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THE 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF    THK 


LINNEAN  SOCIETY 


OF 


NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 


FOR  THE   YEAR 

Vol.  XXII. 


"^ATIXH     FORTY     F^LA-TES. 

(Plates  I. -XXXIII.,  xxxiii.6w-xxxix.) 


(SBbrtci)  : 


PRINTED  AND  PUBLISHED  FOK  THE  SOCIETY 
BY 

F.    CUNNINGHAM E    &   CO.,    146   PITT    STREET, 

AND 

SOLD  BY  THE  SOCIETY. 


SYDNEY  : 

T.    CUN-NINGHAMK    AND    CO.,    PKINTEKS, 

PITT   STREET. 


CONTENTS  OF  PROCEEDINGS,  1897. 

PART  I.     (No.  85.) 

(Issued  September  17th,  1897.) 

PAGE 
Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Australian  Lepidoptera,  with  Notes 

on  Synonymy.     By  Oswald  B.  Lower,  F.E.S ^.        10 

Studies  in  Australian  Entomology.     No.  viii. — Descriptions  of  Two 

New  Tiger  Beetles.     By  Thomas  G.  Sloane  ...  .S3 

New  South  Wales  Fungi.     By  D.  McAlpine.     (Plates  i.-ii.)  ..        36 

On    the   Fertilisation  of  Eupomatia  laurina,  R.Br.      By  Alex.   G. 

Hamilton.     (Plate  hi.)  48- 

Descriptions  of  the  Nests  and  Eggs  of  three  Species  of  Australian 
Birds.  By  Alfred  J.  North,  C.M.Z.S.,  Ornithologist,  Austra- 
lian Museum,  Sydney   ...  ...         ...         ..  ...         ...         ...       56 

New   Genera   and    Species   of   Australian    Fishes.      By  J.  Douglas 

Ogilby      ..  62 

On  the  Development  of  Heterodontus  (Cestracion)  PhiUipi,  Part  i. 
By  PROFES.SOR  William  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  (Plates 
iv.-v.)        96 

Australian  Land  Planarians  :  Descriptions  of  new  Species  and  Notes 
on  Collecting  and  Preserving.  By  Tiios.  Steel,  F.C.S.,  F.L.S. 
(Plates  VI. -VII.) 104 

Land   Planarians  from  Fiji,  with  Descriptions  of  new  Species.     By 

Thos.  Steel,  F.C.S.,  F.L.S.     (Plate  vii.,  figs.  9  and  11.)  ...     120 

Description  of  a  new  Species  of  Land  Shell.     [Helix  (IladraJ  yep- 

poonensis].    By  C.  E.  Beddome         ...  123 

Notes    upon   the   Formicidoi  of  Mackay,   Queensland.      By  Gilbert 

TORNER ..     129^ 

Descriptions  of  two  new  Species  of  Cyprcea  from  Western  Australia. 
■     By  Agnes  F.  Kenyon  ...     • 145 

Notes  from  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Sydney.     No.  i.     By  J.  H.  Maiden 

and  E.  Betche 146 

DdS.n-iptions  of  three  new  Species  of  Australian  Plants.     By  J.  H. 

.Maiden  and  E.  Betche  150 

Descriptions  of  two  new  .Species  of  Acacia  from  New  South  Wales. 
By  R.  T.    Baker,   F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological 
JNliiseum,  Sydney.     (Plates  viii.-ix.)  ...         ...         ...         ...     153 


27780 


\ 


IV.  CONTENTS. 

PART  I.  (continued.) 

PAGE 

On  a  Larval  Teleosi  from  New  South  Wales.    By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby     1.58 

Revision  of  the  Genus  Paroj)sis.      Part  ii.     By  Rev.   T.   Blackburn, 

B.A.,  Corresponding  Member  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...      ICIi 

On  the  Carenides  (Fam.  Carabidce).     No.  iii.    By  Thoma.s  G.  Sloane     190 

Elections  and  Announcements        ...         ...         ...         ...         ...45,126,162 

Donations         1,45,126,162 

Notes  and  Exhibits 44,124,161 


PART   II.      (No.    S6.) 

(Issued  October  25th,  1S07.) 

PAGE 
Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Flora  of  Australia.     No.  i.     By 
R.  T.  Bakbr,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological  Museum, 
Sydney.     (Plate  x.)       2.S0 

The  Genus  Heteronympha  in  New  South  Wales.     By  G.  A.  Water- 

HOU,SE        240 

The  Life-history  of  Apaustus  lascivia,  Rosenstock.  By  G.  A.  Water- 
house       244 

Some  new  Genera  and  Species  of  Fishes.     By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby        245 

On  the  Occurrence  of  the  Genus  Palcechinus  in  the  Upper  Silurian 

Rocks  of  New  South  Wales.     By  John  Mitchell         258 

Two  Ornate  Boomerangs  from  North  Queensland.     By  R.  Etheridge, 

Junr.,  Curator  of  the  Australian  Museum,  Sydney.     (Plate  xi.)       260 

New  Australian  Lepidoptera.     By  O.'^wald  B.  Lower,  F.E.S.  ...     263 

On  the  Cinnamomums  of  New  South  Wales  :  with  a  Special  Research 
on  the  Oil  of  C.  Oliveri,  Bail.  By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant 
Curator,  Technological  Museum,  Sydney  (Plates  xii.-xiii.)        ...     275 

The  Rhopalocera  of  Lord  Howe  Island.     By  G.  A.  Waterhouse    ...     285 

Stray  Notes  on  Papuan  Ethnology.     Part  ii.     By  C.  Hedley,  F.L.S., 

Conchologist  to  the  Australian  Museutn.     (Plates  xiv.-xv.)       ...     288 

Descriptions  of  Australian   Micro-Lepidoi'tera.      xvii.  Elachistidcv. 

By  E.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.Z.S 297 


CONTENTS.  V, 

PART  II.  (continued.) 

TACK 

Note  on  the  Occurrence  of  Sponge  Remains  in  the  Lower  Silurian  of 

New  South  Wales.     By  W.  S.  Dun  ...  ..      • 436 

Donations        2.55,  293 

Notes  and  Exhibits 252,292 


PART  III.     (No.  87.) 

(Issued,  February  11th,  1S9S.) 

PAGE 
Descriptions  of   two  new  Species  of    PuUencea.     By  R.  T.  Bakek, 

F.L.S.,    Assistant    Curator,    Technological    Museum,    Sydney. 

(Plate  XVI.)  4,38 

Note  on  an  exhibit  of  feathered  arrows  from  the  New  Hebrides.     By 

Norman  Hakdy  442 

Revision  of  the  Australiaa  Cnrcidionidce  belonging  to  the  Subfamily 

Cryptorhynchiden.     Parti.     By  Arthur  M.  Lea  ...         ...         ...     449 

Descriptions  of  some  new  Araneidie  of  New  South  Wales.  No.  8. 
By  W'.  J.  Rainbow,  Entomologist  to  the  Australian  Museum. 
(Plates  XVII. -XVIII.)       ..  ..         ...         ..  ..     514 

Notes  on  the  Genus  ^4 j^/^?•^Y^.^;,  C.V.     By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby 554 

On  a  new  Species  of  Eucalyptus  from  the  Sydney  District.  By 
Henry  Deane,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S. 
(Plate  XIX.)         561 

Notes  on  Species  of  Cyprciea  inhabiting  the  Shores  of  Tasmania.     By 

C.  E.  Beddome,  R.N.     (Plates  xx.-xxi.) 564 

Descriptions  of  new  Species  of  Australian  Coleoptera.     Part  iv.     By 

Arthur  M.  Lea  ..  ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     .584 

On  the  Lizards  of    the  Chillagoe  District,   N.  Queensland.     By  R. 

Broom,  M.D.,  B.Sc 639 

On  a  Trachypterun  from  New  South  Wales.     By  J.  Dougla.s  Ogilby     646 

Donations         446,  579 

Elections  and  Announcements        ...         ...         ...         ...     579 

Notes  and  Exhibits 441,577 


VI.  CONTENTS. 

PART  IV.     (No.  88.) 

(Issued  June  /,,  1S9S.) 

PAGE 
Contributions  to  a  more  exact  Knowledge  of  the  Geographical  Distri- 
bution of  Australian  Batrachia.     No.  V.     By  J.  J.  Fletchkr    ...     660 

Plants  of  New  South  Wales  Illustrated.  By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S., 
Assistant  Curator,  Technological  Museum,  Sydney.  (Plates 
xxii.-xxv.)  693 

New  South  Wales  Fungi.     By  D.  McAlpine.     [Communicattd  by  R. 

T.  Baker,  F.L.S.].     (Plates  xxvi.-xxviii.) 69S 

Observations  on  the  Eucalypts  of  New  South  Wales.  Part  iii.  By 
Henry  Deane,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,and  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S.  (Plates 
xxix.-xxxiii.  and  XXXIII.  ?«s)  704 

Australian     Termitidce.       Part    iii.       By    Walter   W.    Froggatt, 

F.L.S.     (Plates  XXXIV. -XXXV.)  721 

New  Species  of  Australian  Fishes.     By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby 759 

A  Contribution  to  the  Zoology  of  New  Caledonia.     By  J.   Douglas 

Ogilby      762 

Observations  on  Papuan  Land  and  Freshwater  Shells,  with  Descrip- 
tions of  new  Species  from  New  Guinea  and  Western  Australia. 
By  C.  F.  Ancey.  [Communicated  by  C.  Hedley,  F.L.S.]  (Plate 
XXXVI.) 771 

New  Marine  Shells  from  the  Solomon  Islands   and   Australia.     By 

John  Brazier,  F.L.S.,  CM. Z.S 779 

On  some  Australian  ^'/eoirmff.     Part  ii.     By  J.  Dodglas  Ogilby    ...     783 

On  the  Evidence  (so-called)  of  Glacier  Action  on  Mount  Kosciusko 
Plateau.  By  the  Rev.  J.  Milne  Curran,  Lecturer  in  Geology, 
Technical  College.     (Plates  xxxvii. -xxxix. )  ...     796 

Donations         ...    '        .         ..  ...         ...         .■  •..         690 

Elections  and  Announcements        ...         ...         ...         ...         ...         ...     689 

Notes  and  Exhibits 685,810 

Presidential  Address.     By  Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.  M.    ..      812 

Elections  to  the  Council,  1898         847 

Title-page,  Contents,  Index,  &c. 


LIS^T    OF   PLATES. 

PROCEEDINGS,  1897. 

Plates  I. -II. — New  South  Wales  Fungi. 

Plate  III. — Fertilisation  of  Eupomatia  laurina,  R.Br. 

Plateg  IV. -V. — Early  stages  of  Heterodontus  (Cestracion)  Phillipi. 

Plates  VI. -VII. — Australian  and  Fijian  Land  Planarians. 

Plate  VIII. — Acacia  Daiosoni,  sp.nov. 

Plate  i^.  —  Aca/^ia  dijformis,  sp.nov. 

Plate  X. — Argoplii/Umn  nitidum,  Forst.,  and  A.  sp.,  Forst. 

Plate  XI. — Ornate  Boomerangs  from  North  Queensland. 

Plate  XII. — Cinnamomum  Oliveri,  Bail, 

Plate  XIII. — Cinnamomum  virens,  R.T.B. 

Plate  XIV. — Palu  Hook  from  New  Guinea. 

Plate  XV. — Waist-band  knot  from  New  Guinea. 

Plate  XVI. — Pultenoia  Deanei,  R.T.B. 

Plates  XVII. -XVIII. — New  South  Wales  Spiders  and  Nests. 

Plate  XIX. — Eucalyjjtus  >iquamosa,  Deane  and  Maiden. 

Plates  XX. -XXI. — Tasmanian  Cypra^as. 

Plate  XXII. — Acacia  gladii/o7-7nis,  A.  Cunn. 

Plate  XXIII. — Acacia  obtusafa,  Sieb. 

Plate  XXIV. — Acacia  ruhida,  A.  Cunn. 

Plate  XXV. — Acacia  triptera,  Benth.,  var.  Lyndoni,  R.T.B. 

Plates  XXVI. -XXVIII. — New  South  Wales  Fungi. 

Plates  XXIX. -XXXIII.,  and  xxxiii.  his. — New  South  Wales  Eucalypts. 

Plates  xxxiv.-xxxv.  —  Australian  Termites  (Termes  and  EuterviesJ. 

Plate  XXXVI. — Papuan  and  West  Australian  Land  Mollusca. 

Plates  XXXVII. -XXXIX. — Views  and  Maps  illustrative  of  the  Physiogiapliy 
and  Geology  of  Mt.  Kosciusko. 


CORRIGENDA. 


Page  41,  line  11 — for  Tuhernaemontana  read  Tahernaemontana. 
Page  181,  line  10 — for  M.fuscum  read  M-fmcum. 
Page  641,  line  24 — for  Urnysem  read  Umyetm. 


I=I?,OCEEIDIISrG-S 


OF   THE 


LINNEAN    SOCIETY 


OF 


n>TEi-\7;7-    SOTJ-TS:    ^^;77".^^LES. 


WEDNESDAY,  31st  MARCH,   1897. 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, March  31st,  1897. 


Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 


DONATIONS. 

(Received  since  the  Meeting  in  November,  189G.) 

American  Geographical  Society — Bulletin.  Yol.  xxviii.  (1896), 
Nos.  3-4.     From  the  Society. 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  N,  York — Bulletin. 
Yol.  viii.  (1896).  Signs.  13-21,  pp.  193-327  (Oct.-Dec).  From 
the  Museum. 

American  Naturalist.  Yol.  xxx.  (1896),  Nos,  359-360  (Nov.- 
Dec).  Yol.  xxxi.  (1897),  Nos.  361-362  (Jan.-Feb.).  From  the 
Editor. 


2!  DONATIONS. 

American  Philosophical  Society — Proceedings.  Vol.  xxxv. 
No.  150  (Jan.,  1896).     From  the  Society. 

Boston  Society  of  Natural  History — Proceedings.  Vol.  xxvii. 
pp.  7-7-i  (April,  1896).     From  the  Society. 

Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Washington — Thirteenth  Annual  Report 
(1891-92).      From  the  Bureau. 

Denison  University,  Granville,  Ohio — Bulletin  of  the  Scientific 
Laboratories.  Title-pages  and  Contents  to  Vols,  i-viii  ]  Vol.  ix. 
Part  i.  (Dec,  1895).     From  the  University. 


Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago — Ornithological  Series. 
Vol.  i.  No.  1  (March,  1896):  Zoological  Series.  Vol.  i.  Nos.  3-5 
(May-June,  1896).      From  the  Museum. 

Johns  Hopkins  University — Circulars.  Vol.  xvi.  No.  127 
(Nov.,  1896) :  Hospital  Bulletin.  Vol.  viii.  Nos.  70-71  (Jan.-Feb., 
1897).     From  the  University. 

Michigan  Fish  Commission — Bulletin.  No.  6  (1896).  From 
the  Secretary. 

Missouri  Botanical  Garden — Seventh  Annual  Report  (1895). 
From  the  Director. 

Museum  of  Comp.  Zool.  at  Harvard  College,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
—Bulletin.  Vol.  xxviii.  Nos,  2-3  (Oct.-Dec,  1896) ;  Vol.  xxx. 
Nos.  1-3  (Oct.-Nov.,  1896):  Annual  Report,  1895-96.  From  the 
Director. 

New  York  Academy  of  Sciences — Annals.  Title  page  and 
Index  to  Vol.  viii.;  Vol.  ix.  Nos.  1-3  (June,  1896).  From  the 
Academy, 

Rochester  Academy  of  Science — Proceedings.  Vol.  iii. 
Brochure  1  (1896).     From  the  Academy. 

U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture — Division  of  Entomology — 
Bulletin.    New  Series,  No.  6.     From  the  Secretary  for  Agriculture. 


DONATIONS.  3 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey —Fifteenth  Annual  ReiDort  (1893-9-t); 
Sixteenth  Annual  Report  (1894-95).  Parts  ii.-iv.  :  Bulletin. 
Nos.  123-126,  128-129,  and  131-134  (1895-96).  From  the 
Director. 

Canadian  Institute — Transactions.  Vol.  v.  Part  i.  ISTo.  9 
(Oct.,  1896).      From  the  Institute. 

Geological  and  Katural  History  Survey  of  Canada — Annual 
Report.  New  Series.  Vol.  vii.  (1894)  with  seven  Maps.  From 
the  Director. 

Hamilton  Association — Journal  and  Proceedings  (1895-96). 
No.  xii.     From  the  Association. 

Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal — Canadian  Record  of 
Science.     Vol.  vii.  Nos.  1-2-3  (1897).     Froin  the  Society. 

Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Science — Proceedings  and  Transac- 
tions.    Session  1894-95.     Vol.  ix.  Part  i.     From  the  Institute. 

Royal  Society  of  Canada — Proceedings  and  Transactions. 
Second  Series.     Vol.  i.  (May,  1895).     Froyn  the  Society. 

Museo  Nacional  de  Buenos  Aires — Anales.  T.  iv.  (1895). 
From  the  Director. 

Museo  Nacional  de  Montevideo — Anales.  vii.  (1896).  From 
the  Director. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  Vol.  xi.  (1896),  No.  132 
(Dec);  Vol.  xii.  (1897),  Nos.  133-135  (Jan.-March).  From  the 
Editor. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia.  Vol.  ix.  (1896),  Nos. 
11-12  (Nov.-Dec);  Vol.  x.  (1897),  Nos.  1-2  (Jan.-Feb.).  From 
the  Editor. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Brisbane — Bulletin  (Second. 
Series).    Nos.  12-13(1896-97).    From  the  Secretary  for  Agriculture. 

Geological  Society  of  Queensland — Nine  Geological  Reports 
(Nos.  86,  100,  102,  103,  106,  107,  112,  114,  and  116):  Bulletin. 
Nos.  2,  3,  and  5  (1895-97).     From  the  Government  Geologist. 


4  DONATIONS. 

Australian  Museum,  Sydney — Memoirs.  Vol.  iii.  The  Atoll 
of  Funafuti,  Ellice  Group.  Part  i.  (Dec,  1896),  Part.  ii.  (Feb, 
1897)  :  Records.  Vol.  iii.  No.  1  (Jan.,  1897).  From  the 
Trustees. 

Department  of  Mines  and  Agriculture,  Sydney — Records. 
Vol.  V.  Part  ii.  (1897):  "Australian  Mining  Standard:  West 
Australian,  and  Sulphide  Editions  "  (Aug.,  1896,  and  Jan.,  1897). 
Agricultural  Gazette.  Vol.  vii.  (1896),  Parts  10-11  (Oct.-Nov.); 
Vol.  viii.  (1897),  Parts  1-2  (Jan. -Feb.).  From  the  Hon.  the 
Minister  for  Mines  and  Agriculture. 

Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales — President's  Anniversary 
Address  (May,  1896).  By  Professor  David,  B.A.,  F.G.S.  From 
the  Author. 

"The  Surveyor."  Vol.  ix.  (1896),  Nos.  11-12  (Nov.-Dec); 
Vol.  X.  (1897),  Nos.  1-3  (Jan.-March).     From  the  Editor. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Victoria — "  Guides  to  Growers." 
Nos.  21,  23-26  and  30  :  List  of  Works,  etc.,  by  D.  McAlpine. 
From,  the  Vegetable  Pathologist. 

Gordon  Technical  College,  •  Geelong — The  Wombat.  Vol,  i. 
No.  4  (July):  Vol.  ii.  Nos.  5-6  (Nov.,  1896:  Feb.,  1897).  From 
the  ('oUege. 

Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia,  Victorian  Branch 
— Transactions  and  Proceedings.  Vols,  iii.-iv.  (1885-86);  Vol.  v. 
Parti.  (1888);  Vol.  vi.  (1888-89);  Vol.  vii.  Part  ii.  (1890);  Vol. 
ix.  (1891-92);  Vols,  xi.-xiii.  (1894-96).     From  the  Society. 

Royal  Society  of  Victoria — Proceedings.  Vol.  ix.  (1896). 
New  Series.      From  the  Society. 

University  of  Melbourne —Examination  Papers — Matric, 
Nov.,  1896;  Annual,  Oct.  and  Dec,  1896.     From  the  University. 

Victorian  Naturalist.  Vol.  xiii.  (1896-97),  Nos.  8-11  (Nov.- 
FeTo.).      From  the  Field  Katuralists'  Chih  of  Victoria. 

Royal  Society  of  South  Australia — Transactions.  Vol.  xx. 
Part  ii.  (Dec,  1896).      Froin  the  Society. 


DONATIONS.  O 

South  Australia — Reports  on  Arltunga  Gold  Field  and  Hart's 
Range  Mica  Field,  &e.  By  H.  Y.  L.  Brown,  Govt.  Geologist. 
Also  Contributions  to  the  Palaeontology  of  S.  Australia.  By  R. 
Etheridge,  Junr.  (1897).      From  H.  Y.  L.  Brown,  Esqr.,  F.G.S. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.  A. —Journal.  Vol.  iii.  (1896), 
Nos.  24-30  (Oct.-Dec);  Vol.  iv.  (1897),  Nos.  1-5  (Jan.-Feb.). 
From  the  Bureau. 

Cambridge  Pliilosophical  Society  —  Proceedings.  Vol.  ix. 
Part  iv.      From  the  Society. 

Entomological  Society  of  London — Transactions,  1896.  Parts 
'iv.-v.      From  the  Society. 

Geological  Society,  London — Quarterly  Journal.  Vol.  Iii. 
(1896),  Part  iv.  (^o.  208);  Vol.  liii.  (1897),  Part  i.  (No.  209); 
Index  to  Vols.  i.-l.  Parti.  A-La.  (1897):  Geological  Literature, 
1896.      From  the  Society. 

Journal  of  Conchology.  Vol.  viii.  No.  9  (Nov.,  1896),  No.  10 
(Jan,  1897).  From  the  Concholoijical  Society  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland. 

Royal  Microscopical  Society — Journal,  1896.  Parts  5-6  (Oct. 
and  Dec).      From  the  Society. 

Royal  Ph^^sical  Society,  Edinburgh — Proceedings.  Session 
1895-96.     Vol.  xiii.  Part  2.      From  the  Society. 

Royal  Society,  Loudun — ^Proceedings.  Vol.  Ix.  Nos.  360-366 
(Sept.,  1896;  Feb.,  1897).      From  the  Society. 

Zoological  Society  of  London — Abstract,  r7th  Nov.,  1st  Dec, 
15th  Dec,  1896;  19th  Jan.,  1897;  2nd  Feb.,  16th  Feb.:  Proceed- 
ings, 1896.  Part  iii.  (Oct.)  :  Transactions.  Vol.  xiv.  Part  2. 
(Oct.,  1896)  :  List  of  the  Animals,  1896.  Ninth  Edition.  From 
the  Society. 

Pamphlet  entitled  "  Survey  of  Fishing-Grounds,  West  Coast  of 
Ireland,  1890-91."  Report  on  the  Rarer  Fishes  (4to.,  Dublin, 
1896).  By  E.  W.  L.  Holt,  and  W.  L.  Calderwood,  F.R.S.E. 
From  W.  L.  Calderwood,  Esq. 


6  DONATIONS. 

Bombay  Natural  History  Society — Journal.  Vol.x(1896)No.  4. 
From  the  Society. 

Geological  Survey  of  India— Records.  Vol.  xxix.  Part  4  (1896). 
From  the  Director. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  ix.  (1896),  Nos.  25-30  (Oct.- 
Dec);  Vol.  x.  (1897),  Nos.  1-5  (Jan.-Feb.).  From  the  Government 
Secretary. 

College  of  Science,  Imperial  University,  Japan — Journal.  Vol. 
X.  Part  1.     From  the  Director. 

Faculte  des  Sciences  de  Marseille— Annales.  T.  iv.  Fasc.  4 
(1895):  T.  V.  Fascs.  1-3  (1896).     From  the  Faculty. 

Journal  de  Conchyliologie.  Vol.  xlii.  Nos.  1-4  (1894).  From 
the  Editor. 

Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle,  Paris— Nouvelles  Archives.  3« 
Serie.  T.  vii.  Fasc.  2  (1895)  :  Bulletin.  Annee,  1896,  Nos.  2-6. 
From  the  Museum. 

Societe  Botanique  de  Lyon— Annales.  T.  xviii.  (1891-9-);  T. 
xix.  (1893-94);  T.  xx.  (1895).      From  the  Society. 

Societe  Entomologique  de  France — Annales,  Annee  1894. 
Vol.  Ixiii.  Nos.  1-4;  Annee  1895.  Vol.  Ixiv.  Nos.  1-4.  From  the 
Society. 

Societe  d'Horticulture  du  Doubs,  Besanron— Bulletin.  Ser. 
Illustree.      Nos.  10-14  (Oct.,  1896-Feb.,  1897).      From  the  Society. 

Societe  des  Sciences,  &c.,  du  Hainaut— Memoires  et  Publica- 
tions,    v''  Serie.     Tome  vi.     Annee  1893.     From  the  Society. 

Societe  des  Sciences  Naturelles  de  I'Ouest  de  la  France  — 
Bulletin.  T.  v.  Nos.  2-4  (1895);  T.  vi.  Nos.  1-2  (1896).  From 
the  Society.  ' 

Societe  Linn^enne  de  Normandie — Bulletin.  4*=  Serie.  Vol. 
ix.  Annee  1895  :  Memoires.  Vol.  xviii.  2«-3'^  Fascs.  (1895). 
From  the  Society. 


DONATIONS.  7 

Societe  Zoologique  de  France — Bulletin.  T.  xx.  Nos.  1-10 
(1895) :  Memoires.     T.  viii.  Nos.  1-4  (1895).      From  the  Society. 

Pamphlet  entitled  "  Geologiedes  Indes  Anglaises  "  (8vo.,  Paris, 
1895).     Par  G.  Ramond.      From  the  Author. 

Pamphlet  entitled  "  Sur  la  3'°''  Campagne  Scientifique  de  la 
Princesse  Alice."  Par  S.  A.  S.  le  Prince  Albert  V  de  Monaco 
(4-to.,  1896).      Fro7n  the  Author. 

Societe  Beige  de  Microscopie — Bulletin,  xxiii'^'' Annee  (1893- 
97),  l-3"'«  Livs.      From  the  Soeietij. 

Societe  Entomologique  de  Belgique — Annales.  T.xxxix.  (1895): 
Memoires.     iii.,  iv.,  v.  (1895-96).      From  the  Society 

Societe  Royale  de  Botanique  de  Belgique — Bulletin.  Tomes 
xxii.,  xxiv.-xxvii.  ;  xxix.,  xxxii.-xxxiii.  (1883-94).  From  the 
Society. 

Societe  Royale  Linneenne  de  Bruxelles— Bulletin.  xxii™* 
Annee.     iSTos.  1-4  (Oct.,  1896-Jan.,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Nederlandsche  Dierkundige  Vereeniging  — Tijdschrift.  2'^''Serie. 
Deel  V.  Afl.  1.      From  the  Society. 

Nederlandsche  Entomologische  Yereeniging — Tijdschrift  voor 
Entomologie.  xxxix.  Deel  (Jaarg.,  1896),  3-4  Afl.  From  the 
Society. 

Societe-  HoUandaise  des  Sciences  a  Harlem — Archives  Neer- 
landaises.     T.  xxx.  (1896),  3™  -4'"«  Livs.      From  the  Society. 

Museo  di  Zaologia  ed  Anatomia  comparata  della  R.  Universita 
di  Torino— BoUetino.  Vol.  xi.  Nos.  243-267,  Title-page  and 
Index.      From  the  Museum. 

Sylloge  Algarum.  Vol.  iii.  Fucoidece  ;  Pamphlet  entitled 
"Phyceae  Japonicae  Novae"  (4to  ,  1895),  and  Seventeen  Pam- 
phlets on  Algae.     Per  G.  B.  de  Toni.      From  the  Author. 

Archiv  fiir  Naturgeschichte.  Ixii.  Jahrgang  (1896),  i.  Band, 
2-3  Heft.     From  the  Editor. 


8  DONATIONS. 

Botanischer  Verein  in  Lanclshut  (Bayern) — xiv.  Bericlit. 
(1894-95).     From  the  Society. 

Gesellschaft  fiir  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin — Verhandlungen.  Bd. 
xxiii.  (1896),  Nos.  4  u.  5  :  Zeitschrift.  Bd.  xxxi.  (1896),  No.  2. 
From  the  Society. 

Konigl.  Biologische  Anstalt  auf  Helgoland — Wissenschaftliche 
Meeresuntersuchungen.  Neue  Folge.  Band  i.  Heft  2  (1896). 
From  the  Commission. 

Konigl.  Bohmische  Gresellschaf t  der  Wissenschaften  in  Prag — 
Jahresbericht  fiir  das  Jahr  1895  :  Sitzungsberichte  (Math. -Nat, 
Classe)  1895,  i.-ii.     From  the  Society. 

Kaiserliche  Leop. -Carol,  deutsche  Akademie  der  Naturfor- 
scher— Nova  Acta.  Bd.  Ixiv.  Nr.  6  (1895);  Bd.  Ixv.  Nr.  2 
(1895);  Bd.  Ixvi.  Nr.  2  (1895)  :  Leopoldina.  Heft  xxxi.  (1895). 
From  the  Academy. 

K.  K.  Naturhistorisches  Hof-Museum  in  Wien— Annalen. 
Band  xi.  Nr.  1  (1896).     From  the  Director 

K.  K.  Zoologisch-botanische  Gesellschaft  in  Wien — Verhand- 
lungen.    xlvi.  Bd.  (1896),  8-10  Heft.     From  the  Societj/. 

Naturhistorischer  Verein  der  Preussischen  Rheinlande, 
Westfalens  und  des  Reg.-Bez.  Osnabriick — Verhandlungen. 
52  Jahrgang,  Zweite  Halfte  (1895)  :  53  Jahrgang,  Erste  Halfte 
(1896)  :  Sitzungsberichte  der  Niederrheinischen  Gesellschaft  fiir 
Natur  und  Heilkunde  zu  Bonn.  1895,  Zweite  Halfte;  1896,  Erste 
Halfte.      From  the  Society. 

Comite  Geologique,  St.  Petersbourg — Bulletins.  T.  xv.  (1896), 
Nos.  3-4  :  Memoires.     Vol.  xv.  No.  2  (1896).     Frotn  the  Society. 

L'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersbourg — 
Bulletin,  v''  Serie.  Tome  vi.  No.  1  (Jan.,  1897)  :  Annuaire  du 
Musee  Zoologique.  1896,  No.  4.     From  the  Academy. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.  xix.  Band  (1896),  Nos.  515-520  (Oct.- 
Dec);  Bd.  xx.  (1897),  Nos.  521-523  (Jan.).     From  the  Editor. 


DONATIONS.  y 

Russisch-Kaiserliche  Mineralogisclie  Gesellschaft  zu  St. 
Petersburg — Verhandlungen  (2),  xxxiii.  Baud,  ii.  Lief.;  xxxiv. 
Bd.  i.  Lief.      From  the  ISociety. 

"Societe  Imperiale  des  aSTatm^alistes  de  Moscou — Bulletin. 
Annee  1896,  No.  2.     From  the  Society. 

L" Academic  Royale  des  Sciences,  tfec,  de  Danemark,  Copen- 
hague — Bulletin,  1896.     Nr.  5.     From  the  Academy. 

Kongi.  Universitets-Biblioteket,  Upsala — Meddelanden  fran 
Mineralogisk-Geologiska  Institution.  ISTos.  19-22  (1896)  : 
Bidrag  till  en  Lefnadsteckning  ofver  Carl  von  Linne.  Nos.  iii.- 
iv.  (1895-96) :  Five  Inaugural  Dissertations,  8vo.  and  4to.  (1896): 
Bulletin  of  the  Geological  Institution.  Vol.  ii.  (1895).  Part  2. 
No.  4.      From  the  University. 

Entomologiska  Foreningen  i  Stockholm — Entomologisk  Tids 
krift.     Arg.  xvii.  (1896).      From  the  Society. 


\ 


10 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW    SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN 
LEPIDOPTERA,  WITH  NOTES  ON  SYNONYMY. 

Bv  Oswald  B.  Lower,  F.E.S.,  &c. 

BOMBYCINA. 

LIMA.CODID^. 
DORATIPHORA    BRACHYOPA,  71. Sp. 

(J.  25  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  collar  dark  reddish,  face  ochreous. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  ochreous,  tinged  with  fuscous-reddish, 
thorax  lighter  in  middle.  Antennte  ochreous,  pectinations  at 
greatest  length  l^,  closely  set.  Legs  deep  reddish-fuscous, 
densely  haired.  Thorax  beneath  densely  haired  with  ashy-grey- 
whitish.  Forewings  rather  short,  costa  hardly  arched,  hind- 
margin  somewhat  bowed ;  dull  silvery- whitish,  basal  two-thirds 
occupied  by  a  deep  reddish  patch,  somewhat  obscure  above  inner 
margin,  outer  edge  somewhat  convex,  with  a  fine  darker  fuscous 
marginal  line;  this  line  is  continued  right  round  the  patch,  but 
causes  a  sharp  indentation  above  inner  margin  at  §  from  base; 
an  obscure  ochreous  discal  dot  ringed  with  deep  reddish  at  about 
§  above  middle  of  disc;  a  fine  blackish  line  from  |-  of  costa  to 
anal  angle,  strongly  dentate  on  lower  |,  almost  straight  on  upper 
fourth;  a  fine  blackish  hindmarginal  line  more  or  less  interrupted 
on  veins  :  cilia  ashy-grey-whitish  with  a  fine  obscure  darker  line. 
Hindwings  reddish-ochreous,  with  a  darker  line  along  hindmargin; 
cilia  as  in  forewings. 

Cairns,  Queensland;  two  specimens  in  November. 

SCOLIACMA  C?)  XANTHODELTA,  n.sp. 

^.  20  mm.  Head,  palpi,  collar,  and  abdomen  yellow,  abdomen 
infuscated.  Thorax  leaden-fuscous.  Legs  yellowish  mixed  with 
fuscous.     Forewings  elongate-triangular,  costa  somewhat  sinuate 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  11 

in  middle,  arched  towards  apex,  apex  rounded,  hindmai-gin 
obliquel}^  rounded;  leaden-fuscous,  markings  dull  yellow;  a  small 
basal  patch,  outer  edge  ol:)lique,  continued  as  a  fine  costal  line 
throughout;  a  moderate  triangular  patch  on  costa  beyond  middle, 
beneath  which  is  a  moderate  roundish  spot :  cilia  leaden-fuscous. 
Hindwings  light  yellow;  a  broad  fuscous  hindmarginal  band, 
becoming  constricted  at  anal  angle;  cilia  pale  yellow. 

Broken  Hill,  IST.S.  Wales;  two  specimens  (at  light)  in  Septem- 
ber. 

The  insect  under  notice  is  doubtfully  referable  to  Scoliacma. 

SOROCOSTIA    MONOZONA,  n.sp. 

^.  17  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ashy-grey- whitish, 
antennas  fuscous,  (palpi  broken).  Legs  fuscous,  ringed  with  white. 
Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  dilated  posteriorly ;  ashy-grey- 
whitish,  costa  irregularly  edged  with  fuscous  throughout;  a  well- 
defined  short  thick  black  outwardly  oblique  streak  from  costa  at  |^ 
to  middle  of  disc,  ending  on  second  tuft  of  scales;  a  faint  similar 
line  from  middle  of  costa,  extremity  lost  in  general  ground- 
colour; a  third  similar  line  from  before  apex,  hardly  perceptible; 
veins  towards  hindmargin  irregularly  irrorated  with  blackish  : 
cilia  ashy-grey-whitish.  Hindwings  fuscous-grey,  becoming 
darker  round  apex  ;  cilia  pale  grey,  slightly  infuscated  round 
apex. 

Blackwood,  South  Australia;  two  specimens  in  November. 

Mr.  Mej^rick,  to  whom  this  and  the  following  species  were  sub- 
mitted, returned  them  as  unknown  to  him. 

SOROCOSTIA    PLATYGONA,  n.Sp. 

5.  20  mm.  Head,  thorax,  abdomen,  palpi,  and  legs  white, 
palpi  2,  terminal  joint  very  short,  legs  dusted  with  blackish. 
Forewings  elongate-triangular,  costa  gently  arched,  hindmargin 
bowed,  oblique;  white;  tufts  white,  anteriorly  slightly  infuscated; 
an  obscure  fuscous  dot  on  costa  near  base,  a  second  more  distinct 
on  costa  at  i  from  which  proceeds   an   outwards-curved  twice 


12  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA, 

sinuate  fine  fuscous  line  to  inner  margin  at  ^;  three  minute  black 
dots  on  costa  in  middle;  a  well-defined  broad  outwardly  oblique 
fascia  from  f  of  costa  to  middle  of  disc,  thence  continued  obliquely 
inwards  to  just  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  outer  edge  more 
or  less  strongly  edged  with  black  ;  a  thick  irregular  outwards- 
curved  pale  fuscous  irregularly  waved  line  from  just  before  apex 
to  just  before  anal  angle;  a  few  fuscous  scales  before  hindmargin; 
a  blackish  hindmarginal  line  :  cilia  whitish.  Hindwings  white, 
slightly  inf  uscated  on  apical  portion;  cilia  white,  with  an  indistinct 
grey  line  at  base. 

Macka}^,  Queensland;  one  specimen  in  December.  It  is  an 
easily  recognised  species  by  the  >-shaped  fascia. 

Anestia  trissodbsma,  n.sp. 

(^.  16  mm.  Head,  antennae,  palpi,  thorax,  abdomen  and  legs 
dark  fuscous,  more  or  less  finely  dusted  with  white,  patagia 
whitish.  Fore  wings  elongate-triangular,  strongly  dilated,  costa 
gently  arched  posteriorly,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  fuscous; 
three  moderately  broad  whitish  transverse  fascite;  1st  from  ^  of 
costa  to  ^  of  inner  margin,  becoming  blotch-like  on  costa,  narrowed 
on  lower  |;  2nd  from  beyond  middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner 
margin,  outer  edge  marked  by  an  irregularly  dentate  or  waved 
line;  3rd  narrowed  from  just  before  apex  to  anal  angle,  with  a 
slight  indentation  above  and  below  middle,  and  becoming  broader 
at  anal  angle;  space  between  2nd  and  3rd  fasciae  pale  bluish, 
excepting  upper  ^,  which  is  fuscous  :  cilia  fuscous,  tijDs  darker. 
Hindwings  clear  orange,  becoming  slightly  fuscous  around  apex; 
cilia  fuscous,  along  inner  margin  yellowish. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S.  Wales;  one  specimen  (at  light)  in  June. 

GEOMETRINA. 

HYDIlIOMENID.a;. 
Mesoptila  anthracias,  n.sp. 

^.  24  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark 
fuscous,  palpi  five  times  breadth  of  eye.     Antennal  ciliations  1^. 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  13 

Legs  fuscous-whitish,  tibije  and  tarsi  blackish,  ringed  with 
ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate  triangular,  costa  nearly 
straight,  hindmargin  bowed,  waved;  dark  fuscous,  mixed  with 
blackish;  a  raised  tuft  of  blackish  scales  in  middle  of  disc;  a 
ridge  like  tuft  of  similar  scales  towards  base  near  inner  mai'gin; 
an  obscure  thick  fuscous  curved  line  from  about  \  of  costa  to  ^ 
of  inner  margin;  a  small  pale  yellow  cuneiform  spot  on  costa  at 
about  |,  from  which  proceeds  a  dentate  double  fine  black  lin^ 
curved  outwards  and  ending  on  inner  margin  at  |^;  the  ground 
colour  on  costa  beyond  the  yellow  spot  much  darker,  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  double  black  line  not  reaching  costa,  but  deflected 
downwards  and  continued  as  a  black  interrupted  line  just  beneath 
costa  to  near  base,  obscure  towards  base;  veins  towards  hind- 
margin  neatly  outlined  with  black,  each  with  a  minute  yellow 
spot  at  hindmarginal  extremity  :  cilia  dark  reddish-fuscous. 
Hindwings  with  hindmargin  rounded,  crenulate ;  dark  fuscous, 
becoming  lighter  on  median  third;  an  erect  (seemingly  expansible) 
tuft  of  scales  in  middle  of  disc;  three  well  defined  wavy  black  lines 
from  middle  of  inner  margin,  two  upper  terminating  in  tuft  of 
scales,  lower  one  curved  outwards  and  continued  to  costa  at  about 
^;  cilia  as  in  forewings,  hairs  on  inner  margin  whitish. 

This  is  the  second  species  recorded  from  Australia.  Meyrick 
was  unacquainted  with  the  male  and  consequently  could  not  give 
the  characters  in  full;  the  additional  generic  characters  will  there- 
fore read  : — Antennal  ciliations  of  the  male  1-^,  palpi  porrected, 
about  5,  second  joint  loosely  haired,  terminal  joint  distinct,  some- 
what clavifoi'm,  and  slightly  recurved.  The  forewings  appear  to 
have  three  tufts  of  scales,  one  at  about  J  from  base  in  middle,  a 
larger  one  in  middle  of  disc,  and  a  ridge-like  patch  towards  base 
near  inner  margin.  The  long  palpi  give  the  species  a  most 
curious  and  distinct  appearance.  It  is  not  like  Ilydriomena 
hrugata,  Gn.,  at  first  sight. 

Sale,  Victoria.  The  single  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
G.  Lyell,  Junr.,  of  Gisborne,  Victoria. 


14  NEAV  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA, 

Heterochasta  lasioplaca,  n.sp. 

^.  30  mm.  Head,  antennse,  palpi,  thorax,  and  abdomen  fuscous, 
palpi  about  1^,  snow-white  at  base  beneath  and  at  apex  of  ter- 
minal joint,  terminal  joint  about  ^  length  of  second.  Antennal 
ciliations  ^.  Abdomen  with  pairs  of  dark  fuscous  spots  on  seg- 
ments. Legs  ochreous-whitish,  banded  with  fuscous.  Forewings 
elongate-triangular,  hindmargin  hardly  waved,  bowed,  oblique; 
dull  fuscous-greenish,  with  numerous  waved  darker  fuscous  trans- 
verse lines;  outer  edge  of  basal  patch  indicated  by  a  moderately 
thick  correlated  band,  slightly  sinuate  outwards  above  middle, 
from  about  ^  of  costa  to'  i  inner  margin;  median  band  formed  by 
two  dark  fuscous  bands  of  three  lines  each,  separated  by  a  clear 
snow-white  space,  becoming  light  ferruginous  on  lower  |;  anterior 
edge  from  just  beyond  f  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin; 
posterior  edge  from  before  f  of  costa  to  |  of  inner  margin,  with 
a  strong  sharp  projection  in  middle  and  a  less  prominent  one 
above  middle,  followed  throughout  more  or  less  by  a  fine  whitish 
line;  a  black  lunate  discal  mark  in  the  white  space  above  middle 
touching  anterior  edge  of  band,  subterminal  and  submarginal 
lines  waved,  irregular,  blackish,  a  fine  blackish  hindmarginal 
line  separated  into  small  spots  by  minute  white  spots  at  extremities 
of  veins  :  cilia  ochreous-grey  barred  with  black.  Hindwings  with 
the  hindmargin  rounded;  dull  leaden  becoming  paler  towards  base; 
cilia  as  in  forewings. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen.  Distinct  by  the  hind- 
wings  and  snow-white  spot  of  forewings. 

STERRHID5;. 

Sterrha  rhodocosma,  n.sp. 

(J.  24  mm.  Head,  face,  pal  pi,  and  thorax  rosy-carmine,  abdomen 
■whitish.  Antennae  ochreous,  pectinations  at  greatest  length  2. 
Legs  fuscous,  anterior  coxae  tinged  with  rosy-carmine,  posterior 
pair  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  triangular,  costa  nearly  straight, 
apex  rounded,  hindmargin  obliquely  bowed;  pale  whitish-ochreous, 
thickly  irrorated  with  rosy-carmine,  so  as  to  appear  rosy-carmine, 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  15 

three  darker  rosy-carmine  darker  transverse  fasci?e;  1st  from  base 
to  i,  outer  edge  nearly  straight,  somewhat  waved,  indicating  basal 
patch;  2nd  broad  from  about  middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner 
margin,  indicating  median  shade;  3rd  narrow,  waved  from  costa 
at  f  to  inner  margin  near  anal  angle;  an  obscure  rosy-carmine  dot 
above  middle,  midway  between  last  two  fascise;  subterminal  and 
submarginal  lines  darker  carmine,  thick  and  indistinct  :  cilia  pale 
ochreous,  suffusedly  mixed  with  rosy-carmine.  Hindwings  pale 
whitish-ochreous;  two  obscure  fuscous  transverse  median  bands, 
hardly  perceptible  in  some  specimens;  cilia  pale  whitish-ochreous. 
Torrens  Island  and  Semaphore,  South  Australia;  beaten  from 
Salicornia  arhuscula  in  October. 

A  distinct  and  beautiful  species  taken  by  Mr.  Harold  Lower. 
The  lustre  of  the  forewings  of  this  species  when  fresh  is  magnifi- 
cent, but  after  death  this  fades  to  a  dull  rosy-carmine. 

MONOCTENIAI).ffi. 

Mnesampela  petrochroa,  n.sp. 

5.  33  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  antennae  greyish-ochreous, 
abdomen  white  with  minute  black  scattered  scales  ;  five  or  six 
pairs  of  black  dots  placed  laterally  on  underside  at  juncture  of 
each  segment.  Legs  whitish,  anterior  tibiye  and  tarsi  ringed  with 
blackish,  palpi  blackish.  Forewings  triangular,  apex  prominent, 
hindmargin  slightly  bowed ;  light  greyish-ochreous,  with  fine 
indistinct  irregular  fuscous  strigulse;  costa  very  finely  whitish 
strigulated  with  fuscous;  an  indistinct  blackish  suffusion  on  costa 
at  base;  a  curved  series  of  five  small  black  dots,  one  on  costa  at 
\,  two  close  together  immediately  below,  one  in  middle,  and  one 
above  inner  margin ;  an  almost  straight  series  of  similar  dots 
edged  posteriorly  with  white  and  placed  on  a  pale  ferruginous 
shade,  from  before  apex  to  about  \  of  inner  margin :  cilia  silvery- 
white,  a  pale  ferruginous  indistinct  line  along  inner  margin  and 
more  or  less  continued  along  basal  half  of  cilia  to  near  apex. 
Hindwings  gre3'ish-fuscous,  somewhat  purplish-tinged,  becoming 
greyish-ochreous  towards  inner  margin,  hairs   on  inner  margin 


16  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA, 

white;  cilia  and  markings  as  in  forewings,  but  dots  not  placed  on 
ferruginous  shade. 

Hoyleton,  South  "Australia ;  one  specimen  taken  by  Mr.  E. 
Guest  in  May. 

NOCTUINA, 

Praxis  macropa,  n.sp. 

^-<^.  40,  42  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  reddish-ochreous, 
thorax  in  middle  grey- whitish,  abdomen  grey.  Antennae  ochreous; 
ciliations  about  6  at  greatest  breadth.  Legs  fuscous,  posterior 
pair  pinkish-white.  Forewings  moderate,  elongate,  dilated  pos- 
teriorly; costa  arched  at  base,  thence  nearly  straight,  apex  rounded, 
hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  ashy-grey,  mixed  with  reddish- 
ochreous  and  finely  irrorated  with  black  and  dark  fuscous;  a  fine 
black  strongly  thrice  dentate  line  from  about  ^  of  costa  to  ^  inner 
margin;  a  pale  ochreous  elongate  spot,  finely  edged  with  black, 
touching  middle  dentation  of  first  mentioned  line;  a  larger  more 
reddish  similar  spot  above  and  slightly  beyond,  also  edged  with 
black;  a  reddish-ochreous  reniform  spot  edged  with  black  at  end 
of  cell;  a  strongly  dentate  black  line  from  beneath  costa  at  about 
•|  to  I  of  inner  margin,  edged  posteriorly  by  its  own  width  of 
pale  ochreous-reddish;  a  similar  but  lighter  parallel  line  (indicating 
subterminal)  near  and  beyond  from  costa  at  |to  anal  angle,  inter- 
space bright  reddish-ochreous  :  cilia  ochreous-reddish,  chequered 
with  blackish.  Hindwings  fuscous-grey ;  cilia  grey- whitish, 
reddish-tinged  on  basal  ^. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S. W. ;  three  specimens  taken  at  electric  light 
in  May. 

The  antennal  pectinations  of  this  species  are  so  filiform  that 
they  curl  up  into  an  inextricable  mass  when  the  insect  is  dry  ; 
they  can,  however,  be  readily  rearranged  by  relaxing. 

ACONTIA  CYANIPHA,  n.Sp. 

^.  28  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Antennae  fuscous, 
ciliations  ^.  Abdomen  ochreous-yellow.  Legs  and  palpi  fuscous, 
tibife  ringed  with  white.     Palpi  strongly  recurved,  second  joint 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWKR.  17 

whitish  externally.  Forewings  elongate,  dilated  posteriori}',  costa 
nearly  straight,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded ;  white,  slightly 
ochreous-tinged;  a  fine  blackish  dot  at  base  in  middle;  two  narrow 
elongate,  partly  connected,  fuscous  spots  along  costa,  extending 
from  base  to  before  middle  and  followed  on  costa  by  a  pale  fuscous 
suffusion  to  |,  terminated  by  a  small  dark  fuscous  spot;  a  large 
erect  irregular  somewhat  cuneiform  bluish-fuscous  patch;  from 
inner  margin  before  anal  angle  to  more  than  |  across  wing,  apex 
obtuse;  a  narrow  inwards-curved  whitish-ochreous  discal  lunula, 
finely  edged  with  black;  a  moderate  somewhat  rhomboid  pale 
bluish  patch  ivmmediately  beyond,  containing  two  black  teeth, 
their  apices  directed  inwards,  on  posterior  edge,  below  which  the 
bluish  colour  is  continued  as  an  irreijular  streak  to  anal  angle, 
hindmarginal  area  beyond  chocolate,  with  a  suffused  patch  of 
ground-colour  on  costa;  a  hindmarginal  row  of  dentate  black  dots 
edged  posteriorly  by  fine  dots  of  ground-colour  :  cilia  chocolate, 
tips  mixed  with  whitish.  Hindwings  pale  yellow,  broadly  suffused 
with  light  fuscous  round  hindmargin ;  cilia  yellowish- ochreous 
with  a  fuscous  parting  line,  except  towards  anal  angle. 
Broken  Hill,  N.S.  Wales  ;  one  specimen  in  January. 

Britha  C?)  cosmopis,  n.sp. 

2-  23  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  anterior  legs  fuscous,  antenn.-B 
ochreous.  Thorax  ochreous-fuscous,  median  third  silvery-white. 
Abdomen  yellow,  becoming  ochreous-whitish  on  anterior  segments. 
Forewings  triangular,  costa  nearly  straight,  hindmargin  hardly 
bowed;  ochreous-fuscous;  a  thick  dull  leaden-metallic  streak  along 
costa  from  base  to  apex,  attenuated  posteriorly,  shaded  beneath 
by  more  than  its  own  width  with  light  ochreous,  suffused  at 
extremities;  a  very  broad  silvery-white  streak  along  inner  margin 
from  base  to  anal  angle,  suffused  with  pale  ochreous  along  extreme 
inner  margin  and  edged  above  by  a  line  of  darker  ochreous-fuscous; 
two  small  silvery-white  cuneifoi'm  spots  just  above  extremity  of 
this  streak,  upper  one  largest;  a  fine  curved  blackish  line  from 
beneath  costa  just  below  apex  to  upper  extremity  of  silvery-white 
streak ;    hindmarginal    ai'ea   beyond   bluish-leaden  with   a  faint 


18  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTBRA, 

whitish  median  line;  a  fine  blackish  line  terminating  befoi'e  hind- 
margin  :  cilia  bluish-leaden  with  two  darker  parallel  lines.  Hind- 
wings  bright  orange-yellow,  with  a  broad  blackish  hindmarginal 
band,  attenuated  above  apex;  cilia  greyish-ochreous  with  a  black 
median  line  well  defined. 

Cape  York,  Queensland;  two  specimens  in  January. 

PYRALIDINA. 

BOTYDID.a;. 

Metallarcha  zygosema,  n.sp. 

2-  '20  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish-yellow,  abdomen 
yellowish,  antennae,  palpi,  and  legs  fuscous,  posterior  legs  ochreous. 
Forewings  elongate-triangular,  light  brown,  with  pale  yellow 
markings  outlined  with  darker  brown;  a  large  irregular  cuneiform 
patch  from  base  below  costa  to  just  before  ~  of  wing,  its  lower 
edge  emitting  a  long  slender  streak  along  inner  margin  to  anal 
angle,  posteriorly  attenuated;  a  large  irregular  lunate  mark  in 
middle  of  wing,  connected  with  basal  patch  anteriorly  by  a  short 
bar,  very  strongly  indented  on  middle  portion,  upper  extremity 
obtuse,  lower  acute;  a  rather  broad  irregularly  edged  curved  fascia 
from  costa  just  before  apex  to  inner  margin  above  anal  angle  but 
not  quite  reaching  it,  anterior  edge  with  a  slight  projection  below 
middle;  a  narrow  yellowish  hindmarginal  line  :  cilia  pale  yellow, 
deeper  at  base.  Hind  wings  pale  fuscous,  with  a  pale  yellow  basal 
patch  sending  a  projection  from  below  middle  towards  inner 
margin;  an  indistinct  elongate  black  spot  in  yellow  patch;  cilia 
pale  yellow,  deeper  at  base. 

Hoyleton,  S.A.;  one  specimen  (Coll.  E.  Guest)  in  December. 
The  specimen  is  somewhat  abraded,  consequently  the  description 
may  require  some  latitude  for  comparison. 

SCOPARIAD^;. 

Scoparia  lichenopa,  n.sp. 

(J-^.  18,  21  mm.  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  antennae,  and  legs 
asliy-grey-whitish,  posterior  legs  grey-whitish,  abdomen  grey,  three 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  19 

anterior  segments  orange-yellowish.  Forewings  moderate,  elon- 
gate, gently  dilated;  ashy-grey-whitish;  markings  black,  suffused; 
a  narrow  outward-curved  fascia  from  about  |  of  costa  to  ^  of 
inner  margin,  a  tine  line  along  median  fold  from  base  to  fascia 
but  hardly  reaching  it;  a  very  oblique  irregular  fascia  from  costa 
before  apex  to  about  |  of  inner  margin,  almost  obliterated  by 
ground-colour  in  some  specimens;  a  small  rounded  white  spot  at 
end  of  cell,  edged  more  or  less  with  blackish;  a  hindmarginal  row 
of  black  teeth :  cilia  ashy-grey-whitish  with  blackish  points. 
Hindwings  greyish-fuscous,  becoming  lighter  towards  base  ;  cilia 
greyish- fuscous. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S.  Wales;  four  specimens  in  April  and  May. 
The  present  species  is  somewhat  allied  to  polysticha,  Lower. 

TINEINA. 

(ECOPHOEID.ffi. 

Philobota  xanthocoma,  n.sp. 

(^.-5.  13,15  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
dark  fuscous,  anal  tuft  yellow.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  tibife  and 
tarsi  with  yellowish  bands.  Forewings  moderate,  costa  hardly 
arched,  apex  rounded,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  dark  fuscous 
with  yellowish  markings;  a  moderate  irregular  spot  on  costa  about 
middle,  immediately  preceded  by  two  small  round  black  dots;  a 
similar  yellowish  spot  on  costa  at  about  f,  and  another  more 
obscure  immediately  below  on  anal  angle,  separated  in  middle  of 
wing  by  a  line  of  ground-colour,  with  an  obscure  black  spot  at 
extremity;  an  irregular  thick  streak  along  hindmargin,  with  a 
projection  inwards  in  middle :  cilia  dull  fuscous  tinged  with 
ochreous  around  anal  angle.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia 
yellow,  becoming  fuscous  round  apex. 

Semaphore,  S.A.  ;  several  specimens  taken  by  Mr.  Harold 
Lower  in  September.  The  cilia  of  the  hindwings  are  a  good  dis- 
tinction. 

LiNOSTicHA  cremnodisema,  n.sp. 

$-^.  13,  18  mm.  Head  dull  ochreous.  Thorax  fuscous. 
Antennae,  legs,  and  palpi  fuscous,  palpi  greyish  internally,  middle 


20  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTEE.A, 

and  posterior  legs  ochreous.  Forewings  moderate,  costa  gently 
arched,  apex  rounded,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  dull  fleshy 
ochreous,  minutely  irrorate'd  with  black  scales  which  tend  to 
coalesce  and  obliterate  the  markings  ;  an  obscurely  marked 
double  black  dot  in  disc  just  before  middle ;  a  similar  but 
more  distinct  one  in  a  line  with  first  just  beyond  middle,  beneath 
which  the  blackish  scales  coalesce  and  appear  to  form  a  more  or 
less  ill-defined  blackish  suffusion  :  cilia  fuscous  mixed  with  fleshy- 
red.     Hind  wings  greyish-fuscous;  cilia  greyish. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S.  Wales  ;  two  specimens  (at  light)  in  April. 
An  obscure  species. 

COMPSOTROPHA  HABRODELTA,  n.sp. 

9.  16  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  snow-white,  thorax  with 
a  narrow  dark  fuscous  anterior  band.  Legs  ochreous-whitish, 
anterior  pair  fuscous,  tarsi  ringed  with  white;  abdomen  greyish. 
Antenuffi  fuscous,  basal  joint  white  beneath.  Forewings  moderate, 
hardly  dilated,  costa  nearly  straight,  apex  rounded,  hindmargin 
obliquely  rounded;  snow-white;  costal  edge  posteriorly  ochreous;^ 
a  narrow  black  oblique  fascia  close  to  base,  somewhat  dilated  on 
costa;  a  narrow  oblique  irregular  orange  fascia  from  costa  at  f  to 
middle  of  inner  margin,  edged  on  both  sides  with  black,  narrowed 
on  costa;  a  similar  short  fascia  from  anal  angle  to  middle  of 
posterior  edge  of  previously  mentioned  fascia,  becoming  blackish 
on  anal  angle  and  enclosing  a  spot  of  ground-colour  on  inner 
mai'gin;  a  narrowed  suffused  blackish  hindmarginal  streak,  not 
reaching  anal  angle  :  cilia  ochreous-orange,  strongly  mixed  with 
blackish.  Hind  wings  with  apex  somewhat  pointed;  light  greyish- 
fuscous;  cilia^  pale  yellow. 

Gisborne,  Victoria;  one  specimen  in  February  (Coll.  G.  Lyell, 
Junr.).     Near  xaiitlioddta,  Meyr. 

CCESYRA  HABROPIS,  n.Sp. 

^.  20  mm.  Head  and  palpi  orange-yellow.  Legs,  thorax, 
abdomen,  and  antennse  purplish-fuscous,  posterior  legs  orange- 
yellow.      Forewings  moderate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  round- 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWKR.  21 

pointed,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  bright  orange-yellow;  a 
thick  fuscous-purple  basal  patch  continued  along  costa  to  slightly 
beyond  middle,  posteriorly  attenuated,  a  very  broad  fuscous-purple 
hindmarginal  band  occupying  apical  third  of  wing,  edged  anteriorly 
by  a  waved,  indented  in  middle,  darker  fuscous  line ;  the  central 
portion  of  band  is  occupied  by  a  bright  rosy-purple  patch  :  cilia 
fuscous-purple.  Hindwings  bronze-yellow  ;  cilia  fulvous,  darker 
at  base. 

Near  Rockhampton,  Queensland;  one  specimen  in  November. 
Nearest  seleniaca,  Meyr. 

CCESYRA  GRAMiMOPHORA,  n.Sp. 

^.  15  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  orange,  antennas  blackish, 
ciliations  1;  legs  ochreous,  anterior  and  middle  pair  infuscated; 
abdomen  dark  fuscous,  anal  tuft  orange.  Forewings  moderate, 
costa  gently  arched,  apex  hardly  pointed,  hindmargin  obliquely 
rounded;  yellow;  markings  black,  a  thick  basal  fascia,  its  outer 
edge  hardly  curved;  a  thick  somewhat  oblique  fascia  from  before 
middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin;  dilated  on  lower  half; 
a  similar  fascia  from  about  |  of  costa  to  anal  angle,  connected 
above  middle  by  a  fine  irregular  line  from  middle  of  former  fascia; 
a  fine  blackish  hindmarginal  line  joining  fascia  at  anal  angle,  the 
markings,  with  the  exception  of  basal  fascia,  forming  the  letter  W 
on  w4ng,  the  yellow  spaces  on  costal  and  inner  margin  tinged  with 
orange  :  cilia  blackish  on  costa  and  on  anal  angle  orange.  Hind- 
wings  fuscous,  lighter  towards  base;  cilia  fuscous. 

Gisborne,  Victoria  ;  one  specimen  on  dry  grass  at  dusk  in 
January. 

At  first  sight  not  unlike  a  dwarfed  specimen  of  Pellophora 
argutella,  Zeller.  The  curious  W-shaped  mark  on  the  forewings 
is  a  very  noticeable  characteristic. 

XYLOEycTiD.a;. 

SCIEROPEPLA  (?)  PHOTINODES,  n.sp. 

2.  22  mm.  Head  and  thorax  blackish-fuscous,  abdomen 
fuscous,  segmental  rings  broad,  reddisli-ochreous,  sides  and  under- 


22 

side  silvery-white,  palpi  fuscous,  internally  snow-white,  terminal 
joint  nearly  1,  basal  joint  slightly  roughened  externally.  Anterior 
legs  dark  fuscous,  cox?e  sprinkled  with  white ;  posterior  legs 
greyish- ochreous.  Antennte  whitish,  basal  joint  fuscous.  Fore- 
wings  elongate,  costa  strongly  arched  towards  base,  thence  nearly 
straight,  apex  hardly  pointed,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded ; 
shining  brassy-metallic,  iridescent  in  some  lights;  a  narrow  snow- 
white  costal  streak  edged  beneath  with  fuscous,  from  about  ^  to 
near  apex,  broadest  in  middle,  attenuated  at  extremities  ;  veins 
towards  hindmargin  outlined  with  dark  fuscous  ;  a  large  dark 
fuscous  discal  spot  in  middle  at  about  |,  preceded  by  a  dark  fuscous 
dot;  a  similar  but  smaller  roundish  spot  in  a  line  with  the  two 
preceding  dots  at  about  §;  a  suffused  streak  along  inner  margin 
throughout;  all  these  markings  more  or  less  mixed  with  whitish 
scales  :  cilia  shining  fuscous,  with  a  whitish  basal  line  and  a 
darker  fuscous  median  line.  Hindwings  shining  grey,  lighter 
towards  base;  cilia  grey- whitish,  with  a  dark  ochreous  basal  line, 
more  pronounced  round  apex. 

Hoyleton,  S.A.  ;    two   specimens  taken    by  Mr.    E.   Guest    in 
November. 

GELECHIAD.5;. 

Gelbchia  platyleuca,  n.sp. 

5.  17  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenna?,  thorax,  legs,  and  abdomen 
dark  fuscous,  posterior  legs  greyish.  Forewings  elongate,  mode- 
rate, costa  gently  arched,  apex  rounded,  hindmargin  obliquely 
rounded;  dark  fuscous;  a  broad  white  streak  along  costa  from 
base  to  apex,  attenuated  at  apex;  an  obscure  narrow  fuscous 
suffusion  on  extreme  costal  edge  beyond  middle:  cilia  dark  fuscous, 
becoming  lighter  round  anal  angle.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous, 
becoming  lighter  towards  base;  cilia  fuscous. 

Elizabeth  Bay,  Sydney,  N.S.  Wales;  two  specimens  in  October. 

Gelbchia  porphyroloma,  n.sp. 

(^-9.  15-18  mm.  Head,  thorax,  antennas,  and  palpi  yellow, 
terminal  joint  of  palpi  except  apex  purple-fuscous.     Legs  fuscous, 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  23 

coxje  pale  ochreous.  Abdomen  greyish.  Forewings  moderate, 
rather  narrow;  costa  gently  arched,  apex  round-pointed,  hindmargin 
obliquely  rounded  ;  yellow ;  a  purjjle-fuscous  outwards-curved 
hindmarginal  band  from  anal  angle  to  costa  near  apex,  becoming 
blackish  on  anterior  edge,  especially  on  lower  i  :  cilia  greyish- 
fuscous,  becoming  yellowish  at  base,  in  some  specimens  wholly 
yellow  round  anal  angle.     Hindwings  and  cilia  grey. 

Port  Victor,  S.  Australia;  five  specimens  in  November. 

It  is  nearest  hpMochrysa,  Meyr.,  but  with  the  thorax  wholly 
yellow  ;  it  is  not  unlike  Eidechria  malacoptera,  Meyr.,  an 
CEcophorid. 

.       GLYPHIPTEKYGID^:. 

Glyphipteryx  polychroa,  n.sp. 

^.  12  mm.  Head,  antennse,  and  thorax  fuscous,  palpi  whitish 
with  blackish  rings  beneath.  Abdomen  lilackish.  Legs  fuscous. 
Forewings  moderate,  elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  hindmargin 
gently  bowed ;  deep  golden-ochreous ;  a  curved  dull  whitish- 
fuscous  fascia,  from  ^  costa  to  ^  inner  margin;  a  similar  fascia 
from  before  3-  of  costa  to  J  inner  margin,  upper  §  tilled  with 
metallic-coppery  tint;  two  small  metallic-coppery  spots  on  costa, 
before  and  beyond  middle;  an  ochreous-whitish  tooth  on  costa 
before  apex,  with  two  or  three  connected  metallic-coppery  spots 
immediately  beneath;  an  ochreous-whitish  tooth  at  apex,  followed 
beneath  by  a  metallic-coppery  dot-like  hindmarginal  line  ending 
on  a  dense  black  elongate  patch  above  anal  angle;  in  the  black 
patch  are  placed  three  coppery-metallic  equidistant  spots  :  cilia 
grey-whitish,  basal  half  golden-ochreous.  Hindwings  dull  golden- 
ochreous;  cilia  greyish,  basal  half  fuscous. 

Melbourne,  Victoria;  one  specimen  in  December. 

In  the  iometalla  group. 

LITHOCOLLETIDa;. 
LiTHOCOLLETIS  ^^DISMOCHRYSA,  n.Sp. 

(J-9.  3-5  mm.  Head,  legs,  thorax,  and  abdomen  blackish,  face 
and   collar  shining  brassy-metallic,  abdomen   beneath  sprinkled 


24  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTEEA, 

with  brassy-metallic,  especially .  on  three  anal  segments,  which 
become  wholly  brassy.  Antennas  black,  terminal  |  white.  Fore- 
wings  nan^ow,  apex  acute,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  black, 
with  three  equidistant  golden-metallic  straight  fascise,  1st  from  ^, 
2nd  from  middle,  3rd  from  |  of  costa,  and  all  ending  on  inner 
margin;  base  of  wing  somewhat  golden-metallic;  a  short  inwardly 
oblique  golden-metallic  tooth  at  apex,  reaching  about  ^-  across 
wing  :  cilia  black,  terminal  half  white.  Hindwings  very  narrow, 
somewhat  linear,  blackish,  thinly  scaled;  cilia  six  times  as  broad 
as  wing,  blackish. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S.  Wales;  bred  freely  in  March,  from  plants. 

Mr.  Mej'rick,  who  kindly  identified  this  and  several  of  the 
other  species  mentioned  in  this  paper,  stated  some  time  ago  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  that  the  genus  Lithocolleiis  was 
unrepresented  in  Australia,  but  later  he  was  able  to  describe  a 
new  species  under  the  name  of  ac/Iaozona,  which  at  the  time  he 
remarked  was  not  truly  indigenous,  as  the  larvse  were  found  feed- 
ing on  a  species  of  Desmodium,  one  of  the  Leguminosce,  from 
which  he  inferred  that  the  species  was  introduced  with  its  food 
plant.  In  the  present  species  it  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  the 
larvse  were  first  found  by  Dr.  Blaxland  feeding  on  Ilardenbergia 
oval.a,  also  one  of  the  eguminosoi,  consequently  I  think  that  we 
have  discovered  a  truly  indigenous  species,  as  it  seems  hardly 
probable  (although  possible)  that  the  larva  would  feed  on  an 
indigenous  plant,  unless  attached  to  the  same.  It  may  be  an 
adaption  to  circumstances,  but  I  hardly  think  so,  as  in  close 
proximity  were  growing  Cassia  Brewsteri,  and  Ilardenbergia 
feniaphylla,  neither  of  which  shewed  any  sign  of  the  larva, 
whereas  the  food  plant  was  attacked  in  a  most  prolific  manner. 

PLUTELLID.ffi. 

Plutella  paeacycla  n.sp. 

(J-9.  22,  25  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenna,  and  thorax  white; 
antennal  ciliations  1,  second  joint  of  palpi  beneath  fuscous, 
densely  rough-haired,  abdomen    greyish,  ochreous-tinged.     Legs 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  25 

fuscous,  posterior  pair  greyish.  Forewings  elongate,  dilated 
posteriorly,  costa  gently  and  evenly  arched,  apex  rounded,  hind- 
margin  extremely  obliquely  rounded;  pale  whitish-ochreous;  costal 
edge  pale  ochreous  throughout,  except  at  base  which  is  fuscous;  a 
fine  fuscous  dot  in  disc  at  1,  a  second  obliquely  above  and  beyond; 
a  moderate  black  dot  at  end  of  cell;  a  row  of  small  black  dots 
from  just  beneath  costa  at  |-  evenly  curved  around  hindmargin 
and  ending  on  anal  angle  :  cilia  rather  broad,  pale  greyish-ochreous. 
Hindwings  greyish;  cilia  as  in  forewings 

Var.  A.   All  markings  obsolete,  except  dot  at  end  of  cell. 
Broken  Hill,  N.S.  Wales;  four  specimens  in  June. 

Notes  on  Synonymy. 

The  following  notes  on  synonymy  have  been  compiled  from 
personal  inspection  of  the  types.  I  am  also  indebted  to  Kirby's 
Catalogue  of  the  Heterocera  for  several. 

RHOPALOCERA. 

Ialmenus  Dameli,  Semp. 

Mus.  Godf.  Lep.  xiv.  166,  1878. 

I  believe  this  species  to  be  identical  with  the  insect  described 
by  Dr.  T.  P.  Lucas  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Queensland,  vi.  156,  figs. 
1-2,  1889)  under  the  name  of  Ialmenus  Illidgei,  which  Miskin 
considers  to  be  a  geographical  form  of  ictinus,  Hew.,  a  decision 
however  with  which  I  disagree. 


^o"- 


Hesperilla  dirphia,  Hew. 

Descr.  Hesp.  p.  38,  n.  2,  1868;  Exot.  Butt.  v.  Hesp.  and  Cyclop, 
f.  1-3,  1874:  ^.  Hesperilla  trimaculata,  Tepper,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc. 
S.A.  iv.  p.  32,  t.  2,  f.  4,  1881  :  J.  IlesjjerUla  quadrimaculata, 
Tepper,  I.e.  t.  2,  f.  2,  1881. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  male  and  female  were  described  under 
d liferent  names. 


26  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA, 

Pamphila  gracilis,  Tepper. 

Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  iv.  p.  34,  t.  2,  fig.  7,  1882. 

I  am  strongly  of  opinion  that  this  species  is  identical  with 
Hewitson's  Astictojiterus  (^Cyclopides)  Cynone  (Ex.  Butt.  f.  17, 
1874).  Unfortunately  Mr.  Tepper  does  not  possess  the  type, 
but  the  balance  seems  in  favour  of  Hewitson.  The  species  is 
somewhat  local  and  erratic  in  its  appearance;  my  brother,  Mr. 
Harold  Lower,  took  it  very  commonly  at  the  Semaphore,  South 
Australia,  in  March. 

Hesperilla  atralba,  Tepper. 

Trans.   Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  iv.  p.  33,  t.  2,  f.  .5,  1881;  Telesto  dacty- 
liota,  Meyr.,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  KS.W.  (2),  ii.  p.  831,  1887. 
It  will  be  seen  that  Tepper's  name  has  priority. 

Taractrocera  flavovittata,  Latr. 

Hesperilla  Jlavovittata,  Latr.,  Enc.  Meth.  ix.  768,  n.  114,  1819  : 
Apaustus  (^Ancyloxypha)  agraulia,  Hew.,  Descr.  Hesp.  p.  45,  n.  3, 
1868  ;  Ollifi;  Ann.  Mag.  N.H.  (6),  i.  p.  360,  t.  20,  ff.  3,  a.b.,  1888  : 
Pamphila  sunias,  Feld.,  Sitzb.  Ak.  Wiss.  Wien,  Math.  Nat.  CI. 
xl.  p.  462,  n.  54,  1860  :  Hesperilla  bifasciata,  Tepper,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  S.A.  iv.  p.  32,  t.  2,  f.  4,  1881. 

HETEROCERA. 

Agarista  albamedia,  Lucas. 

P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  vi.  301,  1891  :  A.  tetraplenra,  Meyr.,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  xiv.  194,  1891. 

Agarista  tropica,  Lucas. 

P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  vi.  302,  1891  :  A.  platijxantha,  Meyr.,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  xiv.  195,  1891. 

The  descriptions  of  Lucas  and  Meyrick  were,  as  will  be  seen, 
both  published  in  the  same  year;  but  I  believe  the  Linn.  Society's 
Proceedings  were  published  first,  consequently  I  assume  Lucas's 
name  has  priority. 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  27 

Agarista  contorta,  Walk. 

Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.M.  p.  45,  1864:  Agarista  casuarince,  Scott, 
Austral.  Lep.  i.  p.  24,  t.  8,  1865. 

Agarista  tristifica,  Hb. 

Eutactis  tristifica,  Hubn.,  Zutr.  Ex.  Schmett.  i.  p.  28,  ff.  165, 
166,  1818:  Agarista  Leioinii,  Boisd.,  Voy.  Astrolabe,  Lep.  p.  176, 
6,  1832. 

PORINA    AUSTRALIS,  Walk. 

Oxycanus  australis,  Walk.,  Bomb.  1574:  Pielus  maculosus, 
Feld.,  Reis.  Nov.  pi.  Ixxxi.  1  :  P.  Kershawi,  Lucas,  P.L.S.N.S.W. 
(2)  vi.  282,  1891. 

LiTHOSIA  PRISTIXA,  Walk. 

Cat.  Lep.  Het.  B.M.  xxxv.  p.  1885  (1866)  :  L.  chionora,  Meyr., 
P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  i.  p.  702,  1886. 

Calligenia  placens.  Walk. 

Barsine  placens,  Walk.,  B.M.  Cat.  xxxi.  251,  1864:  Calligenia 
cydota,  Meyr.,  P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  p.  705,  1886. 

Calligenia  melitaula,  Meyr. 

P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  i.  705,  1886:  Miltochrista  simulant,  Butl., 
Trans.  Eut.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  382,  1886. 

Cluaca  rubricosta,  Walk. 

B.M.  Cat.  208,  1864:  Castulo  bi^iotata,  Walk.,  Char.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  65,  1869. 

Kirby  places  the  species  first  in  the  family  Litliosiidce  (p.  298), 
and  later  in  the  Liparidce  (p.  491),  a  rather  misleading  effort. 

Philenora  undulosa.  Walk. 

Acontia  undulosa.  Walk.,  Noct.  792  :  Philenora  undulosa,  Ros., 
Ann.  Mag.  N.H.  (5),  xvi.  382,  1885  :  Tennessa  Lyelliana,  Lower, 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.A.,  p.  148,  1893. 


28  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA, 

Hectobrocha  pentacyma,  Meyr. 

P.L.S.KS.W.  (2),  p.  707,  188G  :  //.  multUinea,  Lucas,  oj).  cit. 
(2),  iv.  1072,  1890. 

Specimens  of  H.  multilinea  sent  to  me  from  Brisbane  agree  so 
well  with  the  description  of  pentacymrb  that  I  have  no  hesitation 
in  placing  them  together.  Meyrick's  species  was  founded  on  a 
single  specimen. 

CULAMA    CALIGINOSA,  Walk. 

Cosnus  caliginosus,  Walk.,  B.M.  Cat.  1522,  1856  :  C.  rhyti- 
phorus,  Lower,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  p.  147,  1893. 

Oncoptera  intricata.  Walk. 

Oncopera  intricata,  Walk.,  Bomb.  1559  :  Oncoptera  intricata, 
Meyr.,  P,L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  iv.  1124,  1889. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Hepialus  fasciculatus.  Walk.,  Char. 
TJnd.  Lep.  Het.  p.  68,  1869. 

CEnosandra  Boisduvalii,  Newm. 

CEnosandra  Boisduvalii,  Newm.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc,  Lond.  (2),  iii. 
p.  286,  April,  1856:  CEnosanda  DuponcheUi,  Walk.,  I.e.  p.  1713, 
May,  1856  :  Teara  ("?)  luctipeanis,  Walk.,  Char.  Und.  Lep.  Het. 
p.  66,  1869. 

Newman  calls  the  genus  CEnosandra,  and  Walker  CEnosanda. 
I  adopt  the  former. 

Darala  varia.  Walk. 

B.M.  Cat.  iv.  890,  1855:  9.  Golussa  odenestaria,  Walk.,  I.e. 
xxi.  p.  288,  1860  :  Darala  succinea,  Lucas,  P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  vi. 
290,  1891:  Opsirhina  tintinarra,  Tepper,  Comm.  Native  Ins.  S.A. 
p.  29,  1890. 

MiCRODES    SQUAMULATA,   Gn. 

X.  298  :  Oesymna  stipataria,  Walk.,  Char.  Und.  Lep.  Het. 
p.  80,  1869. 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  29 

MONOCTENIA    VINARIA,  Gil. 

G^nochroma  vinaria,  Gn.  ix.  185,  pi.  vii.  2  :  Balliace  vetustaria, 
Walk.,  290. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Afonoctenia  decora,  Walk.,  Char. 
Und.  Lep.  Het.  p.  76,  1869. 

EUCHLORIS  (lODIs)  CITRO-LIMBARIA,  Gn. 

Chlorochroma  citro-limbaria,  Gn.  ix.  366  :  lodis  Illiclgei,  Lucas, 
P.L.S.KS.W.  (2),  iv.  603,  1889. 

EUCHLORIS   (lODIs)  METASPILA,  Walk. 

Comibcena  metaspila,  Walk.,  580 :  lodis  eucalypti,  Lucas, 
P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  iii.  p.  1267,  1888. 

EUCHLORIS  (lODIs)   SUBALPINA,  Lucas. 

P.L.S.KS.W.  (2),  iii.  p.  1264,  1888. 

This  is  I  believe  identical  with  vertumnaria,  Gn. 

Phallaria  ophiusaria,  Gn. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Smerinthus  (?)  Wayii,  Tepper,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  S.A.,  v.  29,  1882.     Kirby  refers  it  to  Colussa. 

Selidosema  silicaria,  Gr. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Tephrosia  scitiferata,  Walk.,  Ch.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  77,  1869. 

DiASTicns  australiaria,  Gn. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Macaria  comptata.  Walk.,  Ch.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  78,  1869. 

Selidosema  excursaria,  Gn. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Tephrosia  fidgurigera,  Walk.,  Ch. 
Und.  Lep.  Het.  p.  77,  1869. 

Metrocampa  biplaga,  Walk. 

Azelina  biplaga,  Walk.,  Char.  Und.  Lep.  Het.  p.  75,  1869  : 
Metrocampa  glaucias,  Meyr.,  P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  vi.  -644,  1891. 


30  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA, 

Mnesampela  privata,  Gn. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Azelina  inordinata,  Walk.,  Ch.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  75,  1869. 

Epipristis  minimaria,  Gn. 

Hypochroma  minimaria,  Gn.,  Phal.  i.  279,  443,  1857  :  7/. 
pavDula,  W^alk.,  B.M.  Cat.  xxi.  435,  1860:  Epipristis  oxycynm, 
Meyr.,  P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2),  ii.  916,  1887. 

Hypochroma  nyssiata,  Feld. 

The  insect  figured  in  Reise  Nov.  PI.  cxxv.  3,  is  I  believe 
identical  with  Scceoptera  marginalis,  Walk.,  one  of  the  Liparida', 
although  the  genus  does  not  appear  in  Kirby's  Catalogue  of  the 
Bombycina. 

Chlenias  ochrosoma,  Feld. 

The  species  figured  in  Reise  Nov.  PI.  cxxxi.  fig.  30,  appears  to 
be  identical  with  Guenee's  Stathmorrhopa  beggaria,  the  variety 
with  ochi'eous-Kned  neuration  of  forewings. 

Grammodes  ocellata,  Tepp. 

Common  Native  Ins.  S.A.  p.  46,  1890  :  G.  excellens,  Lucas, 
P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  vii.  p.  257,  1892;  G.  cyanopa,  Meyr.  (MSS.). 

Ophyx  ochroptera,  Gn. 

Noct.  ii.  236,  pi.  32,  fig.  i  :  Thermesia  tenebrica,  Lucas,  Proc. 
Roy.  Soc.  Queensland,  viii.  p.  89,  1892. 

Stericta  habitalis,  Gn. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Acrohasis  subcultella,  Walk.,  Ch. 
Und.  Lep.  Het  p.  81,  1869. 

Semioceros  murcalis,  Walk. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Samea  distractaUs,  Walk.,  Ch.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  73,  1869. 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  31 

Mecyna  polygonalis,  Hb. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Tryphcena  tineiformis,  Tepp.,  Trans. 
Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  v.  31,  1882. 

NOMOPHILA    NOCTUELLA,  Schif. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Stenopteryx  corticalis,  Walk.,  Ch. 
Und.  Lep.  Het.  p.  73,  1869. 

Capua  obfuscatana,  Meyr. 

P.L.S.N.S.W.  vi.  455,  1881  :  an  earlier  name  for  this  species 
is  intractana,  Walk.,  (Siierchia  intractana)  Char.  Und.  Lep.  Het. 
p.  82,  1869. 

Cac^ecia  postvittana,  Walk. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Dichelia  vicariana,  Walk.,  Ch.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  82,  1869. 

EULECHRIA    BRACHYPEPLA,  Meyr. 

P.L.S.N.S.W.  vii.  524,  1882  :  ZonojMala  (1)  stenoptera,  Lower, 
Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.A.  p.  178,  1893. 

Glyphiptbryx  cyanochalca,  Meyr. 

P.L.S.N.S.W.  vii.  185,  1882  :  G.  Lyelliana,  Lower,  Trans.  Roy. 
Soc.  S.A.  182,  1893. 

Blabophanes  meliorella.  Walk. 

An  additional  synonym  is  Tinea  niveihractella,  Walk.,  Ch.  Und. 
Lep.  Het.  p.  84,  1869. 

Addenda : — 

Teara  ruptimacula,  Feld. 

Ochrogaster  rtiptimacula,  Reis.  Nov.  t.  95,  f.  9,  1874. 

This  I  believe  to  be  identical  with  Teara  interrui^ta,  Walk., 
B.M.  Cat.  850,  1855. 


32  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA. 

Deilephila  livornicoides,  Lucas. 

Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Queensland,  viii.  p.  73,  1892. 

This  is  simply  a  geographical  form  of  the  European  livornic't, 
Esp.  I  have  taken  specimens  of  this  species  at  Adelaide,  S.A., 
Moe,  Victoria,  and  Broken  Hill,  N.S.W.,  and  there  is  a  variation 
in  each  and  every  specimen,  but  not  sufficient  to  warrant  a  new- 
species  being  formed.  Lucas's  types  were  from  Queensland.  T 
have  seen  a  specimen  bred  at  Adelaide  from  larvse  feeding  on 
Lucerne  (  Medico  go) . 


33 


STUDIES  IN  AUSTRALIAN  ENTOMOLOGY. 
No.  VIII.— DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  TIGER  BEETLES. 

By  Thomas  G.  Sloanb. 

Megacephala  spenceri,  n.sp. 

Robust,  ova],  cylindrical.  Elytra  with  a  submargiiial  row  of 
widely  placed  punctures  on  each  elytron.  Upper  surface  metallic; 
elytra  violaceous,  inflexed  margin  piceous-black;  prothorax  black 
in  middle  of  upper  surface  (some  green  intermingled  with  the 
black  on  the  disc),  sides  purple  shading  to  green  on  sides  of  disc; 
head  green,  becoming  black  on  middle  of  occiput  and  vertex ; 
labrum  piceous-brown  ;  mandiljles  testaceous,  inner  margin  and 
apex  piceous;  gulfe  purple;  mentum  piceous;  prosternum  bluish; 
episterna  greenish ;  sides  of  body  greenish,  tending  to  blue  on 
mesosternal  episterna;  mesosternum,  metasternum  and  posterior 
trochanters  piceous ;  ventral  segments  black  in  middle,  three 
basal  segments  green  laterally,  fourth  with  a  slight  greenish  tinge 
towards  sides,  fifth  black,  apical  segment  black  at  base  and 
testaceous  at  apex ;  legs,  palpi  and  antennae  pale  testaceous  ; 
trochanters  light  brown. 

Head  large,  wider  across  eyes  than  prothorax,  wide  between 
eyes,  lightly  longitudinally  wrinkled  near  eyes ;  clypeal  suture 
distinct;  eyes  large,  prominent,  hemispherical.  Prothorax  convex, 
a  little  broader  than  long  (5  x  5*5  mm.),  widest  about  middle,  a 
little  narrowed  to  base;  anterior  margin  lightly  sinuate  on  each 
side  ;  sides  lightly  rounded ;  base  sinuate  (the  middle  roundly 
produced  backwards),  bordered  on  each  side  at  basal  angles,  these 
rounded;  median  line  well  marked  between  anterior  and  posterior 
transverse  impressions;  anterior  transverse  impressions  sinuate, 
very  strongly  impressed  on  each  side,  strongly  marked  and  arcuate 
in  middle;  posterior  transverse  impression  very  strongly  impressed. 


34  STUDIES    IN    AUSTRALIAN    ENTOMOLOGY, 

Elytra  o-\aI  (12  x  7  mm.),  convex,  widest  behind  middle,  widely 
rounded  at  apex;  whole  surface  punctate;  punctures  small  but 
deeply  impressed  on  basal  half,  becoming  more  and  more  minute 
towards  apex  (obsolete  at  apex  itself);  three  large  punctures  in  a 
row  on  each  side  of  suture,  near  base  ;  a  row  of  seven  or  eight 
rather  strong  widely  placed  punctures  about  one  and  one-half 
millimetre  from  suture  extending  to  about  apical  third;  two  well 
marked  small  punctures  in  a  line  on  apical  third  behind  and  a 
little  more  distant  from  suture  than  the  row  of  seven  or  eisrht;  a 
submarginal  row  of  widely  and  unevenly  placed  punctures  extend- 
ing from  shoulders  to  apex,  a  row  of  closely  placed  fine  punctures 
along  margin  of  sides.     Length  21,  breadth  7  mm. 

Hah. — Murchison  River,  West  Australia  (Coll.  French). 

This  handsome  species  is  allied  to  M.  cylindrica,  Mad,  but 
differs  by  its  broader  and  less  cylindrical  shape,  by  the  absence  of 
the  foveiform  puncturation  on  the  basal  part  of  the  elytra,  &c. 
The  elytra  are  wholly  of  a  metallic  blue  colour  with  purple  reflec- 
tions in  changing  light;  the  puncturation  is  close  and  without 
order  ;  the  punctures  are  small  and  impressed  in  the  smooth 
surface  of  the  elytra  (there  being  no  raised  interstices  or  rugosity 
on  any  part);  they  are  coarser  towards  the  suture  than  towards 
the  sides  and  become  very  small  a  little  before  the  middle;  behind 
the  apical  third  they  can  only  be  seen  with  a  lens  and  at  the  apex 
itself  become  obsolete. 

Tetracha  excisilatera  n.sp. 

Q.  Robust,  oval,  convex.  Elytra  widely  oval,  coarsely  punc- 
tate on  basal  half  of  disc ;  a  subsutural  row  of  widely  placed 
punctures  on  each  elytron;  inflexed  margin  with  a  strong  short 
emargination  opposite  third  ventral  segment.  Head  green, 
becoming  black  in  middle  of  upper  surface;  mentum  brown;  pro- 
thorax  (including  under  surface)  green,  becoming  black  along 
middle  of  up2:)er  surface;  elytra  piceous-black  tinged  with  green 
on  punctate  basal  part,  a  yellow  margin  from  humeral  angles  to 
apex,  this  margin  triangularly  dilatate  and  reaching  about  half 
wav  to  suture  at  anterior  third;  legs,  antennte,  palpi,  labrum,  and 
mandibles  (excepting  apex)  pale  testaceous;  edge  of  labrum,  teeth 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  35 

of  mandibles,  upper  side  of  joints  2-4  of  antennae  and  apex  of 
posterior  femora  infuscate;  subsutural  row  of  punctures  green  at 
bottom;  sides  of  body  and  of  first  thi-ee  ventral  segments  green;, 
apical  ventral  segment  and  sides  of  fourth  and  fifth  testaceous. 

Head  large,  feebly  bifoveolate  between  eyes.  Prothorax 
broader  than  long  (3-3x4  mm.),  widest  at  anterior  transverse 
impression,  a  little  narrowed  to  base,  convex  between  anterior 
and  posterior  transverse  impressions;  these  impressions  strongly 
marked;  anterior  margin  deeply  and  widely  sinuate  on  each  side. 
Elytra  much  wider  than  prothorax  (8"5  x  6'2  mm.),  rounded  on 
sides,  narrowed  to  base,  very  widely  and  obtusely  rounded  at 
apex  ;  each  elytron  widely  subdepressed  posteriorly  on  lateral 
parts  of  disc;  punctate  basal  part  oval,  not  extending  along  suture 
as  far  as  middle  of  length;  the  dilatation  of  the  lateral  yellow 
margin  hardly  punctate ;  all  the  elytra  behind  this  dilatation 
Isevigate,  subopaque;  a  row  of  widely  placed  fine  punctures  along 
margin;  marginal  channel  punctate  and  greenish-black  for  a  short 
distance  behind  shoulders;  lateral  border  lightly  arcuate  at  notch 
in  inflexed  margin.     Length  12-14,  length  5-5-6-2  mm. 

llab. — Barrow  Creek,  Northern  Territory  of  South  Australia 
(Overland  Telegraph  Line). 

Closely  allied  to  T.  basalts,  MacL,  but  differing  by  the  elytra 
having  the  yellow  marginal  portion  much  less  widely  dilatate 
behind  the  shoulders,  the  punctate  basal  area  smaller  (the  punc- 
turation  near  the  base  not  extending  to  the  posterior  part  of  the 
posthumeral  dilatation  of  the  yellow  margin  as  it  does  in  T. 
basalts),  the  lateral  channel  with  a  dark  blue  reflection  behind 
shoulders,  the  inflexed  margin  with  a  deep  emargination  opposite 
third  ventral  segment,  the  apical  ventral  segment  alone  wholly 
testaceous  (the  fourth  and  fifth  being  testaceous  only  near  the 
margins). 

Sent  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  French,  Government  Entomologist  for 
Victoria,  as  coming  from  Barrow  Creek.  I  have  compared 
specimens  with  T.  basalts,  MacL,  and  found  the  difierences 
indicated  above,  which  seem  to  me  of  specific  value. 


36 


NEW  SOUTH  WALES  FUNGI. 

By  D.  McAlpine. 

(Communicated  by  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S.) 

(Plates  i.-ii.) 
The  following  ten  species  of  New  South  Wales  Fungi  have  been 
forwarded  to  me  during  1896  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Maiden,  Government 
Botanist.  Of  these  six  are  new  to  science,  three  recorded  for  the 
first  time  from  New  South  Wales  and  one  on  a  new  host  from  a 
new  locality.     They  are  thus  classified  : — 

Group— UREDINES,  Brongn. 
Order— UREDINACE^,  Brongn. 

1.  jEcidium  eburneum,  McAlp. 

Group-  PYRENOMYCETES,  Fries. 
Order-  PE:aiSPOIlIACE.ffi,  Fries. 

2.  ASTERELLA    HAKE^,  n.sp. 

3.  ASTERIDIELLA    SOLANI,  n.sp. 

Group— HYPHOMYCETES,  Mart. 
Order— DEMATIACEiE,  Fries. 

4.  Heterobotrys  paradoxa,  Sacc. 

5.  Helminthosporium  conspicuum,  n.sp. 

6.  FuMAGO  vagans,  Pers. 

Order— TUBERCULAPvIACEiE,  Ehrb. 

7.  Bactridium  versicolor,  n.sp. 

Group— SPHAEROPSIDES,  Lev. 
Order  -  SPHAEEIOID  ACE^.^Sacc. 

8.  Phyllosticta  soriformis,  Cooke  &  Mass. 

9.  Septoria  diospyri,  n.sp. 

Group— USTILAGINES,  Tul. 
Order— USTILAGINACE.E,  Tul. 
10.    USTILAGO    CRYPTA,    n.sp. 


BY   D.  McALPINE.  37 

1.    ^CIDIUM    EBURNEUM,  McAlp. 

On  legumes  of  Bossiaea  heterofliylla,  Vent.;  September  1896; 
National  Park,  near  Sydney  (Maiden). 

This  species  has  already  been  described  on  Bossiaea  cinerea, 
R.Br.,  from  Tasmania  and  Victoria  (Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Vic.  vii.  N.S. 
21,  1894),  but  is  new  for  New  South  Wales.  It  was  also  found 
on  legumes  of  Bossiaea  rhombi/olia,  Sieber,  sent  from  Richmond, 
N.S.W.,  in  November  by  Mr.  Musson. 

2.    ASTERELLA    HAKE^,  n.SJ). 

(Plate  i.  figs.  1-3.) 

Forming  black,  soot-like  patches  on  both  surfaces  of  leaves, 
distinct  or  confluent,  variable  in  size  and  shape,  somewhat 
orbicular,  commonly  |  inch,  but  may  unite  into  much  larger 
masses.  Hyphce  dark  brown,  thick-walled,  septate,  nodulose, 
branched,  branches  upright  and  rigid,  1\^  broad.  PerithecAa 
depressed-globose,  dark  brown,  rough,  with  a  few  adherent  fibrils, 
200-380  /i  diameter.  Asct  clavate-obovate,  subsessile,  apex 
rounded,  8-spored,  35-40  x  22-24^.  Sporidia  at  tirst  colourless, 
then  green,  finally  brown,  2-3  rowed,  elliptic,  uniseptate,  slightly 
constricted,  upper  division  usually  slightly  broader  than  lower, 
22x9^. 

On  leaves  of  Hakea  dactyloides,  Cav.  ;  September ;  National 
Park,  near  Sydney  (Maiden). 

With  potassium-iodide-iodine  solution  the  protoplasm  of  the 
ascus  before  the  spores  are  formed  and  even  up  to  the  time  when 
they  assume  the  brown  colour,  is  coloured  bright'  yellow, 
while  the  rest  of  the  contents  is  of  a  pale  bluish  tint.  The  sub- 
hymenial  tissue  is  also  coloured  yellow,  but  the  accompanying 
material  is  all  pale  blue. 

Tt  approaches  A.  Baileyi,  Berk,  k  Br.,  but  there  the  patches 
are  reddish-brown  and  the  sporidia  are  37  /n  long. 

The  old  genus  Aster ina  is  now  split  up  into  several,  according 
to  the  septation  and  colouration  of  the  sporidia,  but  by  those  who 


38  NEW  SOUTH  WALES  FUNGI, 

object  to  spore-characters  being  considered  of  generic  value,  they 
are  regarded  as  subgenera.  I  have  followed  the  system  adopted 
by  Saccardo  in  his  well-known  "  Sylloge  Fungorum,"  also  in  his 
latest  publication  just  received,  "  I  Prevendibili  Funghi  Futuri 
secondo  la  legge  d'  analogia"  (1896). 

Asterula,  Sacc,  has  continuous  hyaline  spores  (Hyalosporse), 
Asteronia,  Sacc,  has  continuous  brown  spores  (Phaeosporae). 
Asterina,  Lev.,  has  two-celled  hyaline  spores  (Hyalodidyniag). 
Asterella,  Sacc,  has  two-celled  brown  spores  (Phaeodidynife). 
Asteridium,  Sacc,  has  multi-septate  hyaline  spores  (H5^alophrag- 
mise).  And  in  the  case  of  the  specimen  on  Solanum  viride  with 
multi-septate  brown  spores,  I  have  ventured  to  use  Asteridiella' 
(Phaeophragmise). 

3.   Asteridiella  solani,  nsji. 

(Plate  i.  Hgs.  4-9). 

On  upper  and  under  surfaces  of  leaves,  leaf -stalks  and  branches; 
forming  densely  crowded,  minute,  black,  generally  orbicular,  often 
confluent,  easily  detachable,  brittle  crusts,  with   surface  of  leaf 
beneath  of  a  pale  brown  or  pale  reddish  colour.      Mj'celium  com- 
posed   of    an    interosculating   network    of   delicate,    colourless, 
septate,    luxuriantly    branched    hyphje,    about    3  fi   broad,    and 
attached  to  matrix,  gradually  passing  into  the  stouter  coloured 
hyphse  above  it.      Coloured  hyphce  dark  brown,  rigid,  thick-walled, 
closely  interwoven,   septate,    branched,    8-9^  fi    broad,    ultimate 
branchlets   generally   1 -septate,    knobbed    and    paler   in    colour. 
Ferithecia  seated  on  crust  in  clusters,  depressedly  globose,  black, 
rough  with  warty  spines,  130-330 /i,  the  latter  being  the  average 
full-grown  size.      Asci  oblong   to    cylindrical,   4-spored    usually, 
38-64  X  13-26 /x  (immature).      Sporidia  brown,  oblong,  4-septate, 
slightly  constricted  at  septa,  rounded  at  both  ends,  36-44  x  14-15/^. 
Pycnidia  globose,  golden-brown,  opening  by  circular  mouth  and 
wall  composed  of    small  polygonal  cells   100-140 /ix,   along   with 
perithecia.       Sporules   minute,    subglobose    or   oval,   hyaline    or 
rarely  brownish,  5  J  x  3  /i  or   4  /x  diameter    borne,    on    delicate 
hyaline,  septate,  branched  hyphse. 


BY   D.  McALPINE.  39 

On  Solanum  viride,  R.Br.;  Tintenbar,  N.S.W.  (Maiden). 

The  crusted  mycelium  is  readily  removed,  and  is  steel-grey  on 
the  attached  surface. 

The  asci  when  ripe  seem  to  burst  within  the  perithecium,  hence 
the  difficulty  of  getting  a  mature  ascus.  The  sporidia,  which  are 
at  first  colourless,  then  greenish  and  finally  brown,  often  germi- 
nate even  within  the  perithecium  either  from  one  or  more  segments. 
They  are  stained  greenish-yellow  by  potassium-iodide-iodine,  and 
the  other  contents  of  the  perithecia  are  similarly  stained. 

Helminthosporhun  solani,  McAlp.,  was  the  name  given  to  this 
species  in  the  Agricultural  Gazette  of  New  South  "Wales,  Vol.  vi. 
Part  12,  p.  855  (1895),  from  a  somewhat  imperfect  specimen,  no 
perithecia  being  observed,  but  a  few  detached  worm-like  spores. 

On  the  leaves  of  Dlospyros  car./>lli,u,  F.v.M.,  three  different 
fungi  were  found  in  July,  viz.,  H''.teroh:)try>i  paradoxa  (?),  Sacc, 
Fumago  vagans,  Pers.,  and  Septoria  diospyri,  n.sp.  Fumago  and 
Ueterobotrys  are  what  are  called  form-genera,  from  being  simpl}' 
stages  m  the  life-cycle  of  higher  fungi,  but  until  these  higher 
stages  are  found,  it  will  be  convenient  to  record  them. 


4.  Hetekobotrys  paradox.^,  (?)  Sacc. 

On  upper  surface  of  leaf,  forming  minute  black  specks,  scattered 
all  over.  Ilyplicc  pale  green,  septate,  and  usually  slightly  con- 
stricted at  septa,  bi'anched,  5^ju  broad. 

The  irregularly  shaped  perithecium-like  bodies  consist  of  a 
parietal  portion  composed  of  small  brown  mulberry-like  clusters, 
each  cell  about  4  /x  in  diameter,  and  a  central  portion  of  hyaline 
spherical  cells,  either  isolated  or  united  in  chains,  7-11  /x  diameter 
and  imbedded  in  a  gelatinous  matrix. 

This  occurs  as  a  stage  in  Capnodium  citricolum,  McAlp.,  and 
has  already  been  recorded  in  that  connection  from  New  South 

Wales. 


40  NEW  SOUTH  WALES  FUNGI, 

5.  Helminthosporium  conspicuum,  n.sp. 

(Plate  i.  figs.  10-11.) 

Hypophyllous,  Effused,  sooty-black,  velvety,  conspicuous 
patches,  roughly  orbicular  unless  at  margin  of  leaf,  sometimes 
about  1  inch  in  diameter.  Mycelium  composed  of  green,  slender, 
septate,  branched  hyphfe,  forming  a  regular  pavement  next  to 
matrix,  and  brown,  stout,  rigid,  thick-walled  hyphse  imbedded  in 
and  arising  from  the  former.  Green  hyphce,  with  portions  colour- 
less, average  2  ^  diameter.  Brown  hyphcE  creeping,  very  thick- 
walled,  giving  rise  to  short,  club-headed  branches,  or  long  gonidio- 
phores,  7i/x  broad.  Gonidiophores  simple,  erect,  rigid,  brown, 
straight  or  wavy,  apex  rounded  and  often  paler  than  the  rest,  up 
to  i  mm.  high  and  5  p,  broad.  Gonidia  clear  brown,  fusoid  or 
elongated-fusoid,  somewhat  acute  at  one  or  both  ends,  often 
tapering  towards  base,  not  constricted,  usually  3-septate,  24-28  x 

On  leaves  of  unknown  plant;  New  South  Wales  (Maiden). 
This  species  is  quite  distinct  from  any  of  the  recorded  Austra- 
lian ones. 

6.  FuMAGO  vagans,  Pers. 
(Plate  i.  fig.  12.) 

On  under  surface  of  leaf  among  the  mealy  pubescence  caused 
by  the  numerous  short,  curved,  hyaline  hairs.  This,  which  is  the 
gonidial  form  of  a  Capnodium  (C.  salicimun,  Mart.),  has  not 
hitherto  been  recorded  for  New  South  Wales. 

On  leaves  of  Diospyros  cargillia,  F.v.M.;  July;  New  South 
Wales  (Maiden). 

7.  Bactridium  versicolor,  n.sp. 

(Plate  ii.  figs.  13-14.) 

Tubercles  closely  crowded,  globose,  hemisjDherical,  black,  but 
passing  through  fawn,  pink  and  brown  when  young,  firm,  about 


BY   D.  McALPINE.  41 

f  mm.  in  diameter.  Potassium-iodide-iodine  differentiates  the 
basal  stratum  from  the  gonidiophores  by  colouring  the  former 
yellow  and  the  latter  a  beautiful  indigo-blue,  while  the  gonidia 
are  coloured  a  very  pale  yellow.  GonidiojyJiores  compact,  erect, 
colourless,  septate,  rounded  at  free  ends,  simple,  130-140  x  4 /x. 
Goyiidia  hyaline,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  elongated,  linear- 
clavate,  tapering  towards  attached  end  and  blunt  at  the  other, 
multiseptate,  up  to  15-septate,  often  decidedly  constricted  at 
septa,  47-60  x  31-41  ^. 

On  bark  of  Tubernaemontana  orientalis,  R.Br.;  April;  Macleay 
River,  N.S.W.  (Maiden). 

The  simple  gonidiophores  and  multiseptate  gonidia  seem  to 
point  to  Bactridium  rather  than  Fusarium,  but  the  firm,  even 
hard,  tubercles  most  resemble  the  latter. 

The  numerous  distinct  septa  of  gonidia  (12  being  a  common 
number)  distinguish  this  at  once  from  any  described  species  with 
compact  tubercles. 

8.  Phyllosticta  soriformis,  Cooke  k.  Mass. 
(Plate  ii.  figs.  15-17.) 

Spots  on  both  surfaces  of  leaves,  orbicular,  commonly  2  mm. 
diameter  and  up  to  5  mm.,  confluent  and  then  may  be  ^  inch  or 
more  and  sometimes  entire  surface  of  leaf  is  more  or  less  a  con- 
tinuous mass,  pale  reddish-brown  without  distinct  margin,  and 
sometimes  entirely  covered  by  the  minute,  black,  densely  aggre- 
gated, prominent  perithecia.  Mycelium  composed  of  pale  green, 
creeping,  septate,  much-branched  anastomosing  hyphse,  4-5  fi 
broad  and  producing  two  kinds  of  reproductive  bodies,  (o) 
Gonidia  laterally  and  terminally  at  the  ends  of  branches,  bi'own, 
cylindrical,  rounded  at  the  ends,  triseptate,  slightly  constricted 
at  sejata,  Helminthosporium-like,  17-20  x  5^-7^  fx.  (b)  Perithecia 
punctiform,  run  together,  arranged  like  sori  of  uredines,  sub- 
cuticular and  buz'sting  through  cuticle.  Sporules  rod-like, 
hyaline,  4x1^. 

On  leaves  of  Persoonia  salicina,  Pers.,  and  /'.  lanceolata,  Andr., 
May-September;  National  Park,  near  Sydney  (Maiden). 


42  NEW  SOUTH  WALES  FUNGI 


9.  Septoria  DiosPYRi,  n.sp. 

(Plate  ii.  fig.  18.) 

Perithecia  epiphyllous,  minute,  membranaceous,  brownish,  with 
a  few  (about  G)  dark  brown,  flexuous,  rigid,  septate,  sharply 
pointed  appendages,  associated  with  Heterobotn/s  pm'adoxa,  Sacc. 
>po7-ules  hjaline,  filiform,  curved,  slender,  5-septate,  40-45  x  1-li  [x. 

On  upper  surface  of  leaf  of  Diospyros  caryiUia,  F.v.M.;  July; 
New  South  Wales  (Maiden). 

10.  USTILAGO    CRYPTA,  n.sp. 

(Plate  ii.  fig.  19.) 

Forming  black  masses  within  the  flowering-glumes  which  wither 
up  and  still  envelop  the  spore-masses.  Resting  spores  globose  or 
slightly  elliptic,  yellow  to  yellowish-brown,  epispore  smooth,  dark- 
brown,  thickish,  8-10  /x  diameter  or  8|^  x  5|  jx. 

On  PaniciDn,  bicolor,  R.Br.;  New  South  Wales  (Maiden). 

It  differs  from  U.  confitsa,  Mass.,  in  the  non-pulverulent,  not 
naked  spore-masses;  and  from  U.  panici-miliacei  in  the  smaller 
and  narrower  spores. 


EXPLANATION  OF   FIGURES. 

All  the  figures,  unless  otherwise  stated,  are  magnified  1000  diameters. 

Plate  i. 

Aster ella  hakere. 

Fig.    1. — Ascus  with  sporidia  of  a  clear  brown  colour. 

-Asci  in  which  the  shaded  portions  are  stained  with  KI-I. 
-Brown  sporidium. 

Asteridiella  solani. 
-Immature  asci  (  x  540);  b,  probably  mature. 
-Ini'iiature  ascus  treated  with  KI-I. 
-Sporidia,  some  of  which  are  producing  germ-tubes. 
-Surface  view  of  pycnidium  (  x  145). 

-Colourless  filament  inside  pycnidium  producing  sporules. 
-Sporules. 


Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

;l 

Fig. 

4 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6 

Fig. 

7, 

Fig. 

8, 

Fig. 

9, 

BY   D.  McALPINE.  l3 

He.lminthosporimn  consjncimm. 
Fig.  10. — Free  ends  of  gonidiophores  with  immature  gonidia. 
Fig.  11. — Gonidia. 

Fiimago  vagans. 
Fig.  12. — HyphiB  with  gonidia. 

Plate  ii. 
Bactridium  versicolor. 
Fig  13. — Terminal  end  of  gonidiophore. 
Fig.  14. — Gonidia. 

Phyllosticta  soriformis. 

Fig.  15. — Gonidia  produced  laterally  and  terminally. 

Fig.  16. — Section  of  leaf  showing  epidermal  ceils  and  perithecia  on  surface 

(  X  145). 
Fig.  17.— Sporules  (  x  600). 

Septoria  diospyri. 
Fig.  18. — Sporule. 

Ustilago  crypta. 
Fig.  19. — Resting-spores. 


44 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

(With  the  exception  of  the  last  one,  the  following  exhibits  were  unavoid- 
ably held  over  from  the  last  Meeting.) 

Mr.  Fletcher  exhibited  two  moths  (Ghrysiqohona  occultans,  Don.) 
bred  from  caterpillars  forwarded  by  Mr.  A.  Simson  of  Launceston, 
because  of  their  striking  resemblance  to  the  leaves  of  the 
sprouting  shoots  of  Eucalyptus  amygdalina,  on  -which  they  were 
found  to  be  feeding. 

Also,  for  Mr.  C.  T.  Musson,  a  specimen  of  a  day-flying  moth 
(Agarista  Macleayi),  one  of  a  number  whose  stridulating  powers 
attracted  attention  on  the  9th  Nov.,  at  the  Kurrajong  Heights. 
Thovigh  known  to  Mr.  Masters  as  a  sound-producer,  there  would 
appear  to  be  no  previous  recorder  of  it  in  this  capacity,  nor  is  it 
included  among  the  stridulating  species  of  Australian  lepidoptera 
mentioned  by  Messrs.  H.  Edwards,  H.  Tryon  and  G.  F.  Hampson. 
Also  a  specimen  of  a  plant,  Bossicea  rhombi folia,  Sieb.,  infested 
with  a  fungus,  ^cidium  eburneum,  McAlp.,  unrecoi'ded  from 
New  South  Wales.  Also  specimens  of  a  beetle  (Rhopoia  soror  or 
an  allied  species)  which  appeared  in  prodigious  numbers  in  the 
paddocks  of  the  Hawkesbury  Agricultural  College  at  Richmond, 
during  the  last  two  or  three  weeks  of  November.  At  night  time 
they  were  distinctly  audible  at  some  distance.  Large  numbers 
came  into  the  houses,  attracted  by  the  light.  "With  them  were 
associated  a  few  specimens  of  Anoplognathus.  Many  of  the 
specimens  of  Rhop?ea  were  noticed  to  be  infested  with  a  spider 
mite,  doubtless  a  species  of  Gamasus. 

Mr.  Trebeck  exhibited  a  specimen  of  a  fish,  Solenognathus 
spinosissimus,  from  Middle  Harbour. 


45 


WEDNESDAY,  APRIL   28th,  1897. 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, April  28th,  1897. 


Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 


Messrs.  H.  H.  Edwards,  Perth,  W.A.;  W.  Forsyth,  Centennial 
Park,  Sydney;  G.  A.  Waterhouse,  Waverley;  and  A.  J.  Haynes, 
Darlinghurst,  were  elected  Members  of  the  Society. 


The  President  brought  under  the  notice  of  the  Meeting  a 
circular  letter  from  the  President  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
giving  particulars  of  the  Victoria  Research  Fund  which  it  is 
proposed  to  establish  in  commemoration  of  the  present  60th  year 
of  the  reign  of  Her  Gracious  Majesty  the  Queen,  the  income  of 
the  Fund  to  be  applied  to  the  advancement  of  science  in  all  parts 
of  the  British  Empire. 


DONATIONS. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.  xx.  Band.  Nos.  524-525.  (Feb. -March, 
1897).     From  the  Editor. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia.    Vol.  x.  No.  .3.    (March, 
1897).     From  the  Fditor. 

Natural   History  Society  of  New  Brunswick — Bulletin.     No. 
xiv.  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

College    of    Science,    Imperial    University,    Japan  —  Journal 
Vol.  ix.  Part  2  (1897).     From  the  Director. 

Soci^te    Royale    Linneenne   de    Bruxelles  —  Bulletin    xxii."° 
Annee,  No.  5  (Fev.  1897).     From  the  Society. 


46  DONATIONS. 

U.S.  Geological  Survey — Sixteenth  Annual  Report  (1894-95). 
Part  1.     From  the  Director. 

Johns  Hopkins  University  —  Memoirs  from  the  Biological 
Laboratory.  Vols,  ii.-iii.  (1893-95) :  Hospital  Bulletin.  Vol. 
viii.  No.  72  (March,  1897).     From  the  University. 

American  Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia — Proceedings. 
Vol.  XXXV.  No.  151  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia — Proceedings,  1896. 
Part  ii.     From  the  Academy. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston — Proceed- 
ings,    n.s.     Vol.  xxiii.  (1895-96).     From  the  Academy. 

Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History — Journal.  Vol.  xix. 
No.  1.     From  the  Society. 

K.  K.  naturhistorisches  Hofmuseum,  Wien — Annalen.  Band 
X.     Nr.  3-4.     From  the  Director. 

Gesellschaft  fiir  Ei'dkunde  zu  Berlin — Verhandlungen.  xxiii. 
Band.  (1896),  No.  6  ;  Zeitschrift.  xxxi.  Band.  No.  3.  From 
the  Society. 

Verein  fiir  vaterlandische  Naturkunde  in  Wiirttemberg — Jahr- 
eshefte.     Hi.  Jahrgang  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

L'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersbourg — 
Memoires.  viii^.  Serie.  Vol.  ii.  pi-.o-^^  Fasc;  iii.  2""^  Fasc; 
iv.  1*""  Fasc.     From  the  Academy. 

Museum  d'Histoire  Naturelle  de  Paris  —  Bulletin,  1896. 
No.  7  :  Nouvelles  Archives,  iii"®  S^rie.  T.  viii.  1-2.  From  the 
Musetim. 

Journal  de  Conchyliologie.  3™  Serie.  T.  xxxv.  (1895).  From 
the  Editor. 

Societe  des  Sciences  Naturelles  de  1'  Quest  de  la  France — 
Bulletin.     T.  vi.  (1896)  3°^"'  Trimestre.     From  the  Society. 

Roj^al  Society  of  Queensland — Proceedings.  'Vol.  xii.  (1896). 
From  the  Society. 

Royal  Microscopical  Society— Journal,  1897.  Part  i.  From 
the  Society. 


DONATIONS.  47 

Hooker's  "Icones  Plantarum."  Fourth  Series.  Vol.  vi.  Part 
i.  (Feb.,  1897).     From  the  Bentham  Trustees. 

Madras  Government  Museum — Bulletin.  Vol.  ii.  No.  i.  From 
the  Superinteiident. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  No.  6 
(March  24th,  1897).     From  the  Secretary. 

Victorian  Naturalist.  Vol.  xiii.  No.  12  (March-April,  1897). 
From  the  Field  Naturalists^  Club  of  Victoria. 

Agricultural  Gazette  of  N.S.W.  Vol.  viii.  Part  3  (March, 
1897).     From  the  Hon.  the  Minister  for  Mines  and  Agriculture. 

University  of  Melbourne  — -  Exam.  Papers  :  Final  Honour, 
Degrees,  etc.     (Feb.,  1897).     From  the  University. 

"The  Surveyor,"  Sydney.  Vol.  x.  No.  4  (April,  1897).  From, 
the  Editor. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  6-7  (March,  1897). 
From  the  Government  Secretary. 

Oxford  University  Museum — Catalogue  of  Books  added  to 
the  RadcliflFe  Libraiy  during  1896.     From  the  Lihrarian. 

Societe  Royale  des  Sciences,  &c.,  de  Liege — M^moires.  2"'® 
Serie.      T.  xix.      From  the  Society. 

Auckland  Institute  and  Museum — Report  for  1896-97.  From 
the  Curator. 

Geological  Survey  of  India — Memoirs.  Vols,  xxv.-xxvi.  (1895- 
96) :  Records.     Vol.  xxx.  Part  i.      From  the  Director. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  Vol.  x.  No.  136  (April, 
1897).     From  the  Editor. 

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From  the  Editor. 

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Articles  1-6,  (pp.  1-110).      From  the  Museum. 

Societe  d 'Horticulture  du  Doubs—  Bulletin.  Ser.  illust.  No. 
15  (Mars,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Societe  Royale  de  Geographic  d'  Anvers — Bulletin.  T.  xxi. 
1^'-  Fasc.  (1897).      From  the  Society. 


48 


OK  THE  FERTILISATION  OF  EUPOMATIA 
LAURINA,  R.Br. 

By  Alex.  G.  Hamilton, 

.     (Plate  III.) 

This  remarkable  plant  flowered  plentifully  in  December,  1896, 
and  I  was  able  to  make  a  series  of  observations  upon  it.  The 
results  fully  support  Robert  Brown's  hypothesis  as  to  the  method 
of  fertilisation.  He  speaks  of  it  in  the  following  words  : — "  A 
singular  part  of  the  structure  of  Eupomatia  lanrina  consists  in 
its  internal  barren  petal-like  stamens  which  from  their  number 
and  disposition  completely  cut  off  all  communication  between  the 
antherse  and  stigmata.  This  communication  appears  to  be  restored 
by  certain  minute  insects  eating  the  petal-like  filaments,  while 
the  antheriferous  stamina,  which  are  either  expanded  or  reflected, 
and  appear  to  be  slightly  irritable,  remain  untouched.  .  .  I 
have  at  least  not  unfrequently  seen  the  barren  stamina  removed  in 
this  way,  and  as  all  the  stamina  are  firmly  connected  at  the  base, 
and  fall  off"  together,  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  any  other  mode  of 
exposing  the  stigmata  to  the  influence  of  the  anthene  "  (1).  In 
another  place  (2)  he  speaks  of  it  in  almost  identical  terms. 

The  late  Dr.  G.  Bennett  says  : — "  The  Eupomatia  laurina  is 
found  in  woods  and  thickets  about  Port  Jackson,  and  is  abundant 
in  the  Illawarra  district  about  the  mountains.  It  flowers  from 
December  to  February.  The  branches  are  long  and  drooping 
with  handsome  dark  green  laurel-like  foliage,  producing  small 
white  flowers  of  most  singular  structure  and  delightful  fragrance. 
In  December  the  trees  are  covered  with  a  profusion  of 
white  waxy  flowers  emitting  an  odor  similar  to  that  of  Magnolia 
fuscata.  The  only  insect  I  observed  on  the  flowers  was  a  small 
Curculio  similar  to  that  seen  on  the  Eupomatia  in  Illawarra." 
In  two  footnotes  he  adds  : — :'  Another  species  has  been  discovered 
in  Moreton  Bay  District  (Q.)  with  small  but  elegant  variegated 


BY    ALEX.    G.    HAMILTON,  49 

flowers;  it  is  figured  in  Sir  Wm.  Hooker's  series  of  Curtis's  Bot. 
Mag.  Vol.  SI,  PI.  4848,  and  Dr.  Mueller,  the  Director  of  the 
Botanic  Gardens  at  Melbourne,  has  done  me  the  honour  of  naming 
it  E.  Bennetti.  .  .  :  The  late  Dr.  Brown  observed  a  sinffular 
part  of  the  structure  [Dr.  Bennett  here  quotes  the  above  passage].'' 
In  1834  Dr."  Brown  requested  me  to  observe  in  Australia  the 
ceconomy  of  these  flowers,  and  to  ascertain  whether  his  statements 
were  correct,  and,  if  so,  what  insect  is  employed  in  the  operation. 
On  my  friend  Dr.  H.  visiting  Illawarra,  I  desired  him  to  make 
the  necessary  observations,  as  the  Eiipomatia  was  abundant  in  that 
district,  and  the  only  insect  he  found  upon  it  was  a  small  brown 
Curculio  "  (3). 

In  Curtis's  "Botanical  Magazine"  (Vol.  81,  t.  4848),  E. 
Bennetti  is  figured  and  described  under  the  name  of  E.  laurina. 
The  text  says  :— "  The  flower  then,  as  seen  in  the  figure,  consists 
of  a  turbinate  green  receptacle,  on  the  thickened  edge  of  which 
the  numerous  stamens  are  arranged  in  many  series,  of  which  the 
outer  are  antheriferous,  consisting  of  a  broad  subulate  filament, 
with  a  linear  cell  on  each  margin,  opening  longitudinally;  all  the 
inner  stamens  ai'e  abortive,  large,  petaloid,  obovate,  yellow  stained 
with  orange  or  blood-colour  at  the  base,  especially  the  inner  ones, 
and  have  exactly  the  appearance  of  a  many-petalled  corolla,  of 
which  the  outer  ones  spread  so  as  to  cover  and  conceal  the  perfect 
stamens,  while  the  inner  ones  are  connivent,  and  almost  conceal 
the  ovaries.  The  outer  of  these  petaloid  stamens  have  the  disc 
beset  with  conspicuous,  stipitate  globose  glands,  and  the  margin 
with  stellated  hairs,  while  the  rest  have  both  on  the  disc  and  the 
margin,  stipitate  glands.  In  Mr.  Brown's  plant,  the  petaloid 
abortive  stamens  are  small  and  connivent,  much  shorter  than  the 
spreading  fertile  stamens,  and  destitute  of  the  remarkable  glands 
and  stellated  hairs  "  (4). 

These  are  the  only  references  I  have  been  able  to  find  to  the 
peculiar  structure  of  the  flower,  apart  from  descriptions  in  Fl. 
Aust.  and  Fr.  Phy.  It  is  figured  in  the  Atlas  to  Brown's  Botany 
of  Terra  Australis,  t.  2,  but  I  have  not  seen  the  figure. 


50  FERTILISATION  OF  EUPOMATIA  LAURINA,  R.Br. 

The  plant  is  a  small  tree  growing  plentifully  near  water-courses 

in  Illawarra.     The  branches  are  long,  thin  and  curved;  the  leaves 

light  (not  dark,  as  described  by  Brown)  green  with  a  varnished 

surface,  oblong  lanceolate  in  shape  and  recurving  at  the  margins 

for  a  short  distance  above  the  petiole  (figs   11  and  12);  sometimes 

in  leaves  on  young  shoots  from  a  felled   tree,  the   fold  forms  a 

tooth  (fig.  13).     They  resemble  folds  described  as  Domatia  by  Dr. 

Lundstrom  in  the  oak  and  other  plants,  but  I  have  not  observed 

Acarids  in  them.      "Sepals  and  petals  completely  consolidated  into 

one  mass,  the  upper  part  falling  ofif  in  a  conical  lid,  leaving  the 

lower  campanulate  tube   (or  enlarged   peduncle),  filled  with  the 

thick  flat-topped  torus"  (Bentham,  F\.  Aust.  i.  p.  54).    The  stamens 

are  of  two  kinds: — (1)  The  inner  barren  staminodia,  broad,  flat, 

and  waxy,  and   described   as  greenish-yellow,  but  I   have  never 

seen  them  any  other  than  ivoiy-colour.     On  the  margins,  in  one 

or   two    instances,    I   have    observed    microscopic    stellate    hairs 

similar  to  those  figured  in  the  Botanical  Magazine  on  E.  Benneth, 

but  much   smaller.     These   staminodes  are  in  sevei'al   rows,  the 

inner  rows  leaning  over   the  centre  of  the  flower  and  entirely 

cutting  off  all  access  to  it,  the  outer  rows  standing  up  all  round 

(fig.  3,  s).     Outside  of  these  is — (2)  A  row  of  fertile  stamens, 

which  in  the  bud  are  closely  pressed  together  over  the  staminodia 

(fig.  2);  but  when  the  flower  opens  they  gradually  reflex  till  they 

i-each  a  pendent  position  (fig.  3,  a).     The  base  of  the  filament  is 

wide,  thin,  and  concave,  and  when  the  open  flower  is  touched, 

they  move  in  a  manner  suggestive  of  irritability,  as  Brown  pointed 

out,  but  I  am  certain  that  they  are  not  sensitive  in  this  way.     The 

pollen   grains  are  usually  like  a  double-concave  lens,  but   take 

other  irregular  shapes  also  (figs.  5  and  6).     The  carpels  are  many, 

and   are  inserted  in  the  fleshy  torus  (fig.  8).     The  stigmas   are 

sessile  on  the  disc.  When  the  flower  opens,  the  whole  of  the  disc  and 

stismas  are  moist,  and  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  out  whether 

they  are  then  ready  for  pollination  or  not,  but  from  the  short 

time  that  the  flower  lasts,  I  imagine  that  they  are  in  a  fit  state 

when  it  opens.     The  fruit  is  several-celled,  formed  of  the  enlarged 

calyx-tube,  usually  broadly  turbinate,  and  about  |  of  an  inch  in 


BY    ALEX.    G.    HAMILTON.  51 

diameter.  When  ripe  it  is  soft  and  purplish-red  (fig.  7).  The 
flowers  are  solitary  in  the  axils,  but  frequently  grow  out  from  the 
trunk  of  the  tree,  a  characteristic  that  belongs  to  others  of  the 
same  natural  order,  as  Wallace  says  of  a  PoIyaHhia  in  Borneo, 
that  the  slender  trunk  was  completely  garlanded  with  star-shaped 
flowers  (5).  Ficus  aspera  and  Castanospermum  australe  have  the 
same  habit,  which  Wallace  thinks  belongs  for  the  most  part  to 
tropical  trees. 

The  flower  opens  in  the  early  morning,  and  closes  about  5.30 
p.m.  on  the  same  day,  the  ring  of  staminodia  and  stamens  dropping 
off  entire  the  same  night  or  early  next  day.  These  fallen  flowers 
are  very  peculiar  in  appeai'ance,  quite  unlike  any  blossom  I  have 
ever  seen  before.  They  resemble  small  sea-anemones  more  than 
anything  else  I  can  think  of,  and  have  a  general  uncanny  appear- 
ance. The  thin  expanded  bases  of  the  filaments  cause  the  stamens 
to  tremble  and  wriggle  in  a  way  very  suggestive  of  animal  life. 
They  have  a  very  strong  rich  penetrating  scent  with  reminiscences 
of  other  odours.  Sometimes,  as  Bennett  says  above,  it  was  like 
Magnolia  fuscata,  then  one  got  a  whiff"  of  decaying  pine-apple, 
^nd  at  times  there  seemed  to  be  an  intermingling  of  stale  fish. 
A  single  flower  in  a  room  was  quite  sufficient  to  till  it  with  the 
perfume,  and  after  handling  the  flowers,  the  smell  clung  persist- 
ently to  the  fingers.  In  previous  years  I  had  found  stray  blossoms 
at  various  dates  from  November  to  February,  but  in  1896  all  the 
plants  I  could  find  flowered  from  the  ISth  to  the  25th  December, 
and  after  the  latter  date  I  could  not  find  a  single  flower. 

Having  read  what  Brown  and  Bennett  wrote  about  the  insects 
frequenting  the  blossoms,  I  watched  a  tree  near  my  residence  for 
some  time  before  it  flowered,  and  specially  searched  for  the 
Curculios,  but  could  find  none.  On  the  18th  December  I  found 
two  flowers  open,  but  for  a  moment  did  not  recognise  them  as 
flowers,  as  they  were  covered  with  a  crawling  mass  of  beetles. 
Yet  the  evening  before  I  had  examined  the  tree  closely  (it  is  a 
shrub  of  about  eight  feet  in  height)  without  discovering  a  single 
insect.  When  the  branches  were  jarred,  the  beetles  dropped  off 
the  flowers  to  the  ground.      Later  in  the  day  I  again  examined 


52  FERTILISATION  OF  EUPOMATIA  LAURINA,  R  Br. 

the  two  flowers,  and  found  that  the  beetles  had  eaten  holes  in 
many  of  the  staminodia,  and  had  penetrated  to  the  heart  of  the 
flowers.  On  the  discs  rested  a  mass  of  debris,  excrement  and 
pollen-grains.  The  outer  fertile  stamens  were  untouched.  The 
edges  of  the  stamens  and  staminodes  were  turning  a  rusty  brown. 
Next  morning  I  found  the  two  rings  of  stamens  and  staminodes 
beneath  the  tree,  now  rusty-coloured  all  over,  as  if  decaying,  but 
still  emitting  the  characteristic  scent.  On  this  day — the  19th — 
no  flowers  were  open,  and  again  a  careful  search  failed  to  reveal 
beetles  anywhere  on  the  plant.  On.  the  20th  December  four 
flowers  were  open  and  covered  with  the  insects,  and  on  removing 
the  central  staminodes,  I  found  several  had  penetrated  to  the 
disc.  On  the  21st  almost  every  flower  was  open — some  hundreds 
in  number — and  in  every  one  I  examined,  the  beetles  were  present 
on  the  outside,  or  within  the  staminodes — very  often  in  both 
positions..  As  the  day  wore  on,  almost  all  of  them  disappeared, 
having  made  their  way  into  the  closed  interiors.  On  visiting  the 
tree  at  9  p.m.  I  found  that  in  almost  all  the  flowers  the  fertile 
stamens  had  moved  up  to  the  bud  position  (fig.  2)  covering  the 
staminodes  (which  had  also  closed  into  the  early  position)  closely. 
They  were  almost  empty  of  pollen.  In  the  morning  almost  all 
the  previous  day's,  flowers  had  dropped,  and  in  these,  as  well  as 
in  the  few  which  remained  in  place,  the  stamens  were  again  in 
the  reflexed  condition  and  very  limp,  and  the  staminodes  in  the 
open  position,  but  still  cutting  off  access  to  the  disc.  One  flower 
which  I  had  protected  from  beetles  before  the  operculum  dropped 
was  still  open  and  in  its  place;  on  shaking  it  a  cloud  of  pollen 
flew  out  of  the  stamens.  The  dropped  blossoms  on  the  ground 
were  swarming  with  beetles,  but  there  were  none  on  the  discs  of 
the  flowers  which  had  lost  their  stamens.  Microscopic  examina- 
tion of  some  of  the  insects  showed  that  the  tarsi,  antennae,  and 
the  hairs  with  which  they  are  covered  were  dusted  with  pollen, 
so  that  any  beetles  making  their  way  into  the  disc  of  a  newly 
opened  flower  would  be  likely  to  bring  about  pollination. 

Fertilisation  appears  to  be  effected  by  the  beetles.     These  are 
attracted  by  the  strong  scent  of  the  opening  flower,  and  in  alight- 


BY    ALEX.    G.    HAMILTON.  53 

ing  on  it,  smear  themselves  with  pollen  from  the  fertile  stamens, 
which  at  that  stage  have  not  reached  the  pendent  position.  They 
then  bore  into  the  disc  through  the  staminodes,  and  continue 
eating  the  inner  surface,  at  the  same  time  j^lacing  the  pollen  on 
the  stigmas.  Thus  it  would  seem  that  the  first  few  flowers 
opening  would  certainly  be  self-fertilised.  But  all  opening  after 
the  first  day  would  be  likely  to  be  cross-fertilised,  as  the  beetles 
would  bring  pollen  from  the  flowers  previously  visited.  Almost 
every  flower  on  two  trees  which  I  watched  has  developed  a  fruit, 
a  fact  not  be  wondered  at  when  the  large  number  of  beetles 
visiting  the  tree  is  considered. 

When  I  first  saw  the  beetles  at  work  I  was  inclined  to  think 
that  this  was  a  case  similar  to  the  Yucca,  in  which  the  Yucca- 
moth  stuffs  the  23ollen  into  the  hollow  stigmas  after  depositing 
their  eggs  in  the  ovulary.  But  by  careful  observation  I  made 
sure  that  the  bettles  did  not  deposit  their  eggs  about  the  flower, 
and  that  when  the  ring  of  stamens  and  staminodes  dropped  ofi", 
the  disc  was  left  clear  of  everything.  And  in  sections  since  cut 
of  large  numbers  of  fruit,  I  have  never  found  any  larvae.  I  am, 
therefore,  quite  certain  that  the  process  of  fertilisation  is  as  I 
have  described  it.  A  remarkable  fact  is,  that  notwithstanding 
the  strong  scent  of  some  hundreds  of  blossoms  on  this  ti-ee.  which 
w^as  perceptible  20  yards  away,  no  other  insect  visited  them; 
although  not  far  away  there  were  hundreds  of  bees,  butterflies, 
flies  and  other  species  of  beetles  at  work  on  the  blossoms  of  a 
myrtle  bush.  It  would  seem  as  if  the  plant  deliberately  laid 
itself  out  to  attract  the  one  species  only. 

The  most  important  question  arising  out  of  this  extraordinary 
method  of  fertilisation  is  how  it  could  have  originated.  Here  we 
have  a  flower  so  constructed  as  to  cut  off  pollen  from  its  stigmas 
completely,  unless  it  is  placed  there  by  extraneous  means.  What 
were  the  steps  by  which  the  plant  developed  a  large  number  of 
sterile  stamens  adapted — first,  to  cut  off  access  of  its  pollen;  and, 
second,  to  be  attractive  to  beetles  as  food  ?  And  what  first  caused 
the  beetles  to  visit  the  flower  and  so  undo  the  self-imposed  sterility 
of  the  plant  1     To  these  questions  I  am  unable  to  offer  any  reply. 


54  FERTILISATION  OF  EUPOMATIA  LAURINA,  R.Br. 

But  a  careful  study  of  the  structure  of  the  stamens  and  methods 
of  fertilisation  in  other  plants  of  the  Anonacese  might  reveal 
something  of  the  line  of  evolution.  It  is  the  only  plant  of  the 
Order  with  which  I  am  acquainted;  but  on  reading  over  the 
descriptions  of  the  species  of  Ancaiia,  PolyaWiia,  and  Melodorum 
in  Moore  and  Betche's  "  Handbook  of  the  Flora  of  New  South 
Wales,"  I  found  that  in  all  these  genera  the  connective  of  the 
anther  is  described  as  broad  and  flattened,  concealing  the  cells. 
Here  there  may  be  a  clue  to  the  line  of  development.  Might  I 
draw  the  attention  of  botanists  in  Queensland  and  on  our 
northern  rivers  to  the  desirability  of  observing  the  fertilisation  of 
E.  Bennettil  In  this  species  the  staminodes  do  not  completely  shut 
the  disc  up.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  if  the  same  insect 
is  concerned  in  the  fertilisation,  or  an  allied  species. 

The  beetle  (Fig.  10)  which  is  to  be  described  as  a  species  of 
EUf'Sclwdrs  by  the  Rev.  T.  Blackburn  in  the  next  Volume 
of  the  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  of  S.A.  is  one  of  the  Curculionidte 
belonging  to  the  group  Elleschides  It  is  about  2  mm.  in  length, 
and  possesses  many  adaptations  to  the  flower.  Thus  it  is  pro- 
vided with  spurs  on  the  inner  aspect  of  the  tibiae  of  the  two  front 
pairs  of  legs,  and  a  comb-like  series  of  points  along  the  tibite 
whei'e  the  tarsi  ai-e  attached.  These  enable  it  to  cling  to  the 
slippery  surface  of  the  staminodes  and  give  it  a  tirm  hold  as  it 
forces  its  way  into  the  head  of  the  flower.  From  its  hairiness,  it 
is  well  adapted  to  carry  the  pollen  from  one  flower  to  another 
and  thus  to  ensure  cross-fertilisation. 

References. 

(1)  Brown,  R. — Miscellaneous  Botanical  Writings,  Vol.  i.  p.  74. 

(2)  ,,        ,,  — Botany  of  Terra  Australis,  p.  65;  Atlas,  t.  2. 

(3)  Bennett,  Dr.  G— Gatherings  of  a  Naturalist,  p.  363. 

(4)  Curtis— Botanical  Magazine,  Vol.  81,  t.  4848. 

(5)  Wall.\ce,  a.  R. — Tropical  Nature,  p.  35. 


BY    ALEX.    G.    HAMILTON.  OD 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE. 

Eupomatia  laurina,  R.Br. 

Fig.   1.^ — An  unopened  bud. 

Fig.  2. — Bud  after  the  fall  of  the  cap. 

Fig.  'i^. — The  open  flower  ;  a,  fertile  stamen.s  ;  -s,  starainodes. 

Fis.  4. — A  stamen. 

Fig.  5. — Pollen  grains— dry. 

Fig.  6. — Pollen  grain  in  clove  oil. 

Fig.  7.— The  fruit. 

Fig.  8. — Longitudinal  section  of  fruit. 

Fig.  9. — Transverse  section  of  fruit. 

Fig.   10.— The  beetle  (EUeschodes  spj. 

Figs.  11-13. — Bases  of  leaves,  showing  the  folds. 


56 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  NESTS  AND  EGGS  OF  THREE 
SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  BIRDS. 

By  Alfred  J.   North,  C.M.Z.S.,  Ornithologist,  Australian 

Museum,  Sydney. 

1.  Cracticus  rufescens,  DeVis. 

Rufous  Crow-Shrike. 

The  known  range  of  the  Rufous  Crow-Shrike  extends  through- 
out the   coastal    scrubs   of   north-eastern   Queensland    from   the 
neighbourhood  of  the  Daintree  River  in  the  north  to  the  Herbert 
River  in  the  south.     Future  research  will  undoubtedly  extend 
this   i^ange  both    north    and    south,    to  all  districts   of    tropical 
Queensland    having    a    similar   flora.      Dr.    Ramsay   first    drew 
attention  to  this  bird   at  a  meeting  of  the  Linnean  Society  of 
New  South  Wales  in  November,  1877,  from  specimens  obtained 
b}'^   Mr.    Kendal   Broadbent,   near   Cairns ;    but   stated    that   he 
believed  it  to  be  the  young  of  Cracticus  quoyi.     In  Volume  II. 
of  the  Society's  Proceedings,  Dr.  Ramsay  fully  describes  it,  and 
adds  the  following  note  : — "  The  only  thing  in  favour  of  this  bird 
being  a  distinct  species  is  the  fact  that  on  six  different  occasions 
some  of  our  best  taxidermists  have  collected  during  the  whole 
season   in  districts  in  which  C.  quoyi  is  plentiful,  without  once 
having  met  with  any  bird  in  a  similar  stage  of  j^lumage."     Sub- 
sequently* Mr.  De  Vis  described  it  as  a  new  species,  under  the 
name  of  Cracticus  rufescens,  from  specimens  also  obtained  by  Mr. 
Broadbent  in  the  Tully  and  Murray  River  scrubs.     Tt  is  beauti- 
fully figured  by  Dr.  Sharpe  in  his  "  Birds  of  New  Guinea"!  from 
examples  procui'ed  by  the  late  Mr.  T.   H.  Boyei'-Bower  on  the 
Mulgrave    River.       Specimens   were    also    obtained    by   Messrs. 
Cairn   and   Grant,   who  were  collecting  in  the  same  locality  on 
behalf  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Australian  Museum.     Mr.  Grant 

*  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.VV.  Vol.  vii.  p.  562  (1883). 
t  Gould  and  Sharpe,  Birds  of  New  Guinea,  Vol.  iii.  PL  16  (1875-88). 


BY    ALFRED    J.  NORTH.  57 

informs  me  that  he  usually  met  with  this  species  in  low-lying 
lands,  searching  for  insects  among  the  fallen  leaves  in  open  parts 
of  the  scrub.  It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  during  a  period  of 
eleven  months'  collecting  in  that  part  of  Queensland  in  1888-9  he 
never  saw  two  Rufous  Crow-Shrikes  in  company;  it  was  alwa3^s 
one  Rufous  and  one  Black  CrOw-Shrike.  I  have  now  two  birds 
before  me  shot  while  feeding  together  in  the  scrub  opposite 
Double  Island.  One  is  C.  rufescens,  the  other  is  C.  quoyi,  and 
both  are  sexed  as  males,  Mr.  J.  A.  Boyd,  who  has  resided 
fifteen  years  on  the  Herbert  River,  sent  me  two  eggs  of  the 
former  species,  taken  on  the  26th  of  October  from  a  nest  on 
which  the  female  was  sitting,  together  with  the  following  note  : — 
"  Yesterday  a  black  gin  brought  me  a  pair  of  most  peculiar  eggs 
belonging  to  a  species  of  Cracticus,  which  the  natives  call  "Kulgo" 
from  its  note.  The  male  is  a  very  noisy  black  bird  about  the 
size  of  Eudynamis,  the  female  brown.  There  is  a  great  diffei'ence 
between  the  eggs,  though  in  both  the  ground  colour  is  very  pale 
green.  One  is  pyriform,  with  a  lot  of  dark  chocolate  blotches  on 
the  larger  end,  and  a  band  of  green  around  the  middle;  the  other 
is  oval  in  form,  a  few  ink-like  marks  taking  the  place  of  the 
blotches  on  the  larger  end,  and  the  band  around  the  middle  is 
absent.  The  nest,  which  was  built  between  the  trunk  and  a 
couple  of  branches  of  a  small  tree  overhanging  Ripple  Creek,  was 
a  simple  construction  of  twigs  without  lining,  and  showing  day- 
light all  through.  Both  eggs  are  heavily  incubated,  and  one  is 
broken  in  two  places  by  the  gin's  teeth,  as  she  brought  them  down 
from  the  nest  in  her  mouth."  The  eggs  forwarded  by  Mr.  Boyd 
are  as  described  l)y  him,  and  are  only  distinguishable  from  those 
of  C.  quoyi  by  being  slightly  larger,  of  a  paler  green  ground 
colour,  and  rather  more  conspicuously  marked.  The  narrow 
green  band  around  the  centre  of  one  egg  is  purely  an  accidental 
marking;  I  have  seen  similar  bands  on  the  eggs  of  other  species. 
Length  (A)  145  x  1-05  inch;  (B)  1-43  x  1-03  inch. 

In  a  subsequent  letter,  Mr.  Boyd  writes: — "Why  this  Cracticus 
is  called  riifesceus,  I  do  not  know;  certainly  the  female  is  reddish- 
brown,  but  the  male  is  jet  black."     Owing  to  these  birds  being 


58       NESTS  AND  EGGS  OF  THREE  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  BIRDS 


by  no  means  common  on  the  Herbert  River,  Mr.  Boyd  has  been 
unable  to  grant  my  request  for  a  pair  shot  at  the  nest.  He  has, 
however,  forwarded  a  fledgehng,  which  was  captured  by  a  Kanaka 
girl  on  the  plantation  on  the  26th  of  November,  1895.  This 
specimen  is  almost  similar  in  the  character  of  its  markings  to  the 
fully  adult  G.  rvfescens,  but  it  is  darker  in  colour,  and  the  rufous 
centres  of  the  feathers  on  the  upper  surface  are  broader  and  of  a 
deeper  tint  than  in  the  adult;  wings  and  tail  dark  brown;  all  the 
under  sui'face  light  rufous,  the  feathers  on  the  lower  neck  edged 
and  tipped  with  blackish-brown  ;  total  length  8 '5  inches,  wing 
4"5,  tail  2"8,  bill  1*4,  tarsus  1'5.  I  have  not  seen  the  young  of 
C.  qtioyi,  but  it  is  described  in  the  Catalogue  of  Birds  in  the 
British  Museum*  as  being  smoky-black.  Upon  the  authority  of 
Mr.  Broadbent,  and  the  late  Mr.  F.  H.  Boyer-Bower,  Mr.  De  Vis 
and  Dr.  Sharpe  respectively  agree  in  describing  the  sexes  of  C. 
rufescens,  as  being  nearly  alike  in  colour.  Why  a  Rufous  and  a 
Black  Crow-Shrike  should  be  always  seen  together,  if  not  a  sexual 
distinction  of  one  species,  is  a  mystery  to  me,  and  i  look  forward 
to  our  energetic  member,  Mr.  Boyd,  to  solve  it.f 

2.  Sphenura  broadbenti,  McCoy. 
Rufous-headed  Bristle-bird. 

This  fine  Bristle-bird  was  discovered  in  1858  in  a  dense  scrub 
about  twenty-four  miles  from  Portland  Bay,  Victoria,  by  Mr. 
Kendal  Broadbent,  who  presented  a  single  example  of  it  to  the 
National  Museum,  Melbourne.  It  was  first  described  by  Sir 
Frederick  McCoy  in  the  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History 
in  March,  1867,  who  named  it  in  honour  of  its  discoverer.     Sub- 


*  Gadow,  Cat.  Bds.  Brit.  Mus.  Vol.  viii.  p.  95  (1883). 
t  Since  the  above  was  sent  to  press,  Mr.  W.  S.  Day,  who  has  been  col- 
lecting in  the  neighbourliood  of  Cairns  for  the  past  seven  years,  writes  me 
as  follows  :  "  Crarlim.^  rufescem^  is  fairly  common  at  Riverstone,  sixteen 
miles  inland  from  Cairns.  I  have  shot  a  lot  of  them,  but  got  very  few  on 
top  of  the  range.  The  female  is  always  brown  and  so  is  the  young  male, 
but  the  old  male  is  black." 


BY    ALFRED    J.  NORTH.  59 

sequently  the  specimen  from  which  his  description  was  taken  was 
forwarded  to  England  to  Mr.  Gould,  who  figured  it  in  his  "  Supple- 
ment to  the  Birds  of  Australia."  For  many  years  after  but  few 
of  these  birds  had  been  obtained,  and  in  1883  evidently  there 
was  not  an  example  of  it  in  the  British  Museum  when  Dr.  Sharpe 
prepared  the  seventh  volume  of  the  Catalogue  of  Birds,  for  on 
page  106  he  there  transcribes  Sir  Frederick  McCoy's  original 
description  and  his  accompanying  note  giving  the  locality  where 
the  bird  had  been  procured.  By  some  oversight,  however.  Dr. 
Sharpe  has  erroneously  recorded  the  habitat  of  this  species  as  the 
"Interior  of  South  Australia."  The  Rufous-headed  Bristle  bird 
is  exclusively  confined  to  the  dense  scrubs  of  south-western 
Victoria,  and  is  probably  more  abundantly  distributed  in  the 
ranges  and  gullies  of  the  Otway  Forest  than  elsewhere.  The 
settlement  of  portion  of  this  area,  and  the  forming  of  marine 
resorts  at  Loutit  and  Apollo  Bays,  has  proved  that  this  bird  is  by 
no  means  a  rare  species,  although,  like  its  congeners,  it  keeps  out 
of  sight  as  much  as  possible,  and  its  note  is  more  often  heard  than 
the  bii^d  is  seen.  Two  nests  of  this  species  found  in  the  thick 
undergrowth  of  gullies  in  the  Otway  Forest  were  oval-shaped 
structures  somewhat  loosely  put  together  with  an  entrance  at  the 
side,  and  were  made  externally  of  dried  plant-stems,  wiry  fibrous 
roots  and  dried  grasses,  the  inside  being  almost  exclusively 
lined  with  rootlets.  These  nests  were  found  in  November,  and 
each  contained  two  fresh  eggs.  Two  eggs  now  before  me  are  of 
a  dull  purplish-white  ground  colour,  one  specimen  having  numerous 
freckles  and  spots  of  purplish-brown  evenly  distributed  over  the 
surface  of  the  shell,  and  the  larger  end  slightly  tinged  with  slaty- 
grey;  the  other  is  similar  in  colour,  l)ut  is  more  finely  and  thickly 
marked,  and  has  a  darker  cap  of  confluent  markings  on  the  larger 
end.  These  eggs  are  in  form  slightly  swollen  ovals,  and  are  very 
thin-shelled.  Length  (A)  1-07  x  0-84  inch;  (B)  1-09  x  U-85  inch. 
In  the  original  description  of  this  species  in  the  Annals  and 
Magazine  of  Natural  Histor}',  and  which  has  been  ti^anscribed  by 
Mr.  Gould  in  his  "Supplement  to  the  Birds  of  Australia,"  the 
length  is  there  given  as  7  inches  9  lines.      A  young  female  now 


60       NESTS  A\D  EGGS  OF  THREE  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  BIRDS, 

l:>efore  me  measures  from  the  tip  of  the  bill  to  the  end  of  the 
longest  tail  feathers  9 "9  inches. 

3.  Dendrocygna  eytoni,  Grould. 
Ejrtou's  Tree  Duck. 

The  range  of  Ej'^ton's  Tree  Duck  extends  throughout  the  Aus- 
tralian colonies,  but  it  is  more  sparingly  distributed  in  the 
southern  portions  of  the  continent.  In  Tasmania  and  New 
Zealand  it  is  only  known  as  a  very  rare  accidental  visitor.  After 
an  abundant  rainfall  it  is  unusually  plentiful  on  the  Barwon, 
Warrego,  and  Macquarie  Rivers  in  north-western  New  South 
Wales,  but  it  is  seldom  seen  in  diy  seasons.  It  is  exclusively  a 
fresh-water  duck,  and  is  generally  met  with  in  the  shallow  water 
near  the  margins  of  swamps  and  rivers,  except  during  the  breeding 
season,  when  it  resorts  to  well  grassed  country  some  distance 
from  water.  Living  chiefly  on  a  vegetable  diet,  which  consists 
principally  of  the  tender  buds  of  various  aquatic  plants,  and 
grasses,  its  flesh  is  much  esteemed  as  an  article  of  food,  and  for 
delicacy  of  flavour  is  considered  by  some  to  surpass  that  of  any 
other  duck  inhabiting  Australia.  Although  vernacularly  called 
Tree  Ducks — but  more  commonly  known  as  Whistling  Ducks, 
from  their  peculiar  sibilant  note  uttered  only  while  on  the  wing 
— it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  the  two  species  of  Denclroci/gnn 
found  in  Australia  should  both  nest  on  the  ground,  while  all 
other  members  of  this  genus,  with  the  exception  of  D.  javanica, 
of  India,  resort  to  hollow  limbs  of  trees,  or  build  nests  of  sticks, 
if  the  deserted  tenement  of  a  crow,  heron,  or  other  bird  is  not 
available.  For  an  opportunity  of  examining  and  describing  the 
eggs  of  Ey ton's  Tree  Duck,  I  am  indebted  to  an  ardent  sportsman 
and  oologist,'  who  found  these  birds  breeding  near  that  famous 
resort  of  wild  fowl,  the  Macquarie  Marshes.  While  shooting  at 
Buckiinguy  on  the  2.3rd  of  September,  1893,  in  the  long  cane 
grass,  about  one-third  of  a  mile  from  an  anabranch  of  the 
Macquarie  River,  he  flushed  one  of  these  birds,  which  he  quickly 
fired  at,  and  it   fell.      As  he  mov^ed  forward   to  pick  it  up,  he 


BY    ALFRED    J.  NORTH.  61 

almost  stepped  on  the  nest  which  was  built  at  the  side  of  a 
tussock  of  cane  gi^ass.  It  was  a  slight  hollow  in  the  soil,  lined 
only  with  short  pieces  of  cane  grass,  and  contained  nine  fresh 
eggs.  Evidentl}''  the  ducks  had  just  begun  to  lay,  for  although 
twelve  of  them  were  obtained,  only  one  more  nest  was  found  that 
day,  which  was  similarly  constructed  and  had  two  fresh  eggs 
in  it.  Later  on  in  the  same  locality  another  nest  was  found 
containing  seven  fresh  eggs.  From  these  nests  the  ducks  had 
made  runs  or  tracks  through  the  long  grass  to  the  water's  edge. 
All  of  the  eggs  when  found  were  immaculate,  and  entirely  free 
from  the  usual  feet  marks  of  the  female  or  stain  of  any  kind. 
Two  average  eggs  from  the  set  of  nine  are  oval  in  foi'm,  tapering 
somewhat  sharply  towards  the  smaller  end,  and  are  comparatively 
small  for  the  size  of  the  bird.  In  colour  they  are  milk-white, 
with  an  almost  imperceptible  tinge  of  cream;  smooth  in  texture, 
and  having  a  slight  satiny  lustre.  The  shell  is  thick  and  exceed- 
ingly hard,  and  the  finder  of  the  nests  compared  it  to  flint  when 
he  was  engaged  in  drilling  the  eggs.  Length  (A)  1-92x1  "36 
inch;  (B)  1  '88  x  1  -36  inch.  These  eggs  may  be  easily  distinguished 
from  those  of  any  member  of  the  family  AnatiJce  inhabiting 
Australia,  by  their  being  almost  pure  white.  When  held  in  the 
hand,  and  the  shells  are  rubbed  together,  the  sound  produced  is 
the  same  as  if  they  were  made  of  porcelain. 


62 


NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN 

FISHES. 

By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

In  the  present  paper  two  new  genera  are  characterised,  namely, 
Monnthrix  for  a  Brotulid  allied  to  Dinematichthys  but  differing 
in  the  dentition,  the  uniradial  ventrals,  tfec,  and  Austrophycis  for 
a  Gadid,  closely  allied  to  Physicidus  and  Silota,  with  the  latter 
of  which  it  agrees  in  the  forward  position  of  the  anal  fin,  but  differs 
in  the  dentition  and  other  particulars.  Full  diagnoses  are  given 
of  the  clupeid  genera  Hi/perlophits  and  Potamolosa,  in  fulfilment  of 
a  promise  made  at  last  October's  meeting.  Ten  species  of  fishes 
are  described  as  new,  namely,  Septranchias  Jiasivelli,  SprateU- 
oides  rohustus,  Koivala  casfelnaui,  Ili/perlophus  copil,  JSIuyil 
hypselosoma.,  M.  qeoryii^  Cesfrcsus  norfolcensis,  Odax  attenuatus, 
Mo)iothrix  polylepis,  Austrophycis  meyalops,  and  Otophidium 
genyopus.  Opportunity  has  also  been  taken  to  make  some  further 
remarks  on  Psendomuyil  siynifer  and  Dermatopsis  macrodon. 

While  examining  the  specimens  of  the  notidanoid  sharks  con- 
tained in  the  collections  of  the  Australian  and  University 
Museums,  I  came  upon  the  curious  jaws  of  which  I  give  a 
description  below  : — 

Heptranohias  haswelli,  sp.nov. 

Upper  jaw. — Median  tooth  well  developed,  subulate,  bent 
backwards  but  with  a  distinct  curve  towards  the  left,  and  without 
basal  cusps;  it  is  followed  by  three  similar  teeth  and  flanked  by 
a  pair  of  similar  and  but  slightly  larger  teeth,  which  are  directed 
outwards  and  backwards,  and  are  provided  with  an  inconspicuous 
cusp  on  either  side  of  the  base  ;  these  two  together  with  the 
anterior  tooth  of  the  median  series  are  inserted  in  advance  of  the 
functional  row,  which  are  on  the  same  level  with  the  second  tooth 
of  the  median  series;  behind  each  of  the  lateral  pair  are  three 
teeth   which    increase   in    size    posteriorly,    the    last    two   being 


BY    J,    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  63 

provided  with  a  pair  of  small  cusps  on  either  side  of  the  base;  the 
outer  row  consists  of  eight  teeth  (on  each  side  of  the  second 
median  tooth)  which  decrease  in  size  from  the  front,  and  have 
each  a  prominent  cusp  directed  moi'e  or  less  obliquely  backwards 
and  one  or  more  subsidiary  cusps,  the  second  and  third  having  a 
single  strong  acute  cusp  at  the  base  posteriorly,  the  fourth  one 
anteriorly  and  two  posteriorly,  the  others  three  or  four  on  either 
side;  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  are  about  equally  broad  at  the 
base  and  conspicuously  broader  than  the  others;*  between  the 
last  serrated  tooth  and  the  angle  of  the  mouth  are  ten  series  of 
small  chisel-shaped  teeth,  each  series  consisting  of  seven  teeth, 
those  in  front  being  the  largest. 

Lower  j  a  w. — Median  tooth  with  a  strong  mesial  cusp  which 
is  inclined  towards  the  right  and  four  lateral  cusps  on  each  side, 
the  distal  pair  being  the  strongest;  behind  these  are  three  similar 
teeth;  the  outer  row  of  cutting  teeth  is  inserted  on  a  line  with 
the  anterior  tooth  of  the  median  series;  each  tooth  is  provided 
with  sixf  functional  cusps  which  decrease  in  size  from  the  front 
in  regular  gradation,  the  anterior  and  principal  cusp  having  from 
five  to  seven  serrte  on  its  basal  edge  in  front;  these  serrte  increase 
in  size  outwards;  the  third  and  fourth  teeth  are  the  largest,  and 
there  are  four  series  behind  the  outer  row;  as  in  the  upper  jaw, 
there  are  ten  series  of  chisel-shaped  teeth  beyond  the  last  cutting 
tooth. 

Dimension  s. — The  distance  between  the  base  of  the  median 
tooth  of  the  upper  jaw  and  the  end  of  the  dentigei'ous  portion  of 
the  palato-quadrate  is  three-fourths  of  its  distance  from  the  angle 
of  the  mouth,  which  is  a  little  less  than  that  between  the  last 
teeth  of  each  ramus  and  five-sixths  of  that  between  the  angles  of 
the  mouth;  the  distance  between  the  middle  of  the  base  of  the 
lower  median  tooth  and  the  end  of  the  last  cutting  tooth  is  two- 
thirds  of  the  space  between  the  two  posterior  cutting  teeth. 

*  Owing  to  the  state  of  the  jaws,  I  am  unable  to  say  how  many  series 
of  teeth  are  present. 

t  Sometimes  a  minute  seventh  cusp  is  present. 


64  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

Depth  of  gape  (from  angle  to  base  of  median  teeth)..     212  mm. 

Width  of  gape  (from  angle  to  angle) 160    ,, 

The  history  of  this  pair  of  jaws,  which  is  in  the  University 
Museum  and  is  labelled  "Cape  of  Good  Hope?"  is  most  unsatis- 
factory ;  briefly,  as  related  to  me  by  Mr.  George  Masters,  the 
Curator,  it  amounts  to  the  following  : — 

The  specimen  originally  formed  part  of  the  old  collection  made 
by  W.  Sharpe  Macleay,  and  it  was  only  after  that  gentleman's 
death  that  the  label  was  attached  by  order  of  the  late  Sir  William 
Macleay,  but  on  what  grounds  he  believed  it  to  come  from  the 
Cape  Mr.  Masters  does  not  know.  It  is  plain,  therefore,  that  the 
locality  given  on  the  label  cannot  be  depended  on. 

As  the  individual  from  which  these  jaws  were  taken  is 
unknown,  I  cannot  be  certain  as  to  which  of  the  recent  genera  of 
notidanoid  sharks  the  present  species  properly  belongs,  but  it 
plainly  comes  nearest  to  Hepirancliias  in  the  presence  of  a  strong 
coronal  cusp  to  the  median  tooth  of  the  lower  jaw,  a  character 
which  is  found  only  in  the  Sqnalus  cinereus  of  Gmelin,  which  is 
the  type  of  Rafinesque's  genus ;  in  that  species,  however,  the 
symphysis  of  the  upper  jaw  is  toothless. 

I  have  much  pleasure  in  dedicating  this  n(^w  and  interesting 
Notidanid  to  my  friend  Prof  William  A.  HasweU,  whose 
important  paper  on  the  NotorhyncJius  imlicus  was  published  in 
our  Proceedings  some  years  ago. 

Spratelloides  robustus,  sp.nov. 

D.  11-12.     A.  10-11.     Sc.  43-45/9. 

Body  rather  short  and  stout,  with  the  ventral  profile  slightly  more 
convex  than  the  dorsal;  head  moderate,  its  length  3|  to  4^,  the 
depth  of  the  body  44  to  5^  in  the  total  length;  width  of  the  body 
1|  to  2  in  its  depth;  depth  of  the  head  If  to  If,  width  of  the 
head  2|  to  24,  of  the  interorbital  region  4|-  to  5,  diameter  of  the 
eye  3^  to  31  in  the  length  of  the  head;  interorbital  region  flat; 
snout  moderate,  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the  diameter  of 
the  eye.      Premaxillaries  inconspicuously  emarginate   in   front ; 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  65 

maxillary  moderately  broad  and  falciform,  with  its  lower  border 
entire,  its  distal  extremity  rounded  and  extending  to  or  a  little 
beyond  the  vertical  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  eye  ;  its 
length  is  24  to  3  in  that  of  the  head,  and  its  greatest  width  is  2|- 
to  2-2-  in  its  length.  No  perceptible  teeth.  Opercle  with  its 
hinder  border  sinuous,  its  lower  border  linear  and  slightly  oblique, 
and  its  length  1~  to  14  in  its  depth;  subopercle  very  narrow; 
limbs  of  the  preopercle  meeting  almost  at  a  right  angle,  the  lower 
not  produced,  the  posterior  linear  and  subvertical.  Thirty-two  or 
thirty-three  gill-rakers  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch, 
the  longest  14  to  2  in  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

The  space  between  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  and  the  extremity 
of  the  snout  is  14  to  1  ^^'^^  in  its  distance  from  the  root  of  the 
caudal;  the  second  or  third  ray  is  the  longest,  about  two-fifths 
longer  than  the  base  of  the  fin  and  1|-  to  14  in  the  length  of  the 
head;  the  outer  border  is  truncated  or  very  slightly  rounded  : 
anal  tin  with  the  outer  border  emarginate,  the  third  and  fourth 
rays  the  longest,  as  long  as  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  diameter 
of  the  eye,  and  1-i-  to  1^  in  the  length  of  its  base,  which  is  less 
than  that  of  the  dorsal,  and  as  long  as  or  a  little  shorter  than  its 
distance  fi'om  the  caudal ;  the  last  ray  is  thickened,  profusely 
branched,  and  a  little  produced,  and  extends  when  laid  back  mid- 
way to  the  root  of  the  caudal  :  ventral  fin  inserted  from  one- 
tenth  to  one-fifth  nearer  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  than  to  the 
extremity  of  the  mandible,  with  the  outer  border  rounded,  the 
first  ray  simple  and  not  quite  so  long  as  the  second  and  third, 
which  are  If  to  2^  in  the  length  of  the  head  :  pectoral  fin  with 
fourteen  rays,  the  outer  border  rounded,  the  second  ray  simple 
and  scarcely  shorter  than  the  third,  which  is  longest,  If  to  If  in 
the  length  of  the  head  :  caudal  fin  forked,  with  the  lobes  sub- 
equal,  1-|  to  li  in  the  length  of  the  head;  the  least  depth  of  its 
peduncle  is  about  one-fourth  less  than  its  distance  from  the  anal. 

Scales  smooth;  axillary  scale  of  the  pectoral  well  developed, 

lanceolate,  much  longer  than  that  of  the  ventral,  which  is  rather 

shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  a  pair  of  oval  scales  along 

the  basal  half  of  each  caudal  lobe. 
5 


€6  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

Upper  surface  of  head  and  bodj'  deep  ultramarine-blue,  the 
sides  and  lower  surfaces  silvery  more  or  less  tinged  with  violet; 
snout  and  preorbitals  mostly  silvery  :  dorsal  fin  with  a  few  dark 
dots,  especially  on  the  anterior  rays :  irides  golden,  clouded  above 
with  blue. 

Distribution . — Coast  of  New  South  Wales. 

Length  to  70  millimeters. 

Type  in  the  Australian  Museum,  Sydney ;  register  number  I. 
3668. 

I  am  unable  to  give  any  information  with  respect  to  this* 
species  beyond  the  fact  that  it  visits  our  shores  annually,  some- 
times in  enormous  numbers,  during  the  late  summer  and  the 
autumn  months.  Not  more  than  half  a  dozen  examples  have, 
however,  come  under  my  notice,  and  neither  of  the  two  dissected 
showed  any  symptoms  of  breeding.  Mr.  Edward  Skinner,  of 
Manly,  tells  me,  however,  that  it  is  well  known  to  the  fishermen, 
by  whom  it  is  called  "  Tailor  Maray,"  on  account  of  the  number 
of  Tailors  (Pomato7nus  saltatrix)  which  invariably  accompany  and 
feed  upon  them. 

KOWALA    CASTELNAUI,    sp.nOV. 

D.  17-19.     A.  19-21.     Sc.  44-45/12. 

Body  ovate,  the  ventral  profile  much  more  convex  than  that  of 
the  dorsal;  head  rather  short  and  deep,  its  length  34  to  44,  the 
depth  of  the  body  2f  to  34  in  the  total  length;  width  of  the 
body  2^  to  2^-^  in  its  depth;  depth  of  the  head  1  to  1^,  width  of 
the  head  If  to  2,  of  the  interorljital  region  'i\  to  3|,  diameter  of 
the  eye  24  to  3  in  the  length  of  the  head.  Eye  large,  with  the 
adipose  lid  well  developed;  interorbital  region  slightly  convex; 
snout  short  and  broad,  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  a  diameter 
shorter  than  the  eye.  Premaxillaries  forming  together  a  con- 
spicuous emargination  anterioi'ly;  lower  border  of  the  maxillary 
rounded  and  finely  denticulated,  the  upper  border  notched  towards 
the  tip;  the  distal  extremity  is  rounded  and  extends  to  or  not 
quite  to  the  vertical  from  the  anterior  margin  of  the  pupil;  its 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  67 

length  is  2  to  24  in  that  of  the  head,  and  its  greatest  width  is 
2'i  to  24  in  its  length.  Both  iaws  with  a  sina;le  series  of  small 
teeth  anteriorly;  a  few  small  teeth  on  the  palatines  and  along 
the  median  ridge  of  the  tongue;  vomer  and  pterygoids  toothless. 
Opercle  with  the  posterior  border  sinuous,  the  lower  border 
oblique  and  feebly  convex,  its  length  2|  to  2f  in  its  depth;  sub- 
opercle  deep  and  rhomboid,  with  the  lower  angle  rounded,  the 
upper  border  bent  upwards  and  forming  an  acute  angle  with  the 
hinder  border,  and  its  depth  about  three-fourths  of  its  length; 
lower  limb  of  preopercle  extending  forwards  to  below  the  front 
margin  of  the  eye,  the  angle  broadly  rounded,  the  posterior  border 
gently  emarginate  and  vertical.  Forty-four  to  forty-six  gill-rakers 
on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch,  the  longest  about  a  half 
of  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

The  space  between  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  and  the  extremity 
of  the  snout  is  li  to  1^-  in  its  distance  from  the  root  of  the  caudal; 
the  fourth  ray  is  the  longest,  a  little  longer  than  the  base  of  the 
fin,  and  li  to  1|  in  the  length  of  the  head;  the  outer  border  is 
slightly  emarginate  :  anal  fin  with  the  outer  border  emarginate, 
the  thii'd  ray  the  longest,  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  diameter 
of  the  eye,  and  1|  to  If  in  the  length  of  its  base,  which  is  much 
less  than  that  of  the  dorsal;  the  last  ray  is  somewhat  produced, 
and  extends  when  laid  back  nearly  to,  to,  or  a  little  beyond  the  base 
of  the  caudal :  ventral  tin  inserted  much  nearer  to  the  base  of 
the  caudal  than  to  the  extremity  of  the  lower  jaw,  with  slightly 
convex  outer  border,  the  first  ray  simple  and  not  quite  so  long  as 
the  second,  which  is  14  to  2  in  the  length  of  the  head  :  pectoral 
fin  with  fifteen  rays,  and  the  outer  border  rounded,  the  third  ray 
the  longest,  reaching  to  or  a  little  beyond  the  vertical  from  the 
origin  of  the  dorsal,  and  1^  to  1^  in  the  length  of  the  head  : 
caudal  fin  deeply  forked,  with  the  lower  lobe  somewhat  the  longer, 
from  two-fifths  to  one-half  longer  than  the  head;  the  least  depth 
of  its  peduncle  is  more  than  twice  its  distance  from  the  anal. 

Scales  thin,  each  with  three  or  four  vertical  striaj,  which  usually 
branch  off  from  a  median  longitudinal  stria,  and  with  the  free 
margin  entire;  axillary  scale  of  the  ventral  small  and  triangular, 


68  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OP  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

its  length  from  four-sevenths  to  four-ninths  of  a  diameter  of  the 
eye ;  base  of  the  caudal  tin  scaly ;  sixteen  to  eighteen  strong- 
keeled  scales  in  advance  of  and  eleven  to  thirteen  behind  the 
origin  of  the  ventral  tin.  Temporal  region  with  three  or  four 
well  marked  parallel  striae;  postfrontal  area  quadrangular,  broad- 
ening and  converging  posteriorly,  and  traversed  by  a  few  coarse 
strife;  opercle  with  a  single  strong  stria  anteriorly  and  sometimes 
a  few  weaker  ones  along  the  lower  border. 

Upper  surface  blue,  the  back  with  one,  two,  or  three  more  or 
less  distinct  golden,  dark-edged  bands,  sides  and  lower  surfaces 
silvery  ;  cheeks  and  opercles  with  a  golden  tinge  :  dorsal  and 
caudal  fins  more  or  less  tinged  with  yellow  and  with  their  extremi- 
ties black;  in  the  foniier  the  outer  border  is  often  deeply  margined 
with  black,  and  the  short  anterior  rays  are  densely  dotted  with 
the  same  colour,  while  there  is  an  inconspicuous,  oblique,  dusky 
band  along  the  middle  of  the  fin  :  irides  golden,  clouded  above ' 
with  blue. 

Castelnau's  Herring,  which  is  the  Herring  pai'  excellence  of  the 
Sydney  tishermen,  has  been  generally  confounded  by  New  South 
Wales  authorswith  the  hypselosoma  of  Dr.  Bleeker,*  but  the  difi'er- 
ences  pointed  out  below  will  at  once  ser^•e  to  distinguish  it  from  that 
species,  and  I  am  unable  to  find  any  other  with  which  it  agrees 
more  closely.  In  order  to  promote  facility  of  comparison  I  have 
placed  the  differences  on  which  I  base  my  conclusions  in  parallel 
columns  as  below  : — 

K.  hypselosoma.  K.  castelnaui. 

Base  of  the  anal  fin  as  long  Base  of   the   anal    fin  much 

as  that  of  the  dorsal.  shorter  than  that  of  the  dorsal. 

Ventral  fins  inserted  midway  Ventral   tins   inserted    much 

between   the   extremity  of  the  nearer  to  the  base  of  the  caudal 

mandible  and  the  base  of  the  than   to   the   extremity  of   the 

caudal.  mandible. 

*  In  my  Edible  Fishes  and  Crustaceans  of  New  South  Wales,  1893,  this 
fish  was  inadvertently  named  sundaica,  a  species  from  which  it  is  of  course 
entirely  distinct. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY. 


69 


J{.  liypselosoma. 

Pectoral  fin  as  long  as  the 
head,  and  reaching  well  beyond 
the  origin  of  the  dorsal. 

Caudal  fin  3i  to  4i  in  the 
total  length 

Least  depth  of  the  peduncle 
equal  to  the  free  space  between 
the  anal  and  caudal  fins. 

Dorsal  fin  unicolorate. 


K.  castehiaui. 

Pectoral  fins  much  shorter 
than  the  head,  and  reaching  to 
or  nearly  to  the  origin  of  the 
dorsal. 

Caudal  fin  2i  to  31  in  the 
total  length. 

Least  depth  of  the  peduncle 
twice  the  space  between  the 
anal  and  caudal  fins 

Dorsal  fin  tipped  with  black. 


