  Europe.  Messrs. 
Groves  also  exhibited  specimens  of  the  allied  species. 

Dr.  Otto  Stapf,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S.,  exhibited,  for  comparison, 
specimens  of  L.  pallescens  from  Central  Europe. 

Dr.  Stapf,  Mr.  G.  C.  Druce,  and  Mr.  E.  N.  Williams  engaged  in 
a  discussion,  and  Mr.  James  Groves  replied. 

Mr.  G.  Claridge  Druce,  M.A.,  E.L.S.,  exhibited  as  a  probable 
new  British  plant,  Montia  lamjjrosjjerona,  Chamisso  ;  the  characters 
by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  M.  fontana  being,  it  was  stated, 
the  larger,  chestnut-brown  shining  seeds,  reticulate  rather  than 
tubercular.  In  M.  fontana  they  are  small,  dull-black,  and  strongly 
tubercular.  The  plant  has  a  distinctly  northern  range,  and  from 
its  being  the  only  form  found  in  the  Faeroes,  and  from  its  occur- 
rence in  Scandinavia,  Russia,  and  North  Germany,  it  might  be 
expected  to  grow  in  Scotland.  Mr.  Druce  has  specimens  which 
he  found  in  Ross-shire  in  1881  in  Glen  Spean,  and  on  Loch  na 
Gar,  the  latter  at  an  altitude  of  3400  feet. 

Mr.  Clement  Eeid  believed  he  had  met  with  the  seeds  of  both 
species  in  his  researches  in  British  leaf-beds, 

Mr.  E.  M.  Burton,  E.L.S.,  sent  for  exhibition  an  oyster-shell 
with  a  remarkably  large  calcareous  concretion  formed  at  the  point 
of  attachment  of  the  adductor  muscle.  Prof.  Herdman,  to  whom 
the  shell  had  been  shown,  considered  the  phenomenon  due  to  some 
parasitic  infection  which  had  caused  irritation,  and  consequent 
growth.  There  was  no  trace  of  any  animal  having  bored  in  from 
the  outside  at  the  place. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  The  Anomura  of  the  Sudanese  Red  Sea."    By  W.  Riddell. 

(Communicated  by  Prof.AV.  A.  Herdman,  E.R.S.,  V.P.L.S.) 

2.  "  Eorras  of  Elowers  in  Valeriana  dioica."    By  R,  P.  Gregory. 

(Communicated  by  Prof.  A.  C.  Seward,  E.R.S.,  E.L.S.) 

3.  Rhynchota  obtained  during  the  '  Sealark '  Expedition."     By 

W.  L.  Distant.    (Communicated  by  J.  Stanley  Gardiner, 
E.R.S.,  E.L.S.) 

4.  "  Etudes  sur  les  Cirrhipcdes  du  Muse'e  de  Cambridge."     By 

Prof.  A.  Gruvel.     (Communicated  by  the  same.) 


January  21st,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  E.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  17th  December,  1908, 
\^ere  read  and  confirmed. 

Mias  Agnes  Robertson,  D.Sc,  \\-as  admitted  a  Eellow 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LOXDOK.  9 

Mr.  David  Eeekie  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

Mr.  William  John  Vandenbergh  was  elected  a  Tellow. 

Dr.  Otto  Stapf,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S.,  exhibited  male  and  female 
specimens  of  Plagianthus  Helmsii,  F. .  Muell.  &  Tate,  and  de- 
monstrated with  the  aid  of  lantern- slides  their  peculiar  leaf  and 
floral  structure,  pointing  out  at  the  same  time,  that  it  appears 
more  natural  to  treat  this  species  together  with  Plagianthus  micro- 
pJiyllus  and  P.  squamatus  as  members  of  si  distinct  genus  for  which 
Mueller's  name  Halothamnus,  originally  applied  to  P.  microphylhis, 
would  have  to  stand. 

Prof.  Dendy,  Sec.L.S.,  Mr.  E.  G-.  Baker,  and  Mr.  T.  A.  Sprague 
took  part  in  a  discussion,  and  Dr.  Stapf  replied. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  The  Longitudinal  Symmetry  of  Centrospermse."     By  Prof. 

P.  Groom,  M.A.,  P.L.S. 

2.  "The  Genus   NototricJie,   Turcz.*'     By  Aethue   W.    Hill, 

M.A.,  P.L.S. 


February  4tb,  1909. 

Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward,  F.E.S.,  Vice-President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  21st  January, 
1909,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Frank  Campbell  McClellan  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

Mr.  William  Ambrose  Clarke,  Mr.  Frank  Hicks,  and  Miss  Ida 
Mary  Eoper  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Paul  Eivalz  Dupont,  Mr.  William  Herbert  Mullens,  M.A., 
LL.M.,  and  Mr.  Gurney  Wilson  Mere  severally  balloted  for  and 
elected  Fellows. 

The  Chairman  announced  that  sets  of  the  Poi'traits  which  form 
part  of  the  Darwin- Wallace  volume  have  been  printed  in  quarto 
form,  and  are  purchasable  by  the  Fellows  at  two  shillings  per  set, 
post-free. 

Prof.  W.  A.  Heedman  exhibited  microscope-slides  prepared  by 
one  of  his  pupils,  Mr.  W.  J.  Dakin,  now  working  at  Naples, 
showing  striped  muscle-fibre  in  the  mantle  of  Pecten. 


PBOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


The  Eev.  E.  S.  Makshall  showed  the  following  interesting 
British  plants : — 

"  Saxifraga  nivalis  X  stcllaris,  n.  hybr.,  found  in  1902  on  Cairn- 
gorm by  the  late  Mr.  E.  C.  Crawford,  F.E.S.E.  (after  whom,  it 
was  proposed  to  name  it).  Specimens  only  in  flower,  but  quite 
intermediate  in  character. 

OrcJiis .     Eound  by  Mr.  "W.  A.  Shoolbred  and  himself,  in 

quantity,  at  Inchnadamph,  W.  Sutherland.  Clearly  a  new  form,  at 
least  for  Britain  ;  allied  to  0.  macidata,  L.  A  drawing  by  Mr.  E. 
W.  Hunnybun  is  shown,  besides  good  specimens. 

Helianthemum  Chamcecistiis  xpolifoKum,  from  Burn  Hill,  Bleadon, 
N.  Somerset.  First  observed  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Thompson.  A  good 
intermediate  ;  apparently  quite  fertile. 

Hieracium  Jiyj^arcticum  (Almq.)  Elfstrand.  First  found  by 
Mr.  F.  J.  Hanbury  and  himself  in  1890  at  Inchnadamph,  and 
again  gathered  in  1908.  A  modification  of  a  South  Greenland 
species. 

Hieracium  eustales,  Linton,  from  E.  and  W.  Sutherland.  An 
endemic  species,  previously  known  only  from  about  four  Berth- 
shire  stations." 

Mr.  Henry  Groves  remarked  upon  the  excellence  of  the 
dried  specimens  exhibited. 

This  exhibition  was  followed  by  Brof.  F.  E.  Weiss,  who  showed 
some  specimens  of  Comjisopogon,  a  tropical  freshwater  alga 
belonging  to  the  Bhodophycese,  which  has  been  found  in  the 
Beddish  Canal  near  Stockport.  The  water  in  this  part  of  the 
canal  is  warmed  by  the  inflow  of  hot  water  from  the  cotton  mills, 
and  other  subtropical  aquatics  have  been  found  there  in  the  past 
— Naias  graminea,  Chara  JBraunii,  and  Pitliopliora  Oedogonia. 
They  are  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  with  refuse  from  the 
cotton  mills. 


Brof.  A.  Dendy,  Sec.L.S.,  exhibited  lantern-slides  and  prepara- 
tions which  throw  hght  upon  the  structure  of  the  Bineal  Eye  of 
Splienodon. 

The  Chairman,  Brof.  Herdman,  and  the  Eev.  T,  E.  E.  Stebbiug 
took  part  in  a  short  discussion,  and  Brof.  Dendy  replied. 


The  following  papers  were  read : — 

1.  "  On  Fucus  spiralis,  Linue,  or  Fiicus  platycarpus,  Thuret." 
By  Dr.  F.  Borgesen.  (Communicated  by  the  General 
Secretary.) 


LINIfEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDOX,  II 

2.  "  The  CEconomy  of  Ichneumon  manifestator,  Marsbam."     By 

C.  MoRLEY,  F.E.S.     (Communicated  by  E,  A.  Cockayne, 
F.L.S.) 

3.  "  The  Polyzoa  of  Madeira."     By  the  Eev.  Canon  Norman, 

M.A.,  F.E.S.,  F.L.S. 


February  ISth,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  ScoxT,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair ;  afterwards 
Lt.-Col.  Pbain,  C.I.E.,  F.E.S.,  A'ice-President. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  4th  February,  1909, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Miss  Helen  Stuart  Chambers,  B.Sc,  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

Mr.  Alexander  James  Gibson,  Mr.  Edward  James  Salisbury, 
B.Sc,  and  Miss  Marie  Charlotte  Carmiehael  Stopes,  D.Sc.  (Lond.), 
Ph.D.  (Munich),  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  David  Eeekie  was  elected  a  Fellow. 

The  President  announced  that  two  vacancies  existed  in  the  list 
of  Foreign  Members,  caused  by  the  deaths  of  Prof.  Alfred  Giard 
and  Prof.  Karl  Mobius. 

The  President  then  left  the  Chair,  and  was  succeeded  by  Lt.-Col. 
Prain. 

A  discussion  on  "  Alternation  of  Generations  in  Plants  "  was 
opened  by  Dr.  William  H.  Lang,  M.B.,  D.Sc.  After  some  intro- 
ductory remarks  and  reference  to  some  examples  of  well-marked 
alternation  of  generations,  and  the  nuclear  difference  between  the 
two  generations,  the  Author  adduced  the  ontogeny  of  organisms 
without  alternation  of  generations  ;  the  concept  of  a  specific  cell 
corresponding  to  each  specific  form.  The  concept  of  the  specific 
cell  must  be  applied  to  organisms  with  alternation  :  the  bodies  of 
the  two  alternating  iudividuals  in  the  life-history  may  be  similar 
or  dissimilar. 

Two  alternative  explanations  are  open  as  to  the  differences 
between  the  two  generations  in  the  complete  life-history  : 

(a)  that  the  differences  are  due  to  the  different  state  of  the 
specific  cell  in  the  spore  and  zygote  respectively  ; 

(6)  that  they  are  due  to  different  environmental  conditions 
acting  on  equivalent  germ-cells. 


12  PJBOCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  former  view,  which  is  often  tacitly  assumed,  meets  with 
difficTilties  in  the  more  complex  explanation  of  the  transmission 
of  characters  which  it  involves  ;  in  the  similar  bodies,  in  spite  of 
the  nuclear  difference,  of  the  two  generations  of  Dictyota,  etc. ; 
in  the  diiFerent  bodies  with  no  nuclear  difference,  in  certain 
abnormal  ferns. 

The  latter  view  allows  of  a  simpler  explanation  of  the  trans- 
mission of  characters ;  is  consistent  with  similar  bodies  being 
developed  from  the  haploid  and  diploid  germ-cells  when  exposed 
to  the  same  conditions,  as  in  Dictyota  ;  and  with  the  results  of 
their  development  being  profoundly  different,  as  in  archegoniate 
plants.  In  the  latter  the  zygote,  retained  within  the  body  of  the 
gametophyte,  is  removed  from  all  the  influences  acting  on  the 
spore  and  exposed  to  a  new  set  of  nutritive  and  correlative  influ- 
ences proceeding  from  the  enclosing  body  of  the  sexual  individual. 
These  influences  last  until  a  condition  of  formative  induction  may 
fairly  be  supposed  to  be  established. 

The  mode  of  reproduction — sexuality  or  spore-production — 
appears  to  be  necessarily  associated  with  the  state — haploid  or 
diploid — of  the  specific  cell.  In  the  hght  of  this  ontogenetic  view 
of  the  origin  of  the  diff'erence  between  the  t\^o  generations, 
examples  of  the  Algae,  Hepaticae,  Musci,  Lycopodiales,  Equisetales, 
and  Filicales  were  considered  as  well  as  the  facts  regarding 
apogamy  and  aposporj'.  Comparisons  were  suggested  between  the 
two  generations  in  the  several  groups. 

The  bearing  of  the  ontogenetic  view  on  the  antithetic  and 
homologous  theories  as  at  pi'eseut  regarded  was  then  considered. 
"While  the  possibility  of  the  different  states  of  the  specific  cell  in 
the  spore  and  zygote  having  some  causal  influence  on  the  difference 
of  the  resulting  individuals  must  be  borne  in  mind,  it  is  suggested 
that  this  ontogenetic  theory  of  the  natui-e  of  the  alternation  seen 
in  Bryophyta  and  Pteridophyta  may  prove  a  useful  working 
hypothesis,  that  it  will  lead  to  work  on  new  lines,  and  that  it  is 
to  some  extent  open  to  experimental  test. 

An  animated  discussion  followed,  the  speakers  being  Prof.  P. 
O.  Bower.  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  P.L.S.,  Prof.  J.  Bretland  Parmer, 
Prof.  P.  W.  Ohver,  and  Mr.  A.  G.  Tansley,  Dr.  Lang  briefly 
replying. 

March  4th,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  ScoiT,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  G-eneral  Meeting  of  the  18th  Pebruary,  1909, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Henry  Caracciolo,  P.E.S.,  C.M.Z.S.,  Mr.  John  Beavis 
Groom,  and  Dr.  Anstruther  Abercrombie  Lawson,  B.Sc,  Ph.D., 
were  proposed  as  Pellows. 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OP    LONDON.  1 3 

Prof.  Yves  Delage  and  Prof.  Magnus  Gustaf  Eetzius  were 
proposed  as  Foreign  Members. 

Mr.  William  Ambrose  Clarke,  Mr.  Frank  Hicks,  and  Misa  Ida 
Mary  Eoper  were  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  E-.  A.  EoLFE,  A.L.S.,  exhibited  flow^ers  of  several  crosses 
derived  from  the  hybrid  Ujndendriivi  hewense  and  its  parents, 
Avhioh  showed  Mendelian  phenomena. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Rendle  and  Prof.  Weiss  contributed  some  remarks, 
and  Mr.  Eolfe  replied. 

Prof.  F.  E.  Weiss  exhibited  actual  specimens  of  the  curious 
development  of  the  roots  of  a  Sycamore  which  had  grown  on  very 
stony  soil,  and  further  illustrated  the  developments  by  lantern- 
slides. 

Dr.  0.  Stapf,  Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  and  the  President  remarked 
upon  the  phenomena  thus  shown. 

The  following  paper  was  read  : — 

"  A  Contribution  to  the  Montane  Flora  of  Fiji,  iucludiug 
Cryptogams ;  with  Ecological  Xotes,"  By  Miss  L.  S.  Gtibbs, 
F.L.S. 


March  18th,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  4th  Mai'cli,  1909, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

(  1  Mr.  William  Herbert  Mullens  and  Mr.  Gurney  Wilson  were 
admitted  Fellows. 

Dr.  William  Henry  Lang,  M.B,,  CM.,  and  Mr.  Martin  Hubert 
Foquet  Sutton  were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

Mr.  Alexander  James  Gibson,  Mr.  Edward  James  Salisbury, 
B.Sc,  and  Miss  Marie  Charlotte  Carmichael  Stopes,  D.Sc,  Ph.D., 
were  severally  balloted  for  and  elected  Fellows. 

Mr.  C.  E.  Salmon,  F.L.S. ,  exhibited  specimens  of  Euplirasia 
niiaima  from  Somerset,  which  had  been  ten  years  in  his  herbarium, 
and  remarked  upon  the  geographical  range  of  the  species. 

Mr.  F.  X.  AViLLiAMs  contributed  further  remarks  and  pointed 
out  the  strong  probability  that  E.  minima  was  the  type  of 
E,  officinalis,  Linn. 


14  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  The  Dry-rot   of  Potatoes."    By   Miss    Sibyl  Longman, 

(Communicated  by  Prof.  F.  Keeble,  P.L.S.) 

2.  "  The  Structiu-e  and  Affinities  of  Davidia  involucrata,  B^ill.'' 

By  A.  S.  Horne,  B.Sc.     (Communicated  by  Prof.  Farmer, 
F.E.S.,  F.L.S.) 

April  1st,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  18th  March,  1909, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Miss  Mary  Eathbone,  Mr.  James  Montagu  Francis  Drummond, 
B.A.,  and  Dr.  Marie  Charlotte  Carmichael  Stopes,  were  admitted 
Fellows. 

Mr.  Henry  Caracciolo,  F.E.S.,  C.M.Z.S.,  Mr.  John  Beavis 
Groom,  and  Dr.  xlnstruther  Abercrombie  Lavvson  were  elected 
Fellows. 

Dr.  Marie  Stopes  exhibited  several  microscope  slides  and 
micro-photographs  of  plant  petrifactions  from  Japan.  The  petri- 
factions are  of  Cretaceous  age,  and  are  preserved  as  masses  of 
fragments  in  some  degree  like  the  palaeozoic  "  Coal-ball."  The 
specimens  included  a  number  of  new  genera  and  species  whose 
structure  throws  light  on  the  flora  of  the  Cretaceous  period,  and 
in  particularly  is  important  in  relation  to  the  question  of  the 
early  Angiosperms.  These  specimens  are  the  first  to  be  worked  on 
from  these  beds. 

The  President  congratulated  Miss  Stopes  in  the  name  of  the 
Society,  on  the  successful  and  important  results  of  her  journey 
and  explorations. 

Prof.  F.  W.  Oliver  and  Mr.  E.  A,  Newell  Arber  joined  in  tl>e 
discussion  which  followed. 

Mr.  A.  D.  Darbishtre  exhibited  seven  cases  of  specimens  as 
the  results  of  breeding  experiments  with  Peas,  illustrating  Meu- 
delian  Phenomena ;  and  Mr.  Arther  Sutton  showed  a  large  series 
of  seeds,  some  being  results  obtained  by  crossing  Pisum  arvense 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Jaffa  in  Palestine,  with  varieties  of 
culinary  Peas,  P.  sativum. 

Prof.  Keeble  and  Mr.  J.  E.  Drummond  contributed  further 
remarks,  and  the  exhibitors  replied. 


LINXEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LOXDON.  1 5 

Mr.  Walker  showed  specimens  of  Amphipoda  preserved  for 
26  yeai's  in  pure  glycerine,  the  colour  and  markings  being  perfectly 
retained. 

He  concluded  by  offering  for  acceptance  by  the  Society,  a 
Microscope  by  E.  Leitz  of  Wetzlar,  fitted  \vith  three  powers  and 
Abbe's  condenser. 

The  President  moved  a  special  vote  of  thanks  to  the  donor  for 
bis  generous  and  welcome  gift,  which  was  carried  by  acclamation. 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  Amphipoda  Hyperiidea  of  the  '  Sealark  '  Expedition."     Bv 

A.  O.  Walkee,  E.L.S. 

2.  "  Marine  Mollusca  of  the  same  Expedition."     By  Dr.  J. 

Cosmo  Melyill,  E.L.S. 

3.  "  Mollusca  of  the  Seychelles  Archipelago."     By  E.  E.  Sykes, 

F.L.S. 

4.  "  On  a  Blind  Prawn  from  the  Sea  of  Galilee."     By  Dr.  W. 

T.  Calman,  F.L.S. 


May  6th,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  1st  April,  1909, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Joseph  Pearson,  M.Sc,  Mr.  Edward  James  Salisbury,  B.Sc, 
and  Mr.  Frank  Hicks  were  admitted  Fellows. 

Dr.  William  Henry  Lang,  M.B.,  CM.,  and  Mr.  Martin  Hubert 
Foquet  Sutton  were  severally  balloted  for  and  elected  Fellows  ; 
and  Professor  Yves  Deiage  and  Professor  Magnus  Gustaf  Ketzius 
were  in  like  manner  elected  Foreign  Members. 

Lady  Isabel  Mary  Peyronnet  Browne,  Captain  Stanley  Smyth 
Flower,  Mr.  Valavanur  Subramauia  Iyer,  M.A.,  Madras  University, 
Miss  Julia  Lindley,  and  Mr.  William  Kobert  Price,  B.A.  Cantab., 
were  proposed  as  Fellows. 

The  following  Auditors  were  nominated  from  the  Chair,  and  by 
show  of  hands  were  duly  elected  : — For  the  Council,  Sir  Frank 
Crisp  and  Prof.  J.  P.  Hill.  For  the  Fellows,  Mr,  G.  S.  Saunders 
and  Mr.  Henry  Groves. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Newell  Arber  explained  by  means  of  lantern-slides 
the  CECology  of  two  alpine  species  of  Sempervivum,  namely  S.  arach- 


1 6  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

noideum  and  S.  montanum ;  he  pointed  out  the  formation  of 
primitive  soil  by  three  methods  :  (1)  from  crustaceous  lichens,  (2) 
mosses,  and  (3)  decay  of  coniferous  needles.  Upon  this  primitive 
soil  these  Semperviva  flourished  and  formed  groups,  which  might 
be  regarded  as  individuals  or  colonies,  but  for  which  he  preferred 
the  non-committal  term  of  '  pseudo-colony.'  The  stolons,  which 
were  emitted  from  the  rosettes,  were  sometimes  of  great  length 
before  giving  rise  to  a  daughter-rosette. 

Dr.  Otto  Stapf  followed  with  some   additional  remarks,  and 
the  Author  replied. 


Mr.  James  Buckland  exhibited  a  series  of  sixty  lantern- slides 
received  from  the  United  States  of  America,  and  Australia,  in 
illustration  of  various  species  of  birds  in  imminent  danger  of 
extinction  in  consequence  of  the  commercial  demand  for  their 
plumage  as  means  of  adornment.  He  pointed  out  the  urgency 
of  prohibitive  legislation  in  order  to  save  a  multitude  of  birds,  now 
rare,  owing  to  the  reckless  slaughter  by  the  plume-hunters. 

The  first  group  of  slides  showed  the  slaughter  of  gulls  and  terns 
on  the  Atlantic  seaboard  of  the  United  States,  so  great  that 
President  Roosevelt  had  intervened  by  proclaiming  certain  portions 
as  I'eservations,  and  the  resultant  saving  of  the  terns  in  these  pro- 
tected sanctuaries.  Next  were  shown  the  Snowy  Herons  on  the 
Florida  Keys  Eeservation ;  the  patrol  boats  for  the  enforcement 
of  the  protective  regulations  ;  the  grave  of  a  warden  shot  in 
the  execution  of  his  duty  by  a  bird-hunter  on  forbidden  territory  ; 
and  nesting-habits  of  the  Egret  in  Tlorida. 

Following  these  came  slides  of  plumage-birds  from  Oregon. 
California,  and  Venezuela  ;  the  flightless  birds  of  New  Zealand  ; 
the  Birds  of  Paradise,  Emu,  Lyre-bird,  various  Bower-birds,  and 
hon^e  of  the  Albatross  ;  the  Australian  Gannet  in  its  rookery, 
closing  with  "  The  cost  of  a  plume,"  a  series  of  slides  showing  the 
effect  of  the  slaughter  of  the  parent  birds  by  the  lingering  death 
of  the  nestlings  by  starvation  ;  these  latter  slides  had  been  obtained 
by  climbing  with  the  camera  to  the  top  of  the  Blue  Gums,  in 
which  the  nests  were  built. 

Prof.  A.  Dendy  spoke  of  the  remarkable  interest  of  the  ex- 
hibition, and  trusted  that  the  devotion  of  Mr.  Buckland  to  the 
cause  he  had  so  much  at  heart  would  be  crowned  with  success. 
He  referred  to  the  fact  that  the  Council  of  the  Societj^  had 
done  what  it  could  in  the  good  cause,  by  supporting  the  proposed 
bill  for  the  restriction  of  the  importation  of  plumage  into  this 
country.  "With  regard  to  the  flightless  birds  of  New  Zealand  :  they 
occupied  different  ground,  as  the  dauger  to  which  they  are  exposed 
is  chiefly  due  to  the  introduction  of  predatory  animals  into  the 
Dominion. 


LINXEAX    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDON.  1 7 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "On  some  Zoantlieae  from  Queensland  and  the  New  Hebrides." 

By  Mrs.  LEO^■ORA  Wilsiiore,  M.Sc.     (Communicated  by 

Prof.  J.  P.  Hill,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.) 
;2.  "  On  two  new  Genera  of  Thysanoptera  from  Venezuela." 

By  E.  S.  Bagxall.     (Communicated  by  Lord  AvEBunr, 

P.C.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.) 


May  24th,  1909. 
Anniversary  Meeting. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  6th  May,  1909, 
•were  read  and  confirmed. 

An  enlarged  copy  bv  Miss  Medlaud  of  the  miniature  of  Colonel 
■George  Montagu,  F.L.S.  (1747-1815),  one  of  two  executed  for 
Mr,  W.  H.  Mullens,  F.L.S.,  in  a  contemporaneous  frame,  was 
presented  by  that  gentleman,  and  was  accorded  a  special  vote  of 
thanks. 

Mr.  R.  V.  Sherbi.vg,  F.L.S.,  placed  on  the  table  (a)  a  pure 
white  variety  of  Orchis  Jlorio,  and  (6)  the  pink  orchid  from  Christ- 
church  meadows,  which  varies  from  typical  Orchis  incarnata,  Linn., 
by  flowering  some  weeks  earlier. 

Miss  Ida  Mary  Roper,  Mr.  Walter  Edward  Collinge,  Mr.  John 
Beavis  Groom,  and  Mr.  Richard  Manliffe  Barrington,  were 
admitted  Fellows. 

Mr.  William  Dennis  and  Mr.  Edward  John  Woodhouse  wei"e 
proposed  as  Fellows. 

The  Treasurer  then  read  his  financial  statement,  which  was 
received  and  adopted  by  the  Meeting  (see  p.  iS). 

A  Fellow  asked  if  anything  had  been  received  from  the  estate 
of  the  late  Herbert  Spencer,  as  noted  in  newspapers.  The  General 
Secretary  replied  that  nothing  except  a  copy  of  the  Will  had  been 
received  by  the  Society. 

JjiyiS.  see.  PEOCEEDIXGS. — SESSIOX  1908-1909.  c 


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LINXEAK    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 


19 


Mr.  J.  L.  J.  BoxHOXE  asked  a  question  relative  to  the  Darwin- 
Wallace  Fund,  which  was  answered  by  the  Treasurer  pointing  out 
that  the  statement  was  necessarily  compiled  from  two  annual  state- 
ments, and  did  not  fall  entirely  under  either  financial  year. 

The  General  Secretary's  report  of  deaths,  withdrawals,  and 
elections  during  the  past  year  was  read,  as  follows  : — 

Since  the  last  Anniversary  INIeeting  20  Fellows  have  died  or 
their  deaths  been  ascertained  : 


Mr.  Lewis  A.  Bernays. 
Mr.  John  Henry  Burrage. 
Mr.  Cuthbert  Collingwood. 
Mr.  Hastings  Charles  Dent. 
Rt.  Honourable  Lord   Egerton 

of  Tatton. 
Sir  John  Evans. 
Dr.  James  Fletcher. 
Mr.  Francis  Blackwell  Forbes. 
Mr.  William  J.  0.  Holmes. 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Henrv  Hudleston. 


Mr.  Frederick  Edward  Hulme. 

Mr.  William  Saville  Kent. 

Sir  George  King. 

Mr.  William  Henry  Kirton. 

Mr.  Arthur  Lister. 

Mr.  George  Nicholson. 

Mr.  Robert  Okell. 

Mr.  James  Robert  Reid. 

Prof.  Harry  Govier  Seeley. 

Mr.  Alexander  Whyte. 


Associate  (1). 
Mr.  George  Sim. 

Foreign  Membebs  (2). 

Prof.  Alfred  Giard. 
Prof.  Wilhelm  Lilljeborg. 

The  following  6  Fellows  have  withdrawn : 


Mr.   Hugh   de   Beauvoir   de 

Havilland. 
Rev.  Thomas  W.  Fyles. 
Mr.  Thomas  Bennett  Goodall. 


Mr.  Edward  Francis  Johns. 
j\Ir.  Louis  Compton  Miall. 
Mr.  David  Sharp. 


Mr.  Graham  Ewart  Bott,  Mr.  John  Edward  Shorec  Salvin- 
Moore,  Mr.  William  Tyson,  and  Mr.  Joseph  William  Williams  have 
been  removed  from  the  List  of  Fellows,  under  the  provisions  of 
the  Bye-Laws,  Chapter  II.  Section  6. 


Thirty -eight  Fellows  (of  whom  32  have  qualified)  and  2  Foreign 
Members  have  been  elected. 

c2 


20  PROCEEDINGS   OF    THE 

The  Librarian's  report  was  then  laid  before  the  Meeting  as 
follows : — 

During  the  past  year,  119  volumes  and  142  pamphlets  have 
been  received  as  Donations  from  Private  individuals.  , 

from  the  various  Universities,  Academies,  and  Scientific 
Societies,  there  have  been  received  in  exchange  and  otherwise  308 
volumes  and  105  detached  parts,  besides  63  volumes  and  13  parts 
obtained  by  exchange  and  donation  from  the  Editors  and  Pro- 
prietors of  independent  periodicals. 

The  Council  at  the  recommendation  of  the  Library  Committee 
have  sanctioned  the  purchase  of  200  volumes  and  78  parts  of 
important  works. 

The  total  additions  to  the  Library  are  therefore  690  volumes, 
and  338  separate  parts. 

The  number  of  books  bound  during  tlie  year  is  as  follows  : — 
In  full  morocco  8,  in  half  morocco  223  volumes,  in  half  calf 
3  volumes,  in  full  cloth  169  volumes,  in  vellum  21  volumes,  in 
buckram  28  volumes,  in  boards  or  half  cloth  22  volumes. 
Relabelled  (half  morocco,  and  cloth  backs)  59  volumes.  Total 
533  volumes. 

The  General  Secretary  having  read  the  Bye-Laws  governing  the 
elections,  the  President  opened  the  business  of  the  day,  and  the 
fellows  present  proceeded  to  vote. 

The  President  then  delivered  his  Annual  Address  as  follows  : — 


LINNEAN   SOCIETlf   OV   LONDOX.  2r 


PEESIDENTIAL  ADDEESS. 


During  last  year  and  this  our  thoughts  have  been  specially 
directed  to  the  great  revolution  in  biology  accomplished,  50  years 
ago,  by  Darwin  and  Wallace.  Last  July  we  held  our  own 
celebration,  at  which  I  had  the  high  honour  of  presiding,  of  the 
lirst  inauguration  of  the  theory  in  the  rooms  of  our  Society. 
The  proceedings  on  that  day  were  of  extraordinary  interest,  owing, 
above  all,  to  the  contributions  of  Dr.  Wallace  himself  and  of 
8ir  Joseph  Hooker. 

