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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
121st session.
From November 1908 to June 1909.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOOIBTT.
BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.,
BT TATLOB AND FEANCIfl, BED LION OOTTBT, FIHBT BTBIBT.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LliNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
fT?!™W
119th session.
Feom November 1906 to Juke 1907,
LONDON:
PEI]!JTED FOE THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.
BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY. W.,
1907. K
PRINTEn BY TAYLOE AND FRANCIS,
RED LIOX COURT, FLEET STREET.
-F
D
/on Af
CONTENTS.
Page
List of Publications issued iv
Proceedings of the 119th Session i
President's Address 19
Obituaries . . 37
Eeception : List of Exhibits 61
„ Abstracts of Lectures 64
Abstracts of Papers 73
Letter from C. v. Linne to P. Arduino Zt,
Manuscript List of the Linnean Herbarium 89
Additions to the Library 127
Donations 162
Benefactions 163
Index 171
1&6SQ89
Publications of the Society issued during the period, 31st July.
1906, to 31st July, 1907 :—
Journal (Botany), No. 261, 18th Oct., 1906.
„ 262, 1st Nov., 1906.
„ 263, 11th July, 1907. '
„ (Zoolo«y), No, 195, 24th May, 1907.
Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Vol. VII. Part v., March 1907.
(2nd Ser. Zoology), Vol. IX. Part xi., March 1907.
„ XII., July 1907.
Vol. X. „ VI., Oct. 1906.
„ VII., May 1907.
Proceedings, 118th Session, from Nov. 1905 to June 1906:
October 1906.
List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1906-1907.
PROCEEDINGS
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(OXE HUNDRED AXD NINETEENTH SESSION,
1906-1907.)
November 1st, 1906.
Prof. W. A. HERDMAisr, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Before proceeding to the business of the Meeting, the President
called attention to the redecoration of the Meeting-room during
the recess, and the new carpet which was the gift of one of our
Fellows, Mr. Heebeet Deuce, for which the Council had passed a
special vote of thanks.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st June, 1906,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Henry Eobert Knipe was admitted a Pellow.
Mr. Morley Thomas Daw, Dr. Ailhur Thomas Masterman, and
Mr. James Anthony Weale, were severally elected Fellows.
Mrs. Harriet Isabel Adams, the Eev. Alfred John Campbell,
Mr. James Drummond, Mr. John Stanley Gardiner, M.A.
Mr. Joseph Jackson Lister, F.E.S., Mr. John Mastin, Mr. John
Clark Newsham, Mr. Montagu Austin Phillips, Miss Harriet
Eichardson, Miss Cora Brooking Sanders, and Mr. Walter Henry
Toung, were proposed as Fellows.
The Peesident exhibited spirit- specimens of young Plaice
LIXIS'. SOC. PROCEEDCs'GS. — SESSION 1906-1907. 6
2 PEOCBEDINfiS OP THE
hatched and reared in captivity at Port Erin, Isle o£ Man, and
pointed out the different rate of growth occasioned by different
surroundings at the station.
Mr. George Talbot exhibited abnormal specimens of Equisetum
maximum, Lam. (syn. E. Telmateia, Ebrh.), from Broxbourne,
Herts, where they grew on dry ground and in a narrow area.
They were characterised by the development of a fruiting zone on
an otherwise typical sterile stem ; one specimen showed a prolon-
gation of the stem bearing branches beyond the cone ; another
showed an extremely reduced cone borne on the summit of a
branch.
Mr. L. Boodle, F.L.S., made some observations on these speci-
mens, which he supplemented by drawings from the fresh material,
copies of figures from Milde and from Celakovsky.
Prof. F. E. AVeiss, F.L.S., also sent three lantern- slides for
exhibition, of specimens of the same species from one spot near
Stockport which annually produces normal and abnormal cones
from the same rootstock.
Prof. J. W. H. Trail and Mr. W. C. Worsdell also spoke.
The General Secretary exhibited a collotype print, 42 cm. x
33 cm., two-thirds the size of the original portrait of Carl von
Linne, by P. Krafft, which had been presented by Herr J. Ceder-
quist of Stockholm. It had been prepared for the forthcoming
200th anniversary of the birth of Carl von Linne, and was con-
sidered an admirable specimen of collotype printing.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Sir Dietrich Brandis, K.C.I.E., E.R.S., E.L.S.— " On the
Structure of Bamboo Leaves."
Dr. J. G. DE Man. — *' Crustacea from the Inland Sea of Japan."
(Communicated by Dr. W. T. Calman, E.L.S., E.Z.S.)
Prof. A. J. EwART, D.Sc, E.L.S.— " The Systematic Position of
Hectorella c(xsj}itosa, Hook, f."
November 15th, 1906.
Prof. W. A. Herdman, E.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st November,
1906, %vere read and confirmed.
Mr. William Erancis Cooper was admitted a Eellow.
The President announced the death of Mr. William Mitten,
A.L.S.
JAT/rSEXS SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 3
The Rev. T. R. R. Stebbixg exhibited Mr. J. G. Filter's Chart
of the Metric System, published by the Decimal Associatioa. He
strougly commended the simplicity and clearness with which the
system was presented by this graphic method, needing so few
words of textual ex|)lanation. At the same time he thought that
some of the technical terms were open to objection either in
regard to spelling or formation. We have long had in English
the word meter for measurements quite distinct from those of the
comparatively recent French metre and millimetre. These and
similar words, therefore, now to be borrowed from the French,
should preferably I'etain their French terminations, following the
English (though not the A.merican) usage in such words as centre.
Further, the words hectogram, hectometer, hectoliter, were unfor-
tunate and misleading, since they appear to come from the Greek
eKTos, meaning "the sixth," whereas their real connection is with
€KaTuv, meaning " a hundred," so that they ought to be respectively
Tiecatoc/rara, hecatometre, hecatolitre. Are, for 100 square metres as
the unit of surface measure, is not a particularly welcome addition
to the English language, and hectare, for 100 ares, ought to be
either hecatare or hecatoatare. Still, defects in the terminology
should not divert attention from the importance of the system
itself and the desirability that students of science should be fully
acquainted with its character and merits.
Dr. Rendle made some brief remarks on the Chart.
On behalf of Mr. John Cryer, of Shipley, the General Secretary
exhibited a series of 21 specimens of Polygula amarella, Crantz,
selected to show its wide range of form under various conditions.
The species was discovered at Grassington in May 1902, and spe-
cimens were shown at the General Meeting, 4th December, 1902.
In a communication which was sent with the plants, Mr. Cryer
states that this species, which grows on the Great Scar Limestone,
in the West Riding of Yorkshu'e, was to be seen the past season
in great abundance over a large area. It could be fouud iu many
situations and at various altitudes from Sweet Side, Grassington,
to Buckden Pike, a distance of about nine miles as the crow flies ;
from Buckden Pike to Arncliffe, four and a half miles; from
Arncliffe to Gordale, live and a half miles ; and from Gordale
through Bordley to Sky Home, four miles. These districts
embrace an area, as measured on the Ordnance Map, of about
thirty-six square miles.
The first six specimens shown were from three to eight inches
high, from an elevation of 75u feet ; as the elevation increased, the
height diminished, till the plant became less than one inch high.
Blue-flowered specimens were found well distributed over the
whole area ; \vhite-flowered specimens aere unequally distributed ;
rose-coloui*ed plants were only found in one locality, but there it
was locally abundant. Spatliulate rosettes of root-leaves are the
winter state of the plant.
One characteristic of Polygala amarella is, that it can grow
62
4 PROCEED iXGS OF THE
where there is but little soil for its support. Mr. Cryer has found
it growing on what was almost bare rock ; it has the habit of
thrusting its roots into the cracks and crevices of rocks or between
the stones and rocky fragments. Wherever he has found it, with
one exception, there has been little or no depth of soil.
Mr. Cryer has compared P. austriaca, Crantz, a closely allied
species in Kentish localities, and points out that the latter has a
less condensed habit, with smaller, uniformly lilac-blue flowers,
more scattered on the stem ; cauline leaves smaller, less pointed
at the apex ; and only traces of a basal rosette of leaves.
The Eev. John Gerard, S.J., and Dr. A. B. Eendle referred to
certain interesting points raised by this exhibition.
The paper of the evening was by Mr. Hoeace W. Mokcktox,
Treas. & V.-P., "On the Fjaerlands' Fjord, Norway."
During the past summer the Author spent a fortnight at
Mundal on the Fjaerlands Fjord, and he had paid short visits to
the same place in previous years. The fjord is a long arm running
from the Sogne Ijord in a north-easterly direction, and snow-
fields lie near the fjord on both sides, though at a considerable
altitude above it. Mundal is about 90 miles from the open sea,
but Fucus grows well on the rocks and foreshore and Mytilns and
Gardinm floui'ish.
In August 1898 the Author found a colony of Mya arenaria,
Linn., living on the foreshore a little above low-water mark at the
head of the fjord ; and he exhibited some specimens at the Meeting
of the Society on January 19th, 1899 (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1898-9, p. 6).
Last August he could not find any living shells, though they might
possibly have been found had he been able to carry his examination
below low-water mark. He, however, found a large number of
dead shells remaining in the muddy sand in the position of life,
with the valves united and filled with sand or mud. Fossil-beds
with the shell in the position of life are occasionally met with.
Mr. H. B. Woodward mentions an instance in the Crag at
Bramerton Common, near Norwich (" Greolog_y of the Country
around Norwich," Mem. Geol. Survey, 1881, p. 82); and the
Author thought the Fjserland case a good example of such a fossil-
bed in process of making.
The Author then drew attention to the question to what extent
the snow-fields and glaciers of Norway can be looked upon as relics
of the Glacial Period, and in this connection he referred to a
paper by Mr. J. Eekstad, of the Norwegian Geological Survey
(" Skoggraenseus og sneliniens storre hoide tidligere i det sydlige
Norge," Norges geol. Undersogelse, No. 3fi, Aarbog for 1903:
Kristiania, 1903). Mr. Eekstad quotes several authors who have
recorded the occuri'ence of trunks and relics of the Scotch Fir
{Finns sylvestris) in bogs at a level much above the present top-
most limit of that tree; and he infers that the topmost limit of
the tree has sunk as much as 1100 feet in the central part of
Southern Norway. The question then arises : If the limit of the
LIXXEAN SOCIEXr OF LOXDOX. 5
Piue was so much higher than at present, must not the suow-Kne
have been raised to a corresponding amount ? If, however, the
suow-line were raised 1100 feet, the snow-fields woukl in most
cases vanish and in a few others be very small, and the larger
glaciers would probably cease to exist. Xow the bogs in which
the fir-remains are found are almost certainly more recent than
the main part of the Glacial Period — in short, post-Grlacial in the
ordinary sense of the term ; and if the above inference be correct,
the present snow-fields and glaciers can scarcely be called relics
of the Grlacial Period,
In conclusion the Author exhibited a series of photographs of
the snow-fields and glaciers around the Pjaerlands Pjord.
An animated discussion followed the reading of the paper
(which was illustrated by numerous lantern-slides from the
Author's photographs), in which the President, Col. Swinhoe,
Sir H. Howorth, K.C.I.E., F.E.S. (visitor), Mr. W. Whitaker,
P.E.S. (visitor), Dr. Treutler, and Prof. Dendy took part,
Mr. Mouckton replying.
December 6th, 1906.
Prof. AV. A. Herdmax. F.li.S., Pi-esident, in the Chair.
Tiie Aliuutes of the General fleeting of the loth November,
1006, were read and confirmed.
Colonel John "William Terbury was admitted a Fellow.
Miss Mary Anderson Johnstone, B.Sc.Lond., was proposed as a
Fellow.
The following were proposed for election as Associate in place
of the late 3Ir. William :\Iitten, A.L.S. :— Mr. Herbert Clifton
Chadwick, Mr. Wilham Holland, Mr. James Lomax, Mr. Arthur
Patterson, and Mr. William Henry Pearson.
The following were severally balloted for, and elected Fellows : —
Mrs. Harriet Isabel Adams, the Rev. Alfred John Campbell,
Mr. James Drummond, Mr. John Stanley Gardiner, 3I.A.,
Mr. Joseph Jackson Lister, F.E.S. , 3Ir. John Mastin, Mr. John
Clark Xewsham, Mr. Montagu Austin Phillips, Miss Harriet
Eichai'dson, Miss Cora Brooking Sanders, and Mr. Walter Henry
Young.
The General Secretary having by desire of the President
explained the foundation and constitution of the Linnean Medal
in 1888, the President handed to Mr. H. C. Grueber, F.S.A.,
Keeper of the Department of Coins and Medals in the British
Museum, a silver copy of the said Medal, for the National
Collection under his charge. 3Ir. Grueber, in acknowledging the
6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
gift, referred to the difficulty his department experienced in pro-
curing specimens of modern medals, which were usually restricted
in number and rarely came into the market.
The Eev. H. Pueefot FitzGebald, P.L.S., exhibited specimens
and a water-colour drawing of Siegesbeckia orientalis, Linn., which
has been recently described as a valuable external curative agent
in skin diseases. (Abstract, p. 73.)
Mr. A. O. Walkee, F.L.S., exhibited cut specimens of Clioisya
ternata, H. B. K., which were now in full flower in his garden
near Maidstone. These bushes had flowered normally last May,
but the present flowering he attributed to the drought of last
season acting as a resting-period to vegetation, which is usually
performed by the cold of winter.
Dr. A. T. Masteeman, F.L.S., showed an abnormal specimen of
the common Dab with three eyes, which had been obtained from
the Dogger Bank. He was unable to give a full account, as the
specimen has not jQt been dissected.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Prof. A. J. EwAET, D.Sc, F.L.S.— " The Physiology of the
Museum Beetle, Anthrenus museorum (Linn.), Pabr."
Mr. E. E. BuEDON, M.A., F.L.S.— " Note on the Origin of the
name Chermes or Kermes.'''
Messrs. E. W. L. Holt and L. Byene. — " Biscayan Plankton. —
Part X. Pishes." (Communicated by Dr. G. Hbebeet
Powlee, F.L.S.)
December 20th, 1906.
Lieut.-Col. Peain, C.I.E., P.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th December,
1906, were read and confirmed.
Mr. John Mastin, Mr. George Stephen West, and Miss Cora
Brooking Sanders were admitted Pellows.
Mr. Charles Arnold Newman, B.A. (Cantab.), and Mr. Arthur
William Garrard Bagshawe, M.B. (Cantab.), were proposed as
Fellows.
Mr. WiLFEED Maek Webb, F.L.S., exhibited two specimens of
albino woodlice, Oniscus aseVus, Linn. Prof. Poulton enquired
whether either specimen had recently moulted, which would
account for the absence of colour. Mr. Webb, in reply, said
that was not the case iu one, at least, of the specimens shown.
LIXXEAX SOCIETY 0¥ LONDON. 7
Mr. N. E. Beown, A.L.S., exhibited a photograph and dried
specimens of Fockea capensis, Etidl., a plant of considerable interest
on account of its great rarity and its apparent great longevity.
It was originally described and figured by N. J. Jacquin, a hundred
years ago, in his ' Fragmenta Botanica,' p. 31, t. 34. f. 5, as
Cynanchum crispum, from a plant which had been introduced
from South Africa and cultivated in the Imperial Garden at
Schonbrunn. In 1838, Eudlicher, in his ' Iconographia Generum
Plantarum," retigured the plant and generically separated it from
Cynanclium on account of its remarkable structure. This self-
same individual (from which both the above-mentioned figures
were made) has been in cultivation at Schonbrunn from Jacquiu's
time until now, and is the only example of the species known,
since Dr. A. Zahlbruckner states that all attempts to propagate it
have failed, and no collector appears to have refound it, the ouly
dried specimen in existence, so far as known, being the one
exhibited. The living plant was exhibited at the Botanical
Congress held at Vienna in 1905, and in the Eeport of that
Congress, p. 77, is a note concerning it, where it is stated that
the age of the plant is probably about 150 years. But when
Jacquin described the plant 100 years ago, he stated that the tuber
was about 1 foot long and 6 inches thick ; at the present time,
from calculations I have made from the photograph of the plant
by comparing the length of the largest leaves on the dried speci-
men \^'ith those of the photograph, I find that the tuber is about
7-^ inches thick and stands about 12i inches above the ground.
As this small increase in size during 100 years has been obtained
under the conditions of cultivation, where the plant would obtain
more moisture and be likely to groM- more rapidly than in the very
dry climate of its natural habitat, it would appear conclusive that
its growth is extremely slow, and that the actual age of the indi-
vidual in question is probably much more than 150 years. Burchell,
in a note with a dried specimen of the very closely allied i^.(7?a6ra,
Decne., states that the tuber is sometimes as much as 2 feet in
diameter, and, if as slow-growing as F. ccqoensis, this would imply
that the plant must attain an age of several centuries. Xoue of
the species of Fochea appears to be common, and as the tubers are
eaten by the natives and do not seem to produce fruit freely, it
it possible that they may be approaching extinction.
Two other interesting plants are Babiana spathacea, Ker, and
Eriosphcfva Ocvhi.s-cati, Less., which are exhibited further to
illustrate how very rare or very local some of the South African
plants are, since neither of these two has been collected by any
botanical traveller since Thunberg found them in 1774, until
these specimens were gathered. The Babiana was originally
described as Gladiolus spathaceus, Linn, f., Suppl. p. 96, from a
specimen collected by Thunberg. The type and the specimen
here exhibited are identical with it. An account of the plant will
be found in Hooker's ' Icones Plantarum,' vol. xxviii. t. 2710.
8 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
The Eriosphcera was originally described as Gnaphalium Oculus-
cati, Linn, f ., Suppl. 364, from a specimen collected by Sparrman ;
a specimen of it in Thunberg's herbarium, upon which Lessiug
founded the genus Eriosplicera, is figured by Harvey in his ' The-
saurus Capensis,' vol. ii, p. 30, t. 149.
A discussion followed. Prof. Poulton, Dr. E-endle, Dr. Stapf
(who gave an account of the probable introduction of the photo-
graphed specimen to Schonbrunn in 1758), and the Chairman
took part. The last referred to the courtesy of the Vienna
authorities in lending the only existing herbarium specimens of
Fockea to Kew for a short time.
The following papers were read atid discussed : —
Dr. Alfred B, Eendle, M.A., F.L.S., and others. — " Report
on the Botanical Results of the Third Tanganyika Expe-
dition."
Messrs. W. F. CooPEE, F.L.S., and L. E. Eobinson. — " A New
and Abnormal Species of 2ihipicep7iah(s"
January 17th, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, E.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th December,
1906, were read and confirmed.
Tiie Rev. Alfred John Campbell, Mr. Walter Henry Young,
and Mr, John Clark JNTewsham were admitted Eellows.
Mr. Charles Edward Eryer was proposed as a Fellow.
Miss Mary Anderson Johnstone, B.Sc.(Lond,), was elected a
Eellovv.
The President referred to the death of Mr, William Mitten as
having caused a vacancy in the list of Associates, to fill which
five candidates had been proposed on the 6th December, 1906 ;
on balloting, Mr. William Heney Peaeson was elected an
Associate.
The Geneeal Seceetaet drew attention to the copy by Jean
Haagen of the portrait of Carl von Linne, by J. H. Schetfel, dated
1739, now preserved in the Linnean Museum at Hammarby,
which had been presented to the Society by the University of
Upsala. Mr. Carruthers and Dr. Murie having spolien, a special
vote of thanks to the University for this most acceptable gift was
voted unanimously.
LIXNEAX SOCIETi' OF LO'DOX. 9
The following papers were read and discussed : —
W. BoTTi>'G Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.S. — '■'■ PJatantliera chlorantJia,
Custor, \a.r. tricakarata."
The late Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., F.L.S.—" Acanthaceae of
insular Malava." (Communicated by Dr. Otto Staff,
F.L.S.)
Eev. T. E. E. Stebbixg, F.E.S,, Sec.L.S.— " A Freshwater
Isopod from Calcutta."
]\Ir. Alexander Patiexce. — " On a new British Terrestrial
Isopod." (Communicated by the Zoological Secretary.)
February 7th, 1907.
Lieut .-Col. Praix, CLE., F.E.S. , Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th January,
1907, were read and confirmed.
Mr. Frederick "William Cousens and Mr. Gregory Macalister
Mathews were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Arthur William G arrard Bagshawe and Mr. Charles Arnold
Xewman were elected Fellows.
The Eev. Johx Gerard. S..T., F.L.S., brought forward " Some
Observations on Climbing Plants," illustrating his remarks by
lantern- slides from his own photographs from living plants and
herbarium material. He began by pointing out the two opposing
methods of describing spiral growth or torsion as viewed from the
exterior or from the interior of the spiral, the result being that
the " dextrorse " of the first is the " sinistrorse " of the second
method. With or against the sun, ^yhich applies to the northern
hemisphere, is reversed in the southern hemisphere, and for these
reasons he preferred to use the terms " clockwise '' and " counter-
clocku ise '' (shortened to " counterwise ") : the Honeysuckle
(Lonkera Peridymenum) and the Hop {Hiunulus Lupulus) turning
clockwise, and the Convolvulus {Convolvulus arvcnsis) and the
Scarlet Eimner Bean (PJiaseolus vulgaris) twining counterwise.
He showed the result of some experiments he had made b}' growing
beans ( Vicia Faha) in opaque cylinders, to discover if possible
whether the deviation of the twist were innate, or from the direc-
tion of the light, the conclusion being drawn that the plant
possessed an inclination resembling the instinct of animals, of
proceeding in a given direction, and resented any attempt to force
it otherwise. The Author concluded with some observations on
the behaviour of tendrils, as those of Bn/onia dloica, displaying
one specimen which had vax'ied the torsion four times, and showed
ten turns in one direction against seventeen in the contrary.
lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The discussion which followed was taken part in by Prof. Dandy,
Mr. J. C. Shenstone, the General Secretary, Mr. Clement Eeid,
Mr. T. A. Sprague, Dr. A. B. Eendle, Mr. A. P. Young, and the
Chairman, who confirmed the statement, that in Dioscorea the
direction of the twist indicated in advance the character of the
fruit ; whether belonging to the typical group or the section
Helmia.
Dr. A. B. Eendle exhibited, on behalf of Mr. W. Eose Smith,
two volumes of four formed by a German collector, A. Euperti, of
Halle in Westphaha, in 1698-1700. It was pointed out that this
method of pasting down plants in a volume was the earlier plan,
that of using separate sheets being a much later usage ; the
question was raised, at what date was the book form practically
discontinued ?
The General Secretary and Mr. J. Burtt-Davy contributed a
few remarks on this exhibition.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Dr. Otto Stapf, E.L.S. — " New Plants from Malaya."
Mr. P. Chapman, A.L.S. — " Tertiary Poraminifera of Victoria :
The Balcombian Deposits of Port Phillip."
February 21st, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th February,
1907, were read and confirmed.
Mr. Joseph Jackson Lister, P.E.S., and Mr. John Stanley
Gardiner, M.A., were admitted Pellows.
Mr. Harry Howard Bloomer, Mr. Charles John Cowper Mee,
and Mr. George Penrose were proposed as Pellows.
Mr. Charles Edward Pryer was elected a Pellow.
The following papers of " The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition
to the Indian Ocean in 1905 under Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner " were
read : —
Mr. J. Stanley Gaedineb, P.L.S., and Mr. C. Postee Coopee. —
" Description of the Expedition. — I. Introduction. II.
History and Equipment of the Expedition. III. Resume
of the Voyage and AVork — Part 1. Colombo to Mauritius."
The following papers were communicated by Mr. J. Stanley
Gardiner, M.A., P.L.S.
Mr. E. C. PuNNETT, M.A. — " Land-Nemerteans, with a Note on
the Distribution of the Group."
IINNEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX, 1 1
Mr, L. A. BoREADAiLE, M.A. — " Land and Freshwater Crustacea."
Mr. P. Camerois". — " Hymenoptera."
Mr, F. F. Laidlaw. — "Dragon-Flies,"
M. A. FoEEL, — " Fourmis des Seychelles, Amirantes, Farquhar
et Chagos."
Prof, G. H. Carpexter. — " Pycnogonida."
Dr, H. F. Gadow, F.E,S., and Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner,
F,L,S.— "Aves."'
March 7th, 1907.
Prof. W. A, Herdman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st February,
1907, were read and confirmed,
Mr. William Percival Westell and Mr. Eowland Edgar Nicholas
were proposed as Fellows,
Mr, Frederick William Cousens and Mr. Gregory Macalister
Mathews were elected Fellows.
The Meeting having been declared Special in accordance with
the notice previously sent out as required by Bye-Laws, Chap. VIII.
Sect. XL, the Fellows present proceeded to vote for a Zoological
Secretary in the place of the Eev. Thomas Eoscoe Eede Stebbing,
resigned.
The Ballot being closed the President appointed Mr. Herbert
Druce, Mr. John Hopkinson, and Mr. Henry Groves, Scrutineers :
the votes having been cast up, the Scrutineers reported to the
President, who thereupon declared that Prof. Arthur Dendy had
been unanimously elected Zoological Secretary,
The President then moved a vote of thanks to the retiring
Secretary, which was spoken to by Mr, Horace W. Monckton,
Dr, D. JH[. Scott, and Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, whereupon the
vote was carried by acclamation.
Dr, James MuErE, F.L.S., exhibited a portion of a human skull
with a growth of Sahellaria alveolata and several hydroids upon it ;
it had been dredged near the Black Deep in the Thames estuary.
The President commented on the exhibit, and Dr, Murie replied,
Messrs. H. & J. Groves, F.L.S., exhibited a series of specimens of
Nitella ornithopoda, A. Braun, collected by the Eev. Canon Bullock-
Webster. This rare species has only been found in a small
district in the West of France, from Augouleme in the north to
the south of Arcachon, and doubtfully in one locality in Portugal.
The especial interest of the specimens exhibited, which were
12 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
collected to the south of Arcachon in March and April 1906, was
that they represented gatherings of the plant from very different
habitats and showed great variations. The plants collected in
shallow ditches were already in full fruit, while those from
running water and those from Lake Cazan were quite immature,
and so far sterile. Only a few specimens of this species have
previously reached England, and the collection exhibited was
probably by far the most extensive series of forms yet obtained.
Braun recognised two forms — the more typical one almost
resemblicig in habit some forms of our N. tenuissima (this form
Avas called f . moniliformis by Prof. Migula), and the other var. laxa,
which resembles N. gracilis. Among the specimens were some
from roadside ditches near Arcachon, representing a third and
very distinct form; this may be called var. rohusta. It is 4-5 in.
high, very dark green, much more robust than the ordinary form,
and with comparatively short ultimate rays to the branchlets,
giving it the appearance of N. mucronata in miniature.
N. orniiliopoda is interesting as representing, in Europe, Braun's
section Polyabteeodactyl.e. The headquarters of the species in
this section is Australasia, where there are eleven species, two
reach north to Japan, and one occurs in India. Two or three are
found in South America, and one in North America. Three
species occur in Africa, one of which is also recorded by Dr. Nord-
stedt from Portugal. It is not qiiite certain that N. ornithojrjoda
is distinct from this last.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Miss N. F. Layard, F.L.S. — " On the Ornamentation of the
Frog-tadpole." (Abstract, p. 74.)
Mr. S. B. Kemp, B.A.— " Biscayan Plankton. Part XI. Decapoda."
(Communicated bv Dr. G. Herbert Fowler, F.L.S.)
Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.R.S., F.L.S.—" On the Colour-changes
in South African Cliamaeleons."
Mr. (x. Claeidge Druce, F.L.S. — " On the Occurrence of
Speri/ularia atheniensis and Agrostis verticiUata in the
Channel Islands." (Abstract, p. 76.)
March 21st, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Herdmax, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th March, 1907,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Richard Elmhirst was proposed as a Fellow.
Miss Mary Anderson .Johnstone, Mr. Gregory Macalister
Mathews, Prof. Eichard Henry Aapp, and Mr. Charles Arnold
Newman were admitted.
IIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1 3
Mr. Hany Howard Bloomer, Mr. Charles John Cowper Mee,
and Mr. George Penrose were elected Fellows.
Mr. W. Cabruthebs, F.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited ou behalf of
Mrs. Heleiv Waiid, of Slough, a series of 19 drawings of Alpine
flowers, grouped according to their time of flowering, and intended
to illustrate a forthcoming volume.
Mr. J. Burtt-Dayy, F.L.S., showed 50 lantern-slides illustrative
of the tree and bush vegetation of the Trausvaal ; the President,
Prof. "Weiss, Miss Gibbs, and Mr. Carruthers joined in a discussion,
to which Mr. Burtt-Davy replied.
The following paper was read and discussed : —
Mr. E. A. K'ewell Aebeb, F.L.S. — " On the Origin of Angio-
sperms."
April ISth, 1907.
Dr. A. Smith Woodwaud, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st March, 1907,
were read and confii'med.
Mr. William Holmes Burrell, Mr. Eobert Patterson, and Mr.
Geoffrey Watkin Smith, M.A., wei-e proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Eowland Edgar Nicholas and Mr. William Percival Westell,
were elected Fellows.
The following were proposed from the Chair as Auditors for
the Society's Accounts for the financial year ending 30th April,
and by show of hands were elected : —
For the Council, Dr. Horace T. Brown and Dr. A. B. Rendle.
For the Fellows, Mr. Herbert Druce and Mr. John Hopkinson.
The follo\\'ing proposed new Section of the Bye-Laws was read
for the first time from the Chair : —
Chap. II. Section 2 a. — A Fellow, not in ai*rear with his Annual
Conti'ibution, may, on giving proof of his age to the satisfaction
of the Council, compound for all future Annual Contributions,
according to a scale for age. Such scale sliall be fixed by the
Council, and the Council shall have power to vary it from time to
time.
Mr. James Saun'dees, A.L.S., showed a series of lantern-slides
of " Witches' Brooms," wliich he explained are usually caused by
14 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE
one of three agents — parasitic fungi (^cidium and Exoascus),
parasitic insects, and gnarling. The illustrations shown were of
trees affected by parasitic fungi, the mycelium of which permeates
in the woody tissue of the diseased plants. They included Silver
Fir, Norway Spruce, Common Elm, Hazel, Hornbeam, Birch,
Elder, Hawthorn, and Wild Cherry {Primus avium). The Silver Eir
was from Norfolk, but all the others came from South Bedfordshire
and North Hertfordshire.
Mr. John Hopkinson, Mr. G. S. Saunders, and Mr. A. O.
Walker joined in the discussion which followed.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Mr. J. C. Shenstone, E.L.S. — " On the (Ecologic Functions of
Stolons and Cleistogamous Elowers." (Abstract, p. 78.)
Mr. A. O. Walker, E.L.S. — "The Conservation of existing
Species by Constitutional or Physiological Variation."
Mr. Hugh Scott. — " On an Aberrant form of Coccidae.'"' (Com-
municated by J. J. LiSTEE, E.E.S., E.L.S.)
Prof. W. B. BoTTOMLEY, E.L.S. — " On some Eesults of Inocu-
lation of Leguminous Plants."
May 2nd, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th April, 1907,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Harrv Howard Bloomer and Dr. Arthur Thomas Master-
man were admitted Eellows.
Mr. Illtyd Buller Pole Evans, B.A., B.Sc, Mr. Frederick
Ambrose Gardiner, and Mr. Frank Campbell McClellan, were
proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Eichard Elmhirst was elected a Fellow.
Dr. G. Herbert Fowler, E.L.S. , exhibited a new closing-net,
of light but effective construction, for tow-netting. The President,
the Bev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Dr. Murie contributed remarks
on the subject.
Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited the probate of
the Will of Richard Anthony SaUsbury (1761-1829), F.L.S.,
and manuscripts of Dr. W. John Burchell, E.L.S. , which had
been recently presented to the University of Oxford by Mr. F.
A. Burchell, of Rhodes University College, Grahamstown, South
Africa.
The General Secretary exhibited, on behalf of the owner, two
LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDON. I 5
portraits of John Eeaser, F.L.S., by John Hoppner and Sir George
Raebarn ; the latter, he pointed out, was the unacknowledged
source of the lithographed portrait in Hooker's ' Companion to
the Botanical Magazine,' vol. ii. (1836) p. 300. The following
note accompanied the exhibit : —
"John Fraser (1750-1811) was born at Tomnacloich, Inverness-
shire in 1750, and apparently came to London in 1770, when
he married and settled as a hosier and draper at Paradise Row,
Chelsea. Having acquired a taste for plants from visiting the
Botanical Garden, Chelsea, then under the care of Forsyth, he
sailed to Newfoundland in 1780 in search of new species, return-
ing the same year. In 1784 he embarked for Charleston, whence
he returned in 1785, only to start again the same year. His
third, fourth, and fifth visits to North America were made in 1790,
1791, and 1795, he having in the latter year established a nursery
at Sloane Square, Chelsea, to which his discoveries were consigned.
Having introduced various American pines, oaks, azaleas, rhodo-
dendrons, and magnolias, in 1796 he visited St. Petersburg, where
the Empress Catherine purchased a collection of plants from him.
Revisiting Russia in 1797 and 1798 he was appointed botanical
collector to the Czar Paul, and commissioned by him, returned to
America in 1799, taking with him the eldest of his two sons.
" In Cuba he met and was assisted by Humboldt and Bonpland.
On his return the Czar Alexander declined to recognise his appoint-
ment; by his predecessor, though Fraser made two journeys to
Russia to obtain remuneration.
" In 1806 he started on his seventh and last visit to America,
again taking his son ; he returned with many new plants, in 1810,
to his nursery, which however was never successful."
He died at Sloane Square on 26th April, 1811. Walter's
herbarium, which he possessed, was presented in 1849 to the
Linnean Society, of which he was a Fellow, by his son ; but was
disposed of in 1863.
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Mr. A. D. Daebishiee. — " On the Respiratory Mechanism in
certain Elasmobranchs." (Communicated by Prof. A. Dendy,
Sec.L.S.)
Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.R.S., F.L.S.— On the Fauna and Flora
of Abyssinia as compared with that of West Africa."
Herr C. J. With. — " Pseudoscorpions." (Communicated by the
Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, F.R.S., F.L.S.)
The Peesident then laid before the Society four papers of a
proposed series on the Fauna of the Sudanese Red Sea ; they con-
sisted of (1) An Introduction, by the President; (2) a narrative
of Mr. Cyril Crossland's explorations; (3) Mr. Crossland's account
of the formation of certain shore-cliffs in Egypt, and (4) of the
Red Sea Coral Reefs ; with (5) Mr. E. R. Sykes's enumeration of
the Polyplacophora collected.
I 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
May 24th, 1907.
Anniversary Meeting.
Prof. W. A. Herdman, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2ad May, 1907,
were read and confirmed.
The Duke of Bedford and Mr. Charles Edward Pryer were
admitted Pellows.
Mr. Ealph Sneyd Pearson was proposed as a Pellow.
The President read from the Chair the proposed new subsection
of the Bye-Laws.
The Treasurer then laid the Annual Cash Statement (p. 17),
which had been duly audited, before the Fellows ; he pointed oat
that the Society's investment in Consols had been sold, and
reinvested in other securities returning a higher dividend.
The Treasurer's report was received and adopted.
The General Secretary's Eeport of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections during the past year was read, as follows : —
Since the last Anniversary Meeting 13 Pellows have died or
their deaths been ascertained :
Major E. Cary Barnard. Sir Michael Poster.
Mr. Charles William Agnew 1 Prof. WilHam Pream.
Bruce. Sir Thomas Hanbury.
Sir Walter Lawry Buller. I Mr. George Darby Haviland.
Mr. Edward Chapman. I Mr. Prederick Justen.
Mr. Charles Baron Clarke. \ Prof. Harry Marshall Ward.
Dr. S. M. Curl. ! Mr. William Waterfield.
Associate (1).
Mr. William Mitten.
PoREiGN Member (1).
Prof. Prans Eeinhold Kjellman.
The following 9 Pellows have withdrawn :
Lieut.-Col. Alfred William
Alcock.
Mr. Herbert Goss.
Mr. Prederick William Hildyard.
Mr. Charles Plolme.
Mr. Eichmond William Hullett.
Eev. Andrew Bayne Morris.
Mnjor E. G. Wardlaw Eamsay.
Mr. J. Brooking Eowe ^
Mr. Harold Stuart Thompson. ^
HNXEAX SOCIETi" OF LOXDON.
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LIXX. SOC. PROCEEDIXGS. SESSION 1906-1907.
1 8 PEOCEBDIIS'GS OF THE
Mr. Harry Edward Heath Smedle^y has been removed from the
List of Fellows, under the provisions of the Bye-Laws, Chapter II.,
Section 6.
Thirty-two Fellows have been elected (of whom 30 have
qualified), and one Associate.
The Librarian's report was then laid before the Meeting as
follows : —
During the past year, 85 Volumes and 135 Pamphlets have
been received as Donations from Private Individuals.
From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies 287 volumes and 64 detached parts have been received
in exchange and otherwise, besides 60 volumes and 20 parts
obtained by exchange and as Donations from the Editors and
Proprietors of independent Periodicals.
The Council have sanctioned the purchase of 186 volumes and
98 parts of important works.
The total additions to the Library are therefore 618 volumes
and 317 pamphlets and separate parts.
The number of Books bound during the year is as follows : —
In full morocco 5 volumes, in half-morocco 210 volumes, in half-
calf 4 volumes, in full cloth 236 volumes, in vellum 53 volumes,
in buckram 28 volumes, in boards or half-cloth 21 volumes.
Relabelled (half-morocco and cloth backs) 62 volumes. Total
619 volumes.
The Secretary, Dr. D. H. Scott, then read the Bye-Laws
governing the elections of the Council and Officers, consisting of
Chap. VIII. Sect. 4-8 inclusive.
The President then opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to vote.
The President then delivered his Annual Address as follows : —
LIXNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 19
PRESIDENTIAL ADDEESS.
EeLLOWS of the LiNIfEAN SOCIETY,
At the conclusion of my third year of office I thank you
again for the opportunity you have given me of serving our
Society, and I ask you to join me in thanking my fellow-oflScers
who have taken their fulJ share of the responsibihty and the
work.
To the regret of us all, our honoui-ed Zoological Secretary, the
Eev. T. R. E. Stebbiug, E.E.S., whose reputation as an original
worker in Carcinology gave distinction to the office, intimated his
intention of retiring during the present Session. We did what
seemed possible to induce our colleague to remain in office at least
until this anniversary meeting, but the claims of much unfinished
work elsewhere weighed too heavily, and tlie Council after due
consideration felt bound to respect Mr. Stebbing's undoubted
wish, and to release him from duty. I am sure that I only
express the opinion of all tlie Eellows when I say that Mr.
Stebbing carries with him on retiring our most cordial thanks for
his devotion to our affairs during the last four Sessions, our
appreciation of his work, both on Council and at the meetings,
and our earnest hope that he may long have health and strength
to continue those admirable researches which have ad<led so much
to our knowledge of systematic Invertebrate Zoology. Our
personal loss, in this instance, is, it may be confidently expected,
a gain to Science at large.
The Society is fortunate in having found Prof. Arthur Dendy
able and willing to accept office and take up at short notice the
duties relinquished by Mr. Stebbing ; and, at our special meeting
on March 7th, on the nomination of the Council, he was duly elected
Zoological Secretary. As Prof. Dendy was already a Councillor
his nomination and election to office created no vacancy, and
consequently Mr. Stebbing was enabled to retain for the remainder
of the Sessiou his seat upon our Council.
We have enjoyed a normal, active and useful Session. Anyone
attending the meetings with some regularity, or looking over the
series of fortnightly abstract reports which are circulated to
the Eellows and afterwards printed in the ' Proceedings,' wiU
agree that we have received and discussed a number of very
varied and interesting communications, ranging over most depart-
ments of Botany and Zoolcgy. Amongst noteworthy papers may
be mentioned Dr. Herbert Eov^ ler's series on Biscayan Plankton,
Mr. Stanley Gardiner's on the Results of the first Percy-Sladen
Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean, and Mr. Crossland's on the
Sudanese Eed Sea Fauna ; an important work by our late Fellow,
Mr. C. B. Clarke, on Malayan Acanthaceae ; the paper on the
Fauna and Flora of Abyssinia and West Africa, by Prof. Poultou ;
c2
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
and that on the Origin of Angiosperms, by Messrs. Newell Arber
and J. Parkin, Avhich gave rise to an excellent discussion.
The number of new Fellows we have elected this Session, 32,
is unusually large, and includes active workers in both sides of
our Science — whose closer co-operation we value.
The death of Mr. William Mitten. A.L.S., the well-known
Bryologist, left a vacancy which the Society filled up on January
17th by electing Mr. W. H. Pearson as an Associate. Any
Pellow examining the claims of the five men who were proposed
on that occasion, could not fail to be struck by the high order of
merit they all presented. It is a matter of congratulation that
our Associateship is so highly prized by recognised workers in
Science ; but still I think many of us felt some regret that we
could give the honour to one only of five such excellent candidates,
all of whom were well-qualified and worthy.
The death of our Foreign Member Professor Frans Reinhold
Kiellman, the successor of Linnaeus as occupant of the Chair of
Botany at Upsala, was especially startling, occurring as it did only
a few weeks previous to the great Linnean celebrations at his
University. The vacancy thus created in our list has not yet
been filled, but the matter will shortly come up before the Council
for consideration. Our losses in ordinary Fellows, thirteen in all,
have not been numerous this Session, but they include some
notable figures — both veterans of Science, such as Sir Michael
Foster and Mr. C. B. Clarke, and also younger men of high
distinction, such as Prof. Marshall Ward, by whose work and
counsel we might naturally have expected to profit for many
years to come. Mr. Clarke served the Society as President from
1894 to 1896, and he was a member of Council and a Vice-President
up to within a few months of his death. The obituary notices
of the deceased Fellows will be laid upon the table by the
Secretaries as usual.
The Council has awarded the Linnean Medal this year to the
distinguished Botanist Dr. Melchior Treub, for many years
Director of the State Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg in Java, and
in regard to whose services to Science I shall have something to
say at a later stage in these proceedings.
Our arrangements for publishing the scientific results of the
first Percy-Sladen Trust Expedition were alluded to in my last
Address, and you may now be interested to hear of the progress
of that undertaking. The first seven of the reports were laid
before the Society on February 21st along with the first half
of the Introduction, including the Narrative of the Expedition
from Ceylon to Mauritius by Mr. Stanley Gardiner and Mr.
Forster Cooper. The second half (Mauritius to Seychelles) is
now nearljr completed, and five additional reports, dealing with
Lithothamnia, Ticks, Fishes, Stomatopoda, and Nudibranchiata,
are already in our Secretary's hands. That on the Fishes in-
cludes an account of 185 species, of which 51 ai-e new, requiring
8 new genera. Most of the above-mentioned sections of the
LINNE.VN SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 2 1
report are by tliis time in the press, and Pellows may reasonably
expect to receive a first instalment of this special publication in
our series of ' Transactions ' before very long.
This is a notable Session, and to-day is a notable date in the
annals of our own and all similar Societies. At this meeting we
celebrate the 200th Anniversary of the birth of our eponymous
hero, the illustrious Swedish Naturalist Carl von Linne ; and at
this time the eyes of Linneans all the world over will naturally
turn to Upsala, where the ancient University celebrates, yesterday
and to-day, with fitting pomp and circumstance, an occasion with
■\^hich we desire to express our most cordial sympathy and con-
gratulations. This Society was officially invited to appoint a
delegate to take part in the proceedings as a guest of the
University, and our Council expressed the wish that if the President
of the Society was unable to go to Sweden himself at this time,
he should name a representative to take his place. Our present
Anniversary Meeting and other duties in England prevented me
from having the honour of representing the Society, and I had
great pleasure in proposing to the Council the nomination of our
Past-President, Mr. William Carruthers, P.R.S., whose well-known
and long-continued studies on the history, work, and personal
relics of Linnaeus rendered him a most suitable representative on
the occasion.
Mr. Carruthers, accompanied by our General Secretary, is
now in Sweden, conveying both to Upsala and to Stockholm
our messages of goodwill and congratulation ; and bearing for
presentation to the University of Linnseus a special copy of our
Linnean Medal. We shall hope to hear from our representative,
at a future meeting, some account of the proceedings at this
historic gathering in Sweden ; and 1 would now propose to you
that, if you are agreeable, we should participate so far as we
can in those proceedings by sending, at the conclusion of this
meeting, to the Rector of the University of Upsala, a telegram of
congratulation in the following terms : —
Linnean Societi/ of London assembled at Anniversary
Meeting congratulates University of Upsala on historic
Linnean Celebration.
Our Council has decided that, in addition to the recognition of
the occasion at the present meeting, our own rejoicing on this
200th Anniversary should take the form of a Conversazione, in
these rooms, which we hope the Fellows and their friends and a
few other representative men of Science will be pleased to attend.
The date fixed is June 7th ; the invitations, as you are aware, have
been issued, and we only regret that limitations of space prevent
us from receiving a wider circle of scientific friends in this house.
We expect on the occasion to have displayed in the Library and
Council-room upstairs some exhibits of scientific interest and
22 PROCEKDIKCfS OF THE
novelty, while in this meeting-room there will be, during the
course" of the evening, a few brief illustrated lecturettes or
demonstrations by Fellows of the Society.
In my two previous Addresses I have dealt with the application
of biological knowledge, from the time of Linnaeus onwards, to au
economic problem of considerable importance — the production
naturally and artificially of precious pearls in shell-fish. It may
interest you to know that since I last spoke to you on the subject,
another highly successful fishery has been held on the Ceylon
pearl-banks, resulting in the capture of twenty-one millions of
Oysters which have sold for £70,000. After a barren period
of twelve years, during which these banks produced nothing, we
have had since 1902 a series of five most successful seasons — the
most profitable pearl-fisheries that, so far as is known, have ever
been held — yielding in all to their fortunate possessors nearly
half a million sterling, besides much benefit both direct and
indirect to the native populations of India and Ceylon. The
Government has taken what is probably, underall the circumstances,
a very wise step in leasing the fisheries for a period of years at a
fair rent on well-considered conditions of tenure. The banks are
now being cai-efully cultivated, under scientific direction, and may
confidently be expected, when they pass back into the hands of
the Government at the conclusion of the lease, to prove even a
more valuable property than they are at present.
This is an example taken from one little corner of the vast
field of useful work in Applied Science open to the modern
biologist. I desire on the present occasion to deal briefly with a
wider question of far greater importance from both the scientific and
the administrative or economic points of view,— viz., the scientific
investigation of the oceans of the world, and primarily of our own
British coasts, in the interests of the sea-fisheries and other allied
industries. The more enlightened of our administi-ators, as well
as scientific men generally, are now becoming convinced of the
necessity of studying the forces and resources of Nature as a
means of subjugating the world to the human mind. The future
undoubtedly belongs to that nation or race which comes to
understand best the working of nature, and which can most
skilfully and economically apply that knowledge to the welfare
of man.
Biology has been later than some of the inorganic sciences in
entering this field of practical applications to industry, and as yet
it has not been utilised to the same extent as, for example,
Chemistry or Electricity. But the extension and recognition of
the practical utility of our Science has of late been increasing
by leaps and bounds, and the outlook at present is most promising.
I need scarcely delay to remind you that Bacteriology and a great
part of modern Medicine and Surgery are essentially applications
of Biology. Cold storage, the canning trades, and many other
industries and processes are based upon biological principlea.
UNIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOlf. 23
Even apart from questions of food-supply and public health, there
are wide applications both in the trades and in the arts. Many
industrial products of the sea of great value to man, such as tlie
pearl, the coral and the sponge fisheries of the world, are wholly
biological concerns susceptible of scientific treatment. The
Japanese have recently started an important coral fishery — a
fishery for the precious coral — on their southern coasts, where it
is now a growing industr}^ And the first thing they did was to
appoint two scientific men, well-known zoologists (Kishinouye
and Kitahara), to investigate thoroughly the animals concerned
and the conditions under which they hve, in order, to quote the
words of the .Japanese report, to " prevent exhaustion and make
it an endless source of profit." That is the action that an
enlightened Government in a countr}^ of advanced civilisatioa
will naturally take.
Japan has an efficient Imperial Bureau of Fisheries and
employs many scientific men. The United States similarly has a
powerful Bureau of Fisheries, formerly the famous " Commission
of Fish and Fisheries." Germany and other European countries
have also well-equipped departments and institutions for fisheries
research supported by the State. That being so, it is an extra-
ordinary circumstance, and difficult to realise, that our own
powerful and wealthy country, having perhaps a greater stake in
the harvest of the sea than any other nation, has no adequate,
scientifically equipped department prepared to deal comprehen-
sively with sea-fisheries problems. Our Government department
of Fisheries, once at the Board of Trade, now a constituent part
of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, is admittedly not
organised and not equipped and not provided with tlie material
resources to undertake the necessary marine investigations.
The Sea-Fisheries authorities around the coast, upon whom
devolves the administration and promotion of the local fisheries,
are subject in their actions to the supervision of the Central
Government, but are not provided with any funds from the
Treasury. It has been left to a few sea-coast Universities
and Marine Laboratories (St. Andrews, Plymouth, Cullercoats,
Liverpool) to conduct investigations on their own initiative and,
in the main, at their own expense. Recently, an International
scheme for the Exploration of the North Sea and adjoining waters
has been conducted jointly by our own and other neighbouring
Governments as a temporary agreement.
As the period of five years for which this international engage-
ment was made ends in July, and as the question whether such
international work or a proposed national scheme of sea-fisheries
research will best suit the needs of this country is to be made the
subject of a Government enquiry, the present seems a fitting time
for scientific men who are interested in fishery questions to look
somewhat critically into the work that is being done, and determine
if possible how far the methods employed are adequate and are
calculated to vield reliable results.
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Five years ago, in 1901-02, au " Ichthyological Research Com-
mittee," after sitting at the Board of Trade for nearly a year,
taking evidence and discussing results, issued a report which has
probably met with the fate of many Government publications
vs'hen, decently shi-ouded in blue covers, they are laid to rest on
shelves and buried in dust. In that forgotten report a plan
of organisation of fishery research is outlined which, wdth
modifications and elaborations, might be suitable for adoption
at the present juncture. For I believe it will be pretty generally
agreed in this country that the time has now come when the
International scheme, having run for the five years of its appoint-
ment, has served its purpose, and may with advantage give place
in England to a National scheme somewhat on the lines of that
put forward in 1902. Much has, however, happened in the last
five years, many opinions on fishery matters have been expressed,
and it may well be that some points in that scheme can now be
improved, and that some new details should be added.
So many of our fisheries experts in England, Scotland, and
Ireland are, from their official connections or as a consequence of
holding salaried posts, prevented from expressing a public opinion,
that it may be useful if one who is a free-lance with no official
position, no emoluments and no responsibilities that tie his hands
or tongue, puts forth at this time, not as a member or represen-
tative of any Council or Committee, but simply and solely on his
own responsibility, a scheme v^hich may possibly find acceptance
by the various bodies concerned, and in any case will serve as a
basis for discussion.
The first proposition I would lay down is that sea-fislieries
investigation is worTc that ought to be undertaJcen, directed, and sub-
sidised by the Oovernnient. If the nation accepts responsibility for
the Ordnance Survey, for the Geological Survey, and for Agri-
cultural enquiries, it is difficult to see on what grounds the closely
related biological survey of our territorial waters can be repudiated.
The scheme then ought to be a National one, and the Government
Department — possibly changed, possibly enlarged, possibly under
new auspices — but still a Government Department of Fisheries, must
be regarded as the responsible centre or head.
My second proposition is that, as a result of past history, there
are now a number of more or less independent organisations
carrying on useful work on different parts of the coast more or
less uncontrolled and unsupported by the Government ; and it is
clear that all these energies ought to be utilised and co-ordinated.
The Sea-Fisheries Committees of England and Wales, the Marine
Biological Association, the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee,
the Fishmongers' Company, and the National Sea-Fisheries Pro-
tection Association ought to be brought together around the
Government Department in such a way that without losing their
identity or independence their sea-fisheries work may be done in
consultation, under control and at the expense of the State.
Various University and marine laboratories — such as Plymouth,
LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOIS'. 25
Lowestoft, Port Erin, Liverpool, Cullercoats, and possibly others —
should be utilised either wholly or in part, either continuously or
from time to time as may be found necessary. The men and the
materials, the organisations and the institutions, are all in existence,
they only require to be co-ordinated and subsidised to constitute
an efficient National scheme embracing all parts of the coast.
How, then, are they to be co-ordinated ? These various bodies
are so independent and well-established that the only possible basis
of co-ordination is adequate representation on the controlling board.
The Ichthyological Research Committee recommended the forma-
tion of a representative " Fishery Council for England,"' and after
five years' further discussion of the matter I am still of opinion
that such a body is the only possible solution of the problem.
The head officials of the G-overnment Department would form a
nucleus round which would be grouped representatives of marine
laboratories and coastal authorities, meeting periodically at head-
quarters for consultation as to the allotment of subsidies, the
delegation and subdivision of work, the co-ordination of observa-
tions, and the formulation of results. I would submit that it is
eminently desirable that membership of this Fishery Council should
be Honorary, and that no member should himself receive salary or
grant for work done under the auspices of the Council. Members
of such a Council must be absolutely independent and should have
no vested interests.
Some other details which may still be applicable ^^ill be found
in the blue-book I have referred to, many other points will no
doubt have to be arranged by an organising Committee of experts,
but I feel confident that it is only some such scheme as this that
will unite our independent authorities, satisfy conflicting interests,
and end the present state of chaos.
In addition to the organisation of Sea-Fisheries research there
is, however, the still more fundamental question as to agreement
in the methods of investigation ; and 1 have recently become
deeply impressed with the necessity of investigating our methods
before we investigate nature. At the time of the Ichthyological
Research Committee and the commencement of the International
North Sea work, I was one of those who held that the proposed
observations were far too distant in time and space to yield
reliable conclusions ; and I think it may be claimed that the
course of events since, and the diff'erences of opinion now existing
amongst experts as to the value of the results obtained, have
justified our opinion. Before taking gatherings of marine
organisms almost haphazard, and then proceeding to regard them
as samples of large areas, we must find out what our gatherings
really represent and what relation they bear to fair '• samples,"
also how these samples vary with changes in time, place, wind,
depth, and other conditions — and all this can only be determined,
I believe, by the intensive study of very hmited areas ituder various
conditions.
20 PBOCEEDIJTGS OF THE
I have published elsewhere* during the last year some obser-
vations that confirm me in the belief that the plankton in the
ocean, which is directly or indirectly the food of fishes, has no
such uniformity of distribution as is sometimes supposed. If,
then, this uniformity does not exist over wide areas, how can we
pretend to investigate such an enormous region as the North Sea
by means of comparatively few and distant observations ? We
must, in my opinion, learn the meaning and value of our work by
the intensive study of areas such as the Firth of Forth, Kiel Bay,
Plymouth Sound, or Liverpool Bay, before attempting the English
Channel, the Irish Sea, or the Clyde Sea-area, and these again
before tackling the relatively enormous North Sea, which is at
least twenty times the size of the Irish Sea.
Convinced of the fundamental importance of such work, I spent
the greater part of the last summer vacation in experimenting
day after day with various plankton nets under similar and under
varying conditions in a limited sea-area oif Port Erin in the Isle
of Man — with results that were startling in their diversity. It
was obvious that the plankton Avas at that time very unequally
distributed over the depths, the localities, and the dates. It
seemed clear that one net might encounter a swarm of some
organism which a neighbouring net escaped, and that a sample
taken on one day might be very different in quantity from a sample
taken imder the same conditions next day.
I stopped this series of observations on September 17th. After
a few days of Avind a spell of quiet, calm weather followed, during
which I took some tow-nettings both inside Port Erin Bay and
outside, both in the day and at night, and all of these differed
entirely in character from the gatherings of the previous weeks —
being composed mainly of Chcntoceros and other Diatoms. During
this period of calms and Ught easterly winds the surface of the
sea was smooth and the water was distinctly coloured by the
abundance of Diatoms. When the weather broke again, at the
end of September, another abrupt change took place, and gatherings
taken at the beginning of October showed very few Diatoms but
many Copepoda. It is evident that if any observer had been
taking quarterly or even monthly samples of the plankton in that
sea-area, he w-ould have obtained very different results, according
to the exact date of his visit. On three successive weeks about
the end of September he might have found evidence for as many
different far-reaching views as to the composition of the plankton
in that part of the Irish Sea. How it can be supposed that hauls
taken miles apart and repeated only at intervals of months, or
even weeks, can give any sure foundation for calculations as to
the population of wdde sea areas, I fail to see.
These conclusions need not lead us to be discouraged as to the
ultimate success of scientific methods in solving what may be
called world-wide problems, but they suggest that it might be
* Trans. Biol. Soc. Liverpool, vol. xxi. p. 1.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27
wise to secure by detailed local work a firm foundation upon which
to build, and to ascertain more accurately the representative vahie
of our samples before we base conclusions upon them.
I do not doubt that in limited, circumscribed areas of ^^ate^, in
the case of organisms that reproduce with great rapidity, the
plankton becomes moi*e uniforml}- distributed, and a comparatively
small number of samples may then be fairly representative of the
whole. That is probably more or less the case with fresh-water
lakes ; and I have noticed it in Port Erin Bay in the case of
Diatoms. In spring, and again in autumn, when suitable weather
occurs, as it did last year at the end of September, the Diatoms
may increase enormously, and under such circumstances they seem
to be very evenly spread over all parts and to pervade the water
at all depths ; but that is emphatically not the case with the Cope-
poda and other constituents of the plankton, and it was not the
case even with the Diatoms during the present spring.
With the view of testing plankton methods still further, at
another time of year, I devoted a month this spring (March 28th
to April 27th) to a systematic exploration, from the S.T. ' Lady-
bird,' of the sea off Port Erin at the south-west corner of the Isle
of Man. The region in which I worked measured (see map)
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10 miles from east to west (out to sea) and rather less from nortli
to south (along the coast), but the area investigated was really
much more limited than these numbers indicate, since the samples
were taken from only two " off-shore " stations, one 5 miles (I.)
and the other 10 miles (II.) out from Bradda Head ; and frona
three " along-shore " stations, one to the north (III.) tov ards
Niarbyl, one to the south (IV.) towards the Calf Island, and
one in the "southern sea" (Y.) off Spanish Head — all in water
of much th<^' same depth, about 20 fatlioms.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Whilst I was taking these samples in the open sea, almost daily,
from the yacht, Mr. Douglas Laurie, with a crew of students from
the Biological Station, simultaneously took similar samples inside
Port Erin bay in comparatively sheltered water. In 23 working
days I find that we took in all 276 samples, an average of 12
per day. It will be readily understood by anyone who has carried
on such work continuously, with varied weather, that it was a
busy time ; and that on some days we were fairlj'- wet, without
any time to get cold, from moi'ning till night. So much practical
work could only be carried on with the wilhng help of several
assistants. All on board the yacht helped in various ways, but I
must thank especially Mr. Buchanan-Wollaston who assisted me
in working the nets, Mr. Chadwick who preserved most of the
material in the laboratory at the end of each day's work, and
Mr. Andrew Scott, A.L.S., who has systematically examined the
samples for me. A detailed account of these gatherings will appear
elsewhere ; I propose at present to discuss only some of the more
obvious features of the series — partly from my own records made
at the time of collection and partly from Mr. Scott's notes.
At each station, after taking the bearings and the depth, we first
lowered two vertical nets, the Petersen-Hensen and the Nansen,
to a depth of 20 fathoms, pulled them up slowly through 10
fathoms, and then closed them by " messengers " run down the
line. This gave us samples, taken vertically with these two very
dilferent nets, of the organisms present in the w^ater between 10
and 20 fathoms. After that three ordinary horizontal open tow-
nets exactly alike in all respects (size, shape, mesh, age) were put
over — one (A) with a weight attached was allowed to sink to a
depth of about 10 fathoms, from which it gradually rose as the
ship went slowly ahead ; while the other two (B and C), un-
weighted, remained continuously at or just under the surface and
worked side by side, like a pair of sharks or porpoises swimming in
our wake. Tliese last two nets ought, if there is any uniformity
whatever in the plankton even in the most limited areas, to give
similar results, and of course they did so in most cases. My
purpose in taking the two similar surface nettings side by side
was to show this, and also to test the reliability of the sample ;
for I would only consider it a trustworthy sample when these two
nets agreed in their evidence. Where, under the circumstances
stated above, the gatherings differed notably, there must have been
some accident in the working of the nets or some abnormality in
the distribution of the plankton, such as, no doubt, will sometimes
be encountered when traversing the edge of a swarm of gregarious
organisms ; and it is important to get some evidence as to how
frequently such accidents or abnormalities may be met with.
Por example, on April 2nd, at Station III., I find that the two
surface-nets used together gave 17 cc. and 42*5 c.c. of material
respectively; on April 9th, at Station I., 2-5 and 8 c.c. respectively;
and on April 24th, at Station II., they gave 7 c.c. and 15 c.c.
H>'NEAN' SOCIETY OF LONDON^. 20
respectively. On most occasions of course thej were very similar
and on some absolutely identical in their catch.
The net A (which may be called the weight-net) is of: use as
having traversed a wider range, 0 to 10 fathoms, so as to sample
all the water above the zone traversed by the vertical nets, and it
freqiiently, and in fact usually, obtained a larger gatherino- and
showed a greater variety of organisms than either the bottom
(vertical) or the surface nets.
On some occasions, at the "along-shore" stations (e. g., 2 miles
off Bradda Head) hauls were taken with a new " shear-net " made
on the principle of the Heligoland " Scherbrutnetz " {Conseil Inter-
national— llapports et Proces-verh., vol. ii. p. 62, 1904). This was
used as a mid-water net — being lowered to a depth of 5 to 10
fathoms, where, through the action of the shearing plate, placed
like a vertical otter-board, it remained even when the ship went
ahead at a moderate speed, and so formed a most efficient instru-
ment of capture in waters where the ordinary net cannot be towed.
The mouth measured 9 feet in circumference, the net was over
10 feet in length, and being formed of rather coarse mesh caught
large quantities of the larger organisms of the plankton such as
Sagitta, Medusae, Ctenophora, Zoeas, the larger Copepoda and
some young fishes.
As a vertical closing net I greatly prefer the Nansen to the
Petersen-Henseu. It is lighter and less complicated (a matter of
some importance in a rough sea), more easily manipulated, less
liable to failure in action, costs less and seems to catch more for its
size of opening.
The localities to be sampled, all within a ten-mile radius of
Port Erin, were — the two "off-shore" stations, No. I., 5 miles, and
No. II., 10 miles, from Bradda Head respectively, and three "alono--
shore " stations, No. III. towards Niarbyl, No. IV. towards the
Calf Island, and No. V. off Spanish Head. The nets to be com-
pared were: — two vertical deep-water, the Nansen and the Petersen-
Henseu, and three horizontal, one weighted and the other two
surface. In addition a shear-net gathering was taken on occasions
from intermediate waters. Each haul was a 15 minutes one.
I shall append (pp. 32-33), in tabular form, my first statement of
results, which may require to be modified in detail or supplemented
later on, but which may be taken as substantially correct. Whether
one looks at the hauls Avith the same net at the one locality on
different days, or at neighbouring localities on the same day, the
want of uniformity both in quantity and in quality is striking.
The range for all nets is from 0-5 c.c. to 164 c.c, and it is the same
for the Nansen ; for the Petersen-Hensen it is from O'o to 04-5 c.c,
for the weighted open net from 5*5 to 41 c.c, for the surface
nets from 1 c.c to 42'5 c.c, and for the shear-net from 11 to
78-5 c.c.
One or two broad features of the collection are obvious. la the
earlier part of the time, up to about the middle of April, Diatoms
30
moCEKDIXGS OF THE
were abuadant, and nearly all the gatherings bad a greenish tinge.
Durino' that period the plants were more abundant in the bottom
waters, and the animals at the surface.
Day after day we found that the two closing vertical nets hauled
up from 20 to 10 fathoms were of a brownish-green colour and
contained (especially the jSTanseu) an abundant gathering of Diatoms.
The surface nets during this time contained more Copepoda. On
April 15th and 19th, however, when the change in plankton was
taking place, the Diatoms were found to be mainly on the surface
and the Copepoda below. As an example of wide distribution I
may cite April 10th, when the nets gave consistent results all the
afternoon at three localities north of Port Erin, the Diatoms being
in all cases more abundant at the bottom and the Copepoda on
the surface.
AVe were fortunate enough on one occasion to obtain incontro-
vertible evidence of the sharply defined nature of a shoal of
organisms, forming an instructive example of how nets hauled
under similar circumstances a short distance apart may give very
different results. On the evening of April 1st, at the " alongshore"
station III., north of Port Erin, off the " Cronk " one mile out, I
took 6 simultaneous gatherings in both surface and deeper waters.
Two of the nets were the exactly similar surface townets which I
have called B and C. At half-time, as the result of a sudden
thought I hauled in B, emptied the contents into a jar, and
promptly put the net out again. This half gathering was of very
ordinary character, containing a few Copepoda, some Diatoms and
some larvae, but no Crab Zoeas. At the end of the 15 minutes,
when aU the nets were hauled on board, aU the gatherings, in-
cluding B, showed an extraordinary number of Crab Zoeas render-
ing the ends of the nets quite dark in colour. B was practically
the same as C, although B had only been fishing for 7 minutes. It
Avas evident that at about half-time the nets had encountered a
remarkable swarm of organisms which had multiplied several times
the bulk of the catch and had introduced a new animal in enormous
numbers. Had it not been for the chance observation of the
contents of B at half-time, it would naturally have been supposed
that, as all the nets agreed in their evidence, the catches were fair
samples of w^hat the water contained over at least the area traversed
— whereas we now know that the Zoeas were confined to, at most,
the latter half of the traverse and may have been even more
restricted. Under these circumstances, an observation made solely
in the water traversed during the first 7 minutes would have given
a very different result from that actually obtained ; or, to put it
another way, had two expeditions taken samples that evening at
what might well be considered as the same station, but a few
hundred yards apart, they might have arrived at very different
conclusions as to the constitution of the plankton in that part of
the ocean.
The bearing of such observations as these upon some recent
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, 3 1
speculations as to the fisli-population of the sea, and even as to
the amounts of food-matters present in the waters of large areas,
is obvious. Nothing in the economics of the sea could be more
important than such speculations in regard to what I have
proposed should be called the " hylokinesis " * of the ocean, if we
could be certain that our conclusions are correct, or even that
thev are reasonably close approximations.
it is possible to obtain a great deal of interesting information
in regard to the hylokinesis of the sea without attempting a
numerical accuracy which is not yet attainable. The details of
measurement of catches and of computation of organisms become
useless and the exact figures are non-significant, if the liauls from
which they are derived are not really comparable with one another
and the samples obtained are not adequately representative of
nature. If the stations are so far apart and the dates are so
distant that the samples represent little more than themselves,
if the observations are liable to be affected by any accidental factor
■which does not apply to the entire area, then the results may be
so erroneous as to be useless — or worse than useless, since they
may lead to deceptive conclusions.
If the biologist then has great opportunities in the application
of his science to important human industries, he has also gi'ave
responsibilities.
In pure science, erroneous conclusions are of comparatively
little moment. They are evanescent, and it has been argued that
they may even be useful in stimulating further research which
will inevitably lead to their overthrow. Charles Darwin has said
of false views they " do little harm, for everyone takes a salutary
pleasure in proving their falseness ; and when this is done, one
path towards error is closed, and the road to truth is often at the
same time opened." t
But 1 would submit that it is very different in the case of
conclusions that may be applied to industries. In such cases we
have no certainty that the conclusions will be received with
scientific caution and made the subject of further investigation.
They may be taken blindly and may be applied wrongly without
being exposed to scientific criticism. It is necessary then for the
scientific man who deals in practical applications to be doubly
careful. Much may depend upon the results of his work. Private
enterprise, public opinion, local regulations, and even imperial
legislation may all be affected by his decisions. He must not
lightly come to conclusions upon weighty matters. Of all the
varied lines of research in modern biology, none present problems
more intricate than some of those connected with our fisheries —
none are more interesting and none more important in their
bearing upon the welfare of mankind.
* In place of " metabolism " which is an inappropriate term (see Trans.
Biol. See. Liverpool, vol. xxi. p. 19).
t ' Descent of Man,' 2nd edit, 1882, p. 606.
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HNX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1906-1907.
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Dr. Albert C. L. G. Gunxheb then moved : — " That the
President be thanked for his excellent Address, and that he be
requested to allow it to be printed and circulated among the
Fellows " ; which was seconded by the Eev. T. E. R. Stebbing
and carried unanimously.
On the motion of the President, a telegram of congratulation
was sent to the Rector of the University of Upsala in the
following words : —
" Linnean Society of London assembled at Anniversary
Meeting congratulates University of Upsala on historic
Linnean Celebration."
The ballots for Council and Officers having been respectively
closed at the times required by the Bye-Laws, the President
appointed Mr. Henry Groves, Mr. John Hopkinson, and Mr. George
S. Saunders Scrutineers. The votes having been counted and
reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : —
For the Council : — Vernon H. Blackman, M.A., Leonard
Alfred Boodle, Esq., Prof. Gilbert C. Bourne, Pi-of. Arthur
Dendx, D.Sc, Eev. Canon Fowler, M.A., Dr. G. Herbert
Fowler, Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., ProF. James Peter Hill,
B. Datdon Jackson, Esq., Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S., Prof.
F. W. Oliver, F.E.S., Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.E.S., Lt.-Col. D.
Prain, F.E.S., Dr. A. B. Eendle, M.A., Miss Ethel Sargant,
Dr. DuKiNEiBLD H. Scott, F.E.S., Dr. Otto Stape, Eoland
Trimen, F.R.S., Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss, and Dr. A. Smith
Woodward, F.E.S. ; the retiring Councillors being E. Asshbton,
M.A., Dr. Horace T. Brown, F.R.S., Clement Ebid, F.E.S.,
Arthur Everett Shipley, F.E.S., and the Eev. T. E. E.
Stebbing, F.E.S.
The President then appointed the same Scrutineers to examine
the ballot for the Officers, and the votes having been cast up and
reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : —
President : Prof. William Abbott Herdman, D.Sc, F.E.S.
Treasurer : Horace Woollaston Monckton, F.G.S.
Secretaries : Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.E.S.,
Prof. Arthur Dendt, D.Sc, and
Mr. B. Datdon Jackson.
The Secretary then laid before the Meeting, the following papers
specially prepared for the celebration of the 200th Anniversary of
the birth of Linnaeus on the 13/23rd May, 1707.
1. A copy of a letter from Linnaeus to Professor Pietro Arduino
at Padua, with an introduction by Dr. G. B. De Toni, Hon.F.E.M.S.
Communicated by Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., Sec.L.S.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 35
2. On a MS. List of the Linnean Herbarium prepared by
Linnaeus in 1753-5, with a Catalogue of the genera now existing in
the Herbarium, by Benjamin Daydon Jackson, General Secretary.
The Pbesident then addressed Mr. Van Royen, Councillor of
the Netherlands Legation, and in presenting the Linnean Medal
to him for transmission to Dr. Melchiob, Tkeub, P.M. U.S., &c.,
specified as follows the services to science which had weighed with
the Council in making this award.
The President said : —
SiE, — It is my privilege, in announcing the award of the
Linnean Gold Medal this year to Dr. Melchior Treub, of
Jjuiteuzorg, to add, as the mouthpiece of this Society, a few
sentences as to the high claims of your distinguished countryman
in Java whom we now delight to honour. The Council have
selected Dr. Treub from among the Botanists of the world as the
man whom they regarded as most deserving of the highest
distinction it is in their power to bestow. They hope he may be
gratified by this tribute from his fellow-workers in this Society,
whereby his name is enrolled in the short list of Botanical
recipients of the Linnean Medal extending from Sir Joseph Hooker
in 1888 to Prof. Strasburger in 1905.
Dr. Melchior Treub succeeded the late Dr. E. H. C. C. Scheffer
as Directeur van 's Lands Plantentuin at Buitenzorg, Java, in
November 1880*. Under his administration this renowned
Botanical Garden has grown much in material resources and in
scientific importance. Dr. Treub has been able especiall}'- to add
to the Herbarium and the Museum organised by his predecessor a
series of well-equipped laboratories for scientific and technical
research. One of his earliest acts was to persuade his enlightened
Government, with wise liberality, to found a special laboratory
reserved for foreign botanists who might visit Java to undei'take
original research and study the living flora of the Eastern tropics.
We have only to recall the names and the work of some of these
investigators — Graf zu Solms-Laubach, Goebel, Warburg, Madame
Weber van Bosse, A. P. W. Schimper, Karsten, A. J. Ewart,
Stahl, Haberlaudt, Heioricher are a few from among the many
able botanists who have profited by this generous hospitality — to
form an estimate of the debt that Botany owes to our present
Linnean Medallist.
Dr. Treub's great administrative gifts have been utilised to the
full by the Government of the Dutch East Indies, and his work
as an organiser has culminated in the establishment in Java of a
really scientific " Departement van Landbouw," whereof the
Botanical establishment over which he had so ably presided for a
* I am indebted to our Vice-President Colonel Prain and to our Ectanioal
Secretary, i)r. Scott, for information as to Dr. Treub's career and puDlished
work.
•12
^6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
quarter of a century forms au integral part. With widened
powers and an ampler Held for the exercise of his administrative
skill, Dr, Treub, as " Directeur van Landbouw," is now in charge
of this important State department.
But in spite of the engrossing nature of his official duties and
of the exacting character and extraordinary amount of his
administrative work, Dr. Treub has found time to undertake much
original research, and to bring to completion a large number of
scientific studies of great importance and value. Among the more
notable of these have been the following : —
His early work on the meristem of the root in Monocotyledons
and in the higher Pteridophytes (1876-78) is an elaborate inves-
tigation in which a wide view is taken of the questions of affinity
involved. In his works on the nucleus (1878-80), Treub first
proved the occurrence of multinucleate cells (bast-fibres and lati-
ciferous tubes) in the higher plants, and demonstrated the process
of fragmentation ( = amitosis). His joint paper with Mellink on
the embrj^o-sac (1880) though short was a valuable contribution
to fundamental questions of morphology then much disputed.
From the time of his appointment to Buitenzorg all Ti'eub's
principal work has appeared in the '• Annales du Jardin Botanique,"
a splendid publication of which he has long been the editor.
Beginning in 1882 with his classical investigation of the pollen-
sac, ovule and embryo of the Cycads, and of the remarkable
embryology of the parasitic family Loranthaceae, he went on to
equally striking researches of biological interest, on the extra-
ordinar}^ myrmecophilous plant Myrmecodia, and on the pitchers
of the epiphyte Dischidia, and about the same time he described a
new category of climbing plants (Hook-climbers, e. g. Ancistrodadus).
From 1882 to 1884 he continued his investigations of the ovule
and embryo in a number of peculiar types, and in the latter year
he began the publication of a series of studies of the most funda-
mental importance on the Lycopodiaceae, discovering and inves-
tigating in the most complete manner the prothallus and embryo
in a number of tropical species of Lycopodiura, and thus filling
what had until then been one of the most serious gaps in our
knowledge of the Higher Cryptogams. This work extended to
1890, and in the following year Treub, returning to the morphology
of Flowering Plants, astonished the Botanical world by the
discovery, in Casiumna, of a totally new method of fertilisation,
the pollen-tube penetrating the tissues at the base of the ovule
(chalazogamy) instead of entering by the micropyle.
Another important series of investigations by our medallist has
elucidated various cases of parthenogenesis or apogamy, in the
parasite Balanopliora, in a species of Fig, and in the Urticaceous
genus Elatostema (1898-1905).
In Physiology, Treub's work on the role of hydi'ocyanic acid as
the first product of the assimilation of nitrogen by the green plant
(1896 and 1904) has been of fundamental importauce. No other
Botanist has ever made such splendid use of the opportunities
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 37
afforded by a great Botanical Garden in the Tropics for purposes
of scientific investigation. All Treub's work is characterised by
admirable clearness and by sound judgment, his memoirs are
beautifully illustrated by drawings entirely from his own hand,
and he is distinguished among Botanical writers by his perfection
of treatment and style.
I ask you, Sir, to receive this medal for transmission with our
most cordial sentiments and good wishes to your distinguished
countryman in Java.
The Medal having been formally handed to Mr. Van Royen,
that gentleman made a suitable reply, undertaking to transmit the
medal to Dr. Treub.
The Secretary having laid the Obituaries of deceased Fellows
before the Meeting, the proceedings ended.
OBITUARY NOTICES.
Major Egbert Cart Barnard was born at Cbeltenliam on
13th December, 1827, but was brought up at Bartlow in
Cambridgeshire, where his father lived. He received his
education first at private schools, then at Winchester under
the Kev. G. Moberly.
In 1847 he received a commission in the 41st Regiment, and
served ten years. He went out to the Crimea, but was attacked
with fever at Scutari and was invalided home, and on his return
to the seat of war operations were over.
On his retirement from the army with the rank of Major,
he married and went to ]Sew Zealand, intending to settle there ;
but the death of his wife, two months after their landing ni
the colony, determined his return home. He then entered at
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and took his degree in Natural
Science the first year degrees were granted in that Tripos. Whilst
at Cambridge lie became acquainted with Professor J. S. Hensiow,
whose youngest daughter, Anne, he married in 1859.
He settled in Cheltenham and received pupils for the army,
besides teaching at Cheltenham College. Ten years later he
moved into a house he had built and named Bartlow, after the
scene of his boyhood; and there he resided till his death. He
busied himself in local work, was a member of the Leckhampton
Local Board, was a founder of the Cheltenham Public Library,
and took part in the work of the Cheltenham Natural History
Society, and was recognised as a leading local botanist and
archaeologist. He became a widower in 1899 ; and in October
1906 the sudden death of his eldest daughter, who was his
housekeeper, caused a shock from which he never recovered.
Two months later he was seized by influenza, and after three
38 PROCEEDINGS OF TUB
weeks' suffering he died on 22nd December, 1906, a few day»
after completing his 79th year, leaving seven children and nine
grandchildren.
He was elected a Fellow, 4th April, 1861. [B. D. J.]
Sir Walter Lawry Buller, K.C.M.Gt., F.K.S., D.Sc, vi-as
born in 1838 and died at Pondtail Lodge, Meet, Hants, on
July 19th, 1906. His father was the Eev. James Buller, of
Canterbury, New Zealand. He vi'as educated at Auckland and
studied afterwards under the well-known naturalist, William
Swainson, F.R.S., who was living in the colony. While still
young he took an active part in the affairs of the Colony and. held
various official appointments, in which his thorough knowledge of
the Maori language was of much service. When he was thirty-
three years of age he came to London as Secretary of the New-
Zealand Agency. Li 1873 he published his celebrated and
magnificently illustrated monograph on the Birds of New Zealand,
of which a second edition appeared in 1888. His name will
always be remembered as that of one of the great pioneers
of New Zealand Natural History, He was elected a Fellow of
the Linneau Society, 21st January, 1858. [A. D.]
Edward Chapman, who died at Hill-end, Mottram in Longdendale,
Cheshire, on the 25th July last, was the son of John Chapman, M.P.,
and was born on the 12th October, 1839. He matriculated at his
father's college (Merton) in 1860, where he had as contemporaries
W. C. Sidgwick and (Bishop) Creighton. Li 1863 he married
Elizabeth Beaudoe, daughter of F. Grundy of Mottram, and took
his degree the following yeai- — First Class Honours in Natural
Science. Following this he became Tutor in Natural Science in his
own college. The development of the Manchester, Sheffield, and
Lincolnshire Railway (in which he had an hereditary interest) into
the Great Central Bail way compelled him at a later period to
withdraw from academic life and residence ; but Magdalen College
in 1867 re-elected him " Fellow without emolument," a position
he highly valued, as enabling him to keep touch with old Oxford
friends. His chief scientific work was done in the Daubeny
Laboratory at Magdalen, one of his old pupils, Mr. E. T. Giinther,
succeeding him as Tutor.
The causes which compelled him to remove from Oxford con-
tinued opei-ative during the rest of his life. He was Deputy-
Chairman of the Great Central Railway, Lord of the Manor of
Hattersley, Chairman of Aarious local bodies. Justice of the
Peace, and Member of Parliament for the Hyde Division of
Cheshire from ]900 to 1906. He was elected Fellow of the
Linnean Society, 2ud May, 1872. [B. D. J.]
No loss during the past Session has inflicted so deep an
impression on this Society as the unexpected death of Charles
Baron Clarke last summer. The eldest son of Turner Poulter
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 39
Clarke, he was born on 17th June, 1832, at Andover, a town he
loved to term " the Metropolis '* and boast of the many notable
worthies it had produced. He obtained his early education at
King's College School, thence going up to Cambridge, at lirst
at Trinity College, migrating later to Queen's College. Amongst
his contemporaries were Henry Pawcett, Leslie Stephen, John
Eigby, and one whom he ever regarded as the chief of his set,
Edward Turner, whom weak health and the management of a
large estate debarred from showing the abilities with which he
was endowed, to the world at large. He graduated in 1856, and
was bracketed Third Wrangler in that year; in 1857 he became
Fellow of Queen's College, and for nearly ten years remained at
Cambridge as College Tutor in Mathematics. In 1858 he was
called to the Bar in Lincoln's Inn, but never practised in the
Courts, till in 1866 he left for India to join the uncovenanted
staff of the Education Department, at first at the Presidency
College, afterwards as Inspector of Schools. For two years, from
1869 till 1871, he was Acting Superintendent of the Eoyal
Botanic Garden at Shibpur, near Calcutta, filling the interval
caused by the death of Dr. Thomas Anderson until the appoint-
ment of the then Dr. George King. He resumed his education
work till 1877, in which year he returned to Europe on two years'
furlough. Before this he had made his first essay in botanic
literature by printing a list of Andover plants, at Calcutta, in
1866 ; and H. C. Watson, in a review in the ' Journal of Botany,'
v. (1867) pp. 51-59, made sport of the "Price Threepence," — a
review which was resented by Clarke, who extorted an apology by
threatening legal process, and published his rejoinder in the same
journal, vi. (1868) pp. 215-218. His second book was the folio
• Commelinaceae et Cyrtandracese Bengalenses,' in 1874, at Cal-
cutta, and a third his ' Compositae Indicse,' in 1876, which he had
to correct on his up-country journeys, much to his annoyance, as
expressed in the preface. He had found the want of a handy
volume on the flora of India, and accordingly reprinted Eoxburgh's
' Flora Indica ' verbatim in 1874. On the termination of his
leave in March 1879 Clarke was put on special duty at Kew, to
elaborate some portion of Sir J. D. Hooker's ' Flora of British
India ' ; and in the second volume of that work appear about
284 pages from his pen, beginning with Saxifragacese and closing
with Cornacese. These were issued in 1878-79. In the next
volume he was responsible for 244 pages, from Caprifoliacea) to
Salvadoracese, in 1880-82 ; the fourth volume a still larger share,
ending with Yerbenaceae, in 1885. Concurrently with this
he prepared and issued through our 'Transactions' the three parts
of his '' Eeview of the Ferns of Northern India " (ser. ii. Bot.
vol. i. pp. 425-611, pis. 49-84).
He returned to India in 1883, and in 1885 was transferred
from Bengal to Assam, where he remained till his retirement in
1887 at the age of 55.
From an early period Clarke had collected plants, in England,
40
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Scotland, Switzerland, and Madeira. In India he threw himself
into the pursuit with immense energy. Tor a full account of his
Indian journeys, reference should be made to the ' Kew Bulletin,'
1906, n. 7, pp. 272-274, where Lieut.-Colonel Prain has di-awn up
a statement showing the use made of long holidays to explore
distant parts of India, from Assam to Kashmir and from Sikkim
to Madras. His field-numbers were extensive : his first herbarium
contained 25,000 plants in 5000 species, and he appended field-
tickets each evening giving full particulars, so that his specimens
possess a very high value. He presented the whole to the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew — the first part in 1877, the last in 1888.
On his final home-coming in 1887, he settled at Kew, living
with his brother, Poulter Clarke, and working assiduously all day
in the Herbarium. Trom this time onward his attention became
concentrated on the Cyperaeeae, though not exclusively, for he
still continued to work at Acanthaceae, and two memoirs on these
plants are awaiting publication.
On Cyperacese he had become an acknowledged authority, and
foreign collections came to be named, and herbaria containing
types were freely lent to Kew for his examination. The fruits
of these labours appeared from time to time in papers on sections
of floras, of which the principal may be mentioned, as follows : —
In our own issues, ' Transactions ' : the I^erns of Northern India,
in 1880, as previouslv mentioned ; the Cyperacese of the Malay
Peninsula (1893), Mt.Kinabalu (1894), and Matto Grosso (1895) ;
also the Commelinacese of the last region (1895). In our ' Journal' :
the Commelinacese of Bengal (1870) ; Indian Gentianacese (1875) ;
Botanic Notes from Darjeeling to Tonglo (1876) ; Indian Begonias
(1880); Madagascar Species of Cyperus (1883); Hemicarex of
Bentham (1883); Indian Species of Cyperus (1884); Plants of
Kohima and Muneypore (1889) ; authentic Cyperacese of Linnseus
(1894); the Subsubareas of British India [=on distribution of
Cyperacese] (1898) ; the Cyperacese of the Chinese Plora (1903-4)
and Carices of Malaya (1904), In our 'Proceedings,' his two
Presidential Addresses (1895-6). The ' Philosophical Trans-
actions,' B. (1892) : on Biologic Regions and Tabulation Areas,
with map. In the ' Journal of Botany ' : a revision of Leea
(1881) ; Eleocliaris of Europe (1887) ; and 17 smaller papers and
reviews. Engler's ' Botanische Jahrbiicher ' (1901-6) contain
three papers, the longest on Chilian Cyperacese ; the ' Botanisk
Tidsskrift ' also three ; ' Bulletin de I'Herbier Boissier ' eight, the
chief being Clarke's determination of Hassler's Sedges (1903).
He was also responsible for Acanthaceai and Commelinacese in the
' Cape Flora'; and with Mr. J. G. Baker worked up the Gesneracese
for ' Tropical Africa,' and completed the Acanthacese, which had
been begun by Mr. Burkill, for the same work, from p. 44 to p. 262.
A detailed list will be found in the ' Kew Bulletin ' already men-
tioned, pp. 276-281. The last memoirs of his to see the light are
his posthumous " Cyperacese of the Philippines : a List of the
Species in the Kew Herbarium," in the ' Philippine Journal of
Science : Botany,' vol. ii. April 1907, pp. 77-110 ; and the
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 41
CyperaceiB iu A. Chevalier's " Xovitates liorse Africanse " iu Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. liv. (1907) Mem. 8, pp. 26-29. Two treatises oa
Malayan Acanthacese are to be issued this autumn, the first in the
' Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,' and the second in our
own 'Journal.'
He was President of our Society from 1894 to 1896, and served
on our Council almost continuously from 1880-1906, and Vice-
President similarly from 1881-1905. Assiduous iu his attendance,
he was ever ready to bear his part in the discussion of papers read
before the Society ; and his wide and long experience of men
enabled him to intervene with peculiar and happy results. He
was a delightful man iu private talk, ready and willing to converse
on various matters, scientific, litei-ary, or controversial. This is
not the place to enlarge on his ultra-scientific labours ; but he
wrote and distributed many pamphlets on topics of the day, and
took a very active part in electioneering for Henry Pawcett. An
irksome delay on one of his Indian journeys was beguiled by his
sitting down to compile an arithmetic book for Bengalis ; and he
also drew up manuals of geography for school use. The large
output to be credited to him was due to his writing much of his
work in the evening ; but this did not prevent his being up
betimes the next morning, for a run before breakfast. In the
last few years he had taken to bicycling, and his favourite course
was a spin round liiclimond Park. He was a sturdy and almost
tireless rider ; ouce mounted he would ride to Andover, 60 miles,
without dismounting, yet he never acquired a mastery of his
machine. He could not look round, raise his hand from the
handles, or get on or off on the level. He never rode except in
broad daylight, and never carried a lamp, bell, or brake on his
machine : yet he never had a serious mishap.
He was elected a Pellow of our Society, 5th December, 1867 ;
of the Eoyal Society in 1882 ; and of tlie Geological Society in
1868. Next to botanising, he enjoyed the excursions of the
Geologists' Association, where his powers of walking were shown
to advantage. His character is well epitomised in the sympathetic
notice contributed by an intimate friend to the ' Journal of
Botany ' for November last (p. 375), where it is said : — " Clarke,
particularly as he advanced in years, became very catholic as
regards channels of publication. His earlier papers are frequently
piquant, not to say pungent, as well as clear. He grew old with
inlinite grace ; and v^hile the pungency largely disappeared from
his contributions, the lucidity remained. The kindest of men,
the most modest and the most unselfish, he was always ready to
help others, was a charming host, and a staunch friend." In the
same memoir is the latest portrait taken of our deceased Fellow,
which is strikingly like, though it did not please the sitter ; it is
fall face, and without spectacles, which may account for this
judgment, as it must be remembered that Clarke's sight, though
very strong, was very short.
The writer recalls the painful shock when, travelling home from
his summer holiday in the north, he procured a London news-
42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
paper, and in that a brief paragraph told of the end of a career
which four weeks earlier seemed so full of promise for an old age
of prolonged work. He came of a long-lived family : both his
uncles, Fellows of this Society (Mr. Benjamin Clarke of Hamp-
stead and IMr. Joshua Clarke of Saffron AValden) attained a great
age, as did many others of his family. In August he visited
Andover on his bicycle ; the return was made on a hot day, and
he seemed overpowered by the heat and drank tea eagerly. The
night did not bring its usual sound sleep ; so in the morning he
rode round Richmond Park, with difficulty. On reaching home-,
he went to bed and sent for a doctor, who pronounced him to be
suffering from paresis of the lower bowel. An operation was
performed that day, but though the' strong constitution of our late
colleague withstood the shock of the operation at the time, after
ten days of suffering he passed away on Saturday, 25th August,
1906 in the 75th year of his age. He was buried at Andover
five days later.
It is compvited that the voluminous manuscripts he left at bis
death, containing the enormous mass of detailed examination
of material from every quarter and from books, would amount to
more than 3000 pages : whether this can ever be printed is
problematical. Amongst these are 144 plates, printed chiefly in
collotype, from selected drawings made under his close super-
vision. It is to be hoped that these at least may be issued,
as they illustrate his views of genera, accompanied as they are by
printed descriptive text.
His completion of the Eev. E. T. Lowe's ' Elora of Madeira ' is
practically ready for press : at the time of his death he was
getting together materials for a life of the author. [B. D. J.]
Professor Sir Michael Tostee, Iv.C.B., was born at Huntingdon
on 8th March, 183G ; he died, almost suddenly, in London on the
early morning of 29th January, 1907. Between these dates lay a
life full of activity and one which made an impression upon the
scientific thought of the age. Poster was educated at Huntingdon
Grammar School, and later, from 1849 to 1852, at University
College School, London, and then at the College, from which he
took the B.A. degree with a Scholarship in Classics at the London
University. In 1858 he passed the London M.B. Examination,
and took his M.D. the following year. During the next two years
he continued his medical education, partly at Paris, and found
time for some original research. In 1861 he settled down to
practise his profession in Huntingdon, but six years later he
abandoned medicine and returned to University College, first as
Teacher in Practical Physiology, and in 1869 as Professor of the
same subject. Before coming to Huntingdon he had some
symptoms of pulmonary trouble, which, however, soon disap-
peared, and for them he was recommended to take a voyage on
the steamship 'L^nion ' to the Eed Sea.
Poster's intimate friendship with Huxley had a marked influence
LINNEAN SOCIETY Or LO>'DOX. 43
upou his career. Together with. Eay Lankester and Eutherford
he acted as demonstrator in 1870 to Huxley's first practical course
of Biology held at South Kensington ; he succeeded Huxley as
Pullerian Professor at the Eoyal Institution, and as Biological
Secretary of the Eoyal Society, and it was largely due to Huxley's
recommendation that in 1870 Foster left London and came to
Cambridge as Praelector in Physiology at Trinity College.
The mark made by Poster on the thought and on the science of
his times falls, broadly speaking, under three heads. He was a
great teacher, profoundly influencing those who came into personal
contact with him. He was a great Mriter and the author of a
classical text-book which spread his influence far beyond the walls
of his lecture -room and Laboratory. He was a most capable
organizer, and first at Cambridge, and later in London, he initiated
and carried to a successful issue many important schemes for the
advancement of Science.
When he first came up to Cambridge the L^niA^ersity was able to
assign him only one room, now part of the Philosophical Library,
and this served him both as laboratory and as lecture-room. Here
he gathered around him a small band of pupils, stimulated by his
enthusiasm to devote their lives to his science. Amongst these
may be mentioned Walter Gaskell, Prank Balfour, J, N. Langley,
A. "Sheridan Lea, A . G. Drew-Smith, H. Newall-Martin, A. Milnes
Marshall, S. H. Vines, and, later, many others. His principle of
teaching involved much practical work. He held " that a student
must see and do things for himself in order to gain a real and
lasting hold on any scientific subject." He was always ready to
discuss difficulties and to suggest solutions to difiicult problems.
At his coming to Cambridge the Medical School, fostered by the
care of Sir George Paget and Sir George Humphrey, was already
flourishing ; but it now grew to be one of the largest Faculties in
the University, and Foster was soon lecturing to large audiences.
At his prime, Foster was a remarkable lecturer, deliberate, slow,
reasoning out his siibjects as he went along, and, avoiding dog-
matic statement, he made his audience think. He had an admirable
skill in making histological sketches with but few lines, and always
with three coloured chalks. He used little gesticulation, stood
very still, rolling the chalk in his hands, and occasionally giving
forth most gravely some humorous thought which was punctuated
by a little up-look at the class, and sometimes by his characteristic
half-suppressed chuckle.
During the early years at Cambridge, and before in London,
Foster published several original memoirs, which are enumerated
by Professor Langley in his article in the 'Journal of Physiology'*.
Later the pressure of other work prevented his investigating him-
self, but he was the cause of much research in others, and he took
the keenest and deepest interest in the work carried on by his pupils.
Foster's ' Text-book of Physiology ' is a classic. The first edition
appeared in 1876, and there were many editions until, growing as
* Vol. XXV. 1907, p. 233.
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
the subject grew, it necessarily split into several volumes, and as
the aid ot other writers became imperative it lost something in
the unity of treatment, and eventually became too large for the
ordinary medical student. As in his lectures so in his text-book
he avoided dogmatic statements. He gave the various views, dis-
cussed them, pointed out the difficulties, and sometimes — but not
always — summed up in favour of one view. His graphic literary
style gave distinction to the work, and some chapters rise to a
high level of eloquence. The book was a great success and was
translated into several of the chief European languages ; its philo-
sophic breadth of view greatly helped the recognition of Physiology
as a complete and independent science. The charm and humour
of Foster's style are jjerhaps best shown in his short memoir on
Claude Bernard, and especially in his • History of Physiology
during the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries,' which embody the
lectures he gave at the Cooper College, San Francisco, in 1900.
Foster published several other books and many articles, all of them
characterised by an admirable clearness and felicity of expression.
He also founded, in 1878, the ' Journal of Physiology,' and edited
it until 1891. In this connection it may also be mentioned that
Foster was exceptionally happy as an after-dinner speaker, a post
in which his sense of humour was allowed full play. As an
oi'ganizer Foster did an immense work in starting and guiding
many of the modern movements in Biological teaching. Botany,
Animal Morphology, and Physiology as taught in England owe
much of their present methods to him. For many years he took
an active part in University affairs, and sat upon the Council of
the Senate from 1886 to 1890, but the increasing demands of the
Eoyal Society and of various Commissions which compelled him
to be more and more in Loudon gradually left him but little time
for affairs in Cambridge.
In 1881 Foster succeeded Huxley as Biological Secretary of the
Eoyal Society, and from that date onwards he gave an immense
amount of time and energy to its affairs. He widened the basis
of the activities of the Society, advocated its more intimate relation
with the Government, and was the trusted adviser of the Treasury
in scientific matters. He took a considerable part in starting the
JSTational Physical Laboratory, the International Congress of
Geodesy, the International Catalogue of Scientific Papers, and the
International Association of Academies. To him was largely due
the founding of the Physiological Society, over which he presided
in 1898 at the Cambridge Meeting. He served on the Eoyal
Commission on "Vaccination," on that of the "Disposal of Sewage,"
was Chairman of the Treasu.ry Departmental Committee on
" Botanical Work and Collections at the British Museum and at
Kew," 1900-1, and was Chairman of the " Tuberculosis " Com-
mission at the time of his death. For nearly forty years Foster
was a member of the Linnean Society. He was elected Jan. 16,
1868 ; he also sat on several Departmental Committees, served
on our Council in 1870-71, and again in 1880-81.
LINXEAX SOCIETV Of LOXDON". 45
Fostei' was an active member of the British Association, taking
his full share of the secretarial work of both the Sections and the
Council. He was President of Section L (Physiolog)-) at the
Toronto Meeting in 1S97, when he delivered an address on the
salient features of physiological activity in recent years, and Presi-
dent of the Association at the Dover Meeting in 1899. In that
year he was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the
Bath.
In 1900 he was elected to Parliament as Eepresentative of
London University, and sat as its Member till Mr. Balfour's
Government resigned, Postei' was not a party man, but he most
faithfully represented the world of science, and when he s])oke his
words were weighty. Still, as things are now, a Member of
Parliament who puts the State above the party is apt to receive
cold looks from the official managers, and on seeking re-election,
in 190G, Poster lost his seat by twenty-four votes.
Foster was one of the men who counted during the last half of
Queen Victoria's reign. To him education owes much, and through
his pupils his influence is an ever-widening one. He initiated
many new organisations for co-ordinating and advancing science,
and through these his name will be pei'petuated. He was wise in
council, sound in judgment ; very helpful and encouraging to his
])upils : very persuasive. AboA^e all, he had a gift for friendship
which to many has made the world a poorer place since, last
January, they heard the news of his sudden death.
[A. E, Shipley.]
Feederick Ebnest Geant was born at Farlesthorpe, Lincohi-
shire, on 23rd March, 1866, and died at Sydney, Australia, 31st
January, 1907. In 1883 he emigrated to New Zealand. Five
years later he entered the service of the Union Bank of Australia.
While stationed at the Auckland branch he formed a collection of
natural history, and gained a good knowledge of the local fauna,
especially of the mollusca.
When the Bank transferred him to the Melbourne office, he
much appreciated the wider intellectual horizon which life in a
large city opened for him. He became an active member of the
local scientific societies. At first geology was his chief hobby.
From 1901 he published, in conjunction with Mr. E, Ihiele (now
Govt, Geologist of Nigeria, Africa), several articles on geologv in
the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Society of Victoria.' Remarking
that no local student had undertaken investigations in Crustacea,
he adopted the vacant field of carcinology. With Mr, S. W. Fulton
he wrote in the Trans. Eoy. Soc. of Victoria a series of papers
entitled " Some little-known Victorian Decapod Crustacea, with
Descriptions of new Species '" (1901-G), and a '■ Census of the
Victorian Decapod Crustacea." of which one part only ^ has
appeared. It was in 1901 that Messrs. Fulton and Grant re-
ported the curious fact that they had found the common shore-
crab of Great Britain living in Port Phillip, Victoria.