In  Dr.  Gilnther's  description  of  hypsehsoma  the  following 
passage  occurs  : — "  Ventral  fin  inserted  below  the  posterior  half 
of  the  dorsal  fin."  This  is  quite  incorrect  both  as  regards  the 
species  under  consideration  and  the  figure  of  hypselosoma  in  the 
Atlas  Ichthyologique,  in  which  the  ventral  fins  are  directly 
under  the  middle  of  the  dorsal,  while  Bleeker's  description  of 
~  their  position  is  ^^  media  tertia  parte  ventralihus  opposita." 

The  great  variation  in  the  depth  of  the  body  in  specimens 
taken  from  the  same  slioal  is  liable  to  make  one  look  with 
suspicion  upon  the  value  of  this  character,  so  much  insisted  on 
by  Dr.  Bleeker.  One  fact  is,  however,  worthy  of  notice,  namely, 
that  no  matter  what  the  depth  of  the  body  may  be  the  length  of 
the  caudal  fin  is  invariably  equal  to  it,  so  that  the  more  slender 
the  body  is  the  shorter  is  the  caudal  fin,  and  vice  versa;  in  all  other 
respects  the  two  forms  are  absolutely  identical. 

At  the  October  meeting  of  this  Society  I  undertook  to  define 
at  an  early  date  the  two  recent  genera  of  Rough-backed  Herrings, 
and  I  embrace  this  opportunity  of  redeeming  my  promise. 


HYPEPtLOPHIN^. 

Anterior  dorsal  and  abdominal  profiles  more  or  less  compressed 
and  armed  with  bony  serras;  supplemental  bone  of  the  maxillary 


70  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

narrow  or  wide;  dorsal  fin  inserted  above  or  a  little  behind  the 
ventrals;  anal  tin  moderate. 

Clupeids  of  small  or  moderate  size,  inhabiting  the  seas  and 
fresh  waters  of  south-eastern  Australia  and  the  western  shores  of 
South  America.  Two  or  three  recent  genera  and  four  species  are 
now  known. 

POTAMALOSA. 

Pofamalosa,  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  xxi.  1896,  p. 
504  (1897). 

Body  oblong,  strongly  compressed.  Cleft  of  mouth  oblique,, 
the  lower  jaw  projecting;  premaxillaries  but  little  emarginate 
anteriorly;  maxillaries  narrow.  Teeth  present  in  the  jaws,  on 
the  palatines,  and  on  the  tongue;  -s'omer  and  pterygoids  toothless. 
Eye  moderate,  with  the  adipose  lid  little  developed.  Lower  limb 
of  preopercle  short;  suborbital  bone  longer  than  deep.  Eight  or 
nine  branchiostegals ;  pseudobranchi;e  rather  small ;  gill-rakers 
in  moderate  number,  rather  short  and  stout,  serrulate.  Dorsal 
tin  originating  well  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  body;  anal 
fin  rather  short  and  deep,  composed  of  eighteen  or  less  rays; 
ventral  fins  well  developed,  with  eight  rays;  inserted  below  the 
anterior  fourth  of  the  dorsal;  pectorals  small  and  pointed,  with 
sixteen  or  seventeen  rays  ;  the  upper  ones  the  longest;  caudal 
forked.  Scales  moderate  and  adherent,  with  the  free  margin 
rounded  and  entii*e;  base  of  the  ventral,  pectoral,  and  caudal  fins 
scaly;  an  elongate  scale  in  the  axil  of  the  ventral;  dorsal  scutes, 
prominent,  but  not  so  strong  as  those  of  the  abdomen,  which 
originate  on  the  front  of  the  throat;  rauciferous  system  almost 
confined  to  the  main  arteries.  Bones  of  the  head  but  little 
striated,  the  occiput  almost,  the  opercle  quite  smooth.  Vertebrae 
46. 

E  t  y  m  o  1  o  g  y. — Trora/ioj,  a  river;  AJosa. 

T  y  p  e. —  Fotamalosa  antiqua,  Ogilby. 

Distributio  n. — Rivers  of  the  eastern  watershed  of  New 
South  Wales. 


by  j.  douglas  ogilby.  71 

Hyperlophus. 

Hyperlophtis,  Ogilby,  Rec.   Austr.   Mus.  ii.  p.  26,   1892,  and 
Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  xxi.  1896,  p.  505  (1897). 

Body  oblong  or  oblong-elongate,  more  or  less  compressed.  Cleft 
of  mouth  oblique,  the  lower  jaw  projecting;  premaxillaries  mode- 
rately emarginate  anteriorly;  maxillaries  broad.  A  band  of  small 
teeth  along  the  middle  of  the  tongue.  Eye  rather  large,  with  the 
adipose  lid  much  less  developed  in  front  than  behind.  Lower 
limb  of  preopercle  short;  suborbital  bone  longer  than  deep.  Four 
branchiostegals ;  pseudobranchia3  large ;  gill-i'akers  in  moderate 
number,  slender,  serrulate.  Dorsal  fin  originating  on  or  behind 
the  middle  of  the  body;  anal  fin  moderate  and  low,  composed  of 
nineteen  or  paore  rays;  ventral  fins  small,  with  eight  rays,  inserted 
in  advance  of  the  dorsal;  pectorals  small  and  obtusely  pointed^ 
with  sixteen  rays,  the  upper  ones  the  longest ;  caudal  forked. 
Scales  moderate  and  adherent,  with  the  free  margin  rounded  and 
pectinated;  base  of  the  ventral  and  pectoral  fins  naked,  of  the 
caudal  scaly;  an  elongate  scale  in  the  axil  of  the  ventral;  dorsal 
serrse  feeble,  not  nearly  so  prominent  as  those  of  the  abdomen, 
which  originate  on  the  front  of  the  throat;  muciferous  system 
little  developed  and  almost  confined  to  the  main  arteries  or  greatly 
developed  and  extending  well  on  the  trunk.  Bones  of  the  head 
but  little  striated.     Vertebrae  47. 

Etymolog y. — vnep,  above;  \6(l>o^,  a  crest;  in  allusion  to  the 
dorsal  serrature. 

Type.  —  CJupea  spratellides,  Ogilby. 

Distributio  n. — Coasts  of  New  South  Wales  and  ?  Victoria; 
western  shores  of  South  America. 

The  genus  Hyperlophus  naturally  divides  itself  into  two  sections 
or  subgenera,  which  may  be  characterised  as  follows  : — 

a.  Body  oblong,  strongly  compressed,  its  depth  equal  to  or 
more  than  the  length  of  the  head;  ventral  fins  inserted 
well  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  body;  muciferous 
system  of  the  head  feebly  developed;  a  silvery  lateral  band 
(Hyperlophus) . 

Type. — H.  spratellides. 


72  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OP  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

d .  Body  elongate-oblong,  slender,  moderately  compressed,  its 
depth  less  than  the  length  of  the  head;  ventral  fins  inserted 
at  or  a  little  behind  the  middle  of  the  body;  muciferous 
system  of  the  head  greatly  developed,  extending  over  the 
shoulders;  no  silvery  lateral  band  (0  mo  diet  us) . 
Type. — H.  copii. 

Hyperlophus  copii,  sp.nov. 
D.  15-17.     A.  19-20.     Sc.  48-50/11-12. 

Body  oblong-elongate,  the  ventral  profile  more  convex  than  the 
dorsal;  head  moderate,  its  length  4i  to  4|,  the  depth  of  the  body 
4|  to  5  in  the  total  length;  width  of  the  body  li  to  2  in  its 
depth;  depth  of  the  head  H  to  If,  width  of  the  head  2\  to  2|,  of 
the  interorbital  region  4^  to  5,  diameter  of  the  eye  2^^  to  2|  in 
the  length  of  the  head.  Orbit  circular ;  interorbital  region 
slightly  convex;  snout  rather  short,  as  long  as  or  a  little  shorter 
than  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Premaxillaries  forming  together  a 
well  marked  emargination  in  front;  maxillary  subtrulliform,  with 
the  lower  border  finely  denticulated,  extending  to  the  vertical 
from  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye;  its  length  is  2\  to  2f  in  that 
of  the  head  and  its  greatest  width  2^  to  2^  in  its  length.  Opercle 
with  its  posterior  border  emarginate,  its  lower  border  oblique  and 
gently  rounded,  and  its  length  1|  to  1|  in  its  depth;  subopercle 
moderate  and  falciform,  rounded  below,  terminating  posteriorly 
in  an  acute  point,  its  depth  24  in  its  length;  lower  limb  of  pre- 
opercle  not  extending  forwards  to  below  the  middle  of  the  eye, 
the  angle  rounded,  the  posterior  border  slightly  convex  and  sub- 
vertical.  Twenty-eight  to  thirty  gill-rakers  on  the  lower  branch 
of  the  anterior  arch,  the  longest  2  to  21-  in  the  diameter  of  the 
eye. 

The  dorsal  fin  originates  a  little  nearer  to  the  base  of  the  caudal 
than  to  the  extremity  of  the  snout;  the  third  and  fourth  rays  are 
the  longest,  somewhat  longer  than  the  base  of  the  fin,  and  li  to 
If  in  the  length  of  the  head;  the  outer  border  is  truncated  :  anal 
fin  with  the  outer  border  truncated,  the  second  or  third  ray  the 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  73 

longest,  but  little  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  and  14  to 
2  in  the  length  of  the  base,  which  is  greater  than  that  of  the 
dorsal  fin  and  much  greater  than  its  distance  from  the  caudal  ; 
the  last  ray  is  thickened  and  divided  to  the  base  and  extends 
when  laid  back  about  one-third  of  the  distance  to  the  root  of  the 
caudal :  ventral  fin  inserted  midway  between  the  extremity  of 
the  mandible  and  the  base  of  the  caudal,  with  convex  outer 
border,  the  first  ray  simple  and  a  little  longer  than  the  second, 
14  to  2  i  in  the  length  of  the  head  :  pectoral  fin  with  the  outer 
border  rounded,  the  second  ray  simple  and  not  so  long  as  the 
third  and  fourth,  which  are  the  longest,  1|  to  If  in  the  length  of 
the  head  :  caudal  fin  forked,  with  tine  lobes  equal,  its  length  ly'y- 
to  14  in  that  of  the  head;  the  least  depth  of  its  peduncle  is  a 
little  more  than  its  distance  from  the  anal. 

Scales  with  inconspicuous  carinas  radiating  from  the  base ; 
axillary  scale  of  the  ventral  rather  small  and  lanceolate,  its 
length  about  two-thirds  of  the  diameter  of  the  eye;  dorsal  serra- 
ture  much  weaker  than  the  abdominal,  originating  immediately 
behind  the  occiput,  and  consisting  of  from  twenty-eight  to  thirty- 
one  keeled  scutes;  twenty  or  twenty-one  scutes  in  advance  of  and 
fourteen  behind  the  origin  of  the  ^'entral  fin,  those  immediately 
in  front  of  the  fin  the  smallest.  A  single  coarse  stria  descends 
obliquely  downwards  and  backwards  from  the  origin  of  the 
lateral  ridge  of  the  occiput  across  the  temporal  region,  the  space 
intervening  between  it  and  the  eye  smooth;  a  small  triangular 
area  on  either  side  of  the  occiput  smooth  or  inconspicuously 
rugose;  opercle  with  a  more  or  less  prominent  stria  parallel  to 
and  near  its  anterior  border,  its  upper  third  with  feeble  radiating 
striae.  Surface  of  the  head  almost  entirely  covered  by  a  network 
of  ramifying  mucous  canals,  which  extend  over  the  five  or  six 
anterior  scales  of  the  humeral  region  in  the  form  of  a  corselet 
and  are  overlaid  by  a  delicate  transparent  epiderm. 

Pale  greenish-silvery,  with  an  obscure,  dark-edged,  silvery 
lateral  band  which  becomes  more  prominent  upon  the  tail  and 
bifurcates  at  the  root  of  the  hypural  bone;  above  this  band  all 
the  scales  are  provided  with  a  marginal  series  of  blackish  dots; 


74 

maxillaries  and  mandible  with  crowded,  snout  and  interorbital 
region  with  more  or  less  scattered  similar  dots;  occiput  deep  blue; 
upper  half  of  opercles  with  a  dusky  blotch ;  lower  half,  sub-, 
inter-,  and  preopercles,  and  the  cheeks  silvery:  dorsal  and  caudal 
jfins  with  a  series  of  fine  dots  along  each  ray;  a  single  conspicuous 
dot  at  the  base  of  each  anal  ray :  irides  silvery,  clouded  above 
with  deep  blue. 

This  beautiful  species  may  now  be  definitely  enrolled  as  a 
regular  autumn  visitor  to  our  coast;  the  first  specimens  of  which 
I  know  were  obtained,  by  Mr.  Whitelegge  on  the  31st  of  March, 
1893,  and  a  few  specimens  were  also  observed  about  the  same 
time  during  the  two  succeeding  years.  Last  year  they  appeared 
in  large  shoals  in  the  middle  of  April,  and  they  are  again 
similarly  abundant  at  the  present  time. 

I  take  the  opportunity  of  dedicating  this  species  to  the  late 
Prof.  Edward  Drinker  Cope,  who  was  the  first  to  discover  and 
desci'ibe  a  herring  with  a  dorsal  serrature,  in  recognition  of  his 
many  and  valuable  services  to  science,  and  as  a  mark  of  personal 
esteem  for  a  valued  and  much  regretted  correspondent.* 

Length  to  100  millimeters. 

Type  in  the  Australian  Museum,  Sj'dney;  register  number,  I. 
3669. 

MUGIL    HYPSELOSOMA,  Sp.nOV. 

D.  iv.  i  8.     A.  iii  8.     Sc.  40-41/U-15. 

Body  short  and  deep,  not  much  compressed,  the  ventral  profile 
much  more  convex  than  the  dorsal.  Length  of  the  head  34  to  4, 
depth  of  the  body  3^  to  3i  in  the  total  length;  width  of  the 
body  below  the  origin  of   the   first  dorsal  fin   If  in  its  depth  ;" 

*  In   the  last  letter  which  the  author  received  from  Prof.    Cope,   he 
expressed  his  intention  of  reviewing  the  genus  Dij^Iomijstus  in  connection 
with  the  recent  discovery  of  at  least  four  living  species.      I  am  unaware 
whether  this  intention  was  carried  out,  but  it  appears  to  me  that  Cope's 
genus  is  clearly  divisible  into  two. 


BV    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  O 

depth  of  the  head  If,  width  of  the  head  If  to  1 1,  of  the  inter- 
orbital  region  2i  to  '2^,  diameter  of  the  eye  3|  to  4  in  the  length 
of  the  head;  interorliital  region  very  slightly  convex;  snout  very 
broad  and  obtuse,  a  little  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  its 
upper  profile  slightly  convex.  Mouth  moderate,  with  anterior 
cleft,  the  lips  thin;  premaxillaries  narrow,  meeting  below  at  an 
obtuse  angle;  maxillary  reaching  to  the  vertical  from  the  anterior 
border  of  the  eye,  and  a  little  longer  than  its  diameter,  its  distal 
half  only  partially  concealed  beneath  the  preorbital  bone;  lower 
lip  included;  the  dentary  bones  of  the  lower  jaw  forming  a  very 
obtusely  angular  (almost  rounded)  outline  in  front,  with  a  very 
shallow  notch  intervening.  Both  jaws  with  numerous  series  of 
short,  subclaviform  cilia,  the  anterior  row  in  the  lower  jaw 
separated  from  the  others  by  a  smooth  interspace;  ectopterygoids 
with  a  patch  of  minute  teeth;  vomer,  palatines,  and  tongue 
smooth.  Adipose  eyelid  well  developed  and  moderately  opaque, 
reaching  anteriorly  a  little  beyond,  posteriorly  to  the  edge  of  the 
pupil.  Preorbital  as  wide  or  not  so  wide  posteriori}-  as  the  pupil; 
the  hinder  half,  of  the  lower  and  the  posterior  borders  finely 
serrated,  the  former  without  notch,  the  latter  rounded.  Gill- 
rakers  short  and  slendei',  84  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior 
arch. 

First  dorsal  fin  originating  midway  between  the  base  of  the 
caudal  and  the  extremity  of  the  snout ;  the  spines  are  rather 
weak,  the  first  straight,  not  mucli  longer  than  the  second,  and 
1|^  in  the  length  of  the  head  ;  the  third  spine  is  considerably 
shorter  than  the  second,  and  the  bases  of  these  three  are  in 
contact;  the  last  spine  is  inserted  far  behind  the  other  three  and 
is  very  feeble,  its  length  being  2i  in  that  of  the  first;  the  space 
between  the  origins  of  the  two  dorsal  fins  is  as  long  as  or  a  little 
longer  than  the  head;  the  first  soft  ray  of  the  second  dorsal  is 
but  feebly  branched  and  not  quite  so  long  as  the  second,  which  is 
as  high  as  the  first  dorsal  fin;  the  last  ray  is  considerably  pro- 
duced, the  outer  border  of  the  fin  being  deeply  emarginate  :  the 
anal  fin  is  inserted  below  the  second  dorsal,  and  the  length  of  its 
base  is  If  to  IJ  in  its  distance  from  the  caudal;  the  first  soft  ray 


76  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OP  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

is  the  longest  and  branched,  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the 
soft  dorsal  rays,  and  when  laid  back  does  not  extend  to  the  tip 
of  the  last  ray,  which  is  much  produced,  the  outer  border  of  the 
fin  being  moderately  emarginate :  ventral  fin  moderate  and 
gently  rounded,  inserted  a  little  nearer  to  the  origin  of  the  anal 
than  to  the  extremity  of  the  mandible,  with  a  rather  weak  spine; 
the  outer  i^ay  is  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the  second, 
lyQ  to  If  in  the  length  of  the  head,  and  2|-  to  2|-  in  the  distance 
between  its  origin  and  that  of  the  anal  fin  :  pectoral  fin  but  little 
pointed,  the  outer  border  sinuous,  with  sixteen  or  seventeen  ra3's, 
the  two  outer  ones  simple ;  the  second  ray  is  compressed  and 
somewhat  broader  than  the  third,  which  is  subequal  to  the  fourth 
and  longest,  the  distance  of  its  tip  from  the  origin  of  the  first 
dorsal  being  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  fin,  which  is  two- 
thirds  of  that  of  the  head  :  caudal  fin  large  and  deeply  emarginate, 
with  the  tips  of  the  lobes  acute,  its  length  3i  in  the  total  length; 
caudal  peduncle  moderately  compressed  and  strong,  its  least 
depth  2|  to  31  in  the  depth  of  the  body  and  1^  in  its  length. 

Scales  cycloid;  snout  scaly;  scales  of  the  preorbital  very  small; 
four  series  of  scales  below  the  eye,  one  of  which  is  on  the  intei-- 
opercle,  along  the  upper  and  lower  borders  of  which  are  one  or 
two  series  of  small  subsidiary  scales;  axillary  scale  of  the  pectoral 
small;  exobasal  scale  of  the  ventral  as  large  as  or  a  little  lai'ger 
than  that  at  the  base  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  which  extends  about 
half  way  along  the  membrane  of  the  last  spine;  second  dorsal  and 
anal  fins  without  scaly  basal  sheaths,  but  with  a  series  of  small 
scales  extending  outwards  between  the  two  or  three  anterior 
rays. 

Dark  steel-blue  above,  silvery  below,  the  sides  with  indistinct 
darker  stripes  along  the  rows  of  scales;  sides  of  the  head  more  or 
less  tinged  with  gold  :  dorsal  and  caudal  fins  dusky,  the  latter 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow  and  narrowly  bordered  with  blackish;  anal 
and  ventral  fins  silvery,  with  the  basal  third  golden;  pectoral  fins 
with  a  narrow  black  basal  bar  above,  and  a  biilliant  silvery  spot 
covering  the  rest  of  the  base  and  extending  some  distance  along 
the  fin;  remainder  of  the  fin  dusky  with  a  narrow  silvery  border; 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  77 

inner  surface  of  the  fin  dark  blue,  growing  gradually  lighter 
outwards. 

During  the  season  of  1896  I  procured  two  specimens  of  this 
graj''  mullet  from  among  the  scores  of  dohula  exposed  in  the 
market,  these  two  having  been  taken  respectively  in  Port  Jackson 
and  Botan}'^  Bay;  the  largest  measured  420  millimeters  and  is  in 
my  possession. 

The  great  depth  of  this  fish  at  once  distinguishes  it  from 
dohula — the  only  species  with  which  it  could  be  confounded — and 
is  the  more  remarkable  because  the  examples  of  that  species,  in 
whose  company  my  two  specimens  were  taken,  were  all  distended 
with  more  or  less  fully  developed  roe,  while  in  these  no  signs  of 
breeding  could  be  discerned. 


'o 


MUGIL    GEORGII,  Sp.nOV. 

D.  iv.  i  8.     A.  iii  9.     8c.  32/13. 

Body  rather  short  and  deep,  moderately  compressed,  the  dorsal 
and  ventral  profiles  about  equally  convex.  Length  of  head  4, 
depth  of  body  3|  in  the  total  length;  width  of  body  below  the 
origin  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  2|  in  its  depth;  depth  of  head  1^, 
width  of  head  If,  of  interorbital  region  2|,  diameter  of  eye  3|  in 
the  length  of  the  head;  interorbital  region  convex;  snout  obtuse, 
a  little  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  its  upper  profile 
rounded.  Mouth  small,  with  anterior  cleft,  the  lips  thin;  pre- 
maxillaries  rather  broad,  meeting  below  at  an  obtuse  angle; 
maxillary  not  reaching  as  far  back  as  the  vertical  from  the 
anterior  border  of  the  eye,  as  long  as  its  diameter,  concealed 
except  at  its  extreme  tip  beneath  the  preorbital  bone;  lower  lip 
included;  dentary  bones  of  the  lower  jaw  forming  an  obtuse  angle 
in  front,  where  they  are  separated  by  a  shallow  notch,  the  articular 
bones  not  extending  back  to  below  the  front  margin  of  the  pupil. 
Upper  jaw  with  a  single  series  of  small  simple  teeth;  mandibular 
cilia  moderate  and  slender,  in  a  single  series,  united  together  so 
as  to  form  a  simple  flexible  flap;  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and 
tongue  smooth.     Adipose  eyelid  present,  but  delicate  and  incon- 


78  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

•spicuous,  not  neax'ly  reaching  to  the  edge  of  the  pupil  in  front  or 
behind.  Preorbital  not  so  broad  posteriorly  as  the  pupil,  with 
the  hinder  half  of  the  lower  and  the  posterior  borders  serrated? 
the  former  with  a  deep  notch,  the  latter  truncated.  Gill-rakers 
rather  short  and  slender,  about  fifty  on  the  lower  branch  of  the 
anterior  arch. 

First  dorsal  tin  inserted  a  little  behind  the  middle  of  the  body, 
tlie  distance  between  its  origin  and  the  base  of  the  caudal  being 
eight-ninths  of  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout;  the 
spines  are  rather  weak,  the  first  straight,  but  little  longer  than 
the  second,  and  li  in  the  length  of  the  head;  the  third  is  not 
much  shorter  than  the  second,  and  the  bases  of  these  thi'ee  spines 
are  in  contact,  but  not  arranged  in  a  straight  line:  the  last  spine 
is  inserted  at  some  distance  behind  the  others,  is  much  more 
feeble,  and  is  but  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  first;  the 
space  between  the  origins  of  the  two  dorsal  tins  is  equal  in  length 
to  the  head;  the  first  soft  ray  of  the  second  dorsal  is  undivided 
and  not  quite  so  long  as  the  second,  which  is  a  little  lower  than 
the  first  dorsal  tin;  the  last  ra}^  is  somewhat  produced,  and  the 
outer  border  of  the  fin  is  moderately  emarginate :  the  anal  fin 
commences  well  in  advance  of  and  does  not  extend  quite  so  far 
back  as  the  second  dorsal,  the  length  of  its  base  being  a  little  less 
than  its  distance  from  the  caudal:  the  first  ray  is  the  longest  and 
branched,  as  long  as  the  longest  dorsal  ray,  and  when  laid  back 
does  not  extend  to  the  tip  of  the  last  ray,  which  is  considerably 
produced,  the  outer  border  of  the  fin  being  rather  deeply  emar- 
ginate; ventral  fin  moderate  and  slightly  rounded,  inserted  a  little 
nearer  to  the  origin  of  the  anal  than  to  the  extremity  of  the 
mandible,  with  a  rather  weak  spine;  the  outer  ray  is  a  little  the 
longest,  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  head,  and  half  of  the 
distance  between  its  origin  and  that  of  the  anal  fin  :  pectoral  fin 
pointed,  with  seventeen  rays,  the  two  outer  ones  simple;  tlie 
second  ray  is  compressed  and  broader  than  the  third,  which  is 
the  longest,  the  distance  of  its  tip  from  the  origin  of  the  first 
dorsal  being  two-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  fin,  which  is  nine- 
tenths  of  that  of  the  head  :  caudal  fin  but  little  emarginate,  with 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  79 

the  tips  of  the  lobes  acute,  its  length  34  in  the  total  length; 
caudal  peduncle  deep  and  strongly  compressed,  its  least  depth  2i 
in  the  depth  of  the  body,  and  li  in  its  length. 

Scales  mostly  cycloid,  those  on  the  cheeks,  preorbitals,  and 
lower  sui'face  feebly  ciliated;  snout  naked;  five  series  of  scales 
below  the  eye,  of  which  one  is  on  the  interopercle;  axillary  scale 
of  the  pectoral  small;  exobasal  scale  of  the  ventral  smaller  than 
those  at  the  base  of  the  spinous  dorsal,  of  which  there  are  two  on 
each  side,  the  posterior  extending  almost  as  far  as  the  membrane 
of  the  last  sj)ine;  second  dorsal  with  a  low,  anal  with  a  well 
developed  basal  sheath,  and  with  a  few  small  scales  between  the 
rays  in  both. 

Back  pale  olive-brown,  the  sides  silvery,  the  abdominal  region 
with  a  golden  tinge ;  preorbital  and  border  of  the  preopercle 
golden,  the  cheeks  and  rest  of  the  opercles  silvery:  a  deep  black 
spot  in  the  axil  of  the  pectoral,  extending  downwards  along  the 
inner  side  of  the  base;  anterior  ray  and  extremity  of  the  second 
dorsal  fin  dusky;  posterior  border  of  the  caudal  fin  blackish; 
anal,  ventral,  and  pectoral  tins  yellow  :  irides  golden. 

The  single  specimen  from  which  the  description  is  drawn  up  was 
taken  by  net  in  the  author's  presence  in  the  estuary  of  the 
Oeorge's  River  during  the  month  of  December,  1895,  and 
measures  190  millimeters;  it  is  in  my  possession.  This  large- 
scaled  species  was  known  to  the  fishermen  who  caught  it,  but 
was  said  to  be  rare,  and  as  I  have  paid  numerous  visits  to  the 
same  estuary  since  that  date  and  examined  scores  of  gray  mullets 
from  there  without  meeting  with  another  example  I  can  give  that 
statement  at  least  a  provisional  corroboration. 

Note. — The  examination  of  numerous  small  mullets  while 
engaged  on  this  quest  has,  however,  been  productive  of  unexj)ected 
benefit  in  another  direction,  since  it  enables  me  to  determine  that 
the  fish  figured  by  Kner  (Voy.  Novara,  Fisch.  pi.  ix.  f.  6)  as 
Mugil  crenidens  is  an  immature  Liza  peronii,  the  tooth  figured 
on  the  same  plate  belonging  to  Myxus  elongatus.  In  arriving  at 
this  conclusion  I  have  had  the  privilege  of  examining  in  a  fresh 
state  a  very  large  series  of  L.  peronii  from  two  inches  in  length 

:\  R  Y 


80  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES 


upwards,  with  the  result  that  I  find  a  single  series  of  slender 
simple  teeth  present  in  all  specimens  under  six  inches  long. 

That  the  species  here  described  is  not  a  true  Mugil  is  evident 
from  the  presence  of  well  developed  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw,  but, 
in  view  of  the  discovery  above  recorded  with  regard  to  Liza 
peronii,  I  prefer  to  wait  until  larger  examples  are  procured  before 
removing  it  from  that  genus. 


e^ 


Cestr.eus  norfolcensis,  sp.nov. 

D.  iv.  i  8.     A.  iii  9.     Sc.  46-47/12. 

Body  oblong  and  moderately  compressed,  the  ventral  proBle 
much  moi'e  convex  than  that  of  the  dorsal,  which  is  almost  linear 
in  advance  of  the  fins.     Length  of  the  head  3|-  to  4,  depth  of  the 
body  4i  to  4^  in  the  total  length;  width  of  the  body  below  the 
origin  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  2i  to  2-^  in  its  depth;  depth  of  the 
head  If  to  If,  width  of  the  head  1|  to  2,  of  the  interorbital  region 
3  to  3i,  diameter  of  the  eye  4  to  4Jjj-  in  the  length  of  the  head; 
interorbital  region  slightly  convex;  snout  obtuse,  one-fourth  of  a 
diameter  longer  than  the  eye,  its  upper  profile  nearly  flat.     Mouth 
moderate,  with  lateral  cleft,  the  lips  thin;  pi'emaxillaries  narrow, 
evenly  rounded  below;  maxillary  not  reaching  quite  so  far  as  the 
vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye  and  longer  than  its 
diameter,  its  outer  margin  not  concealed  by  the  preorbital;   lower 
lip  included;  dentary  bones   of   the    lower  jaw  forming  a   veiy 
obtuse    (almost    rounded)    outline    in    front,    without    anterior 
notch;   the  articular  Ijone   extending  backwards  to  beyond   the 
middle   of  the  eye.     Upper  jaw  with  a  single  series  of  rather 
strong  teeth,  which  are  narrow  at  the  base  and  much  swollen  and 
tricuspid  distally,  the  middle  cusp  being  much  the  longest  and 
strongly  curved  inwards;  lower  jaw  with  several  series  of  well 
developed  cilia,   the  outer  row  being  separated  from  those  suc- 
ceeding it  by  a  naked  interspace;  vomer,  palatines,  pterj^goids,  and 
tongue  smooth.     Adipose  eyelid  rudimentaiy.     Preorbital  not  so 
wide  posteriorly  as  the  pupil,  with  the  hinder  half  of  the  lower 
and  the  posterior  borders  denticulated,  the  former  sinuous,  the 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  81 

latter  subtruncate.     Gill-rakers  long  and  slender,  fifty-seven  on 
the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch. 

First  dorsal  fin  inserted  a  little  behind  the  middle  of  the  body^ 
the  distance  between  its  origin  and  the  base  of  the  caudal  nine- 
tenths  or  more  of  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout; 
the  spines  are  rather  weak,  the  first  almost  straight,  a  little 
longer  than  the  second,  and  1— ■  to  2  in  the  length  of  the  head; 
the  third  is  considerably  shorter  than  the  second,  and  the  bases 
of  these  three  spines  are  contiguous,  but  not  arranged  on  a  straight 
line;  the  last  is  inserted  well  behind  the  others  and  is  very  feeble, 
its  length  being  1^-^  to  2^^  in  that  of  the  first  spine;  the  space 
between  the  oritjins  of  the  two  dorsal  fins  is  a  little  shorter  than 
the  head:  the  first  soft  ray  of  the  second  dorsal  is  branched,  as 
long  or  not  quite  so  long  as  the  second,  which  is  subequal  in 
height  to  the  first  dorsal  fin;  the  last  ray  is  not  much  produced, 
and  the  outer  border  of  the  fin  is  feebly  emarginate  :  the  anal  fin 
originates  well  in  advance  of  and  does  not  extend  nearly  so  far 
back  as  the  second  dorsal,  and  the  length  of  its  base  is  1^^  to  1^ 
in  its  distance  from  the  caudal;  the  first  soft  ray  is  as  long  as  the 
second  and  branched,  longer  than  the  soft  dorsal  rays,  and  when 
laid  back  extends  to  or  not  quite  to  the  extremity  of  the  last  ray, 
which  is  not  or  but  little  produced,  the  outer  border  of  the  fin  being 
feebly  emarginate  :  ventral  fin  well  developed,  with  the  outer 
border  subtruncate,  inserted  nearer  to  the  origin  of  the  anal  than 
to  the  extremity  of  the  mandible,  with  a  rather  feeble  spine;  the 
outer  ray  is  the  longest,  If  to  1|  in  the  length  of  the  head  and  2 
to  2y^Q  in  its  distance  from  the  origin  of  the  anal  Hn  :  pectoral 
fin  pointed,  with  sixteen  rays,  the  two  outer  ones  simple;  the 
second  is  but  little  stronger  than  the  third,  which  is  the  longest, 
the  distance  between  its  tip  and  the  origin  of  the  spinous  dorsal 
being  a  little  more  than  half  of  the  length  of  the  fin,  which  is  If 
in  the  length  of  the  head  :  caudal  fin  forked,  with  the  tips  of  the 
lobes  acute,  its  length  3|  to  34  in  the  total  length;  caudal 
peduncle  moderate  and  compressed,  its  least  depth  2^  to  2|  in  the 
depth  of  the  body,  and  1|  to  1;}  in  its  length. 
6 


82  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

Scales  cycloid,  except  those  of  the  cheeks,  preorbitals,  and 
central  surface,  which  are  finely  ciliated;  snout  naked;  preorbital 
scales  moderate;  four  series  of  scales  below  the  eye,  one  being  on 
the  interopercle ;  axillary  scale  of  the  pectoral  rudimentary; 
exobasal  scale  of  the  ventral  smaller  than  that  of  the  spinous 
dorsal,  which  extends  about  half-way  along  the  membrane  of  the 
last  spine;  dorsal  fin  without,  anal  with  a  basal  scaly  sheath; 
both  with  a  series  of  small  scales  between  each  pair  of  rays 
anteriorly. 

Blue  above,  silvery  below,  the  head  and  sides  washed  with 
bronze;  some  of  the  scales  of  the  upper  surface  with  a  golden 
spot :  a  small  black  spot  in  the  axil  of  the  pectoral ;  dorsal, 
pectoral,  and  caudal  fins  dusky,  the  latter  tinged  with  yellow; 
anal  and  ventrals  yellowish:  irides  golden. 

Two  specimens  of  this  very  distinct  mullet  were  brought  back 
from  Norfolk  Island  in  April,  1896,  by  the  Hon.  J.  H.  Carruthers, 
on  the  occasion  of  his  A'isit  to  that  island  for  the  purpose  of 
proclaiming  it  a  dependency  of  New  South  Wales.  The  largest 
example  measures  255  millimeters,  and  they  are  now  in  my 
possession. 

PSEUDOMUGIL   SIGNIFER. 

In  my  paper  entitled  "A  new  family  of  Australian  Fishes" 
(Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  xxi.  1896,  jjp.  118-135)  the  follow- 
ing passage  occurs  (p.  123)  : — "  In  the  Voyage  No  vara  it  is 
alleged  that  the  fishes,  from  which  Prof.  Kner's  description  was 
drawn  up,  were  collected  at  Sydne}',  but  this  is  manifestly 
erroneous,  &c.,  &c."  For  this  statement  I  must  apologise  to  Prof. 
"Kner  and  at  the  same  time  confess  that  the  error  was  on  my 
part,  as  I  have  myself  assisted  in  obtaining  several  specimens  of 
this  beautiful  little  fish  from  Cook's  River,  where  it  is  common, 
frequenting  the  dense  masses  of  weed  {Ceratopliylhim  demersum, 
Sfc),  which  fringe  the  banks,  a  single  sweep  of  a  small  hand  net 
sometimes  resulting  in  the  capture  of  these  fishes  and  the  fry  of 
our  four  common  Gudgeons,  Carassiops  longi,  Krcfftius  aitstralis, 
Mulgoa  coxii,  and  Opliiorrhinus  grandieeps. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  83 

The  brilliant  orange  and  black  vertical  fins  of  the  male  fish 
make  it  a  most  conspicuous  object,  and  in  this  case  incidentally 
led  to  my  paying  a  visit  to  its  haunts  and  to  the  consequent 
rediscovery  of  the  species,  I  having  been  told  by  Mr.  Albert 
Gale,  late  Lecturer  to  the  Technical  College,  of  a  "  golden-finned, 
blue-eyed  fish,  rarely  more  than  an  inch  long,"  which  he  some- 
times caught  when  seeking  for  specimens  for  his  fresh-water 
aquarium;  not  being  able  to  place  the  fish  in  question,  I  accom- 
panied Mr.  Gale  in  one  of  his  excursions,  with  the  above  pleasing 
result. 

Odax  attenuatus,  sp.nov. 
D.  XX  15.     A.  19.     V.  i  4.     P.  13.     Sc.  43f. 

Body  elongate  and  slender;  upper  profile  of  head  convex,  its 
length  4|,  the  depth  of  the  body  84  in  the  total  length;  depth  of 
head  2|,  width  of  head  2|,  of  interorbital  region  5|^,  diameter  of 
eye  3f  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  moderate,  rounded  in 
front,  one-thii"d  of  a  diameter  longer  than  the  eye;  interorbital 
region  flat.  Jaws  equal,  the  maxillary  extending  backwards 
midway  to  the  eye,  its  length  5f  in  that  of  the  head.  Preopercle 
entire. 

The  dorsal  fin  commences  above  the  lower  angle  of  the  base  of 
the  pectoral,  the  space  between  its  origin  and  the  extremity  of 
the  snout  being  24  in  its  distance  from  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin, 
the  rays  increase  in  length  to  nearly  the  end  of  the  fin,  the 
longest  being  2^  in  the  length  of  the  head  :  the  anal  fin  originates 
below  the  twenty-first  and  terminates  below  the  twenty-sixth 
dorsal  ray  :  ventral  fin  long  and  narrow,  inserted  below  the  com- 
mencement of  the  middle  third  of  the  pectoral,  its  length  1^^  in 
that  of  the  head,  and  2|^  in  the  space  between  its  origin  and  the 
vent :  pectorals  rounded,  the  upper  middle  rays  the  longest,  15- 
in  the  length  of  the  head  :  caudal  peduncle  long  and  slender,  its 
least  depth  2f  in  the  distance  between  the  dorsal  and  caudal  fins. 

Upper  half  of  the  head  and  trunk  and  the  tail  brown,  many  of 
the  scales  with  a  darker  central  spot;  lower  half  of  the  head  and 


84  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

the  abdominal  region  brownish-yellow  :  an  olilong  deep  blue  spot 
near  the  distal  extremity  of  the  ventral  fin. 

Distribution. — Tasmania. 

Length  (without  caudal  fin)  95  millimeters. 

Type  in  the  Tasmanian  Museum,  Hobart. 

The  unique  example  from  which  my  description  is  drawn  up 
has  been  entrusted  to  me  for  identification  and  diagnosis  by  Mr. 
Alexander  Morton,  Curator  of  the  Tasmanian  Museum,  and  is 
unfortunately  in  bad  condition,  several  of  the  i-ays  of  the  dorsal 
and  anal  fins  and  the  entire  caudal  fin  having  been  broken  off;  it 
appears  to  have  been  w^ashed  ashore  and  partially  sun-dried. 

It  is  easily  distinguishable  from  nearly  all  the  other  members 
of  the  genus  by  the  great  tenuity  of  the  head  and  body,  in  which 
it  approaches  Sij)ho/io(/?iafJiiis.  Of  the  species  included  in  Dr. 
Giinther's  Catalogue,  it  approaches  most  nearly  to  Quoy  and 
Gaimard's  Mai  acanthus  racliafiis,  but  it  differs  from  the  south- 
western continental  form  in  the  more  distinctly  attenuated  habit, 
the  non-prolongation  of  the  anterior  dorsal  and  the  ventral  rays, 
the  number  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  rays. 

I  would  have  unhesitatingly  identified  my  fish  with  Mr. 
Johnston's  OJax  heddomei  if  it  were  not  that  some  of  the 
characters  relied  on  by  that  author,  if  correct,  make  such  a  course 
impracticable. 

As  some  of  my  readers  may  not  be  able  conveniently  to  refer 
to  Johnston's  description  and  as  it  will  take  up  but  little  space,  I 
transcribe  it  in  extenso  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Tasmania,  1884,  p.  231,  in  order  to  facilitate  comparison. 

Odax  heddomei. 

D.  20/12.  A.  3/9.  P.  12/1 4.  L.  1.  40.  L.  tr.  3/8-9. 
Body  elongate.  Preoperculum  entire.  Snout  nmch  produced 
and  finely  pointed.  Eye  rather  large.  Height  of  body  one-tenth 
of  the  total  length  and  length  of  head  contained  in  the  latter 
three  and  one-third  times.  Upper  posterior  margin  of  operculum 
produced  into  a  flaccid  membrane  having  a  rayed  appeai-ance. 
Colour  of  body  and  fins  reddish,  becoming  lighter  below  lateral 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  85 

line.  There  is  a  singular  •  well-marked  black  elongate  streak, 
margined  with  a  scarcely  perceptible  yellow  border,  extending 
over  five  of  the  upper  rays  of  the  caudal  fin,  which  latter  is  some- 
what rounded  terminally. 

Total  length  4|,  length  of  body  4,  of  head  1^,  of  snout  -^-^, 
greatest  depth  of  body  ij,  least  depth  of  body  \  inches,  diameter 
of  eye  6  millimeters. 

In  the  above  description  the  number  of  the  fin  rays  and  of  the 
series  of  scales  agrees  fairly  well,  especially  as  regards  the  increase 
(over  all  the  other  known  species)  in  the  dorsal  sjjines  and  the 
decrease  in  the  anal  rays.*  The  discrepancy  in  the  enumeration 
of  the  transverse  series  of  scales  may  be  explained  away  by  the 
fact  that  my  computation  was  made  at  the  point  where  the 
greatest  number  of  scales  occurred  between  the  dorsal  profile  and 
the  lateral  line,  while  Mr.  Johnston's  was  taken  at  some  anterior 
point,  possibly  from  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin. 

The  two  specimens  (Johnston's  and  Morton  s)  were  almost  of 
the  same  length — -100  mm.  and  95  mm.  without  the  caudal  fin 
respectively,  and  the  comparative  measurements  should  therefore 
bave  been  identical  or  at  least  approximate,  and  such  we  find  to 
be  the  case  so  far  as  the  depth  of  the  body  is  concerned;  but  here 
the  similarity  ceases,  for  in  Johnston's  specimen  the  head  is  said 
to  be  contained  three  and  one-third  times  in  the  total  lenoth 
with  the  caudal  fin  and  three  times  without  it,  while  in  ni}' 
specimen  the  head  is  four  and  two-fifths  in  the  total  length 
without  the  caudal,  and  even  if  the  cutaneous  appendage  to  the 
opercle  should  be  included  this  measurement  is  only  reduced  to 
four  and  one-fifth  Again  Johnston's  measurements  show  the 
eye — which  he  describes  as- "  rather  large  "' — to  have  been  con- 
tained five  and  a  half  tima^  in  the  length  of  the  head  and  twice 


*  Mr.  Johnston  has  recorded  three  spinous  rays  as  heing  present  in  the 
anal  Hn  of  liis  exampU',  bat  a  most  careful  investigation  under  the  micro- 
scope, both  by  Mr.  W'hitelegge  and  myself,  has  been '  unsuccessful  in 
bringing  to  liglit  nmre  than  a  single  spine  in  Mr.  Morton's  tish. 


86  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

in  that  of  the  snout,*  while  in  Morton's  example  the  correspond- 
ing figures  are  only  a  trifle  more  than  four  in  the  head — dermal 
flap  included — and  one  and  a  third  in  the  snout. 

If,  therefore,  Johnston's  measurements  be  correctly  given,  I 
am  compelled  to  consider  his  species  as  different  from  mine. 

Dermatopsis  macrodon. 

Since  publishing  the  description  of  this  species  (Proc.  Linn. 
Soc.  J^.S.  Wales,  xxi.  1896,  p.  140)  a  second  example,  not  quite 
so  large  as  but  in  much  better  condition  than  the  type,  has  been 
discovered  among  a  number  of  small,  principally  immature,  fishes ' 
collected  at  various  times  by  Mr.  Whitelegge  on  Maroubra  Beach 
and  handed  by  him  to  me  for  identification  and,  if  necessary, 
description. 

An  examination  of  this  specimen  has  enabled  me  to  supplement 
or  correct  the  original  diagnosis  in  the  following  particulars : — 

The  depth  of  the  body  is  5i  in  the  total  length,  the  abdominal 
region  not  being  shrunk  as  in  the  type;  the  eye  is  only  perceptible 
as  a  dull  bluish  patch,  which  is  scarcely  larger  than  that  covering 
the  posterior  nostril,  to  which  it  has  a  similar  appearance;  its 
diameter  is  apparently  about  one-twelfth  of  the  length  of  the 
head;  the  profile  of  the  snout  is  distinctly  rounded;  the  jaws  are 
of  equal  length  and  the  lower  labial  flap  is  absent;  there  are  two 
distinct  dorsal  tubercles,  the  anterior  situated  immediately  in 
advance  of  the  vertical  from  the  base  of  the  pectoral;  its  distance 
from  the  posterior  is  about  two-thirds  of  that  between  the  latter 
and  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin,  this  distance  being  as  long  as  the 
space  between  the  posterior  nostril  and  the  extremity  of  the 
snout ;  the  dorsal  fin  originates  somewhat  further  back,  its 
distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  being  3f  in  the  total 
length,  while  the  origin  of  the  anal  is  distinctly  in  advance  of  the 
middle  third  of  the  dorsal  and  a  little  nearer  to  the  base  of  the 
caudal  than  to  the  extremity  of  the  snout ;  the  length  of  the 


These  measurements  agree  with  those  of  the  small-eyed  richardsonii. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  87 

ventral  fin  is  IJ,  of  the  pectoral  1|  in  that  of  the  head,  and  the 
caudal  fin  has  fourteen  rays.  The  lower  surface  of  the  head, 
lips,  cheeks,  and  abdomen  are  white,  and  the  vertical  fins  are 
brown  with  a  conspicuous  whitish  border. 

In  addition  to  those  mentioned  at  the  end  of  the  generic 
description  (loc.  cif.  p.  lo9),  there  is  a  single  large  pore  a))0ve 
the  upper  angle  of  the  gill-opening;  there  is  no  indication  what- 
ever of  a  lateral  line. 

The  specimen  measures  69  millimeters. 

Diii^matichthi/s  consohrinus,  Hutton,  from  the  New  Zealand 
coast,  is  said  by  Hector  to  have  two  small  spines  in  front  of  the 
dorsal  fin  and  may  belong  to  Dermitopsis  (see  Trans.  N.Z.  Inst, 
viii.  1876,  p.  217,  and  ix.  1877,  p.  466,  PL  ix.  f.  77a). 

M  o  N  0  T II  R I  X,  gen.nov. 

Body  rather  elongate  and  compressed,  especially  behind:  head 
moderate,  the  snout  short  and  blunt;  mouth  anterior  and  rather 
wide,  with  moderate,  oblique  cleft.  Premaxillaries  slightly  pro- 
tractile, forming  the  entire  dentigerous  portion  of  the  upper  jaw; 
maxillary  narrow  in  front,  abruptly  expanded  behind,  extending 
backwards  well  beyond  the  eye;  anterior  border  of  the  expanded 
portion  bent  forwards  so  as  to  form  a  conspicuous  odontoid 
process.  Nostrils  supero-lateral,  of  equal  size,  widely  separated, 
and  surrounded  by  a  skinny  vesicular  lip.  Eyes  small  and 
supero-lateral,  covered  by  transparent  skin.  Opercles  covered  by 
a  continuous  skin;  opercle  with  two  strong  spines,  only  the  upper 
of  which  pierces  the  skin.  Gill-openings  large,  extending 
forwards  beyond  the  vertical  from  the  distal  extremity  of  the 
maxillary  ;  isthmus  narrow ;  seven  branchiostegals ;  pseudo- 
bran  chi?e  present;  gill-rakers  in  very  small  number,  tubercular. 
Jaws  with  a  narrow  band  of  minute  villiform  teeth  anteriorly, 
succeeded  after  a  considerable  interspace  by  a  series  of  short, 
stout,  caninoid  teeth,  which  extend  backwards  along  the  sides  of 
the  rami;  a  crescentic  band  of  minute  teeth  on  the  vomer  with  a 
few  larger  ones  interspersed,  the  outer  tooth  on  each  side  much 
enlarged;  palatine  teeth  in  a  long,  narrow  band  with  the  outer 


88  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

series  enlarged  and  conical;  pterygoid  bones  and  tongue  smooth. 
No  perceptible  spinous  tubercle  in  advance  of  the  dorsal  fin  ; 
dorsal  and  anal  fins  low,  separated  from  the  caudal  by  a  distinct 
interspace  :  ventral  fins  long,  inserted  close  together  and  well 
behind  the  isthmus,  reduced  to  a  slender,  simple  filament,  com- 
posed of  a  single  articulated  ray  :  pectorals  well  developed, 
pointed,  composed  of  twenty  slender,  mostly  divided  rays  :  tail 
homocercal,  the  caudal  fin  narrow.  Genital  papilla  present. 
Scales  small,  cycloid,  and  imbricate;  head  naked;  only  the  basal 
portion  of  the  vertical  fins  enveloped  in  loose,  naked  skin.  No 
conspicuous  open  pores  on  the  head ;  bones  of  the  snout  and 
interorbital  region  cavernous.     No  apparent  lateral  line. 

Etymology. — fiovos,  single;  6pl^,  a  hair;  in  allusion  to  the 
single,  tiliform,  ventral  ray. 

Distribution. —  Coast  of  New  South  Wales;  1  Andaman 
Archipelago. 

MONOTHRIX    POLYLEPIS,  sp.nov. 

D.  95.     A.  53 +  x.     Sc.  135. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  strongly  compressed  posteriorl5^ 
Head  moderate,  its  length  4^,  the  depth  of  the  body  (3  in  the 
total  length;  depth  of  the  head  If,  width  of  the  head  1|^,  of  the 
interorbital  region  5^,  diameter  of  the  eye  7f  in  the  length  of  the 
head;  snout  blunt,  with  rounded  profile,  covered  with  thick  loose 
skin,  two-thirds  of  a  diameter  longer  than  the  eye;  interorbital 
region  slightl}-  convex  and  rugose.  Mouth  rather  large,  its  cleft 
oblique,  extending  nearly  to  the  vertical  from  the  middle  of  the 
eye;  the  premaxillaries  are  but  little  protractile  ;  they  form  the 
entire  dentigerous  portion  of  the  upper  jaw,  have  the  lateral 
portion  well  developed  and  of  about  equal  width  throughout,  and 
do  not  extend  .backwards  as  far  as  the  anterior  border  of  the 
maxillary,  which  is  narrow  in  front,  the  posterior  third  being 
abruptl}^  expanded;  the  front  margin  of  the  expanded  portion  is 
curved  downwards  and  forwards  so  as  to  form  a  strong  odontoid 
process;  behind  this  process  the  lower  half  of  the  hinder  margin 
is  scalloped,  the  upper  half  subtruncate  with  the  angle  rounded; 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  89 

the  maxillary  extends  to  about  one  diameter  behind  the  eye,  its 
length  being  l^\j^  in  the  head,  and  its  greatest  width,  including 
the  process,  half  of  a  diameter  more  than  the  eye;  the  jaws  are  of 
equal  length,  and  the  lower  is  provided  with  a  free  lip,  which  is 
shallow  in  front  and  forms  a  deep  flap  on  the  sides;  the  dentary 
bone  reaches  backwards  almost  as  far  as  and  along  the  inner  side 
of  the  expanded  maxillary.  Both  jaws  are  armed  with  a  narrow 
band  of  small  acute  teeth  anteriorly,  behind  which  and  separated 
bv  a  considerable  interspace  is  a  single  series  of  short  stout  teeth, 
which  extend  backwards  along  the  sides  almost  to  the  angle  of 
the  mouth,  and  some  of  which,  especially  on  the  sides  of  the 
lower  jaw,  are  provided  with  a  broad  base  and  strongly  hooked 
backwards  and  inwards;  a  crescentic  band  of  minute  teeth  on  the 
head  of  the  vomer,  among  which  are  placed  at  regular  intervals  a  few 
long,  slender,  detached  teeth,  those  at  the  outer  ends  being  the 
largest;  palatine  teeth  in  a  narrow  band,  which  extends  as  far 
back  as  those  of  the  premaxillaries;  the  outer  series  is  enlarged 
and  conical,  the  rest  minute  and  shai'p  pointed;  pterygoid  bones 
and  tongue  edentulous.  Both  nostrils  are  of  moderate  size, 
circular,  and  surrounded  by  a  low  skinn}-  rim;  the  anterior  pair 
are  situated  on  the  front  edge  of  the  nasal  bone  and  are  as  large 
as  and  somewhat  more  approximate  than  the  posterior,  which 
open  immediate!}'  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  eye.  Eye  small, 
entirely  covered  by  a  delicate  membrane.  Opercle  with  two 
strong  spines,  the  upper  one  horizontal  and  approximating  to  the 
upper  border,  with  acutely  pointed  free  tip;  the  lower  directed 
obliquely  downwards  and  backwards  and  entirely  concealed 
beneath  the  loose  skin,  which  is  continuous  across  the  gill-covers. 
Gill-rakers  reduced  to  two  or  three  smooth  knobs  near  the  joint 
of  the  anterior  arch.* 

No  perceptible  dorsal  tubercle;  the  dorsal  fin  originates  a  little 
in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  pectoral,  and  its  distance  from 
the  extremity  of  the  snout  is  3|  in  the  total  length;  the  rays  are 
slender  and  deeply  branched,  those  of  the  third  quarter  a  little 

*  As  well  as  cMU  lie  seen  from  an  outward  \iew 


90  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OP  AUSTRALIAN  PISHES, 

the  longest,  2f  in  the  length  of  the  head  :  the  anal  fin  commences 
beneath  the  origin  of  the  second  quarter  of  the  dorsal  and  is  in 
all  respects  similar  to  that  fin;  the  space  between  its  origin  and 
the  extremity  of  the  mandible  is  1|^  in  its  distance,  from  the  base 
of  the  caudal  fin :  ventral  inserted  but  little  in  advance  of  the 
free  margin  of  the  opercle,  as  long  as,  the  pectoral  two-thirds  of 
the  length  of  the  head  :  caudal  fin  with  rounded  base  and  four, 
teen  rays. 

Pale  yellowish-brown,  with  the  fins  lighter. 

The  unique  specimen  was  picked  up  on  the  beach  at  Maroubra 
by  Mr.  Whitelegge;  it  was  dead,  but  quite  fresh,  and  in  a  perfect 
condition,  but  for  the  loss  of  about  half  of  the  caudal  fin  ;  a 
portion  of  the  anal,  consisting  of  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  rays, 
and  commencing  at  the  tenth  ray,  is  also  missing. 

Length  55  millimeters. 

Type  in  the  Australian  Museum,  Sydney  ;  register  number 
I.  3654. 

Monotlirix  poJijlepis  agrees  fairly  well  with  Mr.  Alcock's 
Dinematichthys  piger  (Ann.  Sf  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (6)  vi.  1890, 
p.  432),  from  which,  however,  it  may  at  once  be  distinguished  by 
its  much  smaller  scales  and  more  numerous  dorsal  and  anal  rays; 
possibly  also  by  the  shape  of  the  maxillary. 

The  character  of  the  dentition  and  the  uniradial  ventrals 
separate  these  two  species  from  Dinematichthys  and  its  allies. 

AusTROPHYCis,  gen.nov. 

Body  moderately  elongate  and  strongly  compressed  throughout. 
Head  rather  large  and  tumid,  with  short  rounded  snout;  mouth 
anterior,  with  wide  oblique  cleft;  lower  jaw  included;  chin  with 
a  barbel.  Premaxillaries  slightly  protractile,  forming  the  entire 
dentigerous  portion  of  the  upper  jaw;  maxillary  narrow,  its  distal 
extremity  exposed  and  but  little  expanded.  Upper  jaw  with  a 
narrow  band  of  small  cardiform  teeth,  the  two  outer  series  enlarged 
and  separated  from  the  inner  portion,  which  is  triserial,  by  a 
distinct  interspace;  lower  jaw  with  three  series  of  teeth  similar 
to  the  outer  premaxillary  ones;  vomer,  palatines,  pterygoids,  and 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  91 

tongue  edentulous.  Nostrils  approximate,  pierced  in  a  deep 
depression  in  front  of  the  eye.  Eyes  verj'  large,  supero-lateral. 
Opercle  with  a  feeble  spine,  which  does  not  pierce  the  skin  and 
with  the  border  sei-rated.  Gill-openings  wide,  extending  forwards 
to  below  the  angle  of  the  mouth;  isthmus  wide;  six  branchios- 
tegals ;  gill-rakers  in  small  numl^ers,  distant,  serrulate.  Dorsal 
fins  two,  the  first  well  developed,  with  ten  rays  ;  second  dorsal 
and  anal  fins  long  and  low,  the  latter  the  longer  and  originating 
below  the  middle  of  the  dorsal  interspace,  separated  from  the 
caudal  b}'  a  short  intersj^ace :  ventral  fins  widely  separated, 
inserted  but  a  short  distance  behind  the  isthmus,  and  consisting 
of  five  slender  rays  standing  upon  a  narrow  base  :  pectorals  well 
developed,  pointed,  composed  of  twentj^-five  slender,  simple  rays  : 
tail  homocercal,  the  caudal  fin  narrow.  Scales  of  moderate  size, 
cycloid,  and  imbricate  ;*  vertical  fins  ajaparently  enveloped  in 
great  part  in  thick  skin. 

Etymology. — Aiisfer,  south;  Phycis. 

Distributio  n. — Coast  of  New  South  Wales;  Maroubra  Bay. 

This  genus  is  allied  to  Phi/siculus,  but  the  character  of  the 
dentition,  the  armature  of  the  opercle,  and  the  anterior  origin  of 
the  anal  fin  afford  valid  grounds  for  the  formation  of  a  new  genus 
as  here  proposed. 

AUSTROPHYCIS    MEGALOPS,  sp.nov. 

D.  10,  45.     A.  49. 

Body  moderately  elongate  and  strongly  compressed,  not  attenu- 
ated posteriorly.  Head  large  and  tetrahedral,  its  length  41,  the 
depth  of  the  body  6  in  the  total  length;  depth  of  the  head  li, 
width  of  the  head  1-"^^,  of  the  interorbital  region  4i,  diameter  of 
the  eye  2^  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  short  and  Ijlunt,  with 
the  upper  profile  concave  owing  to  the  prominence  of  the  supra- 
orbital region,  its  length  about  two-thirds  of  the  diameter  of  the 


*  Owing  to  the  bad  state  of  the  specimen,  onlj'  a  few  scattered  scales 
remain  in  situ. 


92  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

eye* ;  interorbital  region  slightly  concave.  Mouth  large,  with 
oblique  cleft,  which  extends  to  the  vertical  from  the  anterior 
margin  of  the  pupil;  the  premaxillaries  are  but  little  protractile; 
they  form  the  entire  dentigerous  portion  of  the  upper  jaw;  the 
lateral  portion  is  equally  slender  throughout  and  does  not  extend 
backwards  so  far  as  the  maxillary,  which  is  narrow  and  feeble, 
only  the  extreme  distal  portion  being  slightly  expanded  anrl 
spatuliform  and  reaching  to  the  vertical  from  the  posterior  margin 
of  the  pupil;  its  length  being  a  half  of  that  of  the  head;  lower 
jaw  included;  the  chin  with  a  median  barbel,  which  extends 
when  laid  back  to  the  isthmus. 

Tn  front  of  the  eye  there  is  a  deep  pyriform  depression  which 
is  narrowest  forwards,  along  the  inner  side  of  which  the  anterior 
and  larger  nostril  opens,  while  the  posterior  is  pierced  along  its 
orbital  face  and  further  out  than  the  other.  Ej^e  very  large  and 
prominent,  encroaching  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  head  and 
extending  downwards  over  three-fifths  of  its  side;  all  the  bones  of 
the  orbital  ring  more  or  less  prominent,  but  especially  in  front 
and  behind  the  eye.  The  upper  border  of  the  opercle  bears  a 
conspicuous  ridge  which  terminates  in  a  feeble  spine  which  i.; 
concealed  beneath  the  skin  and  is  scarcely  perceptible;  the  entire 
surface  of  the  bone  is  ornamented  witli  radiating  strite,  the 
extremities  of  which  form  a  distinct  though  weak  marginal 
serrature  Eight  gill-rakers  on  the  lower  l)ranch  of  the  anterior 
arch,  the  longest  at  the  angle  and  one-fourth  of  a  diameter  of  the 
eye  in  length;  the  last  two  are  very  small  and  the  front  half  of 
the  arch  is  quite  smooth. 

The  first  dorsal  fin  originates  well  behind  the  base  of  the 
pectorals,  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  being  3^^ 
in  the  total  length;  the  first  ray  is  rather  short,  the  others  slender 
and  more  or  less  elongated,  the  fifth  the  longest,  half  the  length 
of  the  head;  there  is  a  moderate  interspace  between  the  dorsal 
fins,  which  does  not  appear  to  have  been  occupied  by  membrane; 
the  second  dorsal  commences  a  little  behind  the  vertical  from  the 

*  In  its  contour  it  has  a  perceptible  resemblance  to  some  of  tlie  Mur;eni(ls. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  93 

origin  of  the  anal,  the  distance  between  which  and  the  extremity 
of  the  mandible  is  liin  its  distance  from  the  base  of  the  caudal:* 
ventral  inserted  below  the  posterior  border  of  the  eye,  composed 
of  five  rays,  standing  on  a  narrow  Ijase,  the  two  outer  ones  being 
elongate,  the  others  short,  slender,  and  filiform;  the  second  ray  is 
the  longest,  not  quite  reaching  to  the  origin  of  the  anal,  its 
length  li  in  that  of  the  head  :  pectoral  fin  pointed  reaching 
well  beyond  the  origin  of  the  anal,  and  If  in  the  length  of  the 
head  :  caudal  fin  rounded,  with  twenty  slender,  mostly  branched 
rays,  and  numerous  short  unarticulated  ones,  extending  forwards 
nearly  as  far  as  the  dorsal  and  anal  tins,  above  and  below,  its 
length  8f  in  the  total  length. 

•  Pale  brownish-yellow,  the  snout,  orbital  ring,  dorsal  and  caudal 
fins,  and  the  outer  border  of  the  anal,  especiall}'  near  its  termina- 
tion, much  darker;  throat  and  abdomen  silvery. 

This  is  yet  another  of  my  friend  Mr.  Whitelegge's  Maroubra 
Bay  discoveries,  the  single  specimen  as  yet  known  having  been 
picked  up  by  him  on  the  beach  in  a  somewhat  shrivelled  and  sun- 
dried  condition. 

Length  73  millimeters. 

Type  in  the  Australian  Museum,  Sydney;  register  number  I. 
3655. 

Otophidium  genyopus,  sp.nov. 

Body  moderately  elongate,  strongly  compressed,  tapering  very 
gradually  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin;  its  depth  at  the  shoulder 
one-seventh  of  its  length;  head  of  moderate  size,  with  the  upper 
profile  very  convex;  its  length  one-fifth  of  the  total  length;  its 
depth  two-thirds,  its  width  four-ninths  of  its  length;  snout  short 
and  rounded  in  front,  projecting  beyond  the  lower  jaw,  which  is 


*  Owing  to  the  state  of  the  specimen  I  am  unable  to  determine  m  ith 
accuracy  the  position  and  length  of  the  longest  dorsal  and  anal  lay.s,  but 
some  of  those  in  the  posterior  third  of  the  latter  fin  are  about  half  the 
length  of  the  liead. 


94  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES, 

included;  mouth  with  moderate,  nearly  horizontal  cleft,  the  pre- 
maxillaries  extending  backwards  almost  as  far  as  the  maxillaries; 
maxillary  reaching  to  the  vertical  from  the  posterior  margin  of 
the  eye,  expanded  and  truncated  behind,  its  length  four-ninths  of 
that  of  that  of  the  head,  its  width  three-tenths  of  its  length. 
Jaws  with  a  band  of  small  conical  teeth,  which  are  divided  into 
two  series  by  a  median  longitudinal  groove,  each  series  consisting 
of  two  or  more  rows;  vomer  and  palatines  toothed.  Nostrils 
widely  separated,  the  anterior  situated  near  the  tip  of  the  rounded 
snout,  the  posterior  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  eye;  an  open 
pore,  similar  in  appearance  to  the  posterior  nostril,  above  and  a 
little  behind  the  front  margin  of  the  eye.  Eye  large,  its  diameter 
one-third  of  the  length  of  the  head;  interorbital  region  convex, 
its  width  equal  to  the  length  of  the  snout  and  two-ninths  of  the 
length  of  the  head.  Opercular  spine  strong  and  acute,  its  exposed 
portion  two-fifths  of  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

The  dorsal  fin  commences  above  tlie  middle  of  the  pectoral,  the 
distance  between  its  origin  and  the  extremity  of  the  snout  being 
3-S-,  that  between  the  origin  of  the  anal  and  the  snout  2'i  in  the 
total  length;  the  rays  of  both  fins  increase  in  length  posteriorly, 
the  longest  being  on  either  side  of  the  caudal  fin,  and  as  long  as  it: 
ventral  inserted  below  the  anterior  third  of  the  orbit,  and  extending 
when  laid  back  beyond  the  base  of  the  pectoral,  the  length  of  the 
longer  filament  four-fifths  of  that  of  the  head:  pectoral  pointed,  four- 
sevenths  of  the  head,  and  extending  about  two-thirds  of  the 
distance  between  its  base  and  the  vent :  caudal  very  small, 
rounded,  about  half  the  diameter  of  the  eye  in  length.  Scales 
very  small,  deeply  imbedded. 

Pale  gray-green,  everywhere  powdered  with  microscopic  darker 
dots,  except  along  a  broad  lateral  band,  the  cheeks,  preopercles, 
undersurface  of  head,  and  abdominal  region,  the  latter  being 
silvery;  occiput  with  a  reddish-brown  tinge  and  the  dots  coalescent 
into  small  round  spots;  the  dots  along  the  base  of  the  dorsal  and 
anal  fins  similarly  coalescent  into  a  narrow  dark  streak  :  irides 
pale  blue. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  95 

The  species  differs  from  Otojjhidium  tige^'imos  in  its  shorter  and 
deeper  body,  longer  head,  much  larger  eye,  anterior  insertion  and 
much  greater  length  of  the  ventral  filaments,  absence  of  an 
enlarged  outer  row  of  teeth,  &c.,  and  should  not  perhaps  be 
included  in  the  salne  genus. 

The  only  specimen  as  yet  seen  was  collected  by  Mr.  Whitelegge 
on  Maroubra  Beach  during  the  current  month  and  measures  42 
millimeters. 

Its  register  number  in  the  Australian  Museum  is  I.  3660. 


96 


ON    THE    DEVELOPMENT    OF    HETERODONTUS 
(CESTRACION)  PHIL  LI  PI. 

Part  I. 
By  Professor  William  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc. 

(Plates  IV. -V.) 

During  a  zoological  expedition  undertaken  in  September,  1893, 
for  the  purpose  of  exploring  the  marine  zoology  of  Jervis  Bay,  a 
part  of  the  New  South  Wales  coast  to  the  fauna  of  which  little 
attention  had  been  directed,  I  was  struck  by  the  unusually  large 
number  of  the  egg-shells  of  Heterodontiis  ( (J eatracion)  which  were 
to  be  seen  on  the  beaches.  Most  of  them  were  old  and  broken, 
usually  covered  with  the  tubes  of  Eupomatus;  but  after  examining 
a  number,  I  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  fresh  one  containing  an 
egg  with  an  early  blastoderm.  Eventually  I  found  that  many  of 
these  were  to  be  found  at  low  tide  sticking  in  the  crevices  of  the 
rocks,  firmly  wedged  in  by  means  of  the  spiral  flange  which  forms 
such  a  remarkable  feature  of  the  egg-shell  ;  and  with  the  help  of 
of  Mr.  J.  P.  Hill,  who  was  of  the  party,  I  succeeded  in  collecting 
a  considerable  number.  Of  these  as  many  as  possible  were  pre- 
served in  the  camp,  but  a  large  number  were  taken  whole  to 
Sydney,  and  more  satisfactorily  dealt  with  in  the  laboratory:  Mr. 
Hill,  on  a  second  trip  to  the  same  locality,  brought  back  a  good  many 
more.  Some  of  these  were  kept  alive  for  da^'s  in  the  laboratory. 
The  cutting  of  a  door  in  the  egg-shell  did  not  seem  to  interfere 
with  the  development,  and,  with  proper  appliances  for  renewing 
or  aerating  the  sea-water,  I  have  little  doubt  that  it  would  be 
possible  in  this  way  to  follow  the  course  of  the  development  for 
a  prolonged  period.  This  I  hope  to  be  able  to  do  with  regard  to 
the  later  stages  at  some  future  time.  The  present  communication 
refers  only  to  the  stages  prior  to  the  appearance  of  the  notochord: 
detailed    reference    to    the    literature  is  deferred.      I  am  much 


BY    WILLIAM    A.    HASWELL.  9T 

indebted  to  my  demonstrator,  Mr.  J.  P.  Hill,  not  only  for  help  in 
obtaining  the  specimens,  but  also  for  presei'ving  many  of  the 
blastoderms,  for  making  measurements  and  indicating  approxi- 
mately the  stage  which  each  had  reached,  and  for  sectioning  many 
of  them. 

Cestracion  (Heterodontus)  is  a  genus  which  is  almost  unique 
among  the  Elasmobranchs  in  having  been  represented  by  near 
relatives  as  far  back  as  the  Carboniferous  period.  Although  the 
adult  structure  of  the  rnembers  of  the  family  had  even  at  that 
early  period  become  highly  specialised  and  widely  divergent  frora 
the  main  line  of  Elasmobranch  evolution,  the  hope  is  not  an 
unreasonably'  sanguine  one  that  the  embryonic  development  of  a 
type  so  ancient  might  exhibit  some  important  primitive  features. 
With  regard  to  the  stages  now  described,  however,  any  expecta- 
tions of  the  kind  cannot  be  said  to  have  been  fulfilled;  and  what 
impresses  one  most  in  the  results  is  the  extraordinary  persistency 
of  certain  characteristics  which  are  not  known  to  have  any  vital 
significance.  There  can  be  little  doubt,  for  example,  that  the 
"  orange  spot  "  which  forms  such  a  striking  feature  of  the  egg  of 
an  Elasmobranch  in  its  early  stages,  has  been  handed  down  with 
little  change  from  Palifiozoic  times. 

The  l)lastoderm  occupies  a  constant  position  in  the  egg.  It  is 
always  situated  much  nearer  the  Ijroader  than  the  narrower  end 
of  the  egg-shell.  The  extremity  of  the  blastoderm  destined  to 
become  posterior  is  always  directed  away  from  the  broader  end 
of  the  egg-shell.  Balfour*  states  that  in  Pristiiii-us  the  blasto- 
derm is  similarly  constant  in  its  position  near  the  rounded  end  of 
the  egg,  while  in  Scyllium  it  is  always  near  the  narrow  end  to 
which  the  shorter  pair  of  filaments  is  attached. 

The  blastoderm,  in  its  earlier  stages,  appears  to  the  naked  eye, 
as  in  other  Elasmobranchs,f  as  a  circular  reddish  orange  spot, 
around  which  is  a  narrow  light  yellow  band.  When  this  orange  spot 
has  attained  a  diameter  of  about  2  mm.  it  assumes  an  oval  shape,  its 


*  Balfour,  Development  of  Elasmobranch  Fishes,  p.  10. 
t  L.C.  p.  10. 

7 


^8  DEVELOPMENT  OF  HETERODONTUS  (CESTRACION)  PHILLIPI, 

longer  axis  corresponding  with  the  future  long  axis  of  the  body. 
At  its  posterior  end  appears  a  crescentic  dark  area  which  has  very 
much  the  appearance  of  a  cleft  ]  massing  right  through  the  blasto- 
derm, but  which  sections  prove  to  be  a  cavity,  the  segmentation 
cavity,  covered  over  b}'-  a  thin  transparent  roof.  As  the  blasto- 
derm extends,  this  dark  area  becomes  less  strongly  mai-ked  and 
graduall}-  disappears. 

The  yolk  is  covered  with  a  thin  investment  which  is  perfectly 
continuous  with  the  non-nucleated  jirotoplasmic  network  of  the 
substance  of  the  yolk,  of  which  it  is  to  be  looked  upon  as  a 
specially  modified  part. 

The  light  yellow  band  referred  to  above  extends  more  rapidly 
than  the  blastoderm,  and  soon  forms  a  broad  zone  around  the 
latter.  As  it  extends  its  boundaries  become  more  and  more 
indistinct.  This  is  due  to  the  spreading  out  of  the  bed  of  fine- 
grained parablastic  substance  on  which  the  blastoderm  lies.  A 
number  of  small  rounded  spots,  which  appear  scattered  over  it, 
are  found  on  the  examination  of  sections  to  be  produced  by  the 
development  of  rounded  spaces  or  vacuoles. 

The  earliest  specimen  of  which  satisfactory  sections  were 
obtained  (Fig.  l)is  one  in  which  the  fine-grained  bed  of  yolk  extends 
beyond  the  edge  of  the  blastoderm  to  rather  more  than  half  of 
the  diameter  of  the  latter.  In  this  stage  the  blastoderm  consists 
of  a  lenticular  mass  of  chiefly  rounded  cells,  resting  directly  on 
the  fine-grained  substance  in  the  greater  part  of  its  extent,  but 
becoming  separated  from  the  latter  towards  the  posterior  end  by 
a  small  segmentation  cavity.  The  most  superficial  layer  of  cells 
are  closely  packed  together  :  they  are  irregular  in  size  and  shape, 
but  form  a  tolerably  definite  layer.  In  the  deeper  strata  the  cells 
are  more  loosely  arranged,  with  intercellular  spaces.  In  these,  as  in 
the  segmentation  cavity,  with  which  they  are  more  or  less  directl}' 
continuous,  there  are  irregular  masses  and  strands  of  a  finely 
granular  material,  which  is  strongly  coloured  by  staining  agents; 
frequently  this  matter  adheres  to  the  surface  of  the  cells  or  the 
wall  of  the  segmentation  cavity  so  as  to  form  a  distinct  invest- 
ment :  from  its  apj^earance  and  mode  of  occurrence  this  material 


BY    WILLIAM    A.    HASWELL.  99 

is,  without  much  doubt,  of  the  nature  of  a  coagulum  formed  as  a 
result  of  the  action  of  the  fixing  solutions  on  a  fluid  contained  in 
the  segmentation  cavity. 

Balfour  (p.  53)  remarks  on  the  frequent  presence  of  a 
membrane-like  structure  between  the  blastoderm  and  the  yolk, 
readil}''  affected  by  staining  agents,  and  sets  it  down  as  a  layer  of 
coagulated  albumen.  Perenyi,*  on  the  other  hand,  states  that 
in  Torpedo  marniorata,  the  yolk  is  enclosed  in  a  fine  structureless 
membrane. 

The  mass  of  fine-grained  substance  contains  a  small  number  of 
nuclei.  Its  upper  surface,  forming  the  floor  of  the  segmentation 
cavity,  is  raised  up  here  and  there  into  a  rounded  mass  containing 
a  nucleus.  Continuous  with  the  mass  of  parablast  material  which 
lies  below  the  blastoderm  is  a  thinner  layer  extending  out  some 
distance  beyond  the  edge  of  the  blastoderm.  This  is  continuous 
with  the  posterior  edge  of  the  latter,  and  at  this  point  contains 
several  nuclei.  Cell  divisions  at  this  stage  seem  to  be  going 
on  somewhat  slowly,  as  the  majority  of  nuclei  are  in  the  resting 
stage. 

In  Pristiurus,  to  judge  from  Balfour's  account,  the  segmenta- 
tion cavity  makes  its  appearance  only  at  a  considerably  later 
stage.  (Compare  his  figures  8  and  9,  of  Plate  ii.,  and  1  of 
Plate  iii.) 

In  the  stages  which  immediately  follow  on  that  just  described, 
though  the  blastoderm  (Figs.  2  and  3)  does  not  at  first  increase  in 
size,  the  cells  multiply  by  division  so  as  to  become  much  more 
numerous  and  smaller.  The  massive  blastoderm  becomes  much 
thicker  in  front  than  behind.  The  segmentation  cavity  increases 
in  extent,  and  forms  in  the  middle  a  comparatively  wide  space 
covered  over  dorsally  behind  by  a  thin  stratum  formed  by 
material  which  is  transitional  between  the  posterior  portion  of  the 
blastoderm  and  the  parablast.  Cells  soon  cease  to  become 
formed  from  the  parablast  of  the  floor  of  the  cavity ;    but  a  part 


•  "  Beitrage  zur  Embrj-ologie  von  Torpodo  marmorata.'^     Zool.  Anz.  ix. 
(1886). 


100  DEVELOPMENT  OF  llETERODOXTUS  (CESTRACION)  PHILLIP  I, 

of  the  parablast  of  its  I'oof  appears  to  divide  into  cells  which 
are  added  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  blastoderm.  A  distinct 
upper  layer  of  the  blastoderm  ("  ectoderm"  of  various  authors)  is 
no  longer  recognisable. 

C.  K.  Hoffmann*  states  that  in  Acanthias,   at  a  stage  in  the 
development  of  the  blastoderm  which  corresponds  broadly  with  that 
just  described,  there  is  an  invagination-  or  gastrula-cavity  opening 
widely  by  a  blastopore  on  the  exterior.     The  mode  of  formation 
of    this  gastrula-cavity,   he    avers,  is  closely  comparable   to  the 
gastrulation  in  Amphil)ia,  Cyclostomi  and  Amphioxus.    If  we  are 
to  accept  the  statement  that  the  cavit}^  in  question  is  a  gastrula 
cavity,  then  necessarily^  we  must  admit  the  justness  of  the  com- 
parison   with    the    corresponding    cavities    in    other    Chordates. 
Such  an  admission,   however,  would  involve  us   in  the   greatest 
difficulties.     For  here  we  should  have  an  invagination  Avhich  is 
not  connected  with  the  formation  of  the  archenteron  or  of  the 
mesoderm  or  notochord,   an  invagination-cavity  which  virtually 
disappears  before  the  first  rudiment  of  the  mesoderm  has  become 
differentiated.      I  do  not  think,  however,  that  the  statement  of 
fact  can  be  taken  without  confirmation,  and   am   confident   that 
more  thorough  investigation  will  show  that  Acanthias  does  not 
depart  so  widely  from  other  Elasmobranchs  in  such  an  essential 
phase  of  its  development.     I  have  several   series  of  sections  of 
blastoderms  of  Heterodontus  at  or  about  the  stage  represented  in 
fio-.  3.     These,  so  far  as  they  were  examined  in  the  fresh  state,  all 
presented  the  appearance  described  by  Hoffmann,  an  appearance 
seeming   to  indicate   the  presence  of  an  open  cavity  below  the^ 
posterior  edge  of  the  blastoderm.      In  one  of  them  only  does  the 
cavity  open  on  the  exterior;  and  in  this  the  opening  is  readily  seen 
on  a  careful  examination  to  have  resulted  from  a  rupture  of  the 
delicate  roof  of  the  cavity,  most  j)robably  during  the  removal  of 
the  blastoderm  from  the  egg. 


«  "  Beitiiige  zur  Entwickehingsgeschichte  der  Selachii,"   Morph.    J.B. 
1896. 


BY    WILLIAM    A.    IIASWELL.  101 

In  brief,  I  contend  that  the  cavity  represented  in  my  figs.  1-4 
is  in  all  cases  the  same  thing,  viz.,  the  segmentation-cavity,  and 
that  Hoffmann's  fig.  4,  of  Taf.  ii.  corresponds,  or  should  correspond 
with  my  fig.  3.  This  is  a  phase  which  was  apparently  not 
represented  in  the  specimens  at  Balfour's  disposal. 

The  blastoderm  now  increases  somewhat  in  diameter,  though 
.still  remaining  very  thick  anteriorly.  The  segmentation-cavity  has 
somewhat  increased  in  size,  and  extends  under  the  entire  blasto- 
derm. At  its  postei'ior  end,  just  below  and  somewhat  in  front  of 
the  posterior  limit  of  the  blastoderm,  appears  a  collection  of  cells 
of  irregular  shape,  some  of  which  are  evidently  being  formed  from 
the  parablast  of  the  floor  of  the  cavity.  Only  a  very  few  simi- 
lar cells  occur  further  back.  This  accumulation  of  cells,  which 
extends  all  round  the  posterior  margin,  forms  the  starting  point 
in  the  formation  of  the  parablast  endoderm. 

The  next  change  of  importance  (Fig.  -5)  is  the  arching  upwards 
of  the  posterior  portion  of  the  blastoderm,  so  that  where  it  passes 
into  the  parablast  it  becomes  for  a  short  distance  vertical,  and 
soon  inclined  forwards,  forming  the  embryonic  rim,  which  extends 
round  the  entire  posterior  margin.  At  the  same  time  the  accu- 
mulation of  cells  at  the  posterior  end  greatly  increases  and 
becomes  extended  backwards  as  a  thin  layer  (yolk  endoderm)  over 
the  entire  floor  of  the  segmentation-cavity.  These  cells  now  send  off 
processes  which  apparently  join  the  processes  of  neighbouring  cells, 
so  that  the  whole  comes  to  form  a  reticulum,  in  the  meshes  of 
which  are  to  be  recognised  masses  of  the  coagulum  from  the  fluid 
of  the  segmentation-cavity.  Similar  cells  extend  backwards  as  a 
thin  irregular  layer  immediately  below  the  blastoderm  in  the  roof 
of  the  segmentation-cavity.  The  blastoderm  has  now  become 
considerably  thicker,  but  still  remains  thickest  towards  the 
anterior  end. 

The  embryonic  rim  now  b3coiii3s  more  strongly  inflected  (Fig.  6), 
and  the  blastoderm  becomes  greatly  extended  anteriorly,  at  the 
same  time  becoming  thinned  out.  The  segmentation-cavity  extends 
pari  passu  with  the  extension  of  the  blastoderm,  but  becomes 
extremely  shallow.     The  parablast  endoderm  extends  over  its  floor. 


102  DEVELOPMENT  OF  HETERODONTUS  (CESTRACION)  PHILLIP  I, 

but,  unless  the  constituent  cells  are  united  by  long  processes, 
cannot  be  said  to  form  a  continuous  layer.  There  is  every 
appearance  that  at  this  stage  there  is  an  active  formation  of  para- 
blast  endoderm  cells  from  the  iine-grained  parablast  below  the 
embryonic  rim  ;  and  its  substance  soon  becomes  completely 
divided  up  into  cells.  Further  forward  a  similar  process  goes  on, 
though  less  actively.  A  change  at  the  same  time  takes  place  in 
the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  cells  of  the  blastoderm.  In 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  embryonic  rim  they  become  vertically 
elongated,  their  arrangement  approximating  more  and  more  to 
thit  of  the  cells  of  a  columnar  epithelium,  while  behind  they 
remain  more  irregular  in  shape,  and  form  a  stratum  several 
cells  thick.  It  is  of  importance  to  observe  that,  whereas  previous 
to  the  stage  now  reached  all  the  cells  of  the  blastoderm  were 
filled  with  yolk-granules  of  the  smaller  size,  the  vertically- 
elongated  cells  now  contain  yolk  only  in  their  lower  portions. 

Balfour  states  that  in  Pristiurus  at  his  stage  B,  i.e.,  at  the 
stage  in  which  the  involution  to  form  the  endoderm  has  just 
begun,  the  segmentation-cavity  has  completely  disappeared,  having 
become  filled  with  an  irregular  network  of  cells. 

The  inflection  of  the  blastoderm  at  the  embryonic  rim  leads  to 
the  formation  of  a  fold,  the  upper  layer  of  which  is  ectoderm,  the 
lower  embryonic  endoderm.  The  latter  grows  backwards  along  the 
entire  posterior  border  of  the  blastoderm,  but  more  rapidly  along 
the  middle  line,  the  cavity  below  it  giving  rise  to  the  archenteron 
(Fig.  7).  As  it  extends  backwards  it  apparently  receives  con- 
tributions of  new  cells  from  two  sources;  the  greater  number 
of  the  added  cells  are  derived  from  the  yolkendoderm,  but  others 
are  derived  from  the  thin  layer  of  cells  which  has  Vjeen  described 
above  as  lying  below  the  roof  of  the  segmentation-cavity.  From 
the  first  the  endoderm  as  it  becomes  formed  assumes  the  character 
of  an  epithelium  of  vertically  elongated  cells. 

The  cavity  below  the  endoderm  (archenteron,  gastrula-cavity) 
(Figs.  7  and  8,  ent.)  is  a  wide  space  which  is  bounded  below  only 
by  the  large-grained  yolk  with  its  protoplasmic  network.  Soon, 
however,    its    walls    begin    to    curve    inwards    anteriorly,    and 


BY    WILLIAM    A.    HASWELL.  105 

eventually  meet  below  so  as  completely  to  enclose  the  archenteric 
canal  in  its  anterior  portion — the  enclosure  gradually  extending, 
backwards. 


EXPLANATION  OF  FIGURES. 

a7if.,  anterior  end  of  blastoderm. 

ect.,  ectoderm. 

ect.^,  superficial   layer  of  cells  distinguishable  before  the  comp'e- 

tion  of  segmentation. 
end.,  endoderm. 
end.'^,  parablast  endoderm. 
ent. ,  archenteron. 
para.,  bed  of  fine-grained  yolk  with  parablast  nuclei. 

Fig.  1. — Sagittal  section  of  the  blastoderm  of  Heterodontus  Phillipi  at  a 
late  stage  of  segmentation,  showing  the  beginnings  of  the  seg- 
mentation-cavity anil  the  superficial  layer. 

-Similar  section  of  a  somewhat  later  stage. 

-Stage  with  well-defined  segmentation-cavity  at  the  posterior  end. 

-Somewhat  later  stage,  in  which  tlie  segmentation-cavity  has  become 
extended  forwards  an<l  in  which  the  first  indication  of  the 
invagination  is  to  be  distinguished. 

-Later  stage  in  which  the  involution  has  begun,  and  the  rudiments 
of  the  parablast  endoderm  have  become  formed. 

-Stage  in  which  the  blastoderm  has  become  considerably  extended 
forwards  and  the  parablast  endoderm  has  become  developed. 

-vSimilar  section  of  a  blastoderm  in  which  the  archenteron  has 
become  well  established. 

-Transverse  section  of  a  blastoderm  of  a  somewhat  later  stage,  but 
before  the  first  appearance  of  the  notochord. 


Fig. 

2. 

Fig. 

3. 

Fig- 

4. 

Fig. 

5. 

Fig. 

6. 

Fig. 

i  • 

Fig. 

8. 

104 


AUSTRALIAN  LAND  PLANARIANS  :  DESCRIPTIONS 
OF  NEW  SPECIES  AND  NOTES  ON  COLLECTING 
AND  PRESERVING. 

By   Thos.    Steel,    F.L.S.,  F.C.S. 

(Plates  VI. -VII.  figs.  5-8  and  10.) 

Part  i.     Descriptions  of  new  species,  &c. 

In  1887  Messrs.  Fletchei'  and  Hamilton  contributed  to  this 
Society  a  valuable  paper  embodying  their  notes  and  observations 
on  Land  Planarians.*  Since  then  the  only  further  work  of  any 
note  published  in  New  South  Wales  is  a  paper  by  Professor 
Dendy  on  a  collection  made  by  me  on  the  Blue  Mountains.! 

In  Victoria  Professor  Spencer  and  Dr.  (now  Professor)  Dendy, 
particularly  the  latter,  have  done  excellent  work  in  publishing 
descriptions  with  beautiful  coloured  plates,  of  the  species  found 
in  that  colony.  J  Dr.  Dendy  has  also  described  some  species  from 
Tasmania  and  South  Australia.§  Quite  recently  Prof.  Dendy 
has  published  preliminary  descriptions  of  New  Zealand  species.]] 
During  the  last  few  years  I  have  been  able  to  collect  many  species 
of  our  New  South  Wales  planarians,  as  well  as  of  those  occurring 
in  Victoria,  and  through  the  kindness  of  friends  have  received 
others  from  parts  of  the  colony  which  I  have  not  visited,  as  well 
as  from  Southern  Queensland.  Amongst  these  are  a  number  of 
undescribed  species,  descriptions  and  figui'es  of  which  I  now 
desire  to  record  in  our  Proceedings. 


*  P.L.S.KS.W.  (2  Ser.)  Vol.  ii.  349. 
t  Loc.  cit.  Vol.  ix.  729. 
+  Trans.  &  Proc.  R.  S.  Vict.  18S9  to  1893. 
§  Proc.  R.  S.  Viet.   1893,  p.  178,  and  Proc.   Aust.   Assoc.  Adv.     Science 
1892,  p.  369,  and  1893,  p.  420. 

II  Trans.  New  Zealand  Inst,  xxvii.  177,  and  xxviii.  210  ;  also  Annals  and 
Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (Ser.  6)  Vol.  xiv.  .393. 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  105 

Geoplana  atrata,  n.sp. 

(PL  VII.  fig.  10.) 

Dorsal  surface  intense  black  without  any  visible  markings. 
Ventral  surface,  a  pair  of  grey  fairly  well  defined  stripes  bounding 
a  median  black  stripe,  and  in  turn  bounded  on  the  margins  by 
the  black  ground  colour.  The  median  and  paired  stripes  and 
marginal  spaces  of  ventral  surface  about  equal  widths.  A  single 
row  of  large  conspicuous  eyes  round  anterior  tip  and  for  some 
mm.  down  the  sides,  but  no  side  gi'ouping  could  be  traced,  the 
eyes  possibly  being  hidden  by  the  dark  pigmentation  of  the  body. 
Pharyngeal  aperture  in  spirit  specimens  between  half  and  two- 
thirds  from  anterior  end.  Genital  aperture  not  observed. 
Length  25  mm.  by  1  mm.  when  crawling;  same  specimen  in  spirit 
19  mm. 

Type  in  Australian  Museum,  Sydney;  register  number  G.  1509. 

At  first  sight  this  planarian  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  a 
Rhynchodetmis,  but  its  generic  identity  is  at  once  made  sure  by 
the  numerous  easily  distinguished  eyes.  It  is  the  darkest 
Geoplana  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

Collected  under  logs  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Hill,  F.L.S.,  on  Upper 
Manning  River,  jST.S.W. 

Geoplana  Hillii,  n.sp. 
(PI.  vii.  fig.  5.) 

Dorsal  surface  bright  sulphur-yellow,  with  two  brown  lines 
dividing  it  into  three  longitudinal  areas  of  about  equal  width. 
At  the  anterior  end  the  lines  thicken  and  then  coalesce,  forming 
a  brown  tip  which  is  in  strong  contrast  to  the  yellow  ground 
colour.  "Ventral  surface  paler  yellow  than  the  dorsal,  fading  to 
a  nearly  white  watery-looking  central  longitudinal  zone.  Eyes 
numerous  and  readily  seen,  extending  in  a  single  row  round 
anterior  tip,  with  the  usual  side  grouping,  though  somewhat 
sparse,  a  few  mm.  from  the  tip,  and  then  in  a  single  row  down 
the  sides  and  round  the  posterior  end.      Pharyngeal  aperture  in 


106  AUSTRALIAN    LAND    PLANARIANS, 

spirit  is  midway  between  the  ends,  and  the  genital  opening  half 
way  between  the  pharyngeal  and  the  posterior  end.  Length 
of  an  ordinary  specimen  when  crawling  70  mm.  by  1  to  1^  mm. 
in  width.  In  spirit  the  yellow  colour  is  completely  dissolved  out, 
leaving  the  worm  white;  the  stripes  are  darkened  somewhat  at 
same  time,  probably  by  removal  of  the  light  yellow  pigment. 
Occasional  specimens  are  strongly  tinged  all  over  with  green, 
giving  them  a  peculiar  yellow-green  appearance. 

I  have  also  found  specimens  in  which  the  brown  lines  fade  out 
less  than  half  way  down  the  back,  leaving  the  posterior  half  of 
the  dorsal  surface  pale  yellow.  In  no  case  have  I  seen  any  trace 
of  a  median  dorsal  line  such  as  characterises  G.  medioUneaia, 
Dendy. 

The  egg  capsule  is  of  chocolate-brown  colour,  about  2|  to  3  mm. 
diam.  One  which  I  found  early  in  February,  1897,  and  which 
hatched  out  immediately  after,  contained  eight  young  ones, 
which  were  about  3  mm.  in  length.  The  eyes  in  these  were 
plainly  marked  in  a  single  row  round  the  anterior  tip  and  right 
down  the  sides.  The  brown  colour  of  the  tip  and  the  dorsal  lines 
for  a  short  distance  back  were  also  visible;  the  body  colour  was 
pale  yellow. 

Type  specimen  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1510. 

Hab. — Bundanoon,  N.S.W. 

This  handsome  planarian  is  exceedingly  abundant  at  Bunda- 
noon (Moss  Yale  District),  and  I  have  noticed  large  numbers  of 
it  during  the  last  three  summers. 

I  have  pleasure  in  associating  the  name  of  my  friend,  Mr.  J.  P. 
Hill,  F.L  S.,  with  this  species  in  recognition  of  his  kindly 
assistance  in  collecting  planarians  for  me. 

Geoplana  ponderosa,  n.sp. 

(PI.  VL  fig.  3.) 

Ground  colour  of  dorsal  surface  pale  sulphur-yellow.  A  fairly 
large  specimen  in  spirit  has  a  median  dorsal  space  of  ground 
colour  about  1  mm.  in  width,  bounded  on  either  side  by  a  band 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  107 

of  about  same  width  of  speckled  dark  grey,  well  defined  on  its 
inner  margin  and  diffuse  on  its  outer.  Next  to  this  is  another 
space  of  ground  colour  about  Ih  mm.  wide,  which  again  is  bounded 
by  a  strong  dorso- lateral  sharply  defined  black  band  —  dark  brown 
in  life—  1  mm.  in  diameter.  The  margins  round  to  the  ventral 
surface  are  of  the  yellow  ground  colour.  The  sides  bulge  out  a 
good  deal,  while  the  dorsal  surface  is  very  slightly  arched,  and 
the  ventral  quite  flat,  so  that  when  the  animal  is  crawling  the 
surface  is  in  close  contact  with  the  ground.  Between  the  central 
bands  and  the  lateral  ones,  and  in  tlie  marginal  space  outside  of 
these,  the  dorsal  surface  is  sparingly  peppered  with  minute  dark 
brown  punctations.  At  the  anterior  end  all  the  bands  blend  into 
a  brown  tip,  while  at  the  posterior  end  the  central  space  of  ground 
colour  continues  right  out,  the  marginal  band  on  either  side 
sweeping  round  and  joining  the  corresponding  inner  band.  The 
ventral  surface  uniform  yellow,  paler  than  the  dorsal. 

Eyes  large  and  conspicuous,  single  row  round  anterior  tip,  not 
much  side  grouping,  continued  sparsely  for  some  distance  down 
the  sides. 

The  specimen  above  described  when  alive  and  crawling  was 
250  mm.  (10  inches)  long  by  6  mm.  broad  ;  in  spirit  it  is  163  mm. 
(6^  inches)  in  length.  The  opening  to  the  phar3rnx  is  87  mm. 
from  anterior  end,  and  the  genital  opening  41  mm.  behind  that. 
Another  spirit  specimen  131  mm.  long  has  the  relative  positions 
of  the  apertures,  as  above,  78  mm.  and  28  mm.  respectively. 

Type  specimen  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1511. 

I/ab. — Bundanoon,  N.S.W. 

This  is  the  most  massive  land  planarian  with  which  I  have 
met.  I  have  collected  specimens  of  G.  variegata,  F.  &  H.,  almost 
as  long  as  my  largest  finds  of  this  species,  but,  as  a  rule  these  are 
not  nearly  so  thick  in  proportion  to  their  length.  It  is  readily 
distinguished  from  the  allied  form  G.  variegata  by  its  yellow  colour, 
the  diffuse  central  bands  and  the  narrowness  and  sharp  definition 
of  the  dorso-lateral  bands.  In  spirit  the  yellow  colour  dissolves, 
leaving  the  body  nearly  wliite,  but  without  altering  the  bands, 
save  to  slightly  darken  them. 


108  AUSTRALIAN    LAND    PLANAKIANS, 

Like  G.  variegata  this  is  an  exceedingly  sticky  planarian,  the 
slime  with  which  the  body  is  coated  being  extremely  tenacious 
and  plentiful.  Both  these  species  are  vei-y  sluggish  during  the 
summer  months — the  only  period  when  I  have  collected  them — 
and  appear  to  be  aestivating,  although  other  species  are  feeding 
freely. 

Geoplana  robust  a,  n.sp. 

(PI.  VL  fig.  4.) 

Ground  colour  of  dorsal  surface  lemon-yellow.  A  pair  of  very 
bold  sharply  defined  bands  1  mm.  wide  enclose  a  median  space  of 
ground  colour  also  1  mm.  in  width.  The  Viands  vary  in  colour 
from  black  to  rich  brown,  their  margins  very  dark,  getting  lighter 
towards  the  centre  through  the  ground  colour  showing  through 
faintly,  and  giving  them  a  somewhat  speckled  appearance. 
Towards  the  ends  the  bands  taper  symmetrically  to  fine  points 
which  join  near  the  tips.  Along  the  margins  of  the  dorsal  surface 
there  is  a  faint  line  of  specklings  of  same  colour  as  the  main 
stripes.  The  anterior  tip  is  rich  brown.  Ventral  surface  a 
somewhat  paler  shade  of  the  same  colour  as  the  dorsal,  without 
any  markings.  Length  of  average  specimens  in  spirit  40  to  50  mm. 
by  4  mm.  in  diameter.  In  a  spirit  specimen  48  mm.  long  the 
pharyngeal  opening  is  28  mm.  from  anterior  tip,  and  the  genital 
11  mm.  further  back.  Another  one  42  mm.  has  the  former  dis- 
tance 27  mm.  and  the  latter  7  mm. 

Eyes  large  and  readily  seen,  arranged  as  usual  in  single  row 
round  the  anterior  tip,  and  grouped,  though  somewhat  sparingly, 
at  the  sides,  continuing  in  a  drawn  out  line  for  some  way  down 
the  sides. 

Type  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1512. 

Zr«6.— Bundanoon,  N.S.W. 

In  shape  this  species  resembles  G.  Fletcheri,  Dendy,  from  which 
it  is  distinguished  by  the  sharp  definition  of  the  stripes,  togetlier 
with  the  entire  absence  of  any  indication  of  a  dorso-median  line 
or  of  scattered  specklings  on  dorsal  surface. 


BY    THOS.    STEEL. 


109 


Associated  with  the  type  I  haxe  noticed  numbers  of  a  most 
beautiful  form  in  which  the  ground  colour  of  both  surfaces  is  a 
translucent  pearly  white,  and  the  bands  rich  brown. 

This  is  the  only  planarian  which  I  have  obser\ed  preying  on 
other  23lanarians.  When  collecting  I  found  it  necessary  to  put 
specimens  of  this  species  in  a  box  by  themselves,  as  they  attacked 
and  devoured  such  forms  as  G.  sanguinea,  G.  Hillii,  G.  quhique- 
lineata,  ifec.  I  have  seen  this  and  other  species  feeding  on  earth 
worms  as  well  as  insects.  On  removing  a  planarian  from  an 
earth  worm  on  which  it  was  feeding,  I  observed  a  round  hole  or 
puncture  in  the  skin  of  the  earthworm  into  which  the  planarian 
had  its  oral  oreran  inserted. 


'o^ 


Geoplana  albolineata,  n.sp. 

(PL  VII.  fig.  8.) 

The  median  dorsal  line  is  pure  white,  about  l^  mm.  in 
diameter,  and  is  bounded  on  either  side  by  a  dark  line  of  about 
twice  its  width.  This  line  is  grey-black  on  its  inner  side  next 
the  white  line,  and  intense  black  on  its  outer  edge.  As  it 
approaches  the  anterior  tip  it  gradually  assumes  a  rich  chocolate- 
brown  colour,  the  intense  margin  disappearing,  and  the  whole 
merging  into  the  tip  which  is  brown.  The  margins  of  the  dorsal 
surface  are  light  sulphur-yellow.  Ventral  surface  sulphur-yellow 
somewhat  paler  than  that  of  the  dorsal. 

The  eyes  are  conspicuous,  and  are  arranged  as  in  G.  Hillii 
before  described.  In  the  specimens  examined  I  did  not  detect 
any  side  grouping  of  the  eyes. 

The  pharyngeal  opening  in  spirit  about  midway  between  the 
ends,  and  the  genital  aperture  rather  less  than  half-way  between 
this  and  the  posterior  ernd.  A  specimen  alive  at  rest  was  45  mm. 
in  length  by  l^  mm.  broad,  and  when  crawling  lengthened  to 
60  mm. 

In  section  the  body  in  life  is  very  angular,  forming  almost  a 
triangle,  with  the  ventral  surface  for  the  base. 

Type  in  Austi-alian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1513. 


110  AUSTRALIAN    LAND    PLANARIANS^ 

Hah. — Bundanoon,  N.S.  W. ;  under  logs  in  a  shady  gully;  a 
somewhat  scarce  species. 

The  strong  contrasts  of  white,  black,  yellow  and  brown  make 
this  little  planarian  very  striking  and  handsome. 

Geoplana  quinquelineata,  var.  accentuata,  var.nov. 
(Plate  VII.  figs.  6-7.) 

In  their  paper  already  mentioned,  Messrs.  Fletcher  and  Hamil- 
ton describe  G.  quinquelineata  from  a  series  of  specimens  collected 
in  various  parts  of  New  South  Wales,  and  at  Sandhurst,  Victoria. 
From  their  description  it  is  evident  that  the  tj'pe  of  the  species 
has  the  median  doi'sal  line,  if  anything,  rather  less  decided  than 
the  lateral  and  marginal  ones.  In  the  note  at  the  end  of  their 
description,  special  mention  is  made  of  the  Victorian  specimens 
and  some  of  the  New  South  Wales  ones  having  the  median  line 
more  strongly  coloured  than  the  others,  and  it  is  indicated  that 
they  expected  at  least  varietal  differences  to  be  established  when 
larger  suites  of  specimens  came  to  be  examined. 

I  have  been  able  to  study  a  large  series  of  specimens  of  this 
species  from  the  Blue  Mountains  and  Bundanoon  in  New  South 
Wales,  and  from  a  considei^able  number  of  localities  in  Victoria, 
as  well  as  from  the  Nerang  River,  Queensland.  Without  excep- 
tion all  my  Queensland  and  Victorian  specimens  have  the  median 
dorsal  line  much  accentuated  and  darker  in  colour  than  the  other 
lines,  while  all  my  New  South  Wales  ones  have  no  such  distinc- 
tion, the  median  line  being  usually  the  least  strongly  marked  of 
all.  A  number  of  specimens  from  various  parts  of  Victoria, 
identified  by  Dr.  Dendy  as  belonging  to  this  species,  and  given 
to  me  hj  him,  also  agree  in  every  way  with  my  own  specimens 
from  that  colony. 

Mr.  Fletcher  has,  with  me,  compared  my  specimens  with  those 
collected  by  Mr.  Hamilton  and  himself,  and  we  are  agreed  that 
the  form  having  the  dark  median  line  should  be  considered  as  a 
variety  of  G.  quinquelineata,  the  form  with  the  uniform  slender 
lines  being  regarded  as  the  type  of  the  species. 

The  new  variety  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  species  by  the 
bold  dark  median  line.     After  keeping  in  spirit  for  some  time 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  Ill 

the  distinction   becomes   even    more    strongly  marked,  in    some^ 
specimens  the  lateral  and  marginal  lines  having  almost  vanished 
by  bleaching,  while   the  median   one   remains   strong   and   con- 
spicuous. 

So  far  as  my  own  observation  goes  the  species  is  confined  to 
New  South  Wales,  while  all  the  specimens  from  Victoria  or 
Queensland  wjiich  I  have  seen  belong  to  the  variety. 

The  eyes  are  very  numerous,  and  in  well  preserved  specimens 
are  conspicuous  and  readily  seen.  Round  the  anterior  tip  in  a 
single  row  as  usual,  thickly  grouped,  a  few  mm.  behind  the  tip, 
at  which  part  they  extend  on  to  the  dorsal  surface  as  far  as  to 
encroach  on  the  lateral  stripes.  An  irregular  wavy  line  of  ej^es 
extends  along  the  sides  to  the  extreme  posterior  end. 

Type  specimen  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1514. 

In  a  paper  published  in  1891,*  Professor  Spencer  describes 
and  figures  a  planarian  from  the  Upper  Yarra,  Victoria,  as  a  variety 
of  G.  mediolineata,  Dendy,  coming  between  that  species  and 
G.  quinqueJineata,  F.  k  H.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  this 
specimen  is  a  somewhat  abnormal  example  of  the  present  variety. 

For  the  following  species  from  Southern  Queensland  sent  to 
me,  some  alive  and  some  in  an  excellently  preserved  state,  I  have 
to  thank  my  brother,  Mr.  John  S.  Steel,  whose  descriptive  notes 
on  the  living  worms  have  been  most  useful  to  me. 


'O 


Geoplana  elegans,  n.sp. 
(PI.  VI.  fig.  2.) 

In  the  median  line  of  the  dorsal  surface  in  a  specimen  of 
ordinary  size  is  a  bold  sharp  pale  brown  band,  about  |  mm. 
broad,  extending  from  tip  to  tip.  In  the  centre  of  this  bard 
there  is  a  very  narrow  line  of  pure  white  running  its  length 
in  the  centre.  On  either  side  of  the  median  line  a  broad 
band    of    dark    brown,    varying  to   dark   olive,    bro  aest  in  the 


*  Pioc.  R.  S.  Victoria,  1891,  pp.  86  and  93,  PI.  12,  fig.  15. 


112  AUSTRALIAN    LAND    PLANARIANS, 

middle,  where  it  is  rather  more  than  twice  the  width  of  the 
median  line  and  tapering  gently  to  each  end.  The  outer  margin 
of  this  band  is  of  a  much  darker  tint  than  the  remainder  of  it. 
The  remaining  space  to  the  margin  of  the  body,  nearly  as 
wide  as  the  broad  band  just  described,  corresponds  in  tint  with 
the  median  space,  and  close  to  its  outer  margin  is  a  tine  line 
composed  of  specklings  of  same  colour  as  the  broad  bands.  On 
either  side  of  this  line  there  is  frequently  a  still  finer  faint  line 
likewise  composed  of  specklings,  which  specklings  may  be  more 
or  less  diffused  over  the  marginal  surface. 

The  ventral  surface  has  a  middle  space  of  pearly  white,  corres- 
ponding to  the  ambulacral  zone  of  Bipalium  Keicense,  rather  more 
than  1  mm.  wide  at  the  centre  and  tapering  to  the  ends.  In  this 
zone  are  situated  the  external  apertures.  Between  the  white 
central  zone  and  the  margins  is  uniformly  speckled  with  brown, 
the  edges  of  the  bands  so  formed  being  delicately  pencilled  out  by 
the  specklings  crowding  together.  The  intermediate  specklings 
are  fi-equently  arranged  to  form  a  series  of  longitudinal  interrupted 
lines. 

Eyes  numerous  and  conspicuous,  forming  a  single  row  round 
the  anterior  tip,  extensively  and  densely  grouped  on  the  sides 
close  to  the  tip  and  extending  backwards  in  a  single  row  for  a 
few  mm.,  the  side  grouping  extending  upwards  almost  to  the 
dorso- lateral  bands. 

Pharyngeal  aperture  midway  between  the  ends,  and  genital 
opening  again  midway  between  that  and  the  posterior  end.  Both 
apertures  are  very  conspicuous. 

In  spirit,  a  fair  sized  specimen  38  mm.  long  by  5  mm.  wide. 
Another  medium  specimen  32  mm.  by  4  mm. 

Type  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1515. 

Hah. — Nerang  River,  Southern  Queensland  (Mr.  John  S. 
Steel). 

In  general  shape  this  species  resembles  G.  Fletcheri,  Dendy,  but 
does  not  taper  so  abruptl}'^  to  the  posterior  end.  It  is  a  very 
handsome  and  distinct  species  and  was  found  by  Mr.  John  S.  Steel 
fairly  common  under  logs  on  the  Nerang  River,  Southern  Queens- 
land. 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  113 

Geoplana  parva,  n.sp. 

(PL  VI.  fig.  1.) 

The  dorsal  surface  has  in  the  middle  a  tapering  band  of  yellow, 
in  the  median  line  of  which  is  a  very  narrow  but  strongl}'  marked 
line  of  dark  brown.  The  yellow  band  tapers  off  towards  the 
anterior  extremity  and  comes  to  a  fine  point  about  2  mm.  from 
the  tip,  but  extends  quite  out  to  the  posterior  end. 

The  space  on  either  side  of  the  yellow  band  right  to  the 
margins,  and  also  round  the  anterior  tip,  is  of  a  rich  chocolate 
brown,  darkest  on  its  inner  margin.  This  ai'ea  thus  forms  a  pair 
of  broad  marginal  stripes.  Close  inspection  shows  that  these 
bands  are  really  covered  with  close  stipplings  of  brown,  the  yellow 
body  colour  showing  through.  Towards  the  outer  margins  the 
stipplings  are  thinner  and  the  surface  has  there  a  mottled  appear- 
ance of  mixed  yellow  and  brown. 

On  the  ventral  surface  there  is  a  median  white  space  corres- 
ponding in  position  and  dimensions  with  the  dorsal  yellow  band, 
in  which,  as  in  the  previous  species,  the  external  apertures  are 
situated.  The  marginal  area  on  either  side  of  the  clear  space  is 
thickly  speckled  with  light  brown  spots.  These  spots  are  well 
defined  and  distinct,  not  running  into  one  another  to  form 
stipplings. 

Eyes  conspicuous,  arranged  as  usual  in  a  single  row  round  the 
anterior  tip,  thickly  grouped  a  short  distance  back,  the  grouping 
extending  well  up  on  the  brown  bands  nearly  to  the  margin  of 
the  median  yellow  area;  any  continuation  of  the  eyes  backwards 
was  not  observed  more  than  a  few  mm.  from  the  grouping. 

The  pharyngeal  aperture  is  about  the  centre  of  the  ventral 
surface,  and  the  genital  opening  midway  between  this  and  the 
posterior  end;  both  apertures  conspicuous. 

Length  in  spirit  15  mm.  by  2|- mm.  at  widest  part. 

In  shape  exactly  resembling  G.  elegans  befoi-e  descinbed,  but 
much  smaller  in  size. 

Type  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1516. 

Hah.  — Nerang  River,  Southern  Queensland  (Mr.  John  S.  Steel). 
8 


114  AUSTRALIAN    LAND    PLANARIANS 


This  beautiful  little  planarian  in  general  appearance  resembles 
small  specimens  of  G.  elegatis,  but  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the 
dorso-median  narrow  brown  line  and  by  the  spotted  nature  of  the 
markings  on  the  ventral  surface.  It  appears  to  be  the  smallest 
Australian  land  planarian  yet  described,  the  next  smallest  being 
G.  minor,  Dendy,*  fi'om  Burnett  River  and  Cooran,  Queensland, 
the  length  of  which  is  given  by  Dr.  Dendy  as  18  mm.,  while  the 
present  species  is  just  15  mm.,  both  measurements  being  of  spirit 
specimens. 

G.  parva  is  apparently  a  scarce  species,  as  only  two  individuals, 
both  of  the  same  dimensions,  were  found  by  the  collector —  Mr. 
John  S.  Steel — after  a  prolonged  search. 

Rhynchodemus  guttatcs,  F.  ife  H. 

Rhynchodemus  guttatus,  Fletcher  and  Hamilton,  Proc.  Linn. 
Soc.  N.S.W.  (Ser.  2),  Vol.  ii.  p.  373;  Rhynchodemus  VictoriiK, 
var.  Steelii,  Dendy,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (Ser.  2),  Vol. 
ix.  p.  733. 

Mr.  Dendy  named  this  variety  from  specimens  collected  by  the 
writer  on  the  Blue  Mountains,  N.S.W.  Through  the  courtesy  of 
Mr  Fletcher,  I  have  been  able  to  compare  some  of  the  specimens 
with  which  I  supplied  Dr.  Dendy  with  the  original  types  of 
Messrs.  Fletcher  and  Hamilton;  and  Mr.  Fletcher  and  myself  are 
agreed  that  they  are  identical.  Such  being  the  case,  I  have 
thought  it  well  to  take  the  first  opportunity  of  recording  this 
correction.  When  Messrs.  Fletcher  and  Hamilton  described  the 
species,  curiously  enough  the  two  specimens  which  they  had 
chanced  to  be  what  appears  to  be  a  somewhat  uncommon  form, 
having  spots  on  the  ventral  surface.  Since  then  these  gentlemen 
have  got  a  number  of  further  specimens,  and  I  also  have  collected 
a  good  series  from  the  Blue  Mountains  and  Bundanoon,  N.S.W. ; 
and  from  an  examination  of  all  these  it  is  evident  that  they  are 
one  and  the  same  species,  which  was  originally  described  as  R. 
guttatus,  F.  and  H.     The  spots  in  the  first  specimens  are  evidently 

*  Proc.  R.  S.  Vict.  1892,  p.  125. 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  115 

a  minor  character,  for  the  specimens  agree  exactly  in  every  other 
respect. 

Typical  specimens  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  Gr, 
1532. 

Durinsj  my  study  of  the  land  planarian  worms,  I  have 
experienced  the  greatest  trouble  in  clearing  up  doubtful  points  of 
identity  owing  to  the  published  descriptions  being  in  many  cases 
quite  inadequate,  and  the  types  not  being  available  for  reference. 
With  a  view  to  doing  what  I  can  to  obviate  this  state  of  matters 
for  future  students,  I  have  deposited  in  the  Australian  Museum, 
Sydney,  the  types  of  all  the  species  described  in  this  paper.  I 
have  further  placed  in  the  same  institution  as  complete  a  set  as  I 
am  able  of  typical  specimens  of  previously  described  Australian 
forms,  which  I  hope  to  supplement  from  time  to  time,  and  I 
would  appeal  to  naturalists  whenever  possible  to  follow  a  similar 
course.  I  am  also  sending  a  similar  series  to  the  British  Museum 
of  Natural  History  in  order  to  supplement  the  collection  already 
placed  there  by  other  workers  in  Australia. 

Part  ii. — Collection  and  Prkservatiox. 

It  will  be  unnecessary  for  me  to  say  anything  about  the 
situations  in  which  land  planarians  are  to  be  met  with,  as  this 
matter  has  already  been  fully  dealt  with  by  Messrs.  Fletcher  and 
Hamilton,  and  by  Pi'ofessors  Dendy  and  Spencer  in  their  various 
papers.  When  collecting  I  usually  carry  a  few  small  tin 
boxes  or  wide-mouthed  bottles,  the  covers  or  corks  of  which  fit 
fairly  close  but  are  readily  removed.  Into  these  I  put  some  fresh 
green  leaves  or  damp  moss,  which  permits  of  the  worms  being 
carried  for  considerable  distances  without  injury.  During  very 
hot  weather  I  have  found  it  a  good  plan  to  carry  the  boxes  in  a 
little  wallet,  each  box  being  wrapped  in  a  cotton  rag  kept  moist 
with  water.  By  keeping  the  boxes  cool,  this  prevents  the 
destruction  of  the  worms  by  the  heat. 

In  cool  weather  no  such  precautions  are  necessary,  and  I  have 
kept  the  animals  alive  amongst  damp  moss  in  a  cool  place  for 
weeks  at  a  time.      Planarians   are   creatures  which  cannot   be 


116  AUSTRALIAN    LAND    PLANARIANS, 

advantageously  preserved  by  putting  at  once  into  spirit,  so  that 
at  all  times  it  is  desirable  for  the  collector  to  take  them  home 
alive. 

When  such  soft-bodied  creatures  are  to  be  preserved  it  is 
necessary  to  use  some  fluid  medium  such  as  alcohol,  for  they 
cannot  be  dried  without  destroying  all  recognisable  characters. 
If  put  direct  into  spirit,  many  planarians  break  into  fragments 
owing  to  the  forcible  contraction  induced,  or  become  twisted  or 
curled  so  as  to  render  their  future  examination  a  matter  of  some 
difficulty. 

Again,  they  are  all  more  or  less  covered  with  a  slimy  secretion, 
which,  being  coagulated  by  the  spirit,  forms  a  white  opac[ue 
coating  adhering  tenaciously  to  the  surface  of  the  animal,  and  so 
effectually  masking  the  characteristic  bands  and  markings  as  to 
frequently  i*ender  identification  difficult  or  uncertain,  besides 
usually  completely  obscuring  the  eyes. 

In  preserving  these  worms — and  I  may  here  state  that  earth- 
worms may  be  advantageously  treated  in  precisely  the  same 
manner — I  first  of  all  kill  them  witli  very  weak  spirit.  The 
strengtli  which  I  prefer  is  1  of  ordinary  methylated  spirit  to  15 
or  20  of  water. 

The  worms  are  simply  dropped  into  this  weak  spirit  contained 
in  a  shallow  dish,  and  die  in  about  10  or  15  minutes  without  the 
slime  becoming  coagulated  or  the  worm  breaking  into  pieces.  I 
now  take  them  up  one  at  a  time  by  means  of  a  pair  of  weak- 
springed  flat-bladed  forceps,  and  with  the  aid  of  my  wetted  fingei's 
gently  draw  the  blades  of  the  forceps  along  the  worm's  body, 
slightly  compressing  the  body  between  them,  and  in  this  way 
scrape  off  the  slime,  wiping  the  forceps  on  a  piece  of  rag.  With 
a  little  care  this  can  be  done  readily  and  safely  even  with  the 
most  delicate  planarians,  and  leaves  them  beautifully  clean  and 
free  from  the  objectionable  slime.  It  is  necessary  to  keep  the 
fingers  moist,  otherwise  the  worm  will  stick  and  become  damaged. 

Having  the  strong  spirit  (80  to  85  per  cent.)  in  another  shallow 
dish,  the  worm  is  gently  laid  in  it  and  by  means  of  fingers  and 
foi'ceps    flattened    and     straightened    out    and    prevented    from 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  117 

shrinking  too  much  as  the  spirit  hardens  it.  A  few  minute-; 
suffices  for  this,  and  it  is  now  left  while  the  others  are  being 
similarly  treated.  When  all  are  finished  they  are  transfei-r,'  I, 
with  strong  spirit,  to  the  tubes  or  bottles  in  which  they  are  to  o^ 
preserved. 

The  great  drawback  to  the  use  of  spirit  in  preserving  those 
worms  is  the  solubility  of  the  colouring  matter  of  many  of  thcin 
in  that  menstruum. 

The  beautiful  yellow  and  green  tints  are  completely  removed, 
leaving  the  previously  elegantly  coloured  parts  bleached  and 
white,  the  spirit  meantime  becoming  yellow. 

Fortunately  the  colours  soluble  in  spirit  are  usually  confincn] 
to  the  areas  of  body  colour;  the  characteristic  bands,  lines,  i*-c  , 
being  of  a  dark  pigment  which  is  but  slightly  affected  thereby. 
I  hav3  made  numerous  experiments  with  the  view  to  preserve 
land  planarians  in  their  natural  colours.  It  is  necessary  to  use 
some  medium  which,  while  capable  of  preserving  the  animals,  does 
not  dissolve  or  destroy  the  colour.  I  have  tried  a  large  number 
of  substances,  such  as  different  strengths  of  Formaline,  alone  and 
combined  with  spirit,  various  saline  solutions,  etc.,  and  though  I 
have  failed  to  discover  a  medium  entirely  to  my  satisfaction,  it  is 
perhaps  as  well  to  record  such  amount  of  success  as  I  have  had. 
The  preservative  which  I  have  found  to  answer  best  of  all  is 
chloroform.  So  far  as  preserving  the  colours  is  concerned  it  ans^\  rrs 
perfectly,  but  its  high  specific  gravity — causing  specimens  to  float 
—  md  its  volatility,  are  somewhat  serious  objections.  Common 
kerosene  is  another  medium  which,  while  not  so  efficient  as 
chloroform,  gives  a  very  good  retention  of  colour. 

Before  putting  into  either  chloroform  or  kerosene,  it  is  neces- 
.sary  to  harden  the  specimen  a  little  in  strong  spirit,  the  action 
of  this  being  to  displace  water  from  the  tissues. 

The  worms  are  killed  and  cleaned  as  already  described  and 
then  put  in  strong  spirit  until  the  colour  is  seen  to  just  begin 
tinging  the  spirit.  Each  specimen  is  laid  for  a  moment  on  a 
piece  of  blotting  paper  to  remove  surplus  spirit,  and  then  put 
direct  into  the  chloroform  or  kerosene. 


118  AUSTRALIAN    LAXD    PLAXARIANS 


As  the  planarians  remain  rather  limp  and  stick}',  and  conse- 
quently difficult  to  handle,  and  to  prevent  from  adhering  to  one 
another,  it  is  perhaps  best  to  lower  them  vertically  into  the  empty 
dry  tube  or  bottle,  and  to  press  them  gently  against  the  side. 
They  will  then  adhere,  and  when  all  are  in  the  preserving  medium 
may  be  poured  in.  Alcohol  and  kerosene  do  not  mix,  and  though 
with  small  specimens  the  kerosene  appears  able  to  displace  the 
spirit,  this  is  not  the  case  with  large  bulky  planarians.  When 
such  are  being  dealt  with — and  indeed  in  all  cases — it  is  well  to 
submit  them  to  a  preliminary  soaking  in  chloroform  after  taking 
out  of  the  spirit  used  for  hardening.  Chloroform  ismiscible  with 
both  spirit  and  kerosene,  and  so  effects  the  thorough  displacement 
of  the  foi'mer  by  the  latter.  An  objection  to  kerosene  is  its 
general  messiness  and  tendency  to  soak  out  through  the  cork. 
This  latter  propensity  can  be  overcome  by  making  use  of  good 
corks  and  varnishing  them  all  over  with  strong  shellac  in  spirit, 
allowing  to  dry  thoroughly  before  using. 

I  have  further  made  a  few  trials  with  kerosene  for  preserving 
such  objects  as  the  common  green  Cicada,  Phasmids,  etc.,  which 
in  spirit  become  of  an  ugly  red  colour,  and  I  find  it,  when 
properly  used,  to  answer  very  well,  causing  them  to  retain  their 
natural  green  colour.  The  specimens  which  I  exhibit  have  been 
preserved  for  about  five  months. 

Insects,  spiders,  &c.,  which  it  is  desired  to  preserve  in  kerosene 
should  have  the  body  slit  open  and  soaked  in  strong  spirit  in 
order  to  displace  the  water  from  the  tissues,  which  would  other- 
wise decay ;  they  are  then  transferred  to  chloroform,  in  which 
they  may  be  left  indefinitely,  being  finally  transferred  to  kerosene. 

In  one  of  his  recent  Annual  Reports,  Mr.  A.  Haly,  Curator  of  the 
Colombo  Museum,  gives  an  account  of  some  trials  of  carbolised  oil  for 
preserving  in  their  natural  shape  and  colour  various  vertebrates, 
such  as  fish,  frogs,  snakes,  lizards,  &c.,  and  also  crustaceans  and 
spiders. 

I  have  made  a  few  trials  with  this  medium,  and  find  that  it 
preserves  the  colours  of  land  planarians  excellently,  the  extremely 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  119 

fugitive  tints  of  such  forms  as  Geoplana  sancjuinea  and  G. 
IlilUi,  being  retained  almost  perfectly.  At  present  I  have  in 
hand  a  series  of  experiments  for  the  purpose  of  finding  the' best 
method  of  applying  this  preservative  to  general  natural  history 
specimens,  and  should  T  arrive  at  any  results  of  value  I  propose 
at  a  future  time  to  communicate  them  to  the  Society. 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  no  preserving  medium  will 
prevent  the  bleaching  of  any  of  these  objects  by  light,  and  it  is 
necessary  with  land  planarians  as  with  the  others  to  keep  them 
as  much  as  possible  in  darkness,  or  at  least  away  from  strong 
light. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  VI. 

Fig.  \. — Geoplana  par ra. 
Fig.  2. — Geojjlaiia  degans. 
Fig.  3. — Gzoplana  pondei'osa. 
Fig.  4. — Geoplana  robusta. 

Plate  VII. 

Fig.  0. — Geoplana  HUlii. 

Fig.  6. — Geoplana  quinqitelinenta. 

Fig.  7. —         ,,  ,,  vai-.  accentuata. 

Fig.  8. — Geoplana  alholin.tafa. 

Fig.  10. — Geoplana  atrala. 


120 


LAND    PLANARIANS    FROM    FIJI,    WITH    DESC:ilP- 
TIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES. 

By  Thos.  Steel,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S. 

(Plate  VII.,  figs.  9  and  11.) 

Some  time  ago  I  received  from  my  brother,  Mr.  F.  W.  Stoel,  a 
small  collection  of  planarians,  comprising  three  species,  which  he 
made  on  the  Navua  River,  Viti  Levu.  Two  of  these  proved  to 
he  undescribed,  and  are,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  first  recorded 
apparently  indigenous  planarians  from  Fiji. 


BiPALiUM  Kevvense,  Moseley 

3stin 
Navua  River 


This  interesting  worm  was  found  common  under  logs  on  the 


Geoplana  trifasciata,  n.sp. 

(PI.  vii.,  tig.  9.) 

The  following  description  refers  to  spirit  preserved  specimens: — 
In  median  dorsal  line  a  bold  broad  band  of  very  dark  brown 
running  from  tip  to  tip.  Close  to  the  margin  on  either  side 
another  similar  band  not  quite  so  wide  as  the  median  one,  the 
space  between  the  median  and  marginal  bands  being  nearly  white 
and  of  about  the  same  width  as  the  median  band.  Ventral 
surface  white,  with  a  dim  band  of  same  colour  as  the  dorsal 
ones  close  to  each  margin. 

A  single  row  of  eyes  round  anterior  tip  and  down  each  side  for 
at  least  half  way.  No  grouping  of  eyes  could  be  traced  in  the 
specimens  at  my  disposal.  The  pharyngeal  aperture  about 
one-third  from  anterior  end.  Position  of  genital  opening  not 
clearly  made  •  out,  but  apparently  about  midway  between  the 
other  and  the  posterior  end. 

Length  in  spirit  13  mm.  by  2^  mm.  broad. 


BY    THOS.    STEEL.  121 

Type  in  Australian  Museum,  Sydney;  register  number  G.  1517. 

Hah. — Navua  River,  Viti  Levu,  Fiji.  In  a  compost  heap  made 
up  of  sugar-mill  refuse.      {Mr.  F.  W.  Steel.) 

This  very  small  species  was  found  burrowing  in  a  heap  of 
compost,  which  seems  rather  a  curious  haljitat  for  a  planarian. 
It  is  remarkable  as  being  still  smaller  than  G.  parva,  mihi,  from 
Queensland,  and  in  being,  Mr.  Fletcher  informs  me,  the  first 
Geoplaiia  described  from  any  of  the  South  Pacific  Islands. 

Rhynchodemus  scriptus,  n.sp. 
(PL  VII.,  fig.  11.) 

Description  of  spirit  preserved  specimens  : — The  ground  colour 
of  the  dorsal  surface  a  very  pale  shade  of  brown.  Anterior  tip 
dark  brown,  running  into  a  bold  band  on  either  side,  which 
quickly  diffuses  backward  into  a  marginal  line  composed  of 
minute  crooked  and  branching  stipplings  or  marks.  These  lines 
continue  down  the  margins,  rather  plainly  defined  until  they 
coalesce  at  the  hinder  extremity,  starting  just  behind  the  meeting 
of  the  bold  brown  bands;  at  the  anterior  tip  there  is  a  similar 
pair  of  dorso-medial  bands;  these  start  from  a  common  point  and 
run  backwards  to  near  the  posterior  end  where  they  join,  thus 
enclosing  a  median  space  of  ground  colour.  Like  the  marginal 
Viands,  the  dorso-medial  ones  are  composed  of  minute  irregular 
markings  which,  under  the  microscope,  somewhat  resemble 
Oriental  written  characters.  Towards  the  anterior  end  of  the 
bands  these  markings  are  somewhat  crowded  together  and  of 
darker  colour,  making  this  part  more  strongly  marked.  In  colour 
the  markings  composing  these  bands  vary  from  pale  rufous  to  very 
dark  brown.  The  central  and  intermediate  spaces  of  ground 
colour  are  lightly  speckled  with  markings  similar  to  those  com- 
posing the  bands.  In  some  specimens  the  medial  bands  tend  to 
coalesce  inwards  to  form  a  very  broad,  sparse,  exceedingly  irregular 
band. 

Ventral  surface  somewhat  irregularly  peppered  with  speckles 
similar  to  those  on  dorsal  surface,  which  are  usually  more  or  less 


122  LAND    PLANARIANS    FROM    FIJI. 

grouped  to  form  an  ill-defined  pair  of  longitudinal  lines  near  the 
margins  and  running  from  tip  to  tip. 

Eyes  two,  situated  as  usual  near  the  front  end.  Owing  to  the 
specimens  being  much  curled  and  broken  I  could  not  satisfy 
myself  as  to  the  relative  positions  of  the  apertures,  but  so  far  as 
I  could  make  out  the  pharynx  is  situated  about  the  centre  of  the 
body,  and  the  genital  aperture  midway  between  that  and  the 
hinder  end. 

Length  of  one  specimen  about  25  mm.  by  3  mm.  broad ; 
another  22  mm.  by  2  mm. 

Type  in  Australian  Museum;  register  number  G.  1518. 

flab. — Navua  River,  Viti  Levu,  Fiji.  Found  in  same  situation 
as,  and  associated  with,  preceding  species.     (Mr.  F.  W.  Steel.) 

This  worm  bears  a  strong  resemblance  in  general  appearance  to 
(though  considerably  smaller)  A",  rhibius,  Spencer,  from  Lord  Howe 
Island  f.  It  is  distinguished  by  the  arrangement  and  structure  of 
the  dorsal  markings  and  by  the  presence  of  the  ventral  lines. 


EXPLANATION  OP  FIGURES. 
Plate  vir. 

Fig.    9. — Geop/ami  trifasciata. 
Fig.  11. — Rhynchodemu6  scriptua. 


t  Trans.  R.S.  Vict.  1891,  p.  48. 


123 


DESCRIPTION  OF  A  NEW  SPECIES  OE  LAND 

SHELL. 

By  C.  E.  Beddome. 

Helix  (Hadra)  yeppoonensis. 

Shell  urabilicated,  globose-conoidal,  light  buff  colour,  with 
numerous  narrow  bands  of  chestnut,  visibly  striated,  which  goes 
deep  into  the  umbilicus,  spire  conical,  apex  obtuse,  whorls  6|, 
aperture  oblique,  white,  livid  white  on  the  reflected  lip,  apertures 
connected  with  a  shiny  callus. 

Alt.  34,  diam.  36  mill. 

Hah. — Yeppoon,  near  Piockhampton,  Queensland. 


About  one  third  larger  than  r.atural  size.  From  an  authentic  specimen 
(not  the  type).      C.  Hedley,  del. 

I  have  a  var.  of  a  dark  chestnut  colour,  made  by  the  chestnut 
lines  being  more  numerous,  extended  to  the  base  of  shell,  and 
into  the  aperture. 

Near  to  H.  Mosmani,  Brazier,  in  its  markings,  but  difFei's  in 
being  umbilicated,  and  white-lipped. 

The  type  specimens  are  in  m}'  collection. 


12t 


NOTICS    AND    EXHIBITS. 


Mr.  Fred.  Turner  sent  for  exhibition,  and  comnuinicated  Notes 
upon,  specimens  of  "Milk-bush"  {Sarcodemma  aM.^•<?v^/e,  R.Br.), 
and  "  Hop  Plant  "  (Daviesia  l.atifolia,  R.Br).  The  former  as  a 
fodder  plant  of  ^•ery  considerable  merit  has  lately  come  promi- 
nently into  notice  in  Western  Australia,  especially  in  very  dry 
seasons.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves  of  the  latter  is  reported  to 
have  cured  a  case  of  hydatids  in  the  Upper  Murray  District, 
Victoria,  particulars  of  which  were  given.  [For  other  references 
to  these  two  plants,  see  Journal  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture, 
Perth,  W.A.,  Vol.  iv.  No.  3  (Feb.  10th,  1897),  p.  1150;  and 
Papers  and  Proc.  Royal  Society  of  Tasmania,  1890,  p.  xi.] 

Mr.  North  sent  for  exhibition  the  eggs  described  in  his  paper. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt  exhibited  specimens  of  the  so-called 
Queensland  Fruit  Fly  {HnJterophora  capitata,  Wied.,  sp.)  in  the 
pupal,  larval,  and  perfect  forms,  together  with  some  apples  from 
Inverell,  N.S.W.,  showing  how  these  are  affected  by  the  attacks 
of  this  destructive  pest  which  has  been  reported  from  the  nortliern 
parts  of  New  South  Wales  as  well  as  from  Gosford  and  Penrith. 
Also  specimens  of  potatoes  from  Colo  Vale,  attacked  by  white 
ants  {TfTinea  sp.)  while  in  the  ground  before  being  dug  up. 

Mr.  T.  Steel  exhibited  a  fine  collection  of  well-preserved  and 
displayed  Land  Planarians,  representing  the  species  described 
in  his  paper,  and  illustrating  the  modes  of  preservation  and  the 
results  after  the  use  of  the  ^'arious  preservative  media  advocated 
therein. 

Mr.  Steel  also  contributed  the  following 

Note  OH  Pri'i/fatus. 

"I  desire  to  place  on  record  the  occurrence  in  New  South  Wales 
of  P.  oviparus,  Dendy,  the  Victorian  form  of  Peripatus.      While 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS.  125 

collecting  in  January  of  this  year,  between  Exeter  and  Bundanoon 
(Moss  Vale  District),  on  turning  over  a  log  I  noticed  a  Peripatns 
which  from  its  attitude  and  general  appearance  specially  attracted 
my  attention.  This  proved  to  be  a  female  specimen  of  the  above 
species,  and,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  this  is  the  first  occasion  on 
which  its  occurrence  in  this  colony  has  been  definitely  recorded. 
The  lozenge-shaped  pattern  which  characterises  most  of  the  speci- 
mens found  in  Victoria  is  well  displayed;  and  the  fact  of  the 
ovipositor  being  fully  extruded  in  the  specimen,  which  I  now 
exhibit,  is  sufficient  guarantee  of  its  identity.  When  visiting  the 
Australian  Museum  a  few  days  ago  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
examining  the  specimens  of  FprijxdtLti  preserved  there,  and  I  was 
interested  in  noticing  that  those  collected  by  Mr.  Helms  in  1889 
at  Mt.  Kosciusko  belong  to  the  same  species.  All  of  the  females 
in  the  Museum  collection  from  that  locality,  which  I  examined, 
have  the  ovipositor  plainly  visible,  and  in  many  of  them  it  is 
fully  extruded." 


126 


WEDNESDAY,   MAY    26th,   1897. 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, May  26th,  1897. 


Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  ths  Chair. 


Mr.   Gerald  H.   Halligan,   "  Riversleigh,"  Hunter's  Hill,  was 
elected  a  Member  of  the  Society. 


DONATIONS. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.     xx.  Band  (1897),  jSTos.  526-528  (March- 
April).      From  the  Editor. 

Zoological  Society,  London — Abstract,  April  6th,  1897.  From 
the  Society. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.  A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  (1897), 
Nos.  8-9  (April  21st  and  28th).     From  the  Secretary. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  (1897),  Nos.  8-9  (April). 
From  the  Government  Secretary. 

Sydney  Observatory — Rain  and  River  Observations  during 
1895  :  and  four  Pamphlets  (Nos.  134,  135,  136,  and  139.)  From 
the  Director. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia.  Vol.  x.  No.  4  (April, 
1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Journal  of  Conchology.  Vol.  viii.  No.  11  (April,  1897);  and 
Wood's  "  List  of  Shells,  &c.,  found  at  Sutton  Coldfield,"  (1897). 
From  the  Co)ichological  Society  oj"  Great  Britiin  a  -d  Ireland. 

L'Academie  Royale  de  Danemark,  Copenhague — Bulletin,  1896. 
Nr.  6  :   1897.  Nr.  1,      From,  the  Academy. 


DONATIONS. 


127 


Comite  Greologique  de  St.  Petersbourg — Bulletins.  Vol.  xv. 
-(1895),  Nr.  5;  Supplement  au  T.  xv.  :  Memoires.  Vol.  xiv.  Nos. 
2  and  4.      From  the  Society, 

Museum  National  Hongrois,  Budapest — Journal  de  Zoologie, 
&c.     Vol.  XX.  (1897),  Parts  1-2.      From  the  Museum. 

Jahres-Katalog  pro  1897  der  Wiener  Kryptogamen-Tausch- 
anstalt.      From  the  Editor. 

Societe  Royale  Linneenne  de  Bruxelles  —  xxii.'"*'  Annee.  No.  6 
(Mars,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Zoological  and  Acclimatisation  Society  of  Victoria — 33rd 
Annual  Report  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Victoria — Guides  to  Growers.  Nos. 
19,  20,  22,  23,  25,  28,  29,  30  (1894-97):  Four  Reports  (1895),  by 
J.  M  Sinclair  :  Four  Pamphlets  (Manures  and  Manuring,  Red 
water  in  Cattle  due  to  Tick  Poisoning,  Prospectus  of  Agricultural 
Colleges)  (Jan.,  1897)  :  List  of  .Fruit  Trees,  &c.  From  the 
Secretary  for  Agriculture. 

Gordon  Technical  College,  Geelong— The  Wombat.  Vol.  ii. 
No.  3  (April,  1897).      From  the  College. 

Victorian  Naturahst.  Vol.  xiv.  No.  1  (May,  1897).  From 
the  Field  Naturalists^  Cluh  of  Victoria. 

Societas  Entomologica  Rossica,  St.  Petersbourg — Horae.  T. 
XXX.  (1895-96),  Nos.  3-4.     From  the  Society. 

La  Nuova  Notarisia.  Serie  viii.  (April,  1897).  F^rom  Prof. 
G.  B.  De  Toni. 

Scottish  Microscopical  Society — Proceedings.  Vol.  ii.  (1895- 
96),  No.  1.     From  the  Society. 

Marine  Biological  Association,  Plymouth — Journal.  Vol.  iv. 
No.  4  (March,  1897).      From  the  Director. 

Russisch-Kaiserliche  Mineralogische  Gesellschaf t  —  Verhand- 
lu  igen.     Zweite  Serie.     xxxii.  Band.     From  the  Society. 


128  DONATIONS. 

L'Acadt^mie  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersbourg — 
Bulletin.  v«  Serie.  T.  vi.  No.  2  (Feb.,  1897).  From  the 
Academtj. 

Verein  fiir  Erdkunde  zu  Leipzig — Mittheilungen  1896  :  Wiss- 
enschaftliche  Veroffentlichungen.  iii.  Band.  2  Heft.  From 
the  Society. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore — Hospital  Bulletin. 
Vol.  viii.  No.  73  (April,  1897).      From  the  University. 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington — Bulletin.  No. 
5,  Technical  Series  (1897);  Nos.  7-8,  New  Series  (1897):  Farmers' 
Bulletin.     Nos.  4-5  and  47.       From  the  Secretary  for  Ayricidture.  ' 

American  Geographical  Society,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  xxix. 
(1897),  No.  1.      From  the  Society. 

American  Naturalist.  Vol.  xxxi.  (1897),  No.  3G4  (April). 
From,  the  Editor. 

Museum  of  Comp.  Zoology,  H-arvard  College — Bulletin.  Vol. 
XXX.  Nos.  4-5  (Feb.-March,  1897).      From  the  Director. 

American  Museum,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  ix.  Article  7  (pp. 
1 1 1-114).      From  the  Director. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  Vol.  xii.  (1897),  No.  137 
(May).      Fro7n  the  Editor. 

Societe  Hollandaise  des  Sciences  a  Harlem — Archives  Neer- 
landaises.     T.  xxx.  5"®  Liv.     From  the  Society. 

Societe  Imperiale  des  Naturalistes  de  Moscou — Bulletin. 
Annee  1896,  No.  3.     From  the  Society. 

Naturhistoriske  Forening  i  Kjobenhavn — Videnskabelige  Med- 
delelser  for  Aaret  1896.     From  the  Society. 

Entomological  Society,  London — Transactions,  1897.  Part  1. 
From  the  Society. 


129 


NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMICIDJE  OF  MACKAY, 
QUEENSLAND. 

By  Gilbert  Turner. 

I  have  been  induced  to  record  these  notes,  made  while  collecting 
ants  from  their  nests,  and  observing  them  at  large  in  the  vicinity 
of  my  home  (about  fifteen  miles  west  of  the  town)  in  the  hope 
that  they  may  be  of  interest  to  entomologists  who  are  not  so 
favourably  situated,  or  who  only  know  the  species  from  cabinet 
collections. 

I  am  enabled  to  do  this  through  the  kindness  of  Professor  Aug. 
Forel,  of  Zurich,  who  has  identified  my  specimens,  described  some 
of  the  new  species,  and  given  me  a  great  deal  of  information 
about  the  distribution  and  habits  of  Ants  in  other  countries. 

To  give  some  idea  of  the  richness  of  ant  life  in  this  district  I 
append  a  list  of  1 40  species  collected,  many  of  which  are  common. 

This  part  of  the  country  is  divisible  into  "  forest,"  that  is 
is  grass  land  more  or  less  thickly  timbered,  the  prevailing 
trees  on  which  are  some  half-dozen  species  of  eucalypts : 
and  "  scrub,"  which  only  occurs  on  the  hills,  and  in  narrow 
belts  along  the  watercourses  ;  no  grass  grows  upon  this  sort  of 
country,  which  is  very  thickly  timbered,  and  is  sometimes  almost 
impenetrable  from  the  abundance  of  vines  and  climbing  plants. 

Ants  are  far  more  numerous  in  the  forest  than  they  are  in  the 

scrub  lands,  because  in  the  former  those  species  which  frequent 

the  ground  can  get  an  abundance  of  light  and  sunshine  in  which 

to  air  their  jDupte,  whereas  in  the  latter  the  foliage  of  the  trees 

forms   such  a  dense  shade,  that  very  little  direct  sunshine  can 

reach  the  ground  or  indeed  penetrate  beyond  the  tangled  foliage 

above.     It  is  remarkable  how  very  few  species  frequent  the  trees 

in  the  scrub,  but  this  is  probably  owing  to  the  great  numbers  of 
9 


130  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMICID^E  OF  MACKAY, 

the  savage  little  green  tree  ant,  (Ecophylla  smaragdina,  Fab.,  var. 
virescens,  Fab.,  which  attacks  everything  that  comes  in  its  way. 

These  ants  build  nests  by  drawing  the  leaves  together  with  a 
web,  forming  the  tip  of  a  branch  into  an  irregular  rounded  mass 
often  over  a  foot  in  diameter  and  partitioned  off  into  irregular 
cells  or  chambers  among  the  enclosed  leaves.  These  nests  are 
constructed  in  the  tops  of  the  smaller  scrub  trees  or  undei'growth^ 
and  might  at  first  sight  be  taken  for  immense  spider  nests.  They 
swarm  with  ants,  and  it  is  a  common  incident  when  pushing  one's 
way  through  the  creepers  to  tear  one  of  their  nests  and  have  a 
swarm  of  these  savage  little  creatures  come  tumbling  down  on 
one's  head,  and  where  an  ant  falls  he  hangs  on  with  his  long 
sharp  jaws,  and  each  has  to  be  picked  off  before  one  is  rid  of 
them.  They  range  from  Mackay  to  the  New  Guinea  scrubs,  if 
not  further,*  and  are  the  pirates  of  the  tropical  scrubs,  destroying 
an  immense  number  of  insects.  The  wild  bees  forming  "honey 
bags  "  in  the  tree  trunks  protect  the  entrance  to  their  nests  with 
a  funnel-like  rim  of  propolis  to  keep  them  out;  but  if  this  rim 
gets  damaged  the  cunning  little  ants  will  crawl  upon  the  broken 
■edge  and  pick  off  each  bee  as  it  comes  out;  and  it  is  wonderful 
that  any  insects  live  in  scrub  in  which  the  ants  are  so  numerous. 

So  far  as  my  knowledge  at  present  extends,  about  twenty 
species  are  confined  to  the  scrub,  though  only  twelve  of  these  can 
be  said  to  be  strictly  scrub  species;  the  others  having  been  found 
so  rarely  as  to  make  it  a  matter  of  doubt  whether  with  extended 
I'esearch  they  might  not  occur  also  in  the  forest.  Although  the 
line  of  demarcation  between  the  forest  and  scrub  is  nearly  always 
sharply  defined,  j^et  this  is  not  always  the  case  with  the  range  of 
the  difierent  species  of  ants ;  GLcopliylla  smaragdina  even 
occasionally  encroaching  but  never  very  far,  into  the  forest  country, 
while  there  is  one  forest  ant  frequently  ranging  a  short  distance 
into  the  scrub.  This  naturally  makes  it  difficult  to  determine  to 
which  class  of  countr}'  a  species  belongs  when  it  is  rare  and  only 
found  at  the  junction  of  the  scrub  and  forest. 

*  The  typical  (E.  smaragdina  fouud  in  India  is  of  a  yellow  colour.  Other 
species  are  fouud  in  Africa. 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER.  131 

Stony  pockets  of  forest  land  running  up  into  the  scrub,  and 
.stony  ridges  near  the  jungle  seem  to  be  most  favoured  by  the  ants; 
the  land  in  these  places  is  usually  poor  and  thinly  covered  with 
grass,  and  eveiy  log  or  stone  protects  one  or  more  of  their  nests; 
this  land  is  drier  than  the  surrounding  country  and  is  seldom 
visited  by  an  animal  larger  than  a  wallaby,  which  keeps  to  its 
beaten  track,  so  that  the  ant-nests  are  seldom  disturbed. 

Among  the  larger  ants  Camponotus  novce-lwllandke,  Mayr, 
Zieptomyrmex  er if  tliroceplialus,  Fab.,  and  Myrmecia  nigrocincta., 
Mayr,  are  very  plentiful,  and  appear  to  be  about  equally  distri- 
buted in  both  the  forest  and  the  scrub,  and  the  same  may  be 
said  of  one  or  two  of  the  smaller  species. 

A  fact  worth  mentioning  in  connection  with  this  point  is,  that 
of  three  species,  PolyrJiacliis  Icevior,  Rog.,  Pheidole  proxima, 
Mayr,  and  an  undescribed  Cremastogaster,  which  I  have  only 
found  in  the  forest,  there  are  new  varieties  or  races  which  are  only 
found  in  the  scrub.  Another  species,  Pheidole  variahilis,  Mayr, 
common  in  the  forest,  always  forms  its  nest  on  the  ground  under 
logs  or  stones,  but  there  is  a  new  variety  of  this  species  found 
both  in  the  scrub  and  forest  which  always  builds  its  nest  in 
cavities  in  living  trees,  or  in  rotten  timber  lying  on  the  ground; 
this  is  the  only  species  of  this  genus  that  in  this  district  does  not 
make  its  nest  on  the  ground. 

Out  of  twelve  species  confined  to  the  scrub.  Professor  Forel 
determined  seven  to  be  new;  two  others  new  varieties  of  described 
species,  the  typical  forms  of  which  have  not  yet  been  found  here; 
two  species  have  not  yet  been  determined,  and  the  remaining  one 
is  the  widely  distributed  (Ecopliijlla  smaragdina.  It  is  thei'efore 
evident  that  the  scrub  has  hitherto  not  been  so  closely  hunted 
over  by  collectors  as  the  forest,  and  even  with  my  opportunities 
for  collecting  in  it,  I  know  that  a  great  deal  remains  to  be  clone 
in  this  class  of  country. 

The  genus  Camponotms  is  represented  by  fifteen  species,  one  of 
which  when  submitted  to  Profess*or  Forel  was  found  to  be  new, 
and  another  which  had  been  wrongly  named  has  since  been 
described  by  him.* 

*   Ann.  SoG.  Ent.  Belg.  Vol.  xxxi.K.  1895. 


132  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORillCID^-E  OF  MACKAY, 

With  the  exception  of  two  of  these  species  that  sometimes 
range  into  tlie  scrub,  all  of  them  are  confined  to  the  forest  lands; 
they  usually  make  their  nests  in  the  ground  under  logs  or  stones, 
but  some  species,  though  naturally  subterranean  in  their  habits, 
sometimes  depart  from  the  general  rule  and  construct  their  homes 
in  hollow  trees. 

Camponotus  infrepidiis,  Kirby,  makes  its  nest  in  the  ground, 
forming  a  conical  mound  about  a  foot  in  height  and  eighteen 
inches  in  diameter  at  the  base;  the  earth  is  excavated  from  the 
galleries  below,  which  form  the  main  part  of  the  nest,  but  the 
raised  dome  above  it  is  full  of  irregular  chambers  in  which 
numbers  of  males,  females  and  pupte  as  well  as  workers  are 
living  in  the  early  summer.  These  ants  seem  to  form  colonies,  as 
their  nests  are  generally  found  in  groups  of  two  or  three  to  some- 
times a  dozen  within  a  radius  of  twenty  yards. 

I  have  only  succeeded  in  obtaining  a  complete  series  of 
specimens  of  the  following  five  species :  the  males  and  females  of 
Camponotus  ceneopilosus^  Mayr,  are  plentiful  in  the  nests  in 
October  and  November;  those  of  C.  novce-hollandicB,  Mayr,  in  the 
latter  month,  and  those  of  C.  dorycus,  Sm.,  var.  confiisus^  Em., 
C  niyriceps,  Sm.,  and  its  variety  C.  dimuUatns,  Rog.,  towards 
the  end  of  December  and  January;  but  the  time  of  the  appear- 
ance of  the  sexes  depends  a  good  deal  upon  the  season. 

The  genus  Polyrhacliis  is  i-epresented  by  no  less  than  twenty- 
five  species,  in  addition  to  which  there  are  some  seven  or  eight 
varieties  or  races;  many  of  the  members  of  this  genus  are  remark- 
able for  the  beauty  of  their  colours  and  symmetrical  form. 

Among  these  Professor  Forel  found  ten  new  species*,  most  of 
the  varieties  unknown.  Another  species,  Polyrhachis  dives,  Sm.^ 
also  identified  by  him,  very  common  in  tropical  Asia,  has  been 
found  by  me  for  the  first  time  in  Australia. 

This  group  of  ants  are  both  arboreal  and  terrestrial  in  their 
nesting  habits;  the  nests  of  eleven  species  are  always  found  in  the 
ground,  many  of  which  are  variable  in  their  construction  even  in 

•  Ann.  Sue.  Ent.  Belar.  Vol.  xxxix.  1895. 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER.  133 

the  same  species,  sometimes  consisting  simply  of  excavations  in 
the  ground  under  logs  or  stones,  while  at  other  times  they  form 
their  galleries  under  a  tuft  of  grass,  covering  it  with  a  mound  of 
earth  a  foot  in  height  ;  sometimes  the  mound  is  composed  of 
vegetable  debris,  particles  of  soil,  ifec,  all  held  together  very  loosely 
by  a  kind  of  web,  but  the  latter  is  a  rare  form. 

The  only  nest  of  Folijrliacliis  dives  found  was  formed  somewhat 
in  this  manner,  without  any  particles  of  soil,  being  built  round  a 
small  tree,  unconnected  with  the  ground,  and  about  three  feet  up 
the  stem,  some  smaller  branches  and  long  blades  of  grass  being 
enclosed.  The  whole  nest  was  oval  in  form,  measuring  a  foot  in 
diameter.  Another  species  [Polyi'lmchis  sp.  1)  covered  in  an  angle 
in  a  rock  with  a  nest  composed  of  the  same  material  covered  with 
a  similar  web  about  six  inches  in  diameter  and  almost  circular, 
the  exterior  being  slightly  coiivex  and  only  attached  to  the  rock 
round  the  edge.  The  entrance  to  this  nest  was  very  remarkable; 
it  was  situated  about  two  inches  from  the  junction  of  the  nest 
with  the  rock  and  protected  by  a  short  tube  composed  of  the  same 
kind  of  woody  dt^bris,  raised  half  an  inch  above  the  surrounding 
surface  of  the  nest,  circular  in  form,  and  not  more  than  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  slightly  enlarged  where  it  entered  the 
nest. 

Two  species,  Polyrhachis  oniata,  Mayr,  and  P.  Daemeli,  Mayr, 
build  their  nests  in  rotten  places  in  timber  or  under  loose  pieces 
of  bark,  but  P.  lcBvioi\  Rog.,  and  P.  rnsteUata^  Latr.,  form  their 
nests  in  the  foliage  by  joining  several  leaves  together  with  a  web; 
where  the  edges  of  the  lea^•es  are  not  in  contact,  the  intervening 
space  is  filled  up  by  the  web,  which  also  lines  the  interior  of  the 
nest;  sometimes  they  take  a  single  large  leaf  and  turning  it  over 
or  even  rolling  it  up  longitudinally,  form  a  small  compact  nest. 

The  nests  of  the  other  speci(;s  have  not  been  discovered,  but  as 
the  specimens  have  been  all  captured  upon  the  stems  of  trees, 
most  of  them  may  be  presumed  to  be  arboreal  in  their  habits. 

The  males  and  females  of  this  genus  are  most  plentiful  in 
October  and  November,  but  on  more  than  one  occasion  I  have 
found  both  sexes  in  the  nests  in  August,  and  once  found  males  in 


134  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMICIDjE  OF  MACKAY, 

May.  The  winged  forms  are  hard  to  find,  for  only  those  of  half 
the  species  in  the  district  have  been  secured. 

The  genus  Myrmecia  is  poorly  represented  in  this  district,  only 
three  species  having  been  collected,  of  which  only  31.  nigrocincta, 
Mayr,  is  common.  This  species  constructs  a  rounded  mound  of 
earth  over  the  nests,  and  at  the  least  alarm  they  come  rushing  out 
one  behind  the  other  in  light  skirmishing  order,  in  a  series  of 
jumps,  and  from  their  manner  of  progression  are  often  called 
"jumpers";  they  both  bite  and  sting  ver}^  severely.  The 
entrance  to  the  nest  is  generally  on  the  side  of  the  mound  level 
with  the  ground  about  Sydney,  but  in  Mackay  it  is  always  on  the 
top;  the  excavations  below  were  followed  in  one  nest,  from  which 
males  and  females  were  obtained  in  October,  to  a  depth  of  two 
feet  without  reaching  the  end. 

The  only  other  species,  neither  of  which  is  common,  and 
whose  nests  never  contain  many  individuals,  are  Myrmecia 
auriventris,  Mayr,  and  a  ^'ariety  of  M.  ]rilivenfris.  The  members 
of  this  genus,  which  is  peculiar  to  Australia,  are  much  better 
represented  in  the  more  arid  and  sandy  portions  of  Southern  and 
Central  Australia  than  in  the  tropical  regions. 

The  genus  Podomyrma  is  well  represented  by  some  eight 
species,  five  of  which  were  previously  unknown,  and  some  of 
which  have  since  been  described  by  Professor  Forel.  All  these 
ants  make  their  nests  in  cavities  in  the  centre  of  living  trees,  the 
entrance  to  the  nest  being  so  small  a  hole  that  only  one  ant  can 
pass  in  at  a  time,  so  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  locate  the  nest 
without  careful  observation. 

Three  species,  Podomyrma  gratiosa,  Sm.,  P.  micans,  Ma3'r,  and 
P.  striata,  Sm.,  are  comparatively  common,  and  until  recently  I 
believed  that  each  species  confined  itself  to  a  distinct  species  of 
tree,  but  my  brother  in  a  visit  some  twenty  miles  down  the  coast, 
where  there  is  the  same  class  of  forest,  found  their  nests  in 
different  kinds  of  timber.  Where  one  nest  is  discovered  there 
are  frequently  in  the  same  tree  several  smaller  distinct  nests  with 
separate  openings  that  are  probably  offshoots  from  the  original 
colony.     In  a  nest  of  P.  striata  were  found  some  curious  coccids 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER.  135 

about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  firmly  attached  to  the 
inner  walls  of  the  nest  bj'  a  white  substance. 

Aphaenof/ aster  longiceps,  Sm.,  is  a  very  common  ant,  and 
during  the  wet  weather  throws  up  mounds  of  about  eight  inches 
in  diameter  and  rising  to  a  height  of  three  or  fo\ir  inches  round 
the  opening ;  they  vary  much  in  size  and  shape,  and  are  most 
numerous  where  the  grass  is  shoi't,  but  from  their  loose  construc- 
tion are  soon  destroyed  ;  it  is  usual  in  cloudy  weather  to  see 
several  workers  on  the  top  of  the  mound,  but  they  hurry  down 
the  chamber  when  disturbed. 

There  is  one  species,  Lepfomi/rmecc ert/throcej)Jiahis,Fahr., which 
can  be  described  as  a  "honey  ant,"  for  certain  workers  in  every 
nest  have  their  abdomens  greatly  distended  by  a  sweet,  trans- 
parent fluid.  These  workers  are  only  found  at  the  bottom  of  the 
nest,  about  two  feet  from  the  surface;  they  can  move  about,  but 
are  not  as  active  as  the  unaltered  workers,  and  never  leave  the 
nest.  I  have  occasionally  found  workers  of  two  species  of 
Camponotus  and  two  of  Iridomyrmex  away  from  the  nests 
with  their  abdomens  slightly  distended,  but  evidently  only  caused 
by  a  hearty  meal. 

One  of  our  most  extraordinary  ants  is  Odontomaclius  rujicepsy 
Sm.,  var.  coriarius,  Mayr,  a  large  insect  measuring  over  half  an 
inch  in  length,  with  very  long  jaws  hooked  at  the  tip  and 
generally  carried  pointing  straight  out  in  front  of  the  head;  but 
when  disturbed  it  opens  them  out  until  at  right  angles  to  the 
ordinary  position  on  either  side  of  the  head,  closing  them  quickly 
with  a  snap  causing  a  clicking  sound,  which  is  evidently  done  to 
intimidate  their  enemies,  as  they  do  it  only  when  frightened. 

By  way  of  experiment,  a  few  of  these  ants  were  placed  in  a 
shallow  cup  about  two  inches  deep,  the  sides  of  which  sloped  slightly 
to  the  rim,  but  too  steep  for  the  ants  to  climb,  so  they  managed 
to  get  out  in  the  following  manner :  opening  their  jaws  to  the 
fullest  extent,  they  placed  themselves  head  downwards  with  the 
body  resting  against  the  side  of  the  cup,  and  suddenly  closed 
their  jaws  with  a  snap,  just  as  if  a  watch  spring  had  been 
suddenly  released,  this  action  sujDplying  enough  impetus  to  not 


136  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMICID^E  OF  MACKAY, 

only  throw  them  backwards  clean  out  of  the  cup  but  sometimes 
full}'  a  foot  beyond  it.  Wishing  to  see  how  they  laid  hold  of 
anything,  I  let  the  end  of  a  piece  of  string  hang  down  into  the 
cup,  but  they  closed  their  jaws  slowly  in  a  somewhat  aimless 
manner  as  if  they  did  not  understand  escaping  by  this  means. 

The  moment  a  nest  of  this  species  is  disturbed,  the  woi'kers 
come  rushing  out,  making  a  curious  squeaking  noise  quite 
distinct  from  the  sound  caused  when  the  jaws  snap  together. 
This  is  the  only  ant  that  I  have  come  across  that  emits  a  true 
sound  audible  to  the  human  ear,  but  as  yet  I  have  not  been  able 
to  ascertain  how  this  sound  is  produced. 

Parasitic  hymenoptera  (Family  Ghalcididce)  are  sometimes  met 
with  in  ants'  nests;  once  when  breaking  up  a  rotten  log  contain- 
ing a  nest  of  Pheidole  variabilis,  Mayr,  a  fine  specimen  of 
jEiicluD'is  sp.,  just  ready  to  emerge,  was  found  among  the  ants. 
In  another  case,  four  ant  pupte  enveloped  in  their  silken  cases 
wei'e  found  in  the  nest  of  Bothroponera  mayri,  Em.,  and  placed 
in  a  breeding  bottle,  where  they  remained  from  September  to  the 
middle  of  November,  when  a  fine  female  chalcid  of  the  genus 
R}iij)ipallus  emerged  from  one,  though  it  was  not  until  three 
months  later  that  the  ants  came  out  of  the  other  three  pupa 
cases. 

Of  the  genus  Both  roj)  on  era  there  are  three  or  four  large  species 
which  resemble  each  other  very  closely,  and  the  individuals 
of  which,  when  disturbed,  discharge  a  white  frothy  substance 
from  the  anus  ;  though  when  they  sting,  which  they  do  pretty 
severely,  they  do  not  eject  this  frothy  matter. 

In  collecting  ants,  spiders  are  frequently  met  with  that  not 
only  closely  resemble  the  ants  among  which  they  consort,  both  in 
form  and  colouration,  but  also  in  their  mode  of  progression,  so 
that  it  is  only  after  their  capture  that  their  true  affinities  are 
revealed. 

One  spider  takes  to  itself  the  appearance  of  a  worker  of 
Jjeptomyrmex  erythrocepJialus,  Fabr.,  and  curves  its  abdomen 
upwards  and  forwards  until  it  rests  on  the  top  of  the  thorax, 
exactly  the  same  as  the  ant;  another  bears  a  very  strong  resem- 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER.  137 

blance  to  Camponotus  <sneopilosns,  Mayr,  while  a  third  imitates 
the  form  of  some  of  the  species  of  the  genus  Folyrhachis,  even  to 
the  golden  pile  upon  the  abdomen. 

Since  these  spiders  are  only  found  in  places  where  the  ants  that 
they  resemble  are  also  found,  and  as  the  latter  are  frequently 
found  without  the  mimetic  spiders,  it  is  evident  that  it  is  the 
spiders  which  benefit  from  their  striking  resemblance  to  their 
hosts. 

In  concluding  these  notes,  I  would  like  it  to  be  understood 
that  they  refer  only  to  the  Formicidm  collected  in  the  immediate 
district,  as  under  different  conditions  and  surroundings  it  is 
very  probable  that  the  same  species  may  vary  both  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  nest  and  the  site  chosen. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt  for  notes  and 
assistance  in  preparing  this  paper. 

Appended  is  a  list  of  species  of  ants  collected  in  this  district : — 

FORMICIDtE. 
I.  Subfamily  CAMPONOTID.S:. 
Genus  Camponotus. 

1.  C.  ceneopilosus,  Mayr. 

2.  C.  albojnlosus,  Mayr. 

3.  C.  arcuatus,  Mayr. 

4.  C  claripes,  Mayr. 

5.  C.  doryciis,  Sm.,  var.  covfusus,  Em. 

6.  C.  extensus,  Mayr. 

7.  C.  intrepidus,  Kirby. 

8.  C.  Janeti,  Forel. 

9.  C.  Lotvnei,    Forel    {  =  tiiti<b(s,    Lowne,    nee    Norton,    nee 

Smith). 

10.  C.  nigricej)s,  Sm. 

,,  var.  dimidiatus,  Rog. 

11.  C.  novce-hollavdioi,  Mayr. 

12.  C.  reticulatits,  Rog.,  var.  Ypvlniryi,  Foi'el,  var. 

13.  C.  suhnitidus,  Mayr. 


138  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMIC  IB^  OF  MACK  AY, 

14.  C.  siiffiosus,  Sm. 

15.  C.  vitreiis,  Sm. 

Genus   Colobopsis. 

16.  C.  rufifrons,  Sm.,  var.  semicarinata,  Forel. 

Genus   Polyrhachis. 

17.  P.  amnion,  Fabr. 

„  var.  angusta,  Forel. 

18.  P.  aminonoeides,  Rog. 

19.  P.  appendiculata,  Em.  (race  undescribed). 

20.  P.  daemeli,  Mayr. 

„  ,,     (race  undescribed). 

21.  P.  dives,  Sm. 

22.  P.  Guerini,  Rog. 

23.  P.  Heinlethii,  Forel. 

24.  P.  Hookeri,  Lowne. 

var.  lownei,  Forel. 

„       var.  obsGura,  Forel. 

25.  P.  Icevior,  Rog. 
„  „     (race  undescribed). 

26.  P.  micans,  Mayr. 

27.  P.  ornata,  Mayr. 
„  „       (race  undescribed), 

28.  P.  Penelope,  Forel. 

29.  P.  punctiventris,  Mayr. 

30.  P.  rastellata,  Latr. 

31.  P.  semiaurata,  Mayr. 

32.  P.  Schenki,  Forel  (two  races  undescribed). 

33.  P.  trap)ezoidea,  Mayr. 

34.  P.  Turner},  Forel. 
35-41.  Undescribed  species. 

Genus  Echinopla. 
42.  One  undescribed  species. 


! 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER.  139 

Genus  Opisthopsis. 

43.  0.  respiciens,  Sm. 

44.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus   CEcophylla. 

45.  CE.  smaragdina,  Fabr.,  var.  vh'escens,  Fabr. 

Genus   L  E  p  t  o  m  y  r  m  e  x. 

46.  L.  eyrthrocephalus,  Fabr. 

Genus   N"  o  t  o  n  c  u  s. 

47.  N.  Gilberti,  Forel. 

Genus    Prenolepis. 

48.  P.  obscura,  Mayr. 

,,  „       var.  undescribed. 

Genus   P  l  a  g  i  o  L  e  p  i  s. 

49.  P.  exigua,  Forel  (var.  undescribed). 

Genus    Acropyga. 

50.  A.  moluccana,  Mayr  (var.  undescribed). 

Genus   Melophorus. 

51.  M.  ceneovirens,  Lowne. 
52-55.  Four  undescribed  species. 

II.  Subfamily  DOLICHODEaiD.ffi. 
Genus   Dolichoderus. 

56.  D.  DoricB,  Em. 

57.  D.  scrohiculatus,  Mayr. 

58.  One  undescribed  species  and  one  undescribed  var. 

Genus   T  A  p  i  N  o  M  A. 

59.  T.  minutum,  Mayr. 

„  ,,       (var.  undescribed). 


140  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMICID^  OF  MACKAY, 

Genus   Technomyrmex. 
60-61.  Two  undescribed  species. 

Genus    T  U  R  N  E  R  I  A. 

62.  T.  hidentata,  Forel. 

Genus   Iridomyrmex. 

63.  /.  glaber,  Mayr. 

64.  /.  gracilis,  Lowne. 

,,  ,,       (race  undescribed). 

65.  /.  itinerans,  Lowne  (race  undescribed). 

66.  /.  nitidus,  Mayr. 

67.  /.  rufoniger,  Lowne. 

„  ,,       (var.  undescribed). 

68.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus    B  o  t  ii  r  i  o  M  Y  r  m  e  x. 

69.  B.  pusillus,  Mayr. 

Genus    P  l  a  x  y  t  ii  y  r  e  a. 

70.  P.  Turneri,  Forel. 

III.  Subfamily  P0NERID5;. 
Genus    Odontomaciius. 

71.  0.  ruficeps,  Sm.,  var.  coriarius,  Mayr. 

Genus   Anochetus. 

72.  A.  Graeffei,  Mayr. 

73.  One  undescribed  sj^ecies. 

Genus    P  o  n  e  r  a. 

74.  P.  lutea,  Mayr. 

75.  P.  melanaria,  Em.  (var.  undescribed). 

76.  P.  punctatissima,  Rog.,  var.  indifferens,  Forel. 

77.  P.  truncata,  Sm.  (var.  undescribed). 

78.  P.  irigona,  Mayr  (var.  undescribed). 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER. 

Genus   Bothroponera. 

79.  B.  Mayri,  Em. 

80.  B.  piliventris,  Sm. 

„  ,,    var.  miiior,  Forel. 

81.  B.  sublcevis,  Em.,  var.  reticulata,  Forel. 

Genus   E  c  t  a  t  o  m  m  a. 

82.  E.  convexum,  Mayr. 

83.  E.  metallic um,  Sm. 

84.  E.  (AcaniJioponera)  imbellis,  Em.,  var.  hilare,  Forel. 

85.  E.  ( Rhytido'ponera)  scabruni,  Mayr. 

86.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus   Lobopelta. 

87.  L.  conigera,  Mayr. 

88.  L.  excisa,  Mayr. 

89-90.   Two  undescribed  species. 

Genus   L  e  p  T  o  G  e  N  Y  s. 

91.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus    S  y  s  c  i  a. 

92.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus    Sphinctomyrmex. 

93.  S.  Emeryi,  Forel,  var.  myops,  Forel. 
94-95.  Two  undescribed  species. 

Genus   Lioponera. 

96.  L.  longitarsns,  Mayr,  var.  australis,  Forel. 

Genus   M  y  r  m  e  c  i  a. 

97.  J/,  auriventris,  Mayr. 

98.  M.  nigrocincta,  Mayr. 

99.  M.  piliventris,  Sm.,  var. 


141 


142  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORUICID^E  OF  MACKAY, 

IV.  Siibfamily  DORYLID^. 

Genus  ^  n  i  c  t  u  s. 

100.  ^.  hengalensis,  Mayr  (race  undescribed) 

101.  One  undescribed  species. 

V.  Subfamily  MYRMICID.ffi. 

Genus   S  i  M  A. 

102.  S.  IcBviceps,  Sm. 

Genus    Cardiocondyla. 

103.  C.  nuda,  Mayr. 

Genus    0  l  i  g  o  m  y  r  m  e  x. 

104.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus    Pheidole. 

105.  P.  brevicornis,  Mayr. 

106.  P.  impressiceps,  Mayr. 

107.  P.  lonc/iceps,  Mayr. 

108.  F.  proxima,  Mayr. 

„  ,,       (two  vars.). 

109.  P.  variabilis,  Mayr. 

„  „      var. 

110-111.  Two  undescribed  species. 

112.  One  undetermined  species 

Genus   T  e  t  r  a  >i  o  R  i  u  m 

113.  T.  guinee.nse,  Fabr. 

114.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus  L  i  o  m  y  r  m  E  x. 

115.  L.  (Machomyrma)  dispar,  Forel. 


BY    GILBERT    TURNER.  143 


Genus   M  o  n  o  m  o  r  i  u  m. 


116.  M.  pharaonis,  Linne. 

117.  M.  vastator? 

Genus   D  A  c  R  y  o  n. 

118.  D.  omniparens,  Forel. 

Genus  Aph^nogaster. 

119.  A.  longicep)s,  Sm. 

Genus    S  tr  u  M  i  G  e  n  y  s.. 

120.  S.  ( Epopostruma)  quadrispinosa,  Forel. 

121.  aS'.  (Epopostruma)  Turneri,  Forel. 

Genus   M  y  r  m  e  c  i  N  A. 