Since  then,  some  of  ns  have  taken  part  in  a  very  charming  com- 
memoration at  Oxford,  of  the  Centenary  of  Dartrin's  birth,  and 
now  we  are  all  looking  forward  to  the  great  Jubilee  of  the  '  Origin 
of  Species '  to  be  celebrated  at  Cambridge  next  month.  We  have 
already  welcomed  a  harbinger  of  that  important  event  in  the  shape 
of  the  memorial  volume  on  Darwin  and  Modern  Science.  To  have 
been  a  contributor  to  this  book  is  a  privilege  which  I  value  very 
highly,  but  it  has,  like  other  gratifying  things,  its  drawbacks, 
which  I  have  felt  rather  acutely  during  the  preparation  of  this 
address.  I  have  thought  it  natural  and  appropriate  to  choose 
as  my  subject  this  year  some  points  in  botanical  morphology 
which  have  a  bearing  on  Darwinian  doctrine.  But  some  of  the 
questions  on  \Ahich  I  should  have  wished  to  speak  today  have  already 
been  dealt  with  in  my  contribution  to  the  Darwin  memorial 
volume,  and  I  have  found  the  field  of  my  observations  somewhat 
restricted,  if  the  error  of  repeating  oneself  was  to  be  avoided.  The 
subject,  however,  even  within  the  limits  of  palreobotany  (to  which 
1  shall  not  wholly  confine  myself)  is  sufficiently  wide,  and  I  trust 
that  there  is  still  scope  for  such  remarks  as  may  occupy  the  short 
time  for  which  I  propose  to  detain  you. 

The  Darwinian  theory  of  the  Origin  of  Species  by  Variation 
and  Natural  Selection  only  fulfils  its  t^ole,  in  so  far  as  the  dis- 
tinctive characters  of  organisms  are,  or  have  been,  adaptive,  i.  e. 
beneficial  to  the  species.  Purely  "  morphological  "  characters  (if 
any  such  exist)  and  non-adaptive  characters  in  general  are  not 
explained  by  the  Darwinian  theory  (or  only  indirectly  with  the 
help  of  correlation).  I  therefore  make  no  apology  for  having  a 
good  deal  to  say  about  adaptations  in  what  follows.  I  am  aware 
that  in  some  quarters  adaptation  is  out  of  fashion  just  now,  as  was 
already  the  case  in  Darwin's  day.  In  a  well-known  passage  in  a 
letter  to  Sir  W.  Thif-elton-Dyer  *  written  in  1880  about  adaptations 
in  germinating  seeds,  Darwin  says  :  "  Many  of  the  Germans  a.re 
very  contemptuous  about  making  out  use  of  organs  ;  but  they  may 
sneer  the  souls  out  of  their  bodies,  and  1  for  one  shall  think  it  the 
most  interesting  part  of  natural  history." 

To  save  any  risk  of  international  complications,  it  may  be  well 

*  '  More  Letters  of  Charles  Darwin,'  ii.  p.  428. 


22  PBOCEEDINGS    OF   THE 

to  add  that  in  these  days  it  is  not  necessary  to  go  to  Germany  to 
find  people  "  sneering  out  their  souls "  at  adaptation  !  It  is  a 
curious  habit  of  mind,  but  need  not  be  taken  too  seriously.  Such 
justification  as  it  has,  lies  in  a  pardonable  reaction  against  the  too 
facile  assumption  of:  hypothetical  functions  where  direct  evidence 
was  not  available.  That  the  great  bulk,  if  not  the  whole,  of 
organic  structure  is  of  the  nature  of  an  adaptive  mechanism  or 
device  cannot  be  seriously  doubted. 

The  Origin  of  Species  by  means  of  Natural  Selection  does  not, 
as  has  sometimes  been  imagined,  involve  a  constantly  increasing 
perfection  of  adaptation  throughout  the  whole  course  of  Evolution. 
Darwin  expressed  his  belief  "  that  the  period  during  ^^hich  each 
species  underwent  modification,  though  long  as  measured  by  years, 
was  probably  short  in  comparison  with  that  during  which  it 
remained  without  undergoing  any  change."* 

During  the  long  periods  of  rest,  adaptation  to  the  then  existing 
condition  of  life  must  have  been  relatively  perfect,  for  otherwise 
new  variations  would  have  had  the  advantage  and  change  would 
have  ensued.  It  thus  appears  that,  as  a  rule,  a  state  of  equili- 
brium has  existed  in  the  relation  of  organisms  to  their  environment, 
only  disturbed  when  the  conditions  were  changing.  That  such 
long  periods  of  evolutionary  stability  have  actually  occurred  is 
shown,  for  example,  not  only  by  the  familiar  case  of  the  Flora  of 
Egypt,  unaltered  during  a  long  historic  period,  but  still  more 
strikingly  by  the  absence  of  any  noticeable  change  in  the  plants 
of  our  own  part  of  Europe  since  glacial  or  pre-glacial  times. 

The  conclusion  follows  that  at  any  given  time,  apart  from  the 
relatively  short  critical  periods  when  changed  conditions  had  to  be 
met,  we  must  expect  to  find  organisms  in  a  state  of  complete 
adaptation  to  their  surroundings.  When  physical  and  especially 
mechanical  conditions  are  in  question,  such  as  have  practically 
remained  constant  through  all  geological  time,  we  may  reckon  on 
finding  the  corresponding  adaptive  structures  essentially  the  same 
at  the  earliest  periods  as  they  are  now. 

Hence,  the  attempt  to  support  the  Darwinian  theory  by  the 
detection  of  imperfect  adaptations  in  Palaeozoic  plants,  is  wholly 
futile,  as  was  well  shown  by  the  late  Prof.  Westermaier  in  a 
controversy  on  this  question  a  few  years  ago.  Westermaier's 
ovt'n  point  of  view  was  not  that  of  a  Darwinian,  but,  never- 
theless, his  conviction  that  efficient  adaptation  has  always  been 
characteristic  of  living  organisms,  is  a  perfectly  sound  one, 
thoroughly  in  harmony  both  with  the  principles  of  Darwin  and 
Wallace,  and  with  the  observed  facts,  as  far  back  at  any  rate  as 
the  palaeontological  record  extends.  In  particular,  Westermaier's 
contention  that  the  constru.ction  of  the  Carboniferous  plants 
followed  the  laws  of  mechanical  stability  and  economy  of  material, 
just  as  is  the  case  in  plants  of  our  own  day,  is  completely  con- 
firmed by  accurate  observations  on  their  structure,  while  his 
opponent's  supposed  detection  of  palaeozoic  constructions  "  in  direct 

*  '  Origin  of  Sjiecies,'  6th  edition,  d.  279. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF    LONDON.  23 

contradictiou  to  the  principles  of  the  engineei* ''  merely  showed 
that  the  critic  had  failed  to  distinguish  between  the  supporting 
and  conducting  tissues  of  the  plaut.  It  appears  to  have  been 
characteristic  of  PaliBozoic  plants  that  their  mechanical  tissues 
were,  to  a  great  extent,  independent  of  the  wood  and  concentrated 
in  the  outer  cortex — the  most  advantageous  position  on  engineering 
principles.  For  example,  the  extremely  prevalent  "  Dictyoxylon  " 
type  of  cortex,  in  which  bands  of  strong,  fibrous  tissue,  united  to 
form  a  network,  alternate  with  the  living  parenchyma  enclosed  in 
their  meshes,  was  an  admirable  mechanical  construction  for  stems 
Avhich  did  not  attain  any  great  thickness  by  secondary  growth. 
Where  such  growth  was  so  extensive  as  to  put  the  primary  sup- 
porting system  out  of  action,  we  iind,  as  in  species  of  Siglllaria  and 
Lepidodendron,  a  secondary  Dictyoxylon  framework  set  up  in  the 
periderm,  and  no  doubt  renewed  as  further  growth  went  on.  The 
periderm,  so  typical  a  feature  of  the  tree-Lycopods  of  the  Palaeozoic, 
was  not  a  mere  bark,  but  constituted  the  chief  mechanical  tissue  of 
the  older  trunks.  The  wood,  only  moderately  developed,  was,  as  a 
rule,  too  centrally  placed  to  afford  an  efficient  resistance  to  bending 
strains,  and  was  a  comparatively  soft,  thin-walled  tissue,  evidently 
adapted  solely  or  chiefly  for  conducting  purposes. 

In  the  Calamites,  we  find,  in  young  stems,  the  same  alternation 
of  fibrous  and  parenchymatous  bands  in  the  cortex,  which  is  so 
familiar  to  physiological  anatomists  in  the  stems  of  our  living 
Horsetails.  In  the  more  mature  Calamitean  stems  we  meet  with  an 
immense  development  of  periderm,  which  may  have  had  a  mechanical 
function  like  that  of  the  Lepidodendrea),  though  in  Calamites  the 
wood  often  had  a  denser  structure,  and  may  have  contributed  more 
materially  to  suppoi't. 

The  great  Tree-ferns  of  the  later  Carboniferous  (if  Ferns  they 
were)  evidently  depended  for  their  mechanical  strength  on  a 
stereome  or  siipporting  tissue  quite  distinct  from  the  vascular 
system,  and  for  the  most  part  peripherally  disposed,  as  it  should 
be.  Their  power  of  i"esistance  to  bending  strains  was  no  doubt 
greatly  increased  by  the  dense  external  envelope  of  strongly  con- 
structed adventitious  roots,  imbedded  in  the  cortex,  a  mode  of 
support  which  we  meet  with  in  some  Monocotyledons  such  as 
Khigkt  (Liliaceae)  and  species  of  P«?/a  (Bromeliacete)  at  the  present 
day. 

The  remarkable  Palaeozoic  genus  SplienophyUum  shows  an  only 
moderately  strong  construction,  and  it  may  be  that  here  the  central 
woody  axis  was  of  greater  relative  value  as  a  support,  but  from  the 
habit  we  may  be  sure  that  the  species  were  not  ordinary  upright 
terrestrial  plants,  and  that  the  conditions  of  stability  were  dilferent 
from  those  in  the  other  cases  cited.  The  old  view  was  that  Spheno- 
pihyllam  was  an  aquatic  genus;  thei'e  are,  however,  many  argu- 
ments against  this,  and  of  late  years  Prof.  Seward's  suggestion 
that  the  species  may  have  been  scrambling  climbers,  supporting 
their  weak  stems  by  the  aid  of  their  more  robust  neighbours,  has 
found  favour  and  would  explain  a  construction  possibly  adapted 
to  tensile  strains. 


24  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

When  we  come  to  the  most  highly  organised  of  the  Palaeozoic- 
plants,  the  Cordaitales,  constituting  the  characteristic  Gymno- 
spenns  of  that  epoch,  we  find  that  the  young  stems  had  the 
same  "  Dictyoxylou  "  construction  of  the  cortex  as  was  so  comniou 
among  the  contemporary  fern-like  Seed-plants.  The  Cordaitean 
wood,  however,  often  assumed  a  dense  structui'e,  and  in  many 
cases  (as  also  sometimes  occurred  among  the  Pteridosperms)  there- 
were  tangential  bands  of  narrow  fibre-like  wood-elements,  sug- 
gesting, tliough  not  identical  with,  the  autumn  wood  of  recent 
Coniferous  trees,  and  no  doubt  subserving  a  special  mechanical 
function. 

The  exigencies  of  secondary  growth,  when  occurring  on  a  great 
scale,  idtimately  demand  that  the  mechanical  tissues  should  be- 
seated  in  the  wood,  on  the  inner  side  of  the  growing  zone,  though 
this  is  not  the  best  position  on  engineering  pi'inciples.  The  old 
plants  were  on  the  '\\hole  more  correct  in  their  methods ;  their 
successors  have  more  often  had  to  adopt  a  compromise,  which 
sacrifices  a  certain  degree  of  mechanical  efficienc}'  in  order  to 
facilitate  construction. 

In  the  leaves  of  the  Cordaitese  we  meet  with  remarkably  perfect 
types  of  mechanical  construction  showing  various  applications  of 
the  I-girder  principle,  "with  utilization  of  the  "  web  '*  for  the 
protection  of  the  conducting  vascular  strands.  The  construction  is 
on  the  same  lines  as  that  of  many  of  the  Monocotyledonous  leaves 
investigated  by  Schwendener  in  his  classical  work.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  the  Cordaitean  leaAes  were  originally  classed  as 
those  of  Monocotyledons,  which  they  closely  resemble  in  form 
and  mechanical  requirements.  Here  there  is  no  secondary  growth 
to  disturb  the  lines  of  a  rational  construction  ;  the  leaves  were  of 
great  length  and  borne  on  lofty  stems,  requiring  a  strong 
mechanical  system  for  their  support,  and  hence  we  find  that  they 
present  admirable  illustrations  of  engineering  principles. 

AVithout  pursuing  the  subject  further  it  may  be  added  that 
other  Palaeozoic  leaves  show  essentially  the  same  types  of 
mechanical  construction  as  are  found  in  leaves  of  corresponding- 
shape  and  dimensions  in  the  \i\  ing  Flora. 

These  few  illustrations  may  suffice  to  show  that  from  an 
engineering  point  of  view,  the  plants  of  the  Palaeozoic  were  just 
as  well  constructed  to  resist  the  strains  to  which  their  organs 
were  exposed,  as  are  their  recent  successors.  Mechanical  con- 
struction provides  a  favourable  means  of  testing  the  standard  of 
adaption  in  early  fossil  plants,  for  we  may  assume  that  in  this 
respect  the  conditions  were  essentially  the  same  then  as  now.  In 
other  cases,  it  is  often  difficult  to  estimate  the  perfection  of  the 
mechanism,  because  we  have  no  sufficiently  exact  data  as  to  the 
end  which  it  served ;  in  many  cases  our  knowledge  of  the  working 
of  the  machine  even  in  a  recent  plant  is  still  very  imperfect. 
This  is  especially  true  of  the  water-conducting  apparatus  in  \  ascular 
plants,  the  mode  of  action  of  which  is  still  the  subject  of  dispute 
among  physiologists.  A  few  points  bearing  on  the  structure  of 
the  wood  in  fossil  plants  may,  however,  be  mentioned. 


LINKEAK    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  2$ 

Westermaier,  in  the  coutroversy  already  mentioned,  perhaps 
went  too  far  when  he  maintained  that  histological  differentiation 
was  as  far  advanced  in  Pala-ozoic  plants  as  in  those  of  our  own 
day.  We  have  no  evidence  that  the  complex  structure  of  the 
wood  characteristic  of  our  Dicotyledonous  trees  had  any  close 
parallel  in  the  Carboniferous  Flora.  The  mechanism  was  con- 
structed on  other  lines,  but  in  its  own  way  was  elaborate  enough. 
For  example,  the  extraordinary  lattice-work  structure  of  the 
scalariform  vessels,  recently  discovered  by  Mr.  Gwynne-Yaughan, 
was  first  suggested  to  him  by  observations  on  the  wood  of  fossil 
Fei-ns,  belonging  to  the  Osmundaceae.  and  goes  back  to  Palaeozoic 
members  of  that  family.  The  complex  mechanism  of  the  wood- 
elements  with  bordered  pits  was  peculiarly  characteristic  of 
extensive  groups  of  plants  in  the  Palaeozoic  Flora.  The  horizontal 
tracheides  in  the  medullary  rays,  serving  no  doubt  for  the 
transference  of  water  in  a  radial  direction,  now  peculiar  to  the 
wood  of  the  more  liighly  differentiated  Coniferse,  was  anticipated 
by  the  Palaeozoics  Lycopods,  as  was  also  the  remarkable  '"trans- 
fusion-tissue "  of  the  leaf,  a  system  of  water-conducting  elements 
servins:  to  reinforce  the  vascular  bundle  in  the  irrigation  of  the 
tissues  of  the  leaf,  and  thus  replacing  the  more  complex  venation 
of  other  types.  In  the  cases  last  mentioned — the  ray-tracheides 
and  the  transfusion-tissue — the  peculiar  differentiations  in  question 
were,  in  my  opinion,  of  quite  independent  origin  in  the  two 
groups  of  plants  which  have  possessed  them. 

1  have  elsewhere  dwelt  on  the  gradual  change  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  wood,  correlated  with  the  on-coming  of  secondary 
growth,  and  have  traced  the  slow  extinction  of  the  old, 
"  Cryptogamic,"  centipetally-developed  wood,  as  the  newer, 
centrifugal  wood,  derived  from  a  cambium,  more  and  more 
eft'ectually  took  its  place  *.  In  the  former  we  have  to  do  with  a 
structure  becoming  vestigial,  but  it  is  interesting  to  note  how 
the  doomed  tissue  was  not  always  left  in  its  old  age  to  be  a  mere 
pensioner  on  its  more  active  neighbours,  but  was  often  employed, 
while  it  survived,  on  such  work  as  it  was  still  able  to  do.  We 
find,  in  quite  a  number  of  cases  f,  that  the  central  wood  had  changed 
its  character,  and  shows  by  its  structure  that  it  had  become 
adapted  to  the  storage,  rather  than  the  transmission  of  the  water- 
supply,  its  earlier  function  no'w  being  more  conveniently  left  to 
the  external  parts  of  the  wood.  Such  utilization  of  a  vestigial 
structure  appears  to  be  a  good  mark  of  a  high  standard  of 
adaptation. 

Another  interesting  case  of  adaptive  specialization  in  an  organ 
which  ma}^  be  regarded  as  of  an  old-fashioned  type  is  to  be  found 
in  the  rootlets  of  Sfir/maria.  The  nature  of  these  appendages  has 
been  much  disputed — last  year  we  had  an  interesting  discussion 
on  the  subject,  opened  by  Prof.  "Weiss.  I  have  used  the  word 
"  old-fashioned "'  because  there  is   some  reason  to  suppose  that 

*  Scott,  D.  H., "  The  Old  Wood  and  the  New."   New  Pliytologist,  vol.  i.  1902. 
t  Megaloxyloii,  Zolesskyu,  Lepidodvndrcm  selafjinoides. 


2  6  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 

these  organs  were  not  yet  quite  sharply  differentiated  as  roots  ; 
at  any  rate  there  are  certain  points  in  which  they  I'ather  resemble 
modified  leaves,  though  in  my  opinion  the  root-characters  pre- 
dominate. Though  they  may  thus  be  "  primitive,"  from  the 
point  of  view  of  our  current  morphological  categories,  these 
organs,  as  Prof.  Weiss  has  discovered,  show  a  remarkable  adaptive 
mechanism  in  the  presence  of  strands  of  water-conducting 
elements,  running  out  from  the  central  vascular  bundle  and 
terminating  in  plates  of  tracheae  placed  in  the  outer  cortex.  The 
whole  constitutes  an  absorptive  apparatus  more  elaborate  than 
anything  found  in  recent  roots,  if  we  except  a  few  highly 
specialized  haustorial  roots  of  parasites.  This  example  seems  to 
me  instructive,  for  it  shows  how  a  very  high  degree  of  adaptation 
may  coexist  with  characters  which  suggest  a  somewhat  archaic 
type  of  organ. 

As  an  example  of  adaptation  to  more  special  conditions,  I  may 
instance  the  xerophytic  characters  shown  by  various  Carboniferous 
plants,  especially  in  the  structure  of  their  leaves.  In  the 
Lepidodendreae,  the  stomata  were  commonly  restricted  to  two 
deep  furrows  on  the  lower  side  of  the  leaf,  where  they  were 
further  sheltered  by  a  growth  of  hairs.  The  whole  structure 
of  the  leaf  suggests  a  xerophilous  habit.  The  late  M.  Renault 
regarded  the  transversely  elongated  cells  of  the  mesophyll  in 
SigiUaria  as  a  means  of  rolling  up  the  leaf,  to  diminish  ti'an- 
spiration,  as  occurs,  for  example,  in  certain  grasses  at  the  present 
time.  In  the  Pteridosperm  Lyghiodcndron  the  leaflets  of  the 
fern-like  fronds  had  a  fleshy  character,  and  a  conchoid,  incurved 
form ;  they  were  provided  with  a  hypoderma,  and  the  endings  of 
the  vascular  bundles  were  often  dilated,  perhaps  in  connection 
with  glands.  These  are  all  characters  such  as  are  met  with  in 
the  plants  of  salt-water  swamps  at  the  present  day. 

The  subject  of  the  physiological  anatomy  of  Palaeozoic  plants 
has  never  yet  been  attacked  in  a  systematic  manner.  In  a 
conversation  I  had  with  Prof.  Haberlandt  of  Graz,  four  years  ago, 
he  said  that  he  would  like  to  undertake  their  investigation  from 
this  point  of  view ;  if  he  would  do  so  it  is  certain  that  a  remark- 
able advance  in  our  conceptions  of  the  adaptive  structure  of  ancient 
forms  would  result.  Even  with  our  present  limited  knowledge, 
however,  it  is  sufficiently  clear  that  the  plants  of  that  relatively 
(but  only  relatively)  early  period  were  thoroughly  well  adapted  to 
the  conditions  of  their  life ;  succeeding  ages  bi'ought  with  them 
neiv  rather  than  hetter  adaptations. 

Though  there  is  no  question  of  absolute  perfection  in  Nature, 
it  appears  that  under  given  conditions,  adaptation  is  and  was 
sufficiently  perfect  to  make  it  very  difficult  to  put  one's  finger  on 
any  defect.  AVhen  we  think  we  can  do  so  it  generally  turns  out 
that  the  defect  is  in  the  mind  of  the  critic  rather  than  in  the 
organism  criticised.  AVe  will  take  a  particular  case,  where  the 
history  seems  to  give  some  justification  for  our  fault-finding. 

The  late  Palaeozoic  family  Medulloseae  were  in  some  respects 
the  most  i-emarkable  plants  from  an  anatomical  point  o£  view  that 


LINNEAN    SOCIEXr    OF    LONDON.  2^ 

we  know  of.  Most  of  them  were  plants  of  great  size,  with  rather 
sturdy  stems,  bearing  immense  fern-like  fronds ;  the  habit  alto- 
gether must  have  been  something  like  that  of  a  Tree-fern,  but 
their  reproduction  was  by  large  seeds,  borne  on  the  fronds.  To 
adapt  the  vascular  system  of  the  stem  to  the  supply  of  the  large 
and  compound  leaves,  the  type  of  structure  was  assumed  which 
{pace  Mr.  Tansley)  it  is  still  convenient  to  call  polystelic,  i.  e.  the 
single  vascular  cylinder  (which  may  be  recognized  in  some  of  the 
earlier  members  of  the  group)  became  broken  up,  in  various 
Avays,  into  a  number  of  distinct  cylinders,  only  connected  at 
intervals.  So  far  the  change  was  in  the  same  general  direction 
as  in  the  evolution  of  the  higher  Eerns  ;  the  fossil  famil}^  how- 
ever, was  not  content  with  a  complex  primary  vascular  system, 
but  must  have  secondary  growth  as  well.  Now  if  you  have  a 
number  of  vascular  columns  in  the  same  stem,  each  growing 
continuously  in  thickness  on  its  own  account,  it  is  evident  that 
very  special  arrangements  will  be  necessary  to  avoid  overcrowding. 
The  difficulty  was  overcome,  and  the  MedulloseaB  for  some  time 
flourished  among  tlie  dominant  families — the  Permian  formation 
represents  their  Golden  age.  But  one  is  tempted  to  think  that 
the  system  was  too  complicated  to  last ;  at  any  rate  it  seems 
not  to  have  lasted,  for  thi-se  elaborate  stems  have  not  been  found 
in  any  later  rocks.  Either,  as  Mr.  Worsdell  supposes,  the 
Medullosean  stem  became  reduced  and  simplified  to  form  the 
Cycadean  type  of  stem  of  later  days,  or,  as  I  am  more  inclined  to 
believe,  the  family  died  out  altogether.  Even  here,  though  we 
seem  to  have  an  instance  of  a  cumbrous  mechanism,  overreaching 
itself  in  elaboration,  yet  it  worked  well  enough  for  a  time,  and  it 
would  be  difficult  to  say  exactly  what  the  conditions  were  that 
led  to  its  being  superseded. 

One  of  the  most  striking  results  of  modern  palaeobotanical 
research,  led  by  Williamson,  has  been  to  show  how  widely  spread 
among  Palaeozoic  plants  was  the  power  of  secondary  growth  b}' 
means  of  cambium  ;  probably  quite  as  large  a  proportion  of  the 
whole  Flora  possessed  it  then,  as  now.  To  a  certain  extent 
indeed,  secondary  growth  has  "  gone  out '"'  since  then,  for  the 
very  flourishing  modern  class  Monocotj^ledons  liave  dropped  it, 
and  for  the  most  part  have  done  very  well  without  it,  though 
some  few  have  tried  to  retrace  their  steps.  In  spite  of  this 
important  defection,  it  is  evident  that  for  most  land-plants 
secondary  thickening  has  been  a  highly  successful  system,  and  it 
is  an  interesting  question  whether  there  was  ever  a  time  without 
it.  Was  the  power  of  cambial  growth,  at  some  period  or  other 
however  remote,  a  new  acquisition,  or  is  it  as  old  as  the  vascular 
tissues  themselves?  Jn  Palaeozoic  times  eveiy  class  of  land-plant 
possessed  secondary  growth  in  a  greater  or  less  degree — G-ymno- 
sperms,  Pteridosperms,  Lycopods,  iSphenophylls,  Horsetails,  and 
even  Ferns,  though  among  true  Ferns  it  seems  never  to  have 
amounted  to  very  much.  Widely  spread  as  it  was,  the  evidence 
on  the  whole  points  to  cambial  growth  having  been  a  secondary 
acquisition  in  the  history  of  the  race,  as  in  that  of  the  individual 


28  PKOCEEDINGS    Or    THE 

plant.  AVithout  going  into  details,  I  may  say  that  the  argument 
rests  on  the  relatively  great  deA'elopment  of  the  pv-iwio)'?/  vascular 
tissues  in  many  Palaeozoic  plants,  on  the  frequent  sharp  distinc- 
tion between  primary  and  secondary  formations,  and  on  the  late 
appearance  of  the  latter  in  the  individual  development.  The 
arguments  do  not  apply  with  equal  strength  to  all  groups,  and 
the  conclusion  may  not  hold  good  universally.  We  know  that 
secondary  growth  occurs  in  seaweeds  at  the  present  day,  and  it 
may  quite  possibly  have  existed  even  among  the  very  earliest 
land-plants,  but  in  certain  phyla  it  seems  to  have  been  a  relatively 
new  character,  though  dating  from  times  before  the  Devonian, 
Supposing  we  could  go  back  far  enough,  we  might  find  a  real 
deiicieucy  in  respect  of  secondary  growth,  but  its  absence  would 
not  imply  defective  adaptation  (anymore  than  in  Monocotyledons 
at  the  present  day)  for  there  is  a  boundless  variety  in  the  ways  in 
which  plants  can  equip  themselves  for  the  battle  of  life. 

The  hypothesis  of  "  a  gradual  development  from  the  simpler  to 
the  more  complex  "  is  not  borne  out  by  the  facts  of  Palaeobotany 
— the  real  course  of  events  was  infinitely  more  involved.  On  a 
general  view,  as  Darwin  himself  recognized,  "  The  geological  record 
does  not  extend  far  enough  back  to  show  with  unmistakeable 
clearness  that  \A'ithin  the  known  history  of  the  World  organisation 
has  largely  advanced."  *  This  wise  saying  has  been  too  often 
overlooked  by  those  who  have  tried  to  popularize  Evolution — it  is 
eminently  true  of  the  geological  history  of  plants.  Though  there 
is  no  doubt  a  balance  on  the  side  of  advance,  due  chiefly  to  the 
increasing  complexity  of  the  interrelations  among  the  organisms 
themselves,  the  general  progress  since  Palaeozoic  days  is  by  no 
means  so  great  as  has  often  been  assumed,  and  we  may  be  sure 
that  as  our  knowledge  of  the  older  plants  increases,  we  shall  come 
to  form  a  still  higher  estimate  than  we  do  now  of  their  adaptive 
organization. 

It  has  been  alleged  that  it  is  the  fact  of  the  gradual  appearance 
of  higher  forms  which  enables  us  to  determine  the  relative  age  of 
strata  by  their  fossils.  So  far  as  plants  are  concerned,  this  state- 
ment is  only  true  to  a  very  limited  extent.  A  fossil  Angiosperm, 
no  doubt,  would  be  evidence  of  an  age  not  earlier  than  the  Creta- 
ceous, but  on  the  other  hand  a  Lycopod  of  much  higher  organiza- 
tion than  at  present,  would  establish  a  strong  presumption  of 
Palaeozoic  age  ;  so  would  the  higher  forms  of  the  Equisetales  ;  a 
Cycadophyte  with  a  fructification  far  more  elaborate  than  that  of 
recent  Cycadaceae  would  afford  sure  proof  that  the  bed  containing 
it  belonged  to  the  Lower  Mesozoic. 

Of  course  much  depends  on  the  meaning  we  give  to  the  words 
"  higher"  and  "  lower."  If  by  "  higher  "  we  mean  nearer  to  the 
recent  types,  then  it  is  merely  a  truism  to  say  that  the  higher 
forms  are  characteristic  of  the  later  rocks.  But  if  by  "higher" 
we  mean  more  elaborately  differentiated,  then  the  statement 
quoted  is,  in  any  general  sense,  untrue.     If  again  we  imply  by 

*  '  Origin  of  Species/  6th  edition,  p.  o08. 


LEfNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDOX.  29 

the  word  "  higher,"  more  perfectly  adapted  to  the  existing  coudi- 
tions,  then  it  would  be  very  difficult  to  prove  any  advance,  for  as  I 
have  endeavoured  to  show,  adaptation  has  in  ever}-^  age  been  fully 
adequate  in  relation  to  the  prevailing  conditions.  If  organisms 
have  grown  in  complexity,  it  is  only  where  the  conditions  of  their 
life  have  become  more  complex.  The  most  striking  examples  of 
high  organization  in  relation  to  organic  environment  are  presented 
by  the  characteristic  modern  sub-kingdom,  the  Augiosperms,  in 
the  evolution  of  which,  as  ISaporta  pointed  out,  insect-fertilization 
has  been  the  chief  determining  factor,  leading  to  an  infinite 
variety  in  the  special  adaptations  of  the  flower  and  no  doubt 
indirectly  affecting  the  mode  of  life  of  the  whole  plant.  The 
advent  of  the  Angiosperms  seems  to  have  been  almost  simultaneous 
Avith  that  of  the  higher  families  of  insects,  which  now,  at  all 
events,  are  chiefly  concerned  in  pollination.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  overestimate  the  importance  of  these  relations  in  their  elfect 
on  the  Flora  of  the  world.  If  the  vegetation  of  our  own  epoch 
appears,  on  the  whole,  definitely  more  advanced  than  that  of 
earlier  geological  periods,  this  is  probably  due  in  a  greater  degree 
to  the  contemporary  insect-life  than  to  any  other  cause. 