46 PKOCEBDINGS OF THE
In 1902 Mr. Grant re-visited England and took the opportunity
of studying the carcinological collection of the British Museum.
He attended several Meetings, and was elected a Fellow of the
Linnean Society, 18th December, 1902.
On his return to Australia, the Bank transferred him to the
Sydney office. He immediately took an active share in the scientific
life of that city, and was elected to the Council of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales. In 1904 he joined an expedition
organised by Mr. C. Hedley for biological work on the Great
Barrier Reef. With the assistance of Mr. A. R. MacCulloch he
reported on the Crustacea obtained by the party. He also accom-
panied two deep-sea dredging-expeditions. In the ' Proceedings
of the Linnean Society of New South Wales ' he published an
account of the Crustacea obtained by the first, and was engaged
in writing up that of the second at the time of his decease. A
posthumous paper on the Crustacea of Norfolk Island will appear
shortly. He leaves a widow and three children. [C. Heulby.]
Sir Thomas Hanbuby, K.C.V.O., Avho was born at Clapham, near
London, 21st June, 1832, and who died on the 9th March, 1907,
belonged to a family who had for several generations been members
of the Society of Friends. Sir Thomas spent nearly twenty years in
Shanghai, where he was a leading merchant, much beloved by the
Chinese commercial community on account of his kind and sympa-
thetic, but at the same time just, treatment of them. During a visit
paid to England in the year 1867 he acquired by purchase the Palazzo
Orenga, situated on a beautiful spot on the Italian Riviera, about
four miles from Mentone on the west, and about twice as far from
Bordighera on the east. This house had been in former times the
property of the Oi'enga family of Ventimiglia. With the house
he acquired also the extremely picturesque ridge which extends
from the village of La Mortola to the sea, into which it projects
as a long narrow promontory of about 50 acres in extent. Re-
tiring from China and relinquishing his business career a few years
later, Sir Thomas settled in the Palazzo, which he enlarged con-
siderably, and it remained his home until his death. For many
years he occupied himself in transforming the La Mortola ridge
into one of the most picturesque gardens in Europe. Full ad-
vantage was taken of the natural features of the ground so as to
secure good landscape effects, and the views along the coast
stretching from Bordighera to Mentone were perfectly charming.
There was a total absence of vulgarity, and no suggestion what-
ever of carpet- or ribbon-bedding and other undesirable forms of
horticulture.
The La Mortola ridge is bounded on the east by a picturesque
ravine, the further side of which lies within the Principality of
Monaco. Here is a tract of country which, in times past, had been
almost entirely denuded of its natural vegetation by the ravages
of goats in search of food and by peasants in search of fuel. A
piece of this bare tract was leased by Sir Thomas and was most
LINXEA>* SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 47
strictly preserved by him, not a single twig being allowed to be
cut, or a single bird or mammal to be shot or suared. It was Sir
Thomas's desire to allow the normal vegetation to recover, and
thus to restore that area to its natural condition. Very little
planting was therefore done within this protected area, and the
few species which were selected for introduction were of sorts
little likely to hybridise with indigenous species.
The soil of the La Mortola ridge is very poor and its rainfall
is scanty. The plants which were most suitable for introduction
on it were naturally those of Southern Europe, the Levant, the
South and West of Africa, Mexico, and Australia. A large pro-
portion of these are succulents, and some of the specimens of
these, such as Agave and Aloe, are particularly fine. La Mortola
was cultivated by Sir Thomas on the lines of a Botanic Garden,
and a free and most generous distribution and exchange of seeds,
living plants, and specimens was regularly carried on with gardens
all over the world. The grounds were, moreover, thrown open to
the public on two days a week, and were frequented by numerous
visitors. The present Curator, Mr. Alwyn Berger, is an excellent
botanist, who has for some years been engaged in the preparation
of a series of monographs of succulent plants, the first of which
(on the Eupliorbias) was issued a few months prior to Sir Thomas's
death. Two editions ot an excellent popular account of the
Botany and Zoology of the Biviera by a friend writing under the
initials " C. C." [Comerford-Caseyj were printed at Sir Thomas's
expense. The second edition of this most useful work is profusely
illustrated. Located in a building within the grounds is aa
excellent Herbarium of plants grown in the garden, and also of
those indigenous in its neighbourhood ; and in another building is
preserved a collection of Eoman antiquities found in the district.
Although resident in England for only a few months in each
year. Sir Thomas's interest in English Horticulture remained very
keen, and this led him, in the year 1903, to buy from the heirs of
the late Mr. G. E.Wilson the well-known garden at Wisley, where
that enthusiastic gentleman had brought together his splendid
collection of rare and interesting species. Sir Thomas also bought
sixty acres of laud adjoining the garden proper, and presented the
whole to the Eoyal Horticultural Society of England. He also
presented to the Pharmaceutical Society of England the mag-
nificent collections of specimens of drugs and the library of books
on Pharmacy (some of them very rare) which iiad been bequeathed
to him by his late brother, Daniel Hanbury, E.R.S., author (in
conjunction with Professor Fliickiger, of Strassburg) of the well-
known ' Pharmacographia.' These latter gifts are now located
in the Society's Museum in Bloomsbury Square. Sir Thomas's
benefactions to Italy were numerous and varied. He founded
and endowed the Hanbury Botanical Institute in the University of
Genoa ; he also founded and supported the Prehistoric Museum
near Mentone, in which are preserved the most interesting of the
fossil and prehistoric remains dug out of the caverns in the high
48 PI50CKKDINGS OV THE
cliffs oji the coast near Mentone; But, besides these benefactions
of a scientific nature, Sir Thomas's works of charity and benevo-
lence were unbounded, and many of them had the great merit of
being practically done in secret. The neighbouring ancient town
of Ventimiglia was indebted to hiiu for the rescue and re-habili-
tation of a valuable and ancient library which for years had lain
forgotten in the cellars of a convent ; for schools, avenues of trees,
gardens, and for much aid to its hospital. His reputation for
generosity and goodness of heart Avas hnown to the inhabitants of
every valley in the mountains to the northward of Ventimiglia and
Meutone, and to the cry of the poor and distressed among them
his ear was ever open. The love and reverence with which he
A^as regarded was strikingly shown at his funeral, several thousands
of peasants having followed the hearse which conveyed his body to
San Kemo to be cremated. He will be terribly missed by the poor
for whom he had done so much.
Sir Thomas was created by the Government of Italy a Com-
mendatore of the Orders of SS. Maurizio e Lazzaro and of
the Cross of the Crown of Italy, and soon after the succession
of Edward YIT. to the throne of England he was made a Knight
of the Eoyal Victorian Order. He became a Eellow of this
Society, 5th December, 1878. [GEOiiaE King.]
Eeej)Erick Justen was born at Bonn on the 29th Eebruary, 1832,
and there began his acquaintance with the business of a book-
seller. On the recommendation of an English visitor to that
town, he came to London, and entered the house of Dulau & Co.,
as German assistant ; in course of time he succeeded to the
proprietorship of the business. When, in 1863, Wilham Pamplin,
A.L.S., retired from the business which he carried on in succession
to Huuneman, who died in 1839, the natural history department
of Dulau's receiA'cd an impetus which resulted in Mr. Justen's
subsequent and close connection with the heads of the various
Departments of the British Museum. By his means the depart-
mental and general libraries at the Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Eoad, assumed their admirable equipment. A friend of
Dr. AVelwitsch, he became one of his executors, and had to
encounter a lawsuit brought by the Portuguese Crown to recover
the whole of Dr. Welwitsch's Angolan Collections : in the end a
compromise was effected ; the Portuguese Government acquired
the title to the collections, and gave the second set to the British
Museum, with a full copy of the notes by the collector, and the
law costs of the whole litigation.
Mr. Justen w^as elected Eellow, 16th December, 1886, and
was a regular attendant at the Meetings ; the splendid copy of
L'Heritier's ' Stirpes Novae,' with its cabinet now exhibited in the
Library, x^as a gift fi-om our late Eellow, who preferred to place
it in a secure position, rather than it should be sold after his
death. His son predeceased him, but he leaves a daughter and
grand-daughter. He died at his house in Soho Square on the
20th November, 1906, aged 74. [B. D. J.]
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49
The death of Mr. William Mitten ou July 27th, 1906, has
severed one of the few remaining links connecting the botanists
of the first half of the nineteenth century with those of the
present day. He was elected an Associate of the Linnean Society
on Jan. 19th, 18-17.. and was, at the time of his death, the
oldesC on the list of Associates. He was born at Hurstpierpoint,
in Sussex, on Nov. 30, 1819. He was appi^enticed to a chemist,
named Saxby, at Lewes, and it was during this period that he
evinced a decided taste for natural history, devoting all his spare
time to the study of various branches of British botany. After
leaving Lewes he stayed in London for a time as assistant with
a wholesale chemist named Yates, and it was apparently during
his residence there that in May 1843 he sent his first contribution
to the ' Phytologist ' concerning the discovery of BapUurum tenu-
issimum at Highgate. This was followed by the finding of Carex
montana at Eridge, and the rare fructification of the moss Aula-
eomnioti androgynum in Abbey Wood. He settled at Hurstpier-
point, Sussex, soon after this period. As a keen observer and
gifted with unusually critical faculty in discriminating between
closely allied species, he early attracted the attention of William
Borrer, who resided at the neighbouring town of Henfield.
Mr. Borrer took great interest in his work, allow^ed him the
use of his valuable library and gave him an excellent microscope,
and probably introduced him to Sir AVilliam Hooker. On Dec. 19,
1844, Mr. Mitten married Miss Ann Jordan at Abbots Kipton,
Huntingdonshire. His first letter to Sir William Hooker, in
Dec. 1846, was in connection with a paper on the parasitism of
Thesiuin, which appeared in Hooker's ' London Journal of Botany '
in 1847, and was evidently considered to be of unusual interest,
since it was repeated in the ' Annales des Sciences Natui'elles.'
In 1848 he published descriptions of new British plants in the
same Journal, and wrote for the Supplement to 'English Botany '
the description of Gymnomitrium odustum (t. 2925) and Lolium
linicola (t. 2955). About this date his attention was especially
directed to Musci and Hepaticae, for although he had begun their
study in 1843, it was not until after the death of Thomas Taylor
in Eebruary 1848, who had been associated with the Hookers in
working at the various collections received at Kew, that he
published much in these branches of botany, but from 1851
onwards he became recognised as the British authority on Musci
and Hepaticse. Sir William Hooker desired to retain his services
and offered him the post of Curator of the Herbarium in place
of J. E. Planchon, but Mitten declined for financial reasons,
preferring to carry on his botanical studies in such limited time as
could be spared from work in his pharmacy. Eor many years
the collections of Musci and Hepaticae received at Kew from
all parts of the world were handed to him for identification and
description. His first important contribution, apart from short
notes, was a Catalogue of the Cryptogamic plants collected by
Jameson in the vicinity of Quito, published in the ' Kew Journal
LINN. see. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1906-1907. C
5°
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of Botany ' in 1851, pp. 49-57 and 351-361, and tlie last was
published conjointly with C. H. Wright, of the Kew Herbarium,
on the Muscineae of Mt. Kinabalu in North Borneo, in our
' Transactions,' ser. 2, Bot. iv. (1894) pp. 255-261. His numerous
contributions to our Journal began in 1859, and his most compre-
hensive work, the ' Musci Americani,' containing Latin descriptions of
1745 species, including many new ones, which took up the whole of
the twelfth volume, was published in 1869. The work of Mitten in
Bryology may be compared to that of De Candolle on Phanerogams,
since he was the first to arrange them in strictly natural groups.
Up to the date of the publication of Mitten's paper on the " Musci
Indise Orientalis" in 1858, mosses were classified principally
according to the character of their spore-cases, although C. Miiller,
in his ' Synopsis Muscorum,' had already, in 1849, utilised the
leaf-structure in the characters of tribes and genera. In this
paper (Jom-n. Linn. Soc, Bot. iii. (1859) Suppl. pp. 1-6) Mitten
pointed out the greater importance of the structure of the leaf for
purposes of classification and relegated to the second place the
characters derived from the peristome. This new method of
classificatio]! was followed by Dr. Braithwaite in his classical
' British Moss Flora,' and in the ' Popular Science B,eview,' 1871,
p. 374, he remarks concerning it : " Believing these views to be
strictly in accordance with facts derived from careful study of the
plants themselves and therefore true to nature, I feel bound to
adopt them, though I have ventured to deviate a little from the
arrangement, believing that the retention of the acrocarpous and
pleurocarpous system is certainly convenient." It has also been
adopted by Dixon and Jameson in their popular ' Handbook of
British Mosses,' with slight alterations, which are convenient,
rather than in accordance with the principle outlined by Mitten.
The extraordinary amount of work accomplished by Mitten during
a long series of yeai's, without neglecting his work in the pharmacy,
must have puzzled many of his correspondents. Those. to whom
he was personally unknown probably regarded him as a bad
correspondent, for he never wasted a moment in unnecessary
replies to enquiries made by those who wished to save themselves
the trouble of examining specimens, as so many dabblers in botany
do ; but anyone who sent a specimen, probably new, or showing
that time and trouble had been expended on it by the sender,
received a prompt and courteous reply. By thus limiting his
cori'espondence, and utilising all spare moments for work with his
microscope, he was able to do an astonishing amount of literary
and scientific work and to spare a little time for horticultural
experiments. During his later years he was much assisted by his
daughter Flora, who qualified herself, by passing the Examination
of the Pharmaceutical Society, to carry on the work of the
pharmacy. One of his greatest pleasures was to sift the mosses
sent from foreign countries for chance seeds to try and grow them.
He thus obtained several plants from remote islands visited by
the ' Challenger ' Expedition. His few hybridising experiments
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOKDON. 5 1
resulted in a hybrid Oampanula with variegated I'ohage, which was
taken up by a neighbouring florist, and in a hybrid pink between
Diantlius alpimis and D. Gardnerianus, and possibly others. But
his garden was always an interesting one to visit on account of the
number of rare British plants that found a congenial home there.
Although he rarely visited London and was almost unknown in
botanical circles, owing to his modest and retiring disposition, he
was highly respected in his native town, and his advice was con-
stantly sought by his fellow townsmen in all important public and
even private personal matters. He was gifted with a strong vein of
quiet humour and very keen perception, but he had a kind and
lovable disposition, and was never known to make an unkind remark
concerning anyone, preferring to be silent when nothing good
could be said. The late Bishop Haunington and Dr. H. M.
Holman were his most intimate friends, and with the former he
made njany botanical excursions in Devonshire and elsewhere.
Mr. Mitten retained his faculties to the last, and shortly before
his death described a new species of Scalemoss, Loijliocolea alata,
which he had detected in 1875 in North Devon, and allowed
Miss C. E. Larter, who was interested in ]S!"orth Devon botany,
to publish.
An excellent portrait of Mitten is given in the October number
of the 'Journal of Botany ' for October 1906. He leaves a widow
who is 93 years of age, and still in the full possession of her
faculties, a daughter who is the wife of the famous naturalist
Dr. A. R. Wallace, and two unmarried daughters, one of whom
still carries on the Pharmacy at Hurstpierpoint.
Mr. Mitten's entire collection ot Mosses and Hepaticse were at
his request offered to Mrs. JN". L. Britton, a keen American
bryologist, who had made his acquaintance some years previously.
The collection, at her instigation, was purchased for the Herbarium
of the New York Botanical Gardens. Details of the Collection
are given in the ' Journal of the New York Botanical Gardens ' for
February 1907, pp. 28-32. The entire collection abounds in
beautiful di-awings, which as well as memoranda and original
descriptions, were usually laid in the covers with the specimens.
Dr. A. R. Wallace has stated concerning the collection : — " I am
inclined to think that they constitute the richest, or nearly the
richest, private collection of these groups in existence, whilst it is
doubtful if any public collections are much richer. Of all the
collections he received to name and describe he received sets for
himself, and thus accumulated an enormous collection. The loss
of the collection to this country is much to be regretted, but it is
understood that Mrs. Britton will return the British specimens to
England, whei'e they will doubtless speedily find a suitable home."
Mr. Mitten was an Honorary Member of the Linnean Society
of New South Wales and of the New Zealand Institute, of the
South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies, and of the Brighton
Natural History Society. [E. M. Holmes.]
e2
52 PBOCEEDINGS OT THE
BlBLIOGEAPHY.
1 . On the Economy of the Roots of Theskim linoplnillum. Hooker,
London Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 146-148, t. 4; Ann. Sci. Ts^at. vii.,
Bot. (1847) 127-128: Phytologist, ii. (1847) 807-808.
2. Descriptions of some Plants new to the Britisli Flora. Hooker,
London Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) 528-533.
3. Description of a Species of Fumaria {F. agraria) new to Britain. lb.
556-557.
4. Some Remarks on Mosses, with a proposed new Arrangement of the
Genera. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, viii. (1851) 51-59.
5. A List of all the Mosses and Hepaticae hitherto observed in Sussex.
lb. 305-324, 362-370.
6. Catalogue of Cryptogamic Plants collected by W. Jameson in the
Vicinitv of Quito. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iii. (1851) 49-57,
3ol-36'l.
7. [Musci and Hepaticfe in] Dr. Y. Welwitsch, Some Notes upon the
Crvptogamic Portion of the Plants collected in Portugal (1842-
1850). London (1853), 14-24.
8. [Hepaticaj in] J. D. Hooker, Flora Novse-Zelandise, ii. (1855) 125-
172.
9. On some Undescribed Species of Musci belonging to the Genera
Mniuvi and Bryuvi. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. viii. (1856) 230-
233.
10. A List of the Musci and Hepaticae collected in Victoria, Australia,
by Dr. F. MiiUer. lb. 257-266.
11. A List of some Mosses and Hepaticae collected by the Rev. Charles
Parish at INEoulmein. lb. 353-357.
12. [Hepaticae of Panama in] B. Seemann, The Botany of the Vovage of
H.M.S. ' Herald ' (1845-1851). London (1852-1857), 245-246.
13. A few Notes on some New or Rare British Mosses. Phytologist, ii.
(1857-8) 1771-80. _
14. Musci Indiae Orientalis : an Enumeration of the Mosses of the East
Indies (18.58). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. iii. (1859) Suppl. 1-171,
15. [Hepatica; in] J. D. Hooker, Flora Tasmanife, ii. (1860) 221-241.
16. Descriptions of some new Species of Musci from New Zealand
and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere, together with an
Enumeration of the Species collected in Tasmania by Wilham
Archer, arranged upon the plan proposed in the Musci Indiae
Orientalis (1859). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. iv. (1860) 64-100.
17. Musci et Hepaticae Vitienses. Bonplandia, ix. (1861)365-367; x.
(1862) 19-20.
18. Hepaticae Indiae Orientalis (1860). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. v. (1861)
89-128.
19. On some new Species of Musci and Hepaticae in the Herbarium of
Sir W. J. Hooker, collected in Tropical Africa, chiefly by the
late Dr. A^ogel and Mr. Barter (1860). Trans. Linn. Soc xxiii.
(1862) pp. 51-58.
20. On the Musci and Hepaticae from the Cameroon Mountains and from
River Niger. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vii. (1863) 147-169.
21. JTt/pmim abietinum, Linn. Journ. Bot. i. (1863) 356-357.
22. On Anisostichimn, a proposed new Genus of Musci. Journ. Linn.
Soc, Bot. vii. (1863) 119-120.
23. A new Genus of Hepaticae [Adela7ithus]. U). (1864) 243-244.
24. Some Observations on the Moss known to British Bryologists as
Hypnum pratense. Journ. Bot. ii. (1864) 122-123.
LINXEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOX. 53
25. Descriptions of new Britisli Mosses : Hypnmn imponetis, Funnria
microstoma, Sellffcria culcicolu, S. calcarea, S. pusilla. Joum.
Bot. ii. (1864) 193-196..
26. Contributions to Ciyptogamic Flora of the Atlantic Islands (1863).
JoLirn. Linn. Soc, Bot. yiii. (1865) 1-10.
27. The Bryologia of the Siu-vey of the 49th Parallel of Latitude. lb.
12-55.
28. On some new Species of Musci and Hepaticae, additional to the
Floras of Japan and the Coast of China. lb. 148-158.
29. A few Notes on some British Mosses allied to Tortula fallax, Hedw.
Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 324-329.
30. New or Kare Britisli Mosses : Trichostomumjlavovirens, T. diffractum,
T. littorale. lb. vi. (1868) 97-99.
31. A List of the Musci collected by the Rev. Thomas Powell in the
Samoa or Navigator's Islands (1867). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xi.
(1869) 166-195.
32. Musci Austro- American!, sive enumeratiomuscorum omnium Austro-
Americauorum mihi hucusque cognitorum, eorum praecipue in
terris Amazonicis Andinisque a Ricardo Spruceo lectorum (1868).
lb. xii. ^1869) 1-632.
33. [Musci, IlepaticEe in] F. Du Cane Godman's Natural History of the
Azores. London (1870), 288-328.
34. Observations of the Species of Puttia allied to P. truncata, with
descriptions of Three new Species : P. littoralis, P. asperula,
P. viridifolia. Journ. Bot. ix. (1871) 2-5.
35. Descriptions of new Species of Musci collected in Cevlon by
Dr. Thwaites (1872). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xiii. (18t3) 293-
326.
36. [Muscinese in] B. Seemanu, Flora Vitiensis. London (1873), 378-
419.
37. On the Aloina Section of the Genus Tortula. Journ. Bot. iii. (1874)
139-142.
38. [Mosses of the Island of St. Paul] (1874). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot.
xiv. (1875) 480-482.
39. [Muscineaj in] J. C. Melliss, St. Helena (1875), 357-374.
40. The Musci and Hepaticfe collected by H. N. Moselev, Naturalist to
H.M.S. ' Challenger' (1875). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xv. (1877)
59-73.
41. List of the Musci and Hepaticse collected in Kerguelen's Island by
the Rev. A. E. Eaton (1876). lb. 193-197.
42. List of Hepaticse collected by the Rev. A. E. Eaton at the Cape of
Good Hope (August and September, 1874) (1877). lb. xvi.
(1878) 187-196.
43. [Mosses and Jungermannise in] Sir G. S. Nares, Narrative of a Voyage
to the Polar Sea, during (1875-76); 2nd Edit. vol. ii. Appendix,
no. 14. London (1878), 313-319.
44. [Musci Maroccani in] J. Ball, Spicilegium Florae Maroccanse (1877).
Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xvi. (1878) 737-739.
45. [Transit of Venus Expedition, 1874-75] Enumeration of the Plants
hitherto collected in Kerguelen Island, &c. : ii. Musci, iii. Hepaticae.
Phil. Trans. 168 (Extra Vol.) (1879), 24-45.
46. [ Collections from Rodriguez] Musci, Hepaticas. lb. 388-401.
47. Record of new Localities of Polynesian Mosses, with Descriptions of
some hitherto undefined Species (1882), New South Wales. Linn.
Soc Proc vii. (1883) 98-104.
48. [Musciueae in] Mason and Theobald's Burma, its People and
Produetions, vol. ii. Hertford (1883), 36-55.
54 PROCEEDINGS OF XllE
49. Australian Mosses. Trans. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xix. (1883)
49-96.
50. [Muscinese in] W. B. Hemslev, Report on Botany of H.M.S.
' Challenger,' i. (1885) 88-93, &c.
51. Notes on the European and North American Species of Mosses of the
Genus Fissidens (1885). Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxi. (188(3)
550-560.
52. Some new Species of the Genus Metzgeria (1886). lb. xxii. (1887)
241-243.
53. The Mosses and Hepaticae collected in Central Africa by the late
Rig-ht Rev. James Hannington, Bishop of Mombasa, F.L.S.,
r.G.S., &c., with some others, including those gathered by Mr. H.
H. Johnston on Kilimanjaro. Ih. (1887) 298-329.
54. [Musci in] W. B. Hemsley, Report on the Vegetation of Diego Garcia.
lb. 339-340.
55. Musci of Roraima Expedition of 1884. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,
Bot. ii. (1887) 296-297 (1887).
56. [Muscinese in] I. B. Balfour, Botany of Socotra, in Trans. Rov. Soc.
Edinburgh, vol. xxxi. (1887) 330-336.
57. An Enumeration of all the Species of Musci and Hepaticoe recorded
from Japan (1889). Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iii. (1890)
153-206.
With Charles Knight, F.L.S. :
58. Contributions to the Lichenographia of New Zealand ; being an
Account with Figures of some new Species of Graphidete and allied
Lichens (1860). lb. 101-106 (in collaboration with Charles
Knight).
With William Wilson, F.L.S. :
59. Enumeration of the Mosses collected in India by Dr. J. D. Hoolcer
and Dr. T. Thomson, with their Habits, Elevations, and the
Numbers under which they have been distributed (written in
collaboration with W. W. Wilson). Hook. Kew Journ, Bot.
ix. (1857) 289-300, 321-333, 363-370,
With Charles Henry Wright, A.L.S. :
60. [Muscinefe in] Dr, O. Stapf's On the Flora of Mount Kinabalu, in
North Borneo (1903). Trans. Linn. Soc, ser. 2, Bot. iv. (1894)
255-261 (in conjunction with C. H. Wright).
Although failing health during the last two years had warned
the numerons friends of Habrt Marshall "Ward that his life
was approaching its term, yet the news of his death at Torquay
on Sunday night, the 26th August, came as a shock to many.
Born in 1854 at Hereford, his early years were spent in the
country, M'here he acquired a love of botany in the field. Early
in the seventies he came under the influence of Darwin's researches,
and in 1874 he began attending the biological course under
Prof. Huxley at the School of Science, South Kensington, in
succession to his early education at Owens College, Manchester.
The following year, a course of practical botany, perhaps the first
in modern sense arranged in this country, was carried out by
Professor (now Sir) W, T. Thiseltou-Dyer and Professor Vines,
Both were struck by the promise of one of the pupils, and at
their suggestion, in the spring of 1876, he became a candidate
for an open scholarship in natural science at Christ's College,
LINNEiS.N SOCIETr OF LOXDOX, 55
Cambridge, and succeeding, lie went into residence in October of
that year. He found himself amongst congenial companions,
amongst them Professor F. O. Bower, Dr. Hail (now Master of
Downing College), Professor Hillhouse, and Dr. Walter Grardiner,
attending physiological and morphological zoology under the late
Sir Michael Poster and P. M. Balfour.
The opportunity of residence at the University came about
under singular circumstances. An anonymous letter came to him
saying that if he would enter at Cambridge he would find a
sufficient sum to pay his expenses at Mortlock's Bank. His
success in winning his scholarship thus assured him of means to
pursue his studies, and very shortly after tliis, in November of
the same year, the unknown benefactor died at sea ; but having
provided in his will for the conthiuunce of the subsidy, he
proved to be a young pupil of Huxley's, Mr. L. A. Lucas, who
had evidently observed the promise of distinction shown by Ward.
A first class in the natural history tripos brought his Cambridge
undergraduate cai-eer to a close in 1879.
We may rejoice that one of the earliest results of investigation
was a paper on the embryo-sac, which was read before this Society,
20th jVovember, 1879, and published in the 'Journal' (Botany,
vol. xvii. (1880) 519-546, pis. 17-25).
Por some months he worked at Wiirzburg under Sachs, and
then in 1880 he was commissioned to proceed to Ceylon to
investigate the coffee-leaf disease which was causing havoc in the
coffee estates in that colony.
The outcome was another paper read on 1st June, 1882
(Journal, Bot. xix. (1880) pp. 299-335), followed by one on a
bve-product on an epiphyllous lichen, which appeared in our
' Transactions '(ser. 11. Bot. ii. (1884) 87-119, pis. 18-21). It
was during his work in Ceylon that he formed views on the para-
sitism of Pungi, which largely influenced his succeeding labours.
In 1882 he was elected Berkeley Pellow at Owens College,
becoming assistant to Professor Williamson, and staying there till
1885, in which year he removed to Cooper's Hill, as Professor of
Botany, in the Forestry Department of the Eoyal Indian
Engineering College.
During the ten years he remained at Cooper's Hill, much of
his most striking work was accomplished. In 1887 appeared
a paper in the ' Philosophical Transactions' on the tubular
swellings on the roots of Vicia Faba, this paper contributing
some important facts in the biology of the case, proving that these
nodules were of parasitic origin, and that the parasite, since
known to be a bacterium, enters by the roat-hairs. The subject
was summed up in a kuninous article in the ' Annals of Botany '
then just started. The same volume also contained' a joint paper
by him and Mr. T. Dunlop on the origin of rhamnin, the yellow
pigment of " Prench Berries" from Rhamnus by a ferment in the
testa of the seed. Another paper on a ferment, this time in a
lily, appeared in the following volume. A memoir on the relations
c6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
between host and parasite in certain epidemic plant diseases was
published in the ' Proceedings of the Eoyal Society ' in 1&90, and
led to his being selected as Croonian Lecturer in that year.
A sbort paper on Craterostigma jyuinilum in our ' Transactions '
(Bot. V. (1899) 348-355, pis. 34, 35), while interesting for its
account of the colouring-matter contained in the root, reads
curiously as to the first part, where the steps are detailed by
which tiie determination of the plant was made, sho\\ ing that the
brilhant investigator was not equally at home on taxonomic
points. The symbiotic life of the organism known as the " Ginger-
beer plant " was set out in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' in
1892.
A laborious series of investigations on the "Water Research
Committee of the Eoyal Society in 1893-6, in conjunction with
Professor Percy Prankland, showed Ward's powers of working
out the life-history of no fewer than eighty bacterial organisms
found in the river Thames, bis fifth report in 1897 summing up.
Bacterial subjects occupied much of bis attention about this time,
as shown by his " Characters in Classifying the Schizomycetes " in
the 'Annals of Botany,' 1892; "Action of Light on Bacteria,"
Phil. Trans. 1895 ; " Some Thames Bacteria " and " A Violet
Bacillus from the Thames" (Ann. Bot. 1898).
Whilst these researches were being carried on, Professor C. C.
Eabington, Professor of Botany at Cambridge, passed away, and
Ward was appointed his successor, at the same time becoming
professorial Pellow of Sidney Sussex College. Transferred into
this more congenial atmosphere, he succeeded in giving a fresh
impulse to the progress of his science in his own University,
The Botanical School acquired so much importance that the
University allowed a large share of the benefaction fund to the
erection of a new botanical institute, which was opened by L[is
Majesty the King in the spring of 1904.
The Uredine fungi became the dominant interest of Ward's
later investigations. The Brown Busts on Brome Grasses were
shown to be physiological species, forms morphologically identical,
but showing varying powers of infection, or even of inability to
attack certain species of Bromus. He became involved in a
controversy on the mycoplasm theory, which, after long in-
vestigation, he considered he had shown to be untenable.
His principal original papers have only been briefly touched
upon, but this notice cannot pass by his other contributions to
botanic literature, as his translation of Sachs's ' Physiology of
Plants,' 1884 ; 'Timber and some of its Diseases,' 1889 ; 'The
Oak,' 1892 ; a revision of Laslett's ' Timber and Timber Trees,'
1894; 'Diseases of Plants,' 1889 ; 'Grasses,' 'Disease in Plants,'
both in 1901 ; ' Trees,' of which three parts have appeared,
1 902-6. A paper which appeared in our ' Transactions ' a few
years ago by one of his pupils was unobtrusively condensed and
rearranged for publication by Ward.
Marshall Ward was elected Pellow of our Society 6th May,
LIX>EA>' SOClEXr or LOXDOX. 57
1SS6, and of the Eoyal Society in 1888, receiving a Eoyal Medal
in 1893, and strviug a term on the Councils of both Societies. In
1897 he was elected Honorary i'ellow of Christ's College, and was
Sc.D. of Cambridge, and D.Sc. of Victoria University, Manchester,
besides many other honorary distinctions.
He died at Torquay, as mentioned previously, and was buried
at the Huntingdon Eoad Cemetery, Cambridge, on 3rd September,
1906, Professor Vines and Lieut.-Colonel Train representing our
Society, He leaves behind him the reputation of a brilliant
investigator, a masterly expositor, a genial companion, a whole-
hearted devotee to the work of his life. The work he accomplished
and its high quality testify to the consuming enthusiasm of the
man who compressed so much into litlle more than halt-a-century
of existence. [B. D. J.]
"William "Waterfield was born at The Cloisters, Westminster,
on 14th August, 1832, and went to Westminster School in 1843,
was elected head into College (i. e., gained a scholarship) in 1846,
was Captain of the School in 1849-50, and became a " major-
candidate,'"' i. e., underwent the examination necessary for his
election to the University, but withdrew his name befoi-e the
electors came to decide on the merits of the candidates. He so
distinguished himself during the examination as to elicit the
universal approbation of the electors ; and the Dean of Christ
Church (with whom lay the first choice) expressed his regret and
disappointment that he could not seciu'e so prortiisiug a student
for Christ Church.
Mr. Waterfield, however, preferred an appointment to a Bengal
Writership, and accordingly went to Haileybury, then the training
college for service under the East India Company. At Haileybury
he maintained the reputation he had obtained at Westminster
and gained many prizes and medals for classics, mathematics,
and English essays, &c., and for Sanskrit, Persian, Hindustani,
Hindi, and Bengali.
He left Haileybury in 1852, being head of his Term, and went
out to India, where the College of Fort Wilham was then still in
existence in Calcutta. Here he obtained medals for Oordoo,
Bengalese, Hindee, Persian, and Ai'abic, and so distinguished
himself that the Grovernor-General, Lord Dalhousie, presented him
with his Degree of Honour in person. Mr. Waterfield was the
last student to obtain the Degree of Honour, the College being
abolished in 1854.
He was posted to Bengal, where he served mainly in the Eevenue
and Survey Department from 1852 to 1859, devoting his spare time
to a study of the natural history of the tracts of country which he
visited in the course of his official duty. In 1859, on the transfer
to the Crown of the government of India, he \\as appointed Eirst
Assistant to the Accountaut-General for India, a charge of great trust,
for which mathematical attainments conjoined with marked capacity
for business specially fitted him, and from that time until his
58 PltOCEEDINGS or THE
retirement from service in India he held successive posts under
the Finance Department, in the Southern Presidencies largely ;
and on return from leave hotne in 1874 was confirmed as Aceoun-
tant-General at Allahabad for the Government of what are now
known as the LTnited Provinces of Agra and Oudh. It was the
writer's good fortune to be his fellow-passenger in the autumn of
1874 on the voyage to Bombay, and be never missed a fair oppor-
tunity of interesting those whose work and interests were to be
bound up, for the best years of their lives at least, with India, in
the history and products, and especially the flora, of that country.
With the flora he was well acquainted, though the pressure of
official responsibilities seems to have precluded him from making
any public contribution to botanical literature ; while his knowledge
of the plants reared for use or ornament in gardens, differing as
these necessarily do widely in the different parts of India, was as
remarkable as it still, unfortunately, is exceptional. He was also
a keen student of astronomy, a pursuit to which it was perhaps
more easy to attract beginners than to field-botany, which, even
in the Nilgiris or Himalaya, demands considerable sacrifice.
"VVaterfield was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on
6th April, 1876. From 1877-1880 he was Comptroller-General
in India, the highest post in the domain of finance outside the
Viceroy's Council, and on leaving India finally retired from the
public service in 1881. On returning to this country he settled
at Starcross in Devon, and became a Justice of the Peace for that
county, and engaged in local work and cultivating botanic rarities
in his garden.
The writer has to thank Mr. Philip G. Waterfield for the infor-
mation given above of the early career of our late Fellow.
[J. R. Deummond.]
June 6th, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May,
1907, were read and confirmed.
Mr. F'rank Arthur Stockdale was proposed as a Fellow.
Mr. Wilham Holmes Bnrrell, Mr. llltyd Buller Pole Evans,
Mr. Frederick Ambrose Gardiner, Mr. Frank Campbell McClellan,
Mr. E-obert Patterson, and Mr. Geoffrey Watkin Smith were
elected Fellows.
The President announced that he had appointed as Vice-
Presidents for the ensuing year : — Mr, Horace W. Monckton,
Prof. E. B. Poulton, Lieut.-Col. Prain, and Dr. A. B. Eendle.
A telegram was despatched to Stockholm, from the meeting, to
congratulate His Majesty the King of Sweden on the occasion of
Their Majesties' golden wedding.
LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LOXUOX. 59
111 accordance with the anuounceuient made on the 18th April,
a new subsectiou to Chap. II. of the Bye-Laws was read a third
time from the Chair, and, by Ballot, approved by 24 votes in
favour, with 1 against, and 2 abstentions.
The Pbesident invited Dr. W. Caeruthers, T.E.S., the repre-
sentative of the Society at the recent Linnean celebrations in
Sweden, to make a report, upon which Dr. Carruthers gave an
account of the proceedings, beginning on the 21st May at Land,
where the Eector of the University received the visitors, and,
after a lunch, the excursion by special train to Rashult, the return
to Elmhult for supper, the further journey soutli to Hessleholm
to meet the train from Malmo, and the subsequent night journey
Obverse and Eeverse of the special Linnean Gold Medal ; the Eeverse had the
following inscription on the space in continuation of that round the edge : —
" Univ. Kegiae Upsaliensi dat amicitiae pignus, X Kal. Jun. MCMVII."
to Stockholm and Uppsala. Next he described a special journey
toLinne's Hammarby with his travelling companion Mr. (now Dr.)
B. Daydon Jackson, and Lieut.-Colonel Praiu, T.E.S. The events
of the two following days were then recounted — the students'
greeting at the railway station on the morning of the 23rd May ;
the celebration in the Aula of the University, where he presented
the special Linnean Gold Medal aud the Societj^'s Address ;
next the reception of the foreign delegates by the Prince Regent,
the decoration of Prof. Poulton and the General Secretary by the
Prince on behalf of the King with the insignia of the Polar Star ;
the Students' Concert in the afternoon, in the Botanic Garden; and
the Hector's dinner, at which only three toasts were proposed,
one being that of " The Linnean Society," to which the represen-
tative responded, and a reception afterwards in the University.
I'riday 24th opened with a salute of 21 guns from the castle ;
the great bell of the Cathedral rang from 8 till 8.15 ; at noon the
procession from the University started to the Cathedral, and he
(3o PROCEEDINGS OF THE
described the scene of the Promotion, the Promotor in each case
being the Dean of his respective Paculty : Divinity, Law, Medicine,
and Philosophy. Mr. F. Darwin, the General Secretary, and
himself, Fellows of the Society, had the honorary degree of Doctor
of Philosophy conferred upon them. Artillery was fired during
the granting of the degi'ees, and soon after 3.0 p.m. the audience
dispersed, the new doctors to gather on the steps of the University
to receive the homage of the students with their banners, presi-
dent, and chorus. The dinner was in the Aula, followed by a
students' ball, which was attended by the General Seci-etary.
Early on Saturday the delegates left for Stockholm, but the special
train was late in reaching Stockholm, too late to permit of the
Bergielund Botanic Garden being visited. At 2.0 p.m. the event
of the day took place at the Kungl. Musikaliska Akademi, where
Count Mcirner, President of the Kungl. Svenska Vetenskaps
Akademi, after eulogising Linnseus, spoke in English and an-
nounced that the Bicentenary Medal of the Academy had been
awarded to Sir Joseph Hooker. A dinner at Hasselbacken closed
the day's doings, and a garden party at the Palace the following day
put the seal on the festivities. No one who was present during
that momentous week would ever forget it, but must always look
back upon it as a most delightful episode, to be treasured in
memory to the end of life.
The General Secretary added a few supplementary remarks,
pointing out on a map on the screen the position of the places
named, and then showing lantern-slides of Lund University, the
obelisk at Eashult, the Cathedral at Uppsala (three views), and a
students' procession in front of Uppsala University.
Mr. G. C. Druce, E.L.S., showed a specimen of Orohanche Bitro
from the Channel Islands, which had been named var. hypochceroides
by Glinther von Beck ; also fresh specimens of Bromus interrupius
from N.AV. Northants, and Orchis Simia, gathered the previous day.
Mr. G. Glover exhibited a small portrait of William Kirby,
the entomologist, painted on xicademy board. The Rev. T. R. II.
Stebbing recalled the early history of the celebrated Introduction
to Entomology from the pens of " Kirby and Spence.''
The following papers were read and discussed : —
Prof. A. Dendy, D.Sc, Sec.L.S., and E. Hindle.— " Some
Additions to our Knowledge of the ISew Zealand
Holothurians."
Prof. W. A. Haswell, E.L.S. — " Australasian Polyclads." (Com-
municated by Prof. A. Dendy, D.Sc, Sec.L.S.)
Mr. C. Tate Eegan. — " Marine Fishes collected by Mr. J. Stanley
Gardiner in the Indian Ocean."
Prof. Neumann. — " Ixodidae collected in the same Expedition^'
(Communicated by the Zoological Secretary.)
LiyXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 6 1
Eeception by the Presidext and Couxcil in the Eooms of the
Societs', BurUngton House, on Friday, 7th June, 1907, from
8.30 to 11.0 P.M., in honour of the 200th Anniversary of the
Birth of LixxMUS, on the 13/23 May, 1707.
The guests were received by the President, Professor W. A.
Herdman, D.Sc, F.K.S., and Mrs. Herdman, in the Library ;
about tliree hundred were present, nearly one-half being ladies.
Amongst those present were His Excellency Count Wrangel, the
Swedish Minister, other members of the Legation, and several
Swedish visitors. Sir Thomas Elliott, Iv.C.B., Secretary to the
Board of Agriculture and Eisheries ; Sir Archibald Geikie, Presi-
dent of the Geological Society and Secretary of the Royal Society;
Sir "William Eamsay, K.C.B., President of the Chemical Society;
Sir John Murray, K.C.B., were also present, and other eminent
men of science.
A special feature of the exhibition was a display of manuscripts,
books, personal relics, medals, &c., of the great Swedish Naturalist,
which belong to the Society ; and the beautiful Inlander medallion
was surrounded by a wreath of laurel (which had been used in the
conferment of the degree of Phil. Dr. at the recent celebrations
at Uppsala) formed of leaves gathered from a bay-tree planted
by Linnaeus himself, and lent by the General Secretary ; whilst
the Swedish flag formed a background to the small model of
Kjellberg's statue of Linnaeus in the Library.
In the Library the follo\Aing were shown : —
1. From tlie LixxEAX Relics in the possession of the Lixneax
Society of Loxdox.
(a) Selection of drawers containing Fishes, Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera, Shells, &c.
(h) Portrait of Linnteus by C. F. Inlander; copy of the same
in alabaster ; iMedals struck in his honour, including
the Linnean Society's Annual award, and the Bicen-
tenary Medal of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences.
Photogi'aphs of his father, and his only brother
Samuel ; Wood blocks formerly belonging to Linnjeus,
engraved for the elder Rudbeck.
(c) Dried Plants (Zwi?iOBa and BroivalUa) from the Linnean
Herbarium to show the method of mounting and
naming ; the number at foot refers to the same
number in the ' Species Plantarum,' ed. 1.
{d) Letters from Lixx^eus to Johx Ellis, F.R.S., and in
return.
(e) Interleaved volumes.— 1st and 2nd editions of the
' Species Plantarum,' with copious manuscript additions ;
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
also of 'Cent. I. Plantariun/ showing the alterations in
naming Dianthus sujyerbus and its final shape in the
' Amoenitates Academicfe,' iv. p. 272.
(/) Manuscripts, including ' Iter lapponicum,' his Auto-
biography, ' Iter dalecarlicum,' ' Spolia botanica ' of
1729; works on assaying, ' Systema morborum,'
walking-stick, pencil-case, seals, &c.
(g) Manuscript list of his Herbarium in 1755, with a
memoir on the same, prepared for the 200th anni-
versary of Linnseus's birth. Books showing additional
notes.
{h) Letters written by Linn^us (a) to Ehret, the botanic
draughtsman, and (b) to Haller, the latter a short
but interesting letter which healed the breach between
the two. (Latter lent by the General Secretary.)
(i) Carved rhinoceros horn, mentioned in ' Amoenitates
Academicpe,' iv. p. 234, and figured in the life of
Sir J. E. Smith, ii. p. 230.
2. Dr. Tempest Anderson, F.L.S.
Photographs showing growth of vegetation since the
eruption of 1902 in St. Vincent.
3. Dr. C. W. Andrews, F.R.S.
Model of the skull and mandible of Prozenglodon atrox,
Andrews, one of the forms intermediate between the
Oreodont Carnivora and the Zeuglodonts. The three-
rooted premolars and molars and the comparatively
forward situation of the nostrils are the chief primitive
characters. Collected by Mr. H, J. L. Beadnell in the
Middle Eocene beds of the Fayum, Egypt.
4. Miss Margaret Benson, D.Sc, F.L.S. , and Prof. F. W. Oliver,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
Preparations of the Palasozoic Seeds, Lagenostoma
ovoides and Physostoma elegans, showing bodies pre-
sumed to be Spermatozoids.
5. Mr. A. D. Darbishire, M.A.
Specimens showing the result of crossing diflerent
varieties of the culinary Pea, Pisum sativum, as
illustrative of Mendelian phenomena of inheritance.
During the evening some actual cross-fei'tilizations
were made.
6. Prof. A. Dendy, D.Sc, Sec.L.S.
{a) Microscopic preparations of the Egg-shell of Ooperi-
patus oviparios, Dendy, showing the sculptured pattern.
{b) Microscopic preparation of the Integument of Ooperi-
p>atus viridimaculatus, Dendy.
(c) Microscopic prepaiutions of Fossil Sponge-Spicules from
the 0am aru Siliceous Earth of New Zealand. Pre-
pared by H. Grayson.
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDo:sr. 6;^
(d) Diagram of the Evolution of Tetraxonid Siliceous
Sponge-Spicules.
7. Prof. J. Brexlaxd Farmer, F.R.S., F.L.S.
Preparations showing the phenomena of Apogamy, the
asexual production by budding of new plants from a pro-
thallium.
8. The President, Prof. Herdmax, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S.
(«) Photographs and specimens illustrating the Oyster
Fisheries of Ceylon, and (b) A series of Plankton gatherings
illustrating both quantitative and qualitative vaiiation,
according to locality, date, and net used.
9. Mr. Frederick Keeble. M.A.
The infecting organism of Convoluta roscoffensis.
10. ]\[r. Francis J. Lewis, F.L.S.
Plant-remains, Seeds, Leaves, ifec. from the Peat.
11. Prof. F. W. Oliver, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S.
Charts and Photographs to illustrate a stage in the
development of a Salt- Marsh. (From the Erquy Station.)
12. Mr. J. A. We4le.
Photographs of transverse sections of Castanea vesca
and Aristolochia Sipho.
Lohby.
13. Mrs. D. H. Scott, F.L.S.
Animated photographs of Plant-life shown by the Kam-
matograph.
East Gallery.
14. Copies of addresses sent by («) The Linnean Society of
London, and (5) The Royal Society, to the Royal University
of Uppsala and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
Stockholm, i-espectively.
North Gallery.
1.5. Prof. J. P. Hill, D.Sc, F.L.S.
Photographs and drawings illustrating the development
and life-history of the Native Cat {Dasyurus viverrinus),
one of the pouched mammals or Marsupialia of Australia.
The photographs and drawings exhibited represented (1) a
practically complete series of developmental stages beginning in
the unsegmented e^x^: and ending in the newly-born yoimg, and
(2) the subsequent growth of the young in the pouch dui-ing a
period of three months.
Attention was directed to the micropbotographs of segmenting
e^§?'. and to the drawings showing the recently born young just
before and j ust after the attachment to the teat.
South Gallery.
16. Mr. J. Stanley Gardixer, M.A., F.L.S.
Photographs taken during his recent voyage in the Indian
Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' for the Percy Sladen Trust.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
In the Meeting Room four lectures and lantern-demonstrations
were delivered, beginning at 9.0, when Professor E. B. Poulton,
r.R.S., gave a brief account, illustrated with many slides, on
Dr. Burchell and his travels in South Africa.
William John Burchell was born on July 23rd, 1781 or 1782,
the eldest son of Marthew Burchell, proprietor of the celebrated
Nursery Gardens at Fulham. He received a fine education at the
Kayleigh House Academy, Mitchatn. In 1805 Burchell sailed for
St. Helena, and landed on the island December 13th. In 1807
a young lady, to whom Burchell had been engaged in Fulham, set
out in order to join him in the island : she landed April 17th,
1808, but refused to marry him. There can be no doubt that the
bitter disappointment influenced Burchell's character and whole
career. After a stormy and uncomfortable sojourn in St. Helena
he sailed for Cape Town, landing November 26th, 1810. This
point marks the beginning of his great work ' Travels in the
Interior of Southern Africa,' w hich comes to an abrupt conclusion
on August 3rd, 1812, the day on which he brought to an end his
first visit to Litakun, the capital of the Bachapin nation. Burchell
had intended to travel N.W. and reach the W. coast, but wns
compelled by the fears of his men to turn back on October 27th,
1812, after reaching furthest north at the " Maadji Mountain,"
in British Bechuanaland, on nearly the same latitude as Maretsani
siding on the railway and as Johannesburg. At this part of his
journey, during which great hardships were endured, Burchell
discovered the so-called " White Rhinoceros," afterwards described
by him and named R. simus. Burchell returned S. on a track to
the W. of his former route, which he rejoined near Kuruman
Station, thence retracing his steps to Klaarwater (the existing
Griquatown). He then struck S.E. to the mouth of the Great
Fish Eiver, which he left October 25th, 1813, for a leisurely
journey westward along the S. coast to Cape Town. He arrived
about the middle of April, 1815 ; we know that on the 15th of
the following September he was at St. Helena on his voyage home.
During the next ten years Burchell lived with his family at
Churchfield House, Fuihara, naming and arranging his great
botanical and zoological collections and writing his classical work,
of which the first volume was published in 1822, the second in
1S2'J. On March 10th, 1825, he again started for a great journey,
this time in the New World. On the way to Rio he collected for
two months near Lisbon, for a day in Madeira and two in Tenerife.
Burchell reached Rio, January 18th, 1825, and remained until
September 10th, 1826, making two excursions of about a month
each into Minas Geraes and the Organ Mountains. Pinally, on
September 10th, he sailed for Santos and began his great three-
years' journey northward to Para, through the heart of Eastern
Brazil. Burchell's father died on July 12th, 1828, but such was
the difficulty in communicating with him that he did not know of
his loss until October 15th, 1829, four months after his arrival at
LIXNEAX SOCIETlf OF LOXDOX. 65
Para, on June 10th. He sailed from Para ou Pebruarv 10th,
1830, arriving at i\ilham March 25fch.
The Honorary Degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon Burchell
by the University of Oxford on May 8th, 1834. Although this
great natui-alist had some intimate friends he lived a secluded life,
and tended as years went on. to withdraw himself more and more
from his scientific colleagues, and indeed from all except the
members of his family. During the long period which intervened
between his return from Brazil in 1830 and his tragic death bv
his own hand on March 23rd, 1863, at the great age of 81 or 82,
Burchell expended immense labour on the arrangement and
labelling of his collections. He travelled in England and on the
Continent from time to time, making sketches and doing a little
coUeciing. His great Herbarium with a splendid set of manuscript
notes is at Kew ; his tine collection of insects, and as much of his
other zoological collections as remained in 1863, at Oxford-
(Something has been done to publish his wonderful records, and
when the whole is before the world it will be realised that he was
one of the greatest of travellers and observers.
The lecturer desired to thank Sir Joseph Hooker for his constant
kindness and help in all the earlier parts of his investigations into
the history of this grear man. In consequence of his own lecture
in Cape Town (Eep. Brit, and S. Afr. Assoc. 1905, vol. iii. pp. 57-
110), August 17th, 1905, Professor Poulton was brought into
communication with a grand-nephew of ihe great explorer, Mr.
Francis Augustus Burchell, of the Ehodes University College,
Grrahamstown, and both he and the Rev. Evan Davies, of Springs,
Transvaal, had been »:»xtremely kind in permitting the study of
drawings, letters, journals, and other records.
The second address was by the Presidekt (Prof. "W. A. Herd-
MA^, E.R.S.), who said :—
Before passing to the Ceylon Pearl Fisheries, upon which it has
been arranged that I am to make some remarks and to show you
some lantern illustrations, I desire to say a very few words in regard
to the occasion and the manner of our gathering here to-night.
Briefly it is in honour of Linnaeus and in commemoration of his
work. The celebration of the 200th birthday of our eponymous
hero, the illustrious Swedish naturalist, Carl von Linne, has been
made the occasion of congratulatory meetings in Sweden and
elsewhere throughout the civilized world — wherever the JN^atural
Sciences are cultivated and the debt of the Naturalist to Linnaeus
is gratefully acknowledged.
On our anniversary meeting, a fortnight ago, held on the reputed
birthday of Linnseus, the occasion was formally dealt with in the
Presidential Address, and a congratulatory telegram was despatched
from our meeting to the L^niversity of L^psala.
This Society was represented at the celebrations in Upsala and
Stockholm by our Past-President, Dr. William Carruthers, as the
official delegate, accompanied by our General Secretary, Dr. Daydon
LIXX. SOC. PUOCEEDIXGS. — SESSION 1906-1907 f
66 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Jackson. Dr. Oarrutbers conveyed our formal addresses to the
University and the Academy of Sciences, and also a copy of our
Linnean Gold Medal, specially struck for the occasion and pre-
sented to the University in which Linnaeus was a professor.
These more formal celebrations of the ainiiversary are now past ;
and, moreover, it is recognized that our very existence in this
Society is in honour of Linnseus, and that all our corporate life
and work may be said to be devoted to the exposition and the
further advancement of the undying labours of the founder of the
sciences of Descriptive Botany and Zoology. Cousequently, it has
been decided by our Council that the present further commemo-
ration of this noteworthy year in the annals of our own and all
kindred societies should take the informal shape of a social
gathering, and that — apart from this brief statement, which I have
been requested to make — our time together this evening should
be devoted to profitable conversation, to the inspection of the
many Linnean and other scientific exhibits upstairs, and to the
short demonstrations which will be given from time to time in
this Meeting Eoom ; it being understood that all that we do, and
our very presence here this evening, is in honour of Linnaeus and in
commemoration of the foundations he laid in the Sciences we
love.
The President then proceeded to show some illustrations of the
celebrated Pearl Fisheries of Ceylon — probably the most important,
the most famous, and the most ancient of pearl fisheries in the
world. Photographic slides were exhibited showing the location
of the Pearl Pisheries in the Gulf of Manaar, the characteristic
scenery of the coasts, and the manner in which a temporary town
of perhaps 40,000 inhabitants and miles of streets was run up in
a few days at Marichchukadde, near the mouth of the Modragam
river. At the conclusion of the fishery this great population melts
away again in a few hours, and the site of " Pearl towai " becomes
once more a solitary sandy waste.
The vessels composing the fishing fleet were then described and
illustrated, and the divers and their habits and mode of life were
shown. These men are mainly Indians from the Adam's Bridge
district and Arabs from the Persian Gulf. No diving suits or
mechanical appliances are used, and the divers rarely stay down
more than a minute and a half and do not dive in water deeper
than about 9 fathoms.
The pearl-oysters {Margaritifera vulgaris) were then shown, and
their life-history from the egg to the adult was briefly traced.
The enormous numbers of the "spat" and the possibihties of
wholesale destruction at various stages by organic enemies and
inorganic agencies was shown to afford man an opportunity of
averting calamity to the fisheries by transplanting, cultching, and
other measures of artificial cultivation.
The structure of Mother-of-pearl and of the Orient pearl was
illustrated ; and the question of pearl-production, and its relation
LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 67
ill the Cevlon pearl-oyster to the presence of larval Cestodes of
th(i genus Tetyarhi/nchiis, was briefl)' discussed : photographs of
different stages in the process were shown.
Finally, photographs were shown illustrating some of the ancient
customs of the fishery, which have probably existed since pre-
historic times with little or no change ; and some of the ancient
temples and buried cities of the north of Ceylon, which date back
to the same early times and which were erected by native princes
who obtained their pearls from the Gulf of Manaar centuries
before the Cliristian era.
Lieut.-Colouel Praix, F.R.S., V.P.L.S., then delivered the third
of the series, epitomised thus : — Botanical studies, if purely syste-
matic, though perhaps uninviting to outsiders, are engrossing to
the initiated. Those other botanical studies that are termed,
somewhat pragmatically, scientific are as interesting to their
votaries as they are varied in themselves. We are not uo\a-,
however, concerned with either, but with botanical studies of still
another class, those economic ones that appear often as uninviting
to the systematic worker as systematic studies appear to the
botanist whose " science " excludes taxonomy. The economic
botanist, humble-minded soul, cannot indulge in airs and graces ;
his work can only go on with the help of his scientific colleagues;
it can only begin if his taxonomic colleagues have provided him
with a sure foundation. Humility is not the only virtue he has
to cultivate. He must be patient too. The natural law which he
finds least irregular in its application is that our knowledge of a
vegetable product varies inversely with its importance. He
cannot, like the taxonomist, decline to deal with a subject because
the material before him is incomplete ; he often has to be content
with what he can get, and is sometimes driven to make the most
of rather scrappy samples.
In general, however, the human interest of his studies relieves
bis work of the monotony that might be anticipated, and the by-
paths into which he is enticed often lead him to unexpected places
and result in reciprocal greetings with workers whose field of study
seems at first sight foreign to botany.
A few stray instances taken from experience gained in the
course of Indian economic enquiries may serve to indicate the
interest of such collateral results. A study of the distribution of
the races of Wheat in Eastern India shows that, although it is
impossible to hope for a good crop in any part of Lower Bengal
in any year, on account of " rust," the cultivation of this cereal,
so widely grown in Upper India, does not stop short when the
western margin of the unsuitable region is reached, but extends in
a narrow belt through Central into Eastern Bengal. We are thus
brought in contact with the history of the progress of the Mogul
power eastward. The wheat-consuming conquerors, not content
with the rice which is the staple food of those they overcame,
must needs persist in growing their favourite grain.
f2
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
IE we consider the distribution of the races of Mustard culti-
vated ill the same region, we tiud that our familiar Bras^slca is
known iii Behar as it is elsewhere in Upper India as ' Sarson.'
In the Lower Gangetic Plain, where the language is Bengali, the
corresponding word is ' Sarisha.' But while, as a matter of
linguistics, the two names are identical, we find that the Hindu
* Sarson ' and the Bengali ' Sarisha ' are entirely distinct plants,
and the incidence of the two names never varies in either region.
The striking feature in this case is that both plants are equally
widely grown and equally well known in the two areas, but that
in Bengal the Hindu ' Sarson ' is termed ' Dhepo,' in Behar the
Bengali ' Sarisha ' is termed ' Latni.' We learu then that, though
linguistically two names may be the same and though the general
siguifieance of the two may be similar, their specific application
may be quite distinct.
in North-Eastern Bengal one finds that, while there as elsewhere
in this alluvial rice-swamp the staple monsoon field-crop is almost
necessarily Oryza saliva, in the winter months the people grow as
garden rather than as field crops a number of plants unknown in
cultivation elsewhere in India. These include among others a
chrysanthemum yielding an oil-seed ; a cabbage ; mustard ; a
mallow, elsewhere a field-weed, here a deliberately cultivated
mucilaginous vegetable; a form of China-grass, grown for its
fibre, so as to supply strong ropes for the haulajje of country boats
against the stream in the summer floods. The climate even in
winter is not particularly well suited for any of these, and the
conclusion to wliich one is irresistibly led is that we see here, even
if the people themselves be unaware of it, a parallel to the efforts
of European denizens in India to grow, in the winter months,
wallflowers, stocks, violets, and the like, not because these plants
can be grown easily or grown well, but because they are associated
with "home." Hindu as to faith, Bengali in speech, it Avould
surprise these people if it were suggested that racially they are
entirely unlike their Bengali neighbours south and west of the
Ganges. But when it is realized that the winter garden crops in
question are Chinese and not Indian ones, the idea suggests itself
that the people who grow them also came into India across the
north-eastern frontiers. Here, then, the economic botanist finds
himself in contact with the ethnologist, and in this particular
instance can apply evidence confirmatory of a hypothesis suggested
by the facts obtained from head-measurements.
These are but instances to show that economic botanical studies,
apart from their direct interest, which in itself may be sufficiently
fascinating, particularly when the material available admits of
their being cai-ried to completion, may lead to results that are of
interest to the historian, the scholar, the ethnologist. But before
leaving the subject it may be permissible to allude to an instance
where a botanical study — this time, however, scientific, and not
economic — seems to supply food for thought to those interested
in folk-lore.
In the garden of a native gentleman near Calcutta occurs a
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDUX. 69
Ficiis which exhibits the pecuharity of having all its leaves modified
into hypoascidial cups. The alteration of leaves into cups is not
an uncommon phenomenon, but it rarely extends to all the leaves
of an individual plant, and in no other known plant are the leaves
hypoascidial. A sustained enquiry failed to show whence this
particular tree had originally come or to indicate that another tree
with foliage of this kind occurs elsewhere. After some trouble
two rooted cuttings of the original tree were established in the
nurseries of the iioyal Botanic Cxarden at Calcutta. But, though
nothing of the kind had ever been seen or heard of elsewhere, the
rooted cuttings in question, which were a soiave of great interest
to the native gardeners of the establislunent, at once evoked a
myth of the most circumstantial character, in which an incident
in the life of Rama was made to account for the appearance oi
these supernatural cups. Nor did the matter end hex'e. When,
a couple of seasons later, one of the two cuttings had become
sutticiently large to admit of its being planted out in the public
part of the garden, where it again excited great interest among a
wider and often much more highly educated class, another myth
as circumstantial as the first was evolved to explain the occuri'ence
and shape of the leaves. But the incident and the explanation
were altogether different, and the supernatural power required to
account for the existence of the cups was attributed to Krishna,
not to Kama. The inference from the existence of a myth in
connection with a natural phenomenon, that therefore the pheno-
menon which the myth endeavours to explain has been long known,
is in this case precluded ; while the fact that in the instance under
review not one myth only, but two, were promptly forthcoming,
seems to show that, given a child-like and imaginative people,
a phenomenon only requires to be sutticiently striking to ensure
the impromptu evolution of a mythical explanation.
The last lecture was delivered by Mr. Fbakcis J. Lewis, F.L.S.,
on the Plant-remains in British Peat-mosses ; he said : —
I have been asked to say a few words this evening on the
succession of vegetation in the peat of Britain ; a deposit of some
interest, inasmuch as many peat-bogs contain, buried in their
depths, a complete story of the vegetation which has existed over
such spots since the Glacial period.
The interest of a peat-moss depends upon the fact that it shows
definite stratification. A few slides «ill make this evident. If
the stream channels of many mosses are walked through, the stems
and roots of large trees are often seen exposed as the bank is
gradually cut back by the stream at its base.
When the peat is deep and the stream has cut its way dow^n to
the underlying soil, the tree-roots and stems are seen to occur in
a definite layer — sometimes one, more frequently two, and occa-
sionally three such forest layers can be recognized, separated by
thick beds of peat quite free from tree-remains.
Two such forest zones can be I'ecognized in Britain.
7°
PROCEEDINGS Ol- THE
Slides exhibited.
1. The Upper Forest, Caithness-Sutherland border,
2. Upper Forest exposed by denudation. Cairngorms.
3. Upper Forest. Kells.
The arctic zone between the forest beds.
4. Arctic zone. Merrick-Kells.
The sequence in the Southern Uplands.
5. Sequence in Merrick-Kells.
Turning noiv to a district far north of this, that ivas examined
two years later, the same features appear.
6. Sequence in Shetland.
When Highland areas are examined the upper beds remain in
general cliaracters the same, but the beds below the intercalated
arctic are missing.
7. Sequence of Spey-Findhorn.
8. The areas examined. Map.
The meaning of the missing basal beds in Highlands.
9. "Ways in which peat may be removed. Coire Bog torrent beds.
10. Photo of actual example.
11. Merrick-Kells, general view.
12. Shetland. Burn of Dale.
13. Cape Wrath district.
14. The Lews mosses.
15. The denudation of peat universal, except in boulder clay-basins
in lowlands. Cross Fell peat-bogs.
16. JSr. Uist denudation.
1(3 a. Denudation in Lews.
17. General view of Cross Fell deposits.
18. Peat running up to limestone outcrop. Cross Fell.
19. The Upper Forest. Cross Fell.
20. The altitudinal hmits of an arctic alpine flora and forest
vegetation at successive stages since the Glacial period.
21. Doubling of pine zone (Upper Forest). Spey-Findhorn v\ ater-
shed.
22. Stonechrubie, Assynt. No arctic plants at the base.
23. Eannoch Moor. Presence of arctic plants at base and
doubling of Upper Forest.
24. A section on banks of Sma Lochs. ,
25. Peat coming up to base of limestone. ■
26. The character of the zones — Empetrum. ■
27. Moraines on which southern upland peat rests. The glacial
succession.
LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 71
June 20th, 1907.
Prof. AV. A. Hebdman, P.E.S., President, in the Chair,
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th June, 1907,
\^ere read, and confirmed.
Mr. Geoffrey Watkin Smith, Mr. Montagu Austin Phillips, and
Mr. Frederick Ambrose Gardiner were admitted Fellows.
Mr. Walter Henry Baker, Mr. Keginald Evelyn Child Beale,
and Dr. John Tanner were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Balph Sneyd Pearson was elected a Fellow.
The President read a letter congratulating Sir J. D. Hookee on
his sixty-five years of Fellowship of the Linnean Society, and the
approaching completion of his ninetieth year, which was signed
by the Fellows present, for transmission to the veteran botanist.
An acknowledgment from the principal secretary of H.M. the
King of Sueden, in reply to the telegram sent on the 6th June
on the occasion of his golden wedding, was read by the General
Secretary.
The Rev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., F.L.S., referred to the
recent Eeception (7th June) and hoped that the lectures delivered
then would be printed in the ' Proceedings ' ; a reply was given by
the President, and further remarks made by Mr. J. C. Shenstone.
3Ir. W. C. WoKSDELL, F.L.S., exhibited some remarkable cases
of carpellody of the inner stamens of Papaver convnutatum, selected
from a bed of plants at Kew so labelled, with one specimen of
P. orientule showing the same peculiarity of separate carpels sui'-
rounding the capsule.
Dr. Scott and Mr. J. C. Shenstone spoke on this exhibit.
The GENEEAii Secretary exhibited two photographs he had
received that morning from Prof, yak Leersum: of Leiden, of two
pages from the audience book of Herman Boerhaave, showing the
signature of Carl Linnaeus on eachj^^ith many other signatures of
men who afterwards became famous.
Dr. A. B. Eendle mentioned the celebrated letter of Boerhaave
introducing Linnaeus to Sloane, which was now on view at the
British Museum (Natural History).
The following papers were read and discussed : —
The late Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S.— " On the
Distribution of Conifers in China and neighbouring
Countries."
Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A., F.L.S. — " Introduction,
part II., of the ' Sealai'k ' Expedition."
J PROCEEDINGS OE THE
Mr. E. E. Green. — " Coccidse." (Communicated by Mr. J.
Stanley Gardiner, M.A., E.L.IS.)
Herr M. Eoslie. — " Lithothamnia." (Communicated by the
same.)
Mr. L. A. BoRRADAiLE, M.A. — " Stomatopoda." (Communi-
cated by Dr. W. T. Calman, E.L.S.)
Mr. A. W. Waters, E.L.S. — " Species and Ovicells of Tuhu-
cellaria."
Mr. Clement Eeid, E.E.S., E.L.S., & Mrs. Eeid.— " On the
Pre-Glacial Elora of Britaui."
Dr. W. E. HoiLE. — " Cephalopoda of the Sudan." (Communi-
cated by the President.)
Mr. E. A. Newell Arper, M.A., E.L.S. — " Triassic Species of
Zamites and Pieroj)hyHmn."
Messrs. E. G. Baker, E.L.S., S. L. Moore, E.L.S., and A. B.
PiENDLE, M.A., D.Sc, E.L.S.— " Descriptions of Plants
from JVIount Euwenzori."
Dr. E. E. Eritsch, E.L.S. — " The Anatomy of the Julianiacese."
Mr. G. S. West, E.L.S. — "On certain critical EreshwaterAlga?."
Dr. 11. jS^orris Woleendek, E.L.S. — " Eeport on the Kesults
obtained during the cruise of the Tacht ' Silver Belle.' "
Mr. W. M. Tattersall. — " Amphipoda." (Communicated by
Rev. T. E. E. Steering, E.E.S., E.L.S.)
Mr. G. F. Earran. — " Fyrosoma sjnnosum." (Communicated by
Dr. R. A. Woleenuen, E.L.S.)
Messrs. E. W. L. Holt & L. Byrne. — " Rare or little-known
Fishes taken by the ' Silver Belle.' " (Communicated by
Dr. A. GtJNTHER, E.R.S., E.L.S.)
Ll>'Ni;A\ SOCIEXT OJf LONDOX. 73
ABSTRACTS.
A Note on Siec/esheclia orientaUs.
By the Eev. H. Pueefoy JFitzgerald, F.L.S.
[Bead 6th December, 1906.]
My chief object in sending the exhibit and note of Siegesbecl-ia is not
to convey any tresli information but to gain it, and to invite evidence
of its medicinal virtues from any wiio are acquainted with it.
Last spring, my friend M. Sers from Reunion supplied me with
seed, askuig vxhether I would try and raise it in this country ; he
also sent some to Jvew Gardeus, and a large crop has been grown
near San iVancisco for experimental purposes. M. Sers tells me
that the natives in Reunion make very great use of the plant
for all kinds of skni diseases ; it is there known by the name
Guerit-vite (the quick-cure). He tells me also that he has seen
a dog, which w as so bad with mange that it was ordered to be
killed, cured in three weeks by being washed with water ni which
this plant had been boiled. Siegeshechia oritntalis is a native of
India, but Lieut.-Col. Prain, the Director of Kew Gardens, tells
me he has never heard of its being used for any purpose in India,
and this is confirmed by Sir George Watt, the authority on Indian
economic plants.
In the 2nd vol. of the ' Pharmacographia Indica ' (Dymock,
Warden & Hooper) there is a short account, of some of the uses
to which the plant has been applied in the islands of Mauritius
and Reunion, and it is further stated that it appears to have been
known for a long time in Chiua as a remedy for agite, rheumatism,
and renal colic.
The account further states : — " In Reunion it {SiegesbecJcia
07'ientalis) has a considerable local reputation as a sialologue
(exciting saliva), vulnerary, tonic, aperient and depurative ; it is
aajingredient in Perichon's 8irop depuratif vegetal, which is used
as a remed}^ in scrofulous affections. The juice of the fresh herb
is used as a dressing for wounds, over which, as it dries, it leaves a
varnish-like coating. A decoction of the leaves and young shoots
is used as a lotion for ulcers and parasitic skin diseases."
Undoubtedly, then, in Reunion the plant is largely used for
various purposes, and it seems likely that, if it retains its peculiar
virtues when grown in other countries, it may turn out to be a
plant of much value.
The whole of my crop has been sent to a skin hospital, where it
is being experimented with in various ways, but sufficient time
has not yet elapsed for any statements to be made.
I have supplied a decoction to a woman who has for years
suffered from an extremely irritable sort of erysipelas, and she
has found considerable relief by using it.
74 PKOCEEDINGS OF THIC
Sieqeshechia orientalis is an erect, branclied annual herb, one oi:
the Compositae, growing about 3 feet high, be.iring opposite,
broadly triangular, coarsely toothed leaves. The flowers are
insignificant, yellow in colonr, the ray florets strap-shaped and
pistil-bearing, the disk florets being tubular and perfect. It is
quite hardy and bears seeds abundantly.
The bitter principle of the plant was discovered in 1885 by
M. Auffray, and named Darutyne ; a specimen of the white crys-
talline scales was shown in the Indian and Colonial Exhibition,
London, 1886 (' Pharmacographia Indica").
I should be glad if this note brings forth any further informa-
tion from the Fellows of this Society who have come across it and
have seen it used for any specific purpose.
Lieut.-Col. Prain, Director of Kew, has very kindly lent me tlie
dried specimens and the painting ; the latter will probably be of
more use than the former, in showing the main features of the
plant.
II.
The Ornamentation of the Frog Tadpole {Rana ienq^oravia).
By Nina P. Layaeb, P.L.S.
[Read 7th March, 1907.]
"When the young tadpole frees itself from its jelly covering it is
entirely black, but by the time it is ten days old, or possibly
before, gold spots begin to appear sparsely sprinkled over the
dusky skin. Very rapid changes in coloration then begin to take
place, and the following notes are from a daily diary kept while
these appearances were being carefully observed.
On the tenth day after the tadpole had broken away from its
envelope, a thin sprinkling of gold spots was observed. At first
the spots are disposed singly and in no apparent order, except
that on the upper part of the ridge of the tail they form a more
or less regular line. There were more spots on the upper than
on under part of the tadpole, and a few, perhaps three or four,
irregularly scattered over the eye.
On the eleventh day the spots had increased in nulnber, and by
the twelfth were alternately arranged in two lines on the ridge
of the tail, and were thickly sprinkled over the eye. On the
thirteenth and fourteenth days the only noticeable change was a
slight yellowness about the nose. Two days afterwards, when
the tadpole was sixteen days old, a sudden and curious change
was observed in the eye. The spots had cleared away from the
centre, and now formed a golden iris, arranged in perfect order,
though a few were still sprinkled over the ball outside the
iris. At the same time, the lines of spots on the ridge of
the tail had broken up into groups composed gf three or four
L1>NEAN SOCIKTI' Ol' LOXDOX. 75
spots each. By the seventeenth day the skin of the tadpole
presented a very beautiful appearance under the microscope. On
a black background were thickly sprinked groups of golden spots,
strangely resembling a midnight sky with its groups of starry
constellations.
Choosing a portion of the skin to which I could be guided by
the junction of the tail with the body, 1 made a map of a few
groups that were specially defined, but they had so altered their
positions during the night, that I could recognize none of them
on the following day. Meanwhile the tail had assumed a very
elegant leaf-like shape, of a pale brownish hue, fretted with spots
of darker brown. On the twentieth day 1 again made a map of
the gold spots as they appeared on the ridge of the tail at 12 p.m.,
but by 20 minutes to eleven on the following day it was impossible
to identify any of the groups. On May the 9th, which was the
twenty-sixth day, I made a drawing of some spots which were
seen on the eye outs'de the iris, and although tlie next day the
groups could be recognized, certain changes had begun to take
place. Above and beJow the lowest pair of spots gold bars had
appeared, and a triangular gold blotch at the lelt had disappeared.
The twenty-third day showed constant alterations in tlie dis-
position of the groups ; and by the twenty-fourth day all the
spots distributed over the body, from being circular had in one night
become starry, or perhaps they would now be more accurately
described as " rosettes,'"' such as are seen on the flanks of the
leopard, but golden instead of black. At this time also, the
uniform blackness of the underlying skin gave place to a
yellowish-brown about the nose and surrounding the eyes ; and
four days later the M'hole of this portion, which comprehends
almost half the body of the tadpole, had turned to burnished gold,
spotted with black, while the rest of the body remained black, but
literally crusted over with gold spangles. A black mark shaped
like a spear-head now appeared on the elevated ridge between the
eyes, and the tail became reddish in the centre, and speckled
with red and black spots.
By the thirtieth day the frog-tadpole had perhaps attained its
highest degree of perfection as regards ornamentation, and
although it went through many subsequent changes, all beautiful
in their way, I will conclude my notes with a description of it at
this age, when I think it could hardly be surpassed in brilliancy of
decoration by any other creature.
During the three days which had elapsed since it was last
sketched, several changes had taken place. It was still more
thickly spangled with gold, and a second fainter mark had
appeared in advance of the spear-head marking between the eves.
Around the spear-mark spots of a brilliant torquoise-blue had
grouped themselves, and the effect of these spots, surrounded as
they were by gold, was very jewel-like and striking. Finally, the
tail was very transparent, only slightly speckled, and frilled near
the end. It is perhaps impossible to exaggerate the splendour of
76 rEOCEEDixGs or the
a frog-tadpole at tbe age of one month. As this tadpole unfor-
tuuatel_y died the day after the last drawing was made, I have
wondered whether the blue spots were possibly the result of an
niihealthy condition, but I have not had the opportunity of
repeating the observations.
Note. — In Miss Hinckley's "Notes on the Development of
Rana sylvatica" which appeared in the ' Proceedings ' of the
Boston Natural History Society, she mentions the continual change
of colour taking place in the skin of the frog. So rapid were these
changes, that she found it almost impossible to secure a correct
representation. She found that within lifteen minutes the frog,
if placed in a glass on white paper, would turn from the ordinary
shade of brown to light ashy fawn.
Schnetzler beheved that " the privation of light diminished and
stopped the foruiation of the colouring matter of the skin," and
according to his experiments frogs reared in green glasses remained
very black.
III.
On the Occurrence of Ar/rostis verticillata, Vill., and Alsine
atheniensis, nobis, in the Channel Islands. By (x. Clauidge
Dkuce, M.A., E.L.S.
[Read 7th March, 1907.]
Ageostis tebticillata, Vlllars, in the Channel Isles.
A. verticillata, Yillars, Prosp. PI. Dauph. p. 16 (3 779), et His-
toire, ii. p. 74 (1787) ; not of Thuih. PI. Par. ii. p. 36 (1790).
— A. stolonifera, Linn. Herb, (not of the 'Species Plantarum');
Eichter, PI. Europ. p. 42 (^1690). — A. aquatica, Pourr. in Act.
Toul. in. p. 306 (17b3).— ^. densa, M. Pieb. PI. Taur. Cauc.
i. p. 56 (1S09).— .4. refracta, Moench, Meth. Suppl. p. 60
(1794). — A, alba, Chaix in Vill. I. c, not ot Linn. — A. rivu-
laris, Brot. Pi. Lusit. p. 75 (lb04). — A. VUlarsii, Poir. Euc.
Meth. Supph i. p. 251 (1810).
Vilfa stolonifera, Presl, Cyp. & Gram. Sic. p. 22 (1820).
Inhabiting South Europe and Portugal ; adventitious in Western
Prance and Hamburg.
Descr. Stoloniferous. Stems 6-20 inches, geniculate, ascend-
ing; leaves flat, soft, glaucous; ligule short, truncate; panicle
1-4 inches long, compact, thyrsoidly-lobate ; branches rough,
remaining open after llo\^erillg, garnished tvith spikelets to their
base, greyish-green or purphsh-red ; glumes subobtuse, puberously-
scabrid over the whole surface; pales equal, obtuse.
This species greatly resembles Agrostis alba (the variety of
which in Britain we know as A. stolonifera, and is perhajis
identical with var. 'prorepens, Ivoch) in habit and general appear-
ance, but may be kno^\n by the bianchlets being garnished with
LINXEA>' SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 77
spikelets to the base, whereas in alha and its varieties they are
bare of spikelets.
Last July, when in the company of Mr. E. D. Marquand, I saw
•growing plentifully in the excavated soil near the Vale Castle in
(guernsey a grass which was different from any British form
known to me, and subsequently found it covering an extensive
area and in considerable quantity, not only in such situations,
but also by the sides of roads and other dry bare places in the
northern portion of Guernsey and also extending westwards to
the Grande Mare, where it grew by the roadside. On my visit to
Alderiiey I found it' growing on made soil in Braye Bay and on
quarry debris farther east. I have also detected a small piece
among some grasses gathered at St. Luke's, Jersey, in the pre-
vious June, but this was on some I'ecently disturbed ground,
where alien plants were present. In Corbiere's ' Xouvelle Tlore
de Normandie' he reports it as a southern species naturalized for
upwards of 40 years at Cherbourg, espec-ially about the ditches of
the western port. From the fact of its not being a native of
Western Erance, it may be held to be also adventitious in the
Channel Islands, and in a country so disturbed by the operations
of man as these small islands, it must be very ditlicult to decide.
On the one hand, there are the facts of its absence from the
opposite coast of France as a native species, and that no botanist
has hitherto recorded it from the islands, while the geographical
range is not strongly in favour of its being native in the Channel
Islands ; yet, on the other hand, it may be urged that it extends
up the western coast as 7ar as Spain and Portugal, that it is
extremely similar to A. alha var. stolonifera in appearance and
chooses the same situations, and may thus have escaped observa-
tion, while in its undoubtedlv native area it prefers ground which
has been disturbed by man, and that it is now at any rate abundant
and widely spread ; moreover, the recent discovery of Sperfjidaria
atheniensis in Jersey (a distinctly Mediterranean species) supports
the possibility of its being native.
Curiously it represents A. stolonifera in the Li nnean Herbarium,
and for that reason Eichter in the ' Plautse Europoeae ' puts it
under that name. But as Linnaeus bases his stolonifera on the
plant described in the ' Flora Suecica,' ii. p. 66 and i. n. 61, it
evidently cannot refer to this Mediterranean species. Indeed,
some authors have thought it refers to A. vulgaris. With. ; but
since this plant represents A. stolonifera in his herbarium it would
apj)ear more probable that the well-known form of A. alha, which
mimics this plant so closely, is really the Linnean stolonifera.
Alsii^'e atheniensis, nohis, in Jersey.
Spergularia atheniensis, Ascherson ex Schweinfurth, Beitr. Fl.
^Ethiop. p. 267 (1867), nomen tantum ; JSyman, Consp.
p. 123 ; Halacsy, Consp. Fl. Graec. i. p. 25 L — /S'. 7'uhra var.
atheniensis, Heldr. & Sart. in Heldr. Herb. Graec. Xorm,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
n. 590.— >S'. cnmpestris, Heldr. Herb. Graec. Norm. n. 831 (not
oi: Ascherson); Willk. & Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp. ii. p. 165.—
SiMrgularia diandm, Boiss.M. Or. i. p. 733 ; and Index Kew.
ii. p. 956.
Descr. Annual or biennial. Glandular-viscous, prostrate or
ascending, nearly leafless at the base. Leaves long, linear, flat.
Stipules subtriangular, broader than long, and overlapping at the
base, dull greyish-yellow. Elowers numerous, in dense leafless or
nearly leafless cymes, the pedicels shorter than the capsules.
Sepals lanceolate, with scarious margiu. Petals obovate, as long
or a little shorter than the sepals. Stamens from 5 to 10, usually
about 7 or 8 in number. Capsule slightly exceeding the calyx.
Seeds wingless, greyish-brown, larger than those of -S'. rubra.
From S. ruhra it may easily be distinguished by the absence of
the basal rosette of leaves, and by the short, broadly-ovate, dull-
coloured stipules, so different from the long, narrow, lanceolate,
glistening silvery-white stipules of -S'. ruhra. From the more
closelv allied S. diandra, with which it is united or confounded by
Lebel", Kindberg, and ' Index Kewensis,' and under which as a
subspecies it is placed by Nyman, Alsine atlicniensis may be known
bvits more robust appearance and by the more numerous stamens,
S. diandra, as its name im])lies, having 2 or 3 only.
Alsine atheniensis is found in sandy places on or near the coast
of the Mediterranean from Phaleron, near Athens, where I have
seen it, westwards to Spain, and it also occurs in Corsica. S.
diandra is recorded by Nyinan from Portugal.
The above description has been drawn up from the Jersey
plant, which I found last June growing on loose sand at and near
St. Hehers. Its occuri^ence in Jersey, where there is, I suppose,
no reason to doubt its being indigenous, although it grew on
ground near the coast railway, is especially interesting from its
ijeing a Mediterranean species unrecorded for the coast of
Western Prance, although, as we have seen, the closely-allied
S. diandra is reported from Portugal. The presence of the
Mediterranean element in the flora of the Channel Isles at present
awaits a perfectly satisfactory explanation, although Mr. Lester-
Garland, in 'Flora of Jersey,' offers an ingenious suggestion.
IV.
On the CEc'ological Functions of Stolons and Cleistogamous
Flowers. By J. C. Shenstone, F.L.S.
[Eead 18th April, 1007.]
The colonies of plants formed by means oT rhizomes, creeping
stems, offsets, runners and suckers, or by the self-planting of seeds
in the immediate neighbourhood of the parent plant, are familiar
to us all, but an important service which this habit of forming
colonies affords to the species appears to have been overlooked.
It is self-evident that a more or less dense colony of plants has
LTXXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 79
a much better chance of holding its own, when sm-rounded bv
hixuriaut vegetation, than single individuals would have. Colon-
ization aho often affords important service by rendering the
pollinizatioii of the ovule more certain than would be the case if
the plants were thinly scattered as isolated individuals. In the
case of rock-loving plants, the cushion-like colonies, so frequent
among our rock flora, retain moisture by collecting debris and
dust round the thickly-matted offsets.
It may be well to recall some familiar examples illustrating the
advantages secured by this habit of colonization.
The common daisy {BeUis perennis) affords us a tj-pical example
of a plant w hich would certainly be smothered if it grew in a con-
dition oi: isolation. Those who have watched this little plant
gradually taking possession of their lawn, must have noticed the
first unfolding of its rosette of stifl' leaves, either in some thin
place upon the lawn, or at an earlier period of the season, before
the surrounding herbage has commenced to grow. Having secured
its foothold, it quickly sends up offsets which soon clear a com-
paratively large space, thus securing an abundance of light and air.
The colony rapidly spreads, neighbouring colonies join their forces,
until a large portion of the lawn is occupied by our humble friend.
The short, thick rhizome of the iris {Iris Pseudncorus) co-oper-
ates with the rigid sword-shaped leaves to secure light and air for
a plant growing under very different circum>tances. Even the
rank riverside vegetation is quite unable to resist the force of the
growth of these thick rhizomes crowned by rigid leaves. IVor
must we overlook the important service rendered by colonies of
grasses and sedges on our sand-dunes, in holding the sand together
by their matted roots ; but for these matted offshoots no plant
could live upon these sands.
Amongst the wind-fertilized plants, the perennial mercury
{MercariaUs jyerennis) illustrates the service rendered by colonies.
The seedling plant quickly forms comparatively thick colonies by
means of underground stems, and the inflorescence is developed
in the early spring before the woodland vegetation has appeared ;
orherwise the wind-blovATi pollen of this plant would be obstructed
in its passage from colony to colony. One colony produces stami-
nate flowers exclusively, another colony produces pistillate flowers
only. The colony of staminate flowers sends out clouds of pollen,
whilst the pistillate flowers unfold their stigmas gradually, and are
thus for a long period ready to catch the pollen as the clouds pass
in their direction. It is clear that pollination would be more pi-e-
carious if the pollen was produced in small quantities by isolated
plants.
The common stinging-nettle ( Urtica dioica) also forms colonies
hi/ mca7is of underground stems, and these likewise send out clouds
of pollen which fertilize flowers of neighbouring colonies.
The wild thyme (Thymus Serpyllum) may be cited as an example
of a plant which secures the fertilization of its ovules by the
formation of dense colonies. Its flowers would have small chance
8o PROCEEDINGS OE TITE
of attractina; visitors required for cross-fertilization, if its slender
stems lost themselves amongst surrounding vegetation, instead of
forming dense tufts covered with bright flowers. These tuFts also
send out much larger volumes of tl>e odour so characteristic of the
plant than isolated stems would do, and thus afford an additional
attraction to insects.
In the pretty little moscatel (Ado.va Moschatellhia) we have a
rare instance of an entomophilous plant emitting a slight odour,
secreting nectar, and yet being devoid of the brightly coh)ured
corolla which we associate with such distinctly entomophilous
plants. Grrant Allen tells us that no reason Ciin be given for the
green corolla of this plant, but I would suggest that the formation
of colonies of these bright green plants bjf undert/round stems
renders them very conspicuous in contrast with the brown colora-
tion of our woodlands in spring, and thus bright-coloured corollas
are not necessary.
I would now direct attention to the two most characteristic
cleistogamic flower-producing plants of our British flora. Careful
observation will show us that these cleistogamous flowers not only
serve the plants by producing mature seeds without the aid of
wind or insects — an important service, but also by keeping the
colonies of plants dense in their very centres, and by this means
enabling the colonies to maintain themselves against outside attack
for much longer periods.
The sweet violet (Viola odorata), growing in woods and hedges
surrounded by luxurious vegetation, would soon be smothen^d if
growing as isolated plants or in straggling colonies. Tlie plant
thrusts the capsules, produced by the cleistogamous flowers
abundantly in the autumn, to the ground close to the parent
plant; thus a number of vigorous young seedlings are introduced
into the colonies, reinvigorating them at their centres, whilst the
creeping stems spread outwards and extend the colonies in a
centrifugal manner. The seeds produced by the jierfect flowers,
which serve to start new colonies, are very sparingly produced,
hence it is important to the plant that the colonies, when once
established, should hold their own for a lengthened period.
It is noteworthy that the dog violet (Viola canina), growing in
more open situations and surrounded by less luxuriant vegetation,
relies much more u])on its perfect flowers for the reproduction of
the species. These perfect flowers are produced later in the
season, when insects are more abundant, and consequently pro-
duce an abundance of seed. They thrust the capsules produced
by these perfect flowers well above the surrounding vegetation
and scatter their seeds very widely. The plant appears to realize
that it lives under different conditions to those under which its
near relative the sweet violet has to struggle, and takes full
advaTitnge of the more favourable conditions. Nevertheless it
develops cleistogamic flowers, and plants the seeds produced by
them inside the colonies, though relying less upon them. It is
LUTNEAlf SOCIETT OF LONDON. 8 1
noteworthy also that whilst the wood violet relies upon its strong
perfume for drawing the few insects which fly in the spring to its
flowers, not attempting to raise its flowers above the vegetation
surrounding it ; the dog violet raises its flowers and makes itself
conspicuous by their light violet colour, dispensing with perfume
altogether.
The wood sorrel {Oxalis Acetosella), like the wood violet, flowers
in very early spring, and forms colonies of bright green small
plants by means of underground stems in shady situations in
woods. It selects situations where at this early period of the
year vegetation is not abundant, and when the contrast between
these colonies of bright green plants serves to attract the few
insects on wing from some distance ; its delicately-tinted corolla
serving as a sign to insect visitors that nectar may be found
within. This has likewise small, inconspicuous cleistogamous
flowers, which carefully bury the capsule in the ground ; the
mature capsules being surprisingly large. These serve to re-
invigorate the colonies, but the perfect flowers of these plants
raise their capsules high up in the air, and are pi'ovided with
mechanism serving to shoot the seeds to a great distance, a feat
which later in the season \a ould be impossible — the seeds would
then be obstructed by other plants.
It is noteworthy that in the above plants both tho stolons and
the cleistogamous flowers co-operate with the other organs in the
very important function of enabling the species to contend against
the competition in the environment in which it lives. The manner
in which the cleistogamous flowers supplement the action of the
creeping stems in producing dense colonies is peculiarly instruc-
tive. The important function served by these organs appears to
have been overlooked by botanists.
It appears to me doubtful whether, the bisexual process of
reproduction having been perfected, the less perfect method by
offshoots, or degenerate cleistogamous flowers, would survive,
unless they showed some important secondary functions beyond
the reproduction of the species.
LINJf. SOC. PBOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1906-1907.
A LETTER FROM
CARL VON LINNE
TO Pkofessok PIETRO ARDUINO,
AT Padua,
WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY
Dk. G. B. DE TONI, Hon.P.R.M.S.
(Communicated by Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S.,
Secretary of the Linnean Society.)
gontbjbuted to the anniversary meeting of the linnean
Society of London, 24th May, 1907, in commemoration of
THE 200th Anniversary of the birth of Carl von Linnb.
(Born ^ May 1707 ; died 10 Jan. 1778.)
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
A Letter from Caul von Linnk to Pietro Arduino.
Contributed with an Introduction by Dr. G . B. De Toni,
Hon.F.E.M.S.
(Commuuicated by Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., Sec.L.S.)
I HAVE the honour of taking part in the celebration by the Linnean
Society of London of the 200th anniversary of the birth of the
great systematist Carl von Linne, by contributing a letter * which
the Swedish naturalist despatched on the 3rd November 1764 from
Upsala to the Italian botanist, Pietro Arduino, at Padua f.
This letter, which Mr. S. Morpurgo, director of the National
Library in Florence, has been so kind as to have transcribed from
the original preserved in the " Collezione Autografi, fondo Gronnelli,
Cart. 21, no. 113," furnishes several particulars of considerable
interest as to the relations existing between the two botanists
with regard to certain plants which Arduino had sent by special
request to Linne.
In this letter the Swedish botanist gives expression to his great
regret at the loss of Porskal, the explorer of Arabia, one of his
pupils, who, previous to his death in 1763 +, had communicated
* With regard to the correspondence of Linn^ with the naturalists of his
time, reference may be made to : — Gr. A. Pritzel, 'Thesaurus hteraturise botanicse,'
Lipsise (Brockhaus), 1872, 4<', p. 188 ; ' Linnseana in Nederland aauwezig,'
Amsterdam (Scheltema & Holkema), 1878, 8", pp. 42-45; to which may be
added, ' Lettere inedite di Carlo Linneo a Giovanni Antonio Scopoli ' (published
under the editorship of Messrs. Gr. de Cobelli and 0. Delaiti), Eovereto
(V. Sottochiesa), 1889, 8" ; and A. Alberg, ' The Floral King ; a Life of Linnaus,'
London (Allen & Co.), 1888, 80.
t Pietro Arduino, born at Caprino (Verona), 18th July 1728, Professor of
Agriculture at the University, and Director of the Botanic Garden at Padua,
where he died, loth April 1805. For biographical notices, see P. A. Saccardo,
' La botanica in Italia,' Venezia (M. Ferrari), 4"; Parte 1. 1895, p. 17 ; Parte II.
1901, p. 12.
\ Pehr Forskal, born at Calmar (Smaland) in 1736, died at Jerim (Arabia),
nth July 1763, and not 1768, as indicated by G. A. Pritzel, Thes. hot. p. 110,
and following him by Saccardo, op. cit. p. 74. Evidently this is due to a
blunder in copying, for an old work gives 1763 as the true year of the death of
the botanical traveller ForskSl ; see 0. Sprengel, ' Historia rei herbarisB,'Tomu3 ii.
p. 420, Amstelodami, 1808.
LINNEAN SOCIKTY OF LONDOX. 85
some observations on the plants collected in the region through
which he was travelHug.
The following is the Latin text of Linne's letter : —
Vtro Clarissimo
D. Peteo Ardttino
s. p. d.
Car. a Linne, Equ.
Epistolam quam ad me pridie calend. Julii exarabas, rite accepi ;
at fasciculum simul missum nondum. Tabellarius enim 6 nummos
aureos (Ducatos aureos) pro fasciculo exigebat, quod mihi videbatur
nimis pretiosum. Solvuntur enim heic omnes epistolae secundum
uncias ; et pro quavis uncia exoticarum tabellario renumeratur
■|- pars Ducatus. Si, vir amicissime, inscripsisses fasciculo, uti
antea monui * Societati Eegiae Scientiarum Upsalise, tum habu-
issem eundem absque impensis. Scribebam Holmiam ad magnates
quibus tabellarii res paret, nee respousum accepi. Solvi antea hoc
anno ultra 40 ducatos pro Uteris ; nunc delassatus proposui non
redimere literas quae constant ultra unum ducatum.
Astragalus chinensis mihi duplex est ; tuus erit sine dubio parvus
acaulis purpureus quem habeo una cum Velio pseudocytiso t et
Nolana prostrata.
Prsepropera fata Porskahlei mei in Arabia felici multo me affecere
dolore ; habui literas paulo ante eius mortem de genere opobalsimi
[sic] cum ejus charactere octandra 1-gynia tetrapetala +. Tandem
accepi in hortum verissimum Ehabarbarum quod est Ehabarbarura
palmatum nee non Actaeam cimicifugam quam diu avidissime
exoptavi ; at hsec non dum mihi floruit, spero proximo anno
florituram.
* For reasons of economy, Linn6 was accustomed to beg his correspondents
to send letters and packets to the ' Societas Eegia Scientiarum Upsalise ' ; the
same request will be found in letters addressed to Scopoli and published by
Cobelli et Delaiti.
t Gen. Vella, L. (1737). Cruciferse. Sp. Vella Pseudocytisus, L.
+ It is obvious that he is referring to Amyris Opobalsammn, described in the
posthumous work of Forskal, 'Flora Aegyptiaco-Arabica sive descriptiones
plantarum, quas per Aegyptum inferiorem et Arabiam felicem detexit, illustravit,
Petrus Forskil, post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebulir,' p. 79, Haunise,
Ex off. MoUeri. 4°.
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Floruit mihi hoc tempore tua Salvia cum minutis floribus, divers-
issima ab americana, quam putaveram quondam eandem fuisse.
Mirer quod potueras videre stamina Salviae in hac, tani parva,
tamen genuina. Videtur mihi fore perennem plan tarn.
Dabam Upsahse 1764 d. 3 Novembris.
Viro Amplissimo
j)iio pj;rpEo Aeduino,
Professori Publico,
Paduce.
[Translation.]
Care yon Linne, Knight,
with cordial greeting
to the distinguished Pietro Aedfino.
I have duly received the letter which you wrote to me on the
3rd June, but not yet the packet sent at the same time. The
postman demanded 6 rixdollars (gold ducats) for the packet,
which seemed to me excessive. They charge all letters so much
per ounce, and for each foreign letter the postman charges one-
third of a rixdollar per ounce. If, my dear friend, you had
addressed your packet, as I have previously advised, to the Royal
Society of Sciences at Upsala, I should have received it free of
charge. I wrote to the postal authorities at Stockholm, but have
received no reply. I have during the present year paid more than
40 rixdollars for letters ; I am now tired of this, and propose not
to take in letters which cost more than one rixdollar.
My Astragalus chinensis has two forms ; yours is doubtless the
small stemless purple one which I have, with VeTla pseudocytisus
and Nolana prostrata.
The untimely fate of my pupil Forskal in Arabia felix has
occasioned me much grief ; I had letters from him shortly before
his death, about the genus Opohalsamum, with its characters, eight
stamens, one style, four petals. At last I have received into my
garden the true E-habarbarum which is Rhabarhanim [recte Rheum]
palmatum, together with Actcea cimicifuga which I have long
ardently wished for, but the latter has not yet flowered with me,
though I hope it will next year.
IilNNEAIT SOCIETY OF LONDON. Sj
At the present time your Salvia with small flowers is flov^ering
with me ; it is very different from S. americana, which at one
time I thought to be the same. I am surprised that you were
able to see the stamens in this Salvia, true stamens though so
diminutive. It seems as though it may be a perennial plant,
TJpsala, 3rd NoTeinber, 1764.
To Professor P. Abdfino,
Padua.
ON A MANUSCRIPT LIST
OF THE
LINNEAN HERBARIUM
IN THE
HANDWRITING OF CARL VON LINNE'
PRESUMABLY COMPILED IN THE YEAR
175 5.
BY
BENJAMIN DAYDON JACKSON,
General Secretary of the Ltnnean Society
OF London.
To which is appended a Catalogue of the Genera
in the Herbarium, with the numbers of sheets
of specimens.