122.  One  undescribed  species. 

Genus   Cremastogaster. 

123.  C.  Afscrt,  Mayr. 

124.  C.  Iceviceps,  Sm. 

125.  C.  sordidula,  Nyl.  (var.  undescribed), 
126-127.  Two  undescribed  species. 

One  undescribed  race. 

Genus  Triglyphgthrix. 

128.  T.  obesa,  Andre,  var.  undescribed. 

Genus    P  o  D  o  m  Y  R  M  A. 

129.  P.  convergens,  Forel. 

130.  F.  elongata,  Forel. 

131.  P.  gratiosa,  Sm. 


144  NOTES  UPON  THE  FORMICID^^  OF  MACKAY. 

132.  p.  micans,  Mayr. 

133.  P.  striata,  Sm. 

134-136.  Three  undescribed  species. 

Genus  Meranoplus. 

137.  M.  hirsutus,  Mayr. 

„  ,,     and  var 

138.  M.  puhescens,  Sm.,  xay.  fenestratvs,  Sm. 


\ 


145 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  CYPR^A 
FROM  WESTERN  AUSTRALIA. 

By  Agnes  F.  Kenyon. 

Cypr.ea  kaiseri,  n.sp. 

Sliell  more  pyriform  and  elegantly  shaped  than  in  C.  jyyyiformis, 
more  attenuated  at  the  anterior  extremity;  it  is  also  smaller,  with 
the  back  more  i\aised;  the  dorsal  surface  cream-coloured,  minutely 
freckled  with  light  brown  specks;  base  white,  more  convex  than 
in  C.  pyrifoi-mis;  the  side  spots  smaller  and  of  a  darker  brown; 
spire  umbilicated;  there  is  an  absence  of  the  end  blotches  present 
in  both  C.  pyriformis  and  C.  smithi,  and  it  is  altogether  a  more 
exquisitely  shaped  shell;  columellar  teeth  15,  red  as  in  C.  pyri- 
formis,  those  on  the  lip  numbering  17,  sharp  and  white;  the 
anterior  end  is  produced  as  in  C.  pidclidla. 

Long  21;  greatest  lateral  breadth  13,  smallest  4  mm. 

Hah. — Lagrange  Bay,  Western  Australia  (A.  F.  Kenyon). 

CYPRiEA    WILHBLMINA,  n.Sp. 

Shell  with  the  dorsal  surface  of  a  light  cream  colour,  spotted 
with  yellow,  a  few  of  the  spots  being  ocellated;  base  ivory-white; 
columella  with  17  teeth,  rather  obtuse;  outer  lip  with  18,  also 
possessing  three  smaller  additional  ones  extending  beyond  the  18, 
inside  the  channel  at  the  posterior  extremity ;  anterior  end 
slightly  produced. 

Long  18;  later.al  width  10  mm. 

Hah. — Western  Australia  (A.  F.  Kenyon). 

I  have  also  a  young  specimen  and  three  others  from  the  same 
locality  of  a  more  ovate  form,  similar  in  shape  and  dentition  to 
C.  poraria,  but  as  they  have  a  cream-coloured,  yellow-spotted 
dorsal  surface,  and  the  base  ivory-white  without  the  faintest 
tinge  of  purple,  I  should  class  them  as  slight  varieties  of  C. 
wilhehnina. 
10 


146 


NOTES  FROM  THE  BOTANIC  GARDENS,  SYDNEY. 

No.  1. 

By  J.  H.  Maiden  and  E.  Betche. 


(«).  Notes  on  rare  Port  Jackson  Plants. 
UMBELLIFER^. 

SiEBERA  Stephensonii,  Bentli. 

Traclij/mene  Sfej)henson/i,  Turcz.  Collected  in  January,  1895, 
by  Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt  near  Botany,  and  in  January,  1897,  by 
Mr.  W,  Forsyth  (Overseer  of  the  Centennial  Park,  and  now  a 
member  of  this  Society),  near  La  Perouse.  It  was  previously 
specifically  recorded  only  from  Manly.  (Also  "within  125  miles 
of  Sydney"  in  Bentham's  Flora  Australiensis). 

COMPOSITE. 

Helichrysum  adnatum,  Benth. 

Syn.  H.  retusum,  F.v.M.  (partim)  F.  v.  Mueller,  Census,  also 
Ft'ctgm.  viii.  46.  Collected  in  November,  1890,  by  E.  Betche 
near  Oatley,  and  in  November,  1896,  by  Mr.  J.  Boorman  near 
Hurstville.  It  is  not  recorded  as  a  Port  Jackson  plant  in 
Bentham's  Flora  Australiensis,  nor  in  Dr.  Woolls'  "  Plants 
Indigenous  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Sydney,"  though  "  Port 
Jackson  "  (sometimes,  however,  a  designation  for  a  very  wide 
geographical  area,  as  used  by  the  older  botanical  writers),  is  given 
as  the  habitat  in  De  Candolle's  Prodromus,  Vol.  vi.  p.  166. 

LEGUMINOS^. 

Acacia  Baueri,  Benth. 

Collected  near  Rose  Bayin  1886,  has  been  recently  discovered  by 
Mr.   W.   Forsyth  in   a    second  Sydney   locality,  the  Centennial 


I 


BY    J.    H.    MAIDEN    AND    E.    BETCHE.  147 

Park.  Acacia  BaueH  was  originally  described  from  specimens 
obtained  from  North  Australia,  and  very  few  localities  (including 
Richmond  River  and  Hunter  River)  are  recorded  between  the 
JN^orth  Coast  of  Australia  and  Port  Jackson. 

GRAMINE^. 
Eriachne  obtusa,  R.  Br. 

Collected  in  May,  1897,  by  Mr.  W.  Forsyth  near  Rose  Bay. 
It  is  an  almost  glabrous  form,  with  no  woolly  hairs  on  the  base 
of  the  stem  as  in  the  desert  forms;  the  outer  glumes  are  quite 
glabrous,  and  the  hairs  on  the  flowering  glumes  are  shorter  and 
more  appressed  than  in  the  typical  form.  The  species  has  been 
previously  recorded  only,  as  regards  New  South  Wales,  from  the 
western  districts,  though  it  is  found  in  Queensland  near  the  coast. 

The  belt  of  low  land  extending  from  Rose  Bay  to  the  sandhills 
of  Bondi  from  which  Acacia  Baueri  and  Eriaclme  ohtusa  have 
been  obtained,  is  also  the  habitat  of  the  rare  DodoncBa  Jilifolia, 
Hook.,  (already  recorded  as  a  Port  Jackson  plant  in  Moore  & 
Betche's  Sandhooh  oftheFloraofJS'.S.  Wales).  It  is  a  remarkable 
fact  that  these  three  northern  plants  have  been  found  in  such 
close  proximity  to  each  other,  and  this  seems  to  indicate  that  they 
are  the  survivors  of  a  time  in  which  northern  plants  extended 
further  south  than  at  the  present  day. 

Dodonaea  Jilifolia  was,  previously  to  its  discovery  n6ar  Rose 
Bay,  only  recorded  from  Queensland,  but  it  is  closely  allied  to  the 
Tasmanian  D.  ericifolia,  G.  Don,  and  the  common  ancestral 
form  of  the  two  species  extended  probably  along  the  whole  East 
coast  of  Australia,  our  Port  Jackson  plants  being  apparently  the 

.sole  survivors  in  N.S.  Wales  and  Victoria,  and  the  connecting 
link  between  the  Tasmanian  Z),  ericifolia  and  the  Queensland  Z>. 

Jilifolia.  The  Port  Jackson  specimens  are  distinguished  from 
Major  Mitchell's,  Dr.  Leichhardt's,  and  other  Queensland 
.specimens  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  by  shorter, 
broader,  more  curved  and  crowded  leaves,  as  well  as  by  the  shorter 


148  NOTES    FROM    THE    BOTANIC    GARDENS 


peduncles,  and  approach  the  Tasmanian  D.  ericifolia  so  closely,, 
that  it  becomes  a  matter  of  doubt  and  difficulty  to  decide  to 
which  of  the  two  species  they  should  be  attributed.  Bentham 
writes  in  1863  in  a  footnote  to  the  description  of  D.  ericifolia  in 
the  Flora  Australiensis  : — "  The  station  Port  Jackson,  usually 
given  on  the  authority  of  plants  raised  in  Kew  Gardens  is,  I 
believe,  erroneous;  the  seeds  were  probably  from  Fraser,  who 
gathered  the  plant  on  S.  Esk  River  in  Tasmania." 

It  seems  to  us  more  likely  that  the  supposed  mistake  did  not 
occur,  and  that  the  Kew  Gardens  plants  in  question  were  raised 
from  seeds  really  collected  near  Sydney,  but  determined  at  that 
time  at  Kew  as  D.  ericifolia,  so  that  the  discovery  of  D.filifolia 
in  the  Port  Jackson  district  may  be  only  the  rediscovery  of  a 
lost  locality.  Now,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  I),  filifolia  seems  to  be 
fast  dying  out  in  the  Port  Jackson  district;  hardly  half  a  dozen 
plants  could  be  found  in  1896  in  the  same  locality  in  which  it 
abounded  in  1883, 


{h).  Plants  New  for  New  South  Wales. 

LEGUMINOS^. 

Acacia  alpina,  P.v.M. 

Summit  of  Mt.  Tabletop,  near  Kiandra  (E.  Betche,  February, 
1897).  Previously  recorded  from  alpine  summits  of  Victoria. 
In  addition  to  Mt.  Tabletop  it  has  been  found  on  the  top  of  two 
other  mountains  near  Kiandra,  always  strictly  confined  to  the 
wind-swept  summit,  where  it  forms  dense  patches,  often  more 
than  ten  feet  in  diameter  and  about  two  or  three  feet  high. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  mention  here  that  Ricliea  Giinnii, 
Hook.,  first  discovered  in  N.S.  Wales  as  recently  as  1893  by  Mr. 
R.  Helms  on  Mt.  Kosciusko,  is  common  in  nearly  all  the  swamps 
near  Kiandra,  an  indication  of  how  imperfectly  the  Kiandra  dis- 
trict has  been  botanically  explored. 


BY    J.    H.    MAIDEN    AND    E.    BETCHE.  149 

COMPOSITE. 
PtERIGERON    DENTATIFOLIUS,   F.V.M. 

Olive  Downs,  Grey  Range  (W.  Bauerlen,  1886).  Previously 
recorded  from  S.  Australia. 

ORCHIDE^. 

Geodorum  pictum,  Lindl. 

Byron  Bay  (E.  Betche,  March,  1896).  The  pseudobulbs  were 
collected  in  a  swampy  forest,  together  with  Phajus  cjrandifolius, 
Lour.,  and  Galanthe  veratrifolla,  R.  Br.,  and  flowered  under 
cultivation  in  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Sydney,  in  January,  1897. 
Previously  recorded  from  Queensland  and  North  Australia. 


150 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THREE    NEW    SPECIES    01* 
AUSTRALIAN  PLANTS. 

By  J.  H.  Maidex  and  E.  Betche. 

SAPINDACE^. 
DoDON^A  Camfieldi,  n.sp. 

A  much  branched  dioecious  shrub  from  about  1  to  nearly  2  feet 
high,  glabrous  and  slightly  viscid.  Leaves  broad-linear,  entire, 
with  slightly  recurved  and  somewhat  undulate  margins,  acute, 
attaining  about  1  inch  in  length,  sessile  with  a  broad  rounded  base 
and  decurrent  on  the  branches  in  3  narrow  wings.  Flowers  in 
short  panicles  terminal  on  short  branchlets,  the  staminate  flowers 
on  slender  pedicels,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  somewhat 
stouter.  Sepals  frequently  reduced  to  4  in  number,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  anthers.  Style  about  ^  inch  long,  very  deciduous  as 
well  as  the  sepals.  Capsule  with  broad  wings  extending  from  the 
base  to  the  top.  Seeds  not  shining,  with  broad  compressed 
margins. 

Waterfall  Creek,  Nowra,  N.S.W.,  (W.  Biiuerlen,  November, 
1888)  ;  about  midway  between  Como  and  Sutherland,  near 
Sydney,  (J.  H.  Camfield,  May,  1897). 

This  remarkable  species  belongs  to  the  Section  "  Cyclopterpe '"' 
of  Bentham's  Flora  Australiensis,  but  it  is  not  closely  allied  to  any 
of  the  described  species.  The  broad  sessile  bases  of  the  leaves 
appear  to  be  unique  in  the  genus,  and  the  leaves  are  further 
remarkable  through  the  lai-ge  groups  of  resin-secreting  glands 
which  give  them  a  dotted  appearance.  In  growth  it  resembles  a 
good  deal  one  of  the  smaller- leaved  forms  of  Grevillea  sjjliaceJato, 
which  is  one  of  the  plants  with  which  it  is  associated. 

Though  recently  ascertained  to  have  been  first  found  nine  years 
ago  by  Mr.  Bauerlen,  whose  name  is  already  well  represented  in 


1 


BY    J.    H.    MAIDEN    AND    E.    BETCHE.  151 

the  Flora  of  N.  S.  Wales,  we  name  the  plant  in  honour  of  Mr. 
Camfield,  overseer  of  the  Garden  Palace  grounds,  its  discoverer 
in  the  Port  Jackson  district,  in  recognition  of  the  zeal  and 
abilit}^  displayed  by  him  in  recent  years  as  botanical  collector  and 
observer. 

COMPOSITE. 

Helipterum  microglossum,  n.sp. 

A  much  branched  woolly-white  hei'b  with  a  woolly  base, 
apparently  not  above  6  inches  high.  Leaves  from  linear  to 
lanceolate,  sessile,  the  longest  attaining  about  one  inch  in  length. 
Flower-heads  shortly  pedunculate  or  almost  sessile,  in  terminal 
crowded  or  corymbose  clusters.  Involucre  nearly  cylindrical,  with 
thin  pale  brown  sparingly  woolly  bracts,  the  inner  ones  keeled 
and  with  very  short  white  rays.  Flowers  about  10  in  the  invo- 
lucre, achenes  silky-hairy,  with  about  20  pappus-bristles  dis- 
tinctly united  at  the  base. 

Tarella,  near  Wilcannia,  N.S.W.,  (W.  Bauerlen,  August,  1887). 

Allied  to  //.  corymbiflorum,  Schlecht.,  with  which  species  F.  v. 
Mueller  unites  it  as  var.  microglossum,  but  it  differs  in  so  many 
essential  points  from  the  true  II.  cory mbijiorum,  apparently 
without  any  intermediate  forms,  that  we  are  of  opinion  it  should 
rank  as  a  species.  The  chief  points  of  difference  between  the 
two  species  are  : 

H.   CORYMBIFLORUM. 

Habit  :  erect,  rather  tall,  with  a  corymbose  inflorescence. 
Involucres  turbinate,  with  straw-coloured  bracts,  the  inner  ones 
with  rays  attaining  3  lines  in  length.  Flower's  about  20  in  the 
head. 

H.  MICROGLOSSUM. 

Habit :  spreading,  rather  small,  with  a  compact  and  leafy, 
scarcely  corymbose  inflorescence.  Involucres  cylindrical,  with 
brown  bracts,  the  inner  ones  with  rays  scarcely  ^  line  in  length. 
Flowers  about  10  in  the  head. 


152  THREE    NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    PLANTS. 

Following  are  additional  localities  for  this  species,  kindly 
supplied  to  us  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Luehmann,  Curator  of  the  National 
Herbarium,  Melbourne  : — 

Upper  Darling,  N.S.W.  (Mrs.  Kennedy) ;  Barrier  Ranges, 
KS.W.  (Mrs.  Irvine,  F.  Wehl) ;  Evelyn  Creek,  N  S.W.  (A. 
King) ;  Lake  Torrens  Plain,  S  A.  (R.  Tate) ;  Yorke  Peninsula, 
S.A.  (O.  Tepper) ;  Mount  Eba,  S.A.  (E.  Giles) ;  Warrina,  S.A. 
(Mrs.  Richards). 

EPACRIDE^. 

Leucopogon  Fletcheri,  n.sp. 

A  rather  tall  (up  to  5  or  6  feet)  divaricately  branched  shrub, 
with  minutely  pubescent  young  branches.  Leaves  spreading, 
linear,  very  pungent-pointed,  with  recurved  margins,  the  longest 
about  4  lines  long.  Flowers  solitary,  pendulous  on  very  short 
recurved  axillary  peduncles.  Bracteoles  broad  and  obtuse,  but 
minutely  mucronate,  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  sepals. 
Sepals  acute,  nearly  half  the  length  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  fully 
4  lines  in  length,  the  lobes  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  Anthers 
without  sterile  tips.  Hypogynous  scales  distinct  or  slightly 
united.  Ovary  5-angled  and  5-celled ;  style  very  long,  exserted 
from  the  corolla.  Fruit  oblong,  longer  than  the  calyx,  frequently 
1 -celled  and  1 -seeded. 

Near  Springwood,  N.8.W.,  (J.  J.  Fletcher,  September,  1887). 

Allied  to  L.  jtmij^ei-imcs,  R.  Br.,  from  which  it  is  chieily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  pendulous  flowers,  the  projDortionately  longer 
corolla-lobes  and  the  exserted  style.  Some  of  the  southern  forms 
of  L.  juniperinus,  especially  Tumut  specimens,  in  the  Herbarium 
of  the  Botanic  Gardens,  have  pendulous  flowers  and  longer  corolla- 
lobes,  and  seem  to  form  a  connecting  link  between  the  two  species, 
but  Mr.  Fletcher's  Springwood  specimens  are  distinguished  from 
all  other  described  species  by  the  exserted  style. 


153 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  AC  AC  J  A 
FROM  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,   Technological 

Museum,  Sydney. 

(Plates  VIII. -IX.) 

Acacia  Dawsoni,  sp.nov. 
(PL  VIII.) 

A  dense,  virgate  shrub  rarely  exceeding  5  feet  in  height,  with 
erect,  terete  branches,  branchlets  minutely  pubescent,  finally 
flattened  or  angular,  with  decurrent  lines,  showing  minute 
resinous  dots.  Phyllodia  narrow,  linear,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
straight  or  slightly  falcate,  obtuse  or  with  a  minutely  recurved 
point,  under  5  inches  long,  about  2  lines  broad,  rigid,  many- 
nerved,  the  veins  distinct,  and  one  or  two  more  prominent  than 
the  rest,  anastomosing  here  and  there,  gland  present  on  the  upper 
edge  at  the  base  of  the  phyllode.  Peduncles  minutely  pubescent, 
1  line  long,  (4-6  forming  a  raceme  much  shorter  than  the  phyllode), 
bearing  each  a  few  flowers  (4-6),  mostly  .3-merous.  Calyx  about 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  deeply  lobed,  slightly  pubescent. 
Petals  glabrous,  slightly  ribbed,  cohering  to  the  middle  at  first,  but 
eventually'  becoming  free.  Pod  linear,  straight  or  slightly  curved, 
glabrous,  under  2^^  inches  long,  1  line  broad,  black ;  valves 
convex  over  the  seeds,  slightly  constricted  between  them.  Seeds 
elongated,  longitudinal,  funicle  thickened  under  the  seed,  with  one 
fold,  becoming  filiform  towards  the  placenta. 

Ilab.  — Rylstone  only,  just  outside  the  town,  near  the  angle 
formed  by  the  Ilford  and  G-len  Alice  Roads,  where  it  was  first 
pointed  out  to  me  by  Mr.  J.  Dawson,  L.S.,  after  whom  I  have 
named  it. 


154  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  ACACIA  FROM  N.S.W., 

I  am  of  opinion  that  this  species,  in  botanical  sequence,  comes 
in  the  Subseries  Oligoneura  of  the  Series  Plurinerves  of 
Bentham,  as  the  phyllodia  resemble  those,  of  A.  eJongata  more 
than  that  of  any  other,  and  which  species  falls  in  that  group.  It 
differs  from  A.  elongata,  however,  in  the  phyllodia  being  more 
elongated  and  less  rigid,  and  drying  a  darker  green;  in  the  mode 
of  inflorescence,  and  having  considerably  fewer  flowers  in  the 
head;  in  its  very  narrow  pod,  and  also  in  being  a  less  attractive 
shrub  than  that  species. 

Except  in  the  matter  of  the  phyllodes  above  alluded  to,  it  is 
by  no  means  easy  to  particularise  the  affinities  of  this  Acacia 
with  the  others  of  this  group.  Of  the  seven  species  described 
under  the  Subseries  Oligoneura,  it  is  allied  perhaps  more  to 
A.  elongata  and  A.  suhporosa  (narrow-leaved  variety),  and  I  have, 
therefore,  placed  it  between  these  two.  It  differs  from  both  in 
its  flowers  being  in  racemes  instead  of  on  individual  peduncles,  and 
also  in  its  having  fewer  flowers  in  the  heads;  and  in  this  latter 
feature  it  appears  to  stand  apart  from  any  other  Acacia — the  num- 
ber of  flowers  being  so  few.  The  individual  flowers  closely  resemble 
those  of  A.  cincinnata,  F.v.M.,  but  this  species  belongs  to  the  Group 
J  itlifer  (K.  It  is  furthur  distinguished  from  the  two  above 
named  species  by  its  calyx,  petals,  pods,  arillus  and  funicle.  I 
should  not  be  surprised  if  another  species  or  two  will  yet  be 
discovered  to  connect  if^with  the  narrow-leaved  variety  of  A. 
subporosa,  F.v.M. 

Acacia  difformis,  sp.nov. 

(Plate  IX.) 

A  small  glabrous,  shrubby  tree,  20  to  30  feet  (as  far  as  seen), 
branchlets  angular,  very  frequently  quite  flattened.  Phyllodia 
oblanceolate,  rigid,  coriaceous,  very  obtuse,  falcate  in  the  narrow- 
leaved  form,  3  to  5  inches  long  in  the  broad  variety  and  8  inches 
in  the  narrow-leaved  variety,  from  3  to  12  lines  broad,  one 
prominent  nerve,  with  a  secondary  one  between  it  and  the  upper 
edge,  running  from  the  base  of  the  phyllode  to  the  gland,  and 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  155 

continuing  onward  to  near  the  apex,  and  so  forming  as  it  were 
an  intramarginal  vein.  Sometimes  it  passes  the  first  gland,  and 
runs  on  to  a  second  one  near  the  middle  of  the  phyllode.  Yery 
often  the  lower  gland  appears  as  though  pathologically  affected,  and 
then  the  upper  edge  of  the  phyllode  has  quite  a  geniculate-shaped 
appearance.  Racemes  attenuated,  shorter  than  the  phyllodes, 
with  about  15  to  20  small  globular  heads  of  about  20  flowers, 
mostly  5-merous,  peduncles  2  to  3  lines.  Calyx  obtusely  lobed, 
thick  at  the  edges,  which  are  covered  with  cilia.  Petals  united 
above  the  calyx,  but  eventuallj^  separating,  glabrous,  slightly 
ribbed.  Pod  7  to  8  inches  long,  moniliform,  valves  thinly 
coriaceous,  under  3  lines  broad,  convex  over  the  seeds,  much 
narrowed  between  them.  Seeds  elongated,  longitudinal,  funicle 
not  folded,  thickened  under  the  seed  into  a  club-shaped  aril. 

Hah. — Tocumwal  ;  Cobar  (Rev.  J.  M.  Curran)  ;  Digilah, 
Merrygoen  (H.  A.  Patrick);  Bylong  (R.T.B.). 

This  sjDecies  pertains  to  the  Section  U  n  i  n  e  r  v  e  s  of  Ben- 
tham's  Table  and  the  Subsection  R  a  c  e  m  o  s  fe,  and,  as  will  be 
seen,  its  alliance  is  essentially  with  A.  penninervis  and  A.  micro- 
hotrya;  indeed  the  numerous  foliage  and  bud  specimens  obtained 
from  time  to  time  from  various  localities  bore  such  a  striking- 
resemblance  to  one  of  the  forms  of  the  former  species  that  they 
were  provisionally  labelled  A.  peiminervis,  Sieb.  I  have  a  very 
complete  series  showing  the  variability  of  the  first-named  species, 
so  that  1  am  able  to  speak  with  some  certainty  in  regard  to  the 
distinctive  character  or  specific  differences  of  this  new  species 
from  either  the  type  or  varieties  of  A.  penninervis,  Sieb. 

The  "  narrow-leaved  "  variety  might  easily  be  confused  with  a 
corresponding  form  of  A.  penninervis  occurring  at  Mogo.  The 
buds,  too,  are  similar  to  those  of  A.  penninervis.  The  secondary 
nerve  is  also  present  as  in  ^.  penninervis,  but  in  this  particular 
species,  as  above  mentioned,  it  is  continued  onward  almost  to  the 
apex  after  colliding  as  it  were  with  the  margin  at  one  or  other  of 
the  two  glands.  I  have  on  rare  occasions  found  this  to  occur 
also  in  some  of  the  broad  phyllodes  of  A.  j^enninervis,  Sieb.  The 
characters  which  at  once  separate  it  from  that  species  are  the 


156  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  ACACIA  FROM  N.S.W., 

long,  attenuated,  moniliform  pod,  the  elongated  seed,  and  the 
short  filiform  funicle.  It  is  further  distinguished  from  A.  penni- 
nervis  by  its  shrubby  growth,  being  never  recorded  as  a  tree;  by 
its  remarkably  flat  branchlets  ;  by  the  edges  of  the  phyllodes 
being  less  nerve-like,  and  also  by  its  sepals  and  petals. 

In  botanical  sequence  its  place  is  between  A.  ])e)ininervis, 
Sieb.,  and  A.  retinoides,  Schl. 

It  is  one  of  the  few  Acacias  exuding  a  soluble  gum,  and  I  am 
indebted  to  Mr.  H.  G.  Smith,  of  the  Technological  Museum,  for 
the  following  note  on  the  chemistry  of  its  gum : — 

The  gum  occurring  on  this  species  is  principally  in  globular 
masses  of  various  sizes  up  to  that  of  a  pigeon's  egg.  Portions  of 
the  gum  are  quite  transparent.  The  colour  is  mostly  of  a  pale 
amber,  although  some  portions  are  of  a  darkish  brown.  The 
gum  breaks  readily  with  a  bright  conchoidal  fracture,  and  when 
coarsely  powdered  much  resembles  in  appearance  the  better  class 
of  gums  belonging  to  the  arabin  group.  It  is  entirely  soluble  in 
two  or  three  parts  of  cold  water,  with  the  exception  of  a  small 
quantity  of  accidental  impurity  (bark,  l*cc.).  The  mucilage 
formed  is  of  fair  viscosity,  and  strongly  adhesive.  The  aqueous 
solution  is  acid  to  test  paper,  and  is  rather  dark  in  colour ; 
alumina,  however,  clears  it  sufiiciently  to  allow  the  determination 
of  its  optical  properties  to  be  made;  it  was  found  to  be  lajvo- 
rotatory  like  the  better  class  gums.  When  boiled  with  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  the  solution  becomes  dextro-rotatory,  most  probably 
from  the  formation  of  Arabinose.  Although  the  present  specimen 
was  found  to  have  well-defined  optical  properties,  j^et  it  is  often 
found  that  the  Australian  gums  are  optically  inactive. 

No  precipitate  was  formed  on  adding  neutral  lead  acetate,  nor 
was  there  any  alteration  on  the  addition  of  ferric  chloride,  except 
a  slight  darkening  of  the  solution.  On  heating  with  caustic  soda 
the  solution  becomes  yellowish  to  brownish. 

The  water  present  was  found  to  be  13-35  per  cent.  The  ash 
is  small  in  quantity,  being  only  "88  per  cent  ;  this  consists  of  the 
usual  bases  found  in  connection  with  arable  acid  in  most  gums. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  157 

viz.  :  —Lime,  magnesia  (in  about  equal  proportions)  and  potassium; 
traces  of  sulphuric  and  phosphoric  acid  were  also  detected. 

Mucic  acid  was  obtained  in  large  quantity  by  oxidising  with 
nitric  acid,  the  amount  being  35-65  per  cent.,  being  the  mean  of 
three  closely  agreeing  determinations;  much  oxalic  acid  was  also 
formed  at  the  same  time,  that  portion  crystallising  with  the 
mucic  acid  being  removed  by  alcohol;  saccharic  acid  does  not 
appear  to  be  formed,  except  perhaps  in  traces.  Australian  gums 
often  form  large  quantities  of  mucic  acid  on  treatment  with  nitric 
acid. 

The  above  results  determine  this  gum  to  be  of  commercial 
value  if  obtainable  in  quantity;  it  may  be  classed  with  the  second 
class  wattle  gums,  of  which  that  of  A.  pycnantha  is  a  type.  It 
very  much  resembles  the  gum  obtained  from  A.  j^enninei'vis  and 
A.  microhotri/a,  Benth. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  VIII. 

Acacia  Dausoni. 

Fig.  L — Flowering  spray. 

Fig.  2. — Portion  of  phyllode  enlarged  to  show  nervation. 

Fig.  .3. — Bud  (enlarged). 

Fig.  4. — Flower  (enlarged). 

Fig.  5. — Pistil  (enlarged). 

Fig.  6. — Pod  (nat.  size). 

Fig.  7. — Seed  showing  arillus  (enlarged). 

Plate  IX. 
Acacia  difformis. 


158 


•ON  A  LARVAL  TELEOST  FROM  NEW  SOUTH  WALES 

By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

The  onl}"  notice  of  a  "  leptocephalid "  from  the  New  South 
Wales  coast  of  which  I  have  been  able  to  find  any  record  is  that 
of  Mr.  Waite  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  (2)  ix.  1895,  p.  225), 
who  mentions  two  examples,  which  may  possibly  Ijelong  to 
•different  species,  from  Port  Jackson  and  Maroubra,  but  gives  no 
description  b}"  which  our  form  ma}'  be  distinguished  from  such 
as  may  occur  on  other  parts  of  the  Australian  coast.  Mr.  Waite's 
examples  were  noticed  under  the  heading  of  ^^  Lejitocephalus  sp.  " 
but  this  generic  name  having  been  primarily  used  by  Scopoli  in 
1777  for  the  larval  form  of  the  conger  eel  (the  Ahtrcena  conger  of 
Linnjfius,  1758)  cannot  be  applied  to  the  present  fish,  being 
necessarily  restricted  to  the  ti"ue  congers,  the  type  of  which  must 
therefore  be  known  as  Leptocephalus  conger. 

As  three  examples  have  lately  come  into  my  hands  I  propose 
to  give  here  such  a  description  as  will  enable  Australian  scientists 
to  recognise  our  form. 

My  first  specimen  was  obtained  early  in  the  j^resent  month  on 
the  beach  at  La  Perouse,  and  came  ashore  alive  at  my  feet,  the 
wind  being  at  the  time  light  and  off  the  land,  the  bay  without  a 
ripple,  and  the  tide  on  a  strong  ebb;  I  mention  these  particulars 
to  show  that  there  were  no  perceptible  extraneous  influences  at 
work  of  sufficient  importance  to  account  for  the  stranding.  My 
other  two  specimens  were  collected  at  Maroubra  by  Mr.  White- 
legge,  and  kindly  handed  over  to  me  for  the  purposes  of  this 
paper. 

An  examination  of  these  larvje  reveals  so  many  points  of 
difference  between  our  fish  and  the  Leptocephalus  morrisii  of  the 
European  Seas  as  to  leave  no  room  for  doubt  that  they  constitute 
the  larval  forms  of  two  very  distinct  genera  of  fishes;  but  until 
we  are  in  a  position  to  keep  such  larvte  in  confinement,  and  ,so 
observe  and  record  every  phase  of  their  development,  any  attempt 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  159 

to  identify  the  parent  form  is  mere  conjecture,  and  tends  to 
confusion.  I  shall,  therefore,  content  myself  with  drawing 
attention  to  the  entire  absence  of  any  vestige  of  caudal  fin,  and 
make  the  obvious  suggestion  that  our  form  is  the  larva  of  one  of 
the  ophichthyoid  eels;  so  far,  however,  none  of  these  eels  are  known 
to  occur  on  our  coast,  or  at  least  very  rarely.* 

In  considering  the  subject  of  the  parentage  of  these  larvfe  we 
must  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  they  are  not  confined  to  the 
apodal  fishes,  but  are  common  also  to  certain  isospondylous  and 
iniomous  genera,  such  as  Albida,  Elops,Alepocephaluii,  and  Stomiasi. 
Fiera.i/er  also  is  said  to  pass  through  similar  transitional  stages. 

The  following  description  is  taken  from  the  three  examples 
above  referred  to  : — 

Body  riband-shaped,  of  about  equal  depth  throughout,  consist- 
ing of  148  to  150  metameres,  its  depth  13  to  17  in  its  length. 
Head  moderate,  not  conspicuously  distinguished  from  the  body, 
from  which  it  is  separated  above  by  a  more  or  less  shallow  con- 
cavity, its  length  16|  to  21  in  the  total  length;  snout  rather  long 
and  pointed,  gently  ascending  on  its  anterior  moiety ;  cleft  of 
mouth  wide,  extending  to  between  the  middle  and  posterior 
border  of  the  e3^e.  Upper  jaw  with  five,  lower  with  six  sti^ong, 
acute,  lanceolate,  widely  set  teeth  in  each  ramus,  directed  forwards 
and  inwards;  one  or  two  small  teeth,  normally  directed,  between 
each  pair  of  large  teeth;  the  anterior  pair  in 
each  jaw  are  strongly  compressed,  and  origi- 
nate on  the  outside  (above  and  below)  of  the 
mouth.  Eye  moderate,  its  diameter  i  to  |^ 
of  the  head  and  about  i    of  the  snout.     Dorsal  fin  oriirinatinff 


*  Oj^hisurus  serpens  has  been  recorded  once  from  Port  Jackson,  and  is 
found  as  far  south  as  Tasmania,  whence  I  have  recorded  a  specimen  in  very 
bad  condition. 

+  Jordan  and  Evermann,  discussing  the  ancestry  of  the  apodal  fishes, 
remark: — "The  Apode-s  are  probably  descended  from  Isospondylous  or 
Iniomous  types,  possibly  from  ancestors  of  the  Anacanthini,  and  their 
divergence  from  typical  forms  is,  in  most  respects,  a  retrogression."  I 
have  not  seen  Dr.  Gilbert's  papers  dealing  with  these  isospondylous  larvae. 


160  ON  A  LARVAL  TELEOST  FROM  N.S.W. 

immediately  behind  the  occiput;  anal  from  f  to  4  nearer  to  the 
tip  of  the  tail  than  to  that  of  the  snout;  dorsal  and  anal  rays 
distinct  in  one  specimen,  only  a  few  of  the  anterior  anal  rays 
visible  in  the  others  :  pectoral  fins  more  or  less  developed: 
extremity  of  the  tail  free.  A  short  oblique  line  of  dark  pigment 
behind  each  metamere  on  the  lower  side  of  the  vertebral  column; 
intestine  with  a  series  of  about  twenty  pigment  spots  at  equal 
distances  apart,  many  of  the  spots  about  as  long  as  the  interspace. 


161 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Mr.  Froggatt  exhibited  two  specimens  of  the  adult  female  of 
the  large  Coccid,  Monophlebus  Craiofordi,  Mask.,  one  of  which 
died  when  enclosed  in  the  box;  but  the  second  commenced  to  lay 
eggs,  and  in  about  two  months  had  produced  a  mass,  four  times 
as  large  as  herself,  of  cottony  substance  to  cover  the  eggs  and 
larvae. 

Mrs.  Kenyon  sent  for  exhibition  a  specimen  of  Contts  anemone 
from  Victoria,  showing  a  small  pearl  at  the  base  of  the  aperture 
near  the  edge  of  the  lip;  also  specimens  of  the  shells  of  several 
species  of  Cyprcea  exhibiting  peculiar  depressions,  markings,  or 
concentric  iridescent  rings  :  and  she  communicated  a  note  suggest- 
ing an  explanation  of  the  origin  of  some  of  them. 

Messrs.  Maiden  and  Betche  showed  a  series  of  botanical 
specimens  in  illustration  of  their  paper. 

Mr.  Turner  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  identification  of  the 
grass,  exhibited  as  Eriachne  obttisa,  R.Br.,  from  Rose  Bay,  was 
open  to  question.  To  him  it  appeared  to  be  only  a  depauperated 
example  of  Banthonia,  paradoxa,  R.Br. 

Mr.  Baker  exhibited  specimens  of  the  Acacias  described  in 
his  paper. 

Mr.  A.  J.  Haynes  exhibited  a  living  example  of  Moloch 
Jiorridus,  from  a  locality  some  distance  inland  from  Coolgardie, 
W.A. 

Mr.  Ogilby  showed  a  beautifully  preserved  specimen  of  the 
Leptocephalid  described  in  his  paper. 


11 


162 


WEDNESDAY,  30th  JUNE,  1897. 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  EHzabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, June  30th,  1897. 


Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 


Messrs.  M.  Blunno,  Department  of  Agricultui^e,  Sydney;  M. 
A.  O'Callaghan,  Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney;  C.  D. 
Mclntyre,  Sydney  University ;  and  W.  H.  Horton,  Sydney 
University,  were  elected  Members  of  the  Society. 


DONATIONS. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  10-11  (May,  1897). 
From  ilie  Government  Secretary. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore  —  Hospital  Bulletin. 
Nos.  68-69  (Nov. -Dec.  1896):  University  Circulars.  No,  129 
(April,  1897).     From  the  University. 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture  —  Bulletin.  New  Series. 
Nos.  4-5.     From  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

American  Museum,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  ix.  Articles  viii.-ix. 
(pp.  115-122— April,  1897).     From  the  Director. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  Vol.  xii.  No.  138  (June, 
1897).     From  the  Editor. 

Royal  Irish  Academy — Proceedings.  Third  Series.  Vol.  iv. 
No.  1  (Dec,  1896).     From  the  Academy. 


DONATIONS  163 

Agricultural  Gazette  of  N.S.W.— Index  to  Vol.  vii.  (1896) : 
Vol.  viii.  Part  4  (April,  1897).  From  the  Hon.  tlie  Minister  for 
Mines  and  Agriculture. 

Royal  Society,  London — Proceedings.  Vol.  Ixi.  Nos.  367  and 
3G9-370  (March-April,  1897).     From  )he  Society. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.  xx.  Band.  Nos.  529-531.  (April-May, 
1897).     From  the  Editor. 

Department  of  Mines,  Western  Australia  —  Gold  Mining 
Statistics  for  the  Year  1896.  From  the  Hon.  the  Minister  for 
Mines. 

Sydney  University — Calendar  for  the  year  1897.  From  the 
Senate. 

Natural  History  Society  of  Montreal — Canadian  Record  of 
Science.     Vol.  vii.  No.  4  (April,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Societe  d'Horticulture  du  Doubs,  Besan9on— ■  Bulletin.  Ser. 
illust.     No.  16  (Avril,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Zoological  Society  of  London — Proceedings,  1896.  Part  4: 
Transactions.  Vol.  xiv.  Part  3;  Abstract,  May  4th,  1897.  From  the 
Society. 

"  A  Companion  for  the  Queensland  Student  of  Plant  Life." 
By  F.  M.  Bailey.     Second  Edition.     (1897).     From  the  Author. 

Societe  Scientifique  du  Chili— Actes.  T.  v.  (1895)  5™*=  Liv.; 
T.  vi.  (1896)  2'"«  et  S'"^  Liv.     From  the  Society. 

Field  Naturalists'  Club  of  Victoria — Victorian  Naturalist. 
Vol.  xiii.  Nos.  5-6  (Aug.-Sept.,  1896) :  Vol.  xiv.  No.  2  (June, 
1897).     From  the  Club. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia.  Vol.  x.  No.  5.  (May, 
1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  Nos. 
10-12  (May-June,  1897).     From  the  Secretary. 


164  DONATIONS. 

Public  Library  of  New  South  Wales — Report  of  the  Trustees 
for  1896.     From  the  Trustees. 

Archiv  fiir  Naturgeschichte.  Ixi.  Jahrg.  (1895).  ii.  Band. 
2  Heft.  (April,  1897).     From  the  Editor. 

Societe  Roj^ale  Linneenne  de  Bruxelles  —  Bulletin  xxii""^, 
Annee,  No.  7  (Mai).     From  the  Society. 

"Wealth  and  Progress  of  New  South  Wales,  1895-96."  Ninth 
Issue.     Vol.  i.     From  the  Government  Statistician. 

Societe  Beige  de  Microscopie — Annales.  T.  xxi.  :  Bulletin. 
xxii'°^  Annee.  Nos.  4-6  (Mai,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Pamphlet,  "  Notes  on  Bryozoa  from  Rapallo,  ikc."  By  A.  W. 
Waters,  F.L.S.      From  the  Author. 

Royal  Microscopical  Society — Journal,  1897.  Part  2  (April). 
From  the  Society. 

Societas  pro  Fauna  et  Flora  Fennica — Acta.  Vol.  xi.  (1895)  : 
Meddelanden.  xxii.  Hiiftet  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

Society  Royale  de  Botanique  de  Belgique — Bulletin.  T.  xxxv. 
(1896).     From  the  Society. 

Geological  Society  of  London — Quarterly  Journal.  Vol.  liii. 
Part  2  (No.  210) :  General  Index.  Vols.  i.-l.  Part  ii.  La.-Z. 
From  the  Society. 

Faculte  des  Sciences  de  Marseille — Annales.  T.  vi.  Fasc.  4-6; 
T.  viii.  Fasc.  1-4.     From,  the  Faculty. 

Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal — Journal.  Vol.  Ixv.  (1896),  Part  i. 
Nos.  3-4;  Part  ii.  Nos.  3-4;  Part  iii.  No.  1  :  Proceedings,  1896. 
Nos.  vi.-x.  (June-Dec".).     From  the  Society. 

American  Naturalist.  Vol.  xxxi.  No.  365  (May,  1897).  From 
the  Eililor. 

Zoological  Society  of  Philadelphia  —  xxvth  Annual  Report 
(1896-97).     From  the  Society. 


DONATIONS.  165 

Canadian  Institute — Proceedings.     New  Series.     Vol.  i.  Part 
1  (Feb.,  1897).     From  the  Institute. 

Naturwissenschaftlicher  Verein  in  Hamburg — Abhandlungen. 
XV.  Band  (1897);  Verhandlungen,  1896.     From  the  Society. 

"The  Surveyor,"  Sydney.  Vol.  x.  No.  6  (June,  1897).  From 
the  Editor. 

Department  of  Mines  and  Water  Supply,  Victoria — Annual 
Report  for  the  Year  1896.      From  the  Secretary  for  Mines. 

Konink.  Natuurk.  Vereeniging  in  Nederl.-Indie  —  Natuur- 
kundig  Tijdschrift.  Deel  Ivi.  :  Boekwerken,  1896.  From  the 
Society. 


166 


REVISIOK     OF     THE     GENUS     PAROPSIS. 
By  Rev.  T.  Blackiurn,  B.A.,  Corresponding  Member. 

Part  II. 

TABULATION  OF  THE  SPECIES  FORMING  SUBGROUP  IV.  (OF  GROUP    III.) 

*A.  Prothorax  distinctly  explanate  at  sides. 
B.  Subhumeral  depression  present. 
C.  Elytral    verrucse    concolorous    with    derm, 
closely  set  in  regular  series  and  not  large. 
D.  Marginal  part  of  elytra  well  defined  near 

apex,  with  a  distinct  sulculus castanea.  Marsh. 

DD.  Marginal  part  of  elytra  scarcely  distinct 

from  the  discal  part catenata,  Chp. 

CC.  Elytral  verruca?  not  as  C. 

D.  The  elytral  verrucee  normal  (small  and  bi^t 
little  elevated). 
E.  Prothorax  widest  close  to  base,  very 

strongly  narrowed  in  front tuberculata,  Chp. 

EE.  Prothorax  widest  not  much  behind 
middle,  not  very  strongly  narrowed 

in  front inops,  Blackb. 

DD.  The  elytral  vcrruccB  large  and  prominent 

(concolorous  with  derm) impressa,  Chi>. 

AA.  Prothorax  not  (or  scarcely)  explanate  at  sides. 
B.  The  punctures  of  the  elytra  run  evenly  over 
the  verrucse,  which  are  scarcely  elevated. 
C.  The  sutxire  broadly  black  in  its  front  one- 
third blanda,  Blackb. 

CC.  The  suture  without  marking punctipennis,  Blackb. 

BB.  The  verrucse  unpunctured  or  nearly  so. 
C.  Elytra  not  having  a  sharply  defined  discal 
transverse  wheal-like  ridge. 
D.  Subhumeral  depression  present. 

E.  Elytral  punctures  almost  lost  in  the 
close  rugulosity  of  interstices;  post- 
basal  impression  very  slight  creberrima,  Blackb. 


fides  of  prothorax  only  very  feebly  explanate  in  tuberculata   0  . 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURX. 


167 


EE.  Elytral     punctures    more    distinct 
tiian  the  rugulosity  of  the  inter- 
stices. 
F.  Elytral  margins  widely  and  strongly 

outsloped 

FF.  Elytral  margins  very  little  out- 
sloped  

DD.  Subhumeral  depression  wanting. 

E.  Elytral  interstices  but  little  rugulose, 
at  least  not  to  the  extent  of  obscur- 
ing the  punctures  and  verruc;e. 
F.  Elytra  (at   least   on   hinder   part) 
studded    with     sharply    defined 
isolated  bead-like  verructe. 
G.  The  elytral  verrucae  small. 
H.  The  elytral  puncturation  fairly 
strong  and  not  jjarticularly 
close. 

I.  The  joostbasal  impression   of 

elytra       not      particularly 
strong  and  not  at  all  defined 
behind. 
J.,  The  humeral  calli  dark  and 

not  i^articularly  small " 

JJ.  The  humeral  calli  small  and 
pale  ferruginous  in  colour. 
K.  Form     subcirciilar,     mar- 
ginal    part     of      elytra 

strongly  out-turned 

KK.  Form  ovate  (not  nearly 
subcircuiar),  marginal 
part  of  elytra  but  little 
out-turned 

II.  The  postbasal  impression  of 

elytra  very  strong  and  from 
a  certain  point  of  view 
defined  behind  by  a  slight 

ridge 

HH.  The     elytral     puncturation 

notably  finer  and  closer. 

I.  The    marginal    part    of    the 

elytra  (especially  near  apex) 

out-turned  and  well-defined 


versuta,  Blackb. 
2)apulosa,  Er. 


verrucosa,  Marsh. 


Adelaidte,  Blackb. 


prodroma,  Blackb. 


cygnicola,  Blackb. 


brevissima,  Blackb. 


168  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

II.  The  marginal  part   of  the 
elytra        scarcely     distinct 

from  the  discal semiglohosa,  Chp. 

GGr.  The    verrucEe     notably    larger 

than  in  the  allied  species nodosa,  Chp. 

FF.  The  hinder  part  of  the  elytra  not 
studded  with  isolated  bead-like 
conspicuous  verrucse. 
G.  Size  very  small  (Long,  less  than 

2J  lines) scalaris,  Chp. 

GG,  Size  much  larger  (Long.  3|  lines 

or  more) vulpina,  Blackb. 

EE.  Elytral  interstices  closely  rugulose, 

concealing  the  puncturation fumata,  Blackb. 

CC.  Elytra   having    a    sharply    defined   discal 
transverse  wheal-like  ridge. 
D.  The  discal  ridge  of  dark  colour. 

E.  Prothorax    very    strongly    transverse, 

with  strongly  rounded  sides Carpentarite,  Blackb. 

EE.  Prothorax  much  less  transverse  and 
with  its   sides    mvich   less   strongly 

rounded bicolora,  Blackb. 

DD.  The     discal     ridge     concolorous     with 
general  surface  of  elytra. 
E.  Prothorax  evidently  explanate  at  the 

sides vibex,  Blackb, 

EE.  Prothorax  not  at  all  explanate  at  the 

sides incurva,  Clk. 

P.   INOPS,  sp.nov. 

Late  subovata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere  visa) 
ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita ;  minus  nitida ; 
rufo-ferruginea,  corpore  subtus  nigricanti,  verrucis  piceis, 
prothorace  utrinque  macula  laterali  et  (nonnullorum  exem- 
plorum)  macula  discoidali  piceis  ornato,  antennis  apicem  versus 
infuscatis;  capite  crebre  subf  or  titer  subrugulose  punctulato; 
•  prothorace  quam  longiori  ut  paullo  magis  quam  2J  ad  1 
latiori,  ab  apice  paullo  ultra  medium  dilatato,  pone  apicem 
transversim  impresso,  crebre  vix  aspere  minus  fortiter  (ad 
latera  grosse  rugulose)  punctulato,  lateribus  fortiter  arcuatis 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  169 

late  minus   leviter  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis   rotundatis  ; 
scutello  sat    laivi ;    elytris    sub    callum    humeralem    leviter 
depressis,  pone  basin  late  minus  distincte  impressis,  crebre 
fortius  subseriatim  (ad  latera   multo  magis,  postice  minus, 
fortiter)  punctulatis,  verrucis  nonnullis  (prsesertim  postice) 
nitidis  seriatim  instructis,  interstitiis  antice  leviter  (postice 
vix)  rugulosis,  parte  marginali  sat  lata  a  disco  (per  sulculum 
vix    continuum)  divisa,   calli    humeralis  margine  interno  a 
sutura    quam    ab    elytrorum    margine     laterali    vix     magis 
distanti;  segmento  ventrali  basali  crebrius  fortiter  punctulato. 
Long.  4,  lat.  3i  lines. 
The  conspicuous  round  blackish  spot  (which  seems  to  be  con- 
stant) on  either  side  of  the  prothorax  accompanied  by  more  or 
less  distinct  traces  of  a  smaller  spot  half-way  between  it  and  the 
middle  of  the  segment  distinguishes  this  species  from  most  that  it 
resembles  in  other  respects.      It  is    also    notable  for    the  well 
elevated   though  not  large  verrucie  (some  notably  smaller  than 
others)  which  are  sparsely  distributed  over  the  elytra  and  for  the 
shape  of  its  prothorax,  which  is  not  much  nari-ower  in  front  than 
at   the   base  and   has   its   greatest  width  very  little   behind  the 
middle.       The    sexes    scarcely   differ,   except    in    the    characters 
common  to  the   genus  and   in  the   male  being   somewhat  more 
decidedly  ovate  than  the  female. 

N.S.  Wales;  taken  by  Mr.  Lea  near  Queanbeyan. 

P.    PUNCTIPENNIS,  sp.nov. 

Sat  late  ovata;  valde  convexa;  altitudine  majori  (a  latere  visa) 
ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita  ;  minus  nitida  ; 
supra  obscure  rufa,  capite  antice  et  postice  nigro,  prothorace 
nigro  quadrimaculato  (maculis  arcuatim  dispositis),  scutello 
piceo,  elytris  nigro-verrucosis;  subtus  nigro-picea  (abdomine 
jdIus  minusve  pallidiori),  antennis  pedibusque  I'ufis,  his  plus 
minusve  picescentibus;  capite  satcrebre  subfortiterpunctulato; 
prothorace  quam  longiori  ut  2|  ad  1  latiori,  ab  apice  sat  longe 
ultra  medium  dilatato,  pone  apicem  transversim  vix  impresso, 
ut  caput  (ad  latera  grosse  rugulose)  punctulato,   lateribus 


170  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS 


arcuatis  haud  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis  rotundato-obtusis; 
scutello  sat  lajvi;  elytris  sub  callum  humeralem  vix  depressis, 
pone  basin  vix  impressis,  crebre  subfortiter  minus  seriatim 
sat  fequaliter  punctulatis,  verrucis  numerosis  (his  sat  confuse 
dispositis,  ut  superficies  punctulatis,  vix  elevatis)  instructis, 
interstitiis    minus    rugulosis,   parte    marginali    a   disco   vix 
distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura  quam  ab 
elytrorum  margine  laterali  sat  multo  magis  distanti;  segmento 
ventrali  basali  subfortiter  (maris  quam  feminse  minus  crebre) 
punctulato.     Long.  3f ,  lat.  3  lines. 
Easily  distinguished  from  nearly  all  its  congeners  by  its  elytral 
puncturation  being  continuoas  over  the  surface  of   the  scarcely 
elevated  verrucfe.     I  have  before  me  an  example  in  which  the 
dark  markings  of    the    prothorax   are  wanting   and  another   in 
which  the  elytral  verruca;   are  distinctly  elevated,  but  I  think 
them  mere  varieties.      The  external  spots  on  the  prothorax  are 
on  the  basal  (and  near   the   lateral)  margins,  the  other  two  on 
either  side  of  the  middle  of  the  disc.      There  is  no  notable  differ- 
ence between  the  sexes  other  than  the  usual  ones. 

N.S.  Wales;  taken  by  Mr.  Lea:  also  taken  in  Victoria  by  Miss 
Waterhouse. 

P.    BLANDA,   sp.nOV. 

Pra3cedenti  (P.  punctipenni)  affinis;  etiara  magis  convexa;  pro- 

thoracis  partibus  piceis  valde  disparibus,  elytrorum  sutura 

antice  late  nigra  (colore  nigro  ante  medium  suture  dilatato) 

et  disco  maculis  nigris  plus  minusve  variegato.     Long.  3|, 

lat.  3  lines. 

This  insect  does  not  appear  to  be  a   mere  variety  of  puncti- 

pennis,  though  unquestionably  very  close  to  it.     It  is  to  be  noted 

that  the  two  examples  before  me  were  taken  in  the  far  north  of 

N.S.  Wales,  while  those  of  pnnctipennis  are  all  from  localities 

south  of  Sydney.     The  markings  of  the  prothorax  are  too  widely 

different    to  be   only  a   development  of  colour.       In    the    most 

strongly  marked  pnnctipennis  these  consist  of  four  conspicuous 

dark  spots  placed  in  the  line  of  a  curve  with  its  two  extremities 

on  the  base;  in  hlanda  the  prothorax  is  best  described  as  black 


i 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  171 

with  a  narrow  testaceous  rim  along  the  sides  and  front,  this  rini 
much  dilated  in  the  middle  of  the  front  and  there  narrowly- 
connected  with  a  large  testaceous  blotch  on  the  middle  of  the 
base.  In  no  example  with  the  prothoracic  markings  of  puncti- 
pennis  is  there  any  dark  colouring  on  the  elytra  (except  the 
verrucse);  but  in  both  the  specimens  of  bla/ida  the  suture  is 
broadly  black  from  the  base  to  nearly  the  middle  of  its  length, 
with  a  small  dilatation  round  the  scutellum,  a  larger  one  a  little 
behind  it,  and  a  still  larger  one  at  the  extremity  of  the  dark 
colouring,  while  both  examples  have  some  (one  more  than  the 
other)  black  blotches  on  the  disc  of  the  elytra.  Great  as  are 
these  differences  of  colour  and  markings,  I  should  nevertheless 
not  think  it  impossible  that  the  two  forms  might  represent  one 
species  were  it  not  that  hhoida  is  a  markedly  more  convex  species, 
the  length  of  its  elytra  viewed  from  the  side  being  only  half 
again  their  height,  while  in  panctipennis  their  length  is  fully 
once  and  three-quarters  their  height,  the  elytra  in  the  former 
species  being  much  more  gibbous  behind  the  scutellum  than  in 
the  latter. 

N.S.  Wales;  Richmond  River,  ko,.;  taken  by  Mr.  Lea. 

P.  CREBERRIMA,   sp.nOV. 

Late  suboA'ata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latei'e  visa) 
ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  subnitida;  rufo- 
vel  piceo-ferruginea,  elytris  vittis  nonnullis  piceis  abbreviatis 
ornatis,  capite  (nonnullorum  exemplorum)  piceo-bimaculato; 
hoc  minus  crebre  minus  fortiter  punctulato;  prothorace  quam 
longiori  ut  2|  ad  1  latiori,  ab  apice  longe  ultra  medium 
dilatato,  pone  apicem  transversim  impresso,  crebre  subtilius 
minus  tequaliter  (ad  latera  grosse  rugulose)  punctulato, 
lateribus  sat  arcuatis  vix  deplanatis,  angvdis  posticis  rotun- 
datis;  scutello  haud  vel  vix  punctulato;  elytris  sub  callum 
humeralem  minus  distincte  depressis,  pone  basin  impressis, 
sat  crebre  subseriatim  (latera  versus  paullo  magis  fortiter) 
punctulatis,  verrucis  numerosis  subseriatis  sat  aequaliter  dis- 
positis    instructis,     interstitiis     confertim     rugulosis     (sicut 


172  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

punctune    vix    perspicufe    sunt),   parte    marginali    latissima 

oblique  extrorsum  directa  a  disco  satdistincta,  calli  humeralis 

margine  interno  a  sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali 

baud    magis    distanti  ;    segmento    ventrali    basali    subtilius 

punctulato.     Long.  4,  lat.  3i  lines. 

The  vittie  on  each  elytron  are  two  short  ones  on  the  front  part 

of  the  disc  placed  side  by  side  and  a  longer  one  on  the  hinder  part 

of  the  lateral  margin   of   the  disc;  in   some   examples  they  are 

scarcely  traceable.      The  species  is  readily  distinguishable  among 

its  near  allies  by  the  close  rugulosity  of  its  elytra  by  which  the 

puncturation  is  rendered  ver}'  inconspicuous.     There  is  scarcely 

any  difference  between  the  male  and  female  except  in  characters 

common  to  the  genus. 

S.  and  W.  Australia. 

P.  YERSUTA,  sp.nov. 

Late  subovata  (2  ovalis),  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a 
latere  visa)  ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  sub- 
nitida;  rufo-ferruginea,  sternis  elytrorum  verrucis  et  (nonnull- 
orum  exemplorum  plus  minusve)  antennis  abdomine  macu- 
lisque  in  capite  duabus  piceis  vel  nigropiceis;  capite  crebre 
subtilius  punctulato;  prothorace  quam  longiori  ut  2|  ad  1 
latiori,  ab  apice  longe  ultra  medium  dilatato,  pune  apicem 
transversim  impresso,  crebre  minus  fortiter  (ad  latera  grosse 
rugulose)  jDunctulato,  lateribus  sat  arcuatis  baud  deplanatis, 
angulis  posticis  nullis ;  scutello  Itevi ;  elytris  sub  callum 
humeralem  leviter  depressis,  pone  basin  late  transversim 
minus  leviter  impressis,  minus  fortiter  subseriatim  (ad  latera 
minus  crebre  paullo  magis  fortiter)  punctulatis,  verrucis 
parvis  numerosis  confuse  instructis,  interstitiis  sat  rugulosis, 
parte  marginali  sat  lata  oblique  extrorsum  directa  a  disco 
(per  sulculum  continuum  postice  sat  profundum)  bene  divisa, 
calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum 
margine  laterali  vix  magis  distanti;  segmento  ventrali  basali 
subcrebre  minus  fortiter  punctulato.     Long.  34,  lat.  24  lines. 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  173 

The  best  distinctive  characters  of  this  species  among  its  near 
allies  seem  to  be  the  strongly  defined  postbasal  wide  transverse 
impression  of  its  elytra,  which  in  some  examples  is  even  limited 
behind  by  an  indication  of  a  raised  margin  (when  looked  at  from 
a  certain  point  of  view)  suggestive  of  the  transverse  wheal-like 
ridge  that  characterises  P.  transversalis,  ikc,  and  the  well- 
marked  longitudinal  depression  between  the  discal  and  marginal 
parts  of  the  elytra.  In  addition  to  the  usual  sexual  distinctions, 
I  find  that  in  the  male  the  greatest  width  of  the  elytra  is 
distinctly  nearer  the  ape.K  than  in  the  female,  and  that  the  female 
is  more  strongly  convex  than  the  male.  In  one  example  the 
elytra  bear  some  ill-defined  piceous  blotches. 

Victoria  (Alpine  region)  and  N.S.  Wales. 

P.  Adelaid.e,  sp.nov. 

Late  ovata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere  visa)  ante 
elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita  ;  modice  nitida ;  rufo- 
ferruginea,  antennis  apicem  versus  obscuris ;  ex  elytrorum 
verrucis  nonnullis  piceis;  capite  sat  crobre  minus  fortiter 
punctulato:  prothorace  quain  longiori  ut  2|  ad  1  latiori,  ab 
apice  fere  ad  basin  dilatato,  pone  apicem  transversim  vix 
impresso,  sat  crebre  subtilius  (ad  latera  magis  grosse)  punc- 
tulato, lateribus  sat  arcuatis  vix  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis 
nullis;  scutello  vix  vel  sparsim  subtiliter  punctulato;  elytris 
baud  sub  callum  humeralera  depressis,  pone  basin  vix 
impressis,  subseriatim  sat  fortiter  (latera  versus  magis  grpsse 
apicem  versus  magis  subtiliter)  punctulatis,  verrucis  parvis 
sparsis  prsesertim  in  parte  posteriori  positis,  interstitiis  antice 
vix  (postice  manifeste)  rugulosis,  parte  marginali  latissima  a 
disco  (per  sulculum  ante  medium  vix  interruptum)  divisa, 
calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum 
margine  laterali  baud  magis  distanti  ;  segmento  ventrali 
basali  fortius  minus  crebre  punctulato.  Long.  3,  lat.  2h  lines. 
A  small  species  of  subglobular  appearance,  of  a  uniform  reddish- 
ferruginous  colour  except  the  apical  part  of  the  antennae  and 
some  of  the  verrucfe  (the  latter  small  and  thinly  scattered  mostly 


174  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

over  the  apical  half  of  the  elytra)  which  are  dai'ker.     There  is 
little  noticeable  difference  between  the  sexes. 
S.  Australia;  Adelaide  district. 

P.   PRODROMA,  sp.nov. 

(J.  P.   hrevissimce.    affinis  ;    minus    brevis ;    sternis,   elytrorum 

verrucis,   et    antennis    apicem  versus   picescentibus  ;    capite 

minus   confertim   minus   subtiliter  punctulato  ;    prothoracis 

lateribus  subdilatatis;  elytris  fortiter  punctulatis,  pone  basin 

vix   impressis,   interstitiis    latera    versus    rugas    transversas 

(certo  adspectu)  simulantibus,  parte    marginali  a  disco  vix 

distincta;  cetera  ut  P.  hrevissima.     Long.  3,  lat.  2|  lines. 

The  lateral  portions  of  the  prothorax  in  this  species  certainly 

do  not  continue   the  convexity  of  the  disc  so  evenly  as  in   /'. 

verrucosa,  hrevissima,  itc.       Apart  from   the   character  already 

referred  to,  it  is  very  near  P.  verrucosa,  Marsh.,  Init  differs  in  the 

markedly  coarser  puncturation  of  its  elytra,  in  the  marginal  part 

of  its  elytra  considerably  less  directed  obHquely  outward,  and  in 

its  humeral  calli  concolorous  with  the  derm.     It  also  somewhat 

resembles  P.  Adelaidre,  but  is  a  less  wide  species  with  the  sides 

of  its  prothorax  scarcely  explanate  and  its  elytral  puncturation 

notably  coarser.      The  transversely  wrinkled  appearance  of  the 

elytra  near  the  lateral  margins  seems  to   be  a  good  distinctive 

character. 

Victoria;  unique  in  my  collection. 

P.   CYGNICOLA,  Sp  llOV. 

9.  Late  subovata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere 
visa)  ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  sat  nitida; 
testaceo-ferruginea,  sternis  (ex  parte)  tarsis  (ex  parte) 
antennis  apicem  summum  versus  et  elytrorum  verrucis 
picescentibus ;  capite  confertim  subtilius  punctulato ;  pro- 
thorace  quam  longiori  ut  2|  ad  1  latiori,  ab  apice  paullo 
ultra  medium  dilatato,  pone  apicem  transversim  impresso, 
ut  caput  (ad  latera  grosse  rugulose)  punctulato,  lateribus  sat 
fortiter    arcuatis    haud  deplanatis,   angulis    posticis    nullis ; 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  175 

scutello  iiitido  fere  Ipevi;  elytris  sub  calluin  liumeralem  haud 
depressis,  pone  basin  transversim  fortiter  impressis,  sub- 
fortiter  subseriatim  (ad  latera  magis,  postice  minus,  fortiter) 
punctulatis,  verrucis  sat  numerosis  minus  parvis  (in  parte 
basali  impressa  carentibus)  vix  seriatim  instructis,  interstitiis 
vix  (postice  magis  distincte)  rugulosis  sed  hie  illic  ut  rugae 
transversfe  certo  adspectu  apparentilius,  parte  marginali  sat 
lata  a  disco  (per  sulculum  subobsoletum  sat  continuum)  sat 
distincta  extrorsum  oblique  suljfortiter  directa,  calli  humeralis 
margine  interno  a  sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali 
haud  magis  distanti;  segmento  ventrali  basali  crebre  minus 
fortiter  punctulato.     Long.  3  (vix),  lat.  2|  lines. 

A  species  of  inconspicuous  appearance  considerably  resembling 
P.  verrucosa  and  its  allies,  but  diflfering  from  them  inter  alia  by 
the  considerably  more  rugulose  interstices  (especially  behind)  of 
the  elytral  interstices  and  b}^  the  more  strongly  marked  postbasal 
impression  of  its  elytra.  Also  near  jmpulosa,  Er.,  from  which  it 
differs  inter  alia  by  the  very  much  closer  and  finer  puncturation 
of  its  prothorax. 

W.  Australia;  Swan  River;  taken  by  Mr.  Lea. 

P.   BREVISSIMA,  Sp.nOV. 

(J.  Latissime  subovata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a 
latere  visa)  ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  sub- 
nitida;  tota  rufo-ferruginea ;  capite  confertim  subtilius 
subaspere  punctulato;  prothorace  quam  longiori  ut  2^  ad  1 
latiori,  ab  apice  fere  ad  basin  dilatato,  pone  apicem  transver- 
sim impresso,  ci^ebrius  sat  subtiliter  (ad  latera  magis  grosse) 
punctulato,  lateribus  minus  arcuatis  haud  deplanatis,  angulis 
posticis  rotundatis ;  scutello  sparsim  subtilius  punctulato; 
elytris  sub  callum  humeralem  haud  depressis,  pone  basin 
transversim  manifeste  impressis,  crebre  subtilius  subseriatim 
(ad  latera  paullo  magis  fortiter)  punctulatis,  verrucis  modicis 
in  parte  postica  subseriatim  instructis,  interstitiis  vix  rugu- 
losis, parte  marginali  sat  lata  a  disco  antice  vix  postice  (per 


76  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS 


sulculum  sat  impressum)  manifeste  distincta,  calli  humeralis 
margine  interno  a  sutura  et  ab  elytrorum  niargine  lateral! 
a^quidistanti.     Long.  2|,  lat.  2i  lines. 

The  unique  example  of  this  insect  differs  from  all  its  near  allies 
in  its  uniform  ferruginous  colour,  even  the  elytral  verruci«  being 
quite  concolorous.  It  is  very  near  verrucosa,  Marsh.,  of  which 
(thanks  to  Mr.  Masters  !)  I  have  seen  the  example  in  the  old 
Macleay  collection  (probably  the  type),  Init  differs  from  it  (apart 
from  colour)  by  the  considerably  finer  puncturation  of  its  elytra  and 
the  presence  of  a  well  marked  transverse  postbasal  impression  on 
the  same  which  is  from  a  certain  point  of  view  limited  behind  as 
in  P.  versnta.  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  the  intermediate  verrucse 
of  the  prothorax  are  distinctly  (though  not  strongly)  manifest  in 
this  species. 

N.S.  Wales. 

P.  VULPINA,  sp.nov. 

Suljglobula,  valde  convexa,  altitutline  majori  (a  latere  visa)  ante 
elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  modice  nitida;  ferru- 
ginea,  antennis  apicem  versus  (his  elongatis)  sternis  et  non- 
nullorum  exemplorum  maculis  nonnullis  in  prothorace  positis 
infuscatis;  capite  confertim  subtilius  punctulato;  j^rothorace 
quam  longiori  ut  2f  ad  1  latiori,  ab  apice  paullo  ulti-a  medium 
dilatato,  pone  apicem  transversim  impresso,  crebre  minus 
fortiter  (ad  latera  rugulose  grossissime)  j^unctulato,  lateribus 
sat  fortiter  arcuatis  haud  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis  rotun- 
datis;  scutello  vix  manifeste  punctulato;  elytris  sub  callum 
humeralem  haud  depressis,  pone  basin  haud  impressis,  crebre 
minus  fortiter  vix  seriatim  (ad  latera  multo  magis  grosse, 
postice  sat  subtiliter)  punctulatis,  verrucis,  numerosis  parvis 
inconspicuis  instructis,  interstitiis  leviter  subreticulatim 
rugulosis,  parte  marginali  a  disco  vix  (postice  per  sulculum 
obsolete  impressum)  distincta,  calli  humeralis  parum  elevati 
margine  interno  a  sutura'  quam  ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali 
vix  magis  distanti,  segmento  ventrali  basali  sparsius  minus 
fortiter  punctulato.     Long.  3^—4,  lat.  3-3|  lines. 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN,  177 

A  species  very  unlike  any  other  known  to  me  (among  those 
having  the  elytra  highest  considerably  in  front  of  the  middle)  on 
account  of  the  close  rather  fine  puncturation  of  the  elytral  disc 
and  the  extreme  inconspicuousness  of  the  elytral  verrucse  which 
are  concolorous  (or  nearly  so)  with  the  derm.  In  these  respects 
and  in  colouring  it  resembles  P.  alta  and  inornata,  which,  however, 
belong  to  the  subgroup  having  the  greatest  height  of  the  elytra 
much  further  back.  I  do  not  find  any  noteworthy  sexual 
differences  beyond  those  common  to  the  genus. 

W.  Australia;  Swan  River;  taken  by  Mr.  Lea. 

P.    FUMATA,  sp.nOV. 

(J.  Late  subovata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere 
visa)  ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita ;  modice 
nitida;  ferruginea,  in  capite  maculis  2  in  prothorace  verrucis 
externis  et  in  elytris  maculis  vel  vittis  nonnullis  indetermina- 
tis  verrucarumque  nonnullis  piceis,  corpore  subtus  plus 
minusve  infuscato ;  capite  sat  ci'ebre  fortius  punctulato;. 
prothorace  quam  longiori  ut  2|^  ad  1  latiori,  ab  apice  longe 
ultra  medium  dilatato,  pone  apicem  transversim  impresso,  sat 
insequali,  crebre  subfortiter  subrugulose  (ad  latera  subgrosse) 
punctulato,  lateribus  modice  arcuatis  haud  dej^lanatis,  angulis 
posticis  rotundatis;  scutello  sparsissime  vel  vix  punctulato; 
elytris  sub  callum  humeralem  haud  depressis,  pone  basin 
haud  impressis,  subseriatim  minus  fortiter  subsequaliter 
punctulatis,  verrucis  parvis  sat  numerosis  minus  distinctis 
vix  seriatim  instructis,  interstitiis  rugulosis  hie  illic  transver- 
sim rugiformibus  et  puncturas  nonnihil  obscurantibus,  parte 
marginal!  sat  lata  a  disco  (per  sulculum  subobsoletum  ad 
apicem  continuum)  sat  manifeste  divisa,  calli  humeralis 
margine  interno  a  sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali 
vix  magis  distanti;  segmento  ventrali  basali  sparsim  subtilius 
punctulato.  Long.  3,  lat.  2|  lines  (vix). 
Notable  for  the  rugulose  interstices  of  its  elytra  which  consider- 
ably obscure  the  puncturation  and  tend  to  run  here  and  there  into 

short  transverse  wrinkles.      Resembles  creherrima  in  the  above 
12 


178  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

respects  but  is  very  much  smaller,  with  the  marginal  part  of  the 
elytra  narrower  and  less  out-turned,  and  having  the  lateral 
verrucfe  of  the  prothorax  conspicuously  piceous  in  colour;  also  of 
less  wide  form. 

S.  Australia;  Adelaide  district,  Freeling,  ifec. 

P.  Carpentaria,  sp.nov. 

Q.  Modice  lata,  valde  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere  visa) 

ante    elytrorum    marginem    medium  posita ;    minus  nitida  ; 

pallide  ferruginea;  maculis  in  capite  2,  notis  nonnullis  inde- 

terminatis    in    prothorace   elytris    sternisque,    et    elytrorum 

verrucis  vibicibusque,  infuscatis  vel  piceis;  capite  sat  fortiter 

sat  crebre  punctulato;  prothorpce  quam  longiori  ut  2^  ad  1 

latiori,  ab  apice  paullo  ultra  medium  dilatato,  pone  apicem 

haud  transversim  impresso,  verrucis  4  sat  manifestis  trans- 

versim  instructo,  fortiter  sat  rugulose  punctulato,  lateribus 

fortiter  arcuatis  vix  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis  rotundatis; 

scutello  fere   ut  prothorax   punctulato ;   elytris   sub  callum 

humeralem  haud  depressis,  pone  basin  transversim  impressis 

parte    impressa    j^ostice    ruga    elevata    transversa    elongata 

marginata,  sat  fortiter  minus  crebre  subseriatim  (ad  latera 

paullo    magis,    postice    paullo    minus    fortiter)    punctulatis, 

veiTUcis   sat  numerosis  instructis  (ex  his  nonnullis   vibices 

breves  transversas  simulantibus),  interstitiis  haud  rugulosis, 

parte  marginali  sat  lata  a  disco  (per  sulculum  continuum) 

modice  distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura 

quam  ab  elyti'orum  margine  laterali  paullo  magis  distanti ; 

segmento  ventrali  basali  subgrosse  minus  cx'ebre  punctulato. 

Long.  2|,  lat.  2  lines. 

This  species  is  the  only  Paropsis  of  this  subgroup  that  I  have 

seen  having  in  combination  a  sharply  defined  elongate  wheal-like 

transverse  ridge  of  dark  colour  on  each  elytron,  and  the  prothorax 

without  any  well-defined  markings.      It  may  be  noted  also  that 

the  sides  of  the  prothorax  and  elytra  are  of  more  pallid  colour 

than  the  disc. 

N.  Queensland;  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  French. 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  179 

P.    BICOLORA,   Sp.nOV. 

Prjecedenti  ( F.  Carpenter /fe^affinis;  difiert  prothorace  utrinque 

macula  magna  aterrima  ornato,  paullo  minus  transverse,  minus 

grosse    minus    rugulose    punctulato,   lateribus   multo   minus 

arcuatis  nullo  modo  de^Dlanatis;  elytrorum  parte  marginali 

a  disco  vix  distincta;  segmento  ventrali  basali  minus  fortiter 

punctulato;  cetera  ut  /-'.  CarpentaricH.     Long.  24,  lat.  2  lines. 

Very  near  the   preceding,   but  certainly  I  think   distinct  on 

account  of  its  very  differently  shaped  and  sculptured  prothorax. 

It  is  one  of  the  prettiest  species  of  this  subgroup,  all  its  markings 

being  of  a  deep  black  colour,  in  sti'ong  contrast  to  the  pallid 

derm.     There  is  little  difference  between  the  sexes  apart  from 

the  characters  common  to  the  genus. 

N.  S.  Wales;  Whitton;  sent  by  Mr.  Lea. 

P.  viBEX,  sp.nov. 

Sat  late  ovata;  valde  convexa;  altitudine  majori  (a  latere  visa) 
ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  modice  nitida; 
rufo-ferruginea,  elytris  antice  (et  postice  ad  disci  marginem) 
indeterminate  et  incerte  picescentibus ;  capite  sat  crebre 
subaspere  vix  fortiter  punctulato;  prothorace  quam  longiori 
fere  ut  2J  ad  1  latiori,  ab  apice  ultra  medium  dilatato,  pone 
apicem  vix  impresso,  insequali,  minus  crebre  minus  fortiter 
(ad  latera  vix  grosse)  punctulato,  lateribus  minus  arcuatis 
vix  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis  rotundatis ;  scutello  crebre 
minus  subtiliter  punctulato;  elytris  haud  sub  callum  hume- 
ralem  depressis,  pone  basin  transversiin  impressis,  subseriatim 
sat  crebre  minus  fortiter  (apicem  versus  magis  subtiliter,  ad 
latera  paullo  magis  grosse)  punctulatis,  verrucis  sat  numerosis 
instructis  (his  in  parte  impressa  postbasali  carentibus,  pone 
hanc  partem  ut  ruga  transversa  fere  a  sutura  ad  marginem 
lateralem  continua  confluentibus),  interstitiis  vix  rugulosis, 
parte  marginali  a  disco  vix  distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine 
interno  a  sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali  haud 
magis  distanti ;  segmento  ventrali  basali  sparsim  leviter 
punctulato.     Long.  24,  lat.  14  lines. 


180  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

The  transverse  wheal-like  ridge  crossing  the  elytra  somewhat 
in  front  of  the  middle  is  a  character  at  once  separating  this  species 
from  all  but  a  small  number  of  its  congeners.  Several  of  the 
species  described  by  the  Rev.  H.  Clark  from  W.  Australia  seem 
from  their  descriptions  to  present  this  character;  but  although  I 
doubt  whether  I  have  seen  any  of  them  they  are  evidently  distinct 
from  the  present  one,  being  of  different  size  or  colouration.  In 
the  present  insect  there  are  several  short  transverse  ridges  behind 
the  long  one,  and  the  verrucfe  and  ridges  are  all  quite  concolorous 
with  the  derm.  The  dark  markings  on  the  elytra  are  not  at  all 
sharply  defined,  and  consist  (in  the  examples  before  me)  of  a 
blotch  on  each  elytron  near  the  scutellum,  another  on  the  humeral 
callus  and  an  obscure  vitta  near  the  apex  on  the  external  margin 
of  the  disc.  There  is  little  noticeable  difference  between  the 
sexes.  It  is  perhaps  just  possible  that  this  insect  is  P.  nervosa, 
Clk.,  but  as  that  species  is  described  as  having  a  large  quadrate 
black  spot  on  the  prothorax  on  either  side,  of  which  there  is  no 
trace  in  the  examples  before  me,  identity  seems  very  improbable. 

W.  Australia;  Geraldton;  sent  by  Mr.  Lea. 

GROUP    IV. 

This  is  a  small  group  that  Dr.  Chapuis  included  in  his  Group 
iv.  (which  otherwise  is  equivalent  to  my  Group  iii.)  as  consisting 
of  aberrant  forms.  But  as  that  learned  author  constituted  it,  a 
good  half  of  its  species  are  much  more  genuinely  to  be  considered 
as  aberrant  forms  of  his  Group  iii.  (my  Group  v.).  I  am  veiy 
much  dissatisfied  with  the  existence  of  this  group,  but  nevertheless 
its  recognition  seems  to  be  essential  to  the  classification  of  the 
groups  on  characters  of  sculpture,  which  (as  I  have  already 
remarked)  seems  to  me  to  be  the  only  workable  classification. 
It  will  be  remembered  that  {vide  P.L.S.N.S.AV.  1896,  p.  638)  the 
present  aggregate  differs  from  Group  i.  b}^  its  prothorax  neither 
bisinuate  on  the  sides  nor  mucronate  in  front,  from  Group  ii.  by 
its  elytral  sculpture  being  linear  in  arrangement,  from  Group  iii. 
by  its  elytra  not  being  verrucose,  and  from  Group  v.  by  the  series 
of  punctures  on  its  elytra  not  being  10  in  number.     The  first  six 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  181 

in  the  species  tabulation  are  obviously  nothing  but  members  of 
Group  iii.  in  which  the  verrucse  are  wanting  The  remainder, 
however,  have  no  connection  with  those  six  except  by  the  acci- 
dental circumstance  of  having  on  their  elytra  rows  of  punctures 
which  are  not  10  in  number;  they  are  undoubtedly  simply  mem- 
bers of  Group  V.  in  which  the  10  series  are  either  so  much 
interrupted  or  out  of  symmetry  or  so  much  obscured  by  interstitial 
punctures  as  to  be  untraceable  (indeed  one  or  two  of  them — e.g., 
M.  )uscum,  Boh. — might  almost  as  well  stand  in  Group  v.  as 
Group  iv.,  inasmuch  as  with  careful  attention  the  10  series  can 
be  made  out  scarcely  less  distinctly  than  in  several — e.g.,jncnnda, 
Chp. — which  Dr.  Chapuis  placed  in  the  other  group).  Nearly 
all  of  them  are  small  nitid  species  with  brightly  coloured  sharply 
defined  markings. 

In  Group  iv.  I  place  27  species.  Of  these  it  is  not  clear 
whether  inidliseriata,  Chp.,  belongs  to  the  allies  of  Group  iii  or 
of  Group  V.  Of  the  remainder  7  belong  to  the  former  aggregate 
and  19  to  the  latter.  Of  the  7  two  are  new  species  described 
below  ;  one  [P.  ohscurella,  Chp.,  from  Central  Australia)  I  am 
confident  I  have  not  seen;  and  the  other  four  I  have  been  able  to 
identify  confidently,  though  I  have  not  seen  an  authentic  type  of 
any.  Of  the  19  species  forming  the  aggregate  allied  to  Group  v., 
there  are  three  that  I  am  confident  I  have  not  seen — viz., 
spectahilis,  Chp.;  paUidula,  Chp.;  and  livida,  Chp.;  three  ai^e 
new  species  described  below;  three  are  represented  in  my  collec- 
tion by  authentic  types  ;  one  is  a  species  I  have  previously 
described  myself;  and  the  i-emaining  nine  I  have  been  able  to 
identify  confidently  by  means  of  the  descriptions.  As  in  the 
previous  tabulations,  the  names  of  the  species  identified  by  com- 
parison with  descriptions  are  printed  in  italics. 

There  may  of  course  be  some  species  belonging  to  this  group 
among  those  of  Boisduval,  I'c,  which  Dr.  Chapuis  considered  to 
be  so  insufiiciently  described  that  they  could  not  be  referred  to 
any  group,  and  which  I  have  previously  referred  to. 

In  most  of  the  species  of  this  group  the  markings  are  sufficiently 
well-defined  and  constant  to  allow  of  their  being  used  as  reliable 
characters  in  tabulation. 


182  REVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 


TABULATION    OF    THE    SPECIES    FORMING    GROUP    IV. 

A.  Elytra  with  a  distinct  subbasal  impression. 
B.  Lateral  margins  of  prothorax  quite  strongly 

explanate arcida,  Chp, 

BB.  Lateral  margins  of  prothorax  not  or  scarcely 
explanate. 
C.  The    svibbasal    impression   of    the    elytra 

extremely  strong suhlineata,  Bohem. 

CC.  The   subbasal   impression   of   the   elytra 
very  feeble. 
D.  Size  very  small.  The  scutellum  punctured  simplex,  Blackb. 
DD.  Size  miich  larger.     Scutellum  unpunc- 

tured  and  very  nitid crebra,  Blackb. 

AA.  Subbasal    impression    of    elytra    wanting    or 
almost  wanting. 
B.  Elytral  edging  of  scutellum  convex  and  ridge- 
like. 
C.  The  spots  on  the  prothorax  run  at  equal 
intervals   transversely   across  the  middle 

line orbicularis,  Chp. 

CC.  Interval  between  the  two  intermediate 
spots  of  the  prothorax  much  greater 
than  between  the  intermediate  and  lateral 

spots diffusa,  Chp. 

BB.  Elytral  edging  of  scutellum  quite  flat. 

C.  Marginal  part  of  elytra  near  apex  strongly 
defined   and   out-turned   and    separated 
from  disc  by  a  well-defined  sulculus. 
D.  Elytral  puncturation  more  or  less  fine. 
E.  Prothorax  black  or  with  only  a  narrow 

testaceous  lateral  edging tetraspilota,  Chp. 

EE.  Prothorax     with     sharplj'     limited 
black  and  testaceous  markings  (the 
latter   not   limited   to   the   lateral 
edges). 
F.  Elytra  with  dark  markings  on  a 
testaceous  surface. 
G.  Elytra  not  having  a  broad  black 
discal  vitta. 


BY    REV,    T.    BLACKBURN.  183 

H.  The    postmedian    marking  of 
the  elytra  consists  of  a  large 

V-shaped  black  blotch lachesis,  Stal. 

HH.  Elytra  not  marked  as  H basicollis,  Chp. 

GG.  Elytra    with     a    broad   black 
discal  vitta  reaching  from  the 

base  nearly  to  the  apex pulchella,  Chp. 

PF.  Elytra  black  with  a  testaceous 

(entire  or  interrupted)  spot picturata,  Chp. 

DD.  Elytral    puncturation    much   coarser 
and  deeper. 

B.  Prothorax  without  defined  markings  perplexa,  Chp. 
EE.  Prothorax    with     sharply    limited 

black  markings quadrizonata,  Blkb. 

CC.  Marginal  part  of  elytra  near  apex  not  (or 
scarcely)  distinguishable  from  the  discal 
part. 

D.  Elytra  variegated  with  light  and  dark 
colouring. 

E.  The  dark  colouring  not  limited  to  the 
suture  and  humeral  callus. 

F.  The   puncturation   of   the   elytra 
runs  evenly  over  the  colours. 

G.  Upper  surface  testaceous,  with 
darker  markings. 

H.  Prothorax     without      defined 

markings 7-ubiginosa,  Chp. 

HH.  Prothorax  with  two  sliarply 

defined  black  spots nigropicta,  Clk. 

GG.  Upper  surface  black,  with  some 

reddish  markings r uf opicta,  Blackb. 

FF.  The  puncturation  of  the  elytra 
obsolete   on   the  more   lightly 
coloured  parts. 
G.  The    lighter    colouring    of    the 
elytra  takes  the  form  of  numer- 
ous spots  and  blotches tigrina,  Chp. 

GG.  The  lighter    colouring    takes 

the  form  of  longitudinal  vittiB  eyrensis,  Blackb. 


184  REVISION    OP    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

EE.  The  dark  colouring  of  the  elytra 
limited  to  the  suture  and  humeral 
callus si(ft( rella,  Chp. 

DD.  Elytra  entirely  black tarsalis,  Blackb. 

DDD.  Elytra  entirely  testaceous M-fuscum,  Bohem. 

P.  SIMPLEX,  sp.nov. 

Sat  late  ovata;  nitida;  sat  convexa;  altitudine  majori  (a  latere 

visa)  contra  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  tota  rufo- 

brunnea ;  capite   crebre  subfortiter  punctulato ;   pi"othorace 

quam  longiori  ut  2|  ad  1  latiori,  pone  apicem  trans versim 

impresso,  ab  apice  sat  longe  ultra  medium  dilatato,  sat  crebre 

subfortiter  (ad  latera  grosse  rugulose)  punctulato,  lateribus 

modice   arcuatis   baud   deplanatis,   angulis   posticis    obtusis- 

scutello    punctulato ;    elytris    sub    callum    humeralem    vix 

depressis,  pone  basin  transversim  leviter  impressis,  crebrius 

subfortiter    subseriatim    punctulatis,    parte    marginali    sat 

angusta  (hac  postice  oblique   extus   sat  fortiter  directa)   a 

disco  modice  distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine   interno   a 

sutura  quam  ab  elytrorum  margine   laterali    paullo    magis 

distanti ;    segmento  venlrali  basali    sparsius    sat   subtiliter 

punctulato.     Long.  2|,  lat.  1~-  lines. 

A  small  species  with  much  general  resemblance  to  those  of  the 

preceding  group,  but  without  elytral  verrucse.     There   is  little 

difference  between  the  sexes  apart  from  the  chai'acters  common 

to  all  Paropses. 

N.  W.  Australia;  sent  by  Mr.  Masters. 

P.    CEEBRA,  sp.nov. 

Sat  late  ovata;  sat  nitida;  sat  convexa;  altitudine  majori  (a 
latere  visa)  contra  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita ; 
rufo-brunnea,  sternis  antennarum  parte  apicali  et  notulis 
indeterminatis  in  prothorace  nonnullis  infuscatis :  capite 
crebre  subfortiter  punctulato;  prothorace  quam  longiori  ut 
2|^  ad  1  latiori,  pone  apicem  vix  impresso,  ab  apice  longe 
ultra  medium  dilatato,  dupliciter  (crebrius  subtilissime  et 
minus  crebre  subfortiter.  ad  latera  grosse  rugulose)  punctu- 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  185 

lato,  lateribus  sat  fortiter  arcuatis  haud  deplanatis,  angulis 
posticis  rotundatis;  scutello  l;evi;  elytris  sub  callum  humera- 
lem  leviter  depressis,  pone  basin  transversim  minus  evidenter 
impressis,  crebrius  subfortiter  subseriatim  (ad  latera  magis, 
postice  minus,  fortiter)  punctulatis,  parte  marginali  modice 
lata  (hac  postice  oblique  extus  sat  fortiter  directa)  a  disco 
sat  distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura  quam 
ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali  vix  magis  distanti;  segmento 
ventrali  basali  fere  Ifevi.     Long.  3^,  lat.  2^  lines. 
Much  resembles  the  preceding  species  [P.  simplex)  but  differs 
by  its   considerably  larger   size,  the   infuscation  of   some   of  its 
parts  (especially  a  small  spot  on  either  side  of  the  middle  of  the 
prothorax),  the  e\idently  more  strongly  rounded  sides  of  the  pro- 
thorax,  the  elytral  puncturation  more  evidently  becoming  coarser 
towards  the  sides  and  finer  towards  the  apex,  the  basal  ventral 
segment  almost   unpunctured,  etc.,  etc.       A  specimen   in  the  S. 
Australian  Museum  has  much  more  distinct  blackish  spots  on  its 
elytra  than  any  other  example  that  I  have  seen. 
Kangaroo  Island;  Mr.  Tepper,  &c. 

P.  TETRASPILOTA,  Chp.  (a  ar.  diemeneiisis,  Blackb.). 

The  only  variety  I  ha^-e  seen  of  this  species  is  a  Tasmanian 
example  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Simson,  of  Launceston.  As  I 
have  not  seen  a  typical  example  from  Tasmania,  it  is  possible  that 
further  observation  may  show  this  to  be  a  good  species,  but  I  do 
not  observe  any  structural  divergence  from  the  type  in  this 
unique  specimen.  Its  peculiarities  consist  in  its  prothorax 
having  a  testaceous  edging  on  either  side  and  the  red  spots  on  its 
elytra  being  (r/)  a  very  small  spot  close  to  the  scutellum  and  {b) 
another  spot  very  little  larger  close  to  the  external  limit  of  the 
disc  and  a  little  behind  its  middle. 

P.  LACIIESIS,  Stal. 

Among  a  large  number  of  examples  of  this  species  that  I  ha\'e 
examined  I  do  not  find  any  notable  variation  except  in  the  intei'- 
mediate  spots  on  the  prothorax  being  sometimes  united  and  the 


186  REVISION    OF   THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

surface  colour  of  the  elytra  being  more  red  in  some  examples 
than  in  others. 

P.  BASICOLLIS,  Chp. 

The  only  variety  that  I  have  seen  of  this  species  is  a  very 
remarkable  one  that  I  met  with  in  the  Australian  Alps  (in  com- 
pany with  the  type),  in  which  the  discal  spots  of  the  elytra  are 

entirely  wanting. 

P.  PICTURATA,  Chp. 

This  species  rarely  varies  except  in  the  size  of  the  red  spot 
enclosed  within  the  discal  black  vitta  of  the  prothorax;  neverthe- 
less I  have  an  example  from  Queensland  in  which  the  said  red 
spot  is  enlarged  to  the  extent  of  interrupting  the  black  vitta  so 
that  the  latter  takes  the  form  of  two  black  spots  (one  of  them 
basal  and  quadrate  with  its  front  margin  emarginate,  the  other 
apical  and  triangular  with  its  base  on  the  front  margin  of  the 
segment),  and  the  elytral  red  spot  is  widely  interrupted. 

P.  PERPLEXA,  Chp. 

Dr.  Chapuis  placed  this  species  in  his  "  Groupe  ii."  I  feel  no 
doubt,  however,  that  this  was  an  oversight  on  his  part,  as  its 
natural  place  is  obviously  among  the  species  which  he  placed  in 
his  "  Groupe  iv."  and  it  is  really  very  close  to  P.  riohiginosa,  Chp, 
I  regard  it  aLsoas  allied  to  P.  orpliana,  Chp.,  and  suturalis^  Germ., 
although  the  exigencies  of  classification  require  its  being  widely 
separated  from  them  on  account  of  the  very  different  sculpture  of 
its  elytra. 

P.   QUADRIZONATA,  Sp.nOV. 

Late  ovalis,  sat  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere  visa)  contra 
elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  supra  rufa,  capite  (labro 
et  macula  interoculari  parva  exceptis)  prothoracis  maculis 
discoidalibus  4  (transversim  positis)  et  elytrorum  notulis 
nonnullis  (sc.  regione  scutellari,  sutura — tota  vel  in  parte — , 
macula  magna  basali  callum  humeralem  includenti,  maculis 
2  paullo  pone  basin  transversim  positis,  notula  falciformi 
pone  medium  posita,  et  macula  ante-apicali  transversim 
oblonga)  nigris;  subtus  nigra,  pedibus  et  antennarum  parte 
basali    rufis    (tibiarum    basi    nigris)  ;    capite    minus    crebre 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  187 

dupliciter  (subtiliter  et  sat  fortiter)  punctulato;  prothorace 
quam  longiori  ut  2|  ad  1  latiori  pone  apicem  baud  impresso, 
ab  apice  paullo  ultra  medium  dilatato,  sparsius  subtiHus  (ad 
latera  grosse    minus    sparsim)   punctulato,   lateribus    minus 
arcuatis  baud  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis  obtusis ;  scutello 
sat  \sevi;  elytris  sub  calluni  bumeralem  baud  depressis,  pone 
basin  baud  impressis,  sat  crebre  vix  fortiter  subseriatim  (ad 
latera  paullo  magis  postice  paullo  minus,  fortiter;  intervallis 
nonnullis  sat  Ijevibus)  punctulatis,  parte  mai'ginali  a  disco 
vix  distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura  quam 
abelytrorum  margine  laterali  paullo  magis  distan Li;  segmento 
ventrali  basali  sparsius  subtilius  punctulato.     Long.  2|,  lat. 
2  lines. 
A  very  pretty  little  species,  apparently  not  variable  except  in 
the  subapical  spot  on  the  elytra  being  in  some  examples  connected 
with  the  suture,  and  not  presenting  any  unusual  sexual  distinc- 
tions. 

Victoria;  Alpine  region. 

P.  NIGROPICTA,  Clk. 

The  insect  which  I  cannot  doubt  is  this  species  does  not  agree 
perfectly  with  Clark's  description  in  respect  of  its  colour  and 
markings.  I  have  examples  before  me  from  widely  separated 
districts  of  Western  Australia  (including  Champion  Bay,  which 
seems  to  have  been  the  locality  of  the  type).  The  differences  are 
as  follows : — Clark  especially  notes  that  the  labrum  is  black, 
which  it  is  not  in  any  of  the  numerous  examples  I  ha-s  e  seen,  and 
he  omits  to  mention  that  the  post-median  fascia  is  dilated  hind- 
ward  on  the  suture  to  join  the  apical  marking  (which  it  is  on  every 
example  that  I  have  seen).  Nevertheless,  I  regard  it  as  most 
improbable  that  there  is  another  species  occurring  in  the  same 
localities  as  the  species  before  me  and  so  extremely  close  to  it  as 
would  be  the  case  if  my  identification  is  incorrect.  Probably  in 
Clark's  examples  the  labrum  had  become  by  some  means  dis- 
coloured, and  the  other  discrepancy  no  doubt  arises  from  an 
omission  on  the  part  of  the  describer. 


188  EBVISION    OF    THE    GENUS    PAROPSIS, 

P.  RUFOPiCTA,  Blackb. 

It  will  be  well  to  take  this  opportunity  of  mentioning  the 
following  characters  not  enumerated  in  the  original  description, 
viz.,  greatest  height  of  elytra  slightly  in  front  of  the  middle  of 
the  elytral  margin  as  viewed  from  the  side,  width  of  prothorax 
to  length  as  2i  to  1,  elytra  not  depressed  below  the  humeral 
callus  and  without  any  subbasal  impression,  marginal  part  of 
elytra  very  little  distinguishable  even  near  the  apex  from  the 
discal  part,  humeral  callus  feebly  marked  (its  inner  edge 
decidedly  further  from  the  suture  than  from  the  lateral  margin 
of  the  elytra),  basal  ventral  segment  sparsely  and  somewhat 
strongly  punctulate. 

P.   EYRENSIS,  sp.nov. 

^.   Subovata;  minus  lata;  nitida;  sat  convexa,  altitudine  majori 

(a  latere  visa)  pone  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  testa- 

ceo-brunnea,  capite  medio  jjrothorace  (transversim  sinuatim) 

elytrorum  vittis  numerosis   et  abdomine  infuscatis ;  capite 

dupliciter  (crebrius  subtilissime  et  sparsim  subgrosse)  punctu- 

lato ;    prothorace  quam   longiori  ut    2}x  ad   1    latiori,   pone 

apicem  haud  impresso,  ab  apice  paullo  ultra  medium  dilatato, 

subtiliter  minus  confertim  (ad  latera  sparsim  grosse)  punctu- 

lato,  lateribus  minus  arcuatis  haud  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis 

obtusis;  scutello  sat  Itevi;  elytris  sub  callum  humeralem  haud 

depressis,  pone  basin  haud  impressis,  injequaliter  sat  grosse 

minus  crebre  subseriatim  punctulatis,  parte  marginali  a  disco 

haud  distincta,   calli   humeralis  margine    interno    a    sutura 

quam  ab  elytrorum  margine  laterali  multo  magis  distanti; 

segmento  ventrali  basali  sparsim  leviter  punctulato.     Long. 

2,  lat.  li  lines. 

The  inf  uscate  mark  on  the  prothorax  is  probably  variable;  in 

the  type  it  is  a  central  blotch  from  either  side  of  which  a  curved 

narrow  line  runs  out  nearly  to  the  margin  (this  line  is  continuous 

on  one  side  and  interrupted  on  the  other).     On  the  elytra  the 

inf  uscate  vittte  are  of  darker  colour  than  the  markings  of  the  other 

parts  and  may  be  described  as  (on  each  elytron)  four  pairs  of  fine 

lines    of  which  the  external   thi'ee  are   irregularly  dilated    and 


BY    REV.    T.    BLACKBURN.  189' 

coalescing  for  the  greater  part  of  their  length.  The  irregularity  of 
the  elytral  puncturation  does  not  consist  in  the  size  of  the 
punctures  but  in  their  being  placed  almost  exclusively  on  the 
infuscate  parts  of  the  surface  and  in  their  seriate  arrangement 
being  here  and  there  considerably  confused. 
Central  Australia;  Basin  of  Lake  Eyre. 

P.  TARSALIS,  Sp.nOV. 

(J.  Sat  late  ovalis;  modice  convexa,  altitudine  majori  (a  latere 
visa)  ante  elytrorum  marginem  medium  posita;  nitida;  nigra, 
antennis  (his  apice  infuscatis)  labro  mandibulis  prosterno 
medio  coxis  capiteque  subtus  testaceis,  tarsis  rufis  ;  capite 
crebrius  dupliciter  (subtiliter  et  subgrosse)  punctulato;  pro- 
thorace  quam  longiori  duplo  latiori,  pone  apicem  baud 
impresso,  ab  apice  fere  ad  basin  leviter  dilatato  subfortiter 
minus  crebre  (antice  magis  crelire,  ad  latera  grosse)  punctu- 
lato, lateribus  minus  arcuatis  baud  deplanatis,  angulis  posticis 
obtusis  sat  bene  determinatis ;  scutello  Itevi ;  elytris  sub 
callum  humeraleni  vix  depressis,  pone  basin  baud  impressis, 
sat  fortiter  subseriatim  punctulatis,  parte  marginali  a  disca 
vix  distincta,  calli  humeralis  margine  interno  a  sutura  quam 
ab  elytrorum  margine  lateral!  paullo  magis  distanti.     Long. 


2,  lat.  1/^  lines. 


A  very  distinct  species  on  account  of  its  entirely  black  upper 

surface,  which  is  probably  constant. 

Victoria. 

P.  M-FUSCUM,  Bohem. 

This  is  a  variable  species  in  respect  of  its  colouring,  the  upper 
surface  being  of  various  shades  from  whitish-yellow  to  reddish- 
brown  or  even  dark  lirown  (the  latter  colour  being  probably  the 
result  of  long  immersion  in  spirits),  and  the  underside,  femora,  and 
antennae  being  more  or  less  infuscate  or  even  blackish  in  parts. 
It  evidently  forms  a  connecting  link  between  the  present  and  the 
next  group  of  species,  having  all  the  facies  of  the  next  group,  but 
with  the  puncturation  of  its  elytra  very  irregular  and,  so  far  as  it 
is  seriate,  consisting  of  ten  double  rows  of  punctures. 


190 


ON  THE  care:s'ides  (FAM.  CARABID^) 

No.  III.* 
By  Thomas  G.  Sloanb. 

In  the  present  paper  twenty  new  species  are  added  to  the 
Carenides,  several  of  which  are  remarkable  and  isolated  species 
which  can  hardly  be  placed  with  any  of  those  previously  described; 
such  are  Carenuin  reflexum,  C.  acutipes^  C  pulchrum^  Eutoma  (?) 
aherrans  and  Neocarenum  spenceri.  The  discovery  of  so  many 
peculiar  species  helps  to  show  how  far  we  are  still  from  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  many  varying  forms  which  exist  among  Care- 
nides, and  leads  to  the  belief  that  any  classification  of  the  tribe 
made  with  the  data  at  present  available  must  be  looked  upon  as 
merely  provisional. 

A  considerable  amount  of  confusion  is  found  among  writers  on 
the  Carenides  with  regard  to  the  terms  applied  to  certain  parts 
of  the  head;  therefore  it  seems  necessary  to  attempt  a  more  exact 
definition  of  at  least  some  of  the  features  used  in  describing 
species,  and  for  the  sake  of  uniformity  the  terms  employed  by  me 
for  various  parts  of  the  head  in  the  genus  Clivina  are  now 
suggested  for  the  same  features  in  the  Carenides. 

The  cfypeus.  — In  Clivina  the  clypeus  may  be  divided  into  three 
parts,!  two  of  which,  viz.,  the  median  part  and  the  wings,  may 
be  used  among  the  Carenides.  The  median  part  is  immediately 
behind  the  labrum;  it  is  usually  defined  on  each  side  by  a  more 
or  less  prominent  triangular  projection  {intermediate  angles  of 
the  clypeus);  in  the  genus  Scaraphites  the  intermediate  angles  are 
obsolete. 


*  For  first  paper,  vide  P.L.S.N.S.W.  1888,  iii.  (2),  pp.  1101-1122. 
For  second  paper,  vide  I.e.  1893,  viii.  (2),  pp.  448-483. 
t   r»fZe  P.L.S.N.S.W.  1896,  xxi.  Pt.  2,  p.  140. 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  191 

The  supra-antennal  plates  are  behind  the  wings  of  the  clypeus 
and  project  beyond  them;  when  longitudinally  sulcate  before  the 
eyes  the  part  outside  this  preocular  sulcus  may  be  called  the 
preocular  process. 

The  sulorhital  channels  are  below  the  eyes;  they  receive  the 
basal  part  of  the  antennae  when  laid  back. 

ScARAPHiTES  GiGAS,  Castelnau. 

I  formerly  regarded  Sc.  gig  as,  Cast.,  as  in  all  probability  a 
synonym  of  So.  laticollis,  Macl.;  but  Mr.  C.  French  has  in  his 
collection  a  species  from  N.W.  Australia  which  is  evidently  Sc. 
gigas,  and  which,  though  closely  allied  to  Sc.  laticollis,  differs 
from  that  species  by  the  following  characters  :  —  Form  proportion- 
ately broader  and  heavier;  head  similar,  but  with  mentum  less 
concave  in  front  of  submentum;  prothorax  broader  (9x18  mm.), 
more  deeply  emarginate  in  front,  anterior  angles  similar  but  more 
prominent,  sides  sloping  more  decidedly  backwards  to  posterior 
angles,  these  less  marked;  elytra  broader  (22  x  18  mm.),  less 
parallel,  evidently  wider  behind  middle,  more  convex,  more 
abruptly  declivous  to  apex,  sides  more  strongly  rounded,  lateral 
margins  wider. 

Length  44,  breadth  18  mm. 


EURYSCAPHUS    WATERHOUSEI,   Macl. 

E.  waterhousei,  Macl.,  seems  to  have  a  very  wide  range  and 
varies  greatly  in  size,  so  much  so,  indeed,  that  it  is  probable  E. 
aftratus,  SL,  may  prove  to  have  been  founded  on  a  small  form  of 
E.  waterhousei. 

Length  35-50,  breadth  15-24  mm.  (from  specimens  in  my  pos- 
session.) 

Hah. — MacDonnell  Ranges  (Spencer);  Barrow  Creek,  Northern 
Territory  of  South  Australia  (Coll.  French);  Lake  Darlott  (Mur- 
chison  Goldfield  District),  West  Australia  (Coll.  Froggatt). 

EuRYSCAPHUs  EBENiNus,  Sloane. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  in  West  Australia,  and  varies 
gTeatly  [in   size    and   appearance.     Like  the  eastern   species   E. 


192  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID^F.),' 

ohesus,  Macl.,  the  male  has  the  elytra  much  more  circular  in 
shape,  and  more  emarginate  at  the  base  than  the  female.  Its 
constant  characters  are  the  lobate  prothorax  and  bipunctate  elytra. 
The  dimensions  from  a  number  of  specimens  before  me  may  be 
given  as  follows  : — 

$.   Length  34-42,  breadth  16-19-5  mm. 
$.       „         37-44         „        lG-.5-17-5mm. 

Hah. — Yilgarn,  Coolgardie,  Murchison  District  (on  authority 
of  Mr.  French);  Kalgoorlie  (G.  W.  Froggatt). 

Laccopterum  spencii. 

Carenum  spencii,  Westw.,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  1841,  p.  123; 
Arcan.  Ent.  i.  p.  85;  C.  diggJesi,  Macl.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  JST.S.W. 
1873,  ii.  p.  326. 

I  have  no  doubt  that  Sir  William  Macleay  bestowed  the  name 
Carenum  digglesi  on  the  species  that  Westwood  had  previously 
named  C.  spencii. 

Hah. — Queensland  (Brisbane  ?). 

Laccopterum  macleayi,  n.sp. 

Carenum  spencii,  Macleay  {non  Westwood). 

Black.  Robust,  subparallel ;  prothorax  with  anterior  angles 
advanced,  base  widely  lobate  ;  four  rows  of  large  deep  round 
fovefe  on  each  elytron;  anterior  tibise  tridentate. 

Head  transverse-quadrate  (3  x  4*3  mm.),  convex;  frontal  sulci 
short,  deep,  sinuous,  hardly  divergent  backwards,  connected 
behind  by  a  rounded  impression;  occipital  area  of  head  depressed 
below  plane  of  front;  eyes  convex,  not  prominent;  two  supraorbital 
punctures  on  each  side.  Prothorax  transverse  (3-7  x  5*5  mm.); 
sides  almost  parallel  (very  lightly  rounded  in  middle)  before 
posterior  angles  ;  anterior  angles  advanced,  obtuse ;  posterior 
angles  rounded,  lightly  marked;  a  light  sinuosity  on  each  side 
behind  posterior  angles ;  base  wide,  rounded  ;  border  thick, 
reflexed  on  sides,  wider  at  posterior  angles,  hardly  at  all  reflexed 
on  base;  median  line  shallow,  linear;  a  light  transverse  impression 
defining  the  small  basal  area;  three  marginal  punctures  on  each 


BY    THOiMAS    G.    SLOANE.  193 

side.  Elytra  suboval  (8  x  5-6  mm.),  widest  behind  middle,  a  little 
narrowed  to  base,  depressed  on  disc,  very  declivous  to  apex;  sides 
lightly  rounded;  base  lightly  emarginate,  shoulders  marked;  four 
regular  rows  of  large  round  foveas — besides  those  of  lateral 
channel — on  each  elytron,  fovese  of  sutural  row  smaller  than 
others;  a  row  of  ocellate  punctures  placed  in  foveiform  depres- 
sions in  the  wide  lateral  channel. 

Length   12-5-17-5,   breadth    4-2-5-7    mm.       (Type    17   mm.  in 
length.) 

Hah. — N.S.  Wales,  Wingelo  (Stephens),  Goulburn,  Junee, 
Narrandera  and  Mulwala  (Sloane). 

This  is  the  species  which  was  regarded  by  the  late  Sir  William 
Macleay  as  C  spencii,  Westw.;  it  is  so  named  in  his  collection 
and  all  references  to  0.  spencii,  as  a  species  known  to  him,  in  his 
papers  on  the  Carenides,  must  be  considered  as  referring  to  it. 

This  species  has  been  represented  in  my  collection  for  many 
years,  and  never  since  comparing  it  with  Westwood's  description 
and  figure  of  C.  spencii  have  I  been  able  to  accept  Sir  William 
Macleay's  identification  as  correct,  or  regard  it  as  the  species 
which  Westwood  had  before  him;  but  it  is  only  recently  that  I 
have  been  able  to  identify  the  true  C.  spencii  irom.  specimens 
supplied  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  French  under  the  name  of  C.  digglesi, 
Macl.  An  examination  of  these  specimens  shows  them  to  agree 
perfectly  with  both  Westwood's  description  and  figure  of  C. 
spencii,  and  leaves  no  doubt  in  my  mind  as  to  their  being  West- 
wood's  species. 

Comparing  L.  macleayi  with  L.  spencii  the  conspicuous  difference 
is  in  the  sculpture  of  the  el3^tra;  in  L.  spencii  the  elytra  are  more 
rounded  on  the  sides,  the  first  interstice  is  flat  and  closely  trans- 
versely striolate  without  the  large  fovese  of  L.  macleayi,  the  lateral 
channel  is  smooth  with  its  row  of  ocellate  punctures  not  placed 
in  fovete.  L.  salebrosiim,  Macl.,  has  the  elytra  with  the  first 
interstice  similar  to  that  of  L.  spe-iicii,  but  the  fovese  of  the  elytra, 
though  their  general  arrangement  is  in  three  rows,  are  more 
numerous,  irregularly  shaped  and  confused  in  the  two  outer  rows. 

L.  macleayi  exactly  resembles  L.Joveipenne,  Macl.,  in  all  resjjects 
13 


194  ON  THE  C  A  REN  I DES  (F  AM.  CARABIDjE), 

excepting  the  blue  margin  to  the  prothorax  and  elytra,  and  the 
blue  reflection  at  the  bottom  of  the  fovese  of  the  elytra. 

Carenum  replexum,  n.sp. 

Elliptical,  subdepressed,  Isevigate;  head  large,  obliquely  narrowed 
on  each  side  behind  eyes,  suborbital  channel  single;  prothorax 
transverse-quadrate,  posterior  angles  widely  reflexed  and  strongly 
marked ;  elytra  elongate-cordate,  impunctate,  inflexed  margins 
wide;  anterior  tibi?e  bidentate.  Black,  prothorax  and  elytra  with 
subviolaceous  margins. 

Head  widely  transverse  (3-5x6  mm.),  rather  depressed;  frontal 

sulci    strongly   impressed,     long,    diverging  lightly    backwards ; 

space  between  sulci   lightly  convex;   clypeus  with  median  part 

wide,     feebly     emarginate ;      preocular     sulcus     wide,     hardly 

marked ;  preocular  process  small,  rounded ;  eyes  convex,  deeply 

enclosed  posteriorly ;    orbits   obliquely  narrowed   to  neck  ;    one 

supraorbital    puncture    on    each     side.       Antennte    subfiliform, 

lightly   compressed,    apical    joint    oval.      Prothorax    transverse 

(4'3  X  7"3  mm.),  lightly  convex;    sides   lightly  rounded    (hardly 

narrowed  anteriorly,  very  lightly  narrowed  posteriorly);  anterior 

margin    widely  emarginate  ;    anterior    angles    advanced,   widely 

rounded;  posterior  angles  subrectangular,  obtuse  at  summit;   base 

truncate    on  each    side,  widely  sublobate  in  middle;  basal  lobe 

widely    emarginate-truncate;    a    light    wide    sinuosity    at    each 

side  of  basal  lobe ;    border  widely  reflexed,  widened  at  anterior 

angles,  dilatate   and  ver}'  widely  upturned  at  posterior  angles, 

narrowly  reflexed  on  middle  of  base;  median  line  lightly  impressed; 

lateral  channel  impunctate;   inflexed  margins  projecting  sharply 

from  episterna.     Elytra  same  width  as  prothorax  (10  x  7'3  mm.)) 

widest  about  middle,  widely  truncate-emarginate  at  base,  narrow 

at  apex;  sides  lightly  rounded,  hardly  narrowed    to    shoulders; 

humeral  angles   rounded  ;   margins  wide  ;   border  reflexed,  most 

strongly  so  near    shoulders,  passing  round   humeral  angles  and 

widely  and  lightly  upturned  on  each   side  of    base  just  within 

humeral  angles;  a  row  of  rather  widely  separated  ocellate  punc- 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANS.  195 

tures  along  lateral  channel;  two  punctures  on  each  side  of  basal 
declivity.     Legs  as  in  G.  ineditum,  Macl. 

Length  20,  breadth  7-3  mm. 

flab. — Australia  (Coll.  French). 

A  very  remarkable  and  isolated  species;  its  affinity  is  evidently 
towards  C.  ineditum,  with  which  it  agrees  in  shape  of  head,  palj^i, 
and  legs.  It  cannot  be  placed  with  C.  transversicolle,  Chaud.,  on 
account  of  its  bidentate  anterior  tibije. 

Carenum  occidentale,  n.sp. 

Robust,  convex,  Ipevigate;  frontal  sulci  almost  parallel;  pro- 
thorax  widely  transverse,  shortly  lobate,  anterior  angles  porrect; 
elytra  impunctate,  inflexed  margins  wide;  anterior  tibise  tridentate. 
Black,  shining,  prothorax  and  elytra  margined  with  green. 

Head  transverse,  quadrate  (5  x  7*5  mm.),  convex  across  occiput, 
subdepressed  anteriorly;  frontal  sulci  subparallel,  hardly  diverging 
backwards,  curving  outwards  anteriorly  in  a  distinct  linear  course; 
preocular  sulcus  short,  deep,  straight;  preocular  process  narrow; 
eyes   round,  not  prominent,  deeply  set  in  head;  one  supraorbital 
puncture    on    each    side.       Antennas    rather    stout,   subfiliform, 
lightly  compressed,  apical  joint  short.     Prothorax  convex,  widely 
transverse  (5-3  x  9'5   mm.),   of   same   width    between  posterior 
angles  as  between  anterior  angles,  smooth  (disc  feebly  transversely 
striolate^;  sides  lightly  rounded,  anterior  margin  truncate  between 
anterior  angles,  these  strongly  and  obtusely  advanced;   posterior 
angles  rounded,  but  prominent;  base  shortly  lobate,  truncate  on 
each  side  of  lobe;  basal  lobe  short,  rounded;  border  reflexed,  wide 
on  sides,  very  wide  at  posterior  angles,  narrower  on  basal  lobe; 
marginal  channel  wide  on  sides,  entire  on  base;    median  line  well 
marked,  linear;  two  marginal  setigerous  punctures  on  each  side. 
Elytra  oval,  hardly  wider  than  prothorax  (13-5  x  9-7  mm.),  smooth, 
convex,  deeply  declivous  to  apex;  border  narrow,  reflexed,  lightly 
folded  over  (not  prominent)  at  humeral  angles;  margin  wide;  a 
row  of  four  punctures  on  base  of  each  elytron;  a  row  of  ocellate 
punctures  along  margin;    suture  strongly  impressed,       Anterior 
tibiae  tridentate;  intermediate  tibii«  incrassate  with  a  very  short 


196  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABIDjE). 

stout  triangular  projection  externally  at  apex;    posterior  tibije 
light,  slightly  incrassate. 

Length  26,  breadth  9 "7  mm. 

Hab. — West  Australia,  Murchison  District  (Coll.  French). 

Allied  to  C.  transversicolle,  Chaud.,  but  larger  and  margined 
with  green  instead  of  blue;  also  allied  to  (J.  frenchi,  SI.,  from 
which  its  wider  shape  and  green  margin  will  help  to  distinguish 
it.  The  type  specimen  was  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  French  as  coming 
from  Cue ;  it  seems  widely  spread  in  the  Murchison  District, 
W.A. 

Carenum  cordipenne,  n.sp. 

^.  Elliptical-oval,  robust,  Isevigate;  head  large;  prothorax  trans- 
verse, widely  rounded  behind,  two  marginal  punctures  on  each  side; 
elytra  wide,  cordate,  subdepressed,  impunctate ;  anterior  tibiae 
bidentate.     Black,  margins  of  prothorax  and  elytra  bluish. 

Head  transverse  (4"4  x  6*5  mm.\  frontal  sulci  deej),  diverging 
backwards  ;  clypeus  with  median  part  truncate;  preocular  sulcus 
well  marked,  wide;  preocular  process  small,  rounded  externally; 
eyes  convex,  prominent;  two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side; 
gense  setigero-punctate.  Prothorax  transverse  (5  x  7*8  mm.), 
lightly  convex,  a  little  declivous  to  base;  basal  area  small,  defined 
by  a  transverse  impression;  sides  rounded,  sul:)parallel  in  middle; 
anterior  margin  truncate  between  anterior  angles,  these  advanced, 
obtuse;  basal  curve  rotundate,  lightly  trisinuate  in  middle;  border 
wide,  reflexed,  more  strongly  reflexed  behind  posterior  marginal 
puncture ;  median  line  lightl}'  impressed.  Elytra  wide,  cordate 
(10'5  X  8  mm.),  lightly  depressed  ;  base  wide,  lightly  emarginate- 
truncate;  margin  wide;  border  reflexed;  four  punctures  in  a  row 
on  each  side  of  basal  declivity  ;  a  row  of  rather  widely  placed 
punctures  along  lateral  margins.  Base  of  intercoxal  part  of 
presternum  truncate,  and  with  one  setigerous  puncture  on  each 
side.     Legs  light. 

Length  21-26,  breadth  7'6-9  mm. 

Hab. — Victoria,  North-western  District. 

Six  specimens  (all  males)  have  been  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  C. 
French;  four   of  these  taken  at  same  place  and  time  represent 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  197 

the  typical  form,  the  other  two  differ  slightly  in  facies;  one  has 
the  elytra  a  little  wider,  more  convex  and  more  decidedly 
emarginate  at  base,  the  other  has  the  elytra  more  convex  with 
the  suture  strongly  impressed  and  the  prothorax  more  truncate 
across  the  middle  of  the  base;  both  agree  with  the  type  in  every 
other  respect. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  Jceuipenne,  MacL;  The  head  is  similar, 
but  has  two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side*  and  one  or 
more  setigerous  punctures  on  the  gente  below  the  antennal  scrobes; 
the  antennae  are  a  little  more  slender,  the  apical  joints  being 
longer;  the  prothorax  hardly  differs  in  shape,  but  is  a  little  less 
rounded  on  the  middle  of  the  sides  and  less  evenly  rounded  on 
the  basal  curve;  it  has  two  marginal  punctures  on  each  side  (C 
Irevipenne  has  none);  the  elytra  are  flatter,  shorter  and  more 
cordate  (the  sides  more  strongly  rounded  backwards  from  the 
shoulders);  the  more  depressed  disc  gives  the  base  a  more 
emarginate  appearance.  C.  cordipenne  also  differs  from  C 
ii'editu7n,  MacL,  by  all  the  characters  given  above. 

Carenum  brbviforme.  Bates. 

Prothorax  and  elytra  margined  with  green,  head  and  prothorax 
wholly  black  beneath,  elytra  with  disc  purple-black  (the  green 
margin  very  wide,  reaching  to  discoidal  ajDical  punctures). 

Closely  allied  to  C.  virescens,  SI.;  the  following  differences  may 
be  noted  :  — Elytra  with  disc  deep  purple-black  not  overspread 
with  green;  the  lateral  punctures  of  clypeus  giving  off  a  sulcus 
which  reaches  anterior  margin  at  inner  side  of  base  of  intermediate 
projections;  sides  of  head  less  abrupt  (lightly  and  evenly  rounded) 
above  e3''es ;  prothorax  shorter,  posterior  angles  more  strongly 
marked;  elytra  shorter,  less  narrowed  to  humeral  angles,  these 
more  rounded  and  less  marked. 


*  Specimens  of  C.  Iceinpenne  sent  me  by  Mr.  A.  M,  Lea  from  Mt.  Barker, 
W.A.,  liave  one  supraorbital  puncture  on  each  side;  another  specimen  is 
in  my  collection  without  any  svipraorbital  puncture. 


198  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID.E), 

Length  18,  breadth  6-75  mm.  (Head  3-4  x  5-3,  prothorax 
3-8  X  6-75,  elytra  9  x  6-75  mm.). 

Hah. — Roebuck  Bay,  W.A.  (sent  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  French). 

Carenum  froggatti,  n.sp. 

Small,  light,  Itevigate  ;  head  depressed,  frontal  sulci  lightly 
divergent,  suborbital  channel  single ;  prothorax  transvei'se, 
shortly  lobate,  anterior  angles  strongly  advanced,  lateral  margins 
bipunctate  ;  elytra  suboval,  convex,  bipunctate  towards  apex  ; 
anterior  tibise  bidentate,  posterior  tibife  slender.  Head  and 
undersurface  black;  prothora.x  widely  margined  with  green,  disc 
deep  purple-black;  elytra  violet  with  green  reflections,  becoming 
green  near  margins ;  inflexed  margin  of  prothorax  and  elytra 
virescent;  antennte  and  legs  piceous-black,  palpi  piceous-brown. 

Head  transverse  (2-5  x  3"8mm.),  depressed,  smooth;  margin  on 
each  side  between  anterior  angles  and  intermediate  angles  of 
clypeus  forming  a  long  oblique  slope;  frontal  sulci  rather  short, 
diverging  lightly  backwards;  anterior  part  of  their  course  strongly 
marked,  curving  sharply  outwards  ;  clypeus  deeply  emarginate- 
truncate  in  middle,  intermediate  angles  wide,  obtuse,  not  denti- 
form; preocular  sulcus  deeply  marked,  short,  straight;  preocular 
process  small,  rounded  externally;  eyes  convex,  prominent,  rather 
deeply  set  in  orbits  posteriorly;  orbits  oblique  (not  protuberant) 
behind  eyes;  one  supraorbital  puncture  on  each  side.  Antennae 
slender,  compressed.  Prothorax  transverse  (3-2  x  5  mm.),  convex, 
strongly  declivous  to  base;  sides  lightly  rounded;  posterior  angles 
rounded;  anterior  angles  stronglj^  advanced,  roundly  obtuse;  base 
decidedly  lobate ;  basal  lobe  rounded  ;  a  strong  sinuosity  on 
each  side  of  basal  lobe ;  border  reflexed,  wide  from  anterior 
angles  to  behind  posterior  angles,  more  strongly  upturned  at 
posterior  angles  ;  median  line  lightly  marked.  Elytra  ovate 
(8  X  5-5  mm.),  a  little  narrowed  to  base  ;  apical  curve 
narrow  ;  sides  rounded  ;  base  truncate,  deeply  and  obliquely 
declivous;  lateral  channel  wide;  border  reflexed,  forming  a  short 
wide  upturned  prominence  at  humeral  angles;  a  row  of  ocellate 
jxinctures  along  margin ;    inflexed  margins  wide.     Prosternum 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  199 

with  intercoxral  part  deeply  channelled,  truncate  at  base ;  one 
setigerous  puncture  on  each  side  of  base.  Legs  light;  anterior 
tibiae  slender,  tridentate,  the  teeth  light,  two  fine  external  teeth 
above  the  large  ones. 

Length  15,  breadth  5-5. 

Hah. — West  Australia,  Kalgoorlie  (Gr.  W.  Froggatt ;  Coll. 
Froggatt). 

This  species  is  characterised  by  its  small  size  and  slender 
posterior  tibise.  Following  the  distribution  of  the  species  of 
Carenum  into  groups  adopted  by  me  in  P.L.S.N.S.W.  viii.  (2), 
pp.  462,  466,  its  place  would  be  with  C.  habitans,  SI.,  though  it 
is  evidently  quite  as  nearly  allied  to  the  C.  e/egfajis-group,  and 
indicates  that  these  two  groups  should  be  united.  It  has  some 
affinity  to  0.  ru(/aium,  Blkb.,  but  can  be  distinguished  at  once 
from  it  by  the  less  prominent  angles  of  the  head,  and  by  the 
absence  of  an  oblique  longitudinal  sulcus  extending  backwards 
from  above  the  eyes  on  each  side  of  the  head. 

I  form  a  new  group  to  receive  Carenum  rugatum,  Blkb.,  and 
n.  sulcaiiceps  (n.sp  ),  to  be  called  the  sulcatipes-growp.  It  has 
seemed  to  me  that  the  usual  course  of  giving  the  name  of  the 
species  first  described  to  the  group  cannot  be  adopted  in  this 
case,  because  the  name  rugatum  wovild  be  misleading  if  applied 
to  a  group  of  species  naturally  hevigate.  The  sulcaticeps-gvoup 
will  be  distinouished  by  the  following  characters  : — Head  with 
frontal  sulci  short,  subparallel,  sul)orbital  channels  straight, 
single,  an  oblique  supraorbital  sulcus  on  each  side  of  the  occiput; 
anterior  tibias  tridentate.  It  may  be  noted  that  all  the  specimens 
of  this  group  which  I  have  examined  have  had  two  punctures  on 
the  anterior  tibiae  near  the  lower  margin  of  inner  side  towards 
apex. 

Carenum  sulcaticeps,  n.sp. 

Oblong-oval,  Isevigate ;  head  with  an  oblique  supraorbital 
sulcus  on  each  side,  anterior  angles  prominent;  prothorax  lightly 
lobate;  elytra  bipunctate  towards  apex;  anterior  tibiae  tridentate. 
Shining;  head,  disc  of  prothorax,  undersurface  and  legs  black; 


200  ON  THE  CAREXIDES  (FAM.  CARABID^E), 

elytra  chalybeous  with  purple  reflections;  prothorax  with    pale 
bluish  margins,  sides  of  disc  flushed  with  purple. 

Head  transverse  (3 -5  x  5-3  mm.),  depressed;  frontal  sulci  short, 
subparallel  ;  clypeus  with  median  part  truncate,  intermediate^ 
angles  prominent,  anterior  margin  of  wings  oblique;  preocular 
sulcus  short,  wide ;  preocular  process  small,  prominent  ;  eyes 
convex,  not  prominent,  deeply  embedded  in  orbits  posteriorly; 
postocular  part  of  orbits  defined  above  and  below  by  a  strong 
sulcus  and  sloping  gently  to  head;  one  supraorbital  puncture  on 
each  side.  Prothorax  transverse  (4'5  x  7  mm.),  convex  ;  sides 
rounded,  strongly  and  roundly  narrowed  anteriorly ;  posterior 
angles  rounded  (lightly  marked)  ;  anterior  angles  lightly  and 
obtusely  advanced;  middle  of  base  rounded,  a  wide  light  sinuosity 
on  each  side  of  basal  lobe;  border  reflexed  (slightly  more  so  at 
posterior  angles) ;  lateral  channel  wide ;  median  line  lightly 
impressed;  two  marginal  punctures  on  each  side.  Elj'tra  ovate 
(11  X  7'7  mm.),  convex;  sides  rounded;  border  reflexed,  lightly 
and  widely  upturned  at  humeral  angles;  about  four  punctures  on 
basal  declivity  of  each  elytron.     Legs  light. 

Length  17-23,  breadth  6'3-8"4mm.       (Type  21  mm.  in  length). 

JIab. — Nullabor  Plains  (near  Eucla).  Given  to  me  by  Mr. 
C.  French. 

Allied  to  C.  rugatum,  Blkb.,  of  which  I  had  formerly  regarded 
it  as  a  variety,  but  now  consider  it  distinct  on  account  of  its 
metallic  colour  and  apparently  wider  form.  C.  sulcaticeps  and 
its  allies  seem  to  vary  greatly  in  colour  and  facies,  in  this 
resembling  C.  Ictivigatum,  Macl.,  and  its  allies.  I  am  puzzled 
among  the  specimens  before  me,  and  evidently  it  will  only  be 
possible  to  arrive  at  definite  conclusions  as  to  which  forms  con- 
stitute species,  and  which  varieties,  after  the  range  and  constancy 
of  each  form  has  been  determined  by  collecting  widely  in  South- 
west Australia  and  carefully  recording  the  localities  of  specimens. 

The  type  of  C.  sulcaticeps  (9)  has  the  elytra  convex,  with  the 
suture  not  placed  in  a  channel;  another  specimen  (9)  is  wider 
and  more  robust  and  has  the  suture  placed  in  a  light  channel  on 
the  disc;  a  third   specimen  (sex   undetermined)  has  the    suture 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  201 

placed  in  a  deep  wide  channel,  as  has  also  the  only  male  specimen 
(length  17  mm.)  I  have. 

A  specimen  from  same  locality  differs  from  the  type  and  may 
be  called  : — 

Var.  A.  5.  Differs  from  type  by  more  elongate  shape,  elytra 
longer  and  more  depressed,  colour  duller;  this  form  approaches 
C  rugatuni,  Blkb.     Length  24,  breadth  8-4  mm. 

Two  other  Carenums  are  in  my  collection ;  probably  each 
represents  an  undescribed  species,  but  at  present  I  place  them 
under  C.  sulcatipes  as  varieties. 

Yar.  B.  Differs  from  type  by  having  the  elytra  bright  metallic- 
purple  (the  disc  of  the  prothorax  also  flushed  with  purple),  the 
prothorax  more  strongly  lobate  on  base  and  with  the  anterior 
angles  more  porrect.     Length  17 '5,  breadth  6 "5  mm. 

Hub. — Norseman  Diggings,  W. A.   (Received  from  Mr.  French). 

Var.  C.  Differs  from  type  by  being  narrower  and  more  convex; 
prothorax  more  strongly  lobate  ;  prothorax  and  elytra  widely 
margined  with  green.     Length  17,  breadth  6 '2  mm. 

Hab. — South  Australia.     (Received  from  Mr.  G.  Masters). 

A  separate  group  may  be  formed  for  Carennm  planipenne, 
Macl.,  and  closely  allied  species ;  this  planijjenne-gvou])  will 
precede  the  marginatum-gvouTp,  from  which  it  will  be  separated 
by  the  presence  of  a  supraorbital  sidciis  oil  each  side  of  the  occiput; 
the  inferior  ridge  of  the  anterior  tibise  approaches  the  form  found 
in  the  dispar-group,  being  more  strongly  serrate  than  in  typical 
members  of  the  marginatum-gvowp.  The  species  comprised 
in  the  planipenne-gYoupn\xvahQv  three,*  viz.,  C .  2')lo'nipenne,  Macl., 
C.  vicinu7n,  SI.,  and  C.  purpicreum,  n.sp. 

Carenum  purpureum,  n.sp. 

Lsevigate,  form  light,  depressed ;  head  as  in  C.  planipenne, 
Macl.,  (suborbital  channels  single);  prothorax  as  in  6'.  jilanipenne; 

*  Possibly  C.  carhonarium  may  also  be  a  member  of  this  gi'oup,  vide 
post,  p.  204. 


202  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID.E), 

elytra  ovate,  bipunctate  on  apical  half,  inflexed  margins  wide 
behind  first  ventral  segment ;  anterior  tibife  bidentate.  Head 
and  under  surface  black,  prothorax  shining  black  with  wide 
violaceous  margins,  elytra  shining  violet-purple  (inflexed  margins 
metallic). 

Head  light,  subquadrate  (3"2  x  45  mm.),  rather  depressed; 
frontal  sulci  sinuate,  very  lightly  divergent  posteriorly,  a  wide 
curved  impression  connecting  their  extremities,  their  anterior 
out-turned  part  very  lightly  marked  ;  preocular  process  small, 
prominent;  eyes  convex,  strongly  enclosed  behind;  a  sulcus  above 
eye,  becoming  wider  and  curving  downward  behind  orbit;  two 
supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side.  Prothorax  transverse 
(4'2  X  6  mm  ),  lightly  convex,  declivous  to  base;  a  well-defined 
depressed  space  before  basal  margin  ;  sides  rounded ;  posterior 
angles  not  marked  ;  anterior  angles  lightl}^  advanced,  obtusely 
rounded;  border  wide,  reflexed,  strongly  sinuate  and  widened  to 
form  prominent  angles  on  each  side  of  base,  passing  round  anterior 
angles;  base  rounded  on  each  side  and  emarginate  in  middle;  a 
short  wide  oblique  impression  on  each  side  of  posterior  declivity 
half-way  between  median  line  and  basal  angles ;  median  line 
strongly  impressed ;  three  marginal  punctures  on  each  side. 
Elytra  ovate,  a  little  bi'oader  than  pi'othorax  (9  x  6 -3  mm.), 
depressed,  lightly  declivous  to  apex;  base  truncate;  sides  strongly 
rounded,  narrowed  to  base ;  border  narrow,  reflexed,  lightly 
upturned  at  humeral  angles ;  a  row  of  fine  punctures  along 
marginal  channel;  four  fine  punctures  in  a  single  row  on  base  of 
each  elytron.     Legs  as  in  C.  planipenne. 

Length  19-5,  breadth  6-3  mm. 

Hah. — South  Australia  (Colls.  French  and  Sloane). 

Allied  to  C.  planipenne,  from  which  it  differs  by  colour,  smaller 
size,  the  much  less  erect  elevation  of  the  border  of  the  elytra  at 
the  humeral  angles,  &c.  From  G.  fugitivum,  Blkb.,  it  appears  to 
differ  by  the  shape  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  prothorax,  and  it 
most  probably  has  the  elytra  flatter  and  less  shortly  rounded  at 
the  humeral  angles.     It  resembles  C.  vicinum,  SL,  from  which 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  203 

the  following  are  characters  that  distinguish  it : — Size  smaller; 
elytra  wholly  of  a  bright  metallic  violet  colour;  prothorax  with 
three  (not  two)  marginal  punctures;  elytra  more  depressed,  more 
rounded  on  the  sides  and  more  narrowed  to  the  base,  with  the 
humeral  angles  less  erect. 

Before  describing  the  new  species  to  be  added  to  the  group  of 
which  Carenum  niarginatiim,  Boisd.,  is  the  type,  it  has  seemed 
•adA'isable  to  review  the  described  species  of  the  group  as  well  as 
the  present  state  of  my  knowledge  will  allow.  It  should  be 
noted  that  in  some  species  of  this  group,  and  in  other  allied 
species,  there  is  a  considerable  difference  between  different  speci- 
mens in  the  appearance  of  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  elytra;  some 
specimens  have  the  suture  lightly  impressed  and  not  placed  in  a 
channel,  so  that  the  elytra  are  not  separately  convex,  while  in 
other  specimens  the  suture  forms  a  deep  channel  and  each  elytron 
is  separately  convex.  I  had  thought  this  was  a  sexual  di£ference 
and  that  the  deeply  impressed  suture  was  a  character  of  the  male, 
but  though,  generally  speaking,  this  seems  to  be  the  case,  it  does 
not  appear,  from  the  evidence  on  the  subject  I  have  been  able  to 
obtain,  to  be  an  invariable  rule;  it  is  a  subject  requiring  further 
investigation. 

Four  species  formerly  attributed  to  the  war^maiwrn-group 
should  certainly  be  removed  from  it,  viz.  : — C.  striato-punctatitm, 
Macl.,  C.  pfanipenne,  MacL,  C.  subplaiiatum,  Bates,  and  C.  bated. 
Masters.  This  leaves  twenty  species  in  the  group  which  may  be 
divided  into  two  sections  according  as  their  colour  tints  are  green 
or  blue;  the  species  of  each  section  are  arranged  below  in  the 
order  of  their  priority. 

Section  I. — Species  the  colour  tints  of  which  are  green. 

C.  marginatitm,  Boisd.  C.  viridi-marginationi,  Macl. 

C.  laterale,  Macl.  C.  terrcn-regince,  Macl. 

C.  sahcostatum,  Macl.  C.  imitator,  SI. 


204  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABIDjE), 

Section  II. — Species  the  colour  tints  of  which  are  blue 

(or  violet). 

0.  Icevigatum,  Macl.  C.  propinquum,  Macl. 

C.  puncticolle,  Macl.  C.  nitescens,  Macl. 

0.  murruvihidgeiise,  Macl.  C.  ianthinum,  Macl. 

G.  subporcatulum,  Macl.  C.  fugiiivum,  Blkb. 

C.  convexum,  Chaud.  C.  decorum,  SI. 

C.  kingi,  Macl.  C.  amplicolle,  SI. 

Two  species,  viz.,  C.  carhonarium,  Casteln.,  and  G.  j:>olitulum, 
Macl.,  are  omitted  from  the  above  list;  C.  carbonarium  because  I  do 
not  feel  sure  that  it  should  not  be  placed  in  the  planipenne-groxx^; 
G.  polituhim  because  its  colours  are  described  as  "glossy  black 
tinged  with  blue  on  the  el3'tra,"  and  with  a  "green  margin  to 
both  thorax  and  elytra,"  and  therefore  does  not  seem  in  place 
either  in  the  "  sreen  "  or  "  blue  "  section. 


to*^ 


Carenum  laterals,  Macl. 

I  am  doubtful  if  this  species  is  really  distinct  from  G.  margin- 
atum, Boisd.  A  specimen  (evidently  <^)  is  in  my  collection,  sent 
by  Mr.  W.  S.  Duncan  from  Inverell,  N.  S.  Wales;  comparing  it 
with  specimens  of  G.  marginatum  from  near  Sydney  the  only 
differences  noticeable  are  the  more  rounded  posterior  angles  of 
the  prothorax  and  the  lighter  sinuosities  on  each  side  of  the  base, 
and  on  the  middle  of  the  base. 

Carenum  viridimarginatum,  Macl. 

Of  the  two  type  specimens  in  the  Australian  Museum  one  is  G. 
s^ibporcatulum,  Macl.;  the  other  seems  a  different  species  nearly 
allied  to  G.  marginatum,  Boisd.,  and  requiring  further  examina- 
tion. 

Carenum  l^vigatum,  Macl. 

G.  loivigatum,  Macl.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  N.S.W.  1863,  i.  p.  134; 
€.  frontale,  Macl,  I.e.  p.  185;  G.  schomhurgkii,  Casteln.,  Proc- 
Hoy.  Soc.  Victoria,  1867,  viii.  p.  137. 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  205 

I  have  compared  the  type  specimens  of  C.  kevigatum  and  C. 
frontale  in  the  Macleay  Museum,  and  consider  them  to  be  the 
same  species. 

Carenum  murrumbidgense,  Macl. 

C.  punctulatum,  Macl.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  N.S.W.  1865,  i.  p.  143; 
C.  murrumhidgensf,  Macl.,  I.e.  p.  183. 

After  comparing  the  type  specimens  of  C.  punctulatitin  and  C. 
murrumhidgeyise  in  the  Macleay  Museum  I  have  no  doubt  they 
are  synonymous.  The  rows  of  fine  punctures  on  the  elytra  from 
which  C.  puncfiilatum  derives  its  name  are  certainly  a  post  mortem 
effect  caused  by  submersion  in  alcohol ;  therefore,  though  this 
name  has  a  priority  of  about  twelve  months  over  C.  murrtim- 
hidyense,  1  think  it  should  be  discarded.  It  is  probable  that  C . 
iinirrumbidgense  is  not  actually  a  species  distinct  from  C.  Icevi- 
yntum,  but  I  hesitate  to  unite  them  on  the  evidence  in  my  posses- 
sion,  though  I  do  not  know  any  characters   that  difl:erentiate 

them. 

Carenum  puncticolle,  Macl. 

This  species  is  very  close  to  C.  hevigatum. 

Carenum  kingi,  Macl.;  and  C.  propinquum,  Macl. 

It  is  doubtful  if  there  is  any  actual  difference  between  these 
species,  which  are  very  closely  allied  to  C.  m,urrumbidgense.  I 
have  not  examined  the  types  carefullj',  but  have  noted  that  the 
single  type  specimen  of  each  in  the  Macleay  Collection  is  without 
supraorbital  punctures  on  the  sides  of  the  head. 

Carenum  convexum,  Chaudoir. 

I  have  not  satisfactorily  identified  this  species;  it  is  evidently 
very  closely  allied  to  C.  ia7ithinum,  Macl.,  and  indeed  seems  to 
me  not  unlikely  to  be  that  species. 

Carenum  ianthinum,  Macl. 

I  regard  a  species  sent  to  me  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  Barnard  from 
Duaringa,  Queensland,  as  this  species.     It  is  allied  to  C.  Icevi- 


206  ON  THE  CARE^UDES  (FAM.  CARABID^E), 

gatum,  but  is   more  convex,   and   has   the   elytra  suffused  with 
purple. 

Carbnum  subporcatulum,  Macl. 

I  found  this  species  at  Finche's  Creek,  40  miles  from  Dalby  in 
the  Darling  Downs  District,  Queensland;  and  have  compared  my 
specimens  with  the  type  specimens  of  C.  subporcatulum.  It  is  a 
l?evigate  species;  the  sculpture  of  the  elytra  alluded  to  in  the 
original  description  may  be  looked  upon  as  a  post  mortem  effect 
caused  by  submersion  in  alcohol;  the  prothorax  and  elytra  become 
violaceous  near  the  sides  of  the  disc,  the  margins  being  pale  blue. 

Carenum  POLiTULUM,  Macl. 

The  description  of  this  species  reads  as  if  founded  on  specimens 
of  C.  subporcatulum;  it  requires  further  examination. 

Carenum  carbonarium,  Castelnau. 

The  description  of  this  species  seems  to  be  founded  on  a  species 
closely  allied  to  C.  vicinum,  SI.  It  is  possible  the  difference  in 
colour  may  be  only  a  variation,  and  that  these  species  are 
synonymous,  but  specimens  from  Esperance  Bay  will  have  to  be 
examined  before  this  can  be  settled. 

Carenum  imitator,  n.sp. 

Elliptical-oval,  robust,  Isevigate;  elytra  bipunctate  posteriorly, 
inflexed  margins  wide;  anterior  tibise  bidentate.  Black,  shining; 
prothorax  and  elytra  margined  with  green — a  green  tinge 
pervading  all  the  lateral  declivities  of  elytra. 

Head  large,  transverse  (3'7  x  6  mm.),  subdepressed  ;  frontal 
sulci  deep,  diverging  backwards  and  curving  outwards  to  define 
posterior  margins  of  spaces  between  frontal  sulci  and  eyes,  their 
anterior  part  curving  outwards  in  a  deeply  marked  course  ; 
spaces  between  frontal  sulci  and  eyes  very  convex ;  preocular 
sulcus  deep,  wide;  two  widely  placed  supraorbital  punctures  on 
each  side.  Prothorax  transverse  (5-5  x  7'9  mm.),  convex;  sides 
rounded;  basal  curve  subrotundate  (trisinuate);  anterior  margin 
emarginate ;    anterior    angles  widely   and    decidedly  advanced  ; 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  207 

posterior  angles  rounded  ;  border  widely  reflexed,  strongly  sinuate 
behind  each  posterior  angle  and  in  middle  of  base;  median  line 
,  well  marked.  Elytra  widely  oval  (ll-5x8-5  mm.),  truncate 
between  humeral  angles;  margin  wide;  border  reflexed,  rather 
widely  folded  backwards  and  upwards  at  humeral  angles ; 
marginal  channel  terminating  abruptly  at  humeral  angles.  Legs 
and  under  surface  as  in  C.  margiyiatum,  Boisd. 

Length  24,  breadth  8 '5  mm. 

Hab. — Victoria;  Wimmera  District.  (Sent  to  me  by  Mr.  C. 
French). 

This  species  resembles  C.  marginatum  so  closely  that  it  can 
hardly  be  distinguished  from  it,  but  is  nevertheless  distinct.  I 
note  the  following  differences  from  C  marginafam  .-—Its  more 
shining  colour;  elytra  with  greenish  reflections — except  in  middle 
of  disc,  the  basal  declivity  and  inflexed  margins  of  elytra  green; 
preocular  sulcus  more  deeply  impressed  ;  preocular  process 
larger;  eyes  less  convex  and  less  strongly  enclosed  by  the  orbits; 
sides  of  the  head  more  abrupt  above  the  eyes;  two  supraorbital 
punctures  on  each  side  of  head ;  prothorax  with  the  sides  more 
evenly  rounded,  the  base  wider,  the  posterior  sinuosities  more 
marked;  elytra  much  wider  at  apex,  the  marginal  channel  wider 
and  closed  at  humeral  angle  by  a  short  ridge  that  crosses  it  and 
connects  the  folded  humeral  border  with  the  disc  of  the  elytra; 
in  C.  marginatum  the  elytra  are  declivous  to  the  humeral  angles 
and  the  marginal  channel  is  not  closed  by  a  ridge. 

Carenum  amplicolle,  n.sp. 

Robust,  convex;  head  large;  prothorax  transverse;  elytra  sub- 
cordate,  narrower  than  prothorax,  bipunctate  on  apical  third; 
anterior  tibias  bidentate.  Black,  opaque;  prothorax  and  elytra 
with  narrow  and  obscure  bluish  margin. 

Head  transverse  (3-4  x  5-2  mm.),  strongly  declivous  on  each 
side  to  eyes;  frontal  sulci  deep,  lightly  divergent  backwards;  the 
space  between  them  rounded  posteriorly  and  raised  above  the 
plane  of  the  occiput;  preocular  sulcus  well  marked;  preocular 
process  narrow,  not  prominent;  eyes  convex,  prominent,  strongly 


208  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID.K), 

enclosed  behind;  one  supraorbital  puncture  on  each  side.  Pro- 
thorax  ti'ansverse  (4"5  x  7  mm.),  narrowed  to  apex;  sides  rounded; 
posterior  angles  rounded;  basal  curve  subsinuate  on  each  side  of 
middle,  strongly  sinuate  in  middle;  anterior  margin  emarginate; 
anterior  angles  decidedly  and  obtusely  advanced ;  border  wide, 
reflexed  ;  marginal  channel  wide,  impunctate.  Elytra  sub- 
cordate  (9  X  6-5  mm.)  ;  widest  about  anterior  third  ;  sides 
rounded,  decidedly  so  to  shoulders;  base  declivous,  subemarginate 
behind  peduncle;  margin  wide;  border  reflexed,  folded  back  erect 
and  closing  marginal  channel  at  humeral  angles.  Legs  as  in 
G,  Ifevigatuni,  Macl. 

Length  19,  breadth  6-5  mm. 

Hab. — Victoria. 

Allied  to  0.  Icevigatum,  from  which  it  differs  conspicuously  in 
facies;  the  prothorax  is  wider  than  the  elytra,  more  strongly  and 
roundly  narrowed  to  the  anterior  angles;  the  eh^tra  are  shaped  as 
in  C.  Icevipenne,  Macl.,  being  subcordate,  the  base  feebly  emar- 
ginate,  the  sides  less  rounded  and  the  apex  more  narrowed  than 
in  C.  Icevigatum,  the  punctures  of  the  lateral  channel  are  wider 
apart,  especially  near  the  shoulders,  and  the  base  of  each  elytron 
has  only  one  puncture  in  the  middle  of  the  declivity.  A  second 
specimen  belonging  to  Mr.  French  differs  slightly  from  the  type 
in  shape,  the  elytra  being  just  a  shade  wider  than  the  prothorax, 
less  declivous  on  the  sides,  more  widely  rounded  at  the  apex,  the 
suture  less  strongly  impressed,  the  prothorax  a  little  less  trans- 
verse and  less  strongly  rounded  on  the  sides,  especially  towards 
the  anterior  angles ;  it  is  probable  this  is  the  ^  and  the  typical 
form  the  ^.     Specimens  were  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  French  labelled 

Victoria. 

Carbnum  versicolor,  n.sp. 

Elliptical-oval,  Isevigate;  head  moderate,  eyes  prominent;  pro- 
thorax transverse;  elytra  ovate,  bipunctate  posteriorly;  anterior 
tibise  bidentate.  Head,  legs  and  under  surface  (generally)  black; 
prothorax  with  wide  greenish-blue  margins  (with  reflected  purple 
tints  in  changing  light),  disc  purple-black;  elytra  entirely  of  a 
metallic   greenish-blue  colour  (becoming  violaceous  in  changing 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  209 

light),  inflexed  margins  bluish-green;  sides  of  prosternum  flushed 
Avith  blue,  point  of  prosternum  between  coxse,  sides  of  metaster- 
num  and  posterior  cox^e  bluish. 

Head  smooth,  transverse  (3  x  4'5  mm.),  lightly  transversely 
impressed  across  vertex;  facial  sulci  long,  deep,  diverging  back- 
wards: preocular  sulcus  lightly  marked,  wide;  preocular  prominence 
small;  e5'^es  convex,  very  protuberant,  deeply  enclosed  in  orbits 
at  base;  orbits  short  behind  eyes,  projecting  strongly  from  head; 
two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side.  Prothorax  transverse 
(4  X  5'4  mm.),  convex;  sides  rounded;  anterior  margin  widely 
emarginate;  anterior  angles  wide,  obtuse,  prominent;  posterior 
angles  not  marked;  basal  curve  trisinuate,  a  well-marked  sinuosity 
at  middle  and  a  lighter  sinuosit}''  on  each  side  half-way  between 
middle  of  base  and  posterior  marginal  jDuncture;  boi'der  wide, 
reflexed;  median  line  well  marked;  two  marginal  punctures  on 
each  side.  Elytra  ovate  (8x5 '8  mm.),  convex;  anterior  part  of 
disc  rather  depressed;  suture  strongly  impressed;  base'*truncate; 
sides  rounded;  border  wide,  shortly  upturned  at  humeral  angles; 
five  punctures  in  a  single  row  at  base  of  each  elytron.  Prosternum 
deeply  channelled  between  coxaj.     Legs  as  in  C.  Icevigatum,  Macl. 

Length  16-5,  breadth  5-8  mm. 

Hab. — Victoria,  North-west  (Mallee)  District  (Coll.  French). 

A  single  specimen  of  this  pretty  species  was  sent  to  me  for 
description  by  Mr.  French  after  my  notes  on  the  'marginatum- 
group  were  completed ;  it  is  differentiated  from  all  the  other 
species  of  this  group  by  its  colour,  and  is  the  only  member  of  the 
group  known  to  me  to  have  any  bluish  tints  on  the  under  surface. 

Carenum  opacicolle,  n.sp. 

Robust,  subdepressed;  head  depressed,  suborbital  channels  wide 

and  divided  posteriorly  by  a  longitudinal  ridge;  prothorax  with 

three  marginal  punctures  on  each  side;  elytra  quadripunctate  on 

apical  third,  inflexed  margin  wide  behind  first  ventral  segment, 

border  folded  back   and  forming  a  short    obtuse  projection  at 

shoulders ;    anterior    tibite   bidentate,    intermediate    tibite    with 

external  apical  spur  very  small,  slender,  acute;  labial  palpi  with 
14 


210  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID.E), 

penultimate  joint  stout,  not  longer  than  apical  joint.  Black, 
opaque,  marginal  channel  of  prothorax  dull  bronze,  of  elytra 
greenish  bronze. 

Head  transverse  (3 '3  x  5 '5  mm.),  frontal  sulci  strongly  impressed, 
diverging  backwards  and  defining  posterior  margin  of  spaces 
between  sulci  and  eyes;  space  between  frontal  sulci  rounded  on 
base  and  not  filling  all  the  interval  between  their  posterior 
extremities  ;  preocular  sulcus  well  marked  ;  preocular  process 
small;  eyes  convex,  deeply  embedded  in  orbits;  a  well  marked 
oblique  impression  dividing  submentum  from  gena?  on  each  side; 
two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side  Antennas  short,  moni- 
liform;  joints  5-10  short,  verj'  depressed.  Prothorax  ti'ansverse 
(4*5  X  7  mm.),  hardly  declivous  to  base;  a  small  basal  area  defined 
by  a  transverse  impression  ;  sides  lightly  rounded,  decidedly 
rounded  to  anterior  angles;  these  wide,  obtuse,  lightly  advanced; 
posterior  angles  not  marked;  basal  curve  oblique  (very  widely  and 
lightly  sinuate)  on  each  side  of  middle,  rounded  in  middle,  border 
thick,  lightly  explanate  at  anterior  angles,  a  little  more  prominent 
at  posterior  angles,  median  line  strongly  impressed.  Elytra  short 
(9-5  X  7  mm.),  truncate  at  base,  widely  rounded  at  apex,  strongly 
rounded  on  sides  (seven  shallow  crenulate  stride  on  each  elytron 
of  specimen  befoi'e  me),  each  elytron  bipunctate  posteriorly,  the 
anterior  of  these  punctures  placed  about  middle  of  width  at 
beginning  of  .apical  declivity,  the  other  half-way  between  it  and 
apex.  Prosternum  widely  channelled  between  coxfe,  a  setigerous 
puncture  on  each  side  of  base.  Ventral  segments  convex, 
bipunctate. 

Length  20,  breadth  7  mm. 

H'lh. — Queensland;  Cardwell  (Coll.  French). 

The  affinity  of  this  species  as  disclosed  by  the  form  of  the 
suborbital  channels,  the  three  marginal  punctures  of  the  pro- 
thorax, the  wide  inflexed  margin  of  the  elytra,  and  the  form  of 
the  palpi  and  legs,  is  to  C.  interruptum,  Macl.  It  is  the  only 
species  without  discoidal  punctures  on  the  anterior  part  of  the 
elytra  presenting  all  these  features  that  I  have  seen.  Probably 
it  comes  nearer  C.  subcostatum ,  Macl.,  than  any  other  described 
species,  and  fresh  specimens  would  probably  show  obsolete  strire 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  211 

and  minute  scratches  on  the  elytra  as  in  that  species.  C.  subcos- 
totuni  shows  a  faint  trace  of  the  longitudinal  ridge  of  the  sub- 
orbital channels,  but  has  only  two  marginal  punctures  on  each 
side  of  the  prothorax.  The  four  apical  punctures  of  the  elytra  in 
C.  opacicol/e  are  a  remarkable  character  for  a  Carenum. 

.   Carenum  interruptum. 

C.  interruptum,  Macl.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  N.S.W.,  1866,  i.  p. 
181;  C.  ohsciirum,  Macl.,  I.e.  p.  182;  C.  castelnaui,  Chaud.,  Ann. 
Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  1869,  p.  141  ;  C.  s^xpimctatwrn,  Macl.,  Trans. 
Ent.  Soc.  N.S.W.,  1873,  ii.  p.  62;  C.  occultum,  Macl.,  I.e.  p.  97;. 
C.  pnrpureo-marginatuin,  Macl.,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  IST.S.W.  1887, 
ii.  (2),  p.  192;  C.  arenarium,  SI.,  I.e.  1888,  p.  1114. 

Since  publishing  my  previous  note  on  the  synonymy  of  Carenum 
interruptum,  Macl.,*  I  have  examined  the  type  specimen  of  C_ 
obscurum  in  the  Macleay  Museum,  and  found  it  conspecific  with 
C  interruptitm. 

Carenum  scaritiodes. 

0.  scaritiodes,  Westw.,  Arcan.  Ent.  i.  p.  192;  C.  intermedium, 
Westw.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  1849,  v.,  p.  203;  C.  atronitens,  Macl, 
Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  KS.W.  1866,  i.  p.  137;  C.  oblonyum,  Macl.,  I.e. 
p.  138;  C.  nigerrimum,  Macl.,  I.e.  p.  176;  C.  striato-punctulalUM, 
Macl.,  I.e.  p.  178.t 

A  comparison  of  specimens  in  my  possession  with  the  types  of 
Macleay's  species  given  above  has  convinced  me  that  these  are 
only  synonyms  of  C.  scaritiodes,  Westw.;  I  also  regard  C.  inter- 
mediuni,  Westw.,  as  founded  on  the  same  species.  The  punctura- 
tion  of  the  elytra  in  C.  striato-punclulataiii  is  certainly  a  post 
mortevi  effect. 

Hab. — N.S.  Wales,  Victoria,  South  Australia. 


*  P.L.8.N.S.W.  189,3,  viii.  (2)  p.  473. 

i- Careniwi  gairfereiise  {Masters'  Cat.  Col.  Sp.  7338).     There  is  a  specimen 
so  uamed  in  the  Macleay  Museum;  it  is  identical  with  C  -scar  it  hides. 


212  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABIDuE), 

CA.RENUM    VENUSTUM,  n.sp. 

Levigate,  elongate,  convex,  parallel,  disc  of  elytra  depressed; 
head  large,  lightly  transversely  impressed  posteriorly,  suborbital 
channel  divided  longitudinally^  in  middle  by  an  oblique  ridge; 
prothorax  convex,  a  little  broader  than  long,  sinuate-angustate 
posteriorly;  elytra  bipunctate  posteriorly,  humeral  angles  erect, 
inflexed  margin  narrow  behind  first  ventral  segment;  anterior 
tibise  bidentate;  intermediate  tibise  lightly  incrassate,  a  slender 
elongate  acute  tooth  externally  at  apex.  Black,  upper  surface 
very  highly  polished,  lower  surface  piceous;  lateral  channels  of 
prothorax  faintly  tinged  with  blue;  elytra  subviolaceous,  metallic 
purple  on  declivities  of  sides,  apex  and  base. 

Head  Isevigate,  large  (3 '5  x  5  mm.),  convex,  declivous  to  anterior 
margin,  lightly  and  widely  impressed  across  middle  behind 
frontal  sulci;  these  sulci  very  deep,  divergent;  clypeus  with 
median  part  trisinuate;  preocular  process  small;  preocular  sulcus 
distinct,  wide,  shallow;  eyes  depressed,  deeply  embedded  in 
orbits,  hardly  more  prominent  than  preocular  processes;  orbits 
sloping  gently  to  sides  of  head,  not  thick  or  prominent ;  two  supra- 
orbital punctures  on  each  side.  Labrum  trisinuate.  Maxillary 
palpi  with  apical  joint  compressed,  subsecuriform ;  labial  with 
penultimate  joint  short,  thick,  apical  joint  very  widely  securiform. 
Antennae  light,  not  short,  more  slender  to  apex;  joints  5-10  com- 
pressed, apical  joint  oval.  Prothorax  convex,  a  little  wider  than 
head  (5x5-8  mm),  declivous  to  base;  basal  part  depressed, 
defined  by  a  straight  transverse  line  ;  sides  parallel,  obliquely 
narrowed  to  base;  posterior  angles  not  marked;  a  wide  light 
sinuosity  a  little  before  base  on  each  side;  basal  angles  hardly 
marked;  base  rounded;  anterior  margin  truncate;  anterior  angles 
lightly  marked,  obtuse;  border  wide,  reflexed,  narrowed  on  middle 
of  sides,  widened  at  antei'ior  angles,  more  widely  reflexed  behind 
posterior  marginal  puncture,  thick  on  base;  median  line  strongly 
impressed;  a  large  round  shallow  fovea  on  each  side  a  little  before 
the  basal  angles;  two  marginal  punctures  on  each  side.  Elytra 
of  same  width  as  prothorax  (11  x  5-8  mm.),  convex,  depressed  on 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  213 

disc,  deeply  declivous  on  sides,  strongly  declivous  on  apex,  trun- 
cate on  base  (lightly  subemarginate);  basal  declivity  deep  and 
abrupt ;  sides  subparallel,  lightly  rounded;  lateral  border  wide, 
reflexed  on  anterior  half,  thick  posteriorly,  thickened  and  forming 
a  short  erect  prominence  at  humeral  angles;  a  row  of  separate 
ocellate  punctures  along  the  shallow  marginal  channel;  a  row  of 
three  or  four  punctures  on  outer  side  of  base  of  each  elytron; 
suture  deeply  impressed.  Legs  light;  posterior  trochanters  acute 
at  apex,  impunctate;  anterior  femora  rather  long,  not  very  wide 
or  compressed,  lightly  channelled  below;  posterior  femora  with 
lower  side  roundly  subangulate  and  punctate  at  apex  of  trochan- 
ters; anterior  tibise  as  in  C.  scaritioides,  Westw. 

Length  21,  breadth  5-8  mm. 

Hah. — West  Australia  (Coll.  French). 

A  very  distinct  species;  the  only  described  species  to  which  it 
is  closely  allied  is  C.  batesi,  Masters  (C.  planipenne,  Bates),  with 
which  it  seems  to  agree  in  every  character  of  structural  import- 
ance, but  C.  batesi  is  described  by  Mr.  Bates  as  being  "  olive-black 
with  the  margixis  of' the  thorax  and  the  vrhole  elytra  clear  green," 
and  having  the  elytra  "retuse  at  the  base."  I  should  not  call  the 
elytra  of  C.  vemistum  retuse  at  the  base,  the  top  of  the  basal 
declivity  being  a  gentle  concave  curve  between  the  humeral 
angles,  and  I  think  C.  batesi  must  be  a  species  with  the  dorsal 
surface  flattened  as  much  as  C.  pulchrum,  SI.  After  seeing  C. 
venustmn,  it  becomes  evident  to  me  that  Sir  William  Macleay 
was  wrong  in  putting  C.  batesi  in  his  ^'' marginatum-gTou\)"  of 
species,  to  which  it  seems  to  have  no  aflinity;  it  should  be  placed 
with  C.  venustuin  in  the  same  group  as  C  sutnptuosum,  Westw., 
and  C.  quadrijnmctatum,  MacL;  this  group  will  therefore  require 
to  be  modified  in  regard  to  the  number  of  discoidal  punctures  on 
the  el3'tra. 

Carenum  acutipes,  n.sp. 

Robust,    convex,    parallel,    elongate  ;     head     large,    suborbital 
channels  obliquely  divided  by  a  strong  ridge;  prothorax  hardly , 
broader    than    long  ;    elytra    oval,    humeral    angles    subdentate/ 


214  ON  THE  CAREyiDES  (FAM    CARABlDJi), 

inflexed  margin  narrow  behind  first  ventral  segment;*  anterior 
tibia3  bidentate;  posterior  trochanters  pyriform,  produced  at  apex 
to  a  short  acuminate  point.  Green,  disc  of  prothorax  and  most 
of  upper  surface  of  head  black  ;  antenna?,  legs  and  middle  t>f 
under  surface  black. 

Head  very  large  (43x6  mm.),  narrowed  behind  eyes,  trans- 
versely impressed  across  occiput,  convex,  declivous  to  anterior 
margin;  frontal  sulci  very  deep,  diverging  strongly  backwards, 
tui'ning  out  anteriorly  in  a  lightly  marked  course;  space  between 
sulci  filling  all  the  interval  between  their  posterior  extremities; 
median  part  of  clypeus  truncate,  intermediate  angles'  short, 
obtuse ;  preocular  sulcus  distinct,  linear,  extending  backwards 
above  eyes ;  preocular  process  wide,  strongly  declivous  and 
rounded  externally,  two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side. 
Mandibles  very  strong.  Labrum  roundly  advanced  in  middle. 
Mentum  and  palpi  as  in  C.  qiiadripunctatiim,  Macl.  Antennse 
subfiliform,  stout,  compressed;  apical  joint  elongate-oval.  Pro- 
thorax  convex,  hardly  broader  than  long  (6  x  6"6  mm.),  subparallel 
on  sides,  rounded  at  posterior  angles,  lightly  angustate  behind 
)  'osterior  angles ;  base  wide,  rounded ;  sides  lightly  rounded  to 
anterior  angles,  shortly  sinuate  on  each  side  of  base  ;  anterior 
margin  truncate,  with  angles  widely  and  very  lightly  advanced; 
basal  angles  roundly  obtuse;  border  narrow,  lightly  reflexed,  of 
even  width  on  sides,  thicker  on  base;  marginal  channel  narrow; 
median  line  strongly  impressed;  two  marginal  punctures  on  each 
side;  basal  area  of  prothorax  defined  by  a  transverse  impression; 
a  wide  obliqvxe  impression  on  each  side  of  basal  declivity.  Elytra 
oval  (13x7  mm.),  lightly  depressed  on  disc;  base  vertical  above 
peduncle;  margin  narrow;  border  lightly  folded  over  at  humeral 
angles;    four  ocellate  punctures  in  a  cluster  near  each  humeral 


*  The  specimen  before  me  is  imperfect,  the  apical  part  of  the  elytra 
being  broken  off,  but  not  in  such  a  manner  as  to  prevent  a  recognisable 
description  of  the  species  being  made;  tliere  is  a  discoidal  puncture  on 
each  elytron  near  the  shoulder  as  in  C.  quadriimuctatum,  Macl.,  and  I 
should  expect  the  elytra  to  be  quadripnnctate  as  in  that  species. 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOAXE.  215 

angle  in  a  depressed  space  above  the  basal  declivity;  a  row  of 
ocellate  punctures  along  sides  in  the  wide  shallow  marginal 
channel.  Prosternum  narrowly  liordered  along  anterior  margin; 
intercoxal  part  wide,  lightly  convex,  rounded  and  bisetose  at 
base.  Legs  long :  anterior  almost  as  in  Eiitoma,  the  femora 
longer  and  narrower;  intermediate  tibite  with  a  strong  triangular 
external  tooth  at  apex. 

Length  25,  breadth  7  mm. 

Ilah. — Cue,  West  Australia  (Coll.  French). 

This  is  a  species  to  which  it  is  hard  to  assign  an  exact  position 
among  described  Carenums;  the  head  and  j^ro thorax  present  an 
evident  likeness  to  those  of  Mutoma,  but  the  antennse  are  more 
elongate  (not  mouiliform  and  incrassate),  and  their  long  apical 
joint  is  very  different  from  the  short  one  of  Eutoma;  the  margins 
of.  the  elytra  are  not  thick  as  in  Eutoma.  In  a  general  way  it 
resembles  a  Conopteram,  but,  among  other  differences,  has  the 
border  of  the  elytra  thickened  and  folded  over  at  the  humeral 
angles.  On  the  whole  I  think  it  must  be  placed  with  Caremcm 
qua'ilripunclatiwi  and  C.  batesi,  Masters(  =  C.  ;;/«?« ^};en7ie,  Bates); 
the  description  given  above  will  prevent  its  being  confused  with 
any  spscies  yet  attributed  to  the  group  of  which  C.  quailrijnmc- 
tatiiin  is  the  t3'^pe,  while  evident  characters  of  difference  from  C. 
bntesi  must  be  (a)  the  elytra  with  discoidal  punctures  near  the 
base,  (6)  not  retuse  at  base,  (c)  the  shoulders  not  advanced,  {d) 
the  lateral  margins  not  thickened  as  in  EiUoma. 

The  apical  joint  of  the  maxillar}^  palps  is  widely  securiform, 
that  of  the  labial  very  widely  securiform;  the  antennae  have  the 
joints  glabrous  on  the  compressed  sides.  The  specimen  described 
is  the  (J;  it  is  possible  the  pointed  posterior  trochanters  may  be 
peculiar  to  the  ^,  as  in  some  lirofcidas  of  the  genus  Parroa. 

Carenum  pulchrum,  n.sp. 

Parallel,  elongate,  depressed,  Itevigate ;  head  large,  strongly 
transversely  depressed  at  base;  prothorax  hardly  broader  than 
long,  sinuate-angustate  posteriorly,  base  widely  lobate;  elytra  flat 
on  disc,  quadripunctate,  infiexed  margin  very  narrow  behind  first 


216  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID^'E), 

ventral  segment ;  anterior  tibia?  bidentate,  intermediate  tibiae 
incrassate  with  a  strong  triangular  external  tooth  at  apex. 
Shining;  head,  disc  of  prothorax  and  under  parts  black;  elytra 
metallic  purple,  inflexed  margins  of  a  more  dull  purple;  prothorax 
widely  margined  with  purple  ;  under  surface  of  head  faintly 
tinged  with  purple. 

Head  Itevigate,  large,  widely  convex  (4  x  5  mm.),  roundly  and 
strongly  declivous  to  anterior  margin;  occipital  region  strongly 
and  sharply  depressed  below  plane  of  vertex;  frontal  sulci  very 
deep,  divergent;  space  between  them  wide,  convex;  preocular 
process  short,  lightly  protuberant,  not  so  prominent  as  eye;  pre- 
ocular sulcus  distinct,  linear;  clypeus  with  median  part  truncate; 
eyes  depressed,  deeply  embedded  in  orbits,  these  thick  and  pro- 
jecting beyond  eyes;  suborbital  channel  wide,  divided  posteriorly 
by  a  wide  longitudinal  ridge;  two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each 
side.  Maxillary  palpi  with  apical  joint  subsecuriform ;  labial 
with  penultimate  joint  short,  thick,  apical  joint  widely  securiform. 
Antennae  stout,  not  short  or  incrassate;  joints  5-10  short,  greatly 
compressed,  apical  joint  oval.  Prothorax  depressed,  not  percep- 
tibly wider  than  head  (-5  x  .5-3  mm.);  sides  subparallel  in  middle, 
lightly  rounded  in  front,  shortly  and  decidedly  narrowed  behind 
posterior  angles,  these  wide;  a  decided  sinuosity  a  little  before 
base  on  each  side;  basal  angles  rounded;  anterior  margin  trun- 
cate ;  anterior  angles  obtuse ;  border  narrow,  thicker  and  less 
reflexed  on  base,  passing  round  anterior  angles ;  median  line 
strongly  impressed ;  basal  area  wide,  depressed,  defined  by  a 
transverse  impression  between  antebasal  sinuosities.  Elytra 
elongate-oval  with  base  truncate,  very  little  wider  than  prothorax 
(11  X  .5-6  mm.),  depressed,  abruptly  and  roundly  declivous  on  sides 
and  apex,  rather  lightly  declivous  to  peduncle;  border  narrow, 
lightly  folded  back  and  upturned  at  shoulders;  anterior  discoidal 
puncture  a  short  distance  behind  humei'al  angle,  posterior  towards 
apex  on  upper  part  of  marginal  declivity  neai-er  margin  than 
suture;  a  row  of  umbilicate  punctures  along  sides;  some  irregularly 
placed  punctures  on  basal  declivity.  Anterior  femora  not  wide 
as  in  Eutoma;  posterior  coxse  im punctate,  posterior  trochanters 
acuminate  at  apex. 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  217 

Length  21,  breadth  5-6  mm. 

Hah. — West  Australua  (Coll.  French). 

This  species  is  allied  to  Eutoma  maynificum;  Macl.,  which  it 
somewhat  resembles  in  general  appearance,  and  which  has  three 
marginal  punctures  on  each  side  of  the  prothorax.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  compare  it  with  E.  magni/icurn,  but  have  no  doubt 
it  is  thoroughly  distinct  from  that  species.  It  shows  affinities  to 
C'onopteruni,  Neocarenton  and  Eutoma ;  the  upturned  humeral 
angles  prevent  its  being  placed  in  Coiiopteritm;  it  might  be  placed 
in  either  Neocarenum  or  Eutoma,  and  good  reasons  given  for  either 
assignment,  but  I  prefer  to  put  it  in  the  genus  Carennm  taken  in 
a  wide  sense. 