Unfortunately  we  have  very  little  knowledge  of  the  special 
adaptations  of  the  plants  of  the  distant  past — in  particular,  we 
know  scarcely  anything  of  their  relations  to  other  organisms. 
The  presence  of  characteristic  glands  on  the  surface  of  some 
Palaeozoic  plants  (notably  the  Fern-like  seed-plant  Lyginodendron') 
has  suggested  that  insects  may  have  been  attracted,  who  were  in 
some  way  useful  to  the  plant.  At  the  same  time  the  immense 
number  of  pollen-grains  found  in  the  pollen-chambers  of  the  seed 
in  plants  of  this  group  has  roused  the  suspicion  that  some  agent 
more  certain  than  the  wind  may  have  been  concerned,  and  that 
possibly  insect-pollination  may  have  had  its  beginnings  nuich 
further  back  in  the  evolution  of  seed-plants  than  we  have  been 
accustomed  to  think.  The  suggestion  was  due  to  Sir  Joseph 
Hooker,  and  has  received  support  from  evidence  recently  adduced 
that  living  Cycads  *  and  also  Wehvitschiaf  (plants  which  belong, 
in  a  sense,  to  the  past  rather  than  the  present)  may  employ  insects 
as  carriers  of  pollen.  But  as  regards  the  fossil  plants  the  data 
are  still  insufficient.  In  any  case  we  must  grant  the  superiority, 
from  this  point  of  view,  of  the  more  modern  types. 

I  have  discussed  the  subject  of  reduction  in  evolution  else- 
where X  and  will  only  briefly  allude  to  it  here.  In  many  groups 
(Lycopods,  Equisetales,  Cycadophytes)  there  has  been  a  lowering 
of  the  standard  of  organization,  partly  due  to  direct  reduction, 
partly  to  the  extinction  of  the  higher  forms  in  each  group.     There 

*  Pearson,  H.  H.  W.. "  Notes  on  South  African  Cycads,"  Trans.  South  African 
Phil.  Soc.  vol.  xvi  (1906^  p.  348. 

t  Pearson,  H.  H.  W..  '•  Some  Observations  on  Welwitschia  mirabilis,"  Phil. 
Trans.  Royal  Soc.  (B^  vol.  198,  lOOfi,  p.  274. 

\  '  Darwin  and  Modern  Science.'  XIT.  The  Palaeontological  Record.  II. 
Plants.     1909. 


30  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

are,  however,  mauy  other  cases  in  which  the  simplificatiou  of 
particular  organs  means  a  real  advance. 

A  striking  instance  is  the  seed,  an  organ  which  required  to  be 
much  more  elaborate  in  the  days  of  spermatozoid-fertilization, 
now  only  lingering  in  a  few  archaic  survivals  from  the  past  (Cycads 
and  Ghikgo).  The  seed  of  an  Angiosperm  is,  generally  speaking, 
a  simple  affair  compared  with  that  of  a  Pteridosperm  or  Cordaitean 
of  Palaeozoic  age.  We  may  add  that  the  stamen  of  the  higher 
plants  is  extremely  reduced  as  compared  with  the  male  sporophyll 
of  ancient  forms  such  as  the  Mesozoic  Bennettiteae.  In  such 
cases  (and  innumerable  other  illustrations  might  be  given,  especially 
from  the  flowers  of  advanced  Angiosperms,  where  both  andrcecium 
and  gyuceceum  tend  to  a  reduction)  the  reduction  is  correlated 
with  the  more  exact  adaptation  of  a  specialized  floral  mechanism. 

Taking  into  account  all  the  causes  whicli  make  for  simplification 
the  question  suggests  itself  whether,  when  we  find  a  simple  type 
of  structure  existing  at  the  present  day,  there  is  any  presumption 
in  favour  of  its  primitive  nature.  It  has  sometimes  been  urged 
that  such  a  presumption  exists  (except  when  direct  evidence  of 
reduction  can  be  adduced)  on  the  ground  that  the  general  course 
of  evolution  must  have  been  from  the  simpler  to  the  more  complex, 
a  ru.le,  as  we  have  seen,  subject  to  so  many  exceptions,  that 
within  the  limited  period  to  which  the  palseontological  record 
extends,  it  has  practically  no  validity.  My  own  conviction  is 
that  in  such  cases  there  is  no  j^resumption  of  primitiveness  at  all, 
and  that  we  should  demand  very  strong  evidence  before  admitting 
that  a  given  simple  structure  is  primitive.  Of  course  it  may  happen 
that  a  primitive  simple  tj-pe,  or  at  least  an  old  simple  type,  may 
have  survived  to  our  own  day  ;  this  may  have  been  the  case  in 
decaying  families,  where  the  less  advanced  members  have  had  the 
best  chance  of  evading  the  competition  of  ascendant  races.  But, 
on  the  whole,  it  is  very  unlikely  that  among  all  the  changes  and 
chances  of  the  world's  history,  a  really  primitive  simplicity  should 
have  been  preserved.  "  The  eternal  ages  are  long "  and  there 
has  been  time  enough  for  many  ups  and  downs  on  every  line  of 
descent. 

The  subject  of  reduction,  so  essential  a  clue  in  any  attempt 
to  trace  the  course  of  evolution,  suggests  a  reference  to  the 
question  of  the  simpler  Angiospermous  flowers.  While  the  older 
morphologists  were  wont  to  interpret  such  flowers  {e.  g.  those  of 
Aroidese,  Piperacese,  Cupuliferae)  as  reductions  from  more  perfect 
types,  there  has  been  a  tendency  in  more  recent  times  to  accept  the 
simpler  flowers  as  primitive  structures  from  which  more  elaborate 
forms  have  been  evolved.  Quite  lately,  however,  a  reaction  has 
set  in,  due  to  the  discovery  by  Dr.  Wieland  of  the  wonderful 
bisexual  flowers  of  the  Mesozoic  Cycadophyta,  which  are  con- 
structed on  the  same  plan  (though  of  course  with  many  differences 
in  detail)  as  the  more  perfect  Angiospermous  flowers,  such  as 
those  of  Magnoliaceae.     The  whole  subject  was  put  before  the 


LINKEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  3J 

Society,  two  j-ears  ago,  with  great  fulness  and  clearness  by  Messrs. 
Arber  and  Parkin,  in  tlieir  paper  on  the  'Origin  of  Angiosperins'*. 
Tbey  sbowed  in  detail  tbat,  if  tbe  Angiospermous  flower  was 
derived,  as  they  hold,  from  a  source  allied  to  the  Bennettitea),  its 
evolution,  as  suggested  by  Wieland,  must  have  been  essentially  a 
process  of  reduction.  I  am  in  general  agreement  with  the  views 
of  these  authors,  and  only  wish  to  point  out  that  they  are  nob 
inconsistent  with  the  great  relative  antiquity  of  simple  and,  ex 
hypoihesi,  reduced  forms,  for  which  in  the  case  of  the  Amentiferoe 
there  seems  to  be  good  geological  evidence.  Eeduction  appears 
to  have  often  been  a  rapid,  indeed  a  comparatively  sudden  change 
as  shown  by  the  frequent  occurrence  of  much  simplitied  foi-ms  in 
the  same  family  in  which  the  prevailing  structure  is  typically  com- 
plete. I  need  only  instance  certain  Poterieae  among  the  Rosaceae, 
Senehiera  among  the  Cruciferse,  Peplis  among  the  Lythraceae, 
Garrya,  with  its  catkin-like  inflorescence,  and  pei'haps  Davidia 
among  the  Cornaceae,  but  similar  cases  are  exceedingly  common. 
It  thus  appears  quite  probable  that  some  groups  with  very  simple 
flowers,  though  not  "  primitive  "  may  be  very  ancient,  tracing 
their  origin  from  forms  which  in  quite  early  days  underwent 
reduction  from  the  highly  developed  flowers  which  probably 
characterized  the  first  autonomous  Angiosperms. 

The  tentative  and  somewhat  fragmentary  observations  which  I 
have  brought  before  you  this  afternoon  tend  to  the  following 
conclusions  : — 

1.  That  at  all  known  stages  of  the  past  history  of  plants  there 

has  been  a  thoroughly  eflicient  degree  of  adaptation  to  the 
conditions  existing  at  each  period. 

2.  That,  the  characters  of  plants  having  always  been  as  highly 

adaptive  as  they  now  are,  Natural  Selection  appears  to  afford 
the  only  key  to  evolution  which  we  at  present  possess,  for 
all  periods  covered  by  the  palseontologieal  record. 

3.  That  this  record   only  reveals   a  relatively  short  section  of 

the  whole  evolution  of  plants,  during  which,  though  there 
has  been  considerable  change,  there  has  not  been,  on  the 
whole,  any  very  marked  advance  in  organization,  except 
in  cases  where  the  conditions  have  become  more  complex, 
as  shown  especially  in  the  floral  adaptations  of  Angio- 
sperms. 

4.  That  simple  forms  existing  at  the  present  day  are,  as  a  rule, 

of  a  reduced  rather  than  a  primitive  nature,  but  that  such 
reduction  may  have  often  set  in  at  a  relatively  early  stage 
of  evolution,  and  is  therefore  consistent  with  a  considerable 
degree  of  antiquity  in  the  reduced  forms. 

*  Journal  of  the  Liunean  Society,  Botany,  vol.  xxxyiii.  (1907)  p.  29. 


32  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Mr.  William  Fawcett  moved  : — "  That  the  President  be 
thanked  for  his  excellent  Address,  and  that  he  be  requested  to 
allow  it  to  be  printed  and  circulated  amongst  the  Pellows  " ;  which 
was  seconded  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Saundees,  and  carried  unanimously. 

The  ballots  for  Council  and  Officers  having  been  respectively  closed 
at  the  times  required  by  the  Bye-Laws,  the  President  appointed 
Mr.  J.  F.  Duthie,  the  Kev.  T.  E.  ii.  Stebbing  and  Mr.  F.  N.  Williams, 
Scrutineers.  The  votes  having  been  cast  up  by  them  were  reported 
to  the  President,  who  declared  the  result  as  follows : — 

For  the  Council :  — E.  A.  Newell  Arbee,  M.A.  ;  Leonard  A. 
Boodle,  Esq. ;  Henry  Bury,  M.A. ;  Sir  Frank  Crisp  ;  Prof. 
Arthur  Dendy,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.  ;  Prof.  J.  B.  Farmer,  F.ll.S. ;  Dr. 
Gr.  Herbert  Fowler  ;  J.  Stanley  Gardiner,  F.R.S.  ;  Prof.  J.  P. 
Hill,  M.A. ,  D.Sc;  John  Hopkinson,  F.G.S.  ;  Dr.  B.  Daydon 
Jackson  ;  Horace  W.  Monckton,  F.G.S. ;  11.  Innes  Pocock, 
F.Z.S.  ;  Prof.  E.  B.  PouLTON,  F.B.S. ;  Lt.-Col.  D.  Prain,  F.E.S.  ; 
Dr.  A.  B.  Rendle,  F.E.S. ;  Miss  Ethel  Sargant  ;  Dr.  Dukinfield 
H.  Scott,  F.E.S. ;  Prof.  A.  C.  Seavard,  F.E.S. ;  and  Dr.  Otto 
Stapf,  F.E.S. ;  the  five  retiring  Councillors  being  :  Prof.  G.  C. 
Bourne,  D.Sc,  Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman,  F.E.S.,  Prof.  F.W.  Oliver, 
F.E.S,,  Prof.  F.  E.  Weiss,  D.Sc,  and  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward, 
LL.D.,  F.E.S. 

The  President  then  appointed  the  same  Scrutineers  to  examine 
the  ballot  for  the  Officers,  and  the  votes  having  been  cast  up  were 
reported  to  the  President,  who  declared  the  result  as  follows : — 
President :  Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 
Treasurer :  Horace  W.  Monckton,  F.G.S. 
Secretaries:  Dr.  B.  Daydon  Jackson, 
Prof.  A.  Dendy,  F.E.S., 
Dr.  O.  Stapf,  F.E.S. 

The  President  then  addressed  Prof.  F.  O.  Bower,  F.E.S. : 

Professor  Bower, — It  is  one  of  the  pleasantest  incidents  of  my 
life  that  I  should  be  called  on  at  this  meeting,  the  first  anniversary 
at  which  I  have  presided,  to  present  to  you  the  Linneau  Medal, 
the  greatest  distinction  which  the  Society  has  to  bestow,  and 
one  associated  already  with  many  great  names,  from  that  of  Sir 
Joseph  Hooker  to  those  of  Strasburger  and  Treub,  the  last 
botanical  recipients. 

Tou  and  1  have  known  each  other  so  well  and  so  long  that  it 
would  be  difficult  for  both  of  us  if  I  tried  to  deliver  a  formal 
eulogium  in  your  presence.  It  may  be  most  in  accordance  with 
your  wishes  if  I  say  on  this  occasion  less  than  I  think. 

We  first  met  in  the  early  days  of  your  work  on  WelwitscJiia 
and  Gnetum  about  1880-1882.  Everyone  remembers  the  discovery 
you  made  of  the  true  nature  of  the  two  persistent  leaves  in 
WelwiiscJiia,  formerly  supposed   to  be  the  cotyledons.      Those 


HXXEAN    SOCIEXY    OF    LON'DOX.  ^^ 

remarkable  genera  which  yoa  taus^lit  us  so  much  about  are  uow 
again  to  the  fore  in  the  minds  of  botanists. 

Tlie  next  period  was  occupied  with  the  morphology  of  the 
leaf,  treated  of  in  an  important  paper  presented  to  the  Royal 
Society  in  1S84,  in  which  the  idea  of  the  phyllopodium,  or  leaf-axis, 
was  developed,  and  in  the  next  year  in  your  work  on  the  apes  of 
the  leaf  in  Osmunda  and  Todea,  a  subject  moi'e  closely  related  to 
your  subsequent  research.  Another  early  Vascular  Cryptogam 
paper  was  that  on  Phylloglossum,  a  good  example  of  a  simple 
form  which  is  apparently  not  so  priraitiye  as  we  once  thought. 

Tour  most  important  contribution  to  the  publications  of  our 
own  Society  was  the  great  paper  on  "  Apospory  and  allied 
Phenomena,"  suggested  by  Mr.  Druery's  observations  and  read  in 
1886.  This  was  of  extreme  interest  in  itself,  and  also,  as  j^ou 
have  3'ourself  told  me,  from  its  leading  you  on  to  the  views  of 
Alternation  of  Generations  which  you  maintained  for  so  many 
years. 

These  views  took  definite  shape  in  the  memoir  on  "  Antithetic 
as  distinguished  from  Homologous  Alternation  in  Plants,"  published 
in  1890.  The  subject  of  apospory  in  particular  vv-as  further  pursued 
in  the  papers  on  TricJiomanes. 

A  memoir  on  "  The  Comparative  Examination  of  the  Meristems 
of  Ferns  as  a  Phylogenetic  Study,"  1889,  was  still  written  under 
the  influence  of  the  old  idea  that  the  Leptosporangiate  .Ferns 
were  the  most  primitive,  but  two  years  later  you  turned  the 
phylogenetic  order  upside  down,  and  quite  rightly  so,  when  you 
discussed  the  question  : — Is  the  Eusporaugiate  or  the  Lepto- 
sporangiate Type  the  more  primitive  in  the  Ferns?  Your  new 
conclusions  were  in  harmony  with  fossil  investigation,  and  this 
reminds  me  of  your  paper  on  the  axis  of  Lejndostrohus  Brownii, 
1893,  a  bye-product  of  your  great  sporangial  synthesis,  but  to 
the  palaeobotanist  a  valuable  one. 

Your  Theory  of  the  Strobilus  in  Archegoniate  Plants  defined 
the  position  which  you  held  with  so  much  determination  and 
resource  for  the  next  15  years — the  period  of  maturity  of  the 
antithetic  doctrine.  I  think  we  both  have  not  unpleasant  re- 
collections of  the  lively  and  inspiriting  controversies  which  marked 
the  adolescence  of  the  theor}\  Your  great  series  on  the  Spore- 
producing  members,  1894-1903,  affords  one  of  the  most  striking 
examples  of  the  inestimable  value  of  a  thoroughly  thought  out 
working  hypothesis  (whether  ultimately  verified  or  not)  as  a  guide 
to  research. 

Leaving  many  other  papers  of  yours  uumentioned  I  pass  on  to 
that  admirable  book  "The  Origin  of  a  Land  Flora,"  published  last 
year,  in  which  your  long  career  of  morphological  research,  for  the 
time  being,  culminated.  Since  then,  to  judge  from  what  passed  at 
a  memorable  meeting  of  our  Society  last  February,  some  change 
has  come  in  your  theoretical  position,  and  much  as  we  all  respect 
the  openness  of  mind  with  which  you  faced  a  changed  situation, 

LINX.  SOC.  PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1908-1909.  d 


34  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

I  cannot  help  feeling  some  tinge  of  I'egret  that  the  days  of  our 
friendly  controversies  are  now,  in  all  pi'obability,  past  and  gone. 

Tour  -work  as  the  leader  of  Morphological  botany  in  this 
country  is  worthily  recognized  by  the  award  of  our  medal,  which 
I  have  great  pleasure  in  handing  you.  , 

Prof.  F.  O.  BowEE,  having  received  the  Medal  from  the  Presi- 
dent, replied  as  follows  : — 

Mr.  President,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen, — It  would  be  impossible 
for  me  to  receive  this  token  of  your  kind  appreciation  of  my 
work  without  some  words  of  thanks,  but  they  shall  be  brief. 
I  value  your  gift  of  the  Medal  on  three  grounds.  First,  that  I 
receive  it  from  the  hands  of  my  old  friend.  Dr.  Scott ;  and  though 
he  and  I  have  differed  in  the  past,  on  scientific  questions  (and 
perhaps  even  now  do  not  see  exactly  eye  to  eye  on  some  of  them), 
still,  this  has  only  shonai  me  the  truth  of  what  one  learned  in 
the  Latin  Grammar,  that  "  Amaniium  irce  amoris  integratio  est." 
Secondly,  I  value  the  gift  as  a  tangible  sign  of  your  good  will. 
There  have  been  figures  in  the  scientific  world,  that  like  some  great 
colossus  have  stood  independent  of  contemporary  opiuiou,  or 
definitely  opposed  to  ifc ;  but  to  average  men  of  science  the 
approval  of  their  colleagues  acts  as  a  strong  incentive  to  fresh 
effort,  and  it  is  in  this  way  that  I  receive  this  award  of  your  medal. 
Thirdly,  I  value  it  because  of  the  distinction  of  those  who  have 
received  it  before  ;  it  is  a  high  honour  to  have  one's  name  added 
to  a  roll  which  begins  with  Hooker  and  Owen,  and  includes  such 
names  as  De  Candolle,  Huxley,  Haeckel,  and  many  others.  But 
inclusion  in  this  list  seems  to  stand  as  a  milestone  on  the  road 
of  seniority  ;  for  the  medal  has  often  been  awarded  towards  the 
close  of  an  active  career.  Against  this  may,  however,  be  set  the 
example  of  its  first  recipient.  Sir  Joseph  Hooker,  who  still  in  his 
advanced  age  is  actively  at  work  in  the  interests  of  the  science  he 
has  so  long  served.  This  example  may  well  be  in  itself  a  fresh 
stimulus  to  exertion,  and  as  such  I  shall  hold  it  to  be.  I  thank 
you.  Sir,  and  the  Society  very  heartily  for  the  high  honour  con- 
ferred upon  me. 

The  General  Secretary  then  laid  the  Obituary  Notices  as  follows 
before  the  Meeting,  and  the  Proceedings  closed. 

OBITUAEY  NOTICES. 

Lewis  Adolphus  Bernays  was  born  in  London,  3rd  May,  1831, 
son  of  the  late  Prof.  A.  J.  Bernays,  the  chemist,  and  was  educated 
at  King's  College  School.  He  was  accustomed  to  speak  of  him- 
self as  having  achieved  "  a  record  tenure  of  the  office  of  Clerk  of 
the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Queensland  and  many  years  gratuitous 
service  in  the  cause  of  economic  botany."  In  1872  he  published 
"  The  Olive  and  its  Products,  the  habits,  cultivation,  and  propa- 


LIIs'NEA^'    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON,  35 

gatiou  of  the  tree  "  (Brisbane),  and  eleven  years  later,  "  Cultural 
Industries  for  Queensland  ;  Papers  on  useful  plants  suited  to  the 
Climate  "'  (Brisbane).  On  17th  January,  1871,  he  was  elected 
Pellow  of  the  Society,  and  then  intending  to  retire  from 
biological  pursuits  he  -withdrew  in  1889,  but  in  three  years'  time 
he  found  himself  obliged  to  come  forward  for  re-election,  which 
took  place  on  15th  December,  1S92.  He  died  at  Brisbane, 
September  1908,  In  1851  he  married  Mary,  daughter  of  William 
Bortou,  of  Boddington,  Oxfordshire,  and  had  four  sons  and  four 
daughters  issue  of  the  marriage.  [B.  D.  J.] 

The  death  of  CrinBEBX  Collingwood  on  the  20th  October, 
1908,  removes  one  of  our  oldest  Fellows,  his  election  having  taken 
place  on  the  1st  November,  1853.  He  was  born  on  Christmas 
Hay,  1826,  at  Christchurch,  Hampshire,  and  was  educated  at 
King's  College  School,  London,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  gradu- 
ating B.A.  in  1849  and  pioceeding  M,A.  in  1852  and  M.A. 
Cantab,  (ad  eundem).  He  studied  Medicine  at  Edinburgh 
University,  then  at  Guy's  Hospital,  London,  and  added  to  his 
experience  in  Paris  and  Vienna.  His  medical  qualifications  were 
M.B.  Oxford,  and  M.E.C.P,  London.  In  1858  he  became 
lecturer  on  Botany  at  the  Eoyal  Infirmary  Medical  School, 
Liverpool,  subsequently  Physician  to  the  Northern  Hospital  in  that 
city,  and  for  some  years  was  honorary  secretary  to  the  Literary 
and  Philosophical  Society,  with  other  ofHcial  appointments.  To 
the  last-named  society  he  contributed  two  papers  on  Ornithology 
dealing  with  the  notes  of  birds,  and  their  migration,  in  1861  and 
1862.  At  the  same  period  he  was  busied  in  reporting  on  dredging 
marine  organisms  in  the  Eiver  Mersey,  and  on  the  method  of 
advancing  science  by  means  of  the  mercantile  marine,  to  the  British 
Association.  Papers  on  the  Quadrumana,  and  the  ancient  fauna 
of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  next  engaged  his  attention  ;  but  the 
volume  by  which  Collingwood  is  best  known,  is  his  '  Eambles  of 
a  Naturahst  on  the  shores  aud  waters  of  the  China  Sea,'  which 
recounted  his  observations  made  in  1866  and  1867  on  board  H.M. 
vessels  '  Eifleman '  and  '  Serpent,'  which  appeared  in  1868.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  elected  on  the  Council  of  this  Society,  and 
went  out  of  ofiice  in  the  following  year.  He  was  a  fairly  constant 
attendant  at  our  meetings  until  he  removed  in  1901  to  Paris, 
whei'e  he  lived  till  late  in  1907,  when  he  returned  to  London,  and 
died  at  Lewisham  in  his  82nd  year.  In  1869  he  married  Clara, 
daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Mowbray.  Besides  the  volume  above 
mentioned  our  late  Pellow  published  'A  Vision  of  Creation,' 
*  The  Bible  and  the  Age,'  and  '  From  Bevrout  to  Bethlehem.'. 

[B.  D.  J.j 

Hastings  Charles  Dent  was  born  on  the  23rd  June,  1855,  at 
42  Thurloe  Square,  the  son  of  Colonel  Dent  of  the  Coldstream 
Guards,  his  mother  being  Lady  Beaujolois  Dent,  daughter  of  the 
2nd  Earl  of  Charleville.     Educated  at  private  schools,  and  Owens 

d2 


;^6  PBocEEJ)l^'GS  of  the 

College,  Manchester,  he  migrated  to  the  Eoyal  School  of 
Engineeruig  at  the  Crystal  Palace,  becoming  tutor  and  then 
examiner.  Following  his  profession  as  a  civil  engineer,  he  laid 
down  the  first  tramway  in  Manchester,  and  later,  spent  much  time 
in  Brazil,  surveying  for  railways,  which  gave  rise  to  his  '  Two 
Tears  in  Brazil.'  Although  he  liad  travelled  far  and  wide,  India 
was  unvisited  by  him.  Ultimately  about  1SS8  he  settled  at 
Godstone,  and  there  spent  much  of  his  time,  busied  on  his  collec- 
tions, those  of  Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera  being  stated  to  be 
exceptionally  rich. 

He  took  a  chill  in  the  early  part  of  the  present  year,  which 
developed  into  bronchitis,  and  proved  fatal  on  the  6th  March, 
1909,  at  The  Homestead,  Godstone,  and  was  buried  at  Outwood 
Parish  Church  ;  by  a  previously  expressed  wish  of  the  deceased, 
the  coffin  was  borne  on  a  farm  waggon  draped  in  purple. 

Mr.  Dent  was  elected  Fellow  on  the  2Dd  April,  1885,  and  for 
many  j^ears  was  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Eiitomological  Societv. 

[B.  D.  J.] 

The  Eight  Honourable  Wilbeaham  Egerton  was  the  son  of 
the  1st  Baron  Egerton  of  Tattou,  born  on  17th  January,  1832, 
succeeded  as  2nd  Baron  in  1883,  and  ^^■as  created  1st  Earl  Egerton 
of  Tattou  and  Viscount  Salford  in  1897.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  Oxford,  and  was  M.P.  for  jS^orth  Cheshire,  1858-68,  and 
Mid-Cheshire,  1868-83,  when  his  father's  death  caused  his  removal 
to  the  House  of  Peers.  Attached  to  agriculture  and  fond  of 
experiments  in  that  pursuit,  he  became  a  Fellow  of  this  Society, 
1st  December,  1887,  but  his  published  works  are  on  other  and 
diverse  subjects.  He  died  at  Bordighera  on  the  16th  March, 
1909 ;  twice  married,  he  left  but  one  daughter,  now  Lady  Albemarle, 
being  succeeded  to  the  Barony  by  his  brother,  the  Hon.  Alan  de 
Tatton ;  the  Earldom  and  the  Viscounty  lapsed  on  the  death  of 
the  first  holder  of  those  titles.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  was  born  at  Britwell  Court,  Burnham, 
Bucks,  on  the  17th  JS'ovember,  1823.  He  was  the  son  of  the  Eev. 
Dr.  Arthur  Benoni  Evans,  Headmaster  of  the  Grammar  School  at 
Market  Bosworth.  He  was  educated  under  his  father  at  Market 
Bosworth,  and  then  for  a  short  time  in  Germany.  In  IS-IO  at  the 
age  of  17  he  entered  the  Paper-making  works  at  Nash  3Iills, 
Hemel  Hempstead,  which  had  been  founded  by  his  mother's 
brother,  John  Dickinson,  and  Xash  Mills  was  his  home  until  nearly 
the  end  of  his  life.  In  time  he  became  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm,  and  he  was  for  many  years  the  President  of  the  Paper  Makers* 
Association. 

He  took  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  County  of  Hertford, 
was  High  Sherifi^in  1881,  and  for  many  years  was  the  Chairman  of 
Quarter  Sessions  and  of  the  County  Council. 

His  couneetion  with  the  paper-making  industry  led  to  a  careful 


LIXXEAN    SOCIETY   OF    LOXDON,  37 

study  of  matters  relating  to  water-supply,  rainfall,  and  percolation 
and  evaporation.  E'.iin  gauges  and  percolation  gauges  had  been 
installed  at  Nash  Mills  by  his  uncle,  John  Dickinson,  and  for  a  long 
series  of  years  they  were  under  the  personal  supervision  of  Sir 
John  E  vans.  Water-supply  led  naturally  to  practical  geology,  and  in 
that  field  Evans  was  a  leading  authority,  but  it  was  from  his  studies 
in  what  may  be  termed  antiquarian  geology  that  he  was  best  known 
to  the  general  public  and  to  geologists  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
It  was  largely  owing  to  the  work  of  Evans  in  conjunction  with 
Sir  Joseph  Prestwich,  that  the  great  age  of  the  implements  found 
in  the  terraces  of  Eiver  Gravel  of  the  Somme  and  the  Thames  was 
satisfactorily  established. 

T'le  collection  and  study  of  coins  attracted  Evans's  enthusiastic 
attention  from  early  days,  and  in  the  end  he  was  one  of  the  leading 
numismatists  of  Europe. 

Sir  John  Evans  was  elected  into  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1864.  In 
]  87S  he  became  the  Treasurer  and  he  held  that  important  post  for 
twenty  years.  In  1884,  when  Huxley,  who  was  President,  was 
away  ill,  Evans  prepared  and  delivered  the  Anniversary  Address. 
He  constantly  held  office  in  the  Geological  Society  and  was 
President  in  1874-76.  In  1880  he  received  the  Lyell  Medal,  and 
tbe  Prestwich  Medal  was  presented  to  Lady  Evans  last  February 
in  memoi'iam. 

Evans  was  at  different  times  President  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, the  Eoyal  Numismatic  Society,  the  British  Association, 
and  of  many  otlaer  societies.     He  was  made  K.C.B.  in  1892. 

He  was  the  author  of  '  The  Ancient  Stone  Implements, 
Weapons,  and  Ornaments  of  Gi'eat  Britain,'  which  first  appeared 
in  1872,  and  a  second  edition  in  1897  ;  '  Ancient  Bronze  Imple- 
ments, Weapons,  and  Ornaments  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,' 
ISSl ;  '  The  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons,'  1864  ;  and  of  numerous 
papers  which  appeared  in  different  serial  publications. 

Sir  John  Evans  was  married  three  times.  His  first  wife  was  a 
daughter  of  his  uncle,  John  Dickinson,  and  at  her  death  she  left 
three  sous  and  two  daughtei's.  One  of  the  sons  is  the  well-known 
explorer  of  Knossos  and  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society.  Tiie 
second  wife,  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Joseph  Phelps,  left  no  children. 
Lady  Evans,  who  survives  her  husband,  is  the  daughter  of 
Mr.  Charles  C.  Lathbury  and  has  a  daughter.  Lady  Evans  is  an 
accomplished  classical  scholar  aud  antiquary. 