Pmbpambd for the Annivessamt Meeting of the Linnean
Society of London, 2lfTH May, 190T, in celebration of thb
200th Anniversary of the birth of Carl von Linne.
90 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
No portion of the Linnean Society's collections is so frequently
consulted as the Linnean Herbarium, Suggestions have been
frequently made that a full catalogue of this Herbarium should be
printed and issued by the Society, but the difficulties in the way
of complying with such suggestions have hitherto proved in-
superable. In the original cabinets are contained nearly 14,000
sheets, which would need a thick octavo volume merely to record
the names of the species and accompanying notes. So brief a
catalogue would be of very little service to the botanists who refer
to the Herbarium, while a complete critical enumeration of every
specimen is at present quite unattainable. A host of specialists
would be required, and as the specimens naturally are not allowed
to be taken from the Society's rooms, nor tampered with in any
way, it would mean that these experts would have to perform
their task under disadvantageous conditions ; they would have to
rely upon their recollection and not upon their power to match
species by placing specimens side by side.
There have been numerous references to special genera and
species scattered throughout the literature of descriptive botany,
from the days of Sir J. E. Smith to the present time, but we may
say that only five considerable portions of the Herbarium have
hitherto been adequately examined and the reports published.
These are : —
1. Haetman (C). — " Anteckningar vid de Skandinaviska
viixterna i Linnes Herbarium." Handl. K. Sv. Vet.-
Akad. Stockholm, 1849 (1850) pp. 145-191 ; ibid. 1851
(1853) pp. 211-426.
2. MuNEO (W.). — " On the Identification of the Grasses of
LinnsDus's Herbarium . . ." Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. vi.
(1861) pp. 33-58.
3. Anderson (T.). — " On the Identification of the Acanthaceae
of the Linnean Herbarium . . ." Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot.
vii. (1863) pp. 111-118.
4. ScHiMPEE (W. P.). — " Synonymia Muscorum herbarii
Linnseani . . ." Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xi. (1869)
pp. 246-252.
5. Claeke (C. B.). — " On certain authentic Cyperaceae of
Linnaeus." Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xxx. (1894) pp. 299-
315.
By the foregoing statement it will be understood how small a
hnxi;an society of londox. gx
portion of the Herbarium has been investigated by experts, and
how large a portion remains only partially explored.
The mere cataloguing of the sheets offers considerable difficulty :
it can only be accomplished by some person adequately equipped
with a knowledge of the handwTiting of the various persons who
contributed the plants to Carl von Linne ; a transcriber only
would be useless.
Though the perfect catalogue is to be hoped for rather than
expected, the Liuuean Society has two catalogues which supply
some information, and the present paper is concerned with these.
In the Banksian collections, formerly at the British Museum, at
Bloomsbury, and now at Cromwell Eoad, South Kensington, there
exists a copy of Linne's ' Species Plantarum,' first edition, marked
by either Solander or Dryander (probably the latter) with a short
stroke under the running number of each species, showing what
species at some unstated date were represented in the Linnean
Herbarium (see Journ. Bot. xxxiv. (1896) pp. 359-362). These
references were copied by Mr. "W". Carruthers into a copy of the
' Species Plantarum ' which he gave to the Eoyal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, in 1871, which copy also contains the suppressed pages
reprinted in facsimile by Herr von Piatt in the ' Botanisches
Centralblatt,' Bd. Ixvi. (1896) pp. 218-219. It was formerly
supposed that these marks M^ere inserted during the winter of
1784-5, when the Linnean Herbarium was compared with that
belonging to Sir Joseph Banks (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1887-88 (1890)
pp. 27-28), but this is probably an error, for amongst the Linnean
books, one of the two interleaved and annotated copies of the first
edition of the ' Species Plantarum ' is marked in the same manner;
it seems certain that from this Dryander copied his notes.
Notwithstanding the interest attaching to this copy and its
secondary copies, another list exists of a somewhat later date, and
fuller in details. It consists of a small quarto volume, 20 cm. x
16 cm., without title or heading, in contemporary binding with
calf back and corners, and sides covered with sprinkled paper ; it
contains 39 leaves written on both sides in double column
(except the last page) of all the names of plants then known, with
a mark against such as were in the Herbarium. This mark was at
first an underscore as in the ' Species Plantarum,' but from the
sixth page onwards the mark consists of a dot placed before the
figure in front of each name, as shown in the specimen page
annexed (p. 95). A blank leaf was left between each written leaf,
but at some later period three of these blank leaves were roughly
92
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
torn out, and the remainder used for drafts oE specific descriptions
by the younger Carl von Liane.
The age of the list may be placed about the middle of 1755 for
the following reasons: —
The significant mark is changed in the course of transcription
from an underscore to a dot, apparently an afterthought when
copying from the book record. Another proof of the relative ages
of the two records may be found in this, that the supplementary
part of the ' Species Plantarum' (pp. 1190-1200), and two pages
added without pagination after ' Nomina trivialia,' are inserted in
their proper sequence, e. g. Thalia, p. 1193, is placed in the MS.
list under MonandriaMonogynia hQiweenKcerapferia and Boe^^havia,
and the three species of Fllago from the end, are correctly placed.
Too much reliance must not be placed on this, for Boerhavia diandra
(p. 1194) is interpolated on the first page of the MS. thus
3 scandens,
5 diandra,
4 repens.
Again, in the list as originally drawn up we find some species
which were published afterwards, occupying their proper position,
thus seeming as if the plants were known to the compiler but
were awaiting their opportunity to be published. For possibly
two years the author seems to have added names chiefly from the
theses ' Demonstrationes plantarum ' resp. J. C. Hojer, Oct. 1753,
' Herbarium Amboinense ' resp. O. Stickman, Maii 1754, and
' Centuria plantarum I.' resp. A. D. Juslenius, Febr. 1755 ; from
' Centui'ia plantarum II.' resp. E. Torner, Jun. 1756, I find only
one entry, and from the fact that practically all the species from
Cent. I. are entered and practically none from Cent. II., we may
conclude that the entries ceased soon after the former was printed,
that is in the spring of 1755, to which period I would assign this
catalogue.
The list offers many points of interest, but I must confine my
remarks to a few only. It was written without special care, for
I find no fewer than eighteen species published in the ' Species
Plantarum ' which were overlooked and inserted afterwards, such
as the BoerJiavia diandra previously mentioned. Some of the in-
terpolations are incorrect ; the following are referred to as from
the ' Cent. I.,' but they will be found as noted in parentheses —
Bupleurum semicompositum (Dem.), Cistus liirta (Sp. PI.), Aniir
rhinum sparteum and A. molle (both Sp. PL), and Trifolium
Cherleri (Dem.). It must be noted that these citations are from
LINNEAN SOCIEXr Or LONDON. 93
the original theses, and not from the reprints in ' Amceuitates
Academicse,' iv. pp. 261-296, where several names were changed,
e. g. Antirrhinum siictrteum and A. molle became A. junceum and
A. glaucum respectively, and Potentilla heptaphyUa is changed to
P. opaca. Further, Dianihus hyssopifolius was changed in ' Am.
Acad.' to D. superbus, Oeranium versicolor became G. striatum,
and Hieramim tomentosmn was renamed ^ncZr^aZa lanata. Several
names also occur which were not published with diagnosis till
later ; such are Convolvulus Dorycnium, Silene quadrijida, Psidium
Cujavus, Myrtus Leucadendra, Dolichos tetragonolohus and D.
'prunens, which appeared in the tenth edition of the ' Systema' in
1759, the last four being mentioned only by name in ' Herb.
Amb.'
There remain three names in the list deserving of special
attention : (1) Sison ammoides, a manuscript and unpublished name
for Seseli ammoides, Sp. PI. ; (2) Lupinus stoloniferus, Cent. I., was
not brought forward in ' Am. Acad.' and proves to be L. hirsutus,
Sp. PL ; and (3) Trifolium retusum, which has escaped all recog-
nition in later works, proves to be that species described in
' Demonstrationes plantarum,' p. 21, in a footnote as " Trifolium
capitidis fructus imbricafis, calycibus reflexis patulis corolla lonr/i-
oribus. Habitat in Hispania, Loefl." etc. [These seven lines as
well as the name " retusum," were not reprinted in ' Am. Acad.'
iii. p. 419 (1756).] This is the " Trifolium retusum album, caly-
cibus reflexis patidis" of Loefling's ' Iter hispanicum,' Stockholm,
1758, p. 88. A reference to the Linnean Herbarium shows the
specimen, as unfortunately is so often the case, without any note
of its origin, to be Trifolium stnctum, Linn. ! the word '^retusum"
being written by Linne at the base of the specimen.
In concluding these remarks on the volume specified, I may
perhaps be permitted to refer to the Herbarium itself. It
must not be allowed to escape our minds that the Linnean
Herbarium differs in many respects from the modern idea of an
herbarium. Carl von Linne in a multitude of cases described his
species from the books of his predecessors, and his dried plants
were frequently used to modify the diagnoses of the previously
described species. It was only when he was strictly confined to
a single specimen that Linne was forced to keep to the plant
actually under his eyes, and to describe it as would now be done
with newly found plants.
I have formerly set forth the method by which the Linnean
Herbarium came into being, and how it grew (Proc. Linn. Soc.
94
PKOCEEDIIfGS OP THE
1887-88, pp. 18-22). That account may be supplemented by the
statement that the Herbarium appears to be practically as it was
on the death of the elder Linne, the bulk of his son's accretions
being incorporated in the herbarium of Sir J. E. Smith, also in
the possession of the Linnean Society. The collection may be
said to consist of three series of plants — («) those cited in the two
editions of the ' Species Plantarum ' ; (b) those omitted from that
work, but named by Linne himself, and probably acquired at a
later date or intentionally set aside, amongst these being the plants
of the ' Mantissse ' and the ' Supplementum ' ; and (c) various
additions, some of which perhaps never came under the scrutiny
of the elder Linne, but were put in by the son. The plants which
Smith gave to Banks, 81 in number, were duplicates, as I have
satisfied myself (Proc. Linn. Soc. 1902-3, p. 10).
A transcript of the catalogue of the genera contained in the
Linnean Herbarium is appended ; it was drawn up by order of the
Council of the Linnean Society, 21st May, 1836, and consists of,
firstly, an enumeration of the genera in the Linnean order with
a running number prefixed, and followed by the number of sheets
under each genus ; and, secondly, an alphabetic arrangement, with
reference to the running numbers, so that any required genus can
be as readily found as a page in a book by its index.
A comparison of this list of genera with the Linnean manuscript
catalogue shows a few discrepancies ; thus Linne enumerates the
following which will not be found in the appended catalogue : —
Leucadendron ; inerged in Protea.
Diodia ; wanting.
Cupania ; wanting.
Sciirrula ; merged in Loranihus.
Barreria ; proves to be A(/athosma imbricata, Willd., and
the type-sheet is in the Diosma cover.
Calamus ; wanting.
Bartramia ; merged in Trmmfetta.
Daliharda ; is Ruhus Dalibarda. »
Sarracenia ; cover empty.
JVejifnthes ; wanting. A small unmarked sheet in Smith's
herbarium may be this.
I have searched Smith's herbarium under each of these missing
genera, but, with the possible exception mentioned under Nepenthes,
I have found nothing to throw any light on the omissions, which
cannot have occurred since the collection came into the possession
o£ the Linnean Society.
LINJJEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
95
[Recto of Leaf 45 of the MS. Catalogue.]
Lupinus •! perennis
stoloniferus Cent.
■2 albus
•3 varius
•4 hirsutus
'5 angustifolius
•6 luteus
RoMnia -1 Pseudo Acacia
•2 grandi flora
•3 Carjigana
L -4 frutex *
•6 pjgmaea
Colutea •! arborescens
L '2 frutescens *
•3 herbacea
Phaseolus •! vulgaris
nanus Cent.
•2 coccineus
3 lunatus
4 inamoenus
5 farinosus
6 vexillatus
7 helvulus
8 alatus
9 Caracalla
•10 radiatus
•11 Max
Dolichos "1 Lablab
2 unguiculatus.
3 ensiformis
4 minimus
•5 scarabaeoides
•6 erosus
•7 trilobus
8 regularis
9 lignosus
10 polj'stachyos
11 Soja
12 biflorus
tetragonolobus^«i6.
pruriens A7nb.
Pisum
Orobus
Lathyrus
1 sativum
2 arvense
•3 maritimum
•4 Ochrus
•1 Lathy roides
•2 hirsutus
•3 luteus
4 vernus
•5 tuberosus
•6 angustifolius
•7 niger
sylvaticus Cent.
8 pyrenaicus
1 Aphaca
•2 Nissolia
•3 amphicarpos
4 Cicera
5 sativus
6 inconspicuus
•7 setifolius
•8 angulatus
•9 bithynicust
•10 articulatus
•11 odoratus
annuus Dem
•12 hirsutus
•13 tiniiitanus
•14 Clymenum
•15 tuberosus
16 pratensis
•17 sylvestris
•18 latifolius
•19 heterophyllus
•20 palustris
•21 pisiformis
* The prefixed letter L may mean LoeBing
t Afterwards struck out ; = Vicia bithynica, Linn. Syst. ed. X. (1759).
96
PKOCEIiDlNGS OF THE
LIST
OF THE
GENERA IN THE LINNEAN HERBARIUM.
1. Systematically aeeanged aftee the Linnean System, in
1292 genera, with 13753 sheets of specimens.
2. Alphabetically aeeanged, giving the running numbers of
the genera as index numbers.
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
lO
II
12
13
14
15
i6
MONANDEIA.
MONOGYNIA.
Sheets.
Canna 5
Eenealmia 1
Amomum 6
Costus 2
Myrisma 1
Maranta 3
Curcuma 4
Ksempferia 3
Boerhavia 9
Salicornia 13
Hippuris 3
DiGYNIA.
Corispermum 3
Callitriche 3
Blitum 4
Cinna 2
DIANDEIA.
MONOGYNIA.
Nyctanthes 6
17
i8
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Z3
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Sheets.
Jasminum 7
Lignstrum 2
Phillyrea 6
Olea 6
Chionanthus 1
Syringa 4
Dialium 1
Eranthemum 1
Circaea 2
Veronica 67
Psederota 5
Justicia 34
Dianthera 4
Gratiola 12
Schwenkia 1
Calceolaria 3
Pinguicula 3
Utricularia 9
Verbena 20
Lycopus 5
Amethystea 1
Cunila 8
Zizyphora 4
Monarda 7
Rosmarinus 2
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
97
Sheets
Salvia 73
Collinsonia 1
Morina 1
G-lobba 3
DiGYNIA.
Anthoxanthum .
Trigtnia.
Piper
2
18
TEIANDRTA.
MONOGYNIA.
Valeriana 25
Tamarindus 3
Cneorum 1
Melothria 2
Rotala 1
Ortegia 3
Loeflingia . 1
Polycnemum 3
Crocus 2
Witsenia 1
Ixia 39
Grlacliolus 33
Antholyza 10
Iris ..". 33
Morsea 7
Dilatris 3
Wachendoriia ..... 1
Commelina 20
Callisia 2
Xyris 2
Scbcenus 17
Kyllinga 12
Cyperus 76
Seirpus 85
Eriophorum 4
Nardus 9
Pommereulla 2
Lygeum 1
DiGYNIA.
Cnrnucopiae 4
Saccharum 7
Phalaris 14
Paspalum 11
Pauicum 73
8i
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
lOI
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
1 10
III
1 12
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
Sheets.
Phleum 7
Alopecurus 11
Milium 8
Agrostis 49
Aira 23
Melica 10
Poa 78
Briza 10
Uuiola 7
Dactylis 8
Cynosurus 23
Festuca 36
Bromus 60
Stipa 12
Avena 35
Lagurus 2
Arundo 18
Aristida 11
Loliuin 11
Elymus 15
Eottboellia 11
Secale 2
Hordeum 9
Triticum 20
Teigynia.
Eriocaulon 9
Montia 2
Proserpinaca 1
Triplaris 1
Holosteum 3
Koenigia 1
Polycarpon 2
Mollugo 9
Minuartia 16
Queria 2
Lechea 6
TETEANDEIA.
MONOGYNIA.
Protea 40
Globularia 5
Cepbalantbus 2
Dipsacus 4
Scabiosa 44
Knautia 6
Allionia 1
Hedvotis ......... 13
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1906-1907.
PROCEEDnfGS OF THE
124
26
[27
128
29
[30
[32
^33
'34
'35
.36
'37
'38
39
[40
[41
[42
f43
[44
'45
[46
'47
[48
'49
'5°
'51
'52
'53
54
:55
56
57
58
'59
[60
[61
[62
'63
[64
'65
[66
167
168
169
170
Sheets.
Scabrita 2
Spermacoce 13
Sherardia 3
Asperula 15
Houstonia 4
Galium 50
CrucianeUa 5
Rubia 7
Ixora 3
Pavetta 3
Petesia 2
Mitcbella 1
Callicarpa 4
Samara 2
Sirium 2
Polvpremum 1
Penaea 10
Blaeria 5
Buddleia 4
Exacum 4
Plantago 32
Scoparia 3
Rhacoma 1
Centunculus 1
Sanguisorba 3
Cissus 7
Epimedium 1
Cornus 13
Fagara 2
Ptelea 2
Ludwigia 3
Oldenlandia 6
Ammanuia 5
Isnardia 3
Trapa 2
Cometes 1
Elaeagnus 4
Santalum 1
Hti'uthiola 6
Rivina 3
Salvadora 2
Camphorosma 6
Alchemilla 5
DiGYNIA.
Aphanes 3
Bufonia 2
Hamamelis 2
Cuscuta 10
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
Sheets.
Hypecoum 5
Gomozia 1
Tetragitnia.
Ilex 3
Coldenia 2
Potamogetoii 16
Ruppia 2
Sagina 5
Till^a 6
PENTANDRIA.
MONOGTNIA,
Heliotropium 14
Myosotis 12
Lithospermum .... 13
Anchusa 8
C^'noglossum 11
Pulmonaria 10
Symphytum 4
Cerinthe 2
Onosma 7
Borago 6
Asperugo 2
Lycopsis 6
Echium 24
Messerschmidia .... 1
Tournefortia 7
Nolana 1
Diapensia 1
Aretia 4
Androsace 12
Primula 17
Cortusa 5
Soldanella 1
Dodecatheon 1
Cyclameo 2
Menvauthes 5
Hottonia 3
Hydrophjllum .... 4
El'lisia . ." 2
Lysimachia 13
Anagallis 8
Retzia 2
Spigelia 3
Ophiorhiza 5
Virecta 2
Lisianthus 3
LINNEAN SOCIETi' OP LONDON.
99
Sheets
Eaudia 1
Azalea 7
Plumbago 3
Phlox 13
Couvolvulus 71
Ipomoea 16
Polemonium 6
Campanula 83
Eoella 2
Phyteuma 2
Trachelium 3
Samolus 2
Xauclea 2
Macroeuemum .... 1
Portlandia 1
Scsevola 1
Cinchona 2
Psychotria 7
Coffea 1
Chiococca . 6
Hamellia 1
Lonicera 16
Morinda 3
Conocarpus 3
Kuhnia 2
Mussaenda 3
Mirabilis 3
Coris 2
V^erbascum 12
Datura 5
Hyoscyamus 9
Nicotiana . . 5
Atropa 7
Physahs 17
Solanum 65
Capsicum 7
Strychnos 1
Ipinatia 2
Chironia 14
Cordia 9
Ehretia 2
Varronia 3
Laugeria 1
Brunfelsia 1
Cestrura 7
Lycium 13
Chi-ysophyllum .... 1
Sideroxylon 10
llhamnus 45
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
3°3
304
305
306
307
308
309
Sheets.
Phylica 16
Ceanothus 8
.t\rduina 2
Biittneria 2
Myrsine 1
Celastrus 8
Euonymus 8
Diosma 39
Brunia 18
Cyrilla 2
Itea 3
Cedrela 2
Escallouia 1
Mangifera 5
Plectronia . 2
Eibes 9
Aquilicia 3
Kedera 3
Vitis 11
Lagcecia 1
Sauvagesia 2
Roridula 2
Clay tonia 4
Heliconia 5
Achyranthes 12
Celosia 12
Chenolea 3
Illecebrum 30
Glaux 1
Tbesium 20
Eauvolfia 4
Paederia 3
Carissa 3
Cerbera 4
Gardenia 12
AUamanda 2
Vinca 5
Nerium 3
Plumeria 2
Echites 13
Cameraria 1
Tabernaemontana . . 4
Ceropegia 4
DiGYNIA.
Pergularia 3
Periploca , 11
Cynanchum 14
-Apocynum 9
A 2
PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
310
312
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
33^
332
333
334
335
33^
337
33^
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
Sheets.
Asclepias 52
Stapelia 2
Herniaria (i
Chenopodium 30
Beta 3
Salsola 51
Anabasis 7
Cressa 2
Steris 1
Gomphrena 3
Bosea 1
Ulmus 7
Nama 3
Linconia 2
Schrebera 1
Heuchera 1
Velezia 2
Swertia 6
Gentiana '18
Vablia 3
Phyllis 1
Eryngium 12
Hydrocotyle 20
Sanicula 2
Astrantia 4
Bupleurum 33
Echinopbora 2
Tordylium 7
Caucalis 17
Artedia 2
Daucus 14
Amrai 5
Bunium 2
Conium 7
Selinum 28
Athamanta 13
Peucedanum 10
Grithmum 4
Hasselquistia 4
Cachrys 11
Ferula 7
Laserpitium 3 5
Heracleum 15
Ligusticura 9
Angelica 9
Slum 11
Sison 11
Bubon 3
Cuminum 1
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
Sheets.
(Enanthe 7
Phellandrium 3
Cicuta . . ., 4
^thusa 7
Coriandrum 2
Scandix 10
Chaerophyllum .... 14
Imperatoria 1
Seseli 36
Thapsia 5
Pastinaea 3
Smyrnium 8
Anethum 7
Carum 2
Pimpinella 16
Apiiim 3
TEgopodium 1
Cussonia 1
Teigtnia.
Semecarpus 1
Ehus 29
Viburnum 12
Cassine 9
Sambucus 5
Staphylea 2
Tamarix 4
Turnera 7
Telephium 1
Corrigiola 1
Pharnaceum 9
Alsine 5
Drypis 1
Basella 1
Sarothra 1
Teteagynia.
Parnassia 1
Evolvulus 7
Pextagynia.
Aralia 7
Statice 37
Linum 41
Aldrovanda 1
Drosera 7
Gisekia 2
Crassula 45
Sibbaldia 4
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
lOl
402
404
POLTGTNIA.
Myosurus
Sheets.
. 1
HEXANDRIA.
MONOGTNIA.
Tillaudsia 7
Burmannia 2
Lachenalia 2
406 iTradescantia 8
407 Poutederia 6
408 H^emanthus 3
409 I Galanthus 3
410 Leucojum 3
411 iTalbaghia -i
412 j Xarcissus 1-1
413 j Pancratium 5
414 Massonia 2
415 Criuum . 7
416 1 Amaryllis 9
417 j Biilbocodium 1
418J Aphyllanthes 2
419 Allium 42
42o|lAliuin 9
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
42S
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
43^
439
440
441
442
443
444
Fritillaria 3
Uvularia 4
Gloriosa 2
Erythronium 2
Tulipa 4
Albuca 4
Hypoxis 19
Ornithogalum 22
Scilla 15
Cyanella 5
Asphodelus 6
Anthericum 27
Leoutiee 5
Asparagus 19
Dracaena 5
Convallaria 8
Polianthes 1
Hyacinthus 17
Phorraiura 3
Aletris 5
Yucca 2
Aloe 2
Agave 2
Alstroemeria 2
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
Sheets.
Gethyllis 1
Hemerocallis 2
Acorus 1
Orontium 1
Juncus 60
Achras 2
Richardia 1
Prinos 5
Berberis 7
Capura 1
Loranthus 7
Canarina 1
Frankenia 9
Peplis 3
Gahnia 2
DiGYNIA.
Oryza .
Falckia .
462 Atraphaxis 3
Trigynia.
463 Flagellaria 1
464 1 Eumex 47
465 : Scheuchzeria 2
466 j Triglocbin 3
Melantbium 17
Medeola 3
467
468
469 i Trillium 3
470
471
472
Colcbicum 2
Helonias 2
Tetragynia,
Petiveria 2
Polyqynia.
473 Alisma 9
HEPTANDEIA.
MONOGYNIA.
474
475
476
Trientalis .
Disandra .
tEscuIus .
DiGYNIA.
477 JLimeum 2
PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
478
479
480
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
Tetbagtnia.
Sheets.
Saururus 1
ApoDOgeton 3
Heptagtnia.
Septas 3
OCTANDEIA.
MONOGTNIA.
Tropaeoluin 8
Osbeckia 1
Ehexia 8
(Enothera 10
Gaura 1
Epilobium 11
Antichonis 1
Melicocca 1
Gruarea 1
Amyris 2
Ximenia 1
Mimusops 2
Memecvlon 1
Chlora' 3
DodoQsea 6
Lawsonia 2
Vaccinium 22
Erica 125
Ophira 4
Daphne 18
Dirca 1
Gnidia 17
Stellera 1
Passerina 16
Baeckea 1
DiGYNIA.
Schmidelia 1
Galenia 3
Weinmannia 2
Moehringia 1
Trigynia.
Polygonum 45
Coccoloba 3
Paulliuia 11
Cardiospermum .... 3
Sapindus 6
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
Texeagynia.
Sheets.
Paris 1
Adoxa 1
Elatine 3
ENNEANDEIA.
MONOGYNIA.
Laurus 25
Cassyta 3
Teigynia.
Kheum 5
Hexagynia.
Butomus 1
DECANDEIA.
MONOGYNIA.
Sophora 22
Anagyris 2
Cercis 2
Bauhinia 6
Hymenaea 1
Parkinsonia 2
Cassia 41
Poinciana 5
Csesalpinia 2
Guilandina 7
Guaiacum 4
Cynometra 1
Anacardium 2
Codon (drawing).
Dictamnus 2
Euta 5
Hsematoxylon 2
MuiTsea 2
I Adenanthera 2
j Trichilia 1
Swietenia 2
Melia 3
Zygophylluui 7
Quassia 4
Fagonia 1
Tribulus 5
Bergera 2
Turraea 1
LINNEAN SOCIETr OF LONDON,
Sheets.
Limonia 6
Monotropa 3
Jussia3a 5
Quisqualis 2
Dais 2
Diouaea 1
Bucida 1
Copaifera 2
Samyda 2
Melastoma 16
Kalmia 2
Ledum 2
Rhododendron .... 6
Andromeda 23
Epigaea 1
Gaultheria 1
Arbutus 7
Clethra 1
Pyrola 9
Styrax 3
DiGYNIA.
Eoyena 9
Cunonia 2
Trianthema 4
Hydrangea 2
Chrysosplenium .... 2
Saxifraga 64
Tiarella 2
Mitella 2
Scleranthus 3
Gypsophila 26
Saponaria 10
Dianthus 28
Teigynia.
Cucubalus 24
Silene 76
Stellaria 17
Arenaria 72
Cherleria 3
Garidella 1
Malpighia 18
Banifiteria 6
IViopteris 1
Erythroxylon 2
Pentagtnia.
Averrhoa 4
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
Sheets.
Spondias 1
Cotyledon 8
Sediim 11
Penthorum 1
Bergia 2
Suriana 3
Grrielum 2
Oxalis 44
Agrostemma 3
Lychnis 16
Cerastium 33
Spergula 6
Forskohlea 3
Decagynia.
JS'eurada 1
Phytolacca 5
DODECANDRIA.
MONOGYNIA.
Asarum 2
Boccouia 2
Bassia 1
Ehizophora 3
Blakea 2
Befaria 2
Vatica 2
Gai'cinia 2
Halesia 3
Decumaria 2
Winterania 1
Cratseva 4
Triumfetta 3
Peganum 2
Hudsonia 1
Dodecas 1
Nitraria 2
Portulaca 6
Lythrum 20
DiGYNIA.
Heliocarpus 1
Agrimonia 5
Teigynia.
Reseda 29
Euphorbia 98
I04
PEOCEEDLJfGS OF TTTR
631
632
634
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
6\6\
657
658,
660 1
Testxbynix.
Sheets.
Glinus 1
DODBCAGT^^A.
Semperviram 3
lOOSA^TDEIA.
MoNoeiarLA.
Cactus 7
Philadelphus 1
Psidimn 8
Eugenia 5
Myrms 23
Punica 2
AiDTgdalas 7
Prunus 26
CkrysobaJanus 3
Plinia 2
DlGT2rtA.
Crataegus 20
TiaGT5XA.
Sorbus 6
SesuTium 1
Testjlgtstl.
MespaJus 25
Pyrus 9
Tetragonia 4
Mesembryanthemum . 17
Aizoon 6
8pir»a 25
PoiTGT3fIA.
Bosa 47
Enbos 24
Fragaria 22
Potentilla 47
Tormentilla 2
Geum ... 7
Dryas 3
Comarum 1
CalycanthuB 2
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
672=
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
6S0
681
682
683
68jl
68:^
686
687
688
689
690
691
' POLTAXDEIA.
MaJfCMSTlTLA.,
1 Sheets.
Marcgravia 1
Temstroemia 2
Alstonia 2
Capparis 10
Actiea 3
."^anguinaria 2
Podophyllum 2
Cheiidonium 7
Papaver 10
Argemone 1
Ca m bogia (in Asclep. ). 1
Muntingia 2
Sarrac^enia (empty).
Xymphaea 8
Bixa 1
Mammsea 3
Calophyllum 3
Sparmannia 3
Yallea 1
Tilia 3
Lsetia 1
Eljeocarpus . 2
Lecythis 1
Delima 2
Lagerstroemia 2
... 4
... 1
1
... 1
... 78
... 1
Thea
Caryophyllus
Mentzelia .
Loasa
Cistas
Prockia . . .
Corchorus 10
DiGrSTA.
692 Paeonia 4
693 ^ Pothergilla 3
TsiGTSXi.
694 Delphinium 13
695 Aconitum 9
Tetbagthia.
696 "Wintera
697 Tetracera
698 Cimicifuga
mrsxAsr societi of LoyDOx.
105
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
too
734
735
736
737
PESTAGrSlA.
Sheets.
AqaOegia ... 5
Nigelk 8
Beaamutia 1
Bnthys 1
HKXAGrSTA.
Stratiotes 2
POLrTGT^SIA.
Uliciiuii 1
liriodendron 1
Magnolia 4
MirlM^liai 5
Anona 13
Unona .... 2
Anemone 35
AtragenB 7
dematis 17
Thalictrom 31
Adonis 9
Bannncahis 78
TroUius 2
Isop jnun 1
HeUeborus 8
Gdtlia 2
2
DIDTXAMIA.
I Ajoga . 12
Taicriam 43
ISatnreja 13
Thyrabia 2
Hjssopus ....... . 4
^epeta 31
Larandula 8
Hediosma [g. ined.]. . 3
Sideritis 22
Mentha 25
Perilla 3
Gledioma 1
Lamiom 12
GaLeopsis 5
Betonica 7
Stadiys 32
Ballota 8
73S
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
749
750
751:1
752 !i
753 I
754]
7551
Mannbiiim 15
Leonoras 8
Phiomis 22
Molaooella . 5
Clinopodimn 4
Origaiuim 16
Tfa jmus . . 23
Melissa 9
Draooeephalum .... 20
Sorminom 2
Melittis 1
Ocjmiim 20
Tnchostema 3
ScoteUaria 18
PmneDa 6
Ckonia 2
Prasinm 5
Phijma 3
I AireiofiPiauiUL.
756|Bartsia 4
757 jCastilleja 2
758 { Bhifumtfins 12
759 ! Eaphiasia 7
760 MehmpjTum 6
761 Lathnea 3
762 ToKzia 2
763 Pedicolaris 33
764 Gerardia 9
765 Cliel«ie 3
766 Gesneria 3
767 Ajntirriiiniim 76
768 Cymbaiia 1
769 Maiijnia 3
770 Torenia 5
771 iBeaJexit 3
772 I BCemimeris 6
773 Scrophulana 20
774>Gelsia - - 6
775 Digitalis 10
776 Bignonia 12
777 [ Otharexjlon 6
778|HaDeEui 1
779 i C^«9oeiitia 2
780 Gmeliaa 3
781 i Petrea I
Premna 6
TiMitana 10
Ooniiitia 2
782
783
784
k
io6
PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Sheets.
785 Capraria 6
786 Selago 17
787 Manulea 17
788 Hebenstretia 10
789 Erinus 5
790 Buchnera 16
791 Browallia 3
792 Linnsea 2
793 Sibthorpia 6
794 Limoseila 3
795 Vaudellia 3
796 Lindernia 3
797 Sternodia 3
798 Orobauche 12
799 Hyobanche 4
800 I Dodartia 3
801 ILippia 3
802 iSesamum 4
803 Mimulus 1
804 i Euellia 27
805 Barleria 14
806 DLuanta 3
807 Ovieda 2
808 1 MilliDgtonia 2
809 1 Volkameria 6
810 Clerodendrum 9
8ii(Vitex 9
812 Bontia 1
813 Avicenniii 3
814 Columnea 1
8i5iThuubergia 2
816 , Acanthus 13
817 iPedalium 2
SiSjMeiianthus 4
TETEADTNAMIA.
SiLICULOSA.
819 Myagrum 19
820 Vella 3
821 ! Anastatica 3
822 'Subularia 2
823lDraba 14
824iLepidium 28
825!Thlaspi 16
826 Cochlearia 8
827 llberis 15
828 i Alyssum 30
829 Peltaria 4
I Sheets.
830 IClypeola 5
8;; 1 1 Biscutella 8
Lunaria 2
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
851^
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
SiLIQUOSA.
Eicotia 6
Dentaria 4
Cardamine 18
Sisymbrium 64
Eiysimum 10
Chamira 1
Cheiranthus 33
Heliophila 12
Hesperis 6
Arabis ]5
Turritis 4
Brassica 23
Sinapis , 21
Raphanus 7
Bunias 16
Isatis 2
Crambe 5
Cleome 24
MONADELPHIA.
Teiandria.
Gralaxia 6
Pentandbia.
Lerehea 2
Waltheria 4
Symphonia 1
Hermannia 23
Melochia 8
Decandeia.
Connarus 1
Hugonia 2
Geranium 101
Brownea 5
DODECANDEIA.
Pentapetes 1
Plagianthus 1
POLYANDEIA.
Adansonia 1
Gustavia 4
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
107
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871,
872,
873 I
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
885
886
887
888
8S9
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
Slieets.
Barringtonia 1
Carolinea 1
Sida 39
Malachra 1
Althaea 4
Alcea 3
Malva 34
Lavatera 11
Malope 1
Urena 10
Gossypium 7
Hibiscus 42
Stewartia 4
Gordonia 2
Camellia 1
Mesua 1
DIADELPHIA.
Hexandria.
Saraca 1
Fumaria 15
OCTANDRIA.
Polygala 50
Securidaca 4
Decandeia.
Nissolia 4
Abrus 1
Dalbergia 4
Pterocarpus 7
Erythrina 6
Piscidia 1
Borbonia 2
Spartiuui 17
Genista 30
Aspalathus 57
Amorpha 2
Crotalaria 42
Ononis 38
Anthyllis 18
Lupinus 8
Phaseolus 13
Dolichos 22
Glycine 26
Clitoria 6
Pisum 3
! Sheets.
904 Orobus 10
905 Lathyrus 28
906 Vicia 37
907 Ervum 8
908 Cicer 2
909 Arachis 1
910 Liparia 12
911 Muellera 1
912 Cytisus 26
913 Robinia 9
914 Colutea 9
9 1 5 Ulex 3
916 Glycyrrhiza 5
917 Coronilla 16
918 Ornithopus ........ 6
919 Hippocrepis 5
920 8corpiurus 4
921 Hedysarum 79
922 ^schynomene 18
923 ludigofera 27
924 Galega 12
925 Pbaca 20
926 Astragalus 88
927 Biserrula 1
928 Psoralea 27
929 Ebenus 2
930;Trifoliuni 69
931 Lotus 36
932 Trigonella 19
933 Medicago 27
POLYADELPHIA.
Decandeia.
Theobroma 4
DODECANDEIA,
Abroraa 2
934
935
936
Monsonia 5
! ICOSANDEIA.
937 i Citrus 6
POLTANDEIA.
938 Glabraria 1
939 Muenchhausia .... 3
940 Durio 1
941 Melaleuca 6
io8
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
Sheets.
Hopea 3
Hypericum 51
Ascyrum 3
SY^S'GENESIA.
Aeqtjams.
Geropogon 3
Tragopogou 10
Scorzonera 14
Picris 5
Sonchus 19
Lactuca 10
Choudrilla 7
Pi-euaathes 9
Leontodon 18
Hieracium 64
Crepis 28
Andryala 10
Hyoseris 13
Seriola 1
Hypochaeris 6
Lapsana 4
Catananche . . 3
Cichorium 4
Scolymus 5
Arctiam 3
Serratida 21
Carduus 50
Cnicus 7
Onopordum 2
Cynara 2
Cai'lina 11
Atractylis 10
Barnadesia 1
Carthamus 8
Spilautlius 7
Bidens 15
Cacalia 26
Ethulia 5
Eupatorium 34
Ageratum 3
Pteronia 20
Staehelina 6
Chrysocoma 18
Tarchouanthus .... 5
Galea 4
Sautolina 6
Athanasia 24
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
000
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
009
010
on
012
013
014
015
016
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
10^0
Sttpeeflita.
Sheets.
Tanacetuin 11
Artemisia 61
Gnaphalium 114
Xeranthemum .... 25
Carpesiura 2
Baccharis 10
Conyza 38
Erigerou 30
Tussilago 33
Senecio 85
Aster 82
Solidago 22
Inula 46
Cineraria 42
Arnica 9
Doronicuui 7
Perdicium 6
Mutisia 1
Helenium 2
Bellis 5
Bellium 2
Leysera 6
Tagetes 3
Uuxia 1
Pectis 2
Chrysanthemum .... 28
Matricaria . . . . : . . 9
Cotula 33
Auacyclus 3
Anthemis 32
Achillea 29
Sigesbeckia 2
Zinnia 2
Eelipta 7
Verbesina 13
Buphthalmum .... 10
Amellus 3
ERrSTRAKEA.
Helianthus 17
Rudbeckia 9
Coreopsis 14
Gorteria 13
Zoegea 2
Osmites 7
Centaurea 83
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
109
I Necessaeia.
Sheets,
1031 JMilleria 5
1032 jSilphium 9
1035 1 Polymnia 5
io34!Melampodium .... 1
1035 1 Calendula 9
io36!Arctotis 30
1037 j Osteospermum .... 20
1038 ! Othonna 28
io39jHippia 7
1040 Eriocephalus 4
1041 Pilago ... 9
1042 Micropus 3
1043
1044
1045
1046
Segeegata.
Elephantopus 4
Sphaeranthus 4
Echinops 6
Jungia 1
1047 ICEdera 3
1048
Stoebe 11
MONOGAMIA.
1049 . Seriphium 8
1050 ' Jasione 1
105 1 Lobelia 54
1052 Viola 25
1053 Impatiens 9
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
GTNANDEIA.
DiANDEIA.
Orchis 52
Satyrium 10
Ophrys 40
Serapias 9
Limodorum 2
Arethusa 4
Disa 2
Cypripedium 4
Epidendrum 25
Gunnera 2
Teiandeia.
Sisyrincbium . . . .
Ferraria
Salacia
Stilago
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
I 1077
i 1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
Pentandeia.
Sheets.
Gluta 1
Ayenia 2
Passiflora 27
Hexandeia.
Aristolochia 14
Pistia 2
Decaxdeia.
Kleinbovia
Helicteres
DODECANDEIA.
Cytinus . . . .
POLYANDEIA,
Grewia 8
Xylopia 1
Ambrosinia 1
Arum 19
Dracontium 3
Calla 2
Potbos 2
Zostera 4
MONCECIA.
MONANDEIA.
Cynomorium
Zannichellia
Ceratocarpus
Artocarpus . .
Chara
Phyllachne . ,
Casuarina .
-Slgopricum . .
DiANDEIA.
Anguria
Lemna. .
Teiandeia.
Typha.....
Sparganium ,
Zea
Tripsacum .
Coix
PROCEEDINCiS OF THE
1099
1 1 00
I lOI
I 102
IIO3
I 104
IIO5
I 106
I 107
II08
IIO9
1 no
nil
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1 117
1118
1119
1120
Sheets
Olyra i
Carex 98
Axj'ris 6
Omphalea 1
Tragia S
Heruandia 4
Phyllauthus 14
Tetbandria.
Serpicula 2
Littorella 2
Cicca 2
Betula 15
Buxus 1
Urtica . . 27
Morus 10
Pentandria.
Xanthium 4
Ambrosia 4
Parthenium 2
Iva 3
Amaranthus 36
Leea 9
1122
1123
1 1 24
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
^^33
1134
1135
1136
Hexandria.
Zizania
Pharus
Heptandria.
Guettarda
POLTANDRIA.
Ceratophyllum . . .
Myriophyllum
Sagittaria
Begonia
Theligonum
Poterium
Quercus
Juglans
Fagus
Carpinus
Corylus
Plutanus
Liquidambar
MONADBLPHIA.
Pinus
Thuja
3
4
It
/
3
1
3
35
5
4
4
4
6
3
23
3
"37
1138
1139
1 1 40
1141
1 1 42
1 143
1144
ti45
1 1 46
1147
1148
1149
1 1 50
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
IIS7
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1 1 64
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
Sheets.
Cupressus 4
Dalecharapia 4
Acalypha 7
Croton . . .' 25
Jatropha 16
Ricinus 2
Sterculia 1
Hura 2
Agyneja 7
Hippomanes 4
Srilliugia 1
Grnetum 2
Stngenesia,
Trichosauthes 1
Momordica 13
Cucurbita 5
Cucumis 14
Bryonia 17
Sicyos 3
Gtnanbria.
Andrachne 3
DIffiCIA.
MojsrAJ>rjDRiA.
Najas
DiANDRIA.
Vallisneria 2
Salix 125
Cecropia 3
Triandria,
Empetrum 2
Osyris 4
Excoecaria 2
Caturus 1
Kestio 25
Tetrawdria.
Tropins 1
Viscum 13
Motitinia 2
Hippophae 3
Myrica , . . 13
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Ill
Pentandeia.
Sheets.
iiyolPistacia 12
1 1 7 1 Zanthoxylum 6
1 1 72 I Canariuin 1
Antidesma "2
Spinacia 2
Iresine 1
Acnida 2
Cannabis 2
Humulus 3
Zanonia 1
Fevillea 1
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
118::
Hbxandeia.
Tamus 3
Smilax 20
Rajania 1
1 1 84 Dioscorea 9
Octandbia.
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1 190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
Populus . . .
Ehodiola . . .
Margaritaria
Enneandria.
Mercui'ialis .
Hydrocbaris
Decandeia.
Carica
Kiggelaria
Coriaria
Schinus
II
1199
Dodecandeia.
Euclea 3
Menispermum 4
Datisca 5
POLYANDEIA.
Cliffortia 7
MONADBLPHIA.
Juniperus 11
Taxus 4
1200 1 Ephedra 5
1 201 Adelia 4
1202 1 Cissampelos 3
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
12x5
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
Sheets.
Napsea 2
Myristica 1
Syngenesia.
E-uscus 6
Gynandeia.
Clutia 15
POLYGAMIA.
MONCECIA.
Musa 2
Opbioxylon 2
Celtis 5
Veratrum ..... 3
Andropogon 32
Holcus 16
Apluda 6
Iscbsemum 8
Manisuris 2
Spinifex 5
Cenchrus 14
.^gilops 12
Valantia 13
Parietaria 9
Atriplex 35
Terminalia 2
Brabejiim 2
Clusia 5
Acer 19
Gouania 2
Hermas 3
Mimosa 117
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
Dkecia.
Gleditsia 7
Fraxinus 4
Diospyros 8
Nyssa 3
Antbospermum .... 6
Stilbe 4
Arctopus 1
Pisonia 4
Panax 7
Chrysitrix 3
Tekecia.
Ceratonia 3
Eicus 20
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
I251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
CETPTOaAMIA.
FiLICES.
Sheets.
Equisetum 9
Onoclea 3
Ophioglossum 5
Osmunda 15
Acrostichum 24
Pteris 25
Blechnum 4
Hemionitis 3
Loncbitis 1
Aspleuiura 28
Polypodiuna 73
Adiantum 26
Trichomanes 9
Marsilea 6
Pilularia 1
Isoetes 3
Musci.
Lycopodium 34
Sphagnum 3
Buxbaumia 4
Pbascum 8
PontiDalis 12
Splachnum 17
Polytrichum 10
Mnium 35
Bryiim 118
Hypnum 137
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
Alg^.
Sheets.
Jungermannia 79
Targionia 1
Marcbantia 14
Blasia 2
E-iccia 3
Antboceros 4
Lichen 314
Fucus 175
Ulva 32
Tremella 7
Conferva 60
Byssus 20
Fungi.
Agaricus 21
Boletus 10
Hydnum 4
Phallus 3
Clathrus 4
Helvella 4
Peziza 7
Clavaria 6
Lycoperdon 12
Spbseria 3
Mucor 9
Palm^.
Mauritia 1
Phoenix 22
Cvcas 1
LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LOKDOH.
"3
INDEX
Abrus 885
Abroma 935
Acalypba 1 139
Acanthus 816
Acer 1225
Achillea 1017
Achras 450
Achyranthes 287
Acnida 1 1 7 6
Acoiiitum 695
Aconis 447
Acrostichum 1245
Actaea 665
Adansonia 862
Adelia 1201
Adenantbera 540
Adiantuiu 1252
Adonis 714
Adoxa 516
^Egilops 1218
^gopodium 375
JEgopricum 1091
^scbynomene 922
tEscuIus 476
^Ethusa 362
Agariciis 1279
Agave 443
Ageratum 979
Agrimonia 62S
Agrostemma 601
Agrostis 84
Agyneja 1145
Aira 85
Aizoon . . 650
Ajuga 721
Albuca 426
Alcea 869
Alchemdla . 166
L]>'N, SOC. PROCEEDlIfGS
Aldrovanda 397
Aletris 440
Alisma 473
Allamanda 298
Allionia 122
Allium 419
Aloe 442
Alopecurus 82
Alsine 388
Alstonia 663
Alstroemei'ia 444
Altheea 868
Alyssum 828
Amarauthus 1117
Amaryllis 416
Ambi'osia 1 1 14
Ambrosinia 1078
Amellus 1023
Amethystea 37
Ammannia 156
Auimi 341
Amomum 3
Amorpha 894
Amygdalus 639
Amyris 490
Anabasis 316
Anacardium 534
Anacyclus 1015
Auagallis 208
Anagyris 523
Anastatica 821
Ancbusa 182
Andrachue 1 1 55
xlndromeda 563
Andropogon ... 1 2 1 1
Androsace 197
Andryala 956
Anemone 710
.— SESSTo^f 1906-1907.
114
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Anethum . . 371
Angelica 354
Anijuria 1092
Auona 708
Anthemis 1016
Anthericum 432
Anthoceros 1272
Antholyza 60
Anthospermum 1233
Anthoxanthum 46
Anthyllis 897
Antichorus 487
Antidesma ii73
Antirrhinum 767
Aphanes , 167
Aphyllanthes 418
Apium 374
Apluda 1213
Apocynum 309
Aponogeton 479
Aquilicia 279
Aquilegia 699
Arabis 842
Arachis 909
Aralia 394
Arbutus 566
Arctium 964
Arctopus 1235
Arctotis 1036
Arduina 265
Arenaria .... 585
Arethusa 1059
Aretia 196
Argemone . 670
Aristida 98
Aristolochia 107 1
Arnica looi
Artedia 339
Artemisia 988
Artocarpus 1087
Arum 1079
Arundo 97
Asarum 608
Asclepias 310
Ascyrum 944
Aspalathus 893
Asparagus 434
Asperugo . 189
Asperula 127
Asphodelus ... 43 ^
Asplenium 1250
Aster 997
Astragalus 926
Astrantia 334
Athamanta . .' 345
Athanasia 986
Atractylis 971
Atragene 711
Atraphaxis 462
Atriplex 1221
Atropa 246
Avena 95
Averrhoa 592
Avicennia 813
Axyris iioi
Ayenia 1069
Assalea 215
Baceharis 992
Baeckea 505
Ballota 737
Baiiisteria 589
Barleria 805
Barnadesia 972
Barringtonia 864
Bartsia 756
Basella 390
Bassia 610
Bauhiuia 525
Befaria 613
Begonia 1125
Bellis 1006
Bellium 1007
Berberis 453
Bergera 548
Bergia 597
Besleria 771
Beta 314
Betonica 735
Betula 1 109
Bidens 975
Bignonia 776
Biscutella 831
Biserrula 927
Bixa 674
Blaeria 141
Blakea 612
Blasia 1270
Blechnum 1247
Blitum 14
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1^5
Boceonia . . . ,
I5oerhavia ...
Boletus
Bontia
Borago
Borbonia . . . .
Bosea
Brabejum . . . .
Brassica
Brathys
Briza
Broinus
Browallia . . . .
Brownea . . . .
Brunfelsia. . . .
Bruaia
Bryonia
Bryum
Bubou
Buchnera . . . .
Bucida
Buddleia . . . ,
Bufouia
Bulbocodium . ,
Bunias
Buuiiim
Buphthalmum
Bupleurum . .
Burmaunia . .
Butomus . . . .
Biittneria . . . .
Buxbaumia . .
Baxus
Bvssu.s
Cacalia
Cachrys
Cactus
Coesalpinia
Calceolaria
Calea
Calendula
Calla
Callicarpa
Callisia
Callitriche
('alophyllum
Caltha
Calycanthus
Cauibogia {cf. Asclepias).
609
9
1280
812
188
890
320
1223
844
702
88
98
791
859
257
271
1265
357
790
556
142
168
417
847
342
1022
335
404
521
266
1259
I no
1278
976
349
630
530
32
984
1035
1081
136
66
13
676
719
660
671
Camellia 878
Cameraria 303
Campanula 221
Camphorosma 165
Canarina 456
Canarium 1172
Canna i
Cannabis 1177
Capparis 664
Capraria 785
Capsicum 249
Capura 454
Cardamine 835
Cardiospermum 513
Carduus 966
Carex ; . . . 1 1 00
Carica 1190
Carissa 295
Carliua 970
Carolinea 865
Carpesium 99 1
Carpinus 1131
Carthamus 973
Carum 372
Caryophyllus 686
Cassia 528
Cassiue 380
Cassy ta 519
Castilleja 757
Casuarina 1090
Catauauche 961
Caturus 1 1 63
Caucalis 338
Ceanothus 264
Cecropia 1^59
Cedrela 274
Celastrus 268
Celosia 288
Celsia 774
Celtis 1 209
Cenchrus 1217
Centaurea 1030
Centunculus 147
Cephalanthus 118
Cerastium 603
Ceratocarpus 1086
Ceratonia 1239
Ceratophyllum 1122
Cerbera 296
Cercis 524
12
ii6
PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
Cerinthe i86
Ceropegia 305
Oestrum 258
Chserophyllum 365
Chamaerops, cf. 1291, No. 1.
Chamira 838
Chara 1088
Cheiranthus 839
Chelidonium 668
Chelone 765
Chenolea 289
Chenopodium 313
Cherleria 586
Chiococca 233
Chionanthus 21
Chironia 252
Chlora , . . . 494
Chondrilla 951
Chrysantheiuum 10 12
Chrysitrix 1238
Chrysobalanus 641
Clirysocoma 982
Chrysophyllum 260
Chrysosplenium 574
Cicca 1 108
Cicer 908
Cichorium 962
Cicuta 361
Cimicifuga 698
Cinchona 230
Cineraria 1000
Cinna 15
Circsea 25
Cissampelos 1202
Cissus 149
Cistus 689
Citharexylon 777
Citrus 937
Clathrus 1283
Clavaria 1286
Claytonia 285
Clematis 712
Cleome 850
Cleonia 753
Clerodendrum 810
Clethra 567
Cliffortia ii97
Clinopodium 742
Clitoria . 902
Clusia 1224
Clutia 1 206
Clypeola 830
Cneorum 50
Cnicus 967
Coccoloba . . . .' 511
Coehlearia 826
Codou 535
Coffea 232
Coix 1098
Colehicum 470
Coldenia 174
Collinsouia 43
Columnea ., 814
Colutea 914
Comarum 659
Cometes 159
Commelina 65
Conferva ^277
Couium 343
Connarus 856
Conocarpus 237
Convallaria 436
Convolvulus 218
Conyza 993
Copaifera 557
Corchorus 691
Cordia 253
Coreopsis 1026
Coriandrum ^62,
Coriaria 1192
Coris 241
Corispermum 12
Cornucopiae 76
Cornus 151
Cornutia 784
Coronilla 917
Corrigiola 386
Cortusa . 199
Corylus . . . . , 1 132
Costus 4
Cotula 1014
Cotyledon 594
Crambe 849
Crassula 400
Crataegus 643
Ci'ataeva 619
Crepis 955
Crescentia 779
Cressa 317
Crinum 415
LINNEAX SOCIETY OP LONDON.
117
Crithmum 347
Crocus 56
Crotalaria 895
Croton 1 1 40
Criicianella 130
Cucubalus 582
Cucumis 1152
Cucufbita 1151
Cuminum 358
Cunila 38
Cunonia 571
Cupressus ii37
Curcuma 7
Cuscuta 1 70
Cussonia 376
Cyaiiella 430
Cycas 1292
Cyclamen 202
Cymbaria 768
Cynanchum 308
Cynara 969
Cynoglossum 1 83
Cynoinetra 533
Cynomorium 1084
Cynosurus 91
Cyperus 70
Cypripeclium 1061
Cyrilla 272
Cytinus 107 5
Cytisus 912
Dactylis .... 90
Dais 554
Dalbergia 886
Dalechampia 1 138
Daphne 500
Datisca 1 196
Datura 243
Daucus 340
Decuraaria 617
Delima 683
Delphinium 694
Dentaria 834
Dialium 23
Dianthera 29
Dianthus 581
Diapeasia 195
Dictamnus 536
Digitalis 775
Dilatris 6t
J^jonaea 555
Dioscorea 1 1 84
Diosma 270
Diospyros 1231
Dipsacus 119
Dirca 501
Disa 1060
Disandra 1175
Dodartia 860
Dodecas . 623
Dodecatheon 201
Dodonaea 495
Dolichos 900
Doronicum roo2
Draba 823
DracaBua 435
Dracocephalum 746
Dracontium 1 080
Drosera 398
Dryas 658
Drypis 389
Duranta 806
Durio 940
Ebenus 929
Echinophora 336
Echinops 1045
Echites 302
Efliium .... 191
Eclipta 1020
Ehretia 254
Elseagnus. 160
Elseocarpus 681
Elatine 517
Elephantopus 1043
Ellisia 206
Elymus 100
Empetrum 1 160
Ephedra 1 200
Epidendrum 1062
Epigsea 564
Epilobium 486
Epimedium 150
Equisetum 1241
Eranthemum 24
Erica 498
Erigeron 994
Erinus 789
Eriocaulon 105
Eriocephalus 1040
ii8
PROCEEDIJfGS Oil' THE
Eriophorum 72
Ervum 907
Eryngiura 331
Erysiniiim 837
Erythrina 888
Erythronium 424
Erythroxylon . , 591
Escallonia 275
Ethulia 977
Euclea 1 194
Eugenia 6^6
Evolvulus 393
Euonymus 269
Eupatorium 978
Euphorbia 630
Euphrasia 759
Exacum 143
Excoecaria 1 1 62
Fagara 152
Eagonia 546
Eagus II 30
Falckia 461
Eerraria 1065
Ferula 350
Festuca 92
Fevillea 1 1 80
Ficus 1240
Filago 1041
Flagellaria 463
Fontinalis 1261
Forskohlea 605
Fothei'gilla 693
Fragaria 654
Frankenia 457
Fraxinus 1230
Fritillaria 42 1
Fucus 1274
Fumaria 881
Grahnia 459
G.ilanthus 409
Galaxia 851
Galega 924
Galenia 507
Galeopsis 734
Galium 129
Garcinia 615
Gardenia 297
Garidella 587
Gaultheria . . 565
Gaura 485
Geuista 892
Gentiana . . . ., 328
Geranium 858
Gerardia 764
Geropogon 945
Gesneria 766
Gethyllis 445
Geum 657
Gisekia 399
Ghibraria 938
Gladiolus 59
Glaux 291
Glechoma 732
Gleditsia 1229
Glinus 631
Globba 45
Globularia . 117
Gloriosa 423
Gluta 1068
Glycine 901
Glycyrrhiza 916
Gmelina 780
Gnaphalium 989
Gnetum 1148
Gnidia 502
Goraozia 172
Gomphrena 319
Gordonia 877
Gorteria 1027
Gossypium 874
Gouania 1226
Gratiola 30
Grewia 1076
Grielum 599
Guaiacum 532
Guai-ea 489
Guettarda 1121
Guilandina 531
Gunnera 1063
Gustavia 863
Gypsophila 579
Haemanthus 408
Hsematoxylon 538
Halesia 616
Halleria 778
Haniamelis 169
Hamellia 234
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,
119
Hasselquistia 348
Hebenstretia 788
Hedera 280
Hediosma 728
Hedyotis 123
Hedysarmn 921
Helenium 1005
Helianthus 1024
Heliconia 286
Helicteres io74
Heliocarpus 627
Heliophila 840
Heliotropium 179
Helleborus 718
Helonias 471
Helvella 1284
Hemerocallis 446
Hemimeris 772
Hemionitis 1248
Heracleum 352
Hermannia 854
Hermas 1227
Hernandia 1104
Herniaria 312
Hesperis 841
Heuchera 325
Hibiscus 875
Hieracium 954
Hippia 1039
Hippocrepis 919
Hippomane 1146
Hippopbae 11 68
Hippuris II
Holcus 1212
Holosteum 942
Hordeuin 103
Horminum 747
Hottonia 204
Houstonia 128
Hudsonia 622
Hugonia 857
Humulus 1178
Hura 1 144
Hyacinthus 438
Hydnum 1281
Hydrangea 573
Hydrastis 720
Hydrocharis 11 89
Hydrocotyle 332
Hydropbyllum 205
Hyraenaea 526
Hyobanche 799
Hyoscyamus 244
Hyoseris 957
Hypecoum 171
Hypericum 943
Hypnutn 1266
Hypocbaeris 959
Hypoxis 427
Hyssopus 725
Iberis 827
Ignatia 251
Ilex 173
lllecebruui 290
IlHcium 704
Impatiens 1053
Imperatoria 366
Indigofera 923
Inula 999
Ipomoea 219
Iresiue ii75
Iris 61
Isatis 848
Iscbaemum 12 14
Isnardia 157
Isoetes 1256
Isopyrum 717
Itea 273
Iva 1116
Ixia 58
Ixora 132
Jasione 1050
Jasminum 17
Jatropha 1141
Juglans II 29
Juncus 449
Jungermannia 1267
Jungia T046
Juniperus 1 198
Jussiaea 552
Justicia 28
Ksempferia 8
Kalmia 560
Kiggelaria i r9i
Kleinbovia io73
Knautia 121
Kcenigia no
Kubnia 238
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Kyllinga 69
Lachenalia 405
Lactuca 950
Laetia 680
LagerstrcBinia 684
Lagcecia 282
Lagurus 96
Lainium 733
Laiitana 783
Lapsana 960
Laserpitium 351
Lathrffia 761
Lathyrus 905
Laugeria 256
Lauras 518
Lavandula 727
Lavatera 871
Lawsonia 496
Lechia 115
Lecythis 682
Ledum 561
Leea 11 18
Lemna 1093
Leoutice 433
Leontodon 953
Leonurus 739
Lepidium 824
Lerchea 85 1^
Leucojum 410
Leysera 1008
Lichen 1273
Ligusticuin 353
Ligustrum 18
Lilium 420
Limeum 477
Limodorum 1058
Limonia 550
Limosella 794
Linconia 323
Lindernia 796
Linnsea 792
Linum 396
Liparia 910
Lippia 801
Liquidambar 1134
Liriodendron 705
Ljsianthus 213
Lithospermum 181
Littorella 1 107
Loasa 688
Lobelia 105 1
Loeflingia 54
Lolium 99
Louchitis . . . .' 1249
Lonicera 235
Loranthus 455
Lotus 93 1
Ludwigia 154
Liinaria 832
Lupinus 898
Lychnis 602
Lycium 259
Lycoperdon 1287
Lycopodium 1257
Lycopsis 190
Lycopus s^
Lygeum 75
Lysimachia 207
Lythrum 626
Macrocnemum 227
Magnolia 706
Malachra 867
Malope 872
Malpighia 588
Malva 870
Mammsea 675
Mangifera 276
Mauisuris 1215
Manulea 787
Maranta 6
Maregravia 661
Marchantia 1269
Margaritaria 1187
Marrubium 738
Marsilea 1254
Martynia 769
Massonia 414
Matricaria 10 13
Mauritia 1290
Medeola 468
Medicago 933
Melaleuca 941
Melam podium i034
Melampyrum 760
Melanthium 467
Melastoma 559
Melia 543
Melianthus 818
LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Melica 86
Melicocca 48S
Melissa 745
Melittis 748
Meloehia 855
Melothria 51
Memecvlon 493
Menispermum 1 195
Mentha 730
Mentzelia 687
Menyanthes 203
Merciirialis 1 188
Mesembryanthemum . . 649
Mespilus 646
Messerschmidia 192
Mesua 879
Michelia 707
Microcos, cf. Grewia.
Micropus 1042
Milium 83
MiJleria 1031
Milliiigtonia 808
Mimosa 1228
Mimulus 803
Mimusops 493
Minuartia 113
Mirabilis 240
Mik'hella 135
Mitella 577
Mnium 1264
Mcehringia 509
Mollugo 112
Moluceella 741
Momordica 1150
Monarda 40
Mouotropa 551
JNIonsonia 936
Montia 106
Moutinia 1167
Moraea 62
Morina 44
Morinda 236
Morus 1112
Mucor 1289
Muellera 911
Muenchhausia 939
Muntingia 672
Murraea 539
Miisa 1207
Mussaenda 239
Mutisia 1004
Myagruin 819
Myosotis 180
Myosurus 402
Myrica 1 169
Myriophyllum 1123
Myrisma 5
Myristica 1204
Myrsine 267
Myrtus 637
IS^ajas . 1 1 56
Nama 322
Napaea 1203
jVarcissus 412
Xardiis 73
jSTauclea 226
Xepeta 726
Nerium 300
Neurada 606
Nicotiana 245
Nigelia 700
Nissolia 884
Nitraria 624
Nolaua 194
Xyctanthes 16
jN'ymphaea 673
Nyssa 1232
Ocymum 749
OEdera 1047
ffinanthe 359
CEnothei'a 484
Oldenlandia 155
Olea 20
Olyra 1099
Omphalea 1 102
Onoclea 1242
Ononis 896
Onopordum 968
Ouosma 187
Ophioglossum 1243
Ophiorrbiza 211
Ophioxylon 1208
Ophira 499
Ophrys 1056
Orcbis 1054
Origanum 743
Ornitbogalum 428
Ornithopus 918
PliOCEEDlXGS OF THE
Orobanche 798
Orobus 904
Orontiuru 448
Ortegia 53
Oryza 460
Osbeckia 482
Osmites 1029
Osmunda 1244
Osteospermum 1037
Osyris 1161
Othonna 1038
Ovieda 807
Oxalis 600
Psederia 294
Psederota 27
Pseonia 692
Panax 1237
Pancratium 413
Panicum 80
Papaver 669
Parietaria 1220
Paris 515
Parkinsonia 527
Parnassia 392
Parthenium mS
Paspalum 79
Passerina 504
Passiflora 1070
Pastinaca 369
Paullinia 512
Pavetta 133
Pectis loii
Pedalium 817
Pedicularis 763
Peganum 621
Peltaria 829
Penaea 140
Pentapetes 860
Penthorum 596
Peplis 458
Perdicium 1003
Pergularia 306
Perilla 731
Periploca 307
Petesia 134
Petiveria 472
Petrea 781
Peucedanura 346
Peziza 1285
Phaca 925
Phalaris 78
Phallus 12S2
Pharnaceum . . 387
Pharus 11 20
Phascum 1260
Phaseolus 899
PhellandrJuni 360
Philadelplius 634
Phillyrea 19
Phleum 81
Pblorais 740
Phlox 217
Phoenix 1291
Phormium 439
Pbryma 755
Phyhca 263
Phyllachne 1089
Phyllanthus 1105
Phyllis 330
Physalis 247
Phyteuma 223
Phytolacca 607
Picris 948
Pilularia 1255
Pimpinella 373
Piuguicula 33
Pinus 1 135
Piper 47
Piscidia 889
Pisonia 1236
Pistacia 1170
Pistia 1072
Pisuni 903
Plagianthus 861
Plantago 144
Platanus 1133
Plectronia 277
Pliuia 642
Plumbago 216
Plumeria 301
Poa 87
Podophyllum 667
Poinciana 529
Polemonium 220
Polianthes 437
Poiycarpon iii
Polycnemum 55
Polygala 882
Polygonum 510
LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONBON.
123
Polymnia 1083
Polypodium 1251
Polypremum 139
Polytrichum 1263
Pommereulla 74
Pontederia 407
Populus 1 185
Portlandia 228
Portulaca 625
Potamogeton 175
Potentilla 655
Poterium 1127
Pothos 1082
Prasium 754
Premna 782
Prenanthes 952
Primula 198
Prinos 452
Prockia 690
Proserpinaca 107
Protea 116
Prunella 752
Pruuus 640
Psidiuin 635
Psoralea 928
Psychotria 231
Ptelea 153
Pteris 1246
Pterocarpus 887
Pteronia . . 980
Pulraonaria 184
Punica ... 638
Pyrola 568
Pyrus 647
Quassia 545
Quercus 11 28
Queria 114
Quisqualis 553
Eajania 11 83
Eandia 214
Eanunculus 715
Eaphanus 846
Eauvolfia 293
lieaumuria 701
Eenealmia 2
Reseda 629
Restio 1 164
Ketzia 209
Ehacoma 146
E/liamuus 262
Eheum 520
Ehexia 483
Ehinanthus 758
Ehizophora 611
Ehodiola 11 86
Ehododendron 562
Ehus 378
Eibes 278
Eiccia 1271
Eichardia 45 1
Eicinus 1142
Eicotia 833
Eivina 163
Eobinia 913
Eoella 222
Eoridula 284
Eosa 652
Eosiuarinus 41
Eotala 52
Eottboellia loi
Eoyena 570
Eubia 131
Eubus 653
Eudbeckia 1025
Euellia 804
Eumex 464
Euppia 176
Euscus 1205
Eiita 537
Saccharum 77
Sagina 177
Sagittaria 1 124
Salacia 1066
Salicornia 10
Salix 1 158
iSalsola . 315
Salvadora 164
Salvia 42
Samara 137
Sambucus 381
Samolus 225
Samyda 558
Sanguinaria 666
Sanguisorba 148
Sanicula ;^i^^
Santalum 161
Santolina 985
124
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Sapindus 514
Saponaria 580
Saraca 880
Sarothra 391
Sarracenia 672"
Satureja 723
Satyrium ^055
Saururus 478
Sauvagesia 283
Saxifraga 575
Scabiosa 120
Scabrita 124
Scsevola 229
Scandix 364
Scheuchzeria. . 465
Schinus 1193
Schmidelia 506
Schoenus 68
Schrebera 324
Schwenkia 31
Scilla 429
Scirpus 71
Scleranthus 578
Scolymus 963
Scoparia 145
Scorpiurus 920
Scrophularia 773
Scutellaria 751
Secale 102
Securidaca 883
ISedum 595
Selago 786
Selinum , . . . . 344
Seraecarpus 377
Semper vivum 632
Senecio 996
Septas 480
Serapias 1057
Seriola 958
Seriphium 1049
Serpicula 1106
Serratnla 965
Sesamum 802
Seseli 367
Sesuviuni 645
Sherardia 126
Sibbaldia 401
Sibthorpia 793
Sicvos 1 1 54
Sida 866
Sideritis 721
Sideroxylon 269
Sigesbeckia 1018
Silene > 583
Silphium 1032
Sinapis 845
Sirium 138
Sison 356
Sisymbrium S^6
Sisyriuchium 1064
Sium 350
Smilax 1185
Smyruium 372
Solanum 240
Soldanella 208
Solidago 998
Sonchus 949
Sophora 522
Sorbus 644
Sparganium io95
Hparmannia 677
Spartium 891
Spergula 604
Spermacoce 125
Sphagnum 1258
Sphferanthus i044
Spbseria 1288
Spigelia 210
Spilanthus 974
Spinacia 1 1 74
Spinifex 1216
Spiraea 651
Splachuum 1 262
Spondias 593
Stachys 736
Staehelina 981
Stapelia 311
Stapbylea 382
Statice 395
Stellaria 584
Stellera 503
Stemodia 797
Sterculia 1 143
Steris 318
Stewartia 876
Stilago 1067
Stilbe 1234
Stillingia 1 147
Stipa 84
Stoebe 1049
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON.
125
Stratiotes 703
Struthiola 162
Strychnos 250
Styrax 569
Subularia 822
Suriana 598
Swertia 327
Swietenia 542
Symphonia 853
Symphytum 185
Syringa 22
Tabermemontana 304
Tagetes 1009
Tamariudus 49
Tamarix 383
Tamus 1181
Tanacetum 987
Tarchonanthus 983
Targionia 1268
Taxus 1 1 99
Telephiam 385
Terminalia 1222
Ternstroemia 662
Tetracera 697
Tetragouia 648
Teucrium 722
Thalictrum 713
Thapsia 368
Thea 685
Theligonum 1126
Theobroma 934
Thesium 292
Tblaspi 825
Thuja 1 136
Thunbergia 815
Thymbra 724
Thymus 744
Tiarella 576
Tilia 679
TilljBa 178
Tillandsia 403
Tordylium 337
Torenia 770
Tormentilla 656
Tournefortia 193
Tozzia 762
TracheHum 224
Tradescantia 406
Tragia T103
Tragopogon 946
Trapa 158
Tremella 1276
Ti'ianthema 572
Tribulus 547
Trichilia 541
Trichomanes 1253
Trichosanthes 1149
Trichostema . 750
TrientaHs 474
Ti'ifolium 930
Triglochin 466
Trigonella 932
Trillium 469
Triopteris 590
Triplaris 108
Tripsacum 1097
Triticum 104
Triumfetta 620
Trollius 716
Tropseolum 481
Trophis 1165
Tulbaghia 411
Tulipa 4.? 5
Turnera 384
TuiToea 549
Turritis 843
Tussilago 995
Typha 1094
Ulex 915
Ulmus 321
TJlva 1275
Uniola 89
tinona 709
Unxia 10 10
TJrena 873
Urtica iiii
Utricularia 34
Uvularia 422
Vaccinium 497
Vahlia 329
Valantia 1219
Valeriana 48
Vallea 678
Yallisneria 1157
Vandellia 795
Varronia 255
Vatica 614
126
PBOCEEBINGS OF THE LINNEAl^T SOCIETY OF LONDOU'.
Velezia . . .
Vella
Veratrum .
Verbascuin
Verbena .
Verbesina .
Veronica .
Viburnum .
Vicia
Vinca . . .
Viola . . .
Virecta . . .
Viscum . . .
Vitex . . .
Vitis
Volkameria
326
820
[2IO
242
35
[021
26
379
906
299
[052
212
[166
811
281
809
Wachendorfia 64
Waltheria 852
Weinuiannia 508
Wintera 696
Winterania 6t8
Witsenia 57
Xauthium 1113
Xeranthemum' 990
Ximenia 491
Xylopia ^077
Xyris 67
Yucca 441
Zannichellia 1085
Zanonia 1^79
Zanthoxylum 1171
Zea 1096
Zinnia 1019
Zizania 1119
Zizyphora 39
Zoegea 1028
Zostera 1083
Zygophyllum 544
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
L I B R A li Y
1906-1907.
Aberdeen.
Agricultural Research Association.
Report for 1906. 8vo. Aberdeen, 1906.
Utilisatiou of Nitrogen in Air by Plants. By Thos.
Jamieson. 1906. Thos. Jamieson.
Ador (Emil). See Marignac (Jean-Charles Galissard de).
CEuvres Completes.
Agricultural Journal of India. See Calcutta: Agricultural
Research Institute, Pusa.
Agriculture, Memoirs of the Department of, in India. See
Calcutta — A2;rieiiltural Res^^a^ch Institute, Pusa.
Albert Honor e Charles (Prince de Monaco). Meteorological
Researches in the High Atmosphere. Pp. 10 ; plates 2, fijis. 3.
(Scottish Geogr. Mag., March 1907.) 8vo. Edinburgh, 1907.
Author.
Alexander (J. A.). Notes on the Flora of the Coast and Islands
of Portuguese East Africa, with Photographs of Interesting
Trees, Plants, and Forest Scenery. Pp. 19 ; plates 3. (Trans.
Bot. Soc. Edinb. xxiii. part 2.) Svo. Edinburgh, 1906.
Author.
Allen (Henry A.). Catalogue of Types and figured Specimens of
British Lamellibranchiata from the Lower, Middle, and Upper
Oolites, preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, Londoti.
Pp. 21. (Summary of Progress Geo!. Surv. Gt. Bnt. for 1905.
Append. IV.) Svo. London, 1906. Author.
Ameghino (Florentiuo). Les formations sedimentaires du creiace
superieur et du tertiare de Patagonie avec un parallele entre
leurs faunes mammalogiques et celles de Fancien continnnt.
Pp. 568 ; plates 3, figs. 358. (An. Mus. jSTac. Buenos Aires,
XV.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1906.
Mi Credo disertacion pronunciada el 4 de Agosto de 1906
en la fiesta commemorativa del XXXIV° Aniv^-r^-ario de la
fundacion de lu Socie^lad Cientitica Argentina. Pp. 33. (An.
Soc. Cient. Argentina, Ixii.) 8vo. Bw^nos Aires, 1906.
Author.
Sobre dos E>queletos de Mamiferos fosiles arma^los re-
cientemente en el Museo JS'acioual. Pp. 9 ; figs. 4. (An. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, xvi.) Svo. Buenos Aires, 1907.
128 PEOCELDlXCiS OF THE
Ameghino (Florentino). Les Toxodontes a Corneo. Pp. 43;
figs. 21. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xvi.)
8vo. Buenos Aires, 1907. Author.
Ames (Oakes). Descriptions of new Species of Acoridium from
the Philippines. Pp. 11. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, six.)
8vo. Washington, 1906.
Hahenaria orhicidata and H. macrophylla. Spiranthes
ovalis. Pp. 7 ; fig. 1. (Ehodora, viii.) 8vo. 1906. Author.
Anatomischer Anzeiger. Ceutralblatt fiir die gesammte wissen-
schaftHche Auatomie. (Anitliches Organ der Anatomische
Gesellschaft.) Herausgegeben von . . . K. Bahdeleben.
BaDd. xvii.-xxix. 8vo. Jeno, 1900-6.
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Edited by
EoNALD Eoss. Issued by the Liverpool School of Tropical
Medicine. Series T. M. vol. i. no. 1. 4to. Liverpool, 1907->-
Appenrodt (August). Die Operationen des Echinococcus liepatis.
Inaugural Dissertation. Pp.40. 8vo. Berlin, '[SQ^.
N. E. W. Maclaren.
Arana (Diego Barros). El Doctor Don Eodolfo Amando Phiiippi
su vida i sus obras. Pp. vii, 248 ; with portrait.
8vo. Santia;/o de Chile, 1904. F. Phiiippi.
Arduino (Pietro). A letter from Carl von Linne to Prof. P.
Arduino, at Padua, with an Introduction by Dr. Gr. B. De Toki.
See Linne (Carl von).
Arwidsson (Ivar). Studien iiber die Skandinavischen und Arkt-
ischen Maldaniden nebst Zusammenstellung der iibrigen bisher
bekanuten Arten dieser Familie. Pp. 308 ; mit 12 Tafeln.
(Spengel, Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. Suppl. ix. Heft 1.)
8vo. Jena, 1907.
AuriviUius (Per Olof Christopher). See Linne (Carl von).
Betydelse Sasom Natursforskare och Liikare. 1907.
Austen (Ernest Edward). See British Museum : Dipterous
Insects. Illustrations of British Blood-sucking Flies, with
Notes by E. E. Austen.
Bailey (Frederick Manson). Contributions to the Elora of
Queensland. (Queeusl. Agric. Journ. xvi.. xvii., xviii.)
8vo. Brisbane, 1906-1907.
The Weeds and suspected Poisonous Plants of Queensland.
Pp. 245; figs. 408. 8vo. Brisbane, 1906-7. Author.
Balfour (Andrew). See Khartoum : Wellcome Eesearch
Laboratories.
Barber (Charles Alfred). Xotes on Sugar-cane Cultivation with
Special Eeference to irrigated Delta Lauds. Pp. 4. (District
Gazette Suppl.) fol. Coimbatore, 1906.
Studies in Eoot-Parasitisni. The Haustorium of Santalum
album. — I. Early Stages, up to Penetration. Pp. 30 ; plates 7.
(Man. Dept. Agric. India, vol. i. no. 1 .) 4to. Calciiita, 1906.
Bardeleben (Carl Heinrich von). See Anatomischer Anzeiger . . .
Herausgegeben von . . . K. Bardeleben.
LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. I29
Bastian (Henry Charlton). The Evolution of Life. Pp. xviii, 319 ; '
phites 12. Svo. London, 1907. Author.
Beddard (Frank Evers). A Book of Whales- With forty
Illustrations by AV. Sidxbt Beekidge. (Progressive Sci. Ser.)
Pp. XV, :i2V ■ plates 21. Svo. London, 1900.
Bell (James Mackintosh). See Wellington : Xew Zealand Geo-
lojjical Survev, Xew Series. Bull. no. 1. The Geology of
the Hokitika Sheet, Xorth Westland Quadrangle. &c. 1906.
Bennett (Alfred William). See Dalla Torre (Karl Wilhelm von).
The Tourist's Guide to the Flora of the Alps.
Berlin.
Das Tierreich, Herausgegeben vou der Deutscheu Zoologischen
Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Feaxz Eilhaeo Schulze,
Liefg. 21, 22, 23. Svo. Berlin, 1906-7.
Liefg. 21. Aniphipoda. — I. Gammaridea. Yon Eev. T. E. E.
Stebbing. I'JOG.
., 22. Lepidoptera. Heliconiidic. Von H. Sticiiel and H.
EiFFARTii. IDOr).
,, 2o. Turbellaria. — I. Aeoela. Yon LrnwiG vox Graff. 1905.
Bernard (Charles). Sur la distribution geograpliique des Ulmacees.
Pp. 32 : plates 7. ( Bull. FHerb. Boissier, 2i"e ser. v., vi.)
Svo. Geneve. 1905-1906. R. Chodat
Notes de Pathologic Yegetale. — I. Sur quelques maladies
de Thea assamica, de Kiclwla elastica et de Hevea bmslliensis.
Pp. 55 ; plates 4. (Bull. Dept. Agric. Indes Neerland. vi.)
Svo. Biiitenzorr/, 1907.
Bettany (George Thomas). See Parker (William Kitchen). The
Morphology of the Skull. 1877.
Bibliotheca Botanica (continued).
Heft 64. Lang (Wiliielm). Zur Bliiten-Entwickelung der Labiaten,
Verbenaceen und Plantaginaceen. Pp. 42; mit 5 Tafeln-
1900.
,, 6o. DoMix (KLvui.). Monographie der Gattung Koelcria. 1907-
Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued).
Band XX. Heft 49. Leciie (Wiliielm). Zur Entwicklungsgeschiehte des
Zahnsystems der Saugetiere zugleich ein Beitrag
zur StammesgeschiebtedieserTiergruppe. Pi). 1.57;
Taf. 4. 1907.
„ ,: 50. SciiWABE (Josef). Beitrage zur Morpbologie und
Histologic der tympanalen Sinnesapparate der
Ortbopteren. Pp. vi, 154 ; mit 15 Tafeln und
17 Textabbildungen. 1906.
„ ,, 51. Leiber (Adolf). Yergleiebende Anatomie der
Specbtzunge. Pp. 79 ; plates 6. 1907.
Boecker (August). Zur Statistik der Echiuococcen. Inaugural
Dissertation. Pp. 32. Svo. Berlin, 1868.
N. H. W. Maclaren.
Boissevain (Maria). The Scaphopoda of the ' Siboga ' Expedition.
See Siboga-Expeditie. Monogr. 54.
Bolus (Harry), Contributions to the South-African Flora.
Pp. 20 : plate 1. (Trans. South African Phil. Soc. xvi. pt. 4.)
Svo. Cajie Town, 1906. Author.
Liyy. soc. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSIOX 1906-1907. /.•
130 PJROCEEDIXGS OP THE
Bonnier (Gaston). Album de la Nouvelle Flore representant
toutes les especes de Plantes photographie'es directemeat d'apres
nature. Pp. 190 and 2028 photographs.
8vo. Paris, [1906J. Frank Crisp.
Boorsma (W. G.). Ueber Aloeholz und andere Eiechholzer.
Pp. 43. (Bull. Dept. Agric. Indes Neerland, vii.)
8vo. Buitenzorr/, 1907.
Boott (Francis). Illustrations of the Genus Carex. 4 parts (the
4th part by Sir J. D. Hooker). fol. London, 1858-67.
(Second copy.) Sir Prior Goldney, Bt.
Part I. Pp. xii, 74 ; plates 1-200. (1858.)
„ II. Pp. iv, 75-103 ; plates 201-310. (1860.)
„ III. Pp. 104-126; plates 311-411. (1862.)
„ I\r. Pp. 127-233; plates 412-600. (1867.)
Borden (L, E.), See ' Neptune,' The Cruise of, Append. I., VI.
Borgert (Adolf). See Plankton-Expedition. Medusettidae.
See Plankton-Expedition. Die Tripyleen Eadiolarien :
Tuscaroridse.
Brand (August). See Engler (A.). Das Pflanzenreich. Pole-
moniaceae. Heft 27.
Brandis (Sir Dietrich). Indian Trees : an Account of Trees,
Shrubs, Woody Climbers, Bamboos, and Palms, indigenous or
commonly cultivated in the British Indian Empire. Pp. xxxiv,
767 ; figs. 201. 8vo. London, 1906. Author.
Briquet (John). See Vienna : Kongress Intern. Bot.
Brisbane.
Queensland Acclimatisation Society.
Annual Report, 43. Svo. Brisbane, 1906.
British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Report (York), 1906. 8vo. Londoii, 1907.
Council Brit. Assoc.
Fauna, Flora, and Geology of the Clyde Area. Edited by
G. F. ScoTx Elliot, Malcolm Laurie, and J. Barclay
MuRDOcn. Published by the Local Committee for the
Meeting of the British Association. Pp. x, 567, and map.
8vo. Glasgow, 1901.
British Museum {continued).
The History of the Collections contained in the Natural History
Departments of the British Museum. Vol. II. Separate
Historical Accounts of the several Collections included in the
Department of Zoology. Pp. 782. 8vo. London, 1906.
A Catalogue of the Works of Linnaeus (and Publications more
immediately relating thereto) preserved in the Libraries of
the British Museum (Bloomsbury) and the British Museum
(Natural History) (South Kensington). By B. B. Woodward.
Pp. 27. 4to. London, 1907.
Dipterous Insects.
Illustrations of British Blood-Sucking Flies, with Notes by
Ernest Edward Austen. Pp. 74 ; plates 34.
8vo. London, 1906.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. I3I
JBritish Museum (continued).
Lepidopterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phaloenae in the British Museum.
Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Noctuidae ia the Collection of
the British Museum. By Sir George Francis Hampson,
Bart. Pp. xiv, 532 ; figs. 172, plates 96-107.
8vo. London, 1906.
Orthopterous Insects.
A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. By W. F. Kirbt.
Vol. 11. Orthoptera Saltatoria. — Part I. (Achetidae et
Phasgonurida?.) Pp. viii, 562. 8vo. London, 1906.
Anthozoa.
Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum
(Natural History). Vol, IV. The Family Poritid*.—
I. The Genus Goniopora. By Henry M. Bernard. Pp. viii,
206 ; plates 14. 1903.
Vol. V. The Family PoritidiO.-II. The Genus Porites.
Part I. Porites of the Indo-Pacilic Kegion. By Henry M.
Bernard. Pp. vi, 303 ; plates 35. 1 905.
Vol. VI. The Family Poritidie.— II. The Genus
Pontes.
Part II. Forites of the Atlantic and West Indies, with the European
Fossil Forms.
The Genus Goiiiopora. A Supplement to Vol. IV. By
Hexiiy M. Bernard. Pp. vi, 173 ; plates 17.
4to. London, 1906.
Plants.
List of British Seed-Plants and Ferns Exhibited in the De-
partment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History), by
James Britten and Alfred Barton Eendle. Pp. 44.
8vo. London, 1907.
Gtjide-Books.
Sjiecicd Guide No. 1.
Guide to an Exhibition of Old Natural History Books, illus-
trating the Origin and Progress of the Study of Natural
History up to the Time of Linna?us. Pp. 27.
8vo. London, 1905.
Special Guide No. 2.
Books and Portraits illustrating the History of Plant Classi-
fication exhibited in the Department of Botany. Pp. 19,
with one plate and 3 portraits. Svo. London, 1900.
Z.-2
132 PEOCEEDi;,'GS or THE
British Museum (continued).
SjpeciaJ Guide No. y.
Memorials of Linuteus, a Collection of Portraits, Mauuscripts,
Specimens, and Books exhibited to Commemorate the Bi-
centenary of his Birth. By A. B. Eexdle. Pp. 10 and
2 portraits. Svo. London, 1907.
Britten (James). List of British Seed-Plants and Ferns. See
British Museum. Plants. Pp. 44. 1907.
Browne (Patrick). The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica.
In three parts. Pp. viii, 503 ; plates 50. (Second copy.)
fol. London, 1756. Sir Prior Goldney, Bt,
Buchan Field Club. See Peterhead.
Euitenzorg.
Departement de I'Agriculture aux Indes Neerlandaises.
Bulletni No. 6. Svo. Bvitenzorfj, 1907.
No. 0. Notes de Pathologie Vegetate. — 1. Sur quelques maladies de
Thea asi^amiva, de Kick.vla elastica et de Hevea brasiliensis.
Par Dr. Ciiaules Berxard. Pp. 55 ; plates 4. 1907.
Bullen (Robert Ashington). Land and Freshwater MoUusca
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Versluys (Jan). FseudocladocJwnus Hiclcsoni, n. g., n. sp. Set
Siboga-Expeditie. Monogr. XIIL
Tienna.
Verhandlungen des Internationalen Botanischen Kongresses in
Wien 1905. Herausgegeben im Nauien des Organisations-
Komitees fiir den Kongress, von R. T. WETTSiErif und
J. WiESNEB, und A. Zahlbeuckkeb, &c. Pp. vi, 261.
4to. Jena, 1906.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse des Internationalen Botanischen
Kongresses, Wien, 1905. Herausgegeben im Namen des
Organisations-Komitees fiir den Kongress, von R. ton"
Wettstein und J. Wiesxeb und A. ZAHLimrcKis'Eit, Redi-
giert von J. P. Lotsy. Pp. vi, 446 : mit 3 Tafeln, 1 Karte
und 58 xA.bbildungen im Text. 4to. Jena, 1906.
Tines (Sydney Howard). See Druce (George Claridge). The
Dillenian Herbaria, &e.
Wagner (Adolf). Die Stellung Linnes in der Wissenschaft einst
und jetzt. (Als " Botanische Umschau " zur Peier seines
zweihundert jahrigen Geburtstages.) Pp. 5; with portrait.
(Kosmos, Bd. iv. Heft 5.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1907. Author.
Wagner (Wladimir). Psycho - biologische L'ntersuchungen an
Hummeln mit Bezugnahme auf die Prage der Geselligkeit im
Tierreiche. Teil I., II. (Bibl. Zool. xix. Heft 46.)
4to. Stuttyart, 1906-1907.
Walker (Charles Edward). Pirst Report on the Cytological
Investigation of Cancer, 1906. See Liverpool University.
Wallace (Alfred Russel). The Malay Archipelago : the Land of
the Orang-utan and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of
Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature. 2 vols.
8vo. London, 1869.
Seventh Edition. Svo. London, 1880.
LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 59
Ward (Harry Marshall). Grasses. A Handbook for Use in the
Field and Laboratory. (Cambr. Nat. Sci. Manuals, Biol. Ser.,
General Editor A. E. SniPLKY.) Pp. viii, 190 ; figs. 81.
8vo. Cambridge, 1901. B. Daydon Jackson.
Washington.
Carnegie Institution.
Publication nos. 48, 49. 8vo. Washington, 1906.
]!fo. 48. An Inrestigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of the
Genus Lcpfinotarsa. By William Lawrence Tower. Pp. x,
320; plates 30, figs. 31.
No. 49. No. 5. Heredity of Hair-lengtli in Gninea-pigs, and its Bearing
on the Theory of Pure Gametes. By William E. Castle and
Alexander Forbes. Pp. 1-14. 19015.
No. G. The Origin of a Polydactjlous Race of Guinea-pigs. By William
E. Castle. Pp. 15-29. 1906.
Waterhouse (Charles Owen) and Sharp (David). Index Zoolo-
gicus : an Alphabetical List of Names of Genera and Subgenera
proposed for use in Zoology as recorded in the ' Zoological
Kecord,' 1880-1900, together with other Names not included
in the ' Nomenclator Zoologicus ' of S. H. Scudder. Compiled
(for the Zoological Society of London) by Charles Owen
Wateehouse, and edited by Dayid Sharp. Pp. xii, 421.
8vo. London, 1902.
Weber (Emil). Die Gattungen Aj^toshmun Burch. und Pelio-
stomuni E. Mey. Pp. 101 ; mit 3 Tafeln. (Beih. Bot. Centralbl.,
Abt. 2. xxi.) ' 8vo. Dresden, 1906.
Weinzierl (Theodor Ritter von). See Vienna : Kongress Intern.
Bot.
Weiss (Frederick Ernest). Die Bliitenbiologie von Mercurialis.
Pp. 4 ; fig. 2. (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. xxiv.)
8vo. Berlin, 1906.
The Parichnos in the Lepidodendraceae. Pp. 22; plate 1,
figs. 8. (Mem. & Proc. Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc. li.)
8vo. Manchester, 1907. Author.
Weiss (Frederick Ernest) and Yapp (Richard Henry). Sketches
of Vegetation at Home and Abroad. III. "The Karroo" in
August. Pp. 15 ; plates 3. (New Phvtol. v.)
Svo. London, 19o6. F. E. Weiss.
Wellcome Research Laboratories, Gordon Memorial College. See
Khartoum.
Wellington.
New Zealand Geological Survey.
^ew Series. Bulletin no. 1. 4to. Wellington, 1906.
No. 1. The Geology of the Hokitika Sheet, North Westland Quad-
rangle, &c. By James Mackintosh Bell, assisted by Colix
Fraser. Pp. xi, 101 ; plates 28 and 9 maps. 1906.
Wettstein (Richard von). >S^^e Vienna: Kongress Intern. Bot.
White (Adam). Descriptions of a new Genus and Five new
8pecies of Crustacea. S«e Jukes (Joseph Beete). Narrative
of the Surveying Voyage of H.M.S. Fhj, &c. 1847.
l6o PROCEEDINGS Oi" THE
Whiteaves (Joseph Frederick). Pal?eozoic Possils.
J. The Fossils of the Sihirian (Upper Sihirian) Rocks of Keewatin,
Manitoba, the North-eastern siiore of Lake Winnii^egosis, and the
Lower Saskatchewan Eiver.
6. The Canadian Species of I'lrctoceraa and Barrandeocp-as.
7. Illustrations of Seven Species of Fossils from the Cambrian, Cambro-
Siluriaii, and Devonian Rocks of Canada.
8. Revised List of the Fossils of the Giielph Formation of Ontario.
Pp. 10-3 : i^lates 20. (Geol. Surr. Canada, vol. iii. part 4.)
8vo. Ottawa, 1906.
Whiting (W. H. C). See United States : Geological and Topo-
graphical .Survey. Report of the Secretary of AVar, &c. 1850.
Wiesner (Julius). See Vienna : Ivongress Intern. Bot.
Wilson ( Ernest Henry). See Freeman (William George). The
World's Commercial Products.
Wimhledon (The) and Merton Annual. Edited by Hexet t. d.
B. CoPELANi). Pp. 159 ; plates 7. 8vo. London, 1904.
H. W. Pugsley.
Winn (James Michell). On Darwin. Pp. 18. (Journ. Psychol.
Medicine and Mental Pathol, vol. viii. part 2.)
Svo. London, [n. d.].
Withering (William). Plantae ITlyssipponensis. MSS. (M8.
descriptions 8vo, and plates 4to.)
Wood (John Medley). Eeport on Xatal Botanic Ciardens and
Colonial Herbarium for the Tear 1905-1906.
8vo. Durban, 1906.
A Handbook to the Flora of Natal. Pp. 202.
8vo. Burhan, 1907. Author.
Woodward (Bernard Barham). List of British non-Marine
Molliisca. Pp. 16. (Journ. Conchol. x, no. 12.)
Svo. London, 1903.
On some " Feeding-Tracks " of Gastropods. Pp. 3 ; figs. 4.
(Proc. Malacol. Soe. vol. vii. pt. 1.)
8vo. London, 1906. Author.
See British Museum. A Cataloeue of the Works of
Linnaeus (and Publications more immediately relating thereto)
preserved in the Libraries of the British Museum (Bloomsbnry)
and the British Museum (Natural History) (South Kensington).
— See Kennard (A. S.). The Post-Pliocene non-Marine
Mollusca of Essex. Pp. 24 ; figs. 8 and table of distribution.
1897.
A Revision of the Pliocene non-Marine Mollusca
of England. Pp. 18 ; figs. 4. 1899.
Notes on Paludestrina Jenhinsi (Smith) and P. con-
fusa (Frauenf.). Pp. 4. 1899.
The Pleistocene non-Marine Mollusca of Ilford.
Pp. 5. (Proc. Geol. Assoc, xvi.) 1900.
Further Notes on the British Pliocene non-Marine
Mollusca. (Proc. Malacol. Soc. iv.) 1901.
— The Post-Pliocene non-Marine Mollusca of tho
South of England. (Proc. Geol. Assoc, xvii.) 1901.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. l6l
Woodward (Bernard Barham). See Kennard (A. S.). On
Sections in the Holocene Alluvium of the Thames at Staines
and Wargrave. Pp. 7 ; fig. 1. (Proc. Greol. Assoc, xix.)
1906.
On the Occurrence of Vertigo panedentata, Al. Braun,
in Holocene Deposits in Great Britain. Pp. 2. (Proc. Malacol.
Soc. vol. vii.) 1906.
See Sherborn (Charles Davies). Notes on the Dates of
Publication of the Parts of Kieuer's " Species General et
Iconographie des Coquilles Vivantes," &c. (18;:54-S0). 1901.
Wright (Thomas). See Agassiz (Jean Louis Rudolph) and Gould
(Augustus Addison). Outlines of Comparative Physiology, &c.
Eevised Edition. 1851.
Yapp (Richard Henry). See Weiss (F. E.). Sketches of Vegeta-
tion at Home and Abroad. III. " The Karroo," in August.
1906.
York, Eastleigh, Birmingham, and Cambridge.
Watson Botanical Exchange Club. Annual Report, 23rd.
Svo. Cambridge, 1907. G. Goode.
Zahlhruckner (Alexander). See Vienna : Ivongress Intern. Bot.
Zahn (Karl Hermann). Die Hieracien der Schweiz. Pp. 568.
(Xeue Denkschr. allgem. schweiz. Ges. gesammten Naturw.
Bd. 40.) 4to. Ziiricli, 1906.
Zoological Record. Vol. 42 (1905). Svo. London, 1906.
Zurich.
Botanisches Museum der Universitat, Zurich.
Der botanische Garten und das botanisclie Museum der
Universitat, Ziirich, im Jahre 1906.
8vo. Z'drich, 1907. Dr. Hans Schinz.
-zur Strassen. See Strassen (Otto zur).
LINX. soc. PROCEEDINGS.— SESSION 1906-1907.
1 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
DONATIONS IN AID OF PUBLICATIONS.
1907. £ s. d.
April 18. The Eotal Society. Third grant in aid
of Dr. G. Herbert Eowleb's " Biscayan
Plankton " (Trans. 2nd ser., Zool. vol. x.) . 50 0 0
June 11. The Trustees of the Percy Sladen
Memorial Pund. First grant in aid of
Mr, J. Stanley Gardiner's Expedition
to the Indian Ocean in 1905 (Trans. 2nd
ser., Zool. vol. xii.) 200 0 0
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 63
BENEFACTIONS.
List in accordance with Bije-Laws, Chap. XVII. Sect. 1, of all
Donations of the amount or value of Tiventy-five pounds and
upwards.
1790.
The Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
Cost of Copper and engraving oi the plates of the first volume
of Transactions, 20 in number.
The same : Medallion of C. von Linne, by C. E. Inlander.
1796.
The same : a large collection of books.
1800.
Subscription towards the Charter, .£295 4^. Qd.
Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., F.L.S.(Grratuitous professional
services in securing the Charter.)
1802.
Dr. Richard Pulteney.
His collections, and £200 Stock.
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.
Portrait of Henry Seymer.
1804.
Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
His collection of Insects.
1807.
Richard Anthony Salisbury, Esq.
Portrait of D. C. Solander, by J. Zoffany.
1811.
Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
His collection of Shells.
Mrs. Pulteney.
Portrait of Dr. R. Pulteney, by S. Beach.
1814.
Joseph Sabine, Esq.
Portrait of C. von Linne, after A. Roslin, reversed.
Dr. John Sims.
Portrait of Dr. Trew.
1818.
Subscription of £215 Qs. for Caley's Zoological Collection.
m2
164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1819.
The Medical Society of Stockholm.
A medallion of Linnaeus in alabaster.
1822.
Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, by Sir F. Chantrey, E.A.
Subscription of the Fellows.
1825.
The late Natural History Society.
£190, 3| Stock.
Bust of Sir James Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chantrey,
E.A., by Subscribers.
1829.
Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smithian
Collections, £1593 8s.
1830.
Sir Thomas Grey CuUum, Bart.
£100 Bond given up.
1832.
The Honourable East India Company.
East Indian Herbarium (Wallichian Collection).
1833.
Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium,
£315 14s.
1835.
Subscription portrait of Robert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill, E.A.
1836.
Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis.
Subscription portrait of Archibald Menzies, by E. U. Eddis.
1837.
Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas
Lawrence, P.E.A,
1838.
Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, by John Lucas, presented by
Mrs. Smith, of Hiill.
1839.
Subscription portrait of William Tarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.
1842.
David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits.
Archibald Menzies : bequest of £100, subject to legacy duty.
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. U. Eddis, presented by
Mr. Bicheno.