Eutoma  gratiosum,  n.sp. 

Elongate,  parallel,  Itevigate ;  head  large,  convex ;  prothorax 
convex,  deeply  canaliculate,  widely  lobate  at  base;  elytra  twice 
as  long  as  wide,  disc  impunctate,  humeral  angles  widel}"^  upturned, 
a  single  large  puncture  at  each  humeral  angle  above  basal 
declivity;  anterior  tibife  bidentate.  Shining;  head  black,  purple 
posteriorly,  gulfe  purple;  prothorax  purple-black,  widely  margined 
with  green;  elytra  bright  metallic  purple  on  disc,  green  towards 
sides,  lateral  borders  piceous;  under  surface  and  legs  piceous. 

Head  smooth,  large  (2-8  x  3-3  mm.),  convex,  roundly  declivous 
to  anterior  margin,  transversely  impressed  near  base,  narrowed 
behind  eyes ;  frontal  sulci  strongly  impressed,  sinuous,  short 
(extending  backwards  to  level  with  middle  of  eyes),  divergent, 
anterior  part  of  course  very  lightly  impressed ;  clypeus  with 
intermediate  angles  obtuse,  hardly  advanced,  median  sinus  small, 
not  deep,  finely  bidentate;  labrum  small;  supra-antennal  plates 
large  (hardly  less  prominent  than  eyes),  not  longitudinall}^  sulcate; 
eyes  deeply  embedded  in  head,  not  prominent;  posterior  part  of 
orbits  large,  as  prominent  as  eyes;  two  supraorbital  punctures 
on  each  side;  suborbital  channel  divided  by  a  long,  strong,  sharply 
defined  ridge ;  a  deep  narrow  oblique  fossula  on  each  side  of 
submentum.  Antennte  incrassate,  joints  5-11  wide,  greatly  com- 
pressed. Prothorax  as  broad  as  long  (3-5  x  3-5  mm.),  convex,  not 
declivous  to  base  in  middle,  truncate  at  apex;  anterior  angles  not 


218  ON  THE  CAliENIDES  (FAM.  CARABIDM), 

prominent,  sides  parallel  before  posterior  angles,  these  widely 
rounded;  base  wide,  x'ounded;  a  light  sinuosity  on  each  side  of 
basal  lobe;  border  narrow;  a  short  wide  well-marked  impression 
on  each  side  of  basal  lobe;  two  marginal  punctures  on  each  side. 
Elytra  hardly  as  wide  as  prothorax  (7  x  3-3  mm.),  convex;  basal 
declivit}^  abrupt,  emarginate,  border  thick  along  sides,  upturned 
(not  dentate)  at  humeral  angles  ;  marginal  channel  punctate 
(three  or  four  punctures  near  shoulder,  three  or  four  widely 
separated  along  sides,  and  two  or  three  on  each  side  of  apical 
curve);  suture  deeply  impressed;  disc  a  little  depressed  on  each 
side  of  suture.  External  apical  tooth  of  intermediate  tibi;e 
small. 

Length  14,  breadth  3-5  mm. 

llah. — Victoria,  North-western  (Mallee)  District  (Coll.  French). 

Allied  to  E.  violaceum,  Macl.,*  from  which  it  differs  in  colour, 
more  convex  elytra,  &c.  The  head  appears  wider  (unless  measured) 
than  the  prothorax.  The  violet  and  green  tints  of  the  elyti-a 
intermingle  in  changing  lights. 

EUTOMA    AUERRANS,   n.Sp. 

Long,  narrow,  cylindrical,  Ifevigate  ;  head  large,  transversely 
impressed  at  base,  eyes  deeply  set  in  orbits,  postocular  prominences 
large  ;  prothorax  longer  than  broad,  parallel  on  sides,  anterior 
angles  porrect,  two  marginal  punctures  on  each  side ;  elytra 
elongate-oval,  lightly  rounded  on  sides,  narrowed  to  apex,  disc 
impunctate,  humeral  angles  edentate,  inflexed  margin  narrow 
behind  first  ventral  segment ;  anterior  tibi;e  bidentate.  Head 
black  witli  violet  reflections  on  sides* and  basal  depression;  pro- 
thorax black-purple,  becoming  green  near  posterior  and  anterior 
angles  ;  elytra  green,  disc  purple,  inflexed  margins  purj)le-b]ack; 
legs  piceousblack;  antennae  piceous. 


*  E.  violaceum  is  from  West  Australia;  specimens  have  been  sent  to  me 
by  Mr.  A.  M  Lea,  taken  by  iiim  at  Mount  Barker  and  Darling  Ranges; 
its  exact  habitat  has  not  been  previously  recorded. 


I 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  219 

Head  smooth,  large  (3-4  x  3-7  mm.'),  convex,  roundly  declivous 
to  anterior  margin  and  above  eyes,  constricted  behind  orbits  and 
widely  impi-essed  across  base;  frontal  sulci  deep,  narrow,  long, 
oblique,  converging  from  posterior  transverse  impression  to 
clypeus,  the  out-turned  anterior  part  of  their  course  hardly 
marked;  clypeus  with  median  part  truncate,  intermediate  angles 
short,  feebly  developed ;  preocular  sulcus  lightly  impressed ;  pre- 
ocular  process  projecting  as  far  as  eye,  rounded  :  eyes  deeply 
enclosed  in  orbits;  postocular  prominence  large,  as  long  and 
as  prominent  as  eye;  two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each  side. 
Mandibles  thick  (as  in  Conopterum  <^).  Antennas  short,  lightly 
incrassate;  joints  2  and  3  short,  of  equal  length,  5-11  greatl}' 
compressed,  narrow  and  setigerous  on  edge,  apical  joint  about 
one-third  longer  than  penultimate,  obtuse  at  apex.  Prothorax 
hardly  wider  than  head,  longer  than  broad  (4"25  x  38  mm.), 
narrowed  to  base,  convex,  declivous  to  base;  basal  area  depressed; 
sides  parallel  in  front  of  posterior  angles,  widely  rounded  at 
posterior  angles,  sinuate  on  each  side  of  base;  anterior  margin 
truncate,  with  angles  strongly  and  obtusely  advanced ;  base 
widely  sublobate,  truncate  ;  l^order  narrow,  prominent,  lightly 
reflexed,  of  equal  width  along  sides,  dilatate  at  anterior  angles, 
thick  on  base ;  marginal  channel  deeply  impressed  along  sides; 
median  line  finely  marked;  a  lightly  marked  longitudinal  de^^res- 
sion  on  each  side  near  basal  sinuosities.  Elytra  narrow,  hardly 
wider  than  prothorax  (9x3-85  mm.),  Itevigate ;  sides  lightly 
rounded;  humeral  angles  hardly  marked;  border  narrow,  not 
thickened  or  elevated  at  humeral  angles  ;  four  punctures  in  a 
wide  depression  on  base  of  each  elytron  near  humeral  ani^le;  a 
marginal  row  of  punctures  on  each  elytron  (not  closely  placed  nor 
in  a  lateral  channel)  ;  suture  deeply  impressed.  Legs  light ; 
anterior  tibife  lightly  bidentate  (lower  side  as  in  Eutoma); 
intermediate  tibite  without  any  strong  dentiform  projection  at 
external  apical  angle. 

Length  17  "5,  breadth  3-85  mm. 

Hab. — Blomfield  River,  Cooktown  District,  N.  Queensland, 
(Coll.  French.) 


220  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (PAM.  CARABID^E), 

A  very  distinct  species,  evidently  not  closely  allied  to  any  of 
those  previously  described.  Its  general  appearance  is  that  of  a 
Eiitotna,  but  it  presents  characters  intermediate  between  Eutoma 
and  Conopterum;  indeed,  but  for  the  narrow  inflexed  margins  of 
the  elytra  I  should  have  placed  it  in  Conopterum;  the  inflexed 
margins  of  the  elytra  are  similar  to  those  of  Car^num  quadri- 
pivnctatum,  Macl.,  and  the  margins  do  not  form  a  thick  lateral 
bead  as  in  Eutoma.  A  well  marked  foveiform  impression  is 
noticeable  on  the  upturned  margin  of  the  apical  ventral  segment 
at  each  side  of  the  apex,  just  above  the  posterior  lateral  setigerous 
punctures  of  the  segment;  these  fovete  are  also  found  in  the 
species  of  the  genera  Conopterum,  and  Careniiiium,  but  I  have 
not  seen  them  in  any  species  of  the  genus  Carenum. 

Trichocarenum  cylindricum,  n.sp. 

Elongate,  cylindrical,  laevigate;  head  large,  suborbital  channels 
very  wide  and  not  divided  by  a  ridge  in  middle;  prothorax  of 
equal  length  and  breadth,  anterior  an^^des  lightly  advanced;  elytra 
oval,  the  border  slightly  upturned  at  shoulders,  a  submarginal 
row  of  six  or  seven  distant  punctures  on  each  elytron,  inflexed 
margin  narrow  behind  first  ventral  segment ;  anterior  tibiue 
bidentate,  intermediate  tibisp  with  a  very  weak  external  spur  at 
apex.     Black,  shining. 

Head  large,  convex  (4  x  5  mm.);  frontal  sulci  deep,  diverging 
backwards  from  clypeus  in  a  sinuous  course,  their  anterior  out- 
turned  part  hardly  mai'ked;  clypeus  with  median  part  roundly 
and  deeply  declivous,  subtruncate  (obsoletely  trisinuate),  inter- 
mediate angles  wide,  obtuse ;  pi'eocular  sulcus  very  lightly 
marked ;  eyes  depressed,  deeply  set  in  orbits  ;  postocular  pro- 
minence two-thirds  the  size  of  and  projecting  slightly  beyond  eye; 
two  supraorbital .  punctures  on  each  side.  Palpi  with  apical 
joints  securiform,  of  maxillary  moderately  so,  of  labial  very  widely 
so  and  longer  than  penultimate  joint.  Antennae  stout,  subfiliform; 
joints  5-11  depressed,  apical  joint  very  little  longer  than  penul- 
timate. Prothorax  ver}^  little  broader  than  head  (5-2  x  5*2  mm.), 
convex;  sides  parallel,  roundly  narrowed  to  base;  anterior  angles 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  221 

widely  and  very. lightly  advanced;  border  narrow,  not  sinuate  on 
each  side  near  base  ;  median  line  very  lightly  impressed  ;  three 
marginal  punctures  on  each  side,  the  anterior  near  anterior  angle. 
Elytra  oval  (12x5-5  mm.),  convex;  base  deeply  (not  abruptly) 
declivous;  shoulders  rounded;  lateral  border  lightly  folded  back 
(not  prominent  or  upturned)  at  humeral  angles;  a  row  of  ocellate 
jjunctures  ii:i^  lateral  channel;  six  or  seven  punctures  in  a  double 
row  on  basal  declivity.  Prosternum  sparsely  setigerous-punctate 
on  each  side  before  coxte.  Yentral  segments  with  punctures  of 
ambulatorial  setae  present,  suture  between  second  and  third 
segments  obsolete  in  middle.  Legs  long,  light;  anterior  femora 
dilatate,  four  punctures  on  posterior  edge  of  lower  side;  anterior 
tibife  bidentate,  inferior  ridge  feebly  developed ;  posterior  coxse 
with  three  fine  punctures  on  each. 
Length  22,  breadth  5-5  mm. 
Hah. — West  Australia  (Coll.  French). 

This  species  has  no  near  affinity  to  any  Carenid  known  to  me, 
but  evidently  is  congeneric  with  Trichocarenum  elderi.,  Blkb. 
Judging  from  the  description  of  T.  elderi,  T.  cylindricum  differs 
from  it  in  the  supraorbital  punctures,  the  punctures  of  the  lower 
side  of  the  anterior  femora,  in  having  one  (not  two)  rows  of 
punctures  besides  those  of  the  marginal  channel  on  each  elytron, 
and  in  the  absence  of  the  closely  placed  punctui^es  of  the  lateral 
channel  of  the  prothorax. 

Neocarenum  spenceri,  n.sp. 

Lsevigate,  robust,  elongate,  dorsal  surface  rather  depressed; 
head  large,  obliquely  and  decidedly  narrowed  behind  eyes;  pro- 
thorax  as  long  as  wide,  base  wide  (5  mm.)  ;  elytra  impunctate, 
deeply  retuse  at  base,  humeral  angles  very  pi'ominent,  inflexed 
margin  narrow  behind  first  ventral  segment ;  anterior  tibiae 
bidentate,  intermediate  tibiae  with  a  long  jDrominent  external 
spur  at  apex.  Black,  shining;  prothorax  and  elj'tra  with  narrow 
cyaneous  margin. 

Head  large  (5x6-5  mm.);  occipital  region  depressed  below 
plane  of  vertex;  frontal  sulci  deep,  posterior  part  of  their  course 


222  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID.K), 

diverging  continuously  backwards,  anterior  part  linear ;  space 
between  frontal  sulci  convex;  clypeus  strongly  declivous,  median 
part  trisinuate  (sinuosities  deep,  equal,  rounded),  intermediate 
angles  prominent,  triangular ;  preocular  sulcus  well  marked, 
oblique ;  preocular  pi'ocess  small,  rounded  and  not  the  least 
angulate  externally;  eyes  deeply  set  in  orbits.  Palpi  with  apical 
joints  securiform;  maxillary  moderately  so,  labial  very  widely  so 
and  longer  than  penultimate.  Antennae  subfiliform,  rather  stout; 
joints  5-11  compressed,  sparsely  setigerous  and  punctate  on  edges, 
apical  joint  mUch  longer  than  penultimate,  narrowed  to  apex. 
Prothorax  of  same  width  as  head,  as  long  as  broad  (6  5  x  6 '5 mm.), 
widest  about  anterior  third,  lightly  narrowed  to  base;  anterior 
margin  truncate  ;  anterior  angles  obtuse,  not  advanced  ;  base 
rounded  ;  basal  angles  widely  rounded  ;  border  thick,  strongly 
reflexed  and  crenulate  at  basal  angles;  marginal  channel  wide, 
not  interrupted  at  basal  angles,  extending  along  base  ;  one 
marginal  puncture  on  each  side  about  posterior  third.  Elytra 
hardly  wider  than  prothorax  (14x6'8  mm.),  parallel,  widely 
rounded  at  apex,  deeply  and  widely  retuse  at  base;  shoulders  very 
prominent ;  dorsal  surface  depressed ;  suture  deeply  impressed, 
especially  towards  apex  ;  sides  and  apex  strongly  and  roundly 
declivous;  base  deepl}'' and  strongly  declivous;  border  wide,  widest 
on  each  side  of  apex,  widely  and  strongly  upturned  (not  dentiform) 
at  humeral  angles;  a  row  of  ocellate  punctures  along  sides  in 
lateral  channel;  four  or  five  punctures  in  a  single  row  on  basal 
declivity.  Yentral  segments  impunctate;  suture  between  second 
and  third  entire.  Legs  not  long;  anterior  femora  rather  long, 
thick,  lightly  compressed,  not  dilatate;  channelled  on  lower  side; 
anterior  tibia?  light,  bidentate  (the  teeth  long),  inferior  ridge 
weakly  developed,  apical  plate  small  with  short  triangular  pro- 
jection at  apex. 

Length  27,  breadth  6-8. 

Hah. — Central  Australia,  MacDonnell  Ranges  (Coll.  French). 

This  is  an  isolated  species  among  the  described  Carenides,  its 
prothorax  and  elytra  having  a  general  resemblance  to  those  of 
Seocarenum  hiackhurni,  SI.,  while  the  head  is  that  of  a  Eiitoma. 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  223 

The  following  tabulation  of  the  species  of  Neocarenum  may  be 
useful : — 

I.  Elytra  with  a  subrnarginal  row  of  piuictures. 

A.   Posterior  extremities  of  frontal  sulci  inturned*  X.  elongaHan,  Macl. 
B.   Posterior  extremities  of  frontal  sulci  diverg- 
ing continuously  to  posterior  extremities  N.  angufifatum,  SI. 

II.  Elytra  impunctate. 

C.   Intermeiliate  tibia;  unidentate  externally. 

D.   Head     small,     depressed  ;      prothorax 

transverse;  elytra  truncate  at  base  N.  xiarckejjx,^  ^\. 

E.    Head    largp,    convex  ;    prothorax    of 

equal  length  and  breadth  ;  elytra 

deeply  retuse  at  base N.  spenceri,  SI. 

r^c    T   t  T  i     i-M  ■      1  •  1     i.  <-  r -^^-  re.tusum, '&&.%&&, 

Co.  intermeiliate  tibiaj  bidentate  <   -.7-   7,     77        •   01 

\  N.  blackburni,  SI. 

Carenidium  leai,  n.sp. 

Elongate,  depressed,  laevigate;  lal^rum  deeply  eraarginate;  pro- 
thorax with  base  widely  sublobate,  two  marginal  punctures  on 
each  side;  elytra  narrow,  impunctate,  bimucronate  at  apex,  border 
not  dentate  at  humeral  angles;  anterior  tibire  bidentate.  Black; 
prothorax  widely  margined  with  green;  elytra  greenish-black  on 
disc,  green  on  sides  and  inflexed  margin. 

Head  lai-ge,  transverse  (4-5  x  6  mm.},  smooth;  frontal  sulci 
long,  deep,  diverging  strongly  backwards;  clypeus  with  median 
part  lunulate,  declivous,  intermediate  angles  strong,  dentiform; 
preocular  sulcus  well  marked  ;  preocular  process  small ;  eyes 
deeply  enclosed  in  orbits  posteriorly,  convex,  not  prominent ; 
postocular  process  large,  as  prominent  as  eye,  obliquely  and 
gently  narrowed  behind ;  two  supraorbital  punctures  on  each 
side.  Prothorax  broader  than  long  (5'4  x  6-5  mm.),  widest  a  little 
in  front  of  posterior  angles,  depressed  on  disc,  not  declivous  to 
base  in  middle;  sides  subparallel,  narrowed  gently  from  anterior 
marginal  punctures  to  anterior  angles,  widely  rounded  at  postei'ior 

'  N.  cyliudripeniie.  Bates,  omitted  from  above  list,  is  evidently  associated 
with  2^.  elon(/nfum,  Macl. 

t  N^.  rngosuln/n,  Alael.,  has  the  prothorax  the  same  shape  as  N.  parvicex)s. 


0  04  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CAJRABID^E), 

angles,  strongly  sinuate  on  each  side  of  base  ;  anterior  margin 
truncate;  anterior  angles  lightly  advanced,  obtuse;  base  truncate; 
border  narrow,  thick,  reflexed,  stronger  and  continuous  between 
posterior  marginal  punctures  ;  median  line  strongly  impressed ; 
basal  area  defined  on  each  side  by  a  narrow  transverse  impression, 
convex,  attaining  plane  of  disc  in  middle.  Elytra  hardly  as  wide 
as  prothorax  (13  x  G'imm.),  widest  before  the  middle,  depressed 
on  disc,  strongly  declivous  from  edges  of  discoidal  depression  ; 
sides  lightly  rounded ;  base  emarginate-truncate  ;  each  elytron 
terminating  at  apex  in  a  strong  obtuse  mucro  and  having  a  sub- 
tuberculate  elevation  a  little  before  apex  in  front  of  apical  mucro; 
a  row  of  separate  punctures  along  margins;  four  punctures  (in  a 
double  row)  on  base  of  each  elytron;  inflexed  margin  rather  wide, 
narrowing  from  base  to  apex.  A  deep  transverse  concavity  on 
basal  declivity  of  prosternum.     Legs  light  (as  usual  in  genus). 

Length  26,  breadth  6'5mm. 

Hub. — West  Australia,  Champion  Bay  District  (Lea;  Coll.  Lea). 

Allied  to  C.  miicronafnm,  MacL,  but  differing  by  its  narrower 
form,  longer  apical  mucros,  ante-apical  tubercles,  the  flat  discoidal 
area  of  the  elytra,  &c.  The  edges  of  the  discoidal  depression  are 
sharply  defined,  and  almost  form  a  ridge  beginning  behind  each 
shoulder  and  ending  in  the  subtuberculate  elevations  near  the 
apex. 

CONOPTERUM    RIVERINjE. 

Cnrenum  riverincB,  Macl.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  N.S.W.  1865,  i.  p. 
181;  Carenum  amabile,  Casteln.,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Victoria,  1867, 
viii.  p.  135;  Conopterum  insigne,  Chaud.,  (?)  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg., 
1869,  p.  148;  G.  violacetan,  Mad,  P.L.S.N.S.W.,  1887,  ii.  (2),  p. 
127;  C.  barnardi,  Macl.,  I.e.  p.  129. 

I  have  already  published  the  synonymy  of  Careman  amabile 
with  Conopterimn  riverince,  and  am  now  convinced,  after  com- 
parison of  specimens  in  my  possession  with  those  in  the  Macleay 
Museum,  that  C.  violaceum  and  C.  ba-niardi  are  also  merely 
synonyms  of  this  species.  After  comjjaring  my  specimens  with 
the  description  of  C.  insigne  (the  size  of  which  is  not  stated)  I  feel 
no  doubt  but  that  it  is  also  conspecific  with  C.  riverince. 


I 


BY   THOMAS    G.    SLOANE.  225 

^a6.  — Queensland,  Dawson  River  (Barnard);  N.S.  Wales, 
Mudgee  (Macleay),  Lachlan  River  (Castelnau),  ISTarrandera 
District  (Sloane). 

Genus  Teratidium. 

In  his  description  of  the  genus  Teratidium,  Mr.  Bates  remarked  r 
"  The  extraordinary  insect  for  which  this  new  genus  is  necessary, 
agrees  with  Monocentrum  only  in  the  absence  of  the  usual  tooth 
or  teeth  of   the  anterior  tibife   above   the  apical   one ;   but   the 
excessive  dilatation  of  the  terminal  joint  of  the  maxillary  (as  well 
as  the  labial)  palpi  and  the  very  short  faint  frontal  grooves,  form 
very  distinct  and  peculiar  characters."     After  reading  this,  one 
wonders  whether  Mr.  Bates  was  acquainted  with  Monocentrum 
in  nature;  a  specimen  of  M.  longiceps,  Chaud.,  is  in  my  possession, 
and  it  has  the  maxillary  palps  very  securiform,  their  terminal 
joint  being  quite  as  securiform  as,  though  a  little  smaller  than, 
the  labial. 

The  following  diagnosis  of  the  genus  gives  some  features  not 
noticed  in  the  original  description  : — 

Head    constricted    posteriorly,    the    constriction    very    strong 
behind  the  mentum,  suborbital  channels  and  orbits;  part  of  head 
before  posterior   constriction   transversely  subquadrate ;    vertex 
without  longitudinal   sulci,   convex,   declivous   to   eyes ;    a  wide 
sulciform  impression  extending  backwards  along  upper  margin  of 
eyes  to  neck,  and  dividing  vertex  from  eyes  and  orbits;  supra- 
antennal   plates   large,  prominent,  declivous,  not   longitudinally 
sulcate;  clypeus  strongly  declivous,  not  divided  in  middle  from 
front,  defined  on  each  side  by  a  light  linear  sulcus  (frontal  sulci); 
eyes  deeply  set  in  orbits,  these  large  and  more  prominent  than 
the  eyes ;  suborbital  channels  wide,  short,  single.      Maxillary  and 
labial  palpi  with  two  apical  joints  similar  in  shape;  penultimate 
joint  shorter  than  terminal.      Elytra  impunctate  ;  lateral  margin 
upturned,  reflexed  and  widely  rounded  at  humeral  angles  ;  punc- 
tures of  base  placed  not  on  basal  declivity,  but  in  a  depression  just 
behind  the  declivity;  inflexed  margin  narrow  behind  first  ventral 


segment. 


15 


226  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABIDJE), 

Teratidium  peelongum,  n.sp. 

Narrow,  elongate,  cylindrical,  Isevigate;  head  widely  transverse, 
constricted  posteriorly,  orbits  very  prominent;  prothorax  longer 
than  broad,  convex,  anterior  angles  lightly  advanced  ;  elytra 
elliptical,  cylindrical,  impunctate.  Blackj  prothorax  with  faint 
purple  reflections  near  sides  (most  noticeable  near  posterior  angles), 
elytra  dark  purple  with  a  greenish  iridescence  in  changing  light. 

Head  large  (4-2  x  5-3  mm.),  convex;  anterior  part  widely  sub- 
quadrate;  front  with  a  light  oblique  linear  impression  on  each 
side  defining  the  sides  of  the  clypeus;  a  punctiform  impi'ession 
near  posterior  extremity  of  these  sulci:  clypeus  convex,  strongly 
declivous  to  anterior   margin,  a  lightly  impressed   puncture  on 
each    side    behind    intermediate   angles ;    median    part    narrow, 
emarginate-truncate  (obsoletely  trisinuate);  intermediate  angles 
wide,  obtuse,  short,  projecting;  supra-antennal  plates  prominent, 
large,  convex,  rounded  externally,  not  longitudinally  impressed; 
eyes  deeply  set  in  orbits,  depressed;  orbits  very  large,  projecting 
beyond  and  enclosing  postei'ior  two-thirds  of  eyes,  obliquely  and 
roundly  constricted   to  neck.      Prothoi'ax  a  little    longer  than 
broad  (6x5-2  mm.),  hardly  as  wide  as  head  (narrower  at  anterior 
angles),  convex,  roundly  declivous  to  base;  sides  lightly  rounded, 
lightly  narrowed  to  base;    anterior  margin   truncate;    anterior 
angles  very  feebly  advanced;  posterior  angles  not  marked;  basal 
curve    lightly    sinuate    on    each    side   near   base ;    basal    angles 
rounded,     not    marked  ;    base    lightly    rounded,    not    bordered 
except     obsoletely    on    each    side    border  ;    median    line    very 
lightly   impressed  ;    a  wide    lightly   depressed     space    between 
sinuosities  of  basal  curve.     Elytra  a  little  wider  than  prothorax 
(13-6  X  5-5  mm.),  widest  about  middle,  very  convex;  suture  deeply 
impressed  ;    sides  lightly  I'ounded,  more  narrowed   to  shoulders 
than  apex;  apical  curve   short;  base  lightly  emarginate  behind 
middle  of  peduncle;  shoulders  rounded,  declivous;  basal  declivity 
abrupt,  impunctate;  lateral  border  narrow  near  shoulder,  becoming 
very  wide  and  thick  postei'iorly,  upturned  and  rounded  at  humeral 
angle,  reaching  peduncle,  not  reaching  apex;  a  row  of  umbilicate 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANB.  227 

punctures  along  margin,  these  more  widely  placed  towards  apex; 
a  wide  oblique  punctate  impression  on  each  elytron  near  base 
(facing  humeral  angre);  space  between  this  impression  and  base 
strongly  convex.  Ventral  segments  impunctate.  Anterior  tro- 
chanters narrow  ;  femora  strongly  dilatate  above  trochanters, 
compressed,  not  channelled  on  lower  side;  tibiae  wide  at  apex, 
external  apical  projection  stout,  curved;  intermediate  tibise  lightly 
incrassate,  external  angle  pointed,  not  dentate. 

Length  25,  breadth  5 -5  mm. 

Hah. — West  Australia,  Kalgoorlie  Diggings  (G.  F.  Froggatt; 
Coll.  Froggatt). 

Diflfers  from  the  descrii^tion  of  T.  inacros,  Bates,  by  its  smaller 
size,  colour,  the  clypeus  not  having  four  teeth  of  equal  size,  &c. 

Teratidium  laticeps,  n.sp. 

Narrow,  elongate,  leather  depressed,  Isevigate;  head  large,  sub- 
quadrate,  constricted  posteriorly;  elytra  impunctate,  oboval,  lateral 
borders  thick  (forming  a  bead  along  sides);  anterior  tibise  uniden- 
tate.  Head  black  with  faint  purple  reflections  on  occiput  and 
below  orbits;  prothorax  shining  purple  on  disc  widely  margined 
with  green,  under  parts  tinged  with  purple  and  green ;  elytra 
purple;  legs,  antennae  and  abdomen  black  (ventral  segments  with 
faint  greenish  reflections). 

Head  large  (3-25  x  4-5  mm.),  convex  ;  anterior  part  widely 
subquadrate;  front  with  a  light  (almost  obsolete)  oblique  linear 
impression  on  each  side  defining  sides  of  clypeus  and  terminating 
posteriorly  in  a  punctiform  impression  ;  vertex  wide,  smooth, 
convex  :  clypeus  convex,  roundly  and  deeply  declivous  to  anterior 
margin,  a  light  punctiform  impression  on  each  side  behind  inter- 
mediate angles;  median  part  small,  emarginate-truncate;  inter- 
mediate angles  very  obtuse  and  hardly  prominent;  supra-antennal 
plates  large,  convex,  smooth,  not  transversely  sulcate;  eyes  deeply 
set  in  orbits,  depressed ;  orbits  large,  projecting  beyond  and 
enclosing    the    posterior   two-thirds    of    eyes,    one    supraorbital 


228  ON  THE  CARENIDES  (FAM.  CARABID^H) 

puncture  on  each  side.*  Mandibles  stout,  short.  Labrum  small. 
Palpi  with  apical  joint  very  widely  securiform.  Antennae  stout; 
joints  5-11  compressed,  bisulcate  and  setose  on  edges,  apical  joint 
much  longer  than  penultimate,  obtuse  at  apex.  Prothorax 
narrower  than  head,  longer  than  broad  (4-75  x  4-25  mm.),  lightly 
convex  (disc  a  little  depressed),  not  declivous  to  base  in  middle; 
sides  subparallel  before  posterior  angles  ;  lightly  and  shortly 
rounded  to  anterior  angles,  lightly  narrowed  to  base  ;  anterior 
angles  not  prominent;  posterior  angles  not  marked;  basal  angles 
obtuse;  base  lightly  rounded;  border  narrow,  thicker  and  more 
strongly  reflexed  at  basal  angles,  lightly  and  widely  sinuate  on 
each  side  near  base,  obsolete  in  middle  of  base;  marginal  channel 
narrow,  obsolete  on  base;  median  line  strongly  impressed  on  disc; 
one  marginal  puncture  on  each  side  about  anterior  fifth;  basal 
area  lightly  defined  on  each  side,  not  depressed  below  plane  of 
disc  in  middle.  Elytra  hardly  as  wide  as  prothorax  (10  x  4-5  mm.), 
widest  rather  behind  middle,  narrowed  to  base,  depressed  on  disc, 
strongly  and  roundly  declivous  to  sides  and  apex ;  base  triangularly 
emarginate  behind  peduncle  ;  shoulders  rounded  ;  apical  curve 
wide;  the  apex  itself  produced  shortly  and  obtusely  beyond  lateral 
border;  this  border  narrow  near  shoulders,  becoming  very  wide 
and  thick  posteriorly,  widely  upturned  but  not  dentate  at 
shoulders;  a  row  of  umbilicate  punctures  along  sides,  becoming 
more  widely  placed  towards  apex;  an  oblique  foveiform  punctate 
depression  at  each  shoulder  just  behind  base  ;  basal  declivity 
abrupt,  impunctate.  Ventral  segments  impunctate.  Legs  light: 
anterior  tibije  with  apex  strongly  produced  externally,  a  small 
denticulation  on  external  edge  level  with  base  of  tarsus;  inferior 


*  The  specimen  before  me  has  one  supraorbital  puncture  placed  above 
the  posterior  margin  of  the  eye  on  the  right  side  and  two  on  the  left,  but 
I  believe  one  to  be  the  normal  number,  for  there  is  throughout  the  whole 
tribe  of  the  Carenides  a  tendency  for  single  punctures  on  the  head,  pro- 
thorax and  elytra  to  be  sometimes  represented  by  two  similar  punctures 
placed  close  together. 


RLSN  SW.  1897 


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ACACIA     OIFFORMIS,  /?.T.B. 


BY    THOMAS    G.    SLOANK.  229 

ridge  obsolete;  inner  apical  spine  long,  strong ;  intermediate  tibics 
with  a  minute  external  tooth  at  apex 

Length  20,  breadtli,n4-5  mm. 

Hah. — Central  Australia  (Uoll.  French) 

This  species  differs  greatly  from  T.  macros,  Bates,  (from  descrip- 
tion) by  its  smaller  size,  colour,  the  clypeus  not  having  four  teeth 
of  equal  size,  itc;  from  T.  perlongum,  SI.,  it  differs  by  its  smaller 
size,  colour,  facies, — the  head  more  quadrate,  the  elytra  depressed, 
ifec.  I  have  not  found  any  trace  of  a  marginal  puncture  at  the 
posterior  angles  of  the  prothorax  as  usual  among  the  Carenides. 

During  the  time  that  has  elapsed  since  the  publication  of  my 
"  Second  Note  on  the  Carenides"  the  following  species  have  been 
added  to  the  tribe  : — 

£Juryscaphus  terrenus,  SI.,  Carenuin  frenclbi,  SI.,  C.  optimum, 
SI.,  C.  coc/natuin,  SI.,  C.  yracile,  SI.,  Eutoina  viridicolor,  SI., 
Neocarenum  hlackhurni,  SI. 


16 


230 


CONTRIBUTIOISrS  TO  A  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE 
FLORA  OF  AUSTRALIA. 

No.  I. 

By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological 

Museum,  Sydney, 

(Plate  X.) 

PITTOSPOREJE. 

*Cheiranthera  filifolia,  Turcz. — Walltingara,  N.S.W.  In 
the  open  and  on  the  slopes  of  granitic  ridges  (Mr.  D.  A.  Porter). 

The  specimen  forwarded  by  Mr.  Porter  is  a  smaller  plant  than 
any  I  have  yet  seen  of  C.  linearis,  A.  Cunn.,  and  agrees  fairly 
well  with  Bentham's  description  of  C.  filifolia,  except  perhaps  in 
the  i-elative  length  of  the  anthers  and  filaments, — points,  I  find, 
that  are  not  constant ;  and  so  with  the  balance  of  evidence 
in  favour  of  this  species  I  now  I'ecord  it  for  Eastern  Australia, 
believing  that  further  material  will  confirm  my  present  determina- 
tions. If  this  should  prove  not  to  be  C.  filifolia,  A.  Cunn.,  then 
I  think  the  latter  name  will  have  to  be  considered  as  a  synonym 
of  G.  linearis,  Bentham  himself  stating  (B.Fl.  i.  p.  127)  that  the 
two  are  closely  allied. 

STEKCULIACEffi. 

Seringia  platyphylla,  J.  Gay. — Murwillumbah,  Tweed  River 
(W.  Bauerlen). 

TiLiACE.a;. 

El^ocarpus  BABUERLENije/'.ir.i)/.  et  B.T.B. — Richmond  River, 
Emigrant  Creek  at  Tintenbar  and  Byaneum,  5  miles  from  MuU- 
umbimby,  Tweed  River  (W,  Bauerlen). 


*  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  liave  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  231 


RUTACE5). 


BoRONiA  MiCROPHYLLA,  Sieb. — Braeiiiar,  Southern  Line.  In 
flower  in  October  (Miss  J.  Lane).  This  is  its  most  southern 
recorded  locaHty  and  extends  its  range  from  Parramatta. 

The  specimens  examined  confirm,  I  think,  Bentham's  decision 
(B.Fl.  i.  318)  in  preserving  the  specific  rank  of  this  Boronia,  as 
opposed  to  the  opinion  of  Baron  von  Mueller,  who  unites  it  with 
B.  pinnaitt^  Sm.  I  show  specimens  of  both  species  collected  from 
the  above  localities,  and  the  constant  form  of  leaf  of  each  species 
throughout  the  varying  environments  is  very  marked. 

Crowea  exalata,  F.v.M. — On  the  banks  of  Still  Creek, 
Woniora  River;  only  represented  by  a  few  bushes  (Mr.  H.  Clarke). 

The  late  Dr.  Woolls  says  of  this  plant — "  It  is  rather  curious 
that  only  one  shrub  of  this  species  has  ever  been  found  on  low 
ground,  and  that  was  near  Parramatta  some  years  ago.  Within 
the  last  few  months  a  few  more  shrubs  have  been  discovered  at 
Kurrajong."     (Proc   Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  1886  (2),  i.  p.  929). 

Eriostemon  salicipolius,  8m. — Evans  River  (W.  Bauerlen). 
There  is  no  previous  record  of  this  local  species  to  the  north  of 
Port  Jackson. 

AsTEROLASiA    CORREIFOLIA,     Beiitli.  —  Murwillumbah,     Tweed 

River  (W.  Bauerlen).      Previously  not  recorded   further  north 

than  Gosford. 

RHAMNE.5;. 

PoMADERRls  PRUNIFOLIA,  A.  Cuiin. — As  far  west  as  Raglan, 
Bathurst  (W.  J.  C.  Ross,  B.Sc).  The  specific  differences  between 
this  species  and  P.  hetulina,  A,  Cunn.,  are  not  very  marked,  but 
perhaps  P.  iiruiiifolia  is  best  distinguished  by  the  scabrous  and 
wrinkled  surface  of  its  leaves. 

LEGUMINOS.a;. 

OxYLOBiUM  PROCUMBENS,  F.i\2L — Strathdownie,  Rosewood,  via 
Wao-ca  Wa^ga  (Mr.  D.  McEacheron).  This  extends  its  range 
further  north  than  hitherto  recorded. 


232  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  AUSTRALIA, 

Acacia  Maideni,  F.v.2I. — -A  quantitj^  of  fresh  fruiting  material 
of  this  species  has  recently  been  examined  by  me,  and  from  my 
observations  it  would  appear  that  an  error  has  occurred  in  the 
delineation  (mei)  and  description  (F.v.M.)  of  the  arillus,  in  the 
Macleav  Memorial  Volume.  Our  collector  now  admits  having 
inadvertently  wrongly  matched  the  pods.  Those  figured  are  from 
A.  melanoxylon,  R  Br.  The  true  seed  has  a  much  shorter  arillus 
under  it  and  not  encircling  the  seed  at  all.  It  has  only  two  or 
three  short  folds.  A  strict  examination,  however,  revealed 
nothing  to  shake  its  specific  rank.  The  fruits  and  seeds  are  quite 
distinct  from  those  of  A.  fjlancescen,^,  its  all}^ 

SAXIFRAGE.^. 

*Argophyllum  nitidum,  Lahill. — (Plate  x).  Mt.  Nullum 
and  Tumbulgum,  Tweed  River  (W.  Bauerlen\ 

For  the  identification  of  this  species  I  am  indebted  to  J.  G. 
Luehmann,  F.L.S.  The  only  locality  given  in  the  Index  Kewensis 
(Vol.  i.  p.  183)  is  New  Caledonia,  so  that  it  is  therefore  new  for 
Australia.  In  the  above  reference  Forster  is  quoted  as  the 
author,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  it  was  on  this  species  that 
the  genus  was  founded  (Forst.  Char.  Gen.  30).  Bentham,  how- 
ever, ;^^.^7.  ii  437)  ascribed  the  authorship  to  Labillardiere,  but 
I  should  like  to  venture  an  opinion  that  A.  eUipticum  is  what  is 
intended  (vide  Index  Kewensis,  Vol.  i.  p.  183). 

There  is  apparently  no  description  of  this  species  extant.  It 
is  a  very  pretty  shrub  of  about  20  to  30  feet  high  The  branches 
and  inflorescence  are  clothed  with  a  close  silky  white  tomentum 
more  silvery  than  in  A.  Lejourdanii,  F.v.M.  Leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  varying  from  4  to  7,  8  or  even  9  inches  long  and  up 
to  2  inches  broad,  on  a  petiole  of  \  inch  long  or  more,  entire  or 
serrate,  light  green  and  glabrous  above,  silvery-white  underneath 
with  a  close  silky  tomentum,  the  pinnate  parallel  veins  and 
midrib  not  prominent  on  the  upper  surface. 


*  Species  marke4  with  an  asterisk  have  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  233 

Inflorescence  a  loose  corymbose  terminal  panicle,  much  exceed- 
ing the  leaves,  or  in  the  upper  axils  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Flowers  when  fully'^  expanded  exceeding  3  lines  in  diameter. 
Calyx  turbinate  or  hemispherical,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  lobes  5, 
persistent,  acute.  Petals  5,  valvate,  persistent,  fringed  inside 
below  the  middle  with  long  hairs  forming  a  corona.  Capsule 
glabrous,  about  2  lines  in  diameter,  hemispherical,  mostly  3-valved; 
seeds  very  small,  reticulate. 

Comparing  the  above  with  the  delineations  in  Forst.  Char.  Gen. 
p.  30,  and  whicli  I  reproduce  (PI.  x.  figs.  1-10  ;  upper  division 
of  the  plate)  it  will  be  found  there  are  many  points  of  difference, 
as  for  instance  the  nectary  (which  I  cannot  understand  in 
Forster's  figure),  the  calyx  lobes  and  capsule. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  obtain  New  Caledonian  specimens  for 
comparison,  but  have  not  been  successful.  If  this  should  be 
distinct  from  the  New  Caledonian  plant,  I  would  suggest  the 
name  of  ui.  JS'ullmneusis,  from  the  locality  where  first  obtained. 

Ckkatopetalum  gummiferum,  SmifJi. — Mr.  W.  Biiuerlen,  report- 
ing on  this  species,  says — "At  Moonambah,  Tweed  River,  I  have 
seen  trees  lately  fully  60  feet  high  and  18  inches  in  diameter,  but 
they  were  so  situated  that  it  would  be  exceedingly  difficult  to 
obtain  a  log  from  the  locality."  These  are  dimensions  that 
surpass  any  previous  records. 

Ceratopetalum  apetalum,  I).  Don. — McPherson  Ranges,  six 
miles  from  the  Queensland  boundary  (W.  Biiuerlen).  This  is  a 
considerable  extension  of  range,  as  it  was  previously  only  known 
for  a  few  miles  north  of  Port  Jackson. 

COMPOSITiE. 

Cassinia  arcuata,  R.Br. — As  far  east  as  Upper  P3'ramul  (Mrs. 
A   Tindall).     Previously  recorded  from  the  Darling  Ri\  er. 

Cassinia  subtropica,  F.v.M.  —  Moonambah  and  Billundgel, 
Tweed  River  (W.  Biiuerlen).  Lindsay  is  the  only  locality  given 
in  B.Fl.  (iii.  p.  588> 


234  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  AUSTRALIA, 

G00DEN0VIE5:. 

Sc^voLA  iEMULA,  R.Br. — Bundanoon,  near  Moss  Yale  (Mr.  B. 
Dunstan).     A  chy  country  species. 

EBENACE^. 

Cargillia  mabacea,  F.v.M. — Mullumbimby,  Brunswick  River. 
A  species  of  doubtful  affinities,  as  it  was  described  without 
female  flow^ers  and  fruits.  The  latter  have  now  been  collected  by 
Mr.  Bauerlen  in  the  above  locality,  which  is  probably  its  most 
southern  locality.  They  may  be  described  as  depressed  globular 
and  oval  in  shape,  ^  to  over  1  inch  long  and  1  inch  in  diameter; 
calyx  persistent;  colour  bright  red  :  containing  2-7  seeds.  The 
average  height  of  the  tree  is  from  25-60  feet;  timber  white,  but 
of  little  use,  being  very  susceptible  to  the  attacks  of  Xylehonts 
spp.;  bark  black,  laminated. 

AP0CYH"E5;. 

*Ochrosia  Powerf,  Bail. — Murwillumbah,  Tweed  River  (W. 
Bauerlen).  Originally  described  by  F.  M.  Bailey  in  his  Botany 
Bulletin,  xiii.  p.  11,  from  fruits  and  foliage  onh^.  Full  material 
has  been  collected  by  Mr.  Bauerlen.  The  flowers  I  will  not 
describe  here,  as  I  have  sent  some  to  Mr.  Bailej^  and  have  asked 
him  to  publish  a  description  in  his  Bulletins,  so  that  a  complete 
account  of  the  whole  plant  may  be  found  in  the  same  serial. 
The  plant  in  this  colony  grows  to  a  shrub  of  about  10  feet  high. 

Tabern^montana  oribntalis,  R.Br. — As  far  south  as  the 
Hastings  River  (R.  Harper). 

*SoLANUM  CILIATUM,  Lam.  (S.  aculeatissimum,  Jacq.). — Lismore 
(W.  Bauerlen).  This  is  the  first  record  of  the  occurrence  of  this 
exotic  in  New  South  Wales,-  though  it  has  been  known  to  me 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Sydney  for  some  years,  but  confounded 
with  S.  sodouueum.  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  Gr.  Luehmann, 
F.L.S.,  for  the  correct  diagnosis. 


*  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  have  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  235 


LAUKINE^. 


Tetranthera  (Ln;^/EA)  reticulata,  Meissn. — Thei-e  has  long 
been  a  doubt  as  to  the  exact  botanical  determination  of  the 
marketable  timber  passing  under  the  name  of  "  She  Beech." 
Many  authors  have  referred  it  to  Cryptocarya  glaucescens,  R.Br, 
and  specimens  of  timber  exhibited  in  International  Exhibitions 
and  now  in  the  Technolocrical  Museum  were  labelled  with  the 
latter  name  queried;  but  I  think  now  the  matter  can  be  definitely 
settled,  as  I  have  acquired  botanical  (timber  and  flowering) 
specimens  from  Gosford,  Port  Macquarie  and  Lismore,  and  with- 
out doubt  •'  She  Beech  "  is  Tefrantliera  retimdata.,  Meissn. 

The  timber  of  Cryptocarya  ylaucescens  is  quite  distinct,  being 
much  lighter  in  colour,  more  durable  and  with  little  or  no  tigure, 
as  against  the  rich  brown  colour  and  large  figure  of  T.  reticulata. 

"  She  Beech  "  timber  is,  I  find,  also  being  sold  in  the  Sydney 
market  under  the  name  of  "  Bully  or  Bolly  Glum,"  so  that  we 
have  the  timber  merchants  selling  to  an  unsuspecting  pulilic 
apparently  two  distinct  timbers,  but  which  are  in  reality  from 
one  and  the  same  species,  i.e..,  T.  reticulata. 

Cassytha  paniculata,  R.Br. — Bundanoon  (T.  Steel,  F.L.S.). 
Not  previously  recorded  south  of  Port  Jackson. 

PROTEACE^. 

*Grevillea  ilicifolia  R.Br. — Kyamba  (Forester  Taylor). 
Locally  known  as  "  Wild  Holly." 

URTICEiE.    • 

Ficfis  MuELLERi,  Miq^.  —  As  far  north  as  Lismore  (W.  Bauerlen). 

*Laportea  moroides,  WeddeJl. — Murwillumbah,  Tweed  River 
(W.  Bauerlen).  A  nettle  with  "  most  virulent  stinging  hairs," 
previously  only  known  from  Queensland. 


*  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk   have  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales. 


236  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  AUSTRALIA, 

PANDANE^;. 

*Freycinetia  excelsa,  F.v.M.  —  North  Tumbulgum,  Tweed 
iver  (W.  Bauerlen).  "In  gullies  and  trailing  along  the  ground, 
chiefly,  however,  ascending  the  trunks  of  trees  to  a  height  of  1 00-1 20 
feet,  mostly  in  straight  stems,  though  also  sometimes  in  a  spiral 
or  at  least  crooked  course;  these  stems  are  often  very  numerous; 
for  instance,  to-day  I  have  seen  a  tree  along  the  trunk  of  which 
there  must  have  been  fully  80  stems,  forming  an  interlacing  net- 
work for  some  distance  up  the  tree.  This  is,  as  far  as  I  have 
seen,  an  exceptional  tree,  but  trees  along  which  from  30-40  stems 
are  running  are  not  exceptional.  These  stems  are  usually  from 
\  inch  to  \  inch  in  diameter,  and  soon  commence  to  branch,  the 
branches  being  usually  very  slender  and  from  1  inch  to  5  feet  in 
length,  mostly  gracefully  drooping.  The  young  stems  have  quite 
a  different  appearance,  having  the  leaves  much  shorter  and 
broader,  also  much  further  apart." 

As  it  has  only  been  recorded  from  imperfect  material,  I  now 
add  the  following  systematic  notes  : — Female  spikes  terminal, 
solitary,  ovoid  oblong,  1  to  1|  inch  long  on  peduncles  of  about  1 
inch  long;  of  a  bright  crimson  colour.  Ovaries  very  numerous, 
compact,  cohering  at  their  bases,  free  in  the  upper  half,  divided 
mostly  into  two  stigmas,  occasionally  three,  as  in  F.  Gaudicliaiidii, 
R.Br,  and  Benn.  Fruit  bursting  irregularly,  as  also  in  that 
species.  Seeds  numerous,  oblong,  flat,  about  ^  line  long,  testa 
light  yellow,  with  white  oblong  cellular  longitudinal  apjDendages  or 
strophioles  as  long  as  the  seeds. 

This  plant  exudes  on  its  leaves  a  red  resinous  substance,  the 
coloui'ing  being  contained  in  the  resinous  portion;  it  is  removed 
by  alcohol,  the  residue  consisting  of  gum.  The  exudation  is  thus 
a  gum-resin.  It  was  not  in  sufiicient  quantity  to  accurately 
determine  its  constituents  more  fully. 


*  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  have  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  237 

GRAMINE^. 

Andropogon  refractus,  R.Br. — Moree,  on  the  Gwydir  River 
(Surveyor  Archibald  ?Lockhart).     Mostly  a  coast  grass. 

AsTREBLA  PECTiNATA,  F.v.M.  —  As  far  east  as  Calga,  Gilgandra, 
292  miles  west  of  Sydney  (Messrs.  Ryder  Bros).  The  material 
sent  was  very  complete  and  showed  such  a  variety  of  forms  as  to 
prove  conclusively  to  me  that  there  is  little  reason  for  retaining 
A.  triticoides  as  a  distinct  species. 

FILICES. 

*Pteris  ensiformis,  Bui'in.—  BxxndaxYOon  (Mr.  B.  Dunstan). 
A  Queensland  species. 

PoLYPODiUM  aspidioides,  Z)V?//.— Bundanoon  (Mr.  B.  Dunstan). 
This  species  was  first  recorded  from  this  Colony  by  J.  H.  Maiden 
and  R.  T.  Baker  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  1895,  Vol.  x.  (2),  p.  517)  as 
occurring  at  Tintenbar. 

FUNGI. 

I  have  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Mr.  M.  C.  Cooke, 
M.A.,  LL.D.,  A  L.S.,  for  the  identification  of  the  majority  of  the 
following  fungi. 

*Agaricijs  (Psathyrella)  trepidus,  Fr. — Technical  College 
grounds,  Sydney;  recorded  previously  only  from  Victoria. 

*CoRTiNARius  Archeri,  Berk. — Moonambah,  Tweed  River,  in 
sandy  soil  (W.  Bauerlen).  "It  is  of  a  rich  violet  colour  when 
fresh"  (W.B.).  Previously  recorded  only  from  Tasmania  (Cooke's 
Aust.  Fungi,  p.  72). 

*Lentinus  subdulcis,  Berk. — Alstonville,  N.S.W.  (W.  Bauer- 
len). A  sweet-scented  fungus  found  on  the  stumps  of  the 
Bangalow  Palm. 

*Panus  torulosus.  Fries. — Ballina  (W,  Bauerlen). 


*  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  have  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales. 


\ 


238  CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  AUSTRALIA, 

*Lenzites  Guilfoylei,  Berk.  —  Mogo,  Bateman's  Bay  (W. 
Bauerlen). 

*PoLYPORUS  TUMULOSUS,  CooJce. — Lismore,  (W.B.) 

*PoLYSTiCTUS  RASiPES,  BerJc. — Moonanibah  (W.  Bauerlen). 
On  trunks  of  trees. 

*P.  viNOSUS,  Berk. — Moonambah,  Tweed  River  ( W.  Bauerlen). 

*P.  ciCHORACEUS,  Berk.  —Sugar  Loaf  Mountain,  Monga  [Braid- 
wood].      (W.  Bauerlen). 

*PoLYSTiCTUS  RIGESCENS,  Cooke. — Ballina.  Not  previously- 
recorded  from  Australia. 

*P.  ELONGATUS,  Berk.  —  Tintenbar  (W.  BauerlenV  A  beautiful 
delicate  silky  fungus,  with  a  violet-coloured  edge. 

*PoLYSTiCTUS  Hasskarlii,  Lev. — Tweed  Heads;  on  the  stem 
of  a  living  tree  (W.  Bauerlen). — -A  tawny  scoop-shaped  fungus. 

*Hexagonia  Wightii,  KlotscTi. — Lismore  (W.  Bauerlen). 

*H.  tenuis,  Hook.,  var.  subtenuis.  Berk. — Moonambah,  Tweed 
River;  and  Ballina  (W.  Bauerlen). 

*H.  DECIPIENS,  Berk. — Botany,  near  Sydney. 

*Hydnum  meruloides,  Berk. — Ballina  (W.  Bauerlen}. 

*Stereum  caperatum.  Berk.  4'  ^^- — Ballina  (W.  Bauerlen). 
Also  in  Lord  Howe  Island. 

S.  caperatum,  Berk.  Sf  M.,  var.  spongipes.  Berk. — (W. 
Bauerlen). 

*HYMENOCHiETE  TENUissiMA,  Berk. — Ballina  (W.  Bauerlen). 
A  thin  ferruginous  fungus  not  previously  known  to  occur  in 
Austi'alia. 

*AuRicuLARiA  ALBICANS,  Berk. — Tintenbar;  on  old  logs  (W. 
Bauerlen). 

*CoLUS  HiRUDiNosus,  C  ^  S. — Glanmire,  Western  Line  (A.  G. 
Ivatt).     Cooke  records  it  from  West  Australia. 


•  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  have  not  previously  been  recorded 
frona  New  South  Wales. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  239 

*Calostoma    pusca,  Berk. — Dorrigo  (J.  H.  Maiden),  and   at 
Hornsby,  N.S.W.  (W.  W.  Froggatt). 

*Xylaria   ALLANTOtDEA,  BprJc. — Ballina    (W.  Bauerlen).      A 
remarkable  fungus. 

*DiCHOMERA   SERJCEA — Tintonbar    (W.   Bauerlen).      Not  pi^e- 
viously  recorded  from  Australia. 


EXPLANATION  OP  PLATE. 

Argophyllum  sp.  For>tt.  Char.  Gen.  t.  30. 

Fig.  L — Flowei-  (enlarged). 

Fig.  2.-      ,, 

Fig.  3.  — Petal. 

Fig.  4. — Calyx  with  nectaiy 

Fig.  5.  —Part  of  petal  showing  fringe  (enlarged). 

Fig.  6. — Corolla  (dissected). 

Fig.  7. — Stamen  (enlarged). 

Fig.  8. — Capsule         ,, 

Fig.  9.— Pistil. 

Fig.  10. — Capsule  (enlarged  and  dissected). 

Argophyllum  nitidum. 

Fig.  1.-  Panicle  of  inflorescence. 

Fig.  2. — Leaf  with  lateral  panicle. 

Fig.  3. — Bud  (enlarged). 

Fig.  4. — Expanded  flower  (enlarged). 

Fig.  5.  —  Seed  vessel. 

Fig.  6. — Top  view  of  5. 

Fig.  7. — Seed  (nat.  size). 

Fig.  8.— Seed  (enlarged). 


*  Species  marked  with  an  asterisk  have  not  previously  been  recorded 
from  New  South  Wales, 


240 


THE.  GENUS  HETEROXYMPHA  IN  NEW  SOUTH 

WALES. 

By  G.  a.  Waterhousb. 

The  Genus  Heteronympha  is  typically  Australian,  being  found 
chiefly  along  the  eastern  coast.  All  the  known  species  have  been 
taken  in  New  South  Wales  with  the  exception  of  the  Western 
Australian  form  of  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus.  Hetero- 
nympha belongs  to  that  portion  of  the  Australian  fauna  which 
characterises  the  subregion  to  which  Prof.  Baldwin  Spencer  has 
applied  the  term  "  Bassian."*  These  butterflies  all  frequent  dull 
damp  spots,  and  are  fond  of  settling  on  the  ground  among  the 
dead  leaves,  so  as  to  make  it  very  diflicult  to  distinguish  them, 
as  on  the  under  side  their  wings  resemble  a  withered  leaf,  so  much 
so  that  I  have  often  stood  a  few  feet  away  from  the  spot  where 
I  had  seen  one  of  these  butterflies  settle  without  detecting  it. 
They  are  most  plentiful  and  most  easily  caught  on  drizzling  rainy 
days.  In  this  genus  the  males  always  appear  on  the  wing  before 
the  females.  As  far  as  I  am  aware  the  life-histories  of  only  two 
have  been  worked  out;  these  will  be  found  in  Victorian  Butter- 
Jiies,  Part  I.  The  larvae  are  probably  all  grass-feeders,  sluggish 
in  the  day  time,  feeding  only  at  night.  This  will  account  for  the 
extreme  difficulty  in  finding  larvae  or  pupte.  I  will  now  deal  with 
the  different  species  more  in  detail. 

Heteronympha  merope,  Fabr. — This  butterfly  is  at  certain 
times  one  of  the  commonest  near  Sydney,  and  is  chiefly  found  in 
gullies.  The  males  appear  on  the  wing  in  November,  very  few 
females  being  seen  then,  while  later  on  in  January  the  females 
predominate,  only  damaged  males  being  on  the  wing.  The  sexes 
of  this  insect  differ  considerably  from  each  other,  the  female  being 

*  Report  of  the  Horn  Expedition,  Part  i.  1896,  p.  197. 


BY    G.    A.    WATEHHOUSE.  '  241 

much  the  larger.  The  life-history  of  this  insect  has  been  worked 
out  in  Victoria.*  It  has  a  very  wide  range,  extending  from 
Brisbane  along  the  eastern  and  southern  coast  to  Perth,  W.A., 
and  is  also  found  in  Tasmania.  II.  Duboidayi ,  Butler,  recorded 
from  Western  Austi-alia,  is  only  a  local  form  of  this  insect.  The 
best  localities  near  Sydney  are  the  gullies  near  Rose  Bay  and 
on  the  North  Shore;  it  is  also  common  in  the  National  Park; 
generally  speaking  it  is  prevalent  in  the  county  of  Cumberland 
wherever  the  native  Ijush  has  not  ))een  destroyed. 

H.  MEROPE,  Fdhr.,  var.  suffusa,  Skuse.j — A  very  remarkable 
suffused  variety  of  the  female  of  this  species  was  caught  by  myself 
near  Bowral  in  January,  1894.  The  specimen  is  dark  brown  on 
the  upper  side,  with  light  yellow  towards  the  base,  the  bluish 
spot  of  the  apical  angle  being  visible.  The  under  side  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  typical  form,  only  much  darker.  T  have  heard  lately 
that  a  male  similarly  suffused  has  been  taken  in  Victoria. 

H.  DiGGLESi,  Mii<kin. — This  butterfly  appears  on  the  wing 
at  the  end  of  the  year.  It  was  supposed  that  this  species 
was  confined  to  Queensland,  but  I  have  sevei-al  records  of  its 
occurrence  near  Sydney.  Mr.  G.  Masters  informs  me  that  a 
number  were  caught  at  Five  Dock  some  twenty  years  ago.  Mr. 
J.  E.  M.  Russell  has  taken  it  several  times  in  the  National  Park, 
and  at  the  end  of  last  year  I  caught  it  both  at  the  National  Park 
and  at  Clifton.  It  has  been  thought  that  this  species  is  the  male 
of  the  following;  but  although  I  believe  this  to  be  the  case,  I 
have  no  absolute  proof,  never  having  found  the  food  plant. 

H.  MIRIFICA,  Butler. — This  is  a  very  local  species,  being  found 
only  in  very  shaded  gullies.  It  has  the  habit  of  settling  on  the 
ground,  and  cannot  be  recognised  among  the  dead  leaves,  which 
it  closely  resembles.  In  shape  it  is  like  the  female  of  H. 
raerope,  but  differs  in  being  black,  with  a  white  band  across  the 
anterior  wing.     This  butterfly  is  on  the  wing  from  Christmas 

*  Andersoa  and  Spry,   Victorian  BiUterflies  (1893),  pp.  60,  62. 
t  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  1895,  p.  xiv. 


242  THE  GENUS  HETERONYMPHA  IN  NEW  SOUTH  WALES, 

onwards,  and  may  be  taken  in  the  creeks  of  the  Port  Hackmg 
River,  at  Clifton,  and  the  Bulh  Pass.  It  is  also  recorded  from 
Brisbane. 

H.  Banksii,  Leach. — This  insect  appears  on  the  wing  in  March. 
An  early  brood  may  appear  in  November,  but  I  have  not  caught 
any  then.  In  the  present  year  I  caught  it  first  on  the  20th 
February  in  the  National  Park,  and  later  at  Clifton,  on  20th 
March,  I  caught  several;  all  the  specimens  were  males,  and  both 
days  were  wet,  while  on  the  days  preceding  20th  March  (which 
were  fine)  I  did  not  see  any  specimens.  During  Easter  I  caught 
numbers  of  females  and  only  battered  males.  The  difference 
between  the  sexes  is  not  very  great.  The  female  has  more  yellow 
markings,  and  has  a  white  spot  in  the  apical  angle  of  the  anterior 
Aving,  which  is  wanting  in  the  female.  The  life-history  has  been 
worked  out  in  Victoria.*  I  have  been  informed  by  Mr.  G.  Masters 
that  formerly  this  butterfly  was  once  plentiful  at  Mosman's 
Bay,  but  now,  owing  to  the  progress  of  settlement,  is  rarely  seen 
there.  It  may  be  taken  plentifully  at  the  proper  time  from  the 
National  Park  to  Wollongong.  It  is  also  recorded  from  Victoria 
and  Brisbane. 

H.  PARADELPHA,  Lower.  I  believe  this  to  be  the  first  record 
of  this  species  from  New  South  Wales.  In  appearance  the 
butterfly  is  somewhat  like  H.  Banksii  on  the  upperside,  while  on 
the  underside  it  comes  between  H.  philerope  and  H.  cordace.  It 
may  be  distinguished  from  H.  Banksii  by  being  lighter  in  colour, 
and  by  having  a  black  spot  in  the  apical  angle  of  the  anterior 
wing,  which  is  absent  from  H.  Banksii.  The  female  is  without 
the  apical  white  spot  which  marks  the  female  of  H.  Banksii.  The 
female  of  this  species  differs  from  the  male  on  the  upperside  by 
being  very  much  lighter  in  colour,  while  on  the  underside  of  the 
posterior  wing  it  has  a  pinkish  suffusion.  This  butterfly  has  been 
known  for  a  long  time  in  Victoria,  where,  however,  it  is  by  no 
means  common,  and  was  described  only  a  few  years  ago  by  Mr. 

*  Anderson  and  Spry,  Victorian  Butterjlies  (1893),  pp.  64,  65. 


BY    G.    A.    WATERHOUSE.  243 

Lower,  who  thought  it  to  be  confined  to  that  colony.  Mr.  G, 
Masters  took  a  single  specimen  (^)  in  September,  1863,  at  Merira- 
bula,  near  Bega.  This  specimen  is  now  in  the  Macleay  Museum. 
A  few  months  ago  I  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  examples  of 
both  sexes  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  A.  G.  Hamilton,  of  Mount 
Kembla,  which  he  had  caught  near  his  house.  On  the  19th 
March  of  this  year  Mr.  N.  W.  Hansard  caught  a  female  near 
Picton,  and  saw  several  others  on  the  wing.  I  should  think  the 
best  time  to  look  for  this  insect  would  be  in  January  and  Feb- 
ruary, and  it  should  be  found  along  the  Illawarra  Range. 

H.  CORDAGE,  Huhner,  H.  philerope,  Boisd.,  have  both  been 
taken  on  the  Liverpool  Plains  by  the  late  Mr.  A.  S.  Olliif.  I 
have  not  heard  of  their  being  taken  nearer  Sydney,  but  they  will 
probably  be  recorded  sooner  or  later  if  search  is  made  for  them. 
//.  philerope  is  common  near  Mount  Kosciusko.  Both  are  well 
known  Victorian  species. 

Appended  is  a  note  on  Xenica  hohartia,  Westwood.  The  only 
specimens  of  the  above  species  from  New  South  Wales  are: — One 
specimen  caught  by  Mr.  OllifF  near  Katoomba  Railway  Station; 
two  specimens  by  Mr.  Russell  at  the  Hawkesbury,  and  one 
specimen  (5)  by  Mr.  G.  Lyell,  Junr.,  on  5th  October,  1896,  at 
Narrabeen.  This  last  specimen  is  in  my  collection  and  is  exhibited 
to-night. 


244 


THE  LIFE-HISTORY  OF  APAUSTUS  LA  SCI  VI  A, 

ROSENSTOCK. 

JBy  G.  a.  Waterhouse. 

Apaustus  lascivia,  Rosenstock,  Ann.  Mag.  ISTcat.  Hist.  (5), 
xvi.  (1885),  p.  378,  PI.  XI.  fig.  1. 

In  January  of  the  present  year  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  find 
at  Rose  Bay  the  larvse  of  a  small  skipper,  of  whose  life-history  I 
can  find  no  record.  The  larvae  were  found  feeding  on  a  grass, 
Im,perata  arundinacea.  Each  larva  conceals  itself  by  uniting  the 
edges  of  the  lea\-es  so  as  to  form  a  sheath,  inside  which  it 
remains.  When  feeding,  which  is  usually  at  night,  it  protrudes 
its  head  just  outside  this  sheath  and  nibbles  the  edges  of  it, 
When  one  of  these  sheaths  is  eaten  up,  the  larva  makes  another 
retreat.  The  larva,  when  full  grown,  is  one  inch  in  length,  being 
pale  green  in  colour ;  the  two  segments  nearest  the  head  are 
smallest.  When  half-grown  the  head  is  totally  black,  but  when 
full  grown  is  very  light  brown  with  the  black  V-shaped  marking 
common  to  the  larvae  of  this  family  and  a  black  ring  round  the 
outer  edge  of  the  head.  The  larva  when  full  grown  constructs  a 
sheath  similar  to  the  one  it  feeds  in,  closes  up  both  ends  and 
casts  its  skin.  The  pupa  is  at  first  a  pale  olive-green,  gi-adually 
turning  a  light  brown.  The  wings  change  colour  first.  The 
pupa  is  about  half  an  inch  long.  It  usually  remains  in  the  pupal 
state  from  ten  to  twelve  days.  This  butterfly  is  ver}^  common  in 
February,  when  hundreds  may  be  seen.  It  is  found  in  gullies 
wherever  its  food-plant  occurs,  being  very  plentiful  in  Double 
Bay  Gully. 

Mr.  Olliff  has  described  and  figured*  the  details  of  the  life- 
history  of  another  species  of  this  genus,  A.  agraiilia,  Hewitson, 
its  food-plant  being  couch  grass. 

When  I  bred  this  insect  I  also  bred  another  skipper,  but  I 
hesitate  to  give  its  life-history,  as  I  have  not  yet  determined  it 
specifically,  the  nomenclature  of  the  Sesperidcs  being  very  con- 
fused at  present. 

*  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (5),  1888,  p.  360,  PI.  xx.  figs.  8w,  Zh. 


245 


SOME  NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  FISHES. 

By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

HETERODONTID^. 

Gyropleurodus.     1  sp.nov. 

Appended  is  the  description  of  the  teeth  of  a  cestraciont  shark 
caught  some  years  ago  off  Manly  Beach  and  preserved  on  account  of 
their  beauty.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  desci'iption  that  the  dentition 
differs  greatly  from  either  of  the  Australian  species,  but  approaches 
that  of  Gyropleu7'odus  gcdeatus  in  the  uninterrupted  divergence 
of  the  rami  of  the  jaws,  while  differing  in  the  large  number 
of  short  and  strongly  carinated  lateral  teeth.  I  am  unwilling  to 
describe  this  species  as  new  on  the  evidence  of  this  pair  of  jaws 
alone,  but  wish  to  call  attention  to  the  possibility  of  a  third 
species  being  found  in  our  waters,  and  to  impress  on  such  of 
my  readers  as  may  have  the  opportunity  the  necessity  for  examin- 
ing all  specimens  of  Bullhead  Sharks  for  a  similar  pair  of  jaws, 
and,  when  found,  to  preserve  the  entire  animal.  The  only  species 
with  which  it  could  be  confounded  (besides  galeatus)  is  Gyropleu- 
rodus quoyi,  Fi'eminville,  a  little  known  species  from  the  Gala- 
pagos Islands;  it  is,  however,  possible  that  these  jaws  belong  to 
an  adult  G.  galeatus,  in  which  the  two  elongate  molars  have  been 
more  or  less  symmetrically  broken  up  into  a  number  of  small  ones. 

In  the  upper  jaw  the  anterior  teeth  are  stout  and  conical 
without  or  with  scarcely  a  trace  of  a  basal  cusp;  passing  back- 
wards along  the  sides  the  bases  of  the  teeth  become  broader  and 
the  cusp  more  and  more  strongly  inclined  backwards,  until  they 
almost  insensibly  merge  into  the  strongly  carinated  molariforni 
lateral  teeth,  of  which  there  are  about  ten  whorls  on  one  ramus 
17 


246  SOME    NEW    GENERA    AND    SPECIES    OF    FISHES, 

and  eight  on  the  other-  these  teeth  are  so  deeply  grooved  on  the 
outside  as  to  appear  almost  bicarinate;  each  whorl  contains  ten 
teeth,  while  in  the  anterior  rows  there  are  thirteen,  some  of  the 
inner  ones  l>eing  the  largest. 

The  teeth  of  the  lower  jaw  are  similar  to  those  of  the  upper, 
but  the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  anterior  and  lateral  teeth 
is  even  less  marked,  many  of  those  near  the  dividing  line  bearing 
a  short  blunt  median  cusp  which  is  succeeded  by  one  or  even  two 
smaller  cusps,  so  as  to  leave  only  five  or  six  short  inconspicuous 
molariform  series. 

The  following  are  the  measurements  of  the  jaws  : — 

Length  of  the  dentigerous  portion  of  the  upper  jaw,  78  mm.; 

of  the  lower,  74  mm. 
Width  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  dentigerous  portion:  upper 
jaw,  outside  32  mm.,  inside  5  mm.;  lower  jaw,  outside 
28  mm.,  inside  4  mm. 
Width  between  last  teeth:  upper  jaw,  61  mm.;  lower  jaw, 

41  mm. 
Greatest  depth  of  dentigerous  portion:  upper  jaw,  41  mm.; 
lower  jaw,  37  mm. 

MYRID^. 

SCOLECENCHELYS,  gen.IlOV. 

Body  very  elongate  and  vermiform,  terete.  Head  small  and 
narrow.  Mouth  rather  large,  its  cleft  extending  well  behind  the 
eye,  the  lower  jaw  much  shorter  than  the  upper.  Teeth  conical, 
in  one  or  more  series  in  the  jaws  and  on  the  vomer.  Nostrils 
pierced  on  the  edge  of  the  upper  lip,  the  anterior  near  the  tip  of 
the  snout,  tubular,  and  directed  downwards,  the  posterior  an 
oblong  slit.  Gill-openings  small  and  vertical.  Dorsal  and  anal 
fins  low  or  subrudimentary,  the  former  originating  near  the 
vertical  from  the  vent;  no  pectorals.  Vent  close  in  front  of  the 
anal  fin.  Skin  scaleless;  lateral  line  forming  a  continuous  band 
along  the  middle  of  the  side. 

Etymology  : — o-kwXt;^,  a  worm;  eyxe'kvs,  an  eel. 

Type  : — Mthrcanichthys  australis,  Macleay. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  247 

Myropterura,  gen.nov. 

Body  rather  shorj^  subterete  in  front,  compressed  Ijeliintl. 
Head  rather  long  and  narrow.  Mouth  moderate,  the  cleft 
scarcely  extending  beyond  the  eye;  lower  jaw  not  much  shorter 
than  the  upper.  Teeth  conical,  in  one  or  two  series  in  the  jaws; 
canines  present;  vomerine  teeth  present.  Nostrils  pierced  in  the 
upper  lip;  the  anterior  tubular,  well  behind  the  tip  of  the  snout, 
and  directed  downwards,  the  posterior  on  the  inner  edge  of  the 
lip,  elongate.  Gill-openings  rather  wide  and  oblique.  Vertical 
fins  well  developed,  expanded  posteriorly,  the  dorsal  originating 
behind  the  vent;  pectorals  absent.  Vent  close  in  front  of  the 
anal  fin.  Skin  scaleless,  lateral  line  present,  forming  an  incon- 
spicuous band  along  the  middle  of  the  side. 

Etymology: — fxvpos,  Myrus,  the  ancient  name  of  a  Medi- 
terranean eel;  Trrepv^,  a  fin;  ovpd,  tail, 

Myropterura  laticaudata,  sp.nov. 

Body  slender,  with  the  throat  somewhat  saccate,  its  depth  ^  of 
the  length  of  the  head,  which  is  3  to  3i  in  that  of  the  trunk.  Snout 
obtusely  pointed,  with  the  upper  profile  gently  .convex  anteriorly 
and  forming  behind  with  the  interorbital  region  a  shallow  con. 
cavity  in  front  of  the  occiput,  not  projecting  greatly  beyond  tlie 
lower  jaw,  its  length  51  to  5J  in  the  head  and  2|  times  the 
diameter  of  the  eye.  Cleft  of  mouth  extending  to  or  a  trifle 
beyond  the  vertical  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  eye,  its 
length,  from  the  tip  of  the  snout,  3|  to  34  in  the  head.  Both 
jaws  with  a  double  series  of  about  six  strong  curved  caniniform 
teeth  anteriorly;  lateral  maxillary  teeth  biserial;  the  mandible 
with  a  single  series  of  strong  sharp  lanceolate  teeth  inclined  Iju^k- 
wards;  vomerine  teeth  uniserial,  similar  to  those  of  the  jaws  and 
posteriorly  concealed  in  a  deep  groove.  Gill-opening  directed 
obliquely  backwards  and  downwards,  its  width  equal  to  H 
diameters  of  the  eye.  Vent  well  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  tlie 
length,  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  1:-  to  l.\  in 
the  leny;th  of  the  tail.     Dorsal  fin  low,  commencing  well  behind 


lu  ,  l  i  b  r  a  r  y 
It/"  \    '^^'^'^    /■ 


248  SOME    NEW    GENERA    AND    SPECIES    OF    FISHES, 

the  vent,  the  space  between  its  origin  and  the  tip  of  the  snout  2y^ 
to  2i  in  the  total  length;  anal  fin  higher  than  the  dorsal,  its  outer 
border  undulating,  well  developed  anteriorly  and  postmesially  ; 
both  it  and  the  dorsal  are  very  low  towards  the  end  of  the  tail, 
but  are  expanded  and  fan-shaped  around  its  tip,  where  the  heij^ht 
of  the  anal  equals  the  length  of  the  snout,  the  dorsal  being  some- 
wdiat  lower. 

Uniform  pale  reddish-brown,  the  fins  lighter. 

Etymology  : — Latus,  broad;  caudatiis,  tailed. 

There  are  two  specimens  from  Fiji  in  the  Macleay  Museum, 
Sydney  University,  collected  by  Mr.  Archibald  Boyd.  They 
measure  respectively  248  and  2G0  millimeters. 

OPHICHTHYID^. 

Bascanichthys  hbmizona,  sp.nov. 

Body  terete  and  slender-,  its  depth  about  half  the  length  of  the 
head,  which  is  very  small,  61-  in  the  trunk.  Snout  with  rounded 
profile,  twice  as  long  as  the  small  eye,  and  projecting  about  4  of  a 
diameter  beyond  the  lower  jaw.  Cleft  of  mouth  extending 
bej'ond  the  vertical  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  eye,  its 
length  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  31  in  that  of  the  head.  Both 
jaws  with  a  single  series  of  strong  conical  teeth,  a  few  of  which 
in  front  of  the  lower  jaw  are  recurved  and  slightly  enlarged  ; 
vomerine  teeth  biserial  and  strong  in  front,  uniserial  and  small 
behind.  Gill-opening  short,  the  length  of  the  slit  about  half  the 
width  of  the  isthmus.  Vent  well  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the 
length,  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  being  i  of 
the  length  of  the  tail.  Dorsal  and  anal  fins  low;  the  former 
commencing  on  the  head,  the  space  between  its  origin  and  the 
gill-opening  |  of  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout  : 
pectoi'al  well  developed,  its  basal  width  ^  of  its  length,  which  is 
about  equal  to  the  gape.  Extremity  of  the  tail  hard  and  sharp, 
its  free  tip  about  as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

Pale  yellow,  with  twenty-five  or  twenty-six  large  purplish-black 
spots  on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  surface;  these  spots  are  sometimes 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  249 

opposite  and  confluent,  sometimes  alternate,  and  more  rarely 
split  up  in  two  or  mq^-e  narrower  spots;  the  width  of  the  spots  is 
normally  much  greater  than  that  of  the  intervening  space;  head 
lilac-brown  above,  gray  below,  ornamented  with  numerous  darker 
mottlings,  which  are  mostly  round  in  front  of  and  between  the 
eyes,  oval  or  elongate  behind  them. 

Etymology:  — rjfjLi,  half;  ^u>vr],  girdle. 

A  single  specimen  measuring  5-iO  millimeters  was  obtained  in 
Port  Jackson  and  was  preserved  to  science  through  the  thought- 
fulness  of  Mr.  J.  E.  Chinnery,  by  whom  it  was  purchased  in  the 
market  and  kindly  passed  on  to  the  writer. 

SYNODONTID^. 

GooDELLA,  gen.nov. 

Body  elongate,  slightly  compressed,  of  almost  equal  depth 
throughout;  abdomen  with  a  narrow  smooth  band,  separating  the 
terminations  of  the  muscular  rings  and  deeply  grooved  along  each 
side.  Head  small,  with  a  short  rounded  snout.  Cleft  of  mouth 
moderate,  almost  horizontal,  the  lower  jaw  included;  chin  without 
barbel.  Premaxillaries  long,  rod-like,  immovable,  forming  the 
entire  dentigei'ous  portion  of  the  upper  jaw;  maxillary  slender, 
not  reaching  so  far  back  as  the  premaxillary.  Jaws  with  a  series 
of  lai'ge,  compressed,  cultriform,  rather  distant  teeth,  between 
which  are  smaller  teeth,  one  of  which  is  larger  than  the  others; 
vomer,  palatines,  and  pterj^goids  toothless;  border  of  the  tongue 
anteriorly  with  strong  teeth.  Eye  large,  without  adipose  lid; 
interorbital  region  narrow  and  concave.  Gill-openings  wide,  gill- 
membranes  separate,  narrowly  attached  to  the  isthmus  in  front; 
thirteen  (or  fourteen)  branchiostegals;  pseudobranchise  present; 
"•ill-rakers  minute  and  tubercular.  All  the  fins  well  developed; 
dorsal  fin  premedian  ;  adipose  dorsal  present,  opposite  to  the 
anal ;  ventral  large,  eight-rayed,  inserted  well  in  front  of  the 
dorsal,  the  inner  middle  rays  the  longest;  pectorals  moderate, 
rounded,  with  eleven  rays;  caudal  forked.  No  photophores  or 
scales;  lateral  line  present. 


250  SOME    NEW    GBNERA    AND    SPECIES    OF    FISHES, 

Etymology : — Named  for  Dr.  George  Brown  Goode,  whose 
early  death  in  the  very  zenith  of  his  powers  is  a  source  of  the 
keenest  regret  to  his  many  admirers  and  of  irreparable  loss  to  the 
cause  of  science. 

GOODELLA    HYPOZONA,  Sp.nov. 

D.  12.     A.  15.     V.  8.     P.  11. 

Depth  of  l)ody  10|^  to  10|,  length  of  head  5|  to  5|  in  the  total 
length;  width  of  body  1^  to  l^  in  its  depth;  interorbital  region 
narrow  and  concave,  from  ^  to  |^  of  the  diameter  of  the  eye,  which 
is  3|  to  3|  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  shorter  than  the  eye, 
with  rounded  profile.  Premaxillary  extending  to  below  or  a  little 
beyond  the  vertical  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  pupil,  its 
length  2i  to  2^-  in  that  of  the  head.  The  space  between  the 
origin  of  the  dorsal  and  the  extremity  of  the  snout  is  1|  to  1|  in 
its  distance  from  the  base  of  the  caudal;  the  third  and  fourth 
rays  are  the  longest,  2|  to  24  in  the  length  of  the  head  and  1|  to 
If  in  the  basal  length  ;  adipose  dorsal  well  developed,  much 
longer  than  high,  inserted  above  the  third  quarter  of  the  anal 
and  much  neai-er  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  than  to  the  rayed 
dorsal  :  the  anal  originates  midway  between  the  base  of  the 
caudal  and  the  extremity  of  the  ventral;  the  fourth  ray  is  the 
longest,  from  f  to  ^  of  the  length  of  the  base,  which  is  longer 
than  that  of  the  dorsal :  ventral  large  and  pointed,  the  space 
between  its  origin  and  the  tip  of  the  mandibles  2i  to  2J  in  its 
distance  from  the  base  of  the  caudal;  the  sixth  ray  is  the  longest, 
its  length  (from  the  base  of  the  first  ray)  l^-  to  If  in  the  head  : 
pectoral  2i  to  2t  in  the  head  ;  caudal  forked,  with  the  lobes  sub- 
equal,  7^  to  7 1  in  the  total  length. 

Colourless,  except  for  a  series  of  blackish  dots  along  the  lateral 
line,  commencing  above  the  middle  of  the  pectoral  and  terminating 
about  midway  between  the  anal  and  caudal;  these  dots  are  larger 
and  often  concurrent  on  the  tail;  most  of  the  dorsal  and  anal  rays 
with  a  black  dot  at  the  base;  two  larger  dots  on  the  median  line 
in  front  of  and  an   interrupted  series  behind  the  dorsal   fin;  a 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY. 


251 


V-shaped  triserial  band  of  similar  dots  enclosing  the  front  of  the 
adipose  dorsal ;  extremity  of  the  tail  with  numerous  densely 
crowded  dots  which  extend  further  forwards  above  than  below 
and  are  continued  on  the  base  of  the  caudal  fin,  forming  a  con- 
spicuous black  blotch;  one  or  two  dots  above  the  base  of  the 
pectoral;  occiput  with  several,  opercle  with  two  or  three  dots; 
sometimes  a  few  dots  below  the  eye;  lower  surface  with  six  pairs 
of  large  dark  blotches,  the  last  four  of  which  are  confluent;  a  large, 
quadrangular  brown  spot  on  each  side  of  the  throat  below  the 
opercles;  a  similar,  but  round  or  oblong,  spot  on  each  side  more 
or  less  covered  by  the  pectorals;  sides  of  the  abdominal  cavity 
with  four  large  black  spots  which  are  confluent  below,  and  show 
through  the  translucent  skin  as  bluish  bands,  the  darker  colour 
being  apparent  only  along  the  edges  of  the  abdominal  grooves. 

Washed  ashore  on  the  outer  beaches  in  considerable  numbers 
after  stormy  weather;  all  the  specimens  as  yet  obtained  measure 
from  35  to  42  millimeters. 

Type  in  the  Australian  Museum;  register  number,  I.  3670. 

That  the  specimens  from  which  the  above  description  is  taken 
are  immature  is  apparent  from  the  soft  state  of  the  bones,  even  the 
vertebral  column  being  incompletely  ossified;  but  the  complete 
absence  of  a  scaly  covering*  is  a  character  of  such  importance  that 
I  have  no  hesitation  in  describing  and  naming  the  species  and 
genus  as  new,  the  more  so  that  there  is  no  synodont  fish  known 
from  our  coast  of  which  it  could  be  the  fry. 


*  In  Harpodon,  a  partially  scaleless  synodont  from  the  tropical  Indo- 
Pacific,  the  ventral  fin  is  inserted  below  the  dorsal,  not  well  in  advance  of 
it  as  in  Goodelia. 


252 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Mr.  Fred.  Turner  exhibited  specimens  of,  and  communicated  a 
note  on,  five  interesting  plants  as  follows  :  — 

Helipterum  Jlorihundum,  DC.  Mr.  G.  Leaper,  Manager,  North 
Abbotsford  Station,  Mossgiel,  writing  on  June  6th,  1897,  says  : — 
"  I  am  forwarding  to  you  by  this  mail  a  plant,  locally  known  as 
*  daisy,'  for  your  identification.  It  has  for  the  last  four  years 
taken  the  place  of  grass,  and  has  proved  to  be  a  grand  feed  for 
stock,  retaining  its  greenness  through  all  the  drought.  We  have 
had  no  rain  since  the  10th  of  January." 

Mr.  James  Harold,  who  has  been  travelling  in  the  far  western 
portions  of  New  South  Wales  and  in  the  eastern  parts  of  South 
Australia,  brought  to  Sydney  a  number  of  interesting  plants. 
Amongst  them  were  the  three  following  species  of  salt-bush  :  — 

(1)  Atriplex  vesicaria,  Hew.,  which  is  very  plentiful  and  has 
supplied  the  principal  feed  for  stock  all  through  the  recent 
drought.     It  is  regarded  everywhere  as  an  excellent  forage  plant. 

(2)  Kochia  aphylla,  R.Br.  All  pastoralists  regard  this  salt- 
bush  as  an  excellent  forage  plant,  but  it  is  becoming  scarce,  and 
in  fact  has  entirely  disappeared  from  certain  areas  where  it  was 
once  very  plentiful. 

(3)  Kochia  sedifolla,  R.Br.,  which  is  plentiful  on  many  pastoral 
holdings,  but  when  sheep  eat  greedily  of  it  balls  of  felt-like  sub- 
stance form  in  their  stomachs  and  often  cause  their  death.  I  have 
referred  to  similar  circumstances  in  my  "  Indigenous  Forage 
Plants  of  Australia,"  in  which  all  these  plants  are  figured  and 
described.     Also, 

(4)  Solanum  chenopodimun,  F.v.M.,  a  suspected  poisonous  plant 
fi'om  the  Barrier  Ranges. 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 


253 


Mr.  Steel  exhibited  a  large  specimen  of  Polyporus  Mylittce, 
C.  &  M.,  the  "Native^^Bread,"  from  Bundanoon,  weighing  5ilbs., 
also  several  young  fresh  examples  from  1-2  inches  in  diameter. 

Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt  exhibited  portions  of  vine  stakes  covered 
with  scars  cut  by  Cicadas  in  which  their  eggs  were  deposited; 
each  scar  contained  about  16  eggs  forming  a  double  row,  and 
almost  every  stake  in  dozens  of  vineyards  round  Minto  and 
Liverpool  showed  at  least  several  cuts  ;  the  eggs  had  not 
developed,  probably  because  they  were  deposited  in  dry  wood. 
Also,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Turner,  a  named  collection  of  Ants 
from  Mackay,  Queensland,  in  illustration  of  a  paper  read  at  the 
last  meeting. 

Mr.  Waterhouse  exhibited  a  collection  of  Lepidoptera  in 
illustration  of  his  paper.  Also  examples  of  Pamphila  augiades, 
Feld.,  showing  varieties  among  the  females. 

Mr.  E.  R.  Waite  exhibited  a  living  example  of  a  dark  variety 
of  the  Sydney  Bush  Rat  {Mus  arboricola,  W.  S.  Macl.).  In  this 
specimen  the  parts  usually  of  a  brown  colour  are  a  dark  grey,  the 
longer  hairs  being  black.  It  greatly  resembles  typical  examples 
of  3Ius  rattus,  but  may  be  externally  distinguished  by  the  longer 
ears  and  white  under  parts.  Also  shells  of  the  introduced  Helix 
aspersa,  from  the  Society's  garden,  lent  by  Mr.  Fletcher  as  a 
sample  of  lai-ge  numbers  so  treated,  in  which  the  soft  parts  had 
been  extracted  by  the  rats;  in  all  cases  the  apex  of  the  shell  had 
Ijeen  attacked,  the  lip  being  untouched. 

Mr.  Ogilby  exhibited  the  jaws  and  the  small  fish,  Goodella 
hypozona,  mentioned  in  his  paper;  and  also  a  specimen  of  a  young 
Conger  (Leptocephalus  lahiatus)  in  the  Hehnictis  stage. 

:Mr.  Rainbow,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Henry  Deane, 
exhibited  a  second  specimen  of  the  beautiful  spider,  Actinopus 
fonnosus,  Rainbow  [P.L.S.N.S.W.  1896,  p.  328],  forwarded  by 
Mr.  A.  G.  Little,  of  Menindie,  who  obtained  it  at  Brundah,  near 
Grenfell,  N.S.W.  M.  E.  Simon  has  described  (Semon's  "  Zoolo- 
gische    Forschungsreisen    in    Australien    und    dem   Malayischen 


254  NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Archipel."  Lief.  8,  p.  343)  a  species  for  which  he  proposes  the  names 
Eriodon  semicoccineuni,  and  which  he  thinks  will  prove  to  be 
synonymous  with  Actiyiopus  formosus,  Rainb.,  and  should  this 
prove  to  be  so,  the  question  will  then  be  one  of  priority,  as  both 
descriptions  were  published  in  1896.  In  so  far  as  the  question  of 
generic  determination  is  concerned,  Simon's  view  of  the  position 
must  be  accepted,  namely  that  of  Eriodov.  Semon's  specimen 
was  obtained  at  Burnett  River,  Queensland.  A.formosus  is  now 
known  to  have  a  wide  range,  as  specimens  have  been  collected  in 
Queensland,  and  at  Coolgarlie,  W.  Australia. 

Mr.  Baker  read  a  Note  embodying  some  inquiries  instituted 
respecting  Eucalypts  killed  by  the  recent  drought  in  certain 
districts,  as  reported  in  the  newspapers.  The  evidence  afforded 
by  residents  seemed  to  show  that  in  most  cases  the  trees  which 
had  died  grew  in  rocky  places  where  the  soil  was  poor  and 
shallow. 

Mr.  Brazier  exhibited  for  Edwin  H.  R.  Brazier  a  specimen  of  the 
Hawksbill  Turtle  (Chelone  imhricata)  obtained  alive  by  him  at 
Nelson  Bay,  Waverley,  during  the  easterly  gale  of  June  14,  1897. 
This  is  the  first  record  of  the  species  so  far  south,  its  usual 
habitat  being  Torres  Straits,  Solomon  Islands,  and  the  Line 
Islands.  Also  a  specimen  of  Planaxis  mollis,  Sowb.,  with  the 
whorls  tabled  below  the  suture  which  has  the  appeai-ance  of 
being  canaliculated,  more  like  an  Eburna;  obtained  at  Coogee,  30 
years  ago. 

Mr.  Fletcher  exhibited  a  fresh  specimen  of  Viscuin  articulatiun 
parasitic  upon  a  species  of  Santalum,  forwarded  from  Narrabri, 

N.S.W.,  by  Mr.  C.  T.  Musson. 


255 


WEDNESDAY,  28x11  JULY,  1897, 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, July  28th,  1897. 


Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 


DONATIONS. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  No.  1-3 
(June  16th,  1897).     From  the  Secretary. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia.  Vol.  x.  No.  6  (June, 
1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Societe  d'Horticulture  du  Doubs,  Besan9on — Bulletin.  Serie 
illust.     No.  17  (Mai,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Societe  Royale  Linneenne  de  Bruxelles — Catalogue,  Concours 
d'  Horticulture,  Mai,  1897.      From  the  Society. 

Museo  de  la  Plata  — Anales  :  Palieontologia  Argentina.  No. 
iv.  (1896);  Seccion  Antropologica.  No.  I  (1896):  Revista.  Vol. 
vii.  Part  2  (1896).      From  the  Director. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Victoria — Guides  to  Growers.  No. 
31  (May,  1897):  Pamphlet,  "Tuberculin  Test"  (May,  1897). 
From  Secretary  for  Agriculture. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney — Agricultural  Gazette  of 
N.S.  Wales.  Vol.  viii.  Parts  5-6  (May- June,  1897).  From  the 
Hon.  the  Minister  for  Mines  and  Agriculture. 

Field  Naturalists'  Club  of  Victoria — Victorian  Naturalist. 
Vol.  xiv.  No.  3  (July,  1897).     From  the  Club. 


256  DONATIONS. 

Hooker's  "  Icones  Plan tarum."  Vol.  vi.  Fourth  Series.  Part 
2  (1897).     From  the  Bentham  7 rustees. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.  xx.  Band,  Nos.  532-533  (May-June, 
1897).     From  the  Editor. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  12-14  (June,  1897). 
From  the  Government  Secretary. 

L'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersbourg — 
Bulletin  v"^  Serie.  T.  vi.  No.  3  (Mars,  1897)  :  Annuaire  du 
Musee  Zoologique,  1897.     No.  1.     From  the  Academy. 

Royal  Society,  London — Proceedings.  Vol.  Ixi.  Nos.  371-373 
(May,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Zoological  Society,  London — Proceedings,  1897.  Part  1  : 
Abstracts,  18tli  May,  1st  June,  1897.      From  the  Society. 

Australian  Museum,  Sydney — Memuiriii.  Part  3  (July,  1897): 
Annual  Report  for  the  Year  1896.      From  the  Trustees. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Queensland — Queensland  Agricul- 
tural Journal.  Vol.  i.  Parti  (July,  1897).  From  the  Secretary 
for  Agriculture. 

Queensland  Museum,  Brisbane  —  Annals.  No.  3  (1897). 
From  the  Curator. 

Royal  Society  of  N.S.  Wales — Anniversary  Address  by  the 
President  (J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S.),  May  5th,  1897.  From  th^. 
Author. 

Canadian  Institute— Proceedings.  New  Series.  Vol.  i.  Part 
2  (May,  1897).     From  the  Institute. 

American  Naturalist.  Vol.  xxxi.  No.  366  (June,  1897).  Fror,), 
the  Editor. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore — Hospital  Bulletin. 
Vol.  viii.  No.  74  (May):  University  Circulars.  Vol.  xvi.  No.  130 
(June,  1897).     From  the  University. 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture — Farmers'  Bulletin.  No.  54 
(May,  1897)       From  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


DONATIONS.  257 

American  Museum,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  ix.  Article  xiii. 
(pp.  197-208,  June,  1897).     From  the  Director. 

Royal  Society  of  iNew  South  Wales — Journal.  Vol.  .\xx. 
(1896).     From  tlie  Society. 

Royal  Society  of  Victoria — Proceedings.  New  Series.  Vol.  x. 
Part  i.  (1897).      From  the  Society. 

Kansas  University  Quarterl3^  Vol.  vi.  No.  2.  Series  A 
(April,  1897 ~).      From  the  University. 

Museo  di  Zoologia  della  R.  Universita  di  Torino — Bollettino. 
Vol.  xii.  Nos.  268-295  (Jan.-May,  1897).     From  the  Director. 

Zoological  Society  of  Tokyo — Annotationes  Zoologicte  Japo- 
nenses.     Vol.  i.  Partes  1-2  (1897).     From  the  Society. 

Society  Geologique  de  Belgique — Annales.  T.  xxiv.  l'*'  Liv. 
(Mai,  1897).      From  the  Society. 

Two  Pamphlets  "Further  Coccid  Notes"  and  "On  Tick- 
Parasites  of  the  Kiwi "  (1897).  By  W.  M.  Maskell,  Esq.  From 
the  Author. 

Gordon  Technical  College,  Geelong— The  Wombat.  Vol.  ii. 
No.  4  (July,  1897).     From  the  Colleye. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  Vol.  xii.  No.  139  (July, 
1897).     From  the  Editor. 

Cambridge  Philosophical  Society — Proceedings.  Vol.  ix.  Part 
5  (1897).     From  the  Society. 

Royal  Society  of  Tasmania— Papers  and  Proceedings  for  tlio 
Year  1896.      (July,  1897).     From  the  Society. 


258 


ON  THE  OCCURRENCE  OF  THE  GENUS  PAL.EGEINUS 

IN  THE  UPPER  SILURIAN  ROCKS  OF 

NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

By  John  Mitchell. 

The  occurrence  of  echinoids  in  Palaeozoic  rocks  is  extremely 
I'are,  and  those  recorded  have  chiefly  come  from  the  Carboniferous, 
from  which  eight  species  have  been  described,  all  from  Ireland 
and  North  America.-'''  Two  species  have  been  described  from 
Upper  Silurian  rocks,  both  of  which  are  referred  to  the  genus 
Falcechimis;  but  the  fossils  from  which  these  were  determined 
were  fragmentary-  and  some  eminent  palfeontologists  seem  to 
doubt  whether  the  occurrence  of  echinoids  in  Silurian  rocks  has 
been  satisfactorily  established.!  Therefore  to  establish  beyond 
doubt  their  occurrence  in  the  Silurian  system  of  New  South  Wales 
would  be  of  more  than  local  interest.  For  this  reason  I  am  led 
to  describe  and  figure  a  fragment  of  a  fossil  which  to  me  appears 
clearly  to  belong  to  the  Palcechinidce. 

Class  ECHINODERMATA. 

Order  Perischoechinid.e,  McCoy  {Tesselata  Pom.). 

Family  PAL.ECHiNiDiE,  McCoy. 

Genus  Pal^chinus,  Scouler. 

Pal^chinus  sp. 

Our  fossil  consists  of  a  fragment  of  the  middle  part  of  an  inter- 
ambulacral  area  of  four  rows  of  plates.  Of  the  two  median  rows, 
each  contains  four  whole  plates  and  a  fragment  of  a  fifth,  and  in 
each  of  the  outer  rows  there  are  four  fragmentary  plates. 

*  Zittel.     Handbuch  der  Palteontologie. 
t  H.   Alleyne   Nicholson,    M.D.,   D.Sc,   M.A.,   &c.      The  Ancient  Life 
History  of  the  Earth.     1876,  p.  105. 


BY    JOHN    MITCHELL. 


259 


*S^.  Char. — Plates  :  Longer  axis  between  the  angular  points  in 
the  larger  plates  equals  1 7-20  ninety-sixths  of  an  inch,  with  a  width 
of  thirteen  ninety-sixths  between 
the  parallel  edges  is  very  constant, 
highly  granulated  and  tubercled, 
subconvex,  edges  tirmly  attached, 
sutures  distinct;  tubercles  appar- 
ently seven  on  each,  one  central 
and  the  others  peripheral,  being- 
placed  adjacent  to  the  angles,  but 
this  arrangement  is  only  visible 
upon  one  or  two  of  the  most  per- 
fect plates.  The  contour  of  the 
whole  is  convex. 

OJjs. — This  fossil  in  size  of  plates  agrees  with  P.  elUpticus, 
McCoy,  froai  the  Carboniferous  of  Ireland,  but  the  tubercles  are 
more  pronounced  and  less  in  number  in  the  former.  That 
it  is  not  a  cystidean  is  plain  by  the  absence  of  the  ridges  from 
the  angles  to  the  central  point  and  of  the  parallel  striation  so 
characteristic  of  the  plates  of  these  fossils,  as  well  as  l)y  the 
absence  of  any  resemblance  of  the  plates  to  the  pyramidal  form. 

Its  separation  from  the  Crinoidea  seems  equally  clear  by  the 
distinct  tuberculation  of  the  plates  of  the  former  and  by  their 
uniformity  of  character. 

The  plates  of  the  calyx  of  Platycrinufi  are  numerous,  hexagonal 
and  of  varying  size  ;  but  they  increase  rapidly  in  dimensions 
towards  the  base  and  are  void  of  tuberculation;  and  thus  disagree 
with  the  fossil  under  consideration. 

In  the  absence  of  ambulacral  and  genital  plates  and  other  parts, 
it  must  be  admitted  that  the  determination  is  not  altogether 
beyond  doubt.      I  therefore  refrain  from  giving  it  specific  rank. 

Zoc— Middle  Trilobite  Bed  =  (nVenlock);  Yass  Beds  (David); 
Hume  Beds  (Jenkins).     Bowning  Village,  County  Harden. 


260 


TWO  ORNATE  BOOMERANGS   FROM  NORTH 
QUEENSLAND. 

By  R.  Ethbridge,  Junr  ,  Curator  of  the  Australian 

Museum,  Sydney. 

(Plate  XI.) 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Boyd,  of  Ripple  Creek,  near 
Ingham,  North  Queensland,  for  an  opportunity  of  describing  two 
additional  carved  Boomerangs.  Mr.  Boyd  informs  me  that  the 
weapons  were  procured  from  the  Herbert  River  Blacks,  who 
obtain  them  from  the  natives  living  farther  south,  near  Towns- 
ville.  Both  are  similar  in  size  and  shape,  with  plain  obtusely 
pointed  and  non-emarginated  apices,  slightly  convex  on  the 
sculptured  face,  practically  flat  on  the  reverse,  showing  only  tool 
or  gouge  marks,  whilst  the  former,  or  obverse,  is  smooth  and 
polished  like  similar  weapons  in  general.  The  length  around  the 
curve  is  two  feet  three  inches;  across  from  apex  to  apex  two  feet 
one  inch;  the  width  two,  and  two  and  a  quarter  inches  respec- 
tively; and  the  weight  of  each  is  ten  and  a  half  ounces. 

The  wider  of  the  two  (fig.  1)  bears  on  the  obverse  a  line  of 
half  ovals  along  each  margin,  twelve  on  the  convex,  and  eleven 
on  the  concave.  The  centre  of  the  boomerang  is  ornamented  by 
two  lines  of  elongated  ovals  following  the  curve  of  the  weapon, 
the  row  contiguous  to  the  convex  edge  containing  twelve,  and 
that  on  the  concave  margin  thirteen,  ovals.  All  the  ovals 
are  incised  with  oblique  grooves,  and  each  re-entering  angle  along 
the  convex  edge  bears  two  very  obliquely  placed  nicks  or  notches. 
The  apices  bear  v-shaped  grooves  reversed,  two  at  one  end,  three 
at  the  other. 


BY    R.    ETHERIDGE,    JUNE.  261 

The  second  weapon  (fig.  2)  is  similarly  ornamented,  except  that 
only  one  line  of  ovals  occurs  along  the  centre  of  the  boomerang; 
the  re-entering  angles^vire  without  notches,  and  the  apices  are  not 
specially  sculptured  in  any  way.  Between  the  almost  median 
line  of  ovals,  and  the  half-ovals  of  the  convex  margin,  and  near 
the  centre  of  the  weapon  is  an  object  apparently  intended  to 
represent  a  tree,  with  two  transverse  grooves  below  in  imitation 
of  the  ground  surface.  A  single  long  groove  at  right  angles 
forms  the  stem,  and  suddenly  enlarges  into  a  bottle-brush-like 
head,  terminated  by  a  short  wavy  single  line  like  the  stem.  The 
latter  bears  on  each  side  three  sets  of  upwardly  directed  off-sets, 
possibly  intended  for  branches.  On  the  flat  reverse  of  this 
weapon,  and  at  one  end,  are  incised  the  outlines  of  two  guns,  one 
above  the  other  and  pointing  in  opposite  directions,  and  apparently 
intended  for  old-fashioned  percussion  pieces. 

Both  boomerangs  are  distinct  from  any  previously  figured  by 
me,  although  one  (fig.  2)  approaches  the  Section  (g)  of  my  first 
paper*  on  this  subject.  It  differs,  however,  in  the  presence  of  a 
natui'al  object — the  tree  (0,  and  the  absence  of  emai-ginated  apices 
and  notches  in  the  re-entering  angles  of  the  marginal  scalloping. 
The  second,  on  the  other  hand,  is  possibly  allied  to  Section  (^)  of 
the  before-mentioned  paper,  but  tlie  sculpture  is  bilaterally 
symmetrical,  and  there  is  an  absence  of  cross-bars;  still  neither 
weapon  can  be  placed  in  any  of  the  sections  of  the  paper  cited, 
and  yet  further  tend  to  show  the  great  diversit}^  of  sculpture 
existing  amongst  these  boomerangs. 

On  the  different  occasions  when  my  former  papers  were  written 
I  had  not  access  to  Mr.  J.  Edge-Partington's  "  Album,"!  and  was 
therefore  unable  to  refer  to  the  figures  therein  illustrated  when 
epitomising  the  different  patterns  of  boomerang  ornamentation 
known.     Mr.  Partington's  PI.  353,  fig.  2,  clearly  belongs  to  the 


*  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  1894,  ix.  (2),  p.  198. 

t  An  Album  of  the  Weapons,  Tools,  Ornaments,  and  Articles  of  Dress 
of  the  Natives  of  the  Pacific  Islands,  <tc.;  3  pts.  obi.     Loudon,  1890-95. 

18 


262  TWO  ORXATE  BOOMERANGS  FROM  NORTH  QUEENSLAND. 

type  of  sculpture  represented  by  loops  returned  upon  themselves,* 
but  differs  from  any  I  have  figured  in  the  absence  of  supplemen- 
tary ornamentation.  The  same  author's  PL  353,  fig.  3,  is  too 
indefinitely  drawn  to  be  determined  with  exactitude,  but  the 
figures  delineated  seem  to  consist  of  three  series  of  alternating 
ovals  or  small  rhombs,  and  is  very  possibly  referable  to  my 
Section  (g).  Both  are  said  to  be  from  the  north.  A  particularly 
wide  boomerangt  is  figured  from  North  Queensland,  bearing  an 
ornament  quite  different  from  anything  I  had  before  seen.  Each 
margin  of  the  weapon  is  bordered  with  a  line  of  half-ovals,  or 
half-rhombs,  most  probably  the  latter,  and  within  these  a  concen- 
tric double  line  following  the  outline  of  the  weapons.  The  median 
line  is  occupied  by  two  or  three  fluctuating  incisions  from  end  to 
end.  The  apices  of  this  boomerang  are  simple  and  non-mucronate. 
As  on  former  occasions,  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  Hedley  for 
the  accompanying  illustrations. 


*  Proc.   Liuu.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  1894,  ix.  (2),  Pt.   2,   t.   15,  f.   1  ;    1896, 
Pt.  1,  t.  2,  f.  1-4. 

+  Edge-Partington,  loc.  cit.  t.  354,  f.  15. 


263 


NEW  AUSTRALIAN  LEPIDOPTERA. 

By  Oswald  B.  Lower,  F.E.S. 

GEOMETKIDiE. 
Euchloris  (Iodis)  hypoleucus,  n.sp. 

5.  42  mill.  Head  reddish-fuscous,  lower  half  of  face  fleshy- 
white.  Antennae  pale  ochreous,  fillet  white,  thorax  and  abdomen 
green,  abdomen  silvery-white  beneath  and  towards  anal  segments 
above.  Legs  pale  ochreous-whitish,  posterior  pair  whitish,  palpi 
porrected,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second,  pale  fuscous,  beneath 
whitish.  Forewings  elongate-triangular,  costa  arched,  strongly 
at  base,  apex  round-pointed,  hindmargin  oblique,  hardly  straight; 
brieht  srass-green;  a  broad  whitish  costal  streak  from  near  liase 
to  apex,  becoming  suddenly  finely  attenuated  from  middle  to 
apex;  a  faint,  slightly  waved,  whitish  line,  from  beneath  costa  at 
1^  to  |-  inner  margin;  a  similar  line  from  beneath  costa  at  |  to  | 
inner  margin,  slightly  curved  outwards;  a  small  reddish-ferruginous 
discal  spot  at  ^  above  middle;  a  fine  ferruginous  hindmarginal 
line:  cilia  white,  becoming  ferruginous  on  terminal  half.  Hind- 
wings  with  hindmargin  slightly  crenulate,  more  prominent  in 
middle;  an  elongate  reddish  discal  spot;  second  line  as  in  fore- 
wings;  hindmarginal  line  and  cilia  as  in  forewings.  Underside 
of  wings  shining  silvery-white. 

North  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Coll.  Lyell). 

Between  byrsopa,  Meyr.,  and  megaloptera,  Lower;  differing 
from  the  former  by  ground  colour  and  absence  of  strigulation,  and 
from  the  latter  by  the  absence  of  lines  and  shape  of  wings. 

MONOCTENIADiE. 
MONOCTENIA    POLYSPILA,  n.sp. 

^.  40  mm.  Head  ochreous-brown,  antennae  ochreous,  pectina- 
tions ochreous,  apical  half  simple.     Legs  whitish.     Thorax  pale 


264  NEW  AUSTRALIAN    LEPIDOPTERA, 

greyish-ochreous,  anter"ior  half  ochreous-brown,  separation  edged 
by  a  curved  line  of  purplish-fuscous.  [Abdomen  broken.]  Palpi 
whitish-ochreous,  terminal  joint  fuscous  except  apex.  Forewings 
elongate-triangular,  costa  straight,  apex  produced,  hindmargin 
sinuate  beneath  ajDex,  thence  bowed,  crenulate;  pale  ochreous- 
brown;  markings  whitish,  edged  with  dull  purjalish-fuscous;  4  or 
5  small  whitish  spots  on  costa  between  base  and  ^,  more  or  less 
elged  beneath  by  several  small  purplish  spots;  a  moderate  costal 
spot  at  |-,  from  which  proceeds  a  row  of  smaller  similar  spots  to 
inner  margin  at  ^;  a  larger  somewhat  triangular  costal  spot  at  about 
|,  from  which  proceeds  a  dull  purplish-fuscous  band  ending 
on  inner  margin  at  about  |^  in  a  similar  spot,  fascia  narrowed 
beneath  costa;  a  round  costal  spot  just  before  apex,  from  which 
proceeds  two  rows  of  parallel  spots,  indicating  subterminal  and 
sul)marginal,  ending  at  anal  angle,  middle  spots  much  smaller 
than  those  on  margins ;  a  small  purplish-fuscous  spot  at  apex : 
cilia  ochreous-brown,  somewhat  darker  on  basal  half.  Hindwings 
with  the  hindmargin  slightly  crenulate;  colour  and  markings  as 
in  forewings,  but  median  fascia  somewhat  thicker,  and  basal  spots 
hardly  pei'ceptible,  hairs  of  inner  margin  white.  Wings  beneath 
pale  greenish-yellow,  markings  of  upperside  reproduced;  a  large 
roundish  purplish  spot  near  anal  angle  ;  an  irregular  spot  of 
purplish-fuscous  on  costa  of  hindwings  before  apex ;  cilia  dark 
purplish-fuscous  becoming  orange-tinted  on  parts  and  whitish  on 
terminal  third. 

North  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Coll.  Lyell). 

SELIDOSEMIDffi. 
IdIODES  (?)  PYRRHOPA,  n.Sp. 

9.  28  mm.  Head  scarlet,  antennae,  legs  and  palpi  orange- 
3^ellow,  tibiae  and  tarsi  banded  with  black,  posterior  legs  paler. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  deep  coppery-fuscous,  collar  broadly  pale 
3'^ellow.  Forewings  elongate-triangular,  costa  straight,  apex 
pointed,  hindmargin  strongly  bowed  in  middle,  sinuate  beneath 
apex;  deep  coppery-fuscous;  a  broad  yellow  costal  streak  from 
base  to  apex,  attenuated  posteriorly,  containing  3  or  4  irregular 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  265 

fuscous  spots  on  lower  edge;  veins  in  disc  outlined  with  fiery  red; 
a  row  of  very  obscure  dark  fuscous  spots  from  beneath  costal 
streak  at  |  to  befor^  anal  angle;  a  dark  fuscous  hindmarginal 
line:  cilia  reddish-orange.  Hindwings  with  hindraargin  rounded; 
dark  coppery-fuscous  ;  cilia  as  in  forewings.  Wings  beneath 
bright  orange-yellow,  forewings  with  a  fuscous  dot  at  end  of  cell, 
submarginal  spots  reproduced  ;  a  broad  fuscous  hindmarginal 
band,  hindwings  with  a  fuscous  dot  in  middle  and  a  broad  fuscous 
hindmarginal  band. 

Waverley,  near  Sydney,  JS^.S.W.;  one  specimen  in  April  (Coll. 
Lyell). 

I  know  of  no  Australian  species  of  Geometrce  approaching  this 
species  in  appearance;  in  shape  of  wing  and  markings  it  is 
not  unlike  one  of  the  genus  Erosia  ( Noctuina) ;  but  as  it 
approaches  Idiodes  closely  I  place  it  there  for  the  present. 

Stibaroma  hejiadelpha,  n.sp. 

(J.  38  mm.  Head,  palpi  and  thorax  dai'k  ashy-grey,  thorax 
with  anterior  and  median  black  ti'ansverse  lines,  interrupted  by 
crest,  posterior  crests  black  above.  Legs  blackish,  tibiae  and  tarsi 
banded  with  white,  antennas  greyish-ochreous,  pectinations  3  at 
greatest  length,  apex  simple;  abdomen  grey,  anal  tuft  ochreous. 
Forewings  elongate-triangular,  hindmargin  waved,  somewliat 
bowed;  dark  ashy-grey- whitish:  3  moderate  black  lines;  1st  from 
i  costa  to  \  inner  margin,  almost  acutely  angulated  outwards 
above  middle;  2nd  slightly  thicker  (indicating  median  shade), 
almost  parallel  to  first,  excepting  on  lower  half,  where  it  diverges 
and  ends  on  inner  margin  just  before  middle  ;  3rd  from  just 
beyond  middle  of  costa  obliquely  outwards  to  above  middle 
of  wing,  thence  with  a  very  strong  sinuation  inwards  to  middle 
of  inner  margin,  with  a  slight  projection  outwards  just 
above  inner  margin,  faintly  edged  with  whitish  throughout; 
a  strongly  dentate  white  subterminal  line,  rather  indistinctly 
traceable  on  lower  third,  anteriorly  faintly  edged  with  ochreous- 
brown;  interspace  streaked  with  fine  black  lines;  a  fine  black 


266  NEW  AUSTRALIAN  LBPIDOPTERA, 

hindmarg-inal  line :  cilia  ashy-grey,  with  a  darker  median  line. 
Hindwings  with  the  hindmargin  unevenly  waved,  with  a  slight 
projection  at  anal  angle;  whitish;  a  blackish  discal  dot  above 
middle,  hindmarginal  area  suffused  with  fuscous,  more  pronounced 
at  apex;  a  suffused,  hardly  traceable,  waved  hindmarginal  line 
pai'allel  to  hindmargin;  hindmarginal  line  as  in  forewings;  cilia 
grey. 

2-  (1)  32  mm.  Differs  only  in  position  of  third  line  of  fore- 
wings,  which  is  from  before  f  of  costa  to  f  inner  margin,  and  is 
gently  curved  inwards  on  lower  ^  and  without  any  projection. 
The  ochreous  diffusion  is  absent  as  is  the  subterminal  line. 

This  is  a  perplexing  insect  to  locate  correctly.  It  hardly 
agrees  with  the  characters  of  Stiharoma  on  account  of  the  antennae 
and  bifid  posterior  crests,  a  character  only  shared  by  ParalcBa: 
but  the  palpi,  which  are  very  short,  would  remove  it  from  that 
genus.  It  would  appear  to  have  some  resemblance  to  Gastrina, 
but  the  absence  of  dilated  femora  is  inconsistent  with  that 
genus.  I  am  not  certain  that  the  insect  described  as  the  9  is 
not  a  distinct  species ;  the  balance  of  evidence  appears  to  be  in 
favour  of  its  being  so.  A  similar  peculiarity  in  regard  to  the 
lines  occurs  in  viel anotoxa,  Meyr. 

Broken  Hill,  IST.S.W.;  the  female  in  April,  the  male  in  June. 

(ECOPHORID.a;. 
EUCH.ETIS    SARCOPTERA,    n.Sp. 

(J.  25  ]nm.  Head,  palpi  and  thorax  fieshy-ochreous,  second 
joint  of  palpi  internally  whitish.  Ciliations  3^.  Abdomen  fuscous, 
strongly  margined  latei'ally  with  grey-whitish,  four  posterior 
segments  somewhat  lighter.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  tibife  and  tarsi 
irregularly  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  moderate,  hardly 
dilated,  costa  strongly  arched  towards  base,  hindmargin  oblique; 
fleshy-ochreous,  minutely  dusted  throughout  with  dark  fuscous; 
costal  edge  light  flesh  from  near  base  to  apex,  3  irregular  indis- 
tinct black  dots,  one  near  base,  one  immediately  above  and  one 
below  slightly  larger;   2  distinct  black  dots  at  end  of  cell,  one 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  267 

above  the  other,  a  slightly  curved  row  of  3  small  obscure  black 
dots  before  hindmargm  in  middle;  a  i"ow  of  well-defined  black 
dots  along  costa,  and  hindmargin  to  anal  angle,  commencing  from 
just  above  dots  at  end  of  cell:  cilia  fleshy-ochreous,  terminal  hiilf 
grey-whitish,  separation  eflFected  by  a  liiie  of  fuscous.  Hindwiugs 
greyish-fuscous,  becoming  lighter  towards  base;  cilia  grey-whitish, 
a  fuscous  median  line  round  apex. 

Mt.  Macedon,  Victoria;  one  specimen  bred  from  piece  of  rolled 
bark  of  EucaJyiptus  sp.,  in  March. 

Recalls  typical  species  of  Hoplitica  and  Heliocausta  in  form  of 
wing  and  markinsfs. 

Hoplitica  mellichroa,  n.sp. 

(^.  22  mm.  Head,  thorax,  antennae,  palpi  and  legs  pale 
yellow,  face  lighter,  posterior  legs  ochreous-whitish,  collar  fuscous- 
tinged,  abdomen  ochreous-grey.  Forewings  elongate,  moderate, 
costa  rather  strongly  arched,  hindmargin  very  slightly  sinuate 
beneath  apex,  thence  oblique,  7  to  immediately  below  apex;  pale 
yellow;  costal  edge  paler,  a  pale  reddish-fuscous  dot  in  disc  at  J 
above  middle;  a  second  obliquely  below  and  beyond,  a  third  at 
end  of  cell  in  a  line  with  first;  an  obscure  row  of  reddish-fuscous 
dots  along  costal  fourth  and  hind  marginal  edge,  continued  to 
anal  angle:  cilia  pale  yellow.  Hind  wings  and  cilia  pale  yellow- 
whitish. 

Mt.  Macedon,  Victoria;  one  specimen  in  February.  Nearest 
neochlora,  Meyr. 

Philobota  cyclogramma,  n.sp. 

2-  20  mm.  Head  and  palpi  ochreous-white,  basal  half  of 
second  joint  of  palpi  blackish  externally,  antennae  black,  annulated 
with  white.  Legs  ochreous-yellow,  anterior  and  middle  tibia 
banded  with  black,  thorax  lilackish-fuscous,  patagia  ochreous- 
wliite.  Abdomen  ochreous-fuscous,  anal  tuft  orange.  Forewings 
elongate,  moderate,  costa  gently  arched,  hindmargin  obliquely 
rounded;  ochreous-whitish,  with  blackish  fuscous  markings,  more 
or  less  margined  with  yellowish-orange;  a  thick  outwards  cur\ed 


268  NEW  AUSTRALIAN    LEPIDOPTERA, 

fascia  from  base  of  costa  to  inner  margin  at  ^,  emitting  a  tooth 
posteriorly  which  reaches  |  across  wing;  a  suffused  spot  on  costa 
immediately  above  tooth,  separated  by  ground  colour;  a  thick 
irregular,  outwardly  oblique  fascia  from  costa  at  §  to  f  across 
Aving;  a  similar,  inwardly  oblique  fascia,  dilated  on  costa,  from 
costa  at  apex  meeting  termination  of  previous  fascia,  and  emitting 
a  slightly  curved  tooth  before  anal  angle:  cilia  ochreous,  strongly 
suffused  with  blackish  and  with  an  orange  tooth  just  below  apex 
and  at  anal  angle.  Hindwings  dark  bronzj^-fuscous;  cilia  fuscous 
tinged  with  yellowish. 

Gisborne,  Victoria;  one  specimen  in  February  (Coll.  Lyell). 

In  form  of  wing  and  markings  it  recalls  both  ojyhiodes,  Meyr., 
and  sig)ii02yhora,  Meyr. 

Philobota  anarrecta,  Meyr. 

I  have  received  a  specimen  of  this  species  taken  by  Mr.  G. 
Lyell,  Junr.,  at  Gisborne,  Victoria,  which  presents  some  abnoi'mal 
peculiarities  by  the  curious  structure  of  veins  4  and  5  of  the 
forewings,  which  are  each  curved  so  as  to  anastomose  at  half  their 
length,  thus  forming  a  small  second  cell;  they  then  diverge  and 
terminate  as  usual  on  hindmargin;  the  neuration  is  otherwise 
normal.  The  ochreous-yellow  curved  fascia  from  middle  of  third 
streak  is  very  strongly  infuscated. 

C^SYRA    HEMIDESMA,  n.Sp. 

ij.  18  mm.  Head  yellow,  palpi  yellow,  terminal  joint  fuscous; 
thorax,  abdomen,  antennae  and  legs  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  posterior 
legs  yellow.  Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  costa  gently  arched, 
apex  round-pointed,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  pale  yellow, 
with  dark  bronzy-fuscous  markings;  a  broad  straight  fascia  from 
beyond  middle  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  dilated 
on  inner  margin  and  touching  hindmarginal  patch;  a  hindmaryinal 
patch,  anterior  edge  hardly  curved,  paler  and  becoming  yellowish 
anteriorly :  cilia  bronzy-fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  dark 
bronzy-fuscous. 

Gisborne,  Victoria;  one  specimen  in  November  (Coll.  Lyell). 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  269 

Not  unlike  a  miniature  Philobola  fascialis,  Fabr.,  but  without 
the  basal  fascia. 

Atheropla  cremnopelta,  n.sp. 

^.  18  mm.  Head,  palpi  and  thorax  pale  ochreous,  second  joint 
of  palpi  externally  fuscous  except  apex,  terminal  joint  as  long  as 
second.  Legs  ochreous-fuscous,  suffusedly  banded  with  white. 
Abdomen  greyish- ochreous,  anal  tuft  paler.  Antennae  fuscous. 
Forewings  elongate,  moderate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  round- 
pointed,  hindmargin  hardly  sinuate  beneath  apex,  oblique;  pale 
clear  ochreous,  markings  blackish;  a  minute  dot  before  \  of  disc, 
and  a  second  slightly  beyond  and  beneath;  a  well-marked  dot  at 
end  of  cell;  a  row  of  well-defined  spots  along  costa,  continued 
right  round  hindmargin  to  anal  angle,  commencing  immediately 
above  dot  at  end  of  cell;  a  large  quadrate  spot  just  before  anal 
angle:  cilia  ochreous,  becoming  darker  on  basal  half.  Hind  wings 
pale  grey;  cilia  as  in  forewings. 

Hamilton,  Victoria;  one  specimen  in  December. 

Distinct  from  the  other  described  species  by  the  large  anal  spot. 

(ECOPHORA    HYPOXANTHA,  n.sp. 

9.  24  mm.  Head,  palpi  and  thorax  deep  reddish-fuscous,  palpi 
very  long,  second  joint  suffusedly  irrorated  with  white.  Legs 
ochreous-whitish,  posterior  and  middle  pair  yellowish-tinged. 
Forewings  elongate,  rather  broad,  slightly  dilated,  costa  rather 
strongly  arched  on  basal  half,  apex  rounded,  hindmargin  obliquely 
rounded,  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa  ;  deep  reddish ;  extreme 
costal  edge  from  near  base  to  about  f  pale  yellowish;  a  blackish 
dot  in  disc  at  |,  a  second  immediately  below,  and  a  third  larger 
at  I ;  a  very  ill-defined  row  of  hindmarginal  dots  :  cilia  deep 
reddish.  Hind  wings  bright  yellow;  a  fuscous  hindmarginal  band, 
broadest  at  apex  and  along  inner  margin,  almost  obsolete  in 
middle  of  hindmargin;  cilia  blackish. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S.W.;  one  specimen  in  November. 

A  doubtful  species;  the  palpi  would  seemingly  require  a  new 
genus. 


270  NEW  AUSTRALIAN    LEPIDOPTERA, 

Macrobathra  platychroa,  n.sp. 

^.  15  mm.  Head,  palpi  and  tliorax  ochreous-yellow,  thorax 
anteriorly  black,  basal  portion  of  head  black,  terminal  joint  of 
palpi  fuscous-tinged.  Antenna?  fuscous,  annulated  with  white. 
Legs  ochreous- whitish,  banded  with  black.  Abdomen  fuscous, 
sides  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  elongate-lanceolate ;  black, 
with  ochreous-yellow  markings;  a  broad  direct  fascia  from  ^  of 
costa  to  ^  of  inner  margin,  anterior  edge  straight,  posterior  edge 
slightly  waved  ;  a  similar  direct  fascia  from  beyond  middle  of 
costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  anterior  edge  with  a 
short  projecting  tooth  of  ground  colour  in  middle,  posterior  edge 
slightly  waved;  an  irregular  I'oundish  spot  on  costa  at  apex,  and 
a  small  spot  at  anal  angle:  cilia  blackish.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
blackish. 

Gisborne,  Victoria ;  exceptionally  distinct ;  one  specimen  in 
January  (Coll.  Lyell). 

XYLORYCTID^;. 

Xylorycta  chrysomkla,  n.sp. 

J.  32  mm.  Head  ochreous-yellow,  palpi  orange,  terminal  joint 
ochreous.  Thorax  yellowish-white,  anterior  half  fuscous,  collar 
orange-reddish.  Abdomen  orange ;  antennae  fuscous,  annulated 
with  white.  Legs  orange,  tarsi  banded  with  fuscous.  Forewings 
elongate,  somewhat  dilated,  costa  gently  arched,  hindmargin 
oblique;  2  from  |^;  7  to  hindmargin;  whitish-ochreous,  with  dark 
fuscous  markings;  a  broad  oblique  fascia  close  to  base,  dilated  on 
inner  margin;  a  moderate  triangular  spot  on  costa  just  beyond; 
a  second  moderate  somewhat  irregularly  edged  fascia  from  about 
iniddle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  broadly  dilated 
beneath,  costal  portion  connected  with  triangular  spot  by  a  thick 
streak  which  is  continued  along  costa  to  f ,  and  encloses  one  or 
two  small  spots  of  ground  colour  on  costa;  a  third  moderately 
thick  curved  fascia  from  posterior  edge  of  this  streak,  ending  just 
above  inner  margin  on  posterior  edge  of  previous  fascia;  a  thick 
streak  from  middle  of  posterior  edge  of  third  fascia  to  just  below 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  271 

apex,  thence  continued  as  a  thick  streak  along  hindmargin  to 
anal  angle;  a  small  spot  on  costa  at  4;  a  triangular  spot  of  fuscous 
in  cilia  at  apex,  containing  2  sharp  black  lines  at  base:  cilia 
whitish-ochi'eous,  basal  half  below  fuscous  spot  orange,  separation 
well-defined;  a  fuscous  spot  in  cilia  at  anal  angle.  Hindwings 
orange,  with  an  irregular  fuscous  band  from  just  below  costa  at 
1^  to  anal  angle,  contracted  posteriorly;  cilia  yellow,  basal  half 
orange. 

North  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Coll.  Lyell). 

Between  ophiogramma,  Meyr.,  and  porphyrinella,  Walk. 

SCIEROPEPLA    ARGOLOMA,  n.sp. 

9.  30  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenn;e,  thorax  and  abdomen  fuscous, 
terminal  joint  of  palpi  |  of  second,  second  joint  sharply  white  on 
basal  half  beneath,  basal  joint  of  palpi  white  beneath.  Legs 
white,  tibise  and  tarsi  infu  seated,  posterior  legs  ochreous-fuscous. 
Abdomen  with  greyish  segmental  rings.  Forewings  elongate, 
moderate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  round-pointed,  hindmargin 
oblique,  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa;  dark  fuscous,  suffusedly 
mixed  with  grey-whitish,  lighter  in  disc;  a  moderate  snow-white 
costal  streak  from  very  near  base  to  |,  attenuated  at  extremities; 
veins  towards  hindmargin  suffusedly  outlined  with  fuscous:  cilia 
fuscous,  with  a  darker  line  at  base.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous; 
cilia  as  in  forewings. 

Victoria;  one  specimen  (Coll.  Kershaw). 

Rather  an  abnormal  looking  species,  but  undoubtedly  rightly 

referred. 

GELECHIAD^. 

Paltodora  C?)  therm^a,  n  sp. 

0.  20  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennse  and  thorax  ochreous-orange, 
second  joint  of  palpi  densely  tufted,  slightly  fuscous-tinged 
beneath,  terminal  joint  erect,  apex  acute,  antennae  f  of  wing. 
Abdomen  yellowish.  Forewings  elongate,  rather  narrow,  costa 
straight,  apex  rounded,  hindmargin  obliquely  rounded;  orange- 
yellow,  deeper  on  margins,  7  and  8  to  costa,  stalked;  a  fine  line  of 


272  NEW  AUSTRALIAN    LEPIDOPTERA, 

fuscous  at  apex  :  cilia  orange.  Hindwings  with  hindmargiii 
strongly  sinuate  beneath  apex,  apex  produced;  3  and  4  from  a 
point,  5  bent  over  to  4,  6  and  7  separate;  black ;  cilia  1  \,  blackish, 
costal  cilia  yellowish. 

Sydney,  N.S.W. ;  one  specimen  in  October  (Coll.  Lyell). 

GeLECHIA  (?)   ISOSCELIXANTHA,  n.Sp. 

9-  10  mm.  Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  black,  face  ochreous, 
palpi  long,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second,  strongly  recurved, 
whitish-ochreous,  terminal  joint  externally  fuscous,  second  joint 
smooth,  abdomen  beneath  whitish-ochreous.  Legs  whitish- 
ochreous,  tibia?  infuscated  above.  Antennse  fuscous,  |  of  wing. 
Forewings  moderate,  rather  narrow,  costa  gently  arched,  apex 
pointed  ;  black,  with  a  yellow  triangular  spot  on  costa  at  |-, 
reaching  nearly  }^  across  wing:  cilia  greyish,  with  3  or  4  irregular 
lines  of  blackish  round  apical  portion.  Hindwings  with  hind- 
margin  strongly  subsinuate,  produced,  3  and  4  approximated  at 
base,  6  and  7  long-stalked;  cilia  3,  greyish-fuscous. 

Broken  Hill,  I^.S.W. ;  one  specimen  in  middle  of  April. 

Appears  to  approach  the  European  genus  Ptochenusa,  Hein., 
in  structui^e,  and  is  not  unlike  G.  simpliceUa,  Walk. 

PSORICOPTERA    MELANOPTILA,  n.Sp. 

J-^.  10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dull  whitish,  thorax  fuscous 
anteriorly,  patagia  white,  palpi  moderately  long,  fuscous;  second 
joint  internally  whitish,  apex  of  second  joint  with  a  broad  whitish 
ring,  terminal  joint  |  of  second,  apex  white;  antennae  fuscous, 
obscurely  annulated  with  white,  |  length  of  wing ;  abdomen 
greyish,  becoming  ochreous  on  median  third.  Legs  fuscous. 
Forewings  moderate,  elongate,  costa  gently  arched,  apex  pointed, 
hindmargin  oblique,  veins  1  furcate,  3  and  4  closely  approximated 
at  base,  7  arid  8  stalked,  7  to  costa;  whitish  tinged  with  ashy- 
grey,  and  with  some  ferruginous  scales;  3  black  tufts  of  scales, 
first  in  disc  about  middle,  second  just  below,  and  third  on  anal 
angle,  the  latter  one  edged  more  or  less  with   ferruginous;  an 


BY    OSWALD    B.    LOWER.  273 

obscure  blackish  streak  at  base,  obscurely  continued  along  costa 
to  next  fascia;  a  moderate  irregular  obscure  blackish  fascia  from 
costa  at  ^  to  first  two  tufts;  a  suffused  blackish  elongate  mark 
along  costa  at  about  |,  followed  by  an  obscure  blackish  row  of 
dots,  which  are  continued  round  hindmargin  to  anal  angle:  cilia 
grey-whitish,  with  a  few  black  and  ferruginous  points.  Hind- 
wings  with  hindmargin  subsinuate;  veins  3  and  4  approximated 
at  base,  6  and  7  from  a  point,  gre}^;  cilia  IJ,  grey. 

Broken  Hill,  N.S.AV.;  several  si^ecimens  beaten  from  Solavum 
esuriale  in  March  and  AJDril. 

The  palpi  of  the  present  species  hardly  agree  with  the  characters 
of  Fsoricoptera. 

COPIDOSTOLA  (I)  ORTHOTJS,  n.sp. 

5.  25  mm.  Head,  thorax  and  palpi  pale  lieshy-white,  patagia 
dark  fuscous,  palpi  strongly  tufted,  terminal  joint  short,  erect, 
apex  acute,  apical  half  of  terminal  joint  dark  fuscous,  second  joint 
beneath  black.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  greyish,  hairs 
of  posterior  pair  long,  greyish-ochreous.  Abdomen  greyish.  Fore- 
wings  elongate,  moderate,  apex  pointed,  hindmargin  extremely 
oblique;  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa,  3  and  4  separate,  2  from 
before  angle  of  cell ;  pale  flesliy-white  ;  a  straight  thick  black 
streak  from  base  to  apex,  attenuated  posteriorly,  well  defined 
above,  somewhat  suff'used  beneath,  suffusion  becoming  broader 
towards  hindmargin  and  anal  angle,  where  it  has  a  tendency  to 
become  paler  and  outline  the  veins  ;  a  few  fuscous  lines  along 
veins  towards  costa,  hardly  perceptible:  cilia  grey,  with  a  pale 
fuscous  basal  line.  Hindwings  with  hindmargin  sinuate  beneath 
apex;  3  and  4  separate,  5  bent  over  to  5,  G  and  7  nearly  parallel; 
grey;  cilia  as  in  forewings. 

Sydney,  N.S.W.;  one  specimen  (Coll.  Lyell). 

Recalls  typical  forms  of  the  (Ecophoridce  (especially  Leptocroca 
mnguinolenta,  Meyr.),  to  which  family  I  would  have  referred  it, 
but  the  sinuate  hindmargin  of  hindwings  and  absence  of  pecten 
seemingly  refer  it  to  the  Gelechiache. 


274  NEW    AUSTRALIAN   LEPIDOPTERA. 

ELACHISTIDiE. 
Ptilochares  melanoma,  n.sp. 

9.  22  mm.  Head,  palpi  and  thorax  white,  basal  third  of 
second  joint  fuscous,  apex  of  terminal  joint  infuscated.  Antennae 
fuscous,  annulated  with  white.  Abdomen  greyish-ochreous.  Legs 
fuscous,  irrorated  with  whitish,  posterior  pair  with  long  grey- 
whitish  hairs,  banded  with  black.  Forewings  elongate-lanceo- 
late, white,  a  thick  very  oblique  blackish  fascia  at  base;  a  paler 
and  less  distinct  oblique  fascia  from  ^  of.  costa  to  beyond  middle 
of  inner  margin;  a  similar  fascia  from  costa  at  |  to  before  anal 
angle,  the  two  last-mentioned  fascias  are  connected  by  a  black 
longitudinal  streak  in  middle;  a  black  elongate  streak  to  apex,  in 
a  direct  line  with  previous  streak,  and  joining  it  by  a  \evy  fine 
blackish  line  :  cilia  fuscous-whitish,  with  2  fuscous  basal  teeth 
below  apex  and  at  anal  angle,  becoming  white  on  terminal  half 
on  upper  half  of  hindmargin.  Hindwings  narrower  than  fore- 
wings,  lanceolate;  fuscous;  cilia  3^,  greyish-fuscous,  without  the 
fuscous  teeth. 

Stawell,  Victoria;  one  specimen. 

Recalls  species  of  Oxythecta  (CEcophoridce). 


275 


ON  THE  CINNAMOMUMS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  WALES: 
WITH  A  SPECIAL  RESEARCH  ON  THE  OIL  OF 
C.  OLIVE  HI,  BAIL. 

(Plate  XII. -XIII.) 

By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological 

Museum,  Sydney. 

Prior  to  this  paper  I  can  find  no  record  of  the  occurrence  in 
this  colony  of  any  indigenous  representative  of  the  Genus  Gin- 
namomum  ;  but  now,  after  the  most  critical  examination  of  the 
material  that  has  come  to  hand,  I  am  glad  to  announce  that  there 
are  at  least  two  species  occurring  in  New  South  Wales,  viz., 
C  Oliveri,  Bail.,  and  G.  virens,  sp.nov. 

C.  Oliveri,  Bail. 

*  "Black,"  "Brown,"  or  "White  Sassafras." 

Systematic  Notes.— This  species  was  first  described  by  F.  M. 
Bailey,  F.L.S.,  of  Queensland,  in  his  Bot.  Bull.  v.  p.  24,  thus  :— 

"C.  Oliveri,  n.sp.  (after  Professor  Daniel  Oliver,  F.R.S.)  A 
tall  tree,  glabrous,  except  the  inflorescence,  trunk  erect,  bark 
smoothish,  rather  thin  and  fragrant.  Leaves  opposite  or  nearly 
so,  lanceolate,  attaining  about  8  inches  in  length,  and  then 
scarcely  over  H  inches  broad  in  the  widest  part,  colour  pale,  the 
apex  blunt  or  minutely  emarginate,  on  petioles  of  about  |  inch, 
which  are  flattened,  the  upper  surface  glossy,  the  under  surface 
of  lighter  colour,  midrib  flattish,  the  primary  lateral  nerves  very 
oblique,  few,  the  basal  pair  faint,  and  very  near  the  margin  until 
lost  in   the   reticulation  about  half  way  up  the  leaf.     Panicles 

*  To  distinguish  it  from  Doryphora  sassafras. 


276  CINNAMOMUMS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  WALES, 

slender,  terminal,  and  in  the  upper  axils,  2  or  3  inches  long,  of 
few  branches,  hoary  or  velvety  hairy,  branches  few,  with  usually 
2,  3,  or  4  pedicellate  flowers  at  the  end  of  each  branchlet. 
Perianth  hairy  on  both  sides,  as  are  also  the  broad  filaments  of 
the  stamens.  Stamens  all  shorter  than  the  perianth.  Ovavj  and 
style  glabrous  ;  stigma  peltate.  The  only  fruit  seen  was  much 
deformed  by  gall  insect  and  fungus.'' 

My  material  being  complete  I  am  enabled  to  add  the  following 
description  of  the  fruit : — Oval  in  shape,  measuring  about  ^  inch 
long  and  under  ^  inch  broad,  resting  in  the  enlarged  perianth 
tube,  the  segments  deciduous.  They  are,  however,  very  often 
deformed  by  gall  insects  or  fungus.  Some  of  the  "  galls " 
measure  as  much  as  2  inches  in  diameter,  and  are  coated 
for  ^  inch  or  more  with  a  micro-fungus  Melampsora  iieso- 
dapJmes,  B.  &  Br.,  which  is  highly  fragrant  and  has  the 
appearance  of  a  mealy  powder  of  a  canary-yellow  colour. 
Under  a  one-eighth  or  one-tenth  objective  the  hyphre  and 
spores  are  well  l^rought  out,  the  latter  being  oval  or  oblong 
in  shape  with  a  thick  cell  wall  and  "delicately  granulated." 
After  a  time  the  substance  of  the  "gall"  becomes  quite  woody, 
and  when  the  fungus  is  removed  the  surface  is  shown  to  be  very 
irregular.  An  error  has  evidently  been  made  in  Cooke's 
"  Australian  Fungi,"  p.  333,  under  Melampsora  nesodaphnes, 
B.  &  Br.,  and  in  all  probability  Nesodaphne  ohtusifolia,  Benth., 
should  read  C.   Oliveri. 

The  "galls  "  are  very  characteristic  of  the  tree,  and  were  known 
to  me  some  years  before  I  had  sufficient  evidence  to  identify  the 
host.  They  occur  on  the  trees  both  at  Port  Macquarie  and 
Richmond  River.  The  primary  cause  of  this  deformation  of  the 
fruits  is  not  quite  clear,  as  it  may  be  due  to  either  an  insect  or  a 
fungus.     It  is  still  under  investigation. 

Bailey  adds  the  following  note  to  his  description  of  the  species : 
"  From  imperfect  specimens  I  thought  this  tree  onl}'^  a  form  of 
Bentham's  Beilschmiedia  ohtusifolia,  and  under  which  name  its 
wood  and  bark  have  been  noticed  in  my  Catalogue  of  Queensland 
Woods,  No.  315.  Professor  D.  Oliver,  of  the  Kew  Herbarium, 
to  whom  I  sent  specimens  of  the  bark  for  the  museum,  and  also 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  277 

herbarium  specimens,  pointed  out  to  me  my  mistake,  and  hinted 
at  the  probabihty  of  ite  being  a  Giniiamomum,  which,  from  the 
examination  of  somewhat  better  specimens,  I  think  is  the  case 
and  record  it  as  above,  although  even  now  the  material  is  but 
imperfect.  So  far  as  at  present  known  the  tree  is  only  met  with 
in  the  scrubs  of  the  Maroochie  River.  Of  the  bark,  the  late 
K.  T.  Staiger  said  it  contained  a  tannin  similar  or  identical  with 
cinchona  tannin;  the  amount,  7^  per  cent.  One  ton  of  the  dry 
bark  yields  770  oz.  of  oil." 

Perhaps  the  above  explanation  in  regard  to  the  confusion  of 
genera  also  holds  good  for  this  colony,  for  it  certainly  seems 
remarkable  that  this  species  in  particular  should  have  such  an 
extensive  range  and  yet  should  not  have  been  previously  recorded. 
I  think  it  can  only  be  accounted  for  as  above  stated,  viz.,  that 
it  has  been  mistaken  for  Beilschmiedia  ( Nesorjaphne)  obtusifolia, 
Benth.,  although  it  is  hai'd  to  understand  why  this  confusion 
has  arisen,  as  the  characteristics  of  the  two  genera  are  so  very 
marked,  and  are  so  well  defined  in  B.  Fl.  v.  p.  294,  that  it  is 
unnecessary  to  amplify  them  in  this  paper. 

Complete  material  of  both  can  be  seen  at  any  time  in  the 
Technological  Museum. 

The  height  of  some  of  the  trees  at  Mullumbimby  is  stated  by 
W.  Bauerlen  to  be  120  feet,  with  a  girth  of  2^  feet. 

Timber.— The  timber  when  freshly  cut  and  dressed  very  much 
resembles  that  of  "  She  Beech  "  or  "  Bolly  Gum  "  (Tetranthera 
reticulata),  or  "  Sycamore  "  ( Panax  elegans/,  and  I  do  not  doubt 
but  that  much  of  the  timber  passing  under  these  names  is  really 
obtained  from  Cinnamomam.  It  is  greyish  in  colour,  with 
frequently  a  black  stain  running  through  it  as  though  decaying. 
It  has  a  straight  grain,  is  light  in  weight,  soft  and  easy  working. 
It  is  very  susceptible  to  the  attacks  of  borers  even  to  the  very 
heart,  and  is  therefore  of  no  economic  value. 

Oil.— As  soon  as  I  diagnosed  my  specimens  as  a  Cinnamovium 
I  at  once  procured  a  quantity  of  the  bark  in  order  to  ascertain 
its  oil-yielding  qualities.  It  is  dark  red  in  colour,  brittle,  about 
19 


278  CINNAMOMUMS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  WALES, 

^  inch  thick,  and  aromatic, — particularly  so  when  fractured.  It 
was  ground  in  a  bark  mill,  and  without  any  salt  water  maceration, 
placed  in  trays  that  permitted  a  free  play  of  steam  both  above  and 
below:  the  layer  of  bark  was  about  2  inches,  a  deeper  layer  not 
being  so  satisfactory  in  its  yield  of  oil.  It  was  then  placed 
in  the  still  and  subjected  to  a  steam  distillation  of  30  lbs. 
pressure  in  the  boiler  and  5  lbs.  in  the  still.  The  distilled  water 
was  white  and  milky  in  appearance,  the  oil  not  separating  freely, 
its  specitic  gravity  of  course  accounting  for  this.  The  first  por- 
tion of  the  oil  that  came  over  floated  on  the  top  of  the  w^ater, 
the  second  sinking  to  the  bottom;  the  whole  of  the  water  being 
permeated  with  suspended  globules  of  oil.  Our  receivers  were 
much  too  shallow  for  this  specitic  purpose,  but  if  a  deep  receiver 
were  used  and  fitted  with  a  proper  arrangement  of  taps,  a  return 
of  over  1  per  cent,  could  be  easily  obtained. 

The  first  distillation  (7th  and  8th  July,  1897)  was  made  on 
84  lbs.  of  ground  bark,  yielding  11^  ozs.  of  oil  or  -85  per  cent. 

Second  distillation  (13th  July,  1897),  weight  of  bark  84  bis., 
yielding  13^  ozs.  of  oil,  or  1"005  per  cent. 

Third  distillation  (15th  July,  1897),  weight  of  bark  120  lbs., 
yielding  14g  ozs.  of  oil,  or  -75  per  cent. 

Total  quantity  of  bark  288  lbs.,  giving  a  yield  of  39^  ozs.  of 
oil,  or  -86  per  cent. 

As  the  oil  contained  impurities  such  as  dirt  and  particles  of 
bark,  &c.,  it  was  strained  first  through  a  piece  of  calico  and  then 
through  a  filter  pajDer,  by  which  means  I  obtained  a  clear 
light  golden-coloured  oil  with  a  tinge  of  green,  and  possessing  a 
delicious  odour. 

The  following  chemical  research  on  this  oil  was  next  under- 
taken by  Mr.  Henry  G.  Smith,  F.C.S.,  Chemist  of  this  Museum: — 

The  oil  obtained  in  the  three  distillations  gave  the  following 
results,  severally  and  when  mixed  together  : — 

Specific  gravity— The  oil  of  the  first  distillation  =  1-0011  ©  16°  C 

„  ,,       second     „  =  1-0012  @     „ 

„       third        „  =1-0010®     „ 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  279 

The  whole  oil  obtained  when  mixed  together  had  a  specific 
gravity  of  1-00105  @  16°  C. 

These  determinations  were  made  with  a  delicate  pyknometer, 
holding  about  12  grams. 

Specific  rotation.— This  was  taken  in  a  tube  200  mm.  long; 
using  the  sodium  flame,  the  oils  were  found  to  be  dextro-rotatory 
as  follows  :  — 

First  oil — -angle  observed  4-22-3  therefore  ['^JD-i- 11-137. 
Second  oil         „  +22-2         „         [<.]  D+ 11-080. 

Third  oil  „  +22-0         „         [-.]  D  + 11-000. 

These  were  then  mixed,  when  the  rotation  was  +  22-1,  or  a 
specific  rotation  [  «]  D  -f- 1 1  -038.     All  taken  at  16°  C. 

Redistillation.— 100  c.c.  of  the  oil  were  distilled  at  the  ordinary 
atmospheric  pressure  with  the  following  results  : — Only  a  few 
drops  had  been  obtained  at  185°  C,  the  mercury  then  rapidly  rose 
to  204"  C,  between  this  and  213°  C,  5  per  cent,  had  been  obtained. 

Below    213°  C*  5  per  cent. 


First 
fraction    - 
collected. 


[  Between  2 1 3        and  2 1 7  ■  2°  C  =    7 
217-2       „     221-4°C=    8 


221-4  „  224-6°  C=    7 

224-6  „  226-7°  C=    7 

226-7  „  229-8°  C=    7 

229-8  „  235    °C  =  16 


Second     |  „         235  „      240-3°  C=  17 

fraction.  )  „         240-3       „     245-6°  C  =  11 

Third      I 

fraction.    (  " 


245-6       „     253    °C  =  10 
Residue  boiling  above  253    °  C  =    5 


Evidently  better  fractions  could  be  obtained  by  changing  at 
230°  C  as  54  per  cent,  distils  between  that  temjaerature  and 
253°  C. 

*  These  temperatures  have  beea  corrected  to  the  nearest  decimal. 


280  CINNAMOMUMS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  \YALES, 

The  fractions  obtained  as  above  orave  the  followina:  results  : — ■ 
First  fraction,  between  213°  C  and  235°  C,  had  a  specific  gravity 
of  -995  @  16°  C,  being  thus  lighter  than  water.  It  had  a  sjaecific 
rotation  of  ['']  D  +  15-86,  or  half  as  much  again  as  that  obtained 
for  the  whole  oil. 

Second  fraction,  between  235  and  245-6°  C,  had  a  specific 
gravity  of  1-0166  @  16°  C,  and  the  specific  rotation  was  ["]  D  + 
5-066,  or  less  than  half  that  obtained  for  the  whole  oil.  It  is 
perhaps  remarkable  that  the  fractions  should  have  been  thus 
separated,  as  the  mean  of  the  two  rotations  of  these  fractions 
is  nearly  that  of  the  whole  oil. 

Third  fraction,  between  245-6  and  253°  C,  had  a  specific  gravity 
of  1-004  @  17°  C.  The  material  was  not  sufficient  to  enable  the 
rotation  to  be  taken. 

The  oi"iginal  oil  is  yellowish,  inclining  to  brownish,  with  a  tinge 
of  green.  The  first  two  fractions  are  yellowish  to  brownish, 
while  the  third  fraction  is  distinctly  green. 

When  the  original  oil  was  subjected  to  the  action  of  cold,  a 
stearoptene  crystallised  out  in  small  quantity,  the  temperature 
being  12  degrees  below  zero.  It  was  not  possible  to  separate  it 
as  it  disappeared  very  quickly  on  removing  from  the  freezing 
mixture,  evidently  melting  below  zero. 

A  portion  of  the  oil  was  agitated  with  a  solution  of  potash, 
the  aqueous  solution  separated,  and  acidified  with  dilute  sulphuric 
acid  ;  no  oil  separated,  but  the  sokition  was  turbid  ;  this  was 
agitated  with  ether,  the  ether  separated  and  evaporated,  when  a 
minute  quantity  of  an  oil  was  obtained,  which  became  quickly 
brown,  and  which  had  a  very  strong  odour  of  cloves.  When 
dissolved  in  alcohol,  ferric  chloride  gave  the  blue  reaction.  It  is 
to  be  supposed,  therefore,  that  the  phenol  is  Eugenol,  and  that  it 
is  only  present  in  traces. 

A  portion  of  the  oil  was  mixed  with  a  concentrated  solution  of 
acid  sulphite  of  soda,  and  well  agitated.  A  small  quantity  of  a 
cr3'stalline  compound  was  obtained  ;  this  was  separated  entirel}^ 
from  adhering  oil  and  acidified  with  dilute  sulphuric  acid  in  a 
graduated  tube.     The  separated  oil  when  measured  equalled   1^ 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  281 

per  cent,  of  the  original  oil.  It  was  of  a  dark  brown  colour  and 
had  the  odour  of  cinnamon  most  markedly.  It  constitutes  the 
material  that  gives  the  slight  brownish  tinge  to  the  original  oil, 
because  when  it  was  removed  the  oil  was  yellowish  to  greenish. 
The  oil  contains  therefore  less  than  2  per  cent,  of  cinnumic 
aldehyde. 

None  of  the  terpenes  of  low  boiling  point  are  present,  nor 
could  phellandrene  be  detected.  A  distinct  reaction  for  cineol 
was  obtained  with  iodol. 

This  oil,  therefore,  cannot  be  classed  with  the  cinnamon  oil  of 
commerce,  nor  wdth  cassia  oil,  as  it  is  deficient  in  cinnamic 
aldehyde,  although  the  princij^al  constituents  of  those  oils  (cin- 
namic aldehyde  and  eugenol)  were  present. 

Further  researches  are  in  progress  to  locate  the  principal  con- 
stituent of  this  oil. 

Mr.  K.  T.  Staiger,  in  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition 
Report  (1886,  p.  11),  gives  the  yield  of  oil  of  C.  Oliveri,  Bail, 
(under  Nesodaphne  ohtusifolia,  Benth.),  as  2  per  cent.,  obtained  Ijy 
a  laboratory'  experiment,  but  which  therefore  can  hardly  be  taken 
into  account  from  a  commercial  point  of  view.  As  regards  Dr. 
Lauterer's  figures*  (about  -1  per  cent.),  these  were  also  obtained 
in  the  laboratory  from  10  lbs.  of  bark,  and  therefoi'e  are  insuffi- 
cient to  determine  definitely  the  commercial  possibilities  of 
distilling  this  oil.  The  results  obtained  at  the  Museum  by  us  gave 
the  actual  yield  obtainable  on  a  commercial  scale,  and  from  them 
I  am  unable  to  endorse  Dr.  Lauterer's  statement  "  that  it  never 
will  pay  even  the  expense  to  distil  the  essential  oil  out  of  the 
bark  for  commercial  purposes." 

I  am  of  opinion  that  my  own  experiments  point  out  that  a 
profitable  distillation  of  this  oil  is  practicable,  as  there  is  only  a 
little  more  difficulty  in  obtaining  it  than  there  is  in  extracting 
the  oil  from  the  leaves  of  the  Eucalypts;  a  little  extra  patience 
only  being  required  in  separating  the  oil  from  the  water  of  dis- 

*  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Queensland.     Vol.  xi.  p.  20. 


282  CINNAMOMUMS  OF  NEW  SOTJTH  WALES, 

« 

tillation.  Only  bark  from  the  stem  was  treated,  but  if  the  whole 
bark  of  a  tree  were  distilled,  and  also  the  leaves  and  roots, — for 
each  of  these  gives  a  distinctive  oil, — then  the  total  quantity  of 
oil  to  be  obtained  from  a  tree  of  70  or  100  feet  (average  height) 
would  be  considerable,  and  should  prove  a  remunerative  industry. 
Efforts  will  now  be  made  to  obtain  the  exact  value  and  com- 
mercial possibilities  of  this  oil, — which  we  propose  shall  be  known 
in  future  as  Oliverian  oil. 

Dr.  Lauterer  states*  that  this  bark  is  frequently  used  by  bush- 
men  to  improve  the  flavour  of  their  tea,  a  little  bit  of  bark  being 
infused  therewith.  This  bark  has  been  used  by  many  medical 
men  as  a  convenient  aromatic  astringent  in  diarrhoea,  and  has 
been  recommended  by  the  Medical  Society  of  Queensland  for 
insertion  in  the  B.P. 

Hah. — Mullumbimby,  Tweed  River  (W.  Bauerlen);  Port  Mac- 
quarie  (Forester  Brown);  and  probably  extends  along  the  whole 
coast  district  to  the  Illawarra  (C.  Hedley). 

CiNNAMOMUM    VIRENS,  Sp.nOV. 

"  Wild  Camphor  Laurel."     "  Copal  Tree."t 

A  tree  about  90  feet  high  and  up  to  2  feet  in  diameter.  Leaves 
opposite  or  occasionally  alternate,  rigid,  coi'iaceous,  shining  above, 
green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  reticulations  prominent 
on  the  underside,  lanceolate-acuminate,  either  cuneate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  margins  nerve-like,  4  to  6  inches  long,  tripli- 
nerved  but  not  prominently  so,  petiole  rarely  exceeding  \  inch. 
Panicles  opposite  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  bearing  a  few 
flowers  in  the  raceme  shorter  than  the  leaves,  slightly  pubescent. 
Pedicels  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Perianth  tube  about  1  line, 
segments  or  lobes  2  lines  long,  constricted  for  about  half  its  length 
so  as  to  give  it  a  calyx-like  appearance  as  soon  as  the  ovules  are 
fertilised.     Stamens  shorter  than  the  lobes.     Stigma  Aery  slightly 

*  Loc.  cit.  p.  24. 
t  On  account  of  the  liigh  polish  of  the  leaves  and  frnit. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  283. 

expanded.  Berry  6  lines  long,  4  broad,  resting  on  an  enlarged 
perianth  tube  measurmg  across  the  top  almost  5  lines,  shining. 
Pedicels  enlarged  under  the  fruit,  the  whole  resembling  some 
Quercus  fruits  and  cups  such  as  Q.  pedanculaia,  itc. 

Hah.  —  Tintenbar,  Mullumbimby,  Dunoon,  Gonellah  (W. 
Bauerlen). 

This  species  was  first  collected  at  Lismore  by  W.  Bauerlen.  It 
differs  from  C.  Oliveri  in  its  foliage,  the  uniform  colour  of  the  upper 
and  lower  surfaces  of  its  leaves  giving  it  a  distinctive  character 
from  those  of  that  species,  which  are  dark  green  coloui'ed  on  the 
the  upper  surface  and  whitish  below.  The  neuration  found  in 
most  other  Cinnamomums  is  slightly  developed  in  this  species, 
although  wanting  in  C.  Oliveri.  Some  specimens  preserve  a  light 
green  colour,  others  darken  a  little,  but  the  colour  is  always  dis- 
tinct from  C.  Oliveri,  Bail.,  C.  ovalifolium,  Wight,  C.  Tamala 
ISTees,  and  C.  Zeylanicum,  Nees;  the  leaves  are  also  thicker,  more 
risid,  and  less  fra^'rant  than  those  of  C.  Oliveri. 

The  bark  is  thin,  non-aromatic,  and  a  distillation  of  60  lbs. 
gave  very  little  oil. 

The  remarks  on  the  timber  of  C.  Oliveri  are  also  applicable  to 
this  species. 

It  differs  from  C.  Tamala,  N"ees,  the  only  Australian  represen- 
tative of  this  genus  recorded  in  B.  Fl.  v.  303  (allowing  for  all 
variations),  in  the  shape,  colour,  size  and  venation  of  the  leaf,  as 
well  as  in  the  characters  of  the  stigma;  from  C.  ovali/olitivi, 
Wight,  in  its  lanceolate,  unicoloured,  glabrous  leaves,  which  are 
also  less  coriaceous  than  those  of  that  species. 

The  perianth  is  very  much  more  enlarged  and  thickened  than 
in  C.  Oliveri,  Bail.,  which  has  an  entire  and  thin-edged  enlarged 
perianth  tube,  whilst  this  one  appears  to  show  rudimentary  lobes. 
The  fruits  also  are  larger  than  those  of  C.  Oliveri,  Bail.,  and  very 
shining. 

F.  M.  Bailey  (in  Bot.  Bull.  v.  p.  25)  refers  to  a  probal)ly  new 
species  of  Cinnamomum  under  the  name  of  C.  propinquum,  but 
I  do  not  think  that  my  specimens  can  belong  to  that  species,  as  the 
branchlets  are  not  4-angled,  neither  are  the  leaves  ovate-lanceolate; 


284  CINNAMOMUMS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  WALES, 

they  are  nearly  all  above  3  inches  long,  and  the  under  surface  is 
not  whitish  but  green,  the  same  as  the  upper  surface,  with  the 
reticulations  distinct. 

My  species  has  very  little  affinity  with  C.  ovaUfolium^  Wight, 
specimens  of  which  have  been  kindly  sent  to  me  for  comparison 
by  Mr.  J.  C.  Willis,  M.A.,  Roj'^al  Botanical  Gardens,  Ceylon. 

I  have  to  tender  my  thanks  to  Dr.  W.  Prain,  of  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Seebpore,  Calcutta,  for  kindly  sending  me 
specimens  of  C.  Tamala;  to  Mr.  J.  C.  Willis,  M.A.,  of  the  Royal 
Botanic  Gardens,  Ceylon,  for  specimens  of  6'.  ovalifolium  ;  to  Mr. 
F.  M.  Bailey,  F.L.S.,  for  specimens  of  the  Queensland  Cinnamon, 
C.  Tamala;  to  Mr.  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S.,  Sydney  Botanic  Gardens, 
for  specimens  of  C.  Zeylanicum  ;  and  also  to  Mr.  G.  Beyer,  for 
valuable  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  this  paper. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  XII. 

Cinnamomum  Oliveri,  Bail. 

Fig.  1. — Terminal  twig  with  inflorescence, 

Fig.  2. — Individual  flower  (enlarged). 

Fig.  3. — Stamen  (enlarged), 

Fig.  4. — Staniinodia  (enlarged). 

Fig.  5. — Glands  at  base  of  inner  perfect  stamens  (enlarged). 

Fig.  6.— Pistil. 

Fig.  7. — Cluster  of  fruits  on  enlarged  perianth. 

Fig.  8.— Galls,  coated  with  fungns. 

Fig.  9. — Spores  and  hypha  of  Melampsora  nesodaphnes. 

Plate  XIII. 

Cinnamomum  rirens,  R.T.B. 

Fig.  1. — Inflorescence. 

Fig.  2. — Twig  with  more  mature  flowers  than  No.  1,  and  also  early  fruits. 

Fig.  3. — Individual  flower  from  No.  2  (enlarged). 

Fig.  4. — Stamens,  inner  and  outer  series  (enlarged). 

Fig.  5. — Stamen,  outer  series  (enlarged). 

Fig  6.— Staminode  (enlarged). 

Fig.  7.— Pistil  (enlarged). 

Fig.  8.— Early  fruit  (enlarged). 

Fig.  9. — Fruit  on  enlarged  perianth  (enlarged). 


285 


THE  RHOPALOCERA  OF  LORD  HOWE  ISLAND. 
By  G.  a.  Waterhouse. 

In  my  opinion  this  portion  of  the  fauna  of  Lord  Howe  Island 
has  been  sadly  neglected,  and  the  object  of  this  paper  is  to  aid 
investigations  in  the  study  of  the  distribution  of  species.  Thei*e 
are  three  collections  of  Loi'd  Howe  Rhopalocera  in  Sydney  at 
present.  In  1889  in  the  second  Memoir  of  the  Australian  Museum 
a  list  was  given  by  Mr.  A.  S.  OUiff  comprising  ten  species;  these 
specimens  are  in  the  Australian  Museum.  The  second  collection 
is  a  small  one,  consisting  of  five  species,  in  the  Macleay  Museum, 
Sydney  University.  This  collection  is  part  of  one  made  by  Mr.  E. 
H.  Saunders  in  the  early  part  of  1888,  and  contains  three  species 
not  mentioned  in  Mr.  Olliff's  list.  The  remaining  collection  now 
in  my  possession  was  made  by  Miss  Edith  Nichols,  a  resident  of 
the  island,  during  the  years  1896  and  1897,  and  consists  of  twelve 
species,  five  of  which  are  not  represented  in  either  of  the  pre- 
ceding collections.  The  list  given  by  Mr.  Olliff  comprised  all 
the  information  up  to  that  date,  so  it  will  be  seen  that  I  have  to 
record  eight  species  new  to  the  island. 

All  the  species  so  far  found  on  the  island  are  common  on  the 
Australian  continent,  and  are  mostly  strong  winged  insects,  such 
as  could  easily  have  flown  or  been  blown  across  the  three  hundred 
miles  which  intervene  between  the  island  and  the  mainland.  One 
noticeable  feature  is  the  absence  of  any  form  of  the  subfamily 
Sati/rince,  but  this  is  scarcely  to  be  wondered  at,  as  these  butter- 
flies are  very  quiet,  and  do  not  soar  high,  consequently  they  are 
not  so  prone  to  be  distributed  over  wide  areas  by  the  agency  of 
the  wind.  The  Hesperidte  are  only  represented  by  one  small 
species,  and  this  is  a  matter  of  surprise,  as  the  Lord  Howe  palms 
are  the  food-plants  of  several  of  the  family  near  Sydney.     The 


286  THE    RHOPALOCBRA    OF    LORD    HOWE    ISLAND, 

genus  best  represented  is  Danais,  three  out  of  the  five  Australian 
species  being  recorded.  In  conclusion,  I  do  not  think  this  list 
comprises  all  the  insects  to  be  found  on  the  island,  and  I  hope  at 
some  futui-e  time  to  add  to  it  by  means  of  my  friends  on  the 
island. 

Subfamily  D  a  N  a  i  n  ^. 

Danais  erippus,  Cramer. — This  species  is  one  that  has  almost 
certainly  been  blown  on  to  the  island.  Its  real  home  is  in  South 
America,  from  which  place  it  has  spread  both  eastwards  and 
westwards;  since  1870  it  has  been  a  very  familiar  insect  about 
Sydney.  In  this  same  year,  it  is  said  to  have  been  seen  on 
Lord  Howe  Island.* 

Danais  petilia,  Stoll. — This  species  is  mentioned  by  Mr.  OlliflF, 
and  is  also  amongst  those  in  my  collection. 

Danais  ham  at  a,  Macleaij. — One  very  fine  specimen  caught  by 
Miss  E.  Nichols. 

Subfamily  Nymphalin^. 

Pyrameis  itea,  Fabr. — One  specimen  in  my  collection. 

Pyrameis  Cardui,  Linn.,  var.  Kershawi,  McCoy. — Common. 

JuNONiA  vellida,  'Fahr. — ^This  is  certainly  the  commonest 
butterfly  on  the  island. 

DiADEMA  BOLINA,  Liuu. — Several  specimens  have  been  taken 
at  various  times. 

Charaxes  sempronius,  Fahr. — The  only  record  of  this  insect 
is  by  Mr.  Olliff. 

Family  JnCmBlDE,. 

Lucia  lucanus,  Fahr. — One  specimen  taken  by  Mr.  E.  H. 
Saunders. 

Lampides  bceticus,  Linn. — Rather  common. 


*  "Australian  Butterflies,"  by  A.  S.  Olliff,  p.  10. 


BY    G.    A.    WATERHOUSE.  287 

Lampides  argiades,  Pallas. — One  specimen  in  my  collection. 

Lyc^na  LABRADVS,^Godarf. — Very  common. 

HoLOCHiLA  XANTHOSPiLOS,  Hiil).— One  specimen  taken  by  Mr. 
E.  H.  Saunders. 

Subfamily  P  I  e  r  i  n  ^. 

Terias  SMIL  ax,  Bon.— Miss  E.  Nichols  tells  me  that  at  times 

this  insect  is  abundant. 

Callidyras  pyranthe,  Linn. — One  specimen  in  my  collection. 

Subfamily  P  a  p  i  l  i  o  N  i  n  .e. 

Papilio  erectheus,  Don. — This  butterfly  is  very  plentiful,  and 
its  larvse  are  to  be  found  feedino-  on  the  orange  trees. 

Papilio  macleayanus,  LeacJi.^When  I  visited  the  island 
during  Christmas,  1895,  I  found  this  butterfly  abundant.  It  was 
flying  about  on  the  summits  of  the  smaller  hills.  The  Lord  Howe 
form  seems  to  differ  slightly  from  the  typical  Australian  form,  in 
that  it  is  lighter  in  colour  and  that  the  spots  along  the  outer 
margins  of  both  wings  are  larger  and  more  numerous. 

Family  HESPERID.ffi. 

Apaustus  agraulia,  Hewitson. — One  specimen  taken  by  Mr. 
E.  H.  Saunders. 


288 


STRAY  NOTES  ON  PAPUAN  ETHNOLOGY. 

Part  II.  (Continued from  Vol.  x.  (2),  p.  617) 

By  C.  Hbdley,  F.L.S.,  Conchologist  to  the  Australian 

Museum. 

(Plates  xiv.-xv.) 

III.  A  Palu  Hook. 

In  a  recent  article  on  the  Ethnology  of  Funafuti,"'  I  have  had 
occasion  to  review  in  detail  from  the  Ellice,  and  in  general  from 
the  Pacific,  a  gigantic  wooden  fish  hook,  commonly  miscalled  a 
shark  hook. 

The  fish  in  whose  captui*e  it  is  employed  is  possibly  a  species 
unknown  to  naturalists,  for  the  only  description  of  it  with  which 
I  am  acquainted  is  an  account,  couched  in  popular  language,  by 
Mr.  Louis  Becke,t  the  well  known  writer  of  South  Sea  tales. 
This  description  suggests  to  my  colleague  Mr.  E.  R.  Waite  that 
it  may  be  one  of  the  family  Macruridse;  it  certainly  is  no  shark. 

The  "  Palu,"  as  it  is  called  in  the  Ellice,  is  a  fish  six  feet  in 
length  and  a  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  in  weight,  shaped  like 
an  Australian  Jewfish,  with  a  tough  black  skin  covered  with 
large  silvery  curled  scales,  with  lai'ge  eyes  and  toothless  (?)  jaws. 
It  lives  on  the  sea  floor  at  depths  of  from  80  to  100  fathoms. 

On  Nanomana  palu  fishing  is  conducted  with  superstition  and 
ceremony.  Strict  silence  is  enjoined  when  fishing,  the  take  is 
restricted  to  two  by  each  canoe,  and  these  are  equally  divided 
among  everybody,  a  relic  possibly  of  earlier  communism. 

*  Memoirs  of  the  Australian  Museum,  ill.  1897,  The  Atoll  of  Fuaafuti, 
p.  272,  figs.  39,  40. 

t  Mem.  Aus.  Mus.  op.  cit.  p.  199. 


BY    C.    HEDLEY.  289 

Under  different  forms  the  palu  hook  can  be  traced  from  the 
South  Central  Pacific,  through  the  Gilberts  and  Marshalls  to  the 
Carolines.  South  ana  west  of  this  there  is  but  occasional 
evidence  of  its  occurrence  in  the  area  inhabited  by  Melanesian 
races;  an  aberrant  type  has  been  figured  from  Fiji  by  Edge- 
Partington  and  another  variation  from  the  Louisiades  by  Mac- 
gillivray.  Nearer  than  any,  both  in  form  and  in  geographical 
position,  to  that  we  are  aliout  to  consider,  is  a  specimen  shown 
by  Finsch  from  the  Trobriands.*  This,  also  without  a  barb, 
corresponds  in  size,  in  the  hook  which  terminates  the  barb  limb 
and  in  the  other  limb  being  of  even  thickness  throughout. 

The  present  hook  (figs.  1,  2)  was  obtained  by  Mr.  iSTorman 
Hardy,  specimens  from  whose  collection  have  so  frequently  been 
the  subject  of  communication  to  this  Society,  and  who  has  kindly 
entrusted  it  to  me  for  description.  He  recently  purchased  it  in 
Samarai,  British  New  Guinea,  from  a  trader  who  said  that  it 
came  from  Milne  Bay. 

This  hook  reached  me  unfortunately  without  the  barb;  it 
weighs  a  pound  and  a  half,  in  total  length  it  is  nineteen  inches, 
and  in  greatest  breadth  seven  and  a  half.  The  two  limbs  are 
nearly  squ.are  in  section,  of  equal  length,  twelve  inches,  the  elbow 
from  which  they  branch  is  bulbous,  especially  in  profile.  The 
hook  limb  is  much  scratched  half  way  down  on  its  outer  side  by 
the  gnawing  of  captured  fishes  ;  seven  inches  from  the  end  the 
limb  is  cut  down  to  a  small  shoulder,  obsolete  on  the  inner  side; 
this  certainly  has  reference  to  the  length  of  the  barb.  The  head 
of  the  barb-limb  terminates  in  a  chin  directed  towards  the  other 
limb  and  evidently  intended  to  fit  against  the  barb.  As  I  have 
shown  in  discussing  the  subject  elsewhere,  local  characteristics 
reside  in  the  method  of  applying  the  barb  to  the  shank.  Though 
the  barb  itself  is  lacking  and  though  I  have  no  information 
relating  to  it,  I  have  ventured  to  suggest  its  probable  size  and 
position  by  dotted  lines  in  the  accompanying  illustration  (fig.  1 ). 