Sir  John  Evans  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Linnean  Society  on 
March  21st,  1878,  and  died  at  his  residence,  Britwell,  Hertford- 
shire, on  May  31st,  1908.  [H.  W.  Monckion.] 

Dr.  James  Fletcheu  was  born  at  Ash,  seven  miles  S.W.  from 
Graveseud,  Kent,  on  28th  March,  1852,  was  educated  at  King's 
School,  Eochester,  and  went  to  Canada  in  1874  as  a  clerk  in  the 
Bank  of  British  North  America.  After  two  years  of  this  work  he 
became  Assistant  in  the  Library   of   Parliament,   Ottawa,   and 


38  PP.OCEEDINGS   OE   THE 

devoted  all  his  spare  time  to  Botany  and  Entomology,  which  led 
to  his  appointment  as  Honorary  Dominion  Entomologist  and 
Botanist,  followed  soon  afterwards  by  work  in  these  departments 
at  the  newly-established  Central  Experimental  Earm  in  1887. 
For  21  years  he  was  assistant  to  Dr.  W.  Saunders,  C.M.Gr., 
Director  of  the  Earm. 

In  1878  he  became  a  Councillor  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
Ontario,  and  continued  to  hold  office,  being  President  1886-88, 
and  again  in  1906  to  the  time  of  his  death.  His  first  ])aper  was 
on  Canadian  Buprestidse  in  1878,  and  his  contributions  to  science 
were  thenceforward  frequent  and  valuable.  In  1879  he  helped  to 
found  the  Ottawa  Eield  Naturalists'  Club,  the  most  successful  of 
the  kind  in  the  Dominion,  and  later  on  he  succeeded  in  founding 
the  Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  of  Xorth  America,  of 
which  he  was  President  in  1892 ;  he  was  also  one  of  the  original 
Eellows  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  America.  On  the 
3rd  June,  1886,  he  was  elected  Eellow  of  our  Society,  and  in  1896 
received  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Queen's  University, 
Kingston,  Ontario. 

Erom  1885  he  had  been  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  o£ 
Canada,  had  been  President  of  the  Biological  and  Cieologicai 
Section,  Hon.  Treasurer,  and,  for  the  last  two  years  of  his  life, 
Hon.  Secretary,  and  several  most  suggestive  papers  from  his  pen 
were  published  in  its  Transactions.  Other  valuable  memoirs  were 
his  annual  reports  on  the  work  of  his  department,  and  in  other 
(serials.  Two  years  ago  he  issued  a  work  on  the  weeds  which 
trouble  farmers  throughout  the  Dominion,  in  4to,  with  46  coloured 
plates.  He  was  much  in  demand  as  a  lecturer,  and  was  especially 
successful  in  securing  and  holding  the  attention  of  his  audiences. 
In  this  way  his  influence  has  been  widely  felt  in  arousing  people 
to  the  best  methods  of  dealing  with  iusect  pests. 

Eor  many  months  his  health  had  been  failing,  and  more  or  less 
internal  haemorrhage  had  troubled  him,  but  did  not  awake  alarm. 
In  the  autumn  of  last  year  he  was  busy  with  preparation  for  the 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Canada,  to  be 
held  at  Guelph,  Ontario,  but  the  week  before  the  gathering  he 
went  to  consult  a  specialist  at  Montreal.  He  was  at  once  sent  to 
the  Eoyal  Victoria  Hospital,  and  a  week  later  underwent  an 
opei'ation  for  internal  tumour,  but  failed  to  rally  from  it,  and  died 
the  following  morning,  Sunday,  8th  November,  1908,  aged  06. 

The  writer  is  indebted  to  an  appreciative  obituary  by  Prof. 
C.  J.  S.  Bethuue  in  the  '  Canadian  Naturalist,'  xl.  1908,  for  the 
for^-going  account,  where  also  will  be  found  a  portrait  of  our 
deceased  Eellow.  [B.  D.  J.] 

EE.A?fcis  Blackwell  Eorbes,  whose  death  was  announced  in  the 
'  Daily  Telegraph  '  of  November  20  last  year,  was  an  American. 

In  1857  he  went  out  to  China  as  attache  to  Mr.  Eeed,  the 
Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  States  of  North  America,  but  soon 


LIXNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  39 

entered  a  commercial  career,  living  in  Canton  in  1858  and  1859 
and  afterwards  in  Shanghai.  He  took  much  interest  in  the 
affairs  of  the  Shanghai  branch  of  the  Eoyal  Asiatic  Society,  whose 
President  he  was  in  1S74.  It  was  then  that  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  jMr.  Charles  Ford — at  that  time  Superintendent 
of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Hong-Kong — which  led  to  his  taking 
up  collecting  plants  more  seriously.  His  first  collection  was 
determined  during  his  stay  in  Europe  in  1875  and  1876  by 
W.  B.  Hemsley.  Then  followed  a  second  residence  in  Shanghai, 
\^  hich  lasted  from  1877  to  1882.  During  the  live  years  from  1882 
to  1886  he  settled  in  England,  applying  himself  to  botanical  work 
at  Kew  and  the  British  Museum.  Subsequently  he  lived  in  Paris, 
and  finally  he  retired  to  Boston,  Mass.,  where  he  died. 

The  name  of  Francis  Blackwell  Forbes  will  always  be  associated 
with  the  exploration  of  the  Flora  of  China  as  the  promoter  of  that 
fundamental  work,  the  "  Enumeration  of  all  the  Plants  known  from 
China  Proper,  Formosa,  Hainan,  Corea,  &c.,"  published  under  the 
joint  names  of  F.  B.  Forbes  and  W.  B.  Hemsley  in  the  '  Journal '  of 
the  Linnean  Society,  Botany  (vols,  xxiii.,  1886-1888;  xxvi.,  1889- 
1902  ;  xxxvi.,  1903-1905).  The  history  of  this  work  is  given  in 
Bretschneider's  '  History  of  European  Botanical  Discoveries  in 
China,'  p.  722,  and  in  the  preface  by  Sir  "W.  Thiselton-Dyer  to 
vol.  xxxvi.  of  the  Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society.  In  this  place 
it  will  be  sufficient  to  define  the  share  which  F.  B.  Forbes  had  in 
the  matter.  Forbes  had  already  during  his  first  stay  in  England 
conceived  the  idea  of  a  catalogue  of  all  the  Chinese  specimens 
found  in  the  herbaria  at  Kew  and  the  British  Museum,  as  a  help 
towards  the  botanical  exploration  of  China.  This  catalogue,  a 
mere  list  of  names,  was  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Hemsley  in  1876,  and 
was  intended  to  form  the  basis  for  a  complete  list  of  the  plants 
known  from  China  after  the  model  of  Maximowicz's  '  Index  Florae 
Pekinensis.'  After  his  return  from  China  in  1882,  Forbes  set  to 
work  collecting  material  for  this  hst,  when  in  December  1883, 
Mr.  (now  Sir)  W.  Thiselton-Dyer  made  an  appeal  to  the  Govern- 
ment Grant  Committee  of  the  Eoyal  Society  to  the  effect  that  a 
committee  be  appointed  to  repoi't  on  our  present  knowledge  of  the 
'  Flora  of  China,'  stating  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  desirable  to 
catalogue  the  Chinese  material  in  the  National  Herbaria  after  the 
manner  of  the  Botany  of  Godman  and  Salvin's  '  Biologia  Centrali - 
Americana.'  The  application  was  acceded  to,  and  a  committee 
appointed  which  was  joined  by  Forbes  in  February  1884.  He 
most  liberally  placed  at  its  disposal  his  very  full  slip  reference 
catalogue  to  records  of  Chinese  plants,  collection  and  notes.  A.t 
the  same  time  Mr.  Hemsley  was  engaged  to  co-operate  in  the 
"  Enumeration,"  which  was  to  be  published  in  the  '  Journal '  of  the 
Linnean  Society.  Private  engagements,  however,  prevented 
Forbes  from  taking  any  further  active  part  in  the  preparation  of  the 
work,  which  in  its  execution  must  therefore  be  wholly  credited  to 


4P  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE 

Mr.  Hemsley  and,  so  far  as  the  later  orders  are  concerned,  his  co- 
operators. 

i\  B.  J'orbes's  association  with  the  Linnean  Society  dates  back 
to  2nd  December,  1875,  and  he  served  on  its  Council  from  1885 
to  1887.  He  was  for  a  long  time  Swedish  and  Norwegian  Consul- 
General  at  Shanghai,  andinconsiderationof  his  services  was  made 
a  Knight  Commander  of  the  Swedish  Eoyal  Order  of  Wasa. 

[O.  S.] 

Alfeed  Giakd  was  born  in  the  year  1846.  After  passing  throiigh 
the  Ecole  normale  superieure,  in  1871  he  became  assistant  to  Lacaze- 
Duthiers,  whence  he  went  to  Lille  as  assistant-professor  in  1873. 
As  early  as  1869  he  had  in  conjunction  with  Max  Cornu  printed 
in  the  *  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Botanique  de  Prance '  a  paper  on 
the  hermaphroditism  of  Melandryum  alhnn  infested  with  Ustilago 
antJierarum,  a  phenomenon  which  under  the  term  "  castration 
parasitaire  "  interested  him  throughout  life. 

From  Lille  in  1888  he  was  called  to  Paris  to  lecture  in  the 
Paculte  des  Sciences,  and  in  1892  he  became  titular  professor  at 
the  Sorboune,  and  in  1900  chosen  into  the  Academie  ■  des 
Sciences. 

In  the  '  Bulletin  Scientifique  de  Prance,'  a  serial  of  which  he 
was  editor  from  1878,  in  vol.  42,  pp.  xlv-lxxiii,  is  given  a  list 
of  624  papers  published  by  Giard,  to  1908  the  year  of  his  death, 
exclusive  of  many  articles  in  the  '  Grande  Eucyclopedie '  and  the 
'  Botanisches  Centralblatt.'  He  himself  in  his  '  Expose  des  titres 
et  travaux  scientifiques,'  1896,  grouped  his  various  memoirs  under 
twelve  subject  headings,  but  embryology  and  parasitism  were  his 
favourite  subjects,  though,  far  from  confining  his  attention  to  them, 
he  took  in  a  wide  extent  of  study.  The  zoological  station  of 
Wimereux,  near  Boulogne,  was  established  by  him  in  1874,  and 
his  chief  pleasure  was  to  settle  down  in  those  quarters  for  such 
periods  as  his  professorial  duties  in  Paris  permitted,  busy  on 
material  obtained  from  the  sea  wdthin  a  few  yards  of  his  study. 

He  was  one  of  the  Prench  delegates  at  Uppsala  and  Stockholm 
at  the  Linnean  festivities  in  May  1907,  with  Madame  Giard,  a 
lady  of  English  birth.  Early  in  1908  he  wrote  accepting  the 
invitation  of  our  Council  to  the  Darwin-AVallace  Celebration,  but 
before  that  took  place,  a  stroke  of  apoplexy  disabled  him,  and 
though  he  partially  recovered  his  powers,  a  second  stroke  was 
quickly  fatal :  he  died  in  August,  1908.  He  Mas  elected  a Poreign 
Member  on  the  1st  May,  1902. 

He  is  described  as  possessing  a  rare  and  attractive  personality, 
which  attached  his  pupils  strongly  to  him,  and  roused  their 
enthusiasm.  Yet  he  could  write,  "  Pour  ma  part,  dans  ma  carriere 
dcja  longue  du  professorat,  je  ne  crois  pas  avoir  forme  un  seul 
naturaliste  " ;  this  is  possibly  explained  by  his  high  ideal  of  what 
a  fully  equipped  naturalist  should  be.  [B.  D.  J.] 


LINXEAN    SOCIETY    OE    LONDON.  4 1 

Wilfrid  Hudleston  Hudleston  was  boru  at  York  on  June  2nd, 
1828.  He  was  the  son  of  a  physician,  Dr.  John  Simpson  of 
Kuaresborough,  whose  wife  was  through  her  mother  an  heiress 
and  a  representati^'e  of  the  family  of  Hudleston  of  Hutton  John 
in  Cumberland,  In  1867  Dr.  Simpson  and  his  two  sons,  by  letters 
patent,  assumed  the  name  of  Hudleston.  Wilfrid  was  educated  at 
St.  Peter's  School,  York,  at  Uppingham,  and  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  and  in  1853  he  was  called  to  the  Bar  but  does  not  seem 
to  have  practised. 

After  leaving  Cambridge  his  attention  was  directed  to  ornitho- 
logy, and  in  pursuance  of  the  study  he  made  in  1855  several 
journeys  in  different  parts  of  Europe  and  in  Northern  Africa. 

In  his  last  term  at  Cambridge  he  had  attended  Sedgwick's 
lectures,  and  in  1862  he  began  a  systematic  study  of  natural 
science,  firstly  at  Edinburgh  and  afterwards  at  the  Eoyal  College 
of  Chemistry  in  Oxford  Street.  He  thus  acquired  a  good  know- 
ledge of  chemistry  which  was  very  useful  to  him  in  his  subsequent 
geological  work.  He  appears  to  have  definitely  devoted  himself  to 
geology  about  the  year  1866,  when  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
Jolni  Morris,  and  he  became  a  EelJow  of  the  Geological  Society  in 
1867. 

He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  our  Society  on  November  7th,  1878, 
but  did  not  contribute  anything  to  our  publications. 

Hudleston  was  President  of  the  Geologists' Association,  1881-83. 
He  became  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1884,  was  President 
of  the  Geological  Society  in  1892-94,  and  of  the  Geological  Section 
of  the  British  Association  at  Bristol  in  1898.  For  many  years  he 
was  one  of  the  Editors  of  the '  Geological  Magazine.'  He  received 
the  AVoUaston  IMedal  of  the  Geological  Society  in  1897. 

In  1890  Mr.  Hudleston  married  Eose,  second  daughter  of 
William  Heywood  Benson,  of  Little  Thorpe,  Kipon,  who  survives 
him.  They  lived  at  8  Stanhope  Gardens,  South  Kensington,  and 
at  West  Holme,  a  property  which  he  purchased  between  Wareham 
and  Lulworth  in  Dorsetshire.  His  Geological  and  Ornithological 
collections  were  housed  at  Stanhope  Gardens,  and  his  Museum  was 
visited  by  the  Geologists'  Association  on  March  1 1th,  1899. 

Hudleston's  most  important  work  was  the  Monograph  on  the 
Inferior  Oolite  Gasteropoda,  published  by  the  Pal?eontographical 
Society.  He  contributed  numerous  papers  to  various  scientific 
societies  and  to  the  '  Geological  Magazine.' 

Hudleston  was  a  man  of  great  energy,  a  good  shot  and  fond  of 
fishing,  and  retained  his  activity  to  the  last.  He  died  suddenly  at 
West  Holme  from  heart  failure  on  January  29th,  1909. 

[H.  W.  MONC£TO>\] 

Frederick  Edward  Hulme  was  born  at  Hanley  in  Staffordshire 
in  1841,  and  became  a  prolific  author  in  many  departments,  some 
of  which  did  not  arise  out  of  his  position  at  King's  College, 
London,  as  professor  of   drawing,  but  from  his  wide  range  of 


42  PROCEEDINGS    or   THE 

sympathy.  His  first  publication  was  '  Plant  Form '  in  1868, 
followed  in  succession  by  '  Plants,  their  natural  growth  and 
ornamental  treatment,'  1874,  in  which  plant-form  was  utilised  as 
the  basis  of  architectural  ornament ;  '  Familiar  Wild  Flowers,'  by 
far  bis  most  popular  production,  issued  in  8  volumes  of  colourec^ 
plates  and  letterpress,  from  1878-1905,  and  a  ninth  volume  was 
in  press  at  his  death  ;  '  Suggestions  in  Floral  Design,'  1880  ;  '  Wild 
Fruits  of  the  Country-side,'  1902  ;  '  Butterflies  and  Moths  of  the 
Country-side,'  1903 ;  '  Wild  Flowers  in  their  Seasons,"  1907  ;  and 
his  latest, '  Familiar  Swiss  Flowers,'  1908.  In  addition  to  these  his 
pen  produced  many  volumes  on  Art,  Myths,  Archaeology  and 
Proverbs,  also  a  history  of  the  town  and  college  of  Marlborough. 

He  was  elected  Fellow  of  our  Society  18tla  March,  1869,  and 
was  also  a  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  He  died  at  his 
residence  at  Kew  on  10th  April,  1909,  and  was  buried  on  the  14th 
of  that  month.  [B.  D.  J.] 

William  Saville  Kent  was  elected  a  Fellow  on  the  19th  June, 
1873,  and  he  died  on  11th  October,  1908,  from  heart  failure 
after  an  operation.  In  1885  he  became  Inspector  of  Fisheries  at 
Hobart,  Tasmania,  till  about  1891,  and  soon  afterwards  he  returned 
to  England,  finally  settliug  at  Lymington,  where  he  died. 

His  chief  work  is  the  sumptuous  volume  on  the  '  Great  Barrier 
Eeef  of  Australia,'  with  its  remarkable  illustrations  and  accurate 
information  about  this  vast  extent  of  coral-formation.  He  also 
gave  much  attention  to  oysters  and  oyster-fishing,  and  urged  the 
establishment  of  a  biological  station  on  Thursday  Island,  a  central 
depot  in  the  Torres  Straits  for  pearl  fishery.  He  claimed  also  the 
power  of  inducing  pearl-oysters  to  produce  tine  pearls,  by  a  special 
treatment. 

On  21st  June,  1906,  he  exhibited  at  one  of  our  meetings  a 
striking  series  of  photographs,  in  three-colour  transparencies  and 
lantern-slides,  of  the  fishes  and  other  fauna  of  the  Polvnesian 
Coral  Eeefs,  [B.  D.  J.] 

Sir  George  King,  Avho  died  at  San  Eemo  on  February  12th,  was 
born  at  Peterhead,  Aberdeenshire,  on  April  12th,  1840.  He  was 
educated  at  the  Grrammar  School  at  Aberdeen  and  studied  Medicine 
in  the  University  of  the  same  city,  graduating  as  M.B.  with 
highest  academic  honours  in  1865.  His  association  with  Professor 
G.  Dickie,  the  algologist,  first  as  his  pupil  and  subsequently  as 
his  assistant,  early  engendered  in  him  the  desire  for  a  botanical 
career.  The  Indian  Medical  Service,  which  after  some  interruption 
had  then  just  been  opened  again  to  young  medical  men,  promised 
fair  prospects  for  the  gratification  of  his  wishes.  He  entered  it 
therefore  as  soon  as  he  had  taken  his  degree.  After  the  usual 
preliminary  course  at  Netley,  King  was  selected  for  the  Bengal 
Presidency.  He  reached  Calcutta  in  March,  1866.  After  a  short 
service  at  the  General  Hospital  and  later  at  the  Medical  College 


LINNEAK   SOCIETT   OP   LOXDOX.  43 

Hospital,  he  was  sent  to  Central  India  and  Eajputana,  wiiere  he 
began  field  work  as  a  botanist  and  zoologist  as  far  as  was 
compatible  with  his  medical  duties.  His  botanical  inclinations 
and  knowledge  soon  singled  him  out  for  the  career  which  he 
had  at  heart.  In  1868  he  was  temporarih'  entrusted  with  the 
administration  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Saharanpur,  and  sub- 
sequently entered  the  Indian  Forest  Service  in  the  Xorth-West 
Provinces  (now  Cnited  Provinces),  with  his  headquarters  at  Dehra 
Dun.  His  stay  there  was  not  of  long  duration,  as  in  1S71  he  was 
appointed  successor  to  Dr.  Thomas  Anderson  in  the  super- 
intendentship  of  the  Eoyal  Botanic  Gardens  at  Calcutta  and  of 
Cinchona  Cultivation  in  Bengal,  taking  over  at  the  same  time  the 
duties  of  a  Professor  of  Botanj'  at  the  Medical  College  in  Calcutta. 
To  these  duties  were  added  in  1S91  those  of  Director  of  the 
Botanical  Survey  of  India,  a  new  post  just  then  created.  King 
continued  to  hold  all  these  offices  until,  in  1895,  he  retired  from 
the  Professorship  in  the  Medical  College  of  Bengal.  This 
exhausted,  however,  by  no  means  the  sphere  of  his  amazing 
activity,  as  he  also  served  on  the  Committee  of  tlie  Management 
of  the  Zoological  Garden  at  Calcutta,  on  the  Board  of  Alsitors  of 
the  Engineering  College  of  Bengal,  as  a  Trustee  (and  for  some 
time  Chairman)  of  the  Indian  Museum,  and  since  1894  as  President 
of  the  Central  Committee  appointed  by  Government  to  investigate 
the  indigenous  drugs  of  India.  He  retired  in  1905.  A  severe 
illness  during  the  last  year  of  his  stay  in  India  greatly  impaired 
his  health,  and  after  his  I'eturn  to  England  he  found  himself  from 
year  to  year  more  and  more  obliged  to  abstain  from  work  and  to 
seek  the  protection  of  the  sunny  sliores  of  the  Eiviera,  \\here  he 
suddenly  succumbed  to  a  severe  attack  of  his  illness. 

It  is  difficult  not  to  underrate  the  many-sided  activity  of  this 
botanist,  administrator  and  organiser,  who  will  always  stand  in 
the  front  rank  among  those  who  have  helped  to  open  the  treasure- 
house  of  the  plant  world  of  India.  The  long  list  of  his  publica- 
tions, in  ]^\o.  4  of  the  Kew  Bulletin  for  1909,  gives,  although 
running  over  three  and  a  half  pages,  after  all  only  an  inadequate 
idea  of  it.  Chronologically  arranged,  it  begins  with  two  zoological 
papers,  one  on  the  lion  of  Aboo,  the  other  on  the  birds  of  the 
Goona  District  (Central  Provinces),  both  published  in  1863. 
Although  kept  within  a  narrow  compass  they  are  models  of 
singularly  unpretending  and  yet  lucid  and  to-the-point  diction,  and 
all  betray  acute  power  of  observation.  Of  a  similar  character  is 
his  first  botanical  paper,  "  Xotes  on  the  Famine  Foods  of  Marwar," 
published  in  the  following  year;  but  here  we  have  in  addition  to 
the  merits  mentioned  the  display  of  a  great  talent  for  coordinating 
facts  and  the  application  of  their  bearing  on  problems  of  practical 
life.  His  publications  during  the  next  six  or  seven  years  when  he 
moved  to  Saharanpur  and  Dehra  Dun,  and  finally  to  Calcutta, 
reflect  the  same  practical  sense  and  the  elasticity  with  which  he 
knew  to  subordinate  his  personal  inclinations  to  the  exigencies  of 


44  PHOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

his  office.  The  renovation  of  the  Botanic  Garden  at  Calcutta, 
which  liaci  been  wrecked  by  the  two  great  cyclones  of  1864  and 
1S67,  and  which  now  under  King  rose  to  new  beauty  and  to 
greater  importance  than  it  ever  had,  and  the  successful  manage- 
ment of  the  Cinchona  department,  which  in  its  ultimate  effects 
became  a  blessing  for  the  whole  of  the  Indian  Empire  and  even 
beyond  its  boundaries,  were  triumphs  of  organisation.  Both  tasks 
taxed  his  time  heavily ;  but  when  they  were  fairly  accomplished, 
the  opportunity  had  come  for  work  which  must  have  been  all  the 
time  very  near  to  his  heart.  A  number  of  sliort  papers  on  species 
of  Ficus  published  in  1886  and  1887  were  the  forerunners  of  the 
magnificent  monograph  of  the  Eicus  of  the  Indo-Malayan  and 
Chinese  countries,  with  which  in  ]8S8  he  initiated  that  splendid 
and  sumptuously  illustrated  serial  the  'Annals  of  the  Eoval 
Botanic  Garden,  Calcutta.'  Other  memoirs  on  the  Indian  Ario- 
carims,  Quercus,  Castanojjsis,  Magnoliacese,  Myristica,  Auonacete, 
on  new  and  rare  Indian  plants  and  the  Orchids  of  the  Sikkim 
Himalaya,  some  of  them  in  collaboration  with  other  authors, 
followed,  the  illustrations  filling  near  on  1300  plates.  Shortly 
after  the  appearance  of  the  first  volume  of  the  Calcutta  '  Annals ' 
King  started  the  "  Materials  for  a  Flora  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula," 
to  be  published  at  intervals  in  the  '  Journal '  of  the  Asiatic  Society 
of  Bengal.  Under  the  disguise  of  a  modest  title  the  "  Materials  " 
is  actually  what  otherwise  would  be  called  a  "  Flora "  of  the 
Malayan  Peninsula,  that  is  a  systematic  catalogue  with  full  descrip- 
tions of  all  the  species  known  from  that  rich  and  interesting  area. 
He  was  not  allowed  to  finish  the  task.  At  the  time  of  his  retire- 
ment the  publication  had  proceeded  to  the  middle  of  the  Calyci- 
flor£e.  After  his  return  to  Europe  he  continued  the  work  as  far  as 
his  health  would  permit,  and  thus  finished  Calyciflorae  practically 
unaided  by  others.  From  1902  onwards,  however,  he  made 
arrangements  for  collaboration  with  Mr.  J.  S.  Gamble  for  the 
CoroUiflorse,  while  the  Monocotyledonete  were  taken  over  by 
Mr.  Eidley.  The  magnitude  of  the  task  is  apparent  from  the  fact 
that  King  alone  is  responsible  for  the  enumeration  and  description 
of  over  1660  species.  The  enormous  progress  of  our  knowledge  of 
the  flora  of  the  Malayan  Peninsula  would  not  have  been  possible 
but  for  the  fact  that  King  was  not  satisfied  with  the  old  collections 
in  the  Calcutta  Herbarium  and  chance  contributions,  but  had  paid 
collectors  in  the  Peninsula,  such  as  Kunstler  and  Scortechini, 
\\hose  memory  he  perpetuated  in  his  ever  generous  way  by 
dedicating  to  them  a  very  great  number  of  new  species.  His 
system  of  organised  collecting,  however,  was  not  confined  to  the 
Malayan  Peninsula.  Almost  from  the  beginning  of  his  administra- 
tion of  the  Calcutta  Garden,  he  provided  for  the  sending  out  of 
trained  native  collectors  into  such  districts  as  appeared  to  him 
most  promising;  and  when  in  1891  the  office  of  the  Botanical 
Survey  of  India  was  established  and  placed  under  his  directorship, 
he  seized  at  the  idea  of  so  coordinating:  the  efforts  of  the  botanical 


LIXNEAN    SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  45 

officers  in  the  exploration  of  India  that  as  little  waste  as  possible 
should  occur.  The  material  amassed  in  the  Calcutta  Herbarium 
during  his  administration  is  enormous.  Neither  he  himself  nor 
his  staff,  which  in  number  was  always  very  limited,  could  ever 
have  elabox'ated  them.  If,  nevertheless,  so  much  of  it  has  become 
in  a  sense  the  property  of  botanical  science,  it  is  entirely  due  to 
the  high-minded  conception  which  he  had  of  his  office  as  custodian 
of  the  Calcutta  collections,  and  which  alh.nved  him  to  throw  them 
open  Avith  unstinted  liberality  to  the  workers  in  the  home  country 
as  well  as  abroad.  The  gain  derived  therefrom  for  science  is  no- 
wliere  more  evident  than  in  the  last  volumes  of  the  '  Flora  of 
British  India.' 

King's  association  with  the  Linnean  Society  dates  back  to  1870, 
when  he  was  elected  a  Fellow.  The  nature  of  his  woi'k  and  his 
official  position  led  naturally  to  the  concentration  of  his  publica- 
tions in  one  or  the  other  of  the  great  Calcutta  serials,  and  his 
contributions  to  the  volumes  of  the  Linnean  Society  were  there- 
fore few  and  brief,  his  "  Observations  on  the  genus  Ficus,  with 
special  references  to  the  Indo-Malayan  and  Chinese  species  "' 
(Journal,  vol.  xxiv.  1887,  pp.  27-44)  being  the  most  important 
of  them.  Nevertheless,  the  Society  felt  great  pride  in  awarding 
to  its  illustrious  Fellow  the  Linnean  Medal  in  1901.  He  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1887,  and  associated  as 
an  Honorary  Member  with  various  learned  Societies  at  home  and 
abroad. 

King  was  a  man  of  one  cast.  If  he  was  faithful  to  his  office,  he 
was  faithful  to  his  friends.  If  he  was  above  official  nai'rowness, 
so  often  the  result  of  routine,  he  was  equally  above  the  petty  con- 
ceptions of  private  life.  Liberal,  generous  and  gentle  almost  to  a 
fault,  he  conquered  wherever  he  came  by  the  irresistible  charm  of 
his  personality.  [O.  S.] 

WiLDELM  LiLLjEBOEG,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Zoology  at  Uppsala 
University,  and  Foreign  Member  of  the  Linnean  Society  since  5th 
May,  1870,  was  born  in  the  province  of  Skane,  onthe  6th  October, 
1816.  He  studied  at  Lund  under  Sven  Xilsson,  and  travelled  for 
scientific  ends  in  Norway,  Northern  Russia  and  Finland,  the  last 
two  countries  in  1848,  of  which  he  brought  out  a  I'eport  in  the 
Stockholm  '  Handlingar  '  in  1850.  Hitherto  from  1843,  the  date 
of  his  first  paper,  he  had  ranged  over  a  wide  field,  writing  on 
mammals,  birds,  fishes  and  mollusca,  but  he  now  evinced  a  strong 
predilection  for  the  group  of  Entomostraca,  at  that  time  hardly 
studied  in  Sweden.  In  1853  he  issued  an  octavo  volume  of  more 
than  200  pages  on  the  Cladocera,  Ostracoda,  and  Copepoda  of 
Scandinavia;  at  this  time  he  became  Assistant  Professor  at 
Lund. 

Goran  Wahlenberg  died  in  1851,  the  last  Professor  of  Natural 
History  at  Uppsala  in  the  Faculty  of  Medicine.     His  chair  was 


46  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

partitioned  into  several,  three  of  which,  Zoology,  Botany,  and 
Geology,  were  assigned  to  the  Faculty  of  Philosophy. 