LINiTEAir SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 65
1843.
Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society', .£994 3s.
Subscription portrait of Six* William Jackson Hooker, by S. GanJ-
bardella.
1845.
Microscope presented by Subscribers.
1846.
Joseph Janson : -£100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets.
1847.
[Bequest of £200 in trust, by Edward Rudge ; declined for reasons
set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.]
1849.
Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bart., bv T. Phillips, E.A., presented by
Capt. Sir E. Home, Bart., E."N.
1850.
Subscription portrait of the Rt. Rev. Edward Stanley, D.D.,
Bishop of Xorwich, by J. H. Maguire.
1853.
Portrait of Carl von Linne, by L. Pasch, presented by Robert
Brown.
Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Russell, presented by
Robert Brown.
1854.
Professor Thomas Bell, £105.
1857.
Subscription portrait of Prof. T. Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgill,
R.A.
Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of
fruits and seeds.
Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in
19 volumes.
1858.
Subscription portrait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P.
Knight.
Subscription for removal to Burlington House, £1108 15s.
Diaiy of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop Menander,
presented by Miss Wray.
Dr. Horsfield's Javan plants, presented by the Court of Directors
of the Hon. East India Company.
Dr. Ferdinand von jMueller's Australian and Tasmanian plants,
including manv types.
1859.
Books from the library of Robert Brown, presented by J. J.
Bennett, Sec.L.S.
Robert Brown : two bonds given up, £200.
1 66 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
1861.
Subscription bust of Eobert Brown, by Peter Slater.
Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by John Drew Salmon, F.L.S.
1862.
The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Prof. T. Bell, by
P. Slater.
1863.
Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis.
1864.
Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, .£40 less Duty.
1865.
Executors of Sir J. W. Hooker, £100.
George Bentham, Esq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Legumi-
nosae," Trans, vol. xxv.
1866.
Dr. Friedcich Welwitsch : Illusti-atious of his ' Sertum Angolense,'
£130.
1867.
George Bentham, Esq. : General Index lo Transactions, vols, i.-xxv.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of G. S. Brady on British Ostracoda,
£80.
1869.
Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses-
sion of C. V. Linne.
1874.
Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by L. Dickinson.
George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, £50.
1875.
Legacy from James Yates, £50 free of Duty.
„ ., Daniel Hanbury, £100 less Duty.
1876.
Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Jansou, £200.
,, „ „ Charles Lambert, £500.
George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols,
xxvi.-xxx.
1878.
Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by J. Linnell.
Subscription portrait of Eev. Miles Joseph Berkeley, by James
Peel.
1879.
Bev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to
illustrations, £35,
IINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 67
1880.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up
Dr. Aitchison's paper, .£36.
1881.
George Benthaui, Esq., special donation, £25.
The same : towards Richard Kippist's pension, .£.50,
Portrait of Dr. St. George Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.
1882.
Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books.
Subscription portrait of Charles Robert Darwin, by Hon. John
Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication
of Dr. xiitchison's second paper on the Flora of the Kurrum
Valley, £60.
1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart, (afterwards Lord Avebury).
Portrait of C. von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallman.
Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. : towards cost of illustrating his paper,
£25.
Eoyal Society : Graut in aid of Mr. Gosse's paper, £50.
Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret
Grover : 11 letters from C. von Linne to G. D. Ehret.
1885.
Executors of the late George Bentham, £567 lis. 2d.
Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian
Busk.
1886.
A large selection of books from the library of the late Spencer
Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).
Sir George MacLeay, Bart. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and
portrait of Rev. William Kirby.
1887.
"William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid of
publication, £50.
Francis Blackwell Forbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Flora, £25.
1888.
The Secretary of State for India in Council: Grant in aid ol
publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation
Expedition, £150.
Dr. J . E. T. Aitchisou, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for
publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. .Tohn Anderson, for the same, £60,
Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
1 68 PKOCEBDINGS OF THE
1889.
Bronze copy of inoclel for Statue of C. von Linne, by J. F. Kjellberg ;
presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1890.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation
Expedition report, £200.
Oak table for Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by
Hubert Herkomer, R.A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous donor, £30.
Colonel Sir Henry CoUett, Iv.C.B., towards the publication of his
Shan States collections, <£50.
1891.
Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bart. [Lord Avebury],
by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar
paper, £60.
1892.
Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior: for projection lantern, £50.
1893.
The Executors of Lord Arthur Eussell : his collection of portraits
of naturalists.
Electric light installation : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1894.
Algernon Peckovei', Esq., Legacy, £100 free of Duty.
Miss Emma Swan, " Westwood Bequest," £250.;
1896.
Clock and supports in Meeting Room, presented by Frank Crisp,
Esq.
1897.
William Carruthers, Esq. : Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linnc.
Eoyal Society : Grant towards publication of paper by the late
John Ball, £60.
Subscription portrait of Professor George James Allman, by
Marian Busk.
1898.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart. : Contribution towards his paper on
Stipules, £43 14s. 9d.
Eoyal Society : Contribution tov.ards Cole's paper, £50.
„ „ „ „ Murray &Blackman's paper,
£80.
„ „ „ „ Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
,, „ „ „ Forsyth Major's paper, £50.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOX. 1 69
1899.
A. C. Harms worth, Esq. [Lord Northcliffe] : Contribution towards
cost of plates, .£43.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. 11. T. Giintlier's paper
on Lake Urmi, ^50.
1901.
Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Eothschild, and the Bentham
Trustees : The Correspondence of William 8wainson.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. F. Chapman's paper on
Funafuti Foraminifera, =£50.
Prof, E. Eay Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s.
Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart ; presented by Mrs. Miyart.
1903.
Eoyal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
Legacy from the late Dr. E. C. A. Prior, .£100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladen: Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy
Sladen, by H. T. Wells, E.A.
B. Arthur Bensley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, £44.
1904.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Flora,
£120.
Supplementary Eoyal Charter : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1905.
Eoyal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscayan
Plankton." £50.
Executors of the late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for
colouring plates of his paper, £26.
1906.
Eoyal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' £50.
Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. Yines, by Hon. John Collier.
Eoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences : Copies of portraits of C. voa
Linne, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Eoslin, by Jean
Haagen.
1907.
Eoyal University of Uppsala : Copv by Jean Haagen of portrait of
C. V. Linne, by J. H. Scheffer(1739).
Eoyal Societv : Third and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'
£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First Grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches
in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1906-1907.
Note. — The following are not imlexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting,
speakers wliose i-emarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.
Abyssinia, Fauna and Flora of (Poul-
ton), 15.
Atanlhacea' of Malaga (Clarke), 9.
Accounts, 1 7 ; laid before Anniversary
Meeting, 16.
Adams, Mrs. H. I., elected, 5; pro-
posed, I.
Additions to Library, 127-161.
Address, Presidential, 19-33.
Adoxa, MoschatdUnu, Linn., mentioned,
79.
A(/rof/ts alba, Linn., and A. stvhjiiifera,
Linn., mentioned, 77.
rerticillaff, Vill., in Channel
Islands (Druce), 12 ; — abstract, 76.
vid<jarix, With., mentioned, 77.
Albino woodlice, OnUcns asellug(Lmn.),
(Webb), 6.
Alcock, Lieiit.-Col. A. W'., withdrawn, 1 6.
Algas critical Freshwater (West), 72.
Alpine flowers, drawings exhibited (Mrs.
Ward), 13.
Ahine afl/c/iiensls, G. C. Drnce, men-
tioned, 77-78.
Amphipoda of ' Silver Belle ' (Tatter-
sall), 72.
Anderson, Dr. T., photograjjhs exhibi-
ted, 62.
Andrews, Dr. C. W., skull of Proccuglo-
doii airo.v shown, 62.
Augiosperms, their origin (Arber), 13.
Anniversary Meeting, 16.
Anthrenua luuscorum (Linn.) Fabr.,
(Ewart), 6.
Ants of the Seychelles (Forel), 11.
Arber, E. A. N., Origin of Angiosperms,
13 ; Zamites and Ptcrophyllum, 72.
Ardiiino, Prof. P., copy of a letter
from Linnicus to, laid before Anni-
versary Meeting, 34.
Assheton, R., Councillor retired, 34.
Associate, deceased (Mitten), 16; elected
(Pearson), 18.
Auditors elected, 13 ; Certificate (W. B.
Keen), 17.
Australasian Polyclads (Haswell), 60.
Aves of 'Sealark ' (Gadow & Gardiner),
II.
Bahhaia spatkacca, Ker (Brown), 7.
Bagshawe, A. W. G., elected, 9 ; pro-
posed, 6.
Baker, E. G., Dr. A. B. Eendle, and
S. Moore, Tanganyika Expedition, 8 ;
Plants from Mt. Rnwenzori, 72.
Baker, W^. H., proposed, 71.
Balcombiau Deposits of Port Phillip
(Chapman), 10.
Ballots for Council and OfTicers, 34.
Bamboo leaves (Brandis), 2.
Barnard, Major K. C, deceased, 16 ;
obituary, 37.
Beale, R. E. C, proposed, 71.
Bedford, The Duke of, admitted, 16.
Beetle, Museum, Anthreiim museorum
(Linn.) Fabi\, (Ewart), 6.
Bellis j)cr<'nni><, Linn., its habit, 79.
Benson, Miss M., and Prof. F. W. Oliver,
preparations of Laijcuostoma oooidrs
and Phi/soiiioiua clcgans, shown, 62.
Birds of tlie ' Sealark ' cxped. (Gadow
& Gardiner), 11.
Biscayaii Plankton : Deeapoda (Kemp),
12 ; Fishes (Holt & Byrne), 6.
Blackman, V. H., elected Councillor, 34.
BlooiTier, H. II., admitted, 14; elected,
I 3 ; proposed, 10.
Boerhaave, Herman, photographs of
pages of his audience book shown ,
71.
172
IXDEX.
Boodle, L. A., Equisefum maxiiiuim,
Lam. (syn. £. Telniateia, Ehrb.), 2 ;
elected Councillor, 34.
Borradalle, L. A., Land Crustacea of
'Sealark,' 11; Stouiatopoda of 'Sea-
lark,' 72.
Bottomley, Prof. W. B., results of Lio-
culation of Leguminous Plants, 14.
Bourne, Prof. G. C, elected Councillor,
34- .
Brandis, Sir D., Bamboo leaves, 2.
British Museum, copy of Linnean
Medal presented to, 5.
British Terrestrial Isopod (Patience), 9.
Broiiius interruptus (Druce), 60.
Brown, ]\^. E., Fockea capensis, Endl.,
7-8.
Brown, Dr. H. T.. Councillor retired,
34; elected Auditor, 13, cf. 17.
Broxbourne, Herts, Equisetiim yuaxiinum.
Lam. (sTn. E. Telmcdeia, Ehi-h.), from
(Talbot), 2.
Bruce, C. W. A., deceased, 16.
Buller, Sir \V. L., deceased, 16 ; obituary,
38-
Bullock-Webster, Eev. Canon, XitcUa
ornithopoda, 11.
Burchell, Dr. W. John, lecture on
(Poulton),64; manuscripts (Poulton),
14-
Burdon, E. E,., Chcrmes or Kernics, 6.
Burrell, W. H., elected. 58 ; proposed,
13-
Burtt-Davy, J., Tree and Bush regeta-
tion in Transvaal, 13.
Bush and Tree vegetation in the Trans-
vaal (Burtt-Davy), 13.
Bye-Laws (new section). Chap. II.
Sec. 2 a, read first time, 1 3 ; read
second time, 16; approved, 59.
Byrne, L., with E. W. L. Holt, Bis-
cayan Plankton. Fishes, 6 ; ' Silver
Belle,' Pishes, 72.
Calcutta, Isopod from (Stebbing), 9.
Caiman, Dr. W. T., communications by
(De Man), 2 ; (Bori-adaile), 72.
Cameron, P., Hymenoptera of ' Sealark,'
II.
Campbell, Eev. A. J., admitted, 8 ;
elected, 5; proposed, i.
Carpenter, Prof. G. H., Pycnogonida of
' Sealark,' 11.
Carpet presented by H. Druce, i.
Carruthers, W., exhibited drawings on
behalf of Mrs. H. Ward, 13 ; report
on Linnefest, 59.
Catalogue of Genera in Linn. Herb.
(Jackson), 89-126.
Cederquist, J., collotyije portrait of
Linne, 2.
Cephalopoda of the Sudan (Hoyle), 72.
Chadwick, H. C, proposed as Asso-
ciate, 5.
Chama?leon3, their colour changes in
S. Africa (Poulton). \z.
Channel Islands, Bpergularia athenieiisis
ixnd Af/rosti.< vcrtkiUata in the (Druce),
12 ; - — abstract. 76.
Chapman, E.. deceased, 16; obituarv.
Chapman, F.. Foraminifera of Victoria :
The Balcombian Deposits of Port
Phillip. 10.
Chart of the Metric System (J. G. Fil-
ter) shown (Stebbing), 3.
Chenncs or Kermes (Burdon). 6.
China, Distribution of Conifei-s in
(Masters), 71.
Choisya tcrnata, H. B. Iv., twice-flower-
ing, shown (Walker), 6.
Clarke, C. B.. Acanthacete of Malaya,
9; deceased. 16; obituary, 38-42.
Cleistogamous Flowers and Stolons,
Ecologic Functions of (Shenstone),
14 ; — abstract, 78,
Climbing Plants (Gerard), 9.
Closing-net (Fowler), 14.
Coccidte, aberrant form of (Scott), 14;
' Sealark ' (Green), 72.
Colour-changes in S. African Chamae-
leons (Poulton), 12.
Conifers, Distribution of Chinese (Mas-
ters), -I.
Conservation of species by Constitu-
tional Variation (Walker), 14.
Consols sold, 16.
Constitutional Variation, conservation
of species by (Walker), 14.
Cooper, W. F., admitted, 2 ; with L. E.
Robinson, on Bhipicephcdus, 8.
Coral Reefs, Red Sea (Crossland), 15.
Council elected, 34.
Cousens, F. W., elected, 11 ; proposed,
9-
Ci'ossland, C, Sudan Investigations, 15.
Crustacea from Japan (De Man), 2;
— , land, from ' Sealark ' (Borradaile),
II.
Cryer, J., Folyi/ala amarcUa, Crantz, 3.
Curl, Dr. S. M., deceased, 16.
Dab, from Dogger Bank, with three
eyes (Masterman). 6.
Darbishire, A. D., Pia/nn saficu,j>. 62 ;
Respiratory Mechanism in Elasmo-
branchs, 15.
Davy, J. B., sec Burtt-Davy. J.
Dawe, M. T.. elected, i.
Deaths recorded, 16.
De Man, Dr. J. G.. Crustacea from
Japan, 2.
INDEX.
l73
Dendy, Prof. A., communications by,
(Darbishire) 15, (Haswell) 60. (Neu-
mann) 60 ; elected Councillor, 34 ;
elected Zoological Secretary, 1 1, cf.
34. ; exiiibited at Reception, 62 ; with
E. Hindle, N. Z. Holothurians, 60.
De Toui, Dr. G. B., on Liimean letter,
34, <;/'. S3.
Dogger Bank, tbree-eyed Dab from
(Masterman), 6.
Donations to Library, 127-161 ; to the
Society (1790-1907). 163-169.
Dragon-Flies of ' Sealark ' ( Laidlaw), 1 1 .
Druce, G. C, Speryularia afheniejisis
and Aqrostis vcrticillafa in Channel
Islands. 12; — abstract, 76; Oro-
hanche Bitro, Bromus interrupt us, and
Orchis Simia, shown, 60.
Di-uce, H., appointed Scrutineer, 11 ;
presented carpet, i ; elected Auditor,
13, cf. 17.
Druramond, J., elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Ecologic Functions of Stolons and
Cleistogamous Flowers (Sbenstone),
14 ; — abstract, 7S.
Elasiuobranchs, i-espiration of (Darbi-
shire), i 5.
Elections at Anniversary, 1 6.
Elmhirst, R., elected, 14 ; proposed,
12.
EquisetiiiH 7Ha,vimH//i, Lam. (syn. E. Tel-
iiiatcia, Ehrh.), from Broxbourne,
Herts (Talbot), 2 ; from Stockport
(Weiss), 2.
Eriosphara Oculus-cati, Less. (Brown),
7-
Evans, L B. P., elected, 58 ; proposed,
14.
Ewart, Prof. A. J., on Hectorella ccsspi-
tosa, z ; Museum Beetle, Anthrcnus
museorum (Linn.) Fabr., 6.
Expedition, Tanganyika (Rendle and
others), 8,
Farmer, Prof. J. B., phenomena of
Apogaiuy exhibited, 63.
Farran, G. P., Pyrosoma spinosuni of
' Silver Belle ' exped., 72.
Fauna and Flora of Abyssinia (Poul-
ton), 15.
Fellows deceased, 16: elected, 18; re-
moved, 18 ; withdrawn, 16.
Fishes of the ' Silver Belle ' exped. (Holt
& Byrne), 72.
FitzGerald, Rev. H. Purefoy, Sieges-
hcckia orientalis, Linn., 6 ; — abstract,
73.
Fjan-lands Fjord, Norway (Monckton),4.
Flora and Fauna of Abyssinia (Poulton),
Fockea capcnsis, Endl. (Brown), 7-8.
Foraminifera of Victoria : The Balcom-
bian Deposits of Port Phillip (Chap-
man), 10.
Foreign Member, Prof. F. R. Kjellman,
deceased, 16.
Forel, A., Fourmis des Seychelles,
from ' Sealark,' 1 1.
Foslie, M., Lithothamnia of the ' Sea-
lark,' 72.
Foster, Sir M., deceased, 16 ; obituai-y,
42-45.
Fourmis des Seychelles, 'Sealark'(Forel),
II.
Fowler, Dr. G. Herbert, closing net
shown, 14; communications by (Holt
& Byrne), 6 ; elected Councillor,
3+-
Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., elected
Councillor, 34.
Fraser, John, portraits shown (Jackson),
IS-
Fream, Prof. W., deceased, 16,
Freshwater Alg£e (West), 72.
Fritsch, Dr. F. E., Anatomy of the
Julianiacea;, 72.
Frog-tadpole ornamentation (Layard),
1 1 ; abstract, 74.
Fryer, C. E., admitted, 16 ; elected, 10 ;
proposed, 8.
Gadow, Dr. H. F., with J. Stanley
Gardiner, Aves, from 'Sealark,' 11.
Gardiner, F. A., admitted, 71 ; elected,
58 ; proposed, 14.
Gardiner, J. Stanley, admitted, 10;
elected, 5 ; proposed, i ; Aves of ' Sea-
lark ' (with Gadow), n ; communica-
tions by (Borradaile), (Cameron),
(Carpenter), (Forel), (Laidlaw), (Pun-
nett), (himself and Gadow), lo-ii ;
(Green) and (Foslie), 72 ; with C.
Forster Cooper (Percy Sladen Trust
Exped.) : Description of the Expedi-
tion, I. Introduction, II. History and
Equipment of the Expedition, III.
Resume of the Voyage and Work :
Part I. Colombo to Mauritius, 10;
Introd., Part II., 'Sealark,' 71;
Photographs taken during the ' Sea-
lark ' expedition, 63.
Genera in Liunean Herb, catalogued
(Jackson), 8g.
Gerard, Rev. J., Climbing Plants, 9.
Glover, G., portrait of Wm. Kirby
shown, 60.
Goss, H., withdrawn, 16.
Grant, F. E., obituary, 45.
Grassington, I'olygala, amarella from
(Cryer), 3.
Green, E. E., Coccida; of ' Sealark,' 72.
174
INDEX,
Groves, H., appointed Scrutineer, ii, j
34- !
Grovee, H. & J., on Jsitclla ornithopoda, j
A. Braun, ii.
Grueber, H. C, copy of Linnean Medal
received for British Museum, 5.
Giinther, Dr. A. C. L. G., moved thanks |
to President for Address, 34 ; com-
munication by (Holt & Byrne), 72.
Haagen. Jean, copy of portrait of
Linnaeus, 8.
Ilanbury, Sir T., deceased, 16; obituary,
46-48.
Haswell, Prof. W. A., Australasian
Polyclads, 60.
Ilaviland, G. D., deceased, i6.
Hectorella cafpitoaa (Ewart), 2.
Hemsley, W. Botting, Platan fhera
chlorantha, Custor, var. tricalcarata,^.
Herbarium, Linnean, Manuscript List
of (Jackson), 89-126.
Herdman, Prof. W. A., Address, 19-33 ;
appointed Scrutineers, 11 ; Ceylon
Pearl Fisheries, 65 ; communication
by (Hoyle), 72 ; elected Councillor,
34; elected President, 34; Introd.
to Sudan Investigations, 15; moved
thanks to retiring Secretary, 1 1 ;
on Reception, 65 ; photographs and
specimens ilhistrating the Oyster
Fisheries of Ceylon, 63 ; plankton
gatherings shovrn, 63 ; presentation
of medal by, 35-37; read addition
to Bye-Laws, 16 ; read letter to
Sir J. D. Hooker, 71; referred to
vacancy in list of Associates, 8 ; spe-
cimens of Plaice shown, 1-2 ; thanks
to, for Address, 34.
Hertfordshire, Broxbourne, Equisefum
'/iia.vii/mm. Lam. (syn. E. Tclmatcia,
Ehrh.), from (Talbot), 2.
Hildyard, F. W., withdrawn, 16.
Hill, Prof., J. P., elected Councillor, 34 ;
Dasyurus vicen'imts, drawings shown,
63.
Hindle, E., with Prof. A. Dendy, N. Z.
Holothurians, 60,
Holland, W., proposed as Associate, 5.
Holme, C, withdrawn, 16.
Holothurians, New Zealand, our know-
ledge of (Dendy & Hindle), 60.
Holt, E. W. L., and L. Byrne, Biscayan
Plankton, Fishes, 6 ; Fishes of
' Silver Belle,' 72.
Hooker, Sir J. D., congratulated, 71.
Hopkinsou, J., appointed Scrutineer,
II, 34; elected Auditor, 13, cf.
17-
Hoppner, John, portrait of Eraser by,
shown (Jackson), 14-15.
Hoyle, Dr. W. E., Cephalopoda of tlie
Sudan, 72.
Hullett, R. W., withdrawn, 16.
Hymenoptera of 'Sealark' (Cameron),
II. ,
Indian Ocean, The Percy Sladen Trust
Expedition to the (J. Stanley Gardiner
& C. Forster Cooper), 10.
Inoculation of Leguminous Plants
(Bottomley), 14.
Introduction. Part II., ' Sealark ' (Gar-
diner), 71.
Investments, changes in, 16.
Iris Fseudacorus, Liun,, mentioned, 79.
Isopod, British Terrestrial (Patience), 9 ;
from Calcutta (Stebbing), 9.
Ixodidte, ' Sealark ' (Neumann), 60.
Jackson, B. Daydon, elected Auditor,
17; — • Coimcillor, 34; — -Secretary,
34 ; explained constitution of Linnean
Medal, 5 ; exhibited portraits of J.
Eraser, 14-15; manuscript list of
Linnean Herbarium, 35 ; — printed,
89-126 ; Folygala amarella from York-
shire, shown, 3 ; portrait of C. von
Linne from Stockholm, shown, 2 ;
■ — copy in oil from Uppsala, 8 ;
read acknowledgment from King of
Sweden, 71 ; signatures from Boer-
haave's audience book, 71 ; supple-
mentary remarks on Linnean celebra-
tions in Sweden, 60.
Japan, Crustacea from the Inland Sea
of (De Man), 2.
Johnstone, Miss M. A., admitted, 12 ;
elected, 8 ; proposed, 5.
Julianiaeese, anatomy of the (Fritsch),
72.
Justen, F., deceased, 16; obituary, 48.
Keeble. F., Convoluta roxojfhisis, 63.
Keen, W. B., Accoimtant's certificate,
17-
Kemp, S. B., Biscayan Plankton, Deca-
poda, 12.
Kermes or Chermcs (E. R. Burdon),
6.
Kew, Papai'cr commutatum from (Wors-
dell), 71.
King of Sweden, congratulations on
Golden Wedding. 58; acknowledged,
Kirby, William , portrait shown (Glover),
60.
Kjellman, Prof. F. R., deceased, 16.
Knipe, H. R., admitted, i.
Kraflt, P., his portrait of C. y. Linno
in collotype, shown (Jackson), 2.
INDEX.
Laidlaw, F. F., Dragon Flies of 'Sea-
lark,' II,
Laj'ard, Miss N. F., Tadpole Ornamen-
tation, II ; — abstract, 74.
Leaves of Bamboo (Brandis). 2.
Leersiim, Prof, van, photogi'aphs from,
shown, 71.
Leguniiuous Plants, their Inoculation
(Bottomley), 14.
Lewis, F. J., Plant-remains, Seeds,
Leaves, &c., from the Peat, 63 ;
lecture on same, 69-70.
Librarian's Eeport, 18.
Library, Additions, 127-161.
Linne, C. v., Manuscript List of his
Herbarium (Jackson), 35, S9-126 ;
copy of a letter to Prof. P. Arduino,
34,c/ S3 ; portrait in collotype shown
(Jackson), 2.
Linnean Celebrations reported on (Car-
ruthers), 59-60 ; suppl. remarks ( Jack-
son\ 60.
Herbarium. Manuscript List of
(Jackson), 35, cf. 89-126.
Medal presented to Dr. Treub, 37 ;
copy presented to British Museum, 5 ;
special copy presented to L^ppsala
L^niversity, 59.
List of the Linnean Herbarium (Jack-
son), 35, S9-126.
Lister, J. J., admitted, 10 ; elected, 5 ;
proposed, i ; communication by (Scott),
H-
Lithothamnia of ' Sealark ' (Foslie), 72.
Lomax, J., proposed as Associate, 5.
McClellan, F. C, elected, 58 ; proposed,
14.
Maidstone, Choi.-^i/a tcrnata, H. B. K.,
twice flowering, shown from
(Walker), 6.
Malaya, Acanthacete of (Clarke), 9 ;
new plants from (Stapf), 10.
Manuscript List of the Linnean Her-
barium (Jackson), 35, 89-126.
Manuscripts of Dr. W. John BurcheU,
shown (Poulton), 14.
Marine Fishes of ' Sealark ' (Eegan), 60.
Masterman, Dr. A. T., admitted, 14 ;
elected, i ; three-eyed Dab from
Dogger Bank, 6.
Masters, Dr. M. T., Chinese Conifers,
Mastin, J., admitted, 6; elected, 5;
proposed, i.
Mathews, G. M., admitted, 12; elected,
1 1 ; proposed, 9.
Medal, Linnean, copy presented to
British Museum, 5 ; presented to
Dr. Treub, 3 5 ; special copy presented
to the University of Uppsala, 59.
Medallist, Dr. Melchior Treub, 35.
Mee,C. J. C, elected, 13 ; proposed, 10.
Meeting declared special for election of
I Secretary, 11.
Meeting Eoom redecorated, i.
Mercurialis perennis, Linn., mentioned,
79-
Metric System,Pilter'sChart(Stebbing),
3-
Mitten, W., deceased, 2, 16; obituary,
49 : vacancy due to death of, 8.
Monckton, H. W., Accounts, 17; elected
Councillor, 34 ; elected Treasurer, 34 ;
Fjaerlands Fjord, Xorway, 4 ; nomi-
nated V.-P., 58.
Moore, S., E. G. Baker, aud Dr. A. B.
Rendle, Plants from Mt. Ruwenzori,
72 ; Tanganyika Expedition, 8.
Morris, Rev. A. B., withdrawn, 16.
Mount Ruwenzori, plants from (Baker,
Moore, & Rendle), 72.
Murie, Dr. J., skull showing growth of
Scibcllaria alvcolata, shown, 11.
Museum Beetle, Anthre^ius mtcseoriihi.
(Linn.) Fabr., (Ewart), 6.
Nemerteans, land, from 'Sealark' (Pun-
nett), 10.
Net, a new closing (Fowler), 14.
jS'etherlands Legation receives Linnean
Medal on behalf of Dr. Melchior
Treub, 35.
Neumann, Prof., Isodidte from 'Sealark
60.
Newman, C. A., admitted, 12; elected,
9 ; proposed, 6.
Newshara, J. C, admitted, 8 ; elected,
5 ; proposed, i.
Nicholas, R. E., elected, 13 ; proposed,
1 1.
Nitclla ornithopoda, A. Braun (Groves),
II.
Northamptonshire, Uromus intenniptus
from (Druce), 60.
Norway, Fjisrlands Fjord (Monckton),
4-
Obituary Notices, 37-58.
Ecological Functions of Stolons and
Cleistogamous Flowers (Shenstone),
14 ; abstract, 78.
Officers elected. 34.
Oliver, Prof. F. W., Development of a
Salt-marsh, 63 ; elected Councillor,
34-
Oliver, Prof. F. W., with Miss M.
Benson, preparations of La^enostonui
oroides and Physosto7na elegans, 62.
Oniscvs asellus (Linn.), (Webb), 6.
Orchis Simia shown (Druce), 60.
Origin of Angiosperms (Arber), 13.
178
INDEX.
Viola odorata, Linn., and V. canina,
Linn., mentioned, 79.
Walker, A. O., Choisya temata, H. B. K.,
6 ; Conservation of Species by Con-
stitutional Variation, 14.
Ward, Mrs. Helen, dra^vings exhibited,
13-
Ward, Prof". H. Marshall, deceased, i6;
obituai'v, s+.
Waterfield, W., deceased, 16; obituary,
57-
Waters, A. W., Tubucellaria, 72.
Weale, J. A., elected, i ; photographs
of Casfanea vesca and Aristolockia
Sipho, shown, 63.
Webb, W. M., Albino woodlice, Oniscus
asellus (Lmn.), 6.
Webster, B., see Bullock- Webster, Rey.
Canon.
Weiss, Prof. F. E., elected Councillor,
34.; Eqidsetum maximum, Ijmix., from
Stockport, 2.
West, Q-. S., admitted, 6 ; critical
Freshwater Algaj, 72.
Westell, W. Percival, elected, 13 ; pro-
posed, II.
Will of Richard Anthony Salisbury
(Poulton), 14.
Witches' Brooms (Saunders), 13-14.
With, C. J., Pseudoscorpions, 15.
Withdrawals recorded, 16.
Wolfenden, Dr. R. N., communication
by (Farran), 72 ; results obtained by
cruise of " Silver Belle,' 72.
Woodlice, Albino, Oniscus asellus, lAnn.
(Webb), 6.
Woodward, Dr. A. Smith, elected
Councillor, 34.
Worsdell, W. C., exhibited abnormal
Papaver commutatum and P. orientale,
Yapp, Prof. R. H., admitted, 12.
Yerbury, Lieut.-Col. J. W., admitted,
5-
Yorkshire, Polygala amarella from
(Cryer), 3 ; (Jackson), 3.
Young, W. H., admitted. 8 ; elected, 5 ;
proposed, 1.
Zamites and Pterophyllum;
Species of (Arber), 72.
Zoological Secretary elected, 1
Triassic
PRINTED BY TAYLOIl ANU FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
120TII SESSION.
From November 1907 to June 1908.
LONDON
PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
BURLINGTO» HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W..
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ifoy/a
CONTENTS.
List of Publications issued iv
Proceedings of the 120th Session i
President's Address 17
Obituaries 42
Abstract of Paper 74
Additions to the Library 77
Benefactions, 1790-1908 116
Index 124
/{XAVu-^
IV
Publications of the Society issued during the period, 31st July,
1907, to 31st July, 1908 :—
Journal (Botany), No. 264, 14th Oct., 1907.
„ 265, 11th Jan., 1908.
„ 266, 3rd June, 1908.
(Zoology),No. 196, 14th Oct., 1907.
„ 197, 31st Mar., 1908.
„ 203, 2Ist Dec, 1907.
Transactions (2nd Ser.) Botany, Vol. VII. Part ti., Oct. 1907.
„ yii., Nov. 1907.
„ Yiii., Jan. 1908.
IX., Jan. 1908,
(2nd Ser.) Zoology, Vol. IX. Part xiii., Aug. 1907.
„ XIV., Oct. 1907.
Vol. X. Part Till., Oct. 1907.
Vol. XII. Part I., Sept. 1907.
II., Dec. 1907.
„ III., May 1908.
Proceedings, 119th Session, from November 1906 to June 1907
October 1907.
List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1907-1908.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(OXE HUNDRED AXD TWENTIETH SESSION,
1907-1908.)
November 7th, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Heedmakt, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th June, 1907^
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Arthur WiUiam Garrard Bagshawe, M.B., and Mr. William
Percival Westell were admitted Fellows.
The following persons were proposed as Pellows : — Dr. Nelson
Annandale, Mr. Stanley Arden, Mr. Henry Atkinson, Dr. Joseph
Barker, Dr. Frederic Hungerford Bowman, Mr. David Thomas
Gwynne-Yaughan, Mr. James Thomas Hamilton, Dr. Frederick
Keeble, Prof. Alexander Meek, M.Sc, Mr. James William Oliver,
Mr. Linsdall Richardson, Mr. John Crosby Smith, Mr. Thomas
Southwell, Miss Eva Whitley, and Mr. William Robert Worthingtou
Williams.
Mr. Frank Arthur Stockdale was elected a Fellow.
A letter from Sir Joseph D. Hookee, G.C.S.I., F.R.S., dated
11th July, 1907, in reply to the address of congratulation sent
from the General Meeting held 20th June last, was read by the
General Secretary, as follows : —
The Camp, Sunningdale,
July 11, 1907.
Dear Dr. Datdox Jacksox,
Your letter of the 21st ult., conveying to me the welcome
congratulations of the President and Fellows of the Linnean
Society on the approach of my 90th year of age and the 65th of
LINN. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1907-1908. b
2 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
my Fellowship, has touched me deeply, and I beg of you to
transmit to them my profound feelings of esteem, fraternity, and
gratitude for this token of their abiding friendship.
"With the exception of an ephemeral Entomological Society, the
Linnean was the first to open its arms to me, and this as a son
and grandson of two of its own body rather than as a worthy
aspirant to the honour of Fellowship, and I shall never forget
the pride and satisfaction with which I first added F.L.S. to my
name.
As time advanced and writings, the results of my own re-
searches, were honoured by admission into its publications, my
affection for our Society and interest in its labours redoubled ; but
it was not till the efforts of some devoted Fellows, in which I was
privileged to share, had persuaded the Lords of the Treasury that
the Society was so woi'thy of recognition as to justify their granting
it quarters at the national cost, did I feel that its future sphere of
scientific action and its I'esources were adequately ensured.
That this grant in aid was as wisely as well bestowed on the
part of the Government is evidenced by the number of calls,
direct and indirect, it has made on the Society for advice on the
fitting out and conduct of scientific expeditions, in combating
tropical diseases, in apportioning rewards for researches and
discoveries, and in many other ways.
That the subsequent great advance in the Society's well-being
and sphere of utility has not been primarily due to extraneous
aid, a retrospect of its condition during five years of its existence,
when 1 knew it as a visitor only, and from many succeeding ones
of my Fellowship sufficiently shows.
There were years, which I remember, when the number of
attendants at the evening meetings might often be fingered on one
hand ; when the dearth of scientific contributions for occupying
the hours of meeting compelled the Society to resort to reading
Hamilton's Commentary on Eheede's three-century old ' Hortus
Malabaricus,' which was abruptly discontinued only after having
monopolised eight evenings, and that only in 1852, a time when
the President sternly discouraged any discussion on the papers
read, and when the idea of a lady visitor at a meeting was never
entertained.
I cannot conclude without an allusion to the Society's com-
memoration of my own Fellowship by the magnificent medal
struck in my honour, and the award of another which bears the
bust of the great man who gives his name to our Society, and who
is in many senses its founder. For such tokens of regard, coupled
with the congratulations now received, I canuot voice my feelings
of gratitude. Very sincerely yours.
Dr. B. Daybon Jackson, (Signed) Jos.D. HoOKEB.
Secretary L.S.
A vacancy in the list of Associates, in consequence of the death
of Mr. Frederic Moore, the entomologist, was announced from
the Chair.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 3
The General Seci'etaiy exhibited a copy of the second edition
of Hudson's 'Flora Anglica,' 1771, on behalf of Mr. Alexander
H. Steyenson, of Dundee, who had picked up the volume in a
dilapidated state on a bookstall. It contains numerous notes by
Eev. William Kirby, an early Fellow of the Society, who spent
his entire clerical life of 68 years in the parish of Barham, a few
miles from Ipswich in the direction of Saxmundham. Many of
these notes relate to localities in the neighbourhood, recorded in
1797, judging from the few which are dated.
Dr. A. B. Eendle exhibited an abnormal specimen of Eucalyptus
scdmonopldoia, F. Muell., from West Australia, of two stems
horizontally connected by new growth. The Rev. J. Gerard, S.J.,
who referred to similar cases in the yew (Taxus baccata), and the
Eev. G. Henslow commented on this exhibition.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On the Origin of the Di-trimerous Floral Whorls of certain
Dicotyledons." By the Rev. G. Henslow, INI. A., F.L.S.
2. " Unrecorded Acari from IN'evv Zealand." By Albert D.
Michael, F.L.S.
3. " On j^nigmatistes africanus, a new genus and species of
Diptera." By R. W. C. Shelford, F.L.S.
November 21st, 1907.
Prof. W. A, Herdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th November,
1 907, were i-ead and confirmed.
The following persons were proposed as Fellows : — Mr. James
Masson Hector, B.Sc. (Aberd.), and Mr. Charles Francis Massy
Svvynnerton ; also as Associate, Mr. Herbert Clifton Chadwick.
Mr. Walter Henry Baker, Mr. Reginald Evelyn Child Beale,
and Dr. John Tanner were elected Fellows.
Mr. C. W. Anderson exhibited a specimen of a light-giving larva
brought by him from near the boundary of British Guiana with
Brazil, exhibiting when Hving a ruby light in its head, and a
double row of phosphorescent spots along the body, two on each
segment. These lights were not intermittent but glowed con-
tinuously. This presumed coleopterous larva was called " Maca-
doub " by the natives, and is not uncommon in the region named.
Prof. A. Deudy, Sec.L.S., in opening the discussion, called
attention to the paper by Mr. Andrew Murray in the Journal of
the Society, Zoology, vol. x. (186S) pp. 74-82, with a later note
by Mr. Roland Trimen, in the same volume, pp. 503-4 issued in
1870. Other speakers were, the General Secretary, Dr. Murie.
Dr. Caiman, Mr. C. J. Gahan (a visitor), Mr. H. N. Ridley, and
were replied to by Mr. Anderson.
52
4 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Prof. Deis'dt exhibited two living specimens of Peripatus from,
the Cape, which he had succeeded in keeping in excellent health,
by supplying them Avith woodlice as food. Dr. Murie and the
Eev. T. K. K. Stebbing contributed additional remarJ^s.
Mr. G. C. Dktjce showed dried specimens of Linaria arenaria,
DC, which he had gathered near Barnstaple this autumn, but
which had no pretension to be native, as it had been sown there
fifteen years earlier. Further he exhibited herbarium specimens
of Leontodon hirtus var. Prisfis, G. C. Druce, from Guernsey and
Alderney, and Picris Meracioides var. incana, G. C. Druce, from
the latter island.
The President, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, Prof. J. B. Parmer,
Mr. J. C. Shenstone, Mr. P. K. Williams, and Prof. Dendy took
part in the discussion which follo\^•ed, the last speaker calling
attention to the ti'ansportation of animal organisms with living
plants.
The following papers were read : —
1 . " Abnormal Structures in Leaves and their Value in Mor-
phology." By W. C. WoRSDELL, P.L.S.
2. "Two New Species of Amphipoda." By the Eev. T. E. E.
Stebbing, M.A., P.E.S., P.L.S.
3. "The Preservation of Specimens in Australian Museums.''
By J. G. Otto Teppee, P.L.S.
December 5th, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st November,
1907, were read and confirmed.
The following persons were proposed as Pellows : — Mr. "Walter
Barratt, Mr. Prederick James Chitrendeu, Mr. AValter Edward
CoUinge, M.Sc, P.E.S., Mr. Arthur AVilliam Hill, M.A. (Cantab.),
Mr. Joseph Hubert Priestley, B.Sc. (Lond.), and Miss May
Evelina Bainbridge, B.Sc.
The following were elected Pellows ; — Dr. Nelson Annandale,
Mr. Stanley Arden, Mr. Henry Atkinson, Dr. Joseph Barker,
Dr. Prederic Hungerford Bowman, Mr. David Thomas Gwynne-
Vaughan, Mr. James Thomas Hamilton, Prof. Prederick Iveeble,
Prof. Alexander Meek, M.Sc, Mr. James AVilliam Oliver,
Mr. Linsdall Eiehardson, Mr. John Crosby Smith, Mr. Thomas
Southwell, Miss Eva Whitley, and Mr. William liobert Worthing-
ton Williams.
Dr. 0. Stape, P.L.S., exhibited a series of specimens of SjMi'tina
Townsendi representing different stages of development and tall
and dwarf forms, and for comparison also typical specimens of
S. cdterniflora, S. stricta, and, on behalf of Messrs. H. & J. Groves,
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5
S. Neyrautii from the estuary of the Bidassoa Eiver. The
specimens of *S'. Townsendi and S. stricta were collected by the
exhibitor in the Isle of Wight ; those of fS. alternijiora near
Mill brook Station in Southampton Water. He pointed out the
morphological differences of the three English species, which
show S. Toivnsendi to hold in many respects an intermediate
position between S. alternijiora and ,6'. stricta, although it is
different enough to be treated as specifically distinct from either.
He then described the distribution of the three species, and more
particularly that of S. Townsendi, which was first collected near
Hythe in 1870 and distributed as S. alierniflora. Three j'ears
later the brothers Grove found it again in the same locality, and
in 1881 they recognised it as a distinct new species and named it
S. Tow)isendi. At present it covers many hundreds or may be
thousands of acres on the muddy foreshores of the Hampshire
coast and the Isle of Wiglit, threatening S, stricta with exter-
mination in some places. There are three theoxnes to explain the
appearance of the grass, which is too conspicuous to have been
long overlooked : — (1) It may have been introduced, likeyS. alierni-
flora, which is a common mud-grass on the Atlantic coast of
America from Newfoundland to Brazil. Lord Montagu has, in
fact, stated that the people on the shores of Southampton Water
have a notion that it was introduced by an Argentine ship. But
so far, no Spartina corresponding to S. Toiviisendi has been found
in America, and the x\rgentine species, mentioned by Arechavaleta
and Stuckert, are distinctly different, (2) It may have originally
arisen as a mutation of S. stricta, and, the characters having
become fixed, the progeny now behaves like an ordinary species.
Against this may be argued that there is no evidence, historical or
morphological, for this assumption. (3) It sprang from a fertile
hybrid or hybrids between S. alternijiora and S. stricta, and has
assumed the character of a particularly vigorous and fairly con-
stant species. In favour of this theory two circumstances may be
adduced: first, the fact that S. Toivnsendi combines actually not a
few of the distinctive characters of both species ; and secondly,
that it has an almost exact pai'allel in S. Neyrautii, which was
described as a hybrid of S. alierniflora and S. stricta from speci-
mens found growing among the parents in the estuary of the
Bidassoa. This S. Neyrautii differs from S. Toivnsendi only in
the more pronounced accentuation of the characters derived from
S. alternijiora. The Adour and the Bidassoa Rivers on one side
and Southampton Water on the other are the only two places in
the world, so far as we know, where S. alternijiora and *b'. stricta
meet ; and it would be a case of extraordinary coincidence if
S. Townsendi and S. Neyrautii should after all be found to have
been introduced from some other part of the world just into
those two localities. An attempt of artificial crossing of S. alterni-
jiora and S. stricta should be made. Dr. Stapf finally spoke of the
grass as a mud-binding and land-reclaiming species.
A discussion followed, in which the President, Mr. H. Groves,
Mr, J. C. Shenstone, and Prof. ¥. W. Oliver engaged.
O PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The following papers were read : —
1. " On a Collection of Plants from Gunong Tahan, in Pahang,
by Mr. H. C. Robinson." By Henet Nicholas Eidlet,
M.A., P.E.S., P.L.S.
2. " Report on the Aleyouaria of the Red Sea." 3y Prof. J.
Arthur Thomson. (Communicated by the President.)
3. " Report on the Crinoidea of the Red Sea." By H. C.
Chadwick. (Communicated by the President.)
4. " Notes on some Marine Algae of the Red Sea." By Prof.
R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F.L.S.
5. " Hydroid Zoophytes from the Red Sea." By Miss L. R.
Thoenelt. (Communicated by the President.)
December 19th, 1907.
Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th December, 1907,
\^ ere read and confirmed.
The President read an Address to H.M. Gustaf V. of Sweden
on the death of our late Honorary Member, H.M. Oscar II.,
v\hich was unanimously adopted, signed by the President and
Secretaries, and ordered to be sent to His Excellency the Swedish
Minister for transmission.
Professor Frederick Keeble, Miss Eva Whitley, and Mr. "William
Robert Worthington Williams were admitted.
Mr. Edward Charles Stuart Baker, Mr. Edward Alfred
Cockayne, M.A., B.M.(Oxon.), Miss Emmeline Crocker, and
Mr. Philippe Leveque de Yilmorin wei'e proposed as Eellows.
Mr. James Masson Hector and Mr. Charles Francis Massy
Swynnerton were elected Fellows, and Mr. Herbert Clifton
Chadwick was elected an Associate.
Dr. G, Archdall Reid read his paper, communicated by
Sir Ray Lankester, K.C.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., "On Mendelism
and Sex," of which the following is the Author's abstract : —
Species are adaptional forms ^vhich have arisen under the
operation of Natural Selection. The evidence is plain that,
speaking generally, variability is controlled and regulated by
Natural Selection ; therefore variability itself is, in a real sense,
an adaptation. Nearly all variations are spontaneous as is proved
by a mass of evidence afforded by human beings ; Natural Selec-
tion builds solely on spontaneous variations. When selection
ceases as regards any character, that character tends to i-etrogress ;
therefore retrogressive variations tend to predominate over pro-
gressive variations. This tendency to retrogression is very useful
and has played an immense part in adapting species to their
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7
environments. The author then touched upon blended and
alternative inheritance ; fluctuations and mutations ; differences
between Artificial and Natural Selection ; and differences in the
mode of reproduction of sexual and non-sexual characters. The
mode of reproduction of mutation tends to resemble that of
sexual characters ; when conjugation occurs there is an appearance
of alternative inheritance as regards both sexual characters and
mutations, but it is an appearance only. The evidence is plain
that there is only alternative reproduction combined with latency
of one alternative and patency of the other, and actual blending
between the patent character of one individual and the latent
character of the other, therefore blending is universal. This
tendency owing to the predominance and prepotency of retro-
gressive characters tends to cause retrogression on cessation of
selection, and this is the function of sex.
The President having invited discussion, the following speakers
took part : — Mr. A. O. Walker, Mr. J. T. Cunningham (visitor),
Mr. A. D. Darbishire (visitor), Dr. "W. T. Caiman, Mr. G. P.
Mudge (visitor), Prof. Dendy, Sir E. Ray Lankester, and Prof.
Poulton, Dr. Archdall Eeid briefly replying.
January 16th, 1908.
Prof. W. A. Herdman, P.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th December,
1907, were read and confirmed.
The Eev. Dr. Joseph Barker, Mr. Charles Francis Massy
Swynnerton, and Mr. Henry Atkinson were admitted Pellows.
Miss May Evelina Bainbridge, B.Sc, Mr. Walter Barratt?
Mr. Frederick James Chittenden, Mr. Walter Edward Collinge,
M.Sc, F.E.S., Mr. Arthur William Hill, M.A. (Cantab.), and
Mr. Joseph Hubert Priestley, B.Sc. (Lond.), were elected Fellows.
Mr. A. P. Young exhibited a series of lantern-slides to show
various stages of soil-denudation and forest destruction in the
Tyrol.
The slides from photographs taken in two valleys, one north of
the Brenner Pass, the Navistal, near Innsbruck, and one south of
the Pass, the Schalderertal, near Brixen, illustrated various limits,
commencing near the upper limit of the vine cultivation at about
700 m. to the snow limit at about 2800 m.
Great waste of soil is caused in forest land by the simultaneous
felling of trees over single plots of ground, and in the higher
levels by the encroachments of grazing animals. One effect of
this waste is the recession, not only of the ti'ee line, but also of
the limit of continuous forests, which is generally considered as
distinct from the tree line.
Waste of soil in high-level pastures was also attributed to the
8- PROCEEDINGS OP THE
formation of tracks by grazing animals. The grooves are often
quite bare of vegetation, and therefore open to rapid denudation
by rain-water.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on Brassica Crosses." By Arthur W. Sutton,
P.L.S.
2. " Eevision of the Genus IlUgera." By S. T. Dunn, F.L.S.
3. " New Coniferae from Formosa," By Bunzo JBLatata.
(Communicated by W. Botting Hemsley, F.E.S., F.L.S.)
February 6tb, 1908.
Dr. A. B. Rendle, M.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the G-eneral Meeting of the 16th January, 1908,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Walter Barratt and Mr. Arthur William Hill were
admitted Fellows.
The Rev. George Henry Aidan Elrington, D.Sc., Mrs. Marian
Sarah Farquharson, Mr. Charles Francis UUathorne Meek, and
Miss Winifred Smith were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Edward Charles Stuart Baker, Mr. Edward Alfred Cockayne,
M.A., B.M. (Oxon.), Miss Emmehue Crocker, and Mr. Philippe
Leveque de Vilmorin were elected F'ellows.
A letter was read from His Excellency Count Wrangel, con-
veying the thanks of His Majesty Gustaf V. for the address of
sympathy adopted in General Meeting of the 19th December,
1907.
Mr. Horace W. Monckton, Treasurer and V.P., exhibited
specimens and lantern-slides of leaf-impressions from the Beading
Beds, on behalf of himself and Mr. O. A. Shrubsolb, F.G.S., who
was prevented by illness from being present.
A discussion followed, in which Mr. E. T. Newton, F.E-.S.
(visitor), Mr. Clement Reid, F.R.S., Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S.,
Sec.L.S., and the Chairman engaged ; and Mr. Monckton having
replied, a vote of thanks to Mr. Shrubsole for his interesting
exhibition of specimens was passed.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Fruits and Seeds from the Pre-Glacial Beds of Britain and
the Netherlands." By Clement Eeid, F.E.S. , F.L.S., and
Mrs. Eeid,
2. " On a Method of Disintegrating Peat and other Deposits
containing Fossil Seeds." By Mrs. E. M. Eeid. (Com-
municated by Clement Eeid, F.E.S,, F.L.S.)
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOiN.
I
" On a Botanical Expedition to Pokieu." By S. T. Dunn,
F.L.S.
" Alcyonaria from the Indian and Pacific Oceans." (Ab-
stract.) By Miss EuTH M. Harbison. (Communicated
by Pi-o£. Gilbert C. Bourne, D.Sc, F.L.S.)
February 20tb, 1908.
Lieut.-Col. Prain, CLE., LL.D., F.E.S., V.-P., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th February, 1908,
were read and confirmed.
Miss May Evehna Bainbridge, B.Sc, Miss Emmeline Crocker,
Mr. William Holmes Burrell, and Mr. James William OUver were
admitted Fellows.
Mr. Hamilton Herbert Charles James Druce, F.Z.S., F.E.S.,
Mr. Walter Thomas Haydon, and Mr. John Herbert Milton, were
proposed as Fellows.
The Vice-President in the Chair announced that there were two
vacancies in the list of Foreign Members owing to the death of
Prof. Frans Reinhold Kjellman and of Prof. Jose Vicente Barboza
du Bocage.
The Chairman also stated that a celebration of the Jubilee of
the presentation of the Darwin-Wallace joint essay on 1st July,
1858, would take place on the 1st July next ; the details were
not complete, but it was intended that an afternoon meeting and
an evening reception should take place on the day named, with the
award of copies of a special medal, and subsequent publication of
the proceedings of the celebrations. Subscriptions were invited to
defray the cost
Mr. T. Ernest Waltham exhibited stereoscopic photographs of
Alpine flowers in their natural colours, some of the slides being
also shown by means of the lantern on the screen. Mr. E. Morton
Middleton, Mr. Arthur W. Sutton, Dr. A. B. Eendle, and the
Vice-President in the Chair, made some observations, and
Mr. Waltham replied.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Experiments with Wild Types of Tuber-bearing Solanums."
By Arthur W. Sutton, F.L.S.
2. " The Life-history and Larval Habits of Tiger-Beetles
(Cicindehdae)." By Dr. V. E. Shelford. (Communicated
by the Eev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S.)
lO PROCEEDINGS OE THE
March 5th, 1908.
Lieut.-Col. Peain, C.I.E., LL.D., F.E.S., V.-P., i^ the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 20th February,
1908, were read and confii'med.
Mr. Hugh Broughton, and Fleet-Surgeon Charles Geekie
Matthew, M.B., were proposed as Fellows.
Prof. Otto Biitschli, of Heidelberg, and Prof. Alfred Gabriel
Nathorst, of Stockholm, were proposed as Foreign Members.
The Eev. George Henry Aidan Elrington, O.P., D.Sc,
Mrs. Marian Sarah Farquharson, Mr. Charles Francis TJllathorne
Meek, and Miss Winifred Smith were elected Fellows.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On a possible case of Mimicry in the Common Sole." By
Dr. A. T. Mastermait, F.L.S.
2. " On the Morphology of Stigmaria and of its Appendages
in comparison with Hecent Lycopodiales." By Prof. F. E.
Weiss, D.Sc, F.L.S. (See p. 74.)
3. " On Triclioniscoides alhidus (Budde-Lund) and P. sarsi.
Patience." By Alexander Patience. (Communicated by
Prof. Malcolm Laurie, D.Sc, F.L.S.)
March 19th, 1908.
H. W. MoNCKTON, Esq., Treasurer & Yice-President,
in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th March, 1908,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Henry Haselfoot Haines was admitted a Fellow.
Miss Ethel Louise de Fraine, B.Sc, Mr. George Edward
Nicholls, B.Sc, A.E.C.S., and Mr. Eichard Wilhams Harold
Eow, B.Sc, were pi'oposed as Fellows.
Mr. Hamilton Herbert Charles James Druce, Mr. Walter
Thomas Hajdon, and Mr. John Herbert Milton were elected
Fellows.
The Chairman called upon the General Secretary to read the
terms of a circular about to be sent to the Fellows explaining the
nature of the Darwin-Wallace Celebration to be held on 1st July
next.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II
The following exhibitions were shown by permission of the
Director, Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew : —
(1) Mr. ^y. BoTTiNG Hemslet, F.R.S., F.L.S., sent for exhibi-
tion a second specimen of Platanthera chlorantJia with three spurs,
Avhicli was described in his absence by Mr. C. H. Wright, A.L.S.
The plant now shown came from the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-
Peacock, F.L.S., to whom it had been sent by Miss Susan Allett,
of Bath, and exhibited a spike, each flower of which had the three
petals spurred, a case of true peloria, whereas the specimen shown
on 17th January, 1907, had the three sepals spurred, a case of
false peloria.
In consequence of the publication of the latter specimen in the
Society's Journal (Botany, vol. xxxviii. (1907) p. 3), Cav. Sommier
has drawn attention to the occurrence of true and false peloria in
P. bifolia in the neighbourhood of Florence.
Dr. A. B. Eendle offered a few remarks on this exhibition.
(2) Mr. T. A. Sprague, F.L.S,, showed female flowers and
fruits of Sterculia Ale.vandri, Harv., an extremely rare tree from
Uitenhage, the only locality known for it, where it was first found
in January 1848 by Dr. R. C. Alexander, F.L.S. (afterwards
Prior). The specimens shown had been collected by Dr. S. Schcin-
land, P.L.S., who reported that the seeds were of pleasant taste
resembling a chestnut, and were greedily sought after and
devoured bj' the baboons.
Discussion was carried on by Mr. A. P. Young, Mr. J. R.
Drummond, and Mr. E. M. Holmes, Mr. Sprague replying.
(3) Mr. C. H, Wright, A.L.S., showed specimens of (a)Sj>hm'o-
tliylax ahjiformis, Bisch., a rare South-African Podosteraaceous
plant, and spoke of the outward resemblances of some plants of
this family to certain cryptogams, showing side by side examples
of Hydrostachys imbricata, A. Juss., and IT. nana, Engl., as
resembling the alga Caulerpa aqjressoides, and Tristiclia Jiypnoides,
Spreng., with the form of a moss ; also (b) Archangiopteris Henryi,
Christ & Gilsenh., a Chinese genus of Marattiaceae, of which a
better supply of material had been recently obtained.
The discussion on these exhibitions was engaged in by Dr. A. B.
Rendle, Mr. J. C. Shenstone, and Dr. D. H. Scott, the latter
expressing his concurrence in the view that the genus Archangio-
pteris was very nearly allied to the older genus Angiopteris.
The following papers were read : —
1. "The Podosomata of the Temperate Atlantic and Arctic
Oceans." By the Rev. Canon A. M. Normax, F.R.S.,
P.L.S.
2. " Amphipoda Gammaridea from the Indian Ocean, British
East Africa, and the Red Sea." By A. O. Walkeb, P.L.S.
12 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
3. "A Revision of the Genus Codonopsis." By T. F. Chipp.
(Communicated by "W. Botting Hemslet, P.R.S., F.L.S.)
4. '*The Holothurians of the Sudanese Red Sea." By E.
HiNDLE. (Communicated by the President.) ,
AprU 2nd, 1908.
Lieut.-Col. Pbain, C.I.E., LL.D., P.R.S., V.-P., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th March, 1908,
were read and confirmed.
Miss Winifred Smith, Mr. Edward Alfred Cockayne, Mr. David
Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan, and Mrs. Harriet Isabel Adams were
admitted Eellows.
Mr. Charles Aubrey Ealand was proposed as a Eellow.
Mr. Hugh Broughton and Fleet- Surgeon Charles Geekie
Matthew were elected Fellows.
The Rev. John Geraed, S.J., F.L.S. , exhibited lantern-slides
of " Vegetable Imitations or Mimicries," amongst them Ophrys
muscifera and 0. apifera, Veronica tetragona, once described as a
G-ymnosperm, and a Dacrydium which closely resembles it, and
instances from the genus Lysimachia which appear to mimic Paris
and other remote genera by their habit and foliage.
Prof. Dendy, Prof. Weiss, and the Vice-President in the Chair,
contributed remarks on the subject.
The following papers were read : —
1. " The Anatomy of some Sapotaceous Seedlings," By Miss
Winifred Smith, B.Sc, F.L.S.
2. " Notes on some Sponges recently collected irk Scotland."
By Dr. Nelson Annandale, F.L.S.
May 7th, 1908.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, D.Sc, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2nd April, 1908,
were read and confirmed.
Fleet-Surgeon Charles Geekie Matthew, Monsieur Philippe
Leveque de Vilmorin, Mr. Hamilton Herbert Charles James
Druee, Mr. Reginald Evelyn Child Beale, the Rev. George Henry
Aidan Elrington, D.Sc, and Mr. Frederick James Chittenden
were admitted Fellows.
LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 13
Mr. Ernest Melville Cutting, B.A. (Cantab.), Mr. Louis Charles
Deverell, F.Gr.S., Mr. James Montagu Francis Drummond, B.A.
(Cantab.), Mr. Cecil Hallworth Treadgold, M.A. (Cantab.), and
Miss Grace Wigglesworth, M.Sc. (Mane), were proposed as
Fellows.
Miss Ethel Louise de Fraine, B.Sc, Mr. George Edward
Nicholls, B.Sc, A.R.C.S., and Mr. Richard Williams Harold Eow,
B.Sc, were elected Fellows ; and Prof. Otto Blitschli, of Heidel-
berg, and Prof. Alfred Gabriel Nathorst, of the Naturhistoriska
Eiksmuseum, Stockholm, Foreign Members.
Prof. J. P. Hill, D.Sc, and Dr. A. B. Eendle, M.A., were
proposed as Auditors on behalf of the Council, and Mr. Herbert
Druce and Mr. Henry Groves on behalf of the Fellows ; and by
show of hands were elected Auditors.
The President announced that on 1st July next, the President
and Council would entertain the Darwin- Wallace Medallists and
Foreign Guests to Dinner at the Princes' Restaurant, and Fellows
to a limited number could also purchase tickets, price one guinea,
including wine.
Prof. F. E. Weiss, D.Sc, exhibited fruits of the " Buddha's
Claw " variety of Citrus Medica which he had obtained at Easter
from the gardens at La Mortola, formerly belonging to the late
Sir Thomas Hanbury, K.C.V.O., F.L.S., also a normal fruit for
comparison. M. de Yilmorin commented on the frequent por-
trayal of this fruit in Japanese art, and also the variety of preserves
made from it in China.
Mr. F. Martin Duxcax, F.R.P.S., exhibited by means of the
IS'ewman fire-proof Kinematograph, a representation of the move-
ments of Peripatus and other invertebrate animals. The special
feature of the apparatus used was, that it enabled one to analyse
all movement, picture by picture, instead of having to run the
whole film through from end to end without a stop as in ordinar}^
Kinematograph projectors. The effect of concentrated light
upon different species of Invertebrate animals had proved of
interest and frequently a difficulty, so that colour filters and
isochromatised negative films had in some cases to be used to
obtain a satisfactory record.
In reply to the President, the exhibitor explained that he was
engaged in study of the complex movements displayed, and hoped
at a later period to bring his results before the Society.
The following papers were read : —
1. "Colony-formation as a Factor in Organic Evolution." By
H. M. Beexard, M.A. (Communicated by Prof. Dendt,
D.Sc, F.R.S., Sec. L.S.)
14
PKOCEBDINGS OF THE
" Antipatharia from the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Sealark.' " By
C. FoRSTEE Cooper, M.A. (Communicated bv J. Stanley
Gardiner, M.A., F.E.S., T.L.S.)
"Freshwater Fishes, Batrachians, and Eeptiles obtained by
Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner's Expeditiou to the Indian Ocean."
By G.A.BouLENGER,F.R.S. (Communicated by J. Stanley
Gardiner, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.)
" The Madreporarian Corals. — Part I. The Family Fiingidae,
with a Revision of its Genera and Species and an Account
of the Geographical Distribution." By J. Stanley Gar-
diner, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.
May 25th, 1908.
Anniversary Meeting.
Prof. W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 7th May, 1908,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Herbert Clifton Chadwick was admitted an Associate, and
Prof. Seittsiro Ikeno a Foreign Member.
Miss Helen Stuart Chambers, B.Sc, Mr. Norman Gill, and
Mr. Henry Herbert Travers were proposed as Fellows.
It was proposed from the Chair on the initiative of the Council
that His Majesty Gustaf V., King of Sweden, be elected au
Honorary Member, which was done by acclamation.
The Treasurer read his financial statement, which was received
and adopted by the Meeting (see p. 15).
The General Secretary's report of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections during the past year was read, as follow^s : —
Since the last Anniversary Meeting 24 Fellous have died or
their deaths been ascertained :
Dr. Robert Barnes.
Rev. Richard Baron.
Mr. Edward Alfred Lionel
Batters,
Mr. John Benbow.
Sir Dietrich Brandis.
Mr. Robert Ingham Clark,
Mr. John Farrah.
Mr. Charles Anderson Ferrier,
Mr. Frederick Ernest Grant.
Dr. Edward Alfred Heath.
Sir James Hector.
Mr, Joseph Ince.
Dr. Maxwell T. Masters.
Prof. Alfred Newton.
Mr. William Rome.
Mr. Howard Saunders.
Mr. Alexander Somerville
Dr. Henry Clifton Sorby.
Prof. Charles Stewart.
Lieut.-Genei'al Sir Richard
Strachey.
Mr. William Thomas L. Travers
Mr. James Herbert Veitch.
Mr. John Francis Walker.
Mr. Charles Augustus Wright.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON,
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1 6 proceedings of the
Associate (1).
Mr. Frederic Moore.
Foreign Members (2).
Prof. Jose Vicente Barboza da Bocage.
Prof. Karl Mobius.
The following 6 Fellows have withdrawn :
Mr. William Heniy Blaber.
Mr. Frederick James Faraday.
Mr. James Scott Gordon.
Mr. Ei'nest Charles Horrell.
B,ev. Richard Paget Murray.
Dr. Charles Symes.
Mr. Henry Williams and Mr. George Sampson V. Wills have
been removed from the List of Fellows, under the provisions of
the Bye-Laws, Chapter II. Section 6.
Fifty Fellows have been elected (of whom 47 have qualified),
and one Associate.
The Librarian's report was then laid before the Meeting as
follows : —
During the past year, 94 volumes and 120 pamphlets have
been received as Donations from Private Individuals.
From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies 323 volumes and 205 detached parts have been received
in exchange and otherwise, besides 68 volumes and 24 parts
obtained by exchange and as Donations from the Editors and
Proprietors of independent Periodicals.
The Council have sanctioned the purchase of 178 volumes and
89 parts of important works.
The total additions to the Library are therefore 663 volumes
and 508 pamphlets and separate parts.
The number of books bound during the year is as follows : —
In full morocco 5 volumes, in half-morocco 355 volumes, in half-
calf 4 volumes, in full cloth 142 volumes, in vellum 23 volumes,
in buckram 52 volumes, in boards or half-cloth 25 volumes,
relabelled (half-morocco and cloth backs) 55 volumes. Total
601 volumes.
The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing
the elections, the President opened the business of the day, and
the Fellows present proceeded to vote.
The President then delivered his Annual Address as follows : —
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 17
PEESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.
Fellows of the Li^tnean Society, —
It is with feelings of regret, of relief and of gratitude
that I rise to address you for the last time from this Chair. I
regret deeply to sever my official connection with the Society,
and yet I own to a certain sense of relief that I have served my
time and shall now be free to return to those excursions into the
unknown which are the chief business of a scientific man and
which are less wearing and perhaps more profitable in the end than
fortnightly excursions to London. Pleasant as my work here has
been, it is no light responsibility for one like myself, engaged in
active professional work more than 200 miles away, to undertake
for four years the duty of occupying the Presidential Chair of such
a Society as this. My dominant feeling, however, is one of
gratitude — both to the Pellows for having given me this oppor-
tunity of serving them, and to my fellow Officers for their
constant kindness and most efficient support. I ought to acknow-
ledge especially the consideration shown to me during my recent
absence for two months in the Gulf of Manaar, when the
Treasurer relieved me from my duties on Council and Colonel
Prain and the other Yice-Presidents took my place in this Chair
at the evening meetings.
I congratulate the Society on having elected as my successor
that most eminent Botanist, and most genial of colleagues. Dr. D.
H. Scott, F.E.S., and I congratulate Dr. Scott on having attained
to the highest honour we can bestow on our Officers in the Society.
Dr. Scott's elevation to the Chair causes a vacancy in the secre-
tariat, and we are fortunate in having now selected Dr. Stapf as
our Botanical Secretary. Occasional changes in the Executive
are inevitable, and they have perhaps been unusually frequent
during the last few years, but we have only the happiest feelings
and anticipations in regard to the appointments made to-day.
That the Linnean Society may increase and prosper in all good
works, under the guidance of your new Officers, is the earnest
hope of your retiring President.
We know, as Anthropologists, that it has been the custom in
some countries to put the king, chief, or high priest to death while
he is still in full vigour, bodily and mental, hoping thereby to pass
on his strength and spirit to his successor unimpaired by decay.
In some cases the practice permitted the chief to reign only for a
fixed period, at the conclusion of which he was inexorably led to
the sacrificial altar.
You, in your wisdom, have adopted the same principle. Ton
recognise that the occupation of this Chair for more than four years
might lead to a deterioration in the active spirit which you rightly
demand should animate the head of our Society ; but more merciful
than the early Aryan tribes, who required that their leader should
LINN. see. PEOCEEDIKGS. SESSION 1907-1908. c
iS PROCEEDINGS OF THE
be slain at a great meeting when his term of office had expired,
you permit him to retire with his hfe into the obscurity from
which you raised him — so long as he is able to hand on the work
and the tradition of the Society unimpaired to his successor, and
the only sacrifice you demand is that he should' render some
account of his time by addressing you upon the affairs of the
Society, and upon some aspect of one or other of those sciences
which you cultivate.
I have been privileged to occupy this Chair during a most
interesting pei-iod in the history of the Society. In the first of
these four sessions (1904-5) the Fellows adopted the new code of
bye-laws, and as a result the Fellowship of the Society was thrown
open to duly qualified scientific women on equal terms with men.
In all, 41 such women have now been elected ; and of these, six
have read papers while others have taken part in our discussions,
and one (Miss Sargant) has served on Council and Committees.
The added gain and strength to the Society is recognised and
appreciated by us all.
In all, about 150 new Fellows have been elected in the four years,
and 100 have died or resigned during the same period ; so the
Society is growing, although not so rapidly as some of us would
wish. This is a Society to which all active original workers in
Biology should desire to belong, and the more experience I have
of its meetings the more I am impressed with the value of that
association and co-operation of Botanists and Zoologists which we
still enjoy but which has been lost in many Natural History
Societies and in the Sections of the British Association.
The work brought before us dui'ing the last four years has been
large in amount and seems to be increasing. No less than 52
papers have been communicated during the present session. A
considerable number of those papers have come to this Society as
the result of the arrangement made with the Trustees of the
Percy Sladen Memorial, whereby we have undertaken to publish
the Reports of the First Percy Sladen Expedition in a series of six
large volumes — to meet the expenses of w hich the Trusi contributes
largely. Of the first volume three parts have already appeared,
and the fourth is now in our Secretaries' hands and will be out
before long.
The Society is also publishing in the Zoological Journal a series
of reports upon the collections made by Mr. Cyril Crosslaud on
the Sudanese coast of the Bed Sea — a coral region of considerable
faunistic interest. Amongst other papers of special interest
this session the following have given rise to important discus-
sions : — Dr. Archdall Eeid's " Mendelism and Sex," Mr. A. W.
Sutton's " Brassica Crosses " and " Tuber-bearing Solanums," and
Mr. Clement Reid's " Preglacial Fruits and Seeds."
Our loss by death among the older Fellows has been unusually severe,
including as it does such notable veterans of science as Professor
Newton, Dr. Masters, Professor Charles Stewart, Mr. Howard
Saunders, Sir James Hector, Sir Richard Strachey, and Dr. Sorby.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 1 9
The usual obituary notices of the deceased Fellows will be laid
upon the table by the Secretaries.
During this session we have lost by death two of our Foreign
Members, Prof. Barboza du Bocage of Lisbon, and Prof. Karl
Mobius of Berlin. Two additional Foreign Members have also
been elected, Prof. Nathorst of Stockholm and Prof. Biitschli of
Heidelberg. Tour election today of H.M. the King of Sweden
as an Honorary Member fills the place left by the death of the
late King Oscar II,, and perpetuates in the happiest manner the
traditional and sympathetic connection which has long existed
between this Society and the country of Linnaeus.
The death of Mr. Frederic Moore, A.L.S., left a vacancy in
the ranks of our Associates which the Societ}^ worthily filled by
the election on December 19 th of Mr. H. C. Chad wick, Curator of
the Port Erin Biological Station. The Council has awarded the
Linnean medal this year to our former Zoological Secretary and
honoured colleague, the Eev. Thomas R. E. Stebbing, F.E-.S., than
whom there coidd be no more worthy recipient.
During last session we, in common with similar societies in
Sweden and elsewhere, celebrated the 200th Anniversary of the
birth of Linnaeus. In addition to the references to the occasion
made at our last Anniversary meeting, and to our participation in
the primary celebrations at L'psala and Stockholm, we held an
evening reception in these rooms on June 7th, which was largely
attended by our FelloAvs and their friends and by many dis-
tinguished guests, including the Swedish Minister and a number
of eminent men of Science. On this occasion there were exhibits
of scientific interest — both Linnean and others — in the Library
upstairs, while short addresses and illustrated lectures were
delivered in this meeting room at intervals. The success of this
conversazione was undoubted, and frequently during that evening,
and also since, have our Fellows spoken to me in high appreciation
of the form which our Linnean celebration had taken, and some
indeed expressed the hope that another occasion of meeting with
so much of scientific interest to see, hear and talk about would
soon be provided.
The approaching celebration of the Jubilee of the Darwin-
Wallace communication to this Society on 1st July, 1858, seems
likely to provide such an occasion. A special Committee of
Council is engaged in arranging the programme and other details,
and a preliminary circular has been issued showing that the
celebration will consist of : —
(1) An afternoon meeting for the delivery of appropriate
addresses and the award of special medals to Dr. Alfred
Eussel Wallace, Sir Joseph Hooker and others.
(2) A dinner of the Fellows, the Medallists and other Guests.
(3) An evening reception in these rooms ; and
(4) The publication of a volume containing an account of the
ever memorable meeting of July 1st, 1858, and of these
Jubilee proceedings.
c2
20 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
The last address which I deHvered to you from this Chair dealt
with the principles underlying the organisation of Fishery
Research in this country, and with the methods of investigation of
that floating life of the ocean which is of enormous importance in
connection with the food supply from the sea.
The method has been adopted by Naturalists and Oceano-
graphers of taking samples of this floating life or plankton with
fine silk nets of known straining capacity, the hypothesis being
that if we know the contents of a small sample of water we can
calculate the living contents of the ocean. It is obvious that this
hypothesis rests upon the assumption that the organisms in
questions are distributed with such uniformity that small samples
of the water are representative of the whole. I have devoted all
my spare time for the last couple of years to work at sea with
various kinds of closing and open tow-nets designed for the
purpose of testing this assumption. What I laid before you last
year was of the nature of a preliminary announcement giving the
first impressions received from observation of the catches. Since
then, however, the six or seven hundred gatherings which I took
from the yacht ' Ladybird ' in the seas around the Isle of Man
during the year 1907 have all been exhaustively examined by our
Associate, Mr. Andrew Scott ; and from his lists and my own
observations I have drawn some arguments and] conclusions *,
with a few of which I propose to trouble you.
First, as to the data : — We have nearly 900 gatherings taken in
the year 1907 in the northern portion of the Irish Sea, and of
these about 650 are from a limited area in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of Port Erin. At the south end of the Isle of Man,
where these gatherings were taken, there are very important
fishing grounds M'hich are frequented by trawlers from Lancashire
and from Ireland, as well as by the Manx fishermen. This, as
well as the circumstance that we have there, within a few
miles, a sheltered sandy bay, an exposed rocky coast, a narrow
strait through which strong tides run and an area of open sea with
depths reaching to 70-80 fathoms, has led me to consider Port
Erin a very suitable locality for a thoroughly exhaustive or
intensive study of the Marine Plankton.
I think it desirable to point out here that the sea off Port Erin
cannot be regarded as an exceptional locality. The narrow strait
known as the Calf Sound (IV on map opposite) where the tidal
currents run with great velocity is, no doubt, exceptional in some
respects ; but the open sea, 5 to 10 miles off land (I and II on
map), has no physical peculiarities such as would lead us to expect
any unusual distribution of organisms.
It may be useful to repeat here the same little map that I used
last year in order to show the localities at which the gatherings
were taken. The nets used, it will be remembered, were : — Two
* A detailed account of the results upon which these conclusions are based
will be [and since this was written lias been] published in the Lancashire Sea-
Fisheries Laboratory Keport for 1907 (Trans. Liverpool liiol. Soe. vol. xxii.).
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOJ^.
21
closing vertical nets, the Nansen and the Petersen-Hensen, a
weighted and two surface, open, horizontal tow-nets, all made of
No. 20 bolting-silk ; and in addition a coarser silk tow-net (No. 6
silk) and a large-meshed shear-net only used occasionally.
During the present Easter vacation (April 11th to 29th,
inclusive) I have taken 186 additional gatherings, in 15 working
days (an average of over 12 per day), which will serve to compare
with those taken during the corresponding period of 1907. The
number of Diatoms does not appear to be so great this year as in
1907. The spring maximum does not reach to such a height and
I I
OFF PORT ERIN l.o.M.
£3*3.
is certainly later in April than was the case last year. I have as
yet only the volumes of the catches before me, the numbers of the
different organisms present in each net have not yet been calculated.
The monthly average in cubic centimetres for the first four months
of the year 1908 is as follows : — January 0-8 ; February 0-6 ;
March 1-8 ; April 7"4, showing an increase in March which
became still more marked in April, but is small compared with
that in 1907. The average haul during April, 1908, with the
different nets used is : —
Hensen. Nansen.
0-6
1-42
Surface
Surface
Weight-net.
Surface
(No. 20).
(No. 6).
(Bay).
2-77
3-45
4-18
5-5
Shear.
15
Showing much the same proportions between the nets as in the
previous year, but smaller numbers throughout.
I now turn to the conclusions to be drawn from a study of the
detailed figures for 1907. It is clear that many of the great
seasonal variations in the plankton are not due to changes in the
sea-water such as are recognised in hydrographic observations, but
are caused simply by the normal sequence of stages in the life-
histories of organisms throughout the year. No amount of
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
" hydrographic " change in the water will determine the presence
of Echinoderm larvae at a time of year when they are not produced,
nor of Crab Megalopas when they do not naturally occur.
Three factors, at least, contribute to the constitution of the
plankton from day to day throughout the year : —
(1) The sequence and periodicity of stages in the life-history
of the organisms ;
(2) Irregularities due to the inter-action of organisms, as
when one group serves as the food of another ;
(3) Periodic changes and abnormalities of either time or
abundance caused by the nature of the sea-water or by
weather conditions which may either determine or pre-
vent the normal or permit of an abnormal development
of certain species.
The appearance of swarms of Balanoid Nauplii, followed after
an interval by the " Cypris " stage, is an example that comes under
the first head. The disappearance of Diatoms when used as food
by the increasing swarms of Copepoda and other Crustacea, both
larval and adult, and of the Copepoda in turn when eaten by the
developing post-larval fish, are changes falling under the second
head. The great increase in the number of Diatoms in spring
when the physical condition of the sea-water has become
favourable, the enormous development of Dinoflagellates which
may take place suddenly in autumn under unusual weather con-
ditions, the almost total suppression of a group such as the
Medusae in some localities in an unusually stormy summer, and
the immigration of a species or a group of species from the open
ocean or from a neighbouring sea-area as the result of variations
in the hydrographic conditions, are all examples that may be
classed in the third category.
Two or all of these factors may, however, be at work together,
and so the explanation of any particular change may be a very
complicated problem. The increased development of a group, or
the immigration of a species, may so disturb the balance of
nature as to be followed by unusual changes in other groups.
The results of the hauls obtained on April 9th and 10th in
Port Erin Bay are good examples of a local plankton mainly com-
])osed of Diatoms. It is noticed in running the eye down the
groups that whereas the Diatoms occur in thousands extending up
to even 100,000, the Dinoflagellates are in hundreds, extending, at
most, to a thousand ; the Copepoda are in tens, rarely reaching a
hundred or two, while the fish-eggs are scattered units, such as
1 and 2. The general character of the hauls on April 9th is that
there are ten times as many Copepods as fish-eggs ; ten times as
many Dinoflagellates as Copepods, and ten times as many
Diatoms as Dinoflagellates, per species. On the following day,
April 10th, the proportions are somewhat the same ; and if we pick
out the largest numbers recorded in each of these groups, these
LrNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2$
may be described iu the case of each day as uuits, hundreds
thousands, and tens oi: thousands — or thereabouts.
Diatoms. Dinoflagellates. Copepods. Fish-Eggs.
April 9 100,000 1000 250 2
April 10 90,000 2000 780 8
As another example of the same run of figures in these groups
we note that in a surface haul, W. of the Calf Island, on
March 29th, the total
Diatoms amount to 72,650
Dinoflagellates „ 3,500
Copepoda „ 363
Fish-Egffs , 93
-oo"-
Generally speaking these proportions hold good for many of the
series of hauls not only in the Bay, but also from the open sea
outside. Fig. 1 shows by the proportions of the squares the
Fig. 1. — Diagram showing maximum haul in the year.
JJlATOMS
numbers contained in the greatest hauls of Diatoms, Copepods,
Dinoflagellata, Oikopleura, and Sagitta, respectively.
Lists compiled from the gatherings and curves drawn from these
hsts show that, as a consequence of the three factors noted above,
certain groups and certain prominent species differ from one
another greatly in their relative abundance throughout the months
of the year (see fig. 2, p. 24).
Thus, the Diatoms take on an enormous development in early
spring, and reach their maximum in April, then die down during
the summer, and may rise again to a second but much less
important and less constant maximum in autumn (fig. 3, p. 24).
It must be borne in mind, however, that the species, and to some
■24
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
extent the genera, that form the autumn increase (Chcetoceros
subtile and species of BMzosolenia) are quite different from those
Fig. 2. — Distribution throughout the year — diagijammatic.
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Diatoms
''^^
'
Dinoflagellates
^
^^
Ceratium
Sagitta
,
•
Tomopteris
Copepoda
^
—
^^
^
L__
^^^
„. ,
Centropages
Temora
Oikopleura
Total Plankton
^^^
^
^
^
^^
^■"
present in spring (e. g., Chcetoceros contortum, and species of Tha-
lassiosira).
From the list of the total plankton throughout the year, reduced
DworuKCUinis
PORT E.RIN PLANKTON 1907 NLWCRICAL PROPORTION OF SOMt CROUPS
to the average per net per day, it is seen that the greatest bulk of
plankton in the water is in April, when the total catches in the
LINNB^Jf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25
day reached an average of 51 c.c. per haul. Other lesser elevations
are seen in June with 20 c.c, and August with 25 c.c. The catch
in some individual hauls runs a great deal higher than these
averages, the top score being the Nansen net on April 4th, with
164-5 c.c. Fig. 4, showing the average haul of plankton per
Fig. 4. — Diagram showing average ]iaul of Plankton per month.
Jan. Ftir War A^' Ma^ Jone J^lu A^J 5e|it- (Pet Nov. Dec
month, brings out the great range and remarkable diversity
between adjacent months.
The spring maximum in the amount of the plankton is clearly
due to a great and sudden increase in the amount of Diatoms
present (see fig. 3). The other rises seen later in the year, as in
June, August, and to a slighter extent in October, are less marked,
and are less clearly due to one cause.
The hauls taken on an ofF-shore station, on April 5th, show the
condition of affairs during the spring maximum of the Diatoms,
when 14 millions of one species, Chcetoceros contortum, were present
in one haul of the Nansen net. The total number of Diatoms in
that haul was nearly 17 millions, including ' two millions of
Thalassiosira Nordenshioldii. Comparatively few Copepoda and
other organisms were present. The two surface gatherings of this
date were moderately alike, the same organisms were present in
both, although one net had, in some cases, about twice as many as
the other ; but still the hauls were of the same general type and
the quantities were, in most cases, not very different, showing that
one can get a good general idea of the fauna by such hauls, but
that one cannot depend upon their being minutely representative.
i6 PEOCEEDIXGS OV THE
They may show something hke double or half the quantity of
organisms obtained in neighbouring hauls.
For comparison with such gatherings, we may examine the similar
series of hauls taken late in August from about the s^ame locality.
On August 21st there are practically no Diatoms present, there
being only a very few individuals of Blddulphia mohiliensis. On
the other hand, the Copepoda are much more abundant than they
were in April, for example, compare Oithona similis, where only
tens, amounting at most to a few hundreds, were present in April,
and thousands (reaching eleven thousand in the weighted net) were
in the August haul. Other interesting differences can be noticed
on comparing the two lists in detail.
The Copepoda have two maxima in the year, the first in April
and the second in September and October. The records start in
January with about 2000 per haul and keep below that level
throughout February and most of March. During April they
rapidly mount up with a series of successively higher records, with
falls between, such as April 2nd 4,500, April 13th 10,755,
April 16th 11,600, till the climax is reached on April 27th with
29,825. During May the numbers are low, 1,015 to 6,505 ; in
June they rise somewhat, 13,610 on the 11th and 15,450 on the
27th, falling again in July to numbers between 2,895 and 7,930.
August shows a series of rises with falls between, the tops being
18,200 on the 10th, 19,400 on the 14th, 14,700 on the 15th,
16,915 on the 24th, and 10,970 on the 29th. September begins
at a low level, reaches 11,942 on the 4th, and, with falls between,
27,177 on the 12th, 13,440 on the 20th, and 27,312 on the 20th,
followed by 10,582 on 21st, 18,450 on 23rd, 11,850 on 24th, and
12,110 on 30th. October is also high, with 16,973 on the 9th,
27,790 on 14th, and 24,480 on 24th. November shows one high
figure, 10,937 on the 8th ; while December ranges from 1,724 to
2,755 ; the year's record ending very much at the same level where
it commenced in January. The range in number of the Copepoda
per net, 30 to 29,800, is considerable compared with that of some
groups, but does not equal that of the Diatoms.
The monthly averages of the Copepoda during this year are as
follows : —
Jan 1,816
Feb 793
Mar 1,379
Apr 5,858
July 5,462
Aug 5,496
Sept 6,514
Oct 17,572
May 3,415 i Nov 6,923
June 12,138 1 Dec 2,289
The highest averages here (June and October) do not quite
coincide with the maxima (April and September-October) in the
previous treatment where the days were taken singly. The ex-
planation is, of course, that although April contains a maximum
far above that of June, it also contains in the earlier part of the
month many low records that pull down the average when the
month is treated as a whole. The maxima in high average bulk of
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27
catch extending over the month, but not in exceptional catches,
are seen from this Hst to be in June and October, and especially
in the latter.
If we look now for the largest individual hauls of a single
species of Copepod we find that they occur in April, August,
and September. The following are some of the more important
of these : —
April 9— Pseudocalanus elongatus 16,000
9 — Teinora longicoruis 19,000
23 — Calanus belgolandicus 13,480
24 — Acartia c] ausi 28,000
Aug. 13-Oithouasimili.s 14,000
17— „ „ 25,000
24— Acartia clausi 29,000
27— „ „ 24,700
29 — Pseudocalanus elongatus 23,000
Sept. 4 — Acartia clausi 23,600
4 — Pseudocalanus elongatus 36,000
12— „ „ 33,600
18— „ ., 25,000
20— Oitbona similis 29,270
These also bear out the idea of maxima in April and in autumn,
the latter being the more important one ; in both cases they follow
the phytoplankton. As a rule a haul rich in Copepoda has few-
Diatoms, and vice versa, but the Copepoda do not, like the Diatoms,
present great maxima and marked depressions. Even when both
groups are present in the plankton we frequently find that they
are in different zones ; for exauiple, in some April hauls in 1907
the Diatoms were markedly on the surface and the Copepoda
below, while later in the year these positions were reversed.
The distribution of particular Copepoda (Calanus, Anomalocera,
Microcalanns, Pseudocalanus, Centropages, Temora) have been fol-
lowed separately and form interesting studies. Calanus, Pseudo-
calanus, Centropages, and Temora are present throughout the year ;
Anomalocera appears in our district in spring ; Microcalanns in late
autumn.
The Diatom fauna makes its appearance again in September
(fig. 3). The two surface-nets on Sept. 12th show very large
numbers of Diatoms, extending up to 13 millions and 16 millions
in single hauls in the case of Ehizosolenia semispina — in fact this
highest peak in the September maximum of Diatoms is mainly
composed of this one species of Bhizosolenia, whereas in the spring
maximum the bulk of the catch is made up of Chceioceros contortum
and Thalassiosira Nordenshioldii, species that are rare or altogether
absent in September gatherings. The genus Thalassiosira is
mainly a spring form, rarely present after May, and is not repre-
sented in autumn in this year's results.
When a comparison is made between the three similar open
tow-nets which were worked together for 15 minutes at a time —
two at or close to the surface, and the other weighted so that it
was lowered to a depth of about ten fathoms, and gradually rose,
as the boat went slowly ahead, to a depth of a foot or two below
the surface — it is almost invai'iably found that the weighted net,
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
with its wider range through the deeper layers o£ water, gave a
larger and sometimes a much larger quantity of organisms. The
only exceptions to this rule are on some occasions in April, when
the sea was full of Diatoms and the surface-nets gaye very large
hauls, equal to or even exceeding the deeper ones. But even
during the Diatom maximum in April some days showed more
in the weighted than in the surface-nets. For example, on
April 10th, at along-shore station III, the surface gave 11-5 and
the net at one fathom 19'5 c.c, and the total Diatoms were
27,000 in the former and 188,000 in the latter.
In some cases, as I showed last year, the two similar surface-
nets worked together gave dissimilar results. Even when the
results are very much alike quantitatively, they may be very
different qualitatively ; and it is by no means always the two
hauls that are most alike in bulk that agree best in the kind
and number of organisms. It will probably be agreed that it
is unlikely that, with the large, varied and irregularly scattered
population that we jfind the sea to contain, two nets should
often catch the same quantities of the same sets of organisms.
Consequently a result like that obtained on April 22nd, where
the two nets caught precisely the same amounts and where the
lists of organisms constituting the hauls are almost exactly alike
both in kinds and numbers, is interesting.
On considering the Diatom list, some other points come out : —
The average number of Diatoms per catch often varies considerably
from day to da v. Thus on April 5th the average of all catches of
that day was 3,533,800, while on April 6th it fell to 348,750 ;
on April 24th it was 191,873, while on April 25th it was only
663.
But these numbers scarcely give an adequate idea of the
quantitative variation among individual catches. Thus on
{September 10th surface-nets A and B contained 250 and 550
respectively, while two days later the corresponding numbers were
13,495,500 and 16,300,500; on April 8th two hauls of the
JSTansen net gave respectively 198,000 and 3,739,000, and many
other such cases could be quoted.
A general inspection of an uusmoothed curve drawn from the
list of Diatom hauls within Port Erin Bay, shows a well-marked
maximum at the end of March and earlier part of April. The
marked increase of Diatoms, and also of Copepod Nauplii, towards
the end of March is seen well in the following three surface
hauls : —
March 26. March 27. March 29.
12 c.c. 145 c.c. 18o c.c.
Total Diatoms = 220,000 ... 277,000 ... 326,000
Biddulphia mobiliensis 46,000 ... 50,000 ... 58,000
Chffitoceros debile 6,000 ... 8,000 ... 10.000
decipiens 100,000 ... 150,000 ... 160,000
Coscinodiscus eoncinnus 64,000 ... 67,000 ... 75,000
Oopepod Nauplii 7,000 ... 27,000 ... 35,000
There is also an autumn maximum in the Bay showing a very
LINNEAlf SOCIETY OP LONDON. 29
high peak at the end of September. Omitting, however, the
single catch of September 30th (which is due in the main to
lihizosolenia semisjpina) the peak is reduced to less than one-third
its former height. A remarkable feature of this September hump
is the sudden character of its appearance and disappearance and
its short duration (six days). An inspection of the temperature
curve of the year for the water of the Bay, shows that the sudden
increase in the phytoplankton coincided with the maximum in
temperature; and our weekly weather records at the Biological
Station show at that same time a week of fine calm weather with
easterly breezes (S.E. and E.S.E.). I have noticed the same
phenomenon in previous years, both at Port Erin and on the
west coast of Scotland, which seems to indicate that if weather
conditions be suitable at the end of autumn the phytoplankton
may suddenly increase so as to constitute a second jnaximum in
the year, the first being in spring ; but that this possible " maxi-
mum " may be so modified in time and in amount by temperature
and wind as to be unrecognisable. In 1906 it was very much
more marked at Port Erin than in 1907, and lasted longer.
The phytoplankton minimum for the bay occurs in August, no
Diatoms being taken from August 9th to August 23rd, though
nettings were taken on all days included between these dates save
three.
As an example of a sudden change in the plankton, we may
compare the surface hauls taken in the bay on October 1st and
14th. The total quantities of the two gatherings were 1*5 and
1]*5 i-espectively ; on the 1st, Diatoms were relatively abundant
(over 91,000) ; by the 14th they had disappeared. But Sagitta
and various larvae, and especially Copepoda, had greatly increased
in number by the latter date. The adult Copepoda in all numbered
only 1,045 on the 1st, while they reached 27,790 by the 14th ;
younger forms and Nauplii had also become much more abundant.
By November, however, the Diatoms were back in quantity, and
Copepoda had begun to decrease again.
The Dinoflagellata rise to a maximum in April later than the
Diatoms, and may have a second period of sudden increase in the
autumn if weather conditions are favourable.
Ceratium tripos is the most abundant species of Dinoflagellate
in the Irish Sea, and is present practically all the year round in
considerable abundance (up to 7753 per haul) at the Isle of Man.
Our 650 gatherings in one year showed C. tripos on 492
occasions.
The curve for Ceratium tripos agrees in general with that for
the total Dinoflagellates, but differs markedly from those both of
Diatoms and Copepoda. The spi-ing maximum in the Dino-
flagellates is later thivn that of the Diatoms, but precedes that of
the Copepoda. Then again the September hump of the Dino-
flagellates is earlier than that of the Diatoms, and much earlier
than the October maximum of Copepoda. On the whole the
annual curve for the Dinoflagellates lies intermediate between
those for Diatoms and Copepoda.
30 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
Sagitta is present throughout the year ; it is most abundant in
August, and the minimum occurs in winter (January to March).
As showing the difference produced by a lai'ger net of wider
mesh, we find that during April, when the hauls with the ordinary
tow-nets were giving units and tens, those taken at the same
time with the shear-net ran into hundreds, as follows : — 360,
123, 286, 310, 200, 200, 400, 400, 300, 800. The fact, however,
that the weighted tow-net, not invariably, but usually, took a much
larger number than the similar surface-nets, shows that Sagitta is
usually more abundant in a zone of water below the surface,
extending down to 10 fathoms, and that consequently the much
greater numbers obtained by the shear-net may be due not wholly
to the size of the net and mesh but in part to the depth at
which it was worked.
The Nauplius and Cypris stages of Balanus form an interesting
study. The adult Barnacles are present in enormous abundance
on the rocks of Bradda Head, and they reproduce in winter, at
the beginning of the year. The Nauplii first appeared in 1907
in the bay gatherings on February 22nd, and increased with ups
and downs to their maximum on April 15th, and then decreased
until their disappearance on April 26th. None were taken at any
other time of the year. The " Cypris " stage follows on after the
Nauplius. It is first taken in the bay on April 6th, rises to its
maximum on the same day with the Nauplii, and was last caught
on May 24th. Throughout, the " Cypris " curve keeps below that
of the Nauplius, the maxima being 1,740 and 10,500 respective!}'.
Probably the difference between the two curves represents tlie
death-rate of the Balani during the Nauplius stage.
The two large Copepoda Calanns helgola adieus (Claus) and Ano-
malocera paitersoni. Temp., are both regarded as " oceanic " species,
and are both present in fair abiindanee in the Irish Sea. They
are two of the most conspicuous objects in our plankton gatherings,
and can readily be picked out with the eye and counted.
Calanus was present in our gatherings in 1907 during every
month of the year from January 8th to December 30th. It was
represented on nearly every occasion when hauls were taken, and
in some cases when absent from one net it was taken in another
gathering made on the same day, showing that the apparent
absence was due either to irregular distribution or to some imper-
fection in the sampling of the sea. When, then, we find that a
species like this is not recorded from a particular haul at a time
of year when gatherings are being taken once a week only, one is
inclined to suspect from the appearance of the records at other times
when the observations were more frequent, that if another haul
had been taken that day or on an adjoining day the species would
have been represented.
Anomalocera, on the other hand, first appears in our records
on March 29th, and then only in the form of metanauplii (100,
170, and 30 in surface hauls off the Calf Island). It continues
to be represented, in small numbers, by both adults and young,
throughout August and September, and finally on November 8th.
LIXNEA.K SOCIETr Or LOXDON. 3 1
The distribution ol Microcalanus pusilhis, Gr. O. Sars, throughout
the year is interesting. It appears for the first time in our records
late in August, and remains fairly constantly present but never very
abundant throughout the autumn until January, when it disappears.
During the first few weeks it is only in the offshore hauls,
appearing first out in mid-channel on August 24th in the Hensen
and Nansen nets that were let down to 60 fathoms and hauled up
vertically. As specimens were present in all the nets that were
closed when they had been pulled up to 45 fathoms, and were
not present in the surface and other nets used above this level,
it is evident that this Copepod was on its first appearance only in
the deep water in mid-channel. It was encountered next on
August 26th, in the weighted net hauled at 10 fathoms, on the inner
edge of the Train bank, some eight miles off land. On August 31st
it made its appearance at Station I in the Hensen and Nansen
nets hauled up from 24 fathoms, and in the weighted net from
10 fathoms — the latter having 350 specimens. It was also present
on September 2nd and 3rd, under the same circumstances. On
September 4th we again fouud it in n)id-channel in the vertical
nets which had been down to 60 fathoms ; it was still not present
in the surface-nets nor in the inshore waters.
On September 6th, Microcalanus appeared for the first time
inshore, at Station IV, off the Calf Island, but only in the Hensen
and Nansen nets which had been closed at 8 and 15 fathoms
respectively ; it was not present in the surface hauls taken at the
same time. It was next met with on September 1 1th, ab Station Y,
south of Calf Sound, inside the Wart Bank, when 100 specimens
were taken in each of the two surface-nets, 150 in the weighted
net at 10 fathoms, and 5, 5, 5, 3, in the four vertical nets (2
Hensen and 2 ]^ansen) hauled from 20 up to 10 fathoms. It had
evidently become distributed by this time all through the water
around the Calf Island. The following day, the species w^as
present in nearly all the numerous nets worked at various depths
down to 60 fathoms in mid-channel ; and it then reached its
climax in numbers, 2000 in the net at 10 fathoms and 2500 in an
open tow-net attached to the shear-net at 20 fathoms. Finally,
on September 21st Microcalanus turned up for the first time in
the surface gatherings taken across Port Erin Bay. It was present
in these bay gatherings on October 1st (35) and 24th (100),
November 8th (100), December 20th (80) and 23rd (50), and
finally January 8th (50 specimens).
This record looks like the immigration of an oceanic species in
summer up the deep water of the mid-channel between the Isle of
Man and Ireland, and then its gradual spread in late autumn into
the shallower inshore waters and fiiiall}' to the surface of the bay,
where it remained throughout the winter.
Centropages hamatus (Lilljeborg) occurs in the Irish Sea all the
year round. It is on our records for 1907 in every month, and is
practically continuously present from January 8th to December
30th. The numbers are low at the beginniug of the year, but
reach 600 in one haul of the surface-net by April 9th, and 1300
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
on April 24th. Contrary to the usual rule, this species seems
more abundant on the surface than deeper.
Temora longicornis (Miill.) occurs the whole year round from
January to December, attains to high numbers in early spring, and
remains fairly abundant into late autumn. It reaches close on
7000 in one haul on April 1st, and 19,000 on April 9th ; and
shows 1280 and 1600 up to the 23rd of September. Temora
longicornis seems to be equally abundant inside the bay and in the
open sea, on the surface and in the deeper waters. Sometimes
the large numbers are in the surface-nets, and at other times in
the weighted net from below. This is one of the species that
congregates in swarms, and so is occasionally caught in unusually
large numbers. Of four similar hauls taken across Port Erin Bay
on April 13th, the first two gave 875 and 620 and the last two
1550 and 3700 specimens of Temora. On the same date three
hauls (two surface and oue deeper) taken outside (Station III)
gave 800, 850 and 900 specimens, which seems to indicate an even
distribution, but half an hour later a couple of miles away the
same two surface-nets gave 2400 and 4750 specimens ; and
moreover in this last case nearly all the Temora in the 2400 were
young, while in the second net the 4750 were all adults, indicating
a segregation of the stages in sAvarms.