*  Finsch,  Ethnological  Atlas,  188S,  PI.  ix.  f.  9. 


290  STRAY    NOTES    ON    PAPUAN    ETHNOLOGY, 

The  most  bizarre  feature  of  the  hook  and  that  which  separates 
it  the  widest  from  its  congeners  is  the  loop  for  the  attachment  of 
the  fishing  line  (fig.  2).  To  detach  this  is  impossible  without  destroy- 
ing much  of  the  value  of  the  specimen  from  an  ethnological 
aspect,  but  I  have  ascertained  by  thrusting  a  pen-knife  under  the 
lashing  that  the  limb  holds  it  by  no  knobs  or  projections,  but 
carries  the  same  breadth  to  the  end.  The  neatness  and  strength 
of  the  wicker  lashing  is  characteristic  of  Papuan  workmanship, 
and  is  like  that  used  on  adze  heads.  A  wooden  hoop,  whose  end 
is  seen  projecting  in  the  drawing,  is  bent  over  the  end  of  the  limb 
and  served  round  with  a  split  cane  (1)  of  a  species  unknown  to 
me.  leaving  an  eye  two  and  three  quarters  by  one  and  three  quarter 
inches  for  the  reception  of  the  fishing  line.  This  is  cross-seized 
with  cane  at  the  end  of  the  limb  and  again  four  inches  lower 
down.  This  fastening  cannot  be  moved  or  shaken  by  any  force  I 
could  apply,  and  is  apparently  intended  to  resist  and  has  resisted 
great  strain  in  drawing  weighty  fish  to  the  surface.* 

IV.  A  Waist  Band  Knot, 

The  most  superficial  of  readers  or  of  travellers  in  the  Pacific 
cannot  fail  to  possess  some  acquaintance  with  the  garment  known 
to  Europeans  as  the  "grass  petticoat"  and  to  Polynesians  as  the 
"titi."  Throughout  the  Pacific  it  is  the  usual  woman's  dress,  and 
may  be.  generally  described  as  a  belt  from  which  depend  strips 
or  bunches  of  fibre.  It  has  long  been  known  that  between  one 
island  and  another  considerable  difference  exists  in  the  local 
dresses  in  the  way  of  material,  length  and  colour. 

In  studying  the  dresses  from  Funafuti,  I  found  that  distinctions 
occurred  also  in  the  mode  in  which  the  strands  are  knotted  to  the 
waist  belt.  On  this  point  I  have  met  with  no  previous  observa- 
tions, and  I  therefore  desci'ibed  and  figured  the  Funafuti  pattern 
in  detail. 


*  Postscri2}t. — Since    the  above   was   read,    Mr.    Hardy  has   generously 
presented  this  interesting  specimen  to  the  Australian  Museum. 


BY    C.    HEDLEY.  291 

On  dissecting  the  waist  band  of  a  New  Guinea  dress,  I  find 
another  knot  so  different  and  so  compHcated  that  it  also  seems 
worthy  of  publication."^  Other  knots  have  since  come  under  my 
notice,  and  I  can  commend  the  subject  to  students  as  likely  to 
repay  careful  investigation.  A  trifle  like  one  of  these  knots 
might  serve  to  trace  migrations  or  affinities,  for  these  would 
exclusively  descend  from  woman  to  woman — there  as  elsewhere 
the  most  conservative  element  in  the  population.  Every  collec- 
tion is  well  supplied  with  material,  and  these  dresses  are  among 
the  last  of  native  fabrics  to  be  obliterated  by  European  civilisation. 

The  dress  containing  the  knot  to  be  described  is  a  kind  usual 
in  East  British  New  Guinea,  dyed  in  alternate  vertical  stripes, 
with  a  scalloped  flounce  at  a  quarter  depth.  Inside  (fig.  3)  the 
belt  shows  the  fibres  as  if  in  two  beaded  rows,  outside  (tig.  4)  the 
fibres  appear  caught  in  a  chain  stitch.  A  glance  at  the  exterior 
gives  no  idea  of  the  intricate  knot  shown  unravelled  (fig.  5).  Two 
bundles  of  fibres  are  disposed  in  a  series  of  three.  The  waist 
band  of  the  titi  is  always  of  two  strings.  Over  the  lower  is 
hitched  the  two  fibre  bundles;  then  dividing  they  receive  between 
them  the  fibres  of  the  preceding  series;  closing  again,  they  divide 
the  succeeding  pair;  then  passing  over  the  top  cord,  they  descend 
behind  the  second  and  third  pairs,  and  opening  out  contribute  to 
the  skirt  of  the  dress. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  XIV. 

Fi^s.  1  and  2.— Palu  hook  from  front  and  side. 

Plate  XV. 

Fi2.  3.— Inside  belt  of  titi. 
Fig.  4. — Outside  of  same. 
Fig.  5. — Knot  unravelled. 


292 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Mr.  Mitchell  exhibited  some  nature  prints  of  Australian  leaves 
on  sensitised  paper;  and  he  suggested  that  this  method  of  printing 
might  be  adopted  with  advantage  by  botanists  and  others  where 
leaves  are  to  be  illustrated. 

Mr.  Hedley  showed  the  fish-hook  and  grass  petticoat  of  Papuan 
manufacture  described  in  his  paper. 

Mr.  Baker  exhibited  botanical  specimens,  and  samples  of 
timber,  bark,  and  essential  oil  of  two  species  of  Cinnaniomum  to 
illustrate  his  paper. 


293 


AVEDNESDAY,  AUGUST   25tii,   1897. 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  in  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, August  25th,  1897. 


Professor  J.  T.  "Wilson,  M.B.,  Pi-esident,  in  the  Chair. 


DONATIONS. 

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Vol.  viii.  Part  7  (Juh^  1897).  From  the  Hon.  ihe  Minister  for 
Mines  and  Agriculture. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.  xx.  Band.  l!^os.  534-536  (June-July, 
1897).     From  the  Fditor. 

Zoological  Society,  London — Abstract,  15th  June,  1897.  From 
the  Society. 

Royal  Microscopical  Society,  London — Journal,  1897.  Part  3 
(June).     From  the  Society. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore — University  Circulars. 
Vol.  xvi.  No.  131  (July,  1897).     From  the  University. 

American  Naturalist.  Vol.  xxxi.  No.  367  (July,  1897).  From 
the  Editor. 

Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia  (Victorian  Branch) 
— Transactions.     Vol.  xiv.  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia.     Vol.  x.  No.  7.     (July, 

1897).      From  the  Fditor. 
20 


294  DONATIONS. 

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Part  1  (1897).      From  the  Society. 

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Ixi.  Nos.  374-375  (June-Jul}-,  1897).      From  the  Society. 

Archiv  fiir  Naturgeschichte.  Iviii.  Jahrg.  (1892).  ii.  Band. 
1  Ileft.  (1897).     From  the  Editor. 

L'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences  de  Daneniark  —  Oversigt 
(Bulletin),  1897,  Nr.  2-3.     From,  the  Academy. 

Regia  Societas  Scientiarum  Upsaliensis — Nova  Acta.  Ser. 
tert.     Vol.  xvii.  Fasc.  1  (1896).     Frorii  the  Society. 

Soci^te  Royale  de  Geographie  d'Anvers  -  Bulletin.  Tome  xxi. 
2'"«  Fasc.  (1897).     From  the  Society. 

Societe  d'Horticultui'e  du  Doubs,  Besan9on — Bulletin.  Ser. 
illust.  No.  18  (Juin,  1897).      From-  the  Society. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  15-18  (July,  1897). 
From  the  Govertwient  Secretary. 

Field  Naturalists'  Club  of  Victoria — Victorian  Naturalist. 
Vol.  xiv.  No.  4  (Aug ,  1897).       From  the  Club. 

"The  Surveyor,"  Sydney.  Vol.  x.  No.  7  (July,  1897).  From 
thr  Editor. 

Melbourne  University — Calendar  for  the  Year  1898.  From 
the  Council. 

Zoologische  Station  zu  Neapel  —  Mittheilungen.  xii.  Band, 
4  Heft  (Julj^  1897).      From  the  Director. 

Entomological  Society,  London — Transactions,  1897.  Part  2 
(July).      From  the  Society. 

Conchological  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland — Journal 
of  Conchology.  Vol.  viii.  No.  12  (July,  1897):  Pamphlet  "Some 
Observations  on  the  Fauna  of  Rathlin  Island,  etc."  (1897).  From 
the  Society. 

Bombay  Natural  History  Society — Journal.  Vol.  x.  No.  5 
(June,  1897).      From  the  Society. 


DONATIONS.  295 

Geological  Survey  of  India — Records.  Vol.  xxx.  Part  ii. 
(1897).      From  the  Director. 

American  Geographical  Society,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  xxix. 
(1897),  No.  2.     From  the  Society. 

American  Museum,  N".Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  ix.  Articles  xi.,  xii. 
and  xiv.  (pp.  177-196,  209-212).      From  the  Direcior. 

Museo  Nacional  de  Montevideo  —  Anales.  No.  vi.  (1897). 
From  the  Director. 

Department  of  Mines,  Sydney — -Annual  Report  for  the  year 
1896.      From  the  Hon.  the  Mini>^ter  for  Mines  ami  Agriculture. 

Zoologiska  Studier :  Festschrift  Wilhehn  Lilljeborg  zum  achtzig- 
sten  Geburtstag  gewidmet  von  Schwedischen  Zoologen  (4to.  1896). 
From  the  Royal  University,  Ujisala. 

Australian  Museum — Records.  Vol.  iii.  No.  2  (Aug.,  1897). 
From  the  Trustees. 

Museum  National  Hongrois  —  Termeszetrajzi  Fiizetek.  Vol. 
XX.  (1897),  Pars  iii.      From  the  Mnseitm. 

Nederlandsche  Entomologische  Vereeniging — Tijdschrift  voor 
Entomologie.      Deel  xl.  AH.  1  (1897).      From  the  Society. 

Societe  Hollandaise  des  Sciences  a  Harlem — Archives  Neer- 
landaises.     Serie  ii.     T.  i.  T'^Liv.  (1897).     From  the  Society. 

Societe  des  Naturalistes  de  la  Nouvelle-Russie,  Odessa — ■ 
Memoires.     T.  xx.  P.  2;  T.  xxi.  P.  1  (1896-97).      From  the  Society 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.  Vol.  xii.  No.  140  (August, 
1897).     From,  the  Editor. 

British  Museum  (Nat.  Hist.)  —(1)  Catalogues,  (a)  Welwitsch's 
African  Plants,  Pt.  i.  (1896);  (b)  Fossil  Cephalopoda,  Pt.  iii. 
(1897);  (c)  Tertiary  Mollusca,  Pt.  i.  (1897):  (2)  Guides,  (a)  Fossil 
Mammals  and  Birds  (1896);  (h)  Fossil  Reptiles  and  Fishes  (1896); 
{c)  Fossil  Invertebrates  and  Plants  (1.897).      Fro)n  the  Trustees. 


296  DONATIONS. 

Department  of  Mines,  Melbourne — Report  of  R.  Commission 
on  Gold  Mining  (1891);  Final  Report  of  R.  Commission  on  Coal 
(1891):  Dunn's  Reports  on  Bendigo  Gold  Field,  Nos.  i.-ii.  (1896); 
Howitt's  "Notes  on  Diabase,"  &c.  (1896);  Lidgey's  Repoi't  on 
Ballarat  East  Gold  Field  i  1894);  Stirling's  Reports  on  Victorian 
Coal  Fields,  Nos.  4-6  (1895-97);  Rosales'  Report  on  Loss  of  Gold, 
&c.  (1895)  ;  Reports  on  Cyanide  Process  (1896).  From  the 
Secretary  fur  Mines. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  No. 
17  (Aug.,  1897).      From  the  Secretary. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Victoria — Guides  to  Growers. 
No.  32  Fungus  Diseases  of  the  Raspberry).  By  D.  McAlf)ine. 
From  the  Author. 

La  Nuova  Notarisia :  Rassegna  Trimestrale  consacrata  alio 
Studio  delle  Alghe.  Serie  i.  (Fascicoli  4),  ii.  (Fasc.  3),  iii.  (,Fasc. 
3),  iv.  (Fasc.  3),  v.  (Fasc.  3),  vi.  (Fasc.  4),  vii.  (Fasc.  4)  (1890-96); 
viii.  Nos.  1  and  3  (1897).  From  the  Editor,  M.  le  Doct.  G.  B. 
De  Toni. 

Naturwissenschaftl.  Verein  des  Regierungsbezirkes  Frankfurt 
— Helios.  xiv.  Band  (1896-97)  :  Societatum  Litterje.  Jahrg. 
X.  Nr.  7-12  (1896);  Jahrg.  xi.  Nr.  1-6  (1897).     From  the  Society. 


297 


DESCRIPTION'S  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO- 
LEPIDOPTERA. 

By  E.  Meyrick,  B.A,  F.Z.S. 

XVII.    ELACHISTID^. 

For  this  and  ensuing  papers  I  shall  assume  as  a  basis  the 
general  classification  and  terminology  emploj^ed  in  my  "  Hand- 
book of  British  Lepidoptera,"  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  of  a 
certain  amount  of  repetition.  However,  I  give  the  family  and 
generic  characters  in  full. 

The  following  are  the  characters  of  the  family  : — 

Head  smooth.  Tongue  developed.  Antennse  §  to  over  1. 
Labial  palpi  nearly  always  acute,  recurved  when  long.  Maxil- 
lary palpi  rudimentary.  Fore  wings  :  lb  furcate  or  simple,  7 
usually  to  costa,  one  or  more  veins  often  absent.  Hindwings 
under  1,  lanceolate  or  linear;  3  usually  rising  before  angle,  nearly 
parallel  to  4,  rarely  connate,  6  and  7  approximated,  stalked,  or 
coincident,  one  or  more  veins  often  absent,  cell  often  open 
posteriorly. 

The  species  of  this  family  are  almost  all  small,  and  therefore 
often  neglected  by  collectors.  It  is  probable  therefore  that  very 
many  remain  to  be  discovered;  and  indeed  I  possess  specimens  of 
quite  twenty  species  which  are  not  in  a  satisfactory  condition  for 
description.  I  have  however  recorded  here  254  species,  almost 
the  whole  of  which  are  new  to  science. 

Larva  with  10  prolegs,  seldom  almost  apodal;  usually  mining 
in  leaves  or  amongst  seeds  or  in  stems,  sometimes  case-bearing, 
rarely  amongst  spun  leaves. 

The  genera  may  be  tabulated  as  follows  : 

1.   Forewings  with  7  to  termen,'all  veins  present 2. 

Forevvings  with  7  to  costa,  one  or  more  veins  often 

absent 3. 


298  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

2.  Forewings  with  6  oat  of  7;  antennal  ciliations  long 

(3) 36.  NOTODRYAS. 

Forewings    with   6  separate  ;   antennal  ciliations 

short 37.  Epekmenia. 

S.  Palpi  stiaiglit,  porreoted  or  drooping,  or  rudimen- 
tary   4. 

Palpi  curved,  ascending 8. 

4.  Palpi  rudimentary 28.  Pseliastis. 

Palpi  developed 5- 

5.  Forewings  witli  8  absent 6. 

Forewings  with  S  present,  out  of  7 31.  Lozostoma. 

6.  Forewings  with  6  and  7  separate 30.  Hoplophanes. 

Forewings  with  6  and  7  stalked 7. 

7.  Forewings  with  3  abseat 29.  Prophylactis. 

Forewings  with  3  present  27.  Heliozela. 

8.  Forewings  with  tufts  of  raised  scales  on  surface...  9. 
Forewings  without  tufts  of  raised  scales  15. 

9    Antenme  over  1 22.  Coracistis. 

AnteuniB  less  than  1 10. 

10.  Basal  joint  of  antennae  dilated  to  form  eyecap 26.  Orthromicta. 

Basil  joint  of  antenme  not  dilated 11. 

11.  Second  joiut  of  palpi  with  strong  tuft  beneath  ....    25.  Trachydora. 
Second  joint  of  palpi  not  tufted.  12. 

12.  Posterior  tibiffi  smooth-scaled 21.  Aeraula. 

Posterior  tibia?  rough-haired 13. 

13.  Forewings  with  all  veins  present 24.  Syntomactis. 

Forewings  with  one  or  more  veins  absent 14. 

14.  Forewings  with  one  vein  absent 20.  Molybdurga. 

Forewings  with  two  or  more  veins  absent 23.   Microcoloxa. 

15.  Antenme  over  1 1-  Corythangela. 

Antenme  1  or  under  1 16. 

16.  Antenn;e  thickened  with  scales  towards  base 32.   Eret.MOCERA. 

Antenna?  not  thickened  with  scales 17. 

17.  Basal  joint  of  antenna?  dilated  to  form  eyecap 18. 

Basal  joint  of  antenna?  not  dilated 20. 

18.  Antenna?  in  J"  with  very  long  ciliations 19. 

Antenna?  in  J   simple 6  Calicotls. 

19.  Anterior  tibia?  and  tarsi  dilated  with  scales 8.   Vanicela. 

Anterior  tibiie  and  tarsi  not  dilated 9.   Hieromaxtis. 

20.  Posterior  tibite  with  large  triangular  median  tuft 

above 12.  Persicoptila. 

Posterior  tibia?  without  tuft 21. 

21.  Forewings  with  6  out  of  7 22. 

Forewings  with  6  not  out  of  7 30. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  299 

22.  Forewings  with  '2-0  all  present 23. 

Forewini^s  with  5  and  sometimes  4  absent 28. 

23.  Forewings  with  8  absAit 24. 

Forewings  with  8  present 25. 

24.  Hindwings  with  2^  4,  7  absent 33.  Tinagma. 

Hindwings  with  all  veins  present 34.  Scyttiris. 

25.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  longer  than  second 26. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  shorter  than  second 27. 

26.  Hindwings  witli  4  and  5  absent 14.  Cosmopteryx. 

Hindwings  with  4  and  5  present 15.  Pyroderces. 

27.  Autennie  1 4.  Rhadinastis. 

Antennte  ^ 3.  Haplochrols. 

28.  Hindwings  with  5  present 2.  Batrachedra. 

Hindwings  with  5  absent 2D. 

29.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  longer  than  second 14.  Cosmopteryx. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  shorter  than  second 13.  Elachista. 

30.  Forewings  with  5  or  6  absent 31. 

Forewings  with  2-6  all  present 32. 

31.  Antennoe  in  ^  with  suprabasal  notch  and  projec- 

tion   17.  Otokoma. 

Antenna^  in  ^  normal 2.  Batracheura. 

32.  Forewings  with  9  absent 19.  Zapyrastka. 

Forewings  with  9  present 33. 

33.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  longer  than  second 34. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  not  longer  than  second 35. 

34.  Antennas  in  c?  with  sinuation  above  bise 16.  Glaphyristis. 

Antennaj  in  J"   without  sinuation IS.  Limnoecia. 

35.  Antennfe  1 7.  Ccjr}ioDEs. 

Antennas  less  than  1 36. 

36.  Autenme  in  J"  with  long  ciliations  (4-5) 10.  Statiimopoda. 

Antennae  in  ^  shortly  ciliated  or  simple .37. 

37.  Hindwings  with  6  absent 38. 

Hindwings  with  all  veins  present 11.  Aeoloscelis. 

3S.  Antennas  of  (^  simple;  cilia  of  liindwings  8 5.  Pachyrhabua. 

Antenn;»3  of  c?  ciliated;  cilia  of  hindwings  2 35.  Endrosis. 

1.  Corythangela,  n.g. 

Crown  of  head  long.  Antenn;i3  over  1,  thickened  towards  base, 
in  $  simple,  l^asal  joint  thickened  with  rough  scales  anteriorly. 
Labial  palpi  long,  ascending,  smooth-scaled,  terminal  joint  shorter 
than  second,  subacute.     Posterior  tibiie  rough-haired.     Forewings: 


300  DESCRIPTIONS   OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

lb  simple,  4  absent,  5  absent,  6  and  7  stalked,  7  to  costa,  8  absent. 
Hindwings  |,  linear,  cilia  6  ;  transverse  vein  parth'  aljsent,  i 
absent. 

Closely  allied  to  the  very  large  northern  genus  Coleophora,  of 
which  it  is  a  development,  differing  chiefly  in  the  antennae,  which 
are  longer  than  the  forewings  instead  of  shorter.  Imago  with 
forewings  very  elongate  lanceolate;  in  repose  the  antennje  are 
directed  forward  as  in  Coleophora.  Larva  inhabiting  a  portable 
case,  within  which  pupation  takes  place. 

1.    C.  galeata,  n.sp. 

(^2-  "^"13  *^^'i'-  Head  brown  mixed  with  whitish,  with  a 
lateral  white  streak.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  dark  fuscous 
above.  Antennf«  white,  spotted  with  brown  above.  Thorax 
brown  mixed  with  whitish,  shoulders  white.  Abdomen  fuscous- 
whitish.  Legs  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibiai  whitish,  posterior 
tarsi  ringed  with  white.  JFoi'ewings  brown,  with  golden-yellow 
reflections;  a  thick  costal  streak  from  base  to  i,  and  more  or  less 
developed  usually  thick  streaks  on  veins  shining  white  :  cilia 
whitish-fuscous.     Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Sydne}',  New  South  Wales;  October  to  February;  ten  specimens. 
Larva  on  Casicarina  suberosa,  boring  into  the  twigs  in  November; 
case  long,  slender,  formed  of  several  superadded  sections  of  bored 
twigs  of  the  foodplant.  Imago  I'etii  ed  in  habits,  but  occurs  at 
rest  on  fences. 

2.   Batrachedra,  Staint. 

Antennte  f  to  almost  1,  in  (^  simple.  Labial  palpi  long, 
recurved,  second  joint  with  scales  more  or  less  angularly  project- 
ing beneath  at  apex,  sometimes  with  well-developed  tuft,  terminal 
joint  as  long  or  shorter,  somewhat  roughened  anteriorly,  acute. 
Posterior  tibiae  rough-haired.  Forewings  :  lb  furcate  (sometimes 
obsoletely),  5  absent,  6  and  7  sometimes  stalked,  7  to  costa,  8 
absent.  Hindwings  ^,  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  cilia  5-8;  trans- 
verse vein  partly  absent,  3  and  4  sometimes  absent,  5  and  6 
stalked  or  coincident. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  301 

This  genus,  represented  b}^  a  very  few  species  in  the  other  main 
regions,  is  much  more  o^nsiderably  developed  in  Australia  than 
elsewhere,  but  is  also  fairly  represented  in  New  Zealand.  The 
species  are  mostly  inconspicuous  and  often  I'etired  in  habit. 
Imago  with  forewings  very  elongate,  narrow,  long-pointed  ;  in 
repose  the  forepart  is  usually  somewhat  raised,  the  anterior  legs 
rather  withdrawn  beneath  the  body.  Larva  usuall}'^  feeding  on 
seeds  (in  many  of  the  Australasian  species  probably  on  seeds  of 
JiLncus). 

1.  Palpi  with  large  dense  projecting  tuft 2.  vtlox. 

Palpi  with  sUght  projection  or  sliort  tnft  onl}^ 2. 

2.  Forewings  with  distinct  wiiite  costal  streak  from 

base  3. 

Forewings  without  such  streak ; 6. 

3.  Discal  stigmata  black 4. 

Uiscal  stigmata  absent 20.   hi/poxutha. 

4.  Forewings  yellowish 5. 

forewings  whitish-fuscous 17.   aslaihma. 

5.  Forewings  with  white  dorsal  streak 21.   eustola. 

Forewings  without  white  dorsal  streak 22.  trimeris. 

6.  Forewings  with  distinct  white  costal  spot  at  f 24.  plagiorenfra. 

Forewings  without  sucli  spot 7. 

7.  Scale-projection  of  palpi  tuft-like 8. 

Scale-projection  of  palpi  slight ...  9. 

8.  Palpi  with  blackish  rings 7.   mylephata. 

Palpi  without  blackish  rings 19.   liopii. 

9.  Head  ochreous-yellow 23.  epixantha. 

Head  not  yellow 10. 

10.  Head  fuscous  or  dark  grey 11. 

Head  white  or  whitish -ochreous 12. 

11.  Forewings  irrorated  with  white 15.  phorcydia. 

Forewings  not  irrorated  with  white 10.   ditrota. 

12     Palpi  with  distinct  blackish  rings 13. 

Palpi  without  blackish  rings 20. 

13.  Second  joint  of  palpi  with  black  apical  ring  only..  3.  arenosella. 
Second  joint  of  palpi  with  two  black  rings 14. 

14.  Second  joint  of  palpi  with  apical  black  ring 11.   dip/osema. 

Second  joint  of  palpi  without  apical  black  ring....  15. 

15.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  with  apex  black 16. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  with  apex  not  black 18. 


302  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN   MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 


16.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  with  base  black 17. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  with  base  not  black 13.    hi/pachroa, 

17.  Forewings  pale  ochreou.s..., 4.   nietaxia-s. 

Forewings  grey...., 8.   eremochtha. 

IS.    Forewiags  with  distinct  black  apical  dot.. 9.   helarcha. 

Forewings  without  such  dot 19. 

19.  Grounilcolour  of  forewings  pale  ochreous 5.   microfoma. 

Groundcolour  of  forewings  whitish 6.  ■sferiUn 

20.  Palpi  wholly  ochreous-white 12.   holochlora. 

Palpi  not  wholly  whitish 21. 

21.  Cilia  of  forewings  white 16.  (eucophi/ta. 

Cilia  of  forewings  whitish-fuscous 22. 

22.  Groundcolour  of  forewings  whitish-ochreous 18.   mejjalodoxa. 

Groundcjlour  of  forewings  pale  fuscous 14.    voliicri-f. 

2.    />.  relax,  n.sp. 

Q.  12  mm.  Head  white,  ci'own  grey  behind.  Palpi  wdiite, 
tuft  large,  mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Antenn;e  dark  fuscous. 
Thorax  fuscous,  shoulders  white.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  posterior  tarsi  whitish-ringed.  Forewings  fuscous;  costal 
edoe  white  from  base  to  §;  a  rather  thick  white  supramedian 
streak  from  costa  at  base  to  apex  of  wing,  confluent  with  costal 
edge  to  \,  otherwise  margined  with  black  to  f,  beyond  this  indis- 
tinct and  ill-defined ;  an  elongate-oval  black  apical  dot,  and  a 
short  black  subapical  dash  :  cilia  whitish-fuscous,  above  apex 
mixed  with  dark  fuscous  and  with  a  dark  fuscous  subbasal  line. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

.3.   B.  areiiowlhi,  Walk. 

(Gracilaria  arenoseUa,  Walk.  Tin.  857;  Batrachedra  tireno- 
sella,  Meyr.,  Trans.  N.Z.  Inst.  1888,  181.) 

(J^.  10-15  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  ochreous, 
sometimes  whitish-tinged.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  apex  of 
•second  joint  and  subbasal  and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  black, 
scale-projection  very  slight.  Antennfe  whitish  ochreous,  indis- 
tinctly fuscous-ringed,  towards  apex  with  two  or  three  darker 
fuscous  bands.     Legs  whitish-ochreous,  .spotted  with  dark  fuscous. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


303 


Forewings  light  ochi-eous,  thinly  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous, 
more  thickly  towards  costa  posteriorly ;  plical  stigma  linear, 
second  discal  dotlike,  black  :  cilia  aloove  apex  whitish-ochreous, 
beneath  light  grey.     Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Sydney  and  Mittagong  (3000  feet).  New 
South  Wales ;  Deloraine  and  Mount  Wellington,  Tasmania  ; 
Adelaide,  Wirrabara,  and  Port  Lincoln,  South  Australia;  common 
also  in  New  Zealand;  September  to  March,  thirty-six  specimens. 
Larva  amongst  seeds  of  Juncus,  joining  them  together  with  a 
slight  web,  in  August  (and  doubtless  most  of  the  summer).  Pupa 
very  slender,  in  a  cocoon  amongst  the  seeds.  A  common  species, 
probably  very  generally  distributed  in  suitable  localities. 

\.  B.  metaxias,  n.sp. 

ij.  14  mm.  Head  ochreous- white.  Palpi  whitish,  subbasal 
and  subapical  bands  on  second  joint,  and  base  and  apex  of 
terminal  black,  scale-projection  very  slight.  Antennae  as  in  B. 
arenoaella,  but  suffused  with  fuscous  above.  Thorax  and  abdomen 
whitish-ochreous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  tibife  sprinkled 
with  whitish-ochreous,  apex  of  tarsal  joints  whitish-ochreous. 
Forewings  pale  ochreous;  broad  costal  and  dorsal  streaks  through- 
out fuscous-tinged  and  irrorated  with  black :  cilia  above  apex 
whitish-ochreous,  beneath  whitish-fuscous.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia 
whitish-fuscous. 

Mt.  Wellington,  Tasmania;  in  December,  one  specimen. 

5.  B.  microtoma,  n.sp. 

9.  11  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  median 
and  subapical  bands  on  second  joint,  and  median  band  on  terminal 
black,  scale-projection  very  slight.  Antennae  ochreous-whitish, 
suffusedly  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  and  abdomen  pale 
ochreous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  tibise  and  tarsi  ringed  with  whitish- 
ochreous.  Forewings  pale  ochreous,  deeper  and  yellower  on  a 
discal  streak  from  i-  to  f,  irregularly  irrorated  with  black  except 
on  discal  streak;  a  broad  dark  fuscous  dorsal  streak  from  base  to 
near  apex;  plical  stigma  elongate,  second  discal  oval,  black,  resting 


304  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTBRA, 

on  dorsal  streak:  cilia  pale  fuscous.     Hind  wings  broader  than  in 
B.  arenosella,  grey;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Sydney,  JSTew  South  Wales;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

6.   B.  sterilis,  n.sp. 

(J9.  10-14  mm.  Head  ochreous-white.  Palpi  white,  median 
and  subapical  bands  on  second  joint  and  sometimes  a  median  ring 
on  terminal  black,  scale-projection  distinct.  Antennse  whitish- 
ochreous,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous  Thorax  ochreous-whitish, 
sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey-whitish.  Legs 
ochreous-whitish,  banded  with  dark  fuscou-s.  Forewings  whitish, 
irrorated  with  dark  fuscous,  more  densely  toward  dorsum;  plical 
stigma  linear,  first  discal  seldom  defined,  second  dut-like,  some- 
times connected  with  first  by  a  slender  streak,  and  two  oblique 
costal  striguLe  before  apex  blackish,  all  sometimes  partially 
obsolete  or  obscured  by  the  dark  irroration :  cilia  above  apex 
whitish  with  a  blackish  median  line,  beneath  whitish-fuscous. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Sydney,  Kew  South  Wales;  Mount  Macedon,  Victoria;  Laun- 
ceston  and  Hobart,  Tasmania;  September  to  Feliruary,  twenty- 
two  specimens. 

7.  B.  mylephata,  n.sp. 

(J.  1314  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  basal,  median,  and 
subapical  bands  of  second  joint,  and  median  ring  of  terminal 
blackish,  scale-projection  tuft-like,  nearly  as  long  as  terminal 
joint.  Antennae  white,  fuscous-ringed.  Thorax  white,  sometimes 
fuscous-sprinkled.  Abdomen  whitish.  Legs  whitish,  spotted  with 
dark  fuscous.  Forewings  white,  irrorated  with  fuscous  and  dark 
fuscous  ;  plical  stigma  linear,  first  and  second  discal  rather 
elongate  or  dot-like,  blackish:  cilia  above  apex  whitish  with  a 
dark  fuscous  median  line,  beneath  whitish-fuscous.  Hindwings 
grev;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  two  specimens. 

8.  B.  eremoc/ifha,  n.sp. 

(J.   9  mm.      Head  whitish,  crown  greyish-tinged.      Palpi  white, 
subbasal  and  subapical  rings  of  second  joint,  and  basal  and  apical 


BY    E.    MEVRICK.  305 

rings  of  terminal  black,  !5cale-projection  very  slight.  Antenna} 
whitish,  fuscous-ringed,  towards  apex  with  three  darker  bands. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  li]^ht  grey,  whitish-sprinkled.  Legs  dark 
grey,  tarsi  whitish-ringed.  Forewings  grey;  an  ill-defined  whitish 
longitudinal  streak  in  disc  from  about  middle  to  near  apex;  plical 
stigma  minute,  black:  cilia  on  costa  grey,  at  apex  ochreous-white 
with  a  black  subbasal  mark,  beneath  whitish-fuscous.  Hindwinss 
grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Albany,  West  i^.ustralia;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

9.  B.  hdarcha,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  8-12  mm.  Head  white,  crown  usually  pale  greyish-ochi'eous 
posteriorly.  Palpi  whitish,  subbasal  and  subapical  rings  of  second 
and  terminal  joints  blackish,  scale-projection  very  slight.  Antennae 
whitish,  obscurely  ringed  and  sometimes  suffused  with  fuscous. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  white,  sprinkled  with  pale  grey.  '  Legs 
whitish,  rinijed  with  pale  fuscous.  Forewings  pale  greyish- 
ochreous,  sprinkled  with  fuscous;  veins  more  or  less  obscurely  and 
variably  streaked  with  whitish  and  sprinkled  with  black;  first  and 
second  discal  stigmata  liueai",  black;  a  black  apical  dot:  cilia  on 
costa  ochreous-whitish,  at  apex  fuscous,  beneath  whitish-fuscous. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Deloraine 
and  Georges  Bay,  Tasmania;  from  September  to  January,  amongst 
Jancus  in  swampy  places,  fourteen  specimens. 

10.  B.  ditrota,  n.sp. 

(J9.  13-15  mm.  Head,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen  fuscous 
Palpi  whitish  fuscous,  apical  ring  of  second  joint  and  five  rings 
of  tei'minal  black,  scale-projection  very  slight.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
sprinkled  with  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  fuscous,  irrorated 
with  dark  fuscous;  fir-st  and  sometimes  second  discal  stigma  round, 
black;  a  black  apical  dot:  cilia  fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
fuscous. 

Launceston  and  Deloraine,  Tasmania;  in  November  and  Decem- 
ber, three  specimens. 


306  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

11.  B.  diplosema,  n.sp. 

(^9-  7-8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous,  face  whitish.  Palpi 
whitish,  subapical  and  apical  rings  of  second  joint  and  median 
band  of  terminal  black,  scale-projection  ver}'  slight.  Antenn* 
whitish,  sufFusedly  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey, 
sides  white.  Legs  fuscous,  sprinkled  with  white  and  ringed  with 
black.  Forewings  brownish-ochreous,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous; 
first  and  second  discal  stigmata  round,  black:  cilia  light  fuscous. 
Hind  wings  grey;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  two  specimens. 

12.  B.  holochlora,  n.sp. 

2-  16  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennne,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
ochreous-white;  scale-projection  of  palpi  very  slight.  Forewings 
ochreous-whitish,  somewhat  sprinkled  suffusetlly  with  ochreous; 
first  and  second  discal  stigmata  round,  dark  fuscous;  a  minute 
dark  fuscous  apical  dot:  cilia  whitish.  Hindwings  grey-whitish  ; 
cilia  ochreous-whitish. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  December,  one  specimen. 

13.  B.  hypachroa,  n.sp. 

(J9'  11-12  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  whitish, median 
and  subapical  rings  of  second  joint,  and  submedian  and  apical 
rings  of  terminal  black,  scale-projection  slight.  Antennie  ochreous- 
whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous  Thorax  pale  ochreous, 
sprinkled  with  black.  Abdomen  gre3^-whitish.  Legs  whitish, 
ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  pale  ochreous,  rather 
thickly  sprinkled  with  black;  plioal  and  first  and  second  discal 
stigmata  elongate,  black:  cilia  on  costa  whitish-ochreous  sprinkled 
with  black,  rest  ochreous-whitish.  Hindwings  and  cilia  grey- 
whitish. 

Glen  Innes  (3000  feet),  New  South  Wales;  Mount  Gambler, 
South  Australia;  in  November  and  December,  two  specimens. 

14.    B.  volucris,  n.sp. 

(J 9-  11^-15  nim.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish-fuscous. 
Palpi  whitish-fuscous,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous,  scale-projection 


BY    E.    ME Y RICK.  307 

distinct.  Antenn;e  whitish-fuscous,  indistinctly  darker-ringed. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish-fuscous. 
Forewings  liglit  fuscous,  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous,  and  with  a 
few  whitish  scales  ;  plical  and  first  and  second  discal  stigmata 
small,  blackish  ;  a  blackish  apical  dot  :  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 
Hind  wings  light  grey;  cilia  whitish  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  October  and  March,  two  speci- 
mens. 

I'o.    B.  pJioo-cydiu^  n.sp. 

(J.  11  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennne,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
dark  grey,  finely  irrorated  with  white;  scale-projection  of  palpi 
very  slight.  Forewings  dark  grey,  finely 'irrorated  with  white;  a 
black  median  basal  dot;  first  discal  stigma  elongate,  blackish: 
cilia  light  grey,  irrorated  with  whitish.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia 
light  grey. 

Geraldton,  West  Australia;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

16.   B.  leaco])]ij/fa,  n.sp. 

$.  9  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey-whitish.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  beneath  whitish,  scale-projection  very  slight. 
Autenme  whitish,  rimzed  with  dark  fuscous.  Legs  white,  banded 
with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  white,  coarsely  irrorated  with 
dark  grey:  cilia  white.      Hindwings  whitish-grey;  cilia  white. 

Carnarvon,  West  Australia;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

17.    B.  aAtathtna,  n.sp. 

,^9.  7-9  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  al)domcn  white.  Palpi 
white,  submediau  and  subapical  rings  of  second  joint,  and  basal 
and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  black,  scale-projection  slight. 
Antennae  whitish,  suftused  with  fuscous  above.  Legs  whitish, 
ringed  with  fuscous.  Forewings  fuscous,  suffu.sedly  irrorated  with 
white,  with  scattered  black  scales;  a  suffused  white  costal  streak 
from  base  to  |;  plical  and  first  and  second  discal  stigmata  rather 
large,  black;  a  black  apical  dot:  cilia  fuscous-whitish.  Hind- 
wings and  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Sydne}^,  New  South  Wales ;  in  September,  February,  and 
March,  five  specimens. 


308  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

18.    B.  megalodoxa,  ii.sp. 

(^2-  16-17  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous, 
irrorated  with  whitish-ochreous,  terminal  joint  with  pale  basal 
band,  scale-projection  slight.  Antennte  whitish-ochreous,  indis- 
tinctly ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  irro- 
rated with  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish-ochi-eous.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  irrorated  with  whitish-ochreous.  Forevvings  whitish- 
ochreous  irrorated  with  fuscous  or  dark  fuscous,  posterior  third 
of  costa  and  termen  spotted  with  pale  and  dark;  plical  and  second 
discal  stigmata  elongate,  black:  cilia  pale  fuscous.  Hindwings 
pale  grey  irrorated  with  dark  grey;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Rosewood,  Queensland;  in  September,  two  specimens. 

19.   B.  liopis,  n.sp. 

<^.  15-17  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  and 
legs  whitish-ochreous,  brownish-tinged ;  scale-projection  of  palpi 
forming  a  short  tuft.  Fore  wings  whitish-ochreous  suffused  with 
pale  brownish,  more  strongly  towards  apex;  costal  edge  suffused 
with  white  from  middle  to  |;  plical  and  first  and  second  discal 
stigmata  small,  black  :  cilia  on  costa  white,  round  apex  and 
beneath  pale  fuscous.      Hindwings  and  cilia  light  grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales,  in  March;  Campl)elltown,  Tasmania; 
in  December,  two  specimens. 

20.    B.  hypoxutha,  n.sp. 

5.  11-12  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish-ochi'eous. 
Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  very  oblique  ochreous  or  fuscous 
subapical  band,  scale-projection  slight.  Antennae  white,  ringed 
with  brown.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  suffusedly  banded  with  whitish. 
Forewings  yellow-brown;  costal  edge  suffusedly  white:  cilia  light 
brownish.     Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  brownish. 

Brisbane  and  Rosewood,  Queensland ;  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales;  in  September  and  December,  three  specimens 

21.   B.  eustola,  n.sp. 

(J.  11  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  with  second  joint  fuscous, 
apex  white,  terminal  joint  short,  dark  fuscous,  apex  white,  scale- 


HV    E.    MEYRICK.  309 

projection  rather  short,  loose.  Anteiuue  whitish.  Thorax 
ochreous-yellowish,  wij^h  two  white  stripes.  Abdomen  grey- 
whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  whitish.  Forewings 
deep  yellow;  costal,  submedian,  and  dorsal  streaks  silvery-white; 
first  and  second  discal  stigmata  black:  cilia  whitish.  Hindwings 
pale  grey;  cilia  whitish. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  Septem])er,  one  specimen. 

22.   B.  tr  inter  is,  n.sp. 

J.  9-12  mm.  Head  white,  crown  partly  ochreous-tinged.  Palpi 
with  second  joint  fuscous,  apex  white,  terminal  joint  white,  apex 
black,  scale-projection  short.  Antennse  pale  grey.  Thorax; 
ochreous,  with  two  white  stripes.  Abdomen  whitish  grey.  Legs 
dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  whitish.  Forewings  golden-yellow- 
ochreous;  a  broad  shining  white  costal  streak  from  base  to  apex, 
costal  edge  dark  fuscous;  sometimes  an  ill-detined  whitish  sub- 
median  longitudinal  streak ;  first  and  second  discal  stigmata 
black:  cilia  light  grey,  on  costa  dark  gre3^  Hindwings  dark 
grey;  cilia  light  gi-ey. 

Perth,  West  Australia;  in  October,  two  specimens. 

23.    B.  epixantha,  n.sp. 

(J9-  9" '  1  n\n\.  Head  ochreous-yellow.  Palpi  yellowish,  ter- 
minal joint  dark  fuscous,  scale-projection  very  slight.  Antenna3 
grey,  ringed  with  black.  Thorax  ochreous-yellow,  sometimes 
suffused  with  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
posterior  pair  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  deep  ochreous-yellow, 
costal  half  sufi^used  with  rather  dark  fuscous  except  towards  costa 
posteriorly;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  black:  cilia  fuscous, 
darker  round  apex.      Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Albany,  West  Australia;  in  Sep- 
tember, October,  and  March,  five  specimens. 

i-i.   B.  jylmjioeentra,  n.sp. 

(J9.   11-15  mm.     Head  ochre'ous-white.     Palpi  fuscous  irrorated 
with    black,    terminal    joint    and    apex    of    second    white,    scale- 
21 


310  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

projection  short,      Antennaj  grey.     Thorax  ochreous-whitish,  sides 

pale    brownish.       Abdomen    grey-whitish.       Legs    dark    fuscous, 

suifusedly  whitish-ringed,  middle  and  posterior  tibias  suffused  with 

white.     Forewings  rather  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  or  much  suffused 

with  ochreous-whitish;  plical,  first  and  second  discal  stigmata,  and 

an  apical  dot  black;  a  white  costal  spot  at  -|:  cilia  light  fuscous, 

darker  and  sometimes  spotted  with  white  on  costa,  round  apex 

with  a  dark  fuscous  line  at  tips.     Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light 

fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Georges  Bay,  Tasmania;  Geraldton, 

West   Australia ;  in   September,  November,  and   January,  four 

specimens. 

3.  Haplochrois,  n.g. 

Antennae  4,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved, 
smooth-scaled,  terminal  joint  much  shorter  than  second,  acute. 
Posterior  tibiai  rough-haired.  Forewings:  lb  furcate  (?),  5  some- 
times out  of  7  near  base,  6  out  of  7,  7  to  costa,  8  out  of  7.  Hind- 
wings  §,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  4;  6  and  7  stalked. 

Type  H.  chlorometalla.  At  present  confined  to  the  two  follow- 
ing species,  which  seem  to  have  collateral  relationship  with  the 
earlier  forms  of  Balrachedra.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate- 
lanceolate. 

Forewings  with  white  costal  streak 25.   rhlorometalla. 

Forew'ings  without  such  streak 26.  thaJycra. 

25.   H.  chlorometalla,  n.sp. 

^(^.  12-13  mm.  Head  Avhitish-ochreous,  brownish-sprinkled. 
Palpi  white,  terminal  joint  and  apex  of  second  black.  Antennse 
grey,  darker-ringed.  Thorax  light  bronzy-ochreous.  Abdomen 
ochreous-whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  middle  and  posterior  tibiae 
suffused  with  white.  Forewings  shining  bronzy-ochreous,  some- 
times fuscous-tinged;  a  white  costal  streak  from  before  middle  to 
near  apex:  cilia  pale  fuscous,  on  costa  white.  Hindwings  grey; 
cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  September  and  November,  two 
specimens. 


BY    E.    MBYRICK.  311 

26.   //.  thalycra,  n.sp. 

9.  12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  reddish-ochreous.  Palpi 
pale  reddish-ochreous,  terminal  joint  dark  fuscous.  Antennas 
grey,  darker-ringed.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  dark  grey, 
posterior  pair  pale  ochreous.  Forewings  reddish-ochreous,  costal 
half  suffused  with  fuscous  except  towards  costa  posteriorly;  second 
discal  stigma  dark  fuscous:  cilia  grey,  on  costa  and  round  apex 
pale  reddish-ochreous.     Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Sydney,  Nev/  South  Wales;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

4.  Rhadixastis,  n.g. 

Antennte  1,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  rather  long, 
recurved,  smooth-scaled,  terminal  joint  shorter  than  second,  acute. 
Posterior  tibise  rough -haired.  Forewings  :  lb  furcate,  6  and  7 
out  of  8,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  ^,  linear-lanceolate,  cilia  G;  6 
and  7  stalked. 

Type  R.  microlychna.  Contains  only  the  two  following  species; 
its  ailinities  are  not  very  pronounced,  but  it  seems  related  to 
Batracheclra,  though  earlier  in  development.  Imago  with  fore- 
wings elongate,  narrow,  long-pointed.  Tlie  known  larva  is  a  true 
gall-producer. 

Hindwings  partly  yellow 27.   mkrolyclum. 

Huidwiugs  wholly  dark  grey 2S.  sideropa. 

27.   Ji.  micro] yell  lid,  n.sp. 

(J.  10-12  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennte,  thorax,  abdomen,  and 
legs  dark  fuscous,  finely  pale-sprinkled.  Forewings  dark  fuscous, 
purplish-tinged,  finely  sprinkled  with  light  ochreous-grey  :  cilia 
fuscous,  round  apex  darker  and  pale-sprinkled.  Hindwings  dark 
fuscous;  basal  i  more  or  less  wholly  ochreous-yellow;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South -Wales;  Wirrabara,  South  Australia;  in 
November  and  December,  two  specimens.  Larva  16-legged, 
moderate,  cylindrical,  with  scattered  whitish  hairs;  smoky-grey, 
with  a  row  of  large  raised  black  spots  on  each  side  of  back,  two 
on  each  segment;  a  spiracular  row  of  obliquely  elongate  black  spots, 


312  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

and  a  subspiracular  row  of  similar  spots  obliquely  behind  these; 
head  pale  dull  ochreous;  second  and  anal  segments  almost  entirely 
blackish  from  confluence  of  spots  :  feeds  in  galls  on  Acacia  Uni- 
folia  in  August;  gall  half-an-inch  long,  irregularly  elongate-cylin- 
drical, narrowed  at  ends,  situated  on  a  pedicel  of  equal  length,, 
and  probably  representing  a  metamorphosed  flowerhead. 

28.   H.  sideropa,  n.sp. 

(J.  10-13  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenna;,  thorax,  alxlomen,  and 
legs  dark  ashy-fuscous.  Forewings  dark  ashy-fuscous,  violet- 
tinged  :  cilia  fuscous.     Hind  wings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Deloraine,  Tasmania;  York,  West  Australia;  in  November,  two 
specimens. 

5.  Pachyrhabda,  n.g. 

Antennae  |-,  in  ^  thick,  compressed,  simple.  Labial  palpi  long, 
recurved,  smooth,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second,  acute. 
Posterior  tibise  rough-haired,  posterior  tarsi  with  whorls  of  hairs 
at  joints.  Forewings  :  lb  simple,  2  partly  obsolete,  7  and  8 
stalked,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  |,  linear,  cilia  8;  transverse  vein 
absent  between  3  and  5,  4  absent,  6  absent. 

A  monotypic  genus,  originating  from  Sfatlimopoda.  Imago 
with  forewings  elongate,  veiy  narrow,  broadest  near  base,  long- 
pointed;  in  repose  the  posterior  legs  are  erected  as  in  Sfatlimopoda. 

29.  P.  steropodes,  n.sp. 

(J 5.  9-10  mm.  Head,  palj)i,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
ochreous-whitish.  Legs  wdiitish,  obscurely  spotted  with  dark 
grey.  Forewings  ochreous-whitish  ;  two  very  faint  ill-defined 
light  ochreous-broM'nish  spots  on  dorsum  near  base  and  in  middle, 
one  on  tornus,  and  two  on  costa  at  |  and  |,  sometimes  partially 
suffused  together  or  hardly  traceable :  cilia  ochreous-whitish. 
Hindwings  grey  or  whitish-grey;  cilia  whitish. 

Warragul,  Victoria;  Mount  Wellington  (2500  feet),  Tasmania; 
in  September  and  December,  six  specimens. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  313 

6.  Calicotis,  Meyr. 

Antennte  f,  in  ^  ratl^er  stout,  basal  joint  dilated  and  concave 
to  form  an  eyecap.  Labial  palpi  long,  recumed,  second  joint 
smooth-scaled,  terminal  shorter,  acute.  Posterior  tibite  densely 
rough-haired,  posterior  tarsi  with  wliorls  of  long  spines  at  apex  of 
joints.  Forewings  :  lb  simple,  2  and  3  absent,  7  and  8  stalked, 
7  to  costa.  Hindwings  1  linear,  cilia  7;  4  absent,  transverse 
vein  absent  between  3  and  6. 

Also  monotypic  and  derived  from  SlatJnnopoda,  with  collateral 
relationship  to  the  preceding.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate, 
very  narrow,  broadest  near  base,  long-pointed ;  in  repose  the 
posterior  legs  are  l)ent  so  as  to  form  an  angular  arch,  and 
extended  horizontall}^  at  right  angles  to  the  body.  Larva  feed- 
ing on  ferns. 

30.    C.  criicifern,  Meyr. 

(Calicotis  crucifera,  Meyr.,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  1S88,  170.) 
(J  9.  9-12  mm.  Head,  antenna?,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous- 
whitish  (substance  of  abdomen  ferruginous-ochreous).  Palpi 
white,  terminal  joint  with  a  black  lateral  longitudinal  line.  Le<'s 
whitish,  anterior  pair  striped  with  blackish,  middle  and  posterior 
tarsi  spotted  with  Ijlackish.  Forewings  whitish,  more  or  less 
irregularly  and  variablj^  suiFused  or  blotched  with  ochreous  :  a 
small  cloudy  dark  fuscous  dorsal  spot  near  base,  and  another  on 
costa  before  middle,  both  in  9  sometimes  almost  obsolete :  an 
apical  black  dot :  cilia  ochreous-whitish.  Hindwings  pale  grey; 
cilia  ochreous-whitish. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  only  obser\ed  in  the  Botanical 
Gardens,  where  it  must  of  course  have  been  introduced  with  its 
foodplant,  but  occurs  in  abundance  from  jSTovember  to  May;  it  is 
plentiful  and  undoubtedly  native  in  the  forests  of  the  North 
Island  of  New  Zealand;  but  it  may  turn  out  to  be  indigenous  in 
Australia  also,  as  the  foodplant  is  considered  native  in  both 
countries.  Larva  IG-legged,  moderately  stout,  cylindrical,  active; 
Avhitish  flesh-colour,  or  whitish;  head  pale  whitish-brown  :  feeds 
on  the  large  parasitic  fern  PJatijcerium  (jrande,  burrowing  amongst 


314  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LBPIDOPTERA, 

the  ripe  fructification  beneath  the   fronds,  forming  galleries  of 
loose  refuse,  in  March  (and  doubtless  at  other  seasons). 

7.    CUPHODES,  n.g. 

Characters  of  Staihmopoda,  but  antennje  1,  in  .^ — (?);  middle 
and  posterior  tibife  and  tarsi  clothed  with  bristly  hairs. 

Also  an  offshoot  of  Stafhmopodn,  perhaps  with  some  relation- 
ship to  Vanicela.  Imago  with  forewings  very  elongate,  narrow, 
long-pointed. 

31.   C.  tJ/i/Hfoiofa.  n.sp. 

2.  9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenn?e,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white. 
Legs  white,  tai'si  and  anterior  tibiae  spotted  with  blackish.  Fore- 
wings  shining  white;  some  fuscous  scales  towards  dorsum  before 
middle,  and  costa  beyond  middle;  a  narrow  light  fuscous  blackish- 
edged  terminal  fascia  from  tornus  to  apex,  anterior  edge  convex, 
attenuated  to  extremities,  including  a  white  terminal  streak  on 
upper  half :  cilia  dark  grey,  on  costa  white,  with  a  blackish 
hooked  line  round  apex.     Hindwings  and  ciha  dark  grey. 

Rosewood,  Queensland;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

8.   Vaxicela,  Walk. 

Antenna  almost  1,  in  (J  with  very  long  ciliations  (4),  basal 
joint  dilated  and  concave  to  form  a  large  eyecap.  Labial  j^alpi 
long,  recurved,  second  joint  smooth-scaled,  terminal  as  long  as 
second,  somewhat  roughened  anteriorly,  acute.  Anterior  tibi;>^ 
and  tarsi  rather  dilated  with  scales  ;  posterior  tiliije  and  l)asal 
joint  of  tarsi  clothed  with  bristly  hairs  above,  outer  middle-spur 
bristly  above  on  basal  half.  Forewings  :  lb  furcate,  7  to  costa, 
7  and  8  approximated  at  base.  Hindwings  h,  linear,  cilia  6; 
veins  all  separate. 

A  genus  of  one  Australian  and  one  New  Zealand  species, 
belonging  to  the  group  of  Stathmopoda,  but  so  much  specialised 
that  its  nearer  affinities  are  difficult  to  trace.  Imago  with  fore- 
wings elongate,  very  narrow,  long-pointed;  in  repose  the  dilated 
anterior  legs  are  extended  in  front,  the   posterior  legs   are  not 


BY    E.    WEYRICK.  315 

erected  but  appressed  to  the  abdomen,  apparently  without  touch- 
ing the  surface  on  which  the  insect  rests. 

32,  V.  xenadelpha,  Meyr. 

(Vnnicela  xeiiaJcIpliu,  Meyr.,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  1888,  166.) 
(J9.  12-15  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antennte  white.  Thorax 
white,  posterior  half  dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Legs  white,  base  of 
tarsal  joints  obliquely  streaked  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
shining  white,  faintly  yellowish-tinged  ;  a  dark  bronzy-fuscous 
stx'eak  occupying  dorsal  half  of  wing,  its  upper  margin  not 
notched,  cut  in  middle  by  a  slender  inwards-angulated  white  line 
reaching  dorsum,  and  with  a  veiy  minute  projection  at  |;  a  white 
dorsal  dot  at  \;  a  fine  l)lack  longitudinal  line  in  disc  towards 
apex  :  cilia  grey,  with  a  black  apical  hook.  Hindwings  grey  or 
dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Sydnej'-,  New  South  Wales;  hitherto  only  on  the  fence  of  the 
Botanical  G-ardens,  where  it  is  common  from  September  to  Decem- 
ber; it  will  probably  be  found  native  in  Queensland.  It  differs 
constantly  from  the  very  similar  New  Zealand  species  by  the 
white  dorsal  dot  of  forewings  at  ^,  the  absence  of  the  notch  on 
dorsal  streak,  the  junction  of  the  central  indentation  and  dot 
into  an  angulated  line,  and  the  minuteness  of  the  projection  at  |. 

9.    HlEROMANTIS,  n.g. 

Characters  of  Stathmopoda,  but  basal  joint  of  antennae  dilated 
and  concave  to  form  an  eyecap. 

A  simple  offshoot  of  Statliiaopoda,  with  the  same  habits. 

33.  H.  e/phodophora,  n.sp. 

(JQ.  8-10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  bronzj^-ochreous,  face 
whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  apex  of  joints  sometimes  obscurely  dark- 
streaked.  AntennjB  whitish,  more  or  less  infuscated.  Abdomen 
gi^ey,  sides  brassy  whitish.  Legs  whitish,  spotted  with  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  light  yellow-ochreous ;  base  of  dorsum 
fuscous  ;  a  quadrate  whitish  tlorsal  spot  at  \,  margined  b\-  a 
fuscous  suffusion  extending  more  or  less  broadly  to  costa;  beyond 


316  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

this  an  irregular  elongate  black  submedian  patch,  containing  a 
silvery-white  anterior  speck  and  two  posterior  subconfluent 
golden-metallic  spots;  a  triangular  whitish  postmedian  dorsal  spot 
nearly  reaching  costa,  edged  with  fuscous  suffusion  ;  an  inwardly 
oblique  whitish  streak  from  costa  before  apex,  not  reaching 
dorsum,  strongly  fuscous-edged  anteriorly  ;  a  fuscous  streak  along 
termen  :  cilia  fuscous,  on  costa  partly  whitish.  Hind  wings  dark 
fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  Septem- 
ber and  October,  eight  specimens. 

10.   Stathmopoda,  Staint. 

Antennae  |,  in  ^  with  ver}'  long  fine  ciliations  (4-5).  Labial 
palpi  very  long,  recurved,  second  joint  smooth-scaled,  terminal  as 
long,  acute.  Posterior  tibiae  rough-haired.  Forewings:  lb  furcate, 
2  and  3  sometimes  partially  obsolete,  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa. 
Hindwings  |^-|,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  4-6;  transverse  vein  absent 
between  5  and  6. 

Numerously  represented  in  Australia  and  New  Zealand,  but 
apparently  little  prominent  in  other  regions,  its  distribution  being 
similar  to  that  of  Batrachedra.  Imago  with  forewings  narrow, 
broadest  near  base,  long-pointed;  in  repose  the  posterior  legs  are 
commonly  erected  more  or  less  perpendicularly  over  the  back, 
sometimes  projecting  between  the  anterior  and  middle  pairs,  the 
tarsi  often  bent  more  sideways,  but  in  some  species  the  insect 
does  not  always  assume  this  posture,  and  sometimes  does  it  with 
one  leg  only.  The  partial  obsolescence  of  veins  2  and  3  is  a 
variable  charactei-,  appearing  first  at  the  base  of  the  veins,  some- 
times the  extreme  tips  only  remaining.  The  labial  palpi  are 
usually  more  widel}'  divergent  than  in  other  groups  of  the  family. 
Although  many  of  the  species  are  plentiful,  the  larvae  have  mostly 
eluded  discovery ;  those  known  feed  in  galls  or  fruits,  and 
probably  many  of  the  Australian  species  are  attached  to  Acacia. 

1.   Autenn;e  sharply  liiiged  "ith  (laik  fuscous 2. 

Antennaj  not  sharply  dark-ringed 5. 


BY    E.    MEVRICK.  317 

2.  Foi-ewings  with  wliite  median  longitudinal  streak 

from  base 39.  astrapeis. 

Forevvings  without  suoii  streak 3. 

3.  Forewings  with  shining  white  costal  streak 55.  ranonica. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 4. 

4.  Costal  cilia  with  dark  anteapical  patch 53.  mega/hi/ma. 

Costal  cilia  without  such  patch 54.  Uporrhoa. 

5.  Forewings  with  three  shining  white  dorsal  spots....  34.  friseletm. 
Forewings  without  such  spots ..  6. 

6.  Head  metallic-grey 7. 

Head  not  metallic-grey 8. 

7.  Forewings  with  two  dark  fuscous  fascite 44.  ihsnioteles. 

Forewings  M'itliout  such  fasciae 37.  ri/anoj^In. 

8.  Forewings  with  dark  basal  fascia 9. 

Forewings  without  such  fascia 10. 

9.  Groundcolour  of  forewings  white 42.  pantarches. 

Groundcolour  of  forewings  yellow 52.  caUirhrjisa. 

10.  Forewings   with    metallic-grey   or   bronzy  longitu- 

dinal discal  streak 11. 

Forewings  \^ithout  such  streak 17. 

11.  Forewings  with  continuous  dark  dorsal  streak 12. 

Forevvings  without  such  streak 13. 

12.  Dorsal  streak  forming  three  distinct  rounded  lobes  46.  rhalyheis. 
Dorsal  streak  not  so  formed 47.  iodes. 

13.  Forewings  with  dark  dorsal  spots 14. 

Forewings  without  dark  dorsal  spots 16. 

14.  Dorsal  spots  brown-reddish 35.  chalrotypa. 

Dorsal  spots  not  brown-reddish 15. 

15.  Discal  metallic  streak  running  into  tornal  spot 48.  doraiias. 

Discal  metallic  streak  not  running  into  tornal  spot  36.  nronfias. 

16.  Forewings  with  grey  costal  streak 41.  hyj)Oi-<crn. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 40.  7ne-'<omhra. 

17.  Thorax  with  fuscous  dorsal  stripe  IS. 

Thorax  without  such  stripe 19. 

18.  Forevvings  fuscous  with  yellow  spots 49.  xanthoma. 

Forewings  whitish-ochreous  with  dark  fuscous  spots  45.  Ittlionoa. 

19.  Forewings   with    dark   fuscous   postmedian   costal 

blotch 43.  nuiJanocJua. 

Forewings  without  such  blotch 20. 

20.  Forewings  with  dark  fuscous  costal  mark  near  base  21. 
Forewings  without  such  mark 38.  ce.phalaea. 

21.  Abdomen  grey 51.  crocophanes. 

Abdon;en  whitish-ochreous 50.  iir/uwti-i. 


318  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

34.   S.  triselena,  n.sp. 

^.  12-1-4  mm.  Head  silvery-white,  collar  dark  fuscous.  Palpi 
and  antenna;  pale  ochreous.  Thorax  silverj'-white,  posteriorly 
ferruginous-ochreous  edged  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish, 
anal  tuft  whitish-ochreous.  Legs  whitish,  ringed  with  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  fuscous,  on  dorsum  and  towards  apex  suffused 
with  ferruginous-brown;  semicircular  shining  white  dorsal  spots 
at  ^,  beyond  middle,  and  at  4,  edged  first  with  some  ferruginous 
scales  and  then  with  dark  fuscous:  cilia  fuscous.  Hindwinss 
dark  grey,  tovvards  base  thinly  scaled;  cilia  fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  two  specimens  receixed  from  Dr.  A.  J. 

Turner. 

35.   S.  chalcotypa,  n.sp. 

(J5-  12-17  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  reddish-ochreous ; 
face  and  palpi  whitish.  Antennae  ochreous-whitish,  more  or 
less  infuscated.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  ochreous  whitish, 
anterior  pair  dark  grey,  posterior  pair  spotted  with  dark  grey. 
Forewings  yellow-ochreous;  ill-defined  dorsal  spots  towards  base, 
before  middle,  and  at  |,  and  an  irregular  suffusion  towards  costa 
posteriorly  and  apex  dull  brown-reddish;  a  bronzy-metallic  median 
streak  from  beneath  base  of  costa  to  near  middle  of  termen, 
edged  with  brown-reddish  :  cilia  fuscous.  Hindwings  dark 
fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  Kew  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria;  in  September, 
October,  and  April,  nine  specimens.  Mr.  J  A.  Kershaw  has  bred 
this  species  from  galls  on  Acacia  decitrrens. 

36.   S.  acontias,  n.sp. 

(J  9.  13  16  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antennae  whitish-ochreous. 
Thorax  whitish-ochreous,  seldom  yellow-ochreous*  Abdomen  dark 
grey.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  anterior  pair  dark  grej^  posterior 
pair  spotted  with  dark  grey.  Forewings  pale  whitish-ochreous, 
seldom  yellow-ochreous;  a  median  streak  from  beneath  base  of 
costa  to  beyond  middle,  a  short  basal  subdorsal  streak,  a  dorsal 
spot  before  middle,  and  a  subdorsal   spot   at  '^   leaden-metallic^ 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  319 

partly  edged  with  dark  fuscous,  variable  in  development ;  a 
variable  sometimes  obsolete  dark  fuscous  subcostal  streak  beyond 
middle;  a  dark  fuscous  an teapical  spot:  cilia  gre}',  on  costa  pale 
whitish-ochreous.      Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Fernshaw,  Victoria;  Launceston,  Deloraine,  and  Hobart,  Tas- 
mania: in  November  and  December,  ten  si^ecimens. 

37.  S.  cyavojjhi,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  leaden-metallic,  collar 
whitish-ochreous,  sides  of  face  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  ochreous. 
whitish,  terminal  joint  grey.  Antennae  grey.  Abdomen  and 
legs  dark  grey.  Forewings  whitish-yellowish,  sometimes  stained 
with  reddish  near  dorsum  and  apex;  a  strong  median  streak  from 
beneath  base  of  costa  almost  to  tornus,  thence  near  termen  almost 
to  apex,  a  thick  streak  along  costa  from  middle  to  near  apex,  and 
a  thick  dorsal  streak  from  base  to  near  middle  leaden-metallic, 
irregularly  edged  with  dark  grey:  cilia  dark  grey.  Hindwings 
and  cilia  dark  gvey. 

Mount  Kosciusko  (5000  feet),  Kew  South  Wales;  Deloraine, 
Tasmania;  from  November  to  January,  ten  specimens. 

38.  S.  cej)halaea,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  17-20  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  whitish-ochreous,  tinged 
with  brown-reddish.  Palpi  whitish,  terminal  joint  reddish-tinged. 
Antennae  ochreous-whitish.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  whitish, 
anterior  pair  grey,  posterior  pair  grey-spotted.  Forewings  rluU 
brown-reddish;  a  short  streak  below  fold  at  \,  a  streak  in  middle 
of  disc,  and  two  spots  towards  apex  ochreous-whitish,  often  ill- 
defined  or  partially  obsolete;  three  blackish  dots  on  fold,  often, 
merged  in  a  dark  grey  streak,  last  terminated  by  some  whitish 
dorsal  scales;  sometimes  a  grey  discal  spot  at  f:  cilia  light  fuscous, 
on  costa  light  reddish,  tips  whitish.  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia 
grey. 

Hobart,  Tasmania;  from  December  to  February,  four  specimens. 


320  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

39.   5.  astrapeis,  n.sp. 

J.  15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  bronzy-fuscous  face  pale 
shining  grey.  Palpi  whitish,  with  a  dark  fuscous  longitudinal 
lateral  line.  Antenme  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdo- 
men grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings 
rather  dark  grey;  an  irregular  ochreous-white  median  longitudinal 
streak  from  base  almost  to  apex,  irregularly  edged  with  blackish 
suffusion,  tinely  attenuated  near  base,  interr-upted  at  f :  cilia 
fuscous,  on  costa  grey  with  whitish  tips.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
fuscous. 

Campbelltown,  Tasmania ;  Adelaide,  South  Australia ;  in 
December,  two  specimens. 

-10.   S.  mesomhra,  n.sp. 

(^.  15  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennse,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
whitish-ochreous.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  anterior  pair  dark 
fuscous,  posterior  pair  spotted  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
whitish-ochreous;  three  longitudinal  leaden-metallic  streaks  con- 
fluent towards  base,  first  subcostal,  reaching  |^,  second  median, 
running  to  middle  of  termen  and  thence  to  apex,  third  along  fold, 
suffused  with  blackish  anteriorly;  a  line  of  black  scales  in  disc 
posteriorly :  cilia  pale  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey  ;  cilia  pale 
fuscous. 

Hobart,  Tasmania;  in  December,  one  specimen. 

41.   S.  hyposcia,  n.sp. 

(J^.  11-15  mm.  Head,  palj^i,  antenna?,  and  thorax  whitish- 
ochreous.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  anterior  pair 
dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  spotted  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
whitish-ochreous:  a  costal  streak  fi"om  before  middle  to  f,  an 
elongate  subcostal  mark  near  base,  another  at  |,  a  streak  from 
middle  of  disc  to  near  termen  before  apex,  and  a  short  subdorsal 
streak  near  base  pale  leaden-metallic;  plical  stigma  elongate,  dark 
fuscous,  submetallic,  sometimes  connected  with  dorsum  ;  second 
discal  stigma  indicated  by  a  pi'ojection  of  discal  streak  :  cilia  light 
fuscous.      Hindwings  rather  dark  grev;  cilia  light  fuscous. 


BV    E.    MEYRICK.  321 

Sydne}^  and  Bathurst,  New  South  Wales;  Hobart,  Tasmania; 
Albany,  West  Australia:  from  August  to  December,  twenty 
specimens. 

4'_*.    S.  pan  I  (I  relics.  iLsp. 

(J9.  16-18mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  wliitish-ochreous.  Antennie 
■whitish-ochreous,  indistinctly  fuscous-ringed.  Thorax  dark  brown, 
with  a  quadrate  white  anterior  spot.  Abdomen  in  $  ochreous- 
yellov.'  ringed  with  dark  fuscous,  in  9  pale  greyish-ochreous 
rino-ed  with  dark  grey.  Legs  whitish,  anterior  and  posterior 
pairs  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  white;  a  rather  narrow 
dark  fuscous  basal  fascia;  costal  edge  dark  fuscous  to  beyond 
middle;  irregular  rather  narrow  dark  ferruginous-brown  fascise  at 
\  and  §,  space  between  them  suffused  with  ferruginous  except  on 
a  median  spot,  second  fascia  extended  along  costa  to  apex  :  cilia 
ferruginous-fuscous,  on  costa  and  round  apex  dark  fuscous.  Hind- 
wings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  ferruginous-fuscous. 

Sydney,  ISTew  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria;  in  November, 
two  specimens. 

43.   S.  mcJaJiochra,  n.sp. 

(^5.  12-17  mm.  Head,  antenna*,  and  thorax  shining  whitish- 
ochreous,  crown  tinged  with  metallic  grey.  Palpi  ochreous- 
whitish.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  banded  with 
dark  fuscous.  Forewings  whitish-ochreous,  with  metallic  reflec- 
tions ;  markings  rather  dark  fuscous,  suffusedly  edged  with 
blackish;  a  dorsal  spot  at  1  and  a  subdorsal  spot  rather  beyond 
and  sometimes  connected  with  this;  a  semi-oval  sometimes  partly 
ferruo-inous-tin^ed  median  dorsal  blotch,  and  a  round  discal  spot 
above  and  more  or  less  confluent  with  it;  a  semi-oval  costal  blotch 
at  f,  and  an  elongate  subdorsal  spot  beneath  it;  an  irregular 
almost  apical  spot  :  cilia  fuscous.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Sydney,  Blackheath  (3500  feet),  Bathurst,  and  Glen  Innes 
(3500  feet).  New  South  Wale-s:  Melbourne  and  Casterton,  Vic- 
toria; Launceston,  Deloraine,  Campbelltown,  and  Hobart,  Tas- 


322  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICKO-LEPIDOPTERA 


mania;  Mount   Lofty  (2000   feet\  Mount  Gambier,  and   Victor 
Harbour,  South  Australia;  from  May  to  February,  very  common. 

44.   ,S'.  desinofeles,  n.sp. 

2-  8  mm.  Head  whitish-grey,  collar  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi 
ochreous-whitish.  Antenna?  grey.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous. 
Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  j)air  banded  with 
ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  shining  whitish-ochreous ;  costa 
narrowly  dark  fuscous  from  base  to  middle;  a  moderate  irregular- 
edged  vertical  dark  fuscous  fascia  before  middle,  and  another  at 
^,  connected  on  dorsum  ;  costal  and  terminal  mariiins  beyond 
second  fascia  dark  fuscous,  more  strongly  at  apex  :  cilia  fuscous, 
on  costa  dark  fuscous.     Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Bathurst  (2000  feet),  New  South  Wales ;  in  November,  one 
specimen. 

45.  S.  lethonoa,  n.sp. 

-J 5.  10-14  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennte,  and  thorax  whitish- 
ochreous;  thorax  with  a  fuscous  dorsal  stripe.  Abdomen  grey. 
Legs  ochreous-whitish,  suffusedly  banded  with  dark  grey.  Fore- 
wings  whitish-ochreous  or  ochreous-yellow;  markings  rather  dark 
fuscous,  partially  darker-edged ;  a  triangular  dorsal  spot  near 
base;  semi-oval  dorsal  spots  at  ^  and  |-,  sometimes  connected  on 
dorsum  ;  a  costal  streak  from  ^  almost  to  apex,  attenuated 
anteriorly:  cilia  fuscous.      Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria ;  Hobart, 
Tasmania;  from  April  to  December,  very  common. 

46.  aS'.  chalybeis,  n.sp. 

(59.  10-14  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antenn?e  shining  whitish- 
ochreous,  collar  yellow-ochreuus.  Thorax  yellow-ochreous,  with  a 
fuscous  dorsal  stripe.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  whitish- 
ochreous,  suffused  above  with  dark  grey.  Forewings  whitish- 
ochreous,  sometimes  tinged  A\'ith  reddish  or  3'ellowish;  markings 
fuscous,  partially  darker-edged  ;  a  dorsal  streak  from  base  to 
tornus,   upper  edge   sinuate  so  as   to  form  three  rounded  lobes, 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  323 

third  sometimes  produced  into  a  short  fine  streak  towards  apex ; 
a  costal  streak  from  base  to  apex,  attenuated  anteriorly,  on  basal 
^  only  occupying  extreme  edge ;  a  pale  leaden-metallic  discal 
streak  from  beneath  base  of  costa  to  third  lobe  of  dorsal 
streak  :  cilia  fuscous.      Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Hobart,  Tasmania;  Port  Lincoln,  South  Australia;  Albany, 
"West  Australia;  from  September  to  December,  eight  specimens. 

47.   S.  iodes,  n.sp. 

-J9.  11-12  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antennse  shining  ochreous. 
whitish.  Thorax  ferruginous,  with  a  leaden-metallic  dorsal  stripe- 
Abdomen  grey.  Legs  shining  whitish,  suffused  above  with  dark 
o-rey.  Forewings  ferruginous ;  markings  shining  submetallic 
leaden-grey;  costal  edge  grey;  a  discal  streak  from  beneath  base 
of  costa  to  termen,  posteriorly  suffused  and  indistinct;  a  suffused 
dorsal  streak  from  base  to  tornus,  sometimes  extending  to  sub- 
median  fold:  cilia  grey.     Hindwings  and  cilia  grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Fernshaw,  Victoria;  Deloraine, 
Tasmania;  from  August  to  December,  thirteen  specimens. 

48.  S.  doratias,  n.sp. 

XQ.  11-12  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antennae  shining  ochreous- 
whitish.  Thorax  light  yellow-ochreous,  with  a  submetallic  grey 
dorsal  stripe.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  pale  whitish-ochreous, 
suffusedly  banded  with  grey.  Forewings  pale  yellow-ochreous, 
tinged  in  disc  with  reddish;  costal  edge  dark  grey  on  anterior 
half;  a  small  dark  grey  ill -defined  spot  on  base  of  dorsum,  a 
second  larger  and  suboblong  on  dorsum  before  middle,  a  tliiirl  at 
tornus,  and  a  fourth  almost  apical;  a  shining  leaden-grey  streak 
from  beneath  base  of  costa  to  third  dorsal  spot;  a  few  dark  fuscous 
scales  in  disc  above  extremity  of  this:  cilia  grey.  Hindwings 
dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  from  September  to  December,  four 

specimens. 

49.   S.  xanthoma,  n.sp. 

(J.   11-13  mm.     Head,  palpi,  and   antennae   shining  ochreous- 
whitish,  crown  ochreous-yellow.     Thorax  ochreous-yellow,  with  a 


324  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 


shining  fuscous  dorsal  stripe.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs 
whitish-ochreous,  suftusedly  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
rather  light  fuscous,  ferruginous-tinged,  suffused  with  dark  fuscous 
towards  basal  blotch,  and  towards  dorsum  and  costa  posteriori}^; 
an  ochreous-yellow  basal  blotch,  extending  on  dorsum  to  }^,  not 
quite  reaching  costa,  posterior  edge  obliquely"  rounded;  a  short 
obscure  ochreous-yellow  streak  along  costa  before  middle  ;  an 
ochreous-yellow  mark  along  dorsum  beyond  middle,  sometimes 
obscure;  a  light  ochreous-yellow  streak  along  upper  |  of  termen: 
cilia  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous,  tinged 
with  golden-ferruginous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  August 
and  September,  three  specimens. 

50.   S.  ischnotis,  n.sji. 

(J.  10-13  mm.  Differs  from  S.  crocoj)hanes  only  as  follows: 
thorax  whitish-yellowish;  abdomen  whitish  ochreous ;  forewings 
very  perceptibly  narrower  in  proportion,  whitish-j'ellowish,  mark- 
ings paler  fuscous  and  more  ochreous-tinged,  anterior  edge  of 
median  fascia  nearly  straight  and  much  less  oblique,  cilia  paler 
and  tinged  with  whitish-ochreous. 

Carnarvon,  West  Australia;  in  October,  four  specimens. 

51.   aS*.  a'ocophanes,  n.sp. 

(J9.  10-12  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antenme  shining  ochreous- 
whitish,  ci'own  somewhat  mixed  with  fuscous.  Thorax  3'eilow. 
Abdomen  grey.  Legs  whitish-ochreous,  anterior  pair  dark  fuscous 
in  front,  middle  pair  greyish.  Forewings  clear  yellow;  costal  edo-e 
dark  fuscous  from  base  to  f ;  a  short  transverse  dark  fuscous  mark 
from  costa  near  base;  a  small  indistinct  fuscous  spot  on  base  of 
dorsum  ;  apical  half  fuscous  beyond  inwards-curved  inwardly 
oblique  line,  enclosing  near  its  anterior  edi;e  a  3^ellow  blotch 
which  reaches  costa  and  is  sometimes  irregularly  connected  with 
dorsum ;  sometimes  the  fuscous  median  fascia  thus  formed  is 
interrupted  above  middle:  cilia  light  fuscous.  Hindwino-s  <yrej: 
cilia  light  fuscous. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  325 

Duaringa,  Brisbane,  and  Rosewood,  Queensland;  Newcastle, 
Sydney,  and  Cooma,  New  South  Wales;  Georges  Bay  and  Hobart, 
Tasmania;  Adelaide  and  Hejdeton,  South  Australia;  Geraldton 
and  Perth,  West  Australia  ;  from  October  to  February,  ver}^ 
common. 

52.   S.  callichri/sa,  Low. 

( Stathmopoda    caUiclirysa,  Low.,   Trans.    Rov.    8oc.    S.   Austr. 
1893,  184). 

5'9-  1 1-1 -i  iii"^-  Head  and  palpi  shining  whitish,  crown  yellow. 
Antennae  grey.  Thorax  dark  purplish-fuscous,  with  two  yellow 
anterior  marks.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  hairs  of 
posterior  tibia?  whitish-yellowish.  Forewings  bright  yellow;  a 
small  dark  purplish-fuscous  straight-edged  basal  patch ;  apical 
half  l)e3^ond  a  nearly  straight  slightly  inwardly  oblique  line  rather 
dark  purplish-fuscous  :  cilia  fuscous,  tinged  with  golden-ferrugi- 
nous.     Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  as  in  forewings. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria;  Port  Lincoln, 
South  Australia  ;  Northampton  and  York,  West  Australia  ;  in 
October,  November,  and  March,  seven  specimens.  Has  been  bred 
by  Mr.  J.  A.  Kershaw  from  a  species  of  Acacia. 

53.   S.  mcgnthijma,  n  sp. 

(J9.  9-12  mm.  Head  and  palpi  whitish,  back  of  crown  dark 
reddish-brown.  Antennpe  white,  sharply  ringed  with  dark 
fuscous.  .Thorax  pale  fuscous.  Abdomen  ochreous-grey-whitish. 
Legs  whitish,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  ochreous- 
whitish,  with  some  scattered  fuscous  scales,  a  pale  fuscous  dorsal 
patch  extending  from  base  to  near  }^,  reaching  |  across  wing;  an 
irregular  rounded-triangular  dark  brown  median  dorsal  patch, 
reaching  more  than  half  across  wing,  and  a  semioval  dark 
brown  terminal  spot  above  tornus,  sometimes  confluent;  a  fuscous 
mark  along  costa  about  |:  cilia  pale  fuscous,  on  costa  with  a  dark 
fuscous  patch  before  apex,  pi'eceded  by  a  whitish  spot.  Hind- 
wings  grey;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Wollongong,  New  South  Wales;   in  October,  and 
from  January  to  March,  six  specimens. 
22 


326  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

54.   X  liporrhoa,  n.sp. 

^<^.  10-12  mm.  Head  and  palpi  shining  whitish-ochreous, 
back  of  crown  ochreous-brown.  Antennae  ochreous-whitish, 
sharpl}^  ringed  with  dai'k  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous, 
more  or  less  suffused  with  pale  brownish.  Abdomen  whitish- 
ochreous  or  pale  grey.  Legs  whitish-ochreous,  banded  with  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  pale  whitish-ochreous,  in  9  suffused  with 
pale  brownish  except  towards  costa;  costal  edge  dark  fuscous 
towards  base;  in  ^  an  elongate  bi'own  mark  along  dorsum  before 
tornus,  and  a  smaller  one  on  termen  bej^ond  tornus,  both  some- 
times little  marked  ;  in  9  these  form  small  irregular  brown 
blotches  reaching  §  across  wing  :  cilia  light  fuscous.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Newcastle  and  Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  Launceston,  Tas- 
mania; from  October  to  March,  fifteen  specimens. 

55.   S.  canonica,  n.sp. 

(J  9.  10-11  mm.  Head  shining  ochreous-white,  back  of  crown 
ferruginous.  Palpi  whitish,  with  a  fine  dark  fuscous  line  above. 
Antenna?  white,  sharply  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  light 
brown.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  whitish-ochreous,  banded  with 
dark  fuscous.  Forewings  ochreous-fuscous ;  a  shining  white 
costal  streak  from  base  to  apex,  sometimes  cut  at  |^  by  a  fine 
oblique  line  of  groundcolour;  an  ill-defined  white  streak  from  disc 
beyond  middle  to  apex,  posteriorly  confluent  with  an  ill-marked 
white  terminal  streak  :  cilia  pale  fuscous,  on  costa  with  a  blackish 
basal  mark  towards  apex.  Hindwings  light  grey  ;  cilia  pale 
fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Blackheath  (3500  feet),  New   South   Wales  ;    in 
December,  January,  and  March,  three  specimens. 

11.  Aboloscelis,  n.g. 

Characters  of  StaLhiaopoda,  but  antenn;e  in  ^  shortly  ciliated; 
forewings  with  9  sometimes  out  of  8  near  base. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  327 

Type  Ae.  hipparcha.  At  present  not  recognised  outside  Aus- 
tralia; the  species  closely  resemble  Stathmopoda  in  appearance 
and  habits. 

1.  Head  bioiizy-metallic 59.  rhvy-iophoenicea. 

Head  whitish  or  yellowish 2. 

2.  Forewings  with  white  markings 3. 

Forevvings  with  fuscous  or  dark  fuscous  markings  4. 

•'{.  Second  and  third  fascifB  connected  on  costa 06.  aetheria. 

Second  and  third  fascife  not  connected  on  costa..  57.  hydrogrwpha. 

4.  Forewings  with  dark  fuscous  basal  fascia 58.   iso<dera. 

Forewings  without  dark  fuscous  basal  fascia 5. 

5.  Thorax  dark  fuscous 60.  hipparcha. 

Tliorax  whitish-ochreous 61.  sphrafjidota. 

56.   Ae.  aetlieria,  n.sp. 

^<^.  9-12  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  shining  white. 
Antennse  white,  ringed  with  fuscous.  Abdomen  pale  yellow- 
ochreous,  sides  white.  Legs  white,  banded  with  ochreous  mixed 
with  black.  Forewings  pale  ochreous,  with  numerous  irregularly 
strewn  black  scales  in  disc  and  towards  middle  and  base  of  dor- 
sum; markings  shining  white;  three  straight  inwardly  oblique 
fascife,  first  subbasal,  suffused,  second  at  4,  third  median,  con- 
nected with  second  on  costa  ;  a  transverse  line  at  |,  strongly 
curved  outwards  on  upper  half  and  inwards  on  lower  half ;  apex 
white  :  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  with  a  black  subbasal  line  round 
apex.      Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  December,  February,  and  April, 
three  specimens. 

57.   Ab.  Ibijdroyrapha,  n.sp. 

5.  13  mm.  Differs  from  Ae.  aetheria  only  as  follows  :  fore- 
wings almost  without  black  scales,  second  and  third  fascite  not 
connected  on  costa,  cilia  without  black  line,  hindwings  darker 
grey. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner). 


328  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

58.   Ae.  isoclera,  n.sp. 

^.  14  mm.  Head  and  palpi  shining  whitish,  back  of  crown 
pale  yellow.  Antenn?e  whitish.  Thorax  and  abdomen  dark 
fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings 
very  narrow,  light  yellow;  a  dark  fuscous  basal  fascia,  nari-owly 
produced  on  costa  to  \;  a  dark  fuscous  inwardly  oblique  median 
fascia;  area  beyond  this  fuscous-tinged,  with  a  dark  fuscous  spot 
at  f  resting  on  termen  :  cilia  fuscous.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous; 
cilia  fuscous. 

Bi'isbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner;. 

59.   Ae.  chrysophoenicea,  n.sp. 

^Q.  10-12  mm.  Head  shining  bronzy-metallic.  Palpi  light 
ochreous-yellowish.  Antennae  fuscous,  with  a  broad  whitish 
subapical  band.  Thorax  shining  dark  purplish-bronzy.  Abdomen 
yellow-ochreous,  apical  half  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous 
ringed  with  yellowish.  Forewings  deep  yellow;  markings  shining 
dark  purplish-bronzy-fuscous ;  a  basal  fascia  ;  a  broad  somewhat 
inwardly  oblique  antemedian  fascia;  a  terminal  fascia,  widest  on 
costa,  anterior  edge  sometimes  angularly  prominent  near  tornus: 
cilia  dark  fuscous.      Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Rosewood,  Queensland;  in  September,  six  specimens. 

60.  Ae.  hipparcha,  n.sp. 

(J9.  14-16  mm.  Head  and  palpi  whitish-ochreous,  back  of 
crown  ochreous-yellow.  Antennae  ochreous-whitish,  indistinctly 
ringed  with  fuscous.  Thorax  dark  fuscous,  with  an  ochreous- 
yellow  anterior  spot.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous.  Legs  whitish- 
ochreous,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  ochreous-yellow 
to  whitish-ochreous;  sometimes  a  dark  fuscous  costal  streak  from 
base  to  middle;  a  straight  slender  inwardly  oblique  dark  fuscous 
median  fascia,  variably  interrupted  or  dorsally  dilated  or  reduced 
to  a  dorsal  spot  only;  a  small  dark  fuscous  tornal  spot,  sometimes 
obsolete;  a  variable  dark  fuscous  mark  along  upper  part  of  termen : 
cilia  light   greyish-ochreous,  on   costa   whitish-ochreous,   with    a 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  329 

rather  dark    fuscous    apical    bar.       Hindwings  gre}^;    cilia  light 
greyish-ochreous.  , 

Geraldton,  West  Australia;  in  October  and  November,  fourteen 
specimens. 

61.  Ae.  sphrayidota,  n.sp. 

(J2-  11-li  ram..  Head  and  palpi  shining  ochreous-whitish,  back 
of  crown  ferruginous-ochreous.  Antennte  ochreous-whitish, 
towards  base  ringed,  then  suflused  with  grey.  Thorax  whitish- 
ochreous  or  pale  yellow-ochreous.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous. 
Legs  whitish-ochreous,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
whitish-ochreous ;  a  semicircular  fuscous  median  dorsal  spot, 
reaching  half  across  wing,  sometimes  extended  to  form  a  broad 
irregular  inwardly  oblique  postmedian  fascia :  cilia  pale  greyish- 
ochreous.      Hindwings  gi'ey;  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous. 

Geraldton  and  Carnarvon,  West  Australia ;  in  October  and 
N^ovember,  five  specimen.j. 

12.  Persicoptila,  Meyr. 

Antennae  |^,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  veiy  long, 
recurved,  smooth-scaled,  terminal  joint  longer  than  second,  acute. 
Posterior  tibiae  with  large  triangular  median  tuft  of  dense  hair- 
scales  above.  Forewings:  lb  furcate,  6  out  of  7,  7  to  costa,  8  out 
of  7.     Hindwings  |,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  4;  6  and  7  connate. 

Founded  on  a  Fijian  species,  with  which  the  four  following 
Queensland  species  agree  in  all  respects;  probably  the  genus  will 
prove  to  be  rather  numerous  in  tropical  Queensland.  It  is  doubt- 
less a  development  of  Pyroderces.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate- 
lanceolate,  long-pointed  ;  I  have  seen  none  of  the  species  alive, 
and  know  nothing  of  their  habits,  but  the  tufted  posterior  legs 
are  perhaps  displayed;  it  is  singular  that  these  four  species  were 
all  received  from  a  single  collector. 

1.   Forewings    purplish  -  crimson     or     witli     purplish 

markings 2. 

Forewings  without  purple  colouring 3. 


330  DESCRIPTIONS  01-   AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

2.  Forewings  orange  with  two  purplish  bands 64.   mimochora. 

Forewings  crimson  with   triangular  yellow  costal 

blotch 63.  2Je/tias. 

3.  Forewings  orange  with  whitish-ochreous  markings  62.  heeperis. 
Forewings  brownish-ochreous  witli  white  markings  65.  aphroxema. 

62.   F.  hesperis,  n.sp. 

^.  12  mm.  Head  and  palpi  whitish.  Antenn;e  wliitish- 
ochreous.  Thorax  whitish,  anterior  edge  suffused  with  yellow- 
ochreous.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  tibite  suffusedly  banded  with 
deep  ochreous-yellow,  tuft  of  posterior  pair  somewhat  fuscous- 
mixed.  Forewings  orange,  jjaler  towards  base  ;  an  indistinct 
whitish-ochreous  fascia  at  ^i  a  moderately  broad  straight  whitish- 
ochreous  median  fascia;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  fuscous, 
former  immediately  preceding  median  fascia,  latter  resting  on  a 
whitish-ochreous  longitudinal  discal  spot  confluent  posteriorly 
with  a  slender  wdiitish-ochreous  fascia  at  i:  cilia  whitish-ochreous. 
Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland  ;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner). 

63.    F.  peltias,  n.sp. 

(J.  IG  mm.  Abdomen  pale  ochreous.  Legs  ochreous-whitish, 
tibiae  suffused  with  pale  crimson,  somewhat  blackish-mixed.  Fore- 
wings light  dull  purplish  crimson;  an  indistinct  yellowish  suffusion 
in  disc  anteriorly;  discal  stigmata  fuscous,  second  more  suffused  ; 
a  light  yellow  triangular  costal  blotch  Ijeyond  middle,  nearly 
reaching  dorsum  ;  an  indistinct  pale  yellowish  discal  dot  at  |  ;  a 
small  pale  yellow  anteapical  costal  spot :  cilia  pale  ochreous, 
towards  base  crimson- tinged.  Hindwings  fuscous,  towards 
costa  suffusedly  whitish-ochreous  ;  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  slightly 
purplish-tinged. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  partially  defective  specimen  (Dr.  A. 

J.  Turner). 

64.  F.  mimochora,  n.sp. 

(J.    10-11  mm.       Head,   palpi,   and    antennas    whitish-ochreous, 
crown  and  second  joint  of  palpi  white.     Thorax  yellow-ochreous, 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  331 

posteriorly  whitish.  Abdomen  pale  yellow- ochreous,  mixed  with 
lilack  towards  middle.  Legs  white,  tibite  barred  with  blackish, 
tuft  of  posterior  tiliiae  whitish-orange.  Forewings  orange  ;  a 
broad  band  extending  from  near  base  to  middle,  and  a  broad 
fascia  towards  apex  light  purple  densely  irrorated  with  blackish, 
ft)rmer  followed  dorsally  by  a  whitish-ochreous  suffusion,  latter 
including  a  whitish-ochreous  costal  dot  and  anterior  discal  ring  : 
cilia  whitish-ochreous,  fuscous-tinged,  round  apex  pale  orange. 
Hindwings  whitish-ochreous,  apex  infuscated  ;  cilia  whitish- 
ochreous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  two  specimens  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner). 

65.   P.  aphrosema,  n.sp. 

5.  12  mm.  Head  whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  apex  of  second 
joint,  and  median  and  subapical  bands  of  terminal  dark  fuscous. 
Antennte  white,  ringed  witli  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  white,  with 
a  fuscous  anterior  spot.  Abdomen  ochreous-whitish.  J^egs 
whitish,  banded  with  dark  fuscous,  tuft  of  posterior  tibia?  suffused 
with  pale  orange.  Forewings  brownish-ochreous,  with  some 
irregularly  strewn  blackish  scales,  tending  to  form  spots  on 
margins  of  white  markings,  an  irregular  white  subcostal  spot 
towards  base;  irregular  white  dorsal  spots  at  base,  i,  and  before 
middle;  an  irregular  white  fascia  from  \  of  costa,  not  reaching 
dorsum  ;  a  larger  irregular  white  tornal  spot,  preceded  by  a 
blackish  suffusion;  an  irregular  white  streak  from  middle  of  costa 
to  middle  of  termen,  edged  l)eneath  wilh  blackish  suffusion, 
abruptly  dilated  near  costa,  somewhat  interrupted  below  middle; 
some  white  scales  towards  costa  posteriori}^,  and  a  white  apical 
dot :  cilia  pale  ochreous,  round  apex  .whitish  with  a  blackish 
median  line,  Hindwings  grey,  oaler  towards  liase;  cilia  whitish- 
ochreous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  .1.  Turner). 

13.    Elaciiista,  Treits. 

Antennae  |-f,  in  ^  sometimes  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi 
long,    cui-ved,    ascending,   second    joint    smootli-scaled,   terminal 


332  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

shorter,  acute.  Posterior  tibiae  rough-haired.  Forewings  in  ^ 
beneath  sometimes  with  expansible  hair-pencil  from  dorsum  near 
base;  lb  simple,  4  sometimes  absent,  5  absent,  6  out  of  7,  7  to 
costa,  8  out  of  7  or  absent,  9  sometimes  out  of  7.  Hindwings 
■^-|,  narrow-lanceolate,  cilia  3-6;  4  sometimes  absent,  5  absent, 
transverse  vein  sometimes  partly  absent,  6  and  7  stalked. 

A  large  cosmopolitan  genus,  most  numerous  in  northern  tem- 
perate regions.  It  is  a  development  of  Pyroderces.  Imago  with 
forewings  lanceolate;  the  species  are  generally  obscure  in  colour- 
ing, and  often  hai'd  to  distinguish.  All  the  known  larvae  mine 
in  leaves  or  stems  of  Graminew  or  Cyperacece. 

1.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  with  dark  fuscous  lateral  or 

anterior  line '■ 2. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  without  longitudinal  line...  3. 

2.  Cilia  of  forewings  grey-whitish 67.  cata2jfila. 

Cilia  of  forewings  fuscous,  hlackish-sprinkled 68.  cynopa. 

3.  Palpi  wholly  dark  fuscous,  pale-sprinkled 4. 

Palpi  not  wholly  dark  fuscous 5. 

4.  Plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  large,  dark  fuscous  77.   ei-cbophthalnm. 
^Plical  and  second  discal  stigir.ata  obsolete 78.   catarata. 

5.  Hindwings  with  large  patch  of  black  scales 75.  arctodyta. 

Hindwings  without  black  patch 6. 

6.  Forewings  witli  opposite  pale  spots  at  ^ 66.  synethes. 

Fore\ving.s  without  pale  spots 7. 

7.  Terminal  joint  of  palpi  with  dark  subapical  ring....  8. 
Terminal  joint  of  palpi  without  such  ring 10. 

8.  Head  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous 76.  argopis. 

Head  not  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous —  9. 

9.  Forewings  whitish,  first  discal  stigma  distinct 73.  torojjis. 

Forewings  grey,  first  discal  stigma  absent 74.   demogenes. 

lU.   First  discal  stigma  above  or  before  plical 10. 

First  discal  stigma  much  beyond  plical 11. 

11.  Forewings  with  indistinct  black  line  in  disc  ante- 

riorly    69.  rhlorojjepla. 

Forewings  without  blackish  line 72.  rycotis. 

12.  Genital  tuft  of  J  ,  anal  segment  of  J  black 71.   melanura. 

Genital  tuft  of  (^,  anal  segment  of  ?  pale 70.  gerasmia. 


BY    E.    MEYUICK.  333 

Sect.  A.     Vein  4  absent  in  huth  win^s. 

O 

6*.   E.  .-ii/nethet),  n.sp. 

(J^.  6-8  mm.  Head  whitish-fuscous,  crown  irrorated  with 
dark  fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  more  or  less  irrorated 
with  blackish,  terminal  joint  with  black  basal  ring  and  median 
band.  Antennje  fuscous.  Thorax  pale  fuscous  irroi-ated  with 
dark.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  witli 
whitish.  Forewings  whitish-fuscous,  with  a  coppery-brown  gloss 
in  disc,  especially  beyond  fascia,  in  ^  wholly  irrorated  with  daik 
fuscous,  in  9  sprinkled  thinly  on  basal  area,  elsewhere  densely 
irrorated  with  black;  a  short  blackish  sti-eak  above  fold  towards 
base  ;  a  slightly  curved  rather  oblicjue  narrow  whitish  fascia 
before  middle,  in  ^  whiter  and  more  distinct,  in  ^  followed  by 
cloudy  blackish  spots  above  and  below  middle,  which  in  ^  ai-e 
merged  in  the  general  black  irroration ;  two  opposite  whitish 
costal  and  dorsal  spots  at  |,  separated  by  a  black  discal  dot,  in  (J 
indistinct,  in  9  white,  larger,  subquadrate;  a  white  apical  dot: 
cilia  fuscous,  sprinkled  with  black  and  whitish  points,  with  a 
black  median  line  round  apex.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Kiama,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria; 
Deloraine,  G-eorges  Bay,  and  Hobart,  Tasmania  ;  Albany  and 
Perth,  West  Australia;  from  June  to  January,  very  common. 
This  species  is  closely  allied  to  the  New  Zealand  £J.  archceonoma; 
it  frequents  dry  grassy  way- sides. 

67.  E.  catapt'da,  n.sp. 

^.  7-8  mm.  Head  wdiitish  sprinkled  with  grey.  Palpi  whitish 
with  a  Ijlack  lateral  line,  towards  tips  of  second  and  terminal 
joints  blackish-suffused.  Antennye  grey  spotted  with  blackish. 
Thorax  grey-whitish  sprinkled  with  black.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs 
grey-whitish  banded  with  black.  Forewings  with  dorsal  hair- 
pencil  beneath;  grey-whitish,  irrorated  with  black  or  dark  grey; 
an  ill-defined  blackish  discal  streak  from  base  to  near  middle; 


334  DESCRIPTION'S  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  black,  plical  at  |:   cilia  grey- 
whitish.     Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Carnax'von,  West  Australia;  in  October,  two  specimens. 

Sect.  B.     Vein  4  present  in  both  wings. 
68.   E.  cynopa,  n.sp. 

(^5-  ''■8  mm.  Head  whitish-fuscous,  crown  irrorated  with  dark 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous, 
terminal  joint  with  dark  fuscous  line  in  front  and  subapical  band. 
Antennae  fuscous.  Thorax  fuscous,  darker-sprinkled.  Abdomen 
dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  i-inged  with  whitish.  Fore- 
wings  whitish-fuscous,  densely  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous;  plical 
and  second  discal  .stigmata  dark  fuscous,  plical  somewhat  before 
middle,  both  sometimes  followed  by  whitish  scales:  cilia  fuscousj 
round  apex  sprinkled  with  paler  and  black.  Hindwings  rather 
dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  BuUi,  New  South  Wales  ;  in  September  and 
October,  five  specimens. 

69.   E.  chh)-opep/a,  n.sp. 

(J.  9-10  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  mixed  with  fuscous.  Palpi 
whitish,  somewhat  fuscous-sprinkled,  second  joint  fuscous  except 
apex.  Antennae  fuscous.  Thorax  fuscous,  whitish-sprinkled. 
Abdomen  ochreous- whitish.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  anterior  and 
middle  tibije  and  tarsi  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  fuscous,  irrorated 
with  whitish;  an  indistinct  black  longitudinal  line  in  disc  from 
near  base  to  near  middle;  stigmata  elongate,  blackish,  plical  at  ^, 
first  discal  little  marked,  directly  above  plical,  second  discal 
strong :  cilia  whitish-fuscous,  round  apex  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous  and  whitish,  with  a  black  subapical  line,  and  a  l:)lack 
longitudinal  apical  dash.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish  fuscous. 

Blackheath    (3500  feet).  New    South   Wales  ;    in   March,  two 

specimens. 

70.   E.  gerasmia,  Meyr. 

{Elachista  gerasmia,  Meyr.,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  List.  18S8,  177.) 
(J2.   9-12  mm.       Head,    palpi,    and    thorax    grey-whitish    or 
ochreous-whitish,  sprinkled  with  fuscous.      Antenna?  light  grey. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  335 

Abdomen  ochreoiis-grey- whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  pale-speckled, 
posterior  tibife  ochreous^^hitish.  Forewings  ochreous-grey- whitish, 
more  or  less  irrorated  witli  fuscous  ;  sometimes  some  blackish 
scales  towards  fold  anteriorly;  stigmata  l)lack,  plical  and  second 
discal  strongly  marked,  somewliat  elongate,  plical  near  before 
middle,  first  discal  midway  between  and  above  these,  ill-defined  or 
almost  obsolete  :  cilia  ochreous-grey-whitish,  round  apex  usually 
V)lack-sprink]ed,  sometimes  forming  a  thick  irregular  interrupted 
black  basal  line  on  upper  part  of  termen,  and  a  subapical  line 
opposite  it.     Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous-grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;  Hobart,  Tasmania;  Adelaide  and 
Port  Lincoln,  South  Australia ;  Albany  and  Perth,  West  Aus- 
tralia ;  also  widely  distriljuted  in  New  Zealand;  from  September 
to  March,  common. 

71.  E.  melayiurn,  Meyr. 
[Elachista  melanura,  Meyr.,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  188»^,  177.) 
(J 9.  10-13  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
ochreous-whitish  ;  alidomeu  elongate,  in  ^  with  dense  black 
exsertible  genital  tuft,  in  ^  with  anal  segment  black  above.  Legs 
dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  oclireous- 
whitish,  sometimes  finely  sprinkled  with  fuscous;  plical  and  second 
discal  stigmata  elongate,  blackish,  plical  i-ather  before  middle, 
first  discal  more  or  less  obsoletely  indicated,  above  and  midway 
between  the  other  two  :  cilia  ochreous-whitish,  round  apex  some- 
times black-sprinkled.  Hindwings  pale  grey  or  whitish-grey  ; 
cilia  ochreous-grey- whitish. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Port  Lincoln,  Soutli  Australia; 
Albany,  West  Australia ;  occurs  als^o  in  New  Zealand  ;  in  Sep- 
tember November,  and  January,  four  specimens  The  specimen 
originally  described  from  New  Zealand  is  more  grey-sprinkled 
throughout,   with    the   black    scales   in  cilia   of    forewings  more 

developed. 

72.   E.  cycotis,  n.sp. 

(J9.  7-9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenna,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
whitish-ochreous,  sometimes  brownish-tinged.    Legs  dark  fuscous, 


336  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTKALIAN  MICUO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

I'ingeJ  with  whitish-ochi'eous.  Forewings  whitish-ochreous,  some- 
times brownish  tinged,  more  or  less  finely  sprinkled  with  fuscous; 
a  few  black  scales  towards  fold  anteriorly  ;  stigmata  blackish, 
plical  large,  elongate,  first  discal  rather  obliqueh^  before  plical, 
often  indistinct,  second  often  also  indistinct  :  cilia  whitish- 
ochreous,  sometimes  blackish-sprinkled  round  apex.  Hindwings 
grey  ;  cilia  pale  grey. 

Mount  Kosciusko  (GOOO  feet),  l^ew  South  Wales  ;  Deloraine, 
Tasmania;  from  November  to  January,  nine  specimens. 

73.   E.  toropis,  n.sp. 

^.  9  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  terminal 
joint  with  dark  grey  basal  and  subapical  rings.  Antennae  grey. 
Abdomen  grey-whitish.  Legs  grey,  j^osterior  til^iai  ochreous- 
whitish.  Forewings  ochreous-whitish,  slightly  fuscous-sprinkled  ; 
stigmata  black,  round,  plical  at  |,  first  discal  rather  obliquely 
beyond  and  above  plical,  much  more  widely  remote  from  second 
discal:  cilia  ochreous-whitish,  with  a  very  few  dark  fuscous  points. 
Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Alban}'-,  West  Australia;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

74.  K.  (hmoyenes,  n.sp. 

$<^.  7-8  mm.  Head  whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  Avith  blackish 
subajjical  bands  on  second  and  terminal  joints.  Antennae  grey 
.spotted  with  blackish.  Thorax  and  abdomen  grey.  Legs  grey- 
whitish  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  in  ^  with  dorsal 
hair-pencil  beneath;  pale  grey  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  ;  some- 
times a  suff'usion  of  black  irroration  towards  dorsum  anteriorly  and 
towards  costa  posteriorly;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  black, 
plical  at  I  :  cilia  pale  grey.     Hindwings  gre}'^,  cilia  pale  grey. 

Quorn,  South  Australia;  in  October,  seven  specimens. 

75.  E.  arctodyla,  n.sj). 

9.  8  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  and  thorax  whitish-fuscous. 
Abdomen    black    above,    with    some    irregularly    strewn    white 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  337 

scales,  beneath  ochreous-whitish.  Legs  oclireous-whitish,  fuscous- 
sprinkled.  Forewings  whitish-fuscous,  irregularly  sprinkled  with 
dark  fuscous;  plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  small,  dark  fuscous, 
indistinct :  cilia  whitish-fuscous.  Hindwing.s  grey ;  a  patch  of 
modified  black  scales  extending  along  termen  from  near  base  to  ^, 
and  reaching  more  than  half  across  wing  :  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 
Forewings  beneath  with  dorsal  half  suffused  with  dark  fuscous. 

Carnarvon,  West  Australia;  in  October,  one  specimen.  The 
fj  may  probably  show  peculiar  sexual  characteristics  correspond- 
ing to  the  black  scale-patch  of  the  <^. 

76.   U.  (ii'fjopis,  n.sp. 

(Jo.  8  9  mm.  Head  white,  crown  more  or  less  irrorated  with 
dark  fuscous.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  subapical  ring  and 
more  or  less  developed  lateral  suffusion  beneath  it,  terminal  joint 
with  basal  and  median  rings  blackish.  Antennae  dark  fuscous 
spotted  with  whitish.  Thorax  dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  white, 
apex  of  patagia  clear  white.  Abdomen  dark  grey,  sides  and  apex 
whitish.  Legs  white  banded  with  blackish.  Forewings  white 
irrorated  with  dark  fuscous;  an  indistinct  blackish  line  on  fold; 
plical  and  second  discal  stigmata  cloudy,  indistinct,  dark  fuscous  or 
blackish,  plical  followed  in  $  l^y  a  clear  white  spot  extending  to 
dorsum :  cilia  grey,  basal  f  round  apex  white  irrorated  with  black. 
Hindwings  rather  dark  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

York,  West  Australia;  in  November,  three  specimens. 

77.   E.  ert'hoplilhaJina,  n.sp. 

-<9.  8-9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennie,  thorax,  abdomen,  and 
legs  dark  fuscous,  paler-sprinkled,  legs  whitish-ringed.  Forewings 
fuscous,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous ;  plical  and  second  discal 
stigmata  large,  dark  fuscous,  plical  preceded  by  a  few  whitish 
scales  :  cilia  fuscous,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings 
and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Warrao-ul,  A^ictoria;  in  December,  three  specimens. 


338  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  JIICRO-LBPIDOPTERA, 

78.   E.  catarata,  n.sp. 

^.  8  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennse,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
blackish-fuscous,  finely  whitish-speckled,  legs  whitish-ringed. 
Forewings  blackish-fuscous,  finely  speckled  with  ashy-whitish;  an 
ochreous-whitish  plical  dot  before  middle  :  cilia  fuscous  irrorated 
with  black.      Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Deloraine,  Tasmania;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

14.    COSMOPTBRYX,  Hiib. 

Antennae  nearly  1,  in  ^  simple.  Labial  palpi  ver}^  long, 
recurved,  second  joint  smooth,  terminal  longer,  acute.  Posterior 
tibi;>3  rough-haired.  Forewings :  lb  furcate,  5  sometimes  absent 
or  out  of  7,  6  out  of  7,  7  to  costa,  8  out  of  7.  Hindwings  ^, 
linear,  cilia  5-7;  transverse  vein  absent,  3  sometimes  absent,  4 
absent,  5  absent. 

A  small  cosmopolitan  genus,  derived  from  Pyroderces,  possibly 
Indo-Malayan  in  origin,  but  apparently  nowhere  numerous. 
Imago  with  foi-ewings  veiy  narrow,  long-pointed  or  caudate;  the 
species  are  very  elegant  in  colouring,  but  require  careful  dis- 
crimination. The  known  larvje  mine  in  leaves;  those  of  the  Aus- 
tralian species  may  not  improbably  be  attached  to  Q-ramineoB. 

1.   Forewings  with  yellow  or  orange  fascia 2. 

Forewings  without  such  fascia 79.  mystica. 

'2.   Forewings  with  white   subcostal  line  from  base  of 

costa 3. 

Forewings  without  such  line 82.    heliactis. 

3.  Hindwings  dark  grey 4. 

Hindwings  pale  grey 83.   epizona. 

4.  Abdomen  yellow-ochreous  or  brown 81.  macrula. 

Abdomen  dark  grey 80.  mimetis. 

79.    C.  mystica,  n.sp. 

(J.  8  mm.  Head  silvery-white.  Thorax  black,  streaked  with 
pale  golden-metallic.  Abdomen  dark  grey,  basal  half  sprinkled 
with  pale  golden-metallic.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair 
ringed  with  silvery-whitish.      Forewings  blackish,  markings  pale 


BY    E.    MKYRICK.  339 

violet-golden-metallic;  three  longitudinal  streaks  from  base,  sub- 
costal reaching  ^,  median  longer,  subdorsal  nearly  i-eaching 
middle;  a  slightly  outwards-oblique  narrow  fascia  before  middle, 
and  another  inwards-oblique  at  |;  a  costal  dot  beyond  this,  sur- 
mounted by  a  white  spot  in  cilia;  a  fine  terminal  streak  running 
to  apex  :  cilia  dark  fuscous,  with  a  white  apical  bar.  Hind  wings 
and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  June,  one  specimen,  of  which 
the    head   was    unfortunately    destroyed    subsequently    by    an 

accident. 

80.    C.  ////'mefis,  n.sp. 

^5.   8-10  mm.       Head  dark   fuscous,   with    fine    central  and 
lateral  white  lines  on   crown.      Palpi  white,  with  black  lateral 
lonsitudinal  line.      Antennte  dark  fuscous,  whitish-dotted,  with 
two   narrow  whitish  bands   about  |   and   another  before   apex. 
Thorax    dark    fuscous,    with     three     longitudinal     white     lines. 
Abdomen  dark  grey.      Legs  blackish,  ringed  with  white.     Fore-, 
winss  blackish-fuscous;  a  fine  white  subcostal  line  from  near  base 
of  costa  to  ^,  and  two  short  fine  white  lines  beneath  apex  of  this, 
widely  remote  from  base  and  fascia;  a  broad  postmedian  orange 
fascia,  narrowed  downwards,  margined  by  narrow  pale  golden- 
metallic  fascite,  first  edged   posteriorly   by  a   minute   black  dot 
above  middle,  second  edged  anteriorly  with  some  black  scales,  and 
interrupted  above  middle  by  an  orange  projection;  a  white  line 
from  near  beyond  this  along  termen  to  apex  :  cilia  blackish,  with 
a  white  spot  on  costal  end  of  second  metallic  fascia,  and  a  white 
bar  at  apex.      Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Newcastle  and  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  August,  Septem- 
ber, January,  and  February,  five  specimens. 

81.    C.  mac  rill  a,  n.sp. 

(J  9.  8-10  mm.  Head  dark  lirown,  with  fine  central  and 
lateral  white  lines  on  crown.  Palpi  white,  with  black  lateral 
longitudinal  line.  Antennas  as  in  G.  mimetis,  but  more  suff'usod 
with  whitish.  Thorax  dark  brown,  with  three  longitudinal  white 
lines.     Abdomen  yellow-ochreous  or  brown,  margins  white.     Legs 


340  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

dark  fuscous  ringed  with  white.  Forewings  dark  yellowish- 
brown;  a  fine  white  subcostal  line  from  base  of  costa  to  ^,  two 
fine  white  lines  in  disc  beneath  it  more  or  less  nearly  reaching 
base  and  fascia,  and  one  along  dorsum  from  base  to  or  near  fascia; 
a  short  white  costal  streak  preceding  fascia;  a  broad  pale  orange 
postmedian  fascia,  narrowed  downwards,  margined  by  narrow  pale 
golden-metallic  fasciae,  first  edged  posteriorly  by  a  black  dot  above 
middle,  second  edged  anteriorly  with  some  black  scales  and 
usually  interrupted  above  middle  by  an  orange  projection;  from 
beyond  this  a  white  terminal  streak  to  apex :  cilia  on  costa 
whitish,  more  or  less  fuscous-tinged  on  a  patch  beyond  second 
fascia,  round  apex  blackish,  beneath  fuscous.  Hindwings  and 
cilia  dark  grey. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  Septem- 
ber, and  from  January  to  March,  six  specimens. 

82.  C.  heliaci/s,  n.sp. 

(J.  (S  mm.  Head  bronzy-fuscous,  face  silvery-metallic.  Palpi 
white,  with  black  lateral  longitudinal  line.  Antennre  dark 
fuscous.  Thorax  ferruginous-fuscous,  with  a  silvery- white  pos- 
terior mark.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous,  margins  silvery-metallic. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  silvery-whitish.  Forewings  ferru- 
ginous-fuscous, orange-tinged;  dorsum  finely  whitish  towards  base; 
an  oblique  transverse  series  of  three  short  bluish-silvery-white 
dashes  beyond  |;  a  rather  broad  light  orange  postmedian  fascia, 
narrowed  downwards,  margined  by  narrow  internally  black-edged 
pale  violet-golden-nietallic  fascise;  a  silvery-metallic  dot  on  termen 
towards  apex  :  cilia  blackish,  with  a  white  spot  above  second 
metallic  fascia,  and  a  white  apical  bar.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
black  ish-fuscovis. 

Toowoomba     (2000    feet),     Queensland ;     in     December,    one 

specimen. 

83.    C.  epizona,  n.sp. 

(J.  10  mm.  Head  bronzy-fuscous,  with  fine  central  and  lateral 
whitish  lines  on  crown.  Palpi  white,  with  black  lateral  longi- 
tudinal line.     Antennte  dark  fuscous,  with  longitudinal  whitish 


15V    E.    MEYRICK.  341 

lines,  and  an  aj)ical  band  and  subapical  ring  whitish.  Thorax 
fuscous,  with  five  longitudinal  whitish  lines.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
obliquely  ringed  with  wkite.  Forewings  fuscous;  a  white  sul)- 
costal  line  from  base  of  costa  to  ^;  median  and  subdorsal  white 
lines  from  base  to  fascia;  dorsum  narrowly  white  on  basal  ^;  a 
white  costal  streak  from  |  to  |;  a  moderate  yellow  postmedian 
fascia,  margined  by  narrow  silvery-metallic  fascite,  first  interrupted 
in  middle  and  followed  by  a  black  riot  above  middle,  second  bent 
inwards  in  middle  and  preceded  on  costa  by  a  fuscous  spot;  a 
yellow  patch  immediately  following  second  fascia,  whence  pro- 
ceeds a  white  terminal  streak  to  apex  :  cilia  fuscous-whitish^ 
white  on  costa  except  towards  apex,  with  a  white  apical  bar. 
Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Mr.  G.  Barnard). 

1-5.  Pyroderces,  Zell. 

Antennae  4,  in  ^  minutely  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  very  long, 
recurved,  smooth  or  slightly  rough  beneath,  terminal  joint  longer 
than  second,  acute.  Thorax  in  ^  sometimes  with  long  expansible 
lateral  hair-pencil  from  beneath  hindwings.  Posterior  tibia? 
rough-haired.  Forewings  in  ^  sometimes  with  expansible  pencil 
of  long  hairs  from  dorsum  towards  base  beneath;  lb  furcate, 
5  sometimes  out  of  7,  6  out  of  7,  7  to  costa,  8  out  of  7,  9  some- 
times out  of  7.  Hindwings  -§-4,  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  cilia  3-7 ;  6  and  7  sometimes  stalked,  seldom  coincident. 

The  variations  in  the  scaling  of  the  palpi,  certain  points  of 
neuration,  and  the  presence  or  absence  of  expansible  hair-pencils 
on  the  forewings  or  thorax  of  the  (J,  which  occur  in  some  species . 
of  this  genus,  seem  from  an  extended  study  of  a  number  of  forms 
to  be  here  insuificient  for  generic  subdivision,  (the  same  being  the 
case  in  the  allied  genera  Elachista  and  Limnoecia),  and  I  have 
therefore  sunk  as  synonyms  of  this  genus  Staymntophora,  HS., 
Lahdla,  Walk.,  and  Proterocosma,  Meyr.  The  genus  is  widely 
distributed,  especially  in  warm  regions.  Imago  with  forewings 
lanceolate;  during  life  the  eyes  are  often  crimson. 
23 


342  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

1.   Abdomen  at  least  partly  orange  or  yellow 2. 

Abdomen  not  partly  orange  or  yellow 7. 

2.  Abdomen  with  terminal  haU  dark  fuscous 3. 

Abdomen  with  terminal  half  paler  orange 6. 

3.  Cilia  of  hindwings  yellowish  towards  tornus 4. 

Cilia  of  hindwings  not  yellowish 5. 

4.  Forewings  with  clear  yellow  postmedian  band 84.   deliciosella. 

Forewings  without  yellow  band 90.   ryanogramma. 

5.  Forewings  orange ,  88.  ceraunia. 

Forewings  ferruginous 92.   mtsoptila. 

6.  Postmedian  whitish  fascia  followed  by  a  whitish- 

ochreous  dorsal  patch 86.  ■•^chismatias. 

Postmedian    whitish    fascia    not    followed    by    a 

wliitish-ochreous  patch 85.   rhryaelectra. 

7.  Forewings  wholly  dark  fuscous 8. 

Forewings  not  wholly  dark  fuscous 9. 

8.  Forewings  broader,  shining,  wholly  unmarked 109.   eumelaetia. 

Forewings  narrower,   ilull,    stigmata  indistinctly 

darker 110.  semiiostola. 

9.  Forewings  witli  four  metallic  fascia 10. 

Forewings  without  metallic  fascia?  11. 

10.  Antennse  with  apical  third  white... 102.   argyrostrepta. 

Antennae  wholly  dark  fuscous 101.  tetradesma. 

1 1.  Forewings  with  broad  yellowish- wliite  postmedian 

band 87.  leucombra. 

Forewings  without  such  band 12. 

12.  Antennas  dark,  apical  third  white 100.  oxytoma. 

Antenna  with  apical  third  not  contrasted 13. 

13.  Antennfe  wholly  whitish 14. 

Antennae  not  wholly  whitish 15. 

14.  Forewings  with  one  posterior  costal  whitish  spot  98.  pro77iarha. 
Forewings  with  two  posterior  costal  whitish  spots  99.   oxysema. 

15.  Antennae  wholly  dark 1<!. 

Antenna?  whitish,  dark-ringed 18. 

16.  Head  white 107.  piltata. 

Head  dark 17. 

17.  Forewings  with  whitish  markings 91.  arimaspla. 

Forewings  without  whitish  markings 111.  exodroma. 

18.  Abdomen  grey,  basal  half  whitish-ochreous 97.   charisia. 

Abdomen  with  basal  half  not  contrasted 19. 

19.  Thorax  dark  fuscous 20. 

T'lorax  not  dark  fuscous.. 21. 

20.  Forewings  with  white  median  fascia 105.   nesophora. 

Forewings  with  white  median  opposite  spots 104.   trivincta. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  343 

21.  Forewiugs  with  white  median  streak  from  base  to  J  103.  hatkrosema. 
Forewings  without  such  streak 22. 

22.  Forewings  with  wlutishlmarkings 23. 

Forewings  without  whitish  markings 108.  anarithma. 

23.  Groundcolour  ferruginous  or  reddish-tinged 24. 

Groundcolour  not  reddish -tinged 27. 

24.  Forewings  with  wiiite  dorsal  streak  to  J 89.  hitrarchi. 

Forewings  without  white  dorsal  streak 25. 

2.').  Forewings  with  triangular  median  blotch  of  black 

irroration 93.   anaclastis. 

Forewings  without  such  blotch '26. 

26.  Forewings  with  pale  or  whitish  median  fascia 94.  terminella. 

Forewings  witiiout  such  fascia 95.  pyrrhode^. 

27.  Forewings  with  three  entire  whitish  fasciaj 106.   bri/omima. 

Forewings  without  such  fascia?..  96  sphenoaema. 

84.  P.  deliciosella,  Walk. 

[Labdia  deliciosella,  Walk.  Tin.  823.) 

(J  5.  12-18  mm.  Head  ochreous-white,  crown  ochreous-brown. 
Palpi  slender,  whitish,  second  joint  ochreous-tinged,  terminal 
joint  with  a  black  line  in  front.  Antennje  white,  ringed  with 
dai-k  fuscous,  towards  apex  without  rings  but  with  three  dark 
fuscous  bands.  Thorax  ochreous-brown,  with  a  white  central  line. 
Abdomen  golden-orange,  terminal  half  dark  fuscous.  Legs  light 
ochreous,  tarsi  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  ochreous- 
orange,  brownish-tinged  towards  base  and  towards  middle ;  very- 
tine  white  black-edged  lines  along  costa  and  fold  from  base  to 
middle  ;  a  similar  line  from  base  of  costa  to  disc  at  \,  another 
from  beneath  apex  of  this  to  near  middle,  another  similarly 
placed  beneath  fold,  a  short  one  beneath  costa  before  middle,  and 
a  short  subdorsal  one  from  base;  a  broad  clear  yellow  postmedian 
band  extending  to  near  apex,  anterior  edge  rather  oblique, 
indented  upwards  below  middle,  posterior  edge  angulated  so  as  to 
be  very  oblique  costally,  enclosing  a  short  black  postmedian  costal 
strigula,  and  a  golden-metallic  postmedian  subdorsal  spot;  narrow 
apical  area  suffused  with  blackish,  cut  at  f  by  two  pale  yellow 
strigula3  enclosing  a  black  strigula  :  ciUa  fuscous,  towards  base 
yellowish,  round  apex  blackish,  with  a  yellow-whitish  basal  spot 


344  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

at  apex.  Hindwings  blackish  ;  a  transparent  subcostal  patch 
towards  base :  cilia  dark  purplish-fuscous,  becoming  light 
ochreous-orange  towards  tornus. 

Brisbane,  Queensland  ;  Newcastle  and  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales  ;  from  September  to  January,  apparently  local  but  very 
common  where  it  occurs. 

85.  P.  chryselectra,  n.sp. 

2-  14-15  mm.  Head  ochreous-orange,  with  a  silvery  central 
line,  face  shining  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  slender,  whitish, 
second  joint  orange-tinged,  terminal  joint  with  black  lateral  and 
anterior  lines.  Antenna?  white,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous, 
towards  apex  without  rings  but  with  two  dark  fuscous  bands. 
Thorax  ochreous-orange,  with  three  silvery  lines.  Abdomen 
ochreous-orange,  paler  posteriorly.  Legs  whitish,  ringed  with 
dark  fuscous.  Forewings  coppery-orange ;  markings  shining 
prismatic-silvery;  a  costal  line  from  base,  one  from  beneath  costa 
before  \,  one  from  beneath  costa  near  base  confluent  at  ^  with 
another  along  fold  from  base,  all  terminating  in  postmedian  fascia; 
dorsal  edge  ochreous-whitish  from  base  to  middle;  an  ochreous- 
whitish  dorsal  curved  mark  at  J  ;  a  slender  vertical  ochreous- 
whitish  postmedian  fascia,  enclosing  a  black  metallic-edged  costal 
strigula,  edged  anteriorly  beneath  middle  with  black  and  metallic 
scales,  and  followed  by  a  subdorsal  spot  of  mixed  black  and 
metallic  scales ;  a  vertical  black  metallic-edged  costal  strigula 
at  |,  margined  by  ochreous  whitish  strigula;  a  bright  leaden- 
metallic  black-sprinkled  streak  near  termen  from  above  tornus 
to  near  apex:  cilia  ochreous.  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey, 
towards  termen  ochreous-tinged. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  two  specimens. 

86.  P.  schismatias,  n.sp. 

(J$.  12-14  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochi'eous-orange,  with  a 
white  line  on  each  side  of  back,  face  white.  Palpi  slender, 
whitish,   second    joint   orange-tinged,   terminal   joint  with   black 


IJV    E.    MEYRIck.  345 

anterior  line  and  sometimes  more  or  less  suffused  with  blackish. 
Antenn8e  white  ringed  with  blackish,  towards  apex  without  rings 
Init  with  three  blackish  bands.  Abdomen  ochreous-orange,  paler 
posteriorly.  Legs  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
ochreous-orange;  a  fine  white  costal  line  from  base  to  f ;  a  white 
finely  fuscous-edged  line  from  costa  near  base  to  disc  at  J,  a  short 
one  beneath  apex  of  this  almost  touching  fold,  another  from 
beneath  costa  Ijefore  middle  to  disc  at  ^,  one  along  fold  from  base 
interrupted  at  |  and  before  fascia,  and  one  along  dorsum  from 
base  to  middle;  a  white  subdorsal  spot  before  middle;  a  narrow 
white  vertical  fascia  at  |,  enclosing  a  dark  fuscous  costal  strigula, 
and  followed  ])y  a  whitish -ochreous  dorsal  patch  reaching  half 
across  wing,  in  which  is  a  subdorsal  dot  of  black  and  silvery- 
metallic  scales;  a  dark  fuscous  costal  strigula  at  f,  margined  by 
white  strigulae,  resting  on  the  whitish-ochreous  patch  :  cilia 
whitish-ochreous,  round  apex  orange-tinged,  towards  tornus 
purplish-tinged.      Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  three  specimens. 

S7.    P.  leiicomhva,  n.sp. 

(J.  10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  coppery-ochreous,  with  a  white 
line  on  each  side  of  back,  face  white.  Palpi  slender,  white, 
second  joint  orange-tinged.  Antennje  white  with  a  dark  grey 
line  above,  towards  apex  without  line  but  with  tw^o  dark  grey 
bands.  Abdomen  whitish.  Legs  whitislj^,  ringed  with  dark  grey. 
Forewings  ferruginous-ochreous;  a  fine  bluish-silvery  curved  line 
from  base  of  costa  to  \  of  disc,  another  from  beneath  costa  at  \  to 
middle  of  postmedian  band,  and  a  short  dash  beneath  apex  of  first 
one;  a  white  line  along  fold,  interrupted  at  \  and  before  band;  a 
suffused  whitish  spot  beneath  this  before  middle  ;  a  broad 
yellowish-white  vertical  postmedian  band,  extending  to  t  of  costa 
and  emitting  a  terminal  streak  to  apex,  enclosing  two  vertical 
dark  fuscous  costal  strigulaj  near  its  margins,  and  a  dorsal  spot 
of  black  and  leaden-metallic  scales  near  its  anterior  margin:  cilia 
whitish.      Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  grey-whitish. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner). 


346  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

88.  P.  cerau7iia,  n  sp. 

(^2-  11-12  mm  Head  ochreous-yellowish,  face  whitish.  Palpi 
slender,  whitish,  second  joint  yellowish-tinged,  terminal  blackish 
towards  apex.  Antennae  white  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax 
orange,  with  obscure  brassy  subdorsal  lines.  Abdomen  light 
orange,  terminal  half  dark  fuscous.  Legs  brassy- whitish,  anterior 
tibiae  and  tarsi  infuscated.  Forewings  orange;  a  prismatic-violet- 
metallic  streak  from  base  of  costa  to  |  of  disc,  and  a  similar  one 
beneath  it  from  base  of  dorsum;  a  black  line  between  these,  a 
small  black  spot  on  apex  of  lower  one,  and  another  on  dorsum  at 
^-;  a  transverse  median  series  of  six  short  parallel  black  longitu- 
dinal lines,  and  several  others  on  veins  about  J  ;  a  prismatic- 
violet-metallic  median  streak  from  disc  before  middle  to  apex  : 
cilia  grey,  round  apex  orange  with  silvery-metallic  tips.  Hind- 
wings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Rosewood,  Queensland;  in  September,  two  specimens. 

89.  /*.  hie7'archa,  n.sp. 

^.  14  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  slender,  white,  apex  of  terminal 
joint  with  a  black  lateral  line.  Antennte  white,  ringed  with  dark 
fuscous.  Thorax  ferruginous,  with  a  white  dorsal  stripe.  Abdo- 
men light  ochreous-grey.  Legs  white,  spotted  with  dark  fuscous. 
Forewings  ferruginous,  lighter  along  costa;  costal  edge  sufFusedly 
whitish  from  ^  to  4;  a  white  dorsal  streak  from  l^ase  to  |  of  wing, 
attenuated  ^posteriorly:  cilia  pale  ochreous,  round  apex  ferruginous, 
tips  dark  fuscous  on  a  spot  below  apex.  Hindwings  dark  grey  ; 
cilia  light  ochreous,  purplish-tinged  except  towards  tornus. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen. 

90.   P.  cyanogramma,  n.sp. 

(J.  10-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous-orange,  with  a  white 
line  on  each  side  of  back  interrupted  on  thorax,  face  white.  Palpi 
slender,  white,  a  subapical  ring  of  second  joint  and  three  bands  of 
terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennte  white,  ringed  with  blackish, 
towards  apex  without  rings  but  with  three  blackish  bands. 
Abdomen    orange-ochreous,   terminal    half    dark    fuscous.      Legs 


BY    B.    MEYRICK. 


347 


wliite,  banded  with  blackish.  Forewings  ochreous-orange  ,  an 
obhque  series  of  several  short  white  marks  about  |  ;  two  oblique 
leaden-metallic  blackish-sprinkled  fascia?  from  costa  before  and 
beyond  middle,  first  becoming  obsolete  on  dorsum,  edged  with 
white  anteriorly  on  costa  and  sometimes  terminated  beneath  by 
whitish  marks,  second  terminating  in  a  leaden-metallic  blackish- 
sprinkled  subterminal  streak  which  runs  from  tornus  to  costa 
before  apex  :  cilia  orange,  paler  towards  tips,  becoming  purplish- 
fuscous  towards  tornus,  with  a  dark  grey  costal  patch  before  apex, 
and  small  white  basal  spots  on  middle  of  termen  and  at  tornus. 
Hindwings  dark  fuscous  ;  cilia  dark  fuscous,  becoming  light 
ochreous-yellowish  on  lower  half  of  termen. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  November  and   February,  tliree 

specimens. 

91.  /■".  arimaspia,  n.sp. 

5.  9-10  mm.  Head,  antennpe,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  bronzy- 
fuscous,  face  shining  pale  greyish  -  ochreous.  Palpi  slender, 
ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  with  black  apical  ring,  terminal 
joint  with  black  anterior  line.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with 
whitish.  Forewings  dark  bronzy-fuscous  ;  subljasal  area  suffused 
with  pale  ochreous  or  whitish-ochreous,  limited  by  a  curved  some- 
what oblique  whitish  fascia  beyond  |;  whitish  opposite  costal  and 
dorsal  postmedian  spots,  nearly  meeting;  a  smaller  whitish  costal 
spot  at  4,  and  sometimes  a  small  indistinct  whitish  terminal  spot 
opposite :  cilia  bronzy-fuscous,  round  apex  darker,  base  mixed 
with  whitish.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous,  bronzy-tinged ;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Launceston,  Tasmania;  in  Novem- 
ber and  January,  two  specimens. 

92.  r.  viesopli/a,  n.sp. 

9-12  mm..  Head  and  thorax  ferruginous,  face  whitish.  Palpi 
ferruginous,  terminal  joint  with  tip  whitish  and  a  subapical 
blackish  ring.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous. 
Abdomen  yellow-ochreous,  terminal  half  dark  grey.  Legs  pale 
ochreous,  banded  with   Ijlack,  mifldle  tibia-  broadly  dilated  with 


348  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

long  projecting  scales.  Forewings  ferruginous;  some  black  scales 
towards  base  of  dorsum  ;  a  slender  pale  submetallic  black-edged 
slightly  curved  fascia  before  I,  and  a  straight  inwardly  oblique 
median  transverse  black  line  not  quite  reaching  costa,  space 
between  these  deeper-suffused,  latter  followed  by  submetallic  sub- 
costal and  dorsal  spots  ;  a  pale  submetallic  costal  mark  at  ^, 
followed  by  some  black  scales ;  a  dot  of  ])lack  scales  in  disc  at  |, 
surrounded  by  a  pale  submetallic  suffusion  ;  a  blackish  dorsal 
mark  at  f  of  wing,  from  which  a  pale  submetallic  terminal  streak 
extends  to  apex;  a  black  apical  dot:  cilia  fuscous,  purplish-tinged. 
Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous,  purplish-tinged. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner).  This 
species  may  be  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the  dilated  middle 

tibite. 

93.   1\  atiaclastis,  n.sp. 

(J.  12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  reddish-fuscous,  whitish- 
mixed.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  slender  indistinct 
reddish-fuscous  basal,  median,  and  apical  rings,  terminal  joint 
with  blackish  subapical  rings.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  fus- 
cous. (Abdomen  broken.)  Legs  whitish,  anterior  and  middle 
pair  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  with  expansible  tuft 
of  long  hairs  from  near  base  of  dorsum  beneath  ;  light  reddish- 
fuscous  ;  a  narrow  somewhat  oblique  white  fascia  at  ^,  partially 
black-edged,  indented  above  middle  and  above  dorsum,  followed 
by  a  pale  suffusion ;  a  triangular  median  blotch  of  blackish 
irroration,  nearly  reaching  costa  and  dorsum,  anterior  side  mar- 
gined by  a  very  oblique  suffused  whitish  streak  which  is  continued 
along  costa  to  4;  a  suffused  whitish  streak  extending  along  termen 
from  tornus  to  apex  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  light  reddish- 
fuscous  with  a  black  basal  line.      Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  grey. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner). 

94.   P.  tenninella,  Walk. 
{Gracilaria  tenninella,  Walk.  Tin.  855.) 

^Q.  9-13  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish,  sometimes  tinged  with 
brown-reddish.     Palpi  whitish,  basal  and  median  bands  of  second 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


349 


joint,  and  subbasal,  ni  •  lian,  and  subapieal  rings  of  terminal 
joint  dark  fuscous.  Antenn;\3  whitish,  ringed  with  blackish,  with 
three  blackish  Ijands  towards  apex.  Tliorax  whitish-ochreous 
mixed  with  reddish-fuscous.  Abdomen  rather  dark  fuscous. 
Legs  whitish-ochreous,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
pale  brown-reddish,  somewhat  mixed  with  whitish-ochreous, 
irregularly  sprinkled  with  blackish  ;  a  dark  brown  suffusion 
extending  throughout  disc  and  towards  anterior  half  of  costa;  a 
narrow  straight  oblique  pale  or  whitish  fascia  at  ^,  black-edged 
on  lower  half  anteriorly,  and  on  a  subcostal  dot  posteriorly;  a 
narrow  inwardly  oblique  pale  or  whitish  median  fascia,  posteriorly 
blackish-edged  in  disc ;  sometimes  a  whitisli  suffusion  towards 
costa  posteriorly;  a  wedge-shaped  V)Iackish  mark  at  tornus,  some- 
times preceded  by  a  whitish  suffusion  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex 
liaht  brown-reddish  with  a  black  l>asal  suffusion,  and  a  black  line 
on  tips  beneath  apex.  Hind  wings  grey,  darker  posteriorly;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Rosewood,  Queensland  ;  Newcastle  and  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales;  from  August  to  February,  common. 

95.    P.  jjyrrliodes,  n.sp. 

^.  10-11  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  reddish-fu^scous  mixed- 
with  whitish-ochreous,  face  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  whitish, 
second  joint  with  basal  and  subapieal  fuscous  rings,  terminal 
joint  with  black  basal  and  subapieal  i-ings  and  a  black  anterior  line 
in  middle.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  blackish.  Abdomen 
shining  grey.  Legs  whitish,  ringed  with  black.  Forewings  pale 
reddish-fuscous,  sprinkled  with  whitish  and  lilack  towards  costa 
posteriorly ;  a  narrow  straight  oblique  whitish  fascia  at  \,  not 
reaching  dorsum,  blackish-edged  anteriorly ;  normal  stigmata 
formed  by  spots  of  black  irroration,  plical  at  |,  first  discal  rather 
oljliquely  before  plical  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  light  reddish- 
fuscous,  mixed  with  black  above  apex,  and  with  a  few  black 
points  towards  base  below  apex.  .  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Geraldton,  AVest  Australia;  in  November,  two  specimens. 


350  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

96.   P.  sphenosema,  n.sp. 

^.  9  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  ochreous,  with  a  fuscous  spot 
on  crown.  Palpi  whitish,  suljapical  band  of  second  joint,  and 
base  of  terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with 
blackish.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  whitish,  ringed  with  blackish. 
Forewings  pale  brownish-ochx'eous,  suffused  with  brown  posteriorly; 
a  short  oblique  blackish  mark  from  base  of  costa;  very  oblique 
ochreous-whitish  wedge-shaped  marks  from  costa  at  \,  beyond 
middle,  and  at  i,  first  edged  anteriorly  with  blackish  suffusion, 
space  between  first  and  second  wholly  suffused  with  blackish, 
second  and  third  edged  posteriorly  with  blackish  suffusion  ;  a 
suffused  blackish  streak  on  fold  from  near  base  to  middle, 
interrupted  with  whitish-ochreous  at  'i,  a  longitudinal  streak 
of  blackish  suffusion  in  disc  from  middle  to  t ;  suffused  blackish 
dorsal  spots  near  base  and  at  i;  a  small  triangular  ochreous-white 
posteriorly  black-edged  costal  spot  before  apex  :  cilia  light  fuscous, 
with  a  black  median  hook  at  apex,  limiting  a  circular  spot  of 
which  upper  half  is  ochreous-brown,  lower  half  black,  separated  by  a 
whitish  bar.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey.- 

Toowoomba    (2000    feet),     Queensland  ;     in     December,     one 

specimen. 

97.   P.  charinia,  n.sp. 

^2-  "^"10  mm.  Head  white,  centre  of  crown  more  or  less 
ochreous-tinged.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  ochreous-tinged. 
Antennse  white,  fuscous-ringed.  Thorax  ochreous,  with  a  broad 
white  dorsal  stripe.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous,  terminal  half 
grey,  in  ^  with  rather  large  lateral  expansible  hair-pencils  from 
base.  Legs  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  grey.  Forewings  in  ^ 
with  expansible  tuft  of  long  hairs  from  near  base  of  dorsum 
beneath ;  brownish-ochreous,  sometimes  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous;  a  rather  -thick  white  streak  below  costa  from  base  to 
middle;  plical  (placed  at  h)  and  second  discal  stigmata  elongate, 
dark  fuscous,  enclosed  and  connected  Ijy  two  sinuate  white  streaks, 
upper  edged  with  dark  fuscous  above;  a  small  white  costal  spot 
near  apex,  followed  b}'  a  dark  fuscous  suffusion;  a  slender  white 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  351 

streak  along  termen  from  tornus  to  apex  :  cilia  fuscous,  beneath 
apex  with  cloudy  basal  and  median  dark  fuscous  lines  separated 
by  a  white  line.  Hiudwings  gre}' ;  cilia  pale  grey,  yellowish- 
tinged. 

Rosewood  and  Brisbane,  Queensland  ;  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales;  in  September,  October,  and  March,  three  specimens. 

98.  P.  promaclia,  n.sp. 

(J.  10  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  whitish-ochreous, 
terminal  joint  with  dark  fuscous  anterior  line.  Antennas  ochreous- 
whitish.  Thorax  dark  fuscous,  with  whitish-ochreous  subdorsal 
stripes.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  ochreous- whitish,  anterior  pair 
dark  fuscous,  middle  and  posterior  pair  banded  with  fuscous. 
Forewings  dark  fuscous;  a  rather  thick  whitish-ochreous  dorsal 
streak  from  base  to  tornus,  attenuated  posterior  1}'^;  a  whitish- 
ochreous  costal  spot  at  | :  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous,  with  a  dark 
fuscous  apical  bar,  beneath  apex  base  mixed  with  dark  fuscous. 
Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  March,  one  specimen  taken  at 
light ;  it  rested  with  the  antennsp  directly  porrected  as  in 
C'oleopJiora,  a  peculiarity  not  observed  in  any  other  species  of  the 

genus. 

99.  P.  OA-j/seiiiti,  n  sp. 

^.  8-9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antennae  yellowish-white. 
Thorax  dark  fuscous,  with  a  broad  yellowish-white  dorsal  stripe. 
Abdomen  shining  grey.  Legs  white,  banded  with  dark  fuscous, 
anterior  pair  wholly  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  dark  bronzy- 
fuscous ;  markings  j'ellowish-white ;  a  rather  thick  dorsal  streak 
from  base  to  tornus;  a  rather  large  costal  spot  beyond  middle, 
and  another  at  i  ;  a  small  terminal  spot  above  tornus  :  cilia 
whitish,  with  a  dark  fuscous  apical  bar,  beneath  apex  with  cloudy 
blackish  basal  and  median  lines,  towards  tornus  becoming  whitish- 
fuscous.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey,  yellowish-tinged. 

Rosewood,  Queensland;  Newcastle,  Sydney,  and  Cooma,  New 
South  Wales  ;  in  September,  January,  and  February,  fi\e 
specimens. 


352  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LKPIDOPTERA, 

100.   p.  o.i'i/toma,  n.sp. 

^2-  9-11  mm.  Head  white,  with  a  bronzy-fuscous  stripe  on 
ijrown.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  black  apical  and  sub- 
median  bands,  terminal  joint  with  black  anterior  line.  Antennte 
dark  fuscous,  apical  third  ochreous-whitish.  Thorax  dark  bronzy- 
fuscous,  with  white  subdorsal  stripes.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous, 
in  ^  towards  apex  grey-whitish,  with  large  lateral  expansible 
blackish  hair-pencils  from  Ijase  ;  in  §  ochreous  towards  base. 
Legs  whitish,  banded  with  blackisli.  Fore  wings  bronzy-fuscous, 
suffused  with  dark  fuscous  on  fold,  a  longitudinal  streak  in  disc 
postei'iorly,  and  margins  of  markings;  markings  shining  white;  a 
short  streak  from  Ijase  along  fold;  a  very  oblique  wedge-shaped 
mark  from  \  of  costa,  reaching  half  across  wing;  a  rather  large  sub- 
triangular  spot  on  middle  of  costa,  a  smaller  one  at  'j,  and  three 
strigulye  beyond  this  in  cilia,  last  apical;  a  streak  along  dorsum  from 
base  to  tornus,  sometimes  interrupted  before  tornus;  an  ill-defined 
dot  in  disc  at  |,  and  one  on  termen  above  tornus  :  cilia  whitish- 
fuscous,  beneath  apex  whitish  on  apical  half,  round  apex  with 
three  blackish  lines.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Sydney,  Blackheath  (SoOOfieet),  and  Bathurst  (2000  feet).  New 
South  Wales;  Healesville,  Victoria;  Deloraine  and  Hobart,  Tas- 
mania; from  September  to  December,  thirteen  specimens. 

101.    /'.  letradesiiui,  n.sp. 

^(^.  7-8  mm.  Head  shining  grey,  face  whitish.  Palpi  whitish, 
irrorated  with  dark  grey  except  towards  Ijase.  Antennae  dark 
fuscous.  Thorax  and  abdomen  dark  bronzy-grey.  Legs  whitish, 
banded  with  blackish.  Forewings  dark  bronzy-fuscous ;  four 
equidistant  straight  vertical  bronzy-metallic  or  leaden-metallic 
fascipe,  fourth  forming  a  white  spot  on  costa;  a  black  longitudinal 
streak  in  posterior  half  of  disc,  interrupted  by  third  and  fourth 
fascise  :  cilia  grey,  round  apex  dark  grey  irrorated  with  pale. 
Hindwings  dark  fuscous,  bronzy-shining;  cilia  fuscous. 

Geraldton  and  Carnarvon,  West  Australia  ;  in  October  and 
November,  twelve  specimens. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  353 

10:^.    P.  ((ryi/i'u^trcpld,  n.sp- 

(^9.  8-9  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  l)ronz3'-fuscoiis.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  terminal  joint  whitish  with  dark  fuscous  lateral 
lines.  Antennfe  white,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous  except  on  apical 
third.  Abdomen  dark  grey,  in  q  with  long  lateral  expansible 
Ijlackish  hair-pencils  from  base.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with 
whitish.  Fbrewings  dark  bronzy-fuscous;  four  slender  pale  golden- 
metallic  fasciie,  first  at  \,  oblique,  others  vertical,  third  not  reach- 
ing costa,  interrupted  below  middle;  a  pale  golden-metallic  apical 
spot  :  cilia  fuscous,  on  costa  and  round  apex  dark  fuscous,  with  a 
white  costal  spot  on  fourth  fascia.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous  ; 
cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  in  October  and  March,  nine 
specimens,  all  taken  at  light. 

103.   P.  balliroxcimi.  n.sp. 

^.  7  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  somewhat  sprinkled  with 
fuscous.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  blackish  except  apex,  terminal 
joint  with  blackish  subbasal  and  apical  rings.  Antennae  white, 
ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  (Abdomen  broken.)  Legs  white, 
ringed  with  blackish.  Forewings  fuscous,  suffusedly  irrorated 
with  dark  fuscous;  a  thick  white  median  streak  from  base  to  near 
1;  a  small  white  costal  spot  at  \,  and  one  on  dorsum  opposite;  a 
nearly  straight  white  median  fascia,  enclosing  a  dark  fuscous  dot 
in  middle;  two  rather  large  opposite  white  costal  and  dorsal  spots 
at  f ;  a  small  white  apical  spot :  cilia  whitish-fuscous  (imperfect). 
Hindwings  pale  gre}^;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

104.    P.  trivincta,  n.sp. 

2-  8-10  mm.  Head  fuscous,  face  whitish.  Palpi  white,  basal 
Imnd  and  apical  ring  of  second  joint  black.  Antennte  whitish, 
rinsed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  and  a])domeu  dark  fuscous. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  withwhite.  Forewings  dark  fuscous, 
purplish-tinged;  a  slightly  curved  rather  oblique  white  fascia  at 


354  DESCRIPTIOXS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

5-;  white  costal  and  dorsal  spots  somewhat  obliquely  placed  beyond 
middle;  a  white  costal  spot  at  4,  and  sometimes  a  white  terminal 
dot  opposite  it:  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  mixed  with  dark  fuscous, 
with  a  white  basal  spot  at  apex.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  October,  February,  and  March, 

five  specimens. 

105.  P.  nesophora,  n.sp. 

(J$.  9-11  mm.  Head  white,  crown  somewhat  fuscous-sprinkled. 
Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  basal  band  and  subapical  ring, 
terminal  joint  with  basal  and  apical  rings  dark  fuscous,  some- 
times ill-defined.  Antennte  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous. 
Thorax  dark  fuscous,  apex  of  patagia  and  a  posterior  dorsal  dot 
whitish.  Abdomen  grey,  in  (J  with  lateral  ochreous-whitish  expan- 
sible hair-pencils  from  base.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  white. 
Forewings  dark  fuscous,  bronzy-tinged,  sometimes  paler-mixed  ;  a 
white  basal  dot  ;  a  somewhat  oblique  white  fascia  at  ^,  not 
reaching  dorsum;  a  vertical  white  median  fascia,  usually  not  quite 
reaching  dorsum,  enclosing  a  dark  fuscous  central  dot ;  rather 
large  white  opposite  costal  and  dorsal  spots  at  f ,  almost  or  quite 
meeting  ;  a  white  apical  dot :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  mixed 
with  dark  fuscous  on  basal  half.      Hindwings  and  cilia  grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Healesville  and  Gisborne,  Victoria; 
Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia;  from  Octoljer  to  December,  and  in 
February,  seven  specimens. 

106.  P.  bryomima,  n.sp. 

(J9.  7-8  mm.  Head  whitish,  sprinkled  with  blackish  on  crown. 
Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  a  sultapical  ring  and  basal  half 
blackish,  terminal  joint  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Antennse 
whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous, 
anterior  edge  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  pale  shining 
grey,  in  ^  with  whitish  expansible  lateral  hair-pencils  from  base. 
Legs  blackish,  ringed  with  white.  Forewings  dark  bronzy-fuscous 
irrorated  with  blackish;  a  basal  whitish  ochreous  dot ;  a  broad 
pale  ochreous  fascia  near  base,  posterior  edge  white,  somewliat 
curved ;    a    median   white   fascia    irrorated    with    grey,    broadly 


BY    E.    MEYKICK.  355 

dilated  downwards  so  that  anterior  edge  is  very  oblique  and 
touches  preceding  fascia  on  dorsum,  enclosing  black  plical  and 
first  discal  stigmata,  placed  vertically  ;  a  white  fascia  at  f,  more 
or  less  grey- sprinkled  towards  dorsum,  narrowed  in  middle, 
enclosing  blackish  second  discal  stigma ;  a  whitish  apical  dot  : 
cilia  light  grey,  round  apex  mixed  with  black  on  basal  half. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;  in  October  and  November,  ten 
specimens.  Larva  elongate,  cylindrical,  with  scattered  whitish 
hairs  ;  ochreous- whitish ;  head,  a  plate  on  2,  and  another  on  13 
brownish-ochreous:  feeds  on  foliaceous  lichens,  burrowing  beneath 
them,  on  tree-trunks,  in  September  and  October.  Pupa  in  an 
elongate  flattened  cocoon  covered  with  lichen-dust,  exposed  on 
trunk. 

107.   P.  pileata,  n.sp. 

(J^.  7-10  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  towards  base  dark 
fuscous.  Antennie,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark  fuscous,  tarsi 
ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  dark  fuscous  ;  three  narrow 
whitish  fascife,  tending  to  be  interrupted  in  middle,  first  at  \, 
second  at  i,  l^oth  slightly  curved,  third  at  4,  straight  :  cilia 
fuscous,  with  a  dark  fuscous  median  line,  a  white  basal  dot  at 
apex,  tips  white  above  this.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous  ;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  in  October  and  December,  three 
.specimens. 

108.  P.  anarithma,  Meyr. 

(Proterocosma  anarithma,  Meyr.,  Trans.  N,  Zeal.  Inst.  1888, 
175.) 

(J9.  7-10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  brownish-ochreous,  face 
ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  with  basal 
half  and  subapical  ring  irrorated  with  blackish,  terminal  joint 
irrorated  with  dark  fuscous.  Antennae  whitish-ochreous,  ringed 
with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey-whitish  or  grey.  Legs  dark 
grey,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  brownish-ochreous,  some- 
times sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous;  black  dots  on  base  of  costa  and 


356  DESCRIPTIONS   OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTEKA, 

dorsum,  sometimes  obsolete,  a  third  on  costa  near  base,  and  a 
fourth  in  disc  beneath  third  ;•  stigmata  rather  large,  black,  plical 
somewhat  before  middle,  first  discal  rather  obliquely  before 
plical;  an  indistinct  whitish-ochreous  costal  spot  at  4,  and  some- 
times one  on  termen  opposite  :  cilia  light  greyish-ochreous,  round 
apex  sometimes  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey  ; 
cilia  pale  ochreous-grey. 

Bathurst  (2000  feet),  New  South  Wales;  Deloraine  and  Georges 
Bay,  Tasmania;  Mount  Gambler,  South  Australia;  Albany,  West 
Australia ;  common  also  in  the  North  Island  of  New  Zealand  ; 
from  September  to  March,  local,  but  usually  abundant  where  it 

occurs. 

109.  P.  ennelaena,  n.sp. 

<^.  13  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
shining  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  rather  broad,  shining  dark 
bronzy-fuscous :  cilia  shining  dark  fuscous,  towards  tornus 
lighter.      Hindwings  fuscous,  darker  posteriorly;  cilia  fuscous. 

Adelaide,  South  Australia;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

110.  F   semnostola,  n.Hp. 

(J^.  8-12.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  and  legs  dark  fuscous. 
Abdomen  fuscous.  Forewings  dark  fuscous  ;  stigmata  darker, 
indistinct,  j^lical  at  f,  first  discal  obliquely  beyond  plical  :  cilia 
fuscous,  round  apex  dark  fuscous.      Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;  Campbelltown,  Tasmania  :  Port 
Lincoln,  South  Australia;  from  June  to  December,  ten  specimens. 
Larva  moderate,  cylindrical;  pinkish-fuscous,  13  dark  fuscous; 
head  black;  2  black  except  anterior  margin:  feeds  amongst  spun 
leaflets  of  Acacia  decurrens,  forming  an  elongate  three-sided 
chamber  with  silk,  in  August. 

111.    P.  exodroma,  n.sp. 

(J 5.  7-9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  brownish-ochreous^ 
irrorated  or  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  except  face.  Antennze 
fuscous.  Abdomen  light  brownish-ochreous.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
ringed  with  whitish-ochreovis.     Forewings  pale  brownish-ochi-eous, 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  357 

irregularly  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  ;  a  straight-edged  dark 
fuscous  or  blackish  basal  fascia  ;  stigmata  rather  large,  blackish, 
plical  at  i,  first  discal  oljliquely  beyond  plical  ;  in  one  specimen 
the  first  discal  stigma  becomes  a  dark  fuscous  l)lotch  extending  to 
costa;  sometimes  a  cloudy  dark  fuscous  spot  near  dorsum  before 
tornus ;  obscure  whitish-ochreous  opposite  costal  and  dorsal  spots 
at  4  ;  cilia  fuscous  or  greyish-ochreous,  round  apex  mixed  with 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey ;  cilia  fuscous  or  light  greyish- 
ochreous. 

Toowoomba  (2000  feet),  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales; 
Adelaide,  Wirrabara,  and  Port  Lincoln,  South  Australia ;  from 
September  to  December,  fourteen  specimens.  Larva  feeds 
amongst  spun  leaflets  of  Acacia  decurrens,  in  August. 


16.  Glaphyristis,  n. 


O" 


Antennse  almost  1,  in  ^  simple,  sinuate  and  swollen  above 
basal  joint.  Labial  palpi  very  long,  recurved,  slender,  smooth, 
terminal  joint  longer  than  second,  acute.  Thoi'ax  in  (J  with  long- 
dense  expansible  lateral  hair-pencils  from  Ijeneath  hindwings, 
lying  along  abdomen.  Posterior  tiljiie  I'ough-haired.  Forewings: 
lb  furcate,  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  |,  elongate- 
lanceolate,  cilia  4;  veins  all  separate. 

Based  on  the  following  species  onl}^;  it  is  quite  intermediate  in 
character  between  Limnoecia  and  Pyroderces.  Imago  with  fore- 
wings  lanceolate  ;  eyes  crimson  during  life. 

112.    (t.  niarmarea,  n.sp. 

^Q.  12-14  ram.  Head  and  thorax  light  ochi"eous-brown,  face 
shining  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  brassy-whitish,  somewhat  brown- 
sprinkled.  AntennEe  whitish-ochreous,  ringed  with  fuscous. 
Abtlomeii  light  ochreous-orange,  sides  and  apex  dark  fuscous, 
Ijasal  hair-pencils  of  ^  light  yellow- ochreous.  Legs  whitish, 
obscurely  ringed  with  dark  grey.  Forewings  shining  light 
ochreous-brown,  somewhat  deeper  postei'iorlv  ;  a  white  costal 
24 


3o8  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

streak   from  middle    to  near  apex  :  cilia   fuscous,   tips  of  costal 
cilia  white  before  apex.      Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

S3'dney,  New  South  Wales  ;  from  November  to  March,  eight 
specimens. 

17.  Otonoma,  n.g. 

Antenna?  4,  in  ^  shortl}-  ciliated,  aljove  basal  joint  with  slight 
sinuation  and  notch,  beneath  which  is  a  long  slender  chitinous 
projectioh.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved,  second  joint  rough-scaled 
beneath,  terminal  shorter,  acute.  Posterior  tibi;e  rough-haired. 
Forewings  :  lb  simple,  6  absent,  7  and  8  stalked,  7 "  to  costa. 
Hindwings  |,  lanceolate,  cilia  2^;  all  veins  separate. 

Includes  only  the  one  species;  a  development  of  Linmoecia. 
Imago  with  forewings  lanceolate. 

113.    0.  anemois,  n.sp. 

^.  9-10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish-ochreous,  somewhat 
fuscous-sprinkled.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  a  suhapical  band  of 
second  joint,  and  base  and  a  median  band  of  terminal  joint 
blackish.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  fuscous.  Abdomen 
dark  fuscous.  Legs  white,  banded  with  dark  fuscous,  Forewings 
light  brown;  a  broad  suffusion  along  costa,  a  suffused  streak  along 
fold  from  base  to  middle,  another  in  disc  from  middle  to  termen, 
and  a  suffused  dorsal  spot  before  middle  dark  fuscous ;  four 
irregular  oblique  white  fasciae  from  costa,  reaching  about  |  across 
wing,  and  small  indistinct  white  dorsal  spots  opposite  their  costal 
extremities  ;  a  triangular  white  costal  spot  at  |,  and  a  smaller 
one  on  termen  opposite  :  cilia  whitish,  towards  tornus  fuscous- 
tinged,  round  apex  with  a  median  black  line,  on  basal  half  with 
spots  of  fuscous  irroration.      Hindwings  grej'' ;  cilia  grey- whitish. 

Sydne}^  New  South  Wales;  in  March,  two  specimens  at  light. 

18.  LiMNOECiA,  Staint. 

Antenn;e  4,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  Aery  long, 
recurved,  second  juint  rough-scaled  or  shortly  tufted  or  nearly 
smooth  beneath,  terminal  joint  longer,  acute.  Posterior  tibite 
rough-haired.  Forewings  :  lb  furcate,  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa. 
Hindwings  §,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  2-3;    all  veins  separate. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  359 

As  in  the  case  of  Fyroderces,  I  have  extended  this  genus  to 
include  forms  dift'ering  considerably  in  the  scaling  of  the  palpi, 
but  in  other  respects  near]}-  related  together  ;  hence  Ptilochares, 
Meyr.,  is  reduced  to  a  synonym.  It  is  characteristically  Aus- 
tralian, though  one  species  has  now  a  very  wide  distribution. 
Imago  with  forewings  elongate,  long-pointed  ;  often  retired  in 
habit. 

1.  Forewings  with  whitish  markings  from  costa 2. 

Forewings  without  wliitish  markings  from  costa J(i. 

2.  Forewings  with  one  or  more  entire  whitish  fasciiB..  .       3. 
Forewint;s  without  entire  fascia 13. 

3.  Second  joint  of  palpi  with  triangnltir  scalc-pi ojection 

beneath 4. 

Second  joint  of  palpi  at  most  rough-scaled  beneath  5. 

4.  First  fascia  entire 121.   charactii^. 

First  fascia  liot  reaching  dorsum 127.  camptomma. 

5.  Forewings  whitish-ochreous  mixed  with  fuscous 6. 

Forewings  fuscous  or  dark  fuscous 7. 

6.  Median  fascia  entire 119.   kptomerii:. 

Median  fascia  obsolete  dorsally 118.  hemidoma. 

7.  Head  and  tiiorax  wholly  dark  fuscous 130.    iriastis. 

Head  and  thorax  not  wholly  dark  fuscous 8. 

8.  Head  and  thorax  mixed  with  dark  fuscous 122.   orhrozoiKC. 

Head  and  thorax  wholly  white  or  whitish-ociireous  9. 

9.  Thorax  wholly  white :.., 10. 

Thorax  more  or  less  fuscous 11. 

10.  Abdomen  yellow-oclu-eous 120.    i-sozona. 

Abdomen  light  grey 123.   cybophora. 

11.  First  fascia  broadly  dilated  downwards 117.   epimictis. 

First  fascia  not  dilated  downwards 12. 

12.  Forewings  with  whitish  discal  dot  at  3 116.   trisema 

Forewings  without  whitisli  discal  dot 124.  callimitriti. 

13.  Forewings  with  white  dorsal  spot  at  ^ 128.  tefraplaneti-s. 

Forewings  without  such  spot 14. 

14.  Two  anterior  fasciiB  not  reaching  half  across  wing  115.  xyntararla. 
Two  anterior  fascito  reaching  more  tiian  half  across 

wing 15. 

15.  Two  anterior  fasciiB  parallel 125.   chioiioajjiki. 

Two  anterior  fascia*  converging  downwards  126.   scolionema. 

16.  Forewings  blackish,  with  yellow  spots 129.   rhri/>ioii('sa. 

Forewings  pale  ochreoirs 114.  phragmittlla. 


360 

114.   L.  jyhragmitella^  ^t&int. 

( Limnopxia  2^hragmitella,  Staint.,  Cat.  Suppl.  4;  Meyr.,  Trans. 
N.  Zeal.  Inst.  1888,  173.) 

(J^.  15-21  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  ochreous.  Palpi 
wliitish-ochreous,  terminal  joint  with  a  dark  fuscous  line.  Fore- 
wings  whitish-ochreous,  brownish-tinged,  with  some  fuscous  scales; 
discal  stigmata  dark  fuscous,  partly  whitish-edged  and  connected 
by  a  whitish  streak;  dark  fuscous  marginal  dots  towards  apex. 
Hindwings  light  grey,  ochreous-tinged. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  January,  one  specimen.      Occurs 

also  in  New  Zealand,  Europe,  North  Africa,  and  "very  probably 

generally  throughout  the  Old  World,  its  habits  being  so  retired 

as  to  escape  notice,  and  the  foodplant  (juite  cosmopolitan.     Larva 

yellow-whitish,  with  five  brownish  longitudinal  lines;  feeding  in 

seedheads  of   Typha  angustifoiia,  burrowing  amongst  the  seeds 

and  causing  the  down  to  hang  out  in  loose  masses;  Sciei-opepla 

tiiphicola  acts  in  quite  the  same  manner.      The  wide  distribution 

of  this  insect  is  probably  quite  natural,  tx-ansmission  being  effected 

in  the  egg  state  by  the  light  down  of  the  foodplant,  borne  l>y  the 

wind. 

115.   L.  si/ntaracta,  n.sp. 

9.  10-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  brown  mixed  with 
whitish-ochi'eous  and  dark  fuscous,  face  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi 
whitish,  second  joint  somewhat  roughened  beneath,  subbasal  and 
subapical  bands  of  second  joint,  and  basal,  median,  and  subapical 
bands  of  terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennse  ochreous-whitish, 
ringed  with  blackish.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
ringed  with  whitish.  Fore  wings  brown,  irregularly  irrorated 
with  ochreous-whitish  and  blackish  ;  fine  oblique  white  streaks 
from  costa  at  -|-  and  ^,  not  reaching  half  across  wing;  stigmata 
dark  fuscous,  plical  at  i,  indistinct,  first  discal  above  plical,  well- 
marked,  second  ill-detined,  a  suffused  dark  fuscous  stx'eak  between 
discal  stigmata;  a  short  oblique  whitish  sti'eak  from  tornus;  an 
irregular  whitish  spot  on  costa  at  f  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex 
mixed  with  darker,  base  spotted  with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


361 


Brisbane  and  Toowoomba  (2000  feet),  Queensland ;  Sydney, 
New  South  Wales;  in  September,  and  from  December  to  February, 

four  specimens. 

116.  L.  trisema,  n.sp. 

(J9.  14-17  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  ochreous- 
wliitish,  second  joint  rough-scaled  beneath,  basal  half  and  sub- 
apical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  basal  and  subapical  bands  of 
terminal  joint  blackish.  Antenna)  ochreous-whitish,  obscui'ely 
ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous  mixed  with 
fuscous.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with 
ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  fuscous,  irrorated  with  darker,  in 
disc  lighter  and  ochreous-tinged;  a  rather  oblique  whitish  fascia 
at  i,  edged  anteriorly  with  blackish-fuscous,  attenuated  below 
middle,  obsolete  on  dorsum;  a  slender  irregular  partially  obsolete 
whitish  vertical  median  fascia,  dilated  and  suffused  on  costa  ; 
costal  half  of  wing  between  these  two  fascise  suffused  with  dark 
fuscous,  lower  edge  straight,  blackish,  and  margined  by  a  pale 
streak;  a  suffused  blackish  discal  streak  from  |  to  |,  on  which  is 
a  whitish  dot  at  5;  a  rather  large  whitish  costal  spot  at  i,  and  a 
small  one  on  termen  opposite:  cilia  whitish-fuscous,  round  apex 
darker-mixed.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-gi^ey. 

Hobart,  Tasmania;  in  December,  three  specimens. 

117.  L.  ppi))dctis,  n.sp. 

(J5.  13-14  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  second 
joint  rough-scaled  beneath,  basal  half  and  subapical  ring  of  second 
joint,  and  basal  and  subapical  bands  of  terminal  joint  blackish. 
Antennpe  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish- 
ochreous  mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  ochreous-yellowish, 
in  2  much  suffused  with  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed 
with  whitish.  Forewings  dark  fuscous  ;  three  whitish  fascise, 
ochreous-tinged  and  sprinkled  with  fuscous  except  towards  costa, 
especially  in  5?  fii'-'^t  from  costa  before  |-,  broadly  dilated  down- 
wards, posterior  edge  veiy  oljlique,  enclosing  a  dark  fuscous  dorsal 
suffusion,  second  median,  rather  broad,  irregular,  more  or  less 
interrupted  in  disc,  third  at  i,  interrupted  to  form  rather  large 


362  DESCRIPTIONS  01>'  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

subquadrate  costal  and  dorsal  spots,  latter  in  9  connected  on 
dorsum  with  preceding  fascia:  cilia  pale  yellow-ochreous,  becoming 
fuscous  towards  tornus,  above  apex  and  on  basal  half  below  apex 
mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey,  posterioi'l}^  darker; 
cilia  grey,  in  ^  paler  and  yellowish-tinged  towards  tornus. 
Heales^"ille,  Victoria;  in  December,  two  specimens. 

118.  L.  hemidoma,  n.sp. 

^2-  8-9  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  with  a  few  dark  fuscous 
scales.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  somewhat  rough  beneath,  basal 
half  and  subapical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  basal  and  subapical 
rings  of  terminal  joint  black.  Antennai  white,  ringed  with  l)lack. 
Abdomen  grey.  Legs  white,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Fore- 
wings  whitish-ochreous,  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  fuscous ;  a 
rather  oblique  white  fascia  at  ^,  edged  anteriorly  by  a  blackish 
streak  usually  not  reaching  dorsum  but  extended  on  costa  to  base; 
a  white  hardly  oblique  median  fascia,  obsolete  dorsally,  edged 
anteriorly  on  costal  half  by  a  blackish  ti'apezoidal  blotch;  some- 
times an  elongate  blackish  subdorsal  dot  beyond  middle ;  an 
elongate  black  mark  in  disc  at  |-;  a  narrow  white  fascia  at  t,  dilated 
towards  costa;  a  blackish  elongate  suffusion  between  this  and  apex: 
cilia  whitish,  towards  tornus  greyish-tinged,  round  apex  spi-inkled 
with  dark  fuscous  towai'ds  base,  with  a  blackish  median  line. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  eight  specimens. 

119.  L.  lepfomeris,  n.sp. 

{J9.  7-10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish,  shoulders  with  a 
blackish  spot.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  somewhat  rough  beneath, 
basal  half  and  subapical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  basal  and  sub- 
apical rings  of  terminal  joint  black.  Antennas  white,  ringed  with 
dark  fuscous,  towards  apex  with  about  six  broader  dark  rings. 
Abdomen  shining  grey,  in  ^  with  whitish-ochreous  lateral  hair- 
pencils  from  base.  Legs  white,  banded  with  blackish.  Forewings 
pale  ochreous  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous;  an  oblique  white  fascia 
at  ^,  edged  anteriorly  by  a  blackish  streak  sometimes  not  reaching 


BY    E.    AIEYRICK.  363 

dorsum  but  extended  on  costa  to  base;  a  white  rather  obhque 
median  fascia,  edged  anteriorly  with  blackish,  on  costal  half  by  a 
blackish  trapezoidal  blotch;  a  white  fascia  at  4,  sometimes  inter- 
rupted in  middle,  edged  anteriorly  by  a  trapezoidal  blackish  costal 
blotch;  apical  area  variably  suffused  with  white  or  blackish:  cilia 
whitish,  towards  tornus  whitish-fuscous,  round  apex  sprinklerl 
with  dark  fuscous.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey. 

Rosewood,  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne, 
Victoria;  Campbelltown,  Tasmania;  from  September  to  December, 
and  in  Mai'oh  and  April,  twehe  specimens. 

120.   7^.  iaozotid,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous-white.  Palpi 
white,  second  joint  rough-scaled  beneath,  basal  half  and  subapical 
ring  of  second  joint,  base  and  subapical  ring  of  terminal  joint 
black.  Antenni©  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous,  witli  a  dark 
fuscous  Ijand  at  |.  Abdomen  j^ellow-ochreous,  posteriorly  and  on 
sides  grey.  Legs  whitish,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewiiigs 
blackish-fuscous;  a  whitish-ochreous  suffusion  on  base  of  dorsum; 
two  broad  rather  oblique  ochreous-white  fascise  edged  with  clear 
white,  first  at  j,  second  median;  a  white  spot  on  costa  at  4,  and 
an  ochreous-white  spot  on  termen  opposite,  connected  along 
dorsum  with  second  fascia  :  cilia  ochreous-whitish,  towards  tornus 
whitish-fuscous,  round  apex  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Hind- 
wings  grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Toowoomba  (2000  feet),  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales;  in  September,  December,  and  April,  four  specimens. 