The  first  occupant  of  the  Chair  of  Zoology  was  Lilljeborg,  who 
entei-ed  upon  his  duties  7th  January,  1854,  and  held  it  until  his 
retirement  in  1882.  After  three  courses  of  general  Zoology,  he 
adopted  a  syllabus  of  ten  courses,  embracing  the  whole  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  beginning  with  the  Protozoa.  His  lectures  were 
followed  by  demonstrations  of  the  types  of  the  groups  under  con- 
sideration. His  last  coarse  in  1832  was  devoted  to  comparative 
osteology,  and  took  in  all  the  groups  of  Yertebrata. 

During  his  professorship  he  was  able  to  restore  or  rather  to 
establish  the  Zoological  Museum  at  Uppsala.  Before  he  came, 
there  were  large  collections  from  Thunberg's  time  onwards,  but 
they  consisted  mostly  of  badly  preserved  and  faded  mammals  and 
birds,  a  few  insects,  dried  Crustacea,  shells,  and  corals  from  all 
parts  of  the  world,  without  information  or  localities.  The 
collection  of  skeletons  was  practically  absent,  and  the  spirit 
collection  was  insignificant.  They  were  removed  to  the  Gustavian 
building,  and  completely  overhauled,  and  in  the  course  of  time  a 
creditable  collection  was  amassed  and  adequately  shown.  The 
zoological  laboratory  was  established  in  1875  at  Uppsala,  the 
professor  fully  recognising  the  importance  of  practical  work. 

Upon  quitting  the  chair,  Lilljeborg  continued  his  scientific 
work,  and  in  1896  a  handsome  quarto  volume  Festschrift  appeared, 
entitled  '  Zoologiska  Studier,'  in  honour  of  his  80th  birthday  ;  one 
of  the  articles  in  this  is  a  bibliography  of  Lilljeborg's  works, 
numbering  68.  After  that  year  he  produced  5  later  memoirs, 
upon  his  favourite  group,  making  a  total  of  73  papers.  He  was 
continually  adding  to  the  University  collections  till  his  death, 
which  took  place  24:th  July,  1908,  and  after  that  event  his  widow 
presented  to  the  Zoological  Museum,  according  to  an  expressed 
Avish  of  the  late  professor,  books  and  papers  which  were  not  in  the 
library  of  that  institution,  numbering  about  1400  besides  serials. 

His  professorship  was  characterised  by  his  keenness  in  his 
examinations  and  enthusiasm  for  his  work,  but  only  once  did  he 
quit  Scandinavia  for  a  visit  to  the  zoological  institutions  in  London 
and  Paris,  and  that  was  in  1865 ;  but  he  constantly  visited  the 
various  parts  of  Sweden,  chiefly  bent  on  adding  to  his  collection  of 
Entomostraca.  His  health  remained  good  till  the  middle  of  July 
last  year,  and  he  passed  quietly  away  on  the  24th  of  that  month,  in 
the  92nd  year  of  his  age. 

The  data  for  the  foregoing  sketch  have  been  drawn  from  the 
obituarv  by  Prof.  Tullberg,  Lilljeborg's  successor,  published  in 
'  Fauna  och  Flora,'  1908.  [B.  D.  J.J 

Arthur  LisTEE,F.E.S. — Arthur  Lister  was  born  at  Upton  House, 
AVest  Ham,  in  1830  as  the  youngest  son  of  Joseph  Jackson  Lister, 
F.E-.S.,  the  distinguished  optician.  He  was  educated  at  Hitchin. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  began  his  business  career,  living  at  first 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    Or    LONDOX.  47 

in  Bedfordshire,  then  at  Bradford,  and  since  1857  at  Leytonstone, 
near  London.  Having  with  two  of  his  brothers  bought  '  High- 
cliif'  at  Lyme  Eegis  in  1871,  he  spent  inucli  of  his  time  there, 
especially  after  his  retirement  from  business  in  1888.  Here  he 
also  died  somewhat  suddenly  on  July  19tli  of  the  present  year. 
When  Arthur  Lister  became  known  as  a  botanist  he  was  already 
well  advanced  in  years,  and  his  first  publication  was  a  short  note 
in  the  '  Journal  of  Botany '  for  1877 :  "  How  to  preserve  the 
Spores  of  Agaricini  and  Polyporei."  He  had,  however,  been  an 
ardent  lover  of  nature  from  childhood  and  a  zealous  collector  and 
observer  for  many  years,  and  was  of  course  perfectly  familiar 
with  the  microscope  and  its  technique.  This  fitted  him  eminently 
for  the  \\ork  for  which  he  specialised  so  late  in  life,  and  which  he 
pursued  with  signal  success — the  study  of  the  Mycetozoa.  His 
first  contribution  to  this  fascinating  class  of  organisms  was  pub- 
lished (in  collaboration  with  his  daughter)  in  1888,  and  others,  to 
the  number  of  35,  followed,  the  last  appearing  a  few  weeks  before 
his  death.  His  great  A^ork,  however,  was  his  Monograph  of  the 
Mycetozoa,  published  by  the  British  Museum  in  1894.  Although 
professing  to  be  a  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  species  in  the 
Herbarium  of  the  British  Museum,  it  is  in  reality  a  complete 
compendium  of  all  the  Mycetozoa  known  up  to  1894,  amply 
illustrated  by  numerous  woodcuts  and  78  plates — photographic 
reproductions  of  very  beautiful  coloured  drawings  by  himself  and 
his  daughter  Grulielma. 

Arthur  Lister  became  a  JFellow  of  the  Linnean  Society  in  1873, 
and  of  the  Eoyal  Society  in  1898.  He  was  also  for  many  years 
a  member  of  the  Essex  and  Dorset  Field  Clubs,  and  of  the  Myco- 
logical  Society,  as  whose  President  he  acted  in  1906-07.  He  was 
a  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  in  many  ways,  but  always  unobtru- 
sively, gave  evidence  of  his  public  spirit.  He  belonged  to  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Those  who  had  the  good  fortune  of  knowing 
him  intimately,  remember  him  as  a  delightful  companion  and  a 
most  lovable  man.  [O.  S.} 

Professor  Karl  August  Mobius,  who  died  in  Berlin  on  the  2Gth 
April,  1908,  was  born  at  Eilenburg,  in  Prussian  Saxony,  in  18:25, 
and  was  originally  trained  for  a  school-teacher,  but  his  enthusiasm 
was  awakened  by  reading  the  works  of  Alexander  von  Humboldt, 
and  he  set  out  for  Berlin  with  very  slender  means.  By 
giving  lessons,  he  succeeded  in  getting  a  university  training,  and 
amongst  his  teachers  may  be  mentioned  C.  Gr.  Ehrenberg  and 
Johannes  Mueller.  Becoming  assistant  to  Lichtenstein,  he  was 
aided  in  1853  to  a  teaching  appointment  at  Hamburg,  where  he 
found  time  to  prosecute  his  faunistic  studies.  In  1868  he  went 
to  Kiel  as  Professor  of  Zoology,  and  in  conjunction  with  H.  A. 
Meyer  he  produced  the  two  folio  volumes  of  the  '  Fauna  der  Kieler- 
Bucht,'  Leipzig,  1865-72,  a  rich  storehouse  of  observations.  He 
had  already  established  a  salt-water  aquarium,  and  the  famous 


4o  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Zoological  Garden  at  Hamburg  was  helped  by  him  at  its  founda- 
tion. The  year  18S0  witnessed  the  completion  of  the  Zoological 
Museum  and  Institute  at  Kiel,  in  great  measure  due  to  the  strong 
efforts  of  Mobius.  In  1887  he  was  called  to  Berlin  as  Director 
of  the  new  Zoological  Museum,  which  he  held  till  the  close  lof 
1905,  retiring  at  the  age  of  80  ;  and  on  his  80th  birthday  was 
published  a  Festschrift  in  his  honour  from  his  many  pupils.  The 
various  publications  to  which  bis  name  is  attached  show  his  wide 
range,  from  Alcyonarians  to  fishes,  and  the  '  ArtbegrifFe  ' ;  but  his 
chosen  field  was  amongst  marine  organisms,  particularly  MoUusca. 
He  had  a  strong  practical  sense,  and  was  therefore  able  to  make 
many  useful  suggestions  in  connection  with  fisheries  and  other 
marine  industries. 

His  connection  with  our  Society  dated  from  the  oth  May,  1892, 
when  he  was  elected  a  Foreign  Member.  [B.  D.  J.j 

George  Nicholsok  was  born  at  Eipon,  Yorkshire,  on  December  4th, 
1847,  as  the  son  of  a  nurseryman.  After  having  received  the 
usual  general  education,  he  worked  for  several  years  in  various 
nurseries  in  England,  and  afterwards  in  the  La  Muette  Gardens 
in  Paris.  In  1873,  not  long  after  his  return  to  England,  he 
entered  the  Civil  Service  as  Clerk  to  the  Curator  of  the  Eoyal 
Gardens,  Kew ;  and  in  1S86,  on  the  retirement  of  the  then 
Curator,  John  Smith  the  second,  he  succeeded  him  in  that  oifice, 
holding  the  post  until  1901,  when  failing  health  obliged  him  to 
retire.  He  resided  for  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  Eichmond, 
Surrey,  where  he  died  on  September  20th,  1908.  He  was  entirely 
a  selfmade  man.  Although  the  love  for  plants  and  gardening 
may  have  run  in  his  veins,  a  particularly  keen  intellect  making 
much  easy  to  him  that  would  have  been  a  stumbling-block  to 
others,  the  success  of  his  life  was  after  all  greatly  due  to  the 
adroit  and  persistent  application  of  his  gifts  to  a  well-defined 
field  ol  activity.  The  trend  towards  concentration  and  persistence 
is  curiously  i-eflected  by  the  fact  that  his  first  publication  was  on 
the  AVild  Elora  of  Kew  Gardens  and  Pleasure  Grounds  (1875)  ; 
whilst  almost  his  last  visits  to  the  Gaixleus — a  few  weeks  before 
his  death  and  in  a  bath-chair — were  brightened  and  enlivened  to 
him  by  the  search  for  minute  Lepidoptera  and  Pungi,  which 
should  serve  as  further  contributions  to  the  AVild  Pauna  and 
Plora  of  the  Gardens,  the  exploration  of  which  he  had  always  had 
at  heart.  If  this  was  rather  in  the  nature  of  a  hobby,  his  more 
serious  work  shows  the  same  traits.  Ofiicially  special  stress  has 
been  laid  on  his  long-continued  devotion  to  the  development  of 
the  Kew  Arboretum,  one  of  the  finest  collections  of  this  kind; 
whilst  his  ' Dictionary  of  Gardening'  (1884-88  in  four  volumes, 
and  in  a  Prench  edition,  1892-99)  soon  became  a  standard  work 
of  gardening.  He  Avas  also  a  fertile  and  serious  contributor  to 
the   horticultural  papers.      The   Linnean  Society  recognised  his 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONBOX.  49 

services  to  botanical  science  by  electing  him  an  Associate  in  1886, 
which  distinction  he  held  until  1898,  when  he  became  a  Fellow. 
He  was  one  of  the  lirst  recipients  of  the  Victoria  Medal  of 
Honour  in  Horticulture  (1897),  and  received  the  Veitch  Medal 
in  1894. 

His  travels — he  frequently  visited  the  continent,  particularly 
FxMnce  and  Switzerland,  and  went  twice  to  America — and  his 
wide  reading  gave  his  views  of  men  and  matters  breadth  and 
depth,  whilst  an  exquisitely  amiable  disposition  added  much 
charm  to  his  personality  and  won  him  friends  wherever  he  went. 

[O.  S.] 

Professor  Harry  Govier  Sebley,  F.E.S.,  who  died  on 
January  8tb,  1909,  had  been  a  Eellow  of  the  Linnean  Society 
since  1871.  He  was  born  in  London  on  February  18th,  1839, 
and  began  early  to  take  an  interest  in  scientific  work.  He  soon 
inclined  towards  palaeontology  and  geology,  and  became  assistant 
to  Prof.  Adam  Sedgwick  in  the  Woodwardian  Museum,  Cam- 
bridge. While  here  engaged  in  arranging  the  collection  of 
fossils  and  in  practical  field-work  with  students,  Seeley  published 
many  important  papers  on  fossils,  especially  on  fossil  reptiles,  on 
which  he  became  an  acknowledged  authority.  His  well-known 
small  volume  on  '  The  Ornithosauria '  was  published  by  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Press  in  1870 ;  and  his  mature  views  on  the 
same  subject  were  summarised  so  recently  as  1901  in  his  '  Dragons 
of  the  Air  :  an  Account  of  Extinct  Flying  Keptiles.'  In  1873 
Seeley  returned  to  London,  and  began  to  contribute  a  long  series 
of  papers,  chiefly  on  fossil  reptiles,  to  the  '  Quarterly  Journal 
of  the  Geological  Society.  Ln  1876  he  published  papers  on 
'•  Eesemblances  between  the  Bones  of  typical  living  Ee[)tiles  and 
the  Bones  of  other  Animals"  and  on  "  Similitudes  oF  the  Bones 
in  the  Enaliosauria "  in  the  'Journal'  of  the  Linnean  Society 
(Zoology),  vol.  xii.  In  1876  he  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Geography  in  King's  College,  London,  and  Professor  of  Geography 
and  Geology  in  Queen's  College,  London,  holding  both  these 
Professorsliips  until  his  death.  From  1891  until  the  closing  of 
the  institution,  he  was  also  Lecturer  on  Geology  and  Mineralogy 
in  the  Eoyal  Indian  Engineering  College,  Cooper's  Hill ;  and  from 
1896  onwards  he  was  Professor  of  the  same  subjects  at  King's 
College.  Prof.  Seeley  also  undertook  much  popular  lecturing  and 
teaching,  and  was  for  many  years  one  of  the  Gilchrist  Lecturers. 
In  1889  he  obtained  a  grant  from  the  Koyal  Society  to  enable  him 
to  visit  South  Africa  and  Russia  to  collect  and  study  the  extinct 
Anomodont  Reptiles  ;  and  the  most  important  results  of  his  work 
were  published  in  a  series  of  memoirs  in  the  '  Philosopliical 
Transactions.'  He  discovered  and  described  the  well-known 
skeletons  of  Pariasaurns  haini  and  Ci/nor/nathus  crateronotus 
besides  many  other  important  specimens,  which  are  now  exhibited 

LINN.  SOC.  PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION  1908-1909.  C 


5©  PROCEEDINGS   OE   THE 

in  the  British  Museum.  A  portrait  of  Prof.  Seeley  and  a  hst  of 
his  scientific  papers  were  pubhshed  in  the  '  Geological  Magazine ' 
for  June  1907  (dec.  5,  vol.  iv.  pp.  245-253,  pi.  xii.). 

[A.  Smith  Woodwakd.] 

George  Sim,  A.L.S.  since  2nd  December,  1886,  was  the  son  of 
a  general  merchant  at  Craigellachie,  Avhere  he  was  boru  on 
26th  March,  1835.  He  received  but  little  education  as  a  child, 
and  in  1848,  when  13  years  old,  he  was  apprenticed  to  a  tailor  in 
Auchterless  ;  after  4|  years  he  became  journeyman  to  the  same 
master,  and  remained  some  time  longer  with  him,  till,  in  conse- 
quence of  bis  employer's  increasing  love  of  drink,  he  became 
ruined,  and  Sim  had  to  find  work  elsewhere.  This  experience 
deeply  impressed  him,  and  led  him  by  precept  and  example  to 
endeavour  to  save  his  fellow-workmen  from  that  habit  which  had 
proved  fatal  to  the  master. 

As  a  journeyman  tailor  he  moved  about  in  various  parts  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  till  in  1857  he  tried  his  fortune  by 
setting  up  a  shop  in  Turriff,  but  soon  afterwards  a  brother  induced 
him  to  join  in  buying  a  druggist's  business  in  Tarland,  where  they 
spent  about  two  years.  The  business  did  not  equal  their  hopes, 
so  it  was  sold,  and  on  leaving  Tarland  George  Sim  resolved  to 
improve  his  knowledge  of  taxidermy  by  a  regular  training  under 
Mr.  Sandison,  of  Edinburgh.  After  a  short  visit  to  London,  he 
went  to  Aberdeen  in  1862,  and  began  business  in  King  Street  as 
a  naturahst  and  preparer.  His  success  enabled  him  to  move,  in 
a  few  years,  to  Castle  Street,  where  he  also  sold  antiquarian 
articles  ;  his  integrity  and  skill  were  so  known  and  valued,  that 
this  branch  became  largely  extended  and  successful. 

He  had  married  before  settling  in  Aberdeen,  where  his  wife  and 
child  lived  during  his  search  for  fortune  in  London.  After  his 
establishment  in  business,  he  was  assiduous  in  field-work  at  such 
hours  as  could  be  snatched  from  business ;  he  did  not  spare 
himself,  working  early  and  late.  In  1878  he  published  in  the 
'  Transactions '  of  the  Aberdeen  Natural  History  Society  his  "  List 
of  the  Crustacea  of  the  North-East  Coast  of  Scotland,"  and  a 
'*  Catalogue  of  Eish  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Aberdeen  "  by  the 
late  Dr.  Dyce  and  Sim.  His  collections  in  both  groups  were 
given  by  him  to  the  University  of  Aberdeen  shortly  before  his 
death.  His  quarto  note-books,  from  1862  to  1890,  with  drawings 
interspersed,  were  given  to  the  Aberdeen  Eree  Library.  Many 
short  notes  in  Naturalist's  Journals  were  written  by  him,  till  in 
1903  he  published  in  Aberdeen  '  The  Vertebrate  Eauna  of  Dee,' 
a  handsome  octavo  volume  of  nearly  300  pages. 

The  scanty  education  of  his  youth  was  largely  made  good  by- 
private  study,  and  he  was  an  omnivorous  reader.  In  his  later 
years  he  travelled  in  Erance,  Italy,  and  other  parts  of  Europe, 
visiting  museums  and  other  places  of  interest  to  a  naturahst. 

He  is  described  as  reserved  and  silent  with  strangers ;  of  spare 


LIKXEAN   SOCIETY   OF    LOXDON,  5 1 

frame  and  almost  ascetic  appearance,  which  seemed  unequal  to 
the  demands  his  business  and  relaxation  made  upon  it,  but  he 
reached  the  age  of  73,  dying  in  his  home  at  Aberdeen  on  the 
15th  June,  1908. 

The  writer  of  tliese  lines  is  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Prof.  J. 
W.  H.  Trail,  F.E.S.,  for  the  information  contained  in  an  un- 
published memoir,  with  portrait,  to  be  issued  in  the  '  Annals  of 
Scottish  iS^atural  History,'  which  has  permitted  of  this  notice 
being  drawn  up.  [B.  D.  J.] 

Alexaxdek  "Whtte. — Alexander  Whyte  was  born  at  Fetter- 
cairn,  Kincardineshire,  as  the  son  of  the  Rev.  A.  Whyte,  M.A., 
on  Marcli  5th,  1S3-1.  He  was  educated  at  the  Parish  Scliool 
there,  and,  in  1850,  entered  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  where 
he  proved  proficient  in  classics  as  well  as  in  natural  history,  and 
especially  in  botany.  Without  taking  his  degree  he  left  for 
family  reasons  for  the  West  Indies,  and  proceeded  later  on  to 
Ceylon,  where  he  lived  until  1890,  when  he  returned  to  London. 
His  keen  interest  in  natural  history  and  experience  as  collector, 
chiefly  of  geological  objects,  recommended  him  to  Mr.  (now  Sir) 
H.  H.  Johnston  when  preparing  for  his  departure  as  Commissioner 
for  British  Central  Africa,  and  he  attached  him  as  principal 
scientific  officer  to  his  statf.  Alexander  Whyte  left  for  Africa  in 
March  1891.  Having  stayed  six  years  with  Sir  H.  H.  Johnston, 
he  was  in  1898  transferred  to  Ilganda,  and  in  1902  appointed 
Director  of  Agriculture  for  British  East  Africa,  He  retired  the 
following  year ;  but  his  energy  was  by  no  means  exhausted.  At 
the  age  of  70  he  went  to  Liberia,  in  the  interest  of  a  company,  to 
explore  the  forest-belt  in  the  interior  for  rubber-plants.  In  spite 
of  great  hardships  and  a  severe  attack  of  dysentery  he  successfully 
executed  his  commission,  and  retui'ued  home  in  apparently  unim- 
paired health  in  1905.  He  died  at  High  Barnet,  Hertfordshire, 
on  December  21st  of  the  present  year. 

His  activity  as  botanical  collector  dates  from  1891,  when  ht 
explored  the  M'lanje  Mountains  in  British  Central  Africa.  The 
very  important  collections  made  on  that  occasion  went  to  the 
British  Museum,  and  formed  the  subject  of  a  paper  by  the  officers 
of  the  botanical  department  of  that  institution  in  the  'Trans- 
actions '  of  the  Linnean  Society,  Ser.  2,  Botany,  vol.  iv.  pp.  1-67 
(1894).  His  later  very  extensive  collections  from  British  Central 
Africa,  Uganda,  and  British  East  Africa  are  mostly  at  Kew,  and,  so 
far,  only  partially  worked  up  ('  Flora  of  Tropical  Africa ').  Perhaps 
his  most  valuable  contribution  was  from  Liberia,  a  country  ^^•hic•h 
until  then  was,  apart  from  certain  parts  of  the  littoral,  botanically 
almost  unexplored.  The  results  of  this  expedition  were  in- 
corporated in  Sir  H.  H.  Johnston's  '  Liberia,'  and  the  new  species 
described  in  the  '  Journal '  of  the  Linnean  Society,  vol.  xxxvii. 
pp.  79-115  (1905).  The  number  of  new  species  discovered  by  him 
is  very  considerable, 'and  not  a  few  have  been  associated  with  him 

e2 


52  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

by  their  specific  designations,  among  them  the  M'lanje  Cypress, 
Widdringtonia  Whytei.  The  value  of  his  collections  would  have 
been  still  greater  had  he  paid  more  attention  to  labelling  and 
writing  down  his  observations.  That  he  was  a  good  observer  and 
also  had  the  literary  power  of  putting  into  words  what  he  saw 
will  be  admitted  by  those  who  had  an  opportunity  of  listening  to 
his  accounts  or  reading  the  manuscript  report  of  his  expedition 
to  Liberia. 

In  1 877  Alexander  Whyte  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Zoological 
Society,  who  in  1894  made  him  an  Honorary  Fellow  and  in  1897 
awarded  him  their  Silver  Medal.  His  Fellowship  of  the  Linnean 
Society  dates  from  1894.  [O.  S. 

June  3rd,  1909. 

Dr.  D.  H.  Scott,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  of  the  24th  May, 
1909,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Eichard  Siddoway  Bagnall  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

The  Lady  Isabel  Mary  Peyronnet  Browne,  Capt,  Stanley  Smyth 
Flower,  Mr.  Valavanur  Subramania  Iyer,  M.A.  Madras  Univ., 
Miss  Julia  Lindley,  and  Mr.  WiUiam  Eobert  Price,  B.A.  Cantab., 
were  elected  Fellows. 

The  President  announced  that  he  had  appointed  the  following 
as  Vice-Presidents  for  the  ensuing  year : — Sir  Frank  Crisp, 
Mr.  Horace  W.  Monckton,  Prof.  E.  B.  Poulton,  and  Lieut.-Col. 
Prain. 

The  first  exhibition  was  by  Prof.  Dendy,  F.E.S.,  Sec.L.S.,  of 
photomicrographs  showing  nuclear  division  in  Galtonia  candicans, 
Decne.,  and  nuclear  division  and  fertilization  in  Ascaris  megalo- 
cejjhcda. 

Tbe  President  added  some  observations  on  the  interest  of  these 
slides. 

Mr.  A.  D.  Cotton,  F.L.S.,  showed  dried  and  recent  specimens 
in  formalin,  of  Golpomenia  sinuosa,  Derbes  &  Sol.,  from  Wev- 
mouth,  explaining  how  this  Mediterranean  species  had  advanced 
during  the  last  few  years  up  the  French  coast,  into  the  English 
Channel ;  it  was  belitjved  to  act  injuriously  to  young  oysters,  by 
breaking  thein  adrift  on  its  rising  by  buoyancy  when  distended 
\^'ith  air. 

An  animated  discussion  followed  in  which  the  following 
joined  :— Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes,  Dr.  J.  C.  Willis,  Prof.  Dendy,  and 
Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone,  Mr.  Cotton  replying.     ' 


LIN1^EA^'^  SOCIETt   OF   LONDON.  53 

The  following  papers  were  read  : — 

1.  "  On    Calamites    (Calamitina)   ScJmtzei,  8tur.,   and    on    the 

correspondence  between  the  length  of  internodes  and  the 
position  and  function  of  the  short  internode  in  the  genus 
Calamites  and  in  the  recent  Equisetaceae."  By  A.  R. 
HoRwooD.     (Communicated  by  E.  E.  Lowe,  F.L.S.) 

2.  "  Cephalocorda — Amphioxides — of  the  'Sealark'  Expedition." 

By  H.  0.  S.  GriBso^f,  B.A.  (Communicated  by  J.  Stanley 
Gabdixer,  E.R.S.,  E.L.S.) 

3.  "Alcyonaria   of   the   'Sealark'   Expedition."     By  Prof.  J. 

Arthur  Thomson.     (Communicated  by  the  same.) 

June  ITth,  1D09. 

Sir  Frank  Crisp,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  General  Meeting  of  the  3rd  June,  1 909, 
were  read  and  confirmed. 

Mr.  Thomas  Parkin,  M.A.,  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow. 

Mr.  William  Booth  Waterfall,  Mrs.  Mary  Jane  Longstaff, 
Mr.  Eichard  Williams  Harold  Row,  and  Mr.  William  Eoberfc 
Price,  B.A.  Cantab.,  were  admitted  Fellows. 

Mr.  William  Dennis  and  Mr.  Edward  John  Woodhouse, 
B.A,  Cantab.,  were  elected  Fellows. 

A  letter  congratulating  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  on  his  approachiug 
92nd  birthday  was  read  from  the  Chair,  and  signed  by  the  Fellows 
present. 

The  following  papers  were  I'ead  : — 

1.  "  On  the  Growth  of  a  Species  of  BattareaP     By  J.  G.  Orro 

Tepper,  F.L.S.     (Abstract,  see  p.  54.) 

2.  "  The  Deposits  in  the  Indian  Ocean."    By  Sir  John  Murray, 

K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S. 

3.  "  The  '  Sealark  '  Penaeidea,  Stenopidea,  and  Reptantia."    By 

L.  A.  BoRRADAiLE.  (Comuiunicated  by  J.  Stanley 
Gardiner,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.) 

4.  "  The  '  Sealark '  Polychaeta."     By  F.  A.  Potts.     (Communi- 

cated by  the  same.) 
o.  "The  'Sealark'  Lepidoptei-a."'    By  T.  Bainbrigge  Fletcher. 

(Likewise  communicated.) 
6.  "  Report  on  the  Porifera  cullecled  by  Mr.  Cyril  Crossland 

in  the  Red  Sea ;  Part  L  Calcarea"."     By  R.  W.  Harold 

Row,  B.Sc,  F.L.S. 


I 


54  PROCEEDINOS    OF    THE    LINNEAN    SOCIETY    OF    LONDON. 

7.  "  New   Species   of    Malesian   and   Philippine   Ferns."     By 

Dr.  H.  Christ.     (Communicated  by  Pleet-Surgeon  C.  G. 
Matthew,  M.B.,  F.L.S.) 

8.  "The   African   Species   of   Triumfetta,   Linn."     By   T.   A. 

Spragub,  F.L.S.,  and  J.  Hutchinson.  , 

9.  "  The  Acaulescent  Species  of  Malvastrum,  A.   Gray.'*     By 

Akthue  W.  Hill. 


ABSTRACT. 

Notes  on  the  Growth  and  Development  of  a  Specimen  of  a 
South-Australian  Battarea.     By  J.  G.  0.  Teppek,  E.L.S, 

[Eead  17th  June,  1009.] 

In  April  1900  the  specimen  in  question  was  received  from 
Miss  IJna  A.  Wai-e,  of  Dalkey,  17  miles  north  of  Adelaide,  in  the 
"  Mallee  Scrub  "of  dwarf  Eucaliiptus.  It  consisted  of  a  fully- 
developed  Battarea  from  base  to  pileus,  with  a  solid,  heavy,  tuber- 
like mass  attached.  The  specimen  was  shown  on  1st  May,  1900, 
at  a  meeting  of  the  Eoyal  Society  of  South  Australia  (Trans,  xxiv. 
p.  171).  A  few  days  later  spores  were  abundantly  shed,  and  the 
specimen  bedded  in  sand  and  cov^ered  with  a  bell-glass,  and  for 
nearly  a  mouth  it  continued  to  develope  in  height.  It  was  again 
shown  to  the  E.  Society  of  South  Australia  on  6th  June,  when 
the  following  dimensions  were  noted  : — 

Total  height  from  base  to  summit .  .  235  mm. 

Pileus,  diameter 42     ,, 

Stipes,  at  summit    12     „ 

5,      75  mm.  below  the  summit  . .  20     „ 

Peridium  whitish  when  fresh,  irregularly  hemispherical  and 
smooth,  except  some  slight  irregular  furrows. 

The  specimen  was  handed  to  Dr.  M.  Holtze,  F.L.S.,  Director 
of  the  Adelaide  Botanic  Garden,  and  is  there  preseiwed  in  the 
Herbarium.  No  other  specimen  has  been  recently  found,  but  it 
has  been  suggested  that  it  may  belong  to  Battarea  phalJoides, 
Dicks.  The  other  Australian  species  known  are  B.  Miielhriana, 
Kalchb.,  from  Torke's  Peninsula,  and  B.  Teppcriana,  Ludw.,  from 
N.W.  Victoria. 


ADDITIONS   AND   DONATIONS 


TO    THE 


LIBRAHY. 

1908-1909. 


Aberdeen. 
Agricultural  Researcli  Association,  1907-8. 

8vo.  Aberdeen,  1908. 
Jamieson  (Thomas).     Utilisation  of  Nitrogen  in  Air  by  Plants.     No.  III. 
Pp.  75  ;  with  4  plates  and  portraits.     1908. 

Thos.  Jamieson. 
Aisslinger    (Hans).      Beiti-age   zur   Iveuatnis   weuig    bekauuter 
Pflanzenfasern.     Pp.  135:  init  2  Tafeln. 

8vo.  ZiiricJi-Selnnu,  1907.      Dr.  Hans  Schinz. 
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4to.  Monaco,  1908-1909. 

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d'AUemagne.  Pp.  22,  figs.  12.  (An.  Mus.  Nac.  Buenos  Aires, 
xvii.)  Eoy.  8vo.  Buenos  Aires,  1908. 