A set of hauls were taken at the end of August on Station V,
inside the Wart Bank. One remarkable feature of this occasion
was that the Hensen net hauled up from 14 fathoms contained
150 specimens of what is probably a new species of Leptopsyllus,
while the Nansen net used at the same time, and at the same
depth, on the other side of the ship, caught twice as much material
but not a single specimen of the new Copepod. The surface-nets
are also somewhat divergent in their results, while the deeper
weighted net has caught a very much larger quantity of material,
the greater part of which is clearly made up of Copepoda both
young and old — about ninety-five thousand in all.
The two species of Cladocera found in our district, Podon inter-
medius and Evadne nordmanni, occur mainly in summer, in a wide
sense, ranging from the end of March to the beginning of October.
Our first record of Podon is six specimens on March 26th, and the
last is fifty on October 9th. Evadne begins with ten on March
29th, reached 500 on April 9th, and ends with 50 on September
20th. Tens, twenties and thirties are common numbers in the
records of both species, but sometimes the hundreds are reached.
As a rule there is no great difference between surface and deeper
hauls, and occasionally there is a great constancy of results, indi-
cating an even distribution : — e.g., on April 18th at Station II.
At Station II. Surface-nets. 10 faths. Shear-net.
Podon intermedins 150 150 — —
Evadne nordmanni 100 100 150 50 50
On April 19th, in the bay, two similar surface hauls took 40
and 37 Podon, and 75 Evadne each ; and at the same time, at
LINNEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON.
33
Station II, ten miles ofi', the two surface-nets took 40 Podon and
75 Evadne each. Other similar cases might be quoted ; but ou
the other hand there are diverse hauls on other dates showing a
very uneven distribution. The numbers during May and June are
relatively high : —
Podon 190 80 150 100 100 150
Eyadne 60 80 300 300 300 650
This is the highest point reached by Evadne, and this form is
practically absent, or only occasionally present, during the latter
half of August and parts of September. Podon reaches a climax
(500) rather later, on August 13th, and soon after that drops to
tens and even units, with an occasional appearance (August 31st
200) in greater numbers. During most of September the group
is but scantily represented ; although neither species is ever
absent for long, and occasional larger numbers occur — such as
September 19th, off Calf Island, deep net, Podon 70 and Evadne
100 ; and September 20lh, Station I, shear-net, Podon 110 and 290,
deep net 140, and, at the same time, inside the bay, 182. On
September 23rd the ordinary surface-net inside the bay took 550
Podon, and the following day 100, after which the numbers fall
ofi" rapidly.
The common species of Oikoj^leura that occurs in our district
{0. dioica) is also a form which seems to deserve special notice.
It occurs throughout the year, beiug present in every month, and.
represented in nearly every gathering. It is absent or rare in
the case of the hauls taken on a few dates between August 24th
and 28th, and then again on September 4th and 5th. With those
exceptions, Oilcopleura is one of the most constant of organisms at
all times of the year, and, moreover, is usually present in quantities
that range within narrow limits, so that it does not vary to the
extent that some Copepoda and Diatoms do. In the winter
months — December, January, February and March — the numbers
taken are low, but from April to November inclusive quantities of
a thousand or two per net are very frequently taken. The highest
numbers occur in April, and they only reach 5500 per net, so
there is no marked maximum.
In some cases the numbers of Oilcopleura remain remarkably
constant for several hauls, indicating a very general distribution
through the water. For example, in one traverse of Port Erin
Bay 2780 were caught, and in the return traverse 2030 ; then
again, two adjacent hauls gave 3840 and 3600 respectively, and
another pair of simultaneous hauls gave 2250 each. But on the
other hand, on another occasion, two successive traverses of the
bay gave 5050 and 2480 respectively, and other examples of
diverse results might be quoted from our records. But on the
whole the impression received by an inspection of the records is
that Oil-oplei'.ra is more evenly distributed through the water than
most of the other common organisms.
In regard to the horizontal distribution, a mere inspection of
LINN. see. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1907-1908. d
34 PROCEEDIJfGS OF THE
our results shows in some cases close resemblances between
adjacent stations (such as I and II) on the same day, or between
adjacent days at the same station, and in other cases just as
striking differences. How far these points of similarity and of
divergence are normal and are fundamental, or how far they are
due to wind, sun, and other weather conditions, or to tidal or other
currents, will require detailed consideration.
A further point that has been brought out in the progress of
this investigation is the obvious distribution of at least some
organisms in swarms. This can occasionally be seen b}^ the eye,
when, for example, shoals of large Medusae are encountered which
are so abundant for a limited area that on a calm day they may
cover the surface Hke a tessellated pavement, and assume polygonal
forms from mutual pressure. On other occasions the nets have
evidently encountered swarms of Copepoda, of Cirripede Nauplii,
of Crab Zoeas, of worm larvae or of other organisms. One might
expect such results in the case of neritic forms, w"hich are merely
stages in the life-history of some gregarious organism ; but the
occurrence is by no means confined to such, it extends to oceanic
organisms on the high seas, and this sporadic distribution in
swarms has not been sufficiently taken into account by some
writers who have treated of the distribution of the plankton in
recent years.
The Irish Sea contains a surprising number of w^hat are usually
regarded as " oceanic " species — not merely as occasional visitants,
but as normal and continuous constituents of the plankton during
a great part of the year. Amongst these may be mentioned
Chcetoceros densum, Coscinodiscus radiatus, Itliizosolenia semispina,
Ceratiuni tripos, Peridinium sp., Tomopteris onisciformis, Sagitta
hipunctata, Pleurobrachia pileus, Calanus Jielgolandicus, Anomalocera
pattersoni, Acartia clausi, Oithona similis, and OikojjJeura dioica.
Some of these oceanic species seem, so far as we can judge from
the published records, to be more abundant and more continuously
present round the Isle of Man than they are even in the \A'estern
part of the Enghsh Channel.
We have evidence from our closing vertical nets that the zone
of most abundant life is not on the surface but is generally a few
fathoms below — sa)^ usually, between 5 aud 10 fatlioms. Samples
of water from 5, 10 and 20 fathoms obtained with the " Mill "
water-bottle support the above statement. But this conclusion was
arrived at and could be established, quite apart from the evidence
of the vertical nets, from a comparison of the results obtained by
the weighted and surface open horizontal tow-nets. At the time of
the Diatom maximum in spring, however, our closing vertical nets
showed that these Protophyta are more abundant in the deeper
zones than at the surface, and increase in density downwards to at
least 20 fathoms.
In the cases of some groups, e. g. Cladocera and Oikopleura,
the distribution is sometimes remarkably regular, the same
numbers being taken simultaneously by comparable nets at
LINNEAX SOCIETT OF LOXDOX. 35
localities up to ten miles apart ; but on the other hand, even with
these same groups there may, on other dates, be very diverse hauls
indicating an uneven distribution. Some species, and some groups
of neritic larvae markedly congregate in shoals, and this also adds
to the uneveuness of the distribution.
The horizontal distribution of the plankton is consequently
liable to be very variable and irregular, and although its character-
istic constitution at different times of the year may be described,
and the relative abundance of the different groups discussed, it
is very doubtful whether any numerical estimates can be framed
which will be applicable to wide areas.
It is clear that samples taken quarterly, monthly, or even fort-
nightly, are quite inadequate to convey a correct idea of the
constitution and changes of the plankton of a sea-area in any
detail ; and, consequently, conclusions ought not to be drawn from
such insufficient observations. Samples, taken weekly throughout
the year, and almost daily during the three most critical months,
give by no means too much information, but will probably suffice
to enable one to make that detailed comparison between adjacent
localities and dates which are necessary for the purpose of
determining the representative value of such periodic samples.
In thinking of this address last winter there was another
subject that I hoped to have laid before you. It was a com-
parison of the conditions of a certain fishing bank in the Irish
Sea 70 years ago and at the present time, and it seemed to me
that this would be a particularly appropriate study to lay before
this Society since it involved questions of Zoology, Botany, and
Greology combined which might interest many of our Fellows.
I started some of the necessary investigations at sea last summer
and hoped to have completed them this Easter, but unfortunately
winds and weather were such in the Irish Sea during April that
I could not get near to the bank in question. Consequently, the
research is still incomplete, but it may interest you to have the
problem briefly stated, and I shall hope on some future occasion
to publish the results obtained.
In the 'Annals and Magazine' for 1839 Professor Edward
Forbes published a short paper entitled, " On a Shell-bank in the
Irish Sea, considei'ed Zoologically and Greologically " (Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. 1840, p. 217), in which he recorded the
results obtained during some years of occasional dredging on a
scallop bank lying opposite Ballaugh off the North- West of the
Isle of Man. As these observations extended over seven years
previous to 1839, if we reckon from a period about the middle of
his Mork we may consider that we are now dealing with a record
of the condition of the marine fauna on this bank well over
70 years ago. It seemed to me that we had here an opportunity,
such as rarely occurs, of determining whether any change had
taken place in a limited, well-defined area after a considerable
interval of time. Forbes, unfortunately, did not deal with all
d2
^6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
groups of animals, and in fact he paid most attention to Mollusca,
and only recorded in addition the Echinodermata and a few of
the Zoophytes. Still we may be thankful for what he has gi\'en
us at such an early date, and it will be interesting to see what
can be made of it in comparison with our observations at the
present time. He ends his paper with the following para-
graph : —
" I have drawn up these observations chiefly in the hope of
inducing others to present us with similar reviews of the shell-
banks of our coast. Greology and zoology will gain as much by
inquiring how our marine animals are associated together as by
investigating genera and species, though the former subject has,
as yet, been but little attended to in comparison with the latter."'
That sentiment is in such thorough accord with the views of
nature frequently expressed in these rooms, that I am sure you
will approve of Forbes's observations of seventy years ago, and of
my view that the work he began should now be continued and
extended.
As yet we have had only a few days' work on the Ballaugh
bank, and if we have already found more species than Eorbes
records, that does not necessarily lead us to the conclusion that
the fauna is now more abundant, since we have dealt with some
groups of animals that were not given in the older list, and
possibly our modern methods with a convenient steamer, an
Agassiz trawl and wire-rope enable us to work more rapidly and
effectively. But looking merely at the groups recorded by Forbes,
w^e find that we have not found quite so many Mollusca, but a
great many more Zoophytes and Polyzoa. The bank seems to be
particularly rich in Nudibranchiata and in Coelenterata ; in one
haul we counted 200 beautiful colonies of Alcyonium digitatum,
including both white and orange forms.
There is no object in making a detailed comparison or in
attempting to draw any conclusions until we have done more
work on the bank, and accumulated a greater number of records.
It occurred to me, however, that it would be interesting to extend
the range of the observations by including two other shell-banks
under somewhat different conditions, and showing apparently very
different bottom-deposits. These are (1) the Train bank, lying
about 8 miles N.W. of Port Erin, where there is a good deal of
mud mixed M'ith the sand ; and (2) the Wart bank, lying 2 miles
S. of Spanish Head, near Port St. Mary, and having the bottom
formed chiefly of broken shells and other calcareous fragments.
These three banks — the Ballaugh, the Train, and the Wart —
lying in the " Coralline" zone off the Isle of Man, ought, in the
end, to give us interesting information in regard to the common
characteristics and the individual features of such fishing banks
in our seas. The problems of the sea are still manifold, and at
least as important, in their connection with human affairs, as any
that confront the modern biologist.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37
Mr. John Hopkinson moved : — " That the President be thanked
for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to allow it to
be pi'inted and cii'culated amongst the Pellows," which was
seconded by Mr. P. Ewinc4, and carried unanimously.
The ballots for Council and Officers having been respectively
closed at the times recjuired by the Bye-Laws, the President
appointed Mr. George S. Saunders, INIr. E. li. Burdon, and Mr.
Henry Groves, Scrutineers. The votes having been counted by
them and reported to the President, he declared the result as
follows : —
For the Council: — E. A. jSTewell Arbee, M.A., Leonard A.
Boodle, Esq., Prof. Gilbert G. Bourne, D.Sc, Sir Prank Crisp,
Prof. Arthur Dendy, D.Sc, F.R.S., Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.R.S.,
Dr. G. Herbert Fowler, Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., Prof.
J. P. Hill, M.A., D.Sc, John Hopkinson, F.G.S., Dr. B. Daydon
Jackson, Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S., Prof. F. W. Oliyer,
F.R.S., R. INNES PococK, F.Z.S., Lt.-Col. D. Prain, F.R.S., Miss
Ethel Sargant, Dr. Dukinfield H. Scott, F.R.S., Dr. Otto
Staff, F.R.S., Prof. F. E. Weiss, D.Sc, and Dr. A. Smith Wood-
ward, F.R.S.
The President then appointed the same Scrutineers to examine
the ballot for the Officers, and the votes having been cast up and
reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : —
President: Dr. Dukinfield Henry Scott, M.A., F.R.S.
Treasurer : Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S.
Secretaries : Dr. ]3. Daydon Jackson,
Prof. A. Dendy, D.Sc, F.R.S., and
Dr. Otto Staff, F.R.S.
The President then addressing the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing,
M.A., F.R.S., some time Fellow and Tutor of AYorcester College,
Oxford, and recently Zoological Secretary of the Linnean Society,
spoke as follows : —
Mr. Stebbing, — Pleasant as it always must be to a President
to act as the representative of the Council in declaring the award
of the Linnean Medal to a distinguished man of Science, I think
you will understand how especially congenial the duty is to me
on the present occasion, when the worthy recipient is a tried
friend and has been an honoured colleague. To you and to me,
Mr. Stebbiug, it might be more natural and more pleasant if 1
were able to stop at this point ; but, as you are aware, it is our
custom to have the claims of the medallist recited, so 1 must do
my duty even to your face, and you must submit with what
patience you can muster.
38 PllOCEEDINGS OF THE
The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., has been an ardent and
most successful student of the Crustacea for the last 35 years.
His first contribution to knowledge on the subject is dated 1873 *,
and he has published in all between 60 and 70 important roemoirs
and papers. During all these years he has been indefatigable
in making known novelties in structure, classification, and dis-
tribution, and in correcting errors in fact or in nomenclature.
Although he has ranged widely over the A'ast field of Carcinology,
still his chief labours have been amongst the Isopoda and
Amphipoda.
To most zoologists, however, Mr. Stebbing's name is chiefly
known in connection not with this mass of special papers, but
with certain great works of a monographic nature. His report
upon the Amphipoda of the ' Challenger ' Expedition (1888)
occupies three massive quarto volumes comprising 1761 pages of
letterpress and 212 lithographed plates. This monumental work
is remarkable not only for the careful and accurate descriptions
and drawings of the many new species, but even more for the
invaluable bibliography giving a full and critical report of every-
thing that had been written respecting these Crustacea from the
time of Aristotle to the year 1887. This detailed analysis occupies
more than 600 pages, and is nothing less than a history of our
knowledge of the group.
Turning for a moment to two less monumental, but excellent
volumes, we have (1) our author's ' Naturalist of Cumbrae,' pub-
lished in 1891, and giving a chai-ming account of the life and
work of the veteran west-coast marine biologist David Eobertson ;
and (2) his ' History of Crustacea ' (1893), published in the Inter-
national Scientific Series — an extremely useful Avork. which has
supplied many students and teachers with the most recent
information and correct nomenclature in regard to the British
species of Podophthalmata, Cumacea, and Isopoda.
One of the latest and perhaps the most valuable of Stebbing's
works is his volume of 'Das Tierreich ' (21. Lieferung, Amphi-
poda : I. Grammaridea, Berlin 1906), which gives abundant evidence
of his untiring labour and exhaustive research. This colossal
work gives masterly diagnoses of every known species of the
group, and must for long remain the standard work on the
subject. The amount gf skilled labour expended upon this book
and upon his ' Challenger ' report is almost appalling to con-
template.
It is impossible to allude on this occasion to the numerous
useful papers on Amphipoda pubHshed by our Medallist in the
'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' and elsewhere,
between 1874 and 1908 — and each one of them bringing a welcome
contribution to science — but I shall mention in conclusion a few
* But his scientific career apparently began in 1869 with a paper on
" Darwinism," read before the Torquay Natural Historj^ Society, and re-pub-
lished in his little volume entitled 'Essavs on Darwinism ' (Longmans, Green,
&Co.: London, 1871).
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39
of his more important larger papers published in the ' Transac-
tions ' of our own and other Societies : —
A joint report, in 1SS6, with our former Linnean Medallist,
Canon Xorman, on the Isopoda of the ' Lightning,'
' Porcupine,' and ' Valorous ' Expeditions (Trans. Zool.
Soc. vol. xii.).
New Amphipoda from Singapore and New Zealand (Trans.
Zool. Soc. vol. xii., 1887).
The Genus Urotlio'e, &c. (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xiii., 1891).
Amphipoda of the Voyages of the ' Willem Barents ' in Arctic
Seas ; 1894.
Nine new species of Amphipoda from the Tropical Atlantic
(Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xiii., 1895),
Crustacea brought by Dr. Willey from the South Seas : 1900.
Amphipoda from the Copenhagen Museum, &c. (Trans. Linn.
Soc, Zool. 2 ser. vol. vii., 1897-99).
Eeport on Isopoda in Herdman's Ceylon Pearl Fisheries,
Part IV. (Eoyal Soc, 1905).
Marine Investigations in South Africa — South African Crus-
tacea, four parts ; 1900-1908.
Any analysis of these or other papers I might add to the
list would take me far beyond the limits of time set on this
occasion. I have heard it said that the distinguishing qualities of
Mr. Stebbing's work are critical insight, industry and accuracy,
and it would be difficult to find a more valuable combination for
the promotion of true science.
There is, however, another side to Mr. Stebbing's work Mhich
I must just mention, and that is his zeal and influence in
promoting the study of Natural History in local scientific societies,
and his success in interesting the layman in the results of
scientific research. Finally, we in this Society do not require to
be reminded of our medallist's whole-hearted devotion to our
interests during the four years when he occupied the important
position of Zoological Secretary. His labours both on the
Council and at our evening meetings were much appreciated,
and we were very unwilling to allow him to retire from office,
even while we appi'oved his wish to obtain more leisure for
original work.
W^'e ask you, Mr. Stebbing, to receive this Medal as a recogni-
tion on our part of your successful devotion to Natural Science,
and we hope that you may long continue those admirable
researches which have so widely extended our knowledge of
Carcinolog}".
In reply Mr. Stebbixg said : —
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — Some of you may
remember the legal story of a man charged with stealing a silver
cup. By the eloquence and ingenuity of the counsel assigned to
40 PROCEEDINGS OE THE
him he was triumphantly acquitted. In the afternoon he called
upon his advocate, and pathetically explained that he was too
poor to pay any fee, unless the gentleman would accept the silver
cup. After listening to all that the President has so skilfully
urged in my defence, I almost feel as if I ought to ofer him the
medal back again, to show that I too know how to be grateful.
This is an occasion when pride and humility go hand in hand.
The most modest of men could not help feeling elated at so signal
an honour as the bestowal of this medal confers. Most of you
are already well aware that I am (or was) the most modest of
men, but you have spoiled all that and ruined my character by
making me the proudest. At any rate the circumstances may
excuse my being a little egotistical, not to praise, or appraise, but
simply to explain myself. The education of my boyhood some
sixty years ago, according to the custom of the time, included no
tincture of science. It was nothing accounted of in those days.
All the attractions and rewards wei'e in other directions. When,
a few years later, I went up to Oxford, it happened that
Dr. Acland offered a prize for the best essay on the Fauna of
Christ Church Meadow. To myself and other undergraduates,
on reading the notice posted in the College Hall, the scope of the
subject was a rather comical mystery. In the year 1858, a year
which this Society considers memorable, it chanced that my time
came to take orders, and I was examined and ordained by a
memorable man, Samuel Wilberforce, then Bishop of Oxford.
For some years before and after that date I was engaged in
learning and teaching a miscellaneous mass of ancient classics and
modern history, English law and general theology. During this
period there broke out, as you well know, a furious controversy
between the champions of science and the champions of orthodox
religion. Had the ecclesiastical party not lifted their voices so
loudly, I might long have remained in a state of ingenuous
innocence. But the clamour was shrill and in due course
penetrated to my ears. Being an enthusiastic young clergyman,
and also in those days passionately fond of arguing, I felt it my
bounden duty to join in the fray.
You see, I had at my command a weapon of keen temper, long
tested, and guaranteed to be invincible, if rightly used, against
every other that could be wielded against it. Accoi'dingly I
approached the reading of Charles Darwin's ' Origin of Species '
with an easy confidence that I should be able to smash up his
heresy and others like it. Instead of which I became an ardent
convert, and very soon went on to deliver lectures and preach
sermons, harpiiig continually on the new views. These expres-
sions of opinion were, it appeared, very agreeable to those who
agreed with them, but very annoying and distasteful to the
others.
After a while it occurred to me that I knew scarcely anything
at first hand of those facts of nature upon which the issue of the
contest really rested. This reflection led me to those zoological
LINJfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 4I
studies, fascinating but laborious, since pursued through so many-
years of my life, with it must be admitted a plodding industry, on
the results of which the President this afternoon has contrived in
his kindly review to shed a passing gleam of sunshine. Along
with these unambitious efforts my awakened mind could not
neglect the history and progress of science in some of its many
branches. For, turn where you will, to astronomy, geology,
biology, or almost any other compartment of human enquiry, you
learn in some important regards the very same lessons. Por
example, you find that the most eminent among teachers and
thinkers and practical men all from time to time make gross
blunders, so that confessedly we are all liable to error, even, as the
witty Cambridge philosopher added, even the youngest of us. But
apart from the stumblings of individual students, in every school
of thought and section of science we find continual changes of
opinion, new points of view and new discoveries upsetting old
theories, however firmly they seemed to be grounded. The
inference is clear that in man's intellectual efforts there is as yet
no finality. We are and always have been only making guesses
at truth. How absurd it would have been had any parliament of
science been enabled to enact that all scientific truth was enun-
ciated by a selected list of writers extending from Aristotle to
Lord Bacon, and that nothing could be true in science unless it
conformed with what those writers had already told us ! Now,
this is exactly what has happened with a selected list of old
Semitic literature, that very weapon which I was originally taught
to confide in as invincible, and which thousands of persons still
regard as a single book, instead of what it is in fact, a highly
diversified assemblage of writings, attended by all those incidents
of uncertainty to which human effort is at all times liable.
There is, 1 think, nothing in science to prevent our believing
that, unseen by the physical eye, there may be horses and chariots
of fire camping round about the righteous to protect them from all
evil, or that there may be guardian angels whispering to the inner
ear, " This is the way, walk ye in it, turning neither to the right
hand nor to the left." But, because these things are possible, is
it not childish to maintain that the Hebrew literature, extending
over many centuries, is one and indivisible, while the facts show
plainly the very opposite of this contention ? From beginning to
end we find a long succession of guesses at truth, some of them
in the highest degree ennobling, consoling, full of hope, radiant
with sweet charit}'-, but others totally inconsistent with these,
grotesque or inhuman, such as have fettered the human mind for
ages and have exercised over it again and again an intolerable
tyranny. There is about to meet in this country a great Pan-
Anglican Congress, in which will be gathered ecclesiastics, not
only high in station but of lofty ideals, self-denying lives, men (be
it remembered) fully equal in mental calibre to our leading men of
science. Consider now the hold on general education which these
able theologians with an immense following will claim to exercise.
42 PROCEEDINGS OF Tl£E
Consider, too, the vast energy which is expended on missionary'
undertakiugs, and reflect that thousands of our clerical teachers,
whatever their abilities, know practically nothing of science or
criticism, but continue to draw the most momentous conclusions
from premises preposterously weak. Under these circ'umstances
ought our men of science coldly, haughtily, disdainfully to stand
aloof from such a congress ? Ought they not rather to grapple
with the situation and force, if possible, au answer to the question
whether religion is the only science iu which the advancement of
knowledge and the discovery of truth are of no importance.
From these agitating thoughts the hour warns me that I must
now abruptly turn to complete the shamefaced expression of my
personal gratitude. I had thought of many hypotheses to
account for the miracle of my position here to-day, but I renounce
them all in favour of this simple acknowledgment, that I am
steeped in "profound satisfaction at what I am fain to cherish aa
an act of affection on the part of former colleagues and present
companions in arms. It is au added charm that I have received
the Medal from the hands of one who, during four stirring years
of the Society's history, has presided over us with a wonderfully
genial, enlightened, and inspiriting grace, and has shown himself
to me, and no doubt to many others, invariably a warm-hearted
friend.
The G-eneral Secretary then placed upon the table obituary
notices of deceased Fellows and others.
Lieut.-Colonel Peain, F.E.S., then moved a vote of cordial
thanks to the retiring President for his valuable and unremitting
exertions for the good of the Society during his term of office,
which having been seconded by Mr. A. O. Walker was carried by
acclamation.
OBITTJAEY NOTICES.
Jose Vicente Barboza du Bocage was born in the island of
Madeira on the 2nd May, 1823. Shortly afterwards his father
was obliged to leave the island for political reasons and did not
return till 1834, when the Liberal party had finally triumphed.
In 1839 Jose Vicente was sent to Portugal, to the University
of Coimbra, where he distinguished himself in Mathematics and
Medicine. He took his degree in 1846, when a revolution taking
place he enlisted in the Students' Battalion and served during
the year's campaign under General Povoas. Peace being restored.
Dr. Bocage settled in Lisbon and practised as a medical man, and
was appointed Surgeon to the principal Lisbon Hospital.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 43
la 1849 he was appointed sub-professor of Zoology at the
Polytechnic Institute.
He married in 1851 and has had one son, the present Colonel
Carlos Koma du Bocage, and his widow also survives him.
In 1878 he was elected a deputy to the Portuguese Cortes, and
there displayed considerable parliamentary talent; in 1881 he v\ as
created a peer and joined the Upper House.
In 1883 he took office as Minister of the Navy and Colonies,
and in 1884 became Minister for Poreign Affairs. He then with-
drew from politics and decided to devote his energies entirely to
science ; but when, in 1890, the dispute occurred between Grreat
Britain and Portugal regarding East African affairs, and Lord
Salisbury was compelled to send an ultimatum to the Portuguese
Government, he was requested by the King to resume the post of
Minister for Foreign Affairs, which post he filled with great success
during this critical period. After this he then retired finally from
public life, merely attending occasionally the meetings of the
Privy Council.
He published many valuable works and papers on Zoology, and
was a contributor to the Annals of the Academy of Sciences of
Lisbon and to the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.
Amongst his best known works are those on the Birds of
Portugal and the Azores, the Birds, Eeptiles, and some Mammals
of Western Africa, also on Portuguese !Fishes, especially the
Squalidae of the Portuguese coasts.
Besides being a Councillor of State and member of the House
of Peers, he held the Grand Crosses of the Orders of Santiago, of
the Spanish Naval Order, and of the Austrian Order of Prancis
Joseph, besides being a Knight Commander of the Legion of
Honour and of the Order of Izabel la Catolica.
Although his sight failed in the year 1896, he bore this trial
with the greatest resignation and continued to do much valuable
scientific work. The earlier part of his long life was passed in
stormy times, but, unlike many others, he emerged with a blame-
less reputation, and it was with great repugnance that he had
repeatedly to abandon his beloved scientific pursuits to undertake
many difficult political appointments.
He was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society in
1876. [A. W. Tail]
Dr. EoBEET Baenes was elected a Fellow on the 18th June, 1896,
"when 78 years of age ; he died at Bernersmede, Eastbourne, on
Sunday, 12th May, 1907. Born in 1818, he spent his early school-
days in Bruges, and began his medical studies at University
College, London, after an apprenticeship to a Mr. Griffin, at
Norwich. He then became a student at St. George's Hospital,
and after qualifying for practice as a member of the Eoyal College
of Surgeons, London, he AAent to Paris in 1842, remaining a
44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
twelvemonth iu the study of Medicine, Surgery, and Obstetrics.
Returning to England, he became a general practitioner at Netting
Hill, and gradually attaining a position as a teacher, lie was
appointed Assistant Obstetric Physician to the London Hospital.
From this he passed to other hospital appointments, Avas a
Member of the Eoyal College of Physicians in 1853, and Fellow
in 1857.
He left behind him the reputation of an able lecturer and
teacher. His " Lectures on Obstetric Operations " is in its fourth
edition, and still a text-book ; his smaller papers were entirely
concerned with professional topics. He amassed a considerable
fortune, of which he bequeathed .£2000 to London Hospitals.
[B. D. J.]
The Eev. Eichaed Barok was born 8th September, 184:7, and
entered the Lancashire Independent College for theological
training, but at the instigation of the veteran missionary William
Ellis, of South-Sea Island and Madagascar fame, he resolved to
devote his life to missionary work in the vast African island.
He left England to take up his duties in 1872, but though he
applied himself with remarkable success to mastering the Malagasy
language, with subsequent translations into that tongue, he found
time to study and collect plants and minerals. Of plants the
total number sent by him to Kew between 1880 and 1896
amounts to 11,834, many of which were described from time to
time by Mr. J. G. Baker, P.E.S. The following are that botanist's
chief papers upon Mr. Baron's materials : —
(a) Contributions to the Flora of Central Madagascar. Journ.
Bot. XX. (1882) 17-20, 45-51, 67-70, 109-114, 137-
140, 169-173, 218-222, 243-245, 266-271.
(6) Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar. — Part I. Poly-
petalfe. Journ. Linn. Soc, Bot. xx. (1883) 87-158,
pis. 22, 23.
Part II. Monopetala?. lb. 159-236, pis. 24-27.
Part III. Incompletae, Monocotyledons, and Filices.
lb. 237-304.
(c) Further Contributions to the Flora of Central Madagascar.
lb. xxi. (1884) 317-353.
— — Second and Final Part. lb. (1SS5) 407-455.
(d) Further Contributions to the Flora of Madagascar. lb.
XXV. (1889-90) 294-350, pis. 50-53.
To these must be added Mr. Baron's own conclusions entitled
" The Flora of Madagascar," in the last cited volume of our
Journal (xxv. 246-224), with a sketch-map, which he read before the
Society on 1st November, 1888 ; he had then been a Fellow since
7th December, 1882.
His mineralogical labours iu Madagascar were aided by the gift
of a special microscope for prepared rock-specimens, from the
Eoyal Society, and he also became a Fellow of the Greological
LINNEATf SOCIETY OF LOXDON.
45
Society in 1889. On his reaching his sixtieth year he contem-
plated retiring, and came home on furlough in April 1907, staying
for a few weeks in London, where he had an attack of blackwater
fever. Eeeovering from this, he spent a couple of months in the
Lake district, closing his trip A^ith a fortnight with a nephew in
Kendal. Lea\ing that place for Morecambe, on the day after his
arrival, October 12th, 1907, he seemed in his usual health in the
morning ; in the afternoon a slight attack of fever set in, and he
retired to bed, but shortly afterwards he expired. He was buried
at Kendal the following Wednesday.
The genus Baronia, of the natural family of Anacardiacese, was
dedicated to our deceased Fellow by Mr. J. Gr. Baker, in 1882.
[B. D. J.]
Edavaed ARTnuR Lio>'EL Battees's death on the 11th August,
1907, came as a painful surprise to his friends, who knew that he
had only the month before removed from Hertfordshire into
Buckinghamshire, at Gerrard's Cross.
He was the fifth son of Mr. George Batters of Enfield, and
was born on the 26th December, 18G0 ; he received his education
at King's College School, London, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge,
graduating in Arts, afterwards taking the degree of LL.B.,and being
called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn. Having early acquired a love
for natural history, and not being dependent upon his profession,
he came to study Algae with keen interest, and remained constant
to that department of botany to the end of his life.
In 1888 he published his first paper, "A description of three
new Marine Algae," in our ' Journal,' Botany, xxiv. pp. 450-453,
plate 18, and in the next year brought out his account of the
Marine Algae of Berwick-upon-Tweed, where much of his time
had been spent as a child ; and afterwards, with Mr. E. M. Holmes,
he prepared a list of British Marine Algae, which came out in the
'Annals of Botany" in 1890, pp. 63-107; the following year he
issued in the ' Journal of Botany ' his " Handlist of the Algae oP
the Clyde Sea Area," with map.
In 1892 he became associated with 'Grevillea,' and till 1894,
when that journal was discontinued, he had charge of the Algo-
logical portion. His most noteworthy contribution to science was
his " Catalogue of the British Marine Alga*, being a list of all the
species of Seaweeds known to occur on the shores of the British
Islands, with the localities where they are found," which was
issued as a Supplement to the ' Journal of Botany ' for 1902, and
consists of 107 pages in addition to the titlepage. This was
meant as the forerunner of a treatise which was expected from
him, but was only begun ; his extraordinary knowledge of the
facts, which only needed to be reduced to writing, is wholly lost,
as he was accustomed to rely upon a retentive and well-stored
niemcnw, rather than upon note?.
His herbarium is believed to contain more than 13,000 sp(!ci-
mens, British and foreign, the former constituting about three-
fourths of the whole.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
A portrait will be found in the ' Journal of Botany ' for 1907,
opposite page 385, and to the kindly notice of our deceased Fellow,
contributed to that journal by Mr. & Mrs. Gepp, the writer is
greatly indebted for many of the above-mentioned facts. They
conclude by stating, " Both as a friend and as a botanist, he will
be sorely missed. His kindly, modest, unselfish nature made him
beloved by everybody with whom he came in contact. In his
particular branch of botany his loss is quite irreparable. Such a
good systematist and collector is rare nowadays. The knowledge
which he possessed is not to be learned from books or classes,
and demands both natural aptitude and years of observation and
study."
He was elected Fellow, 18th January, 1883. [B. D. J.]
John Benbow was born at Maidenhead, 6th March, 1821, and
died at Uxbridge, where he had long resided, lOth February, 1908,
within a few weeks of his 87th birthday. British botanists are
familiar with his work in local records, and although handicapped
by the loss of sight in one eye, he managed to discover plants
overlooked by youuger men enjoying the use of both eyes. For
many years he had devoted attention to the Willows, Carices,
Muhi, and Mosses, chiefly in the counties of Middlesex, Bucks, and
Herts, from time to time contributing notes and short articles to
the ' Journal of Botany.' He was elected Fellow of the Society,
20th January, 1887. " [B. D. J.]
Sir DiETEiCH Brandis, K.C.I.E., F.E.S., a pioneer of the Forest
Department of British India, was born at Bonn, on the 31st
March, 1824 (or, as other accounts have it, the following day).
He was the son of Christian A. Brandis, Professor of Philosophy
in that University. Father and son passed several years in
Greece, and on his return to Northern Europe our late Fellow
pursued his studies in the Universities of Copenhagen, Gottingen,
and Bonn. At the age of 25, in 1849, he became Privat-Docent
on Botany at Bonn, and in 1854 he married Eachel Shepherd,
daughter of Dr. Marshman of Bengal, which became a determin-
ing factor in his life. His brother-in-law General Sir Henry
Havelock, shortly afterwards, drew the attention of Lord Dal-
housie to the merits of Brandis as a fit person to take charge of
the teak forests of Pegu in Burma, which had recently come
under British supremacy. Brandis lauded at Calcutta in 1856,
and had a single interview with the Viceroy, whom he never saw
again ; but his Lordship's remark, that if the scheme propounded
by Brandis were carried out., it would prove of the greatest value
to the country, was never forgotten by the new ofiicer. Brandis
came at an opportune moment, and by systematic and hard work
managed to save the teak forests from reckless exploitation, but
also so regulated their management that they are now the chief
sources of teak timber in the world. His first report on the Pegu
Teak forests for 1857-60 was issued in Loudon in 1860, and
LINI^EAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOIf. 47
eighteen mouths later he was summoned to Simla, presumably on
the advice of Dr. H. V. Cleghorn, to advise upon forest matters
in the Xorthern Provinces. In 1864 he was appointed the first
Inspector-General of Porests, and thereupon set on foot svste-
matic and uniform forest discipline throughout British India.
The department has now an ai*ea of nearly 240,000 square miles,
that is, twice the area of the United Kingdom,
His subordinates were at first drawn from those trained on the
continent, later his assistants came from British schools, and
finally he procured the establishment, in 1878, of a School of
Forestry at Dehra Dun, chiefly for native officers. The result
of this long-continued effort has been to place the forest resources
of the Empire on a solid basis, for the supply of timber, firewood,
grass, and other products, together with a revenue which has
increased from ,£40,000, in 1864, to more than sixteen times that
amount.
Official reports were issued annually, but Dr. Brandis did not
confine his energies to purely official records. Dr. J. L. Stewart
had been commissioned, in 1869, to bring out a Forest Flora of
Xorth- Western India, and a few sheets were put in type in 1871,
when his health had become impaired, and on returning to India
he died shortly afterwards. In 1872, the materials collected by
Dr. Stewart were made over to Dr. Brandis, who elaborated them
at Kew into the well-known ' Forest Flora of Xorth-West and
Central India,' London, 1874, octavo, with a quarto atlas of plates
by W. H. Fitch. The next year he was elected into the lioyal
Society.
For the next quarter of a century, his published papers were on
practical forestry matters. Eetiring from service in 1883, at the
age of 59, he settled in his native Bonn, until, in or about the year
1899, he began his last work which occupied him till the close of
his life, under the title of ' Indian Trees,' with numerous figures,
published in 1906, an invaluable repository of information, not only
for foresters, but for botanists also.
Becoming a widower after nine years of married life, in 1867
he married Katherine, daughter of Dr. Eudolph Hasse, of Bonn,
who, with three sons and one daughter, survive him. He was
appointed CLE. in 1876, and promoted to K.C.LE. in 1887.
Concurrently with the preparation of his ' Indian Trees ' he
became absorbed in the structure of the leaves of bamboos, and
his paper upon that subject, read 1st November, 1906, and
published in March 1907, was his last contribution to science.
He left for Bonn immediately after the presentation of that
paper, but being taken ill soon after his return to his birthplace, he
was compelled to undergo a severe operation, and after lingering
for some weeks, he died on 28th May, 1907.
Before quitting England for the last time. Sir Dietrich Brandis
had an album presented to him with nearly 200 signatures to an
address of congratulation, in the hope that he might long enjoy
his well earned rest — a wish that was not realised.
I
48 PEOCEEDIIfGS OF THE
Sir Dietrich Brandis was elected a Fellow of this Society^
5th May, 1860, and thus just exceeded a period of 47 years in
that counectioD. [B. D. J.]
John Faebah, of Harrogate, was a well-known memher of the
Yorkshire Naturalists' Union. He was born 28th May, 1849,
and during his business hfe as a member of a firm in Harrogate,
his leisure was given to natural history and antiquarian pursuits,
and he was a generous supporter of associations devoted to those
pursuits. His contributions to botany mostly appeared in ' The
Natui'alist,' and he also drew up an account of the flora of
Nidderdale, in H. Speight's volume on that valley. His last year
was saddened by the loss of a favourite son, whom he did not
long survive, dying at his house, Jefferies Coate, on 13th November,
1907, and was buried on the 16th November folloA^ing. He
joined the Linnean Society on 19th November, 1896. [B. D. J.]
Charles Anderson Ferriee was a native of Dundee, where
he was born 10th March, 1829, but lived in Arbroath from a
very early age. He came to London about 1848, and obtained
an introduction to William Harvey, for whom he had the greatest
admiration and to whom he always referred as his best friend.
His tastes were artistic and literary, and through the friendship
of Harvey he was able to gain inspiration in art and introductions
to authors, Thomas Hood being amongst the number ; in later
years he was the friend of Tom Hood the younger, whose some-
what early death he felt very keenly. Harvey sent him to
Dalziel Brothers, where he remained until he commenced his own
business. He always spoke of them w-ith warm admiration and
I'espective degrees of affection : they in their turn esteemed him
highly, which may be seen in the tribute paid to him in their book
upon their work, as follows : —
" Charles Anderson Ferrier, a young Scotsman of varied
capabilities, who had made some small efforts at wood-engraving
in his native town of Arbroath, without instruction, came to
seek employment through an introduction he had obtained
to the late William Harvey. He was a youth of consider-
able promise, and full of enthusiasm for his art. Though the
specimens he had to shew were very crude, he had evidently
been looked upon as a genius by his Scottish friends ; but
on entering our studio he was indefatigable in his studies and
eager for improvement. Before he had been tw-o months with
us, he became the ' London Correspondent ' of an Arbroath
weekly paper. This Avork he generally knocked off during the
hour allowed for dinner in the middle of the day. We have
reason to believe that he turned his attention to scientific subjects
and became a Tellow of more than one of the learned scientific
Societies. During the whole of his life he has been a staunch
Teetotaller, and has worked hard in the Temperance cause. He
became a personal fi'iend of George Cruikshank, Sir Benjamin
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 49
Ward Eichardson, Sir James Crichton-Browne, aud many other
scientific people ot" the numerous learned Societies, who preferred
him as an engraver because of the knowledge he possessed of the
subjects he had to work upon.
" Taken altogether Terrier became one of the most remarkable
men who had their beginning as pupils in our Studio."
(From " Fifty Years' Work : Our Pupils," p. 349 ; by Dalziel
Brothers.)
His one cause for their respect was his extreme conscientiousness,
as witness the following may be cited : a question of time arose,
one of the Brotliers turned to the housekeeper, enquiring " Is the
clock right ? " " Yes " was the reply, " 1 set it when Mr. Ferrier
arrived." " Then that's near enough I " showed that the partner
concurred. The paragraph above referred to was his greatest
pride. He was an active member, ou the literary side, at
Eegenl's Square Presbyterian Church, where he incurred much
obloquy for his audacity in preferring Shakespere before Biu-ns,
and advocating teetotalism, which in the fifties was less understood
than it is in the present day.
His early work included zoological specimens drawn by
T. W. Wood, for ' Beeton's Boys' Own Magazine,' which (speaking
open to correction) he continued to the end of the series; 'Land
& Water,' the ' Leisure Hour,' and other Xatural History
publications. He became known to the Geological Society, for
which he did much work in his own careful and painstaking way.
The whole secret of his pleasing was — to use his own uords — that
" he kept the drawing of the artist " instead of altering it according
to fancy or accident.
This faculty-, engendered of conscientiousness and artistic
appreciation of the subject, won him his good name ; by treating
the subject sympathetically it pleased both the draughtsuian and the
authors, — who wanted the picture to be what they had approved
as a drawing. The advantage of this power was greatly felt and
appreciated when he was producing anatomical subjects under
Dr. Murie, who then was at the Zoological (xardeus, when it was
important to distinguish between hair, tissue, bone, and muscle.
From this point he became known to the Linnean Soci«ty and
was elected Fellow, loth June, 18S2.
The love of his art, and the rapid growth of process-work,
caused unspeakable soi*row to him in his later days. He mourned
that a process almost purely mechanical should supersede an art
which he had studied for 50 years and of which he still had much
to learn. [K. M. Feriiiee.]
Dr. Edwaed Alfeed Heath, born June 22nd, 1S39, at Totnes
in Devon, was educated at Taunton, and was engaged in the practice
of Homoeopathic pharmacy, first at Torquay, and subsequently on
his own account at Taunton, remo^■ing to London in 1864, where
he practised in Ebury Street, Eatou Square, until December 1904,
when he moved to Shoreham, Kent. He obtained his degree as
Li:SN. SOC. PROCEEDIXGS. — SESSION 1907-190S. e
50 PnOCEEDINGS OF THE
Doctor of Medicine at the Hahneinann Homoeopathic College iu
Philadelphia, where lie was resident for two years, and was a
most conscientious Hcnioeopath, taking the greatest pains to
verify the plants employed in Medicine, and fully belieA-ing iu
and acting upon the principles of Hahnemann, and as such he
met with a considerable measure of success iu his practice. His
spare time was occupied in the study of British and European
Lepidoptera, but more specially of Exotic Coleoptera, of ^^■hich he
ultimately possessed one of the largest private collections in the
kingdom, but published only a few new species.
In 1904 he retired to Shoreham in Kent, where he died
on 4th October, 1907, of an acute attack of jaundice.
Of a retiring disposition, he took but little part in scientific
meetings, but by those who had the privilege of his personal
friendship he was highly esteemed and respected. [E. M. H.]
Sir James Hector, K.C.M.Gt., F.R.S., was born in 1834 and
educated at the University of Edinburgh, receiving the degree of
M.D. iu 1856, He was a member of the Palliser Exploring
Expedition to British North America from 1857 to 1860, having
been selected by Sir Eoderick Murchison to accompany the
Expedition as surgeon, geologist, and naturalist. In 1861 he was
appointed geologist to the Provincial Government of Otago,.
N.Z., and subsequently Director of the Geological Survey
of Xew Zealand. For many years he was also Manager of
the New Zealand Institute and head of the AVellington Museum.
He took an active part in educational affairs, and was for some
years Chancellor of the New Zealand University. He was elected
a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1866, and of the Linnean Society
in 1875. He was also a Fellow of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh,
and of the Geological Society, a Corresponding Member of the
Zoological Society, and a Member of several Foreign and Colonial
scientific societies. In 3 875 he received the Lyell Gold Medal
from the Geological Society, and in 1891 the Founder's Gold
Medal from the Eoyal Geographical Society. He was created
C.M.G. iu 1875 and received the honour of Knighthood in
1887. [A. D.]
The death of Professor Frans Eeinhold Kjellmax a few weeks
before the Linnean Festival at Uppsala in May last, was a tragic
element in the midst of enthusiasm and rejoicing. Although
the thought was never allowed to obtrude, it was probably present
to every mind that the Chair of Botany in the University, filled
with so much distinction by C. von Linne himself, was vacant ou
the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great
Swedish Naturalist, \\hich had drawn representatives from many
and far distant lauds.
Our late Foreign Member was born at Torsci near Mariestad,
on the 4th November, 1846, and in 1868 he became a student at
Uppsala; as he had passed through the schools of Arvika and
Karlstad, he was received into the Yiirmlaud's Nation ; he sustained
LINXEAN" SOCIEir OP LONDON. 5 1
his thesis in philosophy iu 1872, and received his doctorate in
the same 3'ear, upon which he was appointed Docent iu Botany to
the University ; in 1883 he was named Extraordinary Professor
o£ Botany, and in 1889 was finally installed as Borgstrumian
Professor of Botany and Practical Economy, which he occupied
till his death.
Kjellman had early chosen Botany as the great business of his
life, and pursued it steadily through his travels and the 24 years
of his University professorship.
His first entry into botanic authorship was his " Bidrag till
Kannedom om Skandinavieus Ectocarpeer och Tilopterider," a
systematic arrangement of a critical group of Algae, and his
attention to Algae generally remained constant to the last.
In the same >ear, 1872, as he received his degree of Doctor of
Philosophy, he accompanied Nordenskiold to Spitsbergen in
the ' Polhem ' ; at which time he was only in his twenty-sixth
year. One part of the expedition was to pass the winter in
Spitsbergen ; Kjellman belonged to the other portion which was
to return home before the winter set in, and on the 16th September
they were to start homeward. But on that day there broke
upon them a severe storm from the north, filling Wijde-hay
with immense icebergs and completely choking the entrance.
Thus shut up, the expedition constructed winter-quarters in
Mossel-bay, and when the cold, which had attained —21° Ceut.,
had passed, and the icy fetters had melted, it was not till
the 1st August, 1873, that the ' Grladan ' and ' Onkel Adam *
were able to steer homewards. During this period Kjellman
made observations along the coast from South Cape to Low
Island. One of his most important scientific I'esults was the
discovery that the Arctic Ocean possessed a gigantic algal
flora, which uninterruptedly grew through the winter, in spite
of the darkness at the sea-bottom, and, at a tempei'ature of — 1°
to l'S°, developed normally, grew, and fruited. Two years later
he published a detailed popular account of the voyage entitled
'Sveuska Polarexpedition ar 1872-1873, uuder ledning af A. E.
Nordenskiold,' with woodcuts, lithographs, and map.
We soon find Kjellman again as explorer. Nordeuskicild had
planned the investigation of the Arctic Ocean in an easterly direc-
tion, and in 1875 undertook a journey, which formed an epoch in
the history of polar research. The Swedish expediton on board the
hired Norwegian whaler ' Proven ' left Tromso on the 8th July,
passed into the Kara Sea, and without hindrance by ice,
reached the mouth of the Yenisei, a position never before
attained by any craft from the Atlantic. The botanists were
Kjellman and A. N. Lundstrom, the zoologists lij. Theel and
A. Stuxberg. By the middle of August the expedition divided,
Nordenskiold gave the command to Kjellman, who accompanied
by Theel returned to Norway by the Kara Sea and reached
Tromso the 5th October. The account of the return journey,
so far as regards the plant and animal life, was rendered by
Kjellman to the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, in 1877.
e2
52 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
The algological result was that the Kara Sea possessed a special
algal flora, consisting of elements from Novaja Semlija, Spits-
bergen, the Arctic, and Ochotsk Sea. Before this, it was supposed
that the slight salinity of the Kara Sea was insufficient to support
mai'ine algae, and in reporting his results, Kjellman said, " It is
reserved for future enquirers to solve this problem," but he
himself after no long interval was to solve it.
Erom 1874 to 1877 he occupied himself diligently in exploring
the west coast of Sweden, which he had previously visited during
winter; and he did not restrict himself to systematic research
only, but also to the life-history and distribution. Founded on
these researches he published his ' Ueber die Algenvegetation
des Murmanschen Meeres,' and ' Ueber Algenregionen und Algen-
formationen im ostlichen Skager Rack ' in 1878 ; dividing the
sea-bottom into littoral, sublittoral, and elittoral regions, and
distinguishing algal formations in the neighbourhood of the coast.
Kjellman's point of view has found general acceptance with
algologists.
In 1878 he again left Sweden to take part in the famous
Swedish polar expedition, the voyage of the ' Vega.' That vessel
left Karlski'ona on the 22nd June, 1878, and reached Goteborg
harbour, finally weighing anchor the 19th August. On the
28th September at Pitlekaj she became locked in the ice till
28th July following, when she was freed from her fetters. On
the 24th April, 1880, she reached Stockholm, after having circum-
navigated Asia for the first time.
During this long period Kjellman, Avith his well-grounded
knowledge and good powers of observation, had the best
opportunities for research in unknown seas and countries, and
toward the solution of interesting questions. A chief feature
of succeeding years was the increased scientific production due
to his ' Vega ' voyage. In the first place he published his botanic
observations from Pitlekaj and other parts of Siberia, and gave
a host of interesting data on the plant-life of this little-known
part of the Arctic circle. Of the higher plant-vegetation we
have of his, ' Om vaxtligheten pa Sibiriens nordkust,' ' Sibiriska
nordkustens fanerogamflora,' and other reports which appeared
in the ' Vega ' publications. Of special value is the work ' Ur
polarvaxternas lif ' (1883), for which his arctic travels provided
the material; but from this date, algology assumed the chief claim
upon his attention, and in the year jusb mentioned came out
his most comprehensive "Norra Ishafvets Algflora" in the
Stockholm Haudhngar, of 431 pages and 31 plates, part being
in the English language. In this memoir Kjellman treats of
259 species in 111 genera, and the number of new species is
considerable. Many of these plants were found to be as large
and luxurious as those occurring in the Atlantic.
By this work Kjellman secured a high place amongst the
students of marine algae, side by side with the great workers, as
the two Agardhs, and J. E. Areschoug. After several memoirs of
I
LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53
greater or lesser extent, he produced the first part of his ' Handbok
in Skandinaviens Hafsal£;Hora ' (1S9U), and wrote the account
of certain groups for Eugler und Prantl, ' Die natiirlichen
PflanzeufamiUen.'
He was selected as Extraordinary Professor in 1883, and soon
showed his powers as a teacher in higher education. With a
liveh' interest for the various branches of botany, he succeeded,
througli his rich flowing ideas and independent apprehension,
in directing his public teaching by original and singularly
successful courses for students. The many new sides of botany,
which after a long period of preponderating descriptive and
formal morphologic direction, began to be opened up in the last
decade of the nineteenth century, such as physiologic anatomy,
organography as morphology with permanent regard to vital
phenomena, the developmental history of the individual, plant
phylogeny, plant dispersal, the invasion of alien plants, types
of organised plants, as aquatics, xerophytes, hanes, etc., all were
investigated by Kjellman and utilised by him to the modernisation
of the study in Sweden. By means of a bold and independent
terminology, he imparted his botanic ideas and new points of
view, which seemed to him to promise success. At the same
time he was a critical and exacting teacher, and according to his
lights he modified botanic institutions, library, work-rooms, and
botanic gardens, and improved their resources. His professorial
career enabled him to issue a dozen or more of treatises or discourses
such as " Om nordeus varvaxter," speech at a promotion of
doctors at Uppsala in 1895, " De nordiska tradens arkitectonik,"
" Skandinaviska fanerogamflorans utvecklingshistoriska element,"
" Vaxtorgeni," " Svenska vasternas ofvervintring," etc. On Prof.
T. M. Fries retiring from the Chair of Botany in the autumn of
1900, Kjellman was appointed in his place. On his reaching the
age of 60, his past and existing pupils contributed to a "Festskrift "
under the title ' Botaniska studier tillagnade F. E. Kjellman den
4 November, 1906,' accompanied bj' a congratulatory address.
He was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Societv,
2nd May, 1901.
At the beginning of 1905 he had a slight apoplectic attack,
which diminished his workhig powers, but he was well enough
to be placed upon the committee charged to carry out the details
of the Linnean celebration last year, though, as it happened, he
was not able to take part in that committee's labours : but in
April 1907, another and more serious stroke completely broke
down his vital powers, and he died at Uppsala on the 22nd April
last, when his countrymen were busied on the final preparations
fur the brilliant " Linnefest."
The writer has to thank Prof. C. A. M. Lindman for a copy
of his sympathetic notice of his old professor in ' Tmer,' and
Dr. Aksel Andersson for a copy of the ' Inbjudningsskrift ' for
the public lecture on the 19tli February, 1900, from which
publications the foregoing account has been compiled. [B. D. J.]
54 PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
Botanic and horticultural science are the poorer by the
unexpected death on 30th May, 1907, of Maxwell Tylden
Masters, M.D., F.R.S. He was born at Canterbury on 15th
April, 1833, the youngest son of Alderman Masters, a nurseryman
who effected some noteworthy hybridisations. Young Masters
studied medicine at King's College Hospital, London, was
admitted Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in 1854, and
two years later became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
He was sub-curator of the Fielding Herbarium at Oxford for
a short time, and then for some years he practised as a general
practitioner at Peckham, taking his degree of M.D. at St. Andrews ;
he was Lecturer on Botany at St. George's Hospital from 1855
to 1863, and was for some time an Examiner in Botany in the
University of London, and to the Civil Service.
Dr. John Lindley, the founder and first editor of the
* Gardeners' Chronicle,' after a few years of failing health, died
1st November, 1865, and Dr. Masters was appointed joint-editor
with Thomas Moore, the Curator of the Physick Garden at
Chelsea. Our late Fellow once told the present writer, that
although the stipend he received on entering upon this new
post was no more than he had been earning at Peckham, yet
the feeling of its certainty gave a relief to his mind, which he
characterised as indescribable. In 1882 Moore retired, and Dr.
Masters remained sole editor till his death.
He gave the best of his powers to his editorial duties, and
those who knew his style, could recognise many unsigned articles
in his journal, as well as those signed or initialled by him, yet
he found time to write independent volumes, and to take part
in serial publications, as the ' Flora of Tropical Africa,' and the
' Flora of British India.' In 1866, he was Congress Secretary
for the London International Exhibition of 1866 of Horticulture
and Botany, which was additionally noteworthy for the promul-
gation of the laws of nomenclature, largely due to the drafting of
Alphouse de Candolle. The Exhibition ended in a profit of £30u0,
and the Report by Dr. Masters bears testimony to the care with
which the details were worked out. The newly installed editor
profited immensely by this experience, for it introduced him to
many foreign cori'espondents of distinction.
As an independent author, his first essays seem to have
been printed in the third volume of the Ashmolean Society's
' Transactions,' 1854, etc., while he was at the Oxford Botanic
Garden. In 1860 an abstract was issued in the * Proceedings '
of the Royal Institution, " On the relation between the abnormal
and normal functions"!^in plants," followed by " Vegetable Morph-
ology," in the British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review,
for 1862. These seem to have confirmed him in the study of
abnormalities, resulting in his ' Vegetable Teratology ' published
by the Ray Society in 1869, and long out of print ; the author
never had leisure sufficient to revise or recast the work, but
LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 55
be contributed some additions to the German translation by
U. Dammer which appeared in 1SS6 at Leipzig. ' Botany for
Beginners ' was a shght, unpretentious vohune in 1872 ; and in
the same year came out a notice of Maria, Lady Hooker, ^^■hich
was really drawn up by the then Dr. J. D. Hooker, though
attributed by many to the editor of the ' Gardeners' Chronicle '
in whose columns it appeared.
During these years Dr. Masters had elaborated the natural
families of ^Lalvacece, Sterculiacese, and Tiliacete, which form
pp. 175-268 of the first volume of the ' Flora of Tropical Africa'
(1868), and the Samydaceae, Loaseae, Turneracea), and Passifloracese
of the second volume, pp. 492-520 (1871). Similarly he was
answerable for the enumeration of the Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae,
Tiliaceae, forming pp. 317-409, and the Olacineae, pp. 572-598, of
the first volume of the ' Flora of British India ' (1874-75), and
to the second volume he contributed the Passifloraceae, pp. 593-
603 (1879). From this time onward, his chief subjects of study,
in addition to the above-mentioned families, were Eestiaceae and
Conifene. He drew up an enumeration of Eestiaceae for De
CandoUe's ' Monographiae,' vol. i., and described the Brazilian
Passiftoraceae in 3Iartius's great ' Flora Brasiliensis.' Many of
his papers, particularly those on Coniferae, were contributed to
the pages of our publications. Thus we find that his earliest
paper issued in our Journal was that on a monstrosity of the
flowers of Saponaria officinalis in 1857, until the last from his
pen, " On the Distribution of Conifers in China and Neighbouring
Countries," which appeared posthumously in 1907. Forty con-
tributions from him appeared in our Journal or ' Transactions '
between 1857 and 1907. A valuable bibliography, com])iled by
Mr. W. Betting Hemsley, will be found in the Kew ' Bulletin of
Miscellaneous Information,' 1907, pp. 327-334, but that does
not include the mass of his articles in his own ' Gardeners'
Chronicle.'
He was also author of very many short articles in Lindley and
!^[oore's ' Treasury of Botany,' was largely responsible for the
Eeport on ^lixed Herbage of Permanent Meadows at Eotliamsted
ill the ' Philosophical Transactions' (1883), and edited new editions
of Henfrey's ' Elementary Course of Botany,' 2nd edition in 1870,
and the 3rd and 4th in 1878 and 1884 respectively.
Dr. Masters was elected a Fellow of the Linuean Society, 6th
December, 1860, and of the Eoyal Society in 1870 ; he also
offic-iated as Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society, in whose welfare he took the warmest
interest ; of Foreign recognitions, he was a Corresponding Member
of the institute of France, and an officer of the Belgian Order
of Leopold.
He is commemorated by the leguminous genus 2Iastersia
.(J/, assamica), so named by Bentham in 1865.
A few weeks before his death, he became indisposed, but no
56 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
great importance was attached to his symptoms, till his death, as
noted above, was made known to his large circle of friends. The
funeral service took place on the 4th June, 1907, and the
cremation at Woking followed. [B. D. J.]
Feederic Moore, D.Sc, F.Z.S., who was elected an Associate
of the Linnean Society in 1881, died May 10th, 1907, at the age
of 77. He was a distinguished entomologist, and a pi-ominent
Fellow of the Entomological Society of Loudon for more than
fifty years. For more than thirty years he was a member of
the Staff of the East India Company's Museum, and his principal
memoirs dealt with Oriental Lepidoptera. [A. D,}
Professor Alfred Neavtok was the fifth son of "William Newton
of Elveden Hall, Suffolk, who, for many years, represented the
Borough of Ipswich in Parliament, and of Elizabeth, daughter of
E. S. Milnes of Eryston, Yoi-kshire, who sat at one time as
Member of Parliament for the City of York. Through his mother
he was thus related to the late Lord Houghton and to the present
Earl of Crewe.
Alfred Newton was born on June 11th, 1829, at Geneva. He
was educated privately until he entered Magdalene College, Cam-
bridge ; which for the next 57 years was to prove his home.
Newton graduated in 1853, and shortly afterwards began a
series of extensive travels, visiting (amongst other countries)
Iceland, Lapland, North America, and the West Indies, where
his family at one time held large estates. In 1864, accompanied
by Sir Edward Birkbeck, he made an expedition to Spitsbergen.
He was a keen yachtsman, and up till quite recent times used to
enjoy his summer holiday yachting with his old friend Mr. H.
Evans of Derby, on the west coast of Scotland. In the interval
of his travels. Professor Newton resided at Cambridge ; and in
1865, when the University M-as moved to change Professor
Clark's Professorship of Anatomy into two, one of Human Anatomy
and a second of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, he entered the
list against Dr. Drosier of Gonville and Caius College, M-ho had
been for some years Deputy to Professor Clark ; and supported
by a long list of testimonials from Owen, Gould, Gray, Rolleston,.
and others, he was successful in attaining the Chair by a majority
of 28, the electors being the resident Masters of Art. At that time
the study of Natural Science was not popular in the University. In
the year in which Professor Newton entered upon his duties (1866).
but 9 candidates appeared in the Natural Sciences Tripos, compared
with over 200 at the present time. This difference is due, to some
extent, to the wide and liberal spirit with which Newton exercised
his functions. Though regarded as a Conservative by many people
— and in fact in his politics he was in most things a Tory of the
old school, and in private life adverse to change in his established
order of life or surroundings — in scientific matters he M'as always,
after weighing them over carefully, prepared to accept new ideas.
lixnea:;? society of loxdox. 57
He welcomed the rise of embryology under Frauk Balfour, and be
took very great interest in tbe development of the more modern
metbods of studying beredity and A'ariation. Amongst zoologists
he Avas one of the iirst to adopt tbe theory of organic evolution, set
forth by Darwin and Wallace.
When be became Professor, be bad to cover tbe whole animal
kingdom ; but later, when Balfour, Sedgwick, and others covered
the morphological ground, bis lectures, which were always
written out, dealt with the theory of Evolution and with tbe
geographical distribution of animals. The last few years of bis-
life he appointed a deputy, and it is characteristic of his appre-
ciation of tbe value of the newer work, that he appointed Mr.
Bateson, who lectured upon tbe researches with which bis name is
so intimately associated. Although (as we have said) bis lectures
covered, at one time, the whole animal kingdom, in his writings
he restricted himself to his favourite group of birds. He published
the ' Oi-nitbology of Iceland,' ' Tbe Birds of Greenland,' an exhaus-
tive ' Dictionary of Birds ' in which be characteristically arranged
the genera in alpliabetical order, holding that no existing system
of classification was sufficiently satisfactory to adopt. He also
wrote ' Ootheca Wolleyana " — a monumental work — tbe first
volume of which appeared in 1864, the second and last shortly
before bis death. For a time he edited the ' Ibis ' and ' Zoological
Eecord,' and some of the volumes of the fourth edition of
' Tarreirs British Birds.' A small text-book on Zoologj-, published
in 1872, was a model introduction to a great subject ; and to the
ninth edition of the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica ' he contributed
numerous articles on birds, some of which (for instance, those on
" Migration " and the " History of Ornithology and Geographical
Distribution ") are regarded as classical essays. These articles
enlarged and corrected were republished in the above-mentioned
Dictionary.
Professor Newton was one of tbe first to take an active share
in the protection of birds, a subject which we have reason to
believe was first officially recognised by tbe British Government,
largely owing to his advocacy. Forty years ago, Newton brought
the matter before tbe British Association, and for many years be
was Chairman of tbe Close Time Committee, during which period
three Acts dealing with this subject passed through Parliament.
He also took a large part in organising the observation of migra-
tory birds at A-arious lighthouses, and other fixed stations. Of the
knowledge we have acquired from these observations much, at
least, is due to his foresight and powers of organisation.
Tbe Museum of Zoology in Cambridge, which has grown to be
one of tbe largest in the kingdom, attained its position largely
under his guidance. He was always on the look out for new and
valuable specimens, constantly, though anonymously, buying and
presenting these. He very greatly disliked any of bis donations to
be recorded in theEeportsof the Museums and Lecturing Syndicate.
His gifts, not only of specimens, but of books, to the Library of
the Department must have cost a very large sum.
jS PROCEEDINGS OF THE
His interest iu old books and early editions was that of a
Scholar. He spent much time and knowledge on the University
Library, but his special province was the Philosophical Library,
situated in the heart of the Museums, over whose destiny he pre-
sided for many years. It is largely due to him that the Library
at the present time takes in over GOO periodicals, and nothing gave
him greater satisfaction than when, by the careful study of book-
sellers' lists, he was able to complete a " broken set."
There was soinetliing peculiarly scholarly about Newton's
writings ; and in small matters of grammar and punctuation he
was punctilious in a way that is now becoming rare. Yery
little that he published was of an ephemeral uatui'e, and his printed
word is characterised by a width of knowledge, untiring research,
and an unusual degree of accuracy.
It is difficult to write about the personal chai'acter of one with
whom the writer has lived on terms of affection and intimacy for
twenty-five yeai's. His Sunday evenings in the Old Lodge at
Magdalene College were an epoch in the University life of many a
student. From nine o'clock till shortly before twelve, Newton
was " at home," welcoming everybody (even the youngest of us),
talking to us on the subjects that he thought we knew best, stimu-
lating us in any little efforts we might make in Natural History,
and taking the widest possible view of the subject he loved
so well.
When once you were a friend of Newton's, you were always his
friend. He was possessed of the old-fashioned courtesy of m.anner,
and a certain leisureness of habit, which made a visitor feel that
he was not trespassing on the time of his host. Both iu appear-
ance and in character he had the finest attributes of the old race
of English country gentlemen, to which by birth he belonged.
To quote a writer in ' The Times,' he was " staunch in his friend-
ships, firm iu his opinions," and he invariably followed with a
dogged perseverance that which he held to be right.
Professor Newton was elected Pellow of the Linnean Society
March 3rd, 1857, of the Zoological iu 1859, and of the Eoyal iu
1870 ; in all three societies he served on the Council, and was
"Vice-President of the Zoological almost coutinuously from 1S61
to 1897. He received a Royal Medal, and from the Linnean
Society the Linnean Gold Medal in 1900. [A.. E. S.]
His late Majesty Oscab, (II.) Fredeik, commonly styled
Oscar IL, King of Sweden and of the Goths and Vandals, was
born 21st January, 1829. He was the great-great-grandson of
Marshal Bernadotte, who was chosen in 1810 to be Crown Prince
of Sweden, and King in 1818. Married to the Princess Sofia
Wilhelmina Mariana Henrietta, of Hesse Nassau, on the 6th June,
1857, he succeeded to the throne on the 18th September, 1872 ;
was crowned in Sweden the 12th May and in Norway the 18th July
of the following year.
Universally known and honoured as probably the most accom-
LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59
plished monarch in Eui'ope, he was more than once called upon to
arbitrate in international disputes. His knowledge of languages
(he spoke at least seven fluently) enabled him not ouly to translate
classic works from English, French, German, Spanish, and Latin,
but to write poems in other languages than Swedish.
Into the political history of Scandinavia during the late King's
reign, it is not our province to enter; but it may be recorded that
the severance of the jVorwegiau people from his dominion ^as a
deep and lasting grief. It was to the King's own exertions that
a peaceful separation was effected, and a fratricidal and doubtful
var was avoided.
At our centenary celebration, 24th May, 1SS8, His Majesty was
elected b}'' acclamation one of our Honorary Members, whose
numbers, never large, had been suffered to lapse since the death of
H.M.Leopold, King of the Belgians, on the 10th December, ISOo,
and was revived eighteen months earlier, in 1886, when His Majesty
Edward YIL, then the Prince of Wales, accepted the distinction.
King Oscar's signature to the Roll and Charter Book was affixed
on his visit to our shores in 1889, when the President and Senior
Secretary were received by the Swedish monarch in special
audience.
In the interview just mentioned. His 3Iajesty disclaimed all
knowledge of biology, but the services rendered to science, particu-
larly geographical science, mainly from the King's own generosity,
Avere large and continued practically during the whole of his reign,
and even before it. "Whilst he was still Duke of Ostergotland and
Crown Prince, he contributed handsomely to Torell's great expe-
dition to Spitsbergen in 1861, and Xordenskiold's expeditions to
the same country in 1864, 1868, and 1872-73.
The King's extreme interest in these matters became fully
manifest as regards the ' Yega ' expedition of 1878-80, for as
Baron Xordenskiold himself stated. His Majesty, himself trained
in the navy, discussed the details of the voyage and gave his
hearty approval and support, followed later by the bestowal of the
Yega medals.
Later expeditions which received the same royal support, were
two Swedish expeditions in 1882 to Spitsbei'gen, one conducted
by our latest elected Foreign Member, Prof. A. Gr. Nathorst, on a
geological quest, the other by Ekholm, for meteorological pui-poses,
which wintered in the north. The next year Xordenskiold's
Greenland expedition took place ; in 1890 there were several
north polar expeditions ; Xansen's voyage in the ' Fram ' in
1893-96 was largely supported by the King of Norway ; financial
support was also accorded to Andree's attempt to reach the Xorth
Pole by balloon, in 1897 ; and Count De Geer's Isfjord investi-
gation, shortly before, received practical support from the King.
Dr. Xathorst again visited Spitsbergen and Kung Karls Land in
1898, and Andree in 1899 went to Greenland. The Swedish-
Russian measurement of a meridian in Spitsbergen in 1898 was
favoured, not only by the King, but by the then Crown Prince,
6o PROCEEDINGS OE THE
now His Majesty Gustaf V. Sverdrup's polar journey, 1898—
1902, and Anmndseu's voyage towards the magnetic pole were
furthered by State aid.
Thus for more than 40 years did the late King give his generous
help to many journeys undertaken by his Swedish and'Norwegian
subjects northward ; but he also encouraged travellers in other
directions, as for instance Dr. Sven Hedin in Central Asia. Many
localities have received names after the late King, as Prins Oscars
Land and Kung Karls Land (Spitsbergen), Kung Oscars Bay
(North Asia), Konung Oscars Hamn (Greenland), Konung Oscars
Fjord, Oscar II.s Land (Spitsbergen); from Dr. Nansen we have
Kong Oscars Halvo (Taimyr Bay), and from Sverdrup Kong
Oscars Land (G-rinnell Land) ; these are in the Arctic regions.
Towards the Antarctic we find Kong Oscars Land (Grahams
Land), Kap Oscar (Victoria Land); and in Asia Dr. Hedin dis-
covered Konung Oscars Berg on the northern borders of Tibet.
During the last few years intervals of illness had caused the
Crown Prince to act as Eegent. After some weeks of increasing
illness. King Oscar II. died in his palace at Stockholm on the
8th December, 1907. It will be remembered that in our General
Meeting of 6th June, 1907, a telegram of respectful congratulation
was sent to Their Majesties the King and Queen of Sweden, on
the celebration of their golden wedding, an event which was
destined to be the last of the kind in the monarch's lifetime.
[B. D. J.]
William Eome, P.S.A., born in 1842, was the son of In-
spector Eome of the Esses Constabulary, and as a boy received
his early education at the National Schools of his native Burnham.
On leaving school he entered the well-known establishment of
" Sweetings " in Cheapside, and gradually rose until he became
sole proprietor. He threw himself energetically into Corporation
matters, and was largely the means of establishing the loan ex-
hibitions at the Guildhall Art Gallery. He filled many civic
appointments, and in the neighbourhood of his residence, Creeksea
Place, Burnham-on-Crouch, his energies were widespread. At his
house he had amassed a valuable collection of antiquarian treasures,
medals, and coins, which he was ready to contribute to exhibitions^
After the opening of the Spanish art loan exhibition in the City
of London, towards which he had worked hard, the King of Spain
conferred upon him the Eoyal Order of Isabella the Catholic.
In the spring of 1907, Mr. Eome had a slight apoplectic attack,
from which he was gradually recovering when bronchitis super-
vened, and after a fortnight's illness he died at his country-house,
on Sunday, 20th October, 1907, in his 66th year. His connection
with this Society dated from 5th December, 1889. [B. D. J.]
Howard Saunders, E.Z.S., died on the 22ud October, 1907,
at the age of 72, after a long and painful illness. In him,
as in so many great naturalists, the collecting instinct seems to
LlJTIfEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDON. 6 1
have shown itself at an early age, for, while still a pupil in a large
private school at Rottingdean, he is said to have caused amuse-
ment and amazement to his companions by his earnestness in this
pursuit. As a young man he was a great traveller, spending
several years in South America, and, in 18G0, exploring the head-
waters of the Amazon. He was, however, no mere collector, but
attained a high position as a scientific ornithologist. In 1882
he succeeded the late Professor Newton as editor of the fourth
edition of ' Yarreh's British Birds,' and in 1889 he brought out
his own well-known ' Manual of British Birds.' He was also the
author of the Catalogue of Gulls in the British Museum, aud of
various other ornithological memoirs. He took an active part in
the work of the scientitic societies with which he was connected,
serving on the Councils of the Linnean, the Zoological, and the
Royal Geographical Societies, and of the British Ornithologists'
Union. For six years he served the British Association as
Honoraiy Secretary of Section D, and for a considerable time he
was a joint-editor of the ' Ibis.' His service on the Council of the
liinnean Society comprised three separate periods, viz, 1883-86,
1893-96, 1898-1900. [A. D.]
Alexandek Someeville was an instance of an episode of busi-
ness intervening in a life mainly given to biologic studies. He
■was born at Glasgow 2otli March, 1842, was educated at Glasgow
Academy aud the University, passing thence into a house of
business, Messrs. J. H. Young & Co. In 1865 he went to Cal-
cutta, in the firm of Mackinnon & Mackenzie for fifteen years,
but his health suffering from the Calcutta climate he came home,
resumed his interrupted studies at Glasgow University, and
graduated as B.Sc. on the biological side. He had met our late
i^ellow, Sylvanus Hanley, at Cannes, and was on his initiative
proposed and elected a Fellow on 16th June, 1881. For several
years he worked at marine zoology, principally mollusca, in which
group he added several species by dredging off the west coast of
Scotland. After this he took to botany and remained constant to
this pursuit during the remainder of his life.
He identified himself with local natural history and associations,
and helped to procure support for the Scottish Marine Station at
Millport. A friend who was much associated with him in the
Glasgow Natural History Society wrote of him : — " His sympathies
religious, philanthropic, scientific, and social extended over so
wide a field and were manifested in so many forms of active use-
fulness, that his loss would be far more deeply felt than we can
ever know." He died on 5th June, 1907. The writer is indebted
to the Rev. J. E. Somerville for the chief information recorded
above of his brother. [B. D. J.]
Henby Clifton Sorby, LL.D. (Cantab.), F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.,
F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., the well-known geologist, was a Fellow of the
Linnean Society from 1875 until the date of his death in March
62 PEOCEEDIXUS OF THE
1908. He was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1857 aud
served ou the Council from 1876-77, while his eminent services
to science were recognised by the award of the Society's Eoyal
Medal. He took a prominent part in the foundation of the
Sheffield University, to which he left £6500 as an endowment for
a Professoi-ship of Geology. He also left ,£15,000 to the Eoyal
Society for the promotion of scientific research in connection with
the University of Sheffield, and £1000 to the Geological Societv.
[A. i).]
AVhilst his researches into the structure of metals and rocks
led to his scientific eminence, he displayed almost a boyish eager-
ness in depicting the marine organisms brought up by dredging
from his yacht ' Glimpse.' On more than one occasion he has
exhibited some of his preparations at our meetings, and he was
ever seeking for improved methods of mounting and displaying
his captures. The last paper he furnished to the Linnean Society
was printed in our Journal (Zoology), xxix. (1906) pp. 434-439,
entitled " Xotes on some species of Nereis in the District of the
Thames Estuaiy," which was read in the absence of the author on
1st March, 1906. His last printed paper occupies seventy pages
in the ' Quarterly Journal ' of the Geological Society, vol. 64,
n. 254 (1908) pp. 171-232, pis. 14-18, and in the discussion it
was pointed out that it suggested new methods of investigation.
[B.D.J.]
By the death of Professor Chakles Steavabt, LL.D., F.E.S.,
M.E.C.S., the Linnean Society has lost one of its most distin-
guished Fellows and one who has been largely identified with the
work of the Society'. Boi'n at Plymouth in 1840 he was, like his
father and grandfather, framed for the medical profession, obtain-
ing the diploma of M.E.C.S, in 1S62. His scientific instincts,
however, were too strong to allow of his remaining for long a
medical practitioner, and in 1866 he was fortunate enough to
obtain an appointment as Curator of the St. Thomas's Hospital
Museum, where he also lectured on Comparative Anatomy and
Physiology. The great work of his life, Iiowever, was done in
connection with the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons,
where he succeeded Sir W. H. Flower as Conservator, on the
appointment of the latter to the Directorship of the Xatiu-;il
History Departments of the British Museum in 1S84. Although
his time was chiefly occupied with the arrangement of the Museum
and with the anatomical investigations and preparations by which
the Museum has so greatly benefitted. Professor Stewart neverthe-
less found opportunities of making his influence felt as a teacher.
As Hiaiterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology
he lectured at the College, and he was also Fullerian Professor of
Physiology at the Eoyal Institution for a period of four years.
Although he published little, his kno\vledge of the minute
anatomy of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals was extra-
LINXEAX SOCIETI OF LOXDOX. 6^
ordinarily wide and deep, as all must have realised who heard Kim
speak at the meetings of the Linnean Societj'.
It is gratityins; to be able to record that, in spite of Professor
Stewart's naturally retiring and self-effacing disposition, his work
\\as appreciated even during his lifetime, and not only by his large
circle of personal friends, but also by the official dispensers of
scientific honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society
in 1S9G, and received the Honorary Degree of LL.D. from the
University of Aberdeen in 1S99. It was with the Liuneau Societv,
however, that he more particularly identified himself. He was
elected to the Fellowship as far back as 1SG6, served on the
Council from 1875 to ]877, and again from 1S90 to 1895, was
President from 1890 to 1894, and Vice-President from 1894-1805.
His Presidential Addresses, which will be found in the ' Pro-
ceedings ' of the Society for the years mentioned, dealt with
Secondary Sexual Characters, Commensalism and Symbiosis, the
Sound-producing Organs of Animals, and the Method of Loco-
motion iu certain Crabs and Gasteropodous Molluscs. [A. D.]
Lieut.-General Sir Eichabd Strachey, G.C.S.I., LL.D., F.E.S.,
who died on the 2nd February, 1908, from influenza, was born at
Sutton Court on the 24th July, 1817, and iu 1836, at the age of
19, entered the service of the Hon, East India Company, iu the
Bombay Engineers, was transferred to the Bengal Engineers in
1839, and during his residence in India filled many impoi-tant
posts. He served in the Sutlej campaign of 1845-46, and
during the Indian Mutiny he was Secretary to the Government of
the Central Provinces ; from 1875 to 1889 he was a member of
the Council for India.
As regards his work which concerns this Society, it was practi-
cally limited to a collection made in conjunction with Mr. J. E.
"Winterbottom in Kumaon and Garhwal, ^hich was largely named
by Sir Joseph Hooker, who with Dr. Thomson speaks thus of it : —
" The collection distributed by Captain Strachey and Mr,
Winterbottom consists chiefly of the plants of Kumaon and
Garhwal, and of those of the adjacent parts of Tibet, Captain
Eichard Strachey was appointed by the Indian Government to
make a scientific survey of the province of Kumaon, and was
occupied upon the task about two years, during which time, in
addition to the important investigations in physical science which
occupied his attention, he thoroughly explored the flora of the
province, carefully noting the range of each species. He was
joined by Mr. Winterbottom in 1848, and they travelled together
in Tibet, Their joint collections, amounting to 2000 species, were
distributed in 1852-53 to the Hookerian Herbarium, the British
Museum, the Linnean Society, and some foreign museums ; and
the scientific results are now in the course of publication. Tlie
beautiful preservation of the specimens, and the fullness and
accuracy with which they are ticketed, render this herbarium the
most valuable for its size that has ever been distributed from
■64 PBOCEEDI]!fGS OF THE
India ; and we beg here to record our sense of the great benefit
that has been rendered to botanical science by the disinterested
labours of these indefatigable and accomplished collectors." —
Flora Indica, i. 65-66.
On Captain Strachey's return home on leave, the su'm of <£500
was placed at his disposal by the Hon. East India Company for
printing his report, and the second volume should have continued
with the account of his plants alluded to above, but as he himself
told the writer, he was unversed in printing matters, the money
rapidly vanished, and the botanic part was never published, though
a few copies were distributed privately. This catalogue, in a
tabular form, is paged 63-122, and was printed about 1854 ; it
was afterwards brought down to date by Mr. J. F. Duthie, F.L.S.,
and by him inserted as pp. 403-670 of E. T. Atkinson's ' Gazetteer
of the N.W. Provinces and Oudh,' Allahabad, 1876. Early in
1898 Sir R. Strachey was anxious that the Linnean Society should
make a permanent publication of his work, and produced the
original maps and profiles of the country traversed, together with
elaborate analyses of the constituents of the flora, in comparison
Avith other parts of Asia and of Europe. The Council considered
that such a publication would require careful work to bring it in
accordance with present knowledge, and the tabular form would
largely add to the cost : these reasons induced Sir Richard not to
press it further in that form, but the idea was not given up, for
about 1903 the manuscript was handed to Mr. Duthie, who ulti-
mately passed it through the press, as : — ' Catalogue of the Plants
of Kumaonand of the adjacent portions of Garhwal and Tibet, based
on the collections made by Strachey and Winterbottoni during the
years 1846 to 1849, and on the catalogue originally prepared in
1852 bv Lt.-Gren. Sir Richard Strachey, revised and supplemented
by J. F. Duthie,' London: Lovell" Reeve & Co., 1906. 8vo,
pp. vii, 269, and one page of corrections. In the introduction the
editor enumerates the botanists who have assisted in completing
the work.
For the two years 1888-90 Sir Richard was President of tlie
Royal Geographical Society ; he was rarely seen in our rooms,
but on the occasion of Mr. Bentham's retirement in 1874 from the
presidency, he took part in restoring harmony within the Society.
He died at Hampstead, as related above, and was cremated at
Golder's Green on the 15th February, 1908. His election as
Fellow of this Society dated from 20th January, 1859.
It is stated that no fewer than 32 species and varieties of plants
discovered by him, bear his name ; botanically he is commemorated
by a leguminous plant, Straclieya tibetica, Benth. [B. D. J.]
Although the death of William Thomas Locke Tkatebs
took place so far back as the 26th April, 1903, from the effects of
an accident, the fact was not generally known till recently.
Born at Castleview, near Newcastle, County Limerick, on the
9th January, 1819, he received his education principally at
LIXXEA.y SOCIETY OF LOXDOJf. 65
St. Servan College in France. At the age of 17 he joined the
Spanish Legion during the Carlist war, and served also in the
2nd Eegiment of Lancers till 1839, during which period he had
also served as Aide-de-camp, and for those services was awarded
the Grand Cross of the Order of Cambodia. Eeturning to Great
Britain, in 1844 he was called to the Bar, and live years after
emigrated to Xelson, becoming District Court Judge. Quitting
that post, he represented various constituencies in the Parlia-
ment of Xew Zealand, from 1854 onwards. In 1869 he settled
in "Wellington, and was a chief promoter of the New Zealand
Institute in 1867, and served as its Treasurer ; he had also a
principal share in founding the Botanic Garden in that city. He
was a member of the Council of the "Wellington Philosophical
Society for thirty-two years, was five times President, and was
about to retire from that position when his death occurred.
In biology he took a keen but general interest, and we find in
the list of his papers accounts of the birds, shells, and plants of
various parts of the Dominion, anthropology, and cosmic pheno-
mena. As a botanic collector, he transmitted plants to Eew from
1860 to 1880, and amongst them a series of plants well-known as
Veronica Traversii, Hook, f., which was introduced to cultivation
n Britain about 1873. The monotypic genus Traversia is now
merged in iSenecio and the species T. baccharoides is now S. gemi-
nahis, T. Kirk. About a dozen other plants were named after our
late Fellow, as the follo\\ing list will show : — Ranunculus Traversn
Hook. f. (now sunk in H. Lyallii, Hook, f.), Drimys Traversii
T. Kirk (formerly Hymenanthera Traversii, J. Buch.), AciijJiyUa
Traversii, Hook, f., Olearia Traversii, Hook. f. (formerly Euryhia
Traversii, F. Muell.), Ctlmisia Traversii, Hook, f., Gnaplialium
Traversii, Hook, f., Senecio Traversii, F. Muell. (now sunk in
S. hiUiclioides, Hook, f .), DracopliyUura Traversii, Hook, f., Myosotis
Traversii, Hook, f., Veronica Traversii, Hook, f., mentioned above
PimeJea Traversii, Hook, f., and Care:c Traversii, T. Kirk, now
considered conspecific with C. DaUii, T. Kirk. [B. D. J.]
James Hebbeet "\^eitch came of the a\ ell-known family of that
name, was born at Chelsea in 1868, and educated at Crawford
College, Maidenhead, continued technically in France and Germany.
He entered upon business in 1885, then, when 23 years of a»e,
he undertook a voyage to India, Malaya, Japan, Corea, Australia,
and Xew Zealand, to study the floras of those regions and the
conditions of growth, with a view to enrich the number of culti-
vated plants by additional species. During this round he sent
letters to his uncle, Mr. Harry James "V^eitch, which were printed
in the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' from early in 1892 to the end of
1893, describing the various gardens and nurseries he had visited.
He amplified and supplemented these letters after his return home
in 1893, and the resulting quarto volume appeared in 1896 as
'A Traveller's Notes.' In 1898 his firm became a private limited
liability company, and the subject of our notice, two years later,
LI>-y. SOC. PEOCEEDiyCS. — SESSIOX 1907-1908. /
66 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
succeeded to the post of Managing Director, his brother, John
Gould Yeitch the younger, being Secretary. Soon after this,
Messrs. Veitch decided to revive the old custom of their house,
and dispatched Mr. E. H. Wilson to Chiua, and later to the
extreme west of China and to Japan, resulting in a rich harvest
of novelties, both from the botanist's and the horticulturist's point
of view. His last work was the compilation of the sumptuous
' Hortus Veitchii,' 1906, in which the history of the firm and
accounts of their numerous collectors are attractively set forth.
He died at the early age of 39, on the 13th November, 1907, and
was buried at Exeter, the ancestral home of his race. [B, D. J.]
John Eeancis "Walker, who was elected Fellow on the 17th
April, 1873, and died at York 23rd May, 1907, was born in that
city 25th IS'ovember, 1839, his family having resided there for
many generations. After his early schooldays at St. Peter's School,
he studied at Cirencester College, and in 1862 entered Sidney
Sussex College, Cambridge, and was bracketed first in the Natural
Science Tripos in 1866. After taking his degree he studied
chemistry at Bonn, and after the Eranco-German war he returned
to this country, was called to the Bar, but never practised. In
1882 he married and retired to York, devoting himself to the
Brachiopoda, and especially the Mesozoic Brachiopoda, of which
group his knowledge was large, and to promoting the collections
of the York Museum, of which he became Honorary Curator.
Besides our own Society, he was Eellow of the Geological and
Chemical Societies. He was author of a score of papers on
geological topics. [B. D. J.]
Chaeles Augustus Wright, the third son of John Wright, Esq.,
was born at Cumberland Terrace, Eegent's Park, 1834. He was
privately educated, and at a comparatively early age accompanied
his parents to Algiers and afterwards to Malta, where he resided
many years. He acted, from about 1865 to 1874, as correspondent
for ' The Times ' in the Mediterranean, being also present with a
small squadron detailed to watch British interests during the
Intransigeante distui'bances of 1873 at Carthagena. In the same
year he participated in a cruise to the Levant and the Dai'danelles ;
and in 1874 he accompanied the Fleet under Admiral Sir J. E.
Drummond, in its expedition to the same waters. In his younger
days a keen sportsman, Mr. Wright devoted himself to the
Natural History and especially the Ornithology of Malta while
he lived there ; and his " List of Birds observed in the Islands
of Malta and Gozo," commenced in the ' Ibis ' for 1864,
with appendices in 1864-65, 1869, 1870, 1874, was made by
Dr. Blasius the basis (\\'ith full acknowledgment of its use) of
his " Ornis von Malta und Gozo " (' Ornis ' for August 1895), and
was noticed by Dr. P. L. Sclater in his opening address to the
Biological Section of the British Association, August 25th, 1875,
pp. 90, 117.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 67
The Maltese Avifauna possesses special interest in relation to
tilt; course and circumstances o£ distribution and migration ; and
Mr. Wright's collection included twelve species never previously
recorded from those Islands, of which two were altogether new to
any part of Europe. Authentic specimens of ten out of the
twelve were presented by him to the Italian National Museum at
Florence, viz. : — Saxicola leucopyna, Saxicola stapazina (or deserti),
Merops j>ersicMS, Caprimulgus ruficollis, Bartramia longicaudata,
Cypsehis pcdlidus, Hoploptems spinosus, Aedon gcdactodes, Chara-
drius fulvics, and Enjthrospiza r/ithaghiea.
In the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society of London, April
6th, 1875, Mr. Wright contributed a paper on the " Specific
Identity of the Weasel found in Malta," in which it was pointed
out that the Maltese AVeasel cannot be purely identified with the
common Weasel of Southern Italy, nor with the local ' Boc-
camele' of Sardinia. One of the examples on which this paper
was founded was presented to the Natural History Branch of the
British Museum (South Kensington) ; and later, at the request
of the Museum authorities, five more specimens of the Maltese
Weasel were sent for special examination from Mr. Wright's
private collection, with the result that the Maltese Weasel has
been now referred by Mr. Oldfield Thomas (see Proceedings Zool.
Soc. London, Feb. 5th, 1895) to the extra -European species
Putoriiis africaniis, Desm.
Mr. Wright's attention was by no means confined to the higher
forms of animal life in the Malta group, or to their living
representatives, and his efforts to explore the fossil fauna led to
the discovery of remains of the Mastodon in the Lower Miocene of
Gozo, and of Halitherium also (see A. Leith Adams in Journ.
Geol. Soc. London, Aug. 1879).
He had also formed a Herbarium of the Flowering Plants and
Ferns of Malta, of much interest ; and was an enthusiastic
conchologist, his fine collection being rich in Mediterranean shells
particularly.
Mr. Wriglit was made a Knight of the Order of the Crown
of Italy on the 22nd March, 1883, by the late King Humbert.
He was elected on 5th December, 1878, as a Fellow of this
Society, and in 1880 of the Zoological Society of London. He
was also a member of the British Ornithologists' Union, of
the Essex Field Club, and the Norwich Natural History Society.
His first contribution to the ' Ibis ' was an account of a visit to
Filfila, an islet on the south coast of Malta, in 1863, and his last a
letter on a Greenland Falcon shot at Lewes in 1883. For some
years past Mr. Wright resided at Kew, and though latterly much
crippled and often suffering from rheumatic complaints, he
maintained a lively interest in various branches of Natural
History, and with devoted assistance from members of his family
continued the formation of a British Herbarium, which includes
many fine and interesting examples of our native phanerogamic
flora. He lost no opportunity of learning from friends, so far as
/2
L
68 . PEOCEEDINGS OP THE
health permitted, all that was going on in Ornithological circles^
and among Systematic Botanists, at the Zoological Gardens, or at
the Linnean Society ; he was able to take part in the fourth
Ornithological Congress in London in 1905, and the last public
function he attended was the Evening Reception at the Eooms of
our own Society on the 7th June, 1907.
Our late Tellow's acquaintance with the Island of Malta, its
people, languages and history, was such as not many have
acquired : he was a Vice-President of the local Archaeological
Society, and in 1874 shared in the discovery, through its efforts, of
interesting remains of early Christian buildings uear Marsa.
Latterly, and especially in 1907 (which was his seventy-fourth
year), repeated illness and the loss of friends, Charles Baron Clarke
and Sir D. Brandis particularly, told on Mr. Wright's naturally
vigorous constitution, and an outdoor task which proved beyond
his strength resulted in an accident, producing injuries to which
he succumbed on the 13th July, 1907. One of his last I'equests
was that a flowering spray from au exotic Latliyrus which he had
raised in his garden at "Kay hough" (Kew Gardens), where he had
lived since 1876, should be sent to a friend who was interested
with himself in its determination. [J. E. Dbummokd.]
June 4th, 1908.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
On taking the Chair, Dr. Scott thanked the Society for the
honour done him, by his election as President.
The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 25th May,
1908, were read and confirmed.
The President announced that he had appointed the following
to be Vice-Presidents during the current Session — Prof. "W. A.
Herdman, F.E.S., Mr. Horace W. Monckton, Treas.L.S., Lieut.-
Col. Prain, P.E.S., and Dr. A. Smith Woodward, P.E.S.
Miss Ethel Louise de Eraiue and Mr. Joseph Hubert Priestley
were admitted Fellows.
Mr, Joseph Pearson, M.Sc, was proposed as a Eellow.
Mr. Ernest Melville Cutting, B.A. (Cantab.), Mr. Louis Charles
Deverell, E.G.S., Mr. James Montagu Prancis Drummond, B.A.
'Cantab.), Mr. Charles Aubrey Ealand, Mr. Cecil Hallworth
Treadgold, M.A. (Cantab.), and Miss Grace Wigglesworth, M.Sc.
(Mane), were severally balloted for and elected PelloAvs.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 69
Mr, C. E. Salmon, P.L.S,, exhibited a series of original coloured
drawings, and lithographs from them, from Descourtilz's ' Ornitho-
logie bresilienne.'
Mr. F. Enock, F.L.S., exhibted a series of lantern-slides
illustrative of the life-history of wood-boring wasps, showing
their method of capturing prey, and storing the same in their ex-
cavated burrows, with the extraordinary faculty shown for seizing
the selected species and no other, for the food of the future
larvae. He mentioned that one of the species he had had under
his own observation had brought to its burrow, in one day,
27 specimens of Tipula imperialis, a species so rare that he
himself had only met with one specimen during a series of
many years.
The following papers were read : —
1. "Note on the Spicules of CMrodota geminifera, Dendy &
Hindle." By Prof. A. Dendt, D.Sc, F.E.S., Sec.L.S.
2. "The Caryophyllaceae of Tibet." By E. N. Williams,
E.L.S.
3. "The Polychaeta of the Indian Ocean."' By F. A. Potts.
(Communicated by J. Stanley Gtabdiner, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.L.S.)
4. " On Koomoif/a cursor • a remarkable new type of malaco-
stracous Crustacea." By O. A. Saycb. (Communicated
by Dr. W. T. Calman, F.L.S.. F.Z.S.)
5. " The Stylasterina of the Indian Ocean." By Dr. S. J.
HiCKsON, F.E.S., and Miss Helen M. England. (Com-
municated by J. Stanley Gardiner, M.A., F.E..S.,
F.L.S.)
6. " A Contribution to the Mycology of South Africa." By
Messrs, W. N. Cheesman, F.L.S,, and T. Gibbs.
June 18th, 1908.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair; afterwards
Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S.. V.-P.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4th June were
read and confirmed.
The President referred to the recent disuse of the Library
Eecommendation Book by the Fellows, the last entry being nearly
five years old.
Mr. Ernest Melville Cutting was admitted a Fellow.
70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Miss Eleanor Pearse and Mr. James Moore Williams were
proposed as Fellows.
Miss Helen Stuart Chambers, B.Sc, Mr. K'orman Gill, and
Mr. Henry Herbert Travers were severally balloted' for and
elected Fellows.
Mrs. Habet GrAT exhibited a volume of drawings of plants from
the Island of Bombay, part of a series of 1700 she had painted
during a residence there of fourteen years.
Mr. C. H. Weight, A.L.S., exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. F.
DuTHiE, F.L.S., specimens of Melitella imsilki, a new genus
of Compositse descinbed recently by Cav. Sommier, from material
collected by him in the island of Gozo, near Malta. Dr. Stapf>
Mr. Worsdell, and the President joined in a discussion.
Mr. W. C. WoESDELL, F.L.S., exhibited a lax'ge series of seedlings
of the Scarlet Runner bean, Phaseolus multijiorus, exhibiting
artificial fasciation induced by cutting away the plumule early in
its growth. The President and Dr. Stapf contributed some
remarks, the Author briefly replying.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Altitude and Distribution of Plants in Southern Mexico."'
By Dr. Hans Gadow, F.E.S. (Communicated by Dr. A.
B. Rendle, F.L.S.)
2. " Reports ou the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea
from Collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A., B.Sc,
F.Z.S., together with Collections made in the Red Sea by
Dr. R. Hartmeyer. — On the Bryozoa, Part I. Cheilo-
stomata." By Aethue Wm. Watees, F.L.S.
3. " The Alg£e of the Tau Tean Reservoir." By G. S. West,
F.L.S.
4. " On Gardenia Thunhergia and its allies." By Dr. Otto
Staff, F.R.S., Sec.L.S., and J. Hutchinson.
5. " The Marine Algae collected in the Indian Ocean by H.M.S.
' Sealark.' " By A. Gepp, M. A., F.L.S.
6. "Nudibranchs from the Red Sea, collected by Mr. C.
Crossland." By Sir Chaeles Eliot, K.C.M.G. (Com-
municated by Prof. Heedman, F.R.S,, F.L.S.)
I
Linn. Soc. Proc. 1907-08.]
\_To face p. 71.
DARWIN-WALLACE MEDAL.
1st July, 1908.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 1
SPECIAL GENEEAL MEETING
held on the 1st July, 1908, in the Institution of Civil
Engineers, at 2.30 p.m.
Dr. D. H. Scott, E.E.S., President, in the Chair,
The President welcomed the Delegates and other guests in a
brief address.
The first award of the Darwin-Wallace Medal, specially struck
to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the reading of the joint
papers by Charles Eobert Darwin and Alfred Eussel Wallace,
was then made. The gold medal was presented to the surviving
essayist, Dr. Wallace, E.E.S., E.L.S., the President addressing
him and setting out the reasons which had caused the Council to
hold this Special Meeting, to which Dr. Wallace made a reply.
In succession the following six received silver copies of the
medal, the President in each case reciting the claims of the
recipient, and each of the medallists present, in turn, replying.
Sir .Joseph Dalton Hooker, O.M., G.C.S.I., E.E.S., P.L.S.
Prof. Ernst Haeckel, E.M.L.S.
Prof. Edeard Strasburger, E.M.L.S.
Prof. August Weismann, E.M.L.S.
Dr. Francis Galton, F.E.S.
Sir Edwin Eat Lankester, K.C.B., F.E.S., E.L.S.
Profs. Haeckel and Weismann being prevented by professorial
duties from being present, their medals were received on their
behalf by Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg, Secretary of the German
Embassy.