121.    L.  charactis,  n.sp. 

2-  23  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi 
ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  with  scales  forming  a  broad  trian- 
gular projection  beneath  towards  apex,  basal  half  of  second  joint, 
and  Ijasal  and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  joint  dark  fuscous. 
Antennie  ochreous-whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen 
whitish-fuscous.  Legs  whitish,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Fore- 
wings  light  fuscous  mixed  with  dark  fuscous;  a  blackish  spot  on 


364 

base  of  costa,  and  a  blotch  on  base  of  dorsum,  extending  to  a 
broad  rather  oblique  ochreous- whitish  fascia  at  ;|;  a  large  sul)- 
quadrate  ochreous-whitish  spot  somewhat  before  middle  of  costa, 
and  an  oblique  spot  on  dorsum  rather  beyond  it;  rather  large 
ochreous-whitish  opposite  costal  and  dorsal  spots  at  |  ;  a  broad 
blackish-fuscous  suffused  streak  in  disc  from  ^-  to  apex  :  cilia 
whitish,  towards  tornus  light  fuscous,  basal  half  mixed  with  light 
fuscous.  Hindwings  fuscous,  darker  posteriorly  ;  cilia  light 
fuscous. 

Gisborne,  Victoria,  in  March;  one  specimen  recei\ed  from  Mr. 

G.  Lyell. 

122.  L.  oclirozona,  n.sp. 

^5.  10-12  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous,  middle  of  crown 
mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Palpi  whitish-ochreous,  basal  half  and 
subapical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  suffused  irroration  of  terminal 
joint  dark  fuscous  (in  ^  almost  spotless).  Antennas  in  ^  dark 
fuscous,  apical  third  and  a  band  above  base  ochreous-whitish  (in 
9  ochreous-whitish  ringed  with  fuscous).  Thorax  whitish-ochreous, 
mixed  with  dark  fuscous  on  back.  Abdomen  light  fuscous  (in  5 
whitish-ochreous).  Legs  dark  fuscous  ringed  witli  whitish. 
Forewings  dark  fuscous,  purplish-tinged;  extreme  base  whitish- 
ochreous;  three  moderate  irregular-edged  whitish-ochreous  fascia", 
first  at  \,  somewhat  oblique,  second  median,  vertical,  third  at  |, 
vertical,  interrupted  in  middle;  a  whitish-ochreous  discal  dot  at 
I  :  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  towards  tornus  pale  fuscous,  basal  half 
round  apex  mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  fuscous  (in  9 
pale  t'Tev'i;  cilia  liiilit  fuscous. 

Mittagong  (.3000  feet).  New  South  Wales,  in  March,  one  (^ ;. 
AVirrabara,  South  Australia,  in  October,  one  9,  proljably  identical. 

123.  L.  ci/hophora,  n.sp, 

(J  2-  12-13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Palpi  white,  basal 
half  of  second  joint  dark  fuscous.  Antenn*  whitish,  with  dark 
fuscous  bands  above  base  and  above  middle,  and  several  dark 
fuscous  rings  towards  apex.  Abdomen  light  grey.  Legs  white, 
banded   with   dark   fuscous.      Forewings   dark  fuscous,  copper}'- 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  365 

tinged;  white  fasciae  at  |,  |,  and  |,  first  and  second  broad,  nearly 
vertical,  not  quite  reaching  dorsum,  third  moderate,  irregular, 
vertical :  cilia  pale  fuscous,  round  apex  with  basal  half  mixed 
with  dark  fuscous,  with  a  white  apical  dot,  terminal  half  whitish. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne,   Victoria;  in  October 
and  April,  two  specimens. 

124.    L.  rall/'m/fris,  n.sp. 

jj.  11  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  basal  half  of  second 
joint  blackish.  Antennte  dark  fuscous,  apical  ^whitish.  Thorax 
dark  fuscous,  apex  of  patagia  white.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  white.  Forewings  blackish- 
fuscous,  coppery-tinged;  a  narrow  white  basal  mark;  three  rather 
narrow  white  fascia?  at  ^,  ^,  and  f,  first  and  second  slightly 
oliUque,  not  quite  reaching  dorsum,  third  vertical,  nearly  inter- 
rupted in  middle :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  with  basal  half  mixed 
with  dark  fuscous,  with  a  whitish  apical  dot,  terminal  half 
obscurely  whitish.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Ben  Lomond  (4500  feet).  New  South  Wales;  in  December,  one 
specimen. 

125.   L.  chionospila,  n.sp. 

(^5.  17-21  mm.  Head  ochreouswhitish,  back  of  crown  blackish- 
fuscous.  Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  basal  \  of  second  joint,  and 
median  band  of  terminal  joint  dark  fuscous.  Antennee  dark 
fuscous,  with  banrls  of  obscure  whitish  rings  above  base  and 
below  middle,  and  a  broad  ochreous-whitish  band  immediately 
before  apex.  Thorax  blackish-fuscous.  Abdomen  fuscous,  towards 
base  light  yellow-ochreous.  Legs  whitish,  banded  with  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  blackish-fuscous  ;  a  dark  ashy-grey  streak 
along  dorsum  ;  rather  narrow  oclireous-white  slightly  oblique 
fascise  at  \  anrl  \,  pointed  beneath,  anterior  edge  convex,  not 
crossing  dorsal  streak;  an  ochreous-white  inwardly  oljlique  spot 
on  costa  at  |,  and  a  whitish  terminal  dot  opposite;  an  ochi-eous- 
white  apical  spot  or  dot:  cilia  fuscous,  round   apex  mixed  with 


366  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

<l;irk  fuscous,  with  a  rather  l)road  white  apical  bar.      Hindwings 
and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  from  September  to  November, 
three  specimens. 

126.   L.  :^coliosema,  n.sp. 

^2 .  15-16  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish  or  pale  yellow -ochreous. 
Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  with  short  triangular  project- 
ing tuft  of  scales  beneath  towards  apex,  basal  half  blackish, 
terminal  joint  unusually  long,  more  or  less  suffused  with  blackish. 
Anteniuij  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous,  towards  apex  with 
several  broader  dark  fuscous  rings.  Thorax  blackish-fuscous, 
posterior  extremity  ochreous-whitish.  Abdomen  dark  grey,  in  ^ 
with  an  ochreousyellowish  suffusion  before  middle.  Legs  lilackish- 
fuscous,  ringed  with  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  blackish-fuscous, 
purplish-tinged;  two  narrow  ochreous-white  fasciae;  at  i  and  |^,  not 
reaching  dorsum,  first  ver}^  oblique,  curved  inwards,  second  vertical, 
posterior  edge  deeply  indented  in  disc;  a  semicircular  ochreous- 
white  costal  spot  at  4,  and  a  small  terminal  ochreous-white  mai-lc 
opposite:  cilia  fuscous  or  whitish-fuscous,  round  apex  dark  fuscous 
with  Ijasal  line  and  terminal  half  wliitish.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
fuscous. 

Melbourne,  Victoria;  Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia;  Albany, 
West  Australia;  in  December,  three  specimens. 

127.  L.  camjdosema,  n.sp. 

(J.  15-16  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with 
short  triangular  tuft  of  projecting  scales  beneath,  basal  third  dai'k 
fuscous,  a  subapical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  basal  and  median 
rings  of  terminal  joint  fuscous-sprinkled,  terminal  joint  more 
rough-scaled  than  usual.  Antenna;  whitish,  ringed  with  blackish. 
Thorax  ochreous-white,  patagia  more  ochreous-tinged.  Abdomen 
yellow-ochreous,  posteriorly  light  grey.  Legs  whitish,  banded 
with  dark  grey.  Forewings  dark  fuscous,  coppery-tinged;  tAvo 
moderate  rather  oblique  ochreous-white  fascia?  at  i  and  before 
middle,  first  reaching  |  across  wing,  second  prominent  on  both 
margins  in  middle,  nearl}'  reaching  dorsum;  a  narrow  ochreous- 


BY    B.    MEYRICK,  367 

white  fascia  at  4,  angulated  inwards  in  middle  :  cilia  fuscous, 
round  apex  dark  fuscous,  with  an  apical  dot  at  base  and  terminal 
half  whitish.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Melboui'ne,  Victoria;  two  specimens  received  from  Rev.  G.  H. 
Eavnor.  Pogonias  trissodesma,  Low.,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Avistr. 
1894,  108,  is  probably  an  allied  species  of  this  genus,  but  I  have 
not  seen  a  specimen,  and  do  not  venture  to  include  it. 

128.  L.  tetraplanetis,  ii.sp. 

^5  10-11  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint 
smooth,  terminal  joint  with  dark  fuscous  median  ring.  Antennae, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs  blackish,  ringed 
with  white.  Forewings  blackish-fuscous,  purplish-tinged  ;  four 
moderately  large  ochreous-white  spots,  first  largest,  semicircular, 
on  dorsum  at  \,  second  subquadrate,  on  costa  before  middle,  third 
semicircular,  on  dorsum  before  tornus,  fourth  suboval,  rather 
inwardly  oblique,  on  costa  at  |  :  cilia  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings 
and  cilia  fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland  ;  two  specimens  received  from  Mr.  G. 
Barnard. 

129.  L.  chrysonesa,  n.sp. 

(J.  16  mm.  Head  and  palpi  mostly  orange.  Abdomen  blackish. 
Forewings  purple-black  ;  a  roundish  yellow  spot  extending  across 
wing  near  base  but  not  quite  reaching  costa  ;  a  small  irregular 
yellow  spot  in  disc  at  about  |  :  cilia  blackish.  Hindwings  and 
cilia  blackish-grey. 

Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia;  one  specimen  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  E.  Guest.  The  short  description  given  above  was  made 
several  years  ago;  the  specimen  is  no  longer  before  me,  and  I  feel 
doubtful  whether  its  generic  location  was  correctly  ascertained  ; 
it  is  very  distinct  specifically. 

130.   L.  iriastis,  n.sp. 

(J9-  ^"8  ™™-  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  dark  bronzj'-fuscous. 
Antennae,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark  fuscous,  legs  ringed  with 
whitish.       Forewings    dark     bronzy-fuscous;  a    narrow    straight 


368  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

rather  oblique  white  fascia  at  ^ ;  a  white  dorsal  dot  in  middle ;  a 
small  white  quadrate  costal  spot  slightly  beyond  middle  ;  three 
bluish-silvery-metallic  dots  in  disc,  placed  in  a  longitudinal  series 
from  5  to  f ;  a  white  dot  on  tornus;  a  triangular  white  costal  spot 
at  ~,  continued  into  cilia  ;  a  bluish-silvery-metallic  .apical  dot : 
cilia  dark  fuscous,  terminal  half  whitish  on  a  patch  below  apex. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Gisborne,  Victoria,  in  January;  two  specimens  received  from 
Mr.  G.  Lyell. 

19.  Zapyrastra,  Meyr. 

Antennje  4,  in  ^  slightly  thickened  towards  apex.  Labial 
palpi  moderately  long,  curved,  ascending,  smooth,  terminal  joint 
shorter  than  second,  acute.  Posterior  tibife  rough-haired.  Fore- 
wings  :  lb  furcate,  7  and  8  stalked,  7  to  costa,  9  absent.  Hind- 
wings  ^,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  5 ;  transverse  vein  absent 
between  4  and  5,  5  and  6  stalked. 

Founded  on  the  single  species  following,  common  to  Australia 
and  New  Zealand.     Imago  with  forewings  lanceolate 

131.   Z.  calliphana,  Meyr. 

[Zapyrastra  calliphana,  Meyr.,  Ti"ans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  1888,  172.) 

(J^.  5-8  ram.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  and 
legs  dark  shining  bronze,  face  whitish-bronze,  legs  spotted  with 
white.  Forewings  bright  dark  golden-bronze :  markings  pale 
violet  golden-metallic  ;  a  fascia  near  base,  often  ill-defined  ;  a 
nearly  perpendicular  fascia  before  middle  ;  a  dot  in  disc  beyond 
middle,  beneath  which  is  a  black  dot  or  small  spot  on  fold  ;  an 
inwardly  oblique  fascia  at  | ;  a  small  spot  at  tornus  ;  a  streak 
from  apex  along  termen  ;  a  triangular  snow-white  spot  on  costa 
near  apex:  cilia  fu.scous-grey,  round  apex  with  two  blackish  lines, 
and  a  minute  white  dot  above  apex.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous  ; 
cilia  fuscous-grey. 

Sydney  and  Bulli,  New  South  Wales  ;  Melbourne,  Victoria ; 
Deloraine  and  Hobart,  Tasmania  ;  occurs  also  in  the  South 
Island    of    New    Zealand ;    from    September     to    April,    locally 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


369 


common,  frequenting  Leptospennum,  on  which  the  larva  doubtless 
feeds. 

20.    MOLYBDURGA,  n.g. 

Antennae  4,  in  $ — 1  Labial  palpi  moderately  long,  curved, 
ascending,  second  joint  with  appressed  scales,  terminal  shorter, 
acute.  Posterior  tibije  rough-haired.  Forewings  with  metallic 
scale-tufts  on  surface;  lb  furcate,  5  absent,  6  and  7  stalked,  7  to 
costa.    Hind  wings  |,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  3;  veins  all  sepai-ate. 

Only  the  following  species  is  known.  Imago  with  forewings 
elongate,  narrow,  long-pointed,  costa  somewhat  sinuate. 

132.    M.  inetallophora,  n.sp. 

Q.  12  mm.  Head,  antenna?,  and  thorax  dark  bronzy-metallic- 
fuscous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  second  joint  with  whitish-ochreous 
lateral  line.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  banded 
with  silvery-whitish.  Forewings  dark  shining  bronzy,  suffused 
towards  dorsum  anteriorly  with  pale  orange-ochreous ;  a  dark 
leaden-fuscous  basal  spot  on  costa;  eleven  transverse-oblong  spots 
of  raised  leaden-metallic  scales,  \  iz.,  one  subcostal  at  |,  five  costal 
from  ~  to  near  apex,  one  in  disc  before  middle,  and  four  dorsal 
from  ^  to  f :  cilia  dark  fuscous,  with  oblique  leaden-metallic  dashes 
on  costal  spots.  Hindwings  dark  coppery-fuscous  ;  cilia  dark 
fuscous. 

Melbourne,  Victoria,  in  October;    one  specimen  received  from 

Rev.  G.  H.  Raynor. 

21.  Aeraula,  n.g. 

Antenna?  |,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved, 
somewhat  rough-scaled  anteriorly,  terminal  joint  as  long  as  second, 
acute.  Abdomen  broad,  rather  flattened.  Posterior  tibi;e  smooth- 
scaled.  Forewings  with  scale-tufts  on  surface  ;  lb  simple,  6 
absent,  7  to  costa,  8  absent  (?).  Hindwings  |,  elongate-lanceolate, 
cilia  3;  veins  all  separate  {1). 

Based  on  the  following  species,  of  which  the  neuration  is  not 
quite  satisfactorily  made  out  from  the  single  specimen;  it  is  how- 
ever sufliciently  separable  from  its  allies.  Forewings  elongate, 
narrow,  long-pointed,  costa  slightly  sinuate. 


370  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

133.   A.  dioctis,  n.sp. 

(J.  10  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennfe,  and  thorax  dark  bronzy- 
fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous,  last  three  segments  whitish- 
ochreous,  anal  tuft  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fusdous.  Forewings 
and  cilia  dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous, 
cilia  paler  and  mixed  with  whitish-fuscous  towards  tornus. 

Gerald  ton,  West  Australia;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

22.    CORACISTIS,  n.g. 

Antenna?  over  1,  in  ^  simple,  in  2  with  projecting  tuft  of 
scales  on  back  about  middle.  Labial  palpi  very  long,  recurved, 
second  joint  rough-scaled  beneath  at  apex,  terminal  longer,  acute. 
Posterior  tibife  rough-haired.  Forewings  with  scale-tufts  on  sur- 
face; lb  furcate,  6  out  of  7,  7  to  costa,  8  out  of  7.  Hindwings 
|,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  2;  veins  all  separate. 

Includes  only  one  species,  of  singular  facies ;  the  antennal 
scale-tuft  of  the  9,  of  which  there  is  no  apparent  trace  in  the  ^, 
is  not  only  quite  exceptional  in  the  family,  but  its  restriction  to 
the  female  is  an  inversion  of  the  prevailing  law  in  similar 
structures.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate,  narrow,  long-pointed, 
costa  sinuate. 

134.    C.  erythrocosma,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  21-22  mm  Head  dark  fuscous,  sides  orange-red,  face 
reddish-tinged.  Palpi  and  antennae  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  red, 
sides  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous,  segmental  margins 
broadly  white  beneath.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  postei-ior  tibia?  banded 
with  white.  Forewings  blackish-fuscous,  posteriorly  coppery- 
tinged  ;  scale-tufts  somewhat  purple-shining  anteriorly :  cilia 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous,  bronzy-tinged;  cilia  dark 
fuscous,  becoming  whitish  on  basal  half  towards  tornus. 

Melbourne,  Victoria;  two  specimens  received  from  Rev.  G.  H. 

Raynor. 

23.  Microcolon  A,  n.g. 

Antenme  4  to  almost  1,  in  $  simple.  Labial  palpi  lung, 
recurved,  somewhat  loosely  scaled,   terminal   joint  shorter  than 


BY    E.    MEVKICK.  371 

second,  acutet  Posterior  tibise  rough-haired.  Forewings  with 
scale-tufts  on  surface;  lb  furcate  or  simple,  3  sometimes  absent, 
4  absent,  6  out  of  7  or  usually  absent,  7  and  8  sometimes  stalked, 
7  to  costa.  Hind  wings  ^-'i,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  cilia  6-8; 
3  absent,  1  usually  absent,  5  and  6  sometimes  obsolete,  transverse 
^ein  partly  absent. 

Type  M.  characta.  A  characteristic  Australian  genus,  of 
which  there  are  also  two  species  in  New  Zealand.  It  is  a  develop- 
ment of  Syntomaclis,  differing  essentially  in  the  reduced 
neuration,  but  can  also  be  recognised  superficial!}^  by  the  different 
arrangement  of  the  scale-tufts,  which  are  in  effect  the  normal 
stigmata.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate,  narrow,  long-pointed; 
most,  if  not  all,  of  the  species  are  attached  to  Leptospermam  and 
allied  Myrtaceous  shrubs,  though  the  larvaj  are  unknown;  the 
species  require  careful  discrimination. 

1.  Head  wholly  white  or  oohreous-whitish 2. 

Head  daiker-sprinkled  Oil  crouu 4. 

2.  Tenniiial  joint  of  palpi  wholly  white l-tT.   arize/a. 

Terminal  joint  of  palpi  -with  two  blackish  rings  ....  3. 

8    Plical  stigma  Ijefore  first  discal 142.  fhyitiopi'^. 

Plical  stigma  beyond  first  discal 135.  emholopis. 

4.  Second  joint  of  palpi  Mith  blackish  lateral  line  138.  nodata. 

Second  joint  of  palpi  with  two  Idackish   bands  or 

rings 5. 

5.  Grown  sprinkled  with  ochreous  or  roddish-ochreous  6. 
Crown  sprinkled  with  grey,  fnseons,  or  dark  fuscons  7. 

6.  Forewings  reddish-ochreous,  plical  stigma  beneath 

first  discal 143.   cpixutJia. 

Forewings  whitisli-ochreous,  plical  stigma  beyond 

first  iliscal 137.   cryp.iira-si-s. 

7.  Forewings  with  clear  white  longitudinal  .''iibcostal 

streak 8. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 9. 

8.  Plical  stign\a  beneath  first  discal 140.  leptopis. 

Plical  stigma  before  first  discal 14."'.  leucochtha. 

9.  Forewings  with  broad  whitish  dorsal  patch  towards 

base 141.  poiiophora. 

Forewings  without  such  patch 10. 

10.    Plical  stigma  before  first  discal... II. 

Plical  stigma  beyond  first  discal 12. 


372  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

11.  Forewings  light  veddish-ochreous 144.  trigonosjnla. 

Forewings  fuscous 146.   ■■^o/lennis. 

12.  Forewings     whitish-ochreous  ;     hindwings     grey- 

whitish 1 ,36.   limodes. 

Forewings  ochreous-fuscous;  hindwings  fuscous 139.  characta. 

135.  21.  einholopis,  n.sp. 

(J.  1 1  inm.  Head  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  median 
band  and  subapical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  subbasal  and  sub- 
apical  rings  of  terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennte  ochreous- 
whitish,  indistinctly  ringed  and  towards  apex  banded  with  fuscous. 
Thorax  whitish-ochreous,  somewhat  fuscous-sprinkled.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  ringed  with  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  verj*  narrow; 
whitish-ochreous,  somewhat  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous;  a  very 
.small  dark  fuscous  raised  dot  beneath  fold  before  i;  stigmata  very 
small,  raised,  black,  first  discal  at  4,  second  at  |,  plical  very 
obliquely  beyond  first  discal,  almost  dorsal;  a  transverse  raised 
black  dot  beneath  second  discal;  a  sharply  defined  semioval  dark 
fuscous  blotch  on  costa  at  | :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex  mixed 
with  whitish-ochreous,  with  a  fuscous  median  line.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  received  from  Dr.  A  J. 

Turner.     It  is  conspicuously  distinguished  by  the  dark  posterior 

costal  blotch. 

136.  21.  limodes,  n.sp. 

(J.  9-10  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  somewhat  fuscous-sprinkled. 
Palpi  whitish,  median  band  and  subapical  ring  of  second  joint, 
and  subbasal  and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  joint  blackish. 
Antennfe  whitish,  faintly  fuscous-ringed.  Thorax  whitish,  some- 
what fuscous-sprinkled.  Abdomen  ochreous-whitish.  Legs  dark. 
fuscous  ringed  with  whitish,  posterior  pair  ochreous-whitish  with 
a  blackish  band  on  tibise  near  base.  Forewings  whitish-ochreous, 
irregularly  sprinkled  'with  dark  fuscous  ;  a  dark  fuscous  tuft 
beneath  fold  at  \\  stigmata  small,  raised,  black,  first  discal  before 
middle,  second  at  |,  plical  obliquely  beyond  first  discal,  almost 
dorsal;  a  raised  dark  fuscous  dot  beneath  second  discal;  a  dark 
fuscous   suffusion    on   costa   about  §  :    cilia    whitish-ochreous,  at 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


37a 


apex  with  a  fuscous  median  line.     Hindwings  grey- whitish;  ciUa 
whitish-ochreous. 

Christchurch,  New  Zealand;  in  March,  three  specimens.  It  is 
convenient  to  describe  this  New  Zealand  species  here;  it  is  not 
impossible  that  it  may  be  found  to  occur  also  in  Tasmania,  and 
in  any  case  it  is  closely  connected  with  the  Australian  species. 

137.   21.  crypsicaais,  n.sp. 

^Q.  7-10  mm.  Head  white,  crown  ochreous-sprinkled.  Palpi 
whitish,  a  broad  band  and  apical  ring  of  second  joint,  subbasal 
and  subapical  bands  of  terminal  joint  black.  Antennae  whitish,, 
ringed  with  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous,  irrorated  with 
fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and 
rino-ed  with  whitish.  Forewings  whitish-ochreous,  irrorated  with 
fuscous;  a  i-aised  black  dot  on  fold  at  1,  another  beneath  fold  at 
\,  a  third  in  disc  slightly  abo\'e  middle,  a  fourth  beneath  fold 
obliquely  beyond  third,  almost  dorsal,  and  two  transversely  placed 
close  together  above  tornus;  a  cloudy  dark  fuscous  spot  on  costa 
before  §;  two  black  dots  longitudinally  placed  at  apex  :  cilia 
whitish-ochreous,  mixed  with  fuscous  round  apex.  Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  whitish-grey-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Deloraine,  Tasmania;  in  October 
and  November,  five  specimens. 

138.  M.  nod  (to,  n.sp. 

^Q.  7-8  mm.  Head  white,  crown  fuscous-sprinkled.  Palpi 
white,  second  joint  with  a  blackish  lateral  line,  terminal  joint 
with  black  subbasal  and  subapical  rings.  Antennae  whitish, 
beneath  fuscous-spotted.  Thorax  whitish-ochreous,  with  two 
dark  fuscous  posterior  spots.  Abdomen  whitish.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  very 
narrow,  ochreous,  mixed  with  white  and  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous,  almost  wholly  suffused  with  white  on  anterior  half  and 
sometimes  throughout;  a  raised  black  dot  on  fold  at  \,  a  larger 
one  beneath  fold  at  \,  a  third- in  disc  before  middle,  a  fourth 
beneath  fold  obliquely  bevond  third,  almost  dorsal,  and  two  trans- 
25 


374  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

versely  placed  close  together  or  confluent  above  tornus;  sometimes 
a  blackish  costal  dot  beyond  middle  ;  a  black  apical  dot,  and 
another  obliquely  above  and  before  it :  cilia  whitish-ochreous, 
round  apex  sprinkled  with  black.  Hindwings  whitish-grey;  cilia 
whitish-grey-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  Deloraine,  Tasmania ;  Albany, 
"West  Australia;  from  August  to  January,  seven  specimens. 

139.   J/,  cliaracta,  n.sp. 

(^9-  9-11  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  more  or  less  mixed  with 
fuscous  and  dark  fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  a  broad  band  and  sub- 
apical  ring  of  second  joint,  and  basal  and  suljapical  bands  of 
terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennae  Avhitish,  fuscous-ringed,  towards 
apex  with  sevei^al  broader  fuscous  bands.  Thorax  fuscous,  mixed 
with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish.  Abdomen  whitish-fuscous.  Lecfs 
dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings 
very  narrow,  ochreous-fuscous,  moi'e  or  less  irrorated  irregularly 
with  dark  fuscous,  sometimes  mixed  with  whitish  towards  dorsum 
anteriorly,  and  towards  termen  and  costa  posteriorly;  sometimes 
a  blackish  costal  mark  near  base;  a  tuft  of  ochreous  and  black 
scales  beneath  fold  at  J;  a  raised  black  white-edged  elongate  dot 
in  disc  somewhat  before  middle;  a  blackish  raised  dot  beneath 
fold  somewhat  beyond  this;  an  irregular  black  sometimes  whitish- 
edged  raised  dot  in  disc  beyond  f ;  a  blackish  spot  on  costa  before 
this,  preceded  by  a  pale  spot;  two  or  three  irregularly  placed 
undefined  dark  fuscous  spots  towards  apex  :  cilia  fuscous,  base 
dark  fuscous  at  apex.      Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Blackheath  (3500  feet).  New  South  Wales;  Nelson, 

New  Zealand;  from  June  to  November,  and  in  March  (the  New 

Zealand    example    in    January);    nine    specimens.       The    single 

specimen  taken  in  New  Zealand  does  not  seem  to  exhibit  any 

essential  difference,  but  further  examples  are  desirable  to  establish 

its  identity. 

140.   M.  leptopis,  n.sp. 

(J.  8  mm.  Head  white,  crown  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous. 
Palpi  white,  a  broad  band  and  apical  dot  of  second  joint,  and 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


375 


subbasal  and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  joint  black.  Antennse 
grey.  Thorax  whitish  mixed  with  ochreous  and  dark  fuscous, 
with  a  small  blackish  posterior  spot.  Abdomen  whitish.  Legs 
dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  ochreous,  suffusedly 
mixed  with  white,  and  irrorated  with  black;  a  clear  white  longi- 
tudinal streak  from  base  beneath  costa  to  second  discal  stigma, 
edged  above  by  an  irregular  clear  bright  ochreous  streak;  stigmata 
raised,  black,  first  discal  placed  in  middle  of  the  white  longitudinal 
streak,  plical  directly  below  it,  second  discal  large:  cilia  whitish- 
fuscous,  round  apex  mixed  with  white  and  sprinkled  with  black. 
Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  one  specimen. 

141.    M.  fonophora,  n.sp. 

(^2-  8-9  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous. 
Palpi  whitish,  a  broad  band  and  apical  dot  of  second  joint, 
a  subbasal  ring  and  subapical  band  of  terminal  joint  dai'k  fuscous. 
Antennss  whitish,  suffusedly  ringed  with  fuscous.  Thorax  dark 
fuscous,  posterior  edge  whitish.  Abdomen  fuscous,  segmental 
margins  whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish.  Fore- 
wings  brown,  irregularly  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous;  a  brocxd 
whitish  patch  extending  along  basal  f  of  dorsum,  a  small  whitish 
spot  on  middle  of  dorsum  and  another  before  tornus,  separated 
by  dark  fuscous  suffusion,  sometimes  subconfluent;  discal  stigmata 
black,  raised,  partially  whitish-edged,  first  in  middle,  second  at  |; 
a  small  ochreous- whitish  oblique  triangular  spot  on  costa  before  |, 
preceded  and  followed  by  patches  of  dark  fuscous  suffusion;  two 
or  three  black  dots  longitudinally  placed  towards  apex  :  cilia 
fuscous,  round  apex  darker  basally.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  from  November  to  January,  four 

.specimens. 

142.   M.  thymopis,  n.sp. 

(J^.  6-7  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  ochreous-tinged.  Palpi 
whitish,  a  broad  band  and  apical  ring  of  second  joint,  sulibasal 
and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  joint  black.  Antenn?e  whitish, 
in  9  ringed  and  banded  with  fuscous.     Thorax  ochreous  sprinkled 


376  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

with  whitish.  Abdomen  light  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous  ringed 
with  whitish.  Forewings  hght  ochreous,  irregularly  mixed  with 
darker  ochreous  and  whitish,  margins  suflFusedJy  irrorated  with 
black;  some  black  irroration  on  fold  towards  base;  a  blackish 
dorsal  spot  near  base;  stigmata  raised  black,  partly  white-edged, 
first  discal  before  middle,  sometimes  followed  immediately  by  a 
small  irregular  dark  fuscous  patch,  second  small,  plical  obliquely 
before  first  discal;  a  patch  of  blackish  suffusion  on  costa  about  §: 
cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex  whitish-ochreous  sprinkled  with 
black.     Hind  wings  grey;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  August  and  November,  two 
specimens.  The  ^  shows  a  greater  development  of  black  scales, 
but  the  difference  is  possibly  individual  rather  than  sexual. 

143.  M.  einxutha,  n.sp. 

(J  9.  6-8.  mm.  Head  white,  crown  sprinkled  with  reddish- 
ochreous.  Palpi  white,  a  broad  band  and  apical  ring  of  second 
joint,  subbasal  and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  joint  black. 
Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  dai'k  fuscous.  Thorax  reddish- 
ochreous,  more  or  less  sprinkled  with  black  and  whitish.  Abdo- 
men grey,  segmental  margins  whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed 
with  whitish.  Forewings  reddish-ochreous,  irregularly  mixed 
with  whitish,  irrorated  on  margins  and  sometimes  also  towards 
middle  of  disc  with  dark  fuscous;  a  black  basal  median  dot; 
stigmata  raised,  black,  first  discal  before  middle,  plical  directly 
beneath  it,  second  discal  at  f ,  sometimes  with  a  small  black  dot 
beneath  it;  a  dark  fuscous  costal  suffusion  towards  f :  cilia  light 
fuscous,  round  apex  suffused  with  ochreous-whitish  and  sprinkled 
with  black.     Hind  wings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Blackheath  (3500  feet),  New  South  Wales ;  in 
October,  November,  and  March,  seven  specimens. 

144.    M.  trigonospUa,  n.sp. 

(^5.  8-10  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  irrorated  with  grey. 
Palpi  whitish,  median  band  and  apical  ring  of  second  joint,  sub- 
basal  and   subapical  rings  of    terminal  joint  black.       Antennas 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


377 


whitish,  ringed  with  fuscous.  Thorax  light  reddish-ochreous, 
sprinkled  with  whitish,  with  a  small  dark  fuscous  posterior  spot. 
Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with 
whitish.  Forewings  light  reddish-ochreous,  margins  suffusedly 
irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  ;  stigmata  raised,  black,  edged  with 
whitish-ochreous,  first  discal  somewhat  before  middle,  second  at  |, 
I^lical  obliquely  before  first  discal  :  cilia  fuscous,  at  apex  with  a 
black  basal  dot  and  short  dark  median  line.  Hindwings  and  cilia 
fuscous. 

Glen  Innes  (3000  feet).  New  South  Wales;  Mount  Macedon, 
Victoria;  in  November  and  December,  four  specimens. 

1J:5.   M.  leucochtha,  n.sp. 

5.  8-9  mm.  Head  white,  crown  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous. 
Palpi  white,  lower  |  of  second  joint,  and  subbasal  and  subapical 
rings  of  terminal  joint  black.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with 
grey.  Thorax  whitish,  mixed  with  dark  grey.  Abdomen  light 
grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  indistinctly  ringed  with  whitish. 
Forewings  whitish,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous;  a  broad  clear 
white  longitudinal  suffusion  extending  from  base  to  |,  anteriorlj' 
nearly  or  quite  reaching  costa,  posteriorly  discal  and  sufiusedly 
edged  above  with  yellow-ochreous  ;  sometimes  a  black  basal 
median  dot;  stigmata  raised,  black,  first  discal  before. middle, 
second  at  f,  plical  obliquely  before  first  discal;  a  black  tornal  dot 
beneath  second  discal :  cilia  light  fuscous,  at  apex  with  a  blackish 
basal  dot  and  darker  median  line.  Hindwings  light  gi'ey;  cilia 
light  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Adelaide  and  Port  Lincoln,  South 
Australia;  in  October  and  November,  three  specimens. 

146.   M.  sollennis,  n.sp. 

(J9.  8-12  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  irrorated  with  fuscous. 
Palpi  whitish,  basal  §  and  apical  ring  of  second  joint,  subbasal 
and  subapical  rings  of  terminal  joint  blackish.  Antennte  whitish, 
ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  fuscous,  sprinkled  with 
whitish.     Abdomen  light  grey.     Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with 


378  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

whitish.  Forewings  fuscous,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous,  with  a 
few  irregular  whitish  scales;  a  blackish  basal  median  dot;  stigmata 
rather  large,  raised,  black,  partialh^  whitish-edged,  first  discal 
before  middle,  second  at  |,  plical  large,  somewhat  obliquely  before 
first  discal;  a  small  black  dot  beneath  second  discal  :  cilia  fuscous, 
round  apex  with  blackish  basal  line  and  darker  median  line. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Blackheath  (3500  feet),  New   South   Wales  ;    in 
February  and  March,  six  specimens. 

1-17.   M.  arizela,  n.sp. 

(J^.  11-13  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  dark 
fuscous  except  towards  apex.  Antennas  white,  ringed  with 
fuscous.  Thorax  white,  in  ^  with  dark  fuscous  spots  on  shoulders 
and  dorsal  irroration.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  whitish,  banded 
with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  white;  a  small  black  plical  tuft, 
and  a  small  blackish  dorsal  spot  near  base;  costal  edge  sometimes 
irrorated  with  blackish;  stigmata  rather  large,  raised,  black,  first 
discal  before  middle,  second  at  J,  plical  large,  somewhat  obliquely 
before  first  discal ;  a  ferruginous-ochreous  sometimes  partially 
obsolete  fascia  from  4  of  costa,  traversing  first  discal  stigma, 
terminating  in  a  broader  blackish  dorsal  suffusion  at  \;  a  very 
oblique  ferruginous-ochreous  fascia  from  be3'ond  middle  of  costa 
to  termen  below  apex,  more  or  less  interrupted  and  ill-defined; 
termen  and  posterior  half  of  costa  variably  suffused  with  coarse 
black  iri'oration,  more  or  less  developed  :  cilia  rather  dark  fuscous 
at  apex  mixed  with  black,  above  apex  yellow-cchreous.  Hind- 
wings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  rather  dark  fuscous. 

Bathurst  (2000  feet),  New  South  Wales ;  Hobart,  Tasmania; 
in  November  and  December,  four  specimens. 

24.  Syntomactis,  Meyr. 

Antennae  4,  in  ^  serrate  or  simple.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved, 
second  joint  dilated  with  whorled  scales  towards  apex,  terminal 
joint  shorter  or  longer  than  second,  acute,  somewhat  rough-scaled, 
usually  with  two  or  three  distinct  somewhat  projecting  whorls. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  379 

Posterior  tibiie  rouorh-hairecl.  Fore\vin<TS  with  tufts  of  scales  on 
surface;  lb  furcate,  7  and  8  out  of  6,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  §, 
narrow-lanceolate,  cilia  3-4  ;  transverse  vein  sometimes  absent 
l)etween  4  and  5,  6  and  7  seldom  stalked. 

A  highly  characteristic  Australian  genus,  of  which  one  species 
occurs  in  New  Zealand;  in  this  latter  the  normal  scale-tufts  are 
but  ill  developed,  and  were  therefore  not  mentioned  in  my  original 
description.  The  genus  is  a  development  of  Trachydora,  and 
only  differs  from  it  in  the  absence  of  the  tuft  on  the  second  joint 
of  palpi.  The  arrangement  of  the  scale-tufts,  which  tend  to 
form  several  oblique  series  of  three  tufts  each,  is  the  same  in  both. 
Imago  with  forewings  elongate-lanceolate ;  the  species  are 
numerous,  mostly  similar  and  obscure,  and  present  considerable 
difficulties  They  are  usually  attached  to  species  of  Myrtacccs, 
the  known  larvaj  feeding  in  the  spun  shoots. 

1.  Abdomen  Ijanded  with  ochreous-yellowish 2. 

Abdomen  without  yellowish  band 5. 

2.  Forewings  with  broad  median  dark  brown  band 3. 

Forewings  without  such  band 4. 

3.  Forewings  with  white   antemedian   costal  spot  in 

band 164.  anfithftis. 

Forewings  without  such  spot 163.  ioreuiica. 

4.  Forewings  witli  narrow  black  antemedian  fascia 162.  phylacfis. 

Forewings  without  such  fascia 159.  2^(^i^'0'^(^i<^- 

.5.  Forewings   with   broad   yellow-ochreous   subcostal 

stripe 168.  exiynia. 

Forewings  without  such  stripe 6. 

6.  Forewings  with  clear  whitish  markings 7. 

Forewings  without  clear  whitish  markings II. 

7.  Forewings  with  white  subcostal  streak 161.  psoralea. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 8. 

8.  Forewings  with  broad  white  median  band 165.   harmosta, 

Forewings  witliout  such  band 9. 

9.  Forewings  with  white  median  dorsal  spot 166.  sele.nura. 

Forewings  without  such  spot 10. 

10.  Forewings  with  indistinct  spots  of  wliitish-irroration   155.   cyrlonia. 
Forewings  without  spots  of  whitish  irroration 167.   trojJiKa. 

11.  Forewings  wiLli  black  median  streak  from  disc  to 

apex 160.  ecftafica. 

Forewiiii'.s  without  sucii  streak 12. 


380  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 


12.  Tufts  in  disc  concolorous,  not  blackish 13. 

Tufts  in  disc  blackish 14. 

13.  Forewings  ferruginous 148.  epiphrixa. 

Forewings  whitish  irrorated  with  fuscous 158.  tephras. 

14.  Thorax  ferruginous-ochreous,  whitish-sprinkled 15. 

Thorax  mixed  with  whitish  and  fuscous  or  dark 

fuscous , 16. 

15.  Head  wholly  whitish 149.  hestiopa. 

Head  irrorated  with  ochreous  or  fuscous 151.  sedula. 

16.  Black  irroration  tending  to  form  short  longitudinal 

streaks 152.  anagrapta. 

Black  irroration  not  forming  short  streaks 17. 

17.  Head  clear  ochreous-white 153.  psarotricha. 

Head  more  or  less  dark-sprinkled 18. 

IS.   Forewings  with  defined  blackish  apical  dot 19. 

Forewings  without  such  dot 20. 

19.  Abdomen  greyish-ochreous 157.  melanopa. 

Abdomen  dark  grey 150.  ochlopa. 

20.  Expanse  6-8  mm. ;  groundcolour  grey 154.  cataspoda. 

Expanse  9-10 mm.;  groundcolour  ochreous-brown...  156.   capnopora. 

148.  ^S*.  epij)hrixa,  n.sp. 

(J^.  9-12  mm.  Head  grey,  irrorated  with  whitish.  Palpi 
whitish,  second  joint  with  seven  or  eight  blackish  rings,  terminal 
joint  with  six  blackish  rings  in  pairs.  Antennas  ringed  with 
fuscous,  white,  and  black  successively.  Thorax  light  ferruginous - 
brown.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated 
with  whitish.  Forewings  ferruginous ;  margins  suffused  with 
dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish,  narrowly  towards  base,  more 
broadly  and  extending  over  disc  posteriori}':  cilia  fuscous,  round 
apex  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish.  Hind  wings  fuscous, 
darker  posteriorly;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  from  October  to  December,  three 
specimens. 

149.  S.  hestiopa,  n.sp. 

^.  9  mm.  Head  whitish.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with 
five  blackish  rings,  terminal  joint  with  six  blackish  rings  in  pairs. 
Antennpe  ringed  with  fuscous,  white,  and  l)lack  successively. 
Thorax  ferruginous-ochreous,  dorsally  mixed  with  whitish.     Abdo- 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


381 


men  greyish-ochreous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed 
with  whitish.  Forewings  ferruginous-ochreous;  narrow  marginal 
streaks,  costal  spots  before  and  beyond  middle,  larger  dorsal  spots 
at  ^-  and  ^,  and  an  apical  patch  fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish;  a 
black  raised  dot  beneath  fold  at  ^,  one  above  fold  beyond  this, 
another  beneath  fold  at  ^,  one  beneath  costa  before  middle,  one 
in  disc  obliquely  beyond  this,  one  towards  costa  at  §,  and  one 
near  dorsum  rather  obliquely  beyond  this:  cilia  light  fuscous, 
round  apex  irrorated  with  darker  and  whitish,  with  a  dark  fuscous 
subapical  line.  Hindwings  fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous. 
Sydney,  jSTew  South  Wales;  in  Apinl,  one  specimen. 

150.   S.  ochlopa,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  6-10  mm.  Head  whitish,  more  or  less  irrorated  with 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  six  black  rings,  terminal 
joint  with  six  black  rings  tending  to  be  confluent  in  pairs. 
Antenna  grey,  sometimes  whitish-ringed.  Thorax  fuscous, 
whitish-sprinkled.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  brown,  bronzy-tinged;  a  narrow 
basal  fascia  and  four  inwardly  oblique  fasciae  of  whitish  irroration, 
two  or  three  first  sometimes  interrupted  to  form  quadrate  costal 
and  dorsal  spots;  costa  suffusedly  dark  fuscous  between  these;  a 
blackish  posteriorly  whitish-edged  raised  dot  beneath  fold  at  l, 
one  abo^e  fold  beyond  this,  another  beneath  fold  at  J,  an  oblique 
straight  or  bent  series  of  three  from  beneath  costa  at  4  to  above 
middle  of  dorsum,  and  two  others  rather  obliquely  placed  in  disc 
beyond  middle;  a  blackish  apical  dot:  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex 
dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish.  Hindwings  fuscous  or  dark 
fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Georges  Bay,  Tasmania;  Albany, 
Geraldton,  and  York,  West  Australia;  from  October  to  March, 
common  (eighteen  specimens).  Larva  feeding  in  spun-up  shoots 
of  Kunzea  capitata  (Mijrfaceo')  in  November. 

151.   S.  sedula,  n.sp. 

(5' 9.  7-11  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  irrorated  with  ochreous 
or  fuscous.     Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  six  blackish  rings. 


382  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

terminal  joint  with  six  black  rings  tending  to  be  confluent  in 
pairs.  Antennfe  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax 
ochreous,  irrorated  with  whitish.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark 
fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish.  Forewings  ferruginous-ochreous, 
more  or  less  irrorated  with  whitish  and  fuscous;  a  small  black 
posteriorly  whitish-edged  raised  dot  above  fold  at  i,  another 
beneath  fold  at  ^,  one  below  costa  at  4,  one  in  disc  vertically 
beneath  this,  one  near  dorsum  in  middle,  and  two  placed  vertically 
in  disc  at  4;  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish  and 
dark  fuscous.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Newcastle,  Sydney,  and  Mount  Kosciusko  (2700  feet),  New 
South  Wales  :  from  October  to  March,  eight  specimens. 

152.  S.  anagrapta,  n.sp. 

(J5.  7-8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish,  slightly  fuscous- 
sprinkled.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  two  pairs  of  dark 
fuscous  rings,  terminal  joint  with  three  pairs  of  one  blackish  and 
one  fuscous  ring  each.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  alternately  with 
fuscous  and  blackish.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  whitish,  with  bands 
of  fuscous  and  black  irroration.  Forewings  brownish-ochreous, 
partially  irrorated  with  whitish,  especially  towards  base  and 
dorsum,  with  irregularly  strewn  coarse  black  scales,  tending  to 
form  short  longitudinal  streaks  in  disc  and  posteriorly  ;  a  blackish 
posteriorly  whitish-edged  raised  dot  at  base,  one  on  dorsum  near 
base,  one  beneath  fold  beyond  this,  one  above  fold  at  I,  one  on 
costa  towards  base,  one  beneath  fold  at  J,  an  oblique  series  of 
three  from  costa  at  |^  to  dorsum  in  middle,  two  rather  obliquely 
placed  in  disc  at  4,  one  beneath  costa  at  §,  one  above  toi-nus,  and 
one  at  apex  :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish 
and  darker.  Hindwings  grey,  lighter  towards  base  ;  cilia  light 
fuscous. 

Newcastle,  New  South  Wales ;  in  January,  three  specimens. 

153.  S.  psarotricha,  n.sp. 

(J2-  5-7  mm.  Head  clear  ochreous-white.  Palpi  white,  second 
joint   with  four  or  five   dark  fuscous  rings,  terminal  joint  with 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


383 


three  pairs  of  dark  fuscous  rings.     Antennse  white,  ringed  with 

fuscous.     Thorax  whitish,  more  or  less  grey-sprinkled.    Abdomen 

light  greyish-ochreous.     Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed 

with  whitish.     Fore  wings  ochreous,  more  or  less  nearly  wholly 

suffused  with  grey,  irrorated  with  whitish,  and  towards  margins 

posteriorly  with  dark  fuscous  ;  a  black  posteriorly  whitish-edged 

raised  dot  at  base,  one   beneath  fold  at  ^,  an  oblique  series  of 

three  from  beneath  costa  at  ^   to  above  dorsum  at  I,  a  similar 

series  from  beneath  costa  at  |  to  above  dorsum  in  middle,  two 

somewhat  obliquely  placed  in  disc  at  f,  and   two   transversely 

placed    above    tornus    at    f :    cilia    whitish-fuscous,   round  apex 

irrorated  with  whitish  and  fuscous.     Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia 

whitish-fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  September  and  December,  seven 

specimens. 

154.   S.  cataspoda,  n.sp. 

(JQ.  6-8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish,  irrorated  with  dark 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  and  terminal  joints  each  with 
two  fuscous  bands  marked  with  two  or  three  black  rings. 
Antennte  whitish,  I'inged  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs 
dark  fuscous  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  grey,  irrorated 
with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous;  an  obscure  yellow-ochreous  spot 
beneath  costa  near  base,  one  above  tornus,  and  traces  of  ochreous 
suffusion  in  disc  before  and  beyond  middle  ;  costal  spots  at  i,  f , 
and  4,  four  small  dorsal  spots,  a  suffused  blotch  in  disc  before 
middle,  spots  in  disc  at  |  and  f ,  and  an  irregular  apical  suffusion 
formed  of  blackish  irroration,  very  ill-defined  :  cilia  fuscous, 
round  apex  irrorated  with  blackish  and  whitish.  Hindwings 
grey,  paler  basally  ;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Quorn,  South  Australia;  in  October,  twelve  specimens. 

155.    S.  cyclonia,  n  sp. 

2-  10  nun.  Head  and  thorax  whitish,  irrorated  with  dark- 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  two,  terminal  joint 
with  three  bands  of  black  irroration  tending  to  form  two  or  three 
rings  each.       Antennje  fuscous,   ringed  with   dark  fuscous  and 


3(S4  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

indistmctly  with  whitish.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  dark  fuscous, 
irrorated  with  paler ;  a  spot  on  base  of  costa,  an  obscure  fascia 
at  I,  a  spot  on  costa  beyond  this,  reaching  half  across  wing,  an 
oVjscure  fascia  beyond  middle,  and  a  spot  at  tornus  formed  of 
whitish  irroration,  all  indistinct;  a  clear  whitish  spot  on  costa  at 
I  :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish  and 
darker.     Hindwings  fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Sydne}'^,  New  South  Wales;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

156.  *S'.  capnopora^  n.sp. 

(J.  9-10  mm.  Head  ochreous-whitish,  slightly  fuscous-sprinkled 
on  crown.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  about  five  blackish 
rings,  terminal  joint  with  two  pairs  of  blackish  rings  and  one 
beneath  apex.  Antennae  fuscous,  indistinctly  ringed  with  dark 
fuscous  and  whitish.  Thorax  brownish,  irrorated  with  whitish. 
Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with 
whitish.  Forewings  ochreous-brown;  a  basal  and  three  other 
outwardly  oblique  fascipe  and  an  apical  patch  formed  of  whitish 
and  fuscous  irroration,  very  ill-defined  and  irregularly  confluent 
in  disc;  a  blackish  raised  dot  above  fold  at  \,  one  below  fold  at  |, 
and  an  oblique  series  of  three  from  below  costa  at  \  to  above 
dorsum  before  middle ;  some  scattered  black  scales  in  disc 
posteriorly  and  towards  apex  :  cilia  light  brownish,  round  apex 
Irrorated  with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia 
light  fuscous. 

Murrurundi  and  Pic  ton.  New  South  Wales;  in  September  and 
October,  two  specimens. 

157.  8.  melanopa,  n.sp. 

^2.  8-9  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  two,  terminal  joint 
with  three  bands  of  two  or  three  subconfluent  blackish  rings  each. 
Antennse  fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish  and  blackish.  Thorax 
fuscous-whitish  mixed  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  greyish- 
ochreous.     Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  385 

Forewings  ochreous-brown,  more  or  less  nearly  wholly  suffused 
with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish  irroratioii,  with  some  irregularly 
scattered  black  scales;  a  transverse  tuft  of  scales  above  fold  at  ^, 
one  below  fold  at  J,  two  transversely  placed  in  disc  at  f ,  two 
others  similarly  at  4,  one  above  dorsum  before  middle,  and  one 
above  tornus;  four  spots  of  blackish  suffusion  on  costa,  fourth  at 
|,  and  one  on  dorsum  before  middle;  an  elongate  blackish  apical 
dot :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex  iri'orated  with  whitish  and 
dark  fuscous.      Hindwings  fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;    in  June   and   September,  three 

specimens. 

158.  S.  teplrras,  n.sp. 

5.  13  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  fuscous-sprinkled.  Palpi 
whitish,  second  joint  with  two,  terminal  joint  with  three  bands 
of  two  or  three  ill-defined  dark  fuscous  rings  each.  Antenme 
whitish,  ringed  with  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish,  fuscous-sprinkled. 
Abdomen  pale  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed 
with  whitish.  Forewings  whitish,  finely  irrorated  with  fuscous; 
triangular  spots  of  dark  fuscous  irroration  on  dorsum  at  ^,  before 
middle,  and  on  tornus;  four  small  indistinct  spots  of  dark  fuscous 
irroration  on  costa  posteriorly  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated 
with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  fuscous;  cilia  light 
fuscous. 

Port  Lincoln,  South  Austi'alia;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

159.  S.  2J(ir(iscia,  n.fi-p. 

^■5.  9-11  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  fuscous-sprinkled.  Palpi 
whitish,  second  joint  with  six  blackish  rings,  terminal  joint  with 
three  pairs  of  blackish  rings.  Antennae  fuscous,  ringed  with  dark 
fuscous  and  whitish.  Thorax  whitish,  fuscous-sprinkled.  Abdo- 
men light  grey,  two  basal  segments  banded  with  light  ochreous- 
yellow.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish. 
Forewings  whitish,  irrorated  with  grey ;  some  scattered  black 
scales  tending  to  form  longitudinal  lines;  a  transverse  dark  grey 
posteriorly  white-edged  tuft  beneath  fold  at  \,  one  beyond  it 
above  fold,  one  below  fold  at  \,  an  oblique  series  of  three  from 


386  DBSCRIPTIOXS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

beneath  costa  at  |-  to  above  dorsum  before  middle,  two  obliquely 
placed  in  disc  at  4,  the  lower  one  anterior,  and  one  above  tornus, 
all  preceded  by  more  or  less  distinct  ochreous  elongate  spots  or 
tinges;  oblique  undefined  blackish  costal  marks  near  base  and  at 
~;  usually  an  inwardly  oblique  undefined  median  fascia  of  blackish 
irroration  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish  and 
dark  fuscous.  Hindwings  fuscous,  darker  posteiiorly;  cilia  light 
fuscous. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  five  specimens. 

160.  S.  ecstatica,  n  sp. 

-^2.  10-14  mm.  Head  whitish,  sprinkled  with  fuscous  and 
black.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  two  bands  of  about 
three  subconfluent  blackish  rings  each,  terminal  joint  with  three 
slight  whorls,  each  preceded  by  a  pair  of  blackish  rings,  and 
about  four  blackish  rings  towards  apex.  Antennae  fuscous,  ringed 
with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  whitish,  irrorated  with 
fuscous  and  sprinkled  with  black.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  whitish,  irrorated  with 
fuscous,  and  with  scattered  black  scales  tending  to  form  short 
longitudinal  streaks;  a  well-marked  thicker  black  median  longi- 
tudinal streak  from  before  middle  of  disc  to  ape.x;,  sometimes 
interrupted  at  |  or  f  _:  oblique  dark  fuscous  or  blackish  costal 
marks  at  ^  and  j,  sometimes  almost  obsolete;  tufts  normal  but 
not  conspicuous  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish 
and  blackish.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;  from  September  to  January,-  on 
trunks  of  Eucalyptus,  eight  specimens. 

161.  S.  psoralea,  n.sp. 

(JQ.  10-12  mm.  Head  whitish,  crown  fuscous-sprinkled. 
Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  a  subapical  ring  and  two  bands, 
and  terminal  joint  with  three  bands  of  two  rings  each  dark  fus- 
cous. Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  fuscous  and  dark  fuscous. 
Thorax  fuscous,  irrorated  with  whitish.  Abdomen  whitish-fuscous. 
Legs  dark   fuscous,  irrorated  with   whitish.     Forewings   brown, 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  387 

irrorated  with  white;  a  well-marked  dark  fuscous  longitudinal 
line  from  base  above  middle  to  apex,  edged  above  by  a  rather 
broad  white  streak  ;  a  black  raised  dot  beneath  fold  at  ^,  two 
transversely  placed  in  disc  at  |,  one  near  dorsum  before  middle, 
two  transversely  placed  and  rather  remote  in  disc  at  ~,  and  one 
above  tornus  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish. 
Hindwings  grey;   cilia  light  fuscous. 

Blackheath  (3500  feet),  New  South  Wales;  Healesville,  Vic- 
toria; in  December  and  February,  two  specimens. 

162.  »S'.  phylactis,  n.sp. 

(J.  10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  whitish, 
basal  joint,  two  pairs  of  ill-defined  rings  on  second  joint,  and  three 
on  terminal  blackish.  Antennae  fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish  and 
blackish.  Abdomen  pale  fuscous,  with  a  dull  orange-ochreous 
band  before  middle.  Legs  blackish,  irrorated  and  ringed  with 
whitish.  Forewings  whitish,  irregularly  irrorated  with  grey ;  a 
small  black  costal  spot  near  base,  and  one  on  fold  beyond  it  ;  a 
slightly  curved  oblique  black  fascia  at  f,  beneath  fold  becoming  a 
broader  undefined  black  irroration,  towaixls  costa  ^^receded  by  a 
whitish-ochreous  tinge  ;  an  undefined  whitish-ochreous  spot 
beneath  costa  beyond  middle,  and  one  in  disc  at  | ;  a  spot  of 
blackish  irroration  on  costa  beyond  middle,  and  one  on  dorsum 
before  tornus  ;  a  blackish  elongate  apical  mark  :  cilia  whitish- 
ochreous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish. 
Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-fuscous,  becoming  whitish-ochreous 
at  base,  more  broadly  towards  tornus. 

Geraldton,  West  Australia;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

163.  S.  toreutica,  n.sp. 

2.  11  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  slightly  sprinkled  with 
dark  fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  suffused  with  ochreous, 
with  about  six  dark  fuscous  rings,  terminal  joint  with  two  very 
oblique  whorls  and  three  pairs  of  dark  fuscous  rings.  Antennse 
fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  fuscous, 
with  an  ochreous-yellowish  band  before  middle.     Legs  whitish. 


388  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

banded  with  blackish.  Forewings  whitish;  a  small  dark  fuscous 
spot  on  costa  near  base,  and  one  on  fold  below  it,  latter  margined 
posteriorly  and  beneath  by  tufts  of  scales;  a  broad  median  dark 
brown  band,  irrorated  and  anteriorly  broadly  suffused  with  black, 
anterior  edge  sharpl}^  defined,  running  from  costa  at  f  to  dorsum 
at  ^,  posterior  edge  from  costa  at  |  to  dorsum  beyond  tornus, 
deeply  excavated  in  middle;  five  large  somewhat  coppery-metallic 
tufts  placed  in  this  band;  an  apical  patch  of  black  irroration, 
enclosing  a  marginal  series  of  light  brown  spots :  cilia  light 
fuscous,  below  apex  irrorated  with  whitish,  above  it  with  blackish. 
Hindwings  fuscous,  darker  posteriorly;  cilia  light  fuscous. 
Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

164.  ^'.  antithetis,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-11  mm.  Differs  from  S.  toreutica  as  follows  :  abdomen 
more  suffused  with  ochreous  yellowish;  fore  wings  with  anterior 
edge  of  dark  band  rising  from  costa  before  J,  therefore  hardly  at 
all  oblique,  a  white  spot  on  costa  before  middle  enclosed  in  the 
dark  band. 

Adelaide,  South  Australia;  tliree  specimens  received  from  Mr. 
E.  Guest.  This  is  probably  to  be  regarded  only  as  a  geographical 
form  of  S.  toreutica,  but  since  the  two  forms  are  at  present  clearly 
distinguishable,  I  have  thought  it  best  to  keep  them  separate 
until  more  is  known  of  them. 

165.  aS'.  harmosta,  n.sp. 

(J2.  11-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  shoulders  with  a  dark 
fuscous  spot.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  sprinkled  with  ochreous, 
with  two  blackish  rings,  terminal  joint  sometimes  with  two 
blackish  rings.  Antennj«  whitish,  ringed  with  fuscous.  Abdo- 
men grey.  Legs  whitish,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
dark  grey,  irrorated  and  mixed  with  white,  with  some  scattered 
black  scales;  a  broad  irregular-edged  clear  white  median  band, 
dilated  on  dorsum,  anterior  edge  concave;  whitish  partly  ochreous- 
tinged  tufts  below  fold  near  base  and  at  i,  above  fold  at  4,  two 
in  disc  on  anterior  edge  of  median  band,  one  in  band  near  dorsum, 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  389 

preceded  by  some  blackish  scales,  and  one  above  tornuB  preceded 
by  a  yellow-ochreous  spot ;  an  elongate  black  discal  mark  in 
median  band  near  posterior  edge;  a  white  transverse  costal  mark 
before  |;  a  round  undefined  blackish  spot  towards  apex,  above 
and  beneath  which  are  sometimes  yellow-ochreous  spots:  cilia 
grey,  round  apex  white  with  a  thick  black  subbasal  and  dark 
fuscous  subapical  line.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  grey,  basally  tinged 
with  whitish-yellowish. 

Geraldton,  West  Australia;  in  November,  two  specimens. 

166.  *S'.  selenura,  n.sp. 

(J.  13  mm.  Head  dark  fuscous,  irrora ted  with  whitish.  Palpi 
blackish,  sprinkled  with  whitish.  Antennae  fuscous,  indistinctly 
ringed  with  whitish.  Thorax  ochreous-white,  anterior  margin 
irregularly  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  blackish, 
irrorated  and  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  dark  fuscous, 
sprinkled  with  black,  scales  finely  and  obscurely  tipped  with 
whitish;  a  small  tuft  above  fold  at  4;  a  large  dark  fuscous  tuft 
beneath  fold  at  ^,  and  two  transversely  placed  in  disc  at  |:  a 
moderately  large  white  semioval  spot  on  dorsum  in  middle,  edged 
anteriorly  by  a  dark  grey  tuft,  and  posteriorly  by  a  grey  ridge- 
like tuft  extending  into  disc;  a  grey  transverse  tuft  on  termen 
beyond  tornus:  cilia  dark  fuscous,  round  apex  sprinkled  with 
whitish.     Hindwings  rather  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Brisbane,   Queensland ;    one   specimen  received   from   Mr.    G. 

Barnard. 

167.  »S'.  tropaea,  n.sp. 

-J9.  10-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  whitish,  irrorated  with  dark 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  two,  terminal  joint 
with  three  distinct  black  rings,  each  accompanied  by  one  or  two 
less  marked  blackish  rings.  Antennae  whitish,  ringed  with  grey 
and  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated 
and  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  blackish-fuscous,  irrorated 
with  light  brownish,  with  numerous  small  irregular  undefined 
light  brownish  spots ;  tufts  normal,  dark  fuscous,  obscurely 
whitish-edged  posteriorly ;  a  white  or  ochreous-whitish  spot  on 
2G 


390  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LBPIDOPTERA, 

costa  at  5:  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  blackish  and 
wliitish.     Hind  wings  grey;  cilia  fuscous. 

xVdelaide  and  Wirrabara,  South  Australia;  Carnar^■on,  West 
Australia;  in  October,  three  specimens. 

168.   S.  eximia,  n.sp. 

9.  13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  yellow-ochreous.  Palpi 
whitish-ochreous,  second  joint  with  two,  terminal  joint  with  three 
bands  of  two  subconfluent  black  rings  each.  Antennpe  grey, 
ringed  with  black.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
ringed  with  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  blackish ;  a  broad 
yellow-ochreous  subcostal  stripe  from  base,  becoming  costal  beyond 
middle,  reaching  to  near  apex,  lower  edge  with  a  triangular  pro- 
minence at  1^,  including  a  tuft  of  scales,  and  curved  downwards 
at  4  so  as  to  touch  a  yellow-ochreous  tuft  of  scales  in  disc  ;  a 
yellow-ochreous  tuft  of  scales  in  disc  below  middle  :  cilia  dark 
grey,  round  apex  blackish,  with  a  brown  apical  bar,  Hindwings 
and  cilia  dark  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  one  specimen. 

2.5.  Trachydora,  n.or 


»• 


Antennje  ^,  in  $  simple  or  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  long, 
recurved,  second  joint  clothed  with  rough  hairs  towards  apex, 
foi'iaing  a  projecting  tuft  beneath,  terminal  joint  longer  or  shorter, 
sometimes  loosely  scaled,  acute.  Posterior  tibipe  rough-haired. 
Forewings  with  scale-tufts  on  surface;  lb  furcate,  7  and  8  out  of 
6,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  f ,  narrow-lanceolate,  cilia  3-5;  trans- 
verse vein  sometimes  absent  between  4  and  5,  5  and  6  sometimes 
stalked. 

Type  T.  iJlustris.  An  endemic  genus,  probably  of  considerable 
extent,  but  the  species  are  retired  in  habit  and  verj-  liable  to  be 
overlooked.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate-lanceolate.  As  in 
the  two  preceding  genera,  the  species  seem  usually  attached  to 
Mj/rtacecc. 

\.   Abdomen  orange  except  at  base 17G.  hc.liodora. 

Abdomen  not  orange  posteriorly „ 2. 


BY    E.    MEVHICK.  391 

2.  Abdomen    with    two    or    more    basal   segments 

sharply  whitish-ochreous  or  yellowish 3. 

Abdomen  with  basal   segments  not  sharply  con- 
trasted   7. 

3.  Head  dark  fuscous 184.  chJorozona. 

Head  whitish 4. 

4.  Cilia  of  hindwings  with  basal  half  ])artly  yellow  182.  musaea. 
Cilia  of  hindwings  not  partly  yellow 5, 

5.  Forewings    with    dark    median     streak    almost 

throughout 6. 

Forewings  without  dark  median  streak 175.  droserocles. 

6.  Median  streak  blackish-fuscous  throughout 173.  peroncta. 

Median  streak  ob?cure,  fuscous,  at  apex  blackish  174.  j^sanunodes. 

7.  Forewings  with  oblique  white  strigul*  from  costa  8. 
Forewings  witliout  such  striguhv 12. 

8.  Head  and  centre  of  thorax  wholly  white 9. 

.    Head  and  centre  of  thorax  not  wholly  white 10. 

9.  Cilia  of  forewings  at  apex  with  white  bar  black- 

edged  beneath 170.  ajihrocoma. 

Cilia  of  forewings  without  such  bar 169.   thyrsophora. 

10.  Forewings  with  two  oblique  white  costal  striguUe 

before  middle 11. 

Forewings  with  one  such  strigula  before  middle  179.  oxyzona. 

11.  Cilia  of  forewings  with  black  aoical  bar 171.   chalyhanth.es. 

Cilia  of  forewings  without  such  bar 172.  actinia. 

12.  Thorax  wholly  dark  fuscous 13. 

Tliorax  not  wholly  dark  fuscous 16. 

13.  Cilia  of  liindwings  mostly  yellowish 185.  stephano2Ja. 

Cilia  of  hindwings  not  yellowish 14. 

14.  Forewings  with  yellowish  discal  dot  and  dash 189.  placG2)hanes. 

Forewings  without  such  markings 15. 

15.  Abdomen  with  segmental  margins  white 188.  porphyrescens. 

Abdomen  with  segmental  margins  not  white 187.  capnopa. 

16.  Thorax  ferruginous 181.   illusfris. 

Thorax  not  ferruginous 17. 

17.  Head  white 178.   coryMa. 

Head  not  white 18. 

18.  Forewings  with  whitish  streak  along  dorsum 19. 

Fiirewings  without  such  streak 20. 

19.  Cilia  of  hindwings  partly  yellow 186.  heliotricha. 

Cilia  of  hindwings  not  yellow 183.  levrura. 

20.  Forewings  with  white  markings 21. 

Forewings  without  white  markings 177.  iiomodoxa. 


392  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

21.  Forewings  with   white  transverse   mark   before 

middle 190.  astragalota. 

Forewings  without  such  mark ISO.  euryplaca. 

169.    T.  thyrsophora,  n.sp. 

9.  8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  patagia  brown.  Palpi 
white,  second  joint  irrorated  with  fuscous,  with  dark  fuscous 
median  and  subapical  rings,  terminal  joint  with  dark  fuscous 
anterior  line.  Antennte  grey.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  whitish, 
ol)liquelv  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  rather  dark 
brown,  very  finely  striated  with  ochreous-whitish  ;  an  oblique 
dark  fuscous  mark  from  costa  at  i,  edged  by  white  costal  strigulaj; 
a  white  longitudinal  streak  beneath  fold  from  base,  interrupted 
by  inwardly  oblique  bars  of  groundcolour  before  and  beyond  f ;  a 
slender  raised  leaden-metallic  transverse  fascia  at  |,  dorsally  mar- 
gined by  yellow-ochreous  spots;  a  short  black  longitudinal  line  in 
disc  at  |,  edged  above  with  white,  beneath  limiting  an  extension 
of  the  second  yellow-ochreous  spot;  beyond  this  a  metallic  dot, 
beneath  which  is  a  whitish  mark  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex 
irrorated  with  whitish,  above  apex  with  black  basal  and  dark 
fuscous  subapical  lines.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

170.   T.  aphrocoma,  n.sp. 

9.  9-10  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  patagia  brown.  Palpi 
white,  second  joint  with  dark  fuscous  rings  above  and  below 
middle,  terminal  joint  with  dark  fuscous  anterior  line.  Antennas 
white,  ringed  with  light  brown.  Abdomen  whitish.  Legs 
whitish,  with  oblique  dark  fuscous  rings.  Forewings  rather  dark 
brown,  irrorated  with  whitish ;  two  thick  oblique  white  streaks 
from  costa  before  middle,  reaching  half  across  wing,  second 
limited  beneath  by  a  short  black  longitudinal  line  in  middle  of 
disc;  a  white  dorsal  streak  from  base  to  about  middle,  upper  edge 
emitting  two  oblique  teeth  towards  ^;  a  short  black  longitudinal 
line  above  tornus,  and  another  in  disc  at  |,  edged  above  with 
white;  submetallic  whitish  opposite  transverse  marks  on  costa  at 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


393 


I  and  tornus ;    termen  and  posterior  costal  margin  white:  cilia 

pale  fuscous,  round  apex  blackish-sprinkled,  at  apex  with  a  white 

l)ar  edged   beneath  with  blackish,  above  apex  with  tips  white. 

Hind  wings  grey;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New    South    Wales ;  in    December    and    March,  two 

specimens. 

171.    T.  clialybantlies,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-11  mm.  Head  white,  crown  suffused  with  grey.  Palpi 
white,  second  joint  with  two  blackish  bands  and  two  fine  sub- 
apical  rings,  tuft  mixed  with  blackish,  terminal  joint  with 
Ijlackish  anterior  line.  Antennas  grey,  obscurely  ringed  with 
dark  fuscous.  Thorax  fuscous  mixed  with  whitish.  Abdomen 
silvery-fuscous.  Legs  white,  obliquely  banded  with  dark  fuscous. 
Forewings  dark  fuscous,  on  dorsal  half  and  posteriorly  irrorated 
with  white;  two  oblique  white  streaks  from  costa  before  middle, 
not  reaching  half  across  wing,  anterior  produced  along  costa  to 
base ;  two  suffused  inwardly  oblique  white  marks  beneath  fold 
about  i;  a  suffused  white  longitudinal  streak  in  disc  from  before 
middle  to  before  |,  terminated  by  an  entire  transverse  submetallic 
white-edged  ridge  of  raised  scales;  a  raised  triangular  blackish 
mark  in  disc  beyond  this,  edged  above  strongly  with  white  and 
posteriorly  with  metallic  leaden-whitish ;  margins  suffused  v\  ith 
white  towards  apex,  except  on  a  dark  fuscous  apical  bar:  cilia 
grey,  round  apex  whitish,  with  a  strong  black  subbasal  line,  two 
other  fine  black  lines,  and  a  blackish  apical  bar.  Hind  wings 
grey,  darker  towards  apex;  cilia  grey. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Perth,  West  Australia;  in  October,, 
November,  and  March,  four  specimens. 

172.    T.  actinia,  n.sp. 

(J9.  10-11  mm  Head  and  thorax  white,  sprinkled  with  dark 
fuscous.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  blackish  subbasal  band 
and  five  dark  fuscous  rings  produced  into  the  large  tuft,  terminal 
joint  dark  fuscous  internally.  Antennte  light  fuscous  or  whitish, 
darker-ringed.  Alidomen  fuscous.  Legs  white,  obliquely  banded 
with  dark  fuscous.      Forewings  dark  fuscous,  on  dorsal  half  and 


394  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

posteriorly  irrorated  with  white  ;    two  very  oblique  white  streaks 

from  costa  before  middle,  terminating  in  median  streak;  a  thick 

white  median  longitudinal  streak  from  base  to  |,  lower  edge  with 

an  oblique  dark  fuscous  indentation  before  middle,  marked  beyond 

middle  with  a  black  dash;  an  irregular  white  streak  beneath  fold 

throughout  almost  confluent  with  this;  a  short  transverse  ridge 

beneath  fold  beyond  \,  and  an  irregular  transverse  series  of  three 

before  middle;  an  almost  entire  transverse  white-edged  ridge  at 

f;  a  subtriangular  black  mark  in  disc  towards  apex,  edged  with 

white  above  and  posteriorly;  an  elongate  blackish  apical  mark, 

white-edged  above  and  beneath:  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  white 

with   a  strong  blackish   basal   line  and  two  or  three   fine   dark 

fuscous  lines.     Hindwings  fuscous,  darker  towards  apex ;   cilia 

fuscous. 

S3fdney,  New  South  Wales;  in  November  and  December,  two 

specimens. 

173.    7'.  peroneta,  n.sp. 

(^.11  mm.  Head  and  thorax  grey-whitish,  somewhat  fuscous- 
sprinkled.  Palpi  whitish,  second  joint  with  subbasal  and  suli- 
apical  blackish  bands,  terminal  joint  with  three  undefined  bands 
of  dark  fuscous  irroration.  Antennae  fuscous-whitish,  spotted 
with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  fuscous,  basal  third  yellow- 
ochreous.  Legs  fuscous-whitish,  anterior  pair  banded  with  dar-k 
fuscous.  Forewings  whitish,  irrorated  with  jDale  fuscous;  a  thick 
rather  irregular  blackish-fuscous  median  longitudinal  streak  from 
base  to  apex,  finely  attenuated  posteriorly ;  small  fuscous  sub- 
dorsal scale-tufts  in  middle  and  before  tornvis:  cilia  light  fuscous, 
round  apex  mixed  with  whitish.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  light 
fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  one  specimen  (Dr.  A.  J.  Turner). 

17-1.   T.  psammodes,  n.sp. 

(J.  11-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  patagia  whitish- 
ochreous.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  two  black  bands  suffused 
beneath  with  ochreous,  tuft  short.  Antennas  ochreous-whitish, 
basal  joint  fuscous.      Abdomen  whitish-fuscous,  basal  half  whitish- 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  395 

ochreous.  Legs  whitish,  anterior  pair  dark  fuscous.  ForewinL,'s 
whitish-ochreous,  yellow-tinged,  more  ochreous  towards  base  uf 
costa,  with  scattered  black  scales;  a  white  costal  sti-eak  from 
near  base  to  |;  an  obscure  fuscous  median  longitudinal  streak 
from  near  base  to  apex,  becoming  blackish  on  an  apical  dash,  and 
a  similar  streak  along  fold;  a  blackish  mixed  subdorsal  scale-tuft 
beyond  |-,  another  at  |,  two  transversely  placed  in  disc  at  ^,  and 
two  others  at  §:  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  with  a  blackish  apical  bar, 
beneath  this  whitish,  on  costa  with  a  cloudy  blackish  line.  Hind- 
wings  pale  grey:  cilia  whitish-grey-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  March,  two  specimens,  taken  at 
light. 

175.  T.  droscrodrs,  n.sp. 

(J.  12  mm.  Head,  antenna?,  and  thorax  whitish-ochreous. 
Palpi  ochreous-whitish,  second  joint  with  six  fine  fuscous  rings, 
tuft  moderate,  terminal  joint  with  six  indistinct  fuscous  rings. 
Abdomen  whitish-fuscous,  l)asal  half  whitish-yellowish,  sides 
whitish.  Legs  whitish,  anterior  pair  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous. 
Fore  wings  light  ochreous-yellowish,  suffusedly  irrorated  with 
white,  with  a  few  scattered  black  scales,  especially  towards  costa; 
a  subdorsal  scale-tuft  at  5,  another  before  middle,  two  transversely 
placed  in  disc  at  J,  and  two  others  at  f ;  a  short  fine  black  apical 
dash  :  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  round  apex  white  irrorated  with 
ochreous.     Hindwings  pale  grey;  cilia  whitish-grey-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

176.  T.  I/cJ/odora,  Low. 

(Pogonias  heliodora.  Low.,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Austr.  1894, 
108.) 

I  have  not  seen  this  species,  which  appears  from  the  description 
to  be  distinct  and  probably  referable  here. 

Duaringa,  Queensland,  in  November. 

177.  T.  )wmodoxa,  n.sp. 

^5.  10-11  mm.  Head  and  thorax  light  fuscous.  Anteniue 
dark   fuscous,  finely  and  obscurely  whitish-ringed.       Palpi   dark 


396  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTBRA, 

fuscous  irrorated  with  white,  second  joint  with  six  obscure  dark 
rings,  tuft  large,  terminal  joint  long.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs 
dark  fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish,  posterior  legs  whitish 
banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  fuscous  irrorated  with 
whitish  and  blackish;  two  blackish  scale-tufts  obliquely  placed  at 
|-,  three  obliquely  placed  before  middle,  two  transversely  placed 
beyond  middle,  and  one  above  tornus;  two  or  three  black  marks 
on  veins  towards  termen  :  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with 
white  and  black,  indicating  three  dark  lines.  Hind  wings  fuscous; 
cilia  light  fuscous. 

Geraldton    and    Perth,    West  Australia ;    in    November,   two 

specimens. 

178.  T.  cori/sfa,  n.sp. 

^^.  10-11  mm.  Head  white.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with 
two  dark  fuscous  bands,  terminal  joint  with  three  dark  fuscous 
rings.  Antennte  grey,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thox'ax  pale 
brownish-ochreous.  Abdomen  greyish-ochreous.  Legs  white, 
banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  brownish-ochreous, 
irregularly  and  sufFusedly  irrorated  with  fuscous  and  whitish, 
with  scattered  black  scales ;  short  black  oblique  streaks  from 
costa  near  base  and  at  J;  two  black  scale-tufts  very  obliquely 
placed  about  ^,  three  obliquely  placed  before  middle,  two  trans- 
versely placed  beyond  middle,  and  one  above  tornus  :  cilia  light 
fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  white,  with  two  dark  fuscous 
lines.     Hindwings  light  grey;  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous. 

BuUi,  New  South  Wales ;  Geraldton,  West  Australia  ;  in 
October  and  November,  two  specimens. 

179.  T.  oxi/zona,  n.sp. 

2-  10  mm.  Head  grey- whitish  with  several  irregular  dark 
grey  lines,  face  whitish.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  a  sub- 
basal  band  and  four  rings  dark  fuscous,  tuft  long,  terminal  joint 
internally  dark  fuscous  with  numerous  fine  white  rings.  Antennae 
fuscous,  darker-ringed.  Thorax  dark  fuscous,  patagia  with  a 
white  spot.  Abdomen  rather  dark  fuscous,  base  paler  and  more 
ochreous.       Legs    white,    obliquely  banded    with    dark    fuscous. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  397 

Forewings  blackish-fuscous;  base  mixed  with  white;  a  fine  white 
obHque  strigula  on  costa  at  |-;  a  moderate  oblique  white  spot  on 
middle  of  costa;  a  slightly  curved  very  oblique  white  fascia-like 
streak  from  dorsum  at  ^-,  passing  close  beneath  and  reaching 
beyond  costal  spot;  a  transverse  white-edged  subdorsal  ridge-tuft 
at  ^,  two  others  transversely  placed  at  5,  and  one  above  tornus 
at  -1;  two  irregular  white  costal  dots  towards  apex  :  cilia  pale 
fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  and  white,  with 
a  fine  sharp  black  subbasal  line,  limiting  a  clear  white  basal  patch 
beneath  apex.     Hindwings  fuscous;  cilia  pale  fuscous. 

Adelaide,  South  Australia,  in  December;  one  specimem  received 
from  Mr.  E.  Guest. 

180.    T.  euri/placa,  Low. 

(Pogonias  euryjjlaca,  Lovv., Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Austr.  1893,  171.) 

Unknown  to  me,  but  apparently  a  good  species.      Adelaide, 
South  Australia,  in  January. 

181,    T.  illustris,  n.sp. 

.^9-  14-17  mm.  Head  ferruginous-whitish.  Palpi  white, 
second  joint  ferruginous-whitish  with  lower  |  suffused  with  dark 
fuscous  irroration,  terminal  joint  with  three  dark  fuscous  rings, 
tuft  moderate.  Antennae  fuscous,  finely  whitish-ringed.  Thorax 
ferruginous.  Abdomen  ferruginous-fuscous,  sides  and  apex 
fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  irrorated  with  whitish.  Forewings 
pale  greyish-ochreous,  somewhat  fuscous-sprinkled ;  basal  area 
raoi'e  or  less  mixed  with  blackish  or  dark  fuscous,  with  two  large 
ferruginous-tinged  subdorsal  tufts,  and  a  smaller  one  above  them; 
an  oblique  series  of  three  posteriorly  white-edged  ridge-tufts 
before  middle,  followed  by  a  whitish  suffusion  ;  a  black  dot  or 
dash  in  middle  of  disc;  two  transversely  placed  posteriorly  white- 
edged  ridge-tufts  at  | ;  a  deej)  ferruginous  or  dark  red -brown 
costal  patch  extending  from  these  to  apex  ;  some  blackish  scales 
at  tornus  :  cilia  above  apex  white,  fuscous-sprinkled,  with  a  thick 
blackish  median  line,  beneath  light  greyish-ochreous,  ferruginous- 


398  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 


tinged.       Hindwings    grey,    darker    posteriorly ;    cilia   greyish- 
ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria;  in  December 
and  March,  two  specimens. 

182.  T.  7nusaea,  n.sp. 

^2-  18  mm.  Head  white,  sprinkled  with  dark  fuscous.  Palpi 
white,  second  joint  mixed  with  light  fuscous,  with  two  suffused 
dark  fuscous  bands,  terminal  joint  with  three  undefined  dark 
fuscous  bands,  tuft  moderate.  Antennte  fuscous-whitish,  spotted 
with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  fuscous  mixed  with  black,  with  a 
central  white  stripe.  Abdomen  fuscous,  basal  half  light  ochreous- 
yellow.  Legs  white,  banded  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
white,  suffusedly  streaked  with  dark  fuscous  on  veins  ;  a  brojid 
median  streak  of  dark  fuscous  suffusion  from  base  to  |,  extending 
to  dorsum  on  basal  |  and  a  patch  at  tornus;  three  subdorsal  and 
two  discal  tufts  in  dark  basal  area,  which  is  partially  mixed  with 
brownish-ochreous ;  two  tufts  transversely  placed  at  4,  above 
which  is  a  dark  fuscous  costal  suffusion;  an  undefined  dark  fuscous 
apical  suffusion  :  cilia  light  fuscous,  on  costa  with  two  blackish 
lines  separated  by  white  and  barred  with  blackish,  beneath  apex 
with  three  blackish  basal  bars,  a  subbasal  blackish  line  through- 
out, and  three  suffused  whitish  lines  on  a  subapical  patch.  Hind- 
wings  fuscous,  darker  posteriorly ;  cilia  light  fuscous,  basal  half 
light  ochreous-yellowish  from  tornus  to  beyond  middle. 

Glen  Innes  (3500  feet),  New  South  Wales;    in  December,  one 

specimen. 

183.  7\  leumra,  n.sp. 

(J.  18-19  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  fuscous  sprinkled  with 
whitish,  thorax  with  two  blackish  stripes.  Palpi  fuscous  sprinkled 
with  whitish,  second  joint  with  numerous  suffused  dark  fuscous 
rin;s,  terminal  joints  with  three  dark  fuscous  bands,  tuft  short. 
Antennae  fuscous- whitish,  spotted  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen 
rather  dark  fuscous,  anal  claspers  ochreous-white.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  rather  dark  fuscous, 
irregularly  sprinkled  with  whitish,  unevenly  streaked  with  black 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  399 

on  veins;  a  whitish  streak  along  dorsum  throughout,  forming  a 
dilated  spot  before  tornus;  a  subdorsal  tuft  near  base,  two  irregu- 
lar oblique  series  of  three  each  at  ^  and  before  middle,  and 
several  scattered  posterior  tufts  :  cilia  fuscous,  irrorated  with 
whitish,  round  apex  suffusedly  darker-barred  on  basal  half. 
Hindwings  rather  dark  fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  two  specimens. 

184.  T.  (Morozona,  n.sj). 

^<^.  17-20  mm.  Head  and  thorax  rather  dark  fuscous.  Palpi 
fuscous,  second  joint  suffused  with  dark  fuscous,  tuft  short, 
terminal  joint  with  three  indistinct  darker  bands.  Antenna- 
fuscous-whitish,  spotted  with  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  dark 
fuscous  mixed  with  whitish,  two  basal  segments  light  ochreous- 
yellow.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  ochreous- whitish.  Fore- 
wings  dark  fuscous,  towards  costa  iri'orated  with  ochreous- 
whitish;  a  suffused  blackish-fuscous  streak  along  fold;  two  tufts 
towards  base,  one  beneath  fold  at  \,  an  oblique  series  of  three 
))efore  middle,  one  beneath  middle  of  costa,  two  transversely 
placed  at  f,  and  one  beyond  tornus;  a  blackish-fuscous  apical 
dash:  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  whitish,  base  white 
round  apical  dash.     Hindwings  and  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;    in    October  and   December,  two 

specimens. 

185.  2\  stephanopa,  n.sp. 

^.  14  mm.  Head,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  fuscous, 
face  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  white,  second  joint  with  six  blackish 
rings,  terminal  joint  with  numerous  fine  blackish  rings,  tuft  long. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  ringed  with  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  dark 
fuscous;  an  ochreous-whitish  mark  along  costa  before  middle,  and 
a  similar  mark  on  fold  in  middle;  a  large  transverse  tuft  above 
dorsum  at  J-,  two  obliquely  placed  hefore  middle,  and  two  trans- 
versely placed  at  |:  cilia  dark  fuscous,  round  apex  somewhat 
mixed  with  whitish,  with  a  blackish-fuscous  apical  bar,  towards 
tornus  ochreous-yellow  on  basal  half.      Hindwings  dark   fuscous; 


400  DESCRIPTIOXS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

cilia  dark  fuscous,  basal  |  ochreous-j^ellow  from  tornus  to  near 
apex,  costal  cilia  wholly  ochreous-yellow. 

Brisbane,  Queensland ;  one  specimen  received  from  Mr.  G. 
Barnard. 

186.   T.  heliotricha,  Low. 

(Pogonias  heliotricha,  Low.,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Austr.  1894:, 
109.) 

Xot  known  to  me.     Gisborne,  Victoria. 

187.   T.  capnopa.  Low. 

(Pogonias  capnopa,  Low.,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  S.  Austr.  1894, 
109.) 

(J2.  16-19  mm.  Head,  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
dark  fuscous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  second  joint  with  three  fine 
whitish  rings  towards  apex,  terminal  joint  with  a  whitish  lateral 
line,  tuft  large.  Forewings  dark  fuscous,  finely  sprinkled  with 
whitish;  a  subdorsal  tuft  near  base,  two  transversely  placed  at  |, 
two  obliquely  placed  before  middle,  two  ridge-tufts  transversely 
placed  at  §,  and  one  at  |^:  cilia  dark  fuscous,  round  apex  sprinkled 
with  whitish.  llindwings  dark  fuscous  ;  cilia  fuscous,  base 
sufFusedly  fuscous-whitish  from  tornus  to  middle. 

Melbourne,  Mount  Macedon,  and  Gisborne,  Victoria;  in  Decem- 
ber, three  specimens. 

188.    T.  porphyrescens,  Low. 

(Pogonias  porphyrescens.   Low.,  Trans.    Roy.    Soc.    S.    Austr. 

1894,  109.) 

I  have  not   seen  a  specimen.     Adelaide,  South   Australia,  in 

December. 

189.    T.  placophanes,  n.sp. 

5.  11  mm.  Head,  antennsi?,  and  thorax  dark  fuscous.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  sprinkled  with  whitish,  tuft  short.  Abdomen 
fuscous,  segmental  margins  white.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  sprinkled 
with  whitish,  posterior  tibise  with  two  sharp  white  bands.  Fore- 
wings  dark  fuscous,  finely  sprinkled  with  whitish  ;  undefined 
blackish-fuscous    antemedian,    postmedian,    and    apical    fascii^e ; 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  401 

numerous  rather  large  somewhat  purple-shining  tufts;  an  inter- 
rupted basal  dash,  a  dot  beneath  middle  of  disc,  and  a  dash  at 
I  yellow  ochreous:  cilia  fuscous,  round  apex  dark  fuscous  sprinkled 
with  whitish.  Hindwings  fuscous,  towards  base  lighter  and 
thinly  scaled ;  cilia  pale  fuscous,  base  slightly  yellowish-tinged 
towards  tornus. 

Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia;  one  specimen  received  from 
Mr.  E.  Guest. 

190.    T.  astragaJota,  n.sp. 

2.  11  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  and  legs  dark 
fuscous  irrorated  with  whitish,  palpi  with  two  white  rings  on 
terminal  joint,  tuft  rather  short.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Forewings 
blackish-fuscous,  faintly  purplish-tinged,  sprinkled  with  whitish; 
a  transverse  white  mark  above  middle  at  4,  preceded  by  an 
ochreous  sufi'usion  ;  an  elongate  white  dot  beneath  middle  of 
costa,  followed  by  an  ochreous  suffusion  extending  beneath  costa 
to  near  apex;  a  transverse-oblong  white  mark  above  tornus  :  cilia 
fuscous;  round  apex  dark  fuscous  sprinkled  with  whitish.  Hind- 
wings  fuscous,  paler  and  thinly  scaled  towards  base,  apex  darker; 
cilia  fuscous. 

Adelaide,  South  Australia,  in  September;  one  specimen  received 
from  Mr.  O.  B.  Lower. 

26.  Orthromicta,  n.g. 

Antennae  4,  in  ^  simple,  basal  joint  dilated  and  concave  to 
form  a  small  eyecap.  Labial  palpi  long,  recurved,  second  joint 
with  rough  projecting  scales  beneath  towards  apex,  terminal 
longer,  acute.  Posterior  tibiae  with  bristly  hairs.  Forewings 
with  scale-tufts  on  surface;  lb  furcate,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  4, 
narrow-lanceolate,  cilia  3 ;  veins  all  separate,  transverse  vein 
partly  obsolete  beyond  4. 

Based  on  the  following  species  only,  which  is  a  singular  early 
synthetic  type.     Imago  with  forewings  elongate-lanceolate. 

191.   O.  ffalactitis,  n.sp. 

(J9.  10-11  mm.  Head  and  thorax  white,  sometimes  slightly 
fuscous-sprinkled.     Palpi  white,  second  joint  and  base  of  terminal 


402  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

(lark  fuscous.  Antennse  fuscous-whitish,  base  white.  Abdomen 
fuscous  Legs  dark  fuscous  ringed  with  ochreous-whitish, 
I^osterior  pair  wholl}^  ochreous-whitish.  Forewings  fuscous- 
whitish,  irrorated  and  sometimes  suffused  with  fuscous ;  an 
irregular  dark  fuscous  costal  streak  from  near  base  to  beyond 
middle,  usually  bordered  throughout  beneath  by  a  broad  clear 
white  streak  from  base  of  costa,  but  in  one  specimen  this  is 
suffused  with  fuscous  from  base  to  middle;  first  discal  stigma 
elongate,  blackish,  confluent  with  costal  streak;  a  large  subilorsal 
tuft  before  middle,  and  several  small  ones  in  disc  and  at  tornus; 
p  )sterior  third  of  costa  and  sometimes  termen  dotted  with  dark 
f ascous  :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex  sprinkled  with  whitish. 
Hindwings  fuscous,  darker  posteriorly;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Duaringa  and  Toowoomba,  Queensland ;  in  November  and 
December,  five  specimens. 

27.   Heliozela,  H.  Schaff. 

Antennae  f,  in  ^  thick,  simple.  Labial  palpi  short  or  very 
sliort,  drooping,  filiform,  pointed.  Posterior  tiliise  loosely  haired. 
Forewings  :  lb  simple,  5  absent,  6  and  7  stalked,  7  to  costa,  8 
absent,  9  absent,  10  sometimes  out  of  7  near  base.  Hindwings 
|,  lanceolate,  cilia  2-4;  2  absent,  transverse  vein  absent  between 
.3  and  4,  6  absent. 

A  small  but  probably  nearly  cosmopolitan  genus;  the  species 
are  however  usually  so  small,  obscure,  and  difficult  of  observation, 
that  they  are  often  passed  over.  Imago  with  forewings  broad- 
lanceolate;  the  species  habitually  fly  in  sunshine.  Larva  of  exotic 
species  almost  apodal,  mining  in  petioles,  leaves,  or  twigs,  often 
hard  to  detect;  pupa  in  an  oval  case  cut  out  from  the  leaf;  these 
have  not  been  observed  in  Australia,  biit  probably  have  similar 
habits. 

1.  Forewings  with  entire  antetnedian  fascia 202.  autogenes. 

Forewings  without  entire  fascia 2. 

2.  Forewings  with  posterior  costat  spot 3. 

Forewings  without  costal  spot 6, 

3.  Apical  cilia  whitish  on  terminal  two-thirJs 4. 

Apical  cilia  whitish  on  terminal  third  only...., 5. 


BV    E.    MEYRICK.  40-"> 


■> 


4.  Forewings  whitish-grey,  bindwings  dark  fuscous..   '200,  nrpheliti-s. 
Forewings     shining      bronzy-fuscous,     liindvvings 

coppery-fuscous 201.  isochroa. 

5.  Forewings  with   l^luish   discal   patch,   costal   spot 

narrow 19S.  anantia. 

Forewings  without  bluish  patch,  costal  spot  broad  199.  trisphaera. 

(J.   Forewings  with  pale  dorsal  spots 7. 

Forewings  without  pale  dorsal  spots 192.  sidf.rias. 

7.  Dorsal  spots  golden-silverj'-metallic 197-  crypsimetaUa. 

Dorsal  spots  not  metallic 8. 

8.  Dorsal  spots  yellowish 196.  eucarpa. 

Dorsal  spots  whitish 9. 

9.  Forewings  pale  grey 193.  cat02Jtrtns. 

Forewings  fuscous-grey  or  dark  bronzy-fuscous 10. 

10.    Cilia  of  forewings  with  tips  wliitish   beyond  two 

dark  lines 195.  jjrodtla. 

Cilia  of  forewings  with  whitish  apical   patch   on 

terminal  half,  preceded  by  black  scales 194.  microphylla. 

192.   II.  siJcr/as,  n.sp. 

(J.  4-5  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  shining  grey.  Palpi, 
antennae,  abdomen,  and  legs  grey;  posterior  legs  whitish.  Fore- 
wings and  cilia  pale  glossy  grey,  very  minutely  sprinkled  wdth 
black.     Hindwings  light  bronzy-grey;  cilia  light  grey. 

Adelaide,  South  Australia;  in  October,  two  specimens. 


193.   H.  catoptrias,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  3-4  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  shining  grey.  Palpi, 
aiitennte,  abdomen,  and  legs  grey,  posterior  legs  grey-whitish. 
Forewings  light  glossy  grey;  a  triangular  whitish  tornal  spot : 
cilia  pale  grey.     Hindwings  bronzy-grey;  cilia  pale  grey. 

Sydney,   New   South  Wales  ;    in   August  and  October,  three 

specimens. 

194.   H.  microplnjUu,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  3-5  mm.  Head,  antenna,  thoi^ax,  and  abdomen  shining 
fuscous-grey,  face  paler.  Palpi  fuscous,  internally  whitish.  Legs 
dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibiie  whitish.  Forewings  glossy 
fuscous-grey,  somewhat  darker-mixed,  slightly  purplish-tinged;  a 
quadrate  whitish  dorsal  spot  at  |,  sometimes  obsolete;  a  distinct 


404  DESCRIPTIONS   OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

triangular  white  spot  before  tornus  :  cilia  grey,  at  apex  with  a 
whitish  spot  on  terminal  half,  preceded  by  some  black  scales. 
Hindwings  rather  dark  coppery-fuscous;  cilia  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  eleven  specimens. 

195.    11.  jj rode! a,  n.STp. 

(J  2.  6-8  mm.  Head,  antennte,  thoi-ax,  and  abdomen  shining 
dark  bronzy-fuscous,  face  paler.  Palpi  fuscous,  internally  whitish. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibiae  wdiitish.  Forewings 
shining  dark  bronzy-fuscous;  a  somewhat  oblique  narrow  whitish 
dorsal  spot  at  ;|;  a  triangular  whitish  spot  before  tornus:  cilia 
bronzy-fuscous,  with  two  well-marked  dark  fuscous  lines,  tips 
beyond  second  fuscous-whitish.  Hindwings  rather  dark  cojDpery- 
fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Sydney,  New  South  "Wales;  Deloraine, 
Tasmania;  from  September  to  November,  five  specimens. 

196.   JI.  eiicarpa,  n.sp. 

^<^.  7-8  mm.  Head,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen  shining 
dark  bronzy-fuscous,  face  paler.  Palpi  fuscous,  internally  whitish. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibise  whitish.  Forewings 
shining  dark  purplish-bi'onzy-f uscous ;  an  oblique  pale  yellow 
dorsal  spot  at  \;  a  triangular  pale  yellow  spot  before  tornus  :  cilia 
bronzy-fuscous,  with  two  well-marked  dark  fuscous  lines.  Hind- 
wings rather  dark  coppery-fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Blackheath  (-3500  feet),  New  South  Wales ;  in 
October  and  February,  two  specimens. 

197.   II.  cryjysimetaUci,  n.sp. 

^.  7-8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  rather  dark  purplish-bronzy- 
fuscous,  face  paler.  Palpi,  antennas,  and  abdomen  fuscous.  Legs 
dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibise  whitish.  Forewings  rather 
dark  purplish-bronzy-fuscous ;  a  small  obscure  golden-silvery- 
metallic  dorsal  spot  before  middle,  and  a  second,  triangular  and 
more  distinct,  before  tornus,  sometimes  tending  to  be  connected 
by  an  obscure  metallic  suffusion  :  cilia  rather  dark  bronzy-fuscous. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  405 

upical  third  whitish  on  upper  half  of  termen.      Hind  wings  rather 
dark  bronzy-fuscous;  ciHa  fuscous. 

Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia;  in  October,  two  specimens. 

198.   H.  anaiitia,  n.sp. 

(J.  5-6  mm.  Head,  antennne,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark 
fuscous,  face  whitish-fuscous,  posterior  tibite  whitish-suffused  ; 
palpi  whitish.  Forewings  dark  fuscous,  bluish-tinged,  with  a 
round  dull  metallic-bluish  patch  in  middle  of  disc;  two  or  three 
whitish  scales  on  fold  at  ^;  a  small  triangular  white  spot  before 
tornus;  a  wedge-shaped  white  spot  on  costa  at  ~,  reaching  half 
across  wing:  cilia  rather  dark  fuscous,  terminal  third  beyond  a 
dark  fuscous  line  whitish.      Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Deloraine,  Tasmania;  in  November,  two  specimens. 

199.  //.  trisphaera,  n.sp. 

9.  6-7  mm.  Head,  antennje,  thoi'ax,  and  abdomen  shining 
dark  bronzy-fuscous,  face  shining  whitish-fuscous.  Palpi  whitish. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  whitish-suffused.  Forewings 
shining  dark  purplish-bronzy-fuscous;  an  oblique  subdorsal  spot 
at  \,  almost  reaching  dorsum,  a  triangular  spot  before  tornus,  and 
a  larger  triangular  spot  on  costa  at  |,  reaching  more  than  half 
across  wing,  shining  white,  faintly  yellowish- tinged:  cilia  bronzy- 
fuscous,  with  two  dark  fuscous  lines,  tips  beyond  second  fuscous- 
whitish.      Hindwings  dark  fuscous,  purplish-tinged;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Adelaide  and  Wirrabara,  South 
Australia;  in  October,  three  specimens. 

200.  FI.  nephelitis,  n.sp. 

(J 5.  5-6  mm.  Head,  antennae,  and  thorax  grey,  face  and  palpi 
whitish.  Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair 
suffused  with  whitish.  Forewings  grey,  whitish  mixed,  posteriorly 
and  on  dorsum  mixed  with  dark  fuscous;  an  undefined  whitish 
subdorsal  spot  at  \;  a  triangular  white  spot  before  tornus,  and  a 
larger  triangular  white  spot  on  costa  at  |,  reaching  more  than 
27 


406  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

half  across  wing :   cilia  grey,  terminal  |  beyond  a  blackish  line 
wholly  grey- whitish.     Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;  in  September  and  October,  three 
specimens. 

201.   H.  isochroa,  n.sp. 


(J.  8  mm.  Head,  antennte,  and  thorax  light  shining  bronzy- 
fuscous.  Palpi  whitish.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
posterior  tibiae  whitish-suffused.  Forewings  rather  light  shining 
bronzy-fuscous;  an  indistinct  whitish  subdorsal  suffusion  at  \;  a 
triangular  white  spot  before  tornus,  and  another  on  costa  at  f , 
reaching  half  across  wing:  cilia  whitish-fuscous,  round  apex  with 
a  whitish  patch  occupying  terminal  |,  preceded  by  some  dark 
fuscous  scales.     Hindwings  coppery-fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  in  October,  one  specimen,  on 
flowers  of  Callistemon. 

202.    H.  autogenes,  n.sp. 

9-  7  mm.  Head  and  thorax  shining  bronze.  Palpi  whitish. 
Antennse,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  tarsi  white- 
ringed.  Forewings  deep  shining  bronze;  a  straight  narrow  pei'- 
peadicular  shining  whitish  fascia  at  \  ;  a  triangular  shining 
whitish  spot  before  tornus,  and  another  on  costa  at  |  :  cilia 
whitish,  basal  third  coppery-bronze.  Hindwings  dark  grey  ; 
cilia  grey. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

28.    PSELIASTIS,  n.g. 

Antennae  4,  in  ^  simple.  Labial  palpi  rudimentary.  Posterior 
tibiae  smooth-scaled.  Forewings  :  lb  simple,  3  absent,  5  absent, 
6  out  of  7  or  absent,  7  to  costa,  8  absent,  9  absent.  Hindwings 
I,  lanceolate,  cilia  2;  2  absent,  transverse  vein  absent  between  3 
and  4,  4  and  5  stalked,  6  absent. 

Type  P.  trizona.  A  small  endemic  genus,  of  which  the  known 
species  are  all  Tasmanian.  Imago  with  forewings  lanceolate;  the 
species  fly  in  bright  sunshine. 


BY    E.    MBYRICK.  407 

1.  Forewiugs  with  whitish  fascise 2. 

Forewings  unicolorous 205.  xanfhodiscu. 

2.  First  fascia  very  broad ^ 203.  ajxrtroj^a. 

First  fascia  narrow 204.  trizona. 

203.   P.  Kpccfroprr^  n.sp. 

Q.  7  mm.  Head  and  thorax  bright  shining  bronze,  face 
bronzy-whitish.  Antennae  dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Abdomen  grey. 
Legs  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  posterior  tibiae  whitish.  Forewings 
bright  shining  golden-bronze ;  a  broad  fascia  at  ^,  a  slender 
slightly  inwardly  oblique  fascia  somewhat  before  middle,  and  an 
irregular  fascia  at  J  not  reaching  dorsum  shining  whitish;  apical 
area  and  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous.  Hind  wings  and  cilia  light 
grey. 

Tasmania;  one  specimen  received  from  Rev.  G.  H.  Eaj'nor,  but 
exact  locality  unrecorded. 

204.  P.  trizoiKi,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  6-8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  bright  shining  bronze,  face 
whitish-ochreous.  Antennse  and  abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Let-s 
dark  bronzy-fuscous,  posterior  tibiai  whitish-suffused.  Forewings 
bright  shining  golden-bronze  ;  straight  narrow  perpendicular 
entire  fascise  at  ^  and  |,  and  a  broader  fascia  at  4  not  quite 
reaching  dorsum  shining  whitish  :  cilia  light  fuscous,  basal  third 
rather  dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous ;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Hobart,  Tasmania;  in  December,  twenty  specimens. 

205.   P.  xaulliodisca,  n.sp. 

1J5.  6-8  mm.  Head,  antennft",  and  thorax  bright  shining 
bronze.  Abdomen  in  ^  orange-ochreous,  with  dorsal  series  of 
dark  fuscous  dots,  in  5  dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Legs  shining  dark 
grey,  posterior  tibi«3  yellowish.  Forewings  and  cilia  bright 
shining  bronze.  Hindwings  shining  grey,  in  ^  with  an  ochreous- 
yellow  patch  covering  dorsal  |  from  base  to  beyond  middle;  cilia 
pale  grey,  in  ^  yellowish-tinged  towards  tornus, 

Hobart,  Tasmania;  in  December,  twelve  specimens. 


408  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

29.  Prophylactis,  n.g. 

Antennae  §,  in  ^  rather  thick,  simple,  basal  joint  with  dense 
anterior  flap  of  scales  forming  small  eyecap.  Labial  palpi  short, 
drooping,  filiform,  pointed.  Posterior  tibire  clothed  with  long 
hairs.  Fore  wings  :  lb  simple,  3  absent,  5  absent,  6  and  7 
stalked,  7  to  costa,  8  absent,  9  sometimes  absent.  Hindwings  |, 
lanceolate,  cilia  2-3;  transverse  vein  absent  between  3  and  4,  6 
absent. 

Type  P.  artjoclialca.  A  small  endemic  genus,  a  development 
of  Hojylophanes,  which  it  resembles  in  appearance  and  habits. 
Imago  with  forewings  lanceolate;  flight  in  sunshine. 

1.   Forewings  unicolorous 2. 

Forewings  with  wliitish  posterior  markings 206.  aglaodora. 

2    Forewings  shining  bronze 207.  chahopetala. 

Forewings  shining  whitisli-grey 208.  anjochalca. 

206.    P.  aglaodora,  n.sp. 

(J.  10  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  thorax  bright  shining  golden- 
bronze.  Antennae,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark  grey,  hairs  of 
posterior  tibise  whitish.  Forewings  liright  shining  golden-bronze, 
posteriorly  coppery -tinged  ;  a  coppery-purple  suffusion  towards 
costa  beyond  middle ;  a  triangular  spot  before  tornus,  and  an 
undefined  fascia  from  costa  before  apex  to  termen  above  tornus 
shining  whitish :  cilia  pale  fuscous,  basal  half  brassy-bronze. 
Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

207.   P.  clialcopetala,  n.sp. 

(J.  10-11  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  and  thorax  shining 
bronze.  Abdomen  and  legs  dark  fuscous,  hail-s  of  posterior  tibiae 
whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  shining  bronze,  sometimes  brownish- 
tinged  :  cilia  bronzy-ochreous.     Hindwings  and  cilia  dai'k  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;    in   October  and   November,  six 

specimens. 

208.   P.  argochalca,  n.sp. 

(J^.  7-11  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennte,  and  thorax  pale  shining 
bronzy-grey.      Abdomen   grey.      Legs  dark   grey,  posterior  pair 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


409 


grey-whitish.  Forewings  shining  whitish-grey,  sometimes  faintly 
bronzy-tinged  :  cilia  ochreous-whitish.  Hindwings  grey ;  cilia 
whitish-grey,  sometimes  ochreous- tinged. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  September,  October,  and  Decem- 
ber, ten  specimens. 

30.    HOPLOPHANES,  n.g. 

Antennfe  4,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  moderate  or 
short,  straight,  rather  drooping,  filiform,  pointed.  Posterior  tibiae 
clothed  with  long  hairs.  Forewings  :  lb  simple,  5  absent,  7  to 
costa,  S  absent.  Hindwings  §-4,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
cilia  1^-3;  transverse  vein  absent  between  3  and  4,  5  and  6  some- 
times stalked;  in  ^  a  ridge  of  long  appressed  hairscales  beneath 
costa  towards  base. 

Type  //.  tritocosma.  An  interesting  genus,  wholly  endemic, 
and  chiefly  characteristic  of  West  Australia,  where  it  will  doubt- 
less prove  to  be  of  considerable  extent.  Imago  with  forewings 
lanceolate  or  broad-lanceolate;  most  of  the  species  appear  to  fly 
naturally  in  sunshine.  The  larval  habits  are  entirely  unknown; 
but  the  long-pointed  abdomen  of  the  9,  furnished  with  a  long 
exserted  ovipositor,  is  so  similar  to  that  of  other  species  which 
deposit  their  eggs  in  flowers  (especially  in  the  heads  of  Gompositce)^ 
that  I  should  be  disposed  to  conjecture  a  similar  mode  of  life. 

1.  Forewings  ochreous-yellowish 2. 

Forewings  bronzy  4. 

2.  Forewings  witli  terminal  cilia  fuscous 209.  haplochrysa. 

Forewings  with  terminal  cilia  yellowish 3. 

3.  Forewings  with  dark  fuscous  costal  streak..  211.  hemiphragma. 

Forewings  with  costal  edge  only  dark  fuscous 210.  rhlorochry.^a, 

4.  Forewings  with  white  or  yellowish  markings 5. 

Forewings  without  such  markings 9. 

5.  Forewings  with  white  markings  before  middle 6. 

Forewings  without  white  markings  before  middle  7. 

6.  Forewings  with  white  terminal  fascia 212.  hetei'Oipila. 

Forewings  without  white  terminal  fascia 213.  tritocosma. 

7.  Forewings  with  fascia  near  beyond  middle 8. 

Forewings  with  fascia  near  apex  only 216.  monosema. 

8.  Forewings  purijle-sufFused,  fascia  yellowish 215.  semicuprea. 

Forewings  not  purplish,  fascia  whitish 214.  acrozona. 


410  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

9.   Forewings  densely  irrorated  with  purple 217.  poijihyropla. 

Forewings  not  irrorated  with  purple 10. 

10.  Forewings  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous 223.  phaeochalca. 

Forewings  not  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous 11. 

11.  Forewings  bronze 12. 

Forewings  pale  bronzy-grey.. 15. 

12.  Forewings  not  or  obscurely  purplish-tinged 13. 

Forewings  tinged  with  bright  coppery-purple  14. 

13.  Head  fuscous-bronze 221.  philomacha. 

Headlight  yellowish-bronze 219.  chalcolitha. 

14.  Forewings   with    scattered    pale    golden    scales  ; 

expanse  6mm 222.  jxmchalca. 

Forewings  without  scattered  pale  golden  scales 

expanse  10-14  mm 218.  ehatritis. 

15.  Hindwings  grey;  expanse  1215  mm 220.  nij^hochalca. 

Hindwings  rather  dark  purplish -fu.scous;  expanse 

7-8  mm 224.  peristera. 

209.  II.  liaploclirysa,  n.sp. 

$.  ]  6  mm.  Head  deep  orange-yellow,  face  paler.  Palpi  pale 
ochreous.  Antennae  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  dark  fuscous,  witli  a 
small  posterior  yellow  spot.  Abdomen  pale  ochreous -yellowish. 
Legs  dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibise  ochreous-yellowish. 
Forewings  shining  ochreous-yellow;  costal  edge  dark  fuscous  from 
base  to  middle  :  cilia  rather  dark  fuscous,  basal  half  purplish- 
suffused,  on  costa  ochreous-yellow.  Hindwings  dark  grey;  cilia 
pale  fuscous,  on  costa  whitish-yellowish. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  October,  one  specimen. 

210.  H.  chlorocJin/sa,  n.sp. 

(J.  15-16  mm.  Head  deep  orange-yellow,  face  paler.  Palpi 
pale  ochreous-yellowish.  Antenna?  ochreous-whitish.  Thorax 
ochreous-yellow,  anteriorly  more  or  less  suff"used  with  dark 
purplish-fuscous.  Abdomen  pale  ochreous-yellowish.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibise  ochreous-yellowish.  Forewings 
shining  light  ochreous-yellow;  costal  edge  dark  fuscous  from  base 
to  middle  ;  an  irregular  undefined  dark  fuscous  spot  before 
tornus;  undefined  variable  dark  fuscous  spots  in  disc  at  f  and 
towards  apex,  sometimes  almost   wholly   obsolete,   former  some- 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


411 


times  subconfluent  with  prfetornal  spot  :  cilia  pale  ochreous- 
yellow.  Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous,  on  costa  grey- 
suffused  at  base. 

York  and  Albany,  West  Australia;  in  September  and  October, 
nine  specimens. 

211.  H.  hemipkragma.,  n.sp. 

^.  12-16  mm.  Head  deep  orange-yellow,  face  infuscated. 
Palpi  whitish-ochreous.  Antennae  ochreous-whitish.  Thorax 
pale  ochreous-yellowish,  anteriorly  more  or  less  suffused  with 
dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  whitish-ochreous,  base  of  segments 
sometimes  dark  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior 
tibiae  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  shining  whitish-ochreous:  a 
dark  fuscous  costal  streak  from  base  to  middle;  sometimes  traces 
of  a  fuscous  dorsal  spot  before  middle;  an  inwardly  oblique  sub- 
costal spot  at  f ,  and  an  irregular  tornal  spot  dark  fuscous,  variable 
in  development,  sometimes  little  marked  :  cilia  whitish-ochreous, 
yellow-tinged.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous,  slightly  purplish-tinged; 
cilia  whitish-ochreous,  more  or  less  infuscated  towards  base. 

Albany,  West  Australia;    in   September  and  October,   seven 

specimens. 

212    11.  lieferospila,  n.sp. 

$.  9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  and  antennae  whitish.  Thorax  shining 
lironze.  Abdomen  grey.  Legs  grey,  posterior  pair  suffused  with 
whitish.  Forewings  bright  shining  bronze;  a  white  spot  on  fold 
before  middle;  a  white  inwardly  oblique  fascia-like  spot  from  costa 
at  |,  reaching  half  across  wing;  a  small  white  tornal  spot;  a  white 
terminal  fascia,  narrowed  Ijeneath  :  cilia  bronzy-grey.  Hind- 
wings grey,  darker  posteriorly;  cilia  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  December,  one  specimen. 

213.   II.  iriiocosma,  n.sp. 

(J9.  7-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  greyish-bronze,  sides  of 
collar  whitish.  Palpi  whitish.  Antennae  grey.  Abdomen  dark 
grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  hairs  of  posterior  tibiae  whitish.  Fore- 
wings shining  bronze,  in  5  deeper  and  posteriorly  suffused  with 


412  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN   MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

coppery-purple;  three  rather  irregular  straight  white  fascipe,  first 
at  ^,  ill  male  not  reaching  above  middle,  in  9  entire,  second 
slightly  beyond  middle,  third  about  ^,  rather  inwardly  oblique  : 
cilia  grey,  basal  half  in  ^  silvery-grey-wliitish,  in  9  deep  coppery- 
bronze.      Hind  wings  dark  grey,  purplish-tinged;  cilia  grey. 

Albany,   AVest   Australia  ;    in  September    and    October,   nine 

specimens. 

214.    //.  acrozona,  n.sp. 

(J.  11-14  mm.  Head  and  thorax  greyish-bronze,  sides  of 
collar  whitish.  Palpi  whitish.  Antennae  grey.  Abdomen  dark 
grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  hairs  of  posterior  tibife  whitish.  Fore- 
wings  light  shining  bronze;  a  straight  inwardly  oblique  white 
fascia  beyond  middle;  a  white  terminal  fascia  :  cilia  pale  grey, 
towards  base  whitish-suffused.  Hindwings  rather  dark  grey, 
purplish-tinged;  cilia  pale  whitish  grey,  yellowish- tinged. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  September  and  October,  seventeen 

specimens. 

215.  //.  semicuprea,  n  sp. 

(J.  11-12  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Palpi 
fuscous,  towards  base  whitish.  Antennae,  abdomen,  and  legs 
dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibiae  grey.  Forewings  deep 
shining  coppery-bronze,  more  or  less  suffused  with  purple, 
especially  posteriorly  ;  a  narrow  vertical  inwardly  oblique  pale 
yellowish  fascia  at  i :  cilia  fuscous,  basal  half  suffused  with 
coppery-bronze.     Hindwings  dark  purple-fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney  and  Bathurst  (2000  feet),  New  South  Wales;  from 
September  to  November,  five  specimens. 

216.  //.  monosema,  n.sp. 

(J.  8  mm.  Head  and  thorax  shining  bronze.  Palpi  fuscous, 
base  whitish.  Antennae,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark  fuscous,  pos- 
terior legs  suffused  with  whitish.  Forewings  bright  shining 
bronze;  an  undefined  inwardly  oblique  white  fascia  near  before 
apex:  cilia  fuscous,  basal  half  shining  bronze.  Hindwings  dark 
grey;  cilia  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  October,  one  specimen. 


BY    E,    MEYRICK. 


413 


217.    //.   'porphyro'pla,  n.sp. 

9.  11  mm.  Head  and  thorax  dark  purplish-fuscous,  collar 
orange.  Palpi  fuscous.  Antennae,  abdomen,  and  legs  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  bright  shining  bronze,  densely  irrorated 
with  deep  blue-purple:  cilia  dark  fuscous,  basal  half  bronze  mixed 
with  purple.      Hindwings  dark  purple-fuscous;  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

218.   R.  electritis,  n.sp. 

(J9.  10-1-4  mm.  Head  and  thorax  fuscous-bronze,  crown  pos- 
teriorly orange  to  grey- whitish.  Palpi  whitish.  Antenna,  abdo- 
men, and  legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  legs  suffused  with  whitish. 
Forewings  bright  shining  golden-bronze,  tinged  with  coppery- 
purple,  more  strongly  in  9,  especially  posteriorly:  cilia  fuscous, 
basal  half  in  $  shining  bronze,  in  9  deep  purple.  Hindwings 
dark  grey,  purple-tinged;  cilia  grey. 

Perth,  West  Australia;  in  October,  fourteen  specimens. 

219.  H.  chalcolitha,  n.sp. 

(J9.  12-15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  shining  yellowish- 
bronze.  Palpi  fuscous,  towards  base  whitish.  Antennae  and 
abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  hairs  of  posterior  tibiaa  grey- 
whitish.  Forewings  and  cilia  pale  shining  golden-bronze.  Hind- 
wings in  (J  grey,  in  9  dark  purple-grey;  cilia  in  ^  light  ochreous- 
grey,  in  9  dark  grey. 

Albany,  West  Australia;  in  October,  four  specimens. 

220.  //.  niphochalca,  n.sp. 

(J9.  12-1-5  mm.  Head  and  thorax  very  pale  shining  grey- 
bronze,  sprinkled  with  whitish.  Palpi  fuscous,  towards  base 
whitish.  Antennae  and  abdomen  grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  hairs  of 
posterior  tibiae  grey- whitish.  Forewings  and  cilia  shining  whitish- 
bronzy-grey.  Hindwings  grey,  in  9  somewhat  darker;  cilia  in 
^  ochreous-grey-whitish,  in  9  S^^J' 

York,  West  Australia;  in  October,  two  specimens. 


414  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

221.   H.  philomacha,  n.sp. 

(J.  8-11  ram.  Hecad  and  thorax  shining  fuscous-bronze.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  towards  base  whitish.  Antenna,  abdomen,  and 
legs  dark  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibia3  whitish.  Forewings 
-shining  bronze,  sometimes  slightly  purplish-tinged:  cilia  fuscous, 
basal  half  bronze.  Hind  wings  dark  fuscous,  sometimes  purple- 
tinged;  cilia  rather  dark  fuscous. 

Perth  and  Albany,  West  Australia;  in  October  and  December, 
two  specimens. 

222.    ff.  2}cinchalca,  n.sp. 

9.  6  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antenn.ie,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
shining  fuscous-bronze.  Forewings  bright  shining  fuscous-bronze, 
posteriorly  purple-tinged,  with  scattered  pale  golden- shining  scales: 
cilia  rather  dark  fuscous.  Hind  wings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  rather 
dark  fuscous. 

Brisbane.;  Queensland;  in  September,  one  specimen. 

223.   H.  pfiaeochalca,  n.sp. 

^.  8  mm.  Head,  antennte,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs  shining 
fuscous- bronze,  hairs  of  posterior  tibisis  whitish.  Forewings 
shining  fuscous-bronze,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  :  cilia  fuscous. 
Hind  wings  dark  purplish-fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Bathurst  (2000  feet;,  New   South   Wales  ;    in  November,  one 

specimen,  without   palpi,  which  T  suppose  to  be  broken  off.     T 

have  also  a  much  damaged  specimen,  without  head,  apparently  of 

the  same  species  but  not  certainly  identical,  taken  at  Sydney  in 

July. 

224.  H.  peristera,  n.sp. 

(5" 9.  7-8  mm.  Head,  antennjfi,  and  thorax  shining  bronzy-grey. 
Palpi  grey,  towards  base  whitish.  Abdomen  and  legs  dark  grey, 
hairs  of  posterior  tibite  whitish.  Forewings  and  cilia  pale  shining 
bronzy-grey.  Hind  wings  rather  dark  purplish-fuscous;  cilia 
fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  September,  four  specimens. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


415 


31.  LozosTOMA,  Staiut. 

Forehead  with  a  more  or  less  raised  fillet  between  antenna'. 
Antennte  4,  in  ^  minutely  ciliated,  basal  joint  with  small  apical 
scale-tooth.  Labial  palpi  moderate,  porrected  or  diverging,  some- 
what loosely  scaled  anteriorly,  terminal  joint  shorter  than  second, 
somewhat  obtusely  pointed.  Posterior  tibiae  rough-haired,  median 
spurs  much  above  middle,  inner  very  long.  Forewings:  lb  simple, 
3  sometimes  obsolete,  5  out  of  7,  nearly  obsolete,  6  out  of  7,  7  to 
costa,  8  absent,  9  out  of  7,  cell  sometimes  open  between  9  and  11, 
Hindwings  |,  elongate-lanceolate,  cilia  3  ;  transverse  vein  and 
upper  margin  of  cell  largely  obsolete,  veins  all  separate. 

A  genus  probably  of  moderate  extent,  characteristic  of  the 
Indo-Malayan  and  Australian  regions.  Imago  with  forewings 
lanceolate,  long-pointed.  The  larval  habits  are  at  present  quite 
unknown,  though  some  of  the  species  are  plentiful. 

1.  Crown  of  head  yellow  or  whitish-ochreous 2. 

Crown  of  head  fuscous  or  dark  fuscous 6. 

2.  Thorax  wholly  dark  fuscous 3. 

Thorax  mostly  yellowish , 4. 

3.  Forewings  with   dark  fuscous  dorsal  streak  from 

base 225.   scalena. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 226.   comptdla. 

4.  Fillet  fuscous 228.  stereodeta. 

Fillet  wliitish-yellowish 5. 

5.  Forewings  with  yellowish  spot  on  middle  of  costa..   235.   nehnlaris. 
Forewings  without  such  spot 234.  sfenocraspeda. 

6.  Posterior  dark  area  reduced  to  a  terminal  streak...  7. 
Posterior    dark    area    extending    to    costa    beyond 

middle 8. 

7.  Prominence  of  terminal  streak  reaching  half  across 

wing 232.  micranthes. 

Prominence  of    terminal  streak  reaching  g  across 

wing 233.  tristicta. 

S.   Forewings  with  yellow  anteapical  costal  spot 9. 

Forewings  without  such  spot 10. 

9.   Thorax  posteriorly  yellowish 230.  orthotis. 

Thorax  wholly  dark  fuscous 227.  chonyma. 

10.   Back  of  Hllet  light  ferruginous 231.  protodoxa. 

Back  of  fillet  not  ferruginous  229.  rttractella. 


416  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

225.  L.  scalena,  n.sp. 

(J9-  1416  mm.  Head  pale  ochreous-yellowish.  Palpi  dark 
fuscous.  Antennte  whitish-ochreous.  Thorax  dark  purplish- 
fuscous.  Legs  whitish-ochreous,  banded  with  fuscous.  Forewings 
yellow;  thick  dark  purplish-fuscous  costal  ami  dorsal  streaks, 
meeting  at  base;  posterior  half  beyond  a  sinuate  inwardly  oblique 
line  wholly  dark  purplish-fuscous,  except  a  rather  large  pale 
yellow  roundish  costal  spot  before  apex,  and  small  ill-defined  pale 
yellow  tornal  spot  :  cilia  light  ochreous-fuscous,  opposite  costal 
and  tornal  spots  pale  yellow.  Hindwings  coppery-yellowish- 
fuscous;  cilia  coppery- yellowish,  round  apex  fuscous-tinged. 

Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia,  in  November  and  December; 
two  specimens  received  from  Mr.  E.  Guest,  who  mentions  it  as 
locally  common, 

226.   i.  comptella,  Walk. 

(Tinea  comptella,  Walk.  Tin.  1007.) 

(J9.  13-15  mm.  Head  pale  yellow.  Palpi  dark  fuscous. 
Antennpe  whitish-ochreous,  basal  joint  dark  fuscous.  Thorax 
dark  purplish-fuscous.  Abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
posterior  pair  lighter.  Forewings  yellow;  a  dark  purj^lish-fuscous 
costal  streak  from  base  to  near  t,  at  base  reaching  dorsum  ; 
posterior  half  beyond  a  sinuate  inwardly  oblique  line  wholly  dark 
purplish-fuscous,  except  rather  large  pale  yellow  spots  on  costa 
before  apex  and  at  tornus  :  cilia  ochreous-fuscous,  opposite  costal 
and  tornal  spots  pale  yellow.  Hindwings  cop23ery-yellowish- 
fuscous,  darker  terminally  ;  cilia  coppery,  round  apex  more 
infuscated. 

Cooma   (3000  feet),  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria; 

Launceston  and  Hobart,  Tasmania;  in  Januarj'^,  eight  specimens. 

The  two  Melbourne  specimens  which  I  possess   have  the  costal 

streak  shorter  and  finely  attenuated  posteriorly,  but  even  if  found 

to  be   constant,  the  difference  could   only  be   held  to  indicate  a 

local  form. 

227.   L.  deonijma,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-14  mm.  Head  and  antennae  whitish-ochreous,  crown 
purplish-fuscous.       Palpi  dark   fuscous.       Thorax   dark   purplish- 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  417 

fuscous.  Abdomen  and  legs  fuscous.  Forewings  yellow;  a  dark 
purplish -fuscous  basal  fascia,  more  or  less  produced  alone;  costa; 
posterior  half  beyond  a  nearly  straight  more  or  less  inwardly 
oblique  line  deep  ferruginous-purple,  except  a  rather  large  pale 
yellow  costal  spot  before  apex,  and  a  few  pale  yellowish  scales  at 
tornus  :  cilia  coppery-fuscous,  opposite  costal  spot  and  tornus  pale 
3'ellow.  Hindwings  coppery-orange-fuscous;  cilia  coppery,  round 
apex  more  infuscated. 

Brisbane,  Queensland  ;  Glen  Innes  (3000  feet),  Sydney,  and 
Bulli,  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne  and  Healesville,  Victoria; 
in   September,   October,   December,   February,  and   May,   twelve 

specimens. 

228.  L.  stereodi/ta,  n.sp. 

(^9.  10- 15  mm.  Head  yellow,  face  pale  shining  bronzy,  fillet 
fuscous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Antennge  whitish-ochreous,  basal 
joint  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  yellow,  shoulders  narrowly  dark 
fuscous.  Abdomen  and  legs  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  bright 
yellow  ;  a  dark  fuscous  streak  along  basal  fourth  of  costa ;  an 
inwardly  oblique  purple  postmedian  fascia,  uniting  beneath  with 
a  purple  streak  along  termen  from  apex,  both  partially  edged 
with  dark  fuscous  anteriorly  :  cilia  copper3'-fuscous.  Hindwings 
dark  coppery-fuscous;  cilia  coppery-fuscous. 

Sydney,  Blackheath  (3500  feet),  Shoalhaven,  and  Mount 
Kosciusko  (4300  feet),  New  South  Wales;  Campbelltown,  Georges 
Bay,  and  Hobart,  Tasmania  ;  Mount  Lofty  and  Port  Lincoln, 
South  Australia;  Albany,  West  Australia;  from  September  to 
March,  and  in  June,  very  common. 

229.  L.  retracteUa,  Walk. 

(Oecophova  retractella,  Walk.  Tin.  1031.) 

9.  11  mm.  Head  dark  purple-fuscous,  face  pale  shining 
bronzy,  fillet  ochreous-whitish.  Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Antennie 
ochreous-whitish.  Thorax  hx-onzy-fuscous.  Abdomen  and  legs 
dark  fuscous,  posterior  legs  lighter.  Forewings  yellow;  a  dark 
fuscous   basal  fascia,  produced  along  costa  to  |- ;  terminal  half 


418  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTEEA, 

beyond  a  straight  rather  inwardly  oblique  line  dark  purplish- 
fuscous  :  cilia  fuscous,  costal  cilia  paler  on  a  spot  before  apex. 
Hindwings  dark  coppery-fuscous;  cilia  coppery,  round  apex  more 
infuscated. 

Bulli,  New  South  Wales;  in  January,  one  specimen. 

230.   L.  orthotis,  n.sp. 

Q.  10-11  mm.  Head  and  antennoe  whitish-ochreous,  crown 
purplish-fuscous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  purplish-fuscous, 
with  a  pale  yellow  posterior  spot.  Abdomen  fuscous  Legs 
fuscous,  posterior  pair  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  light  yellow; 
a  rather  thick  fuscous-purple  costal  streak  from  base  to  ^ ; 
posterior  half  beyond  a  nearly  straight  vertical  line  fuscous- 
purple,  except  a  rather  large  pale  yellow  costal  spot  before  apex: 
cilia  pale  yellowish.      Hindwings  grey;  cilia  whitish-yellowish. 

Brisbane,  Queensland;  Carnarvon,  "West  Australia;  in  October 
and  November,  three  specimens. 

231.   L.  protodoxa,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-15  mm.  Head  shining  whitish-ochreous,  crown  fuscous, 
back  of  fillet  light  ferruginous.  Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Antennse 
ochreous-whitish,  basal  joint  dark  fuscous.  Thorax  pale  yellow, 
shoulders  narrowly  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous.  Legs 
whitish-ochreous,  anterior  and  middle  pair  suffused  with  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  yellow;  an  attenuated  dark  fuscous  streak 
along  basal  fourth  of  costa;  a  slightly  inwards-curved  very  oblique 
black  postmedian  transverse  line,  posteriorly  edged  with  prismatic- 
^  iolet ;  terminal  area  beyond  this  wholly  pale  violet-fuscous : 
cilia  pale  fuscous.  Hindwings  fuscous  ;  cilia  pale  fuscous, 
ochreous-tinged. 

Rosewood,  Queensland  ;  Sydney,  Bulli,  and  Bathurst,  New 
South  Wales;  Healesville,  Victoria;  Launceston,  Campbelltown, 
and  Hobart,  Tasmania ;  Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia ;  from 
September  to  January,  very  common. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  419 

232.    L.  micranthes,  n.sp. 

(J2-  8"11  ^^^'^  Head  shining  whitish,  crown  dark  fuscous. 
Palpi  dark  fuscous.  Antennie  whitish,  basal  joint  dark  fuscous. 
Thorax  pale  yellow,  shoulders  narrowly  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen 
silvery-grey-whitish.  Legs  silvery-whitish,  anterior  pair  dark 
fuscous.  Forewings  pale  yellow;  a  dark  fuscous  streak  along 
basal  fourth  or  third  of  costa;  a  light  purplish-fuscous  irregular 
streak  from  before  tornus  along  termen  to  apex,  upper  edge  rather 
prominent  above  tornus,  where  it  reaches  half  across  wing,  before 
this  edged  anteriorly  witli  blackish:  cilia  whitish  fuscous,  on  costa 
pale  yellowish.  Hindwings  fuscous;  cilia  whitish-fuscous,  ochreous- 
tinged. 

Brisbane,  Queensland  ;  Newcastle  and  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales;  Melbourne,  Victoria;  from  June  to  March,  common. 

233.   L.  tristicta,  n.sp. 

9-  12-13  mm.  Head  shining  whitish-ochreous,  crown  fuscous. 
Palpi  whitish.  Antennae  ochreouswhiti.sh.  Thorax  yellow, 
anterior  margin  narrowly  dark  fuscous.  Abdomen  shining  grey. 
Legs  ochreous-whitish,  anterior  pair  suffused  with  dark  fuscous. 
Forewings  deep  yellow;  a  dark  fuscous  streak  along  basal  sixth 
of  costa;  a  rather  light  purplish-fuscous  fascia  from  before  tornus 
along  termen  to  apex,  upper  edge  prominent  above  tornus,  where 
it  reaches  |-  across  wing,  before  this  edged  by  an  oblique  row  of 
three  black  dots,  the  uppermost  resting  on  the  prominent  angle: 
cilia  light  fuscous,  ochreous  tinged,  on  costa  yellowish.  Hind- 
wings  rather  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous,  coppery-tin'^ed. 

Duaringa,  Queensland;  two  specimens  received  from  Mr.   G-. 

Barnard. 

234.   L.  stenocraspeda,  n.sp. 

(J^.  9-11  mm.  Head  whitish-yellowish.  Palpi  whitish,  apex 
of  joints  fuscous.  Antennfe  ochreous-whitish,  liasal  joint  dark 
fuscous.  Thorax  whitish-yellowish,  shoulders  narrowly  dai'k 
fuscous.  Abdomen  shining  grey.  Legs  ochreous-whitish,  anterior 
pair    suffused    with    dark    fuscous.       Forewings    pale    ochreous- 


420  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  ALSIKALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

yellowish;  a  broad  rather  dark  fuscous  costal  streak  from  base  to 
|;  a  slender  fuscous  streak  from  before  tornus  along  termen  to 
apex,  upper  edge  somewhat  prominent  above  tornus,  where  it 
reaches  J  across  wing,  before  this  edged  with  three  black  dots: 
cilia  whitish-fuscous,  on  costa  whitish-yellowish.  Hindwings 
fuscous;  cilia  whitish-fuscous. 

Newcastle  and  Sydnej^,  New  South  Wales:  Launceston,  Camp- 
belltown,  and  Deloraine,  Tasmania ;  from  June  to  March,  ten 
specimens. 

235.   L.  nehularis,  n.sp. 

(J^.  11-13  mm.  Head  whitish-ochreous.  Palpi  fuscous. 
AntennjB  ochreous-whitish,  basal  joint  dark  fuscous.  Thorax 
pale  ochreous-yellowish,  shoulders  narrowly  dark  fuscous.  Abdo. 
men  pale  shining  greyish-ochreous.  Legs  whitish-ochreous, 
anterior  pair  suffused  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  purplish- 
fuscous,  irrorated  with  dark  fuscous ;  a  broad  pale  ochreous. 
3'ellowish  dorsal  streak  from  base  to  tornus,  narrowed  posteriorly, 
marked  with  a  dark  fuscous  dorsal  spot  before  tornus;  irregular 
suffused  pale  ochreous-yellowish  costal  spots  at  ^  and  |,  variable 
and  sometimes  tending  to  be  confluent  in  disc  :  cilia  whitish, 
ochreous,  with  a  few  fuscous  scales.  Hindwings  grey ;  cilia 
whitish-ochreous. 

Sydney  and  Bulli,  New  South  Wales;  from  November  to  Jan- 
uary, eight  specimens. 

32.  Eretmocera,  Zell. 

Antenna  almost  1,  basal  half  thickened  with  scales,  becoming 
long  and  roughly  projecting  on  back  towards  middle.  Labial 
palpi  moderately  long,  recurved,  loosely  rough-scaled  anteriorly, 
terminal  joint  almost  as  long  as  second,  acute.  Abdomen  very 
broad,  flattened,  apical  segment  with  lateral  tufts  of  scales. 
Posterior  tibise  smooth-scaled.  Forewings  :  lb  simple,  6  and  7 
stalked,  7  to  costa,  8  absent.  Hindwings  f,  elongate-lanceolate, 
cilia  2;  costa  towards  base  with  fringe  of  rough  scales  drawn  over 
wing;  veins  all  separate. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  421 

A  small  genus,  especially  characteristic  of  the  Indo-Malayan 
and  African  regions.  Imago  with  fore  wings  elongate,  narrow, 
long-pointed,  costa  somewhat  sinuate;  the  species  are  often  con- 
spicuously ornamented  with  red  or  yellow. 

236.  E.  chri/sias,  Meyr. 

(Casforura  cJiri/sias,  Meyr.,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  1886, 
1047;  Eretinocera  chri/sias,  Wals.,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  1889, 
35,  pi.  VI,  19.) 

^Q.  12-13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  deep  shining  bronze.  Palpi 
'dark  fuscous,  towards  base  ochreous-yellowish.  Antennte  purple- 
blackish.  Abdomen  orange,  with  a  purple-blackish  band  before 
middle,  extending  over  two  segments,  anal  tuft  dark  fuscous. 
Legs  dark  purple-fuscous,  posterior  tibiae  with  orange  basal  band. 
Forewings  purple-blackish;  four  roundish  orange  or  pale  yellowish 
spots,  first  on  dorsum  at  J,  second  in  disc  before  middle,  third 
before  tornus,  fourth  on  costa  at  |  :  cilia  dark  fuscous.  Hind- 
wings  dark  fuscous,  suffused  with  deep  yellow  towards  basal  half 
of  termen,  or  sometimes  wholly  throughout;  cilia  dark  fuscous, 
from  base  to  beyond  middle  of  termen  ochreous-yellow  except 
towards  tips. 

Duaringa  and  Maryborough,  Queensland,  from  February  to 
April;  four  specimens  received  from  Mr.  G.  Barnard. 

33.    TiNAGMA,  Zell. 

Antennje  f,  in  ^  simple.  Labial  palpi  rather  long,  recurved, 
second  joint  towards  apex  and  terminal  joint  clothed  in  front 
with  rather  long  rough  projecting  scales,  terminal  joint  shorter 
than  second,  acute.  Posterior  tibi?e  smooth-scaled.  Forewings  : 
lb  furcate,  6  and  7  stalked,  7  to  costa,  8  absent,  9  out  of  7  near 
base.  Hindwings  |,  lanceolate,  cilia  3;  2  absent,  4  absent,  trans- 
verse vein  absent  between  3  and  5,  7  absent. 

Besides  the  following,  I  am  only  acquainted  with  a  very  few 

species  from  South  Europe,  but  probably  the  genus  is  represented 

in  the  intermediate  regions.      The  Australian  species  differs  in 

some  points   of  neuration  from  the  European,  but   the   general 

28 


422  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

agreement  is  so  marked  that  I  see  no  cause  for  separation;  the 
description  given  above  applies  fully  to  the  Australian  species 
only.  Imago  with  forewings  lanceolate;  all  the  species  have  the 
habit  of  holding  up  the  wings  and  vibrating  them  with  a  fanning 
action,  somewhat  as  in  Glypliipteryx. 

237.   T.  lencanthes,  n.sp. 

(J9.  5-6  mm.  Head  fuscous,  face  whitish  beneath.  Palpi 
whitish,  second  joint  with  one,  terminal  with  two  dark  fuscous 
rings.  AntennjB  whitish,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous.  Thorax 
dark  bronzy-fuscous.  Abdomen  dark  fuscous,  segmental  margins 
silvery-shining,  anal  tuft  white.  Legs  dark  fuscous  ringed  with 
white.  Forewings  dark  bronzy-fuscous;  a  straight  rather  narrow 
shining  white  median  fascia;  in  ^  a  shining  white  costal  spot  at 
i  and  opposite  dot  at  tornus,  in  5  a  fine  straight  fascia  at  |^: 
cilia  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  with  white  spots  opposite  costal  and 
tornal  spots,  and  terminal  half  sharply  white  from  apex  to  above 
tornus.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  grey.  Hind  wings  beneath 
with  whitish  median  and  anteapical  fascife. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  in  April,  three  specimens. 

34.  ScYTHRis,  Hiib. 

Antennae  4,  in  ^  shortly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  rather  long,^ 
curved,  ascending,  second  joint  smooth-scaled,  terminal  shorter, 
acute.  Posterior  tibiae  rough-haired.  Forewings  :  lb  shortly 
furcate  or  simple,  6  and  7  stalked,  7  to  costa,  8  absent.  Hind- 
wings  §  to  f ,  lanceolate,  cilia  2-4;  veins  all  separate  (in  Australian 
species). 

A  considerable  genus,  apparently  cosmopolitan,  but  most 
numerous  in  Southern  Europe.  Imago  with  forewings  elongate- 
lanceolate,  sometimes  somewhat  caudate;  the  species  are  usually 
rather  sluggish  in  habit  and  easily  overlooked.  Larva  usually  in 
a  slight  web  or  silken  tubes  amongst  shoots  or  stems,  but  in  the 
Australian  species  still  unknown. 

1.   Antenna  with  white  band  above  middle 240.  ceratocosma. 

Antennae  without  white  band 2. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


423 


2.  Forewings    with    sharply    defined   ochreous-white 

median  streak 3. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 4. 

3.  Forewings  with  a  white  streak  running  into  costal 

cilia 239.  pleonectis. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 238.  rhabd^icha. 

4.  Forewings  with  white  bar  from  costa  at  § 245.  plocanota. 

Forewings  without  white  costal  bar 5. 

5.  Forewings  with  undefined  whitish  median  streak 

from  base 243.  sporadica. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 6. 

6.  Forewings    with  fine  white  line  along  fold  nearly 

throughout 1A\.  cnjpngramma. 

Forewings  without  such  line 7. 

7.  Forewings  with  whitish  bar  from  tornus 24G.   erebo,<spila. 

Forewings  without  whitish  bar  from  tornus 8. 

8.  Forewings  with  dark  discal  spot   at  |,  followed  by 

a  whitish  spot 242.  adelopa. 

Forewings  without  such  spot 244.  2^aredra. 

238.   (S*.  rhabducha,  n.sp. 

(J.  12-13  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennse,  thorax,  abdomen,  and 
legs  dark  fuscous,  faintly  purplish-tinged  ;  palpi  white  towards 
base;  abdomen  white  beneath  and  on  a  lateral  streak;  legs  white 
beneath.  Forewings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous,  faintly  tinged  with 
bluish-purple;  a  sharply  marked  narrow  median  longitudinal 
ochreous-white  streak  from  base  to  |,  apex  somewhat  dilated. 
Hindwine's  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Melbourne,  Victoria;  two  specimens  received  from  Rev.  G.  H. 

Raynor. 

239.   S.  pleonectis. 

^.  13  mm.  Differs  from  >S'.  rhabducha  as  follows:  forewing.s 
with  median  streak  broader,  reaching  4,  from  above  extremity  of 
which  proceeds  a  white  streak  into  costal  cilia  above  apex. 

Melbourne,  Victoria;  one  specimen  received  from  Rev.  G.  H. 
Raynor.  This  may  very  possibly  be  only  a  variety  of  the  pre- 
ceding; but  as  the  distinction  is  so  vvell-marked,  I  have  separated 
them  until  further  material  is  forthcoming. 


424  DESCRIPTIONS   OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

240.  S.  ceratocosma,  n.sp. 

(J9-  10-11  nim.  Head,  palpi,  antennse,  thorax,  abdomen,  and 
legs  dark  fuscous,  faintly  purplish-tinged;  base  of  palpi  whitish; 
antennfe  with  a  broad  white  band  above  middle;  abdomen  white 
beneath  except  towards  base;  legs  partially  white  beneath.  Fore- 
wings  dark  fuscous,  faintly  purplish-tinged,  thinly  irregularly 
strewn  with  ochreous-whitish  scales;  the  confluence  of  these  tends 
to  form  indistinct  whitish  spots  on  dorsum  at  \,  on  tornus,  and 
two  others  in  disc  between  these,  separated  by  three  undefined 
dark  spaces  of  clear  groundcolour:  cilia  dark  fuscous,  sometimes 
with  a  few  ochreous-whitish  scales  round  apex.  Hindwings  and 
cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Healesville,  Victoria;  in  October 
and  November,  three  specimens. 

241.   »S'.  crypsigramma,  n.sp. 

2-  9  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
shining  dark  fuscous;  palpi  with  second  joint  white  except  apex, 
terminal  joint  white  above;  abdomen  and  legs  white  beneath. 
Forewings  shining  dark  grey,  faintly  purplish-tinged,  obscurely 
streaked  with  black  on  veins;  a  very  fine  white  line  along  fold 
from  base  to  near  tornus:  cilia  dark  grey,  round  apex  with  a  few 
pale  scales.     Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Geraldton,  West  Australia;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

242.  S.  adelopa,  n.sp. 

(J2-  11-13  mm.  Head  and  thorax  fuscous  irrorated  with 
white.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  apex  of  joints  whitish.  Antennae 
grey.  Abdomen  ,i;rey,  beneath  whitish.  Legs  dark  fuscous, 
irrorated  with  white.  Forewings  fuscous,  irrorated  with  white; 
an  indistinct  dark  fuscous  spot  in  disc  at  §,  followed  by  a  whitish 
spot,  sometimes  extended  as  an  inwardly  oblique  whitish  bar  to 
dorsum;  two  indistinct  dark  fuscous  dots  on  fold  beyond  this, 
sometimes  sej)arated  with  whitish,  two  others  in  disc  above  them, 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  425 

and  one  in  disc  at  |:  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous.      Hindwings 
grey;  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous. 

Carnarvon,  West  Australia;  in  October,  seven  specimens. 

243.  S.  sporadica,  n.sp. 

^2-  10-11  nim.  Head  and  thorax  bronzy-fuscous,  somewhat 
whitish-mixed.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  base  whitish.  Antennse 
fuscous.  Abdomen  rather  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  beneath  whitish- 
ochreous.  Legs  fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish-ochreous,  hairs  of 
posterior  tibite  whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  bronzy-fuscous 
mixed  with  whitish-ochreous;  an  undefined  broad  median  streak 
of  whitish  suffusion  or  irroration  from  base  to  about  |;  undefined 
cloudy  blackish  spots  .on  fold  at  ^,  ^,  and  |,  separated  with 
whitish,  and  in  disc  at  f :  cilia  fuscous.  Hindwings  dark  fuscous; 
cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Healesville,  Victoria;  in  October 
and  November,  three  specimens. 

244.  aS'.  paredra,  n.sp. 

(J 9.  9-10  mm.  Head,  antennae,  and  thorax  bronzy-fuscous. 
Palpi  fuscous  above,  whitish  beneath.  Abdomen  bronzy-fuscous, 
beneath  whitish  ochreous.  Legs  fuscous,  hairs  of  posterior  tibite 
whitish-ochreous.  Forewings  l)ronzy-fuscous,  more  or  less  sprinkled 
with  whitish-ochreous;  very  indistinct  darker  spots  on  fold  at  J 
and  i,  separated  by  a  fine  whitish  dash,  and  in  disc  at  f :  cilia 
brownish-ochreous.     Hindwings  grey;  cilia  brownish-ochi-eous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Wirrabara,  South  Australia;  in 
October  and  January,  five  specimens. 

245.  S.  plocanota,  n.sp. 

(J.  9-10  mm.  Head,  antennae,  and  thorax  fuscous,  sides  of 
crown  whitish,  apex  of  patagia  clear  white.  Palpi  rather  dark 
fuscous,  towards  base  whitish,  extreme  apex  of  joints  whitish. 
Abdomen  coppery-fuscous,  beneath  whitish-ochreous.  Legs  dark 
fuscous,  ringed  with  whitish.  Forewings  dark  fuscous,  irrorated 
with  whitish;  an  irregular  rather  oblique  white  bar  from  costa  at 


426  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

1^,  reaching  ^  across  wing,  followed  in  disc  by  a  spot  of  blackish 
suffusion;  a  whitish  spot  on  fold  beyond  middle,  and  another 
obliquely  beyond  and  above  it,  more  or  less  confluent,  each  followed 
by  an  indistinct  blackish  spot:  cilia  fuscous,  at  apex  with  a  spot 
of  whitish  scales.     Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Rosewood  and  Brisbane,  Queensland;  in  September,  two  speci- 
mens. 

24G.   *?.  erehospila,  n.sp. 

(J.  8  mm.  Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax,  abdomen,  and  legs 
dark  bronzy-fuscous  ;  base  of  palpi  whitish  ;  abdomen  and  legs 
whitish  beneath.  Forewings  dark  bronzy-fuscous,  with  a  few 
whitish  scales  in  disc;  a  cloudy  spot  in  disc  beyond  5,  another  at 
^,  an  irregular  bar  from  tornus  reaching  more  than  half  across 
wing,  and  some  scales  on .  costa  beyond  this  dull  whitish  :  cilia 
dark  bronzy-fuscous,  at  apex  with  a  dull  whitish  basal  spot. 
Hindwings  and  cilia  dark  fuscous. 

Spring-wood,  New  South  Wales;  in  November,  one  specimen. 

.3.5.  Endrosis,  Hub. 

Antennse  |^,  in  ^  fasciculate-ciliated  (2|).  Labial  palpi  long, 
recurved,  second  joint  smooth,  terminal  as  long,  acute.  Posterior 
tibiiB  rough-haired.  Foi'ewings  :  lb  imperfectly  furcate,  7  and  8 
stalked,  7  to  costa.  Hindwings  under  1,  ovate-lanceolate,  with 
transparent  subbasal  patch,  cilia  2;  3  and  4  connate  or  short- 
stalked,  6  absent. 

Contains  only  the  one  species,  now^  domesticated  in  houses  in 
many  parts  of  the  world,  its  real  origin  being  uncertain.  Imago 
with  forewings  elongate,  pointed;  it  is  never  met  with  except  in 
houses,  or  on  tree-trunks  near  them. 

247.  E.  lactecUa,  Schiff. 

(Endrosis  lacteella,  Schiff.,  Meyr.  Trans.  N.Z.  Inst.  1888,  160; 
Gelechia  subdifeUa,  Walk.  Tin.  657;  (?)  G.  adaperteUa,  ib.  653.) 

^$.  14-20  mm.  Head  white.  Thorax  white,  anterior  edge 
dark  fuscous.  Forewings  greyish-ochreous,  coarsely  irrorated 
■with  black,  with  some  white  scales;  a  white  basal  dot;  stigmata 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  427 

black,  first  discal  much  beyond  plical;  an  indistinct  whitish  costal 
spot  at  J.  Hind  wings  pale  grey,  mox'e  whitish  towards  base; 
cilia  ochreous- tinged. 

Glen  Innes  (3500  feet),  Bathurst  (2000  feet),  Blackheath  (3500 
feet),  and  Cooma  (3000  feet),  New  South  Wales;  Melbourne  and 
Warragul,  Victoria;  Launceston,  Campbelltown,  and  Deloraine, 
Tasmania;  Kingston  and  Mount  Lofty,  South  Australia;  common 
also  thi'oughout  New  Zealand,  and  occurs  in  Europe,  N.  America, 
and  S.  Africa;  from  October  to  March,  common.  Larva  whitish; 
head  x-eddish-brown ;  2  pale  brown  posteriorly  :  on  seeds,  dry 
refuse,  &c.,  throughout  the  year. 

36.    NOTODRYAS,  n.g. 

Antennie  4,  in  (^  with  fine  long  ciliations  (3).  Labial  palpi 
long,  recurved,  smooth-scaled,  terminal  joint  shorter  than  second, 
acute.  Posterior  tibite  rough-haired.  Forewings :  lb  simple,  6 
out  of  7,  7  to  termen,  8  out  of  7.  Hindwings  |,  elongate- 
lanceolate,  cilia  4  ;  transverse  vein  partly  absent,  all  veins 
separate. 

Type  W.  aeria.  Only  the  two  following  species  are  known;  an 
interesting:  development  of  Epermcnia.  Imago  with  forewings 
lanceolate,  apex  produced. 

First  fascia  entire 249.   rallata. 

First  fascia  not  reaching  costa 248.  atria. 

248.   JSf.  aeria,  n.sp. 

(J9-  ^"1^  vam..  Head,  palpi,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white. 
Antennae  grey,  base  white.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair 
whitish.  Forewings  white  ;  markings  light  ochreous-yellowish, 
more  or  less  irrorated  with  black,  more  strongly  towards  dorsum; 
a  small  spot  near  base  in  middle  ;  an  oblique  bar  from  dorsum 
before  middle,  reaching  |-  across  wing;  an  oblique  fascia  from  ^ 
of  costa  to  tornus,  more  or  less  interrupted  or  indistinct;  a  small 
apical  spot:  cilia  white,  with  light  ochreous-yellowish  spots 
irrorated  with  black  at  apex,  middle  of  termen,  and  tornus. 
Hindwings  whitish,  sometimes  greyer  posteriorly;  cilia  whitish. 


428  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

Brisbane  and  Toowoomba,  Queensland  ;  Sydney,  New  South 
Wales;  Warragul,  Victoria;  Deloraine,  Tasmania;  from  Septem- 
ber to  November  and  in  February,  fourteen  specimens. 

249.   X.  vallafa,  n.sp. 

Q.  8-10  mm.  Head  and  palpi  white.  Antennae  grey,  base 
white.  Thorax  white,  variably  suffused  with  dark  fuscous. 
Abdomen  dark  grey.  Legs  dark  fuscous,  posterior  pair  suffused 
with  whitish.  Forewings  white;  two  bright  ferruginous  fasciae, 
mixed  with  black  dorsally  and  sometimes  black-edged  in  disc,  first 
median,  inwardly  oblique,  second  opposite  tornus,  vertical,  con- 
fluent on  costa  and  sometimes  connected  in  disc  ;  ferruginous 
streaks  from  second  fascia  along  costa  and  termen  to  apex,  some- 
times undefined  or  indistinct,  sometimes  terminating  in  an  apical 
spot  of  black  scales  :  cilia  brownish-ochreous,  base  white,  some- 
times limited  by  a  black  line,  sometimes  with  an  indistinct 
whitish  bar  at  apex,  variable  undefined  spots  of  black  irroration 
at  apex  and  tornus.     Hindwings  dark  fuscous;  cilia  fuscous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Gisborne,  Victoria;  in  November, 
January,  and  March,  four  specimens. 

37.   Epermenia,  Hiib. 

Antennse  4,  in  ^  evenly  ciliated.  Labial  palpi  long,  curved, 
thickened  with  loose  scales,  terminal  joint  from  one-fourth  to  half 
second,  rather  obtuse.  Posterior  tibife  clothed  with  bristly  hairs. 
Forewings  with  one  or  more  dorsal  scale-teeth;  lb  furcate,  7  and 
8  sometimes  stalked,  7  to  termen.  Hindwings  |,  elongate-lan- 
ceolate, cilia  2-4;  6  and  7  approximated  or  stalked. 

A  rather  small  but  probably  nearly  cosmopolitan  genus,  doubt- 
less of  considerable  antiquity.  Lnago  with  forewings  more  or 
less  narrowly  elongate,  pointed.  Larva  usually  feeding  in  a 
slight  web  amongst  spun  leaves.     Pupa  in  an  open  network  cocoon. 

1.  Palpi  with  apical  scale-projection  on  second  joint 

beneath 250.  euryhias. 

Palpi  without  scale-projection  beneath 2. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK.  429 

"2.   Palpi  with  apical  scale-projection  on  second  joint 

above...., "  3. 

Palpi  without  scale-projection  above 4. 

3.  Forewings  with  white  subcostal  streak 254.  aphronesa. 

Forewings  without  such  streak 251.  epispora. 

4.  Forewings  with  four  dorsal  scale-teeth 253.  exilis. 

Forewings  with  two  dorsal  scale-teeth 252.  opsias. 


250.   E.  eurybias,  n.sp. 

^J.  11-15  mm.  Head  and  thorax  fuscous,  more  or  less  whitish- 
mixed,  sometimes  with  an  ochreous-whitish  median  stinpe.  Palpi 
dark  fuscous,  whitish-sprinkled  towards  base,  second  joint  with  short 
apical  scale-projection  beneath,  terminal  joint  moderate,  ascending. 
Antennae  and  abdomen  fuscous.  Legs  dark  fuscous.  Forewings 
moderately  narrow;  costa  moderately  arched,  7  and  8  separate;- 
light  fuscous,  irregularl}'-  strigulated  with  dark  fuscous  irroration, 
and  partially  finely  whitish-sprinkled;  a  black  dot  beneath  costa 
near  base,  and  one  in  disc  at  i;  an  undefined  patch  of  dark  fus- 
cous suffusion  on  dox'sum  at  ^  ;  a  narrow  indistinct  dark  fuscous 
inwardly  oblique  median  fascia,  marked  with  a  small  ochreous 
spot  in  disc,  and  terminating  in  a  large  blackish  dorsal  scaletooth  ; 
a  black  dot  in  disc  at  f ,  followed  by  a  small  ochreous  spot ;  pos- 
terior half  of  costa  indistinctly  spotted  with  dark  fuscous  ;  a 
small  ochreous  apical  spot :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex 
irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish,  with  a  dark  fuscous  spot 
at  apex,  and  a  dark  fuscous  scaletooth  before  tornus.  Hindwings 
fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Toowoomba  (2000  feet),  Queensland;  Glen  Innes  (3000  feet) 
and  Sydney,  New  South  Wales  ;  Gisborne  and  Healesville,  Vic- 
toria; Hobart,  Tasmania;  Wirrabara,  South  Australia;  from  June 
to  December  and  in  March,  eighteen  specimens.  Larva  stout, 
light  yellow-green  on  back,  rather  dark  bright  green  on  sides, 
division  well-marked;  dorsal  line  rather  dark  green;  spiracular 
raised,  yellowish;  head  yellow-green,  mouth  brownish;  in  a  half- 
grown  individual  9  and  half  8  flesh-coloured  :  feeds  in  a  very 
slight  web  on  twigs  of  Exocarpus  cupressiformis  ( Santalaceae). 


430  DESCRIPTIONS  OP  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 

251.   E.  epispora,  n.sp. 

(J.  9-11  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  light  fuscous, 
somewhat  whitish-mixed.  Palpi  fuscous,  whitish-sprinkled,  second 
joint  suffused  with  dark  fuscous  towards  apex,  with  scale  projection 
towards  apex  above,  terminal  joint  short,  porrected,  with  a  dark 
fuscous  median  ring.  Antennae  fuscous.  Legs  fuscous,  whitish- 
sprinkled,  I'inged  with  dark  fuscous.  Forewings  narrow,  costa 
gently  arched,  7  and  8  stalked;  fuscous,  finely  whitish-sprinkled, 
with  scattered  striguhe  of  dark  fuscous  scales;  slender  indistinct 
dark  fuscous  inwardly  oblique  fascife  at  ^  and  ^,  latter  terminating 
in  a  large  dark  fuscous  dorsal  scaletooth  at  ^,  and  followed  by  a 
triangular  dorsal  white  suffusion;  a  moderately  broad  ill-defined 
dark  fuscous  vertical  fascia  at  |,  marked  with  an  ochreous  spot 
•in  disc,  and  terminating  in  a  dark  fuscous  tornal  scaletooth;  a 
black  discal  dot  at  f ,  partly  white-edged ;  costa  posteriorly 
spotted  with  dark  fuscous :  cilia  light  fuscous,  round  apex 
irrorated  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish,  with  a  dark  fuscous  spot 
at  apex.     Hind  wings  fuscous;  cilia  light  fuscous. 

Toowoomba,  Queensland  ;  Sydney,  New  South  Wales ;  in 
November  and  December,  three  specimens. 

252.  E.  opuias,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10-14  mm.  Head  and  thorax  pale  grey  mixed  with 
whitish.  Palpi  dark  grey,  second  joint  whitish  towards  base, 
without  scale-projection,  terminal  joint  short,  tip  whitish.  Antennae 
grey.  Abdomen  whitish-grey.  Legs  dark  grey,  whitish-sprinkled, 
ringed  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish.  Forewings  narrow,  costa 
gently  arched,  7  and  8  separate;  fuscous,  suffusedly  irrorated 
with  white,  with  scattered  black  scales;  sometimes  a  small  black 
spot  beneath  fold  at  4;  black  dots  beneath  costa  at  i  and  t,  one 
in  disc  between  these,  one  on  fold  before  middle,  one  in  middle 
of  disc  often  forming  a  short  oblique  transverse  mark,  one  in  disc 
Ijeyond  middle,  and  one  at  | ;  minute  black  dorsal  scaleteeth 
before  and  beyond  middle:  cilia  whitish-grey,  sometimes  ochreous - 
tinged,  at  apex  with  a  blackish  spot,  and  sometimes  much  irrorated 
with  black.     Hind  wings  grey;  cilia  whitish-ochreous-grey. 


BY    E.    IIEYRICK.  431 

Bathurst  (2000  feet),  Blackheath  (3500  feet),  and  Mount 
Kosciusko  (4500  feet),  Xew  South  Wales;  Deloi'aine,  Tasmania; 
from  November  to  March,  ten  specimens. 

253.  E.  exilis,  n.sp. 

(J^.  10  13  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  fuscous  mixed 
with  whitish.  Palpi  fuscous,  whitish-sprinkled,  second  joint 
without  scale-projection,  terminal  joint  and  apical  band  of  second 
dark  fuscous,  terminal  joint  rather  short,  apex  whitish.  Antennae 
fuscous.  Legs  fuscous,  ringed  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish. 
Forewings  very  narrow,  costa  slightly  arched,  7  and  8  stalked; 
fuscous,  mixed  with  whitish,  irregularly  irrorated  or  strigulated 
with  dark  fuscous;  a  narrow  indistinct  dark  fuscous  inwardly 
oblique  fascia  before  middle;  a  black  dot  in  disc  before  this,  and 
another  at  f ,  beyond  which  is  an  indistinct  ochreous  spot;  four 
small  equidistant  black  dorsal  scaleteeth,  first  at  ^,  fourth  at 
tornus ;  a  black  costal  dot  towards  apex :  cilia  pale  greyish- 
ochreous,  round  apex  irrorated  with  blackish.  Hindwings  light 
grey;  cilia  pale  greyish-ochreous. 

Sydney,  New  South  Wales;  Adelaide,  Wirrabara,  and  Port 
Lincoln,  South  Australia ;  in  June,  July,  and  from  October  to 
December,  ten  specimens. 

254.   £.  aphronesa,  n.sp. 

(J.  14  mm.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  light  brownish  mixed 
with  whitish.  Palpi  fuscous,  apex  of  second  and  terminal  joints 
whitish,  second  joint  with  projecting  scales  towards  apex  above, 
terminal  joint  very  short.  Antennse  fuscous.  Legs  fuscous, 
ringed  with  dark  fuscous  and  whitish.  Poi'ewings  narrow,  costa 
gently  arched,  7  and  8  separate ;  light  brown,  reddish-tinged, 
sprinkled  with  whitish  and  dark  fuscous;  a  broad  undefined  white 
subcostal  streak  from  beneath  costa  near  base  to  costa  at  4;  an 
oblique  irregular  blackish  bar  from  costa  at  i,  reaching  to  fold;  a 
black  dot  beneath  costa  at  |-,  one  in  disc  close  beyond  bar,  one  on 
fold  before  middle  followed  by  a  ferruginous   spot,  one  in  disc 


432 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 


beyond  middle,  one  at  f  edged  with  white,  and  one  on  costa 
beyond  |^;  blackish  dorsal  scale-teeth  before  and  beyond  middle; 
a  round  blackish  apical  spot,  preceded  b}^  a  white  costal  spot: 
cilia  wliitish-ochreous,  with  a  ferruginous-brown  patch  on  basal 
half  beneath  apex,  a  dark  fuscous  terminal  spot  at  apex,  and 
another  beneath  it.  Hindwings  pale  grey ;  cilia  whitish-grey- 
ochreous. 

Tasmania,  exact   locality  unrecorded ;   one  specimen   received 
from  Rev.  G.  H.  Raynor. 

Appendix. 

The  following  species  was  referred  by  Walker  in  error  to  a 

genus  of  this  family,  and  is  merely  quoted  to  explain  its  absence. 

255.  Elacliista  Icdivittella,  Walk.  Tin.  898.     Belongs  to  Tinea 

(Tiiieidae) . 

Index  of  Genera. 


Akoloscelis,  n.g 11. 

Aeraula,  n.g 21. 

Batrachedra,  Staint 2. 

Calicotis,  Meyr 6. 

CoRACiSTis,  n.g 22. 

CORYTHANGELA,  U.g 1. 

COSMOPTERYX^  Hub 14. 

CUPHODES,  n.g 7. 

Elachista,  Treits 13. 

Endrosis,  Hub 35. 

Epermenia,  Hilb 37. 

Eretmocera,  Zell 32. 

Glaphyristis,  n.g 16. 

Haplochrols,  n.g 3. 

Heliozela,  H.  Schaff. 27. 

Hieromantis,  n.g 9. 

HOPLOPHANES,  n.g 30. 

LiMNOECiA,  Staint 18. 

LozosTOMA,  Staint 31. 


MiCROCOLONA,  n.g 2.S. 

MOLY'EDURGA,  n.g 20. 

NOTODRYAS,  n.g 36. 

Orthromicta,  n.g 26. 

Otonoma,  n.g 17. 

Pachyrhabda,  n.g 5. 

Persicoptila,  Meyr 12. 

Prophylactis,  u.g 29, 

PSELIASTIS,  n.  g 28. 

Pyroderces,  Zell 15. 

Rhadinastis,  n.g 4. 

SCY'THRIS,  Hub 34. 

Stathmopoda,  Staint 10. 

Sy'ntomactis,  Meyr.... 24. 

Tinagma,  Zell 33. 

Trachydora,  n.g 25. 

Vanicela,  Walk 8. 

Zapi'rastra,  Meyr  19. 


Index  of  Species. 

The  numbers  refer  to  those  prefixed  to  each  species  in  succes- 
sion; names  not  italicised  are  quoted  as  synonyms  or  without 
being  adopted;  those  without  author's  names  suffixed  are  new. 


BY    E.    MEYRICK. 


433 


ncontias 36. 

acrozona 214. 

actinia 172. 

adapertella,  Walk 247. 

adelopa 242. 

ueria 248. 

aetheria 56. 

arjlaodora  206. 

anadastis 93. 

anagraptn 152. 

anantia 198. 

anarithma,  Meyr 108. 

miemois 113. 

antithetic 1 64. 

aphrocoma 170. 

aphronesa 254. 

aphro/^ema 65. 

arctodyta 75. 

arenosella.  Walk 3. 

argochcdca 208. 

argopis 76. 

argyrostrepta 102. 

nriinafipia 91. 

arizela 147. 

asfathma 17. 

astragalota 1 90. 

astrapeis 39. 

autogenes 202. 

bathrosema 1 03. 

hryomima 106. 

rallichrysa,  Low 52. 

callirnitris 124. 

calliphana,  Meyr 131. 

camptosema 127. 

canonica 55. 

capnopa,  Low 187. 

capnopora 156. 

cataptUa 67. 

catarata 78. 

cataspoda 1 54. 

catoptrias 1 93. 

cephalaea 38. 

ceratocosma 240. 


ceraunia 88. 

cha/colitha 219. 

chcdcopetala 207. 

clialrotypa 35. 

chalybaufhes 171. 

chalyheis 46_ 

characta 139. 

charactis 121. 

charisia 97. 

chioiMspila 125. 

chlorochrysa  210. 

chlorometalla 25. 

chloropepla 69. 

chlorozona 184. 

chryselectra 85. 

rhrydas,  Meyr 236. 

ch7-ysonesa 129. 

chrysophoenicea 59. 

deonyma 227. 

comptella.    Walk 226. 

coryMa 178. 

crorophanes 51. 

cruci/era,  Meyr 30. 

crypsicasis 137 . 

crypsigramma 24 1 . 

crypsimetalla 197. 

cyaaogramma 9(). 

cyanopla 37. 

cyhophora 123. 

cydonia   155. 

cycotis 72. 

cynopa 68. 

deliciosella,    Walk 84. 

demogenes 74. 

desmoteles 44. 

diortin 133. 

diplosema ]  I . 

ditrofa 10. 

doratias 48. 

dro>ierode8 175. 

ecstatica 160. 

eUctritis 218. 

emholojns 135. 


434 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  AUSTRALIAN  MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA, 


ephodophora 33. 

epimictis 117. 

epiphrixa 148. 

epispora 251 . 

epixantha 23. 

epixutha  143. 

epizona 83. 

erehophthaJma 77. 

erebospila 246. 

eremochtha 8. 

erythrocof<ma. 134. 

ertcarpa 196. 

enmelaena..  109. 

eiLryhici't 250. 

euryplaca,  Low ISO. 

eustola 21. 

exilis 253. 

eximia 168. 

exodroma 111. 

galactitia 191. 

(jnleafa 1. 

f/erasmia,  Meyr 70. 

haplodirysa 209. 

harmosta 165. 

he/archa 9. 

heliactis , 82. 

heliodora,  Low 176. 

heliotricha,  Lo  w 186. 

hemidoma 118. 

hemiphragina 211. 

hesperis 62. 

hcstiopa 149. 

heterospi/a 212. 

hi(-rarcha  89. 

liipparcha 60. 

holochlora 12. 

hydrograjiha 57. 

hypachroa 13. 

hyposcia 41. 

hypoxutha 20. 

illwitris 181. 

iodes 47. 

iriastis 130. 


ischnofis 50. 

isochroa 201 . 

isodera 58. 

isozona 120. 

Jacteella,  Schiff 247. 

lativittella,  Walk 255. 

Jeptomeris 119, 

lepto'pi^ 140. 

hthonoa 45. 

leucanthe>i 237. 

leucochtha 145. 

leucombra 87. 

leucophyta .     16. 

leucvra 1 83. 

fimodes 136. 

Hopis 19. 

liporrhoa 54. 

macrida 81 . 

marmarea 112. 

megalodoxa    18. 

megathyma 83. 

melanochra 43. 

melanopa 157. 

melanura,  Meyr 71. 

mesomhra 40. 

mesoptila 92. 

metallophora 132. 

metaxian 4. 

micranfhes 232. 

microlychmi 27. 

microphylla 194. 

microfoma 5. 

mimetift 80. 

mimochora 64. 

monosema 216. 

miisaea 182. 

mylephata 7. 

mystica 79. 

nebidaris 2.35. 

nephtlitis 200, 

nesophora , 105. 

nijiJiochalcn „  220. 

nodata 138. 


BY    E.    MBYRICK. 


435 


nomodoxa 177. 

ochlopa 1 50. 

ochrozona 122. 

oi^dns     252. 

orthotic 230. 

oxysema 99. 

oxytoma 100. 

oxi/zona 179. 

pav  chalca 222. 

IMvtarches 42. 

parascia 1 59. 

paredra 244. 

peltias 6.3. 

peristera 224. 

peroneta 17.3. 

phaeochcdca 223. 

phihmacha 221 . 

phorcydia 15. 

phragmitella,  Staint 114. 

phy/actis 1 62. 

pileata 107. 

placophanes 1 89. 

pla'jiocentra . .     24. 

pleonectis 239. 

plocanota 245. 

ponophora 141. 

jiorphyrescenf^,  Low 188. 

purphyropla 217. 

jirodela 195. 

promacha ...     98. 

protodoxa 231. 

pscimmodes 174. 

paarotricha 153. 

psoralen 161. 

jjyrrhodes 95. 

rttracttlla.   Walk 229. 

rhahducha 238. 

Ncalena 225. 

schis7natias 86. 

scoliosema 126. 

sedida 151. 

sele.nura 166. 

.•iemicuprea 215. 


setnnostola 1 10. 

siderias 192. 

sideropa 28. 

sollenvis  146. 

i<pertropa 203. 

sphenosema 96. 

sphragidota 61. 

sporadica 243. 

stenocraspeda 234. 

stephanopa 185. 

sfereodyta 228. 

sterilis 6. 

steropodes 29. 

subditella,  Walk 247. 