56  PKOCKi; DINGS    OF    THE 

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Pp.  23,  figs.  2.     (An.  Mus.  Nac.  Buenos  Aires,  xvi.) 

8vo.  Buenos  Aires,  1908. 

Las  forinaciones  sedimentarias  de  la  Region  litoral  de  Mar 

del  Plata  y  Chapalmalan.     Pp.  88,  figs.  16.     (An.  Mus.  Nac. 
Buenos  Aires,  XA'ii.)  8vo.  Buenos  Aires,  1908. 

Dos  documentos  testimoniales  a  proposito  de  las  escorias 

producidas    por   la  combustion    de  los  cortaderales.     Pp.    12. 
(An.  Mus.  Nac.  Buenos  Aires,  xix.) 

Eoy.  Svo.  Buenos  Aires,  1909. 

Le  litige  des  scories  et  des  terres  euites  autbropiques  des 

formations  ne'ogenes  de  hi  Eepublique  Argentine.     Pp.  i2. 

Boy.  Svo.  Buenos  Aires,  1909. 

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neogenes  de  la  Eepublique   Argentiue.      Pp.  25.      (An.   Mus, 
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5  Textfiguren.     1909. 

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jiew  Eeading  of  NevVton's  First  Law.  Eevised  and  Enlarged 
Edition.     Pp.  24.  8vo.  London,  1908. 

Thoughts  on  Natural  Philosophy  (with  a  new  Eeading  of 

Newton's  First  Law);  and  the  Origin  of  Life.    Fourth  Edition, 
Eevised  and  Enlarged.     Pp.32.     8vo.  Neivcastle-on-Tyne,  1909. 

Fifth  Edition.     Pp.  39. 

8vo.  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1909. 
Author. 


58  PilOC£EDlNGS    OF    THE 

Boorsma  (W.  G.)-     Pharmakologische  Mitteiluugen,  IV.     P0I3'- 
galacese.     Pp.  22.     (Bull.  Dept.  Agric.  Indes  Neerl.  xvi.) 

8vo.  Buitenzorg,  1908. 
Borgesen  (Frederik  C.  E.).     The  Species  of  Avrainvilleas  hitherto 
found   on   the   shores  of   the  Danish  West  Indies.     Pp.   1,8, 
plate  1,  figs.  8.     (Vidensk.  Meddel.  naturli.  Poren.  1908.) 

8vo.   Copenhagen,  1908. 

Yegetationen    i    Dansk-Vestindien.       Pp.    32,    figs.    24. 

("  Atlanteu."     Pp.  601-632,  figs.  277-300.) 

8vo.  KjdhenTiavn,  1909. 
Notes  on  the  Shore  Vegetation  of  the  Danish  West  Indian 


Islands :  a  Supplement  to  my  earlier  paper  on  the  Halophyte 
Vegetation  of  the  Islands.  Pp.  59  ;  with  4  plates  and  40  figs. 
(Bot.  Tidsskr.  vol.  29.)  8vo.   Copenhagen.     Author. 

Boston,  Mass.     See  Arnold  Arboretum. 

Bouvier  (Eugene  L.).     Crustaces  deeapodes  (Pe'neides)  provenant 
des   Campagnes  de  VHirondelle  et  de  la  Princesse-Alice  (1886- 
1907).     See  Albert. 
Bower  (Frederick  Orpen).     Studies  in  the  Morphology  of  Spore- 
producing  Members.     Parts  1-5.  8vo.  London,  1894-1903. 

Author. 
British  Museum  {continued). 

National  Antarctic  Expedition  (SS.  '  Discovery  ')  1901-1904  :— 
Natural  History. 

Vol.  IV.  Zoology.     (Various  Invertebrata.) 

4to.  London,  1898. 

IV.  MoUusca.     Soleuogastres.     By  Dr.  H.  F.  Nierstrasz.     1908. 
Aptera.     By  G.  H.  CARrENTER.     1908. 
Schizopoda.     By  W.  M.  Tattersall.     1908. 
Copepoda.     By  R.  Norris  Wolfenden.     1908. 
Echinoderma.     By  F.  Jeffrey  Bell.     1908. 
Echinoderui  Larva.     By  E.  W.  MacBride  and  J.  C.  Simpson. 
Myzostomidffi.   By  Dr.  Eudolf  Eitteh  von  Stu.miier-Traunfbls. 

1908. 
Sipiinculoidea.     By  W.  F.  Lanciiester.     1908. 
Cojlentera.     Actiniae.     By  J.  A.  Clubb.     1908. 
Porifera : — 

Tetraxonida.     By  R.  Kirkpatrick.     1908. 

Oalcarea.     By  C.  F.  Jenkin.     1908. 

Pishes. 

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Museum  (Natural  Histoiy).  By  G.  A.  Boulengeh.  Vol.  I. 
Pp.  xi,  373  ;  figs.  270.  4to.  London,  1909. 

Lepidopterous  Insects. 

Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Phalsense.  Vol.  VII.  Catalogue 
of  the  Noctuidse  in  the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum. 
By  Sir  G-eokge  P.  Hampson,  Bart.  Pp.  xv,  709  ;  figs.  184, 
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linnean  society  of  london.  59 

Plants. 

Synopsis  of  tlie  British  Basidiomycetes  :  a  descriptive  Catalogue 
of  the  Drawings  and  Specimens  in  the  Department  of  Botany, 
British  Museum,  By  WoETniNGTON  G.  Smith.  Pp.  531  ; 
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GUIDE-BOOKS. 

Guide  to  Sowerby's  Models  of  British  Fungi  in  the  Department 
of  Botany,  British  Museum  (Natural  History).  Second 
Edition.  Eevised.  By  Woethingxon  G.  Smith.  Pp.  ii, 
85  ;  figs.  90.  Svo.  London,  1908. 

Guide  to  the  Specimens  illustrating  the  Eaces  of  Mankind 
(Anthropology),  exhibited  in  the  Department  of  Zoology, 
British  Museum  (Natural  History).  By  E.  Ltdekkee. 
Pp.  31,  figs.  16.  Svo.  London,  1908. 

Guide  to  the  Whales,  Porpoises,  and  Dolphins  (Order  Cetacea) 
exhibited  in  the  Department  of  Zoology,  British  IVTuseum 
(Natural  History).     By  E.  Ltdekkee.     Pp.  47,  figs.  33. 

Svo.  London,  1909. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Eocks  and  Guide  to  the 
Museum  Collection,  Mineral  Department.  By  L.  Fletchee. 
Fourth  Edition.     Pp.  viii,  155.  Svo.  London.  1909 

Brooklyn,  N.Y. 

Brooklyn  Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
Cold  Spring  Harbor  Monographs.     Nos.  1-7. 

Svo.  BrooUyn,  N.T.,  1903-1909. 

7.  Byrnes  (Esther  F.).     The  Fresh-Water  Cyclops  of  Long  Island. 
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Tafeln  3.     (Engler,  Bot.  Jahrb.  xii.)  Svo.  Berlin,  1890. 

Burkill  (Isaac  Henry),    A  Working  List  of  the  Flowering  Plants 

of  Baluchistan.     Pp.  136.  Svo.  Calcutta,  1909.     Author. 

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Svo.  London,  1877. 
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6o  PEOCEEDINGS   Of   THE 

Butler  (Samuel).  Luck,  or  Cunning,  as  the  Main  Means  of  Organic 
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Pp.  ix,  328.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

vSelections  from  previous  Works.     With  remarks  ou  Mr.  (x. 

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Cairnes  (D.  D.).  See  Geological  Survey  of  Canada.  Report  on 
a  Portion  of  Conrad  and  Whitehorse  Mining  Districts,  Yukon. 
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Aids  to  the  Identification  of  Rats  connected  with  Plague  in 
India,  with  Suggestions  as  to  the  Collection  of  Specimens. 
By  W.  C.  HossACK.     Pp.  10,  with  3  plates. 

8vo.  Allahahad,  1907. 
An   Account    of    the  Littoral   Holothurioidea  collected   by 
the  Royal  Indian  Marine  Survey  Ship  Investigator.      By 
R.  KoEHLEE  and  C.  Vaney.     Pp.  54,  plates  3. 

4to.  Calcutta,  1908. 

Caiman  (William  Thomas).     See  Lankester  {Sir  E.  Ray).     A 

Treatise  ou  Zoologv.    Part  VII.  Appendiculata.    Third  fascicle. 

Crustacea.     Pp.  viii,  346  ;  with  194  figs.     1909. 

Calmette  (A.).     Venoms,  Venomous  Animals,  and  Antivenomous 

Serum-Therapeutics.        Translated     by    Erxest    E.    AusteiS". 

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Cambridge. 

Christ's    College  Magazine.      Vol.   xxiii.     No.   70.      Darwin 

Centenary  Number.  4to.   Cambridge,  1909.     Editor. 

Cambridge  (The)  Natural  History.     Edited   by  S.  E.  Harmee 

and  A.  E.  Shipley.     Vol.  IV.  8vo.  London,  1909. 

Vol.  IV.  Crustacea.     By  Geoffrey  Smith.     (1909). 

Trilobites.     By  Henry  Woods.     (1909.) 

Introduction   to  Arachnida,  and   King-Crabs.     By  A.  E.  Siin'LEY. 

(1909.) 
Eurypterida.     By  Henry  Woods.     (1909.) 

Scorpions,  Spiders,  Mites,  Ticks,  &c.    By  Cecil  Warburton.    (1909.) 
Tardigrada  (Water-Bears).     By  A.  E.  Shipley.     (1909.) 
Pentastomida.     By  A.  E.  Shipley.     (1909.) 
Pycnogonida.     By  D'Arcy  W.  Thompson.     (1909.) 


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Camsell  (Charles).     See  Geological  Survey   of  Canada.       Pre- 
Jiminary  Keport  on  a  Part  of  the  Siniilkameeii  District,  British 
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Canada. 

Geological  Survey. 

Contributions  to  Canadian  Palaeontology.     Vol.  III.  Part  lY. 

4to.   Ottaiva,  1908. 
The  Vertebrata  of  the  Ohgocene  of  tlie  Cjpress  Hills,  Saskatchewan. 
By  Lawkence  M.  Lambe.     Pp.  64,  plates  8.     1908. 

Eeport  on  Tertiary  Plants  of  British  Columbia  collected  by 

Lawrence  M.  Lambe  in  1906,  together  with  a  Discussion  of 

previously  recorded  Tertiary  Floras.    By  D.  P.  Penhallgw. 

Pp.  167,  figs.  32,  ■  4to.  Ottcnva,  1908. 

Chapman   (Frederick).       On    the    Eelationship   of    the   Genus 

Girvanella,  and  its  occurrence  in  the   Silurian   Limestones   of 

Victoria.     Pp.  10,  plates  3.     (Austral.  Assoc,  1907). 

8vo.  Adelaide,  1907. 

Eecent  Foraminifera  of  Victoria ;  some  Littoral  Gratherings. 

Pp.  30,  plates  2.        (Journ.   Quekett    Microsc.  Club,  ser.  2, 
vol.  X.  no.  61.)  8vo.  Londoti,  1907. 

New  or  Little-known  Victorian  Possils  in  the  National 


Museum.     Part  IX.     Some  Tertiary  Species.     Pp.  14,  plates  3. 
(Proc.  Eoy.  Soe.  Victoria,  n.  s.  xx.)  8vo.  Melbourne,  1908. 

—  On  the  Tertiary  Limestones  and  Poraminiferal  Tuffs  of 
Malekula,  New  Hebrides.  P[j.  16,  plates  5.  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc. 
N.  S.  W.  vol.  32.)  8vo.  Sijdneij,  1908. 

On    Dimorphism  in    the   Eecent    Poraminifer,   Alveolma 


hoscii  Defr.  sp.    Pp.  3,  plates  2.      (Journ.  Eoy.  Microsc.  Soc. 
1908.)  Svo.  London,  1908. 

On   the  Occurrence  of  Ualiserltes  in  the  Upper  Silurian 

and  Upper  Devonian  Eocks  of  Victoria,  Australia.     Pp.  3  and 
1  plate.     (Geol.  Mag.  Dec.  v,  vol.  v.  no.  532.) 

Svo.  London,  1908. 
Notes    on    a    Collection    of    Silurian    Possils    from    the 


Whittlesea  District,  made  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Jutson.      Pp.  9  and 
2  plates.     (Proc.  Eoy.  Soc.  Victoria,  xxi.) 

8vo.     Melbourne,  1908. 
Eeport  on  Jurassic  Plants.     Pp.  9  and  3  plates.     (Eec. 


Geol.  Surv.  Vict,  ii.)  8vo.  Melbourne,  1908.     Author. 

Chodat   (Robert).      Los   pteridopsides    des  temps    paleozoVques. 

Etude  Critique.     Pp.  44,  figs,  18.    (Arch.  Sci.  Phvs.  et  Nat. 

4  ser.  xxvi.)  8vo.   Geneve,  1908.     Author. 

Church  (Arthur  Herbert).     See  Royal  Society :  Archives. 
Clarke  (Charles  Baron).     Illustrations  of  Cyperacea^.      Preface 

by  Benjamin  Daydon  Jackson.     144  plates. 

Svo.  London,  1909. 
Clements  (Frederic   Edward).      Plant  Physiology  and  Ecology. 

Pp.  XV,  315  ;  with  125  illustrations.         "      Svo*.  London,  1907. 


62  PROCEEDINGS    OT?    THE 

Cockayne  (L.)-     Eeport  on  a  Botanical  Survey  of  the  Tongariro 
National  Park.     Pp.  42  ;  figs.  32  and  map. 

fol.    WeUhigton,  1908. 

Eeport   on   a   Botanical  Survey  of    the  Waipoua   Kauri 

Forest.     Pp.  44  ;  figs.  20  and  map.  fol.   WeUlngton,  19iC»S. 

Author 

Cogniaux  (Alfred).     Note  sur  une  Cucurbitacee  nouvelle   de  la 

Chine.     Pp.  9  ;  with  1  plate.     (Bull.  Soc.  Eoy.  hot.  Belg.  xlii.) 

8vo.  Bruxelles,  1906. 

Notes  sur  les  Orchidees  du  Bresil  et  des  Eegions  voisines. 

Pp.  91.     (Bull.  Soc.  Eoy.  bot.  Belg.  xliii.) 

8vo.  Bruxelles,  1907 
A  propos  de  rAchuvement  de  la  "Flora    Brasiliensis. 


Pp.  7.     (Bull.  Soc.  Eoy.  bot.  Belg.  xliii.)     8vo.  Bnuvelhs,  1908. 

Author. 
CoUinge   (Walter    Edward).        On    the    Occurrence    of    A^-ion 
lusitanicus,  Mab.,  in  the  British  Isles,  and  Descriptions  of  Pour 
new  A^arieties.     Pp.  2.     (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  6,  sii.) 

8vo.  London,  1893. 

The  Anatomy  and  Description  of  a  new  species  of  Avion. 

Pp.  2  and  1  plate.     (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  6,  xiii.) 

8vo.  London,  1894. 
On  the  Grenerative  Anatomy  of  Amalia  marrjinata,  Drap., 


and  some  Eemarks  upon  the  Genus.     Pp.  4,  fig.  1.     (Journ. 
Malacol.  iii.)  Svo.  London,  1894. 

—  On  some  Land-Mollusks  from  Java,  with  Description  of  a 
new  species.  Pp.  5  and  3  plates.  (Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  ser.  7 
iv.)  8vo.  London,  1899. 

—  On   a  Collection  of  Slugs  from  South  Africa,  with  De- 


scriptions of  some  new  species.     Pp.  8,  with  2  plates.     (Ann. 
South  Afric.  Mus.  vol.  ii.)  8vo.  London,  1900. 

Description    of  a    new  species  of  Anadenus  from  China. 


Pp.  3,  with  1  plate.     (Journ.  Malacol.  vii.) 

8vo.  London,  1900. 

—     Description  of  a  new  species  of   Veronicella  from  the  Fiji 

Islands.     P.  1.     (Journ.  Malacol.  vii.)  8vo.  London,  1900. 

'Note  on  the  Givotis  BouvllleioiDe'Movga.n.   P.  1.    (Journ. 


Malacol.  vii.)  8vo.  London,  1900. 

—     Note  on  the  Anatomy  of  Zonites  llollci,  Kobelt.     Pp.  2, 
figs.  4.     (Proc.  Malacol.  Soc.  iv.)  8vo.  London,  1900. 

Description  of  two  new  species  of   Microparmarion  from 


the  Andaman  Islands.     Pp.  3,  with  1  plate.    (Journ.  Malacol. 
viii.)  8vo.  London,  1901. 

—     Note  on  the  Anatomy  of  AmpMdromus  palaceus,  Mouss. 
Pp.  3,  with  1  plate.     (Journ.  Malacol.  viii.) 

Svo.  London,  1901. 
On  the  Anatomy  of    the    Vitnna  irradlans  of    Pfeift'er. 


Pp.  8,  with  2  plates.     (Journ.  Malacol.  viii.) 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1901. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY    OF    LONDON.  63 

Collinge   (Walter  Edward).     Note  on   the  Anatomy  of   Altera 
Burnvjyi,  E.  A.  Smith.     Pp.  2.     (Journ.  Malacol.  viii.) 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1901. 

Description   of  some  new  species  of    Slugs  collected  by 

Mi\  H.  Eruhstorfer.     Pp.  4.    (Journ.  Malacol.  viii.) 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1901. 

On  a  further  Collection  of  South  African  Sluss,  with  a 


Clieck  List  of  known  Species.     Pp.  8,  with  1    plate.      (Ann. 
South  African  Mus.  ii.)  Svo.  Cape  Town,  1901. 

—     Description   of   a  new  species  of  Onchid'mm  from  South 
Africa.     P.  1,  with  2  figs.     (Journ.  Malacol.  ix.) 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1902. 
On  the  Anatomy  of  the  Genus  Myotesta,  Collinge.      Pp.  6 


with  1  plate.    (Journ.  Malacol.  ix.)         Svo.  Birmingham,  1902. 

—  Some  Notes  on  the  Genus  Prisma,  Simroth.     Pp.  4,  with 
1  col.  plate.     (Journ.  Malacol.  ix.)         Svo.  Birmingham,  1902. 

—  Purther  Notes  on  Amala  carinata,  Eisso.     Pp.  2.    (Journ. 
Malacol.  ix.)  Svo.  Birmingham,  1902. 

On  some  species  of  Slugs  collected  by  Mr.  H.  Pruhstorfer, 


and  Notes  on  Slugs  and  Slug-like  Molluscs.        Pp.  4,   with 
1  col.  plate.     (Journ.  Malacol.  x.)         Svo.  Birmingham,  1903. 

—  Contributions  to  a  knowledge  of  the  MoUusca  of  Borneo. 
Pp.  4,  with  2  plates.     (Journ.  Malacol.  x.) 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1903. 

—  Eeport  on  the  non-operculate  Land  Mollusca  [from  the 
Malay  Peninsula].  Pp.  14,  with  3  plates.  (Annaudale  and 
Robinson's  Fasciculi  Malayenses,  Zool.  Part  II.,  pp.  205-218, 
plates  xi.-xiii.)  4to.  London,  1903. 

Some  Remarks  on  the  Genera  Damayantia,  Issel,  Collingea, 


Simr.,  and  Isselentia,  Collinge.     Pp.  4.    (Proc.  Malacol.  Soc.  vi.) 

Svo.  London,  1904. 
—  Some  recent  Investigations  on  the  Black-Curraut  Gall- 
Mite,  Eriophyes  ribis  (Nalepa).     Pp.  12,  with  4  figs. 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1904. 
The  Life-history   of  the  Pear    Midge,   Diplosis  pyrivora, 


Riley.     Pp.  7,  with  2  figs.  Svo.  Birmingham,  1905. 

—     Report  on  the  Injurious  Insects  and  other  Animals  observed 
in  the  Midland  Counties  during  1904-1907.     Reports  II.-V. 

Svo.  Birmingham,  1905-1 90S. 
The    Application   of  Economic    Biology  to    Agriculture. 


Pp.  11.     (Journ.  Econ.  Biol,  ii.)  Svo.  London,  1907. 

—     Description  of  a  new  species  of  Slug  of  the  Genus  Atopos 
from  Java.     Pp.  2.     (Journ.  Conchol.  xii.) 

Svo.  London,  1908. 
The  Possibility  and  Danger  of  the  Introduction  of  the  San 


Jose  Scale  into  Great  Britain.    Pp.8.   (Proc.  Assoc.  Econ.  Biol, 
vol.  i.)  Svo.  London,  1908. 

Note  on  the  Flight  of  the   Earwig,  Forfimla  Auricidaria, 

Linn.     Pp.  2.      (Journ.  Econ.  Biol,  iii.)        Svo.  London,  1908. 

Author. 


64  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Commerson  (Philibert).  The  Life  of.  See  Oliver  (Samuel 
Pasfield). 

Conn  (Herbert  William)  and  Webster  (Lucia  Washburn 
(Hazen).).  A  Prelimiuai'y  Eeport  011  the  Algae  of  the  Fresh 
Waters  of  Connecticut.  Pp.  78  ;  plates  44.  (State  of  Cpn- 
nectieut.     State  Geol.  and  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  Bull.  No.  10.) 

8vo.  Hartford,  1908. 

Connecticut,  State  of. 

Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey.     Bulletin,  Nos.  10 

11.  8vo.  Hartford,  1908. 

No.  10.  Conn  (H.  W.)  and  Webster  (L.  W.).  A  Preliminary  Eeport  on 
the  AlgjE  of  the  Fresh  Waters  of  Connecticut.  Pp.  78, 
plates  44.  1903. 

No.  11.  Evans  (A.  W.)  and  Nichols  (G.  E.).  The  Bryophytes  of  Con- 
necticut.   Pp.  203.  1908. 

Conwentz  (Hugo).  The  Care  of  Natural  Monuments  with  special 
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LINNEAIT   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  7 1^ 

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LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF    LONDON.  75 

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4to.  Prag,  1907.     Author. 
Verson  (Enrico).     Sul  vaso  pulsante  della  Sericaria.     Pp.  33 
plates  2.     (Atti  E.  1st.  Veneto  Sci.  &c.,  Ivii.) 

8vo.  Padova,  1909.    Author 

Vincent  (W.  T.).     See  Woolwich  Surveys.    "Woolwich  Celebrities 

8vo.  1909 
Vochting   (Hermann).       Untersuchungen    zur    esperimentellen 

Anatomie  und  Pathologie  des  Pflanzenkorpers.     Pp.  vii,  318 

mit  20  Tafeln  und  16  Textfiguren.  8vo.  Tiihingen,  1908. 

Vuillemin  (Paul).     Les   bases  actuelles  de  la  Systematique  en 

Mycologie.      See   Progressus  Rei    BotanicaB,   Bd.  ii.   Heft  1, 

pp.  1-170.     1907. 
Wallace  (Alfred  Russel).     See  Spruce  (Richard).      Notes  of  a 

Botanist  on  the  Amazons  and  Andes,  &c. 

Walter  (Hans).      See  Engler  (H.  G.  A.)      Das  Pflanzenreich. 
Heft  39.     Phytolaccaceje.     Pp.  154;  mit  286  Einzelbildern  in 
42  Eiguren.     1909. 
Warburton  (Cecil).  See  Cambridge  Nai".  Hist.  Vol.  iv.    Scorpions, 

Spiders,  Mites,  Ticks,  &c.     1909. 
Warming  (Johannes  Eugenius  Blilow)  and  others.     Botany  of 
the   Faeroes,  based  upon   Danish  Investigations.      Pp.  xxviii, 
1070  ;  with  24  plates,  and  202  figures  in  the  text. 

8vo.  CopenJiagen  4'  London,  1901-1908. 
Dr.  J.  E.  B.  Warming. 
Watson  (D.  M.  S.).     See  Slopes  (M.  C.  C).     On  the  present  Dis- 
tribution and  Origin  of  the  Calcareous  Concretions  in  Coal 
Seams,  known  as  "  Coal  Balls."     Pp.  52,  and  3  plates.       1908. 
Watt  {Sir  George).     The  Wild  and  Cultivated  Cotton  Plants  of 
the  "World.     Pp.  xiv,  406  ;  plates  53.  8vo.  Calcutta,  1907. 

Author. 

The  Commercial  Products  of  India,  being  an  Abridgment 

of   "The   Dictionary   of  the   Economic   Products    of    India." 

Pp.  viii,  1189.  8vo.  London,  1908. 

Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council. 

i7^ 


«4  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

Webster    (Lucia    Washburn)    (Hazen).      See    Conn    (Herbert 

William).      A  Prelimiuary  Eeport  on  the  Algae  of  the  Fresh 

Waters  of  Connecticut.     Pp.  78,  plates  44.     (Connect.  State 

Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.,  Bull.  No.  10.)      8vo.  Hartford,  1908. 

West   (George   Stephen).      See  West   (William).      Presh-water 

Alga?  from  Burma,  including  a  few  from  Bengal  and  Madras. 

West  (William)  and  West  (George  Stephen).     Fresh-water  Algje 

from  Burma,  including  a  few  from  Bengal  and  Madras.     (Ann. 

Eoy.  Bot.  Garden,  Calcutta,  vi.  Part  2.     Pp.  175-262,  plates 

10-16.)  Fol.  Calcutta,  1907. 

Westell   (William   Percival).     See  Cooper   (C.   S.).     Trees   and 

Shrubs  of  the  British  Isles.  4to.  1909. 

Whitaker  (William),    See  Woolwich  Surveys.     Geology. 

8vo.  1909. 
White  (Gilbert).     See  Mullens  (William  Herbert). 
White  (Jean).     See  Ewart  (Alfred  James).     On  the  Longevity 

of  Seeds.     8vo.  1908. 
Wilton  (David  W.).     See  "  Scotia." 

Winkler   (Hans).      Ueber    Parthenogenesis    und   Apogamie   im 
Pflanzenreiche.    Mit  14  Abbildungen  im  Text.    See  Progressus 
Eei  BotanicsB,  Bd.  ii.  Heft  3,  pp.  293-454.     1908. 
Wolf  (Theodor).     Monographic  der  Gattung  Potentilla.     Pp.  vi, 
714 ;  mit  2  Karten  und  20  Tafeln.     (Bibl.  Bot.  svi.  Heft  71.) 

4to.  Stuttgart,  1908. 
Wolff  (Arther).      Zur    Kenntnis    der   Veriinderungen    in    der 
Bakterienflora  der  frischen  Milch  wahrend  des  sog.  Inkuba- 
tionsstadiums.     Inaug.-Dissertation.     Pp.  88. 

8vo.  Zurich,  1908.    Dr.  Hans  Schinz. 
Wood  (John  Medley)     Natal  Plants.     Vol.  v.  Part  4.    Grasses. 

4to.  Durban,  1908.     Author. 
Woods  (Henry).     See  Cambridge  Nat.  Hist.  iv.      Eurypterida 

and  Trilobites.     1909. 
Woodward  (B.  B.).     Malacology  versus  Palaeoconchology.     Pres. 
Address,  delivered  14th  February,  1908.     Pp.  18,  and  2  tables. 
(Proc.  Malacol.  Soc.  viii.  Part  2.)  8vo.  London,  1908. 

Author. 
Woolwich  Survey. 

A  Survey  and  Eecords  of  Woolwich  and  West  Kent.  Containing 
descriptions  and  records,  brought  up  to  date,  of  the  Geology, 
Botany,  Zoology,  Archaeology,  and  Industries  of  the  District, 
with  a  brief  Photographic  Commentary,  in  Commemoration 
of  the  12fch  Annual  (3ougress,  1907,  of  the  South-Eastern 
Union  of  Scientific  Societies.  General  Editors :  C.  H. 
Geinlikg,  T.  a.  Ingram,  B.  C.  Polkinghoene  (the  late). 
Pp.  viii,  b-zQ.  8vo.   Woolwich,  1909.     Editors. 

"Wright  (Herbert).  The  genus  Diospjros  in  Ceylon:  its  Mor- 
phology, Anatomy,  and  Taxonomy.  (Ann.  Eoy.  Bot.  Gardens, 
Peradeniya,  Vol.  ii.)  8vo.  Peradeniya,  1904. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  85 

Wright  (Herbert).  Hevea  hrasiUensls  or  Para  Rubber;  its 
Botany,  Cultivation,  Chemistry  and  Diseases.  Third  Edition. 
Pp.  xvii,  304;  with  95  lUustrations. 

8vo.  Colombo  &  London,  1908,     Author. 
Yapp  (Richard  Henry).     Sketches  of  Vegetation  at  Home  and 
Abroad.     Pp.  21 ;  with  1  plate  and  7  figs.     (New  Phytol.  vii.) 

8vo.   Cambridge,  1908. 

On  Stratification  in  the  Vegetation  of  a  Marsh,  and  its 

Relations  to  Evaporation  and  Temperature.     Pp.  45  ;  with  1 
plate  and  8  text-figs.     (Ann.  Bot.  xxiii.) 

Svo.  Oxford,  1909.     Author. 

Zeiller  (Charles  Rene).  Les  Progres  de  la  Pale'obotanique  de 
Tore  des  Gymnospermes.  Avec  18  figures  dans  le  texte.  See 
Progressus  Rei  BotanicsB,  Bd.  ii.  Heft  1,  pp.  171-226.     1907. 

Observations  sur  le  Lepidostrobus  Brownii,  Bronguiart  (sp.). 

Pp.  7.    (Compt.  Eend.  vol.  148.)        4to.  Paris,  1909.     Author. 

Zeitschrift  flir   Botanik.      Herausgegeben  von    Ludwig  Jost, 

Peiediiich  Oltmanks,   Hermann   Graf   zu    Solms-Laubach. 

Jahrgang  I.     Hefte  1,  2.  Svo.  Jena,  1909—-^. 

Zemann  (Margarete).    Studien  zu  einer  Monographie  der  Gattung 

Argo]:)liyllum  Forst.     Pp.  24 ;  3  plates  and  4  figs.     (Ann.  k.-k. 

Nat.  Hofmus.  xxii.)  4to.   Wien,  1907.     Author. 

Zoological  Record,     Vol  44.  (1907.)  8vo.  London,  1909. 


86  PEOCBEDINGS  OF  THE 


DONATIONS. 

1908.  £    s.  d. 

Dec.  10.  Mr.  J.  Stai^^let  Gaedinee.  Contribution 
in  aid  of  illustrating  Mr.  Boulenger's 
paper  on  the  Eeptiles  from  the  '  Sealark  ' 
Expedition 8  11     0 

1909. 