The reception of the Delegates of Corporate Bodies then
followed. The first group, consisting of representatives from
Universities and Schools, was introduced by speeches from
Dr. Francis Darwin, F.E.S., F.L.S., and Sir W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer, K.C.M.G., F.E.S., F.L.S.
Christ's College, Cambridge : The Master, Dr. J. Peile.
Shrewsbury School: The Chief Science Master, Mr. C.
J. Baker.
Hertford Grammar School : The Headmaster, Mr. G.
W. Kinman, M.A.
The above College and Schools were connected with the early
training of Darwin and Wallace.
72 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
The University of Oxford : The Vice-Chancellor, Dr. T. H.
Warren.
Prof. E. B. Poulton, D.Sc, F.B.S.,
r.L.s.
„ „ Dr. A. H. Church. '
„ Cambridge : Dr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.,
F.L.S.
„ St. ^.ndrews : Prof. P. E. Scott Lang,
M. A., B.Sc. (with address).
„ Glasgow: Prof. J. Graham Kerr, M.A.,
F.L.S.
„ Aberdeen : Lt.-Col. Prain, CLE., LL.D.,
r.R.S.,F.L.S.(with address).
„ Edinburgh : Prof. I. Bayley Balfour, M.D.,
F.E.S.,F.L.S.(with address).
Dublin : Prof. H. H. Dixon, D.Sc, F.E.S.
(with address).
(Dr. Dixon was unable through illness to
present the addi-ess himself, which was
done on his behalf by the General
Secretary.)
Durham : Prof. M. C. Potter, F.L.S.
„ London: Sir W. T. Thiselton - Dyer,
K.C.M.G., F.E.S., F.L.S.
(with address).
„ Manchester: Prof. F. E. Weiss, D.Sc,
F.L.S. (with address).
Wales : Prof. E. W. Phillips, D.Sc, F.L.S.
„ Birmingham : The Vice- Chancellor, Sir
Oliver Joseph Lodge, D.Sc, F.E.S.
„ Liverpool : Prof. W. A. Herdman, D.Sc,
F.E.S., Past President L.S. (with address).
„ Leeds : Prof. V. H. Blackman, ScD., F.L.S.
Sheffield : Prof. Denny, F.L.S.
University College, Bristol : The Principal, Prof. C. Lloyd
Morgan, F.E.S. (with address).
Nottingham : Prof. J. W. Carr, F.L.S.
The second group represented Academies and Societies, and
M^as introduced by speeches from Prof. Einar Lonnberg, Ph.D.,
and Sir Archibald Geikie, K.C.B., Sec.E.S.
The Eoyal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm :
Prof. E. Lonnberg, Ph.D. (with address).
The Eoyal Society : Sir Archibald Geikie, Iv.C.B.
The Society of Antiquaries : The Lord Avebury, P.C., F.E.S.,
F.L.S. (with address).
The Eoyal Irish Academy : Dr. E. F. Scharff, F.L.S.
LIXNEA.:^ SOCIEXr OF LOXDOy. 73
The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society : Mr. C.
Bailey, M.Sc, F.L.S.
Tl»e Eoval Society of Eliuburgh : Prof. D'Arcv Thompson,
C.B., F.L.S. (with address).
The Geological Society of London : Mr. W. H. Hudleston,
F.E.S., P.L.S.
The Cambridge Philosophical Society : Dr, S, F. Harmer,
F.R.S.
The Royal Astronomical Society : The President, Mr. H. F.
^^ewall, F.R.S.
The Zoological Society of London : Mr. G. A. Boulenger,
F.R.S.
The British Association : The President, Sir David Gill,
K.C.B., F.R.S.
The Entomological Society of London: The President,
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse.
The Royal Microscopical Society : The President, The Lord
Aveburv, P.C., F.R.S., F.L.S. (with address).
The Chemical Society : 'Dr. Horace T. Brown, F.R.S., F.L.S.
The Marine Biological Association : Mr. A. E. Shipley,
F.R.S., F.L.S.
The Malacological Society : Mr. R. H. Byrne, F.Z.S.
The British Academy : The President, Sir E. Maunde
Thompson, K.C.B. (with address).
The Lord Avebubt then gave an address, for which a vote of
thanks was proposed from the Chair, and accorded by acclamation.
The proceedings then closed.
A dinner of the Fellows took place at the Princes' Restaurant,
Piccadilly, at 6.30 p.m., at which the following Medalhsts and
Foreign guests were present : — Prof. Strasburger, Dr. Galton,
Sir Ray Lankester, Prof. Einar Lonnberg, Prof. Hubrecht, and
Prof. AYarming. The total number amounted to ninety.
At 9.30 a reception was held in the Rooms of the Society in
Burlington House, the guests being received by Dr. D. H. Scott
and Mrs. Seott. Various objects were on view in the Library,
and two lantern demonstrations were given in the Meeting Room,
by Prof. Seward, F.R.S., F.L.S. "The Jurassic Vegetation of the
World — a Study in Plant-Migration,"' and by Dr. A. Smith
Woodward, F.R.S., F.L.S., "The Evolution of Mammals in South
America."
A full description is given in the special volume.
74 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
ABSTEACTS.
Abstbact of Prof. Weiss's Paper on the Morphology of Stig-
maria and of its Appendages in Comparison with Becent
Lycopodiales.
[Eead 5tb March, 1908.]
The opposition to the identification of Stirjmaria as the " root-
system" of Sigillaria has gradually disappeared owing to the
accumulation of evidence supporting Binney's discovery in 1845
of an organic connection between Stigmaria and Sigillaria.
But the recognition of this fact and its subsequent extension
to the case of Lejndodendron did not settle definitely the morpho-
logical value of the Stigmarian axis. It might still be regarded
either as a large bifurcating root bearing lateral roots or as
an underground stem (rhizome), in which case its appendages
might be adventitious roots (Scott) or leaA'es modified to serve
absorptive purposes (Solms-Laubach), or possibly both kinds of
lateral organs might be present (Renault). Some recent obser-
vations have tended to reopen the discussion of the morphology
of the appendages, particularly the recognition of peripheral
" transfusion " tracheids in the Stigmarian appendages and the
presence of a parichnos-strand in these organs. But though both
have their counterpart in the leaves of the Lepidodendracese, T can
only see analogy and not homology in these structures, and
believe their presence is due to the physiological requirements of
the organs in question.
The older objection to the identification of the appendages as
rootlets, namely their exogenous origin, is sufficiently answered
by the fact that several recent Lycopodiales, such as Phylloglossum
and the young sporophyte of Isoetes, have exogenous roots. The
regular quincuncial arrangement of the rootlets similar to that of
the leaves of the Lepidodendracese might be explained by the fact
that we know of rootlets placed close to the base of the leaves of
certain Sigillarige (Sigillaria sjnnulosa).
A suppression of the leaves on the underground axis might
leave the rootlets with the same arrangement as the leaves in the
aerial portion of the stem. These considerations and the very
close agreement in structure of these problematical appendages
with the monarcli roots of Isoetes, seem to me strong reasons for
regarding the Stigmarian appendages as true roots.
As regards the axes on which they were borne, their structure,
so different from that of the rootlets and so singularly unlike the
roots of any living plant, seems to prevent our regarding them as
main roots. Their cauline nature has been questioned on account
of the difference in their structure from that of the aerial stems of
the Lepidodendracese. But recent evidence in confirmation of
Renault's observations of the existence of Stigmarice with centri-
petal wood partially removes this objection. Still, in the case of
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX.
75
the Lycopodiales we are not limited to the two alternatives root
or stem, since Goebel and Bruchmann have shown that the
rhizophores of Sdaginella are indeterminate organs which can
develop either as root-bearers or as leafy shoots. Their position
in the young sporophyte of Selaginella is very suggestive of
analogy with the Stigmarian axes, and attention has been drawn
to this by Scott, Bower, and others. But the peculiarly root-like
structure of these rhizophores and the fact that they produce
their roots endogenously, shows that they are in Selaginella very
highly specialised. The Stigmarian axes though undoubtedly
analogous structures are more stem-like in their character and
probably more primitive. A more useful comparison might
therefore be made between Stigmaria and the very primitive
Phylloglossiim.
Here we have not only exogenous and adventitious roots
developed at the base of the leaves (cf. Sigillaria spinidosa), but
in similar positions one or more outgrowths are produced which
serve the purpose of vegetative reproduction. But though
specialised for this function, they are, I believe, of the same
indeterminate natui'e as the rhizophores of Selaginella ; and as
they show more resemblance to true shoots and bear their roots
exogenously, they are really more closely analogous to the
Stigmarian axis. Organs of this nature would probably have
bifurcated in the case of the extinct Lycopodiales, to keep pace
with the physiological requirements of the branching main axis.
They may possibly possess the power of forming under certain
conditions upright leafy stems, which would explain some structures
figured and described by G-rand'Eury and others.
The conformation of the underground axes of Stigmariojms
and the still more pronounced contraction of the base of
Pleuromeia and of Isoetes, would be explained by reduction of
the requirements of the plants so far as root-absorption was
concerned.
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
LIBRARY.
1907-1908.
Adams (James Henry). The Geolog}^ of the Coromaudel Sub-
division, Hauraki, Auckland. See New Zealand Geological
Survey : Bulletin. Xew Series, No. 4.
Adlerz (Gottfrid). Myrmecologiska Studier. — II. Svenska Myror
och derasLefnadsforhallauden. Akademisk Af handling. Pp.320,
Taf. 7. (Bih. Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xi. no. 18.)
8vo. StocMoIm, 1887. Univ. of Uppsala.
Agassiz (Alexander). An Address at the opening of the
Geological Section of the Harvard University Museum, June 12,
1902. Pp. 18 & plan. 8yo. Cambridge, Mass., 1902. Author.
Agassiz (Louis). "Words spoken by Professor "William James at
the Eeception of the American Society of Naturalists by the
President and Pellows of Harvard College, at Cambridge, on
December 30, 1896. Pp. 12. See James (William).
8vo. Camhridr/e, Mass., 1897.
Ahrling (Johann Erik Ewald). Studier i den Linne'anska
Nomenclaturen och Synonymiken. Akademisk Afhandling.
Pp. xvi, 49. 8vo. Orebro, 1872.
Nigra af de i Sverige befintliga Linne'anska handskrifterna,
kritiskt skiirskadade. Akademisk Afhandling. Pp. 28.
8vo. Lund, 1878. Univ. of Uppsala.
Aldrovandus (Ulysses). See De Toni (Giovanni Battista).
Illustrazione del Secondo Volume dell' Erbario di Ulisse Aldro-
vandi, 1908. Pp. 116.
Almquist (Sigfrid). Monographia Arilioniarum Scandinaviae.
Pp. 69. (Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. xvii. no. 6.)
4to. Stochliohn, 1880. Trustees Brit. Mus.
Ameghino (Florentino). Notas prehminares sobre el Tetra-
prothomo argentinus un precursor del hoiubre del Mioceno
superior de Monte Hermoso. Pp. 140, figs. 82. (An. Mus.
Nac. Buenos Aires, xvi. pp. 103-242.)
8vo. Buenos Aires, 1907. Author.
Ames (Oakes). Orchidacese Halconenses: An Enumeration of
the Orchids collected on and near Mount Halcon, Mindoro,
chiefly by E. D. Meeeill. Pp. 27. (Philippine Journ. Sci.
vol. ii. no. 4, Sect. C, Botany.) 8vo. Manila, 1907. Author.
78 PEOCEEDINSS OF THE
Andrews (Charles W.). >^ee British Museum Guide Books A
Guide to the Elephants (Eecent and Fossil). 1908.
Antarctic (National) Expedition, 1901-1904. See British
Museum (Natural History). '
Appellof (Adolf). Japanska Cephalopoder. Akademisk Afhand-
ling. Pp. 26. (Kongl. Sv. Yet.-Akad. Handl. xxi. no. 13.)
4to. Stocl-holm, 1886. Univ. of Uppsala.
Archives de I'lnstitut Botanique de I'Universite de Liege. See
Liege.
Arnell (Kampus Wilhelm). De Skandinaviska Lofmossornas
Kalend^arium. Akademisk Afhandling. Pp. 129. (Upsala
Univ. Arsskr., Math, och Naturv.) 8vo. UpsaJa, 1875.
Om A'egetationens ut\eckling^ i Sverige aren 1873-75.
Pp. 84 and 3 maps. (Tips. Univ. Arsskr., Mat. och Naturv.)
8vo. Upsala, 1878. Univ. of Uppsala.
Arnold (Ferdinand Christian Gustav). Labrador. [A Contribu-
tion to its Lichen Flora.] Pp. 18. Svo. Mimchen, 1896.
Ascherson (Paul Friedrich August) and Graehner (Paul). See
Engler (H. G. A.). Das Pflanzenreich. Heft 31. Potamo-
getonacese. 1907.
Atwood (Alice Gary). Catalogue of the Botanical Library of
John Donnell Smith, presented in 1905 to the Smithsonian
Institution. Pp. 94. (Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii. part 1.)
8vo. Washington, 1908. John Donnell Smith.
Aulin (Fredrik Rutger). Anteckningar of^^er Hafsalgernas
geografiska utbredning i Atlantiska hafvet norr om Equatorn,
i Medelhafvet och Ostersjon. Akademisk Afhandling. Pp. 44.
Svo. Stocl-holm, 1872. Univ. of Uppsala.
Aurivillius (Carl Wilhelm Samuel). Bidrag till Kannedomen
om Krustaceer, som lefva hos Mollusker och Tunitater.
Akademisk Afhandling. Pp. 126, Taf. 7. Svo. Stockholm, 1883.
En fasting sasom endoparasit. Pp. 7, figs. 3. (Entomol.
Tidskr. vii.) Svo. Stockholm, 18S6.
Om Myggors forekomst i sala grufva. Pp. 5. (Entomol.
Tidskr. ix.) Svo. Stockholm, 1888.
Om Acaridvafnad pa trad. Pp. 4. (Entomol. Tidskr. x.)
Svo. Stockholm, 1889.
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LnflfEAN" SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 8 1
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at London AVall and Westminster. Pp. 3. (Proc. Malacol.
Soc. V. Part 2.) 8vo. London, 1902.
On the occurrence of Neritina grateloupJana, Fer.
(hitherto misidentified as N. jluviatilis) in the Pleistocene
Gravels of the Thames at Swanscomb. Pp. 2. (Pi'oc. Malacol.
Soc. v. Part 3.) 8vo. London, 1903.
Notes on the Post-Piocene Mollusca of the Mylue Collection.
Pp. 3. (Proc. Malacol. Soc. vii. Part 6.) 8vo. London, 1907.
Notes on some Holocene Shells from Ightham. Pp. 2.
(Proc. Malacol. Soc. vii. Part 5.) 8vo. London, 1907.
B. B. Woodward.
Zew.
Royal Botanic Gardens.
Hand-list of tender Dicotyledons Cultivated in the Eoyal
Botanic Gardens, .... 1899. Pp. xxx, 691.
8vo. London, 1900.
[Printed (except Preface) on one side of the )Daper only.]
Hand-list of Herbaceous Plants Cultivated in the Eoyal
Botanic Gardens .... (Second Edition.) Pp. ix, 1235.
8vo. London, 1902.
[Printed (except Preface) on one side of the paper only.]
Hand-list of Trees and Shrubs, excluding Coniferse, grown
iu Arboretum. (Second Edition.) Pp. vii, 804.
8vo. London, 1902,
[Printed (except Preface) on one side of the paper only.]
Hand-list of Coniferse grown in the Eoyal Botanic
Gardens .... (Second Edition.) Pp. xxiii, 145.
8vo. London, 1903.
[Printed (except Preface) on one side of the paper only.]
Hand-list of Orchids Cultivated in the Eoyal Botanic
Gardens .... Pp. xiii, 229. 8vo. London, 1904.
[Printed (except Preface) on one side of the paper only.]
Hand-list of Ferns and Fern Allies Cultivated in the Eoyal
Botanic Gardens .... (Second Edition.) Pp. xiii, 183.
8vo. Ijondon, 1906.
[Printed (except Preface) on one side of the paper only.]
Official Guide to the Museums of Economic Botany.
No. 1. Dicotyledons. Third Edition. Pp. 236.
8vo. London, 1907.
No. 2. Monocotyledons and Cryptogams. Pp. 109.
Svo. London, 189.*).
Director.
g6 PKOCEEDINGS Or THE
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Prof. E. J. Harvey Gibson, Prof. E. H, Yapp, Prof. J. Eeynolds
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8vo. UpsaJa, 1861-1862.
Bidrag till kannedomen om Ftcrycomhus Brama, B. Fries,
en fisk af makrillfiskames familj. Pp. 7. 8vo. Upsala, 1864.
Bidrag till kannedomen om de inom Sverige och Norrige
forekommande Crustaceer af Isopodernas underordning och
Tanaidernas familj. Pp. 32. 8vo. Upsala, 1864.
Bidrag till kannedomen om underfamiljen Lysianassina
inom underordningen Amphipoda bland kriiftdjuren. Pp. 25.
8vo. Ujjsala, 1865.
Zoologiska Studier. Festskrift WiLHELii Lilljeborg
tillegnad pa bans attionde fcldelsedag af Svenska zoologer.
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vatur arte pbotolitbographica expressum.
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LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. SESSION 1907-1908. ll
gS PEOCEEDIJfGS OF THE
Linnes Minne. Ivviide och Tal vid K. Vetenskaps- och Yetter-
hets-Samhallets, Gciteborgs Hogskolas och Goteborgs Lakare-
siillskaps Geraensamma Fest till Linnes Minne den 23 Maj
1907. 8vo. Goteborr/, 1907. Goteborg's Stadsbibliothek.
Contents: — ^^ i
Linne i Goteborg den 13 Juli, 1746, af A. U, Baatii. Pp. 7.
Tal. af LuDviG Stayenow. Pp. 12.
Tal, af LrDviG Wolff. Pp. 20.
Linsbauer (Karl). Sec Wiesner-Festschrift, 1908.
Lisbon.
Societe Portugaise de Sciences Naturelles,
Bulletin. Yol. I. fasc. 1. 8vo. Lisbonne, 1907^
Liverpool.
Liverpool Marine Biology Committee.
Memoirs on Typical British Marine Plants and Animals.
Edited by W. A. Heedman. I.-XYI.
8vo. Liverpool, 1899-1908.
XVI. Cancer. By Joseph Pearson. Pp. viii, 209 ; plates 13, and
13 figs, in the test. 1908.
Marine Biological Station at Port Erin (Isle of Man), &c.
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Prof. W. A. Herdman.
London.
British Academy.
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Geological Society.
The History of the Geological Society of London. By
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Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological
Series of Comparative Anatomy contained in the Museum
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Catalogue of the Specimens illustrating the Osteology and
Dentition of Yertebrated Animals, Eecent and Extinct, con-
tained in the Museum of the Eoyal College of Surgeons of
England. By William Hekrt Eloavee. Second Edition.
[By CH.UILES Stewaet.] Part I. Man : Homo sapietis,
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Annual Eeport on the Museum by the Conservator, Aethue
Keith. Pp. 14. 8vo. London, 1908.
The jN"ubian Pathological Collection. Presented by the Survey
Department of the Egvptian Government. Pp. 5.
8vo. London, 1908.
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Lonnberg (Axel Johan Einar). Anatomische Studieu iiber Skau-
dinaviscbe Cestodeu. Inaugural-DissertatioD. Pp. 109, Taf. 3.
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Undersokningar rorande Oresuuds djurlif. Pp. 76 & map.
(Meddel. Kongl. Landtbruksst, No. I. ur 1898-1899.)
8vo. Ui>2)sala, 1898-1899.
Clava glomerata mihi, eine anscheineiid neue Hydroide.
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Univ. of Uppsala.
— Caroli Linnaei. Methodus Avium Sveticaram. See Uppsala
Univ. Arsskr. 1907. Linncfest-Skrifter, 5.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebuisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen
Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro dem Meru und den um-
gebenden Massaisteppen Dentsch-Ostafrikas 1905-1906, unter
LeituDg von Prof. Dr.TNGVE Sjostedt. 2. Mammals. By E. L.
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Lotsy (John Pieter). Vorlesungen iiber Deszendenztheorien mit
besonderer Beriicksichtigiing der Botanischen Seite der Erage,
gehalten an der Eeichsuniversitat zu Leiden. 2 Teile.
Eoy. 8vo. Jena, 1906-1908.
I. Pp. xii, 1-380, Literaturverz 381-384, Taf. 1-2, figs. 1-124. 1906.
II. Pp. Ti, 381-799, Taf. 3-15, figs. 125-225. 1908.
Vortrage iiber Botanische Stammesgeschichte gehalten an
der Eeichsuniversitat zu Leiden. Eiu Lehrbucli der Pflanzen-
systematik. Band I. 8vo. Jena, 1907.
I. Algen und Pilze. Pp. iv, 828 ; mit 430 Abbildungen im Text. 1907.
Lundherg (Fredrik). Bidrag till cifversigt af Sveriges Ichthyo-
logiska Literatur. Akademisk Afhandling. Pp. xviii, 56.
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Lydekker (Eichard). See British Museum, Guide-Books. Guide
to the Great Game Animals (Ungulata) in the Department of
Zoology, Bi'itish Museum (jN'atural History), 1907.
— — A Guide to the Horse Eamily (Equidse), 1907.
A Guide to the Domesticated Animals (other than
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McAtee (W. L.). Birds that eat Scale Lisects. Pp. 12. (Yearb.
Dept. of Agric. 1906.) 8vo. Washington, 1907.
Eood Habits of the Grosbeaks. Pp. 92, plates 4, & 40 figs,
(U.S. Dept. of Agric, Bureau Biol. Surv. Bull. No. 32.)
8vo. Washington, 1908. Author.
MacCurdy (Hansford) aud Castle (William E.). Selection and
Cross-breeding in Relation to the Inheritance of Coat-pigments
and Coat-patterns in Rats and Guinea-pigs. Pp. 50, plates 2,
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Haematochyluria, together with some Observations on the Mor-
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h2
lOO PEOCEE DINGS OP THE
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOK. 10 1
No. 17. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, II. By Elmer D.
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No. 25. I. Birds from the Islands of Komblon, Sibuyan, and Cresta de
Gallo.
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Blanco's ' Flora de Filipinas.' By Elmer D. Merrill.
8vo. Manila, 1905.
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11. New Species of Edible Philippine Fungi. Pp. 140-146;
plates 3. By Edwin Bingham Copeland.
8vo. Manila, 1905.
No. 29. I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, III. Pp. 1-50.
II. The Source of Manila Elemi. Pp. 51-62. By Elmer D.
Merrill. 8vo. Manila, 1905.
No. 31. I. Notes on a Case of Hamatochyluria, together with some Ob-
servations on the Morphology of tiie Embryo Nematode
Filaria nocturna. By William B. Wherry and John R.
McDill. Pp. 1-14 ; plates 1 & 2. 1905.
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II. Notes on Cuming's Philippine Plants in the Herbarium of
the Bureau of G-overnment Laboratories. By Elmer D.
Merrill. Pp. 69-78. 1905.
III. Notes on Philippine Gramiueje. By E. Hackel. Pp. 79-82.
1905.
IV. Scitamineas Philippinenses. By H. N. Ridley. Pp. 83-83.
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8to. Manila, 1905.
No. 36. A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. By
Richard C. McGregor and Dean C. Worcester. Pp. 123.
Bureau of Forestry. Director, Major George P. Aheen.
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Parole pronunziate nell' Archiginnasio di Bologna il
12 Giugno 1907 in occasione delle Onoranze perlJLissE Aldro-
VAXDi nel III. centenario dalla sua morto. Pp. 4. (Atti E.
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Blanco's ' Flora Filipinas,' (Bureau Govt. Laborat., Bull. 27.)
8vo. Manila, 1905.
New or Noteworth}^ Philippine Plants. III. Pp. 1-50.
(Bureau Govt. Laborat., Bull. 29.) 8vo. Manila, 1905.
The Source of Manila Elemi. Pp. 51-62. (Bureau
Govt. Laborat., Bull. 29.) 8vo. Manila, 1905.
— — New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants. lY. Pp. 1-68.
(Bureau Govt. Laborat., Bull. 35.) 8vo. Manila, 1905.
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1907.
6. Liune ocb Vaxtodlingen : af M. B. Swederus, 1907.
Bref och Skrifvelser af och till Carl von Linne med understod
af Svenska Staten utgifua af Upsala Universitet. Porsta
Afdelningen. Del. I. af Tii. M. Ekies. 1907.
Univ. of Uppsala.
University.
Geological Institution.
Bulletin. Vols I., II. pt. 2, III.-VII.
Svo. Upsala, 1893-1906. Univ. of Uppsala.
Naturveteuskapliga Studentsallskapet. Botaniska Sektion.
Sitzungsberichte, II.-VII. 8vo. Cassel, 1887-95.
[Extracted from Bot. Centralbl. Bd. 16-36, 38-46, 48-54, 61-64.]
Vail (Anna Murray). See Macdougal (Daniel Tremble). Muta-
tions, Variations, and Relationships of the Oenotheras. 1907.
Valeton (Theodoric). Plantse Papuanas. Pp. 70. (Bull. Depart.
Agric. Indes Neerl. no. x.) 8vo. Buitzenzorg , 1907.
Director.
^J
I I 2 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
Vaughan (T. Wayland). Eecent Madreporaria of the Hawaiian
Islands and Lavsan. Pp. ix, 427; plates ii6. (Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. No. 59.) ' 4to. Washinc/ton, 1907.
Velenovsky (Josef). Flora Buigai-ica Suppleraentum, I. Pp. xix,
404. 8vo. Pragce,'lS98.
Verrall (George Henry). A List of British Diptera. 2nd
Edition. 4to. Ocanbridge, 1901.
Catalogue of the Platypezidae, Pipunculidae, and Syrphidae
of the European District. Pp. 121. 8vo. London, 1901.
Vilmorin (Philippe L. de). Hortus Vilmorinianus. Preface de
Ch. Flahault. Pp. xii, 371 ; 105 Figures et 22 Planches.
8vo. Verrieres le Buisson, 1906. Author.
Yolkens (Georg). See Schweinfurth (Georg August). Liste des
Plantes reeoltees par les Princes Demetre et Nicolas Ghika
Comanesti dans leur Voyage au Pays des Somalis. 1897.
von Furth. See Fiirth (Otto von),
von Hayek. See Hayek (August von).
Voss (Andreas). Coniferen-Noraenklatur Tabelle. Pp. 9.
(Mitt. Deutschen Dendrol. Ges. no. 16, 1907.)
8vo. Popplesdorfbei Bonn, 1907. Author.
Yries (Hugo de). Plant-Breeding. Comments on the Experiments
of Nilssou and Burbank. Pp. xiii, 360 ; figs. 114.
8vo. London Sf Chicago, 1907. F. Crisp.
Wallace (Alfred Russel). My Life : A Eecord of Events and
Opinions. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1905.
Vol. I. Pp. xii, 435. '' With facsimile letters,
Vol. II. Pp. yiii, 459. J illustrations and portraits.
Wallace (Rohert). Eeport on Tick, Eedwater, or Texas Fever in
Cattle {Piroplasma higeminum or P. bovis), its Cause, Treatment,
and Prevention. Pp. 30 ; 1 plate and 5 diagrams.
8vo. Edinburgh, 1908. Author.
Washington.
Carnegie Institution.
Publication no. 15. Mottier (David M.) Fecundation in
Plants. Pp. viii, 187, figs, 75.
8vo. Washington, 1904. Dr. B. Daydon Jackson.
Watt {Sir George). The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants of
the World, &c. Pp. xix, 406 ; plates 53.
8vo. Calcutta, 1907. Author.
Webb (Wilfred Mark). The Brent Valley Bird Sanctuary.
Pp. 14; plates 11. 8vo. London, 1907.
Weiss (Frederick Ernest). The Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds by
Ants. Pp. 6. (New Phytol. vii.) 8vo. London, 1908.
A Stigmaria with Centripetal Wood. Pp. 10 ; plate 1.
(Ann. Bot. xxii.) 8vo. Oxford, 1908. Author.
Weldon (Walter Frank Raphael), Biography of. See Shipley
(Arthur Everett).
Wellington. See New Zealand Geological Survey.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II3
Westell (William Percival). The Story of Insect Life. Pp. 339 ;
plates 8, figs. 137. 8vo. London, 1907. Author.
Wettstein (Richard von). Die Erblichkeit der Merlanale von
Knospenumtationen. Pp. 9, figs. 3. (Festschrift zu P.
Ascherson's 70'^" Geburtstage.) 8vo. Berlin, 1904.
■ Ueber das Vorkomnieu zweigescblechtiger Infloreszenzen
bei Ephedra. Pp. 8 ; plate 1. (Festschr. Naturw. Ver. Univ.
Wien, Novr. 1907, Seite 21-28.) 8vo. Wien, 1907.
Welche Bedeutung besitzt die ludividualziichtung fiir die
Schaffung ueuer und wertvoller Formeu ? Pp. 5. (Oester.
bot. Zeitscbr. Ivii. pp. 231-235.) 8vo. Wien, 1907. Author.
Wheldon (James Alfred) and Wilson (Albert). The Flora of
West Lancashire : (Vice County 60 of ' Watson's Topographical
Botany,' the portion of Lancashire north of the Eibble and
south of Morecambe Bay). Pp. 511 ; plates 15, and map.
8vo. Eastbourne, 1907.
Wherry (William B.). A search into the Nitrate and Nitrite
Content of Witte's ' Peptone.' Pp. 17-26. (Bureau Govt.
Laboratories, Bull. 31.) 8vo. Manila, 1905.
and McDill (John R.). Notes on a Case of Haematochyluria,
together with some Observations on the Morphology of the
Embryo Nematode i^/Zari'a «oc<«rn«. Pp. 1-14; and 2 plates.
(Bureau Govt. Laboratories, Bull. 31.) 8vo. Manila, 1905.
Whitford (H. N.). A Preliminary Check List of the Principal
Commercial Timbers of the Philippine Islands. Pp. 45.
(Dept. of Interior Bureau of Forestry, Bull. no. 7.)
8vo. Manila, 1907.
Wieland (G. R.). American Fossil Cycads. Pp. viii, 295 ;
plates 50 and 138 text-tigs. (Carnegie Inst. Washington,
Public, no. 34.) 4to. Washington, 1906.
Wiesner (Julius). , Der Lichtgenuss der Pflanzen, photometrische
und physiologische Untersuchungen mit besonderer Riicksicht-
nahme auf Lebensweise, geographische Verbreitung und
Kultur der Pflanzen. Pp. vii, 322, mit 25 Textfiguren.
8vo. Leipzig, 1907.
Wiesner-Festschrift. Im Auftrage des Festkomitees redigiert
von Karl Lixsbauer. Pp. viii, 547, mit 56 Textfiguren und
23 Tafeln. 8vo. TVien, 1908.
Wigglesworth (Grace). The Toung Sporophytes of Lgcopodium
complanatiun and Lycopodium clavatum. Pp. 24 ; plate 1, and
4 diagrams. (Ann. Bot. xxi.) 8vo. London, 1907. Author.
Wilson (Albert). See Wheldon (James Alfred). The Flora of
West Lancashire.
Witte (Hernfrid). Till de Svenska alfvarvaxternas Ekologi.
Akademisk Afhandling. Pp. 119. 8vo. Uppsala, 1906.
Univ. of Uppsala.
Wojinowic (Welislaw P.). Beitriige zur Morphologie, Anatomie
und Biologic der Selaginella lepidophylla Spring. . Inaugural-
Dissertation. Pp. 36. Svo. Breslau, 1890.
LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1907-1908. i
114 PEOCEEDIIS^GS OF THE
Wolf (Theodor), MoBograplne der Gattung Potentilla. (EibL
Bot., Heft 71.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1908.
"Wolff (Ludvig). See Linnes Minne.
Wollenwelaer (Eugen Ferdinand). Yei-gleichende Anatomie der
Schwimmblatter. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 34. '
8vo. Bonn, 1897.
Woodward (Bernard Barham). Tapes geograpMcus and T,
puUastra. Pp. 2. (Jouru. Conchol. x. no. 2.)
8vo. London, 1901.
The British Species of Vallonia. P. 1. (Proc. MalacoL
Soc. vi.) 8vo. London, 1904.
The Pinetuin Britauuicum. Pp. 3. (Gard. Chron. 3 ser.
vol. 36.) 4to. London, 1904..
On some " Feeding-Tracks " of Gastropods. Pp. 3, figs. 4.
(Proc. Malacol. Soc. vii. Part 1.) 8vo. London, 1906.
What Evolutionary Processes do the Mollusca show ?
Inaugural Address, delivered 8th Pebr., 1907. Pp. 14. (Proc.
MalacoL Soc. vii. Part 5.) 8vo. London, 1907. Author.
See Kennard (Alfred Santer). Note on the Occurrence
of Planorbis Stroemii, Westerlund, in the Holocene Deposits of
the Thames Valley. P. 1. 1901.
— On the Non-Marine Mollusca from the Holocene
Deposits at London Wall and Westminster. Pp. 3. 1902.
On the Occurrence of Neritina Grateloujilana, Per.
(hitherto misidentified as A^, Jluviatilis), in the Pleistocene
Gravels of the Thames at Swanscombe. Pp. 2. 1903.
— Notes on the Post-Pliocene Mollusca of the Mylne
Collection. Pp. 3. 1907.
Notes on some Holocene Shells from Ightham.
Pp. 2. 1907.
— See Sherborn (Charles Davies). On the Dates of the
" Encyclopedie Methodique " (Zoologie). Pp. 3. 1893.
On the Dates of Publication of the ' Histoire
uaturelle, generale et particuliere des Mollusques terrestres et
fluviatiles ' and the ' Tableaux systematiques des Auimaux
mollusques,' by the Barons Perussac and G. P. Deshates.
Pp. 3. 1901.
Woodward (Horace Bolingbroke). The History of the Geological
Society of London. Pp. xix, 336 ; illustrations 27.
8vo. London, 1907. Council Geol. Soc.
Worcester (Dean C.) and McGregor (Richard C). A Hand-List
of the Birds of the Philippine Islands, Pp. 123. (Bureau
Govt. Laboratories, Bull. 36.) 8vo. Manila, 1906.
Wright (George Frederick). Man and the Glacial Period, with
an Appendix on Tertiary Man by Hewey W. Hat]S"es. Second
Edition. Pp. xiv, 385 ; with 111 illustrations and 3 maps.
8vo. London, 1893.
Yendo (K.). The Pucacere of Japan. Pp. 174; plates 18.
(Journ. Coll. Sci. Imper. Univ. Tokyo, Japan, xxi. Art. 12.)
4to. Tohyo, 1907.
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II5
Zetterstedt (Johan Emanuel). Om viixtgeographiens studiuDi.
Pp. 52. 8vo, Uimda, 1863. Univ. of Uppsala.
Zoological Eecord. Vol. 43 (1906). 8vo. London, 1908.
ZUricli.
Botanisches Museum der Universitat, Zurich,
Mitteiliingen, XXXY.
ScHrsTER (Julius). Zur Systematik Ton Castalia und Nymphcea.
Pp. 59; plate 1. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, Vols. vii. and viii.)
1906.
Der botanische Garten und das botanische Museum der
Universitat, Ziiricb, im Jahre 1907. 8vo. Zurich, 1908.
Dr. Hans Schinz.
t'Z
Il6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
BENEFACTIONS.
List in accordance with Bye-Laws, Chap. XVII. Sect. 1, of all
Donations of the amount or value of Ttventy-five pounds and
upivards. . '
1790.
The Et. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
Cost of Copper and engraving of the plates o£ the first volume
of Transactions, 20 in number.
The same : Medallion of C. von Linne, by C. E. Inlander.
1796.
The same : a large collection of books.
1800.
Subscription towards the Charter, ,£295 4s. 6d.
Claudius Stephen Hunter, Esq., E.L.S. (Gratuitous professional
services in securing the Charter).
1802.
Dr. Richard Pultene3\
His collections, and o£200 Stock.
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq.
Portrait of Henry Seymer.
1804.
Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
His collection of Insects.
1807.
Richard Anthony Salisbury, Esq.
Portrait of D. C. Solander, by J. Zoffany.
1811.
Sir Joseph Banks, Bart.
His collection of Shells.
Mrs. Pulteney.
Portrait of Dr. R. Pulteney, by S. Beach.
1814.
Joseph Sabine, Esq.
Portrait of C. von Linne, after A. Eoslin, reversed.
Dr. John Sims.
Portrait of Dr. Trew.
1818.
Subscription of £215 6s. for Caley's Zoological Collection.
LINKEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. II7
1819.
The Medical Society of Stockholm.
A medalUon of Liunseus in alabaster.
1822.
Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, by Sir F. Chantrej, E.A.
Subscription of the Fellows.
1825.
The late Natural Historv Society.
£190, 3i Stock.
Bust of Sir James Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chantrey,
E.A., by Subscribers.
1829.
Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smithian
Collections, £1593 8s.
1830.
Sir Thomas G-rey Cullum, Bart.
£100 Bond given up.
1832.
The Honourable East India Company.
East Indian Herbarium (Wallichian Collection).
1833.
Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herbarium,
£315 Us.
1835.
Subscription portrait of Eobert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill, E.A.
1836.
Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Eddis.
Subscription portrait of Archibald Menziea, by E. U. Eddis.
1837.
Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Thomas
Lawrence, P.E.A,
1838.
Collections and Correspondence of Nathaniel John Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, by John Lucas, presented by
Mrs. Smith, of Hull.
1839.
Subscription portrait of William Tarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.
1842.
David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits.
Archibald Menzies : bequest of £100, subject to legacy duty.
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. U. Eddis, presented by
Mr. Bicheno.
Il8 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE
1843.
Subscription in aid of the funds of the Society, £994 3s.
Subscription portrait of Sir William Jackson Hooker, by S. Gam-
bardella.
1845.
Microscope presented by Subscribers.
1846.
Joseph Janson : £100 legacy, free of duty, and two cabinets.
1847.
[Bequest of £200 in trust, by Edward Rudge ; declined for reasons
set forth in Proceedings, i. pp. 315-317.]
1849.
Portrait of Sir J. Banks, Bart., by T. Phillips, E.A., presented by
Capt. Sir E. Home, Bart., R.N.
1850.
Subscription portrait of the Rt. Rev. Edward Stanley, D.D.,
Bishop of Norwich, by J. H. Maguire.
1853.
Portrait of Carl von Linne, by L. Pasch, presented by Robert
Brown.
Pastel portrait of A. B. Lambert, by John Russell, presented by
Robert Brown.
1854.
Professor Thomas Bell, £105.
1857.
Subscription portrait of Prof. T.Bell, P.L.S., by H. W. Pickersgill,
R.A.
Thomas Corbyn Janson : two cabinets to hold the collection of
fruits and seeds.
Pleasance, Lady Smith : Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, in
19 volumes.
1858.
Subscription portrait of Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward, by J. P.
Knight.
Subscription for removal to Burlington House, £1108 15s.
Biography of Carl von Linne, and letters to Bishop Menander,
presented by Miss Wray.
Dr. Horsfield's Javan plants, presented by the Court of Directors
of the Hon. East India Company.
Dr. Perdinand von Mueller's Australian and Tasmanian plants,
including many types.
1859.
Books from the library of Robert Brown, presented by J. J.
Bennett, Sec.L.S.
Robert Brown : bequest of two bonds given up, £200.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II9
1861.
Subscription bust of Eobert Brown, by Peter Slater.
Collection of birds' eggs, bequeathed by John Drew Salmon, F.L.S.
1863.
The Linnean Club : presentation bust of Prof. T. Bell, by
P. Slater.
1863.
Subscription portrait of John Joseph Bennett, by E. U. Eddis.
1864.
Beriah Botfield, Esq. : Legacy, <£40 less Duty.
1865.
Executors of Sir J. W. Hooker, <£100.
George Bentham, Esq. : cost of 10 plates for his " Tropical Leguini-
nosae," Trans, vol. xxv.
1866.
Dr. Friedrich "Welwitsch : Illustrations of his ' Sertum Angolense,'
£130.
1867.
George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols, i.-xxv.
Royal Society : Grant in aid of G. S. Brady on British Ostracoda,
£80,
1869.
Carved rhinoceros horn from Lady Smith, formerly in the posses-
sion of Carl von Linue.
1874.
Subscription portrait of George Bentham, by Lowes Dickinson.
George Bentham, Esq., for expenditure on Library, o£o0.
1875.
Legacy from James Tates, £50 free of Duty.
Daniel Hanbury, £100 less Duty.
)j j>
1876.
Legacy of the late Thomas Corbyn Janson, £200.
,, „ „ Charles Lambert, £500.
George Bentham, Esq. : General Index to Transactions, vols.
xxvi.-xxx.
1878.
Subscription portrait of John Claudius Loudon, by J. Linuell.
Subscription portrait of Eev. Miles Joseph Bei'kely, by James
Peel.
1879.
Rev. George Henslow and Sir J. D. Hooker : Contribution to
illustrations, £35.
120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
1880.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : cost of setting up
Dr. Aitcbison's paper, £'66.
1881.
George Bentham, Esq., special donation, £25.
The same: towards Richard Kippist's pension, <£50.
Portrait of Dr. St. George Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.
1882.
Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books.
Subscription portrait of Charles Eobert Darwin, hv Hon. John
Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication
of Dr. Aitchison's second paper on the Elora of the Kurrum
Valley, =£60.
1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart, (afterwards Lord Avebury).
Portrait of Carl von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallman.
Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. : towards cost of illustrating his paper,
£25.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gosse's paper, £50.
Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret
Grover : 11 letters from Carl von Linne to G. D. Ehret.
1885.
Executors of the late George Bentham, ,£567 lis. 2d.
Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian
Busk.
1886.
A large selection of books from the library of the late Spencer
Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).
Sir George MacLeay, Bart. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and
portrait of Rev. William Ivirby.
1887.
William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid of
publication, £50.
Erancis Blackwell Eorbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Elora, £25.
1888.
The Secretary of State for India iu Council: Grant in aid ot
publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation
Expedition, £150.
Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for
publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60.
Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
LINNEAIf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 121
1889.
Bronze copy of model for Statue of C. von Linnd, bv J. F. Kjellberg ;
presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1890.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation
Expedition report, ^200.
Oak table for Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Iv.C.S.I., by
Hubert Herkomer, E.A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous douor, .£30.
Colonel Sir Henry CoUett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his
Shan States collections, £50.
1891.
Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bart. [Lord Avebury],
by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar
paper, £60.
1892.
Dr. Richard Charles Alexander Prior : for projection lantern, £50.
1893.
The Executors of Lord Arthur Russell: his collection of portraits
of naturalists.
Electric light installation : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1894.
Algernon Peckover, Esq., Legacy, £100 free of Duty.
Miss Emma Swan, " Westwood Bequest," £250.
1896.
Clock and supports in Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp,
Esq.
1897.
William Carruthers, Esq. : Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linne.
• Eoval Society : Grant towards publication of paper by the late
' John Ball, £60.
Subscription porti-ait of Professor George James Allman, by
Marian Busk.
1898.
Sir John Lubbock, Bart. : Contribution towards his paper on
Stipules, £4.3 14s. M.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards F. J. Cole's paper, £50.
„ „ „ ,, Murray&Blackman's paper,.
£80!
„ „ „ „ Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
., ., „ „ Forsyth Major's paper, £50.
122 PKOCEEDENGS OF THE
1899.
A. C. Harmsworfch, Esq. [Lord jN^orthcliffe] : Contribution towards
cost of plates, ^43.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. E. T, Giinther's paper
on Lake Urmi, <£50. ,
1901.
Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Eothschild, and the Bentham
Trustees : The Correspondence of William Swainson.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. F. Chapman's paper on
Funafuti Foraminifera, ^50.
Prof. E. Eay Lankester : Contribution towards illustration, :£30 os.
Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart ; presented by Mrs, Mivart.
1903.
Eoyal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
Legacy from the late Dr. E. C. A. Prior, £100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladen: Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy
Sladeu, by H. T. Wells, E.A.
B. Arthur Bensley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, £44.
1904.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Flora,
£120.
Supplementary Eoyal Charter : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1905.
Eoyal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscavan
Plankton/ £50.
Executors of the late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for
colouring plates of his paper, £26.
1906.
Eoyal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' £50.
Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. Vines, by Hon. John Collier.
Eoyal Swedish Academy of Science: Copies of portraits of C.von
Linne, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Eoshn, by Jean
Haagen.
1907.
Eoyal University of Uppsala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portrait of
C. V. Linne, by J. H. Scheffel (1739).
Eoyal Society : Third and final gi-ant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'
£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Eesearches
in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.
LlXXE.\2f SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 1 23
1908.
Prof. Gustaf Eetzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linne,
modelled by "Walther Euneberg from the portrait by Scheffel
(1739) at Linues Hammarby ; the bronze original is for the
fagade of the new building for the Royal Academy of
Science, Stockholm.
Addendum to page 50.
The death of Sir James Hectoe took place at Wellington, Xew
Zealand, on the 6th November, 1907.
INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSIOjS" 1907-1908.
Note. — Tlie following ai'e not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting,
speakers wliose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.
Aberdeen University represented, 72.
Abnormal Structures in Leaves (Wors-
dell), 4.
Abstracts, Mendelism and Sex (Reid),
6 ; Spartina (Stapf), 4-5 ; Stigmaria
(Weiss), 74.
Academies and Societies represented,
72-3.
Academy of Science, Eoyal Swedish,
represented, 72.
Acari from New Zealand (Michael), 3.
Adams, Mrs. K. I., admitted, 12.
Additions to Library, 77.
Address delivered by Lord Avebury,
73 ; — to H.M. GuBtaf Y. King of
Sweden, 6.
Addresses received from Delegates, 72.
jEnigmatistes, africanus, a new genus
and species of Diptera (R. W. C. Shel-
ford), 3.
Africa. South, Mvcology of (Cheesman
& Gibbs), 69.
Alcyonaria of Red Sea (Thomson), 6 ;
of Indian and Pacific Oceans (Miss
Harrison), 9.
Alg£e, Marine, of Red Sea (Gibson), 6 ;
' Sealark ' (Gepp), 70; Yan Yean
Reservoir (West), 70.
Alpine Flowers, shown by means of
stereoscopic transparencies (Wal-
tham), 9.
Altitude and Distribution of S. Mexican
Plants (Gadow), 70.
Amphipoda Gammaridea (Walker), 11.
Two new species of (Stebbing),
4-
Anatomy of Sapotaceous Seedlings
(Smith), 12.
Anderson, C. W., exhibited light-giving
larva, 3.
Annandale, Dr. N., elected, 4; proposed,
I.
Sponges collected in Scotland, 12.
Anniversary Meeting, 14.
Anniversary (50th) of the reading of
the joint papers by Darwin and
Wallace commemorated, 71.
Antipatharia from ' Sealark ' Esped.
(Cooper), 14.
Antiquaries, Society of, represented,
72-
Arber, E. A., elected Councillor, 37.
AreIiafigio])teris Henry i, Christ &
Gilsenh., exhibited (Wright), 11.
Arctic Ocean, Podosomata of (Norman),
II.
Arden, S., elected, 4; proposed, i.
Associates deceased, 16 ; elected, 6 ;
vacancy declared, i.
Atkinson, H., admitted, 7 ; elected, 4 ;
proposed, i.
Atlantic Ocean, Podosomata of (Nor-
man), II.
Auditors elected, 1 3 ; Certificate (W. B.
Keen), 15.
Australia, West, Euccdyptu& salmono-
pltloia from, exhibited (Rendle), 3.
Australian Museums, Preservation of
specimens in (Tepper), 4.
Avebury, The Right Hon. Lord, Ad-
dress, 73 ; — thanked, 73 ; represented
the Royal Microscopical Society, 73 ;
and the Society of Antiquaries, 72.
Bagshawe, A. W. G, admitted, i.
Bailey, C, represented the Manchester
Literary and Philosophical Society,
72.
Bainbridge, Miss M. E., admitted, 9;
elected, 7 ; proposed, 4.
i
INDEX.
125
Baker, C. J., represented Shrewsbury
School, 71.
Baker, E. C. S., elected, 8 ; proposed,
6.
Baker, W. H., elected, 3.
Ballots for Council & Officers. 37.
Barboza du Socage, Prof. J. V., de-
ceased, 16; obituary, 42.
Barker, Kev. Dr. J., admitted, 7 ;
elected, 4; proposed, i.
Barnes, Dr. E.., deceased, 14; obituary,
43-
Baron, Rev. E., deceased, 14; obituary,
++•
Barratt, "W., admitted, 8 ; elected, 7 ;
proposed, 4.
Batrachians, Freshwater Fishes, and
Eeptiles of ' Sealark ' (Boulenger), 14.
Batters, E. A. L., deceased, 14 ; obit-
uary, 45.
Beale, R. E. C, admitted, 12; elected,
Benbow, John, deceased, 14; obituary,
46.
Benefactions, List of, 116.
Bernard, H. M., Colonj--formation as a
Factor in Organic Evolution, 13.
Bethmann-Hollweg, Herr von. received
medals on behalf of Pi'ofs. Haeckel &
Weismann, 71.
Biology, Marine, of Sudanese Red Sea
— Bryozoa, Part. I. Cheilostomata
(Waters), 70.
Birmingham University represented,
72.
Blaber, W. H., withdrawn, 16.
Blaekman. Prof. V. H., represented
Leeds University, 72.
Bombay Island, drawings of plants
from, exhibited (Mrs. Gay), 70.
Boodle, L. A., elected Councillor, 37.
Botanical Secretary, elected, 37.
Boulenger, G. A., Freshwater Fishes,
Batrachians, and Reptiles of ' Sea-
lark,' 14 ; represented Zoological
Society of London, 73.
Bourne, Prof. G. C, communication by
(Harrison), 9 ; elected Councillor, 37.
Bowman, Dr. F. H., elected, 4 ; pro-
posed, I.
Brandis, Sir D., deceased, 14; obituary,
46.
Brassica crosses (Sutton), 8.
Bristol, University College represented,
Britain, Pre-glacial Flora of (Mr, &
Mrs. Reid), 8.
British Academy represented, 73.
British Association represented, 73.
British East Africa, Amphipoda Gam-
maridea from (Walker), 11.
Broughton, H., elected, 12; proposed,
10.
Brown, Dr. H., T., represented the
Chemical Society, 73.
Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Sudanese
Red Sea (Waters), 70.
" Buddha's Claw " variety of Citncs
Mcdica, exhibited (Weiss), 13.
Burdon, E. R., appointed Scrutineer, 37.
Burrell, W. H., admitted, 9.
Biitschli, Prof. O., elected Foreign
Member, 13; proposed. 10.
Byrne. R. H., represented the Malacc-
logical Society, 73.
Caiman, Dr. W. T., communication by
(Sayce), 69.
Cambridge Philosophical Society repre-
sented, 73.
Cambridge University represented 72.
Carr, Prof. J. W., represented Univer-
sity College, Nottingham, 72.
Caryophyllaceffi of Tibet (Williams), 69.
Caulcrpa cupressoidcs, Agh., exhibited
(Wright), II.
Chadwick, H. C, admitted as Associate,
14; elected, 6; proposed, 3; — Red
Sea Crinoidea, 6.
Chambers, Miss H. S., elected, 70 ; pro-
posed, 14.
Cheesman, W. N., and T. Gibbs, Mycol-
ogy of S. Afi'ica, 69.
Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) of Sudanese
Red Sea (Waters), 70.
Chemiciil Society represented, 73.
Chipp, T. F., Revision of the genus
Codouapsis, 12.
Chirodota geminifera , Dendy & Hindle
Spicules of (Dendy), 69.
Chittenden, F. J., admitted, 12 ; elected,
7 ; proposed, 4.
Christ's College, Cambridge, represented,
71-
Church, Dr. A. H., represented Oxford
University, 72.
Oicindelidfe, Life-history of (V. E. Shel-
ford), 9.
Circular to Fellows for Darwin-Wallace
Celebration, terms read, 10.
Citrus Mcdica, exhibited (AYei.ss), 13.
Clark, R. L, deceased, 14.
Cockayne, E. A., admitted, 12; elected,
8 ; proposed. 6.
Codonopsis, Wall., Revision of the genus
(Chipp), 12.
Colliuge, W. E., elected, 7 ; proposed, 4,
Colony-formation as a Factor in Organic
Evolution (Bernard), 13.
Coloured drawings exhibited (Salmon),
69.
Coniferae from Formosa (Hayata), 8.
126
IKDEX.
Cooper, C. F., ' Sealark ' Antipatharia,
14-
Corporate Bodies, Delegates received,
71-
Council elected, 37.
Crinoidea of the Red Sea (Chadwick), 6.
Crisp, Sir F., elected Councillor, 37.
Crocker, Miss E., admitted, 9 : elected,
8 : proposed, 6.
Crossland, Cyril, Reports on Coll. by,
Cheilostomata (Waters), 70; Nudi-
branchs (Eliot), 70.
Crustacea, new type of (Sayce), 69.
Cutting, E. M., admitted, 69 ; elected,
68 ; proposed, 13.
Lact-ydmm, slides exhibited (Gerard),
12.
D'Arcy Thompson, see Thompson.
Darwin, Charles Robert, mentioned, 71 ;
see also Darwin-Wallace Celebration.
Darwin, Dr. F., delivered speech, 71 ;
represented Cambridge University,
72.
Darwin - Wallace Celebration, an-
nounced, 9 ; Medallists invited to
Dinner (President), 13; Medals pre-
sented, 71 ; Terras of Circular read,
10.
Deaths i-ecorded, 14..
De Fraine, Miss E. L., admitted, 68 ;
elected, 13 ; proposed, 10.
Delegates, reception of, 71.
Demonstrations (lantern) at Reception,
73-
Dendy, Prof. A., communication by
(Bernard), 13; elected Councillor, 37;
— Secretary, 37; exhibited Peripatus,
4 ; Spicules of Chirodota geminifera,
69.
Denny, Prof. A., represented Sheffield
University, 72.
Descourtilz's ' Ornithologie bresilienne,'
drawings from (Salmon), 69.
Deverell, L. C, elected, 68 ; proposed,
13-
De Vilmorin, P. L., see Vilmorm.
Dicotyledons, Origin of Di-trimerous
Floral Whorls of certain (Henslow), 3.
Dinner at Princes' Restaurant, alluded
to by President, 13; — account of,
Diptera, a new genus and species of
{Mnigmatistes africamts), (R. W. C
Shelford), 3.
Disintegrating Deposits containing
Fossil Seeds (Mrs. Reid), 8.
Distribution and Altitude of S. Mexican
Plants (Gadow), 70.
Disuse of Library Recommendation
Book, referred to by President, 69.
Di-trimerous Floral Whorls of Cotyle-
dons, their Origin (Henslow), 3.
Dixon, Prof. H. H., attendance pre-
vented, 72.
Donations to Library, 77.
Drawings exhibited (Mrs. Gay), 70 ;
(Salmon), 69.
Druce, C. G., exhibited Linaria arenaria,
DC. ; Leontoclon hirtus var. Pristis,
G. C. Druce ; and Pieris Meracioides
var. incana, G. C. Druce, 4.
Druce, H., elected Auditor, 13.
Druce, H. H. C. J., admitted, 12 ;
elected, 10 ; proposed, 9.
Druinmond, J. M. F., elected, 68 ;
proposed, 13.
Dublin University, address from, 72.
Duncan, F. Martin, Kinematograph
representation of the movements of
Pcrijxctns, 13.
Dunn, S. T., Botanical Expedition to
Fokien, 9.
Durham University represented, 72.
Duthie, J. F., Melitella pusilla exhibited
on his behalf (Wright), 70.
Dyer, Sir Wm. T. Thiselton-, delivered
speech, 71 ; represented London Uni-
versity, 72.
Ealand, C. A., elected, 68 ; proposed,
12.
Edinburgli University represented by
Prof. I. B. Balfour, 72,
Elections at Anniversary, 37 ; recorded,
16.
Eliot, Sir C, Red Sea Nudibranchs
collected by Cyril Crossland, 70.
Elrington, Rev. Dr. G. H. A., admitted,
12 ; elected, lo ; proposed, 8.
England, Miss H. M., with Dr. S. J.
Hickson,StylasterinaofIndianOcean,
69.
Enock, F., exhibited slides of wood-
boring wasps, 69.
Entomological Society of London re-
presented, 73.
Eucali/ptus salmonojMoia, F. v. Muell.,
exhibited (Rendle), 3.
Evolution of Mammals in S. America
(Woodward), 74.
Ewing, P., seconded vote of thanks to
President for Address, 37.
Exhibitions from the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, 11.
Expedition to Fokien (Dunn), 9.
Experiments with Solanums (Sutton), 9.
Faraday, F. J., withdrawn, 16.
Farmer, Prof. J. B., elected Councillor,
37.
UfDEX.
127
Farqubarson, Mrs. M. S., elected, 10;
proposed, 8.
Farrab, J., deceased, 14; obituary, 48.
Fellows deceased, 14.; elected, 16 ; with-
drawn, 16.
Ferrier, C. A., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
48.
Financial Statement (Treasurer), 15.
Fishes, Batracbians, and Reptiles of
' Sealark ' (Boulenger), 14.
' Flora Anglica,' 1771 (Hudson), exhi-
bited by General Secretary on behalf
of Mr. A. H. Stevenson, 3.
Fokien, Botanical Expedition to (Dunn),
9-
Foreign Guests invited to Dinner on
the occasion of the Darwin-Wallace
Celebration (President), 1 3 ; present
at Dinner, 73.
Foreign Members, admitted, 14; de-
ceased, 16; elected, 13; proposed,
10 ; vacancies, 9.
Forest destruction in the Tyrol (Young),
Formosan Coniferje (Hayata), 8.
Forster Cooper, sec Cooper.
Fossil Seeds, Disintegrating deposits
containing them (Mrs. Eeid), 8.
Fowler, Dr, G. H., elected Councillor,
37-
Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., communi-
cation by (V. E. Shelford), 9.
Fraine, Miss E. L. de, see De Fraine.
Freshwater Fishes, Batracbians, and
Reptiles of ' Sealark ' (Boulenger), 14.
Fruits and Seeds from Pre-glacial beds
of Britain and the Netherlands (Mr.
k Mrs. Eeid), 8.
Fungidse, Part I. of the Madreporarian
Corals (Gardiner), 14.
Gadow, Dr. H., Altitude and Distribu-
tion of South Mexican Plants, 70.
Galton. Dr. F., present at Dinner, 73 ;
presented with medal, 71 ; — replied,
71-
Gardenia Thunbergia, Stapf & Hutchin-
son on, 70.
Gardiner, J. S.. communications by
(Boulenger), 14 ; — (Cooper), 14 ;
— (Hickson & England), 69 ; —
(Potts), 69 ; Madreporarian Corals,
Part I. Fungida?. 14.
Gay, Mrs. H., exhibited drawings, 70.
Geikie, Sir A., delivered speech, 72 ;
represented Royal Society of London,
General Meeting, Special, 71.
Geological Society of London repre-
sented, 73.
Gepp, A., ' Sealark ' Marine Alga^, 70.
Gerard, Rev. J., exhibited slides illus-
trating " Vegetable Imitations or
Mimicries," 12.
German Embassy, Secretary of, received
medals on behalf of Profs. Haeckel &
Weismann, 71.
Gibbs, T., with W. N. Cheesman, Myco-
logy of S. Africa, 69.
Gibson, R. J. H., Marine Algte of the
Red Sea, 6.
Gill, Sir D., represented the British
Association, 73.
Gill, N., admitted, 70 ; elected, 70 ;
proposed, 14.
Gold Medal presented to Dr. A. R.
Wallace (Celebration), 71 ; (Linnean)
presented to the Rev. T. R. R. Steb-
bing, 39.
Gordon, J. S., withdrawn, 16.
Gozo Island, nr. Malta, Melitella pusilla
from (Duthie), 70.
Grant, F. E., deceased, 14.
Groves, H., appointed Scrutineer, 37 ;
elected Auditor, 13.
Groves, H. & J., exhibited Spartina
Neyrautii (Stapf), 45.
Guests present at Dinner, 73.
Gunong Tahan, Plants from (Ridley),
6.
Gustaf v., H.M the King of Sweden,
address to, 6 ; thanks from, S ; Hon.
Member, 14.
Gwynne-Vanghau, D. T., admitted, 12 ;
elected, 4 ; proposed, i.
Haeckel, Prof. E., attendance prevented,
71 ; medal presented to, 71.
Haines, H. H., admitted, 10.
Hamilton, J. T., elected, 4 ; proposed, i.
Harmer, Dr. S. F., represented the
Cambridge Philosophical Society, 73.
Harrison, Miss R. M., Alcyonaria from
Indian and Pacific Oceans, 9.
Hartmeyer, Dr. R., Collections made
by, 70.
Hayata, B., Formosan Coniferse, 8.
Haydon, W. T., elected, 10 ; proposed,
9-
Heath, Dr. E. A , deceased, 14 ; obituary,
49.
Hector, Sir J., deceased, 14, 123 ;
obituary, 50.
Hector, J. M., elected, 6 ; proposed, 3.
Hemsley, W. B., communications by
(Chipp), 12; (Hayata), 8.
Henslow, Rev. G., On the origin of the
Di-trimerous Floral Whorls of certain
Dicotyledons, 3.
Herdman, Prof. W. A., elected Coun-
cillor, 37 ; nominated V.-P., 68 ;
represented Liverpool University, 72.
128
INDEX.
Hertford Grammar School represented,
71-
Hickson, Dr. S. J., with Miss H. M.
England, Stylasterina of Indian
Ocean, 69.
Hill, A. W., admitted, 8 ; elected, 7 ;
proposed, 4.
Hill, Prof. J, P., elected Auditor, 13;
— Councillor, 37.
Hindis, E., Holothurians of Sudanese
Red Sea, 12.
Holothurians of Sudanese Eed Sea
(Hindle), 12.
Honorary Member elected, 14.
Hooker, Sir J. D., letter in reply to
congratulation from General Meeting,
I ; Darwin-Wallace medal presented
to, 71 ; — replied, 71.
Hopkinson, J., elected Councillor, 37;
proposed thanks to President for
Address, 37.
Horrell, E. C, withdrawn, 16.
Hubrecht, Prof., present at Dinner, 73.
Hudleston, \Y. H., represented the
Geological Society of London, 73.
Hutchinson, J., with Dr. O. Stapf, on
Gardenia Thunbergia, 70.
Hydroid Zoophytes from the Eed Sea
(Miss Thoruelyj, 6.
Hydrostachys imbricata, A. Juss., &
H. nana, Engl., exhibited (Wright),
II.
Ikeno, Prof. S., admitted Foreign
Member, 14.
Illigcra, Revision of the genus (Dunn), 8.
Imitations or Mimicries in Vegetables
(Gerard), 12.
Ince, J., deceased, 14.
Indian Ocean, Amphipoda Gammaridea
of (Walker), 1 1 ; Marine Alga of
' Sealark ' (Gepp), 70 ; Polychseta of
(Potts), 69 ; Stylasterina of (Hickson
& England), 69.
Institution of Civil Engineers, Meeting
held at, 71.
Invertebrate animals, action of concen-
trated light on (Duncan), 13.
Island of JBoinbay, drawings of plants
from (Mrs. Gay), 70.
Jackson, Dr. B. D., elected Councillor,
37; — General Secretary, 37; read
terms of Darwin-Wallace Circular,
10.
Jurassic Vegetation of the World — a
Study in Plant-Migration (Seward),
73-
Keeble, Prof. F.. admitted, 6 ; elected,
4; proposed, i.
Kinematograph representation of the
movements oi Pfiripatus (Duncan), 13.
Kinman, W. G., represented Hertford
Grammar School, 71.
Koonunga cursor (Sayce), 69.
La Mortola, Citrus Medica from
(Weiss), 13.
Lang, Prof. P. R. Scott, represented
St. Andrews University, 72.
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, communication
by (A. Reid), 6 ; Medal presented to,
71; replied, 71 ; present at Dinner,
73-
Lantern demonstrations at Reception,
73-
Larva, light-giving, exhibited by C. W.
Anderson, 3.
Laurie, Prof. M., communication by
- (Patience), 10,
Leaves, Abnormal structures in (Wors-
dell), 4.
Leeds University represented, 72.
Leontodon hirtus var. Pristis, G. C.
Druce, exhibited (G. C. Druce), 4.
Librarian's Report, 16.
Library, Additions and Donations,
77 ; — Recommendation Book men-
tioned (President), 69.
Life-history of Tiger-Beetles (Cicinde-
lidiB), (Shelford), 9 ; of Wood-boring
Wasps (Enock), 69.
Linaria arenaria DC., exhibited (G. 0.
Druce), 4.
Linnean Medal awarded to Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing, 37.
Lithographs exhibited (Salmon), 69.
Liverpool University represented, 72.
Lodge, Sir O., represented Birmingham
University, 72.
London University represented, 72.
Lonnberg, Prof. Dr. E., delivered
speech, 72 ; present at Dinner, 73 ;
represented Royal Swedish Academy
of Science, 72.
Lysimachia. slides exhibited (Gerard),
12.
Madreporariau Corals, Part I. Fungidse
(Gardiner^, 14.
Malacological Society represented, 73.
Malacostracous Crustacea, new type of
(Sayce), 69.
Mammals in S. America, their Evolu-
tion (Woodward), 74.
Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society represented, 72.
Manchester University represented,
72.
Marine Algce of the Red Sea (Gibaon),
6 ; of ' Sealark' (Gepp), 70.
Marine Biological Association repre-
sented, 73.
Marine Biulogy of Sudanese Red Sea.
Bryozua, Part I. Cheilostomata
(Waters), 70.
Martin Duncan, sec Duncan.
Masternian, Dr. A. T., Mimicry in the
Sole, 10.
Masters, Dr. M. T., deceased, 14 ;
obituary, 54.
Matthew. 0. Gr., admitted, 12; elected,
12 ; propo.^ed, 10.
Medallist (Linnean), Eev. T. R. R.
ytebbing, 37.
Medallists, claims recited, 71 ; invited
to Dinner (President), 13; present
at Dinner, 73.
Medals, Darwin-Wallace, presented, 71.
Meek, Prof. A., elected, 4; proposed,
I.
Meek, C. F. U., elected, 10 ; proposed,
8.
Mel'della j^iisilla, exhibited by C. H.
Wright on behalf of J. F. Dutbie,
70.
Meudelism and Sex (Reid), 6-7.
Mexican Plants, their Altitude and
Distribution (Gadow), 70.
Michael, A. D., Acari from New Zea-
land, 3.
Milton, J. II., elected, 10 ; proposed, 9.
Mimicries or Imitations in Vegetables
(Gerard), 12.
Mimicry in tl^e Sole (Masterman), 10.
Mobius, Prof. K., deceased, 16.
Monckton, H. W., elected Councillor,
37 ; — Treasurer, 37 ; exhibited speci-
mens and slides of leaf-impressions
from the Reading Beds, 8 ; nomi-
nated V.-P.. 68.
Moore, F., deceased, 16; obituary,
56.
Morgan, Prof. C. L., represented Uni-
versity College, Bristol, 72.
Morphological value of leaves (Wors-
dell), 4.
Murray, Rev. R. P., withdrawn, 16.
Mycology of S. Africa (Cheesman and
Gibb.s), 69.
Natborst, Prof. A. G., elected Foreign
Member, 13 ; proposed, 10.
Netherlands, Pre-glacial Fruits and
Seeds (Mr. & Mrs. Reid), 8.
Newall, H. F., represented the Royal
Astronomical Society, 73.
Newton, Prof. A., deceased, 14; obitu-
ary, 56.
New Zealand, Acari from (Michael), 3.
Nicholls, G. E., elected, 1 3 ; proposed,
10.
LINN. SOC, PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION
INDEX. 129
Norman, Canon A. M., Podosomata of
the Temperate Atlantic and Ai-ctic
Oceans, 1 1.
Nottingham, University College repre-
sented, 72.
Nudibranchs collected in Red Sea by
Cyril Crossland (Eliot), 70.
Obituary Notices, 42-68.
Officers elected, 37.
Oliver, Prof. F. W., elected Councillor,
37-
Oliver, J. W., admitted, 9 ; elected, 4 ;
proposed, i.
Ophrys apifcva, and 0. 77mscifera,
slides exhibited (Gerard), 12.
Organic Evolution, Colony-formation
as a Factor in (Bernard), 13.
Origin of Di-trimerous Floral Whorls
of certain Dicotyledons (Heuslow),
3-
' Ornithologie' bresilienne' (Descourtilz),
drawings exhibited (Salmon), 69,
Oxford Uuiversity represented by three
Delegates, 72.
Paris, genus mentioned (Gerard), 12.
Patience, A., Trichoniscoides albidus and
T. sarsi, Patience, 10.
Pearse, Miss E., proposed, 70.
Pearson, J., proposed, 68.
Peat, method for Disintegrating (Mrs
Reid), 8.
Peile, Dr. J., represented Christ's
College, Cambridge, 71.
PerijMtus, exhibited (Dendy), 4; move-
ments of (Duncan), 13.
Phaseohia /?iul(iJiorus, seedlings exhibited
(Worsdell), 70.
Phillips, Prof. R. W., represented Wales
University, 72.
Picris hicracioides var incana, G. C.
Druce, exhibited (G. C. Druce), 4.
Plants from Gunoug Tahan, in Pahang
(Ridley), 6; in South Mexico, their
Altitude and Distribution (Gadow),
70.
Plant-migration, a Study in (Seward),
73.
Platanthera cklorantha exhibited
(Wright), II.
Pocock, R. I., elected Councillor, 37.
Podosomata of the Temperate Atlantic
and Arctic Oceans (Norman), 11.
PolychaBta of Indian Ocean (Potts),
6y.
Potter,Prof. M.C., represented Durham
University. 72.
Potts, F. A., Polychreta of Indian
Ocean, 69.
1907-1908. Tc
13°
Poulton, Prof. E. B. represented Oxford
University, 72.
Prain, Lieut.-Col. D., elected Councillor,
37 ; moved thanks to retiring Presi-
dent, 42 ; nominated V.-P., 68 ;
represented Aberdeen University, 72.
Pre-glacial flora of Britain and the
Netherlands (Mr. & Jfrs. Keid), 8.
Preservation of specimens in Australian
Museums (Tepper), 4.
President (for the time being), address
to Medallists, 71 ; appointed Scru-
tineers, 37 ; appointed Vice-Presidents,
68 ; communications by (Chadwick),
3 ; — (Eliot), 70 ; — (Hindle), 12 ;
— (Thomson), 3 ; — (Thornely), 3 ;
declared result of Ballots, 37 ; de-
livered his Address, 17-36; elected,
37 ; moved thanks to Lord Avebury
for address, 73 ; referred to Dinner,
13 ; — Honorary Member, 14; spoke
on disuse of the Library Recom-
mendation Book, 69 ; tendered
thanks for election (Scott), 68 ;
thanked on retirement (Herdman),
42 ; welcomed delegates, 7 1 ; 'with
Mrs. Scott, received guests at Eecep-
tion, 73.
Presidential Address, 17.
Priestley, J. H., admitted, 68 ; elected,
7 ; proposed, 4.
Princes' Restaurant, Dinner mentioned
(President), 13 ; — Dinner at, 73.
Reading Beds, leaf-impressions from
(Monckton), 8.
Reception in the Rooms of the Society,
73- .
Recommendation Book in Library,
disuse of (President), 69.
Red Sea Alcyonaria (Thomson), 6 ; —
Amphipoda Gammaridea (Walker),
II ; Collections (Hartmeyer), 70; —
Crinoidea (Chadwick), 6 ; — Holo-
thurians (Hindle), 12 ; — Hydroid
Zoophytes (Thornely), 6 ; — Marine
Algaj (Gibson), 6 ; — Nudibranchs
(Eliot), 70.
Reid, Dr. A., Mendelism and Sex, 6-7.
Reid, C, communication by (Mrs.
Reid), 8.
Reid, C. , and Mrs. Reid, Pre-glacial flora
of Britain and the Netherlands, 8.
Rendle, Dr. A. B., communication
(Gadow), 70; elected Auditor, 13;
exhibited Eucalyjitus salmoiiophloia,
F. Muell., 3.
Representatives of Univei-sities and
Schools, i-eceived, 71.
Reptiles, Batrachians, and Freshwater
Fishes of ' Sealark ' (Boulenger), 14.
Reservoir, Algte of the Yan Yean,
(West), 70.
Retirement of Prof. Herdman as Presi-
dent, 42.
Revision of the genus IlUgera (Dunn),
8.
Richardson, L., elected, 4; proposed,
I.
Robinson, H. C, Plants collected in
Gunong Tahan (Ridley), 6.
Rome, Wm., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
60,
Row, R. W. H., elected, 13 ; proposed,
10
Royal Astronomical Society represented,
73-
Royal Irish Academy represented, 72.
Royal Microscopical Society represented,
73-
Royal Society of Edinburgh represented,
73-
Royal Society of London represented,
Royal Swedish Academy of Science
repi-esented, 72.
St. Andrews University represented,
72.
Salmon, C. E., exhibited coloured
drawings, 69.
Sapotaceous Seedlings, their Anatomy
(Miss Smith), 12.
Sargant, Miss E., elected Councillor,
37-
Saunders, G. S., appointed Scrutineer,
37-
Saunders, H., deceased, 14; obituary,
60.
Sayce, O. A., Koonunga cursor, 69.
Scarlet-Runner bean seedlings exhibited
(Worsdell), 70.
Scharff, Dr. R. F., represented Royal
Irish Academy, 72.
Schools and Universities, represen-
tatives received, 71.
Scotland, Sponges collected in (Annan-
dale), 12.
Scott, Dr. D. H., elected Councillor,
37 ; — President, 37 ; thanks for
election as President, 68 ; with
Mrs. Scott received guests at Recep-
tion, 73.
Scott Lang, sec Lang.
Scrutineers appointed, 37.
' Sealark ' Expedition, 14 : — Marine
Algse of (Gepp), 70.
Secretaries elected, 37.
Secretary, General, Bye Laws govern-
ing elections read, 16 ; obituaries,
42 ; report of deaths, withdrawals,
and elections, 14-16.
131
Secretary of German Embassy, received
medals on behalf of Profs. Haeckel
& Weismann, 71.
Seedlings, Sapotaceous, their anatomy
(Miss Smith), 12.
Seeds and Fruits from the Pre-glacial
beds of Britain and the Netherlands
(Mr. & Mrs. Reid), 8.
Seward, Prof. A. C, lantern demon-
stration at Reception, 73.
Sheffield University represented, 72.
Shelford, R. W. C, .^nigmatistc^ afri-
caniis, a new genus and species of
Diptera, 3.
Shelford, Dr. V. E., Life-history of
Tiger-Beetles, 9.
Shipley, A. E., represented the Marine
Biological Association, 73.
Shrewsbury School represented, 71.
Silver medals presented (Darwin-
Wallace Celebration), 71.
Smith, J. C, elected, 4; proposed, i.
Smith, Miss W., admitted, 12 ; elected,
10 ; proposed, 8 ; anatomy of some
Sapotaceous Seedlings, 12.
Smith Woodward, see Woodward.
Societies and Academies represented,
72-3.
Society of Antiquaries represented,
72-
Soil-denudation in the Tyrol (Young),
7-
Soiree, see Reception.
Solanums, experiments with Wild
Types of (Suttou), 9.
Sole, mimicry in the (Masterman),
10.
Somerville, A., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
61.
Sorbj^ Dr. H. C, deceased, 14 ; obit-
uary, 61.
South Africa, Mvcology of (Oheesman
& Gihbs), 69.
South America, Evolution of Mammals
in (Woodward), 73.
Southwell, T., elected, 4 ; proposed, i.
SjMrtina alteniiflora, S. Neyrautii,
S. stricta, and <S. Toivnseiidi ex-
hibited (Stapf), 4.
Special General Meeting, 71.
Specimens in Australian Museums,
their preservation (Tepper), 4.
Speeches delivered, 71-72.
Sph(B)-othijlax algiforniis, Bisch., ex-
hibited (Wright), II.
Spicules of Chirodota gc mini f era, Dendy
& Hindle (Dendy), 69.
Sponges collected in Scotland (Annan-
dale), 12.
Sprague, T. A., exhibited Slcrculia
Akxandri, Harv., 11,
Stapf, Dr. O., elected Councillor, 37
— Secretary, 37 ; exhibited Sjjartitia
altcrniflora, S. Neyruudi, S. stricta,
and (S. Totvnsendi ; with J. Hutchin-
son, on Gardenia Thiinhergia, 70.
Statement of Accounts (Treasurer), 15.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Linnean Medal-
list, 37 ; — reply to President, 39 ;
Two new species of Amphipoda, 4.
Stcrculia Alexandri, Harv., exhibited
(Sprague), 11.
Stevenson, A. H., exhibited Hudson's
' Flora Auglica,' 1771, 3.
Stewart, Prof. C, deceased, 14 ; obit-
uary, 62.
Sfigmaria, Abstract of Prof. Weiss's
paper on the Morphology of, 74 ;
— memoir read, 10.
Stockdale, F. A., elected, 1.
Stockholm, Royal Swedish Academy of
Science, represented, 72.
Strachey, Lieut.-Gen. Sir R., deceased,
14; obituary, 63.
Strasburger, Prof. E., medal presented
to, 71; — replied, 71; present at
Dinner, 73.
Stj-lasterina of the Indian Ocean
(Hickson & England), 69.
Sudanese Red Sea, Holotliurians (Hin-
dle), 12 ; Marine Biology of — Bryo-
zoa. Part I. Oheilostomata (Waters),
70.
Sutton, A. W., Brassica Crosses, 8 ;
Tuber-bearing Solanums, 9.
Sweden, H.M. the King of, address to,
6 ; thanks from, 8 ; Hon. Memb., 14.
Royal Swedish Academy of Science
represented, 72.
Swynnertou, C. F. M., admitted, 7 ;
elected , 6 ; proposed, 3 .
Symes, Dr. C, withdrawn, 16.
Tanner, Dr. J., elected, 3 ; projjosed, 8.
Tepper, J. G. Otto, Pi*eservation of
Austi-alian Museum specimens, 4.
Thiselton-Dyer, sec Dyer.
Thompson, Prof. D., represented Royal
Society of Edinburgh, 73.
Thompson, Sir E. M., represented the
British Academy, 73.
Thomson, J. A., Red Sea Alcyonaria, 6.
Thornely, Miss L. R., Hydroid Zoo-
phytes of the Red Sea, 6.
Tibet, CaryophylIace;\3 of (Williams), 69.
Tiger-Beetles (Cicindelida;), Life-history
of(V. E. Shelford), 9,
Tipula i»iperialis, its rarity (Euock),
69.
Training of Darwin & Wallace, Schools
connected with, 71.
132
INDEX.
Travers, H. H., elected, 70 ; proposed,
14.
Travers, W. T. L., deceased, 14 ; obit-
uary, 64.
Treadgold, 0. H., elected, 68 ; pro-
posed, 13.
Treasurer elected, 37 ; his accounts,
15 ; — submitted, 14.
Trichoniscoides alhidus (Budde-Lund),
and T. sarsi. Patience (A. Patience),
10.
Tristiclia hypnoides, Spreng., exhibited
(Wright), II.
Tyrol, Soil-denudation in the (Young),
7-
Uniyersities and Schools, representatives
received, 71.
represented, Rce under their re-
spective names, 72.
University College, Bristol, repre-
sented, 72.
Nottingham, represented, 72.
Vaughan, see Gwynne-Vaughan.
Vegetable Imitations or Mimicries
(ijrerard), 12.
Veitch, J. H., deceased, 14 ; obituary,
65.
Veronica tetragona, slides exhibited
(Gerard), 12.
Vice-President, announcements by, of
Darwin - Wallace Celebration, 9 ;
vacancies in List of Foreign Mem-
bers, 9.
Vice-Presidents nominated, 68.
Vilmorin, P. L. de, admitted, 12;
elected, 8 ; proposed, 6.
Wales, University of, represented, 72.
Walker, A. O., Amphipoda Gamma-
ridea, 1 1 ; seconded thanks to Presi-
dent upon retirement, 43.
Walker, J. F., deceased, 14; obituary,
66.
Wallace, Dr. A. R., presented with
Gold Medal (Darwin-Wallace Celeb-
ration), 71 ; — replied, 71.
Waltham, T. E., exhibited stereoscopic
transparencies of Alpine flowers in
natural colours, 9.
Warming, Prof. J. E. B., present at
Dinner, 73.
Warren, Dr. T. H. represented Oxford
University, 72.
Wasps, wood-boring, slides exhibited
(Enock), 69.
Waterhouse, C. O., represented the
Entomological Society, 73.
Waters, A. W., Marine Biologj' of
Sudanese Eed Sea — Bryozoa, Part I.
Cheilostomata, 70.
Weismann, Prof. A., attendance pre-
vented, 71 ; medal presented to, 71.
Weiss, Prof. F. E., Abstract of paper,
74; elected Councillor, 37 ; exiiibited
Citrus Medica, 13 ; Morphology of
Stigmaria and of its appendages in
comparison with recent Lycopodiah s,
10 ; i-epresented Manchester Uni-
versity, 72.
West, G. S., Algae of Tan Yean Reser-
voir, 70.
West Australia, Eucalypius salmono-
phloia from, exhibited (Rendle), 3.
Westell, W. P., admitted, 2.
Whitley, Miss E., admitted, 6 ; elected,
4 ; proposed, i .
Wigglesworth, Miss G., elected, 68 ;
proposed, 13.
Williams, F. N., Oaryophyllaceae of
Tibet, 69.
Williams, H., removed from List, 16.
Williams, J. M., proposed, 70.
Williams, W. R. W., admitted, 6;
elected, 4; proposed, i.
Wills, G. S. v., removed from List, 16.
Witbdi-awals recorded, 14.
Wood-boring Wasps, slides exhibited
(Enock), 69.
Woodward, Dr. A. S., elected Coun-
cillor, 37 ; lecture at Reception, 73 ;
nominated V.-P., 68 ; on Evolution
of Mammals in S. America, 74.
Wordsell, W. C, Abnormal Structures
in Leaves and their Morphological
value, 4 ; exhibited seedlings of Pha-
seohis 'limit iflorus, 70.
Wrangel, His Excellency Count, letter
from, 8.
Wright, 0. A., deceased, 14; obituary,
66.
Wright, C. H., exhibitions by : — Arch-
avgiopteris Hcnryi, Christ & Gilsenh.,
Cuidei-pa cupressoides, Agh., Hydro-
sfacliys imhricafa, A. Juss.,& H. nana,
Engl., II; Mclitella fimlla, 70;
Platanthcra cMorantha, Sjiharoihylax
algiformis, and Tristicha hypnoides,
Spreng., 11.
Yan Yean Reservoir, AlgjE of the
(West), 70.
Young, A. P., slides showing soil-denu-
dation in the Tyrol, 7.
Zoological Secretary, elected, 37.
Zoological Society of London repre-
sented, 73.
PRINTED BY TAYLOU AND FRANCIS, EED LION COUUT, FLEET STREET.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
121st session.
From November 1908 to June 1909.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,
BURLINGTON HOUSE PICCADILLY, W.,
1909,
PEIHTRJ) BT TAYLOK AND FRANCIS,
KBD LION r<)Ul!T, FLEET STREET.
CONTENTS.
Page
List of Publications issued iv
Proceedings of the 121st Session i
Presidential Address 21
Obituaries 34
Abstract of Paper 54
Additions to the Library 55
Donations 86
Benefactions, 1790-1909 87
Index 95
Publications of the Society issued during the period, 31st July,
1908,, to Slst July, 1909 :—
Journal (Botany), No. 267, 13th Oct., 1908.
„ 268, 15th Feb., 1909.
„ 269, 11th Mar., 1909.
(Zoology), No. 198, 30th Sept., 1908.
„ 199, 6th July, 1909.
„ 204, 11th Nov., 1908.
„ 205, 8th Mar., 1909.
Transactions (2nd Ser.) Botany, Vol. VII. Part x., Dec. 1908.
XI., Feb. 1909.
„ XII., July 1909.
(2nd Ser.) Zoology, Vol. XI. Part i., Dec. 1908.
II., Mar. 1909.
„ III., Apr. 1909.
„ IV., June 1909.
v., July 1909.
Proceedings, 120th Session, from November 1907 to June 1908
October 1908.
List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1908-1909.
PKOCEEDINGS
or THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
(ONE HUNDllED AND TWENTY-FIRST SESSION,
1908-1909.)
November 5th, 1908.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th June, 1908,
Avere read and confirmed.
Miss Grace Wigglesworth, M.Sc. (Manch.), and Capt. Andrew
Thomas Gage, I.M.S., were admitted Fellows.
The following were proposed as Fellows : — Lieut.-Col. Charles
James Bamber, I. M.S., Mr. Ernest Brown, Mr. Ernest Gibson,
Mrs. Mary Jane Longstaff, Mr. Ashley Henry Maude, Miss Mary
(May) Eathbone, Miss Agnes Eobertson, D.Sc. (Lond,), Miss
Ethel Nancy Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), and Miss Anita Florence
Seed AVilliams, B.Sc. (Lond.).
Mr. Joseph Pearson, M.Sc, was balloted for and elected a
Fellow.
A silver copy of the Darwin- AVallace Medal was presented to
the British Museum : Mr. H. A. Grueber, F.S.A., the Keeper
of the Department of Coins and Medals, received it on behalf of
the Museum, and expressed his pleasure in accepting for his
Department so noteworthy a medal.
Prof. A. Dendy, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., exhibited bronze copies of
the new Eesearch Medal instituted by the New Zealand Institute,
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1908-1909. h
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
as a memorial to Capt. Hutton, F.E.S. ; it had been modelled by
Prof. E, Lauteri, showing on the obverse a portrait of Hutton,
and on the reverse S2:>7ienodon j^unctatus, A2)ten/x ; Phorminm tenax,
Cordyline australis, and a Celmisia for the fauna and flora, whilst
geology was represented by a geologist's hammer and a distant
range of volcanoes. '
Mr. L. A. Boodle, !F.L.S., exhibited a preparation and drawings
of a remarkable gall sent from Bombay by Mr. T^^. A. Talbot,
F.L.S., Conservator of Forests. Prof. Trail and Dr. Stapf dis-
cussed certain points, and Mr. Boodle replied.
Dr. Otto Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., referred to Mr. Scott Elliot's
problematical plant, described and discussed in Jouru. Linn. Soc,
Bot. vol. XXX. (1894) p. 155, t. 8, and identified by M. H. Hua
with Lepidagathis Pobef/uinii. He produced one of Scott Elliot's
specimens, and explained bow from the presence of c^'stoliths in
the epidermis in connection with the peculiar distribution of the
phloem in the stem the affinity of the plant might have been
ascertained in spite of the absence of inflorescences.
The President, Miss A. L. Smith, and Mr. Boodle commented
on the exhibition.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Notes on some Parasitic Copepoda, with a description of a
new species of Clwndr acanthus, i. e. C. ivjlahis." By Miss
Mat E. BAiyBEiDGE, B.Sc, F.L.S.
2. " On some Nemei-teans from the Eastern Indian Ocean."
By E. C. PunjS'ett, M.A., and C. Foester Coopee, M.A.
(Communicated by J. Stanley G-aedinee, M.A., F.E.S.,
F.L.S.)
3. " Eeport on the Echinoderms (other than Holothurians)
collected by Mr. Stanley (xardiner in the Yrestern parts
of the Indian Ocean." By Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A.
(Communicated by the same.)
November 19th, 1908.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
On tiaking the Chair, the President announced that, accompanied
by Dr. Stapf and the General Secretary, he had been received in
audience by H.M. the King of Sweden, at Windsor, Mho signed
the Eoll and Charter Book as an Honorary Member.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 5th November were
head and confirmed.
LINNEA.N SOCIETr OF LONDOX. 3
Mr. William Booth Waterfall was proposed as a Fellow.
Miss Eleanor Pearse, B.Sc. (Lond.), and Mr. James Moore
Williams were severally balloted for and elected Fellows.
Mr. Harold AVageii,F.E.S.,F.L.S., gave a lantern demonstra-
tion on " The Optical Behaviour of the Epidermal Cells of Leaves."
He stated that Professor Haberlandt had suggested that the
epidermal cells of certain leaves are functional as ocelli or primi-
tive eyes and are capable of the perception of light. The structure
of these cells is such that the rays of light which fall upon them
are refracted and brought to a focus, and in one case Haberlandt
was able to obtain a photograph of a microscope the image of
which was focussed upon the basal walls of the epidermal cells.
This image, as figured in his book, is not very clear, and it has
since been found possible to obtain much clearer images of a
variety of subjects through the cells both of the upper and lower
epidermis of many leaves, including portraits from life, flowers,
houses and landscapes, reproductions of photographs and pictures,
and simple diagrams in colour on the autochrome plates of
Messrs. Lumifere.
In order to explain this lens-function, Haberlandt has put
forward the extremely interesting hypothesis that the convergence
of the light rays causes a differential illumination of the proto-
plasmic layer on the basal walls of the epidermal cells and sets up
a stimulus which results in the orientation of the leaf into that
position in which it can obtain the most suitable illumination.
There is no doubt a good deal of evidence in favour of Haber-
landt's view, but there are many facts to be explained before a
definite conclusion can be arrived at. For example — convergence
takes place in the lower as well as in the upper epidermal cells, as
shown by Albrecht for Viscum and by the exhibitor in many other
plants. In a species of Mesembryanthemum there are special lens-
cells equally well developed on the lower surface as on the upper
surface. In Garrya elliptica also there are special lens-shaped
thickenings of the cuticle equally well developed on both surfaces.
The papillate cells of many petals show a very clear convergence.
It is not impossible that the convergence may bring about a
more efficient illumination of the chlorophyll grains. Haberlandt
himself suggested something of this kind many years ago, and the
numerous observations which have been made upon ScMsiostega,
Osmundaceoe, some Selaginellas and Hepatics, and other plants,
and some observations by the exhibitor upon Botrydium granu-
latum, all clearly indicate that this hypothesis must be taken into
account. It is significant, also, that epidermal cells v^■ith long
focus appear to be associated with long palisade-cells, whilst the
cells with short focus are associated with short palisade-cells.
The President and Dr. S. E. Chandler commented on the exhi-
bition, and the Author replied.
62
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. C. T. DRrERY exhibited some ferns growing in a bottle
presumably airtight, on silver sand, which during a period of four
years had nearly filled the jar. The question he propounded
was, How did this vegetative growth procure the needful carbon
dioxide ? ,
Mr. G-. P. Mudge (visitor). Dr. Eendle, and Dr. Drabble engaged
in a short discussion on the point raised.
The Eev. John Gerard, S.J., showed a series of lantern-slides :
(a) illustrating Tew stems natural!}' inarched, from Stonyhurst,
Lancashire ; and (b) Wistaria stems, one of which having been
twined round a pillar " clock- wise " fashion, had ceased to put
forth fresh shoots, though still living. The other, having twined
itself " counter-clockwise," had flowered freely. Dr. Eendle,
Mr. J. C. Shenstone, and the President joined in the discussion
which followed.
Miss A. L. Smith showed under the microscope and by lantern-
slides, Myxococcus pyriformis or M. ruhescens (?), a British member
of the MyxobacteriaceES, which had also been found near Berlin.
The Eev. T. E. E. Steering exhibited specimens of an Alcyo-
narian evidently belonging to the suborder Pennatulaeea, and not
improbably to the widely distributed species Cavernularia olesa,
Milne-Edwards & Haime, in Kolliker's family Cavernulariidse.
They had been sent from Borneo some years ago by Charles Hose,
Esq., D.Sc, at that time the Eesident in the Baram district,
Saraw-ak. The suggested identification was founded on Professor
S. J. Hickson's discussion of the species in Gilchrist's ' Marine
Investigations,' vol. i. p. 92, pi. 3 (1902), and on inspection of a
specimen in the British Museum under the care of Professor
Jeifrey Bell. Mr. Stebbing pointed out that the genus Cavernu-
laria was established in 1850 by Milne-Edwards & Haime (British
Eossil Corals, part i. p. Ixxxiv), and should not be credited to
Valenciennes who only gave the name in manuscript on a museum
label. A similar remark applies to the species C. ohesa. The
largest of the specimens is about three and a half inches or 87 mm.
in length. AVheu received in England, and for months afterwards,
they had the appearance of slender, almost smooth, light-brown
sausages, besprinkled, except for a still smoother fifth or sixth of
their length, with small black dots. The chief motive for bringing
them under the notice of the Society lay in the circumstance that,
Avhen again examined after a further long interval, during all
which time they had been in a preservative medium, the speci-
mens displayed for the most part an entirely different aspect.
The surface had become in many parts conspicuously squamose,
and from many of the black dots polyps were now more or less
expansively protruded. It looked as if by their powder of with-
drawal into the common fleshy polypidom, these creatures were
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOSDOy.
able for an imraense time to resist the poisoning influence ot
spirit or formalin, but Prof. Dendy suggested that a post-^nortem
shrinkage of the polypidom might have protruded the polyps.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On a new Species of Sympliyla from the Himalayas." Br
Prof. A. D. Imms, D.Se. (Communicated by A. E. Shipley,
F.E.S., P.L.S.)
2. " The Freshwater Crustacea of Tasmania, with remarks on
the Geographical Distribution." By Geoffrey W. Smith,
M.A., F.L.S.
December 3rd, 1908.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th November
were read and confirmed.
Mr. George Edward Nicholls, B.Sc, Miss Eleanor Pearse, B.Sc,
and Mr. Albert William Bartlett, B.A., B.Sc, were admitted
Fellows.
Mr. "William John Yandenbergh was proposed as a Fellow.
The following persons were severally balloted for and elected
Fellows : — Lieut.-Col. Charles James Bamber, I. M.S., Mr. Ernest
Brown, Mr. Ernest Gibson, Mrs. Mary Jane Longstaff, Mr. Ashley
Henry Maude, Miss Mary (May) Eathbone,Miss Agues Eobertsou,
D.Sc. (Lond.), Miss Ethel IVancy Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), and Miss
Anita Florence Seed Williams, B.Sc. (Loud.).
Dr. O. Rosenheim exhibited a large series of lanteru-slides
prepared by the starch-grain colour process, and explained the
method by which these results had been obtained. The President,
Mr. J. C. Shenstone, Mr. A. P. Young, Mr. A. O. Walker, and
Dr. Y. H. Yeley, F.R.S. (visitor), contributed some remarks, and
Dr. Rosenheim replied to the questions which had been put.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Biscayan Plankton : the Ostracoda." By Dr. G. Heebeux
Fowler, F.L.S.
2. " Mimicry in Spiders." By R. Innes Pocock, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
3. " Note on Jimiperus taxifolia, Hook. & Am." By B. Hayat.i.
(Communicated by W! Boxting Hemsley, F.R.S. , F.L.S.)
6 riiOCEEDINGS or THE
December 17th, 1908.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.E.S., President, in the Cliair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd December were
read and confirmed.
Miss Anita FJorence Seed Williams, B.Sc. (Lond.), Miss Ethel
Nancy Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mr. Charles Francis Ullathorne
Meek, and Mr. Ashley Henry Maude, J. P., were admitted Fellows.
Mr. Richard Dupont, Mr. William Herbert Mullens, M.A.,
LL.M., and Mr. Gurney Wilson were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. William Booth Waterfall was elected a Fellow.
Mr. EuPEET Vallentin, F.L.S., exhibited a rare barnacle,
Lepas fascicularis, obtained in July last off the Scilly Isles, and
the coral Dendrophytlia cornigera dredged in St. Ives Bay. The
Eev. T. E. E, Stebbing contributed some observations with regard
to this and other barnacles.
Mr. W. C. WoESDELL, F.L.S., exhibited living specimens of
various forms of Selaginella, and remarked that in Selaf/inella
inequalifolia, Spring, S. Willdenovii, Baker, ^. canalicidata, Baker,
S. serpens, Spring, S. Mettenii, A. Br., he observed rhizophores
which had grown out spontaneously into leafy shoots. The mode
in which this takes place shows that the rhizophore has the
morphological character of a shoot, as there is clearly but a single
organ here concerned, and there is no question of the shoot
developing out of an organ of a different nature represented by
the extreme base of the whole structure. The exogenous origin
of the normal rhizophores, the fact that the two (upper and lower)
at the base of each dichotomy of the stem form therewith a
tetrachotomy , two arms of which are in a plane at right angles to
the other two, and their constant, definite place of origin, are all
in favour of their shoot-nature. Transitions occur betAveen the
normal rhizophore and the extreme leafy form.
The rhizophore is probably homologous wiih the " protocorm "
of Lycopodium and PhyllogJossum, and with the organ known as
Stigmaria • if so, it follows that both the " protocorm " and
Stigmaria are also of shoot-nature. It is very unlikel}^ that
organs intermediate between shoot and root can exist in Nature.
The President remarked upon the interest of this exhibition.
The third exhibition was by Mr. Geoege Massee, F.L.S., who
exhibited preserved specimens, and lantern-slides ot the " Black
Scab " of potatoes. During the past few years this disease, caused
by a parasitic fungus, has assumed the proportions of an epidemic
LINNEAN SOCIE'ir OF LONDOX. 7
in various parts of this country. Tlie tuber is the part most
frequently attacked, but very young leaves are sometimes infected.
In tubers the young " sprouts " are attacked, and owing to the
stimulation induced by the parasite in infected spi'outs rapidly
increase in size aud form large coralloid masses or warts, which
frequently cover the greater portion of the surface of the tuber.
These masses eventually become blackish-brown in colour, due to
the presence of myriads of dark-coloured resting-spores.
Infection always takes place from without, consequently the
epidermal or peripheral cells alone are infected. The presence of
mature resting-spores imbedded deeply in the tissue of the host,
at first sight appears to contradict this statement, but this appear-
ance is due to the rapid growth and division of uninfected
epidermal cells, which soon form a tissue superposed on what
was previously the peripher}^ .
A point of interest in connection with this disease is the absence
of periderm, which in other diseases of potato tubers is so readily
formed. On germination, the inner, thin hyaline wall is extruded
in the form of a sphere, through a crack in the thick coloured
outer wall of the resting-spore. The thin wall of the extruded
inner membrane soon deliquesces, aud liberates myriads of ellip-
tical, uniciliate zoospores.
The facts that the host is infected through the epidermal or
peripheral cells, and the extrusion of the inner wall of the resting-
spore as a sphere, from which the zoospores escape in an active
condition, indicate that the parasite belongs to the old and well-
known genus Syncliytrium.
What happens to the zoospores after their liberation into the
ground remains to be discovered, but experiments conducted at
Kew prove that soil once infected produced a diseased crop even
after a period of five years.
Prof. Dendy, Mr. A. P. Young, and the President contributed
some remarks, and Mr. Massee replied to certain questions.
Messrs. H. & J. Groves, P.L.S,, exhibited specimens of Luzula
pallescens, Besser, collected in Woodwalton Fen, Hants, by Mr. J.