■<<yiiethes 66. 

fyidaracta ...   115. 

tephras . 1 58. 

terminella,  WalTc 94. 

tefrade-sma 101 . 

tetraplanetin 128. 

thalycra 26. 

fhymo]}i>i 142. 

fhyr>^ophora 169. 

thyfianota 3.1 . 

toreutica. .: 1 63. 

torojnn 73. 

trirjoiwpila 144. 

trimeris 22. 

friselena 34. 

trisema 116. 

trisphaera 1 99. 

trissodesma,  Low 127. 

irkticta 233. 

tritoco-muL 213. 

trivincta .   104. 

trizona 204. 

tropata 167. 

vallata 249. 

velox 2. 

volucris • 14. 

xanfhodi-sca 205. 

xanthoma 49. 

xenaddpha,  Meyr 32. 


436 


NOTE  ON  THE  OCCURRENCE  OF  SPONGE  REMAINS 
IN  THE  LOWER  SILURIAN  OF  NEW  SOUTH 

WALES. 

By  W.  S.  Dux. 

Until  last  year  it  was  thought  that  fossiliferous  rocks  of  Lower 
Silurian  age  did  not  occur  within  the  geographical  boundaries 
of  New  South  Wales.  Mr.  J.  E.  Carne,  who  was  then  making  a 
geological  examination  of  the  south-eastern  border  countiy,  came 
across  extensions,  from  Victoria,  of  the  graptolite-bearing  slates. 
From  several  localities  in  the  County  of  Wellesley  he  collected 
numerous  specimens  of  a  blue-black  slate  showing  in  great  number 
rather  indistinct  remains  of  Graptolites.  These  remains  were, 
unfortunately,  rather  unsatisfactory,  being  preserved  as  white 
films,  showing  only  the  outlines  of  the  colonies.  A  preliminary 
note  on  these  has  already  been  published,*  and  tentative  specific 
names  have  been  given  to  some  of  the  forms.  As  will  be  seen 
from  the  list,  the  forms  belong  chiefly  to  D Iplograptus : — 
Dicranograptus  fitrcatus,  Hall. 
Dicellograptus  extensus,  Hall. 

sp. 
Didy mograpUis  (?  caduceus,  Salter). 
Diplograptiis,  cf.  mucronaius.  Hall. 

,,  cf.  rectangularis^  McCoy. 

,,  cf.  pal  mens,  Barrande. 

Phyllograptus  (?). 
CUmacograp  tus. 
It  has  already  been  pointed  out  by  Mr.  T.  S.  Hall  that  the 
general  facies  of  the  graptolite  fauna  of  Ordovician  slates  in 
north-eastern  Gippsland  would  appear  to  point  to  the  rocks  being 
of  a  more  recent  age  than  the  slates  containing  Phyllograptus, 
Ac,  in  the  Castlemaine  and  Bendigo  District. t     It  is,  I  think, 


Records  Geol.  Survey  N.S.  Wales,  1897,  v.  Pt.  3,  pp.  124-127. 
t  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Vict.,  1897,  ix.  (N.S.),  pp.  183-186. 


PL.SNS.W     IS97. 


iim';.;!'!'! 


6 


PI.  X 


ARGOPHYLLUM    5p    forsl.  Chan  Gen   PL   I.  3i 


R  T  B.     atei. 


ARGOPHYLLUM     NITIDUM,    Forsb. 


PLSNSW  1897 


PI    XI 


.■^^ 


^\ 


t/^ 


m^) 


:i' 


1^1: 


^;' 


^^ 


C-«  oLel. 


PLSNS.W-   1897. 


PI.  XII 


.  r  Baker .  del 


CINNAMOMUM   OLIVER!,  BAIL. 


P.LSNSW  1896. 


PL  XIII. 


R  T.Baker   del 


CINNAMOMUM   VIRENS,      RTB 


PLS.N.S.W.   1897, 


PI   XIV 


CH.ole.l- 


PLS.N.S.W.  18  97 


PI    XV 


/  i 


C.H.    del. 


BY    W.    S.    DUN.  437 

almost  certain  that  the  County  Wellesley  beds  are  of  the  same 
age  as  those  whose  contents  were  examined  by  Mr.  Hall 

In  April,  1897,  Mr.  Carne  made  a  further  collection  from 
Stockyard  Creek,  Parish  Alexander,  County  of  Wellesley,  and  it 
was  found  that  besides  the  graptolites  already  recorded — Dicran- 
ogropfxs  furcatus,  Hall,  Diplograptits  cf.  ^j)rt/;«e?fs,  Barr.,  D.  cf. 
rectanrjularis^  McCoy,  Dicellograptus  extensus,  Hall,  D.  sp , 
Glimacograptus  sp. — there  were  four  specimens  of  the  bluish  slate 
showing  evidence  of  sponge  structure.  The  skeletons,  as  is  so  often 
the  case  with  Lower  Silurian  sponge  remains,  are  pyritised,  and 
though  little  of  the  detail  can  be  seen  it  would  appear  to  be  a 
form  of  Protospongia.  No  trace  of  the  individual  structure  of  the 
hexactinellid  skeleton  spicules  can  be  made  out,  the  body  mass 
being  represented  by  an  irregular  reticulation  of  very  delicate 
lines  of  pyrites,  so  thin  that  a  lens  is  useless.  The  general  form 
of  the  sponge  was  probably  like  that  of  Protospongia  cyatlii- 
formis,  Dawson  and  Hinde,  from  the  Cambro-Silurian  of  Little 
Metis  River,  Canada.*  It  is  of  elongated  oval  shape,  about  one 
and  a  half  inches  long  as  preserved.  The  regular  tetrangular 
disposition  of  spicules  and  their  cruciform  appearance  typical  of 
ProtoapongicB  is  not  seen.  At  one  end,  the  lower,  can  be  seen 
the  remains  of  the  long,  simple  anchoring  spicules.  In  one  case 
seven  long  ones,  inserted  for  a  considerable  distance  into  the  body 
mass,  are  preserved.  The  top,  with  the  osculum,  is  not  well 
preserved,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether,  as  in  the  case 
of  P.  cyathiformis,  there  are  any  protective  spicules  present. 

Mr.  T.  S  Hall  has  already  recorded  two  species  of  Protospongia, 
P.  reticulata  and  cruciformis,  from  Bendigo.f  These  forms 
present  the  typical  arrangement  of  spicules  in  almost  rectangular 
lattice  structure. 


*  Trans.  E.  Soc.  Canada,  1889,  vii  p.  43,  fig.  13. 
t  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Vict.,  1SS9,  i.  (N.S.),  pp.  GO-61,  PI.  4. 
29 


438 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF 
PULTENjEA. 

By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator   Technological 

Museum,  Sydney. 

(Plate  XVI.) 

Pulten;ea  Deanei,  sp.  nov. 

An  erect,  divaricate  villous  shrub,  with  terete  branches  almost 
hidden  by  the  numerous  leaves.  Leaves  on  short  petioles  of 
about  1  line  long,  obovate,  cuneate,  obtuse,  4  to  6  lines  long, 
margins  slightly  incurved,  trinerved  and  reticulate  on  the  under- 
side, midrib  not  very  distinct  on  the  upper  surface,  hairy  on  both 
sides.  Stipules  prominent,  nearly  3  lines  long,  subulate.  Flowers 
terminal,  with  small  floral  leaves  on  the  calyx.  Bracteoles  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  acuminate.  Calyx  villous,  4  lines  long  or  more,  lobes 
rather  longer  than  the  tube,  the  upper  ones  broad,  acute,  united  to 
the  middle.  Standard  6  lines  long,  the  lower  petals  shorter,  keel 
almost  truncate;  all  the  petals  light  yellow.  Ovary  glabrous, 
with  a  tuft  of  white,  rigid  hairs  at  the  summit.     Pod  unknown. 

Hab. — Peat's  Ferry,  Hawkesbury  River  (H.  Deane)  :  Thorn- 
leigh     Cowan  Creek  (R.  T.  Baker). 

This  plant  has  long  been  known  to  Mr.  H.  Deane,  M.A.,  F.L  S., 
who  has  always  insisted  upon  its  specific  rank  in  opposition  to 
other  botanists  who  have  placed  it  with  P.  e/liptica  in  their 
herbaria,  although  its  aflinities  with  that  species  are  not  at  all  well 
marked. 

Its  general  aspect  is  perhaps  somewhat  similar  to  P.  eUiptica, 
but  a  detailed  examination  of  its  parts  reveals  many  affinities 
with  P.  largiflorens,  so  that  in  botanical  sequence  I  think  it 
should  come  between  that  species  and  P.  villosa. 

It  resembles  P.  largiflorens,  F.v.M.,  in  the  shape  both  of  its 
leaves  and  calyx,  but  differs  from  it  in  indumentum,  length  of 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  439 

stijDules,  its  larger  leaves,  and  petals,  and  larger  terminal,  entirely 
yellow  flowers,  and  glabrous  ovary. 

Its  affinities  with  P.  vlUosa,  AVilld.,  are  not  very  marked,  except 
in  indumentum  and  some  resemblance  in  the  shape  of  leaves.  It 
is,  however,  a  much  more  divaricate,  rigid  plant  than  that  species. 

Except  from  its  generic  characters  it  is  hai'd  to  state  where  its 
.alliance  with  P.  ellijjtlca  comes  in,  as  it  differs  from  it  (1)  in  its 
sessile  floral  leaves  ;  (2)  the  bracteoles  inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  (3) 
indumentum  ;  (4)  vestiture  of  calyx  ;  (5)  the  shape  of  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx;  (G)  length  of  calyx;  (7)  acuminate  stipules;  (8) 
petals  all  yellow. 

PULTEX.EA    ACUMINATA,  Sp.nOV. 

An  erect,  or  prostrate,  virgate,  low  shrub,  flowering  when  only 
.a  few  inches  high.  Leaves  irregularly  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3 
or  4,  or  even  decussate,  softly  pubescent  when  young,  acumi- 
nate, rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  under  6  lines  long,  rigid, 
•convex,  the  midrib  as  well  as  the  veins  prominent  on  both  sides, 
scabrous  above,  long  silky  hairs  on  the  underside,  petiole  about  1 
line  long.  Stipules  minute  and  very  deciduous.  Flowers  pedi- 
cellate, in  dense,  terminal  heads,  much  exceeding  the  last  leaves. 
Bracts  lanceolate  with  a  long  acuminate,  subulate  point,  ciliate 
with  long  silky  hairs,  reticulations  prominent  on  the  underside,  2 
to  4  lines  long.  Bracteoles  close  under  the  calyx,  pubescent, 
linear,  subulate,  a]:)out  half  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Calyx 
hairy,  about  4  lines  long,  tube  short,  the  two  upper  lol^es  united 
to  the  middle,  acuminate,  the  lower  ones  not  quite  so  long,  but 
with  acuminate  points  similar  to  the  upper  ones.  Petals  about  as 
long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  nearl}'  all  of  equal  length; 
standard  broad,  dark  coloured  in  the  centre;  the  keel  very  dark, 
hood-shaped,  obtusely  lobed,  the  wings  a  shade  lighter  in  colour. 
Ovary  sessile,  covered  with  long  silky  hairs  and  tapering  into  a 
subulate  style. 

Ilab. — Ranges  on  the  right  bank  of  Bylong  Creek,  N.S.W. 
(R.T.B.) 


440  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NEW  SPECIES  OF  PULTENAiA. 

As  the  leaves  of  this  species  are  mostly  in  whorls  or  decussate^ 
it  is  allied  to  the  species  placed  by  Bentham  under  Section  III. 
EucHiLtis,  of  this  genus.  In  this  division  the  species  are  classified 
according  to  the  convexity,  concavity,  or  flatness  of  the  leaves, 
and  this  species  having  convex  leaves  with  recurved  margins 
similar  to  those  of  P.  cordnta  and  P.  rotundifolia,  I  think  in 
botanical  sequence  it  should  be  placed  after  P.  aspalathoides,  and 
thus  it  would  form  a  connecting  link  between  the  Sections 
AciPHYLLUM  and  Euchilus,  (B.  F1.  II.  p.  109),  as  it  resembles 
the  P.  aspalathoides  of  the  former  section  in  its  terminal  heads  of 
flowers,  and  also  somewhat  in  the  size  and  shape  of  its  leaves. 

It  differs,  however,  from  that  species  in  having  convex,  opposite 
leaves  and  not  concave  alternate  leaves,  and  the  standard  is  also 
smaller. 

Its  most  characteristic  difference  from  P.  ohcordata  and  other 
species  of  this  group  is  the  shape  and  size  of  the  leaves,  but  other, 
wise  it  resembles  them  in  its  opposite  whorled  leaves. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE. 

PuUencea  Deanei. 


Fig.  L — Flowering  twig. 
Fig.  2. — Bvid  (enlarged). 
Fig.  3.-Calyx         „ 
Fig.  4.— Standard  ,, 
Fig.  5.— Keel  ,, 

Fig.  6.-Wing         „ 


441 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Mr.  Baker  exhibited  the  plants  described  in  his  paper.  Also, 
■on  behalf  of  Mr.  C.  E.  Finckh,  of  the  Technological  Museum,  a 
specimen  of  a  comparatively  rare  fish,  Monocentris  japonicus, 
Houtt.,  caught  by  a  fisherman  at  Newcastle. 

In  regard  to  the  fish  exhibited  by  Mr.  Baker,  Mr.  Ogilby 
pointed  out  the  presence  of  luminous  discs,  which  he  believed 
were  of  use  as  traps;  he  also  remarked  that  no  articulation  of  the 
scales  so  as  to  form  "a  coat  of  mail"  existed  in  Australian 
specimens,  such  as  is  attributed  to  Monocentris  japonicus.  The 
presence  of  two  separate  dorsal  fins  removes  this  genus  from  the 
Berycidoi,  and  its  nearest  ally  is  the  rare  deep-sea  Anomaloju^ 
with  which  it  agrees  also  in  the  presence  of  luminous  glands  and 
of  membranous  interspaces  between  the  bones  of  the  cranium. 

Mr.  H.  Deane  showed  some  excellent  photographs  of  fossil 
plants,  to  which  further  reference  will  be  made  on  a  future 
occasion. 

Mr.  Brazier  sent  for  exhibition  six  specimens  of  Helix  verniicu- 
lata,  Miiller,  obtained  alive  by  him  on  July  13th,  1897,  on  the 
buffalo-grass  in  the  Waverley  Cemetery.  This  is  the  first  Austra- 
lian record  of  this  introduced  European  species,  whose  home  is 
France,  Spain,  Italy,  itc. 

Mr.  W.  S.  Dun  exhiVjited,  on  behalf  of  the  Geological  Museum, 
a  very  fine  natural  section  oi  Receptaculites  from  Portion  117, 
Parish  Warroo,  County  Murray.  The  section  shows  that  this 
basin-shaped  sponge  had  a  transverse  diameter  of  about  5^  in., 
a  comparatively  large  size  for  the  genus.  The  thickness  of  the 
sides  is  "SS  in.;  the  spicules  are  stout,  up  to  -06  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  The  summit  and  basal  plates  and  also  the  large  axial 
canal  of  the  spicules  are  to  be  seen.  The  species  is  widely 
separated  from  B.  australis,  Salter,  and  is  a  new  species. 


442  NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Also  a  portion  of  the  core  from  the  Buiyeroi  Bore,  from  a  depth 
of  886  feet,  showing  specimens  of  Taxites  medius,  Ten  Woods, 
preserved  in  shale.  This  taxaceous  plant  was  first  found  in  the 
Ipswich  Formation,  Trias-Jura,  of  Queensland  (P.L.S.N.S.W., 
1888,  viii.  p.  160,  t.  9,  f.  3).  The  leaves  are  not  set  at  so  acute  an 
angle  as  in  the  type  specimen.  This  is  the  first  time  the  species- 
has  been  found  in  New  South  Wales.  Horizon — Clarence  Series  = 
Ipswich  Formation  of  Queensland. 

Also  specimens  of  Protospongia  from  Parish  of  Alexander,. 
County  Welle^ley,  in  L  ower  Silurian  slates. 

Mr.  Hedley  exhibited,  by  permission  of  the  Curator  of  the 
Australian  Museum,  a  specimen  of  Gancellaria  granosa^  Sowerby, 
taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  schnapper  hooked  nine  miles  east  of 
Wollongong,  N.S.W.,  in  30-40  fathoms.  An  interest  attached 
to  this  specimen  in  that  though  the  species  is  well  known  in 
Tasmania,  Victoria,  and  South  Australia,  it  has  not  apparently 
baen  recorded  previously  from  the  coast  of  N.S.W.  Mr.  Hedley 
remarked  that  an  exploration  of  the  deep,  cold-water  current  that 
lay  off  the  coast  would  result  in  adding  many  other  southern  forms 
to  our  known  fauna.  A  previous  instance  of  such  is  the  record 
[P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  iv.  p.  749]  of  Crassatella  Tcinjicola.  Lamk. , 
a  characteristically  Tasmanian  species  trawled  in  17  fathoms  off 
Merimbula,  N.S.W.  If  fishermen  could  be  induced  to  search  the 
stomachs  of  fishes,  a  mass  of  valuable  data  would  soon  accumulate. 

Mr.  Norman  Hardy  exhibited  specimens  of  feathered  arrows 
from  the  island  of  Espiritu  Santo,  New  Hebrides,  and  read  the 
following  note  thereon  : — It  has  hitherto  been  considered  that  the 
arrows  of  the  South  Sea  Islands  were  invariably  unfeathered. 
This  generalisation  is  shown  to  be  incorrect,  as  I  am  now  able  to 
exhibit  a  series  of  feathered  arrows  recentl}'  collected  on  the 
island  of  Espiritu  Santo  in  the  New  Hebrides.  To  find  a 
Melanesian  people  practising  an  invention  possessed  by  Europeans 
liut  apparently  opposed  to  the  genius  of  their  race,  will  naturally 
suggest  that  this  peculiarity  was  derived  from  the  whites.      I  am,. 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 


443 


however,  inclined  to  i-egard  this  sporadic  occurrence  of  a  feathered 
arrow  as  an    indigenous    production,   not  a  foreign  suggestion. 
Archery  is  not  a  sport  in  which  European  visitors  or  residents  in 
these  islands  indulge,  and  it  is  unlikely  that  an}''  European  bow 
or  arrow  was  ever  taken  to  Espiritu  Santo.     Secondly,  the  mode 
of  attaching  the  feather  in  the  instance  before  us  differs  so  widely 
from  the  European  style  as  to  disprove  the  imputation  of  being 
copied  therefrom.     The  arrow,  of  which  the  feathered  end  is  shown 
in  the  accompanying  figures,  is  four  feet  four  inches  in  total  length; 
the  shaft  being  a  sti^aight  reed  (Phrag- 
Diites  communis )  three  feet  four  inches 
long.      Into  this    a   hard-wood  head, 
eight  inches  long,  a  third  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  and  distally  armed  on  one 
side  only  by  four  barbs,  is  fitted  and 
neatly  whipped  at  the  joint  by  a  fine, 
narrow,   smooth   fi))re,   probably  from 
the  stem  of   the   banana  plant.     The 
opposite    end    is    deeply  notched    for 
the  bow  string.     Immediately  in  front 
of  the  notch  the  feathers  are  secured 
by  a  whipping  of  banana  (?)  fibre  like 
that  just  described,  and  at  a  distance 
of  four  and  a  half  inches  the  other,  or 
quill,  ends  of  the  feathers  are  similarly 
secured.     The  feathers  are  pronounced 
by  Mr.  A.  J.  North,  F.Z.S.,  Ornitho- 
logist to  the  Australian  Museum,  to  be 
the    primary    wing    feathers    of     the 
domestic  fowl.     The  feathers  preserve 
both  inner  and  outer  web,  the  broad 
web  of   one  set  opposite  the   narrow 
web  of  its  fellow.      Nearly  half  the  broad  web  has  been  cut  away. 
Instead  of   being   closely  applied  and    set  vertically  as   in    the 
European  mode,  the  feathers  are  set  parallel  and  slightly  bowed 
from  the  shaft.     In  the  instance  figured  the  tip  of  the  feather 


f 


444  NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

is  doubled  over  and  tucked  in  under  the  lashing,  in  another 
instance  the  tip  is  simply  fastened  like  the  quill  end.  What  the 
especial  use  of  these  arrows  is,  the  bows  used  for  them,  the  method 
of  releasing  the  arrow,  their  native  name  and  other  interesting 
particulars  still  remain  to  be  ascertained.* 

Mr.  North  offered  some  remarks  on  the  great  progress  made  in 
Papuan  ornithology  of  recent  years,  owing  principally  to  the 
large  collections  formed  under  the  direction  of  the  present 
Administrator,  Sir  William  Macgregor,  K.C.M.G.,  during  his 
official  visits  to  different  parts  of  British  New  Guinea.  Mr.  C- 
W.  De  Vis,  the  Curator  of  the  Queensland  Museum,  who  has  had 
the  pleasure  of  working  out  these  collections,  contributes  an 
interesting  paper  to  the  July  number  of  "  The  Ibis  "f  upon  the 
novelties  discovered  by  Mr.  A.  Giulianetti  during  liis  recent 
journey  from  the  Mambare  River  to  the  Yanapa  River,  in  com- 
pany with  Sir  William  Macgregor.  Mr.  North  pointed  out, 
however,  that  the  specific  name  of  the  Flycatcher  described  by 
Mr.  DeVis  on  page  375  as  Rhijndura  albicauda,  was  preoccuj^ied 
for  a  Central  Australian  species  described  by  himself,  |  and  he 
therefore  proposed  to  distinguish  the  White-tailed  Flycatcher  of 
British  New  Guinea  under  the  name  of  Rhipidura  De  Visi. 

Mr.  North  also  exhibited  a  skin  of  the  Freckled  Duck  (Sticto- 
netta  ncevosa),  and  remarked  that  specimens  had  been  obtained 
during  the  two  previous  months  in  several  parts  of  New  South 
Wales,  where  they  had  not  been  observed  for  many  years. 
Portion  of  a  skin  of  one  of  these  Ducks,  shot  near  Toowoomba, 


*  P.S. — Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  been  favoured  by  further  infor- 
mation received  through  Mr.  S.  Sinclair  from  Dr.  J.  Annaud,  a  missionary 
stationed  in  the  New  Hebrides,  who  says  of  these  arrows;  —  "They  are  not 
in  ordinary  use,  neither  are   they  used   in    any    particular  way." — N.H 
December  2nd,  1897. 

fDe  Vis,  Ibis,  p.  .371,  (IS97). 

+  North,  Ihis,  p.  840,  (1895). 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS.  445 

had  also  been  sent  him  for  identification.  Hitherto,  it  appeared 
Queensland  had  not  been  included  in  the  habitat  of  this  species. 
A  set  of  three  eggs  of  the  Black-shouldered  Kite  (Elamis 
axillaris)  taken  on  the  28th  ultimo  was  also  exhibited.  Repeated 
attempts  had  been  made  by  Crows  (Corone  aiistralis)  to  drive  the 
sitting  bird  off  the  nest,  and  steal  the  eggs.  Two  other  nests  of 
this  Kite,  examined  during  last  month,  contained  young. 


446 


WEDNESDAY,  29th  SEPTEMBER,   1897. 


The  Ordinar}-  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Societ}^  was  held  at  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, September  29th,  1897. 


Dr.  J.  C.  Cox,  F.L.S.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 


DONATIONS. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.  xx.  Band,  Nos.  537-5.38  (Aug.,  1897). 
From  the  Editor. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.A. — Journal.  Nos.  14-16 
and  18  (June- Aug.,  1897).     From  the  Secretary. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Brisbane — Queensland  Agricul- 
tural Journal.  Vol.  i.  Parts  2-3  (Aug. -Sept.,  1897).  From  the 
Secretary  for  Agriculture. 

Geelong  Naturalist.  Vol.  vi.  No.  1  (Aug.,  1897).  From 
the  Society. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore — Hospital  Bulletin. 
Vol.  viii.     No.  76  (July,  1897).     From  the  University. 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington  :  Division  of 
Entomology — Technical  Series.  No.  6  (1897);  General  Index  to 
Vols,  i.-vii.  of  "Insect  Life."     From  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

American  Museum,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  ix.  Articles  xv-xvii. 
(pp.  213-224).     From  the  Museum. 

Geological  Commission  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope — Bibliography 
of  South  African  Geology  (1897).     From  the  Commission. 


DONATIONS.  447 


me 


Societe    Royale    Linneenne    de    Bruxelles — Bulletin.      xxii 
Annee.     No.  8  (July,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Royal  Irish  Academy — Proceedings.  Third  Series.  Vol.  iv. 
Nos.  2-3  (April-July,  1897).     From  the  Academy. 

Asiatic  Society  of  Bengal  —  Journal.  Vol.  Ixv.  (1896).  Part 
iii.  Special  No.:  Vol.  Ixvi.  (1897)  Part  i.  No.  1;  Part  ii.  No. 
i.  :  Proceedings,  1897.     Nos.  1-4  (Jan. -April).      Frotn  the  Society. 

Societe  d'Horticulture  du  Doubs,  Bescuigon — Bulletin.  Serie 
illustree.     No.  19  (July,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Geological  Survey  of  Canada — Annual  Report.  New  Series. 
Vol.  viii.,  1895  [1897]  and  Packet  containing  four  Maps.  From 
the  Director. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  19-20  (July- Aug. , 
1897).     From  the  Government  Secretary. 

College  of  Science,  Imperial  University  of  Japan — Journal. 
Vol.  X.     Part  2  (1897).     From  the  Director. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia,  Sydney.  Vol.  x.  No 
8  (Aug.,  1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Public  Library,  Melbourne — Report  of  the  Trustees  for  1896. 
From  the  Trustees. 

Field  Naturalists'  Clul^  of  Victoria — Victorian  Naturalist. 
Vol.  xiv.  No.  5  (Sept.,  1897).     From  the  Club. 

The  Manchester  Museum,  Owens  College — Report  for  the  Year 
1896-7  :  Notes  from  the  Manchester  Museum.  Nos.  1-4  (1896- 
97).      From  the  Kee-per. 

Geological  Society,  London — Quarterly  Journal.  Vol.  liii. 
Part  3  (No.  211;  Aug.,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Linnean  Society,  London — Journal.  Botany.  Vol.  xxxi.  Nos. 
218-219;  Vol.  xxxii.  Nos.  220-227;  Vol.  xxxiii.  No.  228  (1896- 
97):  Zoology.  Vol.  xxv.  Nos.  163-165;  Vol.  xxvi.  Nos.  166-167 
(1895-96):  Transactions.     Botany.     Second  Series.      Vol.  v.  Nos, 


448 


DONATIONS. 


1-6  (1895-96) ;  Zooloyy.  Vol.  vi.  Nos.  1-8  ;  Vol.  vii.  Nos.  1-3 
(1894-97)  :  Proceedings.  November,  1895-June,  1896  :  List  of 
Members,  1896-97.      From  the  Society. 

Zoological  Society,  London— Proceedings,  1897.  Part  ii.  : 
List  of  the  Fellows  (May,  1897).      From  the  Society. 

American  Naturalist.  Vol.  xxxi.  No.  368  (Aug.,  1897).  From 
the  Editor. 

Roj^al  Microscopical  Society,  London— Journal,  1897.  Part  4 
(Aug.).     Fro)ii  the  Society. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney— Agricultural  Gazette. 
Vol.  viii.  Part  8  (Aug.,  1897).  From  the  Hon.  the  Minister  for 
Mines  and  Agriculture. 

La  Nuova  Notarisia  :  Rassegna  consacrata  alio  Studio  delle 
Alghe— Serie  i.  (1890—4  Pts.  k  Lidex),  ii.  (1891—3  Pts.),  iii. 
(1892—3  Pts.},  iv.  (1893—3  Pts.),  v.  (1894-3  Pts  ),  vi.  (1895— 
4  Pts.),  vii.  (1896—4  Pts. ),  viii.  (1897—1  Pt.).  From  the  Editor. 
Dr.  G.  B.  De  Toni. 

Australian  Museum,  Sydney — Memoir  iii.  The  Atoll  of  Funa- 
futi.     Part  4  (Sept.,  1897)      From  the  Trustees. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  Melbourne.  Vol.  xii.  No. 
141  (Sept.,  1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Royal  Swedish  Academy,  Stockholm — Handlingar.  n.s.  Vol. 
xxviii.  (1895-6);  Oefversigt.    Bd.  liii.  (1896).     From  the  Academy. 


449 


REVISION    OF   THE    AUSTRALIAN  CURCULIONID^ 

BELONGING  TO  THE  SUBFAMILY 

CRYPTORHYNCEIDES. 

By  Arthur  M.  Lea. 

Part  I, 

Australia  possesses  a  multitude  of  weevils.  In  Masters'  Cata- 
logue of  Australian  Coleoptera  over  1200  species  are  enumerated; 
and  since  the  date  of  the  Catalogue  about  300  species  have  been 
added,  principally  by  the  Rev.  T.  Blackburn.  That  these  numbers 
are  far  from  completing  the  list  may  be  readily  judged  by  anyone 
possessing  a  fair  collection.  I  believe  that  the  number  at  present 
known  will  be  more  than  doubled.  It  is  much  the  same  in  other 
families  in  which  the  majority  of  species  are  of  small  size  or 
obscure  colour.  The  Catalogue  records  one  species  of  Phalacridce, 
thirty-four  are  noted  in  the  Supplement,  and  I  myself  possess  at 
least  sixty  species.  Only  two  species  of  Corylophvloi  are  noted 
in  the  Catalogue,  and  there  must  be  at  least  one  hundred.  Of 
the  CurcuUonidce,  five  species  of  Ajnon  have  been  described, 
and  I  possess  twenty-three;  of  Auletes  there  are  six,  and  I  have 
thirteen;  of  Magdcdis  only  one  species  is  recorded,  and  I  have 
over  twenty.  In  the  Macleay  Museum,  containing  undoubtedly 
the  best  collection  of  Australian  insects,  there  must  be  on  a  low 
estimate  at  least  15,000  species  of  Australian  Coleoptera.  It 
is  only  a  few  years  since  one  of  the  largest  and  jDerhaps  the 
handsomest  beetle  in  Australia  ( I'halacrognathus  Muelleri)  was 
described.  Of  the  Cryptorhyyichides  scarcely  two  hundred  species 
have  been  described  (mostly  by  Mr.  Pascoe),  and  I  possess  or 
have  under  examination  considerably  over  three  hundred.     It  is 


450  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONIDvE, 

with  this  material  (with  frequent  additions)  tliat  I  propose  to 
revise  the  Australian  species  of  the  subfamily.  The  subfamily  is 
in  a  very  unsatisfactory  state,  there  having  been,  in  common 
with  many  other  subfamilies,  no  attempt  at  systematic  classifica- 
tion; many  of  the  descriptions  are  very  brief,  rendering  it  impos- 
sible to  even  guess  to  which  genus  the  species  belongs.  Moreover 
the  habit  that  many  of  the  older  European  entomologists  had  of 
jumping  about  from  Order  to  Order  and  describing  insects  from 
all  over  the  world,  as  well  as  comparing  species  from  different 
islands  and  continents  together,  renders  it  difficult  for  local 
entomologists  to  do  good  work.  If  the  description  of  a  species  is 
such  that  a  number  of  species  belonging  to  widely  separated 
genera  would  fit  that  description  I  shall  ignore  it. 

I  cannot  find  that  the  subfamily  has  ever  been  treated  as  a 
whole,  except  by  Schonherr  and  Lacordaire,  and  the  divisions 
and  limitations  of  the  sul)family  proposed  by  those  entomologists 
I  am  not  prepared  to  accept;  doubtless  had  they  seen  large  and 
representative  collections  from  Australia  (which  was  certainly 
not  the  case),  both  would  have  considerably  modified  their  views. 
Schonherr  attaches  too  little  importance  to  the  under  surface,  and 
Lacordaire  too  much  to  the  metasternum  and  antennje.  I  ha^'e 
been  unable  to  find  any  papers  by  Mr.  Pascoe  treating  of  the 
Australian  species  as  a  whole,  though  here  and  there  he  has  notes 
upon  particular  groups.  As  I  wish  to  formulate  as  natural  an 
arrangement  as  possible,  I  shall  defer  stating  what  I  consider  to 
be  the  main  divisions  with  their  principal  features,  until  the  end 
of  these  papers,  when  the  whole  subfamily  will  be  reviewed. 

Mr.  Pascoe,  in  speaking  of  Ac/riochceta,  says  : — "  In  a  family  so 
difficult  to  classify  as  the  CurculioniiUe  I  think  it  would  be  better 
to  adhere  more  strictly  to  characters,  even  if  it  should,  in  some 
cases,  lead  us  away  from  an  apparently  more  natural  arrange- 
ment." JJndeY  Euo7-opis  he  says: — "But  in  a  large  genus  like 
Acalles  it  is  very  undesirable  to  admit  any  species  having  a 
structural  peculiarity  at  variance  with  its  normal  forms."  He 
himself,  however,  frequently  departs  from  this  rule;  and  if  strictly 
followed  it  would  sepai-ate  forms  of   the  affinity  of  which  there 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA,  451 

can  be  no  possible  doubt.  It  is  only  reasonable  to  expect  that  in 
a  large  genus  there  should  occur  species  having  some  structural 
variance  with  the  majority  of  species  contained  in  that  genus. 
Genera  (and  even  subfamilies  in  the  Curculionidce)  are  too  often 
separated  (and  sometimes  very  widely)  on  account  of  minute 
structural  diflferences,  the  homogeneity  of  the  whole  being  entirely 
overlooked.  The  C ryptorliynchidcB  appear  to  form  a  great  network 
of  genera,  in  which  it  is  possible  to  trace  the  connection  between 
any  given  two;  here  and  there,  however,  a  genus,  such  as  Proto- 
jmlus,  stands  out  prominently,  whose  relationships  are  not  very 
apparent. 

I  have  regarded  it  as  necessary  in  every  instance  (where  I  have 
been  at  liberty  to  do  so)  to  decapitate  at  least  one  specimen;  by 
this  many  advantages  are  secured.  The  antennte  may  be  fixed 
in  any  position;  the  relative  lengths  of  the  funicular  joints,  and 
the  point  of  insertion  of  the  scape,  can  be  readily  and  accurately 
designated.  It  can  be  seen  at  once  whether  the  scape  passes  the 
apex  of  the  rostrum  or  not,  also  its  relative  length  as  compared 
with  the  funicle.  On  the  prothorax  the  shape  of  the  ocular  lobe 
is  easily  seen,  as  is  also  its  ciliation. 

I  propose  to  use  a  few  terms  in  a  strictly  limited  sense,  as 
follows  : — 

Muzzle. — That  part  of  the  rostrum  anterior  to  the  antenna?; 
only  used  when  the  antennte  are  inserted  close  to  the  apex. 

Ocular  fovea.  —  A  fovea  nearly  always  present,  situated  between 
the  eyes;  sometimes  it  is  very  indistinct  and  is  often  obscured  by 
scales.  It  appears  to  be  analogous  to  the  clypeal  suture  of  other 
families. 

Ciliation. — The  fringe  of  the  ocular  lobes.  It  is  very  rarely 
absent  though  frequently  obscure,  and  can  occasional!}'  be  usefully 
employed. 

Constriction  (of  the  prothorax)  — This  word  appears  to  be 
loosely  used  by  various  authors.  I  use  it  to  denote  an  appearance 
(common  to  many  species)  as  if  the  sides  of  the  prothorax  close 


452  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

to  the  apex  had  been  narrowly  pressed  in  whilst  soft  in  Mormo- 
sintes  rubus  it  is  greatly  developed.  In  several  of  the  allies  of 
C'hcetectetorus  it  is  laterally  continued  on  the  disc. 

Mesosternal  receptacle. — That  part  of  the  mesosternum  between 
the  coxfe  in  which  the  rostrum  rests.  It  appears  to  be  the  most 
trustworthy  character  in  the  group,  though  occasionally  slightly 
variable  sexually.  In  the  majority  of  species  it  is  cavernous;  in 
a  number  it  is  open;  in  several  it  appears  as  a  semicircular  row 
of  graimles.  When  the  rostrum  does  not  rest  in  it  but  is  con- 
tinued beyond  its  position  ( Melanferius,  etc.)  I  call  it  the 
mesosternal  plate. 

Intermediates. — The  3rd  and  4th  abdominal  segments. 
My  measurements  are  taken  with  the  rostrum  resting  in  the 
canal ;  if  there  are  apical  or  lateral  tubercles  or  mucros  these 
have  been  included.  Mr.  Pascoe  appears  to  have  measured  his 
specimens  with  the  rostrum  extended,  as  in  a  great  many  instances 
the  lengths  of  my  specimens  are  less  than  those  gi^'en  by  him, 
but  if  the  head  and  rostrum  were  included  they  would  agree. 
INIr.  Waterhouse  evidently  measured  his  specimens  in  the  same 
way. 

The  granulation  of  the  eyes  can  frequently  be  usefully  employed 
but  cannot  be  entirely  depended  upon.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
when  the  eyes  are  large  they  are  usually  finely  faceted  and 
flattened,  and  when  small,  coarsely  faceted  and  more  convex. 

The  curvatm-e  of  the  rostrum  is  not  always  to  be  depended 
upon  generically,  being  frequently  subject  to  specific  and  sexual 
variation. 

I  do  not  propose  to  make  any  use  of  the  scrobes  in  defining  the 
genera.  In  all  the  species  I  have  examined,  both  Australian  and 
foreign,  these  terminate  either  at  or  very  close  to  the  lower  edge 
of  the  eyes.  The  scape  always  (with  a  few  remarkable  exceptions, 
and  then  only  in  the  male  sex  when  it  passes)  reaches  the  eye,  so 
that  this  character,  so  useful  in  other  groups,  cannot  be  usefully 
employed  in  this.  A  very  useful  character,  however,  is  whether 
the  scape  passes  the  apex  of  rostrum  or  not;  but  this  is  subject 
to  considerable  specific  variation  and  is  usually  sexually  variable. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  453^ 

The  prothorax  in  the  majority  of  species  overhangs  the  head, 
and  this  feature  can  be  usefully  employed. 

The  presence  or  absence  of  a  scutellum  is  not  always  to  be 
relied  upon,  though  usually  constant  in  a  genus.  A  number  of 
apterous  species  possess  it,  suggesting  that  their  ancestors  once 
possessed  wings  and  large  scutella,  of  which  only  the  rudiments 
are  now  left.  On  the  other  hand  a  few  winged  species  have  none 
at  all,  the  scutellum  being  replaced  by  a  prothoracic  lobe  as  in 
the  Cetonid  genus  Lomaftera. 

The  elytra  are  closely  joined  together  whether  the  species  be 
alate  or  apterous;  the  connection  seems  to  be  of  the  nature  of  a 
double  "  tongue  and  groove." 

The  abdominal  segments  are  extremely  useful  in  defining  a 
genus.  The  basal  segment  is  nearly  always  larger  than  any  of 
the  others  ;  the  2nd,  however,  frequently  approaches  it  in  size. 
But  it  is  the  intermediates  that  are  most  characteristic;  these 
are  always  of  equal  size  (except  for  the  obliquity  of  their  sides) 
and  similarly  clothed  and  punctate  ;  often  depressed  and  level 
with  the  apical  segment,  sometimes  deeply  sunk,  seldom  equally 
convex  with  the  other  segments,  and  in  extremely  few  genera 
varying  specifically.  The  soldering  of  the  segments  together,  and 
the  distinctness  or  otherwise  of  the  sutures  can  also  be  usefully 
employed. 

On  removing  the  abdomen  a  peculiar  feature  is  to  be  noticed 
on  each  side  of  the  elytra;  this  is  a  kind  of  receptacle  to  receive 
a  lateral  lobe  of  the  abdomen.  In  a  number  of  genera  it  is  more 
distinct  than  in  others,  but  in  all  that  I  have  examined  it  is 
easily  traceable.  It  is  usually  of  a  lanceolate  shape,  and  appears 
to  be  a  sudden  enlargement  of  the  hidden  epipleurse  (?).  It  is 
alike  in  both  sexes.  Though  present  in  all  the  Curculionidce,  it 
appears  to  attain  its  greatest  development  in  the  Cryptorliyiichides, 
and  perhaps  next  in  the  Ei'irhinides ;  in  some  subfamilies 
( Leptop sides,  Amycterides,  etc.)  it  appears  as  a  feeble  elongate 
impression,  extending  almost  the  entire  length  of  the  elytra. 

Good  characters  are   offered   by  the  legs ;    nevertheless    they 
are  not  to  be  entirely  relied  upon.     In  a  number  of  genera  some 
30 


454  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.?:, 

of  the  species  have  dentate  and  others  edentate  femora ;  with 
several  species  it  is  only  the  male  that  has  dentate  femora,  and  in 
at  least  one  species  (Fezichus  binotatus)  it  is  certainly  the  reverse. 
The  femora  may  or  may  not  pass  the  elytra  in  congeners,  but  this 
character  is  usually  constant.  Their  grooving  I  think  is  to  be 
depended  upon,  though  varying  in  the  diflPerent  legs.  The  tibiae 
nearly  always  terminate  in  a  hook,  and  there  is  frequently  a  small 
tuft  of  setae  or  elongate  scales  close  to  it.  The  tarsi  in  certain 
groups  (especially  in  the  allies  of  Poropterus)  appear  to  be  variable, 
and  I  consider  it  necessary  in  certain  cases  to  join  species  having 
linear  tarsi  with  those  in  which  the  3rd  joint  is  more  or  less 
widel}'  bilobed.  The  claw  joint  is  usually  constant,  and  I  regard 
it  as  improbable  that  two  species,  of  which  one  has  this  joint 
squamose  and  the  other  glabrous,  can  belong  to  the  same  genus. 
Attention  was  first  directed  to  this  character  by  Mr.  Pascoe,  and 
slight  as  it  may  appear,  it  is  undoubtedly  very  useful. 

As  an  aid  towards  identification,  tabulations  of  the  species  will  be 
appended  to  the  generic  diagnoses,  and  these,  whenever  possible, 
will  be  founded  on  easily  recognisable  features.  In  the  case  of 
Poropterus  short  descriptions  of  the  groups  and  sj^ecies  are  given, 
as  many  of  the  species  (though  sufficiently  distinct),  do  not  possess 
strongl}^  marked  or  reliable  characters  for  tabulation. 

The  material  I  have  under  examination  is  rich  in  species  from 
New  South  Wales,  Southern  Queensland,  and  South-Western 
Australia;  comparatively  rich  in  Northern  Queensland,  Victorian 
and  Tasmanian  forms,  and  poor  in  species  from  South  and  North- 
western Australia.  From  the  Northern  Territory  of  South 
Australia  I  have  none  at  present. 

For  the  gift  or  loan  of  specimens  from  various  jDarts  of  Aus- 
tralia I  have  to  thank  Rev.  Thos.  Blackburn,  and  Messrs.  G.,  A. 
and  N.  Blackmore,  Horace  W.  Brown,  A.  J.  Coates,  D.,  S.,  W. 
and  W.  Dumbrell,  J.  Faust,  C.  French,  C.  E.  Fuller,  Pv.  Helms, 
W.  Kershaw,  Senr.,  S.  Macsorley,  the  late  A.  Sidney  OllifF,  W. 
E.  Raymond,  T.  G.  Sloane,  A.  Simson,  J.  C.  Wiburd,  and,  in 
particular,  Mr.  George  Masters.  The  latter  gentleman  has 
supplied  me  with  specimens  (which  might  almost  l)e  regarded  as 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  455 

co-types)  of  a  number  of  the  species  described  by  Mr.  Pascoe, 
besides  a  large  number  of  new  forms. 

Genus  Poropterus,   Schonherr. 

Schonh.,  Gen.  et  Spec.  Cure.  Vol.  viii.  Pt.  1,  p.  431,  Genus  No. 
547;  Waterhouse,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  ii.  (2),  1853,  p.  195; 
Pascoe,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  xi.  1870,  p.  189;  Lacord.,  Gen.  des  Col. 
vii.    p.  91. 

Head  flat,  never  more   than   slightly  convex.       Ocular  fovea 
small  or  almost  obsolete,  often  entirely  concealed  by  scales.     Eyes 
moderately    or    somewhat    coarsely    granulate,    rounded,   widely 
separated,  an  obsolete  line  beneath  them.     Rostrum  never  more 
than    moderately    curved,   occasionally    almost    straight,    broad, 
flattened,  more  or  less  scaly,  muzzle  widening  to  apex;  usually 
broader,  shorter  and  more  curved  in  ^.     Antennce,  slender.     Scajje 
sometimes  inserted  in  the  exact  middle  of  rostrum,  but  usually 
much  closer  to  apex,  usually  passing  muzzle  for  a  considerable 
distance,   but    sexually  variable,   often   without   scales   or   setae. 
Funicle  with  two  basal  joints  more  or  less  elongate.      Cluh  either 
short,  subcircular,  or  moderately  elongate,  adnate  to  funicle  or 
not,  joints  indistinct  or  invisible.     Prothorax  either  as  wide  as 
long,  or  a  little  longer  than  wide;  apex  usually  much  narrower 
than  base,  sometimes  rounded  or  truncate,  often  bluntly  bifurcate; 
sides  more  or   less  rounded   and  precipitous ;    base   either  very 
feebly  bisinuate  or  truncate,  occasionally  with  a  small  scutellar 
lobe;  ocular  lobes  somewhat  prominent;  ciliation  minute,  rarely 
entirely  absent,  seldom   visible  unless  head  be  removed;  usually 
with  a  narrower,  more  or  less  shining,  abbreviated  carina  along 
the  median  line,  a  depression  on  each  side  of   it,   occasionally 
with  a  depression  in  place  of  the  carina,  sometimes  without  either; 
often  with  a  single  or  two  transverse  series  of  four  tubercles  which 
are  occasionally  united  in  the  middle  and  subjoined  at  the  sides, 
.seldom  entirely  absent ;  frequently  with  small  granules ;  rarely 
visil)ly  punctate.      ric^Uellnin  small  or  alisent.      Ehjtra  from  once 
and  one-half  to  more  than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  widest 
iibout  the  middle,  but   occasionally  nearer  the   base,  sometimes 


456  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

subparallel;  convex,  but  occasionally  flattened;  shoulders  usually 
strongly  rounded  off,  sometimes  with  a  large  tubercle  projecting 
more  or  less  over  prothorax;  base  applied  more  or  less  closely  to 
prothorax ;  feebly  bi-,  tri-,  quadri-,  multi-sinuate  or  truncate ;. 
apex  more  or  less  produced,  rounded,  mucronate,  or  tuberculate; 
usually  supplied  with  large  tubercles  arranged  in  rows;  sometimes 
granulate,  fasciculate,  never  smooth  ;  punctures  obliterated,, 
distinct,  or  increasing  to  fovese,  more  or  less  filled  with  scales^ 
regular  or  irregular.  Pectoral  canal  terminating  between  two 
pairs  of  anterior  legs.  Mesosternal  receptacle  cavernous,  moderately 
raised,  semicircular  in  front.  Meso-  and  metasternum  narrow, 
apex  of  the  latter  truncate  between  anterior  coxte,  base  emarginate 
and  often  with  a  small  shallow  depression.  Basal  segment  of 
abdomen  large,  usually  about  twice  the  length  of  2nd;  intercoxal 
process  broad,  feebly  produced  in  the  middle;  apex  feebly  arcuate,, 
behind  the  coxa?  often  very  feebly  raised;  suture  between  1st  and 
2nd  distinct;  2nd  feebly  arcuate  or  parallel-sided;  intermediates 
narrow,  often  slightly  below  the  general  level,  their  combined 
length  equal  to  or  shorter  than  apical.  Legs  moderately  long, 
anterior  and  posterior  slightly  different  in  length  and  sexually 
variable.  Femora  linear,  edentate;  seldom  reaching  or  passing- 
apex  of  abdomen  and  very  seldom  passing  elytra,  and  then  for  a- 
very  short  distance  in  the  males,  usually  terminating  at  about 
the  middle  of  the  posterior  declivity.  Tihioi  short,  straight,  or 
very  feebly  curved,  somewhat  compressed.  Tarsi  usually  about 
two-thirds  the  length  of  tibite,  3rd  joint  narrowly,  sometimes 
broadly  bilobed,  in  rubus  entire;  more  or  less  densely  padded 
beneath,  the  padding  when  viewed  from  some  directions  appears 
silvery  at  apices  and  sides;  claw-joint  elongate,  about  equal  to  the 
basal,  with  minute  scales  and  dense  hairs;  claws  free,  widely  or 
moderately  sejiarated.  Body  more  or  less  densely  covered  with 
scales,  never  smooth  and  shining;  usually  almost  as  deep  as  wide, 
l)ut  sometimes  much  wider  than  deep;  either  elliptic,  cylindric  or 
subcylindric;  apterous. 

This  genus  was  proposed  by  SchonheiT  to  receive  several  Tas- 
manian  species,  and  as  was  often  the  case  where  but  few  species. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  457 

of  a  genus  were  known  to  him  (and  as  must  often  be  the  case 
with  others)  those  species  are  not  truly  representative  of  the 
•whole  genus.  Foropterus  I  regard  as  typical  of  the  whole  sub- 
famil}!-,  having  few  characters  that  may  be  relied  on  generically, 
the  species  variable  in  size  and  sexually  variable,  and  having 
affinities  in  the  most  unexpected  directions.  A  number  of  species 
have  been  referred  to  it  which  should  be  excluded.  I  do  not 
think  that  any  species  having  the  two  basal  abdominal  segments 
soldered  together  should  be  admitted,  and  on  this  account  I 
exclude  pon-igi7ieus,  Pasc.,*  which  seems  to  be  much  closer  to 
Paieticus  ;  neither  should  any  species  having  the  mesosternal 
receptacle  straight  at  its  apex;  satyrus,  Va.HC.,  Jbveipennis,  Pasc  , 
musculus,  Pasc,  ie^riczts, *Pasc.,  should  perhaps  also  be  excluded; 
they  are  unknown  to  me  except  by  description.  I  exclude  ^e??i?<?-, 
Pasc,  for  which  a  new  genus  is  required;  tumulosus,  Pasc,  is  not 
properly  referable  to  Poroptei'us;  it  is  closer  to  Petosiris,  but  a 
new  genus  is  required  to  receive  it  and  several  other  species  I 
possess.  Probably  species  standing  in  other  genera  (especially  in 
Acalles  and  Ci'yptorrltynchus)  are  referable  to  it.  I  refer  Mormo- 
sintes  rubus  to  the  genus,  the  linear  tarsi  on  which  Pascoe  founded 
Monaosintes  not  appearing  to  warrant  generic  separation.  Pascoe 
.states  that  "  Ciirculio  luridus,  Fabr.,  placed  in  Acalles  in  the 
Munich  Catalogue,  is  a  Poropterus."  In  Masters'  Catalogue, 
Cry ptorrliynchus  fidiginosiis,  Boisd.,is  placed  as  a  synonym  of  that 
species,  as  also  Acalles  immansuetios,  Bohem.  If  this  synonymy 
is  correct,  the  species  is  certainly  not  a  Poropterus,  as  in  describ- 
ing immansuetus  Boheman  says,  '■^ feniorihus  ....  sublus 
dente  parvo,  ubtuso,  armatis  "  ;  a  character  which  would  at  once 
exclude  it. 

Members  of  the  genus  are  to  be  found  along  the  entire  eastern 
coastal  districts  of  Australia;  they  are  scarce  in  South  Australia 


*  In  this  species  the  two  basal  abdominal  segments  are  not  free,  though 
■on  a  first  glance  they  appear  to  be  so  ;  on  removing  the  scales,  however, 
then-  true  nature  is  to  be  seen. 


458  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E, 

and  moderately  numerous  in  Tasmania  (where  a  species*  has  been 
recorded  as  destructive  to  fruit  trees,  by  nibbling  the  bark,  and 
young  buds)  ;  the  dense  tropical  scrubs  of  Queensland  and 
northern  New  South  Wales  abound  in  them.  Most  of  the  species 
may  be  taken  in  abundance  at  night  time  crawling  over  logs  and 
stumps;  during  the  day  they  usually  remain  concealed  in  holes, 
they  or  other  insects  have  drilled  in  timber.  West  of  and  on  the 
Great  Dividing  Range  several  species  are  very  abundant  under 
logs,  stones,  &c.  The  colour  of  all  the  species  may  be  described 
as  opaque-black,  antenn?e,  claws  and  tibial  hooks  piceous-red  or 
reddish-piceous. 

The  genus  cannot  be  satisfactorily  divided  into  groups  dependent 
only  on  the  relative  lengths  of  the  two  b&sal  joints  of  the  funicle; 
it  may,  however,  be  divided  into  several  natural  ones  ;  and  this 
I  attempt  to  do  with  the  species  I  am  acquainted  with. 

i — S  c  u  t  e  1 1  u  m    present. 

Group  A — Type,  P.  antiqims. 

Narrow,  subparallel,  convex,  granulate  and  feebly  or  not  at  all 
tuberculate.  Eyes  moderately  granulate.  Rostrum  curved. 
Antennae  elongate  ;  scape  inserted  close  to  apex,  considerably 
passing  muzzle;  basal  joint  of  funicle  equal  to  or  a  little  longer 
than  2nd;  club  free.  Prothorax  not  much  narrower  at  apex 
than  at  base,  carina  feeble.  Scutellum  present.  Elytra  with 
shoulders  feebly  rounded.  Intermediate  segments  of  abdomen 
rather  wide,  flat,  not  depressed  below  level  of  apical.  Femora 
not  reaching  middle  of  posterior  declivity. 

This  group,  consisting  of  three  closely  allied  species  is,  I  believe, 
confined  to  Tasmania. 

Elytra  with  posterior  declivity  almost  perpendicular; 
uear  its  summit  with  a  feeble  obtuse  tubercle  on  3rd 
interstice zoi^herufi,  n.sp. 

Posterior  declivity  rounded,  without  tubercle.     Inter- 

coxal  process  narrower  than  in  the  preceding ahsfersus,  Boheni. 


P.  antiquum,  Bohem. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  459 

I'rothorax  with  a  transverse  row  of  four  small  tubercles. 
Second  and  4th  interstices  of  elytra  with  small 
tubercles  ;  posterior  declivity  moderately  elongate, 
apex  flattened antiquns,  Bohem. 

POROPTERUS    ZOPHERUS,  11. Sp. 

Moderately  clothed  with  short  roundish  brown  scales,  more 
elongate  towards  sides,  densest  towards  apex  of  elytra,  sparse  on 
under  surface;  femora  and  tibiae  with  dense  adpressed  scales;  head 
and  rostrum  with  sooty-black,  the  former  in  addition  with  brown 
scales.     Ciliation  minute,  rather  sparse,  silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  cylindric,  feebly  tuberculate.  Head  feebly  punctate; 
rostrum  coarsely  punctate  at  base,  more  finely  towards  apex;  eyes 
moderately  granulate,  ocular  fovea  almost  concealed,  rostrum 
curved,  parallel,  scape  inserted  about  one-third  from  apex,  its 
thickened  portion  passing  muzzle,  1st  joint  of  funicle  about  as 
long  as  2nd,  2nd  not  as  long  as  three  following  combined;  club 
free.  Prothorax  scarcely  longer  than  wide,  flattened;  apex  feebly 
produced,  rounded,  not  much  narrower  than  base;  ocular  lobes 
rounded;  constriction  continuous  across  summit,  deepest  at  sides; 
sides  feebly  decreasing  to  base  ;  median  carina  short,  feeble, 
flattened;  disc  with  small  granules,  transverse  row  of  tubercles 
just  traceable.  Scutellum  small,  triangularly  rounded.  Elytra 
wider  than  prothorax  at  base,  and  more  than  twice  as  long;  sides 
subparallel  to  near  apex:  base  bisinuate,  with  distinct  and  regular 
rows  of  rather  large  punctures ;  posterior  declivity  abrupt,  with 
a  feeble  tubercle  which  is  modei'ately  distinct  when  viewed  from 
the  side  almost  at  the  summit  on  3rd  interstice.  Abdomen  feebly 
convex  and  punctate,  basal  segment  not  twice  as  long  as-  2nd,  a 
feeble  longitudinal  depression  in  its  middle;  intermediates  flat,  on 
a  level  with  apical  and  longer  than  2nd  and  apical.  Posterior 
femora  just  passing  intermediate  segments  ;  tibise  straight,  the 
anterior  very  feebly  bisinuate  on  their  upper  surfaces;  tarsi  rather 
short,  3rd  joint  rather  widely  bilobed,  4th  not  distinctly  longer 
than  1st.     Length  12,  rostrum  2^;  width  4|mm. 

^a6.— Tasmania  (Mr.  A.  Simson,  No.  3369 ;  Rev.  T.  Black- 
burn, Ko.  6191). 

In  this  species  the  legs  are  sexually  variable  in  thickness. 


460  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONIDvE 


PoROPTERUS  ABSTERSUS,  Bohem.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5419. 

Upper  surface  sparsely  clothed  with  dark  brown  short  scales, 
interspersed  with  a  few  more  elongate  towards  sides  ;  under 
surface  with  paler  scales,  which  have  a  feeble  lustre  at  base  of 
under  surface  of  femora ;  legs  with  adpressed  elongate  scales  ; 
head  densely,  rostrum  less  densely  squamose.  Ciliation  very 
short,  silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  cylindric,  feebly  tuberculate.  Head  with  feeble  ocular 
fovea  ;  eyes  moderately  granulate ;  rostrum  curved,  distinctly 
punctate,  muzzle  widening  to  apex ;  scape  inserted  about  one- 
third  from  apex,  passing  muzzle  for  almost  half  its  length;  1st 
joint  of  funicle  a  little  longer  than  2nd,  2nd  as  long  as  two 
following  combined;  club  free.  Prothorax  as  in  preceding  except 
that  apical  constriction  is  narrower,  sides  more  rounded,  median 
carina  less  and  the  granules  a  little  more  distinct.  Elytra  as  in 
preceding  except  that  the  sides  are  more  rounded,  punctures 
larger,  less  in  number  and  more  distinct,  posterior  declivity  less 
abrupt  and  almost  without  trace  of  tubercles  at  summit.  Abdomen 
flattened,  distinctly  punctate,  intercoxal  process  narrower  than  in 
the  preceding,  its  sides  near  coxse  distinctly  elevated:  intermediate 
segments  larger.  Femora  just  reaching  apical  segment.  Length 
9,  rostrum  2;  width  3 ^  mm. 

^a 6.— Tasmania  (Rev.  T.  Blackburn,  Nos  6190  and  6192  ; 
Mr.  G.  Masters).     Described  by  Boheman  from  Australia. 

.   PoROPTERUS  ANTiQUUS,  Bohem.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5420. 

Moderately  densely  clothed  with  brown  and  sooty-brown  short 
or  elongate  scales,  densest  towards  apex  of  elytra;  under  surface 
with  paler  scales  ;  legs  with  still  paler,  very  dense,  adpressed, 
elongate  scales  ;  head  and  base  of  rostrum  densely  squamose. 
Ciliation  sparse,  short,  brownish. 

Convex,  cylindric,  feebly  tuberculate.  Head  and  rostrum 
densely  punctate  (but  the  punctures  usually  concealed);  ocular 
fovea  almost  obsolete;  rostrum  curved,  subparallel,  the  muzzle 
feebly  widening  to  apex;  scape  inserted  at  less  than  one-third 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  461 

from  apex,  nearly  half  of  its  length  passing  muzzle  (a  little  less 
in  2);  1st  joint  of  funicle  a  little  longer  than  2nd,  2nd  as  long  as 
two  following  combined;  club  subadnate  to  funicle.  Prothorax 
very  little  longer  than  wide;  apex  feebly  produced;  rounded,  not 
much  narrower  than  base;  ocular  lobes  almost  obsolete;  constric- 
tion rather  feeble,  continuous  across  summit,  median  carina  short 
but  moderately  distinct,  transverse  row  of  tubercles  feeble  but 
more  distinct  than  in  either  of  the  preceding,  with  numerous 
small  granules.  Sciitellum  very  small.  Elytra  feebly  bisinuate 
at  base,  where  it  is  as  wide  as  prothorax,  and  more  than  twice  as 
long;  sides  feebly  widening  to  about  the  middle,  towards  apex 
curved  inward,  apex  itself  almost  truncate,  thickened  and  feebly 
flattened;  with  distinct  but  somewhat  irregular  rows  of  moderately 
large  punctures;  2nd  and  4th  interstices  ver}^  feebl)^  tuberculate, 
the  tubercles  moderately  distinct  when  viewed  sideways,  one  on 
each  side  of  summit  of  declivity  (which  is  more  elongate  than  in 
either  of  the  preceding)  is  a  little  more  distinct.  Abdomen  very 
feebly  convex,  basal  segment  not  twice  as  long  as  2nd,  from  the 
2nd  feebly  encroached  upon  by  sides  of  elytra  in  ^;  intermediates 
rather  large,  longer  than  2nd  or  apical,  apical  feebly  transversely 
impressed  in  ^.  Femora  in  both  sexes  slightly  passing  inter- 
mediate segments;  tibiae  very  feebly  curved;  tarsi  short,  3rd  joint 
rather  widely  bilobed,  4th  a  little  longer  than  1st.  Length  10, 
rostrum  2^;  width  4  mm. 

Hab. — Tasmania  (Mr.  A.  Simson,  No.  3203;  Rev.  T.  Blackburn, 
No.  6191;  Mr.  G.  Masters). 

I  have  a  specimen  in  which  there  are  two  small  triangular 
patches  of  whitish  scales  on  each  side  of  the  suture  at  base. 

Group  B. — Type  P.  succisus. 

Narrow,  subelliptic,  convex,  tuberculate  and  granulate.  Ros- 
trum curved,  sparsely  squamose.  Antennae  elongate ;  scape 
inserted  at  about  one-third  or  less  from  apex,  moderately  or  con- 
siderably passing  muzzle;  1st  joint  of  funicle  equal  to  or  a  little 
longer  than  2nd;  club  free.  Prothorax  carinate,  apex  scarcely 
narrower  than  base.     Scutellum  very  small.     Elytra  widest  about 


462  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E, 

middle,  shoulders  feebly  rounded,  posterior  declivity  at  its  summit 
on  3rd  interstice  with  conical  tubercle.  Femoi'a  reaching  or 
passing  middle  of  declivity;  tarsi  strongly  bilobed. 

This  division  is  intermediate  between  antiquus  and  Westwoodi^ 

Prothoracic  carina  and  tubercles  feeble.  Tubercles  of 
declivity  more  than  thrice  as  large  as  any  of  the 
others,  feebly  compressed  ;  apex  with  two  distinct 
tubercles swrnsus,  Erichs. 

Prothorax  with  median  carina  fully  half  its  length,  trans- 
verse tubercles  distinct.  Elytra  with  tubercles  of 
declivity  lai-ge,  thick,  scarcely  twice  as  large  as  those 
on  the  5th  interstices  a  little  behind  them;  apex  obso- 
letely  tuberculate.  Fen)ora  almost  reaching  apex  of 
elytra cornis,  n.sip. 

PoROPTERUS  succisus,  Erichs.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5551. 

(Cryptorrhynchus,  Er.):   P.  succosus,  Bohem.;  No.  5441. 

Densely  clothed  with  minute  muddy-brown  scales,  more  distinct 
on  prothorax  and  sides  of  elytra,  tubercles  more  or  less  naked, 
under  surface  with  elongate  paler  scales,  legs  with  dense  elongate 
scales;  head  feebly  clothed,  rostrum  still  more  feebly,  the  scales 
darker  and  sparser.     Ciliation  very  minute,  bright  silvery. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  tubercles  mostly  small.  Head  and 
rostrum  densely  punctate  ;  ocular  fovea  small,  deep,  usually  con- 
cealed; eyes  rather  coarsely  granulate;  rostrum  curved,  subparallel, 
muzzle  feebly  widened  to  apex;  antennse  elongate,  scape  inserted 
a  little  less  than  one-thii'd  from  apex  in  (J,  about  half  in  9,  a 
little  less  than  half  its  length  passing  muzzle;  first  joint  of  funicle 
distinctly  longer  than  2nd,  2nd  not  as  long  as  three  following  com- 
bined; club  free,  distinctly  four-jointed.  Prothorax  a  trifle  longer 
than  wide  ;  apex  feebly  produced,  rounded,  more  than  half  the 
width  of  base ;  constriction  feeble,  and  very  feebly  continued 
across  summit;  ocular  lobes  rounded;  sides  rounded;  base  trun- 
cate ;  median  carina  short,  feeble,  but  moderately  distinct ;  a 
transverse  roAv  of  four  rather  feeble  tubercles,  behind  them 
densely,  in  front  more  sparsely  granulate.  Scutellum  very  small. 
Elytra  more  than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax  and  at  its  base  as 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  463' 

wide,  sides  widening  to  about  the  middle,  and  then  a  little  more 
suddenly  narrowed,  witli  numerous  granules;  2nd  and  4th  inter- 
stices with  feeble  tubercles,  2nd  at  summit  of  declivity  (which  is 
almost  vertical)  with  a  large  conical  granulate  tubercle,  behind  it 
on  4th  a  much  smaller  one,  apex  with  a  feeble  tubercle  on  each 
side  ;  sides  and  declivity  distinctly  punctate.  Abdomen  rather 
broad,  narrowest  in  ^,  basal  segments  fully  twice  as  long  as  2nd, 
intercoxal  process  very  flat;  2nd  small,  almost  as  long  as  inter- 
mediates, which  are  shorter  than  apical;  apical  densely  minutely 
punctate  at  apex,  widest  in  Q.  Pernor  a  almost  or  just  reaching 
apex  of  abdomen,  tibiae  very  feebly  curved,  tarsi  rather  thick, 
3rd  joint  distinctly  bilobed,  4th  scarcely  longer  than  1st.  Length 
10^.  rostrum  2|;  width  4|  mm. 

Hab. — Tasmania  (Messrs.  G.  Masters,  A  Simson,  C  French). 

POROPTERUS  CORVUS,  n.sp. 

2  C?).  Upper  surface  very  sparsely  clothed  with  small  dark 
brown  or  blackish  scales ;  under  surface — except  on  some  of  the 
abdominal  segments, — with  paler  and  somewhat  denser  scales;. 
femora  and  tibiae  with  dark  brown  moderately  elongate  scales; 
head  and  rostrum  feebly  squamose.  Ciliation  extremely  minute,, 
silvery. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  feebly,  I'ostrum 
more  distinctly  punctate;  ocular  fovea  small;  rostrum  subparallel,. 
feebly  curved;  antennae  short,  scape  inserted  about  two-fifths  from 
apex,  just  reaching  apex  of  muzzle,  1st  joint  of  funicle  a  little 
longer  than  2nd,  2nd  a  little  longer  than  two  following  combined, 
7th  fully  as  broad  as  club;  club  free.  Prothorax  as  long  as  wide; 
apex  feebly  produced,  rounded,  about  half  the  width  of  Ijase; 
ocular  lobes  moderately  prominent;  constriction  feeble  on  sides, 
more  distinct  but  interru2:)ted  three  times  on  summit ;  sides 
rounded;  base  truncate;  median  carina  distinct,  rather  long  ;  a 
transverse  row  of  four  distinct  and  rather  large  tubercles,  the 
median  largest,  behind  them  with  numerous  rather  large  granules 
smaller  at  the  side  and  sparser  in  front;  each  side  of  apex  with  a 
feeble  obtuse  ridge.     ScateUum  almost  invisible.      Elytra  more 


464  REVISIOX    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E, 

than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  and  at  its  base  (which  is 
truncate)  almost  as  wide ;  sides  widening  to  about  the  middle; 
with  rows  of  moderately  large  and  very  distinct  tubercles,  five  on 
second,  the  first  some  distance  from  base,  2nd  very  small  and  close 
to  first,  3rd  as  large  as  2nd,  4th  twice  as  large  as  1st,  5th  a  little 
below  summit  of  decliyity  (which  behind  them  is  precipitous)  and 
largest  of  all,  conical ;  4th  interstice  with  a  moderately  large 
tubercle  about  as  far  l^ehind  base  as  it  is  in  front  of  the  1st  of 
2nd  interstice,  behind  it  several  small  tubercles,  near  largest  of 
2nd  a  distinct  conical  tubercle  about  half  its  size ;  sides  with  a 
few  small  ones;  apex  with  three  very  small  tubercles;  the  central 
one  sutural,  causing  apex  to  appear  feebly  bisinuate  ;  numerous 
small  granules  scattered  about,  rather  regularly  arranged  towards 
suture  ;  sides  with  two  distinct  rows  of  regular  punctures,  less 
regular  and  smaller  elsewhere.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  twice 
as  long  as  2nd,  their  sutures  distinct  only  at  sides;  intermediates 
feebly  depressed,  not  as  long  as  apical,  their  sutures  deep  and 
wide.  Femora  not  quite  reaching  apex  of  abdomen;  tibise  very 
feebly  but  noticeably  curved  inwardly;  tarsi  thick;  3rd  joint  dis- 
tinctly bilobed,  4th  scarcely  longer  than  1st.  Length  11^, 
rostrum  2^;  width  4|  mm. 

//«6.— New  England,  N.S.W.  (Mr.  D.  A.  Porter). 

Group  C. — Type  P.   Westwoodi. 

Narrow,  elongate,  subelliptic,  convex,  tuberculate  and  granulate. 
Eyes  finely  granulate.  Rostrum  feebly  curved.  Antennse  elon- 
gate ;  scape  inserted  at  about  one-third  from  apex,  not  reaching, 
reaching  or  considerably  passing  apex  of  muzzle ;  2nd  joint  of 
funicle  equal  to  or  a  little  longer  than  1st;  club  free.  Prothorax 
•carinate,  apex  about  half  the  width  of  base,  with  a  distinct 
tubercle  on  each  side  but  scarcely  bifurcate,  median  tubercles 
.granulate,  lateral  also  granulate  but  more  irregularly.  Scutellum 
present.  Each  elytron  (besides  others)  with  a  large  conical 
tubercle  on  the  3rd  interstice  in  the  middle  of  posterior  declivity; 
apical  tubercles  scarcely  touching  ;  shoulders  narrow.  Inter- 
mediate segments  of  abdomen  on  a  level  with  apical.  Legs  long, 
third  tarsal  joint  moderately  bilobed. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  465 

Differs  fi'om  the  Chevrolati-groui)  in  having  a  scutellura,  apex 
of  prothorax  not  bifurcate,  and  in  the  large  posterior  tubercle. 
Prothorax  with  apical  tubercles  compressed  and  rather 

elongate,  apical  tubercles  of  elytra  small,  four  in 

number,  the  two  inner  very  small.      Femora  not 

reaching  base  of  tubercles  of  declivity,  the  apices 

of  which  (in  both  sexes)  pass  apical  tubercles  Westwoodi,  Waterh. 

Narrower  than  the  preceding.      Apical   tubercles  of 

prothorax    small,    fasciculate,    not    compressed. 

Femora  almost   reaching   apices  of    tubercles  of 

declivity,   which   do  not  reach    apices    of    apical 

tubercles,  these  latter  distinct Waterhousei,  Pasc. 

Almost  parallel-sided.       Prothorax  with  large  scales 

extending  from  median  tubercles  to  apex,  where 

they  are  fasciculate.    Most  of  the  ely  tral  tubercles 

small,  the  two  on  the  declivity  large,  not  visibly 

granulate  (but  like  the   two   preceding   densely 

squamose)  but  feebly  projecting  outwards,  femora 

scarcely  reaching  their  bases;  apical  tubercles  pro- 
minent, but!  not  so  sharp  as  in  the  preceding angustatus,  n.sp. 

PoboPTERUs  Westwoodi,  Waterh.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  ISTo.  5447. 

P.  hariolus,  Pasc;  No.  5428. 

(J.  Ujiper  surface  moderately  densely  clothed  with  rather  small 
elongate  scales;  the  majority  are  of  a  warm  brown  colour,  but  on 
the  apex  and  sides  of  prothorax  and  sides  of  elytra  they  are 
always  white  (subject  to  the  usual  alteration  with  age,  etc.);  scutel- 
lum  with  minute  pale  scales ;  intermixed  on  head  and  rostrum. 
Under  surface  and  legs  with  warm  brown  moderately  elongate 
scales,  longest  and  densest  on  tibife,  on  the  abdomen — to  the 
naked  eye — in  feeble  rows;  rostrum  squamose  its  entire  length; 
femora  (to  the  naked  eye)  appearing  ringed  towards  apex. 
Ciliation  moderately  elongate,  silvery-yellow,  slightly  visible  with 
head  in  position. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  feebly, 
rostrum  more  densely  punctate;  the  punctures  covered  with  scales, 
ocular  fovea  minute;  eyes  finely  granulate,  small,  more  distinctly 
convex  than  is  usual  in  the  genus;  rostrum  feebly  curved,  muzzle 
feebly  widening  to  apex;  antennae  rather  elongate;  scape  inserted 


466  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

•about  two-fifths  from  apex,  slightly  passing  muzzle;  basal  joint  of 
funicle  longer  than  2nd  ;  club  free,  indistinctly  four-jointed. 
Protho7-ax  a  little  longer  than  wide,  apex  rounded,  about  three- 
fifths  the  width  of  base;  ocular  lobes  distinct;  constriction  shallow, 
continued  as  a  depression  across  summit;  median  carina  feeble,  a 
feeble  depression  on  each  side  of  it;  a  transverse  row  of  four 
large  granulate  tubercles,  the  median  slightly  to  the  rear  of 
lateral,  as  high  as  wide  but  not  as  long,  lateral  tubercles  flattened 
and  irregular;  apex  with  a  longitudinal  tubercle  or  outwardly  pro- 
jecting ridge  on  each  side  ending  at  constriction,  numerous  small 
tubercles  showing  through  scales.  Scutellum  distinct,  semicircular. 
EUjtra  more  than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  widest  a  little 
before  the  middle,  with  numerous  granules  scattered  about  and 
on  tubercles,  feebly  punctate,  the  punctures  more  distinct  at  sides; 
shoulders  feebly  projecting  on  to  prothorax ;  2nd  interstice  with 
three  large  conical  tubercles,  posterior  largest  and  at  summit  of 
declivity  (which  is  moderately  elongate),  intermediate  smallest; 
3rd  interstice  with  the  largest  tubercle  of  all,  conical,  rather 
sharp,  outwardly  projecting  and  situate  at  side  of  middle  of 
-declivity;  a  row  of  three  comparativel}''  small  tubercles  obliquely 
placed,  1st  and  2nd  on  5th  interstice,  3rd  and  largest  on  3rd 
interstice  and  a  little  behind  the  exact  middle;  apex  with  a  small 
oonical  tubercle  on  each  side,  and  a  much  smaller  and  blunter  one 
inwardly.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  not  twice  as  long  as  2nd, 
the  suture  with  it  curved,  suboljcordate,  intercoxal  process  flat; 
2nd  feebly  convex  in  the  middle ;  intermediates  rather  large, 
longer  than  second  or  apical,  sutures  deep  but  narrow,  apical  very 
feebly  transversely  impressed,  subtriangular.  Legs  long,  posterior 
femora  reaching  middle  of  apical  segment;  tibipe  straight,  slightly 
flattened;  tarsi  narrow,  3rd  joint  distinctly  bilobed,  4th  (if  any- 
thing) a  little  shorter  than  1st.  Length  16,  rostrum  4;  width 
7  mm. 

9.  Differs  in  being  larger  and  broader,  head  larger  in  proportion; 
rostrum  longer,  straighter  and  more  parallel,  scape  not  reaching 
apex  of  muzzle,  tubercles  more  obtuse,  and  prothoracic  carina 
longer.     Length  18,  rostrum  5|;  width  8|  mm. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  467 

Hah. — Richmond  River,  N.S.W.  (Lea)  ;  Queensland  (Macleay 
and  Sydney  Museums).    Described  by  Waterhouse  from  Australia. 

P.  hariolus  is  a  synonym  of  this  species.  Of  it  Mr.  Pascoe 
says  : — "  Differs  from  P.  Westwoodi,  Waterh.,  inter  alia,  in  having 
the  apex  of  each  elytron  bituberculate."  The  small  inner  tubercles 
might  very  well  have  been  regarded  by  Mr.  Waterhouse  as  nothing 
more  than  granules  and  consequently  not  mentioned,  especially 
as  they  are  often  almost  completely  concealed  by  scales. 

PoROPTERUS  Waterhousei,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5446. 

Moderately  densely  clothed  with  small  slightly  elongate  brown 
— intermixed  with  griseous — scales,  on  the  tubercles  they  are 
dark  brown  (except  humeral,  where  they  are  paler  and  very 
dense);  under  surface  with  brown  or  dark  brown,  sparse,  feebly 
elongate  scales;  femora  and  tibife  densely  clothed  with  elongate 
scales;  on  the  head  and  rostrum  the  scales  are  dingy,  but  paler 
towards  base  and  apex.  Ciliation  moderately  elongate,  rather 
straggling,  silvery-brown,  scarcely  visible  with  head  in  position. 

Convex,  elongate-elliptic,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  and 
rostrum  sparsely — the  latter  on  muzzle — more  densely  punctate; 
ocular  fovea  small,  deep;  eyes  finely  granulate;  rostrum  moderately 
long,  feebly  curved,  muzzle  widening  to  apex:  antennae  not  very 
elongate ;  scape  inserted  about  two-fifths  from  apex,  passing 
muzzle;  1st  joint  of  funicle  distinctly  shorter  than  2nd,  2nd  very 
slightly  longer  than  three  following  combined;  club -subadnate  to 
funicle.  Prothornx  longer  than  wide,  apex  produced,  rounded, 
about  half  the  width  of  base,  apjDearing  feebly  bifurcate  from  two 
small  fasciculate  tubercles  ;  ocular  lobes  rounded,  but  rather 
prominent;  constriction  on  account  of  scales  appearing  rather 
shallow^  but  in  reality  deep,  visible  from  above;  median  carina 
narrow,  continuous  almost  from  base  to  apex,  but  very  indistinct 
behind  the  middle,  the  disc  on  each  side  of  it  with  a  moderately 
large  rounded  and  rather  fiat  granulate  tubercle;  lateral  tubercles 
irregular,  obtuse,  flattened,  in  front  of  median,  the  apex  in  front 
of  them — as  in  the  preceding  and  to  a  certain  extent  in  the 
following  species — appearing  subquadrate;  basal  half  with  numer- 


468  REVISION    OP    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

ous  rather  large  and  shining  granules,  declivity  with  smaller 
granules.  Scntellum  small,  distinct,  semicircular.  Elytra  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax  and  very  little  wider,  widest 
about  the  middle,  shoulders  feebly  projecting  on  to  prothorax,  and 
rendered  very  distinct  on  account  of  the  colour  of  the  scales  by 
which  they  are  clothed;  base  depressed;  large  granules  scattered 
about  with  smaller  ones,  or  tubercles,  lateral  punctures  large  and 
distinct:  all  the  tubercles  (except  extreme  apical)  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding;  2nd  interstice  with  three  large  equidistant  ones, 
basal  longest,  2nd  smallest  and  most  irregular,  3rd  largest  and  at 
summit  of  declivity  (which  is  a  very  little  more  elongate  than  in 
the  preceding),  about  its  middle  at  the  sides  on  3rd  interstice  a 
large  conical  feebly  outwardly  projecting  tubercle,  sides  with  less 
distinct  tubercles,  all  anterior  to  3rd  discal,  two  on  4th  interstice 
of  which  the  posterior  is  largest,  two  close  together  on  6th  of 
which  the  anterior  is  largest  (when  viewed  from  the  side  with 
the  naked  eye  there  appear  to  be  others,  owing  to  the  approxima- 
tion of  some  of  the  granules);  apex  with  a  rather  large  flattened- 
conical  tubercle  at  each  side,  subparallel  on  their  outer  edges. 
Abdominal  segments  (except  basal)  feebly  convex,  each  feebly 
depressed  at  base  and  apex,  sutures  deep,  basal  not  twice  as  long 
as  2nd,  intercoxal  process  with  a  subcircular  depression  at  its 
apex,  its  middle  marking  the  base  of  a  very  distinct  depression 
on  metasternum ;  2nd  segment  (to  the  naked  eye)  appearing 
bulged  out  .at  sides,  intermediates  longer  than  2nd  or  apical, 
apical  feebly  curved  inwardly  at  apex.  Legs  long;  femora  very 
slightly  passing  abdomen  but  not  elytra;  intermediate  tibiae 
straight,  the  others  almost  imperceptibly  curved;  3rd  tarsal  joint 
widely  bilobed,  4th  no  longer  than  1st.  Length  15,  rostrum  3~y; 
width  5^  mm. 

i^rt6.— Richmond  River,   N.S.W,  (Lea);  two  specimens,  both 
apparently  males.     Originally  described  from  Queensland. 

POROPTERUS    ANGUSTATUS,  n.Sp. 

Upper  surface  densely  clothed  with  elongate  pale  yellow  scales, 
palest  and  most  elongate  at  apex  of  prothorax,  tinged  with  brown 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  469' 

along  the  middle  (except  apices)  and  sides  of  prothorax  and  elytra; 
under  surface  with  sparser  scales,  abdominal  segments  (to  the 
naked  eye)  with  three  rows  of  paler  scales,  legs  densely  squamose, 
femora  feebly  ringed;  head  and  rostrum  densely  squamose,  the 
scales  tinged  with  brown  towards  base  and  apex.  Ciliation 
moderately  elongate,  pale  silvery-yellow. 

Narrow,  convex,   subparallel,  tubercles  mostly   small.       Head 

with  a  very  feeble  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  middle  and  almost 

at  extreme  base,  punctures  (if  present)  entirely  concealed  ;  eyes 

rather    large,   finely    granulate,   between   them   a   feeble    carina 

showing  through  scales  and  apparently  continued  on  to  rostrum 

(which   is   almost  straight  and   parallel-sided)  ;    antennte   rather 

short,  scape  inserted  about  one-third  from  apex,  passing  muzzle; 

2nd  joint  of  funicle  slightly  longer  than  but  not  as  thick  as  1st 

and  not  as  long  as  three  following  combined;  club  thick,  almost 

free.     Prothorax  with  apex  produced,  subtruncate,  about  half  the 

width  of  base,  basal  two-thirds  subparallel,  ocular  lobes  feeble;, 

constriction  deep,  visible  from  above;  median  carina  rather  thick 

and  showing  only  in  the  middle ;  on  each  side  of  it  an  obtuse 

rounded  tubercle;  lateral  tubercles  feeble,  flattened,  the  anterior 

only  feebly  distinct;  sides  of  apex  feebly  ridged,  and  from  the 

density  of  the  scales  by  which  the  ridges  are  covered  appearing 

bifurcate;  base  with  a  few  large  granules  or  very  small  tubercles. 

Scutelium  very  small  and  indistinct.      Elytra  more  than  twice  the 

length  of  prothorax  and  scarcely— if  at  all — wider,  very  feebly 

widening  to  about  one-third  from  base,  shoulders  feebly  produced; 

the  tubercles  only  at  sides  of  declivity  on  3rd  interstice  large  and 

conical,  three  on  2nd  interstice  small,  basal  equidistant  from  base 

and  2nd,  3rd  as  far  distant  from  2nd  as  2nd  is  from  base,  and  at 

summit  of  declivity  (which  is  elongate);  4th  interstice  with  very 

feeble  tubercles,  the  most  distinct  near  third  discal,  the  interstices 

apparently  feebly  tuberculate,   raised    towards  the    sides  ;    apex 

with  a  rather  large  flattened  conical  tubercle  on  each  side;  disc 

with  numerous  small  granules;  sides  with  large  shallow  punctures. 

A  bdomen  (except  for  scales  and  flattened  intercoxal  process)  as  in 

preceding.       Femora   long,    posterior    almost   reaching    apex   of 

31 


470  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONIDiE, 

abdomen  ;  tibiae  short,  flattened,  moderately  distinctly  but  very 
feebly  curved;  3rd  tarsal  joint  widely  bilobed,  4th  slightly  longer 
than  1st.     Length  12,  rostrum  2-^;  width  3^  mm. 

^aft._Richmond  River,  KS.W. 

Owing  to  the  density  of  the  scales  by  which  my  specimen 
(apparently  9)  is  covered,  the  granules,  &c.,  are  rendei-ed  some- 
what indistinct. 

ii. — Scutellum  absent. 
Group  D — Type  P.  sphacelatus. 

Robust,  con^■ex,  tuberculate.  Rostrum  feebly  bent,  not  densely 
squamose.  Antennse  moderately  elongate;  scape  feebly  squamose 
or  setose,  inserted  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle,  seldom  reaching, 
or  passing  apex  of  muzzle  for  but  a  very  short  distance;  basal 
joint  of  funicle  equal  to  or  a  little  longer  than  2nd;  club  subsolid, 
subadnate  to  funicle  or  free.  Prothorax  with  two  transverse 
rows  of  tubercles,  carina  slight  or  absent,  with  a  small  scutellar 
lobe,  apex  with  feebly  projecting  tubercles  giving  it  a  bifurcate 
appearance.  Scutellum  absent.  Elytra  with  three  more  or  less 
large  tuliercles  on  2nd  interstice,  declivity  with  a  small  usually 
Avhite-tipped  tubercle  on  2nd  or  3rd  interstice,  a  shining  granule 
on  each  side  of  scutellar  region.  Second  abdominal  segment  not 
half  the  length  of  basal,  intermediates  very  slightly  if  at  all  below 
level  of  apical.  Femora  almost  reaching,  reaching,  or  slightly 
passing  apex  of  elytra.     Third  tarsal  joint  almost  simple. 

Scales  uniformly  coloured.     Subparallel.     Tubercles  of 

elytra  large verves,  Pasc. 

Resembling  but  smaller  and  less  parallel  than  preceding, 
tubercles  smaller,  apex  of  prothorax,  apex  and  sides 
of  elytra  with  paler  scales;  the  club  a  little  less 
elongate  and  more  decidedly  free sphacelatus,  Pasc. 

"Very  different  in  appearance  from  either  of  the  preceding.* 
Prothorax  and  elytra  flattened,  the  former  with  a 
moderately  distinct  carina  ;  tubercles  more  in 
advance  of  the  middle  than  in  either  of  them.  Base 
of  elytra  with  a  distinct  laterally  projecting 
tubercle;  apex  with  large  subtriangular  tubercles, 
almost  united  at  base Parryi,  AVaterh. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  471 

PoROPTERUS  VERRES,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5445. 

5.  Upper  surface,  head  and  femora  densely  clothed  with  brown 
rounded  or  moderately  elongate  scales,  densest  on  tubercles;  scape 
with  a  few  elongate  scales  towards  apex,  under  surface  and  tibiae 
with  elongate  scales.  Ciliation  minute,  sparse  and  dark,  almost 
invisible  with  head  in  position. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  convex, 
ocular  fovea  small;  eyes  moderately  granulate,  produced  at  apex; 
rostrum  elongate,  almost  straight,  feebly  widening  from  scape  to 
base  and  apex,  with  large  and  dense  punctures  becoming  obsolete 
near  base,  scape  inserted  a  little  in  front  of  the  middle,  not 
reaching  apex;  basal  joint  of  funicle  distinctly  longer  than  2nd, 
2nd  not  as  long  as  three  following  combined;  club  subadnate  to 
funicle.  Prothorax  distinctly  longer  than  wide,  apex  produced, 
bifilrcate,  about  half  the  width  of  base  ;  ocular  lobes  slightly 
rounded  ;  constriction  deep,  continued  as  a  depression  across 
summit;  without  carina  (except  as  a  small  scutellar  lobe)  but  a 
median  line  extending  its  whole  length;  two  transverse  series  of 
4  small  and  distinct  tubercles.  Elytra  about  once  and  one-half 
as  long  as  prothorax  and  scarcely  wider  about  its  middle  ; 
2nd  interstice  with  a  distinctly  elevated  granule  at  side  of 
scutellar  lobe,  with  three  large  equidistant  tubercles,  the  third  at 
summit  of  declivity  (which  is  abrupt),  below  it  a  very  small 
tubercle;  4th  interstice  with  3  large  ones  but  smaller  than  those 
of  2nd,  the  1st  level  with  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  a  little  behind  2nd 
and  3rd  of  2nd  interstice,  between  1st  and  2nd  a  ver}'  small 
tubercle,  and  lielow  third  another  small  one,  6th  interstice  with 
an  elongate  obtuse  tubercle;  shoulders  somewhat  thickened;  sides 
with  regular  I'ows  of  large  punctures,  much  smaller  and  less 
distinct  on  disc;  apex  very  feebly  bisinuate.  Abdominal  segments 
almost  level,  sutures  very  distinct,  basal  flat,  twice  as  long  as  2nd 
intercoxal  process  narrow,  rounded,  its  sides  feebly  raised;  2nd 
longest  at   sides;  intermediates  feebly  convex,  longer  than    2nd 


472  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONIDiE, 

and  as  long  as  apical.  Legs  long;  posterior  femora  just  passing 
elytra  ;  tibiae  feebly  compressed  and  very  feebly  curved  ;  tarsi 
narrow,  3rd  joint  feebly  bilobed,  4th  distinctly  longer  than  1st. 
Length  16|^,  rostrum  4|;  width  7  mm. 

^.  Differs  in  being  smaller,  scales  less  uniformly  coloured, 
rostrum  more  curved,  scape  inserted  closer  to  apex,  legs  a  little 
longer  and  elytra  less  parallel. 

ILah. — Tweed  and  Richmond  Rivers,  N.S.W.  (Lea).  Originally 
described  from  Queensland. 

PoROPTERUS  SPHACELATUS,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5440. 

Upper  surface  moderately  densely  clothed  (densest  on  tubercles 
and  apex  of  prothorax)  with  feebly  elongate  brown  scales;  on  the 
apex,  median  line,  and  sides  of  prothorax,  sides  near  base,  and 
suture  at  declivity  of  elytra,  they  are  much  paler;  under  surface 
with  sparse,  scarcely  elongate  scales,  tibiae  with  elongate  scales, 
scape  with  a  few  at  apex;  rostrum  moderately  clothed.  Ciliation 
minute,  silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  feebly  tuberculate.  ^eoc?  convex;  ocular 
fovea  distinct;  eyes  rather  coarsely  granulate,  apex  produced; 
rostrum  thick,  feebly  curved,  coarsely  punctate  in  ^,  in  ^  the 
rostrum  a  little  longer,  flatter,  and  with  the  punctures  less 
obscured  ;  antennse  rather  thick,  scape  inserted  about  three- 
sevenths  from  apex,  in  neither  sex  reaching  extreme  ajDex,  basal 
joint  of  funicle  slightly  longer  than  2nd,  2nd  the  length  of  two 
following  combined;  club  shortly  elliptic,  free.  Prothorax  longer 
than  wide,  apex  produced,  bifurcate,  more  than  half  the  width  of 
base;  sides  and  base  rounded;  ocular  lobes  less  prominent  than  in 
the  preceding;  constriction  deep  but  short,  continued  as  a 
depression  across  summit;  tubercles  and  scutellar  lobe  similar  to 
but  smaller  than  preceding.  Elytra  less  parallel  and  slightly 
broader  than  .in  j3receding,  tubercles  similar  in  position  but 
decidedly   smaller,   the   basal  of   4th  interstice  decidedly  larger 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  473 

than  that  of  2nd  (in  the  preceding  it  is  a  trifle  smaller) ;  apex 
narrow,  a  small  and  distinct  tubercle  on  each  side ;  punctures  as 
in  preceding.  Abdomen  almost  as  in  preceding,  the  2nd  with  a 
transverse  excavation  on  each  side  at  base.  Posterior  femora  in 
9  scarcely  reaching,  in  ^  just  passing  apex  of  elytra;  tibise 
straight;  3rd  tarsal  joint  feebly  bilobed.  Length  11,  rostrum  3; 
width  5  mm. 

Flab. — Queensland  (Mr.  G.  Masters);  Richmond  River,  N.S.W. 
'(Lea). 

Similar  to  but  decidedly  distinct  from  the  preceding  species; 
both  are  common;  in  the  present  species  the  elytra  are  scarcely 
as  deep  as  wide,  in  the  preceding  they  appear  to  he  deeper;  the 
insertion  and  length  of  the  scape  and  the  posterior  femora  differ 
but  little  sexually  in  either. 

PoROPTERUS  Parryi,  Waterh.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5435. 

^.  Densely  clothed  all  over — densest  on  tubercles — with 
moderately  elongate  ):)rown  scales,  each  puncture  with  a  larger 
and  paler  scale,  tubercles  of  posterior  declivity  with  whitish  scales 
(colours  obscured  by  age,  etc.)  ;  under  surface  and  legs  with 
moderately  elongate  scales,  rostrum  more  or  less  densely  clothed. 
Oiliation  moderately  elongate,  silvery-yellow,  slightly  visible  with 
head  in  position. 

Flat,  broad,  moderately  tul^erculate.  Head  feebly  impressed 
between  eyes,  but  without  ocular  fovea;  eyes  rounded,  more  con- 
vex than  is  usual  in  the  genus,  finely  granulate;  rostrum  curved, 
:subparallel,  densely  and  irregularly  punctate,  a  carina  extending 
from  between  eyes  almost  to  apex  ;  scape  inserted  about  three- 
sevenths  from  apex,  not  reaching  mandibles ;  two  basal  joints 
of  funicle  equal,  2nd  not  as  long  as  three  following  combined; 
club  elongate,  free.  Frothorax  no  longer  than  wide;  apex  feebly 
produced  and  appearing  feebly  Ijifurcate,  more  than  half  the 
width  of  base;    ocular  lobes  prominent;    constriction  broad  and 


474  REVISIOX    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^ 


feeble;  median  carina  short,  distinct;  two  transverse  rows  of  four 
tubercles,  the  lateral  very  obtuse,  the  median  distinct,  the  anterior 
of  the  median  tubercles  distinctly  in  advance  of  the  anterior 
of  the  lateral  (in  all  the  other  species  of  the  genus  they  are 
behind  them),  base  with  numerous  obtuse  granules.  Elytra  much 
wider  than  prothorax,  and  not  twice  as  long,  2nd  interstice  with 
three  distinct  equidistant  tubercles,  the  largest  at  summit  of 
declivity  (which  is  at  an  angle  of  45°),  base  with  a  small  granule, 
4th  with  two  distinct  tubercles  intermediate  between  those  of 
2nd,  at  about  middle  of  declivity  a  small  tubercle  rendered  very 
distinct  by  the  colour  of  its  scales;  6th  with  two,  one  of  which  is 
humeral,  large,  and  outwardly  projecting,  and  feebly  connected 
with  the  second,  which  is  slightly  in  advance  of  the  second 
tubercle  of  2nd  interstice,  a  tubercle  on  the  7th  intermediate 
between  those  of  6th;  apex  with  a  large  conical  tubercle  on  each 
side,  with  regular  rows  of  distinct  punctures  largest  towards  the 
side.  Abdomen  flat,  basal  segment  not  twice  as  long  as  2nd,, 
intercoxal  process  very  broad,  almost  truncate,  suture  with  2nd 
wide,  intermediates  longer  than  2nd  or  apical;  apical  longer  than 
2nd,  densely  punctate  at  apex  and  feebly  transversely  impressed. 
Legs  long;  posterior  femora  reaching  apex  of  apical  tubercles  of 
elytra;  tibia  compressed,  almost  straight;  tarsi  very  thin,  4th 
joint  distinctly  longer  than  1st,  3rd  almost  simple,  claws  very 
long.     Length  14,  rostrum  3j;  width  6  mm. 

Hah. — N.S.W.  (Mv.  C.  French);  Richmond  River  (Masters  and 
Lea). 

A  peculiar  and  very  distinct  species ;  the  third  tarsal  joint 
could  veiy  well  be  called  simple;  the  tarsi  are  narrower  and  the 
intercoxal  process  broader  than  in  any  other  species  known  to  me; 
the  position  of  the  prothoracic  tubercle  is  also  very  peculiar. 

Group  E. — Type  P.  rubus. 

Large,  convex,  prothorax  and  elytra  with  large  tubercles. 
Rostrum  curved,  scape  scarcely  reaching,  or  passing  muzzle  for 
but  a  very  short  distance.     Prothorax  strongly  carinate  or  not^ 


BY    ARTHUU    M.    LEA.  475 

with  a  transverse  row  of  four  large  tubercles,  apex  broad,  not 
produced  in  the  middle  l)ut  tuberculate  above,  base  with  small 
scutellar  lobe.  Scutellum  absent.  Elytra  with  the  shoulders 
rather  narrow,  apex  rounded.  Femora  reaching  middle  of  posterior 
declivity.     Third  tarsal  joint  simple  to  rather  broadly  bilobed. 

Scape  scaly,  short,  in  neither  sex  reaching  apex  of  muzzle. 
Prothorax  with   a   strong   carina  '^continuous  from  base 
almost  to  apex  where  it  joins  in  with  apical  constriction 
and  forms  an  elongate  T.    Second  interstice  of  elytra 
with  four  large  tubercles.   Third  tarsal  joint  simple...  rubus,  Pasc. 

Four  prothoracic  tubercles  distinct,  isolated.  Elytra  with  three  large 
tubercles  on  2nd  interstice,  suture  with  two  conjoined  tubercles 
at  summit  of  posterior  declivity,  each  side  of  declivity  with  a  large  out- 
wardly projecting  tubercle.  Two  species  at  first  sight  apparently 
identical. 

Second  joint  of  funicle  almost  twice  as  long  as  1st.  Pro- 
thoracic  carina  distinct,  elongate,  at  its  base  forming 
scutellar  lobe.     Third  tarsal  joint  almost  simple intermedius,  n.sp. 

Two  basal  joints  of  funicle  ec^ual.  Prothoracic  carina 
absent  (to  the  naked  eye).  Sutural  tubercles  pro- 
jecting obliquely  upwards  ;  in  the  preceding  the 
projecting  is  almost  horizontal.  Third  tarsal  joint 
wide,  distinctly  bilobed idolus,  n.sp. 

"ITlaese  three  species  are  so  obviously  congeneric  that  any  system 
which  would  separate  them  can  only  be  regarded  as  purely 
artificial. 

PoROPTERUS  RUBUS,  Pasc. ;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5449. 

Mormosintes  rubus,  Pasc,  Journ.  of  Ent.  ii.  p.  429,  t.  17,  f.  15. 

Moderately  densely  clothed  all  over  with  small  roundish  brown, 
scales,  none  of  them  very  elongate  except  on  tibiae  and  a  few  on 
scape;  muzzle  partially  or  entirely  bare.      Ciliation  minute,  dingy. 

Convex,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  almost  impunctate;  rostrum 
with  dense  shallow,  somewhat  irregular  punctures;  ocular  fovea 
small,  round,  deep;  eyes  rather  finely  granulate;  rostrum  thick, 
curved,  feebly  widening  to  apex  (almost  parallel  in  5)  with  trace 
of  a  very  feeble  carina  at  base;  antenna?  thick,  scape  inserted  a 
little  in  front  of   the  middle,  in  neither   sex  reaching  apex  of 


476  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

muzzle,  two  basal  joints  of  funicle  elongate,  equal,  2nd  as  long  as 
three  following  combined ;  club  subsolid,  ovate,  subadnate  to 
funicle.  Prothorax  with  apex  feebly  produced,  rounded,  about 
half  the  width  of  base;  ocular  lobes  feeble;  constriction  deep, 
continuous  to  median  carina  (which  is  distinctly  raised,  continued 
to  and  thickest  at  base  forming  a  scutellar  lobe,  at  its  apex 
forming  with  summit  of  constriction  an  elongate  T);  sides  and 
base  rounded,  the  disc  and  sides  with  numerous  small  rounded 
tubercles,  a  transverse  row  of  rather  large  tubercles,  the  lateral 
distinct,  briefly  conical,  the  median  on  each  side  of  carina  large, 
irregular,  divided  in  the  middle;  apex  with  a  flattened  tubercle  on 
each  side.  Elytra  more  than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  its 
extreme  length  about  twice  and  one-half,  shoulders  as  wide 
as  prothorax  (excluding  lateral  tubercles),  widest  about  the  middle, 
with  numerous  large  granules  or  small  tubercles;  2nd  interstice  with 
four  large  tubercles,  the  2nd  from  base  smallest;  4th  interstice 
with  three  large  ones,  the  apical  the  largest;  6th  interstice  with 
a  less  distinct  tubercle  behind  the  basal  of  4th;  posterior  declivity 
almost  perpendicular,  with  four  tubercles  a  little  before  its  middle, 
one  on  the  2nd  and  one  on  the  4th;  apex  with  two  small  conical 
tubercles  or  mucros  on  each  of  the  2nd  interstices;  with  moderately 
large  shallow  punctures,  more  distinct  at  the  sides.  Basal 
segment  of  abdomen  more  than  twice  the  length  of  2nd;  2nd  not 
much  longer  than  either  of  the  intenxiediates ;  intermediates  a 
little  longer  than  apical,  this  feebly  convex;  the  four  apical  level, 
a  little  depressed  below  basal;  the  sutures  between  all  deep  and 
wide.  Legs  elongate;  femora  in  2  reaching,  in  ^  slightly  passing 
elytra;  tibije  straight,  the  posterior  just  noticeably  incurved  on 
their  upper  surfaces;  tarsi  narrow,  parallel,  3rd  joint  simple,  4th 
a  little  longer  than  1st  or  the  two  intermediates  combined. 
Length  17|,  rostrum  5  (vix);  width  9  mm. 
Hah. — Queensland  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

POROPTERUS    INTERMEDIUS,  n.sp. 

Upper  surface  more  or  less  densely  covered  with  minute  muddy- 
brown  scales,  densest  on  tubercles,  shining  and  elongate  scales  in 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  477 

each  puncture  and  sprinkled  about ;  under  surface  and  femora 
with  sparse  moderately  elongate  scales,  densest  on  tibiae;  head 
and  rostrum  sparsely  clothed,  scape  with  a  very  few  towards  apex. 
Ciliation  absent. 

Convex,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  very  feebly,  the  muzzle  more 
distinctly  punctate;  ocular  fovea  almost  obsolete;  eyes  moderately 
granulate,  subtriangular ;  rostrum  distinctly  curved,  elongate, 
subparallel,  a  feeble  carina  extending  almost  its  entire  length  ; 
scape  inserted  about  two-fifths  from  apex,  reaching  or  very  slightly 
passing  apex  of  muzzle  ;  2nd  joint  of  funicle  almost  twice  as  long 
as  1st  and  longer  than  three  following  combined,  7th  as  long  as 
two  preceding  combined,  subadnate  to  club.  Prothurax  scarcely 
longer  than  wide,  basal  two-thirds  subparallel ;  apex  produced, 
rounded  ;  ocular  lobes  slight ;  constriction  not  very  deep,  just 
visible  from  above;  median  carina  extending  one-third  from  apex 
to  base,  where  it  forms  a  small  but  distinct  scutellar  lobe ; 
narrowly  depressed  at  base,  several  almost  obsolete  tubercles 
towards  l^ase,  a  transverse  I'ow  of  four  large  tubercles  across  the 
middle,  the  median  larger  and  a  little  behind  the  lateral;  a  feeble 
ridge  extending  on  each  side  from  apex  to  a  little  beyond  con- 
striction, causing  the  apical  third  to  appear  concave;  impunctate. 
Extreme  length  of  elytra  fully  thrice  that  of  prothorax  ;  base 
feebly  bisinuate,  as  wide  as  prothorax,  with  almost  obsolete 
granules  or  very  small  tubercles;  2nd  interstice  with  three  large 
tubercles,  the  basal  largest  and  closer  to  2nd  than  is  the  3rd;  4th 
interstice  with  three  large  ones,  but  smaller  than  those  of  2nd; 
6th  interstice  with  three  still  smaller,  the  basal  being  little  better 
than  a  large  granule  ;  posterior  declivity  abrupt,  almost  at  its 
summit  with  two  lai'ge  tubercles  soldered  together  almost  their 
entire  length,  below  them  on  4th  interstice  a  large  conical 
tubercle,  apex  at  sides  with  a  feeble  rounded  tubercle;  distinctly 
punctate.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  twice  as  long  as  2nd,  feebly 
concave  on  each  side  near  coxae;  intermediates  much  depressed 
below  2nd,  which  feebly  encroaches  upon  them  at  its  middle, 
distinctly  shorter  than  apical ;  apical  with  a  feeble  transverse 
impression  a  little  before  its  apex.     Leys  long;  femora  reaching 


478  REVISIOX    OF   THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIOMD^, 

apex  of  abdomen ;  tibiae  straight,  posterior  a  trifle  longer  than 
anterior;  tarsi  narrow,  subparallel,  3rd  joint  almost  simple,  4th 
as  long  as  1st  and  2nd  combined.  Length  18,  rostrum  5;  width 
8  mm. 

Hah. — N.  Queensland  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

PoROPTERUS  IDOLUS,  Faust,  MS.,  n  sp. 

Densely  covered  with  minute  griseous  slaty-brown  scales;  pro- 
thorax  and  punctures  with  a  few  large  scales;  under  surface  and 
legs  with  moderately  sparse  setose  brown  scales,  densest  on  tibiae; 
head  and  sides  of  rostrum  with  sparse  elongate  scales.  Ciliation 
minute,  dingy. 

Convex,  strongly  tuberculate.  Head  feebly  punctate,  rostrum 
with  moderately  dense  elongate  shallow  punctures ;  ocular  fovea 
almost  obsolete;  eyes  moderately  granulate,  subtriangular;  ros- 
trum feebly  curved,  subparallel,  muzzle  widening  to  apex,  a  feeble 
carina  traceable  from  ocular  fovea  to  apex  ;  antennae  elongate; 
scape  inserted  about  two-thirds  from  apex,  slightly  passing  muzzle; 
2nd  joint  of  funicle  feebly  arcuate,  slightly  longer  than  1st  and  a 
little  longer  than  two  following  combined,  3rd  longer  than  4th, 
7th  not  as  long  as  two  preceding  combined,  subadnate  to  club. 
Prothorax  scarcely  longer  than  wide,  apex  produced,  almost 
truncate,  more  than  half  the  width  of  base;  constriction  shallow, 
noticeable  from  above;  ocular  lobes  slight;  median  carina  marked 
by  a  very  feeble  thickening  in  the  exact  middle;  scutellar  lobe 
just  traceable;  three  obsolete  granules  on  each  side  at  base,  a 
transverse  row  of  four  tubercles  across  middle,  the  lateral  more 
acute  and  smaller  than  median,  apical  ridges  as  elongate  tubercles 
in  a  line  with  or  a  little  outwards  of  the  median  (in  the  preceding 
species  their  apices  are  closer  together).  Extreme  length  of 
elyh'ci  more  than  twice  that  of  prothorax,  base  as  wide  as  its  base, 
bisinuate,  sides  widest  about  the  middle,  much  wider  than  pro- 
thorax; tubercles  as  in  the  preceding,  but  the  soldered  ones  at 
summit  of  declivity  and  nearer  to  apical  of  2nd  interstice,  those 
of  the  4th  on  declivity  narrower  and  more  prominent,  apex 
rounded,  thickened,  without  small  lateral  tubercles.     Basal  sag- 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  479 

ment  of  abdomen  scarcely  twice  the  length  of  2nd;  2nd  feebly 
convex,  its  outer  apical  edges  rounded  off;  intermediates  flattened, 
a  little  shorter  than  apical;  apical  feebly  convex.  Legs  elongate; 
posterior  femora  scarcely  reaching  apex  of  abdomen ;  tibiae 
straight;  tarsi  narrow,  3rd  joint  rather  widely  bilobed,  4th  not 
as  long  as  two  basal  combined.  Length  17^,  rostrum  5;  width 
10  mm. 

ZTai.— Queensland  (Herr  J.  Faust)  ;  Tweed  River,  N.S.W. 
(Lea). 

I  have  but  one  specimen  of  each  of  this  and  the  preceding 
species.  They  strongly  resemble  each  other,  but  though  P.  idohis 
is  probably  9,  and  P.  intermedius  probably  $,  I  do  not  take  them 
to  be  sexes  of  one  species,  there  being  too  many  structural 
difierences  between  them. 

I  have  recently  had  for  examination  an  abraded  male  specimen 
from  Herr  J.  Faust  under  a  MS.  name  which  I  have  adopted. 

Group  F. — Type  P.    Chevrolati. 

Narrow,  elongate-elliptic,  convex,  tuberculate.  Rostrum  almost 
straight,  scape  inserted  close  to  apex,  considerably  passing  muzzle, 
2nd  joint  of  funicle  a  little  longer  than  1st  (in  Jekeli  double  its 
length).  Prothorax  carinate;  apex  produced,  narrow,  bifurcate; 
usually  with  two  tubercles  on  each  side  and  one  on  each  side  of 
carina.  Scutellum  absent.  Elytra  widest  at  middle  where  they 
are  usually  bulged  out ;  apex  with  two  distinct  more  or  less 
triangular  tubercles  touching  at  bases;  without  distinct  tubercle 
in  middle  of  sides  of  posterior  declivity ;  shoulders  narrow. 
Femora  never  reaching  apex  of  elytra.  Third  tarsal  joint 
strongly  bilobed. 
Prothoracic  carina  narrow,  in  the  centre  of  a  shallow 

depression,   extending  from  apex  to  base  ;    apex 

almost  rounded.     Elytra  feebly  tuberculate,  apical 

tubercles  short flexitosas,  Pasc. 

Prothorax   without  depression,   without  feeble  traces 

of  tubercles,  carina  extending  from  apex  to  base, 

raised,    shining,    very    distinct.        Elytra     with 

numerous  small  tubercles,  apical  largely  produced, 

their  internal  edges  almost  parallel ellipticus,  Pasc. 


480  REVISION    OP    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E, 

Piothoracic  keel  dull,  very  short,  being  scarcely  longer 
than  the  tubercle  on  each  side  of  it,  apex  depressed, 
narrow.  Elytra  with  moderately  large  tubercles, 
apical  rather  thick,  divergent ChevroIati,\\a.terh. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  but  smaller,  prothorax  not  so 
decidedly  bulged  out  in  the  middle;  apical  tuber- 
cles of  elytra  more  triangular  and  proportionally 
longer;  femora  decidedly  shorter Jekeli,  Waterh. 

The  smallest  of  the  group;  similar  to  the  two  preced- 
ing, but  with  prothoracic  carina  more  distinct  and 
longer,  apical  bifurcation  very  sharp,  apex  scarcely 
depressed  ;  without  strong  tubercles  on  elytra 
except  at  base  (where  in  the  two  preceding  they 
are  absent),  apical  tubercles  similar  to  those  of 
the  preceding astheniatus,  n.sp. 

PoROPTERUS  FLEXuosus,  Pasc. ;   Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5426. 

^  C?).  Upper  surface  sparsely  clothed  with  small  dark  brown 
scales,  denser,  paler  and  more  elongate  on  the  under  surface, 
the  scales  on  under  surface  of  femora  and  coxte  with  a  faint 
silvery  lustre ;  tibiae  densely  clothed  with  rather  broad  scales; 
head  feebly,  rostrum  more  densely,  scape  at  apex  feebly  squamosa. 
Ciliation  very  mintue,  silvery-yellow. 

Moderately  convex,  elliptic,  feebly  tuberculate.  Head  sparsely, 
rostr*um  more  densely  punctate ;  ocular  fovea  small,  distinct, 
feebly  produced  in  front;  e3'es  finely  granulated;  rostrum  feebly, 
towards  apex  more  strongly  curved,  muzzle  short,  wider  than 
rest  of  rostrum;  scape  inserted  about  two-fifths  from  apex,  for 
more  than  half  its  length  passing  muzzle;  1st  joint  of  funicle 
short,  thick,  not  much  more  than  half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd  as 
long  as  three  following  combined;  club  free.  Prothorax  about 
as  long  as  wide ;  apex  produced,  rounded,  about  one-third  the 
width  of  base;  constriction  shallow;  base  truncate;  sides  rounded, 
narrowing  to  base;  median  carina  continuous  from  apex  to  base, 
very  feeble  in  front,  thickest  in  middle;  apex  with  a  feeble  ridge 
on  each  side  continuous  to  a  feeble  irregular  tubercle  in  middle, 
irregularly  areolate  or  shallowly  foveate,  scutellar  lobe  minute. 
Elytra  about  twice  as  long  as  prothorax,  widest  a  little  before 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  481 

middle,  where  they  are  wider  than  prothorax,  suddenly  lessened 
to  apex;  suture,  2nd,  4th  and  6th  interstices  feebly  produced  at 
base,  the  6th  and  7th  with  a  feeble  united  tubercle;  2nd,  4th  and 
6th  raised  and  to  the  naked  eye  feebly  tuberculate,  the  2nd  with 
a  feeble  tubercle  at  summit  of  declivity,  4th  and  6th  curved  at 
the  middle,  suture  on  declivity  feebly  thickened;  each  with  a  blunt 
produced  tubercle  at  apex,  conjoined  at  their  bases;  irregularly 
shallowly  foveate.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  about  twice  as 
long  as  2nd;  2nd  with  a  transverse  impression  and  with  distinct 
punctures;  intermediates  feebly  depressed,  not  as  long  as  apical; 
apical  with  a  feeble  depression  on  each  side.  Posterior  femora 
terminating  at  one-third  from  apex  of  abdominal  segment;  tibiae 
straight;  tarsi  broad,  3rd  joint  rather  widely  bilobed,  4th  longer 
than  1st  and  pai'allel-sided.  Length  10,  rostrum  2^ ;  width 
4^  mm. 

Hab. — Port  Lincoln,  S.A. 

I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  (which  might  be  regarded  as  a 
co-type)  of  this  species.  Kindly  lent  me  for  examination  by  Mr. 
G.  Masters. 

PoROPTERUS  ELLiPTicus,  Pasc;   Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  'No.  5424. 

Upper  surface  densely  clothed  with  minute  muddy-brown  scales, 
a  few  small  depressed  elongate  scales  sprinkled  here  and  there, 
granules  and  tubercles  almost  bare;  under  surface  with  more 
distinct  scales  than  above;  femora  and  tibiae  densely  clothed  with 
moderately  elongate  scales;  head — and  rostrum  to  muzzle — with 
moderately  distinct  scales.  Ciliation  minute,  bright  silvery- 
yellow. 

Convex,  elongate-elliptic,  tubercles  mostly  small.  Head  and 
rostrum — especially  the  latter — densely  punctate;  rostrum  elon- 
gate, subparallel,  feebly  longitudinally  excavated  above  scrobes, 
with  a  feeble  shining  almost  obliterated  carina;  antennae  elon- 
gate; scape  inserted  about  two-fifths  from  apex,  passing  muzzle 
for  about  one-fourth  its  length;  2nd  joint  of  funicle  about  once 
and  one-third  as  long  as  1st  and  as  long  as  the  three  following 
combined;  club  subadnate  to  funicle.      A-oi'Aora.x- distinctly  longer 


482  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

than  Tvide,  apex  produced,  flat,  feebly  bifurcate,  almost  one-third 
the  width  of  base ;  constriction  deep  but  short;  a  feeble  ridge 
extending  from  apex  to  a  little  beyond  the  middle  and  not  notice- 
able from  above;  base  truncate,  scarcely  narrower  than  middle; 
median  carina  shining,  very  distinct,  continuous  from  base  to  apex; 
disc  with  an  almost  obsolete  tubercle  on  each  side  of  carina; 
punctures  (if  present)  concealed  by  scales.  Elytra  (with  tubercles) 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax  and  also  wider  at  their 
base,  feebly  widening  to  about  the  middle  and  thence  more 
distinctly  lessened,  scai'cely  wider  than  deep,  the  interstices  with 
numerous  small  granules  larger  at  base  and  more  regular  towards 
suture;  the  2nd  with  four  small  tubercles  or  large  granules,  ith 
with  three  or  four,  7th  with  five  or  six,  and  also  one  on  shoulders; 
each  with  a  large,  elongate,  triangular,  feebly  granulate  tubercle  at 
apex,  their  inner  margins  almost  parallel,  suture  traceable  between 
them  ;  posterior  declivity  gradual  ;  punctures  moderately  large, 
moderately  distinct  at  sides,  concealed  by  scales  on  disc.  Basal 
segment  of  abdomen  almost  twice  the  length  of  2nd,  curved  at 
apex;  2nd  depressed  at  base;  intermediates  rather  broad,  fully  as 
long  as  apical.  Posterior  femora  terminating  a  little  before  the 
middle  of  apical  segment;  tibiae  straight;  tarsi  not  very  broad, 
3rd  joint  moderately  bilobed,  apical  distinctly  longer  than  basal. 
Length  14^,  rostrum  3;  width  5  mm. 

^a^._KS.W.  (Mr.  C.  French);  Illawarra  (Mr.  G.  Masters); 
Burrawang  (Mi\  T.  G.  Sloane). 

PoROPTERUS  Chevrolati,  Waterh.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5422. 

^  (?).  Upper  surface  sparsely  clothed  with  small  dark  brown 
or  blackish  scales,  denser,  paler  and  more  elongate  beneath;  tibiae 
with  dark  elongate  —interspersed  with  shorter  and  paler — scales; 
head  feebly,  rostrum  more  densely  squamose.  Ciliation  minute, 
silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  elongate-elliptic,  moderately  tuberculate.  Head  obso- 
letely  punctate  ;  ocular  fovea  very  small ;  eyes  a  little  more 
coarsely  granulate  than  in  the  preceding;  rostrum  rather  thick, 
feebly  curved,  muzzle  widening   to   apex,  with   feeble   traces  of 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  483 

<;ost£e,  and  appai'ently  coarsely  punctate;  antennae  elongate,  scape 
inserted  about  two-fifths  from  apex,  passing  muzzle  for  about  one- 
fourth  its  length;  2nd  joint  of  funicle  almost  twice  as  long  as  1st 
and  a  little  longer  than  three  following  combined;  club  large, 
subadnate  to  funicle.  Prothorax  large,  a  little  longer  than  wide, 
apex  depressed,  produced,  feebly  bifurcate,  feebly  ridged  at  sides, 
not  one-fourth  the  width  of  base;  ocular  lobes  moderately  promin- 
ent ;  constriction  moderately  deep,  visible  from  above;  sides  in 
the  middle  subparallel  on  account  of  two  almost  obsolete  tubercles 
the  separation  of  which  is  just  traceable,  suddenly  narrowed  to 
base ;  median  carina  short,  distinct,  a  large  flattened  punctate 
tubercle  at  each  side  of  it.  Elytra  not  twice  as  long  as  prothorax, 
widest  at  the  middle,  but  even  there  a  little  narrower  than  pro- 
thorax at  its  widest;  with  a  few  feeble  granules;  three  moderate 
sized  tubercles  on  disc  of  2nd  interstice  equidistant  from  each 
other  and  from  their  fellows,  4th  with  two  tubercles  of  the  same 
size  as  those  on  2nd,  6th  with  an  almost  obsolete  tubercle,  the 
.six  appearing  thus  '  •  '  •  '  ;  each  at  apex  with  a  flat-sided 
distinct  blunt  tubercle  widely  separated  at  their  apices ;  with 
large  and  regular  punctures  at  sides,  smaller  and  less  regular  on 
disc,  almost  obsolete  on  declivity,  which  is  moderately  abrupt. 
Basal  segment  of  abdomen  twice  as  long  as  2nd,  2nd  feebly  bulged 
out  at  sides;  intermediates  feebly  depressed  below  2nd,  level  with 
and  slightly  shorter  than  apical;  apical  feebly  impressed  towards 
sides  Femora  elongate,  just  passing  abdomen  ;  tibiaj  straight, 
the  anterior  feebly  curved  towards  apex;  tarsi  rather  broad,  3rd 
joint  moderately  bilobed,  4th  a  little  longer  than  1st.  Length 
15^,  rostrum  4^;  width  5§  mm. 

^a6.— Queensland  (Mr.  C.  French);  Tweed  River,  N.S.W. 
(Lea). 

PoROPTERUS  Jekeli,  Waterh.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5430. 

Densely  clothed  all  over  with  microscopic  muddy-green  or 
greyish  scales,  interspersed  (especially  on  tubercles  and  under 
.surface)  with  some  which  are  more  elongate  and  pale  brown;  legs 


484  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E 


densely  clothed  with  short — interspersed  (especially  on  tibise)  with 
elongcate — scales;  head  and  rostrum  densely  squamose,  the  scales 
of  various  sizes.     Ciliation  sparse,  minute,  bright  silvery. 

Convex,  elongate-elliptic,  tubercles  rather  large.  Head  very 
flat,  ocular  fovea  minute,  almost  concealed  ;  rostrum  elongate, 
feebly  curved  (longest  in  ^),  with  dense  shallow  punctures  (con- 
cealed in  (J),  muzzle  slightly  widening  to  apex;  antennae  elongate, 
inserted  about  two-fifths  from  apex  in  (^,  one-third  in  ^,  passing 
muzzle  for  one-third  or  half  its  length;  basal  joint  of  funicle 
thick,  obconic,  scarcely  half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd  elongate, 
slightly  longer  than  the  three  following  combined  ;  club  free, 
joints  moderately  distinct.  Prothorax  a.  \\it\Q  longer  than. wide; 
apex  flat,  produced,  feebly  bifurcate,  about  one-third  the  width  of 
base;  ocular  lobes  rather  feeble;  constriction  deep,  visible  from 
above ;  base  truncate  ;  median  carina  short,  narrow  ;  lateral 
tubercles  flattened  outwardly,  their  separation  distinct,  the  pos- 
terior subcontinuous  to  base;  disc  on  each  side  of  carina  with  a 
moderately  large  tubercle  longer  than  wide,  feeble  granules 
towards  base,  a  feeble  carina  from  median  tubercles  to  aj)ex. 
Elytra — with  apical  tubercles — more  than  twice  as  long  as  pro- 
thorax,  and  wider  at  its  middle,  with  a  few  small  granules 
scattered  about;  tubercles  of  interstices  as  in  the  preceding  species, 
except  that  they  are  a  little  more  distinctly  granulate,  and  the 
posterior  of  the  three  on  the  2nd  interstice  a  little  further  from 
the  intermediate  than  first ;  apical  tubercles  large,  triangular, 
moderately  separated  at  apices ;  sides  feebly  concave,  bases 
touching ;  punctures  rather  large,  almost  concealed ;  declivity 
rather  abrupt.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  fully  twice  as  long  as 
2nd,  2nd  feebly  convex,  intermediates  a  little  shorter  than  apical. 
Femora  elongate,  in  ^  feebly  passing,  in  $  scarcely  reaching  apex 
of  abdomen;  tiljiee  straight,  intermediate  very  short,  3rd  tarsal 
joint  widely  bilobed,  1st  and  4th  elongate,  the  latter  longest. 
Length  11,  rostrum  2f;  width  3|  mm. 

Jfah. — Richmond  River,  N.S.W.  (Lea).  Originally  described 
from  Moreton  Bay. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  485 

POROPTERUS    ASTHENIATUS,  n.sp. 

Sparsely  clothed  above  with  muddy-brown  and  sooty-scales; 
under  surface — except  abdomen — rather  densely  clothed,  scales 
rather  large;  legs  densely  clothed,  scales  brown,  elongate,  a  few 
projecting;  head  densely,  rostrum  moderately  squamose.  Ciliation 
very  minute,  bright  silvery. 

Convex,  elongate  elliptic,  tubercles  rather  small.  Head  with 
ocular  fovea  small,  usually  concealed;  e^^es  moderately  granulate; 
rostrum  almost  parallel,  distinctly  curved,  the  curvature  most 
distinct  at  base;  antennae  not  very  elongate,  scape  inserted  at  less 
than  one-third  from  apex,  passing  muzzle  for  more  than  half  its 
length  (in  9  it  is  inserted  farther  from  apex  and  does  not  extend 
so  far) ;  funicle  with  short  joints,  1st  obconic,  2nd  not  much 
longer  and  not  as  long  as  three  following  combined ;  club  large, 
subadnate  to  funicle.  Prothorax  distinctly  longer  than  wide; 
apex  produced,  narrow,  acutely  bifurcate,  not  one-third  the  width 
of  base;  constriction  rather  feeble;  base  truncate;  anterior  of  the 
lateral  tubercles  only  feebly  noticeable,  the  sides  behind  it  sub- 
parallel;  median  carina  distinct  at  middle,  continuous  almost  to 
apex  and  base,  a  depression  on  each  side  of  it,  a  feeble  ridge  on  each 
side  reaching  from  bifurcation  almost  to  median  tubercles,  these 
latter  moderately  distinct,  elongate;  a  few  irregular  granules  at 
base.  Ehjtra  distinctly  punctate,  including  tubercles  a  little 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  j^i^othorax,  and  wider  before  the 
middle;  2nd  interstice  with  an  elongate  tubercle  at  base  slightly 
projecting  on  to  prothorax;  summit  of  declivity  (which  is  rather 
elongate)  with  a  feeble  tubercle,  between  them  a  still  feebler 
tubercle  (noticeable  to  the  naked  eye  but  obscured  with  a  lens), 
4th  with  three  feeble  tubercles;  apical  tubercles  large,  triangular? 
conjoined  at  bases,  diverging  interiorly  about  60°,  subparallel 
outwardly.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  fully  twice  as  long  as  2nd, 
2nd  feebly  convex  in  the  middle;  intermediates  feebly  depressed, 
distinctly  shorter  than  apical,     Femora  in  ^  reaching  middle  of 

apical  segment,  in  ^  the  base;  tibioe  feebly  curved  on  their  outer 
32 


486  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIOXID.E, 

edge;  tarsi  broad,  3rd  joint  rather  widely  bilobed,  4th  not  distinctly- 
longer  than  1st.     Length  7|,  rostrum  1|;  width  2^  mm. 
Zfa6.— Blackheath,  N.S.W.  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

Group  G. — Type  exitiosus 

Broad,  flat,  more  or  less  tuberculate.  Rostrum  almost  straight. 
Scape  inserted  at  about  one-third  from  apex,  considerably  passing 
muzzle.  Second  joint  of  funicle  once  and  one-half  to  twice  the 
length  of  1st.  Apex  of  prothorax  narrow,  produced,  bluntly 
bifurcate;  two  transverse  rows  of  four  almost  obsolete  tubercles, 
without  median  carina.  Scutellum  absent.  Base  of  elytra  broad, 
closely  applied  to  prothorax,  shoulders  with  a  tubercle  projecting 
over  prothorax.  Legs  rather  short.  Third  tarsal  joint  not  broadly 
bilobed. 

Apex  of  prothorax  bluntly  bifurcate.  Apex  of  each 
elytron  with  a  distinct  produced  tubercle;  posterior 
declivity  marked  at  summit  with  a  whitish  transverse 
macula  not  reaching  suture.  Femora  and  tWAx  with 
whitish  rings hi.sit/natw^,  Paso. 

Prothorax  distinctly  liifurcate,  suddenly  widened  a  little 
before  middle,  the  tubercles  moderately  distinct. 
Elytra  with  large  tubercles,  the  humeral  thick;  ind 
interstice  with  three  large  ones,  the  largest  on  the 
3rd  interstice  almost  in  a  line  with  those  on  the  2nd, 
and  situate  in  the  middle  of  tlie  posterior  declivity...  exitiosus,  Pasc. 

Similar  to  but  smaller  than  the  preceding;  prothorax  less 
suddenly  widened,  tubercles  almost  obsolete;  elytra 
narrower  and  flatter,  all  the  tubercles  smaller, 
humei'al  more  triangular;  apical  of  the  3rd  interstice 
equal  in  size  to  that  of  the  5th,  which  is  a  little  behind 
it,  tlie  four  forming  a  transverse  row variabilis,  n.sp. 

PoROPTERUS  BisiGNATUS,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5421. 

Rather  densely  clothed  with  short  brown  scales,  densest  at 
apex  of  prothorax,  each  puncture  with  a  slightly  paler  fecale;  sides 
at  summit  of  posterior  declivity  with  a  whitish  transverse  macula 
extending  from  3rd  to  7th  interstice;  under  surface  with  sparser, 
paler  and  more  elongate  scales  than  upper;  scales  of  legs  not  very 
elongate,  adpressed,  femora  distinctly  ringed  with  white  scales  at 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  487 

apex,  tibije  less  so  at  base  and  apex;  head  sparsely  clothed  with 
almost  round  scales,  rostrum  nude.  Ciliation  moderately  elongate, 
bright  silvery,  just  traceable  ^\•ith  head  in  position. 

Broad,  flat,  tubercles  small.  Head  very  feebly  punctate,  the 
rostrum  with  feeble  scattered  punctures;  eyes  moderately  coarsely 
granulate;  ocular  fovea  almost  obsolete;  rostrum  shining,  rather 
short,  feebly  widening  to  apex,  almost  straight;  scape  inserted 
about  two-fifths  from  apex,  passing  muzzle;  2nd  joint  of  funicle 
once  and  one-half  the  length  of  1st  and  almost  the  length  of  three 
following  combined;  club  free,  almost  circular.  Protlwrax  with 
the  disc  feebly  convex,  the  sides  precipitous,  and  basal  two-thirds 
parallel;  apex  produced,  narrow,  very  feebly  bifurcate,  about  one- 
third  the  width  of  Wase;  ocular  lobss  almost  obsolete;  constriction 
absent  ;  without  median  carina,  lait  with  an  almost  scaleless  line 
extending  from  base  to  apex;  with  traces  of  two  close  transverse 
series  of  four  tubercles,  the  basal  smaller  and  with  paler  scales. 
Eliftra  closely  applied  to  prothorax,  not  twice  its  length  and 
wider  at  the  hase,  widest  a  little  behind  base,  about  once  and  one 
half  as  long  as  wide;  three  callosities  on  each  side  at  base,  the 
broadest  close  to  suture,  2nd  close  to  shoulder,  3rd  on  shoulder 
feebly  projecting  on  to  side  of  prothorax;  with  large  regular 
punctures  giving  the  surface  an  obsoletely  tuberculate  appearance, 
two  feeble  rounded  tubercles  on  2nd  interstice,  one  at  summit  of 
declivity  (which  is  abrupt),  the  other  a  little  larger  and  a  short 
distance  below  it ;  apex  with  a  flattened  tubercle  on  each  side,  the 
distance  between  their  apices  a  little  more  than  the  width  of  apex  of 
prothorax.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  thrice  the  length  of  2nd,  a 
curved  transverse  impression  across  its  apical  third  causing  that  part 
to  appear  to  belong  to  metasternum,  intercoxal  process  broad,  a 
feeble  longitudinal  impression  in  middle  of  base;  2nd  trans v^ersely 
convex,  its  sutures  large  and  deep,  not  much  larger  than  either 
of  the  intermediates,  three  apical  depressed  below  level  of  others, 
intermediates  a  little  longer  than  apical.  Legs  short,  femora 
thick,  posterior  feebly  passing  abdomen;  tibije  compressed,  very 
feebly  curved;  tarsi  rather  broad,  3rd  joint  distinctly  bilobed,  -ith 
distinctly  longer  than  1st.     Length  11,  rostrum  2j;  width  .5^  mm. 


488  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONIDiE, 

Hah. — Illawarra,  N.S.W.  Described  from  a  specimen  kindl}^ 
lent  me  for  examination  by  Mr.  George  Masters.  Originally 
described  from  Moreton  Bay. 

PoROPTERUS  EXiTiosus,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5425. 

Scales  brown  or  sooty-brown,  small,  sparse,  densest  on  prothorax 
where  are  also  a  few  elongate  ones  about  tubercles,  irregular  on 
under  surface,  elongate  and  projecting  on  tibiae;  head  moderately 
clothed,  rostrum  — except  at  sides — almost  nude.  Ciliation  short, 
silvery-yellow,  invisible  unless  head  be  removed. 

Broad,  flat,  tubercles  large.  Head  large,  flat,  imiounctate 
(larger  and  flatter  in  ^);  rostrum  with  regular  feeble  punctures; 
ocular  fovea  represented  by  a  very  small  puncture:  eyes  moder- 
atel}''  granulate;  I'ostrum  feebly  shining,  rather  broad,  widening 
to  apex,  feebly  curved  (longest  and  straightest  in  <^)\  antenna? 
long,  scape  in  ^  inserted  about  one-fourth  from  apex,  about  two- 
thirds  of  its  length  passing  muzzle,  in  9  inserted  about  two-fiftljs 
or  more  from  apex,  not  half  its  length  passing  muzzle;  2nd  joint 
of  funicle  almost  twice  as  long  as  1st,  and  a  little  longer  than 
three  following  combined,  7th  not  transverse;  club  free,  elongate, 
four-jointed,  as  long  as  four  apical  joints  of  funicle.  Apex  of 
protliorax  produced,  bluntly  but  distinctly  bifurcate,  about  one- 
fourth  the  width  of  base,  subtriangular  to  basal  two-thirds,  which 
are  subparallel;  ocular  lobes  almost  obsolete;  constriction  just 
traceable,  Itase  feebly  depressed  at  its  middle,  two  transverse 
rows  of  four  very  feeble  tubercles,  the  anterior  row  without  the 
scales  would  be  obsolete.  Eli/tra  scarcely  twice  the  length  of 
prothorax  and  wider  at  its  base,  widest  a  little  in  front  of  the 
middle;  shoulders  with  a  large  obtuse  tubercle  projecting  on  to 
prothorax,  2nd  interstice  with  three  large  equidistant  ones,  the 
3rd  at  summit  of  declivity  (wKich  is  abruptly  rounded),  4th 
interstice  with  two  smaller  tubercles  placed  between  those  on 
2nd,  the  largest  tubercle  of  all  a  little  before  the  middle  of 
declivity  on  3rd  interstice,  and  like  the  others  (except  on  shoulders) 
it  is  obtusely  conical,  6th  interstice  with  a  row  of  six  or  seven 
feeble  tubercles,  and  a  feeble  one  on  7th  almost  at  base;  each  side 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  489 

•of  apex  with  a  very  feeble  obtuse  tubercle;  with  regular  rows  of 
large  punctures,  sutural  continuous  to  apex  and  feebly  diverging 
at  base,  lateral  rows  regular,  the  others  distinct  but  somewhat 
interrupted  by  tubercles.  Mef.astermim  curved.  Basal  segment 
of  ahi/omen  as  long  as  three  following  combined,  a  curved  trans- 
verse impression  across  its  apical  third,  intercoxal  process  ^■ery 
broad,  suture  with  2nd  large,  deep  and  curved,  longest  at  sides 
of  middle;  2nd  transversely  convex,  not  as  long  as  intermediates; 
intermediates  depressed  below  2nd,  and  very  feebly  below  apical, 
as  which  they  are  about  as  long:  apical  feebly  convex.  Legs 
rather  long:  posterior  femora  in  ^  scarcely  reaching,  in  fj  just 
passing  elytra;  tibite  thin,  compressed,  very  feebly  curved;  tarsi 
slender,  3rd  joint  very  feebly  bilobed  (almost  simple),  4th  a  little 
longer  than  1st.     Length  12,  rostrum  3;  width  5h  mm. 

Hab. — Queensland  (Messrs.  Masters  and  French);  Tweed  and 
Richmond  Rivers,  N.S.W.  (Messrs.  Helms  and  Lea). 

POROPTERUS    VARIABILIS,  n.Sp. 

Scales  very  small,  moderately  dense,  brown  or  sooty-brown, 
■densest  and  palest  on  prothorax,  tinged  with  white  between 
bifurcation,  black  on  the  anterior  of  median  tubercles;  sparse  on 
under  surface  and  femora,  moderately  elongate  on  tibia?;  sparse 
on  head,  rostrum — except  at  sides — almost  nude.  Ciliation 
rather  elongate,  golden-yellow,  visible  with  head  in  position. 

Broad,  flat,  tubercles  moderate.  Head  with  a  feeble  longitudinal 
impression,  impunctate,  rostrum  sparsely — and  except  muzzle — 
almost  obsoletely  punctate;  ocular  fovea  feeble;  eyes  moderately 
gi'anulate;  rostrum  feebly  shining,  feebly  bent,  muzzle  widening 
to  apex  (longer,  straighter  and  almost  parallel  in  9)  )  antenna? 
elongate,  scape  in  ^  inserted  about  one-third  from  apex,  about 
half  its  length  passing  muzzle,  in  ^  a  little  less;  2nd  joint  of 
funicle  twice  as  long  as  2nd  and  as  long  as  three  following  com- 
bined, 7th  very  little  longer  than  wide  ;  club  free,  elongate, 
indistinctly  four-jointed,  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  three 
preceding  joints.  Prothorax  longer  than  wide,  apex  produced, 
feebly  bifurcate,  about  one-third  the  width  of  base;  ocular  lobes 


490  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E, 

feeble:  constriction  absent;  sides  tinangiilaily  widening,  rounded 
in  the  middle,  very  feebly  decreasing  to  base;  disc  feebly  convex, 
the  position  of  transverse  tubercles  (which  are  entirely  absent) 
feebly  marked  by  scales,  median  line  not  at  all  or  very  feebly 
marked  at  base  and  apex.  Elytra  about  twice  the  length  of 
prothorax,  wider  at  the  base,  and  widest  a  short  distance  behind 
it,  base  appearing  trisinuate  from  a  somewhat  triangular  project- 
ing tubercle  on  each  shoulder,  and  a  thickening  on  each  side  of 
suture,  between  wdiich  rests  a  feeble  scutellar  lobe ;  tubercles 
smaller  and  in  position  somewhat  different  from  those  of  the 
preceding,  two  onl}'  on  disc  of  second  interstice,  one  at  summit 
of  declivity,  the  other  a  little  before  it,  largest  tubercle  a 
little  before  middle  of  declivity,  distinctly  on  2nd  interstice  but 
partly  on  3rd,  3rd  near  base  with  a  tubercle  taking  the  place  of 
basal  on  "ind  of  the  preceding  species,  4th  with  two  feebler  ones 
similar  in  position  to  the  preceding,  and  just  behind  largest 
tubercle  a  distinct  one,  seen  from  behind  the  four  form  a  trans- 
verse row^j  sides  with  feeble  tubercles,  an  obtuse  tubercle  on  each 
side  at  apex;  punctures  a  little  larger  and  more  irregular  than  in 
the  preceding.  Basal  segment  of  ahdumeu  vevy  flat,  almost  as 
long  as  three  following  combined,  transversely  impressed  near 
apex,  2nd  shorter  than  intermediates,  these  a  little  longer  than 
apical,  apical  in  ^  feebly  transversely  impressed.  Z,-^(/«  mode- 
rately long;  femora  in  (J  reaching  apex  of  abdomen,  in  ^  middle 
of  apical  segment;  tibiiij  compressed,  feebly  curved;  tarsi  a  httle 
wider  and  the  3rd  joint  a  little  more  distinctly  bilobed  than  in 
the  preceding  species.     Length  11,  rostrum  3;  width  4|  mm. 

Hub. — Tweed  and  Richmond  Rivers,  N.S.W.  (Helms  and  Lea). 

In  all  my  specimens  the  curvature  of  the  mesosternal  receptacle 
differs;  in  one  very  much  abraded  specimen  it  is  almost  straight; 
the  anterior  portions  perhaps  have  been  worn  down  by  friction 
with  the  coxae  and  in  crawling  about.  They  are  all  undoubtedly 
conspecific  but  each  is  slightly  different  i7de7-  se ;  one  has  the 
humeral  tubercles  more  distinct  and  with  a  granule  at  its  base; 
in  another  the  base  is  flatter;  the  tubercles  are  larger  in  some 
than  in  others;  the  size  of  the  2nd  abdominal  segment  appears 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  491 

subject  to  variation;  the  punctures  are  more  irregular  in  some; 
some  have  the  elytra  wider  and  less  convex;  in  several  specimens 
one  side  is  slightly  different  from  the  other;  the  depths  of  the 
abdominal  sutures  are  also  subject  to  variation.  This  species  as 
well  as  the  preceding  (which  is  also  slightly  variable)  is  very 
common;  dozens  of  individuals  are  often  to  be  seen  on  old  stumps 
at  night.  The  species  are  fairly  distinct  from  each  other.  The 
present  species  I  take  to  be  one  in  rapid  course  of  evolution. 
I  have  a  species  belonging  to  an  undescribed  genus  with  which 
it+<  affinity  is  very  obvious. 

Group  H. — Tyj)e  P.  varicosus. 

Elongate-cylindrical,  without  distinct  tubercles  on  elytra,  those 
on  the  prothorax  almost  or  entirely  obsolete.  Eyes  rather  small, 
coarsely  granulate.  Rostrum  more  or  less  curved,  often  almost 
straight,  densely  squamose.  Scape  inserted  from  behind  the 
middle  to  one-third  from  apex,  passing  muzzle  for  a  considerable 
distance,  or  even  not  reaching  apex,  and  varying  sexually;  club 
free  or  subadnate  to  funicle.  Prothorax  not  much  wider  at  l^ase 
than  apex,  with  or  without  a  feeble  carina.  Scutellum  absent. 
Elytra  widest  about'  the  middle,  more  or  less  distinctly  striate- 
punctate;  2nd  and  4th  interstices  feebly  raised  at  base  and  feebly 
fasciculate;  suture  at  summit  of  posterior  declivity  slightly  raised 
and  thickened.  Large  shallow  punctures  or  fovese  on  the  two 
basal  and  the  apical  segments  of  abdomen.  Legs  short;  femora 
never  passing  middle  of  declivit}^,  and  seldom  reaching  so  far; 
tibiae  rather  strongly  compressed,  with  elongate  scales ;  third 
tarsal  joint  scarcely  to  moderately  bilobed  ;  claw- joint  more  or 
less  elongate,  widening  to  apex  or  parallel-sided,  squamose  or 
setose. 

This  is  the  most  difficult  group  of  the  whole  genus,  all  the 
species  being  closel}^  allied;  and  they  are  certain  to  cause  trouble 
to  any  one  wishing  to  identify  them.  When  captured  the  scales 
are  frequently  covered  with  earthy  material;  some  of  the  species 
are  moderately  common  under  logs  in  dry  situations.  /-".  communis 
appears  to  be  widely  distributed,  and  of  it  I  ha\e  seen  thousands. 


492  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

They  are   all   comparatively  small.     For  convenience   the  group 
may  be  split  up  into  several  divisions. 

a.  Scape  short,  inserted  closer  to  base  than  apex.  Elytra  with 
distinct  suberect  elongate  scales  or  setfe  towards  the  sides  and 
apex;  suture  very  feebly  thickened.  Prothorax  without  carina 
and  with  less  distinct  setee  than  elytra. 

First  joint  of  funicle  thick,  half  the  length  of  second. 
Prothorax  with  a  moderately  distinct  transverse  row 
of  four  fasciculate  tubercles oniscus,  Paso. 

Elytra  widest  near  base;  shoulders  rounded  and  without 
tubercle.  Resembling  but  smaller  than  the  preceding; 
funicle  much  shorter  and  thicker,  2nd  joint  not 
twice  the  length  of  1st;  prothorax  more  distinctly 
impressed  near  base,  fasciculate  tubercle  much  less 
distinct;  elytra  widest  at  about  the  middle,  shoulders 
with  a  distinct  tubercle,  punctures  or  foveie  larger; 
claw-joint  shorter... crassicornis,  n.sp. 

b.  Antennjfi  inserted  in  front  of  the  middle;  scape  always  passing 
muzzle;  funicle  short;  club  almost  circular.  Prothoracic  carina 
almost  or  completely  concealed  by  scales.  Scales  with  a  reddish 
or  yellowish  tinge,  sometimes  feebly  maculate. 

Prothoracic  tubercles  feeble  and  very  feebly  fasciculate. 
Elytra  with  depressed  elongate  scales,  distinct 
towards  apex  ;  apex  of  sutural  thickening  marked 
with  a  small  velvety-black  rounded  fasciculate 
macula;  base  and  shoulders  rounded dijjicili,^,  n.sp. 

Prothorax  with  four  moderately  distinct  tubercles,  apex 
feebly  but  distinctly  bifurcate.  Sutural  thickening 
appearing  as  a  small  almost  obsolete  tubercle  at 
summit  of  declivity;  shoulders  with  a  small  tubercle 
projecting  slightly  outwards  and  forwards.  Tibial 
hook  very  sharp  and  more  elongate  than  in  others 
of  the  group hnrpagus,  n.sp. 

Size  rather  large,  body  robust.  Prothorax  with  mode- 
rately large  suberect  scales.  Shoulders  projecting 
feebly  forwards  and  not  at  all  outwards.  Summit 
of  sutural  thickening  distinct  and  rather  wide,  con- 
tinuous almost  to  apex  of  elytra varicosus,  Pasc. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  493 

Very  densely  clothed  with  scales.  Prothora.K  with  tiaces 
of  tubercles  only  at  sides,  no  sign  of  median  carina. 
Elytra  subparallel,  b.ise  feebly  rounded,  shoulders 
feebly  triangularly  produced  forward  and  not  at  all 
outward;  second  interstice  not  fasciculate  at  base, 
but  the  scales  there  slightly  darker;  sutural  thick- 
ening almost  obsolete lutulentus,  n.sp. 

c.  Differs  fr"om  division  h.  principally  on  account  of  the  scales 
being  more  uniformly  black  and  dingy  (though  specimens  of 
communis  are  occasionally  feebly  multimaculate  at  sides  and  apex 
of  elytra),  and  sparser,  allowing  the  punctures  to  be  more  clearly 
seen.     The  funicle  is  also  more  elongate. 

Prothorax  sul)i|uadrate,  not  depressed  along  the  middle 
(this  is  its  strongest  character),  median  carina  shin- 
ing, continuous  almost  to  base  and  apex  ;  median 
tubercles  almost  obsolete.  Elytra  cylindrical,  sub- 
tuberculate  on  eacli  side  of  summit  of  declivity; 
suture  very  feebly  thickened,  lateral  punctures  very 
distinct.     A  fairly  distinct  species.. jtarallelus,  n.sp. 

Prothorax  depressed  along  the  middle,  carina  very 
feeble  and  extending  for  but  a  short  distance.  Elytra 
less  cylindrical  than  in  the  preceding  ;  suture 
thickened  from  a  little  before  summit  of  declivity, 
the  thickening  continuous  almost  to  apex communis,  n.sp. 

Muzzle  slightly  concave.  Prothorax  with  median  carina 
feeble  but  distinctly  raised,  median  more  distinct 
than  lateral  tubercles;  distinctly  punctate.  Elytra 
at  base  with  a  feeble  ridge  extending  almost  fro.n 
suture  to  .3rd  interstice;  a  small  shining  granule  in 
front  oi  each  puncture;  sutural  thickening  distinct,  carirosfris,  n.sp. 
The  most  distinct  species  of  the  group. 

PoROPTERUs  ONiscus,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  8p.  No.  5434. 

Scales  as  on  the  following  but  paler  and  denser,  apex  of  prothorax 
and  tubercles  paler  and  fasciculate,  elytral  fascicles  a  little  more 
distinct,  elongate  scales  coarser,  shorter,  and  paler;  the  ciliation 
also  is  a  little  more  noticeable. 

Convex,  tubercles  very  small.  Head  and  rostrum  without 
visible  punctures;  ocular  fovea  concealed;   eyes  small,  elongate, 


/. 


4:94  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

convex,  strongly  granulate;  rostrum  curved,  very  feebly  widening 
from  base;  scape  short,  thick,  inserted  closer  to  base  than  apex, 
terminating  a  considerable  distance  before  apex;  basal  joint  of 
funicle  thick,  obtriangular,  2nd  elongate,  almost  twice  the  length 
of  1st,  as  long  as  three  following  combined,  7th  feebly  transverse; 
club  large,  free,  oval,  subsolid.  Prothorax  longer  than  wide,  apex 
feebly  produced,  rounded,  not  much  narrower  than  base,  sides 
and  base  rounded;  constriction  shallow,  continued  across  summit; 
ocular  lobes  feeble;  median  carina  absent  or  at  least  invisible; 
fascicles  at  apex  and  across  disc  marking  position  of  tubercles; 
apparently  punctate.  Ebjlra  at  base  wider  than  prothorax  and  aJDOut 
twice  as  long;  base  and  apex  rounde^,  base  depressed,  shoulders 
without  tubercle,  sides  subparallel;  suture  (especially  on  declivity), 
3rd  and  5th  interstices  raised;  3rd  feebly  produced  at  base;  with 
regultCr  rows  of  large  punctures  on  disc,  becoming  fovete  at  sides. 
Abdomen  \\\t]i  large  round  deep  punctures  or  fovea?,  basal  segment 
not  twice  as  long  as  2nd,  intercoxal  process  broad,  feebly  concave, 
2nd  sloping  down  to  intermediates  and  much  longer  than  them; 
intermediates  distinctly  depressed,  small,  impunctate  ;  apical 
longer  than  intermediates,  impunctate  at  apex.  Legs  rather 
short;  posterior  femora  not  quite  reaching  apex  of  abdomen ; 
tibipe  compressed,  the  anterior  very  feebly  curved;  tarsi  moderately 
thick,  1st  and  4th  joints  subequal,  3rd  feebty  bilobed.  Length 
8.|,  rostrum  2;  width  3f  mm. 

Hah. — Richmond  River,  N.S.W.  (Lea).  Originally  described 
from  Queensland. 

POROPTERUS    CRASSICORNIS,  n.sp. 

Densely  covered  with  rather  pale  brown  scales,  prothorax  with 
a  few  moderately  elongate,  elytra  on  interstices — but  especially 
at  sides  and  apex — with  distinct  elongate  brown  and  sooty  scales; 
the  fascicles  (which  are  just  traceable  to  the  naked  eye)  are  com- 
posed of  sooty  scales;  legs  with  elongate  scales;  head  and  rostrum 
densely  squamose.     Ciliation  just  traceable. 

Convex,  tubercles  "\ery  small.  Head,  except  antennpe,  as  in 
the  preceding;   antennte  short,  thick;  scaj^e  short,  its  insertion 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  495 

distinctly  nearer  to  base  than  apex;  Ist  joint  of  funicle  thick, 
more  than  half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd  widening  to  apex,  not  as 
long  as  three  following  combined,  3rd-7th  distinctly  transverse; 
club  rather  small,  subsolid,  almost  free.  Prothnrax  as  in  preceding, 
except  that  the  fascicles  are  a  little  less  and  the  tubercles  a  little 
more  distinct,  the  constriction  feebler.  Elytra  somewhat  as  in  j^re- 
ceding,  base  not  depressed,  shoulders  with  a  tubercle  from  con- 
tinuation of  5th  interstice,  3rd  tuberculate  at  base;  suture  on 
declivity,  3rd  and  5th  interstices  feebly  raised;  disc  and  sides 
with  rows  of  regular  foveas.  Abdomen  as  in  preceding,  but  inter- 
coxal  process  not  concave,  punctures  or  fovese  less  regular,  inter- 
mediates smaller,  aj^ical  witli.  almost  obliterated  punctures.  Legs 
as  in  preceding,  third  tarsal  joint  still  more  feebly  biloljed. 
Length  6^,  rostrum  1|;  width  3  mm. 
i^rt^.—Tweed  River,  N.S.W.  (Lea). 

POROPTERUS    DIFFICILIS,   n.sp. 

Densely  clothed  all  over  with  minute  light  brown  scales,  each 
puncture  of  pro  thorax  (though  not  visible)  marked  by  a  thick 
moderately  elongate  scale,  a  few  also  scattered  about  on  interstices 
of  elytra,  a  feeble  pale  stripe  at  base  of  median  line;  elytra  with  , 
paler  scales  on  shoulders  feebly  continued  on  to  prothorax,  feebly 
trimaculate  at  summit  of  declivity,  scales  of  declivity  a  little 
paler  than  on  disc  and  marked  almost  at  summit  with  a  velvety- 
black  macula ;  fascicles  of  2nd  interstice  feebly  marked  and 
several  still  feebler  on  4th  and  6th;  under  surface  (except  inter- 
mediate abdominal  segments)  with  elongate  paler  scales,  palest 
on  meso-  and  metasternum;  femora  and  tibije  very  feebly  ringed 
with  darker  scales;  head  and  rostrum  densely  squamose.  Cilia- 
tion  moderately  elongate,  bright  silvery-yellow,  visible  with  head 
in  position. 

Convex,  tubercles  very  small.  Head  feebly  convex;  rostrum 
feebly  curved  (in  ^  almost  straight),  feebly  widening  to  apex; 
scape  elongate,  inserted  about  one-third  from  apex,  fully  half  its 
length  passing  muzzle  (in  ^  less);  1st  joint  of  funicle  more  than 
half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd  as  long  as  three  following  combined; 


496  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

club  large,  free,  four-jointed.  Prothorax  a  little  longer  than 
wide,  apex  feebly  produced,  at  constriction  almost  as  wide  as  base; 
ocular  lobes  feeble;  constriction  deep,  visible  from  above,  not 
continued  across  summit ;  sides  rounded  and  narrowing  from 
middle  to  base,  median  carina  feeble,  a  depression  on  each  side 
at  its  apex;  transverse  row  of  tubercles  feeble.  Elytra  not  twice 
the  length  of  prothorax,  widest  about  the  middle,  liase  rounded, 
alternate  interstices  and  suture  on  declivity  feebly  raised,  with 
rows  of  large  almost  concealed  punctures.  Basal  segment  of 
abdi'ineti  about  once  and  one-half  the  length  of  2nd,  intercoxal 
process  feebly  concave;  intermediates  flat,  not  depressed  below 
the  level  and  almost  the  length  of  apical.  Posterior /^/Hoj-a  passing, 
middle  of  apical  segment;  tibiaj  short,  compressed,  ver}'  feebly 
curved  on  their  upper  surface;  3rd  tarsal  joint  moderately  bilobed. 
Length  6^,  rostrum  2;  width  2|  mm. 

Ilah.  —  Tweed  and  Richmond  Rivers,  N.S.W.  (Lea). 

In  this  species  the  large  abdominal  punctures  are  so  completely 
concealed  liy  scales  as  to  be  invisible  unless  the  scales  be  i-emoved. 

POROPTERUS    HARPAGUS,  n.sp. 

^  (l).  Very  densely  clothed  (densest  on  upper  surface)  with 
minute  muddy-brown  scales;  prothorax  with  slightly  elongate  sooty 
scales  at  apex,  on  tubercles,  and  a  few  sprinkled  about;  elytral 
fascicles  of  2nd,  ith,  and  base  of  6th  interstices  narrow,  moderately 
distinct;  under  surface  (especially  apical  abdominal  segments) 
and  legs  with  feebly  elongate  paler  scales,  on  the  tibia?  jnore 
elongate  and  blackish ;  head  and  rostrum  densely  squamose. 
Ciliation  minute,  silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  tubercles  very  small.  Head  with  an  elongate  depres- 
sion about  ocular  fovea;  eyes  round,  coarsely  granulate;  rostrum 
rather  slender,  feebly  curved,  almost  parallel ;  scape  inserted 
about  two-fifths  from  apex,  passing  muzzle  for  a  short  distance; 
basal  joint  of  funicle  thick,  more  than  half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd 
not  as  long  as  three  following  combined,  3rd-7th  transverse,  7th 
very  wide;  club  large,  four-jointed,  almost  free.     Prothorax  longer 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  -197 

than  wide;  apex  produced,  feebly  bifurcate,  about  half  the  width 
of  base;  constriction  distinct  only  on  its  lower  half;  sides  rounded, 
feebly  decreasing  to  base;  median  line  moderately  distinct,  as  is 
also  the  transverse  row  of  four  tubercles,  the  lateral  however  are 
very  feeble;  apparently  with  large  punctures  at  base.  Elytra  fully 
twice  the  length  of  prothorax  and  wider  at  the  base,  widest  a  little 
behind  the  middle,  then  suddenly  arcuately  lessened  to  apex, 
which  is  truncate ;  2nd  and  4th  interstices  distinctly  raised, 
curved  al)Out  the  middle,  suture  thickened  on  declivity  ;  with 
regular  rows  of  large  punctures  almost  concealed  by  scales.  Basal 
segment  of  abdomen  about  once  and  one-half  the  length  of  2nd, 
intercoxal  process  broad,  flat,  rounded  in  its  middle,  suture  between 
1st  and  2nd  rather  feeble;  intermediates  flat,  not  quite  as  long  as 
2nd  or  apical,  and  not  depressed  below  their  level.  Posterior 
femora  passing  intermediate  segments;  tibiaj  feebly  curved,  the 
anterior  more  noticeably;  tarsi  subparallel,  rather  thick,  3rd  joint 
not  distinctly  bilobed.     Length  8^,  rostrum  If;  width  4  mm. 

Hab. — New  South  Wales  (Mr.  J.  Kershaw,  Senr.);  Australia 
(Herr  J.  Faust). 

The  abdominal  punctures  are  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

PoROPTERUS  VARicosus,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5444. 

^.  Densely  covered  with  small  brown  scales,  densest  on 
prothorax,  especially  on  tubercles  and  apex ;  prothorax  with  a 
few  slightly  more  elongate;  elytra  with  blackish  scales  forming 
small  but  noticeable  fascicles  almost  at  base  and  middle  of  2nd, 
feelile  and  smaller  on  4th  and  6th  interstices,  but  most  distinct  at 
summit  of  sutural  thickening  (towards  its  apex  becoming  paler); 
under  less  densely  clothed  than  upper  surface,  mixed  (as  also  the 
legs)  with  slightly  paler  elongate  scales;  head  and  rostrum  densely 
squamose.     Ciliation  moderately  elongate,  sparse  and  dull. 

Convex,  tubercles  very  small.  Head  feebly  convex  ;  eyes 
rounded,  coarsely  granulate  ;  ocular  fovea  not  visible ;  rostrum 
moderately  long  and  slender,  almost  parallel  ;  scape  inserted 
about  two-fifths  from  apex,  just  passing  muzzle;  basal  joint  of 
funicle   slightly  shorter   than  2nd.     Frotliorux  as  long  as  wide; 


498  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONIDiE, 

apex  feebly  produced,  rounded,  about  half  the  width  of  base; 
ocular  lobes  moderately  prominent;  constriction  feeble,  scarcely 
visible  from  above ;  basal  two-thirds  almost  parallel,  not  much 
wider  than  apical  third,  but  suddenly  increasini^  at  constriction; 
median  carina  small  but  moderately  distinct;  trransverse  tubercles 
feeble,  the  median  largest,  an  obtuse  ridge  on  each  side  at  apex. 
Elytra  more  than  twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  and  wider  at 
base,  much  wider  a  little  before  the  middle;  sides  arcuatel}'  curved 
near  apex,  2nd,  4th  and  6th  interstices  feebly  produced  at  base, 
7th  (shoulder)  more  distinctly;  posterior  declivity  abrupt,  on  it 
the  suture  is  thickened  especially  at  summit,  apex  ver}^  feebly 
produced,  truncate,  but  appearing  (in  consequence  of  density  of 
scales)  as  if  with  a  very  feeble  tubercle  at  each  side;  with  regular 
rows  of  large  punctures  or  foveas  almost  concealed  by  scales. 
Metasternnni  a  little  shorter  than  in  the  preceding.  Ab'/nmeu 
with  sutures  apparently  feeblj'  marked,  but  seen  to  be  very  distinct 
when  scales  are  removed,  basal  segment  not  once  and  one-half 
the  length  of  2nd,  its  suture  with  that  segment  curved  in  the 
middle;  intercoxal  process  broad,  flat;  2nd  flatly  sloping  to  inter- 
mediates, and  longer  than  them;  apical  longer  than  and  a  little 
elevated  above  intermediates,  its  apex  truncate.  Legs  short; 
femora  thick,  posterior  almost  reaching  apex  of  abdomen;  tibiae 
feebly  cui-ved  on  both  their  edges,  the  anterior  a  little  more 
noticeably,  posterior  (if  anything)  a  little  longer  than  anterior; 
3rd  tarsal  joint  a  little  more  widely  bilobed  than  in  the  preceding. 
Length  11,  rostrum  3  (vix);  width  4|  mm. 

//a6._Illawarra,  N.S.W. 

A  rather  robust  species,  for  the  opportunity  of  describing 
which  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  G.  Masters.  The  specimen  lent  me 
might  be  regarded  as  a  co-type. 

I  have  recently  received  a  number  of  specimens  of  this  species 
from  Mr.  T  G.  Sloane.  An  examination  of  several  abraded  speci- 
mens discloses  the  fact  that  the  abdominal  punctures  are  much 
larger  than  is  usual  in  the  group. 


BY  ARTHUR  M.  LEA.  499 

POROPTERUS  LUTULENTUS,  n.Sp. 

Very  densely  clothed  all  over  with  microscopic  muddy-brown 
scales,  prothorax  with  elongate  sooty  scales  just  showing;  elytral 
fascicles  just  traceable;  under  surface  and  legs  sprinkled  with 
larger  paler  scales  which  are  scarcely  longer  than  wide;  head, 
rostrum  and  claw- joint  densely,  scape  and  pectoral  canal  slightly 
squamose.     Ciliation  minute,  pale  silveiy-yellow. 

Convex,  tubercles  very  small.  Hi^Md  feebly  convex  ;  eyes 
rounded,  coarsely  granulate;  ocular  fovea  invisible;  rostrum  rather 
short,  almost  straight  and  parallel;  scape  inserted  about  two-fifths 
from  apex,  passing  muzzle,  apex  a  little  more  suddenly  thickened 
than  is  usual  in  the  group;  1st  joint  of  funicle  obconie,  almost  as 
wide  as  long,  2nd  about  once  and  one-half  the  length  of  1st,  and 
not  as  long  as  three  following  combined,  3i'd-6th  scarcely,  the  7th 
distinctly  transverse;  club  short,  almost  free.  Prothorax  feebly 
convex,  distinctly  longer  than  wide;  apex  produced,  almost  trun- 
cate, more  than  half  the  width  of  base;  constriction  feeble;  sides 
feebly  rounded  in  the  middle,  decreasing  a  little  less  to  base  than 
to  apex ;  transverse  tubercles  scarcely  traceable,  the  lateral  (if 
anything)  a  little  more  distinct,  median  carina  just  visible,  sides 
at  apex  with  a  feeble  ridge;  with  large  punctures  entirely  con- 
cealed by  scales.  Elytra  a  little  more  than  twice  the  length  of 
prothorax  and  with  the  base  a  little  wider,  very  feebly  widening 
to  apical  third;  declivity  abrupt;  sutuxe  feebly  thickened;  apex 
rounded,  2nd  interstice  and  shoulders  feebly  but  distinctly  pro- 
duced; with  regular  rows  of  fovese  nearly  touching,  but  almost 
entirely  concealed  by  scales.  Basal  segment  of  ahtJomen  not  once 
and  one-half  the  length  of  i*id,  intercoxal  process  broad,  its  sides 
very  feebly  raised ;  2nd  flat,  sloping  towards  intermediates,  its 
sutures  almost  entirely  concealed  ;  intermediates  very  feebly 
depressed  below  apical  and  not  as  long;  apical  with  trace  of  a 
feeble  transverse  impression.  Posterior  jemura  long  and  rather 
thin,  reaching  middle  of  apical  segment;  tibife  compressed,  anterior 
very  feebly  curved  and  a  little  shorter  than  posterior;  tarsi  sub- 


500  REVISIOX    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIOMDiE, 

parallel,  3rd  joint  almost  simple.     Length  74,  rostrum  1|;  width 
3i  mm. 

ffab.— Manning  River,  N.S.W.  (Miss  S.  Dumbrell). 

In  this  species  the  posterior  femora  are  thinner  than  in  any- 
other  of  the  group;  the  3rd  tarsal  joint  is  no  wider  than  the  2nd; 
the  posterior  tibise  are  very  little  longer  than  the  anterior,  but  at 
the  first  glance  the  difference  is  noticeable.  My  specimen  is 
remarkably  dingy  in  appearance,  but  I  have  satisfied  myself  that 
it  is  entirely  due  to  the  scales  and  not  to  any  extraneous  matter. 
The  abdominal  punctures  in  this  and  the  following  species  are 
probably  present,  but  cannot  be  seen  on  account  of  the  density  of 
the  scales  by  which  they  are  covered. 

POROPTERUS    PARALLBLUS,  n.sp. 

Above  clothed  with  micx"oscopic  sooty  scales  with  sparse  black 
or  sooty-brown  scales,  most  noticeable  at  apex  of  prothorax;  on 
the  under  surface  and  legs  the  scales  are  sooty-black,  denser  and 
larger  than  above;  head  with  minute  scales,  rostrum  almost  bare. 
Ciliation  ver}^  sparse  and  minute,  silvery. 

Slightly  convex,  cylindric,  almost  nontuljerculate.  Head  with 
trace  of  ocular  fovea;  eyes  round,  coarsely  granulate;  rostrum 
densely  and  somewhat  irregularly  punctate,  elongate,  slender, 
very  feebl}^  curved,  almost  parallel-sided;  scape  inserted  about 
two-fifths  from  apex,  passing  muzzle ;  2nd  joint  of  funicle  not 
once  and  one-half  the  length  of  1st,  and  as  long  as  three  following 
combined,  3rd-6th  globular,  7th  transverse ;  club  short,  almost 
free.  Prothorax  almost  flat,  subquadrate;  apex  feebly  produced, 
truncate,  not  much  narrower  than  base  ;  ocular  lobes  almost 
obsolete ;  constriction  very  feeble ;  \nedian  carina  narrow,  flat, 
continuous  from  near  base  almost  to  apex,  a  feeble  ridge  on  each 
side  at  apex;  transverse  row  of  tubercles  almost  obsolete;  with 
dense  and  rather  small  punctures.  Elytra  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  prothorax,  and  veiy  little  wider,  sides  almost  parallel 
to  near  apex,  fully  as  deep  as  wide;  2nd  interstice  very  feebly 
raised,  a  very  feeble  tubercle  on  it  at  summit  of  decli^■it3';  apex 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  501 

rounded;  base  very  feebly  emarginate;  with  close  regular  rows  of 
large  punctures,  the  I'ows  feebly  curved  about  the  middle;  sides 
flattened.  Abdomen  flat,  basal  segment  scarcely  once  and  one- 
half  the  length  of  2nd;  2nd  very  slightly  above  level  of  inter- 
mediates, these  rather  long,  nearly  the  length  of  apical.  Legs 
rather  slender;  posterior  femora  almost  reaching  apex  of  abdomen; 
tibite  compressed,  feebly  but  distinctly  curved;  tarsi  slender,  3rd 
joint  rather  feebly  bilobed,  4th  slightly  longer  than  1st.  Length 
.9^,  rostrum  2;  width  3§  mm. 

Ifab.—Mt.  Kosciusko,  N.S.W.  (Mr.  W.  E.  Raymond). 

POROPTERUS    COMMUNIS,  n.Sp. 

Clothed  with  minute  muddy-  or  sooty-black  scales;  prothorax 
with  elontrate  blackish  scales,  at  the  sides  and  on  each  side  of 
carina  with  muddy-brown  scales  forming  scarcely  traceable  lines; 
apex  and  tubercles  more  or  less  feebly  fasciculate;  elytra  with 
2nd  interstice  feebly  fasciculate,  usually  for  but  a  short  distance 
but  sometimes  to  sutural  thickening  (^  specimens  occasionally 
have  muddy-brown  scales  forming  numerous  small  macular  towards 
sides  and  apex);  under  surface  more  densely  clothed  than  upper, 
scales  lai'ger  and  paler  ;  head  and  rostrum  densely  squamose. 
Ciliation  feeble,  dull  pale  yellow,  slightly  visible  with  head  in 
position. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  tubercles  small.  Head  without  visible 
punctures;  smaller  and  more  convex  in  (^;  ocular  fovea  small; 
eyes  round,  coarsely  granulate;  rostrum  in  ^  thick,  curved,  in  9 
almost  straight,  thinner  and  almost  parallel-sided,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  punctate,  with  a  feeble  carina  extending  from  fovea 
almost  to  apex;  antennse  rather  thick;  scape  in  ^  inserted  about 
two-fifths  from  apex,  in  9  a  little  more,  in  ^  slightly  passing,  in 
9  not  reaching  apex;  1st  joint  of  funicle  almost  as  wide  as  long, 
2nd  about  once  and  one  half  the  length  of  1st,  and  not  as  long  as 
three  following  combined,  3rd-6th  almost  transverse,  7th  as  wide 
as  club  (which  is  small),  and  almost  adnate  to  it.  Prothorax  very 
little  longer  than  wide,  flattened;  apex  produced,  rounded,  about 
two-thirds  the  width  of  base;  ocular  lobes  moderately  prominent; 
33  ^ 


502  REVISION    OP    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

constriction  narrow,  deep  (in  some  specimens  almost  concealed), 
visible  from  above ;  sides  rounded,  feebly  decreasing  to  base; 
median  carina  short,  feeble,  a  feeble  line  continued  from  it  to 
apex  and  another  to  base;  with  several  short  longitudinal  scarcely 
traceable  ridges  at  base  and  apex,  those  near  liase  apparently 
caused  by  feeble  granules  or  punctures;  a  transverse  row  of  four 
very  feeble  tubercles,  the  lateral  slightly  anterior  to  the  median; 
sides  with  large  and  distinct  punctures.  Elytra  not  twice  the 
length  of  prothorax,  and  not  as  wide  as  base,  very  feebly  widening 
to  about  the  middle;  2nd  and  4th  interstices  raised  and  very 
feebly  produced  at  base;  suture  thickened  from  a  little  before 
summit  of  declivity  (which  is  abrupt);  apex  almost  truncate;  with 
regular  rows  of  large  distinct  punctures  or  foveas  (larger  and 
almost  touching  in  ^).  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  very  slightly 
concave,  with  large  punctures  almost  concealed  by  scales,  scarcely 
once  and  one-half  the  length  of  2nd,  intercoxal  process  triangularly 
produced;  2nd  feebly  convex,  at  middle  feebly  produced  on  to 
basal,  intermediates  flat,  on  a  level  with  and  as  long  as  apical; 
apical  in  ^  feebly  impressed  at  sides  and  aci'oss  middle.  Lei^s 
moderately  stout;  posterior  femora  in  ^  almost  reaching  apex  of 
abdomen,  in  9  reaching  middle  of  apical  segment ;  tibise  com- 
pressed, posterior  longer  than  anterior,  the  anterior  feebly  curved; 
tarsi  almost  parallel,  3rd  joint  almost  simple  and  scarcely  wider 
than  2nd,  4th  thick,  free  for  almost  its  entire  length,  anterior 
claws  less  divergent  than  the  others.  Length  10|^,  rostrum  2|; 
width  4  mm. 

Ilab. — Armidale  (Mr.  D.  McDonald);  Orange  (Mr.  Horace  W. 
Brown);  New  South  Wales  (Rev.  T.  Blackburn,  No.  6193); 
Glen  Innes,  Forest  Reefs, "Richmond  River  (Lea). 