'Feb.  25.  Mr.  A.  W.  Hill.  Contribution  towards 
the  illustration  of  his  paper  on  Nototriclie, 
Turcz 12     0     0 

March  1.  Mr.  A.  W.  Sutton.  Contribution  towards 
the  plates  of  his  papers  on  Brassica  and 
Solanum 46  11     0 

March  8.  Canon  Noeman.  In  aid  of  plates  to  illus- 
trate his  paper  on  the  Polyzoa  of  Madeira.     10     0     0 

April  1.  The  Sladen  Trustees ;  towards  the  cost 
of  the  Second  Volume  of  the  '  Sealark ' 
Reports      200     0     0 

„  The  same,  being  cost  of  photogravure 
portrait  of  Walter  Peecy  Sladen  in  the 
first  volume 15     3     6 

May    24.  Prof .  J.  W.  H.  Teail.     Donation  in  Trust 

for  Eesearch  on  Protoplasm 100     0     0 


LINNEA"N   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON".  87 

BENEFACTIONS. 

List  in  accordance  luith  Bye-Laws,  Chap.  XVII.  Sect.  1,  of  all 
Donations  of  the  amount  or  value  of  Twenty-jive  pounds  and 
upwards. 

1790. 
The  Et.  Hon.  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bt. 

Cost  of  Copper  and  engraving  of  the  plates  of  the  first  volume 
of  Transactions,  20  in  number. 
The  same :  Medallion  of  C.  von  Linne,  by  C.  F.  Inlander. 

1796. 
The  same :  a  large  collection  of  books. 

1800. 

Subscription  towards  the  Chaf ter,  X295  45.  6d. 

Claudius  Stephen  Hunter,  Esq.,  F.L.S,  (Gratuitous  professional 
services  in  securing  the  Charter). 

1802. 
Dr.  Richard  Pulteney. 

His  collections,  and  £200  Stock. 
Aylmer  Bourke  Lambert,  Esq". 

Portrait  of  Henry  Seymer. 

1804. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bt. 

His  collection  of  Insects. 

1807. 

Richard  Anthony  Salisbury,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  D.  C.  Solander,  by  J.  Zoffauy. 

1811. 

Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bt. 

His  collection  of  Shells. 
Mrs.  Pulteney. 

Portrait  of  Dr.  R.  Pulteney,  by  S.  Beach. 

1814. 

Joseph  Sabine,  Esq. 

Portrait  of  C.  von  Linne,  after  A.  Roslin,  reversed. 
Dr.  John  Sims. 

Portrait  of  Dr.  Trew. 

1818. 
Subscription  of  ^£21 5  65.  for  Caley's  Zoological  Collection. 


88  PEOCEEDI>'GS   OF   THE 

1819. 

The  Medical  Society  of  Stockholm. 

A  medallion  of  Linnaeus  in  alabaster. 

1822. 
Bust  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bt.,  by  Sir  F.  Chan  trey  ,*E.  A. 
Subscription  of  the  Fellows. 

1825. 

The  late  Natural  History  Society. 

£190,  3^  Stock. 
Bust  of  Sir  James  Edward  Smith,  P.L.S.,  by  Sir  F.  Chantrey, 
E.A.,  by  Subscribers. 

1829. 
Subscription  for    the   purchase   of   the    Linnean   and    Smithian 
Collections,  .£1593  8s. 

1830. 
Sir  Thomas  Grey  Culliun,  Bt. 
<£100  Bond  given  up. 

1832. 
The  Honourable  East  India  Company. 

East  Indian  Herbarium  (Wallichian  Collection). 

1833. 

Subscription  for  Cabinets  and  mounting  the  East  Indian  Herbarium, 
£315  Us. 

1835. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Eobert  Brown,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill,  E.A. 

1836. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Edward  Forster,  by  Eden  Upton  Eddis. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Archibald  Menzies,  by  E.  U.  Eddis. 

1837. 

Subscription  portrait   of  Alexander  MacLeay,   by   Sir   Thomas 
Lawrence,  P.E.A, 

1838. 
Collections  and  Correspondence  of  Nathaniel  John  Winch. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Wallich,  by  John  Lucas,  presented  by 
Mrs.  Smith,  of  Hull. 

1839. 
Subscription  portrait  of  "William  Tarrell,  by  Mrs.  Carpenter. 

1842. 
David  Don :  herbarium  of  woods  and  fruits. 
Archibald  Menzies  :  bequest  of  £100,  subject  to  legacy  duty. 
Portrait  of  John  Ebenezer  Bicheno,  by  E.  U.  Eddis,  presented  by 
Mr.  Bicheno. 


LIXXEXy    SOCIETY    OF    LOXDOX.  89 

1843. 

Subscription  in  aid  of  the  funds  of  the  Society,  =£994  3s. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  William  Jackson  Hooker,  by  S.  Gam- 
bardella. 

1845. 
Microscope  presented  by  Subscribers. 

1846. 
Joseph  Janson :  .£100  legacy,  free  of  duty,  and  t\\o  cabinets. 

1847. 
[Bequest  of  £200  in  trust,  by  Edward  Eudge  ;  declined  for  reasons 
set  forth  in  Proceedings,  i.  pp.  315-317.] 

1849. 
Portrait  of  Sir  J.  Banks,  Bt.,  bv  T.  Phillips,  E.A.,  presented  by 
Capt.  Sir  E.  Home,  Bt.,  E.:N'. 

1850. 
Subscription  portrait   of   the   Et.   Eev.   Edward  Stanley,  D.D., 
Bishop  of  Norwich,  by  J.  H.  Maguire. 

1853. 

Portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  by  L.  Pasch,  after  A.  Eoslin,  pre- 
sented by  Eobert  Brown. 

Pastel  portrait  of  A.  B.  Lambert,  by  John  Eussell,  presented  by 
Eobert  Brown. 

1854. 

Professor  Thomas  Bell,  £105. 

1857. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  T.  Bell,  P.L.S.,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill, 

E.A. 
Thomas  Corbyn  Janson  :  two  cabinets  to  hold  the  collection  of 

fruits  and  seeds. 
Pleasance,  Lady  Smith  :  Correspondence  of  Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  in 

19  volumes. 

1858. 
Subscription    portrait  of   Nathaniel   Bagshaw   Ward,   by   J.    P. 

Knight. 
Subscription  for  removal  to  Burlington  House,  =£1108  155. 
Biography  of  Carl  von  Linne,  and  letters  to  Bishop  Menander, 

presented  by  Miss  Wray. 
Dr.  Horsfield's  Javan  plants,  presented  by  the  Court  of  Directors 

of  the  Hon.  East  India  Company. 
Dr.  Ferdinand  von  jMueller's  Australian  and  Tasmanian  plants, 

including  manv  tvpes. 

1859. 
Books   from  the  library  of  Eobert  Brown,  presented  by  J.   J. 

Bennett,  Sec.L.S. 
Eobert  Brown  :  bequest  of  two  bonds  given  up,  £200. 


90  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

1861. 

Subsmption  bust  of  Robert  Brown,  by  Peter  Slater. 

Collection  of  birds'  eggs,  bequeathed  by  .John  Drew  Salmon,  F.L.S. 

1862. 
The   Linnean   Club :    presentation   bust    of    Prof.   T.   Bell,   by 
P.  Slater. 

1863. 
Subscription  portrait  of  John  Joseph  Bennett,  by  E.  TJ.  Eddis. 

1864. 

Beriah  Botfield,  Esq. :  Legacy,  .£40  less  Duty. 

1865. 

Executors  of  Sir  J.  W.  Hooker,  £100. 

George  Benthana,  Esq. :  cost  of  10  plates  for  his  "  Tropical  Legumi- 
nosae,"  Trans,  vol.  xxv. 

1866. 
Dr.  Friedrich  Welwitsch  :  Illustrations  of  his  '  Sertum  Angolense,' 
£130. 

1867. 
George  Bentham,  Esq.:  General Index'to Transactions,  vols,  i.-xxv. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  G.  S.  Brady  on  British  Ostracoda, 
£80. 

1869. 
Carved  rhinoceros  horn  from  Lady  Smith,  formerly  in  the  posses- 
sion of  Carl  von  Linne, 

1874. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Bentham,  by  Lowes  Dickinson. 
George  Bentham,  Esq.,  for  expenditure  on  Library,  £50. 

1875. 

Legacy  from  James  Tates,  £50  free  of  Duty. 
„         „      Daniel  Hanbury,  £100  less  Duty. 

11876. 

Legacy  of  the  late  Thomas  Corbyn  Janson,  £200. 

„  „         „    Charles  Lambert.  £500. 

George  Bentham,  Esq. :    General  Index   to    Transactions,    vols. 
xxvi.-xxx. 

1878. 
Subscription  portrait  of  John  Claudius  Loudon,  by  J.  Linnell. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Eev.  Miles  Joseph  Berkely,  by  James 
Peel. 

1879. 
Rev.  George  Henslow  and  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker :    Contribution  to 
illustrations,  £35. 


LINNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  9 1 

1880. 

The  Secretary  o£  State  for  India  in  Council :  cost  of  setting  up 
Dr.  Aitchison's  paper,  .£36. 

1881. 

George  Bentham,  Esq.,  special  donation,  <£25. 
The  same :  towards  Eichard  Kippist's  pension,  =£50, 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  George  Jackson  Mivart,  by  Miss  Solomon; 
presented  by  Mrs.  Mivart. 

1882. 
Executors  of  the  late  Frederick  Currey :  a  large  selection  of  books. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Charles  Robert  Darwin,  by  Hon.  John 

Collier. 
The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  publication 

of  Dr.  Aitchison's  second  paper  on  the  Plora  of  the  Kurrum 

Valley,  £60. 

1883. 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bt.  (afterwards  Lord  Avebury). 

Portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  ascribed  to  M.  Hallman. 
Philip  Henry  Gosse,  Esq. :  towards  cost  of  illustrating  his  paper, 

.£25. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  Mr.  P.  H.  Gosse's  paper,  .£50. 
Sophia  Grover,  Harriet  Grover,  Emily  Grover,  and  Charles  Ehret 

Grover :  11  letters  from  Carl  von  Linne  to  G.  D.  Ehret. 

1885. 

Executors  of  the  late  George  Bentham,  £567  lis.  2d. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Busk,  by  his  daughter  Marian 

Busk. 

1886. 
A  large  selection  of  books  from  the  library  of  the  late  Dr.  Spencer 

Thomas  Cobbold  (a  bequest  for  a  medal  was  declined). 
Sir  George  MacLeay,  Bt. :   MSS.   of   Alexander   MacLeay    and 

portrait  of  Rev.  William  Kirby. 

1887. 
William  Davidson,  Esq. :  1st  and  2nd  instalments  of  grant  in  aid  of 

publication,  £60. 
Erancis  Blackwell  Forbes,  Esq.,  in  aid  of  Chinese  Flora,  £25. 

1888. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council:  Grant  in  aid  of 
publication  of  results  of  the  Afghan  Boundary  Delimitation 
Expedition,  £150. 

Dr.  J.  E.  T.  Aitchison,  towards  the  same,  £25. 

Trustees  of  the  Indian  Museum  :  Mergui  Archipelago  report,  for 
publication  in  Journal,  £135. 

Dr.  John  Anderson,  for  the  same,  £60. 

Wm.  Davidson,  Esq. ;  3rd  and  last  instalment,  £2b. 


92  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

1889. 

Bronze  copy  of  model  for  Statue  of  C.  von  Linne,  by  J.  Y.  Kjellberg ; 
presented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1890. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  Delimitation 

Expedition  report,  ,£200. 
Oak  table  for  Meeting  Room,  presented  by  Erank  Crisp,  Esq. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  K.C.S.I.,  by 

Hubert  Herkomer,  E.A. 
Executors  of  the  late  John  Ball,  Esq. :  a  large  selection  of  books. 
An  anonymous  donor,  £30. 
Colonel  Sir  Henry  CoUett,  K.C.B.,  towards  the  publication  of  his 

Shan  States  collections,  =£50. 

1891. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bt.  [Lord  Avebury], 

by  Leslie  Ward. 
George  Frederick  Scott  EUiot,  Esq.,  towards  cost  of  his  Madagascar 

paper,  £60. 

1892. 
Dr.  Eichard  Charles  Alexander  Prior :  for  projection  lantern,  £50. 

1893. 

The  Executors  of  Lord  Arthur  Eussell :  his  collection  of  portraits 

of  naturalists. 
Electric  light  installation :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1894. 

Algernon  Peckover,  Esq.,  Legacy,  £100  free  of  Duty. 
Miss  Emma  Swan,  "  Westwood  Bequest,"  £250. 

1896. 
Clock  and  supports  in  Meeting  Eoom,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp, 
Esq. 

1897. 
"William  Carruthers,  Esq. ;  Collection  of  engravings  and  photo- 
graphs of  portraits  of  Carl  von  Linne. 
Eoyal  Society :  Grant  towards  publication  of  paper  by  the  late 

John  Ball,  £60. 
Subscription  portrait   of   Professor    George   James    AUman,  by 
Marian  Busk. 

1898. 
Sir   John    Lubbock,    Bt. :    Contribution   towards   his   paper   on 

Stipules,  £43  145.  9cl. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Contribution  towards  F.  J.  Cole's  paper,  £50. 
„         „  „  „        Murray  &  Blackmail's  paper, 

£80. 
„         „  „  „        Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 

.,         „  „  „        Forsyth  Major's  paper,  £50. 


LIKNEAN   SOCIETY   OF   LONDON.  93 

1899. 

A.  C.  Harmsvvorth,  Esq.  [Lord  Northcliffe] :  Contribution  towards 

cost  of  plates,  ^43. 
Royal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  R.  T.  Giintber's  paper 

on  Lake  Urmi,  <£50. 

1901. 
Hon.  Cbarles  Ellis,  Hon.  Walter  Eothscbild,  and  tbe  Bentham 

Trustees  :  The  Correspondence  of  William  Swainson. 
Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  F.  Chapman's  paper  on 

Funafuti  Foraminifera,  .£50. 
Prof.  E.  liay  Laukester :  Contribution  towards  illustration,  £30  5s. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  G.  J.  Mivart ;  presented  by  Mrs.  Mivart. 

1903. 

Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  toward  Dr.  Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 
Legacy  from  the  late  Dr.  E.  C.  A.  Prior,  <£100  free  of  duty. 
Mrs.   Sladen:   Posthumous  Portrait   of   the   late   Walter   Percy 
Sladen,  by  H.  T.  Wells,  E.A. 

B.  Ai'thur  Bensley,  Esq. :  Contribution  to  his  paper,  £44. 

1904. 

Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  third  volume  of  the  Chinese  Floi'a, 

£120. 
Supplementary  Eoyal  Charter  :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1905. 

Eoyal  Society  :  First  grant  in  aid  of  Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler's  '  Biscayan 

Planktoia,'  £50. 
Executors   of  tbe   late  G.  B.  Buckton,  Esq. :   Contribution  for 

colouring  plates  of  his  paper,  £26. 

1906. 

Eoyal  Society :  Second  grant  towards  '  Biscayan  Plankton,'  £50 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  S.  H.  Vines,  by  Hon.  John  Collier. 
Eoyal  Swedish  Academy  of  Science :   Copies  of  portraits  of  C.  von 

Linne,  after  Per  Krafft  the  elder,  and  A.  Eoslin,  by  Jean 

Haagen. 

1907. 

Eoyal  University  of  Uppsala  :  Copy  by  Jean  Haagen  of  portrait  of 

C.  V.  Linne,  by  J.  H.  Scheffel  (1739). 
Eoyal  Society  :  Third  and  final  grant  towards  'Biscayan  Plankton,' 

£50. 
The  Trustees  of  the  Percy  Sladen  Memorial  Fund :  First  grant 

towards  publication   of  Mr.    Stanley  Gardiner's  Eesearches 

in  the  Indian  Ocean  in  H.M.S.  '  Sealark,'  £200. 


94  PEOCEEDIKGS   OF   THE  XINNEAN    SOCIETY  OF  LONDON, 

1908. 

Prof.  Gustaf  Retzius  :  Plaster  cast  of  bust  of  Carl  von  Linne, 
modelled  by  TValther  Eiineberg  from  the  portrait  by  Scheffel 
(1739)  at  Linnes  Haminarby  ;  the  bronze  original  is  for  the 
facade  of  the  new  building  for  the  Royal  Academy  pf 
Science,  Stockholm. 

Miss  Sarah  Marianne  Silver,  P.L.S.  :  Cabinet  formerly  belonging 
to  Mr.  S.  W.  Silver,  F.L.S. 

1909. 

The  Trustees  of  the  Percy  Sladen  Memorial  Fund  :  Second  grant 
towards  publication  of  Mr.  Stanley  Gardiner's  Researches  in 
the  Indian  Ocean  in  H.M.S.  '  Sealark,'  ^200. 

Prof.  James  William  Helenus  Trail,  P.R.S.,  P.L.S. :  Gift  of  ^100 
in  Trust,  to  encourage  Research  on  the  Nature  of  Proto- 
plasm. 


IxNDEX    TO    THE    PROCEEDINGS. 


SESSION  1908-1909. 


Note. — The  following  are  not  iudexed  : — The  name  of  the  Chairman  at  each  meeting ; 
speakers  whose  remarks  are  not  reported ;  and  passing  allusions. 


Abstract  of  South-Australian  Battarea 
(Tepper),  54 

Acaulescent  species  of  Malvasfrum, 
A.  Gr.  (HUl),  54. 

Accounts,  I S ;  laid  before  Annirersary 
Meeting,  17. 

Additions  to  Library,  55-S5. 

Address.  Presidential,  21-31. 

African  Species  of  Triumfetta,  Liun.,54. 

Alcyonaria  of  '  Sealark '  Exped.  (Thom- 
son), 53. 

Alternation  of  Generations  in  Plants 
(Lang),  11-12. 

Amphioxidcs  (Cephalocorda)  of  'Sea- 
lark'  Exped.  (Gibson),  53. 

Amphipoda  Hyperiidea  of  the  '  Sea- 
lark'  Exped.  (Walker),  15. 

in  glycerine,  exhibited  (^Yalke^), 

15- 
Anomura  of  Sudanese  Red  Sea  (Rid- 

dell),  8. 
Arber,  E.  A.  N.,  elected  Councillor,  32 ; 

(Ecology     of     Semjjcrvivum     arach- 

noideum  and  S.  montamim,  15-16. 
Afcaris      megaloccphala      exhibited 

(Dendy),  52. 
Associate,  deceased  (Sim),  19. 
Auditors,  nominated  and  elected,  1 5  ; 

Certificate  (W.  B.  Keen),  18. 
Autochrome  and   other  transparencies 

exhibited  (Rosenheim),  5. 
Avebury,   The   Rt.   Hon.    Lord,    com- 

uiunication  by  (Bagnall),  17. 

Bagnall,  R.  S.,  proposed,  52  ;  Thysano- 

ptera  of  Venezuela,  17. 
Bainbridge,    Miss     M.     E.,    Parasitic 

Copepoda,  2. 
Bamber,   Lt.-Col.     C.    J.,   elected,   5 ; 

proposed,  i. 


Barrington,  R.  M.,  admitted,  17. 
Bartlett,  A.  W.,  admitted,  5. 
Battarea,     growth     of    a     species     of 

(Tepper),  53  ;  abstract,  54. 
Bell,   F.   Jeffrey,  Echinoderms   of  the 

Western  Indian  Ocean,  2. 
Benefactions,  8  7-94. 
Berlin,   Myxococcus   pyriformis    from, 

(Smith)  4. 
Bernays,  L.  A.,  deceased,  19  ;  obituary, 

3+- 
Bird  destruction,  illustrated  by  slides 

(Buckland),  16. 
Birthday  congratulations  to  Sir  J.  D. 

Hooker,  53. 
Biscayan    Plankton  :     the     Ostracoda 

(Fowler),  5. 
'  Black   Scab  '  of  Potatoes,    exhibited 

(Massee),  6-7. 
Blind    Prawn    from    Sea    of    Galilee 

(Caiman),  15. 
Bonhote,   J.   L.   J.,   referred   to   Cash 

Statement,  19. 
Boodle.  L.  A.,  elected  Councillor,  32  ; 

exhibited  gall  from  Bombay,  2. 
Borgesen,  Dr.  F.,  Fucus  spiralis,  Linue, 

or  Fueiis plati/carpus,  Thuret,  10. 
Borradaile,  L.  A.,  '  Sealark '  Penaeidea, 

Stenopidea,  and  Reptantia,  53. 
Botanical  Secretary  elected,  32. 
Botrydium  gramdatum,  lens-cells  in,  3. 
Bott,  G.  E.,  removed  from  List,  19. 
Bottles,  ferns  enclosed  in  (Druery),  4. 
Bourne,   Prof.    G.    C,   Councillor    re- 
tired, 32. 
Bower,  Prof.  F.  O.,  Linneau  Medallist, 

32-34;  thanks  for  Medal,  34. 
British     Museum,    copy    of    Darwin- 
Wallace  Medal  presented  to,  i. 
Brown,  E.,  elected,  5  ;  proposed  i. 


96 


INDEX. 


Browne,  Lady  I.  M.  P.,  elected,  52 ; 
proposed,  15. 

Buckland,  J.,  exhibited  slides  of  Bird 
destruction  in  America,  etc.,  16. 

Burrage,  J.  H.,  deceased,  19. 

Burton,  P.  M.,  exhibited  an  oyster- 
shell  with  calcareous  concretion,  8. 

Bury,  H.,  elected  Councillor,  32. 


Calamites   Schutzei,    Stur   (Horwood), 

53- 
Calcarea,  Part  I.  of  Eed  Sea  Porifera 

(Eow),  53. 

Caiman,  Dr.  W.  T.,  Blind  Prawn  from 
Sea  of  Galilee,  15. 

Cambridge  Museum,  Etudes  sur  les 
Cirrhipedes  du  (Gravel),  8. 

Caracciolo,  H.,  elected,  14;  proposed, 
12. 

Cavernularia  ohesa.  mentioned,  4. 

Cells  of  LeaTCS,  see  Epidermal  Cells. 

Centrospermse,  Longitudinal  Symmetry 
of  (Groom),  9. 

Cephalocorda :  Amphioxides  of  '  Sea- 
lark'  Exped.  (Gibson),  53. 

Chambers,  Miss  H.  S.,  admitted,  1 1. 

Chara  Braunii  from  Canal  near  Stock- 
port, 10. 

Charter  Book,  see  Eoll  and  Charter 
Book. 

Chdndracantkus  iiiflaius,  description  of, 
(Bainbridge),  2. 

Christ,  Dr.  H.,  Malesian  and  Philippine 
Ferns,  54. 

Clarke,  W.  A.,  elected,  13  ;  proposed, 

9- 

Cockayne,  E.   A.,    communication    by 

(Morley),  11. 
CoUiuge,  W.  E.,  admitted,  17. 
CoUingwood,     Dr.    C,    deceased,    19 ; 

obituary,  35. 
Colpomenia  sinuosa,  Derbes  &  Sol.,  ex- 
hibited (Cotton),  52. 
Compsoipogon,  exhibited  (Weiss),  10. 
Cooper,  C.  F.,  see  Punnett,  E,  C. 
Copepoda,  see  Parasitic  Copepoda. 
Cotton,  A.   D.,   exhibited  Colpomenia 

sinuosa,  Derbes  &  Sol.,  52. 
Councillors  elected,  32  ;  retired,  32. 
Crisp,   Sir    F.,    elected    auditor,    15  ; 

elected    Councillor,    32 ;    nominated 

V.-P.,  52. 
Crossland,  Cyril,  Porifera  collected  by 

(Eow),  53. 
Crustacea,  Freshwater,  from  Tasmania 

(Smith),  5. 


Darhishire,   A,   D.,  Experiments  with 
Peas,  demonstrated,  14. 


Darwin-Wallace   Medal    presented    to 

British  Museum,  i. 
Davidia   involucrata,  Baill.,   Structure 

and  Affinities  of  (Home),  14. 
Deaths  recorded,  19. 
Delage,  Prof.  Y.,  elected,  15  ;  proposed 

For.  Memb.,  13.  ' 

Bendrophyllia      cornigera,      exhibited 

(Vallentin),  6. 
Dendy,  Prof.  A.,  elected  Councillor,  32  ; 

—  Csecretary,  32;  exhibited  Hutton 
Eesearch  Medal,  1-2  ;  —  Slides 
showing  nuclear  division  in  Galtonia 
candicans,  52,  and  Ascaris  megalo- 
ccphala,  52  ;  —  Slides  showing  struc- 
ture of  Pineal  Eye  of  Sphenodon,  10. 

Dennis,  W.,  elected,  53  ;  proposed,  17. 
Dent,  H.  0.,  deceased,   1 9  ;    obituary. 

Deposits  of  the  Indian  Ocean  (Murray), 

SB- 
Distant,  W.  L.,  '  Sealark '  Ehynchota, 

8. 
Donations  in  aid  of  Publications,  86  ; 

—  to  Library,  55-85  ;  —  to  the 
Society  (i 790-1 909),  87-94. 

Druce,  G.  C,  exhibited  Montia  lani'pro- 

spernut,  8. 
Druery,  C.  T.,  Ferns  in  bottles,  4. 
Drummond,  J.  M.  F.,  admitted,  14. 
Dry-rot  of  Potatoes  (Longman),  14. 
Dupont,  P.  E.,  elected,  9 ;  proposed,  6. 
Duthie,   J.  F.,    appointed   Scrutineer, 


Echinoderms  of  the  Western  Indian 
Ocean  (Jeffrey  Bell),  2. 

Egerton  of  Tatton,  Et.  Hon.  Lord, 
deceased,  19;  obituarj'-,  36. 

Election  of  Council  and  Officers,  32. 

Elections  reported  at  Anniversary 
Meeting,  19. 

Elliot,  G.  t-.  S.,  his  problematical 
plant  exliibited  (Stapf),  2. 

Epidermal  Cells  of  Leaves,  their  Optical 
behaviour  demonstrated  (Wager),  3. 

EquisetaceaB,  iuternode  in  recent  (Hor- 
wood), 53. 

Euphrasia  minima  from  Somerset,  ex- 
hibited (Salmon),  13. 

Evans,  Sir  J.,  deceased,  19;  obituary, 
36. 

Farmer,  Prof.  J.  B.,  communication 
by  (Home),  14;  elected  Councillo:', 
32. 

Fawcett,  W.,  moved  thanks  to  President 
for  Address,  32. 

Fellows  deceased,  1 9 ;  elected  1 9  ;  re- 
moved from  List,  19;  withdrawn, 
19. 


IXDEX. 


97 


Ferns  in  bottles  (Druery),  4. 

Malesian  and  Philippine  (Christ), 

54- 
Fiji,  Montane  Flora  of  (Gibbs),  13. 
Fletcher,  J.,    deceased,    19 ;    obituary, 

37- 
Fletcher,  T.  B.,  '  Sealark'  Lepidoptera, 

53- 
Flora  of  Fiji  (Gibbs),  13. 
Flower,  Capt.  S.  S.,  elected,  52  ;  pro- 
posed, 15. 
Flower  formation  in   Valeriana  dioica 

(Gregory),  8. 
Forbes,  F.  B.,  deceased,  19  ;    obituary, 

38. 
Foreign  Members  deceased,  19  ;  elected, 

19;     vacancies    announced    in    list 

of,  II. 
Forms  of  Flowers  in  Valeriana  dioica 

(Gregory),  8. 
Fowler,  Dr.  G.  H.,  Biscayan  Plankton  : 

the    Ostracoda,     5 ;    elected     Coun- 
cillor, 32. 
Freshwater   Crustacea  from   Tasmania 

(Smith),  5. 
Fucus  sjjiralis,  Liune,  or  Fiicus  flaty- 

carpus,  Thuret  (Borgesen),  10. 
Fyles,  Kev.  T.  W.,  withdrawn,  19. 

Gage,  Capt.  A.  T.,  admitted,  i. 
Galilean     Sea,     Blind     Prawn     from 

(Caiman),  15. 
Gall  from  Bombay  exhibited  (Boodle), 

2. 
Galtoiiia  candicans  exhibited,  showing 

nuclear  division  (Dendy).  52. 
Gardiner,  J.  S.,  elected  Councillor,  32  ; 

communications  by  :  (Bell)  2.  (Borra- 

daile)    53,     (Distant)   8,     (Fletcher) 

53,      (Gibson)      53,        (Gruvel)     8, 

(Potts)  53,    (Punnett    &  Cooper)  2, 

(Thomson)  53. 
Garry  a  elliptica,  lens-cells  in,  3. 
General      Secretary,     see      Secretary, 

General. 
Gerard,   Rev.   J.,   Yew   and    Wistaria 

stems,  slides  exhibited,  4. 
Giard,  Prof.  A.,  deceased,  19;  obituary, 

40. 
Gibbs,  Miss  L.  S.,  Montane  Flora  of 

Fiji,  13- 
Gibson,  A.  J.,  elected,   13;    proposed, 

II. 
Gibson,  E.,  elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i. 
Gibson,  H.  O.  S.,Cephalocorda(yi«ij!^Aj- 

o.ridcs)  of  '  Sealark'  Exped.,  53. 
Goodall,  T.  B.,  withdrawn,  19. 
Gregory.   R.  P.,   Flower  formation   in 

Valeriana  dioica,  8. 
Groom,  J.  B.,  admitted,  17;  elected,  14; 

proposed,  12. 

LINK.  SOC.  PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 


Groom.  Prof.  P.,  Longitudinal  Sym- 
metry of  Centrospenn;e,  9. 

Groves,  H.,  elected  Auditor,  15. 

Groves,  H.  &  J.,  exhibited  Lunula 
pallescens,  Besser,  7. 

Growth  o{  Bait  area  (Tepper),  53,  54. 

Grueber,  H.  A.,  received  Darwin- 
Wallace  Medal  for  British  Museum, 
I. 

Gruvel.  Prof.  A.,  Etudes  sur  Ics  Cir- 
rhipedes  du  Musee  de  Cambridge,  8. 

Gustav  v.,  H.M.,  as  Hon.  Member, 
signed  Roll  and  Charter-book,  2. 

Havilland,  Hugh  de  Beauvoir  de,  with- 
drawn, 19. 

Hayata,  B.,  Juniperus  taxifolia,  5. 

Hcliantheinuiii  Chumceci^fns  x  poli- 
/(>//«;«,  exhibited,  (Marshall),  10. 

Hemsley,  W.  Botting,  communication 
by  (Hayata),  5. 

Herdman",  Prof.  W.  A.,  exhibited 
striped  muscle-fibre  in  mantle  of 
Pccteii.  9 ;  communication  by 
(Riddell),  8  :  Councillor  retired,  32. 

Hicks,  F.,  admitted,  15;  elected,  13; 
proposed,  9. 