Groves in company with Mr. E. W. Hunuybuu, who discovered
the plant there last year. L. ]jallescens has previously heen
recorded as British from specimens collected by the Rev. Augustin
Ley in 1898 at Presteign, Radnorshire ; but on examination of
Mr. Ley's specimens, they proved to be merely a pale state of
L. erecta. In Messrs. Groves' opinion the differences between
L. pallescens and L. erecta were sufficient to warrant their being
regarded as distinct species ; the principal characteristics of
L, pallescens being the very numerous smaller oval heads, the
much smaller perianths and fruits, and the minute seeds, besides
which there was a great difference between the outer and inner
perianth-segments. Though originally described from Scandi-
navia by Wahlenberg (under the genus Juncus), the headquarters
8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
of L. pallescens appears to be Eastern Central Europe. Messrs.
Groves also exhibited specimens of the allied species.
Dr. Otto Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., exhibited, for comparison,
specimens of L. pallescens from Central Europe.
Dr. Stapf, Mr. G. C. Druce, and Mr. E. N. Williams engaged in
a discussion, and Mr. James Groves replied.
Mr. G. Claridge Druce, M.A., E.L.S., exhibited as a probable
new British plant, Montia lamjjrosjjerona, Chamisso ; the characters
by which it is distinguished from M. fontana being, it was stated,
the larger, chestnut-brown shining seeds, reticulate rather than
tubercular. In M. fontana they are small, dull-black, and strongly
tubercular. The plant has a distinctly northern range, and from
its being the only form found in the Faeroes, and from its occur-
rence in Scandinavia, Russia, and North Germany, it might be
expected to grow in Scotland. Mr. Druce has specimens which
he found in Ross-shire in 1881 in Glen Spean, and on Loch na
Gar, the latter at an altitude of 3400 feet.
Mr. Clement Eeid believed he had met with the seeds of both
species in his researches in British leaf-beds,
Mr. E. M. Burton, E.L.S., sent for exhibition an oyster-shell
with a remarkably large calcareous concretion formed at the point
of attachment of the adductor muscle. Prof. Herdman, to whom
the shell had been shown, considered the phenomenon due to some
parasitic infection which had caused irritation, and consequent
growth. There was no trace of any animal having bored in from
the outside at the place.
The following papers were read : —
1. " The Anomura of the Sudanese Red Sea." By W. Riddell.
(Communicated by Prof.AV. A. Herdman, E.R.S., V.P.L.S.)
2. " Eorras of Elowers in Valeriana dioica." By R, P. Gregory.
(Communicated by Prof. A. C. Seward, E.R.S., E.L.S.)
3. Rhynchota obtained during the ' Sealark ' Expedition." By
W. L. Distant. (Communicated by J. Stanley Gardiner,
E.R.S., E.L.S.)
4. " Etudes sur les Cirrhipcdes du Muse'e de Cambridge." By
Prof. A. Gruvel. (Communicated by the same.)
January 21st, 1909.
Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., E.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th December, 1908,
\^ere read and confirmed.
Mias Agnes Robertson, D.Sc, \\-as admitted a Eellow
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOK. 9
Mr. David Eeekie was proposed as a Fellow.
Mr. William John Vandenbergh was elected a Tellow.
Dr. Otto Stapf, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., exhibited male and female
specimens of Plagianthus Helmsii, F. . Muell. & Tate, and de-
monstrated with the aid of lantern- slides their peculiar leaf and
floral structure, pointing out at the same time, that it appears
more natural to treat this species together with Plagianthus micro-
pJiyllus and P. squamatus as members of si distinct genus for which
Mueller's name Halothamnus, originally applied to P. microphylhis,
would have to stand.
Prof. Dendy, Sec.L.S., Mr. E. G-. Baker, and Mr. T. A. Sprague
took part in a discussion, and Dr. Stapf replied.
The following papers were read : —
1. " The Longitudinal Symmetry of Centrospermse." By Prof.
P. Groom, M.A., P.L.S.
2. "The Genus NototricJie, Turcz.*' By Aethue W. Hill,
M.A., P.L.S.
February 4tb, 1909.
Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.E.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 21st January,
1909, were read and confirmed.
Mr. Frank Campbell McClellan was admitted a Fellow.
Mr. William Ambrose Clarke, Mr. Frank Hicks, and Miss Ida
Mary Eoper were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Paul Eivalz Dupont, Mr. William Herbert Mullens, M.A.,
LL.M., and Mr. Gurney Wilson Mere severally balloted for and
elected Fellows.
The Chairman announced that sets of the Poi'traits which form
part of the Darwin- Wallace volume have been printed in quarto
form, and are purchasable by the Fellows at two shillings per set,
post-free.
Prof. W. A. Heedman exhibited microscope-slides prepared by
one of his pupils, Mr. W. J. Dakin, now working at Naples,
showing striped muscle-fibre in the mantle of Pecten.
PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
The Eev. E. S. Makshall showed the following interesting
British plants : —
" Saxifraga nivalis X stcllaris, n. hybr., found in 1902 on Cairn-
gorm by the late Mr. E. C. Crawford, F.E.S.E. (after whom, it
was proposed to name it). Specimens only in flower, but quite
intermediate in character.
OrcJiis . Eound by Mr. "W. A. Shoolbred and himself, in
quantity, at Inchnadamph, W. Sutherland. Clearly a new form, at
least for Britain ; allied to 0. macidata, L. A drawing by Mr. E.
W. Hunnybun is shown, besides good specimens.
Helianthemum Chamcecistiis xpolifoKum, from Burn Hill, Bleadon,
N. Somerset. First observed by Mr. H. S. Thompson. A good
intermediate ; apparently quite fertile.
Hieracium Jiyj^arcticum (Almq.) Elfstrand. First found by
Mr. F. J. Hanbury and himself in 1890 at Inchnadamph, and
again gathered in 1908. A modification of a South Greenland
species.
Hieracium eustales, Linton, from E. and W. Sutherland. An
endemic species, previously known only from about four Berth-
shire stations."
Mr. Henry Groves remarked upon the excellence of the
dried specimens exhibited.
This exhibition was followed by Brof. F. E. Weiss, who showed
some specimens of Comjisopogon, a tropical freshwater alga
belonging to the Bhodophycese, which has been found in the
Beddish Canal near Stockport. The water in this part of the
canal is warmed by the inflow of hot water from the cotton mills,
and other subtropical aquatics have been found there in the past
— Naias graminea, Chara JBraunii, and Pitliopliora Oedogonia.
They are supposed to have been introduced with refuse from the
cotton mills.
Brof. A. Dendy, Sec.L.S., exhibited lantern-slides and prepara-
tions which throw hght upon the structure of the Bineal Eye of
Splienodon.
The Chairman, Brof. Herdman, and the Eev. T, E. E. Stebbiug
took part in a short discussion, and Brof. Dendy replied.
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Fucus spiralis, Linue, or Fiicus platycarpus, Thuret."
By Dr. F. Borgesen. (Communicated by the General
Secretary.)
LINIfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX, II
2. " The CEconomy of Ichneumon manifestator, Marsbam." By
C. MoRLEY, F.E.S. (Communicated by E, A. Cockayne,
F.L.S.)
3. " The Polyzoa of Madeira." By the Eev. Canon Norman,
M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S.
February ISth, 1909.
Dr. D. H. ScoxT, F.E.S., President, in the Chair ; afterwards
Lt.-Col. Pbain, C.I.E., F.E.S., A'ice-President.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4th February, 1909,
were read and confirmed.
Miss Helen Stuart Chambers, B.Sc, was admitted a Fellow.
Mr. Alexander James Gibson, Mr. Edward James Salisbury,
B.Sc, and Miss Marie Charlotte Carmiehael Stopes, D.Sc. (Lond.),
Ph.D. (Munich), were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. David Eeekie was elected a Fellow.
The President announced that two vacancies existed in the list
of Foreign Members, caused by the deaths of Prof. Alfred Giard
and Prof. Karl Mobius.
The President then left the Chair, and was succeeded by Lt.-Col.
Prain.
A discussion on " Alternation of Generations in Plants " was
opened by Dr. William H. Lang, M.B., D.Sc. After some intro-
ductory remarks and reference to some examples of well-marked
alternation of generations, and the nuclear difference between the
two generations, the Author adduced the ontogeny of organisms
without alternation of generations ; the concept of a specific cell
corresponding to each specific form. The concept of the specific
cell must be applied to organisms with alternation : the bodies of
the two alternating iudividuals in the life-history may be similar
or dissimilar.
Two alternative explanations are open as to the differences
between the two generations in the complete life-history :
(a) that the differences are due to the different state of the
specific cell in the spore and zygote respectively ;
(6) that they are due to different environmental conditions
acting on equivalent germ-cells.
12 PJBOCEEDINGS OF THE
The former view, which is often tacitly assumed, meets with
difficTilties in the more complex explanation of the transmission
of characters which it involves ; in the similar bodies, in spite of
the nuclear difference, of the two generations of Dictyota, etc. ;
in the diiFerent bodies with no nuclear difference, in certain
abnormal ferns.
The latter view allows of a simpler explanation of the trans-
mission of characters ; is consistent with similar bodies being
developed from the haploid and diploid germ-cells when exposed
to the same conditions, as in Dictyota ; and with the results of
their development being profoundly different, as in archegoniate
plants. In the latter the zygote, retained within the body of the
gametophyte, is removed from all the influences acting on the
spore and exposed to a new set of nutritive and correlative influ-
ences proceeding from the enclosing body of the sexual individual.
These influences last until a condition of formative induction may
fairly be supposed to be established.
The mode of reproduction — sexuality or spore-production —
appears to be necessarily associated with the state — haploid or
diploid — of the specific cell. In the hght of this ontogenetic view
of the origin of the diff'erence between the t\^o generations,
examples of the Algae, Hepaticae, Musci, Lycopodiales, Equisetales,
and Filicales were considered as well as the facts regarding
apogamy and aposporj'. Comparisons were suggested between the
two generations in the several groups.
The bearing of the ontogenetic view on the antithetic and
homologous theories as at pi'eseut regarded was then considered.
"While the possibility of the different states of the specific cell in
the spore and zygote having some causal influence on the difference
of the resulting individuals must be borne in mind, it is suggested
that this ontogenetic theory of the natui-e of the alternation seen
in Bryophyta and Pteridophyta may prove a useful working
hypothesis, that it will lead to work on new lines, and that it is
to some extent open to experimental test.
An animated discussion followed, the speakers being Prof. P.
O. Bower. Dr. D. H. Scott, P.L.S., Prof. J. Bretland Parmer,
Prof. P. W. Ohver, and Mr. A. G. Tansley, Dr. Lang briefly
replying.
March 4th, 1909.
Dr. D. H. ScoiT, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the G-eneral Meeting of the 18th Pebruary, 1909,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Henry Caracciolo, P.E.S., C.M.Z.S., Mr. John Beavis
Groom, and Dr. Anstruther Abercrombie Lawson, B.Sc, Ph.D.,
were proposed as Pellows.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 1 3
Prof. Yves Delage and Prof. Magnus Gustaf Eetzius were
proposed as Foreign Members.
Mr. William Ambrose Clarke, Mr. Frank Hicks, and Misa Ida
Mary Eoper were elected Fellows.
Mr. E-. A. EoLFE, A.L.S., exhibited flow^ers of several crosses
derived from the hybrid Ujndendriivi hewense and its parents,
Avhioh showed Mendelian phenomena.
Dr. A. B. Rendle and Prof. Weiss contributed some remarks,
and Mr. Eolfe replied.
Prof. F. E. Weiss exhibited actual specimens of the curious
development of the roots of a Sycamore which had grown on very
stony soil, and further illustrated the developments by lantern-
slides.
Dr. 0. Stapf, Mr. J. C. Shenstone, and the President remarked
upon the phenomena thus shown.
The following paper was read : —
" A Contribution to the Montane Flora of Fiji, iucludiug
Cryptogams ; with Ecological Xotes," By Miss L. S. Gtibbs,
F.L.S.
March 18th, 1909.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4th Mai'cli, 1909,
were read and confirmed.
( 1 Mr. William Herbert Mullens and Mr. Gurney Wilson were
admitted Fellows.
Dr. William Henry Lang, M.B,, CM., and Mr. Martin Hubert
Foquet Sutton were proposed as Fellows.
Mr. Alexander James Gibson, Mr. Edward James Salisbury,
B.Sc, and Miss Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, D.Sc, Ph.D.,
were severally balloted for and elected Fellows.
Mr. C. E. Salmon, F.L.S. , exhibited specimens of Euplirasia
niiaima from Somerset, which had been ten years in his herbarium,
and remarked upon the geographical range of the species.
Mr. F. X. AViLLiAMs contributed further remarks and pointed
out the strong probability that E. minima was the type of
E, officinalis, Linn.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The following papers were read : —
1. " The Dry-rot of Potatoes." By Miss Sibyl Longman,
(Communicated by Prof. F. Keeble, P.L.S.)
2. " The Structiu-e and Affinities of Davidia involucrata, B^ill.''
By A. S. Horne, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. Farmer,
F.E.S., F.L.S.)
April 1st, 1909.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 18th March, 1909,
were read and confirmed.
Miss Mary Eathbone, Mr. James Montagu Francis Drummond,
B.A., and Dr. Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, were admitted
Fellows.
Mr. Henry Caracciolo, F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., Mr. John Beavis
Groom, and Dr. xlnstruther Abercrombie Lavvson were elected
Fellows.
Dr. Marie Stopes exhibited several microscope slides and
micro-photographs of plant petrifactions from Japan. The petri-
factions are of Cretaceous age, and are preserved as masses of
fragments in some degree like the palaeozoic " Coal-ball." The
specimens included a number of new genera and species whose
structure throws light on the flora of the Cretaceous period, and
in particularly is important in relation to the question of the
early Angiosperms. These specimens are the first to be worked on
from these beds.
The President congratulated Miss Stopes in the name of the
Society, on the successful and important results of her journey
and explorations.
Prof. F. W. Oliver and Mr. E. A, Newell Arber joined in tl>e
discussion which followed.
Mr. A. D. Darbishtre exhibited seven cases of specimens as
the results of breeding experiments with Peas, illustrating Meu-
delian Phenomena ; and Mr. Arther Sutton showed a large series
of seeds, some being results obtained by crossing Pisum arvense
from the neighbourhood of Jaffa in Palestine, with varieties of
culinary Peas, P. sativum.
Prof. Keeble and Mr. J. E. Drummond contributed further
remarks, and the exhibitors replied.
LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 1 5
Mr. Walker showed specimens of Amphipoda preserved for
26 yeai's in pure glycerine, the colour and markings being perfectly
retained.
He concluded by offering for acceptance by the Society, a
Microscope by E. Leitz of Wetzlar, fitted \vith three powers and
Abbe's condenser.
The President moved a special vote of thanks to the donor for
bis generous and welcome gift, which was carried by acclamation.
The following papers were read : —
1. " Amphipoda Hyperiidea of the ' Sealark ' Expedition." Bv
A. O. Walkee, E.L.S.
2. " Marine Mollusca of the same Expedition." By Dr. J.
Cosmo Melyill, E.L.S.
3. " Mollusca of the Seychelles Archipelago." By E. E. Sykes,
F.L.S.
4. " On a Blind Prawn from the Sea of Galilee." By Dr. W.
T. Calman, F.L.S.
May 6th, 1909.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st April, 1909,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Joseph Pearson, M.Sc, Mr. Edward James Salisbury, B.Sc,
and Mr. Frank Hicks were admitted Fellows.
Dr. William Henry Lang, M.B., CM., and Mr. Martin Hubert
Foquet Sutton were severally balloted for and elected Fellows ;
and Professor Yves Deiage and Professor Magnus Gustaf Ketzius
were in like manner elected Foreign Members.
Lady Isabel Mary Peyronnet Browne, Captain Stanley Smyth
Flower, Mr. Valavanur Subramauia Iyer, M.A., Madras University,
Miss Julia Lindley, and Mr. William Kobert Price, B.A. Cantab.,
were proposed as Fellows.
The following Auditors were nominated from the Chair, and by
show of hands were duly elected : — For the Council, Sir Frank
Crisp and Prof. J. P. Hill. For the Fellows, Mr, G. S. Saunders
and Mr. Henry Groves.
Mr. E. A. Newell Arber explained by means of lantern-slides
the CECology of two alpine species of Sempervivum, namely S. arach-
1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
noideum and S. montanum ; he pointed out the formation of
primitive soil by three methods : (1) from crustaceous lichens, (2)
mosses, and (3) decay of coniferous needles. Upon this primitive
soil these Semperviva flourished and formed groups, which might
be regarded as individuals or colonies, but for which he preferred
the non-committal term of ' pseudo-colony.' The stolons, which
were emitted from the rosettes, were sometimes of great length
before giving rise to a daughter-rosette.
Dr. Otto Stapf followed with some additional remarks, and
the Author replied.
Mr. James Buckland exhibited a series of sixty lantern- slides
received from the United States of America, and Australia, in
illustration of various species of birds in imminent danger of
extinction in consequence of the commercial demand for their
plumage as means of adornment. He pointed out the urgency
of prohibitive legislation in order to save a multitude of birds, now
rare, owing to the reckless slaughter by the plume-hunters.
The first group of slides showed the slaughter of gulls and terns
on the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, so great that
President Roosevelt had intervened by proclaiming certain portions
as I'eservations, and the resultant saving of the terns in these pro-
tected sanctuaries. Next were shown the Snowy Herons on the
Florida Keys Eeservation ; the patrol boats for the enforcement
of the protective regulations ; the grave of a warden shot in
the execution of his duty by a bird-hunter on forbidden territory ;
and nesting-habits of the Egret in Tlorida.
Following these came slides of plumage-birds from Oregon.
California, and Venezuela ; the flightless birds of New Zealand ;
the Birds of Paradise, Emu, Lyre-bird, various Bower-birds, and
hon^e of the Albatross ; the Australian Gannet in its rookery,
closing with " The cost of a plume," a series of slides showing the
effect of the slaughter of the parent birds by the lingering death
of the nestlings by starvation ; these latter slides had been obtained
by climbing with the camera to the top of the Blue Gums, in
which the nests were built.
Prof. A. Dendy spoke of the remarkable interest of the ex-
hibition, and trusted that the devotion of Mr. Buckland to the
cause he had so much at heart would be crowned with success.
He referred to the fact that the Council of the Societj^ had
done what it could in the good cause, by supporting the proposed
bill for the restriction of the importation of plumage into this
country. "With regard to the flightless birds of New Zealand : they
occupied different ground, as the dauger to which they are exposed
is chiefly due to the introduction of predatory animals into the
Dominion.
LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 1 7
The following papers were read : —
1. "On some Zoantlieae from Queensland and the New Hebrides."
By Mrs. LEO^■ORA Wilsiiore, M.Sc. (Communicated by
Prof. J. P. Hill, D.Sc, F.L.S.)
;2. " On two new Genera of Thysanoptera from Venezuela."
By E. S. Bagxall. (Communicated by Lord AvEBunr,
P.C., F.R.S., F.L.S.)
May 24th, 1909.
Anniversary Meeting.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 6th May, 1909,
•were read and confirmed.
An enlarged copy bv Miss Medlaud of the miniature of Colonel
■George Montagu, F.L.S. (1747-1815), one of two executed for
Mr, W. H. Mullens, F.L.S., in a contemporaneous frame, was
presented by that gentleman, and was accorded a special vote of
thanks.
Mr. R. V. Sherbi.vg, F.L.S., placed on the table (a) a pure
white variety of Orchis Jlorio, and (6) the pink orchid from Christ-
church meadows, which varies from typical Orchis incarnata, Linn.,
by flowering some weeks earlier.
Miss Ida Mary Roper, Mr. Walter Edward Collinge, Mr. John
Beavis Groom, and Mr. Richard Manliffe Barrington, were
admitted Fellows.
Mr. William Dennis and Mr. Edward John Woodhouse wei"e
proposed as Fellows.
The Treasurer then read his financial statement, which was
received and adopted by the Meeting (see p. iS).
A Fellow asked if anything had been received from the estate
of the late Herbert Spencer, as noted in newspapers. The General
Secretary replied that nothing except a copy of the Will had been
received by the Society.
JjiyiS. see. PEOCEEDIXGS. — SESSIOX 1908-1909. c
PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
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LINXEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON.
19
Mr. J. L. J. BoxHOXE asked a question relative to the Darwin-
Wallace Fund, which was answered by the Treasurer pointing out
that the statement was necessarily compiled from two annual state-
ments, and did not fall entirely under either financial year.
The General Secretary's report of deaths, withdrawals, and
elections during the past year was read, as follows : —
Since the last Anniversary INIeeting 20 Fellows have died or
their deaths been ascertained :
Mr. Lewis A. Bernays.
Mr. John Henry Burrage.
Mr. Cuthbert Collingwood.
Mr. Hastings Charles Dent.
Rt. Honourable Lord Egerton
of Tatton.
Sir John Evans.
Dr. James Fletcher.
Mr. Francis Blackwell Forbes.
Mr. William J. 0. Holmes.
Mr. Wilfrid Henrv Hudleston.
Mr. Frederick Edward Hulme.
Mr. William Saville Kent.
Sir George King.
Mr. William Henry Kirton.
Mr. Arthur Lister.
Mr. George Nicholson.
Mr. Robert Okell.
Mr. James Robert Reid.
Prof. Harry Govier Seeley.
Mr. Alexander Whyte.
Associate (1).
Mr. George Sim.
Foreign Membebs (2).
Prof. Alfred Giard.
Prof. Wilhelm Lilljeborg.
The following 6 Fellows have withdrawn :
Mr. Hugh de Beauvoir de
Havilland.
Rev. Thomas W. Fyles.
Mr. Thomas Bennett Goodall.
Mr. Edward Francis Johns.
j\Ir. Louis Compton Miall.
Mr. David Sharp.
Mr. Graham Ewart Bott, Mr. John Edward Shorec Salvin-
Moore, Mr. William Tyson, and Mr. Joseph William Williams have
been removed from the List of Fellows, under the provisions of
the Bye-Laws, Chapter II. Section 6.
Thirty -eight Fellows (of whom 32 have qualified) and 2 Foreign
Members have been elected.
c2
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Librarian's report was then laid before the Meeting as
follows : —
During the past year, 119 volumes and 142 pamphlets have
been received as Donations from Private individuals. ,
from the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies, there have been received in exchange and otherwise 308
volumes and 105 detached parts, besides 63 volumes and 13 parts
obtained by exchange and donation from the Editors and Pro-
prietors of independent periodicals.
The Council at the recommendation of the Library Committee
have sanctioned the purchase of 200 volumes and 78 parts of
important works.
The total additions to the Library are therefore 690 volumes,
and 338 separate parts.
The number of books bound during tlie year is as follows : —
In full morocco 8, in half morocco 223 volumes, in half calf
3 volumes, in full cloth 169 volumes, in vellum 21 volumes, in
buckram 28 volumes, in boards or half cloth 22 volumes.
Relabelled (half morocco, and cloth backs) 59 volumes. Total
533 volumes.
The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections, the President opened the business of the day, and the
fellows present proceeded to vote.
The President then delivered his Annual Address as follows : —
LINNEAN SOCIETlf OV LONDOX. 2r
PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS.
During last year and this our thoughts have been specially
directed to the great revolution in biology accomplished, 50 years
ago, by Darwin and Wallace. Last July we held our own
celebration, at which I had the high honour of presiding, of the
lirst inauguration of the theory in the rooms of our Society.
The proceedings on that day were of extraordinary interest, owing,
above all, to the contributions of Dr. Wallace himself and of
8ir Joseph Hooker.
Since then, some of ns have taken part in a very charming com-
memoration at Oxford, of the Centenary of Dartrin's birth, and
now we are all looking forward to the great Jubilee of the ' Origin
of Species ' to be celebrated at Cambridge next month. We have
already welcomed a harbinger of that important event in the shape
of the memorial volume on Darwin and Modern Science. To have
been a contributor to this book is a privilege which I value very
highly, but it has, like other gratifying things, its drawbacks,
which I have felt rather acutely during the preparation of this
address. I have thought it natural and appropriate to choose
as my subject this year some points in botanical morphology
which have a bearing on Darwinian doctrine. But some of the
questions on \Ahich I should have wished to speak today have already
been dealt with in my contribution to the Darwin memorial
volume, and I have found the field of my observations somewhat
restricted, if the error of repeating oneself was to be avoided. The
subject, however, even within the limits of palreobotany (to which
1 shall not wholly confine myself) is sufficiently wide, and I trust
that there is still scope for such remarks as may occupy the short
time for which I propose to detain you.
The Darwinian theory of the Origin of Species by Variation
and Natural Selection only fulfils its t^ole, in so far as the dis-
tinctive characters of organisms are, or have been, adaptive, i. e.
beneficial to the species. Purely " morphological " characters (if
any such exist) and non-adaptive characters in general are not
explained by the Darwinian theory (or only indirectly with the
help of correlation). I therefore make no apology for having a
good deal to say about adaptations in what follows. I am aware
that in some quarters adaptation is out of fashion just now, as was
already the case in Darwin's day. In a well-known passage in a
letter to Sir W. Thif-elton-Dyer * written in 1880 about adaptations
in germinating seeds, Darwin says : " Many of the Germans a.re
very contemptuous about making out use of organs ; but they may
sneer the souls out of their bodies, and 1 for one shall think it the
most interesting part of natural history."
To save any risk of international complications, it may be well
* ' More Letters of Charles Darwin,' ii. p. 428.
22 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE
to add that in these days it is not necessary to go to Germany to
find people " sneering out their souls " at adaptation ! It is a
curious habit of mind, but need not be taken too seriously. Such
justification as it has, lies in a pardonable reaction against the too
facile assumption of: hypothetical functions where direct evidence
was not available. That the great bulk, if not the whole, of
organic structure is of the nature of an adaptive mechanism or
device cannot be seriously doubted.
The Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection does not,
as has sometimes been imagined, involve a constantly increasing
perfection of adaptation throughout the whole course of Evolution.
Darwin expressed his belief " that the period during ^^hich each
species underwent modification, though long as measured by years,
was probably short in comparison with that during which it
remained without undergoing any change."*
During the long periods of rest, adaptation to the then existing
condition of life must have been relatively perfect, for otherwise
new variations would have had the advantage and change would
have ensued. It thus appears that, as a rule, a state of equili-
brium has existed in the relation of organisms to their environment,
only disturbed when the conditions were changing. That such
long periods of evolutionary stability have actually occurred is
shown, for example, not only by the familiar case of the Flora of
Egypt, unaltered during a long historic period, but still more
strikingly by the absence of any noticeable change in the plants
of our own part of Europe since glacial or pre-glacial times.
The conclusion follows that at any given time, apart from the
relatively short critical periods when changed conditions had to be
met, we must expect to find organisms in a state of complete
adaptation to their surroundings. When physical and especially
mechanical conditions are in question, such as have practically
remained constant through all geological time, we may reckon on
finding the corresponding adaptive structures essentially the same
at the earliest periods as they are now.
Hence, the attempt to support the Darwinian theory by the
detection of imperfect adaptations in Palaeozoic plants, is wholly
futile, as was well shown by the late Prof. Westermaier in a
controversy on this question a few years ago. Westermaier's
ovt'n point of view was not that of a Darwinian, but, never-
theless, his conviction that efficient adaptation has always been
characteristic of living organisms, is a perfectly sound one,
thoroughly in harmony both with the principles of Darwin and
Wallace, and with the observed facts, as far back at any rate as
the palaeontological record extends. In particular, Westermaier's
contention that the constru.ction of the Carboniferous plants
followed the laws of mechanical stability and economy of material,
just as is the case in plants of our own day, is completely con-
firmed by accurate observations on their structure, while his
opponent's supposed detection of palaeozoic constructions " in direct
* ' Origin of Sjiecies,' 6th edition, d. 279.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23
contradictiou to the principles of the engineei* '' merely showed
that the critic had failed to distinguish between the supporting
and conducting tissues of the plaut. It appears to have been
characteristic of PaliBozoic plants that their mechanical tissues
were, to a great extent, independent of the wood and concentrated
in the outer cortex — the most advantageous position on engineering
principles. For example, the extremely prevalent " Dictyoxylon "
type of cortex, in which bands of strong, fibrous tissue, united to
form a network, alternate with the living parenchyma enclosed in
their meshes, was an admirable mechanical construction for stems
Avhich did not attain any great thickness by secondary growth.
Where such growth was so extensive as to put the primary sup-
porting system out of action, we iind, as in species of Siglllaria and
Lepidodendron, a secondary Dictyoxylon framework set up in the
periderm, and no doubt renewed as further growth went on. The
periderm, so typical a feature of the tree-Lycopods of the Palaeozoic,
was not a mere bark, but constituted the chief mechanical tissue of
the older trunks. The wood, only moderately developed, was, as a
rule, too centrally placed to afford an efficient resistance to bending
strains, and was a comparatively soft, thin-walled tissue, evidently
adapted solely or chiefly for conducting purposes.
In the Calamites, we find, in young stems, the same alternation
of fibrous and parenchymatous bands in the cortex, which is so
familiar to physiological anatomists in the stems of our living
Horsetails. In the more mature Calamitean stems we meet with an
immense development of periderm, which may have had a mechanical
function like that of the Lepidodendrea), though in Calamites the
wood often had a denser structure, and may have contributed more
materially to suppoi't.
The great Tree-ferns of the later Carboniferous (if Ferns they
were) evidently depended for their mechanical strength on a
stereome or siipporting tissue quite distinct from the vascular
system, and for the most part peripherally disposed, as it should
be. Their power of i"esistance to bending strains was no doubt
greatly increased by the dense external envelope of strongly con-
structed adventitious roots, imbedded in the cortex, a mode of
support which we meet with in some Monocotyledons such as
Khigkt (Liliaceae) and species of P«?/a (Bromeliacete) at the present
day.
The remarkable Palaeozoic genus SplienophyUum shows an only
moderately strong construction, and it may be that here the central
woody axis was of greater relative value as a support, but from the
habit we may be sure that the species were not ordinary upright
terrestrial plants, and that the conditions of stability were dilferent
from those in the other cases cited. The old view was that Spheno-
pihyllam was an aquatic genus; thei'e are, however, many argu-
ments against this, and of late years Prof. Seward's suggestion
that the species may have been scrambling climbers, supporting
their weak stems by the aid of their more robust neighbours, has
found favour and would explain a construction possibly adapted
to tensile strains.
24 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
When we come to the most highly organised of the Palaeozoic-
plants, the Cordaitales, constituting the characteristic Gymno-
spenns of that epoch, we find that the young stems had the
same " Dictyoxylou " construction of the cortex as was so comniou
among the contemporary fern-like Seed-plants. The Cordaitean
wood, however, often assumed a dense structui'e, and in many
cases (as also sometimes occurred among the Pteridosperms) there-
were tangential bands of narrow fibre-like wood-elements, sug-
gesting, tliough not identical with, the autumn wood of recent
Coniferous trees, and no doubt subserving a special mechanical
function.
The exigencies of secondary growth, when occurring on a great
scale, idtimately demand that the mechanical tissues should be-
seated in the wood, on the inner side of the growing zone, though
this is not the best position on engineering pi'inciples. The old
plants were on the '\\hole more correct in their methods ; their
successors have more often had to adopt a compromise, which
sacrifices a certain degree of mechanical efficienc}' in order to
facilitate construction.
In the leaves of the Cordaitese we meet with remarkably perfect
types of mechanical construction showing various applications of
the I-girder principle, "with utilization of the " web '* for the
protection of the conducting vascular strands. The construction is
on the same lines as that of many of the Monocotyledonous leaves
investigated by Schwendener in his classical work. It will be
remembered that the Cordaitean leaAes were originally classed as
those of Monocotyledons, which they closely resemble in form
and mechanical requirements. Here there is no secondary growth
to disturb the lines of a rational construction ; the leaves were of
great length and borne on lofty stems, requiring a strong
mechanical system for their support, and hence we find that they
present admirable illustrations of engineering principles.
AVithout pursuing the subject further it may be added that
other Palaeozoic leaves show essentially the same types of
mechanical construction as are found in leaves of corresponding-
shape and dimensions in the \i\ ing Flora.
These few illustrations may suffice to show that from an
engineering point of view, the plants of the Palaeozoic were just
as well constructed to resist the strains to which their organs
were exposed, as are their recent successors. Mechanical con-
struction provides a favourable means of testing the standard of
adaption in early fossil plants, for we may assume that in this
respect the conditions were essentially the same then as now. In
other cases, it is often difficult to estimate the perfection of the
mechanism, because we have no sufficiently exact data as to the
end which it served ; in many cases our knowledge of the working
of the machine even in a recent plant is still very imperfect.
This is especially true of the water-conducting apparatus in \ ascular
plants, the mode of action of which is still the subject of dispute
among physiologists. A few points bearing on the structure of
the wood in fossil plants may, however, be mentioned.
LINKEAK SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 2$
Westermaier, in the coutroversy already mentioned, perhaps
went too far when he maintained that histological differentiation
was as far advanced in Pala-ozoic plants as in those of our own
day. We have no evidence that the complex structure of the
wood characteristic of our Dicotyledonous trees had any close
parallel in the Carboniferous Flora. The mechanism was con-
structed on other lines, but in its own way was elaborate enough.
For example, the extraordinary lattice-work structure of the
scalariform vessels, recently discovered by Mr. Gwynne-Yaughan,
was first suggested to him by observations on the wood of fossil
Fei-ns, belonging to the Osmundaceae. and goes back to Palaeozoic
members of that family. The complex mechanism of the wood-
elements with bordered pits was peculiarly characteristic of
extensive groups of plants in the Palaeozoic Flora. The horizontal
tracheides in the medullary rays, serving no doubt for the
transference of water in a radial direction, now peculiar to the
wood of the more liighly differentiated Coniferse, was anticipated
by the Palaeozoics Lycopods, as was also the remarkable '"trans-
fusion-tissue " of the leaf, a system of water-conducting elements
servins: to reinforce the vascular bundle in the irrigation of the
tissues of the leaf, and thus replacing the more complex venation
of other types. In the cases last mentioned — the ray-tracheides
and the transfusion-tissue — the peculiar differentiations in question
were, in my opinion, of quite independent origin in the two
groups of plants which have possessed them.
1 have elsewhere dwelt on the gradual change in the con-
struction of the wood, correlated with the on-coming of secondary
growth, and have traced the slow extinction of the old,
" Cryptogamic," centipetally-developed wood, as the newer,
centrifugal wood, derived from a cambium, more and more
eft'ectually took its place *. In the former we have to do with a
structure becoming vestigial, but it is interesting to note how
the doomed tissue was not always left in its old age to be a mere
pensioner on its more active neighbours, but was often employed,
while it survived, on such work as it was still able to do. We
find, in quite a number of cases f, that the central wood had changed
its character, and shows by its structure that it had become
adapted to the storage, rather than the transmission of the water-
supply, its earlier function no'w being more conveniently left to
the external parts of the wood. Such utilization of a vestigial
structure appears to be a good mark of a high standard of
adaptation.
Another interesting case of adaptive specialization in an organ
which ma}^ be regarded as of an old-fashioned type is to be found
in the rootlets of Sfir/maria. The nature of these appendages has
been much disputed — last year we had an interesting discussion
on the subject, opened by Prof. "Weiss. I have used the word
" old-fashioned "' because there is some reason to suppose that
* Scott, D. H., " The Old Wood and the New." New Pliytologist, vol. i. 1902.
t Megaloxyloii, Zolesskyu, Lepidodvndrcm selafjinoides.
2 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
these organs were not yet quite sharply differentiated as roots ;
at any rate there are certain points in which they I'ather resemble
modified leaves, though in my opinion the root-characters pre-
dominate. Though they may thus be " primitive," from the
point of view of our current morphological categories, these
organs, as Prof. Weiss has discovered, show a remarkable adaptive
mechanism in the presence of strands of water-conducting
elements, running out from the central vascular bundle and
terminating in plates of tracheae placed in the outer cortex. The
whole constitutes an absorptive apparatus more elaborate than
anything found in recent roots, if we except a few highly
specialized haustorial roots of parasites. This example seems to
me instructive, for it shows how a very high degree of adaptation
may coexist with characters which suggest a somewhat archaic
type of organ.
As an example of adaptation to more special conditions, I may
instance the xerophytic characters shown by various Carboniferous
plants, especially in the structure of their leaves. In the
Lepidodendreae, the stomata were commonly restricted to two
deep furrows on the lower side of the leaf, where they were
further sheltered by a growth of hairs. The whole structure
of the leaf suggests a xerophilous habit. The late M. Renault
regarded the transversely elongated cells of the mesophyll in
SigiUaria as a means of rolling up the leaf, to diminish ti'an-
spiration, as occurs, for example, in certain grasses at the present
time. In the Pteridosperm Lyghiodcndron the leaflets of the
fern-like fronds had a fleshy character, and a conchoid, incurved
form ; they were provided with a hypoderma, and the endings of
the vascular bundles were often dilated, perhaps in connection
with glands. These are all characters such as are met with in
the plants of salt-water swamps at the present day.
The subject of the physiological anatomy of Palaeozoic plants
has never yet been attacked in a systematic manner. In a
conversation I had with Prof. Haberlandt of Graz, four years ago,
he said that he would like to undertake their investigation from
this point of view ; if he would do so it is certain that a remark-
able advance in our conceptions of the adaptive structure of ancient
forms would result. Even with our present limited knowledge,
however, it is sufficiently clear that the plants of that relatively
(but only relatively) early period were thoroughly well adapted to
the conditions of their life ; succeeding ages bi'ought with them
neiv rather than hetter adaptations.
Though there is no question of absolute perfection in Nature,
it appears that under given conditions, adaptation is and was
sufficiently perfect to make it very difficult to put one's finger on
any defect. AVhen we think we can do so it generally turns out
that the defect is in the mind of the critic rather than in the
organism criticised. AVe will take a particular case, where the
history seems to give some justification for our fault-finding.
The late Palaeozoic family Medulloseae were in some respects
the most i-emarkable plants from an anatomical point o£ view that
LINNEAN SOCIEXr OF LONDON. 2^
we know of. Most of them were plants of great size, with rather
sturdy stems, bearing immense fern-like fronds ; the habit alto-
gether must have been something like that of a Tree-fern, but
their reproduction was by large seeds, borne on the fronds. To
adapt the vascular system of the stem to the supply of the large
and compound leaves, the type of structure was assumed which
{pace Mr. Tansley) it is still convenient to call polystelic, i. e. the
single vascular cylinder (which may be recognized in some of the
earlier members of the group) became broken up, in various
Avays, into a number of distinct cylinders, only connected at
intervals. So far the change was in the same general direction
as in the evolution of the higher Eerns ; the fossil famil}^ how-
ever, was not content with a complex primary vascular system,
but must have secondary growth as well. Now if you have a
number of vascular columns in the same stem, each growing
continuously in thickness on its own account, it is evident that
very special arrangements will be necessary to avoid overcrowding.
The difficulty was overcome, and the MedulloseaB for some time
flourished among tlie dominant families — the Permian formation
represents their Golden age. But one is tempted to think that
the system was too complicated to last ; at any rate it seems
not to have lasted, for thi-se elaborate stems have not been found
in any later rocks. Either, as Mr. Worsdell supposes, the
Medullosean stem became reduced and simplified to form the
Cycadean type of stem of later days, or, as I am more inclined to
believe, the family died out altogether. Even here, though we
seem to have an instance of a cumbrous mechanism, overreaching
itself in elaboration, yet it worked well enough for a time, and it
would be difficult to say exactly what the conditions were that
led to its being superseded.
One of the most striking results of modern palaeobotanical
research, led by Williamson, has been to show how widely spread
among Palaeozoic plants was the power of secondary growth b}'
means of cambium ; probably quite as large a proportion of the
whole Flora possessed it then, as now. To a certain extent
indeed, secondary growth has " gone out '"' since then, for the
very flourishing modern class Monocotj^ledons liave dropped it,
and for the most part have done very well without it, though
some few have tried to retrace their steps. In spite of this
important defection, it is evident that for most land-plants
secondary thickening has been a highly successful system, and it
is an interesting question whether there was ever a time without
it. Was the power of cambial growth, at some period or other
however remote, a new acquisition, or is it as old as the vascular
tissues themselves? Jn Palaeozoic times eveiy class of land-plant
possessed secondary growth in a greater or less degree — G-ymno-
sperms, Pteridosperms, Lycopods, iSphenophylls, Horsetails, and
even Ferns, though among true Ferns it seems never to have
amounted to very much. Widely spread as it was, the evidence
on the whole points to cambial growth having been a secondary
acquisition in the history of the race, as in that of the individual
28 PKOCEEDINGS Or THE
plant. AVithout going into details, I may say that the argument
rests on the relatively great deA'elopment of the pv-iwio)'?/ vascular
tissues in many Palaeozoic plants, on the frequent sharp distinc-
tion between primary and secondary formations, and on the late
appearance of the latter in the individual development. The
arguments do not apply with equal strength to all groups, and
the conclusion may not hold good universally. We know that
secondary growth occurs in seaweeds at the present day, and it
may quite possibly have existed even among the very earliest
land-plants, but in certain phyla it seems to have been a relatively
new character, though dating from times before the Devonian,
Supposing we could go back far enough, we might find a real
deiicieucy in respect of secondary growth, but its absence would
not imply defective adaptation (anymore than in Monocotyledons
at the present day) for there is a boundless variety in the ways in
which plants can equip themselves for the battle of life.
The hypothesis of " a gradual development from the simpler to
the more complex " is not borne out by the facts of Palaeobotany
— the real course of events was infinitely more involved. On a
general view, as Darwin himself recognized, " The geological record
does not extend far enough back to show with unmistakeable
clearness that \A'ithin the known history of the World organisation
has largely advanced." * This wise saying has been too often
overlooked by those who have tried to popularize Evolution — it is
eminently true of the geological history of plants. Though there
is no doubt a balance on the side of advance, due chiefly to the
increasing complexity of the interrelations among the organisms
themselves, the general progress since Palaeozoic days is by no
means so great as has often been assumed, and we may be sure
that as our knowledge of the older plants increases, we shall come
to form a still higher estimate than we do now of their adaptive
organization.
It has been alleged that it is the fact of the gradual appearance
of higher forms which enables us to determine the relative age of
strata by their fossils. So far as plants are concerned, this state-
ment is only true to a very limited extent. A fossil Angiosperm,
no doubt, would be evidence of an age not earlier than the Creta-
ceous, but on the other hand a Lycopod of much higher organiza-
tion than at present, would establish a strong presumption of
Palaeozoic age ; so would the higher forms of the Equisetales ; a
Cycadophyte with a fructification far more elaborate than that of
recent Cycadaceae would afford sure proof that the bed containing
it belonged to the Lower Mesozoic.
Of course much depends on the meaning we give to the words
" higher" and " lower." If by " higher " we mean nearer to the
recent types, then it is merely a truism to say that the higher
forms are characteristic of the later rocks. But if by "higher"
we mean more elaborately differentiated, then the statement
quoted is, in any general sense, untrue. If again we imply by
* ' Origin of Species/ 6th edition, p. o08.
LEfNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 29
the word " higher," more perfectly adapted to the existing coudi-
tions, then it would be very difficult to prove any advance, for as I
have endeavoured to show, adaptation has in ever}-^ age been fully
adequate in relation to the prevailing conditions. If organisms
have grown in complexity, it is only where the conditions of their
life have become more complex. The most striking examples of
high organization in relation to organic environment are presented
by the characteristic modern sub-kingdom, the Augiosperms, in
the evolution of which, as ISaporta pointed out, insect-fertilization
has been the chief determining factor, leading to an infinite
variety in the special adaptations of the flower and no doubt
indirectly affecting the mode of life of the whole plant. The
advent of the Angiosperms seems to have been almost simultaneous
Avith that of the higher families of insects, which now, at all
events, are chiefly concerned in pollination. It would be difficult
to overestimate the importance of these relations in their elfect
on the Flora of the world. If the vegetation of our own epoch
appears, on the whole, definitely more advanced than that of
earlier geological periods, this is probably due in a greater degree
to the contemporary insect-life than to any other cause.
Unfortunately we have very little knowledge of the special
adaptations of the plants of the distant past — in particular, we
know scarcely anything of their relations to other organisms.
The presence of characteristic glands on the surface of some
Palaeozoic plants (notably the Fern-like seed-plant Lyginodendron')
has suggested that insects may have been attracted, who were in
some way useful to the plant. At the same time the immense
number of pollen-grains found in the pollen-chambers of the seed
in plants of this group has roused the suspicion that some agent
more certain than the wind may have been concerned, and that
possibly insect-pollination may have had its beginnings nuich
further back in the evolution of seed-plants than we have been
accustomed to think. The suggestion was due to Sir Joseph
Hooker, and has received support from evidence recently adduced
that living Cycads * and also Wehvitschiaf (plants which belong,
in a sense, to the past rather than the present) may employ insects
as carriers of pollen. But as regards the fossil plants the data
are still insufficient. In any case we must grant the superiority,
from this point of view, of the more modern types.
I have discussed the subject of reduction in evolution else-
where X and will only briefly allude to it here. In many groups
(Lycopods, Equisetales, Cycadophytes) there has been a lowering
of the standard of organization, partly due to direct reduction,
partly to the extinction of the higher forms in each group. There
* Pearson, H. H. W.. " Notes on South African Cycads," Trans. South African
Phil. Soc. vol. xvi (1906^ p. 348.
t Pearson, H. H. W.. '• Some Observations on Welwitschia mirabilis," Phil.
Trans. Royal Soc. (B^ vol. 198, lOOfi, p. 274.
\ ' Darwin and Modern Science.' XIT. The Palaeontological Record. II.
Plants. 1909.
30 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
are, however, mauy other cases in which the simplificatiou of
particular organs means a real advance.
A striking instance is the seed, an organ which required to be
much more elaborate in the days of spermatozoid-fertilization,
now only lingering in a few archaic survivals from the past (Cycads
and Ghikgo). The seed of an Angiosperm is, generally speaking,
a simple affair compared with that of a Pteridosperm or Cordaitean
of Palaeozoic age. We may add that the stamen of the higher
plants is extremely reduced as compared with the male sporophyll
of ancient forms such as the Mesozoic Bennettiteae. In such
cases (and innumerable other illustrations might be given, especially
from the flowers of advanced Angiosperms, where both andrcecium
and gyuceceum tend to a reduction) the reduction is correlated
with the more exact adaptation of a specialized floral mechanism.
Taking into account all the causes whicli make for simplification
the question suggests itself whether, when we find a simple type
of structure existing at the present day, there is any presumption
in favour of its primitive nature. It has sometimes been urged
that such a presumption exists (except when direct evidence of
reduction can be adduced) on the ground that the general course
of evolution must have been from the simpler to the more complex,
a ru.le, as we have seen, subject to so many exceptions, that
within the limited period to which the palseontological record
extends, it has practically no validity. My own conviction is
that in such cases there is no j^resumption of primitiveness at all,
and that we should demand very strong evidence before admitting
that a given simple structure is primitive. Of course it may happen
that a primitive simple tj-pe, or at least an old simple type, may
have survived to our own day ; this may have been the case in
decaying families, where the less advanced members have had the
best chance of evading the competition of ascendant races. But,
on the whole, it is very unlikely that among all the changes and
chances of the world's history, a really primitive simplicity should
have been preserved. " The eternal ages are long " and there
has been time enough for many ups and downs on every line of
descent.
The subject of reduction, so essential a clue in any attempt
to trace the course of evolution, suggests a reference to the
question of the simpler Angiospermous flowers. While the older
morphologists were wont to interpret such flowers {e. g. those of
Aroidese, Piperacese, Cupuliferae) as reductions from more perfect
types, there has been a tendency in more recent times to accept the
simpler flowers as primitive structures from which more elaborate
forms have been evolved. Quite lately, however, a reaction has
set in, due to the discovery by Dr. Wieland of the wonderful
bisexual flowers of the Mesozoic Cycadophyta, which are con-
structed on the same plan (though of course with many differences
in detail) as the more perfect Angiospermous flowers, such as
those of Magnoliaceae. The whole subject was put before the
LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3J
Society, two j-ears ago, with great fulness and clearness by Messrs.
Arber and Parkin, in tlieir paper on the 'Origin of Angiosperins'*.
Tbey sbowed in detail tbat, if tbe Angiospermous flower was
derived, as they hold, from a source allied to the Bennettitea), its
evolution, as suggested by Wieland, must have been essentially a
process of reduction. I am in general agreement with the views
of these authors, and only wish to point out that they are nob
inconsistent with the great relative antiquity of simple and, ex
hypoihesi, reduced forms, for which in the case of the Amentiferoe
there seems to be good geological evidence. Eeduction appears
to have often been a rapid, indeed a comparatively sudden change
as shown by the frequent occurrence of much simplitied foi-ms in
the same family in which the prevailing structure is typically com-
plete. I need only instance certain Poterieae among the Rosaceae,
Senehiera among the Cruciferse, Peplis among the Lythraceae,
Garrya, with its catkin-like inflorescence, and pei'haps Davidia
among the Cornaceae, but similar cases are exceedingly common.
It thus appears quite probable that some groups with very simple
flowers, though not " primitive " may be very ancient, tracing
their origin from forms which in quite early days underwent
reduction from the highly developed flowers which probably
characterized the first autonomous Angiosperms.
The tentative and somewhat fragmentary observations which I
have brought before you this afternoon tend to the following
conclusions : —
1. That at all known stages of the past history of plants there
has been a thoroughly eflicient degree of adaptation to the
conditions existing at each period.
2. That, the characters of plants having always been as highly
adaptive as they now are, Natural Selection appears to afford
the only key to evolution which we at present possess, for
all periods covered by the palseontologieal record.
3. That this record only reveals a relatively short section of
the whole evolution of plants, during which, though there
has been considerable change, there has not been, on the
whole, any very marked advance in organization, except
in cases where the conditions have become more complex,
as shown especially in the floral adaptations of Angio-
sperms.
4. That simple forms existing at the present day are, as a rule,
of a reduced rather than a primitive nature, but that such
reduction may have often set in at a relatively early stage
of evolution, and is therefore consistent with a considerable
degree of antiquity in the reduced forms.
* Journal of the Liunean Society, Botany, vol. xxxyiii. (1907) p. 29.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. William Fawcett moved : — " That the President be
thanked for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to
allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the Pellows " ; which
was seconded by Mr. G. S. Saundees, and carried unanimously.
The ballots for Council and Officers having been respectively closed
at the times required by the Bye-Laws, the President appointed
Mr. J. F. Duthie, the Kev. T. E. ii. Stebbing and Mr. F. N. Williams,
Scrutineers. The votes having been cast up by them were reported
to the President, who declared the result as follows : —
For the Council : — E. A. Newell Arbee, M.A. ; Leonard A.
Boodle, Esq. ; Henry Bury, M.A. ; Sir Frank Crisp ; Prof.
Arthur Dendy, D.Sc, F.R.S. ; Prof. J. B. Farmer, F.ll.S. ; Dr.
Gr. Herbert Fowler ; J. Stanley Gardiner, F.R.S. ; Prof. J. P.
Hill, M.A. , D.Sc; John Hopkinson, F.G.S. ; Dr. B. Daydon
Jackson ; Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S. ; 11. Innes Pocock,
F.Z.S. ; Prof. E. B. PouLTON, F.B.S. ; Lt.-Col. D. Prain, F.E.S. ;
Dr. A. B. Rendle, F.E.S. ; Miss Ethel Sargant ; Dr. Dukinfield
H. Scott, F.E.S. ; Prof. A. C. Seavard, F.E.S. ; and Dr. Otto
Stapf, F.E.S. ; the five retiring Councillors being : Prof. G. C.
Bourne, D.Sc, Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., Prof. F.W. Oliver,
F.E.S,, Prof. F. E. Weiss, D.Sc, and Dr. A. Smith Woodward,
LL.D., F.E.S.
The President then appointed the same Scrutineers to examine
the ballot for the Officers, and the votes having been cast up were
reported to the President, who declared the result as follows : —
President : Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.E.S.
Treasurer : Horace W. Monckton, F.G.S.
Secretaries: Dr. B. Daydon Jackson,
Prof. A. Dendy, F.E.S.,
Dr. O. Stapf, F.E.S.
The President then addressed Prof. F. O. Bower, F.E.S. :
Professor Bower, — It is one of the pleasantest incidents of my
life that I should be called on at this meeting, the first anniversary
at which I have presided, to present to you the Linneau Medal,
the greatest distinction which the Society has to bestow, and
one associated already with many great names, from that of Sir
Joseph Hooker to those of Strasburger and Treub, the last
botanical recipients.
Tou and 1 have known each other so well and so long that it
would be difficult for both of us if I tried to deliver a formal
eulogium in your presence. It may be most in accordance with
your wishes if I say on this occasion less than I think.
We first met in the early days of your work on WelwitscJiia
and Gnetum about 1880-1882. Everyone remembers the discovery
you made of the true nature of the two persistent leaves in
WelwiiscJiia, formerly supposed to be the cotyledons. Those
HXXEAN SOCIEXY OF LON'DOX. ^^
remarkable genera which yoa taus^lit us so much about are uow
again to the fore in the minds of botanists.
Tlie next period was occupied with the morphology of the
leaf, treated of in an important paper presented to the Royal
Society in 1S84, in which the idea of the phyllopodium, or leaf-axis,
was developed, and in the next year in your work on the apes of
the leaf in Osmunda and Todea, a subject moi'e closely related to
your subsequent research. Another early Vascular Cryptogam
paper was that on Phylloglossum, a good example of a simple
form which is apparently not so priraitiye as we once thought.
Tour most important contribution to the publications of our
own Society was the great paper on " Apospory and allied
Phenomena," suggested by Mr. Druery's observations and read in
1886. This was of extreme interest in itself, and also, as j^ou
have 3'ourself told me, from its leading you on to the views of
Alternation of Generations which you maintained for so many
years.
These views took definite shape in the memoir on " Antithetic
as distinguished from Homologous Alternation in Plants," published
in 1890. The subject of apospory in particular vv-as further pursued
in the papers on TricJiomanes.
A memoir on " The Comparative Examination of the Meristems
of Ferns as a Phylogenetic Study," 1889, was still written under
the influence of the old idea that the Leptosporangiate .Ferns
were the most primitive, but two years later you turned the
phylogenetic order upside down, and quite rightly so, when you
discussed the question : — Is the Eusporaugiate or the Lepto-
sporangiate Type the more primitive in the Ferns? Your new
conclusions were in harmony with fossil investigation, and this
reminds me of your paper on the axis of Lejndostrohus Brownii,
1893, a bye-product of your great sporangial synthesis, but to
the palaeobotanist a valuable one.
Your Theory of the Strobilus in Archegoniate Plants defined
the position which you held with so much determination and
resource for the next 15 years — the period of maturity of the
antithetic doctrine. I think we both have not unpleasant re-
collections of the lively and inspiriting controversies which marked
the adolescence of the theor}\ Your great series on the Spore-
producing members, 1894-1903, affords one of the most striking
examples of the inestimable value of a thoroughly thought out
working hypothesis (whether ultimately verified or not) as a guide
to research.
Leaving many other papers of yours uumentioned I pass on to
that admirable book "The Origin of a Land Flora," published last
year, in which your long career of morphological research, for the
time being, culminated. Since then, to judge from what passed at
a memorable meeting of our Society last February, some change
has come in your theoretical position, and much as we all respect
the openness of mind with which you faced a changed situation,
LINX. SOC. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1908-1909. d
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
I cannot help feeling some tinge of I'egret that the days of our
friendly controversies are now, in all pi'obability, past and gone.
Tour -work as the leader of Morphological botany in this
country is worthily recognized by the award of our medal, which
I have great pleasure in handing you. ,
Prof. F. O. BowEE, having received the Medal from the Presi-
dent, replied as follows : —
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, — It would be impossible
for me to receive this token of your kind appreciation of my
work without some words of thanks, but they shall be brief.
I value your gift of the Medal on three grounds. First, that I
receive it from the hands of my old friend. Dr. Scott ; and though
he and I have differed in the past, on scientific questions (and
perhaps even now do not see exactly eye to eye on some of them),
still, this has only shonai me the truth of what one learned in
the Latin Grammar, that " Amaniium irce amoris integratio est."
Secondly, I value the gift as a tangible sign of your good will.
There have been figures in the scientific world, that like some great
colossus have stood independent of contemporary opiuiou, or
definitely opposed to ifc ; but to average men of science the
approval of their colleagues acts as a strong incentive to fresh
effort, and it is in this way that I receive this award of your medal.
Thirdly, I value it because of the distinction of those who have
received it before ; it is a high honour to have one's name added
to a roll which begins with Hooker and Owen, and includes such
names as De Candolle, Huxley, Haeckel, and many others. But
inclusion in this list seems to stand as a milestone on the road
of seniority ; for the medal has often been awarded towards the
close of an active career. Against this may, however, be set the
example of its first recipient. Sir Joseph Hooker, who still in his
advanced age is actively at work in the interests of the science he
has so long served. This example may well be in itself a fresh
stimulus to exertion, and as such I shall hold it to be. I thank
you. Sir, and the Society very heartily for the high honour con-
ferred upon me.
The General Secretary then laid the Obituary Notices as follows
before the Meeting, and the Proceedings closed.
OBITUAEY NOTICES.
Lewis Adolphus Bernays was born in London, 3rd May, 1831,
son of the late Prof. A. J. Bernays, the chemist, and was educated
at King's College School. He was accustomed to speak of him-
self as having achieved " a record tenure of the office of Clerk of
the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and many years gratuitous
service in the cause of economic botany." In 1872 he published
" The Olive and its Products, the habits, cultivation, and propa-
LIIs'NEA^' SOCIETY OF LONDON, 35
gatiou of the tree " (Brisbane), and eleven years later, " Cultural
Industries for Queensland ; Papers on useful plants suited to the
Climate "' (Brisbane). On 17th January, 1871, he was elected
Pellow of the Society, and then intending to retire from
biological pursuits he -withdrew in 1889, but in three years' time
he found himself obliged to come forward for re-election, which
took place on 15th December, 1S92. He died at Brisbane,
September 1908, In 1851 he married Mary, daughter of William
Bortou, of Boddington, Oxfordshire, and had four sons and four
daughters issue of the marriage. [B. D. J.]
The death of CrinBEBX Collingwood on the 20th October,
1908, removes one of our oldest Fellows, his election having taken
place on the 1st November, 1853. He was born on Christmas
Hay, 1826, at Christchurch, Hampshire, and was educated at
King's College School, London, and Christ Church, Oxford, gradu-
ating B.A. in 1849 and pioceeding M,A. in 1852 and M.A.
Cantab, (ad eundem). He studied Medicine at Edinburgh
University, then at Guy's Hospital, London, and added to his
experience in Paris and Vienna. His medical qualifications were
M.B. Oxford, and M.E.C.P, London. In 1858 he became
lecturer on Botany at the Eoyal Infirmary Medical School,
Liverpool, subsequently Physician to the Northern Hospital in that
city, and for some years was honorary secretary to the Literary
and Philosophical Society, with other ofHcial appointments. To
the last-named society he contributed two papers on Ornithology
dealing with the notes of birds, and their migration, in 1861 and
1862. At the same period he was busied in reporting on dredging
marine organisms in the Eiver Mersey, and on the method of
advancing science by means of the mercantile marine, to the British
Association. Papers on the Quadrumana, and the ancient fauna
of Lancashire and Cheshire next engaged his attention ; but the
volume by which Collingwood is best known, is his ' Eambles of
a Naturahst on the shores aud waters of the China Sea,' which
recounted his observations made in 1866 and 1867 on board H.M.
vessels ' Eifleman ' and ' Serpent,' which appeared in 1868. In
the latter year he was elected on the Council of this Society, and
went out of ofiice in the following year. He was a fairly constant
attendant at our meetings until he removed in 1901 to Paris,
whei'e he lived till late in 1907, when he returned to London, and
died at Lewisham in his 82nd year. In 1869 he married Clara,
daughter of Sir Robert Mowbray. Besides the volume above
mentioned our late Pellow published 'A Vision of Creation,'
* The Bible and the Age,' and ' From Bevrout to Bethlehem.'.
[B. D. J.j
Hastings Charles Dent was born on the 23rd June, 1855, at
42 Thurloe Square, the son of Colonel Dent of the Coldstream
Guards, his mother being Lady Beaujolois Dent, daughter of the
2nd Earl of Charleville. Educated at private schools, and Owens
d2
;^6 PBocEEJ)l^'GS of the
College, Manchester, he migrated to the Eoyal School of
Engineeruig at the Crystal Palace, becoming tutor and then
examiner. Following his profession as a civil engineer, he laid
down the first tramway in Manchester, and later, spent much time
in Brazil, surveying for railways, which gave rise to his ' Two
Tears in Brazil.' Although he liad travelled far and wide, India
was unvisited by him. Ultimately about 1SS8 he settled at
Godstone, and there spent much of his time, busied on his collec-
tions, those of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera being stated to be
exceptionally rich.
He took a chill in the early part of the present year, which
developed into bronchitis, and proved fatal on the 6th March,
1909, at The Homestead, Godstone, and was buried at Outwood
Parish Church ; by a previously expressed wish of the deceased,
the coffin was borne on a farm waggon draped in purple.
Mr. Dent was elected Fellow on the 2Dd April, 1885, and for
many j^ears was also a Fellow of the Eiitomological Societv.
[B. D. J.]
The Eight Honourable Wilbeaham Egerton was the son of
the 1st Baron Egerton of Tattou, born on 17th January, 1832,
succeeded as 2nd Baron in 1883, and ^^■as created 1st Earl Egerton
of Tattou and Viscount Salford in 1897. He was educated at
Eton and Oxford, and was M.P. for jS^orth Cheshire, 1858-68, and
Mid-Cheshire, 1868-83, when his father's death caused his removal
to the House of Peers. Attached to agriculture and fond of
experiments in that pursuit, he became a Fellow of this Society,
1st December, 1887, but his published works are on other and
diverse subjects. He died at Bordighera on the 16th March,
1909 ; twice married, he left but one daughter, now Lady Albemarle,
being succeeded to the Barony by his brother, the Hon. Alan de
Tatton ; the Earldom and the Viscounty lapsed on the death of
the first holder of those titles. [B. D. J.]
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., was born at Britwell Court, Burnham,
Bucks, on the 17th JS'ovember, 1823. He was the son of the Eev.
Dr. Arthur Benoni Evans, Headmaster of the Grammar School at
Market Bosworth. He was educated under his father at Market
Bosworth, and then for a short time in Germany. In IS-IO at the
age of 17 he entered the Paper-making works at Nash 3Iills,
Hemel Hempstead, which had been founded by his mother's
brother, John Dickinson, and Xash Mills was his home until nearly
the end of his life. In time he became the senior member of the
firm, and he was for many years the President of the Paper Makers*
Association.
He took an active part in the affairs of the County of Hertford,
was High Sherifi^in 1881, and for many years was the Chairman of
Quarter Sessions and of the County Council.
His couneetion with the paper-making industry led to a careful
LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON, 37
study of matters relating to water-supply, rainfall, and percolation
and evaporation. E'.iin gauges and percolation gauges had been
installed at Nash Mills by his uncle, John Dickinson, and for a long
series of years they were under the personal supervision of Sir
John E vans. Water-supply led naturally to practical geology, and in
that field Evans was a leading authority, but it was from his studies
in what may be termed antiquarian geology that he was best known
to the general public and to geologists both at home and abroad.
It was largely owing to the work of Evans in conjunction with
Sir Joseph Prestwich, that the great age of the implements found
in the terraces of Eiver Gravel of the Somme and the Thames was
satisfactorily established.
T'le collection and study of coins attracted Evans's enthusiastic
attention from early days, and in the end he was one of the leading
numismatists of Europe.
Sir John Evans was elected into the Eoyal Society in 1864. In
] 87S he became the Treasurer and he held that important post for
twenty years. In 1884, when Huxley, who was President, was
away ill, Evans prepared and delivered the Anniversary Address.
He constantly held office in the Geological Society and was
President in 1874-76. In 1880 he received the Lyell Medal, and
tbe Prestwich Medal was presented to Lady Evans last February
in memoi'iam.
Evans was at different times President of the Society of Anti-
quaries, the Eoyal Numismatic Society, the British Association,
and of many otlaer societies. He was made K.C.B. in 1892.
He was the author of ' The Ancient Stone Implements,
Weapons, and Ornaments of Gi'eat Britain,' which first appeared
in 1872, and a second edition in 1897 ; ' Ancient Bronze Imple-
ments, Weapons, and Ornaments of Great Britain and Ireland,'
ISSl ; ' The Coins of the Ancient Britons,' 1864 ; and of numerous
papers which appeared in different serial publications.
Sir John Evans was married three times. His first wife was a
daughter of his uncle, John Dickinson, and at her death she left
three sous and two daughtei's. One of the sons is the well-known
explorer of Knossos and a Fellow of the Eoyal Society. Tiie
second wife, a daughter of Mr. Joseph Phelps, left no children.
Lady Evans, who survives her husband, is the daughter of
Mr. Charles C. Lathbury and has a daughter. Lady Evans is an
accomplished classical scholar aud antiquary.
Sir John Evans was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society on
March 21st, 1878, and died at his residence, Britwell, Hertford-
shire, on May 31st, 1908. [H. W. Monckion.]
Dr. James Fletcheu was born at Ash, seven miles S.W. from
Graveseud, Kent, on 28th March, 1852, was educated at King's
School, Eochester, and went to Canada in 1874 as a clerk in the
Bank of British North America. After two years of this work he
became Assistant in the Library of Parliament, Ottawa, and
38 PP.OCEEDINGS OE THE
devoted all his spare time to Botany and Entomology, which led
to his appointment as Honorary Dominion Entomologist and
Botanist, followed soon afterwards by work in these departments
at the newly-established Central Experimental Earm in 1887.
For 21 years he was assistant to Dr. W. Saunders, C.M.Gr.,
Director of the Earm.
In 1878 he became a Councillor of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, and continued to hold office, being President 1886-88,
and again in 1906 to the time of his death. His first ])aper was
on Canadian Buprestidse in 1878, and his contributions to science
were thenceforward frequent and valuable. In 1879 he helped to
found the Ottawa Eield Naturalists' Club, the most successful of
the kind in the Dominion, and later on he succeeded in founding
the Association of Economic Entomologists of Xorth America, of
which he was President in 1892 ; he was also one of the original
Eellows of the Entomological Society of America. On the
3rd June, 1886, he was elected Eellow of our Society, and in 1896
received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University,
Kingston, Ontario.
Erom 1885 he had been a Fellow of the Eoyal Society o£
Canada, had been President of the Biological and Cieologicai
Section, Hon. Treasurer, and, for the last two years of his life,
Hon. Secretary, and several most suggestive papers from his pen
were published in its Transactions. Other valuable memoirs were
his annual reports on the work of his department, and in other
(serials. Two years ago he issued a work on the weeds which
trouble farmers throughout the Dominion, in 4to, with 46 coloured
plates. He was much in demand as a lecturer, and was especially
successful in securing and holding the attention of his audiences.
In this way his influence has been widely felt in arousing people
to the best methods of dealing with iusect pests.
Eor many months his health had been failing, and more or less
internal haemorrhage had troubled him, but did not awake alarm.
In the autumn of last year he was busy with preparation for the
Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada, to be
held at Guelph, Ontario, but the week before the gathering he
went to consult a specialist at Montreal. He was at once sent to
the Eoyal Victoria Hospital, and a week later underwent an
opei'ation for internal tumour, but failed to rally from it, and died
the following morning, Sunday, 8th November, 1908, aged 06.
The writer is indebted to an appreciative obituary by Prof.
C. J. S. Bethuue in the ' Canadian Naturalist,' xl. 1908, for the
for^-going account, where also will be found a portrait of our
deceased Eellow. [B. D. J.]
EE.A?fcis Blackwell Eorbes, whose death was announced in the
' Daily Telegraph ' of November 20 last year, was an American.
In 1857 he went out to China as attache to Mr. Eeed, the
Plenipotentiary of the United States of North America, but soon
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39
entered a commercial career, living in Canton in 1858 and 1859
and afterwards in Shanghai. He took much interest in the
affairs of the Shanghai branch of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, whose
President he was in 1S74. It was then that he made the
acquaintance of jMr. Charles Ford — at that time Superintendent
of the Botanical Garden at Hong-Kong — which led to his taking
up collecting plants more seriously. His first collection was
determined during his stay in Europe in 1875 and 1876 by
W. B. Hemsley. Then followed a second residence in Shanghai,
\^ hich lasted from 1877 to 1882. During the live years from 1882
to 1886 he settled in England, applying himself to botanical work
at Kew and the British Museum. Subsequently he lived in Paris,
and finally he retired to Boston, Mass., where he died.
The name of Francis Blackwell Forbes will always be associated
with the exploration of the Flora of China as the promoter of that
fundamental work, the " Enumeration of all the Plants known from
China Proper, Formosa, Hainan, Corea, &c.," published under the
joint names of F. B. Forbes and W. B. Hemsley in the ' Journal ' of
the Linnean Society, Botany (vols, xxiii., 1886-1888; xxvi., 1889-
1902 ; xxxvi., 1903-1905). The history of this work is given in
Bretschneider's ' History of European Botanical Discoveries in
China,' p. 722, and in the preface by Sir "W. Thiselton-Dyer to
vol. xxxvi. of the Journal of the Linnean Society. In this place
it will be sufficient to define the share which F. B. Forbes had in
the matter. Forbes had already during his first stay in England
conceived the idea of a catalogue of all the Chinese specimens
found in the herbaria at Kew and the British Museum, as a help
towards the botanical exploration of China. This catalogue, a
mere list of names, was drawn up by Mr. Hemsley in 1876, and
was intended to form the basis for a complete list of the plants
known from China after the model of Maximowicz's ' Index Florae
Pekinensis.' After his return from China in 1882, Forbes set to
work collecting material for this hst, when in December 1883,
Mr. (now Sir) W. Thiselton-Dyer made an appeal to the Govern-
ment Grant Committee of the Eoyal Society to the effect that a
committee be appointed to repoi't on our present knowledge of the
' Flora of China,' stating at the same time that it was desirable to
catalogue the Chinese material in the National Herbaria after the
manner of the Botany of Godman and Salvin's ' Biologia Centrali -
Americana.' The application was acceded to, and a committee
appointed which was joined by Forbes in February 1884. He
most liberally placed at its disposal his very full slip reference
catalogue to records of Chinese plants, collection and notes. A.t
the same time Mr. Hemsley was engaged to co-operate in the
" Enumeration," which was to be published in the ' Journal ' of the
Linnean Society. Private engagements, however, prevented
Forbes from taking any further active part in the preparation of the
work, which in its execution must therefore be wholly credited to
4P PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Hemsley and, so far as the later orders are concerned, his co-
operators.
i\ B. J'orbes's association with the Linnean Society dates back
to 2nd December, 1875, and he served on its Council from 1885
to 1887. He was for a long time Swedish and Norwegian Consul-
General at Shanghai, andinconsiderationof his services was made
a Knight Commander of the Swedish Eoyal Order of Wasa.
[O. S.]
Alfeed Giakd was born in the year 1846. After passing throiigh
the Ecole normale superieure, in 1871 he became assistant to Lacaze-
Duthiers, whence he went to Lille as assistant-professor in 1873.
As early as 1869 he had in conjunction with Max Cornu printed
in the * Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de Prance ' a paper on
the hermaphroditism of Melandryum alhnn infested with Ustilago
antJierarum, a phenomenon which under the term " castration
parasitaire " interested him throughout life.
From Lille in 1888 he was called to Paris to lecture in the
Paculte des Sciences, and in 1892 he became titular professor at
the Sorboune, and in 1900 chosen into the Academie ■ des
Sciences.
In the ' Bulletin Scientifique de Prance,' a serial of which he
was editor from 1878, in vol. 42, pp. xlv-lxxiii, is given a list
of 624 papers published by Giard, to 1908 the year of his death,
exclusive of many articles in the ' Grande Eucyclopedie ' and the
' Botanisches Centralblatt.' He himself in his ' Expose des titres
et travaux scientifiques,' 1896, grouped his various memoirs under
twelve subject headings, but embryology and parasitism were his
favourite subjects, though, far from confining his attention to them,
he took in a wide extent of study. The zoological station of
Wimereux, near Boulogne, was established by him in 1874, and
his chief pleasure was to settle down in those quarters for such
periods as his professorial duties in Paris permitted, busy on
material obtained from the sea wdthin a few yards of his study.
He was one of the Prench delegates at Uppsala and Stockholm
at the Linnean festivities in May 1907, with Madame Giard, a
lady of English birth. Early in 1908 he wrote accepting the
invitation of our Council to the Darwin-AVallace Celebration, but
before that took place, a stroke of apoplexy disabled him, and
though he partially recovered his powers, a second stroke was
quickly fatal : he died in August, 1908. He Mas elected a Poreign
Member on the 1st May, 1902.
He is described as possessing a rare and attractive personality,
which attached his pupils strongly to him, and roused their
enthusiasm. Yet he could write, " Pour ma part, dans ma carriere
dcja longue du professorat, je ne crois pas avoir forme un seul
naturaliste " ; this is possibly explained by his high ideal of what
a fully equipped naturalist should be. [B. D. J.]
LINXEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 4 1
Wilfrid Hudleston Hudleston was boru at York on June 2nd,
1828. He was the son of a physician, Dr. John Simpson of
Kuaresborough, whose wife was through her mother an heiress
and a representati^'e of the family of Hudleston of Hutton John
in Cumberland, In 1867 Dr. Simpson and his two sons, by letters
patent, assumed the name of Hudleston. Wilfrid was educated at
St. Peter's School, York, at Uppingham, and St. John's College,
Cambridge, and in 1853 he was called to the Bar but does not seem
to have practised.
After leaving Cambridge his attention was directed to ornitho-
logy, and in pursuance of the study he made in 1855 several
journeys in different parts of Europe and in Northern Africa.
In his last term at Cambridge he had attended Sedgwick's
lectures, and in 1862 he began a systematic study of natural
science, firstly at Edinburgh and afterwards at the Eoyal College
of Chemistry in Oxford Street. He thus acquired a good know-
ledge of chemistry which was very useful to him in his subsequent
geological work. He appears to have definitely devoted himself to
geology about the year 1866, when he made the acquaintance of
Jolni Morris, and he became a EelJow of the Geological Society in
1867.
He was elected a Fellow of our Society on November 7th, 1878,
but did not contribute anything to our publications.
Hudleston was President of the Geologists' Association, 1881-83.
He became a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1884, was President
of the Geological Society in 1892-94, and of the Geological Section
of the British Association at Bristol in 1898. For many years he
was one of the Editors of the ' Geological Magazine.' He received
the AVoUaston IMedal of the Geological Society in 1897.
In 1890 Mr. Hudleston married Eose, second daughter of
William Heywood Benson, of Little Thorpe, Kipon, who survives
him. They lived at 8 Stanhope Gardens, South Kensington, and
at West Holme, a property which he purchased between Wareham
and Lulworth in Dorsetshire. His Geological and Ornithological
collections were housed at Stanhope Gardens, and his Museum was
visited by the Geologists' Association on March 1 1th, 1899.
Hudleston's most important work was the Monograph on the
Inferior Oolite Gasteropoda, published by the Pal?eontographical
Society. He contributed numerous papers to various scientific
societies and to the ' Geological Magazine.'
Hudleston was a man of great energy, a good shot and fond of
fishing, and retained his activity to the last. He died suddenly at
West Holme from heart failure on January 29th, 1909.
[H. W. MONC£TO>\]
Frederick Edward Hulme was born at Hanley in Staffordshire
in 1841, and became a prolific author in many departments, some
of which did not arise out of his position at King's College,
London, as professor of drawing, but from his wide range of
42 PROCEEDINGS or THE
sympathy. His first publication was ' Plant Form ' in 1868,
followed in succession by ' Plants, their natural growth and
ornamental treatment,' 1874, in which plant-form was utilised as
the basis of architectural ornament ; ' Familiar Wild Flowers,' by
far bis most popular production, issued in 8 volumes of colourec^
plates and letterpress, from 1878-1905, and a ninth volume was
in press at his death ; ' Suggestions in Floral Design,' 1880 ; ' Wild
Fruits of the Country-side,' 1902 ; ' Butterflies and Moths of the
Country-side,' 1903 ; ' Wild Flowers in their Seasons," 1907 ; and
his latest, ' Familiar Swiss Flowers,' 1908. In addition to these his
pen produced many volumes on Art, Myths, Archaeology and
Proverbs, also a history of the town and college of Marlborough.
He was elected Fellow of our Society 18tla March, 1869, and
was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. He died at his
residence at Kew on 10th April, 1909, and was buried on the 14th
of that month. [B. D. J.]
William Saville Kent was elected a Fellow on the 19th June,
1873, and he died on 11th October, 1908, from heart failure
after an operation. In 1885 he became Inspector of Fisheries at
Hobart, Tasmania, till about 1891, and soon afterwards he returned
to England, finally settliug at Lymington, where he died.
His chief work is the sumptuous volume on the ' Great Barrier
Eeef of Australia,' with its remarkable illustrations and accurate
information about this vast extent of coral-formation. He also
gave much attention to oysters and oyster-fishing, and urged the
establishment of a biological station on Thursday Island, a central
depot in the Torres Straits for pearl fishery. He claimed also the
power of inducing pearl-oysters to produce tine pearls, by a special
treatment.
On 21st June, 1906, he exhibited at one of our meetings a
striking series of photographs, in three-colour transparencies and
lantern-slides, of the fishes and other fauna of the Polvnesian
Coral Eeefs, [B. D. J.]
Sir George King, Avho died at San Eemo on February 12th, was
born at Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, on April 12th, 1840. He was
educated at the Grrammar School at Aberdeen and studied Medicine
in the University of the same city, graduating as M.B. with
highest academic honours in 1865. His association with Professor
G. Dickie, the algologist, first as his pupil and subsequently as
his assistant, early engendered in him the desire for a botanical
career. The Indian Medical Service, which after some interruption
had then just been opened again to young medical men, promised
fair prospects for the gratification of his wishes. He entered it
therefore as soon as he had taken his degree. After the usual
preliminary course at Netley, King was selected for the Bengal
Presidency. He reached Calcutta in March, 1866. After a short
service at the General Hospital and later at the Medical College
LINNEAK SOCIETT OP LOXDOX. 43
Hospital, he was sent to Central India and Eajputana, wiiere he
began field work as a botanist and zoologist as far as was
compatible with his medical duties. His botanical inclinations
and knowledge soon singled him out for the career which he
had at heart. In 1868 he was temporarih' entrusted with the
administration of the Botanic Garden at Saharanpur, and sub-
sequently entered the Indian Forest Service in the Xorth-West
Provinces (now Cnited Provinces), with his headquarters at Dehra
Dun. His stay there was not of long duration, as in 1S71 he was
appointed successor to Dr. Thomas Anderson in the super-
intendentship of the Eoyal Botanic Gardens at Calcutta and of
Cinchona Cultivation in Bengal, taking over at the same time the
duties of a Professor of Botanj' at the Medical College in Calcutta.
To these duties were added in 1S91 those of Director of the
Botanical Survey of India, a new post just then created. King
continued to hold all these offices until, in 1895, he retired from
the Professorship in the Medical College of Bengal. This
exhausted, however, by no means the sphere of his amazing
activity, as he also served on the Committee of tlie Management
of the Zoological Garden at Calcutta, on the Board of Alsitors of
the Engineering College of Bengal, as a Trustee (and for some
time Chairman) of the Indian Museum, and since 1894 as President
of the Central Committee appointed by Government to investigate
the indigenous drugs of India. He retired in 1905. A severe
illness during the last year of his stay in India greatly impaired
his health, and after his I'eturn to England he found himself from
year to year more and more obliged to abstain from work and to
seek the protection of the sunny sliores of the Eiviera, \\here he
suddenly succumbed to a severe attack of his illness.
It is difficult not to underrate the many-sided activity of this
botanist, administrator and organiser, who will always stand in
the front rank among those who have helped to open the treasure-
house of the plant world of India. The long list of his publica-
tions, in ]^\o. 4 of the Kew Bulletin for 1909, gives, although
running over three and a half pages, after all only an inadequate
idea of it. Chronologically arranged, it begins with two zoological
papers, one on the lion of Aboo, the other on the birds of the
Goona District (Central Provinces), both published in 1863.
Although kept within a narrow compass they are models of
singularly unpretending and yet lucid and to-the-point diction, and
all betray acute power of observation. Of a similar character is
his first botanical paper, " Xotes on the Famine Foods of Marwar,"
published in the following year; but here we have in addition to
the merits mentioned the display of a great talent for coordinating
facts and the application of their bearing on problems of practical
life. His publications during the next six or seven years when he
moved to Saharanpur and Dehra Dun, and finally to Calcutta,
reflect the same practical sense and the elasticity with which he
knew to subordinate his personal inclinations to the exigencies of
44 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE
his office. The renovation of the Botanic Garden at Calcutta,
which liaci been wrecked by the two great cyclones of 1864 and
1S67, and which now under King rose to new beauty and to
greater importance than it ever had, and the successful manage-
ment of the Cinchona department, which in its ultimate effects
became a blessing for the whole of the Indian Empire and even
beyond its boundaries, were triumphs of organisation. Both tasks
taxed his time heavily ; but when they were fairly accomplished,
the opportunity had come for work which must have been all the
time very near to his heart. A number of sliort papers on species
of Ficus published in 1886 and 1887 were the forerunners of the
magnificent monograph of the Eicus of the Indo-Malayan and
Chinese countries, with which in ]8S8 he initiated that splendid
and sumptuously illustrated serial the 'Annals of the Eoval
Botanic Garden, Calcutta.' Other memoirs on the Indian Ario-
carims, Quercus, Castanojjsis, Magnoliacese, Myristica, Auonacete,
on new and rare Indian plants and the Orchids of the Sikkim
Himalaya, some of them in collaboration with other authors,
followed, the illustrations filling near on 1300 plates. Shortly
after the appearance of the first volume of the Calcutta ' Annals '
King started the " Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula,"
to be published at intervals in the ' Journal ' of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal. Under the disguise of a modest title the " Materials "
is actually what otherwise would be called a " Flora " of the
Malayan Peninsula, that is a systematic catalogue with full descrip-
tions of all the species known from that rich and interesting area.
He was not allowed to finish the task. At the time of his retire-
ment the publication had proceeded to the middle of the Calyci-
flor£e. After his return to Europe he continued the work as far as
his health would permit, and thus finished Calyciflorae practically
unaided by others. From 1902 onwards, however, he made
arrangements for collaboration with Mr. J. S. Gamble for the
CoroUiflorse, while the Monocotyledonete were taken over by
Mr. Eidley. The magnitude of the task is apparent from the fact
that King alone is responsible for the enumeration and description
of over 1660 species. The enormous progress of our knowledge of
the flora of the Malayan Peninsula would not have been possible
but for the fact that King was not satisfied with the old collections
in the Calcutta Herbarium and chance contributions, but had paid
collectors in the Peninsula, such as Kunstler and Scortechini,
\\hose memory he perpetuated in his ever generous way by
dedicating to them a very great number of new species. His
system of organised collecting, however, was not confined to the
Malayan Peninsula. Almost from the beginning of his administra-
tion of the Calcutta Garden, he provided for the sending out of
trained native collectors into such districts as appeared to him
most promising; and when in 1891 the office of the Botanical
Survey of India was established and placed under his directorship,
he seized at the idea of so coordinating: the efforts of the botanical
LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45
officers in the exploration of India that as little waste as possible
should occur. The material amassed in the Calcutta Herbarium
during his administration is enormous. Neither he himself nor
his staff, which in number was always very limited, could ever
have elabox'ated them. If, nevertheless, so much of it has become
in a sense the property of botanical science, it is entirely due to
the high-minded conception which he had of his office as custodian
of the Calcutta collections, and which alh.nved him to throw them
open Avith unstinted liberality to the workers in the home country
as well as abroad. The gain derived therefrom for science is no-
wliere more evident than in the last volumes of the ' Flora of
British India.'
King's association with the Linnean Society dates back to 1870,
when he was elected a Fellow. The nature of his woi'k and his
official position led naturally to the concentration of his publica-
tions in one or the other of the great Calcutta serials, and his
contributions to the volumes of the Linnean Society were there-
fore few and brief, his " Observations on the genus Ficus, with
special references to the Indo-Malayan and Chinese species "'
(Journal, vol. xxiv. 1887, pp. 27-44) being the most important
of them. Nevertheless, the Society felt great pride in awarding
to its illustrious Fellow the Linnean Medal in 1901. He was
elected a Fellow of the Eoyal Society in 1887, and associated as
an Honorary Member with various learned Societies at home and
abroad.
King was a man of one cast. If he was faithful to his office, he
was faithful to his friends. If he was above official nai'rowness,
so often the result of routine, he was equally above the petty con-
ceptions of private life. Liberal, generous and gentle almost to a
fault, he conquered wherever he came by the irresistible charm of
his personality. [O. S.]
WiLDELM LiLLjEBOEG, Emeritus Professor of Zoology at Uppsala
University, and Foreign Member of the Linnean Society since 5th
May, 1870, was born in the province of Skane, onthe 6th October,
1816. He studied at Lund under Sven Xilsson, and travelled for
scientific ends in Norway, Northern Russia and Finland, the last
two countries in 1848, of which he brought out a I'eport in the
Stockholm ' Handlingar ' in 1850. Hitherto from 1843, the date
of his first paper, he had ranged over a wide field, writing on
mammals, birds, fishes and mollusca, but he now evinced a strong
predilection for the group of Entomostraca, at that time hardly
studied in Sweden. In 1853 he issued an octavo volume of more
than 200 pages on the Cladocera, Ostracoda, and Copepoda of
Scandinavia; at this time he became Assistant Professor at
Lund.
Goran Wahlenberg died in 1851, the last Professor of Natural
History at Uppsala in the Faculty of Medicine. His chair was
46 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
partitioned into several, three of which, Zoology, Botany, and
Geology, were assigned to the Faculty of Philosophy.
The first occupant of the Chair of Zoology was Lilljeborg, who
entei-ed upon his duties 7th January, 1854, and held it until his
retirement in 1882. After three courses of general Zoology, he
adopted a syllabus of ten courses, embracing the whole of the
animal kingdom, beginning with the Protozoa. His lectures were
followed by demonstrations of the types of the groups under con-
sideration. His last coarse in 1832 was devoted to comparative
osteology, and took in all the groups of Yertebrata.
During his professorship he was able to restore or rather to
establish the Zoological Museum at Uppsala. Before he came,
there were large collections from Thunberg's time onwards, but
they consisted mostly of badly preserved and faded mammals and
birds, a few insects, dried Crustacea, shells, and corals from all
parts of the world, without information or localities. The
collection of skeletons was practically absent, and the spirit
collection was insignificant. They were removed to the Gustavian
building, and completely overhauled, and in the course of time a
creditable collection was amassed and adequately shown. The
zoological laboratory was established in 1875 at Uppsala, the
professor fully recognising the importance of practical work.
Upon quitting the chair, Lilljeborg continued his scientific
work, and in 1896 a handsome quarto volume Festschrift appeared,
entitled ' Zoologiska Studier,' in honour of his 80th birthday ; one
of the articles in this is a bibliography of Lilljeborg's works,
numbering 68. After that year he produced 5 later memoirs,
upon his favourite group, making a total of 73 papers. He was
continually adding to the University collections till his death,
which took place 24:th July, 1908, and after that event his widow
presented to the Zoological Museum, according to an expressed
Avish of the late professor, books and papers which were not in the
library of that institution, numbering about 1400 besides serials.
His professorship was characterised by his keenness in his
examinations and enthusiasm for his work, but only once did he
quit Scandinavia for a visit to the zoological institutions in London
and Paris, and that was in 1865 ; but he constantly visited the
various parts of Sweden, chiefly bent on adding to his collection of
Entomostraca. His health remained good till the middle of July
last year, and he passed quietly away on the 24th of that month, in
the 92nd year of his age.
The data for the foregoing sketch have been drawn from the
obituarv by Prof. Tullberg, Lilljeborg's successor, published in
' Fauna och Flora,' 1908. [B. D. J.J
Arthur LisTEE,F.E.S. — Arthur Lister was born at Upton House,
AVest Ham, in 1830 as the youngest son of Joseph Jackson Lister,
F.E-.S., the distinguished optician. He was educated at Hitchin.
At the age of sixteen he began his business career, living at first
LINNEAN SOCIETY Or LONDOX. 47
in Bedfordshire, then at Bradford, and since 1857 at Leytonstone,
near London. Having with two of his brothers bought ' High-
cliif' at Lyme Eegis in 1871, he spent inucli of his time there,
especially after his retirement from business in 1888. Here he
also died somewhat suddenly on July 19tli of the present year.
When Arthur Lister became known as a botanist he was already
well advanced in years, and his first publication was a short note
in the ' Journal of Botany ' for 1877 : " How to preserve the
Spores of Agaricini and Polyporei." He had, however, been an
ardent lover of nature from childhood and a zealous collector and
observer for many years, and was of course perfectly familiar
with the microscope and its technique. This fitted him eminently
for the \\ork for which he specialised so late in life, and which he
pursued with signal success — the study of the Mycetozoa. His
first contribution to this fascinating class of organisms was pub-
lished (in collaboration with his daughter) in 1888, and others, to
the number of 35, followed, the last appearing a few weeks before
his death. His great A^ork, however, was his Monograph of the
Mycetozoa, published by the British Museum in 1894. Although
professing to be a descriptive catalogue of the species in the
Herbarium of the British Museum, it is in reality a complete
compendium of all the Mycetozoa known up to 1894, amply
illustrated by numerous woodcuts and 78 plates — photographic
reproductions of very beautiful coloured drawings by himself and
his daughter Grulielma.
Arthur Lister became a JFellow of the Linnean Society in 1873,
and of the Eoyal Society in 1898. He was also for many years
a member of the Essex and Dorset Field Clubs, and of the Myco-
logical Society, as whose President he acted in 1906-07. He was
a Justice of the Peace, and in many ways, but always unobtru-
sively, gave evidence of his public spirit. He belonged to the
Society of Friends. Those who had the good fortune of knowing
him intimately, remember him as a delightful companion and a
most lovable man. [O. S.}
Professor Karl August Mobius, who died in Berlin on the 2Gth
April, 1908, was born at Eilenburg, in Prussian Saxony, in 18:25,
and was originally trained for a school-teacher, but his enthusiasm
was awakened by reading the works of Alexander von Humboldt,
and he set out for Berlin with very slender means. By
giving lessons, he succeeded in getting a university training, and
amongst his teachers may be mentioned C. Gr. Ehrenberg and
Johannes Mueller. Becoming assistant to Lichtenstein, he was
aided in 1853 to a teaching appointment at Hamburg, where he
found time to prosecute his faunistic studies. In 1868 he went
to Kiel as Professor of Zoology, and in conjunction with H. A.
Meyer he produced the two folio volumes of the ' Fauna der Kieler-
Bucht,' Leipzig, 1865-72, a rich storehouse of observations. He
had already established a salt-water aquarium, and the famous
4o PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Zoological Garden at Hamburg was helped by him at its founda-
tion. The year 18S0 witnessed the completion of the Zoological
Museum and Institute at Kiel, in great measure due to the strong
efforts of Mobius. In 1887 he was called to Berlin as Director
of the new Zoological Museum, which he held till the close lof
1905, retiring at the age of 80 ; and on his 80th birthday was
published a Festschrift in his honour from his many pupils. The
various publications to which bis name is attached show his wide
range, from Alcyonarians to fishes, and the ' ArtbegrifFe ' ; but his
chosen field was amongst marine organisms, particularly MoUusca.
He had a strong practical sense, and was therefore able to make
many useful suggestions in connection with fisheries and other
marine industries.
His connection with our Society dated from the oth May, 1892,
when he was elected a Foreign Member. [B. D. J.j
George Nicholsok was born at Eipon, Yorkshire, on December 4th,
1847, as the son of a nurseryman. After having received the
usual general education, he worked for several years in various
nurseries in England, and afterwards in the La Muette Gardens
in Paris. In 1873, not long after his return to England, he
entered the Civil Service as Clerk to the Curator of the Eoyal
Gardens, Kew ; and in 1S86, on the retirement of the then
Curator, John Smith the second, he succeeded him in that oifice,
holding the post until 1901, when failing health obliged him to
retire. He resided for the remainder of his life in Eichmond,
Surrey, where he died on September 20th, 1908. He was entirely
a selfmade man. Although the love for plants and gardening
may have run in his veins, a particularly keen intellect making
much easy to him that would have been a stumbling-block to
others, the success of his life was after all greatly due to the
adroit and persistent application of his gifts to a well-defined
field ol activity. The trend towards concentration and persistence
is curiously i-eflected by the fact that his first publication was on
the AVild Elora of Kew Gardens and Pleasure Grounds (1875) ;
whilst almost his last visits to the Gaixleus — a few weeks before
his death and in a bath-chair — were brightened and enlivened to
him by the search for minute Lepidoptera and Pungi, which
should serve as further contributions to the AVild Pauna and
Plora of the Gardens, the exploration of which he had always had
at heart. If this was rather in the nature of a hobby, his more
serious work shows the same traits. Ofiicially special stress has
been laid on his long-continued devotion to the development of
the Kew Arboretum, one of the finest collections of this kind;
whilst his ' Dictionary of Gardening' (1884-88 in four volumes,
and in a Prench edition, 1892-99) soon became a standard work
of gardening. He Avas also a fertile and serious contributor to
the horticultural papers. The Linnean Society recognised his
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 49
services to botanical science by electing him an Associate in 1886,
which distinction he held until 1898, when he became a Fellow.
He was one of the lirst recipients of the Victoria Medal of
Honour in Horticulture (1897), and received the Veitch Medal
in 1894.
His travels — he frequently visited the continent, particularly
FxMnce and Switzerland, and went twice to America — and his
wide reading gave his views of men and matters breadth and
depth, whilst an exquisitely amiable disposition added much
charm to his personality and won him friends wherever he went.
[O. S.]
Professor Harry Govier Sebley, F.E.S., who died on
January 8tb, 1909, had been a Eellow of the Linnean Society
since 1871. He was born in London on February 18th, 1839,
and began early to take an interest in scientific work. He soon
inclined towards palaeontology and geology, and became assistant
to Prof. Adam Sedgwick in the Woodwardian Museum, Cam-
bridge. While here engaged in arranging the collection of
fossils and in practical field-work with students, Seeley published
many important papers on fossils, especially on fossil reptiles, on
which he became an acknowledged authority. His well-known
small volume on ' The Ornithosauria ' was published by the Cam-
bridge University Press in 1870 ; and his mature views on the
same subject were summarised so recently as 1901 in his ' Dragons
of the Air : an Account of Extinct Flying Keptiles.' In 1873
Seeley returned to London, and began to contribute a long series
of papers, chiefly on fossil reptiles, to the ' Quarterly Journal
of the Geological Society. Ln 1876 he published papers on
'• Eesemblances between the Bones of typical living Ee[)tiles and
the Bones of other Animals" and on " Similitudes oF the Bones
in the Enaliosauria " in the 'Journal' of the Linnean Society
(Zoology), vol. xii. In 1876 he was appointed Professor of
Geography in King's College, London, and Professor of Geography
and Geology in Queen's College, London, holding both these
Professorsliips until his death. From 1891 until the closing of
the institution, he was also Lecturer on Geology and Mineralogy
in the Eoyal Indian Engineering College, Cooper's Hill ; and from
1896 onwards he was Professor of the same subjects at King's
College. Prof. Seeley also undertook much popular lecturing and
teaching, and was for many years one of the Gilchrist Lecturers.
In 1889 he obtained a grant from the Koyal Society to enable him
to visit South Africa and Russia to collect and study the extinct
Anomodont Reptiles ; and the most important results of his work
were published in a series of memoirs in the ' Philosopliical
Transactions.' He discovered and described the well-known
skeletons of Pariasaurns haini and Ci/nor/nathus crateronotus
besides many other important specimens, which are now exhibited
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1908-1909. C
5© PROCEEDINGS OE THE
in the British Museum. A portrait of Prof. Seeley and a hst of
his scientific papers were pubhshed in the ' Geological Magazine '
for June 1907 (dec. 5, vol. iv. pp. 245-253, pi. xii.).
[A. Smith Woodwakd.]
George Sim, A.L.S. since 2nd December, 1886, was the son of
a general merchant at Craigellachie, Avhere he was boru on
26th March, 1835. He received but little education as a child,
and in 1848, when 13 years old, he was apprenticed to a tailor in
Auchterless ; after 4| years he became journeyman to the same
master, and remained some time longer with him, till, in conse-
quence of bis employer's increasing love of drink, he became
ruined, and Sim had to find work elsewhere. This experience
deeply impressed him, and led him by precept and example to
endeavour to save his fellow-workmen from that habit which had
proved fatal to the master.
As a journeyman tailor he moved about in various parts of
Great Britain and Ireland, till in 1857 he tried his fortune by
setting up a shop in Turriff, but soon afterwards a brother induced
him to join in buying a druggist's business in Tarland, where they
spent about two years. The business did not equal their hopes,
so it was sold, and on leaving Tarland George Sim resolved to
improve his knowledge of taxidermy by a regular training under
Mr. Sandison, of Edinburgh. After a short visit to London, he
went to Aberdeen in 1862, and began business in King Street as
a naturahst and preparer. His success enabled him to move, in
a few years, to Castle Street, where he also sold antiquarian
articles ; his integrity and skill were so known and valued, that
this branch became largely extended and successful.
He had married before settling in Aberdeen, where his wife and
child lived during his search for fortune in London. After his
establishment in business, he was assiduous in field-work at such
hours as could be snatched from business ; he did not spare
himself, working early and late. In 1878 he published in the
' Transactions ' of the Aberdeen Natural History Society his " List
of the Crustacea of the North-East Coast of Scotland," and a
'* Catalogue of Eish found in the vicinity of Aberdeen " by the
late Dr. Dyce and Sim. His collections in both groups were
given by him to the University of Aberdeen shortly before his
death. His quarto note-books, from 1862 to 1890, with drawings
interspersed, were given to the Aberdeen Eree Library. Many
short notes in Naturalist's Journals were written by him, till in
1903 he published in Aberdeen ' The Vertebrate Eauna of Dee,'
a handsome octavo volume of nearly 300 pages.
The scanty education of his youth was largely made good by-
private study, and he was an omnivorous reader. In his later
years he travelled in Erance, Italy, and other parts of Europe,
visiting museums and other places of interest to a naturahst.
He is described as reserved and silent with strangers ; of spare
LIKXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON, 5 1
frame and almost ascetic appearance, which seemed unequal to
the demands his business and relaxation made upon it, but he
reached the age of 73, dying in his home at Aberdeen on the
15th June, 1908.
The writer of tliese lines is indebted to the kindness of Prof. J.
W. H. Trail, F.E.S., for the information contained in an un-
published memoir, with portrait, to be issued in the ' Annals of
Scottish iS^atural History,' which has permitted of this notice
being drawn up. [B. D. J.]
Alexaxdek "Whtte. — Alexander Whyte was born at Fetter-
cairn, Kincardineshire, as the son of the Rev. A. Whyte, M.A.,
on Marcli 5th, 1S3-1. He was educated at the Parish Scliool
there, and, in 1850, entered the University of Aberdeen, where
he proved proficient in classics as well as in natural history, and
especially in botany. Without taking his degree he left for
family reasons for the West Indies, and proceeded later on to
Ceylon, where he lived until 1890, when he returned to London.
His keen interest in natural history and experience as collector,
chiefly of geological objects, recommended him to Mr. (now Sir)
H. H. Johnston when preparing for his departure as Commissioner
for British Central Africa, and he attached him as principal
scientific officer to his statf. Alexander Whyte left for Africa in
March 1891. Having stayed six years with Sir H. H. Johnston,
he was in 1898 transferred to Ilganda, and in 1902 appointed
Director of Agriculture for British East Africa, He retired the
following year ; but his energy was by no means exhausted. At
the age of 70 he went to Liberia, in the interest of a company, to
explore the forest-belt in the interior for rubber-plants. In spite
of great hardships and a severe attack of dysentery he successfully
executed his commission, and retui'ued home in apparently unim-
paired health in 1905. He died at High Barnet, Hertfordshire,
on December 21st of the present year.
His activity as botanical collector dates from 1891, when ht
explored the M'lanje Mountains in British Central Africa. The
very important collections made on that occasion went to the
British Museum, and formed the subject of a paper by the officers
of the botanical department of that institution in the 'Trans-
actions ' of the Linnean Society, Ser. 2, Botany, vol. iv. pp. 1-67
(1894). His later very extensive collections from British Central
Africa, Uganda, and British East Africa are mostly at Kew, and, so
far, only partially worked up (' Flora of Tropical Africa '). Perhaps
his most valuable contribution was from Liberia, a country ^^•hic•h
until then was, apart from certain parts of the littoral, botanically
almost unexplored. The results of this expedition were in-
corporated in Sir H. H. Johnston's ' Liberia,' and the new species
described in the ' Journal ' of the Linnean Society, vol. xxxvii.
pp. 79-115 (1905). The number of new species discovered by him
is very considerable, 'and not a few have been associated with him
e2
52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
by their specific designations, among them the M'lanje Cypress,
Widdringtonia Whytei. The value of his collections would have
been still greater had he paid more attention to labelling and
writing down his observations. That he was a good observer and
also had the literary power of putting into words what he saw
will be admitted by those who had an opportunity of listening to
his accounts or reading the manuscript report of his expedition
to Liberia.
In 1 877 Alexander Whyte was elected a Fellow of the Zoological
Society, who in 1894 made him an Honorary Fellow and in 1897
awarded him their Silver Medal. His Fellowship of the Linnean
Society dates from 1894. [O. S.
June 3rd, 1909.
Dr. D. H. Scott, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May,
1909, were read and confirmed.
Mr. Eichard Siddoway Bagnall was proposed as a Fellow.
The Lady Isabel Mary Peyronnet Browne, Capt, Stanley Smyth
Flower, Mr. Valavanur Subramania Iyer, M.A. Madras Univ.,
Miss Julia Lindley, and Mr. WiUiam Eobert Price, B.A. Cantab.,
were elected Fellows.
The President announced that he had appointed the following
as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year : — Sir Frank Crisp,
Mr. Horace W. Monckton, Prof. E. B. Poulton, and Lieut.-Col.
Prain.
The first exhibition was by Prof. Dendy, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., of
photomicrographs showing nuclear division in Galtonia candicans,
Decne., and nuclear division and fertilization in Ascaris megalo-
cejjhcda.
Tbe President added some observations on the interest of these
slides.
Mr. A. D. Cotton, F.L.S., showed dried and recent specimens
in formalin, of Golpomenia sinuosa, Derbes & Sol., from Wev-
mouth, explaining how this Mediterranean species had advanced
during the last few years up the French coast, into the English
Channel ; it was belitjved to act injuriously to young oysters, by
breaking thein adrift on its rising by buoyancy when distended
\^'ith air.
An animated discussion followed in which the following
joined :— Mr. E. M. Holmes, Dr. J. C. Willis, Prof. Dendy, and
Mr. J. C. Shenstone, Mr. Cotton replying. '
LIN1^EA^'^ SOCIETt OF LONDON. 53
The following papers were read : —
1. " On Calamites (Calamitina) ScJmtzei, 8tur., and on the
correspondence between the length of internodes and the
position and function of the short internode in the genus
Calamites and in the recent Equisetaceae." By A. R.
HoRwooD. (Communicated by E. E. Lowe, F.L.S.)
2. " Cephalocorda — Amphioxides — of the 'Sealark' Expedition."
By H. 0. S. GriBso^f, B.A. (Communicated by J. Stanley
Gabdixer, E.R.S., E.L.S.)
3. "Alcyonaria of the 'Sealark' Expedition." By Prof. J.
Arthur Thomson. (Communicated by the same.)
June ITth, 1D09.
Sir Frank Crisp, Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd June, 1 909,
were read and confirmed.
Mr. Thomas Parkin, M.A., was proposed as a Fellow.
Mr. William Booth Waterfall, Mrs. Mary Jane Longstaff,
Mr. Eichard Williams Harold Row, and Mr. William Eoberfc
Price, B.A. Cantab., were admitted Fellows.
Mr. William Dennis and Mr. Edward John Woodhouse,
B.A, Cantab., were elected Fellows.
A letter congratulating Sir Joseph Hooker on his approachiug
92nd birthday was read from the Chair, and signed by the Fellows
present.
The following papers were I'ead : —
1. " On the Growth of a Species of BattareaP By J. G. Orro
Tepper, F.L.S. (Abstract, see p. 54.)
2. " The Deposits in the Indian Ocean." By Sir John Murray,
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.L.S.
3. " The ' Sealark ' Penaeidea, Stenopidea, and Reptantia." By
L. A. BoRRADAiLE. (Comuiunicated by J. Stanley
Gardiner, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.)
4. " The ' Sealark ' Polychaeta." By F. A. Potts. (Communi-
cated by the same.)
o. "The 'Sealark' Lepidoptei-a."' By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher.
(Likewise communicated.)
6. " Report on the Porifera cullecled by Mr. Cyril Crossland
in the Red Sea ; Part L Calcarea"." By R. W. Harold
Row, B.Sc, F.L.S.
I
54 PROCEEDINOS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.
7. " New Species of Malesian and Philippine Ferns." By
Dr. H. Christ. (Communicated by Pleet-Surgeon C. G.
Matthew, M.B., F.L.S.)
8. "The African Species of Triumfetta, Linn." By T. A.
Spragub, F.L.S., and J. Hutchinson. ,
9. " The Acaulescent Species of Malvastrum, A. Gray.'* By
Akthue W. Hill.
ABSTRACT.
Notes on the Growth and Development of a Specimen of a
South-Australian Battarea. By J. G. 0. Teppek, E.L.S,
[Eead 17th June, 1009.]
In April 1900 the specimen in question was received from
Miss IJna A. Wai-e, of Dalkey, 17 miles north of Adelaide, in the
" Mallee Scrub "of dwarf Eucaliiptus. It consisted of a fully-
developed Battarea from base to pileus, with a solid, heavy, tuber-
like mass attached. The specimen was shown on 1st May, 1900,
at a meeting of the Eoyal Society of South Australia (Trans, xxiv.
p. 171). A few days later spores were abundantly shed, and the
specimen bedded in sand and cov^ered with a bell-glass, and for
nearly a mouth it continued to develope in height. It was again
shown to the E. Society of South Australia on 6th June, when
the following dimensions were noted : —
Total height from base to summit . . 235 mm.
Pileus, diameter 42 ,,
Stipes, at summit 12 „
5, 75 mm. below the summit . . 20 „
Peridium whitish when fresh, irregularly hemispherical and
smooth, except some slight irregular furrows.
The specimen was handed to Dr. M. Holtze, F.L.S., Director
of the Adelaide Botanic Garden, and is there preseiwed in the
Herbarium. No other specimen has been recently found, but it
has been suggested that it may belong to Battarea phalJoides,
Dicks. The other Australian species known are B. Miielhriana,
Kalchb., from Torke's Peninsula, and B. Teppcriana, Ludw., from
N.W. Victoria.
ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS
TO THE
LIBRAHY.
1908-1909.
Aberdeen.
Agricultural Researcli Association, 1907-8.
8vo. Aberdeen, 1908.
Jamieson (Thomas). Utilisation of Nitrogen in Air by Plants. No. III.
Pp. 75 ; with 4 plates and portraits. 1908.
Thos. Jamieson.
Aisslinger (Hans). Beiti-age zur Iveuatnis weuig bekauuter
Pflanzenfasern. Pp. 135: init 2 Tafeln.
8vo. ZiiricJi-Selnnu, 1907. Dr. Hans Schinz.
Albert, Honore Charles {Prince cle Monaco). Eesulfats des
Campagnes Seientifiques accomplies siir son Yaclits [VHirondeUe
et la Princesse-AUce^. Fascicules 33, 34.
4to. Monaco, 1908-1909.
XXXIII. Crustaces decapodes (Peneides) provenant des campagnes de
VHirondelle et de la Pr incense- Alice (1886-1907). Par E. L.
^ BouviER. Pp. 122 ; plates 16. 1908.
XXXIV. Echinodermes provenant des^ campagnes du yacht Princcsse-
Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Eehinides et Orinoides). Par R.
KoEiiLER. Pp. i517 ; plates 32. 1909.
Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh (C. R. W. K. van). New or Inter-
esting Malayan Ferns. Pp. 27, tab. 8. (Bull. Dept. Agric.
Indes JN'eerl. no. 18.) 8vo. Buitenzorg, 1908.
Handbook to the Determination of the Perns of the
Malayan Islands (inch those of the Malay Peninsula, the
Philippines, and New Guinea). Pp. xl, 899. Additions,
Moditications, and Corrections. Pp. 11. 8vo. Batavia, 1909.
Aldrovandi (Ulisse). See De-Toni (Giovanni Battista).
Ameghino (Florentine). El arco escapular de los Edentados y
Moriotremos y el origen Eeptiloide de estos dos Grupos de
Mamiferos. Pp. 91, iigs. 60. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
xvii.) lioy. 8vo. Buenos Aires. 1908.
Encore quelques mots sur les Tatous Eossiles de Prince et
d'AUemagne. Pp. 22, figs. 12. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
xvii.) Eoy. 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1908.
56 PKOCKi; DINGS OF THE
Ameghino (Florentine). Notes sur les Poissons da Patagonien.
Pp. 23, figs. 2. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xvi.)
8vo. Buenos Aires, 1908.
Las forinaciones sedimentarias de la Region litoral de Mar
del Plata y Chapalmalan. Pp. 88, figs. 16. (An. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, XA'ii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1908.
Dos documentos testimoniales a proposito de las escorias
producidas por la combustion de los cortaderales. Pp. 12.
(An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, xix.)
Eoy. Svo. Buenos Aires, 1909.
Le litige des scories et des terres euites autbropiques des
formations ne'ogenes de hi Eepublique Argentine. Pp. i2.
Boy. Svo. Buenos Aires, 1909.
Produits pyriques d'origine aiitbropique dans les formations
neogenes de la Eepublique Argentiue. Pp. 25. (An. Mus,
Nac. Buenos Aires, xix.) Svo. Buenos Aires, 1909.
Author.
Apstein (Carl). See Plankton-Expedition. Die Pyrocysteen.
1909.
Arher (Edward Alexander Newell). Bibliography of Literature
on Palaeozoic Possil Plants ; including some of the more
important memoirs published between 1870-1905. See Pro-
gressus Rei Botanicae, Bd. i. Heft 1, pp. 218-242. 1907.
ArcMv fiir Protistenknnde. Begrlindet A^on Dr. Peitz Schau-
DiNN, herausgegeben von Dr. M. Haktm.\in'n und Dr. S. von
Peowazek. Band xiii.-> Svo. Jena, 1908-5-
Arnold Arboretum. Publications, No. I.
4to. Boston, 2Iass., 1909.
I. Shaw (G-egrge Russell). The Pines of Mexico. Pp. 29 ; plates 22
1909.
Austen (Ernest Edward). /S^^ Calmette (A.). Venoms, Venomous
Animals, and Antivenomous Serum-Therapeutics. 4to. 1908.
Ball (William Piatt). Are the Effects of Use and Disuse
inherited? Pp. xii, 156. (Nature Series.) Svo. London, 1S90.
John Hopkinson.
Barraud (Philip J.). See Gibbs (Arthur Ernest). A Preliminary
List of Hertfordshire Diptera. 1908.
Bateson (William). The Progress of Genetics since the redis-
co\ery of Mendel's papers. See Progressus Rei Botanicae,
Bd. i.' Heft 2, pp. 368-418 ; with 24 illustrations. Svo. 1907.
Mendel's Principles of Heredity. Pp. xiv, 396 ; with
6 plates, 3 portraits, and 37 figs, Svo. Cambridge, 1909.
B?.y (J. Christian). Index Emendatus, ans : Bibliotheca Botanica,
uuctore Alberto de Hallee. Pp. v, 57. 4to. Bema^, 1908.
LINNBAN SOCIETY oP LONDON. 57
Beck (Henrich Henrichsen). Index MoUiiscorum praesentis aevi
Musei Priiicipis Augiistissimi Christiani Frederici. Fasciculus
primus et secundus. MoUusca gastrteopoda pulmonata. (Speci-
erum novarum in Indice . . . ab auctore propositarum charac-
teres breves.) Pp. 124. 4to. Bafnice, 1837.
Beeby (William Haddon). On the Flora of Shetland. Pp. 5.
(Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. April 1909.) 8vo. Edinhuryh, 1909.
Author.
Beitrage zur Naturdenkmalpflege. Herausgegeben von Hugo
CoNWENTZ. Heft 2. 4to. Berlin, 1908.
2. Bericht iiber die Staatliche Niiturdenkmalpflege in Preusseu im Jahre
1907. Von H. Conwentz. 1908.
H. Conwentz.
Berlin.
Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen
Gesellschatt. Generalredakteur : Franz EiLHyvno Schulzb.
Liefg. 25. 8vo. Berlin, 1909.
Liefg. 25. Lepidoptera. — Brassolida?. Von H. Stichel. Pp. xiv, 244 ;
figa. 46. 1909.
Bernard (Charles). Protococcacees et Desmidiees d'Eau Douce,
recoltees a Java et deerites par Ch. Bbrnakd. Pp. 230, plates
16. (Dept. Agric. Indes Neerl.) 8vo. Batavia, 1908.
Bettany (George Thomas). See Malthus (Thomas Robert). An
Es8ay on the Principle of Population, &c. Pp.slii,614. 1890.
Bevis (J. P.). See Woolwich Surveys. Botany: The Flora of
Woolwich and West Kent. 8vo. 1909.
Bibliotheca Botanica (continued).
Baud XVI. Heft 71. Wolf (Tueodoii). Monographie der Gattung
Poientilla. Pp. vi, 714 ; mit 2 Earten und
20 Tafeln.
4to. Stuttgart, 1908.
Bibliotheca Zoologica (continued).
Band XXI. Heft 54. Liefg. 1. Kennel (Julius). Die Palsearktischen
Tortriciden. Pp. 100 und 6 Tafeln. 1908.
„ „ 55. Kaule (Waltiier). Die Psedogenesis der Cecido-
niyiden. Pp. 80 ; mit 38 Textfiguren und 6
Tafeln. 1908.
„ ,, 56. TiHELE (Johannes). Eevision des Systems der
Ohitonen. Teil I. Pp. 70; mit 6 Tafeln und
5 Textfiguren. 1909.
Biddlecombe (A.). Thoughts on Natural Philosophy ; with a
jiew Eeading of NevVton's First Law. Eevised and Enlarged
Edition. Pp. 24. 8vo. London, 1908.
Thoughts on Natural Philosophy (with a new Eeading of
Newton's First Law); and the Origin of Life. Fourth Edition,
Eevised and Enlarged. Pp.32. 8vo. Neivcastle-on-Tyne, 1909.
Fifth Edition. Pp. 39.
8vo. Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1909.
Author.
58 PilOC£EDlNGS OF THE
Boorsma (W. G.)- Pharmakologische Mitteiluugen, IV. P0I3'-
galacese. Pp. 22. (Bull. Dept. Agric. Indes Neerl. xvi.)
8vo. Buitenzorg, 1908.
Borgesen (Frederik C. E.). The Species of Avrainvilleas hitherto
found on the shores of the Danish West Indies. Pp. 1,8,
plate 1, figs. 8. (Vidensk. Meddel. naturli. Poren. 1908.)
8vo. Copenhagen, 1908.
Yegetationen i Dansk-Vestindien. Pp. 32, figs. 24.
(" Atlanteu." Pp. 601-632, figs. 277-300.)
8vo. KjdhenTiavn, 1909.
Notes on the Shore Vegetation of the Danish West Indian
Islands : a Supplement to my earlier paper on the Halophyte
Vegetation of the Islands. Pp. 59 ; with 4 plates and 40 figs.
(Bot. Tidsskr. vol. 29.) 8vo. Copenhagen. Author.
Boston, Mass. See Arnold Arboretum.
Bouvier (Eugene L.). Crustaces deeapodes (Pe'neides) provenant
des Campagnes de VHirondelle et de la Princesse-Alice (1886-
1907). See Albert.
Bower (Frederick Orpen). Studies in the Morphology of Spore-
producing Members. Parts 1-5. 8vo. London, 1894-1903.
Author.
British Museum {continued).
National Antarctic Expedition (SS. ' Discovery ') 1901-1904 :—
Natural History.
Vol. IV. Zoology. (Various Invertebrata.)
4to. London, 1898.
IV. MoUusca. Soleuogastres. By Dr. H. F. Nierstrasz. 1908.
Aptera. By G. H. CARrENTER. 1908.
Schizopoda. By W. M. Tattersall. 1908.
Copepoda. By R. Norris Wolfenden. 1908.
Echinoderma. By F. Jeffrey Bell. 1908.
Echinoderui Larva. By E. W. MacBride and J. C. Simpson.
Myzostomidffi. By Dr. Eudolf Eitteh von Stu.miier-Traunfbls.
1908.
Sipiinculoidea. By W. F. Lanciiester. 1908.
Cojlentera. Actiniae. By J. A. Clubb. 1908.
Porifera : —
Tetraxonida. By R. Kirkpatrick. 1908.
Oalcarea. By C. F. Jenkin. 1908.
Pishes.
Catalogue of the Presh-Water Pishes of Africa in the British
Museum (Natural Histoiy). By G. A. Boulengeh. Vol. I.
Pp. xi, 373 ; figs. 270. 4to. London, 1909.
Lepidopterous Insects.
Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense. Vol. VII. Catalogue
of the Noctuidse in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Sir G-eokge P. Hampson, Bart. Pp. xv, 709 ; figs. 184,
plates 108-122. 8vo. London, 1908.
linnean society of london. 59
Plants.
Synopsis of tlie British Basidiomycetes : a descriptive Catalogue
of the Drawings and Specimens in the Department of Botany,
British Museum, By WoETniNGTON G. Smith. Pp. 531 ;
ligs. 145, plates 5. 8vo. London, 1908.
GUIDE-BOOKS.
Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the Department
of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). Second
Edition. Eevised. By Woethingxon G. Smith. Pp. ii,
85 ; figs. 90. Svo. London, 1908.
Guide to the Specimens illustrating the Eaces of Mankind
(Anthropology), exhibited in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History). By E. Ltdekkee.
Pp. 31, figs. 16. Svo. London, 1908.
Guide to the Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins (Order Cetacea)
exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British IVTuseum
(Natural History). By E. Ltdekkee. Pp. 47, figs. 33.
Svo. London, 1909.
An Introduction to the Study of Eocks and Guide to the
Museum Collection, Mineral Department. By L. Fletchee.
Fourth Edition. Pp. viii, 155. Svo. London. 1909
Brooklyn, N.Y.
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
Cold Spring Harbor Monographs. Nos. 1-7.
Svo. BrooUyn, N.T., 1903-1909.
7. Byrnes (Esther F.). The Fresh-Water Cyclops of Long Island.
Pp.43; plates la. 1909.
Brown (R. N. Rudmose). See " Scotia."
Bruce (William S.). See " Scotia."
Bruchmann (Hellmnth). Untersuchungen iiber Selaginella sjnmi-
losri, A. Br. Pp. 64, mit 3 Tafeln. Svo. Gotho, 1897.
Bubak (Franz). Die Pilze Bohmens. Teil I. Eostpilze (Fredi-
uales). (Arch. Naturw. Landesdurchf. Bohmeu, xiii. no. 5.)
Svo. Prag, 1908.
Buchanan (John Young). Ice and its Natural History. Pp. 34,
figs. 7. (Proc. Eoy. Inst. Great Brit, xviii. part 3.)
Svo. London, 1908. Author.
Buchenau (Franz). Monographia Juucacearura. Pp. 495,
Tafeln 3. (Engler, Bot. Jahrb. xii.) Svo. Berlin, 1890.
Burkill (Isaac Henry), A Working List of the Flowering Plants
of Baluchistan. Pp. 136. Svo. Calcutta, 1909. Author.
Butler (Samuel). Life and Habit. Pp. 307.
Svo. London, 1877.
Evolution, Old and New; or the Theories of BufFon,
Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and Lamarck, as compared with that of
Mr. Charles Darwin. Pp. xii, 314. Svo. London, 1879.
6o PEOCEEDINGS Of THE
Butler (Samuel). Luck, or Cunning, as the Main Means of Organic
Modification ? An attempt to throw additional light upon
Darwin's theory of Natural Selection. New and cheaper issue.
Pp. ix, 328. 8vo. London, 1886.
vSelections from previous Works. With remarks ou Mr. (x.
J. Romanes's ' Mental Evolution in Animals,' and a Psalm of
Montreal. Pp. v, 325. 8vo. London, 1890.
Essays on Life, Art, and Science. Edited by E. A.
Steeatfeild. Pp. xii, 34:0. 8vo. London, 1908.
Byrnes (Esther F.), The Fresh-Water Cyclops of Long Island.
Pp. 43, plates 15. (Brooklyn Inst. Arts & Sci., Cold Spring
Harbor Monogr. vii.) 8vo. BrooUyn, N.Y., 1909.
Cairnes (D. D.). See Geological Survey of Canada. Report on
a Portion of Conrad and Whitehorse Mining Districts, Yukon.
Pp. 38 ; 8 plates and 2 map«. 1908.
Calcar (R. P. van). Die Eortschritte der Immnnitiits- und
Spezifizitatslehre seit 1870, . mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung
der Tuberkelbazillen und der saurefesten Stabchen. See Pro-
gressus Rei BotanicaB, Bd. i. Heft 3, pp. 533-642; mit 18
Abbildungen und 2 Kurven im Text. 1907.
Calcutta.
Indian Museum.
Aids to the Identification of Rats connected with Plague in
India, with Suggestions as to the Collection of Specimens.
By W. C. HossACK. Pp. 10, with 3 plates.
8vo. Allahahad, 1907.
An Account of the Littoral Holothurioidea collected by
the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. By
R. KoEHLEE and C. Vaney. Pp. 54, plates 3.
4to. Calcutta, 1908.
Caiman (William Thomas). See Lankester {Sir E. Ray). A
Treatise ou Zoologv. Part VII. Appendiculata. Third fascicle.
Crustacea. Pp. viii, 346 ; with 194 figs. 1909.
Calmette (A.). Venoms, Venomous Animals, and Antivenomous
Serum-Therapeutics. Translated by Erxest E. AusteiS".
Pp. xvi, 403 ; figs. 125. 4to. London, 1908.
Cambridge.
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Centenary Number. 4to. Cambridge, 1909. Editor.
Cambridge (The) Natural History. Edited by S. E. Harmee
and A. E. Shipley. Vol. IV. 8vo. London, 1909.
Vol. IV. Crustacea. By Geoffrey Smith. (1909).
Trilobites. By Henry Woods. (1909.)
Introduction to Arachnida, and King-Crabs. By A. E. Siin'LEY.
(1909.)
Eurypterida. By Henry Woods. (1909.)
Scorpions, Spiders, Mites, Ticks, &c. By Cecil Warburton. (1909.)
Tardigrada (Water-Bears). By A. E. Shipley. (1909.)
Pentastomida. By A. E. Shipley. (1909.)
Pycnogonida. By D'Arcy W. Thompson. (1909.)
LINNEAN SOCIKTT OF LONDON. 6l
Camsell (Charles). See Geological Survey of Canada. Pre-
Jiminary Keport on a Part of the Siniilkameeii District, British
Columbia. Pp. 41 and map. 1907.
Canada.
Geological Survey.
Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. Vol. III. Part lY.
4to. Ottaiva, 1908.
The Vertebrata of the Ohgocene of tlie Cjpress Hills, Saskatchewan.
By Lawkence M. Lambe. Pp. 64, plates 8. 1908.
Eeport on Tertiary Plants of British Columbia collected by
Lawrence M. Lambe in 1906, together with a Discussion of
previously recorded Tertiary Floras. By D. P. Penhallgw.
Pp. 167, figs. 32, ■ 4to. Ottcnva, 1908.
Chapman (Frederick). On the Eelationship of the Genus
Girvanella, and its occurrence in the Silurian Limestones of
Victoria. Pp. 10, plates 3. (Austral. Assoc, 1907).
8vo. Adelaide, 1907.
Eecent Foraminifera of Victoria ; some Littoral Gratherings.
Pp. 30, plates 2. (Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club, ser. 2,
vol. X. no. 61.) 8vo. Londoti, 1907.
New or Little-known Victorian Possils in the National
Museum. Part IX. Some Tertiary Species. Pp. 14, plates 3.
(Proc. Eoy. Soe. Victoria, n. s. xx.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1908.
— On the Tertiary Limestones and Poraminiferal Tuffs of
Malekula, New Hebrides. P[j. 16, plates 5. (Proc. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. vol. 32.) 8vo. Sijdneij, 1908.
On Dimorphism in the Eecent Poraminifer, Alveolma
hoscii Defr. sp. Pp. 3, plates 2. (Journ. Eoy. Microsc. Soc.
1908.) Svo. London, 1908.
On the Occurrence of Ualiserltes in the Upper Silurian
and Upper Devonian Eocks of Victoria, Australia. Pp. 3 and
1 plate. (Geol. Mag. Dec. v, vol. v. no. 532.)
Svo. London, 1908.
Notes on a Collection of Silurian Possils from the
Whittlesea District, made by Mr. J. T. Jutson. Pp. 9 and
2 plates. (Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria, xxi.)
8vo. Melbourne, 1908.
Eeport on Jurassic Plants. Pp. 9 and 3 plates. (Eec.
Geol. Surv. Vict, ii.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1908. Author.
Chodat (Robert). Los pteridopsides des temps paleozoVques.
Etude Critique. Pp. 44, figs, 18. (Arch. Sci. Phvs. et Nat.
4 ser. xxvi.) 8vo. Geneve, 1908. Author.
Church (Arthur Herbert). See Royal Society : Archives.
Clarke (Charles Baron). Illustrations of Cyperacea^. Preface
by Benjamin Daydon Jackson. 144 plates.
Svo. London, 1909.
Clements (Frederic Edward). Plant Physiology and Ecology.
Pp. XV, 315 ; with 125 illustrations. " Svo*. London, 1907.
62 PROCEEDINGS OT? THE
Cockayne (L.)- Eeport on a Botanical Survey of the Tongariro
National Park. Pp. 42 ; figs. 32 and map.
fol. WeUhigton, 1908.
Eeport on a Botanical Survey of the Waipoua Kauri
Forest. Pp. 44 ; figs. 20 and map. fol. WeUlngton, 19iC»S.
Author
Cogniaux (Alfred). Note sur une Cucurbitacee nouvelle de la
Chine. Pp. 9 ; with 1 plate. (Bull. Soc. Eoy. hot. Belg. xlii.)
8vo. Bruxelles, 1906.
Notes sur les Orchidees du Bresil et des Eegions voisines.
Pp. 91. (Bull. Soc. Eoy. bot. Belg. xliii.)
8vo. Bruxelles, 1907
A propos de rAchuvement de la "Flora Brasiliensis.
Pp. 7. (Bull. Soc. Eoy. bot. Belg. xliii.) 8vo. Bnuvelhs, 1908.
Author.
CoUinge (Walter Edward). On the Occurrence of A^-ion
lusitanicus, Mab., in the British Isles, and Descriptions of Pour
new A^arieties. Pp. 2. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, sii.)
8vo. London, 1893.
The Anatomy and Description of a new species of Avion.
Pp. 2 and 1 plate. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiii.)
8vo. London, 1894.
On the Grenerative Anatomy of Amalia marrjinata, Drap.,
and some Eemarks upon the Genus. Pp. 4, fig. 1. (Journ.
Malacol. iii.) Svo. London, 1894.
— On some Land-Mollusks from Java, with Description of a
new species. Pp. 5 and 3 plates. (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7
iv.) 8vo. London, 1899.
— On a Collection of Slugs from South Africa, with De-
scriptions of some new species. Pp. 8, with 2 plates. (Ann.
South Afric. Mus. vol. ii.) 8vo. London, 1900.
Description of a new species of Anadenus from China.
Pp. 3, with 1 plate. (Journ. Malacol. vii.)
8vo. London, 1900.
— Description of a new species of Veronicella from the Fiji
Islands. P. 1. (Journ. Malacol. vii.) 8vo. London, 1900.
'Note on the Givotis BouvllleioiDe'Movga.n. P. 1. (Journ.
Malacol. vii.) 8vo. London, 1900.
— Note on the Anatomy of Zonites llollci, Kobelt. Pp. 2,
figs. 4. (Proc. Malacol. Soc. iv.) 8vo. London, 1900.
Description of two new species of Microparmarion from
the Andaman Islands. Pp. 3, with 1 plate. (Journ. Malacol.
viii.) 8vo. London, 1901.
— Note on the Anatomy of AmpMdromus palaceus, Mouss.
Pp. 3, with 1 plate. (Journ. Malacol. viii.)
Svo. London, 1901.
On the Anatomy of the Vitnna irradlans of Pfeift'er.
Pp. 8, with 2 plates. (Journ. Malacol. viii.)
Svo. Birmingham, 1901.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 63
Collinge (Walter Edward). Note on the Anatomy of Altera
Burnvjyi, E. A. Smith. Pp. 2. (Journ. Malacol. viii.)
Svo. Birmingham, 1901.
Description of some new species of Slugs collected by
Mi\ H. Eruhstorfer. Pp. 4. (Journ. Malacol. viii.)
Svo. Birmingham, 1901.
On a further Collection of South African Sluss, with a
Clieck List of known Species. Pp. 8, with 1 plate. (Ann.
South African Mus. ii.) Svo. Cape Town, 1901.
— Description of a new species of Onchid'mm from South
Africa. P. 1, with 2 figs. (Journ. Malacol. ix.)
Svo. Birmingham, 1902.
On the Anatomy of the Genus Myotesta, Collinge. Pp. 6
with 1 plate. (Journ. Malacol. ix.) Svo. Birmingham, 1902.
— Some Notes on the Genus Prisma, Simroth. Pp. 4, with
1 col. plate. (Journ. Malacol. ix.) Svo. Birmingham, 1902.
— Purther Notes on Amala carinata, Eisso. Pp. 2. (Journ.
Malacol. ix.) Svo. Birmingham, 1902.
On some species of Slugs collected by Mr. H. Pruhstorfer,
and Notes on Slugs and Slug-like Molluscs. Pp. 4, with
1 col. plate. (Journ. Malacol. x.) Svo. Birmingham, 1903.
— Contributions to a knowledge of the MoUusca of Borneo.
Pp. 4, with 2 plates. (Journ. Malacol. x.)
Svo. Birmingham, 1903.
— Eeport on the non-operculate Land Mollusca [from the
Malay Peninsula]. Pp. 14, with 3 plates. (Annaudale and
Robinson's Fasciculi Malayenses, Zool. Part II., pp. 205-218,
plates xi.-xiii.) 4to. London, 1903.
Some Remarks on the Genera Damayantia, Issel, Collingea,
Simr., and Isselentia, Collinge. Pp. 4. (Proc. Malacol. Soc. vi.)
Svo. London, 1904.
— Some recent Investigations on the Black-Curraut Gall-
Mite, Eriophyes ribis (Nalepa). Pp. 12, with 4 figs.
Svo. Birmingham, 1904.
The Life-history of the Pear Midge, Diplosis pyrivora,
Riley. Pp. 7, with 2 figs. Svo. Birmingham, 1905.
— Report on the Injurious Insects and other Animals observed
in the Midland Counties during 1904-1907. Reports II.-V.
Svo. Birmingham, 1905-1 90S.
The Application of Economic Biology to Agriculture.
Pp. 11. (Journ. Econ. Biol, ii.) Svo. London, 1907.
— Description of a new species of Slug of the Genus Atopos
from Java. Pp. 2. (Journ. Conchol. xii.)
Svo. London, 1908.
The Possibility and Danger of the Introduction of the San
Jose Scale into Great Britain. Pp.8. (Proc. Assoc. Econ. Biol,
vol. i.) Svo. London, 1908.
Note on the Flight of the Earwig, Forfimla Auricidaria,
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Author.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Commerson (Philibert). The Life of. See Oliver (Samuel
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Conn (Herbert William) and Webster (Lucia Washburn
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nectieut. State Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. No. 10.)
8vo. Hartford, 1908.
Connecticut, State of.
Geological and Natural History Survey. Bulletin, Nos. 10
11. 8vo. Hartford, 1908.
No. 10. Conn (H. W.) and Webster (L. W.). A Preliminary Eeport on
the AlgjE of the Fresh Waters of Connecticut. Pp. 78,
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No. 11. Evans (A. W.) and Nichols (G. E.). The Bryophytes of Con-
necticut. Pp. 203. 1908.
Conwentz (Hugo). The Care of Natural Monuments with special
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10 illustrations. Bvo. Cambridge, 1909. Author.
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Cooper (C. S.) and Westell (William Percival). Trees and Shrubs
of the British Isles Native and Acclimatised. Sixteen coloured
and seventy black and white plates drawn direct from Nature,
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in Angiosperms. Pp. 6. (Bot. Gaz. vol. 45.)
8vo. (yJiicago, 1908.
The Embryo Sac and Embryo of Gnetum Gnemon. Pp. 7,
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Crocker (Emmeline). Thirty-nine Articles on Gardening.
Pp. 159, with 7 col. plates. 8vo. London, 1908. Dulau & Co.
Cuvier (Georges Leopold Chretien Frederic Dagobert), Baron.
Memoires pour servir al'histoire et a Faiiatomie des Mollusques.
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Czapek (Friedrich). Die Ernahrungsphysiologie der Pflanzen
seit 1896. See Progressus Eei Botanicse, Bd. i. Heft 2
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Daflner (Franz). Die Voralpenpflanzen. Biiume, Striiuche,
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8vo. Leipzig, 1893. Sir Frank Crisp.
Dakin (W. J-)- Pecten. Pp. viii, 136 ; plates 9. See Liverpool
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LINNEAN SOCIEIT OF LONDON. 65
Darwin and Modern Science. See Seward (Alfred Charles).
8vo. 1909.
Darwin Celebration. Order of the Proceedings at the Darwin
Celebration held at Cambridge, June 22 to June 24, 1909.
With a Sketch of Darwin'a Life. 4to. Cmnbricl/e, 1909.
University.
Darwin Centenary Number. See Cambridge : Christ's College
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Darwin (Charles). The Foundations of the Origin of Species :
two Essays written in 1842 and 1844. Edited by his Son,
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Darwin (Charles). See Geikie (Sir Archibald). Charles Darwin
as Geologist.
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the Origin of Species : two Essays written inl842andl844. 1909.
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De Geer (Gerard). See Swedish Explorations in Spitzbergen,
1758-1908. 8vo. 1909.
Delage (Yves). L'Heredite et les grands problemes de la Biologie
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De Toni (Giovanni Battista). Matted Lanzi. Pp. 7. (Malpighia,
xxi.) 8vo, Genova, 1908.
Illustrazione del terzo volume dell' Erbario di Ulisse Aldro-
A'andi. Pp. 102. (Malpighia, xxii.) 8vo. Genova, 1908.
Contributo delle Eelazioni del Patrizio Veneziano Pietro
Antonio Micheli con Ulisse Aldrovandi. Pp. 52. (Mem. E.
Accad. Sci., &c. Modena, Ser. 3, ix., 1908.)
8vo. Modena, 1908.
II Centenario di Carlo Darwin. Pp. 7. (Ri vista I'tTniversitu
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Dode (Louis Albrecht). Ai-bores et frutices novi. Pp. 9, with
2 blocks. (Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. vol. 55.) 8vo. Paris, 190S.
Eevue des especes du continent asiatiqne de la section
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Notes Dendrologiques. Pp. 27, with 7 blocks. (Bull. Soc.
Dendrol. France, 1908.) Svo. Paris, 1908.
— Les Davidia. Pp. 3. (Revue Horticole, 1 Sept. 1908.)
4to. Paris, 1908.
— Sur les Sapindus rustique. Pp. 2. (Bull. Soc. Dendrol.
France, 1909.) Svo. Paris, 1909.
Peupliers et Saules a feuilles persistantes. Pp. 4. (Bull.
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LINN", soc. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1908-1909. /
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Dresser (John A.). See Canada : Geological Survey. Eeport on
a Recent Discovery of Gold near Lake Megantie, Quebec.
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Driver (Eev. S. R.). Modern Research as illustrating the Bible.
The Schweich Lectures, 1908. British Academy. Pp. viii, 9i5 ;
with 49 illustrations. 8vo. London, 1909.
Dublin.
Botanical School of Trinity College.
Notes. Vol. II. no. 1. 4to. Dublin, 1909. Prof. H. H. Dixon.
Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.
Proceedings, 1840-1860. 8vo. Dubliji, 1908.
Annual Report, 77. 8vo. Dublin, 1908.
Dr. R. P. Scharff.
Dupont (R.). Report on a Visit of Investigation to St. Pierre,
Astove, Cosmoledo, Assumption and the Aldabra Group of the
Seychelles Islands. Pp. 51. fol. SeycJielles, 1907. Author.
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Edinburgh.
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Notes : List of Seeds collected in the Royal Botanic Garden,
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8vo. Glasgoiv, 1908. I. Bayley Balfour.
Elliot (George Francis Scott). See Oliver {the late Samuel
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Empeyta (Eugene). Catalogue descriptif des Arbres, Arbustes,
Arbrisseaux et Sous-Arbrisseaux indigenes on naturalises en
Suisse, d'un Dictionnaire des principaux noms -t^lgaires donnes
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IX. Die Pflaiizenwelt Afrikas insbesoudere seiner tropisclien Gebiete ;
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pflanzen Afrikas.
Band II. Cbarakterpflanzeu Afrikas (insbesondere des tropiscben).
Die Faniilien der afrikanisehen Pflanzenwelt und ihi-e
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I. Die Pteridopbyten, Gyiiinospermen unci monokotyledonen
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VoUbilileni and 316 Textfiguren. 190S.
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Evans (George). Varieties of Wheat grown in the Central
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Ewart (Alfred James). On the Longevity of Seeds. "With
at) Appendix : — The Occurrence of an Impermeable Cuticle on
the Exterior of Certain Seeds. By Jeajv AVhite. Pp. 210,
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Forest Law. A Manual of Forest Law compiled for the Use of
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Fries (Theodor Magnus). Bref och skrifvelser af och till Carl
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Garden (The). \oU. ,3, /4. j ^^,^3^
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?onci.na.ione^ed inocuiazione de, terren,.^^; ?^08.^^Atth°or.
GiU^iwaSr'innual Progress Eeport upon St_ate Porest
AdLnistra'tion in South A-trahaJorJhe Tear^.«^,-08.^^^_^^^
^tsfor^ooTo^wfii^"^^^^^
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iav. i.!ii. (Me>n. E. Accad. Sc. Torino, 2 ser^xxxvn^^^^^ ^^^^_
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(Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania, 3 --^^"^^^^^^^^.^^^ iggS.
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luemou. 1 Accad. Gioenia Sci.
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l\'at. Catama, 3 ser. XIX.) ,rv„;,(,„ Pn 10
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tav 1. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. xviii.) Svo. In-me, 1880
Memoria V. Intorno ad un nuovo aracnide artrogastro
iYieiiiuiia ,.,,.,.rA«pntnnte di un nuovo ordine
CMicrothelvphonida). Pp. -0, Uv. ^^_^^^^_^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
^'*'"f "rV /i'--\d' .n 59 170 ) 8vo. kw Haven, 1908.
Spbagtje Sabgbnt. 2 vols. '^^"- ,',.„_
I Eeviews of Works on Botany and Related Subjects. 1834-188/.
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOIfDON. 69
Gray (Asa). New ]\Ianual of Botany. Seventh Edition. A Hand-
book of the Flowei'iug Plants and Ferns of the Central and North-
Easteru United States and adjacent Canada. Rearranged and
extensively revised by Bexjamix Lincolk Eobinsox and
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GriflBn (W. H.). See Woolwicli Surveys. Botany. The Flora
of Woolwich and AVest Kent. 1909.
Grinling (C. H.). See Woolwich Surveys. A Survey and Eecords
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Guppy (Robert John Lechmere). On some Fossil Shells from
Comparo Road, Trinidad. Pp. 2. (Bull. Miscall. Inf. Bot.
Dept. Trinidad, no. 59.) 1908.
■ On the Cement-Producing Materials of Naparima, Trinidad.
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Haberle (Daniel). Paliiontologische Untei'suchuug triadischer
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Unsere Ahnenreihe. (Progonotaxis hominis.) Kritische
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jiihrigen Jubelfeier der Thiiringer Universitiit Jena und der
damit verbundenen Uebergabe des Phyletischeu Museums am
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Vierde Uitgave. Svo. Leiden, 1897.
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Nederlaudsche Entomologische Vereeniging.
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Hansen (Emil Christian). Kecherches sur la physiologie efc la
morphologie des ferments alcooliques. XIII. Nouvelles etudes
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Harvey (William Henry) and Sonder (Otto Wilhelm). Plora
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(and neighbouring Territories). By various Botanists.
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Henriksen (G.). Sundry Geological Problems. Second Edition.
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Henslow (Bev. George). The Plants of the Bible : their Ancient
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Sauvageau (Camille). Le Professeur David Caeazzi, les huitres
de Marennes et la Diatomee bleue. Pp. 23.
Svo. Bordeaux, 1908.
Lettre Ouverte a J.-B. De Toni an sujet des Huitres de
Marennes et de la Diatomee bleue. Suivie dim Appendice.
Pp. 24. 8vo. Bordeaux, 1909.
Sur le Developpement e'chelonne de V Halopteris {Stypo-
caulon Kiitz.) scoparia Sauv., et reraarques sur le Sphacelaria
radicans Harv. Pp. 27, figs. 12. (Journ. de Bot. 2 ser. ii.).
Svo. Paris, 1909. Author.
Scharff (Robert Francis). List of the Scientific AVritings of
E. F. SCHAEFF. Pp. 8. Svo. Dublin, iOOS.
On the Irish Horse and its early History. Pp. 6. (Proc.
Eoy. Irish Acad. Sect. B. xxvii.) 4to. Dublin, 1909.
Author.
Schaudinn (Fritz). See Archiv ftir Protistenkunde.
Schauinsland (Hugo Hermann). Darwin und seine Lehre.
Pp. 39. (Abh. Xat. Ver. Bremen. Beilage zu Band xix.)
Svo. Bremen, 1909.
Schepman (Mattheus Marinus). See Siboga-Expeditie. Proso-
brancliia, Part I. Ehipidoglossa and Doeoglossa. With an
Appendix by Prof. E. Beegu. Monogr. xlix\ a.
8o PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Schmidt (Wilhelm J.), ^ee Plankton -Expedition. DieTripyleen
EadioJarien. — Castanellidae. 1908.
" Scotia.'"' Eeport on the Scientitic Eesults of the Yoyage of
S.T. "Scotia" during the Years 1902, 1903, and 1904, under
the Leadership of William S. Bruce. YoL IY. Zoology.
Part I. Zoological Log. By David W. Wiltos, J. H. Haeyby Pirie,
and R. N. Rudmose Brown.
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Scott (Dukinfield Henry). Studies in Fossil Botany. Second
Editiou. Yol.IL Spermophyta. Pp. xiii, 355-676 ; figs. 129-
213. 8vo. London, 1909. Author.
The Present Position of Palaeozoic Botany. With 37
illustrations. See Progressus Eel Botanicse, Bd. i. Heft 1,
pp. 139-217. 1907.
Scott (Thomas). See Norman (Alfred Merle). The Crustacea
of Devon and Cornwall. Pp. xv, 232 : plates 24. 1906.
Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. See " Scotia."
Semon (Richard). Die Mneme als erhaltendes Princip im
Wechsel des organischeu Geschehens. Zweite, verbesserte
Auflage. Pp. XV, 391. 8vo. Leipzig, 1908.
Seward (Albert Charles), Editor. Darwin and Modern Science.
Pp. xvii, 595 ; with illustrations. 8vo. Cambridge, 1909..
Shaw (George Russell). The Pines of Mexico. Pp. 29 ; plates 22.
(Arnold Arbor. I.). 4to. Boston, 1909.
Shipley (Arthur Everett). See Cambridge Nat. Hist. Yol. iv.
Introduction to xlrachnida, and King-Crabs. 1909.
- — Tardigrada (Water-Bears). 1909.
Pentastomida. 1909.
Siboga-Expeditie. Livr. 39, 40. 4to. Leiden, 1908.
Br. Max Weber.
Simpson (Charles Torrey). See Ball (William Healey). The
Moilusca of Porto Eico. Pp. 174 ; plates 6. 1901.
Singh (Puran). Note on the Utilisation of Khair Forests in
Eastern Bengal and Assam. Pp. 8; plates 2. (Forest Pamph.
No. 1, Chemistry Series no. 1.) 4to. Ccdcutta, 1908. Author.
Smith (Geoffrey Watkin). See Cambridge Nat. Hist. Yol. iv.
Crustacea. 1909.
Smith (Harold Hamel). The Future of Cacao Plautiug. Pp. xiii,
95 ; 2 plates. 8vo. London, 1908.
Smith (Johannes Jacobus). Yorlaufige Beschreibungen neuer
papuanischer Orchideen. Pp. 39. (Bull. Depart. Agric.
Indes Ncerl. no. xix.) 8vo. Buitenzorg, 1908.
Smith (John Donnell). Undescribed Plants from Gruatemala and
other Central American Eepublics, xxx. Pp. 9. (Bot. Gaz.
vol. 46.) 8vo. Chicago, 1908. Author.
Smith (Worthington George). Synopsis of the British Basidio-
mycetes, &c. See British Museum. Plants.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 8 1
Smith (Worthington G.). G-uido to Sowerby's Models of British
Fungi in the Department of Botany, British Museum (Natural
History). See British Museum. Guide Books.
Solms-Laubach (Herman Graf zu). See Zeitschrift fiir Botanik.
Sorauer (Paul). Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Dritte,
voUstiindig neubearbeitete Auflage in Gemeinschaft mit G.
Ltndau und L. Reh. 3 Bande. Svo. £erli7i, 1908-1909.
Bd. I. SoHAUEU (Paul). Die nichtparasitiiren Xrankheiten. Pp. xvi,
891 ; mit 208 Textabbildungen. 1909.
„ II. LiNDAU (GrusTAv). Die pflanziiclien Parasiten. Pp. viii, 550 ;
mit 62 Textabbildungen. 1908.
,, III. Reii (Ludwig). Die tierischen Feinde.
South-Eastern Naturalist, being the Transactions of the South-
Eastevn Union of Scientific Societies for 1908.
Svo. London, 1908. Ecu. R. Ashington Bullen.
South-Eastern Xlnioii of Scientific Societies. See South-Eastern
Naturalist.
Spruce (Richard). Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and
Andes. Being Eecords of Travel on the Amazon and its
Tributaries .... as also to the Cataracts of the Orinoco, along
the Eastern Side of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, and the
Shores of the Pacific, during the Tears 1849-1864. Edited
and Condensed by Alfeed Eussel Wallace, With a Bio-
graphical Introduction, Portrait, seventy-one illustrations and
seven Maps. 2 vols. Svo. London, 1908. Dr, A. R, Wallace.
Vol. I. Pp. lii, 518 ; 49 illustration's and 3 maps.
„ II. Pp. xii, 542 ; 22 illustrations and 4 maps.
Stead (David G.). 'New Fishes from New South Wales, No. 1 .
Pp. 12 ; plates 5. Svo. Sijdnei/, 1908.
The Beaked Salmon, Gonorhynclms gonorhynchus (Linnaeus) :
its Distribution in the Waters of New South Wales. Pp. 8 ;
plate 1 and fig. 1. Svo. Sydney, 1908.
The Edible Pishes of New South Wales: their Present
Importance and their Potentialities. Pp. 123 ; with 81 Plates
and 1 Map. Svo. Sydney, 1908.
Secretary, Dept, of Pisheries N. S. Wales.
Stebbing (Edward Percy). A Manual of Elementary Porest
Zoology for India. Preface pp. iii, Contents pp. iii, Introd.
pp. xxiii, Index pp. xxiv, Errata pp. 3, Text pp. 229 ; plates 118.
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Stichel (Hans). See Berlin. Das Tierreich. Liefg. 25. Lepi-
doptera — Brassolidie. 1909.
Stopes (Marie Charlotte Carmichael) and Watson (D. M. S.).
On the present Distribution and Origin of the Calcareous
Concretions in "Coal Balls." Pp. 52 and 3 plates. (Phil.
Trans, ser. B, vol. 200.) 4to. London, 1908. Authors.
Strasburger (Eduard). Die Ontogenie der Zelle seit 1875. See
Progressus Rei BotanicaB, Bd. i. Heft 1, pp. 1-138; mit
40 Abbildungen iin Text. 1907.
LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1908-1909. f/
82 PEOCEEDINGS Or THE
Strasburger (Eduard). Histologische Beitriige. Heft 7.
8vo. Jena, 1909.
7. Zeitpunkt der Bestimmung des Geschlechts, Apogamie, Partheno-
genesis und Eeduktionsteilung. Pp. xvi, 124; mit 3 litliogr. Tafeln.
Streatfeild (R. A.). See Butler (Samuel). Essays on Life, Ant
and Science.
Subba Rao (Bao Baliadur C. K.). Notes on Fig Cultivation in
Southern India, and peculiarities in Yiticulture in Penukonda
in the Anantapur District. Pp. 9. (Bull. Dept. Agric. Madras,
No. 57.) 8vo. Madras, 1908. Author.
S wanton (E. W.). See Haslemere Museum Gazette.
Swedish Explorations in Spitzbergen, 1758-1908. A. G.
Nathoest : Historical Sketch. J. M. Hulth : Bibliography.
Gr. De GrEEE : List of Maps. Pp. 88, figs. 6. (Eeprinted from
Tmer, 1909, H. 1.) 8vo. Stockliolm, 1909. Dr. J. M. Hulth.
Swellengrebel (Nicolas Hendrik). Sur la nature et les causes
de la maladie des taches en couronne chez la Pom me de Terre.
Inaug.-Diss. Pp. 48 et 8 planches. (Arch. Neerl. Sci. Nat.
Ser. II. T. xiii. p. 151.) 8vo. Haarlem, 1909. Dr. Hans Schinz.
Sylviculture. A Concise Manual of Sylviculture for the Use of
Forestry Students in India. Pp. xvi, 240.
8vo. Calcutta, 1906.
Thiele (Johannes). Eevision des Systems der Chitonen. Teil 1.
Pp. 70 ; mit 6 Tafeln und 5 Textfiguren. (Bibl. Zool. Bd. xxii.
Heft 56.) 4to. Stuttgart, 1909.
Thompson (D'Arcy Wentworth). See Cambridge Nat. Hist.
Vol. IV. Pyenogonidae.
Thurston (Edgar). Notes on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries and
Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar. Pp. 116 ; 8 plates, fig. 1,
and 2 diagrams. 8vo. JIadras, 1890.
Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging. See
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Tisza (Edmund). Ueber die Bestandteile der Soranjee [3Io7'inda
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Trelease (William). Agave rigida, Furcrcea rigida, Agave angusti-
folia. Pp. 15; plates 7. (19th Ann. Eept. Missouri Bot.
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The Mexican Fiber Agaves known as Zapure. Pp. 9 ;
plates 6. (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, xviii. no. 3.)
8vo. St. Louis, 1909. Author.
Troup (R. S.). Indian Forest Utilization. Pp. xiii, 257 ; plates 15
8vo. Calcutta, 1907. Author.
Turner (Frederick). Our Earest Plant. (' Sydney Morning
Herald,' Wednesday, Aug. 19, 1908.)
Tutt (James William), ^ce Woolwich Surveys. Zoology. 1909.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 83
United States Department of Agriculture (con.).
Division of Botany.
U.S. National Museum.
Conti'ibutions from the United States National Herbarium.
Vol. XII. Parts 1-4. 8vo. Washington, 1908.
Br. B. Daydon Jackson.
van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh. See Alderwerelt van Rosen-
burgh.
Vaney (Clement). See Koehler (Rene). An Account of the
Littoral Holothurioidea collected by the Royal Indian Marine
Survey Ship Investigator. Pp. 54 ; plates 3. 1908.
Vejdovsky (Franz). Neue Untersuchungen iiber die Eeifung
und Befruchtung. Pp. 103 ; mit 9 Tafeln und 5 Textfiguren.
4to. Prag, 1907. Author.
Verson (Enrico). Sul vaso pulsante della Sericaria. Pp. 33
plates 2. (Atti E. 1st. Veneto Sci. &c., Ivii.)
8vo. Padova, 1909. Author
Vincent (W. T.). See Woolwich Surveys. "Woolwich Celebrities
8vo. 1909
Vochting (Hermann). Untersuchungen zur esperimentellen
Anatomie und Pathologie des Pflanzenkorpers. Pp. vii, 318
mit 20 Tafeln und 16 Textfiguren. 8vo. Tiihingen, 1908.
Vuillemin (Paul). Les bases actuelles de la Systematique en
Mycologie. See Progressus Rei BotanicaB, Bd. ii. Heft 1,
pp. 1-170. 1907.
Wallace (Alfred Russel). See Spruce (Richard). Notes of a
Botanist on the Amazons and Andes, &c.
Walter (Hans). See Engler (H. G. A.) Das Pflanzenreich.
Heft 39. Phytolaccaceje. Pp. 154; mit 286 Einzelbildern in
42 Eiguren. 1909.
Warburton (Cecil). See Cambridge Nai". Hist. Vol. iv. Scorpions,
Spiders, Mites, Ticks, &c. 1909.
Warming (Johannes Eugenius Blilow) and others. Botany of
the Faeroes, based upon Danish Investigations. Pp. xxviii,
1070 ; with 24 plates, and 202 figures in the text.
8vo. CopenJiagen 4' London, 1901-1908.
Dr. J. E. B. Warming.
Watson (D. M. S.). See Slopes (M. C. C). On the present Dis-
tribution and Origin of the Calcareous Concretions in Coal
Seams, known as " Coal Balls." Pp. 52, and 3 plates. 1908.
Watt {Sir George). The Wild and Cultivated Cotton Plants of
the "World. Pp. xiv, 406 ; plates 53. 8vo. Calcutta, 1907.
Author.
The Commercial Products of India, being an Abridgment
of "The Dictionary of the Economic Products of India."
Pp. viii, 1189. 8vo. London, 1908.
Secretary of State for India in Council.
i7^
«4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Webster (Lucia Washburn) (Hazen). See Conn (Herbert
William). A Prelimiuary Eeport on the Algae of the Fresh
Waters of Connecticut. Pp. 78, plates 44. (Connect. State
Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv., Bull. No. 10.) 8vo. Hartford, 1908.
West (George Stephen). See West (William). Presh-water
Alga? from Burma, including a few from Bengal and Madras.
West (William) and West (George Stephen). Fresh-water Algje
from Burma, including a few from Bengal and Madras. (Ann.
Eoy. Bot. Garden, Calcutta, vi. Part 2. Pp. 175-262, plates
10-16.) Fol. Calcutta, 1907.
Westell (William Percival). See Cooper (C. S.). Trees and
Shrubs of the British Isles. 4to. 1909.
Whitaker (William), See Woolwich Surveys. Geology.
8vo. 1909.
White (Gilbert). See Mullens (William Herbert).
White (Jean). See Ewart (Alfred James). On the Longevity
of Seeds. 8vo. 1908.
Wilton (David W.). See " Scotia."
Winkler (Hans). Ueber Parthenogenesis und Apogamie im
Pflanzenreiche. Mit 14 Abbildungen im Text. See Progressus
Eei BotanicsB, Bd. ii. Heft 3, pp. 293-454. 1908.
Wolf (Theodor). Monographic der Gattung Potentilla. Pp. vi,
714 ; mit 2 Karten und 20 Tafeln. (Bibl. Bot. svi. Heft 71.)
4to. Stuttgart, 1908.
Wolff (Arther). Zur Kenntnis der Veriinderungen in der
Bakterienflora der frischen Milch wahrend des sog. Inkuba-
tionsstadiums. Inaug.-Dissertation. Pp. 88.
8vo. Zurich, 1908. Dr. Hans Schinz.
Wood (John Medley) Natal Plants. Vol. v. Part 4. Grasses.
4to. Durban, 1908. Author.
Woods (Henry). See Cambridge Nat. Hist. iv. Eurypterida
and Trilobites. 1909.
Woodward (B. B.). Malacology versus Palaeoconchology. Pres.
Address, delivered 14th February, 1908. Pp. 18, and 2 tables.
(Proc. Malacol. Soc. viii. Part 2.) 8vo. London, 1908.
Author.
Woolwich Survey.
A Survey and Eecords of Woolwich and West Kent. Containing
descriptions and records, brought up to date, of the Geology,
Botany, Zoology, Archaeology, and Industries of the District,
with a brief Photographic Commentary, in Commemoration
of the 12fch Annual (3ougress, 1907, of the South-Eastern
Union of Scientific Societies. General Editors : C. H.
Geinlikg, T. a. Ingram, B. C. Polkinghoene (the late).
Pp. viii, b-zQ. 8vo. Woolwich, 1909. Editors.
"Wright (Herbert). The genus Diospjros in Ceylon: its Mor-
phology, Anatomy, and Taxonomy. (Ann. Eoy. Bot. Gardens,
Peradeniya, Vol. ii.) 8vo. Peradeniya, 1904.
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 85
Wright (Herbert). Hevea hrasiUensls or Para Rubber; its
Botany, Cultivation, Chemistry and Diseases. Third Edition.
Pp. xvii, 304; with 95 lUustrations.
8vo. Colombo & London, 1908, Author.
Yapp (Richard Henry). Sketches of Vegetation at Home and
Abroad. Pp. 21 ; with 1 plate and 7 figs. (New Phytol. vii.)
8vo. Cambridge, 1908.
On Stratification in the Vegetation of a Marsh, and its
Relations to Evaporation and Temperature. Pp. 45 ; with 1
plate and 8 text-figs. (Ann. Bot. xxiii.)
Svo. Oxford, 1909. Author.
Zeiller (Charles Rene). Les Progres de la Pale'obotanique de
Tore des Gymnospermes. Avec 18 figures dans le texte. See
Progressus Rei BotanicsB, Bd. ii. Heft 1, pp. 171-226. 1907.
Observations sur le Lepidostrobus Brownii, Bronguiart (sp.).
Pp. 7. (Compt. Eend. vol. 148.) 4to. Paris, 1909. Author.
Zeitschrift flir Botanik. Herausgegeben von Ludwig Jost,
Peiediiich Oltmanks, Hermann Graf zu Solms-Laubach.
Jahrgang I. Hefte 1, 2. Svo. Jena, 1909—-^.
Zemann (Margarete). Studien zu einer Monographie der Gattung
Argo]:)liyllum Forst. Pp. 24 ; 3 plates and 4 figs. (Ann. k.-k.
Nat. Hofmus. xxii.) 4to. Wien, 1907. Author.
Zoological Record, Vol 44. (1907.) 8vo. London, 1909.
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Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).
Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and
portrait of Rev. William Kirby.
1887.
William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid of
publication, £60.
Erancis Blackwell Forbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Flora, £25.
1888.
The Secretary of State for India in Council: Grant in aid of
publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation
Expedition, £150.
Dr. J. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for
publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60.
Wm. Davidson, Esq. ; 3rd and last instalment, £2b.
92 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE
1889.
Bronze copy of model for Statue of C. von Linne, by J. Y. Kjellberg ;
presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1890.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation
Expedition report, ,£200.
Oak table for Meeting Room, presented by Erank Crisp, Esq.
Subscription portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by
Hubert Herkomer, E.A.
Executors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
An anonymous donor, £30.
Colonel Sir Henry CoUett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his
Shan States collections, =£50.
1891.
Subscription portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury],
by Leslie Ward.
George Frederick Scott EUiot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar
paper, £60.
1892.
Dr. Eichard Charles Alexander Prior : for projection lantern, £50.
1893.
The Executors of Lord Arthur Eussell : his collection of portraits
of naturalists.
Electric light installation : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1894.
Algernon Peckover, Esq., Legacy, £100 free of Duty.
Miss Emma Swan, " Westwood Bequest," £250.
1896.
Clock and supports in Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp,
Esq.
1897.
"William Carruthers, Esq. ; Collection of engravings and photo-
graphs of portraits of Carl von Linne.
Eoyal Society : Grant towards publication of paper by the late
John Ball, £60.
Subscription portrait of Professor George James AUman, by
Marian Busk.
1898.
Sir John Lubbock, Bt. : Contribution towards his paper on
Stipules, £43 145. 9cl.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards F. J. Cole's paper, £50.
„ „ „ „ Murray & Blackmail's paper,
£80.
„ „ „ „ Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
., „ „ „ Forsyth Major's paper, £50.
LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 93
1899.
A. C. Harmsvvorth, Esq. [Lord Northcliffe] : Contribution towards
cost of plates, ^43.
Royal Society : Contribution towards Mr. R. T. Giintber's paper
on Lake Urmi, <£50.
1901.
Hon. Cbarles Ellis, Hon. Walter Eothscbild, and tbe Bentham
Trustees : The Correspondence of William Swainson.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. F. Chapman's paper on
Funafuti Foraminifera, .£50.
Prof. E. liay Laukester : Contribution towards illustration, £30 5s.
Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart ; presented by Mrs. Mivart.
1903.
Eoyal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
Legacy from the late Dr. E. C. A. Prior, <£100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladen: Posthumous Portrait of the late Walter Percy
Sladen, by H. T. Wells, E.A.
B. Ai'thur Bensley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, £44.
1904.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese Floi'a,
£120.
Supplementary Eoyal Charter : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1905.
Eoyal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Biscayan
Planktoia,' £50.
Executors of tbe late G. B. Buckton, Esq. : Contribution for
colouring plates of his paper, £26.
1906.
Eoyal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' £50
Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. Vines, by Hon. John Collier.
Eoyal Swedish Academy of Science : Copies of portraits of C. von
Linne, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Eoslin, by Jean
Haagen.
1907.
Eoyal University of Uppsala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portrait of
C. V. Linne, by J. H. Scheffel (1739).
Eoyal Society : Third and final grant towards 'Biscayan Plankton,'
£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Eesearches
in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.
94 PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE XINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,
1908.
Prof. Gustaf Retzius : Plaster cast of bust of Carl von Linne,
modelled by TValther Eiineberg from the portrait by Scheffel
(1739) at Linnes Haminarby ; the bronze original is for the
facade of the new building for the Royal Academy pf
Science, Stockholm.
Miss Sarah Marianne Silver, P.L.S. : Cabinet formerly belonging
to Mr. S. W. Silver, F.L.S.
1909.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : Second grant
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Researches in
the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' ^200.
Prof. James William Helenus Trail, P.R.S., P.L.S. : Gift of ^100
in Trust, to encourage Research on the Nature of Proto-
plasm.
IxNDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.
SESSION 1908-1909.
Note. — The following are not iudexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting ;
speakers whose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.
Abstract of South-Australian Battarea
(Tepper), 54
Acaulescent species of Malvasfrum,
A. Gr. (HUl), 54.
Accounts, I S ; laid before Annirersary
Meeting, 17.
Additions to Library, 55-S5.
Address. Presidential, 21-31.
African Species of Triumfetta, Liun.,54.
Alcyonaria of ' Sealark ' Exped. (Thom-
son), 53.
Alternation of Generations in Plants
(Lang), 11-12.
Amphioxidcs (Cephalocorda) of 'Sea-
lark' Exped. (Gibson), 53.
Amphipoda Hyperiidea of the ' Sea-
lark' Exped. (Walker), 15.
in glycerine, exhibited (^Yalke^),
15-
Anomura of Sudanese Red Sea (Rid-
dell), 8.
Arber, E. A. N., elected Councillor, 32 ;
(Ecology of Semjjcrvivum arach-
noideum and S. montamim, 15-16.
Afcaris megaloccphala exhibited
(Dendy), 52.
Associate, deceased (Sim), 19.
Auditors, nominated and elected, 1 5 ;
Certificate (W. B. Keen), 18.
Autochrome and other transparencies
exhibited (Rosenheim), 5.
Avebury, The Rt. Hon. Lord, com-
uiunication by (Bagnall), 17.
Bagnall, R. S., proposed, 52 ; Thysano-
ptera of Venezuela, 17.
Bainbridge, Miss M. E., Parasitic
Copepoda, 2.
Bamber, Lt.-Col. C. J., elected, 5 ;
proposed, i.
Barrington, R. M., admitted, 17.
Bartlett, A. W., admitted, 5.
Battarea, growth of a species of
(Tepper), 53 ; abstract, 54.
Bell, F. Jeffrey, Echinoderms of the
Western Indian Ocean, 2.
Benefactions, 8 7-94.
Berlin, Myxococcus pyriformis from,
(Smith) 4.
Bernays, L. A., deceased, 19 ; obituary,
3+-
Bird destruction, illustrated by slides
(Buckland), 16.
Birthday congratulations to Sir J. D.
Hooker, 53.
Biscayan Plankton : the Ostracoda
(Fowler), 5.
' Black Scab ' of Potatoes, exhibited
(Massee), 6-7.
Blind Prawn from Sea of Galilee
(Caiman), 15.
Bonhote, J. L. J., referred to Cash
Statement, 19.
Boodle. L. A., elected Councillor, 32 ;
exhibited gall from Bombay, 2.
Borgesen, Dr. F., Fucus spiralis, Linue,
or Fueiis plati/carpus, Thuret, 10.
Borradaile, L. A., ' Sealark ' Penaeidea,
Stenopidea, and Reptantia, 53.
Botanical Secretary elected, 32.
Botrydium gramdatum, lens-cells in, 3.
Bott, G. E., removed from List, 19.
Bottles, ferns enclosed in (Druery), 4.
Bourne, Prof. G. C, Councillor re-
tired, 32.
Bower, Prof. F. O., Linneau Medallist,
32-34; thanks for Medal, 34.
British Museum, copy of Darwin-
Wallace Medal presented to, i.
Brown, E., elected, 5 ; proposed i.
96
INDEX.
Browne, Lady I. M. P., elected, 52 ;
proposed, 15.
Buckland, J., exhibited slides of Bird
destruction in America, etc., 16.
Burrage, J. H., deceased, 19.
Burton, P. M., exhibited an oyster-
shell with calcareous concretion, 8.
Bury, H., elected Councillor, 32.
Calamites Schutzei, Stur (Horwood),
53-
Calcarea, Part I. of Eed Sea Porifera
(Eow), 53.
Caiman, Dr. W. T., Blind Prawn from
Sea of Galilee, 15.
Cambridge Museum, Etudes sur les
Cirrhipedes du (Gravel), 8.
Caracciolo, H., elected, 14; proposed,
12.
Cavernularia ohesa. mentioned, 4.
Cells of LeaTCS, see Epidermal Cells.
Centrospermse, Longitudinal Symmetry
of (Groom), 9.
Cephalocorda : Amphioxides of ' Sea-
lark' Exped. (Gibson), 53.
Chambers, Miss H. S., admitted, 1 1.
Chara Braunii from Canal near Stock-
port, 10.
Charter Book, see Eoll and Charter
Book.
Chdndracantkus iiiflaius, description of,
(Bainbridge), 2.
Christ, Dr. H., Malesian and Philippine
Ferns, 54.
Clarke, W. A., elected, 13 ; proposed,
9-
Cockayne, E. A., communication by
(Morley), 11.
CoUiuge, W. E., admitted, 17.
CoUingwood, Dr. C, deceased, 19 ;
obituary, 35.
Colpomenia sinuosa, Derbes & Sol., ex-
hibited (Cotton), 52.
Compsoipogon, exhibited (Weiss), 10.
Cooper, C. F., see Punnett, E, C.
Copepoda, see Parasitic Copepoda.
Cotton, A. D., exhibited Colpomenia
sinuosa, Derbes & Sol., 52.
Councillors elected, 32 ; retired, 32.
Crisp, Sir F., elected auditor, 15 ;
elected Councillor, 32 ; nominated
V.-P., 52.
Crossland, Cyril, Porifera collected by
(Eow), 53.
Crustacea, Freshwater, from Tasmania
(Smith), 5.
Darhishire, A, D., Experiments with
Peas, demonstrated, 14.
Darwin-Wallace Medal presented to
British Museum, i.
Davidia involucrata, Baill., Structure
and Affinities of (Home), 14.
Deaths recorded, 19.
Delage, Prof. Y., elected, 15 ; proposed
For. Memb., 13. '
Bendrophyllia cornigera, exhibited
(Vallentin), 6.
Dendy, Prof. A., elected Councillor, 32 ;
— Csecretary, 32; exhibited Hutton
Eesearch Medal, 1-2 ; — Slides
showing nuclear division in Galtonia
candicans, 52, and Ascaris megalo-
ccphala, 52 ; — Slides showing struc-
ture of Pineal Eye of Sphenodon, 10.
Dennis, W., elected, 53 ; proposed, 17.
Dent, H. 0., deceased, 1 9 ; obituary.
Deposits of the Indian Ocean (Murray),
SB-
Distant, W. L., ' Sealark ' Ehynchota,
8.
Donations in aid of Publications, 86 ;
— to Library, 55-85 ; — to the
Society (i 790-1 909), 87-94.
Druce, G. C, exhibited Montia lani'pro-
spernut, 8.
Druery, C. T., Ferns in bottles, 4.
Drummond, J. M. F., admitted, 14.
Dry-rot of Potatoes (Longman), 14.
Dupont, P. E., elected, 9 ; proposed, 6.
Duthie, J. F., appointed Scrutineer,
Echinoderms of the Western Indian
Ocean (Jeffrey Bell), 2.
Egerton of Tatton, Et. Hon. Lord,
deceased, 19; obituarj'-, 36.
Election of Council and Officers, 32.
Elections reported at Anniversary
Meeting, 19.
Elliot, G. t-. S., his problematical
plant exliibited (Stapf), 2.
Epidermal Cells of Leaves, their Optical
behaviour demonstrated (Wager), 3.
EquisetaceaB, iuternode in recent (Hor-
wood), 53.
Euphrasia minima from Somerset, ex-
hibited (Salmon), 13.
Evans, Sir J., deceased, 19; obituary,
36.
Farmer, Prof. J. B., communication
by (Home), 14; elected Councillo:',
32.
Fawcett, W., moved thanks to President
for Address, 32.
Fellows deceased, 1 9 ; elected 1 9 ; re-
moved from List, 19; withdrawn,
19.
IXDEX.
97
Ferns in bottles (Druery), 4.
Malesian and Philippine (Christ),
54-
Fiji, Montane Flora of (Gibbs), 13.
Fletcher, J., deceased, 19 ; obituary,
37-
Fletcher, T. B., ' Sealark' Lepidoptera,
53-
Flora of Fiji (Gibbs), 13.
Flower, Capt. S. S., elected, 52 ; pro-
posed, 15.
Flower formation in Valeriana dioica
(Gregory), 8.
Forbes, F. B., deceased, 19 ; obituary,
38.
Foreign Members deceased, 19 ; elected,
19; vacancies announced in list
of, II.
Forms of Flowers in Valeriana dioica
(Gregory), 8.
Fowler, Dr. G. H., Biscayan Plankton :
the Ostracoda, 5 ; elected Coun-
cillor, 32.
Freshwater Crustacea from Tasmania
(Smith), 5.
Fucus sjjiralis, Liune, or Fiicus flaty-
carpus, Thuret (Borgesen), 10.
Fyles, Kev. T. W., withdrawn, 19.
Gage, Capt. A. T., admitted, i.
Galilean Sea, Blind Prawn from
(Caiman), 15.
Gall from Bombay exhibited (Boodle),
2.
Galtoiiia candicans exhibited, showing
nuclear division (Dendy). 52.
Gardiner, J. S., elected Councillor, 32 ;
communications by : (Bell) 2. (Borra-
daile) 53, (Distant) 8, (Fletcher)
53, (Gibson) 53, (Gruvel) 8,
(Potts) 53, (Punnett & Cooper) 2,
(Thomson) 53.
Garry a elliptica, lens-cells in, 3.
General Secretary, see Secretary,
General.
Gerard, Rev. J., Yew and Wistaria
stems, slides exhibited, 4.
Giard, Prof. A., deceased, 19; obituary,
40.
Gibbs, Miss L. S., Montane Flora of
Fiji, 13-
Gibson, A. J., elected, 13; proposed,
II.
Gibson, E., elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Gibson, H. O. S.,Cephalocorda(yi«ij!^Aj-
o.ridcs) of ' Sealark' Exped., 53.
Goodall, T. B., withdrawn, 19.
Gregory. R. P., Flower formation in
Valeriana dioica, 8.
Groom, J. B., admitted, 17; elected, 14;
proposed, 12.
LINK. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION
Groom. Prof. P., Longitudinal Sym-
metry of Centrospenn;e, 9.
Groves, H., elected Auditor, 15.
Groves, H. & J., exhibited Lunula
pallescens, Besser, 7.
Growth o{ Bait area (Tepper), 53, 54.
Grueber, H. A., received Darwin-
Wallace Medal for British Museum,
I.
Gruvel. Prof. A., Etudes sur Ics Cir-
rhipedes du Musee de Cambridge, 8.
Gustav v., H.M., as Hon. Member,
signed Roll and Charter-book, 2.
Havilland, Hugh de Beauvoir de, with-
drawn, 19.
Hayata, B., Juniperus taxifolia, 5.
Hcliantheinuiii Chumceci^fns x poli-
/(>//«;«, exhibited, (Marshall), 10.
Hemsley, W. Botting, communication
by (Hayata), 5.
Herdman", Prof. W. A., exhibited
striped muscle-fibre in mantle of
Pccteii. 9 ; communication by
(Riddell), 8 : Councillor retired, 32.
Hicks, F., admitted, 15; elected, 13;
proposed, 9.
Hieraciuni hyparcticuni and H. ciistales,
Linton, exhibited (Marshall), 10.
Hill, A. W., Acaulescent Species of
Malva!itri'.,a, A. Gray, 54 ; Xototriche,
Turcz., 9.
Hill, Prof. J. P., elected Auditor, 15;
elected Councillor, 32 ; communi-
cation by (Wilsmore). 17.
Himalayan Symphyla (luims), 5.
Holmes, W. J. O., deceased, 19.
Honorary Member, King of Sweden,
signed Roll and Ch irter Book, 2.
Hooker, Sir J. D., birthday congratu-
lations, 53.
Hopkinson, J., elected Councillor, 32.
Home, A. S., Structure and Affinities
oi Davidia imoltwrafa, B.iill., 14.
Horwood, A. R., Calamites Schufzei,
Stur, 53.
Hudleston, W. H., deceased, 19;
(ibituary, 41.
Hiilme, F. E., deceased. 19 ; obituary,
41.
Hutchinson, J., see Spnigue, T. A.
Hutton Research Medal exhibited
(Dendy), 1-2.
Ichieumon inanifestator, Marsham,
CEconomy of (Morley), 11.
Imms, Pn)f. A. D., i>y>iip/iyla from
Himalayas, 5.
Indian Ocean Deposits (Murray), 53.
Indian Ocean (Eastern), see Punnett ;
— (Western), sec Bell.
1908-1909. h
98
I>'DEX.
Iyer, V. S , eleclecl, 52; proposed, 15.
Jackson, Dr. B. D., elected Councillor,
32; — Gen. Sec. ^2; with President
and Bot. Sec. to Windsor Castle, 2 ;
Obituary Notices, 34 ; report, 19 ;
read Bye-Laws governing elections,
20.
Japan, plant petrifactions from, ex-
hibited (Stopes), 14.
Johns, E. F., withdrawn, 19.
Jimiperus taxifolia (Hayata), 5.
Keeble, Prof. F., communication by
(Longman), 14.
Keen, W. B., Accountant's certificate,
18.
Kent, "W. Saville, deceased, 19;
obituary, 42.
King of Sweden signed Roll and
Charter Book as Hon. Memb., 2.
King, Sir G., deceased, 19.
Kirton, W. H., deceased, 19.
Lang, Dr. W. H., elected, 15 ; pro-
posed, 13; opened discussion on
"Alternation of Generations in
Plants," 11-12.
Lawson, Dr. A. A., elected, 14 ; pro-
posed, 12.
Leaves, Epidermal Cells of, see Wager.
Lcpas fascicularis, exhibited (Yallentin),
6.
Lepidoptera of 'Sealark' Exped.
(Fletcher), 53.
Librarian's Report, 20.
Library Additions, '55-85.
Lilljeborg. Prof. W., deceased, 19;
obituary, 45.
Lindley, Miss J., elected, 52 ; proposed.
Lister, A., deceased, 19 ; obituary, 46.
Longitudinal Symmetry of Centro-
spermse (Groom), 9.
Longman, Miss S., Drj--rot of Potatoes,
H-
Longstaff, Mrs. M. J., admitted, 53;
elected, 5 ; proposed, i .
Lowe, E. E., communication by
(Horwood), 53.
Lu::ula paNesciiis, exhibited (Groves),
7.
McClellan, F. C, admitted, 9.
Madeiran Polyzoa (Norman), 11.
Malesian and Philippine Ferns
(Christ), 54.
Mai vast rum, A. Gray, Acauleseent
species of (Hill), 5^.
Marine MoUusca of the ' Sealark '
Exped. (Melvill), 15.
Marshall, Rev. E. S., exhibited: — -Saxj-
frciga niva/is X sfellaris; Ofchis,
allied to 0. maculata, Linn. ; Helian-
tlicmum ChamcEcistits X polifolium ;
Hicracium hyparcticum and H.
cndales, Linton, 10.
Massee, G., exhibited 'Black Scab 'of
Potatoes, 6-7.
Matthew, C. G., communication by
(Christ), 54.
Maude, A.H., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5 ;
proposed, i.
Medal (Darwin-Wallace), presented to
British Museum, i ; (Hutton Re-
search), exhibited (Dendy), 1-2 ;
(Linnean), awarded to Prof. BoAver,
Meek, C. F. U., admitted. 6.
Melvill, J. C, Marine Mollusca of the
' Sealark,' Exped., 15.
Mendelian phenomena applied to
crossing Epidendrumketvense, (Rolfe)
13; with Pea experiments (Darbi-
shire), 14.
Mesemhryantlicmvm, lens-cells in, 3.
Miall, L. C, withdrawn, 19.
Mimicry in Spiders (Pocock), 5.
Mobius, Prof. K., obituary, 47 ; (death
reported in previous'number of Pro-
ceedings).
Mollusca (Marine) of the ' Sealark '
Exp. (Melvill), 15; —of the Sey-
chelles Archipelago (Sykes), 15.
Monckton, H. W., elected Councillor,
32 ; elected President, 32 ; nomin-
ated V.-P.. 52.
Montagu Miniature copied by Miss
Medland, 17 ; copy presented by Mr.
Mullens, 17.
Montane Floi-a of Fiji (Gibbs), 13.
Moniia lamjyrosperma, exhibited
(Druce), S.
Moore, see Salvin-Moore, J. E. S.
Morley, C, Economy of Ichneumon
manifesfator, Marsham, 11.
Mullens, W. H., admitted, 13 ; elected,
9 ; proposed, 6 ; presented a copy ot
Col. Geo. Montagu's miniature, 17,
Murray, Sir J., Indian Ocean Deposits,
53-
Musee de Cambridge, Etudes sur les
Cirrhipedes du (Gruvel), 8.
My.rococcvs 2}i/riformis or M. rubescens,
exhibited (Smith), 4.
Xaias graminea from Canal near Stock-
port, 10.
INDEX.
99
Nemerteans from Eastern Indian Ocean
(Punnett and Cooper), 2.
New Hebrides, Zoantlieiu from (Wils-
more), 17.
New Zealand Institnte's Ilutton Ee-
search Medal exhibited by Prof.
Dendj, 1-2.
NiclioUs, G. E., admitted, 5.
Nieholson, Gr., deceased, 19; obituary,
48.
Noruuin, Eev. Canon, Polyzoa of
Madeira, 11.
Nototriche, Turcz. (Hill), 9.
Obituary Notices, 34-52.
Officers elected, 32.
Okell, K., deceased, 19.
Oliver, Prof. F. W., Councillor retired,
32-
Optical Behaviour of the Epidermal
Cells of Leaves, demonstrated
(Wager), 3.
Orchis allied to 0. maculata, Linn.,
exhibited (Marshall), 10; 0. Morio,
exhibited (SLerring), 17.
Ostracoda, Biscayan Plankton, (Fowler)
Oyster-shell with calcai-eous concretion,
exhibited (Burton), 8.
Parasitic Copepoda (Bainbridge), 2.
Parkin, T., proposed, 53.
Pearse, Miss E., admitted, 5 ; elected, 3.
Pearson, J., admitted, 15 ; elected, 1.
Peas, experiments with (Darbishire),
H-
Pecien, striped muscle-fibre in mantle
of, exhibited (flerdman), 9.
Penaeidea of ' Sealark ' Exped. (Borra-
daile), 53.
Pineal Eye of Sphenodon exhibited by
aid of slides (Dendy), 10.
Pisum arvense and P. sativum (Sutton),
H-
Pithophora (Edogonia from Canal near
Stockport, 10.
Plagiantkus Helmsii, exhibited (Stapf),
9-
Plant petrifactions from Japan, ex-
hibited (Stopes), 14.
Pocock, E. I., elected Councillor, 32 ;
Mimicry in Spiders, 5.
Polychajta of ' Sealark ' Exped., 53.
Polyzoa of Madeira (Norman), n.
Porifera from Eed Sea; Part I. Cal-
carea (Eow), 53.
Portraits from Darwin-Wallace Volume
announced as purchasable (President),
9-
Potatoes, Dry-rot of (Longman), 14.
Potatoes suffering from 'Black Scab
exhibited (Massee), 6-7.
Potts, F. A., 'Sealark' Polychteta, 53.
Poulton, Prof. E. B., elected Councillor
32; nominated Vice-President, 52.
Prain, Lt.-Col. D., elected Councillor,
32 ; nominated Vice-President, 52.
Prawn (Blind), from Sea of Galilee
(Caiman), 15.
President:— Address to Medallist, 32-
34 ; announced portraits for sale, 9 ;
— vacancies in List of Foreign Mem-
bers, II ; appointed Scrutmeers, 32;
— Vice-Presidents, 52 ; declared
result of Ballot, 32; delivered his
Address, 21-31 ; elected Councillor,
32 ; — President, 32 ; read letter to
Sir J. D. Hooker, 53 ; reported visit
to Windsor Castle, 2 ; thanked Mr.
Walker for gift of microscope, 15.
Presidential Address, 21-31.
Price, W. E., admitted, 53 ; elected, 52 ;
proposed, 15.
Problematical plant of Mr. Scott
Elliot's, exhibited (Stapf), 2.
Publications, Donations in aid of, 86.
Punnett, E. C, & Cooper, C.F., Nemer-
teans from Eastern Indian Ocean, 2.
Queensland, Zoanthese from (Wils-
more), 17.
Eathbone, Miss M., admitted, 14 ;
elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Eed Sea Porifera : Part I, Calcarea
(Eow), 53.
Eeekie, D., elected, 1 1 ; proposed, 9.
Eeid, J. E., deceased, 19.
Eemoval ot Fellows from List, 19.
Eendle, Dr. A. B., elected Councillor,
32.
Eeptantia of ' Sealark ' Exped. (Borra-
daile), 53.
Eesearch Medal instituted by the N. Z.
Institute, exhibited (Dendy), 1-2.
Eetzius, Prof. M. Gr., elected, 15 ; j^ro-
posed Foreign Member, 1 3.
Ehynchota from ' Sealark ' Exped.
(Distant), 8.
Eiddell.W., Anomura of Sudanese Bed
Sea, 8.
Eobertson, Miss A., admitted, 8 ;
elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Eolfe, E. A., exhibited crosses with
Epideiidruni kewe^ise, 13.
Eoll and Charter Book signed by H.M.
the King of Sweden, 2.
Eoots of Sycamore, exhibited (Weias),
13-
INDEX.
Roper, Miss I. M., admitted, 17; elected,
1 3 ; proposed, 9.
Eosenheim, Dr. O., exhibited slides
obtained by colour process, 5.
Row, R. W. H., admitted, 5-5 ; Pori-
fera from Red Sea : Part I. Calcarea,
53-
Salisbury, E. J., admitted, 15 ; elected,
13 ; proposed, 11.
Salmon, C. E., exhibited Euphrasia
minima from Somerset, 13.
Salvin-Moore, J. E. S., removed from
List, 19.
Sargant, Miss E., elected Councillor, 32.
Saunders, G. S., elected Auditor, 15 ;
seconded thanks for President's
Address, 32.
Saxifraga nivalis X steUaris, exhibited
(Marshall), 10.
Schistostcga, lens-cells in, 3.
Scott, Dr. D. H., address to Medallist,
32-34 ; announced Portraits for
sale, 9 ; announced Taeancies in List
of Foreign Members, 11; appointed
Scrutineers, 32 ; appointed Vice-
Presidents, 52 ; declared result of
Paliot, 32; elected Councillor, 32;
— President, 32 ; Presidential
Address, 21-31 : read letter to Sir J.
D. Hooker, 53 ; reported visit to
Windsor Castle, 2 ; thanked Mr.
Walker for his gift of a microscope.
Scrutineers appointed, 32.
'Sealark' Expedition: — Alcyonaria
(Thomson), 53; Ariq:>hioxides (Oihson),
53 ; Amphipoda (\^'alker), 15 ; Lepi-
doptera(Fletcher), 5 3 ; Marine MoUusca
(IMelvill), 15 ; Polychreta (Potts), 53 ;
Eeptantia (Borradaile), 53 ; Rhyn-
chota (Distant), 8 ; Stenopidea
(Borradaile), 53.
Sea of Galilee, Blind Prawn from
(Caiman), 15.
Secretaries elected, 32.
Secretary, General, Obituary notices,
34 ; report, 19 ; read Bye - Laws
governing elections, 20.
Seeley, Prof. H. G., deceased, 19;
obituary, 49.
Selaqine/ia, various forms exhibited
(Worsdell), 6.
Sem2iervivum, CTlcology of two species
of (Arber), 15.
Seward, A. C, communication by
(Gregory), 8 ; elected Councillor,
32-
Seychelles Archipelago, MoUusca from
(Sykes), 15.
Sharp, D., withdrawn, 19.
Sherring, R. V., exhibited Orchis
Mwio, 17.
Shipley, A. E., communication by
(luims), 5.
Sim, G. (Assoc), deceased, 19 ; obituary,
50.
Smith, Miss A. L., exhibited Myxo-
coccus 2Jl/>'if('rmis or M. rnhcscens ?
from Berlin, 4.
Smith, Geoffrey W., Freshwater Crus-
tacea from Tasmania, 5.
Spencer, Herbert, Will referred to, 17.
Sphenodon, Pineal Eye of, exhibited by
means of lantern-slides (Dendy), 10.
Spiders, Mimicry in (Pocock), 5.
Sprague, T. A., and J. Hutchinson,
African Triumfetta, Linn., 54.
Stapf, Dr. O., with President and Gen.
Sec. to Windsor Castle, 2 ; elected
Councillor, 32; — Secretary, 32;
exhibited Plagianthus Helmsii, 9 ; —
Scott Elliot's jJroblematical plant, 2.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., appointed
Scrutineer, 32 ; exhibited Alcyonaria,
4-
Stenopidea of ' Sealark ' Exped. (Borra-
daile), 53.
Stopes, Miss M. C. C, admitted, 14;
elected, 13; proposed, ii ; exhibited
plant petrifactions from Japan, 14.
Sudanese Red Sea, Anomura of,
(Riddell), 8.
Sutton, A. W., results by crossing
Pisu/u arvense with P. sativum, 14.
Sutton, M. H. F., elected, 15; pro-
posed, 13.
Sweden, H. M. the King of, signed
Roll and Charter Book as Hon.
Memb,, 2.
Sycamore roots, exhibited (Weiss), 13.
Sykes, E. R., MoUusca of Seychelles
Archipelago, 15.
Symphyla from Himalayas (Imms), 5.
Talbot, W^ A., see Boodle, L. A.
Tasmania, Freshwater Crustacea from
(Smith), 5.
Tepper, J. G. O., Growth of Battarea,
53. 54-
Thomas, Miss E. N., admitted, 6 ;
elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Thomson, Prof. J. A., ' Sealark *
Alcyonaria, 53.
Thysanoptera from Venezuela (Bag-
nail), 17.
Transparencies by the ' Lumiere ' and
other processes, demonstrated (Rosen-
heim), 5.
Treasurer elected, 32; his accounts, 18;
— submitted, 17.
INDEX.
lOI
Trmmfetta, Linn., African species of
(Spragiie and Hiitchinsou), 5+.
Tyson, W., removed from List, 19.
Valeriana dioica, flowei* formation in
(Gregory), 8.
Vallentin, R., exhibited icTJas/asc/cM-
laris and DendrophyUia cornigcra, 6.
Vandenbergh, W. J., elected, 9 ; pro-
posed, 5.
Venezuela, Tliysanoptera from (Bag-
nall), 17.
Viscum, convergence in cells of, 3.
Wager, H., demonstrated the Optical
Behaviour of the Epidermal Cells of
Leaves, 3.
Walker, A. 0., Aniphipoda Hyperiidea
of the 'Sealark' Exped., 15; ex-
hibited Amphipoda preserved in
glycerine, 15 ; presented microscope,
IS-
Waterfall, W. B., admitted, 53;
elected, 6 ; proposed, 3.
Weiss, Prof. F. E., Councillor retired,
32; exhibited Comjjsopogon, 10; —
Sycamore roots, 13.
Whyte, A., deceased, 19; obituary,
51-
Wiggles worth, Miss G., admitted, i.
Williams, Miss A. F. S., admitted, 6 ;
elected, 5 ; proposed, i.
Williams, F. N., appointed Scrutineer,
32.
Williams, J. M., elected, 3.
Williams, J. W., removed from List,
19.
Wilsmoro, Mrs. L., Zoanthea3 from
Queensland and the New Hebrides,
17-
Wilson, G., admitted, 13 ; elected, 9 ;
proposed, 6.
Windsor Castle visited by the Presi-
dent and Bot. and Gen. Sees., 2.
Wistaria stems, slides exhibited(Gerard),
4-
Withdrawals recorded, 19.
Woodhouse, E. J., elected, 54 ; pro-
posed, 17.
Woodward, Dr. A. S., Councillor
retired, 32.
Worsdell, W. C, exhibited forms of
Selaginella, 6.
Yew and Wistaria stems, slides ex-
hibited (Gerard), 4.
Zoan these from Queensland, etc. (Wils-
more), 17.
Zoological Secretary elected, 32.
miNTSD UY TAYLOR ANU FRANCIS, ItED LION COURT, FLEET BTRBET.
Bust of Sir Joseph Banks, Bt., by Sir E. Cliantrey,iE.A.
Subscription of the Fellows .
1825.
The late Natural History Society.
^190, Si Stock.
Bust of Sir James Edward Smith, P.L.S., by Sir F. Chan
E.A., by Subscribers.
1829.
Subscription for the purchase of the Linnean and Smii
Collections, £1593 8s.
1830.
Sir Thomas Grey Culliun, Bt.
.£100 Bond giyen up. ^
1832.
The Honourable East India Company.
East Indian Herbarium (Wallichian Collection).
1833.
Subscription for Cabinets and mounting the East Indian Herba
£315 14s.
1835.
Subscription portrait of Eobert Brown, by H. W. Pickersgill,
1836.
Subscription portrait of Edward Forster, by Eden Upton Ed(
Subscription portrait of Archibald Menzies, by E. JJ. Eddis.
1837.
Subscription portrait of Alexander MacLeay, by Sir Tl
Lawrence, P.E.A,
1838.
Col lections' and Correspondence of Nathaniel John "Winch.
Portrait of Dr. Nathaniel WaUich, by John Lucas, present
Mrs. Smith, of Hull.
1839.
Subscription portrait of "William Tarrell, by Mrs. Carpenter.
1842.
David Don : herbarium of woods and fruits.
Archibald Menzies : bequest of £100, subject to legacy duty,
Portrait of John Ebenezer Bicheno, by E. L^. Eddis, present
Mr. Bicheno.
-ILXJV^ K_fV-'VX ^l^t*A y V^-l. KJL;t*i/V/ XV^X .J_J.XV4.LCV J.JJ. \»/ V^ C4 U V^ 1 X • \^ ^^ O f \J A. OC'L/UXiJ.^ *-* K
Dr. Aitchison's paper, .£36.
1881.
George Bentham, Esq., special donation, .£25.
The same : towards Richard Kippist's pension, .£50.
Portrait of Dr. St. George Jackson Mivart, by Miss Solomon;
presented by Mrs. Mivart.
1882.
Executors of the late Frederick Currey : a large selection of books,
Subscription portrait of Charles Eobert Darwin, by Hon. John
Collier.
The Secretary of State for India in Council : Grant for publication
of Dr. Aitchison's second paper on the Flora of the Kurrum
Valley, £60.
1883.
Sir John Lubbock, Bt, (afterwards Lord Avebury).
Portrait of Carl von Linne, ascribed to M. Hallman.
Philip Henry Gosse, Esq. : towards cost of illustrating his paper,
£25.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of Mr. P. H. Gosse's paper, .£50.
Sophia Grover, Harriet Grover, Emily Grover, and Charles Ehret
Grover : 11 letters from Carl von Linne to G. D. Ehret.
1885.
Executors of the late George Bentham, £567 lis. 2d.
Subscription portrait of George Busk, by his daughter Marian
Busk.
1886.
A large selection of books from the library of the late Dr. Spencei
Thomas Cobbold (a bequest for a medal was declined).
Sir George MacLeay, Bt. : MSS. of Alexander MacLeay and
portrait of Eev. William Kirby.
1887.
William Davidson, Esq. : 1st and 2nd instalments of grant in aid of
publication, £50.
Francis Blackwell Forbes, Esq., in aid of Chinese Flora, £25.
1888.
The Secretary of State for India in Council: Grant in aid of
publication of results of the Afghan Boundary Delimitation
Expedition, £150.
Dr. .1. E. T. Aitchison, towards the same, £25.
Trustees of the Indian Museum : Mergui Archipelago report, for
publication in Journal, £135.
Dr. John Anderson, for the same, £60.
Wm. Davidson, Esq. : 3rd and last instalment, £25.
resented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1890.
jcretary of State for India in Council : Grant for Delimitation
Ixpedition report, ^200.
Lble for Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp, Esq.
iption portrait of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., by
[ubert Herkomer, E-.A.
tors of the late John Ball, Esq. : a large selection of books.
onymous donor, £30.
j1 Sir Henry CoUett, K.C.B., towards the publication of his
han States collections, £50.
1891.
iption portrait of Sir John Lubbock, Bt. [Lord Avebury],
f Leslie Ward.
3 Frederick Scott Elliot, Esq., towards cost of his Madagascar
aper, <£60. v
1892.
Lchard Charles Alexander Prior : for projection lantern, £50.
1893.
xecutors of Lord Arthur Eussell : his collection of portraits
: naturalists.
LC light installation : cost borne by Frank Crisp, Esq.
1894.
Lon Peckover, Esq., Legacy, ,£100 free of Duty,
ilmma Swan, " Westwood Bequest," £250.
1896.
and supports in Meeting Eoom, presented by Frank Crisp,
sq.
1897.
m Carruthers, Esq. : Collection of eugravings and photo-
[•aphs of portraits of Carl von Linne.
Society : Grant towards publication of paper by the late
Dhn Ball, £60.
iption portrait of Professor George James AUman, by
[arian Busk.
1898.
)hn Lubbock, Bt. : Contribution towards his paper on
tipules, £43 145. 9d.
Society : Contribution towards F. J. Cole's paper, £50.
„ „ ,, Murray &Blackman's paper,
£80.
„ „ „ Elliot Smith's paper, £50.
v„ „ „ Forsyth Major's paper, £50.
Royal Society : Contribution towards Mr. B, T. GUnther's j
on Lake Urmi, .£50.
1901.
Hon. Charles Ellis, Hon. Walter Eothschild, and the Ben
Trustees : The Correspondence of Wilham Swaiuson.
Eoyal Society : Contribution towards Mr. F. Chapman's pap
Funafuti Foraminifera, .£50.
Prof. E. Kay Laukester : Contribution towards illustration, £1
Portrait of Dr. St. G. J. Mivart ; presented by Mrs. Mivart.
1903.
Eoyal Society : Contribution toward Dr. Elliot Smith's paper,
Legacy from the late Dr. E. C. A. Prior, .£100 free of duty.
Mrs. Sladen: Posthumous Portrait of the late "Walter
Sladen, by H. T. Wells, E.A.
B. Arthur Bensley, Esq. : Contribution to his paper, <£44.
1904.
Eoyal Society : Grant in aid of third volume of the Chinese ]
.£120.
Supplementary Eoyal Charter : cost borne by Prank Crisp, 1
1905.
Eoyal Society : First grant in aid of Dr. G. H. Fowler's ' Bisi
Plankton,' £50.
Executors of the late G. B, Buckton, Esq. : Contributio:
colouring plates of his paper, £2Q,
1906.
Eoyal Society : Second grant towards ' Biscayan Plankton,' J.
Subscription portrait of Prof. S. H. A'^ines, by Hon. John Col
Eoyal Swedish Academy of Science : Copies of portraits of C
Linne, after Per Krafft the elder, and A. Eoslin, by
Haagen.
1907.
Eoyal University of Uppsala : Copy by Jean Haagen of portr
C. V. Linne, by J. H. Scheffel (1739).
Eoyal Society : Third and final grant towards * Biscayan Plan]
£50.
The Trustees of the Percy Sladen Memorial Fund : First
towards publication of Mr. Stanley Gardiner's Kesea
in the Indian Ocean in H.M.S. ' Sealark,' £200.
^msimm:mm2mM
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDO
121st session.
fBER
1908 TO June 1909.
1
nON:
^NNEAN SOOIBTT,
CADILLT, W.,
OOITRT, FLEET BTBEBT