Hieraciuni  hyparcticuni  and  H.  ciistales, 
Linton,  exhibited  (Marshall),  10. 

Hill,  A.  W.,  Acaulescent  Species  of 
Malva!itri'.,a,  A.  Gray,  54  ;  Xototriche, 
Turcz.,  9. 

Hill,  Prof.  J.  P.,  elected  Auditor,  15; 
elected  Councillor,  32 ;  communi- 
cation by  (Wilsmore).  17. 

Himalayan  Symphyla  (luims),  5. 

Holmes,  W.  J.  O.,  deceased,  19. 

Honorary  Member,  King  of  Sweden, 
signed  Roll  and  Ch  irter  Book,  2. 

Hooker,  Sir  J.  D.,  birthday  congratu- 
lations, 53. 

Hopkinson,  J.,  elected  Councillor,  32. 

Home,  A.  S.,  Structure  and  Affinities 
oi  Davidia  imoltwrafa,  B.iill.,  14. 

Horwood,  A.  R.,  Calamites  Schufzei, 
Stur,  53. 

Hudleston,  W.  H.,  deceased,  19; 
(ibituary,  41. 

Hiilme,  F.  E.,  deceased.  19  ;  obituary, 
41. 

Hutchinson,  J.,  see  Spnigue,  T.  A. 

Hutton  Research  Medal  exhibited 
(Dendy),  1-2. 

Ichieumon       inanifestator,      Marsham, 

CEconomy  of  (Morley),  11. 
Imms,  Pn)f.    A.   D.,    i>y>iip/iyla    from 

Himalayas,  5. 
Indian  Ocean  Deposits  (Murray),  53. 
Indian  Ocean  (Eastern),  see  Punnett ; 

—  (Western),  sec  Bell. 

1908-1909.  h 


98 


I>'DEX. 


Iyer,  V.  S  ,  eleclecl,  52;  proposed,  15. 


Jackson,  Dr.  B.  D.,  elected  Councillor, 
32;  — Gen.  Sec.  ^2;  with  President 
and  Bot.  Sec.  to  Windsor  Castle,  2  ; 
Obituary  Notices,  34  ;  report,  19  ; 
read  Bye-Laws  governing  elections, 
20. 

Japan,  plant  petrifactions  from,  ex- 
hibited (Stopes),  14. 

Johns,  E.  F.,  withdrawn,  19. 

Jimiperus  taxifolia  (Hayata),  5. 


Keeble,  Prof.  F.,    communication    by 

(Longman),  14. 
Keen,  W.  B.,  Accountant's  certificate, 

18. 
Kent,     "W.     Saville,      deceased,      19; 

obituary,  42. 
King    of    Sweden     signed     Roll    and 

Charter  Book  as  Hon.  Memb.,  2. 
King,  Sir  G.,  deceased,   19. 
Kirton,  W.  H.,  deceased,  19. 


Lang,  Dr.  W.  H.,  elected,  15  ;  pro- 
posed, 13;  opened  discussion  on 
"Alternation  of  Generations  in 
Plants,"  11-12. 

Lawson,  Dr.  A.  A.,  elected,  14  ;  pro- 
posed, 12. 

Leaves,  Epidermal  Cells  of,  see  Wager. 

Lcpas  fascicularis,  exhibited  (Yallentin), 
6. 

Lepidoptera  of  'Sealark'  Exped. 
(Fletcher),  53. 

Librarian's  Report,  20. 

Library  Additions,  '55-85. 

Lilljeborg.  Prof.  W.,  deceased,  19; 
obituary,  45. 

Lindley,  Miss  J.,  elected,  52  ;  proposed. 

Lister,  A.,  deceased,  19  ;  obituary,  46. 
Longitudinal    Symmetry    of     Centro- 

spermse  (Groom),  9. 
Longman,  Miss  S.,  Drj--rot  of  Potatoes, 

H- 
Longstaff,  Mrs.  M.  J.,  admitted,    53; 

elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i . 
Lowe,     E.     E.,      communication     by 

(Horwood),  53. 
Lu::ula  paNesciiis,  exhibited  (Groves), 

7. 


McClellan,  F.  C,  admitted,  9. 
Madeiran  Polyzoa  (Norman),  11. 
Malesian       and       Philippine     Ferns 
(Christ),  54. 


Mai  vast  rum,  A.  Gray,  Acauleseent 
species  of  (Hill),  5^. 

Marine  MoUusca  of  the  '  Sealark ' 
Exped.  (Melvill),  15. 

Marshall,  Rev.  E.  S.,  exhibited:  — -Saxj- 
frciga  niva/is  X  sfellaris;  Ofchis, 
allied  to  0.  maculata,  Linn. ;  Helian- 
tlicmum  ChamcEcistits  X  polifolium ; 
Hicracium  hyparcticum  and  H. 
cndales,  Linton,  10. 

Massee,  G.,  exhibited  'Black  Scab 'of 
Potatoes,  6-7. 

Matthew,  C.  G.,  communication  by 
(Christ),  54. 

Maude,  A.H.,  admitted,  6  ;  elected,  5  ; 
proposed,  i. 

Medal  (Darwin-Wallace),  presented  to 
British  Museum,  i  ;  (Hutton  Re- 
search), exhibited  (Dendy),  1-2  ; 
(Linnean),  awarded  to  Prof.  BoAver, 

Meek,  C.  F.  U.,  admitted.  6. 

Melvill,  J.  C,  Marine  Mollusca  of  the 
'  Sealark,'  Exped.,  15. 

Mendelian  phenomena  applied  to 
crossing  Epidendrumketvense,  (Rolfe) 
13;  with  Pea  experiments  (Darbi- 
shire),  14. 

Mesemhryantlicmvm,  lens-cells  in,  3. 

Miall,  L.  C,  withdrawn,  19. 

Mimicry  in  Spiders  (Pocock),  5. 

Mobius,  Prof.  K.,  obituary,  47  ;  (death 
reported  in  previous'number  of  Pro- 
ceedings). 

Mollusca  (Marine)  of  the  '  Sealark ' 
Exp.  (Melvill),  15;  —of  the  Sey- 
chelles Archipelago  (Sykes),  15. 

Monckton,  H.  W.,  elected  Councillor, 
32 ;  elected  President,  32 ;  nomin- 
ated V.-P..  52. 

Montagu  Miniature  copied  by  Miss 
Medland,  17  ;  copy  presented  by  Mr. 
Mullens,  17. 

Montane  Floi-a  of  Fiji  (Gibbs),  13. 

Moniia  lamjyrosperma,  exhibited 
(Druce),  S. 

Moore,  see  Salvin-Moore,  J.  E.  S. 

Morley,  C,  Economy  of  Ichneumon 
manifesfator,  Marsham,  11. 

Mullens,  W.  H.,  admitted,  13  ;  elected, 
9  ;  proposed,  6  ;  presented  a  copy  ot 
Col.  Geo.  Montagu's  miniature,  17, 

Murray,  Sir  J.,  Indian  Ocean  Deposits, 
53- 

Musee  de  Cambridge,  Etudes  sur  les 
Cirrhipedes  du  (Gruvel),  8. 

My.rococcvs  2}i/riformis  or  M.  rubescens, 
exhibited  (Smith),  4. 

Xaias  graminea  from  Canal  near  Stock- 
port, 10. 


INDEX. 


99 


Nemerteans  from  Eastern  Indian  Ocean 

(Punnett  and  Cooper),  2. 
New  Hebrides,  Zoantlieiu  from  (Wils- 

more),  17. 
New  Zealand    Institnte's    Ilutton   Ee- 

search    Medal    exhibited    by    Prof. 

Dendj,  1-2. 
NiclioUs,  G.  E.,  admitted,  5. 
Nieholson,  Gr.,  deceased,  19;    obituary, 

48. 
Noruuin,     Eev.    Canon,    Polyzoa      of 

Madeira,  11. 
Nototriche,  Turcz.  (Hill),  9. 

Obituary  Notices,  34-52. 

Officers  elected,  32. 

Okell,  K.,  deceased,  19. 

Oliver,  Prof.  F.  W.,  Councillor  retired, 

32- 
Optical    Behaviour  of   the  Epidermal 

Cells     of       Leaves,     demonstrated 

(Wager),  3. 
Orchis   allied    to    0.  maculata,   Linn., 

exhibited  (Marshall),   10;   0.  Morio, 

exhibited  (SLerring),  17. 
Ostracoda,  Biscayan  Plankton,  (Fowler) 

Oyster-shell  with  calcai-eous  concretion, 
exhibited  (Burton),  8. 

Parasitic  Copepoda  (Bainbridge),  2. 
Parkin,  T.,  proposed,  53. 
Pearse,  Miss  E.,  admitted,  5  ;  elected,  3. 
Pearson,  J.,  admitted,  15  ;  elected,  1. 
Peas,   experiments   with   (Darbishire), 

H- 
Pecien,  striped  muscle-fibre  in  mantle 

of,  exhibited  (flerdman),  9. 
Penaeidea  of  '  Sealark '  Exped.   (Borra- 

daile),  53. 
Pineal  Eye  of  Sphenodon  exhibited  by 

aid  of  slides  (Dendy),  10. 
Pisum  arvense  and  P.  sativum  (Sutton), 

H- 

Pithophora  (Edogonia  from  Canal  near 

Stockport,  10. 
Plagiantkus  Helmsii,  exhibited  (Stapf), 

9- 

Plant  petrifactions  from  Japan,  ex- 
hibited (Stopes),  14. 

Pocock,  E.  I.,  elected  Councillor,  32  ; 
Mimicry  in  Spiders,  5. 

Polychajta  of  '  Sealark  '  Exped.,  53. 

Polyzoa  of  Madeira  (Norman),  n. 

Porifera  from  Eed  Sea;  Part  I.  Cal- 
carea  (Eow),  53. 

Portraits  from  Darwin-Wallace  Volume 
announced  as  purchasable  (President), 

9- 
Potatoes,  Dry-rot  of  (Longman),  14. 


Potatoes  suffering  from   'Black  Scab 

exhibited  (Massee),  6-7. 
Potts,  F.  A.,  'Sealark'  Polychteta,  53. 
Poulton,  Prof.  E.  B.,  elected  Councillor 

32;  nominated  Vice-President,  52. 
Prain,  Lt.-Col.   D.,  elected  Councillor, 

32  ;  nominated  Vice-President,  52. 
Prawn    (Blind),  from   Sea  of    Galilee 

(Caiman),  15. 
President:— Address  to  Medallist,  32- 

34 ;  announced  portraits  for  sale,  9 ; 

—  vacancies  in  List  of  Foreign  Mem- 
bers, II  ;  appointed  Scrutmeers,  32; 

—  Vice-Presidents,  52 ;  declared 
result  of  Ballot,  32;  delivered  his 
Address,  21-31  ;  elected  Councillor, 
32  ;  —  President,  32  ;  read  letter  to 
Sir  J.  D.  Hooker,  53  ;  reported  visit 
to  Windsor  Castle,  2  ;  thanked  Mr. 
Walker  for  gift  of  microscope,  15. 

Presidential  Address,  21-31. 

Price,  W.  E.,  admitted,  53  ;  elected,  52  ; 
proposed,  15. 

Problematical  plant  of  Mr.  Scott 
Elliot's,  exhibited  (Stapf),  2. 

Publications,  Donations  in  aid  of,  86. 

Punnett,  E.  C,  &  Cooper,  C.F.,  Nemer- 
teans from  Eastern  Indian  Ocean,  2. 

Queensland,  Zoanthese  from  (Wils- 
more),  17. 

Eathbone,     Miss    M.,    admitted,    14 ; 

elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i. 
Eed   Sea  Porifera :    Part  I,   Calcarea 

(Eow),  53. 
Eeekie,  D.,  elected,  1 1  ;  proposed,  9. 
Eeid,  J.  E.,  deceased,  19. 
Eemoval  ot  Fellows  from  List,  19. 
Eendle,  Dr.  A.  B.,  elected  Councillor, 

32. 
Eeptantia  of  '  Sealark '  Exped.  (Borra- 

daile),  53. 
Eesearch  Medal  instituted  by  the  N.  Z. 

Institute,  exhibited  (Dendy),  1-2. 
Eetzius,  Prof.  M.  Gr.,  elected,  15  ;  j^ro- 

posed  Foreign  Member,  1 3. 
Ehynchota     from     '  Sealark '    Exped. 

(Distant),  8. 
Eiddell.W.,  Anomura  of  Sudanese  Bed 

Sea,  8. 
Eobertson,     Miss     A.,     admitted,    8 ; 

elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i. 
Eolfe,   E.    A.,    exhibited  crosses  with 

Epideiidruni  kewe^ise,  13. 
Eoll  and  Charter  Book  signed  by  H.M. 

the  King  of  Sweden,  2. 
Eoots  of  Sycamore,  exhibited  (Weias), 

13- 


INDEX. 


Roper, Miss  I.  M.,  admitted,  17;  elected, 

1 3  ;  proposed,  9. 
Eosenheim,   Dr.    O.,    exhibited    slides 

obtained  by  colour  process,  5. 
Row,  R.   W.    H.,   admitted,   5-5  ;  Pori- 

fera  from  Red  Sea  :  Part  I.  Calcarea, 

53- 

Salisbury,  E.  J.,  admitted,  15  ;  elected, 
13  ;  proposed,  11. 

Salmon,  C.  E.,  exhibited  Euphrasia 
minima  from  Somerset,  13. 

Salvin-Moore,  J.  E.  S.,  removed  from 
List,  19. 

Sargant,  Miss  E.,  elected  Councillor,  32. 

Saunders,  G.  S.,  elected  Auditor,  15  ; 
seconded  thanks  for  President's 
Address,  32. 

Saxifraga  nivalis  X  steUaris,  exhibited 
(Marshall),  10. 

Schistostcga,  lens-cells  in,  3. 

Scott,  Dr.  D.  H.,  address  to  Medallist, 
32-34 ;  announced  Portraits  for 
sale,  9  ;  announced  Taeancies  in  List 
of  Foreign  Members,  11;  appointed 
Scrutineers,  32 ;  appointed  Vice- 
Presidents,  52 ;  declared  result  of 
Paliot,  32;  elected  Councillor,  32; 
—  President,  32  ;  Presidential 
Address,  21-31  :  read  letter  to  Sir  J. 
D.  Hooker,  53  ;  reported  visit  to 
Windsor  Castle,  2 ;  thanked  Mr. 
Walker  for  his  gift  of  a  microscope. 

Scrutineers  appointed,  32. 

'Sealark'     Expedition:  —  Alcyonaria 

(Thomson),  53;  Ariq:>hioxides  (Oihson), 

53  ;  Amphipoda  (\^'alker),  15  ;  Lepi- 

doptera(Fletcher),  5  3 ;  Marine  MoUusca 

(IMelvill),  15  ;  Polychreta  (Potts),  53  ; 

Eeptantia    (Borradaile),    53 ;    Rhyn- 

chota     (Distant),      8  ;      Stenopidea 

(Borradaile),  53. 
Sea   of    Galilee,    Blind    Prawn    from 

(Caiman),  15. 
Secretaries  elected,  32. 
Secretary,    General,    Obituary  notices, 

34  ;    report,    19  ;    read   Bye  -  Laws 

governing  elections,  20. 
Seeley,    Prof.    H.    G.,    deceased,    19; 

obituary,  49. 
Selaqine/ia,    various    forms    exhibited 

(Worsdell),  6. 
Sem2iervivum,  CTlcology  of  two  species 

of  (Arber),  15. 
Seward,     A.     C,     communication    by 

(Gregory),    8 ;     elected    Councillor, 

32- 
Seychelles  Archipelago,  MoUusca  from 

(Sykes),  15. 
Sharp,  D.,  withdrawn,  19. 


Sherring,     R.    V.,     exhibited      Orchis 

Mwio,  17. 
Shipley,    A.    E.,     communication    by 

(luims),  5. 
Sim,  G.  (Assoc),  deceased,  19  ;  obituary, 

50. 
Smith,   Miss  A.   L.,    exhibited  Myxo- 

coccus  2Jl/>'if('rmis  or  M.    rnhcscens  ? 

from  Berlin,  4. 
Smith,  Geoffrey  W.,  Freshwater  Crus- 
tacea from  Tasmania,  5. 
Spencer,  Herbert,  Will  referred  to,  17. 
Sphenodon,  Pineal  Eye  of,  exhibited  by 

means  of  lantern-slides  (Dendy),  10. 
Spiders,  Mimicry  in  (Pocock),  5. 
Sprague,    T.  A.,  and   J.   Hutchinson, 

African  Triumfetta,  Linn.,  54. 
Stapf,  Dr.  O.,  with  President  and  Gen. 

Sec.  to   Windsor  Castle,  2  ;   elected 

Councillor,    32;    —   Secretary,    32; 

exhibited  Plagianthus  Helmsii,  9  ;  — 

Scott  Elliot's  jJroblematical  plant,  2. 
Stebbing,    Rev.    T.    R.   R.,   appointed 

Scrutineer,  32 ;  exhibited  Alcyonaria, 

4- 

Stenopidea  of  '  Sealark  '  Exped.  (Borra- 
daile), 53. 

Stopes,  Miss  M.  C.  C,  admitted,  14; 
elected,  13;  proposed,  ii  ;  exhibited 
plant  petrifactions  from  Japan,  14. 

Sudanese  Red  Sea,  Anomura  of, 
(Riddell),  8. 

Sutton,  A.  W.,  results  by  crossing 
Pisu/u  arvense  with  P.  sativum,  14. 

Sutton,  M.  H.  F.,  elected,  15;  pro- 
posed, 13. 

Sweden,  H.  M.  the  King  of,  signed 
Roll  and  Charter  Book  as  Hon. 
Memb,,  2. 

Sycamore  roots,  exhibited  (Weiss),  13. 

Sykes,  E.  R.,  MoUusca  of  Seychelles 
Archipelago,  15. 

Symphyla  from  Himalayas  (Imms),  5. 


Talbot,  W^  A.,  see  Boodle,  L.  A. 
Tasmania,  Freshwater  Crustacea  from 

(Smith),  5. 
Tepper,  J.  G.  O.,  Growth  of  Battarea, 

53.  54- 

Thomas,  Miss  E.  N.,  admitted,  6 ; 
elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i. 

Thomson,  Prof.  J.  A.,  '  Sealark  * 
Alcyonaria,  53. 

Thysanoptera  from  Venezuela  (Bag- 
nail),  17. 

Transparencies  by  the  '  Lumiere  '  and 
other  processes,  demonstrated  (Rosen- 
heim), 5. 

Treasurer  elected,  32;  his  accounts,  18; 
—  submitted,  17. 


INDEX. 


lOI 


Trmmfetta,  Linn.,    African  species  of 

(Spragiie  and  Hiitchinsou),  5+. 
Tyson,  W.,  removed  from  List,  19. 

Valeriana  dioica,  flowei*  formation  in 
(Gregory),  8. 

Vallentin,  R.,  exhibited  icTJas/asc/cM- 
laris  and  DendrophyUia  cornigcra,  6. 

Vandenbergh,  W.  J.,  elected,  9  ;  pro- 
posed, 5. 

Venezuela,  Tliysanoptera  from  (Bag- 
nall),  17. 

Viscum,  convergence  in  cells  of,  3. 

Wager,  H.,  demonstrated  the  Optical 
Behaviour  of  the  Epidermal  Cells  of 
Leaves,  3. 

Walker,  A.  0.,  Aniphipoda  Hyperiidea 
of  the  'Sealark'  Exped.,  15;  ex- 
hibited Amphipoda  preserved  in 
glycerine,  15  ;   presented  microscope, 

IS- 

Waterfall,     W.     B.,     admitted,      53; 

elected,  6  ;  proposed,  3. 
Weiss,  Prof.  F.  E.,  Councillor  retired, 

32;  exhibited   Comjjsopogon,   10;    — 

Sycamore  roots,  13. 
Whyte,    A.,   deceased,    19;     obituary, 

51- 
Wiggles  worth,  Miss  G.,  admitted,  i. 


Williams,  Miss  A.  F.   S.,  admitted,  6  ; 

elected,  5  ;  proposed,  i. 
Williams,  F.  N.,  appointed  Scrutineer, 

32. 
Williams,  J.  M.,  elected,  3. 
Williams,  J.    W.,  removed  from  List, 

19. 
Wilsmoro,    Mrs.    L.,    Zoanthea3   from 

Queensland  and  the  New  Hebrides, 

17- 

Wilson,  G.,  admitted,  13  ;  elected,  9  ; 
proposed,  6. 

Windsor  Castle  visited  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  Bot.  and  Gen.  Sees.,  2. 

Wistaria  stems,  slides  exhibited(Gerard), 

4- 

Withdrawals  recorded,  19. 

Woodhouse,  E.  J.,  elected,  54 ;  pro- 
posed, 17. 

Woodward,  Dr.  A.  S.,  Councillor 
retired,  32. 

Worsdell,  W.  C,  exhibited  forms  of 
Selaginella,  6. 

Yew  and  Wistaria  stems,  slides  ex- 
hibited (Gerard),  4. 

Zoan these  from  Queensland,  etc.  (Wils- 

more),  17. 
Zoological  Secretary  elected,  32. 


miNTSD  UY  TAYLOR  ANU  FRANCIS,  ItED  LION  COURT,  FLEET  BTRBET. 


Bust  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  Bt.,  by  Sir  E.  Cliantrey,iE.A. 
Subscription  of  the  Fellows . 

1825. 

The  late  Natural  History  Society. 

^190,  Si  Stock. 
Bust  of  Sir  James  Edward  Smith,  P.L.S.,  by  Sir  F.  Chan 
E.A.,  by  Subscribers. 

1829. 
Subscription  for    the   purchase   of   the   Linnean   and    Smii 
Collections,  £1593  8s. 

1830. 

Sir  Thomas  Grey  Culliun,  Bt. 

.£100  Bond  giyen  up.  ^ 

1832. 
The  Honourable  East  India  Company. 

East  Indian  Herbarium  (Wallichian  Collection). 

1833. 

Subscription  for  Cabinets  and  mounting  the  East  Indian  Herba 
£315  14s. 

1835. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Eobert  Brown,  by  H.  W.  Pickersgill, 

1836. 

Subscription  portrait  of  Edward  Forster,  by  Eden  Upton  Ed( 
Subscription  portrait  of  Archibald  Menzies,  by  E.  JJ.  Eddis. 

1837. 

Subscription  portrait   of  Alexander   MacLeay,    by   Sir   Tl 
Lawrence,  P.E.A, 

1838. 
Col  lections' and  Correspondence  of  Nathaniel  John  "Winch. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  Nathaniel  WaUich,  by  John  Lucas,  present 
Mrs.  Smith,  of  Hull. 

1839. 
Subscription  portrait  of  "William  Tarrell,  by  Mrs.  Carpenter. 

1842. 
David  Don :  herbarium  of  woods  and  fruits. 
Archibald  Menzies  :  bequest  of  £100,  subject  to  legacy  duty, 
Portrait  of  John  Ebenezer  Bicheno,  by  E.  L^.  Eddis,  present 
Mr.  Bicheno. 


-ILXJV^      K_fV-'VX  ^l^t*A    y        V^-l.         KJL;t*i/V/         XV^X         .J_J.XV4.LCV        J.JJ.         \»/ V^  C4  U  V^  1 X    •        \^  ^^  O  f       \J  A.        OC'L/UXiJ.^         *-*  K 

Dr.  Aitchison's  paper,  .£36. 

1881. 

George  Bentham,  Esq.,  special  donation,  .£25. 
The  same :  towards  Richard  Kippist's  pension,  .£50. 
Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  George  Jackson  Mivart,  by  Miss  Solomon; 
presented  by  Mrs.  Mivart. 

1882. 

Executors  of  the  late  Frederick  Currey :  a  large  selection  of  books, 
Subscription  portrait  of  Charles  Eobert  Darwin,  by  Hon.  John 

Collier. 
The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  publication 

of  Dr.  Aitchison's  second  paper  on  the  Flora  of  the  Kurrum 

Valley,  £60. 

1883. 
Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bt,  (afterwards  Lord  Avebury). 

Portrait  of  Carl  von  Linne,  ascribed  to  M.  Hallman. 
Philip  Henry  Gosse,  Esq. :  towards  cost  of  illustrating  his  paper, 

£25. 
Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  Mr.  P.  H.  Gosse's  paper,  .£50. 
Sophia  Grover,  Harriet  Grover,  Emily  Grover,  and  Charles  Ehret 

Grover :  11  letters  from  Carl  von  Linne  to  G.  D.  Ehret. 

1885. 

Executors  of  the  late  George  Bentham,  £567  lis.  2d. 
Subscription  portrait  of  George  Busk,  by  his  daughter  Marian 

Busk. 

1886. 
A  large  selection  of  books  from  the  library  of  the  late  Dr.  Spencei 

Thomas  Cobbold  (a  bequest  for  a  medal  was  declined). 
Sir  George  MacLeay,  Bt. :   MSS.   of   Alexander   MacLeay    and 

portrait  of  Eev.  William  Kirby. 

1887. 

William  Davidson,  Esq. :  1st  and  2nd  instalments  of  grant  in  aid  of 

publication,  £50. 
Francis  Blackwell  Forbes,  Esq.,  in  aid  of  Chinese  Flora,  £25. 

1888. 

The  Secretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council:  Grant  in  aid  of 
publication  of  results  of  the  Afghan  Boundary  Delimitation 
Expedition,  £150. 

Dr.  .1.  E.  T.  Aitchison,  towards  the  same,  £25. 

Trustees  of  the  Indian  Museum  :  Mergui  Archipelago  report,  for 
publication  in  Journal,  £135. 

Dr.  John  Anderson,  for  the  same,  £60. 

Wm.  Davidson,  Esq. :  3rd  and  last  instalment,  £25. 


resented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1890. 

jcretary  of  State  for  India  in  Council :  Grant  for  Delimitation 

Ixpedition  report,  ^200. 

Lble  for  Meeting  Eoom,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

iption  portrait  of  Sir  Joseph  Dalton  Hooker,  K.C.S.I.,  by 

[ubert  Herkomer,  E-.A. 

tors  of  the  late  John  Ball,  Esq. :  a  large  selection  of  books. 

onymous  donor,  £30. 

j1  Sir  Henry  CoUett,  K.C.B.,  towards  the  publication  of  his 

han  States  collections,  £50. 

1891. 

iption  portrait  of  Sir  John  Lubbock,  Bt.  [Lord  Avebury], 
f  Leslie  Ward. 

3  Frederick  Scott  Elliot,  Esq.,  towards  cost  of  his  Madagascar 
aper,  <£60.  v 

1892. 
Lchard  Charles  Alexander  Prior :  for  projection  lantern,  £50. 

1893. 

xecutors  of  Lord  Arthur  Eussell :  his  collection  of  portraits 

:  naturalists. 

LC  light  installation :  cost  borne  by  Frank  Crisp,  Esq. 

1894. 

Lon  Peckover,  Esq.,  Legacy,  ,£100  free  of  Duty, 
ilmma  Swan,  "  Westwood  Bequest,"  £250. 

1896. 

and  supports  in  Meeting  Eoom,  presented  by  Frank  Crisp, 
sq. 

1897. 
m  Carruthers,  Esq. :  Collection  of  eugravings  and  photo- 
[•aphs  of  portraits  of  Carl  von  Linne. 

Society :  Grant  towards  publication  of  paper  by  the  late 
Dhn  Ball,  £60. 

iption  portrait   of   Professor    George   James    AUman,  by 
[arian  Busk. 

1898. 
)hn    Lubbock,    Bt. :    Contribution   towards   his   paper   on 
tipules,  £43  145.  9d. 
Society  :  Contribution  towards  F.  J.  Cole's  paper,  £50. 

„  „  ,,         Murray  &Blackman's  paper, 

£80. 

„  „  „         Elliot  Smith's  paper,  £50. 

v„  „  „         Forsyth  Major's  paper,  £50. 


Royal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  B,  T.  GUnther's  j 
on  Lake  Urmi,  .£50. 

1901. 

Hon.  Charles  Ellis,  Hon.  Walter  Eothschild,  and  the  Ben 
Trustees  :  The  Correspondence  of  Wilham  Swaiuson. 

Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  towards  Mr.  F.  Chapman's  pap 
Funafuti  Foraminifera,  .£50. 

Prof.  E.  Kay  Laukester :  Contribution  towards  illustration,  £1 

Portrait  of  Dr.  St.  G.  J.  Mivart ;  presented  by  Mrs.  Mivart. 

1903. 

Eoyal  Society :  Contribution  toward  Dr.  Elliot  Smith's  paper, 
Legacy  from  the  late  Dr.  E.  C.  A.  Prior,  .£100  free  of  duty. 
Mrs.    Sladen:   Posthumous  Portrait   of   the   late   "Walter 

Sladen,  by  H.  T.  Wells,  E.A. 
B.  Arthur  Bensley,  Esq. :  Contribution  to  his  paper,  <£44. 

1904. 

Eoyal  Society  :  Grant  in  aid  of  third  volume  of  the  Chinese  ] 

.£120. 
Supplementary  Eoyal  Charter  :  cost  borne  by  Prank  Crisp,  1 

1905. 

Eoyal  Society  :  First  grant  in  aid  of  Dr.  G.  H.  Fowler's  '  Bisi 

Plankton,'  £50. 
Executors   of   the   late  G.   B,  Buckton,  Esq. :   Contributio: 

colouring  plates  of  his  paper,  £2Q, 

1906. 
Eoyal  Society :  Second  grant  towards  '  Biscayan  Plankton,'  J. 
Subscription  portrait  of  Prof.  S.  H.  A'^ines,  by  Hon.  John  Col 
Eoyal  Swedish  Academy  of  Science :   Copies  of  portraits  of  C 

Linne,  after  Per  Krafft  the  elder,  and  A.  Eoslin,  by 

Haagen. 

1907. 

Eoyal  University  of  Uppsala  :  Copy  by  Jean  Haagen  of  portr 

C.  V.  Linne,  by  J.  H.  Scheffel  (1739). 
Eoyal  Society  :  Third  and  final  grant  towards  *  Biscayan  Plan] 

£50. 
The  Trustees  of  the  Percy  Sladen  Memorial  Fund :  First 

towards  publication   of  Mr.    Stanley  Gardiner's  Kesea 

in  the  Indian  Ocean  in  H.M.S.  '  Sealark,'  £200. 


^msimm:mm2mM 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY  OF  LONDO 


121st  session. 


fBER 

1908  TO  June  1909. 

1 

nON: 

^NNEAN    SOOIBTT, 

CADILLT,  W., 

OOITRT,    FLEET    BTBEBT