A  slightly  variable  species;  I  have  a  number  of  pairs  takenincop.  • 
the  (J  is  generally  smaller  than  the  9, has  the  shoulders  narrower  and 
the  elj'tra  more  rounded;  one  large  9  specimen  has  the  shoulders 
distinctly  produced  at  base.  A  very  small  starved  ^  (1.  6^,  r.  H, 
w.  24  mm.)  has  the  ridges  at  base  of  prothorax  abundantly  distinct; 
there  are  three  on  each  side,  the  outer  longer  than  the  inner;  the 
median  carina  is  continuous  to  base;  the  specimen  appears  to  be 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  503 

slightly  abraded ;  another  starved  ^  has  the  elytra  broadest 
behind  the  middle,  a  feeble  carina  on  each  side  between  lateral 
and  median  tubercles  of  prothorax  (which  are  scarcely  traceable); 
the  two  basal  segments  in  both  specimens  have  large  distinct 
punctures — in  normal  forms  they  are  shallower  and  almost  com- 
pletely hidden — and  the  apical  is  semicircularly  impressed  at 
apex.  Where  a  species  is  so  abundant  in  specimens  as  the  present 
it  is  only  reasonable  to  expect  to  take  starved  specimens  occasion- 
ally, and  that  the  two  specimens  here  mentioned  are  starved  I  am 
quite  satisfied. 

POROPTERUS    CAVIROSTRIS,  n.Sp. 

Densely  clothed  with  microscopic  muddy-green  or  brown  scales, 
prothorax  and  elytra  with  sparse  elongate  blackish  or  brown 
scales;  under  surface  with  irregular  moderately  elongate  scales; 
legs  with  projecting  elongate  scales;  head  and  rostrum  densely 
squamose.  Ciliation  sparse,  moderately  elongate,  feebly  traceable 
with  head  in  position. 

Convex,  subcylindric,  tubercles  small.  Head  feebly  convex; 
eyes  round,  coarsely  granulate;  ocular  fovea  concealed;  rostrum 
rather  long,  thick,  distinctly  curved,  parallel  to  muzzle  (which  is 
somewhat  concave)  with  traces  of  feeble  ridges  down  the  middle 
and  sides;  scape  inserted  very  slightly  in  advance  of  the  middle, 
just  passing  muzzle;  2nd  joint  of  funicle  almost  twice  the  length 
of  1st,  and  slightly  longer  than  three  following  combined,  3rd-7th 
distinctly  longer  than  wide  ;  club  free,  elongate.  Prothorax 
longer  than  wide,  apex  produced,  rounded,  more  than  half  the 
width  of  middle,  from  behind  appearing  feebly  bifurcate;  ocular 
lobes  prominent  ;  constriction  deep,  very  distinct  from  above  ; 
sides  rounded,  median  carina  narrow,  distinct  at  middle,  vanish- 
ing near  base  and  apex;  transverse  row  of  tubercles  feeble;  apex 
with  a  feeble  ridge  on  each  side ;  base  and  sides  with  shallow 
foveas.  Elytra  a  little  wider  than  prothorax,  and  about  twice 
the  length;  disc  with  regular  rows  of  shallow  punctures,  in  front 
of  each  of  which  is  a  small  and  distinct  granule,  sides  with  deeper 
punctures   and  without  granules,   base  with  a  ridge  extending 


504  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

almost  from  suture  to  3rd  interstice;  5th  interstice  very  feebly 
produced  at  base,  3rd,  5th  and  7th  very  feebly  raised  near  base, 
middle  and  near  apex;  suture  distinctly  thickened  at  summit  of 
declivity  (which  is  abrupt),  decreasing  towards  apex;  apex  narrow, 
truncate.  Mesosternal  receptacle  rather  feebly  curved.  Basal 
segment  of  ahdomen  about  once  and  one-half  the  length  of  2nd, 
broad,  feebly  depressed  in  the  middle,  intercoxal  process  raised  at 
sides  and  with  distinct  punctures,  suture  between  1st  and  2nd 
deep  at  the  sides,  partially  concealed  in  the  middle;  2nd  with  a 
deep  transverse  impression  near  its  apex  causing  the  intermediates 
to  appear  (to  the  naked  eye)  to  be  three  in  number;  intermediates 
very  feebly  depressed  below  apical  (as  which  the}^  are  little 
more  than  half  as  long),  flat,  their  sutures  deep  and  narrow;  apical 
with  large  shallow  punctures.  Legs  moderate;  posterior  femora 
reaching  middle  of  apical  segment ;  tibiie  compressed,  anterior 
feebly,  the  posterior  still  more  feebly  curved,  intermediate  straight; 
3rd  tarsal  joint  distinctly  bilobed,  4th  longer  than  1st.  Length 
9f,  rostrum  2|;  width  3|  mm. 

7£„i._Tweed  River,  N.S.W.  (Lea). 

I  have  three  very  distinct  species,  widely  separated  from  each 
other  and  which  cannot  be  referred  to  any  of  the  foregoing 
divisions. 

P.  MORBILLOSUS,  Pasc. — Approaching  the  si^liacelatus-diWi&ioTa.. 
Subparallel,  densely  squamose.  Rostrum  almost  straight. 
Antenna?  elongate,  scape  inserted  about  one-third  from  apex, 
considerably  passing  muzzle.  Prothorax  without  carina  and  with 
very  feeble  traces  of  tubercles,  apex  produced  but  not  acute, 
about  one-third  the  width  of  base,  basal  three-fourths  subparallel. 
Elvtra  closely  applied  to  prothorax,  with  numerous  irregular 
small  tubercles.  Femora  short  and  thick;  posterior  tibiae  very 
short,  third  tarsal  joint  moderately  bilobed. 

P.  CONIFER,  Boh. — Approaching  the  Chcvrolati-group  through 
Hexuosus;  the  ruhus-grou^  through  intermecVms  and  idol  us;  the 
succisus  through  succisns,  but  very  distinct  from  any  of  them. 
Rostrum  curved.  Antennse  elongate;  scape  inserted  about  two- 
fifths  from  apex,  passing  muzzle.     Prothorax  with  a  feeble  carina 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA. 


505 


continuous  from  base  to  apex;  apex  rounded,  not  much  narrower 
than  base.  Scutellum  absent.  Elytra  ovate,  base  depressed, 
.shoulders  obsolete,  small  tubercles  on  ■2nd,  5th  and  7th  interstices; 
the  2nd  about  the  middle  of  posterior  declivity  with  large  conical 
tubercle  conjoined  at  base  ;  apex  rounded.  Femora  scarcely 
reaching  base  of  posterior  tubercles;  3rd  tarsal  joint  moderately 
bilobed. 

P.  FASCICULATUS,  n.sp. — I  think  this  species  should  be 
referred  to  Foropterus  though  at  first  sight  it  has  more  the 
appearance  of  a  Tragopus.  Tt  may  be  easily  identified  on  account 
of  its  smooth  almost  impunctate  surface;  elytra  with  four  distinct 
and  several  smaller  fascicles  of  blackish  elongate  scales  or  setaj; 
claw-joint  densely  covered  with  minute  scales,  &c. 

PoROPTERUS    MORBiLLOSUS,    Pasc. ;    Mast.  Cat.   Sp.  No.   5432. 

Very  densely  clothed  all  over  with  roundish  or  moderately 
elongate  light  bro^v?l  scales,  densest  on  head  and  prothorax,  where 
also  (except  in  middle  of  latter)  they  are  paler;  punctures  with  a 
larger  and  paler  scale;  under  surface  with  denser,  paler  and  not 
much  more  elongate  scales  than  pr6thorax;  tibiae  with  darker  and 
elongate  scales;  rostrum  —  except  basal  third — almost  bare. 
Ciliation  almost  microscopic,  silvery. 

ConA^ex,  subcylindric,  tubercles  small  and  irregular.  Head 
slightly  convex  ;  ocular  fovea  invisible;  eyes  coarsely  granulate, 
produced  in  front ;  rostrum  long,  almost  straight  and  parallel, 
densely  punctate,  with  traces  of  feeble  carina?  between  scapes; 
antenni^  long;  scape  inserted  at  about  one-third  from  apex,  pass- 
ing muzzle  for  a  considerable  distance;  2nd  joint  of  funicle  almost 
twice  the  length  of  first,  and  as  long  as  three  following  combined, 
7th  feebly  transverse;  club  free,  elongate.  Prothorax  longer  and 
deeper  than  wide;  apex  produced,  rounded;  extreme  apex  about 
one-fourth  the  width  of  base,  obliquely  widening  to  basal  two- 
thirds,  which  are  parallel;  ocular  lobes  feeble;  constriction  feeble, 
continued  as  a  shallow  depression  across  summit;  without  visible 
median  carina  but  a  median  line  continuous  to  base  and  apex, 
with  traces  of  transverse  rows  of  obtuse  tubercles,  apex  with  a 
ridge  on  each  side.     Elyira  parallel  to  near  apex,  slightly  wider 


506  REVISION    OP    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID.E, 

than  and  about  twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  deeper  than  wide, 
base  truncate  ;  suture  thickened  at  base  and  less  distinctly  on 
declivity ;  2nd  and  4th  interstices  with  rows  of  small  round 
tubercles,  about  five  or  six  on  each  terminating  a  little  below 
summit  of  declivity  (which  is  abrupt),  sides  near  shoulders  with 
traces  of  feeble  tubercles;  lateral  declivity  with  five  regular  rows 
of  large  punctures ;  disc  apparently  with  rows  of  concealed 
punctures;  apex  rounded.  Abdomen  flattened,  sutures  partially 
concealed  by  scales,  1st  segment  twice  as  long  as  2nd,  intercoxal 
process  rather  narrow  ;  intermediates  depressed  below  general 
level,  as  long  as  2nd  but  not  as  long  as  apical.  Femora  long, 
posterior  almost  reaching  apex  of  elytra ;  tibiae  straight,  short, 
posterior  shortest  of  all ;  tarsi  subparallel,  third  joint  feebly 
bilobed.     Length  13,  rostrum  3|;  width  5  mm. 

Hab. — Richmond  River,  N.S.W.  (Lea).  Described  by  Pascoe 
from  Tasmania. 

In  the  majority  of  species  I  have  examined,  the  intermediate 
tibiae  are  decidedly  the  shortest;  in  this  species  they  are  a  trifle 
longer  than  the  posterior. 

PoROPTERUS  CONIFER,  Erichs.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5465. 

Acalles  conifer,  Erichs.  ;  P.  conifer,  Bohem.,  No.  5423  ;  P. 
lyrodicjus,  Pasc,  No.  5437. 

Elytra  sparsely  clothed  with  short  to  very  minute  pale  brown 
scales,  prothorax  with  denser  and  longer  scales,  under  surface 
with  elongate  scales;  legs  moderately  densely  clothed,  the  scales 
paler,  denser  and  more  elongate  towards  apex  of  tibial ;  head 
sparsely  clothed,  rostrum  almost  bare.  Ciliation  dense,  \ery 
minute,  bright  silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  tubercles  mostly  rather  small.  Head  flattened;  ocular 
fovea  long;  eyes  moderately  granulate,  apex  produced;  rostrum 
feebly  curved,  densely  punctate,  especially  on  muzzle,  basal  two- 
thirds  parallel ;  antennas  thin ;  scape  inserted  about  one-third 
from  apex,  passing  muzzle;  two  basal  joints  of  funicle  as  long  as 
the  rest,  including  club,  1st  a  little  longer  than  2nd,  2nd  not  as 
long  as  three  following  combined,   7th   transverse  ;    club   short. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  507 

almost  free.  Protliorax  convex,  longer  and  deeper  than  wide  ; 
apex  produced,  subtruncate,  not  much  narrower  than  base,  sides 
rounded,  decreasing  to  base  ;  ocular  lobes  feeble  ;  constriction 
shallow,  near  bottom  deep,  near  top  visible  from  above  and  con- 
tinued across  summit ;  median  carina  narrow,  continued  from 
base  to  constriction,  a  line  continued  thence  to  apex,  a  transverse 
row  of  four  feebly  rounded  tubercles,  the  lateral  slightly  in 
advance  of  the  median.  Elytra  ovate,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  and  at  base  narrower  than  protliorax,  before  the  middle  almost 
twice  as  wide ;  base  depressed  ;  sides  with  two  rows  of  almost 
regular  punctures,  the  rest  feeble  and  irregular,  small  granules  at 
base  of  suture  and  summit  of  declivity;  on  each  side  near  summit 
of  declivity  a  large  conical  tubercle  conjoined  at  base,  2nd  inter- 
stice with  three  small,  round  but  distinct  tubercles,  equidistant 
from  each  other,  4th  also  with  three  less  separated,  the  middle 
one  of  which  is  level  with  the  middle  one  of  2nd  interstice,  6th 
interstice  with  a  feeble  ridge  about  basal  thii'd,  a  feeble  tubercle 
at  junction  of  4th  and  6th;  apex  rounded.  Basal  segment  of 
abdomen  almost  twice  the  length  of  2nd,  its  suture  with  that 
segment  distinct  only  at  sides  (on  account  of  scales);  intermediates 
feebly  convex,  their  sutures  deep  and  distinct,  longer  than  2nd 
but  not  as  long  as  apical,  below  which  they  are  very  feebly 
depressed,  aijical  with  an  almost  obsolete  transverse  impression, 
apex  distinctly  punctate.  Leys  long  and  rather  thin;  posterior 
femora  reaching  middle  of  apical  segment ;  tibite  compressed, 
feebly  bent;  tarsi  slender,  3rd  joint  moderately  bilobed.  Length 
13,  rostrum  3|;  width  6  mm. 

tiah. — Tasmania  (Rev.  T.  Blackburn  and  Mr.  A.  Simson)  ; 
N.S.W.  (Mr.  Horace  W.  Brown);  "Australia  Pipitz  "  (Herr  J. 
Faust,  No.  13).  Described  from  Tasmania  by  Erichson  and 
Boheman,  and  from  Eclipse  Island  {prodigus)  by  Pascoe. 

The  description  here  given  is  from  a  Tasmanian  specimen,  I 
have  a  number  of  others  which,  though  evidently  conspecific,  are 
all  slightly  variable  inter  se.  The  prothoracic  carina  in  some 
.specimens  is  distinct  and  short,  in  others  it  is  more  elongate  and 
less  distinct,  in  one  specimen  it  is  just  traceable.      The  elytral 


508  REVISION    OP    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

tubercles  vary  greatly  in  size,  sometimes  being  wide  and  rather 
feebly  elevated,  in  others  smaller  and  much  more  distinct  v 
in  all  the  specimens,  however,  the  two  large  tubercles  towards 
the  apex  are  very  distinct.  The  small  apical  mucros  are  occa,sion- 
ally  absent.  The  rostrum  between  the  antennae  is  either  slightly 
rounded  or  with  a  feeble  carina.  The  scales  vary  in  colour  from 
a  uniform  grey  to  the  reddish-brown  of  ruhus. 

POROPTERUS    FASCICULATUS,  n.sp. 

Sparsely  clothed  with  small  muddy-brown  scpJies,  prothorax 
with  a  few  elongate  scales  in  the  middle  and  at  apex  ;  each 
elytron  with  five  round  fascicles  of  blackish  set^e,  the  two  most 
distinct  would  be  on  the  2nd  interstices,  the  ls<}  a  little  closer  to 
2nd  than  base,  the  2nd  at  summit  of  declivi^^y,  a  little  before 
middle  of  declivity  a  small  elongate  one,  on  4th  interstice  slightly 
in  front  of  the  larger  fascicles  still  smaller  ori'es,  traces  of  others 
still  more  minute;  abdominal  segments,  coxae  a^nd  trochanters  mure 
densely  clothed  than  upper  surface,  the  scalee?  moderately  elongated 
tibi;«  with  elongate  scales,  a  few  still  narrcjwer  on  under  surface 
of  femora ;  rostrum  entirely  clothed,  tl  le  scales  at  the  sides 
moderately  elongate.      Ciliation  very  mir  lute,  silvery-brown. 

Cylindric,  nontuberculate.  Head  c(onvex  and  (as  well  as 
rostrum)  densely  punctate ;  ocular  fcoVea  not  traceable,  eyes 
moderately  granulate,  apex  produced;  "rostrum  distinctly  curved, 
thick,  parallel  to  scape,  then  distinc/tly  widened;  scape  inserted 
abccat  two-fifths  from  apex,  just  passi^)hg  muzzle;  funicle  thick,  1st 
joint  longer  and  thicker  than  2nd  -^^nd  as  long  as  two  following 
combined,  3rd-7th  transverse  :^  'club  short,  thick,  subadnate  to 
funicle.  Prothorax  convex ^^.  longer  than  wide,  apex  feebly  pro- 
duced, not  much  narrow.gr  than  wide;  ocular  lobes  feeble;  con- 
striction very  feeble -,-^- '"sides  rounded;  with  a  small  distinct  and 
flat  scutellar  lobe..'^  Elytra  no  wider  than  prothorax  and  not 
twice  its  length,  Tparallel-sided,  deeper  than  wide;  sides  feebly 
punctate-striate-j  disc  with  traces  of  rows  of  punctures,  base  with 
a  shining  tran-i^yerse  ridge  at  sides  of  scutellar  lobe,  between  it 
and   shouldecr  a  smaller  less   shining  one;  shoulders  feebly  pro- 


\ 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  50& 

duced;  apex  almost  truncate.  Basal  segment  of  abdomen  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  '2nd,  posteriorly  produced  on  to 
middle  of  2nd,  intercoxal  process  long,  its  sides  feebly  raised; 
four  apical  segments  level,  each  of  the  intermediates  fully  as  long 
as  2nd  at  its  middle,  apical  as  long  as  intermediates.  Leys  long; 
posterior  femora  reaching  extreme  apex  of  elytra;  tibise  feebly 
compressed,  straight;  tarsi  subparallel,  flattened,  3rd  joint  feebly 
bilobed,  4th  distinctly  longer  than  1st.  Length  11,  rostrum  2|-; 
width  4^  mm. 

Ilah.—^.  Queensland  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

The  following  species  are  not  known  to  me  : — 

P.  PYTHON,  Pasc,  Cist.  Ent,  ii.  1881,  p.  599;  (Mast.  Cat. 
54.38). 

Hub. — Port  Bowen,  Queensland.  Pascoe  says  that  "  in  outline 
this  species  resembles  P.  rubetra,  Boh.  \^  =  Acalles  rubetra,  Er.]." 
It  may  be  possible  that  neither  of  them  is  to  be  referred  to 
Porofteriis. 

P.  ixo.MiNATus,  Pasc,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (4)  xi.  1873,  p.  197; 
(Mast.  Cat.  5429). 
Bab.  —  Queensland. 

P.  MUSCULUS,  Pasc,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Zool.  xi.  1872,  p.  483  ; 
(Mast.  Cat.  5433). 

Hab. — ^Tasmania.  Pascoe  says  of  it  "  sutura  [abdominis] 
prima  obliterata,"  and  "  but  the  tirst  suture,  dividing  the  two 
[basal  abdominal]  segments,  is  only  slightly  apparent  on  the 
sides  "  — characters  which  suggest  a  doubt  whether  the  species  is 
correctly  referable  to  Poropterus. 

P.  SATYRUS,  Pasc,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (4)  xi.  1873,  p.  197  ; 
(Mast.  Cat.  5439). 

Hab. — Tasmania.  Pascoe  says  of  it  "  segmento  ultimo  abdo- 
minis tribus  prajcedentibus  conjunctim  longitudine  sequali," — in 
my  opinion,  therefore,  but  doubtfully  referable  to  Poropterus. 

P.  FOVEiPENNis,  Pasc,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Zool.  xi.  1872,  p.  484; 
(Mast.  Cat.  5427). 


510  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIOXID.E, 

Hah. — Illawarra,  N.S.W.  Pascoe  states,  "prothorace  subob- 
•cordato,  supra  planato,  antice  valde  producto,  apice  anguste 
rotundato,  basi  prope  scutellum  fortiter  biimpresso."  In  my 
opinion  this  insect  will  have  to  be  placed  in  a  new  genus,  along 
with  several  other  species  known  to  me,  at  present  undescribed. 

P.  TETRicus,  Pasc,  Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (4)  xiii.  1874,  p.  412; 
(Mast.  Cat.  5442). 

Hah. — Gayndah,  Q.  Pascoe  says  of  the  prothorax,  '•  utrinque 
angulato-producto,  basi  profunde  bisinuato"  and  "strongly  and 
angularly  expanded  at  the  sides."  Another  character  he  gives  is 
"  abdomine  segmentis  duobus  basalibus  peramplis."  The  characters 
quoted  seem  to  me  to  exclude  the  species  from  Poropterus. 

Under  this  name  Mr.  Chas.  French  has  lent  me  two  specimens 
from  Gayndah,  which  agree  in  nearly  all  particulars  with  Pascoe's 
description.  But  I  should  at  once  refer  these  to  the  genus 
Paleticus,  Pasc. 

The  two  species  following  were  received  too  late  to  lie  dealt 
with  in  the  tables  given. 

Poropterus  orthodoxus,  n.sp. 

Upper  surface  sparsely  clothed  with  small  suboval  scales  closely 
adpressed  to  derm;  of  a  dingy  black  colour,  except  on  prothorax 
where  they  assume  in  places  a  dull  ferruginous  tint  especially  in 
middle  and  at  sides  of  apex;  about  the  middle  there  is  a  feeble 
attempt  at  fascicles  of  dark  ferruginous  scales ;  each  elytral 
puncture  carries  a  larger  scale,  which  towards  the  suture  are 
black,  becoming  ferruginous  towards  sides ;  in  the  middle  the 
interstitial  scales  are  darker  than  the  lateral.  Under  surface 
more  evenly  clothed  than  upper,  the  scales  smaller,  more  elongate 
and  suberect,  black,  becoming  ferruginous  on  sides  of  abdomen, 
on  mesosternal  receptacle,  coxas,  trochanters  and  tarsi.  Head 
rather  densely  clothed  with  black  and  ferruginous  scales,  rostrum 
carrying  a  rather  smaller  scale  in  each  puncture,  towards  the  apex 
becoming  small  seti?e ;  mouth  parts  fringed  with  sparse  mode- 
rately long  testaceous  setfe.  Ciliation  composed  of  about  a  dozen 
short,  bright,  dark  yellow  hairs. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  511 

Convex,  tubercles  almost  obsolete.     Head  flattened,  impunctate; 

ocular  fovea  obsolete.     Eyes  moderately  granulate,  subtriangular. 

Rosti-um  parallel  to  insertion  of  antennae,  widening  thence  to 

apex,  thicker  and   more  noticeably  curved  in   ^  than    2>  with 

irregular  rows  of  shallow  moderately  large  punctures  in  ^,  in  9 

the  punctures  are  smaller,  deeper  and  less  numerous,  muzzle  with 

three  obtuse  carina  in  ^,  with  but  one  and  that  more  distinct  in 

9;  mandibles  shining,  impunctate  in  front.      Scape  dull,  slightly 

setose,  widening  to  apex,  considerably  passing  muzzle.     Two  basal 

joints  of  funicle  modei'ately  elongate,  in  ^  2nd  once  and  one-half 

the  length  of  1st,  in  ^  not  so  long  and  both  thicker,  the  1st  in 

9  obtriangular,  in  ^  subcylindric,  3rd-7th  globular;  club  free, 

suboval,  feebly  articulated.      Prothorax  slightly  longer  than  wide; 

apex  produced,  about  half  the  width  of  base,  very  feebly  bifurcate; 

constriction  deep,  on  sides  only;  ocular  lobes  slightly  produced, 

right-angled ;   sides   rounded,  decreasing   to   base ;    disc  without 

granules  and   almost  or   quite   non-tuberculate;  punctures  very 

feeble,  almost  microscopic,  without  carina,  not  depressed  along 

median  line  but  appearing  so  on  account  of  partial  absence  of 

scales.     Sciitellum  absent.     Elyt^-a  scarcely  wider  and  more  than 

twice  the  length  of  prothorax,  subcylindric,  with  moderately  large 

irregular  subtriangular    rather   distant   punctures,   in    irregular 

double  rows  close  to  suture,  becoming  larger  and  forming  five 

regular  lateral  rows;  3rd,  5th  and  7th  interstices  raised,  the  3rd 

forming  feeble  tubercles  (noticeable  only  when  viewed  from  the 

side)  towards  summit  of  declivity,  posterior  declivity  at  angle  of 

about  45°,  the  suture  from  slightly  below  its  summit  distinctly 

raised  and  cristate;  apex  feebly  mucronate.     Fectoral  canal  deep 

and  wide,  its  anterior  edge  densely  fringed  with  testaceous  mode 

rately  elongate  setre.     Abdomen  flattened  in  the  middle,  all  the 

sutures  very  distinct,  basal  segment  fully  twice  the  length  of  2nd; 

intermediates  conjointly  slightly  longer  than  2nd  or  apical.      Legs 

thick,  moderately  long,  posterior   femora   curved,   in    (^    passing 

middle  of  apical  segment,  in  Q  just  reaching  middle;  tibine  short, 

compressed,   almost  straight ;    3rd    tarsal    joint    feebly   bilobed, 

almost  simple,  claw-joint  longer  than  1st,  setose  and  squamose, 


512  REVISION    OF    THE    AUSTRALIAN    CURCULIONID^, 

claws  long  and  thin,  widely  separated.  Length  13|,  rostrum  -i; 
width  5|-  mm. 

//«6.  -Burrawang,  N.S.W.  (Mr.  T.  G.  Sloane). 

In  outline  this  species  strongly  resembles  P.  morhillosus,  but 
it  may  be  distinguished  from  that  species  by  its  much  sparser  and 
differently  coloured  clothing,  smaller  tubercles,  crested  apical 
portion  of  suture,  mucronate  apex  of  elytra,  shorter  rostrum — 
more  suddenly  enlarged  at  apex — shorter  and  thicker  antennit, 
less  regularly  punctured  rostrum,  longer  posterior  and  anterior 
tibite  and  shorter  intermediate,  with  numerous  other  but  less 
noticeable  differences. 

POROPTERUS    BITUBERCULATUS,  n.sp. 

Moderately  densely  clothed  with  soft,  suberect,  suboblong, 
moderately  large,  muddy-brown  scales,  larger  on  prothorax  than 
un  elytra;  on  the  former  forming  six  feeble  fascicles,  two  apical,  and 
four  forming  a  median  transverse  row.  Elytra  with  four  small 
fascicles,  two  close  to  base  and  two  near  summit  of  posterior 
declivity.  Legs,  head  and  rostrum  (except  muzzle)  more  uni- 
formly and  rather  more  densely  clothed  than  elsewhere.  Cilia- 
tion  short,  sparse,  silvery-yellow. 

Convex,  elliptic,  punctate.  Head  slightly  convex,  ocular  fovea 
feeble,  almost  concealed ;  eyes  rather  more  strongly  granulate 
than  is  usual  in  the  genus,  apex  produced;  rostrum  rather  slender, 
moderately  curved,  almost  parallel  to  apex,  with  regular  punc- 
tures smallest  on  muzzle.  Antennae  entirely  red,  slender,  scape 
curved,  in  ^  passing,'  in  ^  reaching  apex  of  muzzle.  Two  basal 
joints  of  funicle  elongate,  the  2nd  scarcely  more  than  half  the 
length  of  1st,  3rd-6th  subglobular,  7th  distinctly  transverse;  club 
short,  joints  moderately  distinct.  Prothorax  subglobular;  apex 
feebly  produced,  more  than  half  the  width  of  base,  entire  but 
appearing  bifurcate  on  account  of  fascicles;  constriction  obsolete; 
disc  and  sides  with  rather  large,  regular,  round,  dense,  shallow 
punctures,  becoming  denser  and  much  smaller  beneath  fascicles,  a 
narrow  distinct  median  carina  continuous  from  apical  fourth  to 
base.     Scutellum  absent.     Elytra  about  twice  the  length  of  and 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  513 

slightly  wider  than  prothorax,  shoulders  rounded,  apex  entire, 
suture  nowhere  raised;  each  with  ten  rows  of  rather  large  regular 
punctures,  scarcely  larger  and  more  regular  at  sides  than  near 
suture,  but  becoming  smaller  and  more  elongate  towards  apex, 
each  carrying  a  scale;  interstices  not  raised,  tuberculate  or  granu- 
late, wider  than  punctures  and  feebly  punctate;  on  each  side  of 
and  close  to  suture  at  base  a  small  but  very  distinct  shining 
tubercle  suddenly  elevated,  and  (in  some  specimens)  rather 
irregular  at  apex.  Under  surface  with  rather  dense,  regular, 
moderately  large  and  circular  punctures,  entirely  absent  on  inter- 
coxal  process,  and  scarcer  on  metasternum  and  basal  segment  of 
abdomen  than  elsewhere.  Abdomen  uniformly  feebly  convex,  all 
tlie  sutures  distinct,  basal  segment  about  once  and  one-half  the 
length  of  2nd  ;  intermediates  conjointly  shorter  than  2nd,  and 
longer  than  apical.  Legs  moderate;  posterior  femora  in  ^  just 
passing  intermediates,  in  ^  not  quite  passing  ;  tibite  straight, 
compressed,  thicker  in  ^  than  9;  3rd  tarsal  joint  rather  widely 
bilobed,  reddish,  claw-joint  setose,  no  longer  than  1st.  Length  7, 
rostrum  2  (vix);  width  3J  mm. 

llah. — Victorian  Mountains  (Rev.  T.  Blackburn,  No.  6194). 

A  very  distinct  species  belonging  to  the  varicosus-%\:o\y^,  from 
any  of  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  very  regular  punctures 
and  the  two  basal  tubercles  of  elytra.  I  have  one  specimen 
resembling  P.  (uifiquiis  in  miniature.  In  some  specimens  the 
punctures  appear  to  be  larger  than  in  others,  and  as  each  puncture 
carries  a  large  scale,  those  on  the  abdomen,  base  of  rostrum  and 
beneath  fascicles  cannot  be  seen  unless  the  scales  be  removed. 


514 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOME  NEW  ARANEID^  OF  NEW 
SOUTH  WALES.     No.  8. 

By  W.  J.  Rainbow. 
(Entomologist  to  the  Australian  Museum.) 

(Plates  xvii.-xviii.) 

Family  EPEIRID^. 

Genus  E  p  e  i  r  a,  Walck. 

Epeira  pallida,  sp.nov. 

(Plate  XVII.,  fig.   1.) 

9.  Cephalothorax  4  mm.  long,  3 J  mm.  broad;  abdomen  9  mm. 
long,  6  mm.  broad. 

Cephalothorax  j^ellowish-brown,  hairy.  Caput  high,  arched, 
truncated  in  front,  sides  and  base  clothed  with  long  coarse  hoary 
hairs,  apex  sparingly  furnished  with  short  hoary  pubescence. 
Clypeus  broad,  strongly  arched,  thickly  clothed  with  long  coarse 
hoary  hairs;  lateral  radial  grooves  indistinct,  median  groove  or 
cleft  deep,  short,  strongly  curved,  the  curvature  directed  back- 
wards.     Marginal  hand  narrow. 

Eyes  glossy  black;  the  four  comprising  the  median  group  are 
seated  on  a  tubei'cular  eminence,  forming  a  trapezium  ;  those 
of  the  front  row  separated  from  each  other  by  about  twice 
their  individual  diameter,  and  those  of  the  second  row  by  a  space 
equal  to  rather  more  than  one  diameter;  the  two  rows  separated 
from  each  other  by  about  two  and  a  half  diameters;  side  eyes 
minute,  seated  obliquely  on  small  tubercles,  not  contiguous. 

Legs  yellowish-grey,  with  somewhat  darker  annulations,  mode- 
rately long,  strong,  clothed  with  short  hoaiy  hairs,  and  armed 
with  short,  strong,  black  spines;  relative  lengths  1,  2,  4,  3. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  515 

Palpi  short,  similar  in  colour  and  armature  to  legs,  tips  black. 

Falces  glossy,  yellowish,  inner  margins  fringed  w^ith  short 
black  hairs. 

Jllnxillce  short,  yellowish,  inclining  inwards,  arched ;  sides 
clothed  with  short  hoary  hairs  at  their  base. 

Labium  concolorous,  short,  broader  than  long. 

Sternum  shield-shaped,  dark  brown,  thickly  clothed  with  hoary 
hairs. 

Abdomen  ovate,  pale  yellow,  boldly  projecting  over  base  of 
cephalothorax,  two  small  tubercles  seated  laterally  near  anterior 
extremity;  superior  surface  ornamented  with  a  network  of  tracery, 
barely  visible  to  the  naked  eye;  in  addition  to  this  there  are  six 
small  punctures  arranged  in  pairs ;  sides  olive-green,  inferior 
surface  yellowish-grey. 

Bpi'jyne  a  simple  slightly  cur\'ed  transverse  slit,  at  the  centre 
of  which  on  the  upper  lip  there  is  a  small,  blunt,  dark  brown 
protuberance. 

/yrt6. —Guildford. 

Epeira  crassipes,  sp.nov. 

(Plate  XVII.,  figs.  2,  2a.) 

5.  Cephalothorax  5^  mm.  long,  5  mm.  broad;  abdomen  8  mm. 
long,  5  mm.  broad. 

Cephalothorax  yellowish-green,  convex,  haiiy.  Cajmt  high, 
strongly  arched,  truncated  in  front,  clothed  with  long  coarse 
hoary  hairs.  Clypeus  convex,  broad,  indented  at  the  centre, 
clothed  with  long  coarse  hoary  hairs.  Marginal  band  broad, 
fringed  with  long  coarse  hoary  hairs. 

Eyes  black;  those  of  the  central  group  equal  in  size,  mounted 
on  a  dark  brown  tubercle,  and  forming  a  trapezium;  the  pair 
comprising  the  front  row  separated  from  each  other  by  a 
space  equal  to  twice  their  individual  diameter,  those  of  the  second 
row  by  about  one  diametex',  and  the  two  rows  from  each  other  by 
about  two  diameters ;  lateral  eyes  minute,  seated  obliquely  on 
small  yellowish  tubercles,  but  not  contiguous. 


516  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID.E, 

Legs  rather  short,  strong,  with  yellowish  and  dark  brown 
annulations,  thickly  clothed  with  long  hoary  hairs,  and  armed 
with  long  black  spines;  relative  lengths  1,  2,  -t,  3. 

Palpi  short,  strong,  similar  in  colour  and  armature  to  legs. 

Falces  long,  strong,  glabrous,  divergent  at  apex;  the  upper 
mai'gin  of  the  furrow  of  each  falx  armed  with  a  row  of  four 
teeth,  and  the  lower  with  a  row  of  three;  fangs  dark  brown  at 
base,  wine-red  at  points. 

Maxillce  strong,  broad,  arched,  glossy;  laterally,  towards  base, 
obscurely  coloured;  apices  and  inner  margins  yellowish. 

Labium  conical,  broader  than  high,  obscurely  coloured  at  base, 
yellowish  at  apex. 

Ster7iuin  cordate,  convex,  glossy,  dark  brown  with  a  median 
longitudinal  bar  of  yellow,  becoming  very  slightly  broader  from 
near  the  centre,  and  continuing  gradually  so  to  posterior  extremity; 
the  surface  moderately  clothed  with  shortish  hoary  hairs. 

Abdomen  ovate,  convex,  boldly  projecting  over  base  of  cephalo- 
thorax,  slightly  indented  at  postei'ior  extremity,  the  superior 
surface  and  sides  clothed  with  short  yellowish  pubescence;  seated 
laterally,  towards  anterior  extremity,  there  are  two  small  tubercle- 
like eminences;  colours  yellow,  with  two  lateral  anterior  patches 
of  darkish  yellow-grey;  the  superior  surface  ornamented  with 
a  delicate  tracery  of  waved  lines,  commencing  well  forward  and 
terminating  at  posterior  extremity;  in  addition  to  these  there  is 
a  series  of  ten  punctures  which,  with  the  exception  of  the  anterior 
pair,  are  distributed  in  transverse  I'ows  of  two  each,  and  of  these 
the  central  pair  are  the  largest  and  most  prominent;  the  punctures 
dark  brown  within;  sides  yellow  above,  dark  brown  markings 
below:  inferior  surface  yellowish-grey  between  epigyne  and  spin- 
nerets; the  latter  are  dark  brown  with  an  irregular  patch  of  sooty 
black. 

Epigyne  a  dark  brow^n,  arched,  moderately  high  protuberance, 
having  the  appearance  of  a  thick  overhanging  lip  when  viewed 
from  above. 

y/rti._  Guildford. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  517 

Ohs.- — This  species  is  somewhat  variable,  both  in  regard  to  size, 
colouration,  ornamentation,  and  convexity.  Some  individuals  are 
slightly  darker  than  others,  while  the  ornamental  tracery  is  also 
much  more  prominent. 

Epeira  variabilis,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  XVII.,  figs.  3,  3a,  36.) 

$.  Cephalothorax  5  mm.  long,  4  mm.  broad;  abdomen  10  mm. 
long,  6  mm   broad. 

Cejihalothornx  yellowish,  hairy,  convex.  Caput  arched,  trun- 
cated in  front,  glossy,  clothed  with  long  hoary  hairs.  Clypeus 
yellowish,  with  curved  lateral  dark  brown  bands,  convex,  clothed 
with  long  hoary  hairs;  median  depression  deep,  lateral  radial 
grooves  indistinct.  Marginal  band  broad,  fringed  with  short 
hoary  hairs. 

Eyes  black;  central  group  form  a  trapezium,  and  are  elevated 
on  a  moderately  high  tubercle;  of  these  the  front  pair  are  slightly 
the  smallest ;  lateral  eyes  minute,  placed  obliquely  on  small 
tubercles  and  contiguous. 

Legs  long,  strong,  reddish-brown  with  dark  brown  annulations, 
clothed  with  dark  brown  hairs,  and  armed  with  moderately  long 
black  spines. 

Palpi  short,  yellow,  similar  in  clothing  and  armature  to  legs. 

Falces  glossy,  concolorous,  divergent  at  apex;  each  margin  of 
the  furrow  of  each  falx  armed  with  a  row  of  three  teeth. 

MaxiUce  glossy,  dark  brown,  pale  yellowish  laterally. 

Labium  short,  broad,  arched,  dark  brown. 

Sternum  concolorous,  gloss}',  shield-shaped,  convex,  uneven^ 
moderately  clothed  with  short  hoary  pubescence. 

Abdomen  oblong-ovate,  convex,  strongly  projecting  over  base 

of  cephalothorax;  superior  surface  cream-coloured,  and  ornamented 

with  median  and  lateral  dark  and  reddish-brown  markings  and  a 

few  minute  red  spots;  sides — upper  portion  dark  brown,  mottled 

with  red   and   cream-coloured  patches  and  spots,  lower  portion 

yellowish-grey;  inferior  surface  yellowish-grey  with  a  long  broad 

longitudinal   patch   of   dark   brown,   the  margins   of  which   are 
34 


518  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEIDiE, 

waved;  in  addition  to  this,  the  patch  is  bordered  in  front  and 
laterally  with  a  narrow  waved  band  of  yellow,  and  there  are  also 
six  faintly  discernible  yellow  spots  in  the  median  line  seated  in 
pairs,  commencing  in  front  and  terminating  towards  the  centre, 
and  two  minute  lateral  ones  near  the  spinnerets;  of  this  series  the 
first  pair  are  sensibly  the  largest. 

Epigyne  a  dark  brown  lobe,  with  a  long  flagellate  pi'ocess  com- 
mencing in  front  at  its  base,  and  directed  backwards. 

Hah. — New  England  and  Bungendore. 

Ohs. — This  species  is  widely  distributed.  Mr.  A.  M.  Lea 
collected  it  both  in  the  New  England  district  and  at  Bungendore. 
I  have  also  received  a  number  of  specimens  from  Gisborne,  Vic- 
toria, where  it  was  collected  by  Mr.  George  Lyall,  Junr.  Com- 
paring the  sj)ecimens  collected  by  Mr.  Lea,  and  again  those 
collected  by  Mr.  Lyall,  the  species  appears  to  be  exceedingly 
variable  both  in  intensity  of  colouration  and  size.  Those  from 
Gisborne  are  somewhat  larger  than  the  New  South  Wales  varieties, 
and  much  more  brightly  coloured.  In  so  far  as  the  specimens 
obtained  in  this  colony  are  concerned,  there  is  also  considerable 
variation  in  colour  and  size. 

Epeira  sylvicola,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  xvii.,  figs.  4,  4rt.) 

9.  Cephalothorax  4  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad;  abdomen  7  mm, 
long,  5  mm.  broad. 

Cephalothorax  reddish-brown,  glossy,  convex.  Caput  high, 
strongly  arched,  truncated  in  front,  furnished  with  a  few  exceed- 
ingly short  and  fine  white  hairs  at  the  base,  sides  and  ocular  area, 
the  summit  glabrous.  Clypeus  broad,  convex,  lateral  indentations 
somewhat  indistinct;  a  deep  indentation  seated  at  the  middle; 
colour  reddish-brown,  becoming  somewhat  lighter  at  posterior 
extremity.     Marginal  hand  broad,  yellowish-brown. 

Eyes  glossy  black  ;  the  four  comprising  the  central  group 
seated  upon  a  moderately  high  dark  brown  tubercular  eminence, 
forming  a  trapezium;  of  these  the  two  front  eyes  are  somewhat 
the  largest,  and  are  separated  from  each  other  by  a  space  equal 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW. 


519 


to  fully  twice  their  individual  dicameter,  and  those  of  the  second 
row  by  about  one-and-a-half  diameters;  the  two  rows  separated 
from  each  by  about  two  diameters;  side  eyes  minute,  contiguous, 
and  seated  obliquely  on  small  dark  brown  tubercles. 

Leys  moderately  long  and  strong,  reddish-brown,  lightly  clothed 
with  short,  fine,  black  hairs,  and  armed  with  a  few  short  black 
.spines;  tarsi  black;  relative  lengths  1,  2,  4,  3. 

Falpi  short,  similar  in  colour  and  armature  to  legs. 

Faices  reddish-brown  at  base,  becoming  darker  towards. extremi- 
ties, glossy,  divergent;  inner  margins  fringed  with  a  few  short, 
fine,  white  hairs;  the  margins  of  the  furrow  of  each  falx  armed 
with  a  row  of  four  teeth. 

Maxillce  short,  strongly  arched,  widely  divergent,  the  apices 
inclining  inwards. 

Labium  short,  broad,  arched,  reddish-brown  at  base,  pale 
yellow  at  apex. 

Sternum  shield-shaped,  convex,  dark  brown,  sparingly  clothed 
with  short  white  hairs. 

Abdomen  oval,  arched,  strongly  projecting  over  base  of  cephalo- 

thorax;  colours — at  anterior  extremity  there  is  a  black  transverse 

"patch,  strongly  cleft  at  the  centre;  thence  light  grey  towards  the 

middle,  from  whence  it  becomes  suddenly  dark  grey;  sides  light 

grey;  inferior  surface  obscurely  coloured. 

Epiyyne  a  reddish-brown  eminence  curved  posteriorly,  indented 
in  front,  and  lobed  laterally. 

//rtft._Guildford. 

Q})s. — This  species  is  rather  common  in  the  County  of  Cumber- 
land. I  have  taken  it  in  the  Illawarra  district,  and  at  Guildford, 
Pairfiekl  and  Liverpool. 

Subfamily  AEGIOPIN^l. 

Genus   A  R  G  I  0  p  E,  Sav.  et  Aud. 

ArGIOPB    EXTENSA,  Sp.  nOV, 

(Plate  XVII.,  figs.  5,  5a,  56,  5c.) 
9.  Cephalothorax  3  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad ;   abdomen  8  mm. 
long,  4  mm.  broad. 


520  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID^, 

Cephalothorax  yellowish  with  dark  brown  lateral  markings. 
Caput  elevated,  arched,  truncated  in  front,  normal  grooves  distinct; 
colour  yellowish  with  fine  silvery  pubescence;  there  is  also  a 
a  dark  \-Vik^  mark  commencing  just  below  the  ocular  area  and 
terminating  at  the  base  of  the  cephalic  segment.  Clypeus  mode- 
rately convex,  yellowish,  with  dark  lateral  markings,  and  clothed 
with  fine  silvery  pubescence;  there  is  a  deep  trans^'erse  curved 
indentation  at  centre ;  lateral  radial  grooves  fairly  distinct. 
Marginal  band  narrow,  yellow,  iringed  with  short  hoary  hairs. 

Uyes  glossy  black;  of  the  four  comprising  the  central  group, 
the  two  constituting  the  front  row  are  separated  from  each  other 
by  a  space  equal  to  about  twice  their  individual  diameter,  and  by 
rather  more  than  that  space  from  those  of  the  second  row;  these 
latter  somewhat  the  largest  of  this  series,  and  separated  from 
each  other  by  about  twice  their  individual  diameter;  lateral  j^airs 
minute,  seated  obliquely  upon  tubercles  and  nearly  contiguous. 

Legs  long,  slender,  yellowish,  with  dark  brown  annulations, 
clothed  with  fine  short  hairs,  and  armed  with  rather  long  black 
spines;  relative  lengths  1,  2,  4,  3;  the  first  pair  are  the  longest,, 
the  second  and  fourth  somewhat  shorter  and  co-equal. 

Palpi  short,  pale  yellowish,  clothed  with  short  yellowish  hairs, 
and  armed  with  rather  long  black  spines. 

Falces  long,  strong,  outer  margins  obscure  yellowish,  inner 
margins  pale  yellow. 

Maxilla;:  outer  margins  dark  brown,  inner,  pale  yellow. 

Labium  dark  brown  at  base,  pale  yellow  from  near  centre  to 
apex. 

Sternum  shield-shaped,  arched,  surface  uneven,  dark  brown 
laterally,  with  a  yellow  longitudinal  sinuous  median  patch. 

Abdomen  oblong,  moderately  projecting  over  base  of  cephalo- 
thorax, arched ;  sujDerior  surface  pale  yellowish,  deepening  to 
tawny  at  posterior  extremity;  a  longitudinal,  uneven,  and  broken 
dark  brown  bar  runs  down  the  centre;  at  the  posterior  extremity 
thei^e  are  also  two  short  uneven  lateral  bars;  in  addition  to  these 
there  is  a  series  of  ten  deep  lateral  dark  brown  spots  or  punctures- 
arranged  in  pairs,  commencing  near  anterior,  and   terminating 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  521 

Tiear  posterior  extremity;  lateral  ornamentation  a  broad  sinuous 
dark  brown  band,  beneath  which  there  are  alternate  wavy  stria- 
tions  of  white,  dark  l^rown  and  tawny;  superior  surface  and  sides 
clothed  with  silvery  pubescence;  inferior  surface  dark  brown  with 
white  lateral  bars. 

Epiyyne  a  broad,  strongly  arched  process,  dark  brown  above, 
yellowish  laterally. 

Hob. — Guildford.  , 

Argiope  pallida,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  XVII.,  figs.  6,  <ia,  66.) 

9.  Cephalothorax  4  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad;  abdomen  9  mm. 
long,  6  mm.  broad. 

Cephalothorax  glabrous,  yellowish,  with  dark  bi'own  markings. 
Caput  high,  arched.  Clypeus  arched,  deeply  indented  at  centre. 
Marginal  band  narrow. 

Eyes  black;  the  four  comprising  the  central  group  elevated 
upon  a  tubercle ;  those  of  the  front  row  slightly  the  smallest 
of  this  series,  separated  from  each  other  by  a  space  equal 
to  once  their  individual  diameter;  the  second  row  of  eyes 
separated  from  the  first  by  twice  their  diameter,  and  from  each 
other  by  once  their  individual  diameter;  lateral  eyes  minute,  the 
lower  ones  exceedingly  so ;  these  latter  seated  obliquely  on 
small  tubercles,  in  a  line  with  the  front  pair  of  eyes  of  the 
the  median  group. 

Legs  long,  tapering,  pale  yellow,  armed  with  short  black  sj)ines; 
relative  lengths  1,  2,  4,  3. 

Palpi  short,  similar  in  colour  and  armature  to  legs. 

Fa  Ices  yellow,  glabrous;  the  upper  margin  of  the  furrow  of 
■each  falx  armed  with  a  row  of  three  teeth,  and  the  lower  with  a 
row  of  two. 

MaxillcB  concolorous,  short,  equally  as  broad  as  long,  convex. 

Labium  concolorous  also,  subtriangular. 

Sternum  shield-shaped,  tuberculate,  dark  brown  laterally, 
yellow  in  the  median  line. 


522  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEIDiE, 

Abdomen  oblong,  convex,  moderately  projecting  over  base  of 
cephalothorax  ;  superior  surface  glossy  white,  with  a  few  black 
spots,  and  ornamented  at  posterior  extremity  with  four  yellow- 
brown  stripes;  the  latter  are  pointed  in  front,  retreat  gradually,, 
and  unite  at  ultimate  extremity;  sides  white  above,  yellow-brown 
below;  inferior  surface  yellow-brown. 

Ejjigyne  an  arched  and  somewhat  conical  protuberance,  directed 
towards  spinnerets. 

Hab. — Queanbeyan. 

Argiope  gracilis,  sp.  nov. 
(Plate  XVII.,  fig.  7.) 

9.  Cephalothorax  3|  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad;  abdomen  S  mm. 
long,  4  mm.  broad. 

Cejjhalothorax  yellow-brown,  glabrous  above,  fringed  in  front 
and  laterally  with  short  hoary  pubescence.  Caput  moderately 
high,  arched.  Clypeus  convex,  ai-ched,  deeply  indented  at  centre^ 
radial  grooves  moderately  distinct.      Marginal  hand  narrow. 

Eyes  as  in  A.  2^o,llida. 

Legs  long,  tapering,  yellow-brown,  armed  with  short  Ijlack 
spines;  relative  lengths  1,  2,  4,  3. 

Paljn  short,  yellow,  similar  in  colour  and  armature  to  legs. 

Falces  as  in  .4.  jjcdlida. 

MaxiUoi  yellow,  inner  margins  dark  brown;  equally  as  broad 
as  long,  convex. 

Labium  yellow,  subtriangular. 

Sternum  shield-shaped,  tuberculate ;  yellow-brown  laterally, 
pale  yellow  in  the  median  line. 

Abdomen  oblong-ovate,  moderately  projecting  over  base  of 
cephalothorax;  superior  surface  glossy  white,  ornamented  with  a 
delicate  tracery  of  fine  yellow  lines  commencing  at  its  anterior 
extremity  with  a  single  median  line,  and  terminating  at  the 
posterior  extremity  with  a  net-work  design;  there  are  also  two 
small  punctures  at  the  centre ;  sides  and  inferior  surface  dark 
brown. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  525 

Epigyne  an  arched  and  somewhat  conical  protuberance  directed 
towards  spinnerets. 
Hah. — Bungendore. 

Subfamily  G  ASTER  AC  ANTHID^;. 
Genus  Dicrostichus,   Simon. 

DiCROSTICHUS    MAGNIFICUS,  Sp.  nOV. 

(Plate  XVII.,  figs.  8,  8a,  86.) 

9.  Cephalothorax  6  mm.  long,  7  mm.  broad;  abdomen  13  mm. 
long,  1 6  mm.  broad. 

Geiohalothorax  pale  yellowish,  tuberculate,  trurucated  in  front, 
broader  than  long.  Caput  clothed  with  short  yellowish  pubescence, 
elevated,  tuberculate,  the  tubercles  yellow,  with  the  exception  of 
the  one  carrying  the  four  central  eyes,  which  is  black  at  the 
summit,  reddish-brown  at  back  and  sides,  and  yellow  in  the  front. 
Cly/ieus  broad,  convex,  tuberculate,  reddish-brown  at  the 
middle,  yellowish  laterally,  and  clothed  with  short  pale  yellowish 
pubescence;  tubercles  thirteen  in  number,  of  these  the  highest 
and  most  prominent  is  the  one  constituting  the  central  ocular 
eminence. 

Eyes  reddish-brown ;  the  four  intermediate  eyes  are  seated 
towards  the  summit  of  a  large  and  prominent  median  club-shaped 
tuljercle;  of  these  the  lower  pair  are  the  largest;  lateral  eyes 
seated  in  pairs  at  the  extremity  of  an  arm-like  tubercular  pro- 
tuberance extending  from  the  base  of  the  median  tubercular 
eminence;  these  latter  are  minute  and  not  contiguous. 

Legs  strong,  moderately  long,  pale  yellowish,  with  yellow-brown 
annulations,  and  clothed  with  short  yellowish  pubescence;  relative 
lengths  1,  2,  4,  3. 

Palpi  short,  strong,  similar  in  colour  to  the  legs. 

Falces  yellowish,  long,  strong,  clothed  with  short  coarse  yel- 
lowish hair. 

Maxillce  obscurely  coloured,  club-shaped,  inclining  inwards, 
broadest  at  apex. 

Labium  concolorous,  siiort,  broad,  wedge-shaped. 


524  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    SOME    NEW    ARANEIDiE, 

Sternum  yellowish,  hairy,  shield-shaped,  tuberculate. 

Abdomen  cordate,  broader  than  long,  overhanging  base  of 
cephalothorax,  convex;  there  are  two  large  yellow  lateral  tubercles, 
seated  rather  lower  than  midwaj  between  anterior  and  posterior 
extremities;  besides  these  there  is  a  group  of  seven  small  tubercles 
at  the  posterior  extremity,  distributed  over  three  rows,  the  first 
of  which  consists  of  two,  separated  by  a  space  equal  to  about  four 
times  their  individual  diameter;  the  second  row  contains  three, 
is  curved,  the  curvature  directed  forwards,  and  each  of  this  series 
is  separated  from  its  neighbour  by  about  three  times  its  individual 
diameter ;  the  anterior  extremity  is  ornamented  by  a  series  of 
eight  rather  large  yellow  patches,  and  six  smaller  ones;  from  near 
the  centre  to  posterior  extremity  there  is  a  series  of  rather  sharply 
defined  punctures;  laterally  and  underneath  the  colour  is  yellowish- 
grey. 

Epigyne  a  long  transverse  slit. 

Hab. — Mount  Kembla. 

Obs. — This  interesting  specimen  was  taken  by  ~Sl\\  A.  G. 
Hamilton,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  privilege  of  describing 
it.  A  full  description  of  its  nidification  and  cocoons  will  be  found 
in  another  portion  of  this  paper. 

Family  DRASSID^. 

Genus  C  h  e  i  r  a  c  a  n  t  h  i  u  m,  C.  Koch. 

Cheiracanthidm  silaceum,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  xviii.,  figs.  1,  la.) 

<^.  Cephalothorax  i  mm.  long,  3  mm.  broad;  abdomen  5^  mm. 
long,  3  mm.  broad. 

Cephalothorax  yellowish-brown,  glossy,  moderately  clothed  with 
short  hoary  hairs.  Caput  high,  strongly  arched,  normal  grooves 
moderately  distinct.  Clypeus  convex,  with  a  moderately  distinct 
depression  at  the  centre  at  junction  of  cephalic  and  thoracic 
segments.     Marginal  band  narrow. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW. 


525 


Eyes  of  an  opaline  tint  with  black  rings,  and  distriljuted  over 
two  moderately  curved  rows;  the  lateral  pairs  are  somewhat  the 
smallest,  are  placed  obliquely,  and  are  nearly  contiguous ;  the 
median  pair  of  the  front  row  are  sensibly  the  largest  of  the  group, 
and  are  separated  from  their  lateral  neighbours  by  a  space  equal 
to  fully  twice  their  individual  diameter,  and  from  each  other  by 
about  one  diameter ;  the  median  pair  of  the  second  row  are 
separated  from  the  lateral  eyes  by  rather  more  than  twice  their 
individual  diameter,  and  from  each  other  by  a  space  equal  to 
fully  three  diameters. 

Legs  moderately  long  and  tapering,  sparingly,  clothed  with 
yellowish  pubescence;  the  trochanters  and  femora  straw-coloured, 
tibite  and  metatarsi  yellow-brown,  tarsi  black;  relative  lengths  1, 
2,  4,  3. 

Palpi  moderately  long,  glossy,  tips  black. 

Fakes  yellowish  in  front,  yellow-brown  underneath,  long,  strong, 
glossy,  slightly  divergent  at  tips,  where  they  are  dark  brown ; 
outer  margins  sparingly  furnished  with  yellowish  pubescence,  the 
inner  margins  thickly  clothed  with  long  stiff  yellowish  hairs  or 
bristles;  each  margin  of  the  furrow  of  each  falx  armed  with  a 
row  of  three  teeth;  fangs  long,  dark  brown  at  base,  wine-red  at 
tips. 

Maxillm  long,  glossy,  club-shaped,  yellow-brown,  darker  at 
apex. 

Labium  long,  conical,  yellow-brown  at  base,  dark  brown  at 
apex. 

Sternum  shield-shaped,  convex,  yellow,  clothed  with  moderately 
long  hoary  hairs. 

Abdomen  ovate,  convex,  slightly  projecting  over  base  of  cephalo- 
thorax,  pale  yellowish;  the  superior  surface  ornamented  in  tlie 
median  line  with  a  faintly  discernible  longitudinal  bar,  from 
which  extends  a  series  of  slightly  curved  branches;  the  bar  indi- 
cated commences  near  anterior  extremity,  and  is  rather  more 
than  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  abdomen;  the  superior  and 
inferior  surfaces  and  sides  are  clothed  with  moderately  long  Init 


526  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID^E, 

fine  hoary  hairs,  with  a   few  long   coarse   dark   brown   hairs  or 

bristles  interspersd. 

Epigyne  slightly  elevated,  dark  brown. 

^a6.— Guildford. 

Family  SALTICID^. 

Subfamily  ATTID^. 

Genus  A  T  T  u  s,  Simon. 

Attus  flavicruris,  sp.  nov. 

(Plate  XVIII.,  fig.  2.) 

9.  Cephalothorax  2|^  mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad-  abdomen  3 J  mm. 
long,  2^  mm.  broad. 

Cephalothorax  ^^ellow-brown,  fringed  in  front  with  rather  long 
white  hairs.  Caput  between  the  eyes  yellow-brown,  and  furnished 
with  a  few  short  hoary  scale-like  hairs,  lateral  ocular  area  jet 
black ;  sides  yellow-brown,  fringed  with  short  scale-like  hoary 
hairs.  Clypeus  yellow-brown,  retreating;  the  junction  of  cephalic 
and  thoracic  segments  indicated  by  a  somewhat  shallow  depression. 

Eyes  black,  almost  forming  a  square ;  the  front  lateral  eyes 
placed  rather  lower  down  than  the  posterior  ones;  central  eyes, 
which  are  the  smallest  of  the  group,  seated  slightly  within  a 
straight  line  drawn  through  their  front  and  near  lateral  neigh- 
bours; front  median  ej^es  the  largest  of  the  group. 

Leys  pale  yellow,  moderately  long  and  strong,  armed  with 
someAvhat  darker,  long  and  strong  spines,  and  clothed  with  fine 
yellowish  hairs;  relative  lengths  1,  2,  4,  3. 

Palpi  short,  similar  in  colour  and  armature  to  legs. 

Falces  short,  reddish-brown,  conical,  placed  far  back  behind 
the  frontal  margin. 

Maxillce  yellowish-brown,  somewhat  darker  at  base,  club-shaped; 
inner  margins  towards  apex  thickly  fringed  with  yellowish  hairs;, 
there  are  also  a  few  rather  long  concolorous  hairs  distributed  over 
their  outer  and  lateral  surfaces. 

Labium  concolorous,  rather  long,  conical,  arched,  and  furnished 
with  a  few  rather  long  coarse  hairs. 


BY    \V.    J.    RAINBOW. 


527 


Sternum  yellowish,  shield-shaped,  convex,  lateral  edges  fringed 
with  rather  long  yellowish  hairs,  the  surface  moderately  clothed 
with  short  yellowish  pubescence. 

Abdomen  ovate,  moderately  projecting  over  base  of  cephalo- 
thorax,  dun-coloured ;  the  superior  surface  ornamented  with 
two  broken  longitudinal  lines  of  a  somewhat  darker  colour;  these 
commence  well  forward  and  terminate  near  posterior  extremity, 
below  which  there  are  again  two  strongly  curved  concolorous 
transverse  bars,  the  curvature  directed  backwards. 

Epiyyne  a  dark  somewhat  circular  protuberance,  uneven  in 
outline,  and  hollow  within. 

Hah.  —  Guildford. 

In  pursuing  the  study  of  the  architecture  of  the  Araneidoe,  the 
student  cannot  fail  to  be  struck  by  the  poverty  of  the  literature 
on  the  subject.  In  so  far  as  Australia  is  concerned,  practically 
nothing  has  been  done,  and  yet  the  wealth  of  material  at  hand 
is  so  vast,  that  the  wonder  is  it  should  have  remained  so  long 
neglected.  Singulai'ly  enough  what  is  true  of  Australia  is  equally 
so  in  regard  to  other  countries.  To  be  sure,  some  authors,  such 
as  McCook*,  Wagnerf,  and  Cambridge^  have  given  the  matter 
great  attention,  but  the  majority  of  writers  seem  content  with 
merely  describing  species,  and  publishing  on  rare  occasions  a  few 
fragmentary  notes,  while  others  draw  their  conclusions  from 
observations  on  the  work  performed  by  spiders  when  in  captivity. 
In  many  instances  these  are  misleading,  because  a  captive  often 
constructs  an  edifice  entirely  different  from  the  one  invariably  met 
with  in  its  natural  haunts.  Nevertheless  it  will  be  readily  con- 
ceded that  much  valuable  knowledge  may  be  gained  by  intelli- 
gently noting  the  habits  of  these  creatures  when  in  a  state  of 
captivity,  and  comparing  the  observations  with  those  acquired  in 

*  American  Spiders  and  their  Spinning  Work;  also  various  papers  in  the 
Vnlinnes  of  Proceedings  of  the  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia. 

+  L'Indastrie  des  Araneina.  Mum.  de  I'.Acad.  Imp.  des  Sci.  de  St. 
PtHersbourg.  vii^  S6rie,  Tome  xlii.  No.  11,  1894. 

%  Spiders  of  Dorset. 


\ 


o28  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID.E, 

the  field.  GasteracantJi-i  bispinosa,  Keys.,  is  a  case  in  point. 
This  spider  in  its  natural  haunts  constructs  an  orbitular  snare, 
but  in  captivity  the  fabric  consists  of  a  number  of  lines  thrown 
seemingly  at  random.  Two  specimens  kept  by  me  at  different 
times,  although  provided  with  ample  room,  and  placed  in  a  suit- 
able position  for  light,  constructed  webs  of  a  nondescript  design, 
but  upon  being  liberated  in  my  garden,  resorted  to  their  customary 
form  of  architecture.  Again,  the  snare  of  Agelin.a  lahyrinthica, 
Walck.,  is  very  different  in  confinement  from  the  one  it  fabricates 
in  its  natural  sphere.  Spiders  of  this  genus  are  very  common  in 
the  County  of  Cumberland.  They  are  found  in  scrub  lands,  and 
on  a  variety  of  soils,  being  common  on  sandy  hills  around  Sydney, 
and  again  in  the,  heavier  loamy  districts  at  Guildford  and  Fairfield. 
The  snare  of  Agelina  is  constructed  under  the  cover  of  some  bush 
or  shrub,  close  to  the  ground,  the  upright  stems  of  weeds,  grasses, 
or  other  convenient  projections  being  used  for  the  purpose  of 
supports.  The  snare  itself  is  a  veritable  labyrinth.  From  the 
main  body  of  the  web  a  tunnel  is  constructed,  running  into  the 
ground  in  an  oblique  direction.  In  this  the  spider  rests,  until 
apprised,  by  the  vibration  of  the  mesh,  of  the  capture  of  some 
unwary  insect,  whereupon  it  rushes  out,  and  having  secured  its 
prey,  carries  it  into  the  silk-lined  burrow,  there  to  devour  in 
peace  its  unhappy  victim.  In  captivity,  the  snare  is  not  nearly 
so  complex,  as  I  have  proved  by  keeping  specimens  at  various 
times.  For  the  purpose  of  observation  I  placed  one  of  these 
spiders  in  a  box  about  a  foot  long,  nine  inches  broad,  and  eighteen 
inches  deep,  having  previously  put  sufficient  soil  to  cover  the 
bottom  to  the  depth  of  four  inches.  At  first  the  creature  was 
somewhat  sh}^,  but  at  length  it  picked  up  sufficient  courage  to 
survey  the  extent  and  surroundings  of  its  prison.  Having  satisfied 
its  curiosity,  it  betook  itself  to  one  of  the  corners  of  the  box,  and 
remained  perfectly  quiet,  evidently  quite  undesirous  of  being 
watched.  Noting  this,  I  left  it  to  itself  for  a  while,  and  uj)on 
visiting  it  again,  found  that  it  had  stretched  several  lines  of  silk 
the  length  of  the  box,  and  about  midway  between  the  soil  and 
the  lid.     After  this  a  number  of  other  lines  were  drawn  from 


BY  ^y.  J.  RAINBOW.  529 

different  positions  along  the  sides  of  the  box,  but  all  converging 
to  one  point,  which  afterwards  proved  to  be  over  the  site  selected 
fur  its  subterranean  gallery.  Ha^'ing  progressed  so  far,  it  now 
turned  its  attention  to  the  formation  of  the  tunnel  that  was  to 
connect  the  gallery  with  that  part  of  the  web  intended  to  be  used 
for  ensnaring  its  prey.  Upon  the  construction  of  this  important 
adjunct,  she  bestowed  a  great  deal  of  time  and  labour,  but 
although  commencing  it  before  excavating  the  burrow,  the  little 
worker  did  not  attemj^t  to  complete  it  until  she  had  finished  her 
digging  operations.  As  she  proceeded  with  the  excavation  she 
spun  line  after  line  of  silk,  both  around,  and  up  and  down  to 
prevent  the  sides  falling  in,  which  would  inevitably  have  resulted 
on  account  of  the  loose  and  free  nature  of  the  material  upon 
which  she  was  working.  The  exca^■ation  having  at  length  been 
completed,  she  set  to  work  to  finish  the  tunnel  and  the  snare, 
stretching  lines  the  length  of  the  box,  interlacing  them  with  other 
threads  from  every  conceivable  point  and  angle,  until  at  length 
she  had  produced  a  network  of  beautiful  fine  silk,  but  of  an 
exceedingly  irregular  design.  The  fabric  of  the  tunnel  was  of  a 
much  closer  texture  than  that  of  the  body  of  the  web.  The  snare 
itself  took  the  form  of  a  somewhat  flattened  sheet,  but  had  a 
marked  depression  towards  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel;  nevertheless 
the  structure  was  entirely  devoid  of  the  labyrinthine  lines  peculiar 
to  the  snare  as  seen  in  the  bush.  Wagner,  in  commenting  upon 
similar  observations  and  experiments  recorded  by  Rossi  and  Lister, 
remarks  : —  "  This  is  comprehensible  :  the  architect  in  captivity 
lacks  the  material  that  it  employs  in  a  state  of  liberty;  besides 
this  the  spot  for  building  is  not  that  chosen  by  herself,  but  one 
given  by  the  observer;  yet  most  frequently  the  descriptions  of 
nests  relate  to  those  formed  in  captivity,  and  the  constructions 
built  under  these  conditions  are  accepted  as  normal."* 

From  the  foregoing  notes  it  will  be  seen  how  exceedingly  unwise 
it  is  to  draw  conclusions  solely  from  observations  made  on  animals 


*  L'Industrie  des  Araneina.    Mem.  del'Acad  Imp.  des  Sci.  de  St.  Pciters- 
bourg.  vii   Serie.  Tome  xlii.  No.  11,  p.  4. 


530  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    SOME    NEW    ARANEIDiE, 

kept  in  captivity.  At  the  best  they  caii  but  form  a  clue  to  their 
life-histories,  although  at  times  they  may  l^e  useful  in  assisting  to 
elucidate  problems  encountered  in  the  field.  Upon  this  question 
I  am  fully  in  accord  with  Wagner,  when  he  says  :—  "  Such  descrip- 
tions are  prone  to  great  error,  because  certain  spiders  which,  in 
liberty  place  their  cocoons  on  the  outside  of  their  snares,  in 
captivity,  and  with  new  surroundings,  often  change  the  position; 
thus  a  species  which  habitually  establishes  its  cocoon  at  a  distance 
from  its  snare  will,  in  captivity,  place  it  either  abo\e  or  at  the 
side.  This  is  not  the  result  of  new  conditions,  but  simply  the. 
impossibility  to  do  otherwise  owing  to  its  environment;  neverthe- 
less such  incidents  are  often  taken  as  normal  phenomena."* 

In  applying  myself  to  the  study  of  the  architecture  of  Austra- 
lian Araneidfe — so  far  as  the  present  paper  is  concerned — I  pro- 
pose to  deal  first  with  the  Epeirld(K,  secondly  with  the  Drassidce, 
thirdly  with  the  Salticidcp,  and  fourthly  with  the  Thomisidce,  and 
to  note  in  illustration  of  the  spinning-work  of  these  creatures 
such  examples  as  have  come  under  my  own  observation. 

Epeirid^. 

The  spiders  of  this  family,  owing  to  their  habits  and  modes  of 
life,  are  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  prominent  groups  in  the 
whole  of  the  Araneidce.  To  the  casual  observer  they  are  familiar 
by  their  orb-like  snares  which  are  always  located  in  more  or  less 
exposed  positions.  The  mode  of  weaving  the  typical  snare  has  been 
so  often  and  so  fully  described  that  it  would  be  superfluous  and 
wearisome  here  to  enter  into  minute  details.  Indeed,  considering 
how  common  and  prominent  they  are,  it  would  be  strange  if  they 
had  not  at  an  early  period  attracted  notice.  At  the  same  time,  it 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  habit  of  fabricating  orbitular 
snares  is  not  absolutely  constant  in  the  Upeiridce.  Cambridge 
has  drawn  attention  to  a  species  of  this  extensive  family  that 
does  not  do  so.     In  reviewing  Thorell's  great  workf  the  eminent 

*  Loc.  cit.  pp.  4,  5. 
t  Remarks  on  tlie  Synonyms  of  European  Spiders.     Upsala,  1869-70. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  531 

English  arachnologist  says*: — "Dr.  Thorell  was  necessarily 
unacquainted  with  an  undoubted  Epeirid  (a  native  of  New 
Zealand,  and  as  yetundescribed),  observed  and  beautifully  figured 
by  Dr.  Llewellyn  Powell,  belonging  to  the  genus  Arachnura, 
Vinson.  This  spins  only  a  few  irregular  threads,  crossing  each 
other  at  various  places,  among  twigs  or  small  branches  and  stems 
of  herbaceous  plants,  very  similar  to  some  spiders  of  the  genus 
Theridion,  family  Theridioides." 

Often  when  wandering  along  countiy  roads  the  eye  of  the 
traveller  lights  upon  some  huge  web,  the  outer  lines  or  guys  of 
which  are  frequently  from  30  to  40  feet  in  length,  and  occasionally 
€ven  more.  Sometimes  these  lines  ai'e  stretched  fi-om  tree  to 
tree,  across  roads  over  which  there  is  constant  vehicular  traffic, 
and  at  other  times  bridging  streams.  On  one  occasion  I  saw  a 
web,  the  main  line  of  which  was  thrown  athwart  the  South  Head 
Road,  near  Belle  Vue  Hill,  the  objects  to  which  the  ends  were 
attached  being  a  tree  on  one  side  and  a  telegraph  post  on  the 
other.  By  a  well-directed  stone  I  succeeded  in  bringing  the 
builder  down.  It  proved  to  be  Epnira  herioue,  L.  Koch.  It  is 
remarkable,  considering  how  fragile  these  structures  are,  the 
amount  of  wind  pressure  they  can  bear — a  fact  that  can  only  be 
explained  by  their  elasticity.  The  time  when  orb-weavers  are 
most  active  is  after  sunset.  It  is  then  that  they  fabricate  their 
orbitular  snares.  Usually  from  half-an-hour  to  forty  minutes  is 
sufficient  to  complete  the  work.  The  long  bridge-lines,  so  far  as 
my  observations  have  gone,  and  I  have  noted  a  good  many,  have 
always  been  wind-borne,  and,  moreover,  their  length  is  affected 
by  this  agency,  that  is  to  say,  a  spider  when  setting  out  upon  the 
task  of  constructing  a  web  can  have  no  choice  in  the  selection  of 
a  suitable  attachment  opposite  to  the  one  from  which  it  emits  its 
thread.  The  line  thrown  out  is  carried  by  the  air-current,  and 
continues  to  float  until  the  free  end  strikes  some  object  to  which 
it  adheres.  There  may  be  other  equally  suitable  objects  nearer 
than  the  one  to  which  it  finally  attaches,  but  they  escape  for  the 

*  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  vi.,  4tli  Series,  1870,  p.  116. 


532  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW  ARANEIDiE, 

simple  reason  that  they  are  not  to  leeward  of  the  spicier  and  the 
prevailing  air-current.  In  his  work  on  "  The  Spiders  of  Dorset," 
Cambridge  says : — "  Spider  lines  may  frequently  be  observed 
strained  across  oj)en  spaces  of  many  feet  and  even  yards  in  extent. 
This  has  been  explained  by  some  naturalists  to  have  l>een  done 
by  the  help  of  a  current  of  air  carrying  the  thread  across.  I 
cannot,  of  course,  say  that  it  has  never  been  thus  effected;. though 
I  have  certainly  never  myself  witnessed  it.  I  have,  however,  on 
several  occasions  seen  a  spider  fix  its  line,  then  run  down  to  the 
ground,  across  the  intervening  space,  and  so  up  the  opposite  side, 
trailing  its  line  as  it  went,  and  then,  having  hauled  in  the  slack, 
it  fixed  the  line  to  the  desired  spot.  This  I  believe  to  be  the  usual 
mode  of  pi'oceedings  in  such  cases  "*  In  addition  to  this,  it  is 
only  fair  to  say  that  in  the  second  volume  of  his  work,  and  after 
further  investigation,  the  distinguished  author  modified  the 
expression  of  opinion  just  quoted. 

The  webs  of  spiders  of  the  genus  Gasteracantha  are  always 
])laced  low  down,  sometimes  only  two  feet  from  the  ground,  and 
are  of  varying  lengths.  Some  that  I  have  measured  were  only 
three  feet  in  length,  and  some  even  less,  while  others  were  fully 
six.  These  webs  are  generally  found  in  rough,  scrubby  localities, 
in  which  the  intervening  spaces  between  the  two  points  of  attach- 
ment are  such  that  it  would  be  very  unlikely  indeed  for  the 
architect  to  be  successful  in  any  attempt  to  cany  its  thread  from 
one  point  to  another.  One  evening  last  summer  I  watched  a 
spider  (an  Epeirid)  that  had  located  itself  on  one  of  the  highest 
spurs  of  a  rose  bush.  It  threw  out  a  line  of  silk,  l)ut  owing  to 
no  suitable  attachment  being  in  line  with  it  and  the  direction  of 
the  prevailing  air-current,  it  failed  to  secure  a  connection.  Nor 
was  it  content  with  one  trial,  but  made  repeated  efforts  to  achieve 
its  object.  After  the  lapse  of  an  hour  I  took  the  spider  from  the 
position  it  had  selected  and  placed  it  on  another  shrub,  opposite 
to  which,  and  in  a  line  with  the  air-current,  another  plant  was 
standing,  and  although  it  made  no  attempt  to  repeat  the  efforts 
just  narrated  before  I  retired,  I  found  upon  visiting  the  spot 
next  morning  that  it  had  succeeded  in  fabricating  its  snare. 

*  Spiders  of  Dorset,  Vol.  i.,  Introduction,  p.  xxi. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  533 

It  will  be  conceded,  therefore,  from  the  facts  here  stated,  that 
the  bridge-lines  of  webs  are  influenced  by  the  direction  of  air- 
currents.  At  the  same  time  I  am  free  to  admit  that  in  the  case 
of  webs  consti'ucted  within  a  narrow  space,  and  where  the  Ijridge- 
lines  are  short,  spiders  do  sometimes  carry  the  line  to  the  opposite 
point  of  attachment. 

In  1881  Dr.  McCook,  at  the  close  of  an  interesti^ig  address 
delivered  before  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia, 
said  : —  "  While  this  use  of  air-currents  is  certainly  placed  beyond 
doubt,  it  is  as  certainly  not  the  only  mode  of  laying  foundation- 
lines,  and  is  dependent  very  much  upon  the  site  chosen,  the 
condition  of  the  wind,  the  abundance  of  prey,  etc.  Webs  built 
in  large  open  spaces  are  perhaps  alwaj's  laid  out  by  bridge-lines 
[i.e  ,  lines  carried  by  air-currents. — W.J.R.].  In  more  contracted 
sites,  the  frame  lines  are  generally  carried  around,  and  often  a 
foundation  is  the  result  of  both  methods."* 

Some  time  ago  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  discover  what  may 
certainly  be  considered  an  extraordinary  web.  This  peculiar 
snare  was  stretched  between  three  large  shrubs,  the  situations  of 
which  described  a  triangle  (.".),  and  was  what  may  be  denominated, 
for  want  of  a  better  term,  a  "double"  web.  The  main  body  of 
the  mesh  consisted  of  the  typical  orb,  with  the  customary  outer 
lines  or  guys,  but  at  the  back,  and  running  down  the  centre,  the 
spider  had  placed  a  semi-orb.  I  spent  a  long  time  in  looking  for 
the  interesting  architect,  but  without  success,  and  it  is  quite 
possible  it  may  have  fallen  a  pre}'  to  some  insectivorous  bird. 
Other  orbitular  snares  are  occasionally  met  with,  having  cords 
attached  to  the  centre  or  "  hub,"  drawn  taut,  and  firmly  secured 
to  a  branch  or  trunk  of  a  tree,  thus  causing  the  snare  to  be 
sharply  depressed,  the  object  being,  doubtless,  to  strengthen  it 
against  the  wind. 

Snare-fabricating  spiders  form  two  great  tribes  :  the  Orbitu- 
lar icb  and  Retitelarice;  the  webs  of  the  former  are  more  or  less 
geometrical,  orb-like,  in  most  instances  erected  in  a  vertical 
position,  though  sometimes  oblique,  and  in  some  instances  hori- 

*  Proo.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1881,  p.  435. 
35 


534 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID^E, 


zontal;  those  of  the  latter  are  festoons  fabricated  in  corners  or 
angles  of  buildings,  and  among  the  small  branches  of  shrubs,  or 
binder  the  overhanging  ledges  of  rocks,  and  consist  of  irregular 
lines  extending  from  every  conceivable  point  and  angle,  crossing 
and  interlacing  each  other.  Amongst  our  endemic  Upeiridce 
thei-e  are  some  species  that  construct  composite  webs — that  is  to 
say,  in  addition  to  an  orb-like  snare,  there  is  a  network  of  irregular 
or  retitelarian  lines,  such,  for  example,  as  those  described  by  me  in 
connection  with  the  web  of  Epeira  tvagneri,  Rainb.,  in  a  former 
paper.*  Whilst  taking  a  ramble  at  Guildford  last  spring,  I  was 
so  fortunate  as  to  discover  an  exceedingly  interesting  web  of  the 
composite  type,  but  very  different  to  the  one  just  referred  to. 
This  was  the  snare  of  U.  crassipes  (ante,  p.  515).  The'  orb-like 
mesh  of  this  spider  is  always  suspended  horizontally,  and  the 
radii  and  concentric  rings  are  exceedingly  fine  and  closely  woven. 
This  portion  is  about  9  inches  in  circumference.  The  centre  of 
the  orb  is  looped  up,  giving  it  a  somewhat  tent-like  appearance. 
Above  the  orb  a  cone-shaped  nest  or  retreat  is  suspended,  mouth 
downwards,  and  from  the  interior  of  this  there  are  lines  connect- 
ing it  with  the  main  body  of  the  structure.  The  accompanying 
figure  is  a  diagram  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  web  in  profile. 

A  represents  the  orb  which  is 
looped  up  at  Al;  B  the  nest  or 
retreat;  C  the  lines  looping  up 
the  orb;  and  D  the  centre  lines 
stretched  from  the  lower  portion 
of  the  nest  to  the  edges  of  the 
orb.  The  nest  is  skilfully  made. 
It  is  composed  of  colourless 
silk,  among  the  threads  of  which 
Fig.  1.  dead    leaves    of    Leptospermum 

or  ti-tree  are  woven,  thus  affording  not  only  an  admirable  shelter 
from  the  weather,  but  also  a  protection  from  the  raids  of  predatory 


_..J? 


A.  I 


*  P.L.S.N.S.W.   1S96,  Vol.  xxi.  pp.  335,  336;  E.  sylvkola,  described  in 
this   paper,    ante,   p.    518,  constructs    a   web   and    nest    exactly    like   E. 
vmgneri. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  535 

birds.  In  this  secluded  retreat  the  female  dwells  in  company 
with  her  mate,  until  at  length,  getting  tired  of  his  company  and 
attentions,  the  latter  has  to  beat  a  retreat,  or  fall  a  victim  to  her 
rapacious  appetite.  Being  now  left  in  complete  and  undisturbed 
possession,  the  female  immediately  sets  to  work  to  increase  the 
size  of  her  dwelling,  after  which  the  egg-bags  or  cocoons  are  made 
and  placed  therein.  These  are  usually  four  in  number,  spherical, 
and  somewhat  varying  in  size,  and  contain  on  an  average  about 
200  eggs  each;  these  are  of  a  pale  yellowish  colour  and  exceedingly 
glutinous.  The  walls  of  the  cocoons  are  somewhat  loosely  and 
thickly  constructed,  and  are  of  a  pale  yellowish  colour;  attached 
to  their  loose  threads  are  a  number  of  minute,  hard,  silken  pellets> 
some  of  which  ai-e  white  and  some  dark  green.  The  cocoons  are 
always  suspended  inside  the  nest,  one  under  the  other,  the  mother 
mounting  guard  until  the  3'oung  hatch  out.  In  addition  to  the 
orbitular  portion  there  is  a  perfect  labyrinth  of  lines  both  above, 
below,  and  surrounding  it.  Enclosed  also  within  these  retitelarian 
lines,  but  seated  below  the  orb,  a  "floor"  or  horizontal  curtain  of 
web  is  constructed,  much  like  that  of  the  snare  of  E.  basilica, 
McCook.'*'  E.  pallida  {ante,  p.  514)  fabricates  a  snare  and  nest 
like  the  one  just  described.  The  young  of  these  spiders  live 
together  in  communities  during  the  first  two  or  three  months  of 
their  existence;  each  youthful  Epeirid  after  undergoing  the  first 
moult,  constructs  its  own  snare,  with  retreat,  orb,  floor,  and 
retitelarian  lines  complete,  the  outer  lines  or  guys  of  each  minia- 
ture web  joining  that  of  its  neighbour's.  So  numerous  are  these 
young  spiderlings  that  their  united  webs  often  completely  envelope 
larse  shrubs.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  some  orb-weavers  unite 
with  their  beautiful  and  typical  snares  the  principal  features  of 
the  line-weavers'  webs,  thereby  apparently  forming,  to  quote 
McCookjt   "a   perfect  link   between  the  orb-weaving  and   line- 


*  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  1878,  pp.   124-127. 
t  Loc.  cit.  p.  127. 


536  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID.E, 

weaving  spiders  in  the  characteristic  spinning-work  of  the  two 
groups."*  • 

In  a  former  paperf  I  described  and  figured  the  leaf-rolled  nest 
of  Epeira  wagneri,  Rainb.  During  the  month  of  December  last 
year,  I  had  the  opportunity  of  studying  the  life-history  of  the 
young  of  this  species,  and  noting  their  progressive  development. 
The  first  specimen  I  examined,  and  which  was  somewhat  the 
youngest  of  the  new  brood,  the  spiderling  had  constructed  a 
silken  cell  on  the  spur  of  a  branchlet  of  a  ti-tree,  the  form  and 
architectui-e  being  very  similar  to  the  nest  of  a  Drassid;  another 
{somewhat  older)  had  selected  the  under  surface  of  a  leaf  of  a 
turpentine  tree,  across  the  centre  of  which  it  had  spun  a  simple 
sheet  of  web;  this  nest  was  so  constructed  that  its  tenant  could 
make  an  exit  either  at  one  end  or  the  other,  and  was  very  primi- 
tive in  design;  a  third  individual  took  up  its  abode  upon  the 
upper  surface  of  a  leaf  of  the  same  tree,  and  had  consti"ucted  its 
nest  in  much  the  same  manner  as  the  foregoing;  a  fourth  had 
selected  the  underside  of  a  small  leaf  of  a  turpentine  tree  that 
was  suffering  from  the  depredations  of  some  insect  pest,  and  from 
the  effects  of  which  it  was  curled  and  twisted  out  of  its  natui*al 
shape.  This  naturally  formed  a  good  shelter  both  from  the  weather 
and  insectivorous  birds.  The  nest  consisted  of  a  rather  lono;  silken 
tube,  the  entrance  to  which  was  towards  the  apex  of  the  leaf. 
Other  individuals,  somewhat  older,  made  their  nests  similar  to 
those  of  the  adult  spiders,  but  always  in  proportion  to  their  size. 
These  they  discard  for  larger  habitations  as  they  increase  in  bulk. 
One  web  that  I  examined  had  two  of  these  leaf -nests,  the  smaller 
of  which  had  evidently  been  very  recently  discarded  for  a  larger 
tenement;  the  proof  of  this  lay  in  the  fact  of  the  presence  of  the 
exuvife  from  a  recent  moult.     All  the  leaf-nests  described  were 


*  Loc.  cit.  pp.  124-132.  McCook  describes  at  considerable  length  and 
illustrates  with  numerous  figures  the  webs  of  several  American  spiders  of 
the  genera  Epeira  and  Liiiyphia,  the  object  of  wliich  is  to  trace  an 
analogy  between  the  spinning- work  of  the  two  groups  [q.r.]. 

t  P.L.S.N.S.W.  1896,  pp.  335,  336,  pi.  xix.  figs.  2a,  2b,  2c. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW. 


537 


attached  to  webs  tj^pical  of  this  species,  and  thus  formed  a  good 
object  lesson  in  their  progressive  architectural  development. 

Argiope  extensa,  Rainb.,  and  A.  protensa,  L.  Koch,  construct 
their  orbitular  snares  upon  bushes,  and  are  generall}'  placed  low 
down.  The  egg-bag  or  cocoon  of  each  is  spherical,  and  about  the 
size  of  a  pea.  The  eggs  are  green,  and  being  only  thinly  enswathed 
with  fine  colourless  silk,  the  cocoons  appear  upon  a  superficial 
examination  to  be  of  a  light  or  pea-green  colour.  A.  rega/is,  L. 
Koch,  is  a  very  common  spider  in  the  County  of  Cumberland, 
although  its  range  is  by  no  means  restricted  within  that  area. 
In  the  centre  of  its  snare  there  is  always  a  large  X-like  cross,  the 
lines  of  which  are  zig-zagged.  These  being  broad  and  white  form 
a  striking  contrast  to  the  fine,  colourless  lines  of  the  orb.  When 
reposing  in  the  centre  of  the  mesh,  the  animal  spreads  out  its  legs 
so  as  to  describe  an  X,  each  pair  being  placed  closely  together. 
The  males  are  veritable  pigmies  in  comparison  with  the  females, 
though  in  proportion  to  their  size  the  legs  of  the  former  are 
considerably  longer.  When  pairing  the  sexes  inhabit  the  same 
web,  the  female  occupying  the  centre  as  usual,  and  the  male  the 
upper  edge.  The  endeavour  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  object 
of  his  choice  is  not  without  the  element  of  danger,  and  even 
when  he  succeeds  in  so 
doing  he  seldom  escapes 
scatheless.  Before  leaving 
his  post  he  always  tries 
the  tension  of  the  web 
with  his  feet,  after  which  i,  -,»  ,, 
he  runs  down  nimbly  and  (  f'^.^ 
lightly,  so  as  not  to  attract 
her  attention,  climbs  on  her 
back  and  remains  for  a 
time  in  that  position. 
Should  she  not  succeed  in 


^r^- 


-IM^ 


Fiff.  2. 


dislodging    him,     he    next 

endeavours   to  climb   down    to  the   underside  of  her  abdomen, 

■where  having  attached  himself  in  the  necessary  position,  and  with 


538 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEIDiE, 


his  legs  firmly  grasping  her  abdomen,  the  act  of  copulation  is 
performed,  after  which  he  has  to  be  very  active  in  dropping  out 
of  the  web,  and  placing  himself  beyond  her  reach,  or  else  he  will 
pay  the  penalty  with  his  life. 

Although  of  the  tribe  Orbituhe,  Dicrostichus  magnificus  (avte, 
p.  523)  does  not  fabricate  an  orbitular  snare.  The  web  of  this 
species  is  of  a  distinctly  retitelarian  character.  The  nest  is  com- 
posed of  a  number  of  dead  leaves  (Fig.  2),  and  were  it  not  for  the 
silken  threads  with  which  they  are  bound  together,  would  put  one 
in  mind  of  a  miniature  bird's  nest  rather  than  that  of  a  spider's. 
The  tube  or  retreat  is  long,  lined  with  silk,  and  very  cleverly  con- 
structed.*   Attached  sometimes  to  leaves  connected  with  the  nest, 

and  sometimes  to  adjacent  objects,  sticks, 
cfec,  are  the  egg-bags  or  cocoons  (Fig.  3). 
These  vary  in  number:  usually  there  are 
three,  but  occasionally  five.  The  cocoons 
are  of  a  pale  yellowish  or  straw-colour, 
about  3-^-  inches  long  and  2|  inches  in  girth" 
at  their  widest  part.  Each  cocoon  has  a 
narrow  neck  about  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  in  length,  after  which  it  bulges  out 
strongly  until  the  maximum  width  is 
attained;  from  thence  it  gradually  tapers 
off,  terminating  finally  with  a  blunt, 
rounded  point.  The  walls  of  the  cocoons 
Fig-.  3.  are  exceedingly  closely  woven,  smooth,  and 

tough;  within  they  are  sparingly  lined  with  loose,  colourless  silk. 
Surrounding  the  nest  there  is  a  numerous  array  of  retitelarian  lines, 
crossing  and  interlacing  each  other  from  every  possible  angle. 
The  whole  structure  is  exceedingly  complicated,  and,  so  far  as  the 
web  is  concerned,  there  is  no  attempt  whatever  at  design.  The 
denser  portion  of  the  mesh  is  placed  at  the  side,  and  as  near  as 
possible  on  a  line  with  the  nest.     Often  when  rambling  through 


*  I  am  indebted  to  my  colleague,  Mr.  Edgar  R.  Waite,  for  the  excellent 
drawing  of  the  iiest  of  this  spider.  —  VV.J.R. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW. 


539 


the  bush  in  quest  of  specimens,  and  for  purposes  of  observa- 
tion, I  have  noticed  these  cocoons,  but  was  never  successful  in 
obtaining  a  specimen  of  the  architect  responsible  for  the  structure. 
I  have  also,  at  various  times,  had  specimens  of  these  cocoons  sent 
me  for  determination,  but  always  without  the  spider.  It  is  to 
Mr.  A.  G.  Hamilton,  of  Mount  Kembla,  that  I  am  indebted  for 
the  specimen  described  in  this  paper,  and  also  for  a  photograph 
of  the  creature,  with  its  nest,  and  cocoons  in  situ. 

Speaking  generally,  the  Epeiridai  do  not  all  construct  tube- 
nests  or  retreats.  Among  those  that  do  so,  Epeira  tvagaeri  and 
E.  xylvicola  are  never  seen  resting  at  the  centre  or  "  hub,"  as  is 
the  usual  custom  with  orb-weavers  ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are 
always  to  be  found  within  their  rolled-leaf  nests.  Whenever  an 
insect  becomes  entrapped  within  the  mesh,  these  spiders  imme- 
diately rush  out  and  enswathe  the  struggling  victim  in  the  usual 
manner  of  the  Epeiriche.  Among  other  groups,  as  the  Drassidce 
and  Attidce,  for  example,  a  tube  or  nest  is  made  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  shelter  during  the  period  of  moulting,  as  will  be 
explained  in  another  part  of  this  paper,  but  with  the  Epeiridfn 
this  is  not  so.  When  the  time  arrives  for  an  Epeirid  to  cast  its 
skin,  it  quietly  settles  down  wherever  it  may  be  to  undergo  the 
process,  which  is  proved  by  the  positions  in  which  exuvite  are 
frequently  found. 

DRASSIDiE. 

Among  the  species  described  in  the  present  paper  one  is  refer- 
able to  the  family  Drassidce,  i.e.,  Cheiracanthium  silaceum.  The 
spiders  of  this  family  reside  in  silken  cells  which  they  construct 
in  the  crevices  of  rocks  and  walls,  amongst  leaves,  under  stones, 
and  the  exfoliating  bark  of  trees,  and  capture  their  prey  either 
by  surprise  or  pursuit.  They  are  generally  of  small  size,  of  neat 
and  compact  form,  and  exceedingly  active.  The  cocoon  of  C. 
silaceicm  is  placed  within  the  cell  or  nest,  and  consists  of  two  white 
plaques,  between  which  the  eggs  are  placed.  The  nest  itself  is 
about  the  size  of  a  walnut,  its  bulk  being  caused  b}'  the  little 
architect  weaving  dead  Leptospermum  leaves  among  the  silken 


540  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID^, 

filaments,  thereby  affording  absolute  immunity  from  the  attacks 
of  insectivorous  birds;  but  it  must  be  understood  that  the  leaves 
are  only  introduced  into  those  structures  that  contain  cocoons, 
the  nests  occupied  when  moulting  consisting  onl}'  of  the  usual 
white  silk,  and  being  free  from  foreign  substances.  During  the 
pei'iods  of  moulting  or  maternity,  the  entrance  to  the  nest  is 
always  securely  closed.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  maternal  care, 
devotion  and  self-abnegation  of  C.  silaceum,  for  not  only  does  the 
mother  mount  guard  over  her  eggs,  but  absolutely  refrains  from 
leaving  them  even  for  a  moment,  and  abstaining  entirely  from 
food,  not  only  until  after  they  have  hatched  out,  but  until 
they  have  become  old  enough  and  strong  enough  to  quit  the  nest 
and  start  in  life  for  themselves.  The  retreat — nes^t — is  con- 
structed at  the  spui's  of  shrubs,  is  white  and  open  at  each  end, 
and  serves  as  a  shelter  from  the  weather,  or  for  repose  and  for 
protection  fi*om  enemies. 

The  spiders  of  the  genus  Clahiona,  Walck.,  have  been  classified 
by  most  authors  (Walckenaer,  Westring,  Ohlert,  Staveley,  Simon, 
Thorell,  Dahl,  and  others)  with  the  Drassidce  but  Wagner  (in  a 
paper  which  I  have  not  yet  seen*)  has  allotted  it  to  a  separate 
family,  Glubionidce,  of  which  it  is  the  sole  representative.  In  so 
far  as  the  architecture  of  the  species  is  concerned,  there  is  much 
in  common  with  other  representatives  of  the  Drassidoe.  The 
spiders  conceal  themselves  in  silken  cells  which  they  construct 
either  on  or  among  the  leaves  of  plants,  in  the  crevices  of  walls 
or  rocks,  under  stones,  among  the  rugulosities  of  trees,  and  behind 
exfoliating  bark.  In  the  capture  of  their  prey,  which  they  take 
either  by  surprise  or  pursuit,  they  display  great  activity.  In 
connection  with  the  question  of  their  architecture,  it  is  only  inght 
here  to  explain  that  it  consists  of  three  distinct  types  :  (first)  the 
retreat,  consisting  of  a  silken  tube  with  two  apertures,  in  which 
the  spider  dwells  during  those  periods  when  she  is  not  moulting, 


* 


'  Observ.  s.  1.  Araignees,"  Bull,  de  la  Soc.  des  Naturalistes  de  St. 
P^tersbourg,  1880;  see  also  "  L'  Industrie  des  Araneina,"  Mem.  de  I'Acad. 
Imp.  des  Sol.  de  St.  P^tersbourg,  vile  Serie,  Tome  xlii.  No.  11,  1894. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  541 

and  when  she  is  free  from  maternal  cares ;  (second)  the  ncM 
wherein  the  animal  moults,  or  in  which  the  cocoon  is  established; 
and  (third)  the  cocoon  containing  the  eggs. 

In  the  construction  of  the  retreat  varying  degrees  of  perfection 
are  displayed,  and  these  are  influenced  by  circumstances,  such  as 
the  length  of  time  a  spider  occupies  a  nest,  for  it  not  infrequently 
happens  that  after  establishing  a  home  in  one  locality  it  will 
reject  it  for  another,  probably  out  of  consideration  for  its  larder, 
the  position  taken  up  in  the  first  instance  not  being  sufliciently 
productive;  again,  another  reason  for  changing  may  arise  from 
exposure  to  disturbance  or  attack.  It  may,  therefore,  be  laid 
down  as  a  law  that  the  higher  or  lower  the  degree  of  perfection 
attained  is  due  entirely  to  the  length  or  brevity  of  the  spider's 
sojourn  in  the  retreat.  This  fact  has  been  recorded  by  Wagner,* 
who,  in  explanation,  observes  that  "  the  shorter  its  sojourn,  the 
simpler  the  structure  of  the  retreat;  the  longer  the  sojourn  of  the 
animal  the  greater  is  the  quantity  of  silk  used,  and  the  more 
careful  the  workmanship  in  the  construction  of  the  retreat"  [j^lus 
il  est  court — plus  simple  est  la  sti'ucture  de  la  retraite,  et  inverse- 
ment :  plus  longtemps  y  reste  1'  animal — plus  grande  est  la  quantite 
de  fils,  qui  s'  accumulent,  et  plus  soigneusement  se  fait  la  retraite.] 
When  the  retreat  is  constructed  on  the  spur  of  a  shrub,  such  as 
the  ti-tree  or  Leptospermum,  as  in  the  case  of  Chtbiona  moc/esta, 
Koch,  it  is  secured  by  threads  to  the  stem  and  its  leaves,  but 
when  on  the  other  hand  a  broad  leaf  is  selected,  the  spider  takes 
up  its  position  on  the  reverse  side  and  draws  the  edges  over, 
binding  them  in  position  by  a  series  of  threads.  In  describing 
the  retreat  of  C.  pallidula,  Clerck,  Wagner  has  given  a  series  of 
figures!  elucidating  the  manner  in  which  the  edges  of  the  leaf  are 
brought  together,  and  as  the  modus  operandi  is  the  same  through- 
out the  species,  they  may  be  briefly  explained.  The  first  figure 
(fig.  161  on  the  author's  plate)  represents  a  transverse  section  of 


*  Loc  cif.  p.  119. 
t  Loc.  cit.,  pp.  119-122,  PI.  II.  figs.  161-164. 


542  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID^, 

the  leaf  with  the  first  series  of  threads  stretched  from  edge  to 
edge,  so  as  to  describe  the  arc  of  a  circle;  the  second  (fig.  162) 
represents  the  leaf  still  further  warped  over  by  the  second  series 
of  threads,  so  that  it  now  forms  a  semicircle;  the  third  figure  (fig. 
163)  illustrates  the  result  of  the  third  series,  the  circling  of  the 
leaf  being  nearly  complete;  and  the  fourth  (fig.  164)  the  leaf  com- 
pletely circled.  The  first  series  of  threads  are  irregular,  and 
apparently  carelessly  drawn,  but  as  the  work  proceeds  towards 
completion  greater  attention  and  care  are  displayed.  It  is  not 
until  after  the  completion  of  the  third  stage  in  the  circling  of  the 
leaf  that  any  attention  is  bestowed  upon  the  interior  of  the  tube. 
Up  to  this  time  the  spider  has  confined  her  attention  and  energies 
solely  to  attaching  silk  to  the  edges  of  the  leaf,  but  now  she 
commences  the  work  of  fabricating  the  internal  tapestry  and 
lining  the  walls  of  her  retreat,  putting  in  the  final  touches  after 
the  edges  have  been  brought  together.  It  sometimes  happens 
that  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  leaf  selected  there  is  a  second, 
and  occasionally  a  third  leaf.  In  such  circumstances  the  spider, 
working  purely  upon  instinct,  incorporates  them  in  the  tube. 
This  is  illustrated  by  the  retreat  of  Drassus  perehgans,  described 
and  figured  by  me  in  a  former  paper.*  Again,  to  quote  Wagner,! 
if  during  the  task  of  warping  a  leaf  the  spider  is  prevented  from 
bringing  the  edges  closely  together  by  the  observer  placing  a 
small  stick  between  them,  she  is  not  at  all  disconcerted,  but 
proceeds  immediately  to  enclose  the  aperture  with  a  wall  of  silk, 
by  passing  her  abdomen  from  side  to  side  over  the  spot.  Again, 
if  the  stick  be  removed,  the  edges  of  the  leaf  will  soon  unite 
without  any  efibrt  on  the  part  of  the  worker,  owing  to  the  con- 
traction of  the  silk  [rien  qu'  a  cause  de  cette  elasticite  de  la  soie 
elle-meme]. 

The  difference  between  the  retreat  and  the  nest  is  that  the  latter 
is  closed  at  both  ends,  and  that  it  is  larger,  more  solid,  and,  if 


P.L.S.N.S.^Y.  Vol.  ix.  (Series  2nd),  1894,  p.  154,  fig.  la. 
t  Loc.  cit.,  p.  120. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW. 


543 


anythiu'/,  more  skilfully  Imilt.  When  the  periods  of  moulting  or 
maternity  approach,  the  spider  retires  to  the  seclusion  of  her  nest 
and  shuts  off  all  communication  from  without  by  closing  the 
apertures.  The  cocoon  is  composed  of  two  closely  fabricated 
layers  or  plaques  of  silk,  the  threads  of  which  are  crossed  and 
recrossed,  and  between  which  the  eggs  are  placed.  This  is 
stretched  horizontally,  the  edges  adhering  to  the  walls  of  the 
nest.  During  the  period  of  incubation  the  female  mounts  guard 
over  her  eggs,  which  she  maintains  until  the  young  hatch  out. 
But  her  vigilance  does  not  end  there,  for  until  the  spiderlings  are 
old  enough  and  strong  enough  to  start  in  life  for  themselves,  the 
mother  continues  to  display  great  solicitude  for  their  welfare. 
From  the  time  that  she  enters  her  nest,  and  until  the  brood  dis- 
perse, the  mother  remains  an  absolute  and  willing  prisoner,  never 
once  quitting  it  even  for  food.  By  way  of  illustration  of  the 
tenacity  with  which  the  mother  will  cling  to  her  cocoon,  I  may 
mention  that  on  one  occasion  after  breaking  a  nest  open,  the 
spider  steadfastly  refused  to  budge  from  her  treasure,  and  even 
when  I  pr-oceeded  to  tear  the  cocoon  with  my  forceps  she  still 
maintained  her  grasp  ;  and  further,  when  she  was  eventually 
removed,  it  was  with  the  loss  of  two  of  her  legs. 

In  those  parts  of  our  country  favoured  by  mild  winters  many 
species  do  not  hibernate. 

AXTIDiE. 

The  Attidce  are  individually  exceedingly  small  spiders,  and 
embrace  among  their  number  some  of  the  brightest  coloured 
examples  of  the  Araneidee,  as,  for  example.  Alius  volana,  Camb., 
and  A.  Hfhndidus^  Rainb.  Their  principal  haunts  are  crevices 
and  interstices  of  walls  and  rocks,  fissures  in  the  ground,  the 
rugulosities  of  trees,  shrubs,  and  exfoliating  bark.  So  for  as  their 
nesting  habits  are  concerned,  they  closely  resemble  the  Drassidm.  * 


*  In  connection  with  this  remark,  Wagner  observes,  in  speaking  of  the 
Attidce: — "In  certain  features  of  their  architecture  they  approach  the 
Dratisida';  in  other  features,  the  spiders  of  other  groups." — Loc.  cit.,  p.  76. 


544  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID.E, 

Their  architecture  consists  of  a  retreat  in  the  form  of  a  tube  with 
two  apertures;  a  nest  in  which  they  (1)  moult,  and  (2)  in  which 
they  seclude  their  cocoons,  but  to  which  there  is  no  aperture;  and 
finally  the  cocoon.  These  spiders  are  active  during  the  day-time, 
and  capture  their  prey  either  by  surprise  or  pursuit.  In  the  art 
of  stalking  prey  they  are  exceedingly  skilful.  In  this  they  are 
aided  by  keenness  of  vision,  in  which  respect,  throughout  the 
whole  of  the  Araneidfe,  they  have  no  superior.  The  subject  of 
vision,  however,  is  not  within  the  province  of  this  paper,  and 
and  must  therefore  be  held  over  for  a  future  occasion;  but  as  the 
question  has  been  raised,  it  is  only  fair  to  say  that  a  number  of 
eminent  authors  have  recorded  both  observations  and  experiments 
proving  conclusively  that  length  of  vision  is  possessed  by  the 
Attidce  to  a  rare  degree.  Among  these  are  Cambridge,  Simon, 
McCook,  and  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Peckham.  Of  these  the  last  named 
writers,  after  enumerating  a  long  series  of  experiments,  conclude 
with  the  following  observation: — -"We  think  that  our  experi- 
ments on  vision  prove  conclusively  that  Attidse  see  their  prey 
(which  consists  of  small  insects),  when  it  is  motionless,  up  to  a 
distance  of  five  inches;  that  they  see  insects  in  motion  at  much 
greater  distances;  and  that  they  see  each  other  distinctly  up  to 
twelve  inches.  The  observations  on  blinded  spiders  and  the 
numerous  instances  in  which  spiders  were  close  together  and  yet 
out  of  sight  of  each  other,  showed  that  they  were  unconscious  of 
each  other's  presence,  render  any  other  explanation  of  their  action 
unsatisfactory.     Light  guides  them,  not  smell."* 

Among  the  Australian  Attiche  there  are  many  species  that  do 
not  make  a  retreat  at  all,  but  content  themselves  with  the  seclu- 
sion afforded  by  objects  within  the  compass  of  their  sphere  of 
activity,  such  as  nooks  and  crannies  in  walls  and  rocks,  the  spaces 
under  stones,  fissures,  and  such  like.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
are  some  species  that  seem  to  be  guided  more  by  caprice  than 

*  "  The  Sense  of  Sight  m  Spiders,"  by  George  W.  and  Mrs.  Elizabeth 
G.  Peckham.  Trans.  Wisconsin  Acad.  Sci.,  Arts,  and  Letters,  Vol.  x., 
p.  249. 


BY    AV.    J.    RAINBOW.  545 

an3^thing  else,  and  which  seem  to  be  perfectly  indiiferent  as  to 
whether  they  fabricate  a  retreat  or  nest,  or  whether  they  adopt 
for  their  use  the  untenanted  habitation  of  other  species,  and  even 
the  deserted  cocoons  of  insects.  I  have,  for  instance,  found 
individuals  occupying  empty  cocoons  of  a  cup  moth  (Dorafifera), 
while  others  of  the  same  species,  and  in  the  same  locality, 
were  lurking  within  silken  tubes.*  Speaking  of  this  feature  of 
their  natural  history,  Wagner  says  : — "  It  is  a  j^'^opos  to  note 
here  that  of  all  the  spiders  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  the 
Attid^  are  the  greatest  amateurs  [les  plus  grands  amateurs],  and 
during  moulting  or  nesting  take  possession  not  onl}^  of  those  of 
other  families  such  as  the  Clubionidie,  Drassidse,  Theridiidse,  &c., 
but  even  those  of  insects,  as  well  as  those  of  other  animals."!  The 
nest,  when  one  is  made,  closely  resembles  the  retreat,  differing 
from  it  in  so  far  that  it  is  never  open,  and  that  the  walls  are 
thicker  and  more  closely  woven.  The  cocoons  are  spherical, 
thinly  and  loosely  woven,  and  look  very  like  a  ball  of  fluff,  and  are 
always  Secured  to  one  of  the  walls  at  the  centre  of  the  nest. 
During  the  period  of  incubation  and  the  early  days  of  the  infancy 
of  her  progeny,  the  female  never  quits  the  nest:  the  young  ones 
remain  for  a  considerable  time  with  their  parent,  but  she  never 
procures  nourishment  for  them,  nor,  indeed,  do  they  require  any 
until  after  their  first  moult.  When,  however,  this  has  been 
accomplished,  they  leave  their  home,  and  commence  to  hunt  and 
stalk  their  prey. 

An  old  writer,  Evelyn,  in  his  work,  "  Travels  in  Italy,"  gives  a 
remarkable  and  lively  description  of  the  tactics  adopted  by  these 
spiders  in  hunting  and  stalking  their  prey,  which,  to  say  the  least, 
is  decidedly  amusing,  and  concludes  his  remarks  by  observing. 
"  I  have  beheld  them  instructing  their  young  ones  how  to  hunt, 
which  they  would  sometimes  discipline  for  not  w^ell  observing:  but 
•when  any  of  the  old  ones  did   (as  sometimes)  miss   a  leap,  they 

*  Since  the  above  was  written  I  have  found  representatives  of  the  Attidtv 
dwelling  within  the  interior  of  the  dead  bodies  of  beetles. 

t  Loc.  cit.,  p.  68. 


546  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    SOME    NEW    ARANEID.E, 

would  run  off  the  field  and  hide  themselves  in  their  crannies,  as 
ashamed,  and  haply  not  be  seen  abroad  for  four  or  five  hours;  for 
so  long  have  I  watched  the  nature  of  this  strange  insect,  the 
contemplation  of  whose  so  wonderful  sagacity  and  address  has 
amazed  me;  nor  do  I  find  in  any  chase  whatsoever  more  cunning 
and  stratagem  observed.  I  have  found  some  of  these  spiders  in 
my  garden,  when  the  weather  towards  spring  is  very  hot,  but 
they  are  nothing  so  eager  in  hunting  as  in  Italy." 

So  far   as    my    experience    goes,   the    system    of   architecture 
described  in  respect  of  the  Attidce  is  the  same  throughout,  but 
Wagner  has  described  and   figured   the  nest  of  Aft  us  ha  status, 
Clerck,*  which  difiers  very  widely  from  the  foregoing,  and  which, 
taken  all  in  all,  is  of  unique  interest.      This  spider  appears  to 
prefer  the  pine  for  its  haunt,  as  it  is  only  upon  that  tree  that  the 
distinguished  araneologist  has  found  it,  and  as  he  is  a  particularly 
careful  and  astute  observer  and  an  industrious  collector,  he  would 
have  found  it  in  other  situations  if  it  affected  them.     Amona:  the 
twigs  of  a  branch  of  a  pine,  either  living  or  dead,  A.  hastafus 
constructs  its  nest.     The  shape,  according  to  the  figures,  is  almost 
spherical,  and  the  silken  threads  are  irregularly  interlaced.     The 
abundance  of  silk  used  in  the  structure,  and  its  similitude  in  con- 
struction  to  the  cocoons  of  some   Lepidoptera,  affords  excellent 
protection.     A  tube  or  tunnel  runs  through  the  structure,  and  at 
each  end  there  is  an  oval  aperture  for  ingress  or  egress.     The  nest 
is  thus  divided  into  two  parts,  an  upper  and  a  lower,  and  of  these 
the  latter  is  somewhat  the  larger.     At  night  the  spider  reposes 
in   the  tunnel,  and   secures  herself  from  attack   by  closing  the 
apertures.     The  cocoon,  which  is  oval,  is  placed  in  the  lower  half, 
and  at  a  distance  from  one  of  the  openings  of  about  one-third  the 
length  of  the  tunnel,  and  a  little  below  its  "  floor."     The  walls  of 
the  tunnel  are  very  thick,  although  the  silk  of  which  they  are 
constructed  is  loose  and  flocculent.     Obviously  a  structure  such  as 
the  one  described  must  naturally  form  an  absolute  protection  both 
for  the  eggs  within  the  cocoon  and  for  the  young  when  they  have 

»  Lot.  fit.,  pp.  74,  75,  PI.  V.  fig.  100,  PL  iv.  fig.  101,  and  PI.  x.  fig.  102. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW. 


547 


hatched  out  and  until  they  are  old  enough  to  shift  for  themselves. 
As  with  other  species,  the  young  of  A.  hastatus  remain  for  a  long 
time  with  the  mother.  A  further  point  of  interest  in  connection 
with  this  species  is  that  the  female  uses  the  same  nest  for  succes- 
sive broods,  and  that  frequently  after  the  young  have  been 
hatched  out  from  one  cocoon,  and  before  they  are  old  enough  to 
start  in  life  for  themselves,  another  batch  of  eggs  is  deposited. 
Upon  the  approach  of  danger  the  young  ones  seek  shelter  among 
the  labyrinthine  threads  of  the  huge  structure.  As  an  instance 
of  the  cannabalism  of  A.  hastatus,  Wagner  states  that  he  has 
found  it  in  the  nest  of  A.  falcatus,  Clerck,  feeding  upon  the  eggs 
contained  in  the  latter's  cocoon,  after  having  devoured  the 
rightful  owner.* 

In  respect  of  the  Attiche  it  only  remains  to  be  added  that 
among  those  species  that  do  not  construct  a  retreat  in  which  to 
shelter  from  predatory  foes  and  inclement  weather,  or  to  seek 
repose  during  the  night,  some  of  the  members  suspend  themselves 
by  means  of  a  thread  from  the  branches  of  shrubs.  In  this 
position,  with  their  legs  folded  across  the  clypeus,  they  are  not 
only  enabled  to  pass  the  night  in  peace,  but  also  enjoy  complete 
immunity  from  their  natural  enemies.  Anyone  who  will  take 
the  trouble  during  the  summer  time  to  examine  the  shrubs  of  our 
scrub  lands,  or  even  plants  in  gardens,  may  see  numbers  of  these 
spiders  in  the  position  described.  Wagner,  in  support  of  his 
statement,  says  :  "I  have  had  occasion  to  observe  this  phenomenon 
in  nature,  as  well  as  in  captivity."! 

TnOMISIDiE. 

The  spiders  of  this  family  are,  in  popular  parlance,  known  as 
"  Crab-spiders,"  owing  to  the  form  and  arrangement  of  their  legs, 
which  are  laterigrade,  and  which  present  much  diversity  in  their 
relative  proportions ;  classical  naturalists,  however,  have  named 

*  Lor.  at.,  p.  75. 
+  Loc.  cit.  footnote  on  p.  67. 


548  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEIDiE, 

them  "aerial"'  or  "gossamer  spiders"  on  account  o£  their  habit 
of  transferring  themselves  from  one  locality  to  another,  a  feat, 
however,  not  solely  confined  to  the  representatives  of  this  group. 
Many  species  of  Thomisidce  frequent  the  summits  of  branches, 
flowers,  and  high  plants  or  shrubs,  and  often  form  connections 
between  objects  widely  separated  from  each  other  by  means  of 
long,  single  threads  of  silk,  while  others  conceal  themselves 
amongst  herbage,  the  rugulosities  of  trees,  or  in  cracks  and 
crevices  of  rocks  or  walls.  The  various  species  seem  to  be  admir- 
ably adapted  to  their  natural  haunts  both  by  form  and  colouration, 
and  often  assimilate  inanimate  objects,  both  for  the  capture  of 
prey  and  as  a  protection  from  predatory  foes. 

The  Thomisidce  is  an  extensive  family,  and  has  a  wide  geo- 
graphical range,  but  by  far  the  greatest  number  of  species  and 
individuals  are  found  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions. 
Wagner  includes  in  this  family  only  three  genQva.— Misumena, 
Latr.,  Thomisus,  Walck.,  and  Xysticus,  C.  Koch.*  Sparassus, 
Wall.,  and  Micrommata,  Latr.,  are  allotted  to  a  separate  family, 
for  which  he  proposes  the  name  Sparassidce.f  Simon,  |  on  the 
other  hand,  includes  within  the  family  no  less  than  six  sub- 
families, with  numerous  genera. 

In  writing  upon  the  spiders  of  the  Thomisidce,  Wagner,  in  his 
great  and  interesting  work,  says  : — "None  of  the  representatives 
of  these  spiders  make  a  retreat  nor  a  construction  for  moulting. 
The  rejected  teguments  are  found  on  the  leaves  without  any 
adaptation  "  [for  mou]ting].§  In  dealing  with  the  question  of  the 
architecture  of  the  Araneidae,  per  se,  Wagner  is  exceedingly 
careful  and  accurate,  and  his  expressions  and  opinions  must 
therefore  be  treated  with  respect.  Indeed,  speaking  generally, 
the  statement  just  quoted  is  correct,  but  then  this  eminent  author 
was  naturally  unaware  of  the  ingenious  nest  made  by  a  spider  (at 

*  Loc.  at.  p.  49. 

t  Observations  sur  les  Araneina,  pp.  119,  120. 

%  Hist.  Nat.  cies  Araignees,  2ik1  ¥A.,  Vol.  i.,  pp.  953,  954. 

§  Loc.  cit.  p.  49. 


BY    W.    j'.    RAINBOW.  549 

present  undescribed,  and  for  which  a  new  genus  will  be  necessary), 
an  undoubted  Thomisid — a  species  of  Misumenince. 

This  interesting  spider  constructs  a  bag-like  nest  which  it 
attaches  to  branches  or  twigs,  and  which  is  held  securely  in 
position  by  silken  threads.  The  entrance  to  the  nest  is  at  the 
top.  The  food  of  the  tenant  consists  entirely  of  ants — Lepto- 
myrniex  erythrocephalas,  Fabr.  These  are  dragged  into  the  nest, 
the  vital  fluids  sucked  from  their  bodies,  after  which  the  remains 
are  thrown  out,  and  other  victims  secured.  The  single  nest, 
figured  onPlate  xviii.  (fig.  8a)  is  eighteen  millimeters  deep  by  twelve 
wide.  Within  and  from  near  the  middle  to  the  bottom  it  is  very 
closely  woven  and  beautifully  lined  with  fine  white  silk;  the  silk 
composing  the  outer  part  of  the  structure  is  of  a  dirty  yellowish 
colour,  coarse  and  openly  woven.  This  specimen,  together  with 
the  architect,  was  obtained  by  Mr.  Froggatt  at  Aelalong  in  1891. 
At  the  time  I  was  busy  with  this  portion  of  my  paper,  Mr.  George 
Masters,  Curator  of  the  Macleay  Museum,  Sydney,  most  oppor- 
tunely drew  my  attention  to  a  cluster  of  nests  upon  a  small  branch 
(PI.  XVIII.,  fig.  6),  together  with  the  architects,  collected  by  him 
at  Glen  Oak,  Williams  River.  The  spiders  proved  to  be  of  the 
same  species  as  those  collected  by  Mr.  Froggatt  at  Aelalong. 
Altogether  there  were  nine  nests,  showing  that  while  some  of 
these  spiders,  as  evidenced  by  Mr.  Froggatt's  collection,  lead  an 
isolated  life,  at  other  times  they  are  to  be  met  with  in  colonies. 
The  form  and  texture  of  the  nests  in  the  cluster  (Mr.  Mastei's' 
.specimen)  is  exactly  like  the  one  taken  by  Mr.  Froggatt;  but  it 
will,  of  course,  be  understood  that  each  nest  is  tenanted  only  by 
one  spider.  Mr.  Masters,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  privi- 
lege of  figuring  the  specimen  collected  by  him,  tells  me  that  the 
nests  are  covered  with  these  ants,  and  that  it  was  their  great 
numbers  on  the  trees  that  attracted  his  attention.  From  the 
observations  of  these  gentlemen  it  would  appear  that  this  species 
is  decidedly  local,  but  very  common  where  it  occurs.  So  far  I 
have  not  seen  the  cocoon  made  by  this  interesting  Arachnid. 

The  Australian  species  of  the  genus  Misumena,  Latr.,  exhibit 

no   departure   from   the  typical    nidification   of    the    Thomisidce. 
36 


550  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    SOME    NEW    ARANEID.^, 

According  to  L.  Koch,  of  M.  jjustidosa,  L.  Koch,  "  the  egg-sac  is- 
white,  longish,  rounded  at  both  ends,  and  encloses  large  numbers 
of  yellow  eggs;  the  sac  is  contained  in  a  half-rolled  leaf,  covered 
with  a  thick  white  web  projecting  over  its  end."* 

The  nest — or  pseudo-nest,  to  quote  Wagner — of  Cymhacha 
f estiva,  L.  Koch,  like  those  of  some  other  species  of  the  same 
genus,  is  an  exceedingly  interesting  piece  of  work.  It  consists  of 
an  eucalyptus  leaf  folded  over  so  as  to  represent  a  somewhat 
pyramidiform  structure,  as  illusti'ated  on  PI.  xviii.  fig.  7. 

Within  this  structure  the  spider  makes  its  cocoon.  This  is 
somewhat  spherical  in  shape,  and  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
inferior  or  basal,  and  the  superior.  The  latter  is  the  larger  of 
the  two,  and  somewhat  thinner  in  texture;  both  are  united  at 
their  greatest  diameter.  Having  completed  the  cocoon,  the  female 
quits  her  wandering  habits,  seals  down  the  entrance  to  the  nest, 
and  devotes  herself  entirely  to  the  care  and  protection  of  her 
eggs,  never  once  leaving  the  nest  for  nourishment;  and  even  after 
the  young  ones  have  hatched  out,  she  still  maintains  her  vigilance; 
but  she  does  not  provide  them  with  nourishment,  nor  does  she 
make  any  preparation  for  them  in  the  shape  of  a  nest.  After 
hatching  out,  the  spiderlings  remain  in  the  nest  until  they  have 
undergone  their  first  moult,  but  when  this  has  been  completed 
they  sally  forth  each  to  start  an  independent  life,  f 

In  reviewing  the  spinning  work  of  the  Thomisidje,  we  find  that 
the  members  of  this  grouj)  do  not  spin  a  web  for  the  capture  of 
prey,  but  rely  solely  upon  cunning  and  dexterity ;  in  many 
instances,  as  in  the  Stephanojnsince,  their  colouration  and  rugged 
appearance,  closely  resembling  bark,  are  of  immense  value  to 
them,  both  as  a  means  of  procuring  food,  and  as  a  protection 


*  Die  Arachniden  Australiens,  Vol.  ii.  p.  801. 

t  lu  au  interesting  paper  on  "The  Origin  and  Relations  of  the  Tube- 
weaving  Habit,"  in  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Philadelphia,  1888.  p.  215,  Dr. 
McCook  says: — "  The  Laterigrades  I  have  found  sheltered  underneath  a 
little  tubular  tent,  guarding  their  cocoons,  altliough  the  tube-making  habit 
teems  to  be  least  decided  among  these  of  all  the  Aranead  familits. 


BY    AV.    J.    RAINBOW.  551 

against  predatory  foes;  their  nests,  or  pseudo-nests,  in  which  the 
cocoon  is  placed,  generally  consist  of  a  leaf  folded  over,  as  in  the 
case  of  Cymhaclia  festiva,  or,  as  with  Misv.mena  pustulosa,  with 
the  edges  only  partially  warped  over,  and  held  in  position  by 
silken  threads ;  in  some  instances  the  cocoon  is  attached  to  the 
l^ranches  of  shrubs  and  trees,  and  surrounded  by  a  series  of 
irregular  threads;  the  cocoons  are  always  white,  and  formed  of 
two  plaques,  the  superior  and  inferior,  but  no  foreign  objects  are 
ever  interwoven  with  the  envelope;  the  texture  of  the  envelope 
or  cocoon  enclosing  the  eggs  is  closely  woven,  is  exceedingly 
tough  and  strong,  and  not  easily  torn;  when  the  time  for  moulting 
arrives,  the  spider  casts  its  skin  wherever  it  may  happen  to  be; 
with  the  exception  referred  to  above,  they  do  not  construct  a 
retreat-nest,  either  for  protection  against  foes  or  inclement  weather, 
or  for  ■  undergoing  the  process  of  moulting;  and,  finally,  they 
generally  disperse  when  young  by  means  of  aeronautic  flight. 

(Joiiclusion. — In  the  course  of  my  remarks  in  this  paper,  I  have 
treated  only  upon  the  habits  and  spinning  work  of  such  spiders 
as  have  come  under  my  own  notice  and  observation.     From  what 
I  have  written  it  will  be  seen  that  the  spinning-habits  of  some 
are  subject  to  what  Wagner  terms  the  "fluctuations  of  instinct," 
as  is  evidenced  by  some  species  of  Attidce.    Then,  again,  there  are 
what  are  tei-med  "  deviations  of  instinct,"  and  this  is  demonstrated 
by  the  Epeiridce,  some  members  of  which  do  not  construct  an 
orbitular  snare;  take  for  example  our  Gelcenia  excavata  and  C. 
(Thlaosoma)  duhia  and  the  New  Zealand  species  of  Arachmira; 
the  Thomisidce  also  furnish  an  exceedingly  interesting  deviation,  as 
is  instanced  in  the  case  of  the  species  of  Misumenitice  collected  by 
Messrs.  Froggatt  and  Masters  in  the  New  England  district.      In 
addition  to  this  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  here  to  mention  that 
the  genera  Celamia  and  TJd'Wsonia  (the  latter  doubtless  a  synonym 
of  the  former)  are  by  some  naturalists,  as  Koch  and  Simon,  placed 
among  the  Epeiridce,  while  by  others  they  are  regarded  as  belong- 
ing to  the  Thomisidce.     At  first  sight,  and  taking  into  account 
their  spinning-habit,  it  would  appear  that  the  latter  family  would 
be  the  correct  location.     This  was  the  view  taken  by  the  Rev.  O. 


552  DESCRIPTIONS    OP    SOME    NEW    ARANEID^, 

P.  Cambridge,  F.Z.S.,  when  he  founded  the  genus  Thlaosoma,  for 
he  wrote* : — "  From  the  disposition  of  its  eyes  it  bears  great 
resemblance  to  the  Epeirides;  but  the  laterally  extended  legs  and 
their  relative  length,  link  it  more  decidedly  to  the  Thomisides,  of 
which  family,  however,  its  maxillse  and  labium,  and  other  generic 
characters  separate  it  from  all  the  hitherto  characterised  genera." 
Until  recently  I  was  myself  inclined  to  regard  G.  excavata  and  C. 
diibia  as  members  of  the  family  Thomisidce;  but  upon  closer  study, 
and  after  perusing  Simon's  diagnosis  in  his  magnificent  work, 
"  Histoire  Naturelle  des  Araignees,"!  am  forced  to  the  conclusion 
that  they  are  undoubtedly  members  of  the  Epeiridce,  or,  taking 
Simon's  system  of  classification,  Argiopidce. 

The  facts  stated  in  this  paper  show,  as  has  been  proved  by 
Wagner,  that  too  much  confidence  must  not  be  placed  upon  the 
architecture  of  these  creatures  as  exhibited  by  them  in  confine- 
ment. Independently  of  this,  however,  one  great  truth  has  been 
demonstrated,  namely,  that  any  attempt  to  set  up  a  system  of 
classification  upon  the  basis  of  a  spinning-habit,  is  at  the  best 
chimerical,  artificial,  and — unscientific. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

(Plate  xvii.) 

Eig.   1 .  — Epeira  pallida. 

Fig.  2.  — Epeira  crassipes. 

Fig.  2a,.—      „  „  epigyne. 

Fig.  3.  — Epeira  variabilis. 

Fig.  3a.—      „  ,,  epigyne. 

Fig.  36. —      ,,  ,,  underside  of  abdomen. 

Fig.  4.  — Epeira  sylvicola. 

Fig.  4ft.—      ,,  „  epigyne. 

Fig.  5.  — Argiope  extensa. 

Fig.  5a. —      „  „  abdomen  in  profile. 

Fig.  5b.—      „  „  epigyne. 

Fig.  5c. —      „  „  cocoon. 


*  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Vol.  x.  Zoology,  p.  274. 


BY    W.    J.    RAINBOW.  553^ 

Fig.  6.  — Argiope  pallida. 
Fig.  6a.—      „  „  eyes. 

Fig.  66.—      „  „  epigyne. 

Fig.  7.  — Argiope  gracilis. 
Fig.  8.  — Dicrostichus  magnificas. 

Fig.  8a. —  ,,  ,,  cephalothorax  in  profile. 

Fig.  86. —  ,,  ,,  cephalothorax  from  the  front,  showing 

arrangement  of  the  eyes. 

(Plate  xviii.) 

Fig.   1.  — Cheiracanthium  silaceum. 

Fig.  la.—  ,,  ,,         epigyne. 

Fig.  2.  — Attufi flavicruris. 

Fig.  3.    \^^  ^ 

■p.      o      r  Nests  of  young  of  Epeii'a  wagneri,  Rainb. 

Fig.  4.  — Nest  of  Drassus  sp. 

Fig.  5.  — Nest  of  Attus  sp. 

Fig.  6.  — Group  of  nests  of  MisumeninoB  {?  gen.  et  sp.). 

Fig.  6a.- -Solitary  nest  of  ,, 

Fig.  7.  — Nest  of  Cymbadia  f&stiva,  Koch. 


554 


NOTE  ON  THE  GENUS  APIIRITIS,  C.V. 
Bv  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

The  genus  A])hritis  was  established  in  1831  by  Cuvier  and 
Valenciennes*  for  the  reception  of  a  small  fish  which  had  been 
obtained  in  the  "  fresh  waters  of  Van  Diemen's  Land  "  by  the 
naturalists  attached  to  the  Astrolabe,  and  received  the  name 
ui'villii  in  honour  of  the  commander  of  the  expedition. 

The  genus  remained  monotypic  until  1842,  in  which  year 
Jenynsf  described  two  fishes  under  the  names  of  A.  undulatus 
and  A.  porosus,  from  the  Chonos  Archipelago  and  the  coast  of 
Patagonia  respectively;  these  fishes  Giinther;  in  1860,  with  some 
hesitation,  associated  with  A.  ui'villii. 

In  the  following  year,  however,  the  same  author  described, § 
without  in  any  way  questioning  its  generic  affinity,  a  third  and 
very  distinct  South  American  species  to  which  he  gave  the 
specific  name  gobio,  the  diagnosis  being  drawn  up  from  a  dried 
specimen  brought  to  England  by  Capt.  King  from  Port  Famine, 
Straits  of  Magelhaen,  whence  others  were  subsequently  obtained 
by  the  naturalists  of  the  Challenger. 

Finally  in  1872  Castelnau||  received  from  Bass'  Straits  a  fish 
between  which  and  A .  urviUii  he  professed  to  find  such  important 
differences  as  to  warrant  not  only  specific  but  generic  recognition, 
and  on  which,  acting  on  this  belief,  he  therefore  bestowed  the 
name  Pseudaphritis  bassii.  Writing  in  1890  I  redescribed^  this 
fish  from  a  New  South  Wales  example,  and  pointed  out  that  the 

*  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  viii.  p.  483,  1831. 
t  Voy.  Beagle,  Fish.  iii.  pp.  160-162,  1842. 

t  Catal.  Fish.  ii.  p.  243,  1860. 

§  Aim.  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (3)  vii.  1861,  p.  88. 

II  Proc.  Zool.  &  Acclim.  Soc.  Viot.  i.  1872,  p.  92. 

1[  Rec.  Austr.  Mus.  i.  1890,  pp.  67-69. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY. 


555 


species  could  not  be  generically  separated  from  A.  urvillii,  reject- 
,  ing  in  fact  Castelnau's  genus  while  allowing  his  species. 

At  the  date  of  this  last  paper  there  were  therefore  five  species, 
two  Australian  and  three  American,  united  together  under  the 
common  n&meAphritis,  namely  : — A.  urvillii,  C.V.;  A.  undulatus, 
Jen.;  A.  porosus,  Jen.;  A.  gobio,  Gnth.;  and  A.  bassii  {Ca.st.),  Ogil. 

In  my  paper  on  "  Paeiidaphritis  bassii,  Casteln.,"  quoted  above, 
the  following  paragraph  will  be  found  on  p.  68 : — "  In  the 
'Zoological  Record'  for  1872  Dr.  Giinther  remarks:  ' Aphritis 
dnvierili.     To  this  species  appears  to  belong  Pseudaphritis  bassii 

'      As  I  am  unable  to  find  any  description  of   the 

former  species,  I  am  not  in  a  position  to  verify  or  contravene 
this  supposition.'"  The  same  difficulty  still  i-emains,  but  it  has 
occurred  to  me  that  '  durnerili '  may  be  a  misprint  or  lapstos 
calami  for  '  durvilUi,'  by  which  name  Giinther  erroneously  alludes 
to  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes'  species  elsewhere  (A.N.H.  1  c.) 

A  careful  study  of  the  characters  of  these  fishes  shows  that 
their  association  in  a  single  genus  is  unwarranted,  and  that  not 
only  are  Jenyns'  two  species  generically  separable  from  that  of 
Cuvier  and  Valenciennes,  but  that  Giinther's  gobio  must  be 
removed  from  both  ;  necessitating  therefore  the  division  of  the 
heterogeneous  Aphritis  of  the  latter  author  into  no  less  than  three 
distinct  genera. 

It  now  remains  only  to  determine  by  what  names  these  genera 
with  their  accompanying  species  should  be  known. 

Tlie  first  author  to  detect  the  generic  diiferences  between  the 
fish  described  by  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes  and  those  named  by 
Jenyns  was  Gill,  who,  so  long  ago  as  1861,  appended  to  his 
"  Synopsis  of  the  Notothenioids  "  a  note  in  which  he  remarks  : — 
"  Two  species  (Aphritis  undulatus  and  A.  porosus),  referred  by 
Jenyns  to  the  genus  Ajjhritis,  not  only  are  generically  distinct, 
but  belong  to  a  different  family,  and  form  a  genus  nearly  related 
to  El'  ginus,  which  will  be  at  an  early  date  described  as  Eleginops. "  * 

*  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Philad.  1861,  p.  522. 


556  KOTE  ON  THE  GENUS  APURITIS,  C.V., 

Thirty  years  later  the  same  author  writes  as  follows*  : — "  On 
subsequently  endeavouring  to  diagnose  Eleginops,  the  author 
became  convinced  that  there  was  no  generic  difference  between  it 
and  Eleginus,  and  that  the  two  nominal  species  wei^e  probably  the 
young  of  the  typical  Eleginus." 

In  the  same  paper  Gill  demonstrates  that  the  generic  name 
Eleginvs,  Cuv.  it  Val.  1830,  was  anticipated  by  Fischer,  who,  in 
1813,  proposed  it  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Gadus  navaya  of 
Kolreuter,  giving  an  excellent  generic  diagnosis  accompanied  by 
a  good  figure  of  the  fish.  This  of  course  necessitates  the  sup- 
pression of  the  name  Ehginus  as  applied  to  the  notothenioid 
genus,  for  which,  however,  Eleginops,  Gill,  may  conveniently  be 
retained,  though  I  am  not  aware  that  the  genus  has  ever  been 
properly  characterised  by  that  author. 

Having  now  provided  a  suitable  generic  name  for  the  two 
South  American  species  described  by  Jenyns,  it  devolves  on 
us  to  determine  by  what  name  our  Australian  fishes  should  be 
designated. 

None  of  the  authors  above  referred  to  appear  to  have  lieen 
aware  that  twenty-seven  years  previous  to  its  use  by  Cuvier  and 
Valenciennes  the  term  Ajyhritis  had  been  employed  hy  Latreillef 
as  a  name  for  a  genus  of  dipterous  insects,  and  is  consequently 
inadmissable  when  applied  to  a  fish. 

To  further  complicate  the  already  sufficiently  confused 
synonymy  of  these  fishes  Berg,|  recognising  the  invalidity  of 
Aphritis,  proposes  to  rename  the  notothenioid  genus  Phricus,  and 
catalogues  one  of  Jenyns'  species  as  Phricus  ])07-ostcs,  while 
acknowledging  the  correctness  of  Gill's  conclusions  by  allotting 
the  former  author's  Aphritis  undidatus  to  a  place  in  the  synonymy 
of  Eleginus  maclovinus.  But  since  Berg  does  not  recognise  the 
generic  difference  between  Aphritis  urvillii  and  Phricus  porosus,. 

*  Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  xiv.  1891,  p.  305. 
t  Nouv.  Diet.  d'Hist.  Nat.  ii.  p.  231,  1804. 
J  Ann.  Mus.  Buenos  Aires,  iv.  1895,  p.  65. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  557 

distinctly  stating  that  his  nomen  7ioviiniis  proposed  "in  exchange 
for  Cuvier's  generic  name,"  it  is  evident  that  Phricus  must  sink 
into  a  synonym  of  our  fish  for  which  Castelnau's  prior  genus 
PseufJaphritis  will  henceforth  stand,  leaving  without  a  generic 
name  the  neantarctic  porosut^,  if  indeed  it  should  prove  to  be  a 
good  species  and  not,  as  is  most  probable,  an  immature  form  of 
Eleg inops  viaclovinus. 

Some  months  ago  I  received,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Arthur  Wilson,  of  Geelong,  three  fine  specimens  of  a  Pseud- 
aphritis  from  the  fresh  waters  of  Victoria,  whei'e  it  is  known  to 
anglers  as  the  ''  Tupong,"*  and  having  also  in  my  possession  two 
examples  of  the  Tasmanian  fish,  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  Morton,  I  was 
enabled  to  institute  a  comparison  between  the  insular  and  conti- 
nental forms,  and  at  the  same  time  correct  my  generic  and  specific 
diagnoses;  the  result  of  this  comparison  leads  me  to  believe  that 
there  is  but  one  species  common  to  the  fresh  waters  of  Tasmania 
and  south-eastern  Australia,  the  correct  title  of  which  is  I'seud- 
aphritis  urvillii. 

It  now  only  remains  to  find  a  generic  name  for  the  Aphritis 
gohio  of  Giinther,  all  the  other  species  associated  under  that  genus 
by  the  author  of  the  British  Museum  Catalogue  having  been 
provided  with  suitable  names.  So  far  I  have  been  unable  to 
ascertain  that  any  generic  name  has  as  yet  been  proposed  for  this 
fish,  and,  following  my  usual  custom  under  such  circumstances,  I 
refrain  from  designating  it,  not  having  access  to  an  example  on 
which  to  base  a  diagnosis;  to  those,  therefore,  who  are  more  for- 
tunately situated  than  I — Dr.  Giinther  for  preference — the  task 
of  suggesting  an  appropriate  name  is  left. 

I  append,  however,  a  brief  analysis  of  the  three,  probably 
monotypic,  genera,  which  have  at  various  times  been  associated 
under  the  inadmissable  title  Aphritis,  giving  as  far  as  is  possible 
a  full  generic  along  with  a  partial  specific  synonymy. 


•  Consult  Hall,  Geelong  Naturalist,  v.  No.  4,  pp.  5-6,  1896. 


558  note  on  the  genus  aphjritis,  c.v., 

Eleginops. 

Eleginus    (not    Fischer*)    Cuvier    &    Valenciennes,    Hist.    Nat. 
Poiss.  V.  p.  158,  1830;  Giinth.  Catal.  Fish.  ii.  p.  247,  1860. 

Eleginoj)s,  Gill,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sc.   Philad.   1861,  p.  522,  and 
Proc.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  xiv.  1891,  p.  305  (to  replace  Eleyinus, 

C.V.) 

Head  somewhat  compressed,  not  elevated,  the  snout  short ; 
mouth  small,  the  maxillary  slender  and  scarcely  extending  to  the 
vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye  ;  upper  jaw  the  longer; 
no  palatine  teeth ;  opercle  spineless  ;  gill-membranes  attached 
to  the  isthmus ;  ■  dorsal  fins  well  separated,  of  moderate  height, 
the  first  originating  above  the  insertion  of  the  pectorals;  dorsal 
rays  simple  or  feebly  branched;  anal  with  a  single  spine,  originat- 
ing well  behind  the  second  dorsal;  lower  pectoral  rays  branched; 
scales  ciliated;  head  and  body  without  cutaneous  appendages. 

Type: — Eleginops  maclovinus. 
=  Eleginus  maclovinus,  Cuv.  &  Val.  1830,  =  Atherina  macloviana, 
Less.  1830,  =  Eleginus   chilensis,  Cuv.   &  Val.    1833,  =  Aphritis 
undulatus,  Jenyns,  1842  1=  Eleginns/alkla7idicus,  Richards.  1846, 
1  =  Aphritis  porosus,  J enjns,  1842,1  =  Phriciis  porosus,  Berg,  1895. 

Distribution: — Marine  fishes  from  the  southern  half  of 
South  America. 

In  Berg's  excellent  paper,  of  which  previous  mention  has  been 
made,  this  fish  is  catalogued  by  the  name  Eleginus  maclovinus, 
and  the  family  to  which  it  is  referred  is  renamed  Eleginidce, 
exception  being  taken  to  Gill's  Nototheniida^  on  the  ground  that 
Eleginus  is  the  oldest  established  genus  belonging  to  the  family; 
but  since  it  has  been  shown  that  Eleginus  is  unavailable,  Gill's 
name  necessarily  holds  good,  for  it  will  hardly  be  contended  that, 
despite  the  change  of  name,  the  family  must  receive  its  title  from 
the  oldest  recorded  species.     In  any  case  I  am  not  prepared  to 

*  Megimis,  G.    Fischer,  M^m.   Soc.   Nat.   Moscou,  v.  p.   4,   1813  ;   type 
Gadus  navaga,  Kolreuter. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  559 

admit  that  there  is  an  obligation  imposed  upon  us  to  arbitrarily 
derive  the  name  of  a  family  from  that  of  the  elder  genus, 
which  may  not  be  the  most  widely  distributed  and  typical 
association  of  species.  Berg  also,  when  proposing  the  name 
Phriais,  quotes  the  synonymy  as  ''  Aphritis,  Cuv.  1817."  I  can- 
not ascertain  that  Cuvier  ever  established  such  a  genus  in  the 
earlier  edition  of  his  "  Regne  Animal,"  but  even  if  it  were  so  it 
does  not  affect  the  matter  here  brought  forward,  since  Latreille's 
use  of  the  name  would  still  retain  its  priority. 

1  gen.  innom. 

Aphritis  sp.  Giinther,  Ann.  &  Mag.  JSTat.  Hist.  (3),  vii.  1861,  p.  88. 

Head  compressed  and  elevated,  the  snout  long;  mouth  large, 
the  maxillary  wide  and  extending  to  the  vertical  from  the  middle 
of  the  eye ;  lower  jaw  somewhat  prominent;*  palatine  teeth 
present ;  opercle  with  a  spine  ;  gill-membranes  ?  "f  Dorsal  fins 
contiguous,  elevated,  the  first  originating  well  in  advance  of  the 
insertion  of  the  pectorals;  dorsal  rays  simple;  anal  without  spine, 
originating  well  behind  the  second  dorsal;  lower  pectoral  rays 
simple;  scales  cycloid;  an  orbital  tentacle;  sides  of  body  with 
cutaneous  appendages. 

Type  : — Aphritis  cjohio,  Giinther,  Ann.  ife  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  (3) 
vii.  1861,  p.  88. 

Distribution  : — Marine  fishes  from  the  Straits  of  Magel- 
haen. 

PSEUDAPHRITIS. 

Aphritis  (not  Latreille)  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss. 
viii.  p.  483,  18.:31  ;  Giinther,  Catal.  Fish.  ii.  p.  24,  1860. 


*  According  to  the  letterpress  of  Giinther's  earlier  description  ;  this 
statement  is  neither  corrected  nor  corroborated  in  his  later  description 
(Zool.  Challenger,  Shore  Fish.  p.  21 ,  1880),  nor  in  Cunningh.Tm's  note  (Trans. 
Linn.  See.  London,  xxvil.  p.  469,  1871),  but  in  the  Challenger  figure  (I.e. 
pi.  ix.)  the  upper  jaw  is  appai'ently  considerably  longer  than  the  lower. 

t  Probably  free  from  the  isthmus. 


560  NOTE  ON  THE  GENUS  APHRITIS,  C.V. 

Pseudajjhritis,   Castelnau,   Proc.    Zool.   &   Acclim.   See.   Vict.   i. 
1872,  p.  92. 

Phricus,  Berg,  Ann.  Mus.  Buenos  Aires,  iv.  1895,  p.  65  (to  replace 

Aphritis,  C.V.) 

Head  somewhat  depressed,  the  snout  short;  mouth  rather  small, 
the  maxillary  of  moderate  width  and  extending  to  or  nearly  to  the 
vertical  from  the  middle  of  the  eye;  lower  jaw  the  longer;  pala- 
tine teeth  present;  opercle  with  a  feeble  spine  ;  gill-membranes 
free  from  the  isthmus;  dorsal  fins  well  separated,  rather  low,  the 
first  originating  far  behind  the  insertion  of  the  pectorals  ;  dorsal 
rays  branched;  anal  fin  with  two  semidetached  spines,  the  anterior 
the  longer,  originating  well  in  advance  of  the  second  dorsal; 
lower  pectoral  rays  simple;  scales  finely  ctenoid;  head  and  body 
without  cutaneous  appendages. 

Type: — Pseudaphritis  urvillii. 

=  Aphritis  urvillii,  Cuv.  &  Val.  1831,  =  Psetidaphritis  bassii, 
Casteln.  1872,  =  Aphintis  bassi,  Ogilby,  1890;  1  =  Eleginus  bursinus, 
Cuv.  &  Val.  1830. 

Distribution  : — Fresh  water  fishes  from  south-eastern 
Australia  and  Tasmania. 

If  the  suggestion  hei'e  made,  that  Eleginus  btirsinus*  is 
identical  with  Aphritis  urvillii,  be  correct,  our  fish  will  have  to 
be  called  Pseudaphritis  bursinus.  E.  bursinus  was  said  to  have 
been  collected  by  Quoy  and  Gaimard  in  Port  Jackson  during  their 
first  voyage  to  the  southern  hemisphere  in  the  Uranie;  it  has  not 
since  been  recognised. 


"Ciivier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss.  v.  p.  1,  1S30. 


561 


ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  EUCALYPTUS  FROM  THE 
SYDNEY  DISTRICT. 

By  Henry  Deane,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S. 

(Plate  XIX, ) 

E.    SQUAMOSA. 

A  medium-sized  tree,  that  is  to  say,  averaging  30  ft.  in  height, 
and  with  a  stem  diameter  of  about  15  inches. 

Bark. — Scaly,  somewhat  resembling  that  of  E.  corymbosa,  but 
the  scales  thinner.  The  young  stems  are  of  a  leaden  colour,  the 
outer  bark  thickens,  turns  bluish  or  ashy  grey  in  colour,  becomes 
fissured  horizontally  and  longitudinally,  thus  taking  on  the  scaly 
appearance.  When  the  superficial  scaly  bark  is  removed,  the 
bark  is  seen  to  be  of  a  reddish-brown  colour. 

Timber. — Deep  red. 

Seedling  leaves  (as  judged  by  the  suckers) — Ovate,  and  finally 
ovate-lanceolate.  So  far  as  observed,  always  alternate  and  not 
opposite  as  in  E.  viminalis,  Stuartiana  and  allies.  Similar  as 
rep-ards  arrangement  of  leaves,  to  E.  punctata,  piperita  and  some 
other  species. 

Mature  leaves. — Narrow-  to  rather  broad-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  slightly  falcate,  3^  to  nearly  6  inches  long.  In 
colour  pale  green  to  glaucous,  the  surface  glandular-punctate. 
Veins  reddish,  the  midrib  conspicuous  owing  to  its  dark 
colour,  the  petioles  reddish  like  the  veins.  The  margin 
thickened  outside  the  marginal  vein  and  coloured  like  the 
midrib;  marginal  vein  very  near  the  margin.  Transverse  veins 
numerous  and  fine,  making  an  angle  with  the  midrib  of  about  50°. 


562  NEW  SPECIES  OF  EUCALYPTUS, 

Peduncles.  —  Roundish,  not  flattened  nor  angular.  Frequently 
or  usually  in  pairs;  this  appearance  is,  as  far  as  we  are  aware, 
characteristic. 

The  flowers  generally  from  8  to  12,  usually  10  or  11. 

Calyx-tube. — Subcylindrical,  almost  ovate,  forming  a  continuous 
outline  with  the  operculum.     Somewhat  urceolate  in  young  fruit. 

Operculum.  —Ovate,  but  more  or  less  pointed  or  beaked,  and 
frequently  showing  a  marked  curve  to  one  side.  The  length  of 
the  operculum  about  equal  to  that  of  the  calyx,  viz.,  about  3 
lines. 

Stamens. — Folded  in  the  bud.  The  anthers  almost  globular, 
all  fertile,  and  opening  by  two  large  lateral  pores.  The  species  in 
consequence  belonging  to  the  Porantherce. 

Fruits. — Nearly  hemispherical,  with  a  slight  tendency  to  con- 
striction of  the  orifice;  in  extreme  cases  the  fruits  almost  taking 
on  an  urceolate  form.     Size  about  4  lines  broad  by  3  lines  deep. 

Rim  sunk.      Valves  3  or  4  and  slightly  exserted. 

Range. — On  sterile  sandstone  ridges  from  the  Hawkesbury 
River  to  near  Bulli  (as  far  as  known  at  present). 

Affinities. — The  anthers  require  the  placing  of  this  species  in 
the  Porantherce,  and  indicate  its  aflinitj^  to  E.  hemiphloia  and  the 
"  Boxes."  Its  anthers  are  far  larger  than  those  of  the  latter 
species,  and  it  differs  in  most  other  respects,  e.g.,  shape  of  fruits 
and  colour  of  timber. 

Its  resemblance  to  E.  corymhosa  is  chiefly  in  the  bark. 

Its  most  obvious  superficial  resemblance  is  to  E.  punctata,  from 
which  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  anthers.  Other  differences 
are  indicated  by  the  domed  rim  of  E.  puyxctata.  In  the  new 
species  the  peduncles  and  pedicels  are  nearly  round,  not  com- 
pressed as  in  K.  punctata,  while  the  bipedunculate  arrangement 
has  already  been  noted.  The  new  species  has  also  very  pale 
ffreen  leaves,  narrower  leaves  and  more  ruddv  stalks  than  E. 
punctata. 


BY    HENRY    DEANE    AND    J.    H.    MAIDEN.  563 

After  observation  and  consideration  of  this  tree  for  a  number 
of  years  we  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  it  is  expedient  to 
declare  it  a  new  species. 

Its  most  obvious  characteristic  is  its  scaly  bark,  of  which  we 
take  cognizance  in  giving  the  specific  name  to  the  tree. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE. 

Fig.  L — Twig,  showing  sucker  leaves. 
Fig.  2.— Twig,  with  buds. 
Fig.  3. — Leaf,  showing  venation. 
Fig.  4. — Fruits. 


564 


NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR^A  INHABITING 
THE  SHORES  OF  TASMANIA. 

By  C.  E.  Beddome,  R.N. 

(Plates  xx.-xxi.) 

The  individuals  of  this  genus  found  off  the  coast  of  Tasmania 
live  in  deep  water  on  rocky  bottoms,  and  are  consequently  not 
often  procui'ed  by  the  dredge.  As  a  rule  they  are  obtained  when 
washed  up  after  gales,  but  many  of  such  specimens  are  of  com- 
paratively little  v^alue  to  the  collector,  being  water- worn  or  broken. 
An  experience  of  nineteen  years'  collecting  has  enabled  me  to 
bring  together  a  good  series  of  specimens  of  the  species  found  on 
these  shores,  an  advantage  which  former  writers  and  monographers 
of  the  genus  have  not  had,  and  much  confusion  has  consequently 
arisen  in  their  definitions  of  the  species. 

In  offering  to  conchologists  a  paper  embodying  my  experiences, 
I  desire  to  acknowledge  the  assistance  I  have  received  from  fellow- 
workers  in  this  and  in  the  other  Colonies.  Dr.  James  C.  Cox,  of 
Sydney,  has  given  me  much  valuable  information  as  to  the 
early  literature  of  several  species,  and  has  lent  me  specimens 
from  his  collection  for  comparison  and  illustration.  Messrs. 
T.  W.  Bednall,  and  D.  J.  Adcock,  of  Adelaide,  Miss  Lodder  and 
W.  L.  May,  Esq.,  of  Tasmania,  have  also  been  most  liberal  in 
lending  me  specimens. 

1. — Cypr.ea  umbilicata,  G.  B.  Sowerby,  Senr.,  1825. 

This  is  the  lai-gest  of  the  Tasmanian  Cypraeas.  The  species 
was  described  in  the  publication  known  as  the  Tankerville  Cata- 
logue* (Appendix,  pp.  xxx.-xxxi.,  PI.  vii.,  two  figs.),  compiled  by 

*  A  Catalogue  of  the  Shells  contained  in  the  Collection  of  the  late  Earl 
of  Tankerville,  arranged  according  to  the  Laniarckean  Concholcgical 
System;  together  with  an  Appendix,  containing  Descriptions  of  many  new 
Species.  Illustrated  with  several  coloured  Plates.  London,  small  4to. 
1825.  By  G.  B.  Sowerby,  F.L.S.  [There  are  nine  coloured  unnumbered 
Plates.] 


BY  C.   E.   BKDDOME.  _  565 

G.  B.  Sowerby,  Senr.,  at  the  request  uf  the  late  Earl  of  Tanker- 
ville's  executors  i^reparatory  to  the  offer  for  sale  of  the  unique 
collection.     The  description  is  as  follows  :  — 

"  2260.  Ci/prceau7nbilicata. — C.  testa  oblongo-ovatS,  basi  acumi- 
nata, superne  subrostrata,  umbilicata,  dorso  ventricoso,  pallido^ 
fusco-maculato;  ventre  subrotundato,  albido;  marginibus  rotun- 
datis,  albidis,  fusco  maculatis;  apertura,  dentibusque  subdistan- 
tibus,  pallidissime  suljfuscis;  long.  3^jy  unc,  lat.  2^^  unc." 

"  Obs. — This  singular  Cowry,  of  which  we  have  only  seen  two 
specimens,  neither  of  them  in  good  condition,  appears  not  to  have 
been  noticed  by  any  author;  it  is  pi'incipally  distinguished  by  a 
deeply  umbilicated  spire,  the  upper  part  of  the  aperture  being 
produced  and  rather  reflected,  and  by  its  acuminated  base  :  in 
general  form  it  resembles  a  pear,  and  its  colour  and  markings  are 
like  those  of  some  varieties  of  C.  Tigris.  We  are  not  acquainted 
with  its  native  country.  The  other  specimen  is  in  our  own 
collection." 

In  the  Zoological  Journal  for  1826  (Vol.  ii.  p.  494)  will  be 
found  a  paper  by  G.  B.  Sowerby,  Senr.,  entitled — "  Descriptions 
of  two  new  Species  of  Cyprtea,  principally  extracted  from  a 
'Catalogue  of  the  Shells  in  the  Collection  of  the  late  Earl  of 
Tankerville.' "  In  this  paper  the  Latin  description  of  C.  umbili- 
cata, and  the  observations  with  a  slight  and  unimportant  variation 
in  the  wording  are  repeated ;  and  the  following  new  matter  is 
added  : — 

"  Shell  oblong-ovate,  acuminated  at  its  base;  upper  extremity 
(of  the  two  lips)  subrostrated;  spire  deeply  pressed  in  or  umbili- 
cated, volutions  apparent;  back  ventricose,  pale  coloured;  spotted 
with  brown  ;  under  part  rather  rounded,  whitish  ;  margins 
rounded,  whitish,  with  brown  spots;  the  aperture  and  the  teeth, 
which  are  rather  distant,  very  pale  brownish.  Length  3y^^  ; 
breadth  2~  inches." 

"  Syn.  Cyproia  umbilicafM,  Sowerby,  in  Tankerville  Catalogue^ 
Appendix,  p.  xxx.  No.  2260.     Cum  Icon." 

The  name  again  crops  up  in  the  next  Volume  of  the  Zoological 

Journal  (Vol.  iii.  LS28,  p.  315)  in  a  paper  by  L.  Dillwyn,  entitled 
37 


566  NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR^A, 

— "  Remarks  on  Cyprese  desci'ibed  by  Mr.  Gray,"  in  which  the 
following  passage  occurs: — "No.  33.  C.  piriformis  is  the  C. 
uDibilicata  of  Solander,  and  as  such  is  mentioned  in  my  Index  to 
the  3rd  edition  of  Lister's  Hist.  Conch.,  see  t.  667,  fig.  12.  It  is 
said  in  the  Portland  Catalogue,  Lot  255,  to  inhabit  the  coasts  of 
Coromandel,  and  till  after  the  publication  of  my  Descriptive 
Catalogue  I  never  saw  the  shell." 

A  footnote  initialled  G.B.S.  (doubtless  those  of  G.  B.  Sowerby, 
one  of  the  committee  who  conducted  the  Journal)  is  appended  to 
the  above  remarks,  the  opening  sentence  of  which  is  as  follows  : — 
^'  No.  33.  I  transcribe  the  following  from  my  copy  of  Solander's 
MS.  to  show  that  the  C.  pyriformis  of  Gray  cannot  be  identical 
with  C.  umhilicata  of  Solander."  The  long,  narrow,  brown  teeth 
crossing  the  base  of  C.  j^yt'^fonnis  do  not  appear  to  have  been 
noticed  by  Dillwyn,  otherwise  he  could  hardly  have  confused  the 
two  species.  However,  as  he  says  he  had  not  seen  C.  iimbilicatd 
when  he  wrote  his  Descriptive  Catalogue,  he  had  only  Gray's 
description  to  guide  him ;  nevertheless,  meagre  as  that  is,  it 
mentions  the  brown  character  of  the  teeth. 

Lister's  Historia  sive  Synopsis  Methodica  Conchyliorum,  3rd 
edition  (1823)  referred  to  by  Dillwyn  was  not  Dillwyn's  Descrip- 
tive Catalogue  of  Recent  Shells  (1817).  The  former  was  purely 
an  illustrated  work,  the  latter  only  a  Descriptive  Catalogue. 

From  the  above-recorded  quotations  it  appears  that  the 
specific  name  umbilicata  was  given  to  a  Cyprpea  as  a  manuscript 
name  by  Solander,  long  before  Sowerby  described  what  we  now 
know  to  be  the  Tasmanian  species,  though  no  doubt  the  same. 
Dillwyn  tells  us  in  his  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Recent  Shells 
(Vol.  i.  p.  xi.  of  the  catalogue  of  books  consulted  by  him,  dated 
1826)  that  Solander's  MSS.  were  manuscript  descriptions  of  shells 
by  the  late  Mr.  Solander,  in  the  library  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Joseph  Banks;  but  I  am  quite  unable  to  discover  the  date  thereof. 
According  to  Hanley  in  Wood's  Index  Testaceologicus  (new  ed. 
1856,  on  p.  xix.  of  the  summary  of  the  principal  abbreviations  of 
authors  quoted  from)  Solander's  manuscripts  were  never  printed, 
but  several  copies  of  them  were  made,  presumably  in  writing. 


BY  C.  E.   BEDDOME.  567 

Sowerby,  therefore,  is  entitled  to  be  considered  the  author  of 
the  species  in  question,  for  although  he  was  not  the  first  to  suggest 
the  name  umbilicata,  he  was  the  first  to  publish  a  description; 
possibly  as  a  matter  of  courtesy  he  adopted  Solander's  MS.  name. 

There  are  other  early  references  to  this  species  of  interest.  In 
the  Zoological  Journal  for  1829  (Vol.  iv.  p.  66)  will  be  found  a 
paper  by  J.  E.  Gray,  entitled — "  Additions  and  Corrections  to  a 
Monograph  of  Cyprsea."  Omitting  the  description  in  Latin,  the 
following  is  what  Gray  has  to  say  of 

"31.  Cyjyrcea  innbilicata,  Sowerby,  App.  Tank.  Cat.  xxx.  No. 
2260;  not  Solander.  Icon.  Sowerb}^,  t.  7,  Wood's  Cat.  App.  t.  3, 
fig.  13." 

"  Inhabits 1     Mus.  Brit." 

"  Shell  oblique-ovate,  anterior  extremity  attenuated  and  elon- 
gated, hinder  rather  beaked,  spire  deeply  concave;  centre  of  the 
body  whorls  ventricose,  pale  brownish,  brown  spotted  ;  base 
rounded,  whitish  ;  margin  rounded,  whitish-brown,  spotted. 
Mouth  rather  wider  in  front;  teeth  rather  large,  nearly  equal, 
those  of  the  inner  lip  short;  front  of  the  columella  flat  without 
any  distinct  concavity.     Axis  3^,  diameter  2^  of  an  inch." 

"  Obs. — The  only  specimen  known  of  this  shell  is  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  It  has  many  characters  which  would  lead  to  a 
belief  that  it  is  a  monstrous  variety  of  Cyp.  tigris,  and  indeed 
more  specimens  are  wanted  to  firmly  establish  its  right  to  be 
considered  a  species." 

"  The  form  of  the  columella  has  induced  me  to  place  this  species 
in  the  present  section.  This  may  have  been  altered  by  the  same 
cause  which  produced  the  sunk  form  of  the  spire." 

The  next  notice  of  this  species  is  to  be  found  in  Vol.  iv.  of  the 
same  Journal,  p.  217,  1829,  in  a  letter  dated  25th  July,  1828, 
addressed  to  W.  J.  Broderip,  Esq.,  entitled — "  Notes  on  Mr. 
Gray's  Additions  and  Corrections  to  a  Monograph  on  Cypraea 
(Z.  J.  iv.  p.  66)." 

Mr.  Sowerby  says  (p.  221): — "No.  31.  Cyprcea  uvihilicata 
requires  only  a  few  words.  The  specimen  which  Mr.  Gray  has 
described  is  not  the  only  one  known,  and  Mr.  Gray  has  seen  the 


568  NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR.EA, 

individual  which  I  have  stated  in  the  Appendix  to  the  Tanker- 
ville  Catalogue  to  exist  in  ray  own  collection.  It  is  much  the 
worse  of  the  two,  but  it  helps  to  establish  the  species;  which,  b}^ 
the  way,  is  more  nearly  allied  to  Cyp.  pantherina  than  to  Cy;;. 
tigris." 

Fig.  1,  (the  lower  figure)  Plate  xx.,  is  that  of  a  typical  but 
large  Tasmanian  specimen  of  C.  umhilicata;  spire  deeply  umbili- 
cated,  shell  thickly  spotted  with  chestnut;  base  white,  highl}^ 
enamelled;  4^  inches  long. 

Hab. — jSTorthern  Tasmania,  towards  Circular  Head,  where  some 
20  years  back  it  was  secured  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Petterd,  and  more 
recently  by  Mr.  R.  Thatchpr,  in  numbers  after  a  gale.  Since  then 
it  has  not  been  found  so  plentifully.  It  has  also  been  dredged 
up  off  the  coast  of  New  South  Wales  at  a  depth  of  1900  fathoms 
by  the  Challenger  Expedition,  but  smaller  and  paler  in  colour 
than  the  Tasmanian  specimens  thrown  up  on  the  beaches. 

Fig.  2,  PL  XX.,  is  that  of  a  specimen  found  on  the  beach  at 
Port  Stephens,  N.  S.  Wales,  by  Dr.  A.  E.  Cox,  and  now  in  the 
collection  of  Dr.  James  C.  Cox,  of  Sydney;  it  is  such  a  distinct 
variety  that  I  consider  it  worthy  of  illustration.  Like  all  the 
members  of  this  species  it  has  a  deeply  umbilicated  spire,  is 
lighter  in  colour  than  the  average  Tasmanian  shells,  covered  with 
light  chestnut  spots;  base  white,  but  not  so  highly  enamelled  as 
the  southern  forms  found  here;  it  is  only  2|  inches  long. 

A  very  interesting  variety  of  this  species  fi'om  Circular  Head, 
Tasmania,  also  is  to  be  found  in  Dr.  Cox's  collection;  it  has  been 
recorded  by  him  in  the  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  Yol.  iv. 
1879,  p.  386.     It  is  pure  white,  and  of  a  medium  average  size. 

Cypr^a  angustata,  Gray  (PI.  xxi.  figs.  1-3). — The  narrow 
Cowry.  This  species  was  described  by  Gra}^  on  p.  497  of 
Zoological  Journal,  Vol.  i.  1824.  After  pointing  out  that  it  was 
figured  by  Gmelin,  3421  (1) — I  presume  in  his  Systema  Naturae, 
dated  1788— in  Schreiber's  Conch.  Einl.,  j.  77,  dated  1788,  by 
Schroeter,  j.  150,  in  1784,  and  in  Gualtier's  Icon,  dated  1742,  t. 
13,  f.  22,  he  says  : — 

"Inhabits  New  Holland.     Mus.  Brit." 


BY  C.  E.   BEDDOME.  569 

"  Shell  ovate,  reddish-brown,  or  ivarely  pale  brown  ;  the  spire 
prominent,  covered;  the  base  convex,  white;  the  margin  slightly 
thickened,  rounded,  with  small,  round,  black  spots;  that  of  the 
inner  lip  rounded,  only  slightly  extended;  and  that  of  the  outer 
rather  sharply  edged,  with  the  extremities  generally  dark;  the 
aperture  rather  large;  teeth  equal,  small,  close;  columella  rather 
concave,  and  rather  deep,  plaited  nearly  the  whole  length;  inside 
pale  brown.     Axis  i^,  diameter  ^^  of  an  inch." 

"  This  shell  has  not  been  taken  notice  of  by  any  of  the  French 
writers,  although  it  is  not  uncommon  in  old  collections.  It  varies 
sometimes  in  being  of  a  very  pale  yellowish  brown." 

Figs.  1,  2,  3,  of  PL  xxi.,  represent  examples  of  what  I  propose 
to  call  the  typical  group  of  this  very  variable  species. 

The  specimen  represented  on  PI.  xxi.,  fig.  1,  measures  from  the 
syphonal  end  to  the  posterior  apertural  notch  31  mm.,  22  mm. 
wide,  and  18  mm.  high,  i.e.,  from  base  to  dorsum;  and  is  one  of 
the  finest  specimens  of  the  species  I  have  seen.  Colour  deep 
chocolate,  base  bluish-white  showing  very  few  spots  on  the  base; 
the  slight  dorsal  sulcus  is  covered  with  chocolate  spots  on  a  lighter 
ground  than  the  dorsum;  spire  deeply  sunk;  on  the  right  colu- 
mellar  margin  there  are  27  strong  white  teeth  sloping  into  the 
aperture;  the  teeth  on  the  left  point  directly  to  the  aperture,  and 
do  not  show  on  the  base. 

Fig.  2,  PI  xxi.,  is  that  of  a  specimen  measuring  from  the 
syphonal  end  to  the  posterior  apertural  notch  26  mm.,  17  mm. 
wide,  and  13  mm.  high  from  base  to  the  most  prominent  part  of 
the  dorsum.  Of  a  lighter  chocolate  colour  than  the  preceding 
example  on  the  dorsal  surface;  there  are  two  indistinct  bands  of 
a  darker  colour  across  the  dorsum,  which  are  found  in  many  of 
the  varieties  of  this  species;  there  is  a  very  distinct  dorsal  sulcus 
covered  with  dai'k  chocolate  spots;  in  looking  down  on  the  dorsum 
the  spots  can  be  seen  on  both  sides;  spire  not  so  sunk  as  in  the 
preceding  example;  on  the  right  columellar  margin  there  are  23 
strong  teeth  sloping  into  the  aperture ;  on  the  left  side  the 
teeth  are  finer  and  do  not  show  on  the  base,  which  is  of  a 
bluish  colour. 


570  NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR.EA, 

Fig.  3,  PL  xxi.,  is  that  of  a  specimen  measuring  from  the 
syphonal  end  of  the  posterior  apertural  notch  25  mm;  it  is  15  mm. 
wide,  and  13  mm.  high  from  base  to  the  most  prominent  part  of 
the  dorsum,  which  is  of  a  deep  chocolate  colour;  there  is  a  slight 
trace  of  two  bands  of  a  darker  colour  across  the  dorsum;  the 
shell  is  more  pyriform  in  shape  than  either  of  the  preceding 
examples;  spire  sunk;  a  small  dorsal  sulcus,  the  spots  along  which 
are  not  so  large  or  numerous,  and  very  few  are  seen  in  looking 
down  on  the  dorsum;  on  the  right  columellar  margin  there  are 
30  strong  teeth  running  straight  into  the  aperture;  on  the  left 
side  the  teeth  are  very  fine  and  not  seen  on  the  base,  which  is  of 
a  bluish  colour. 

Cyp.  angustata,  Gray,  var.  Mayi,  C.  E.  Beddome  (Plate  xxi. 
figs.  4-7). — I  can  pick  out  four  varieties  from  many  examples  of 
this  species,  and  think  it  best  to  describe  and  figure  them. 
Fig.  4  is  that  of  a  specimen  measuring  from  the  syphonal  end 
to  the  posterior  apertural  notch  24  mm.,  16  mm.  wide  and  13  ram. 
high  from  base  to  most  prominent  part  of  the  dorsum,  which  is 
of  a  rich  orange  colour;  there  are  two  distinct  chocolate  bands 
across  the  dorsum,  and  above  the  spire  some  spots  that  form  a 
third  band;  a  slight  dorsal  sulcus  with  a  few  chocolate  spots  on 
it;  the  spots  on  the  other  side  are  few,  about  sixteen  in  number; 
on  the  right  columellar  margin  there  are  26  teeth,  not  so  strong 
as  in  the  typical  group,  and  those  on  the  left  are  fine  and  not 
seen  on  the  base,  which  is  whiter  than  in  the  former. 

Fig.  5,  PI.  xxi.,  represents  a  specimen  of  about  the  same 
measurements  as  fig.  4;  dorsum  dull  salmon  colour,  two  brown 
bands  across  dorsum,  and  between  the  spii-e  and  one  of  the  bands 
with  a  raised  line  of  growth. 

Fig.  6,  PI.  xxi.,  shows  a  rather  young  specimen,  but  I  think  it 
worthy  of  notice;  it  measures  from  the  syphonal  end  of  the 
posterior  apertural  notch  25  mm.,  16  mm.  wide  and  12  mm.  high; 
dorsum  of  a  dull  chocolate  colour  which  extends  down  the  left 
side  of  the  shell  into  the  aperture;  three  distinct  bands  across  the 
dorsum ;  spire  region  tinged  with  orange  ;  a  very  slight  dorsal 


BY  C.   E.   BEDDOME.  571 

sulcus,  with  very  few  minute  spots,  none  on  the  left  side;  toothing 
about  normal. 

Fig.  7,  PL  xxi.,  is  that  of  an  example  measuring  from  the 
syphonal  end  of  the  posterior  apertural  notch  21  mm.,  14  mm. 
wide,  and  11  mm.  high;  dorsum  a  rich  orange  colour;  with  two 
raised  lines  across  the  dorsum  close  together  and  another  near 
the  spire;  a  pronounced  dorsal  sulcus  covered  with  chocolate  spots 
which  can  be  seen  in  looking  down  on  the  dorsum;  the  spots  on 
the  left  hand  side  of  shell  are  distinct  but  not  numerous;  toothing 
distinct,  pointing  into  the  aperture;  base  of  the  shell  with  a  slight 
orange  tinge. 

Cyp.  angustata,  var.  subcarnea,  C.  F.  Ancey  (PI.  xxi., 
figs.  8-10). — Retaining  Mr.  Ancey's  MS.  name,  I  recently  described 
this  variety  in  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  1896,  Part  iii.  p.  467. 
Some  of  the  Hawaiian  Cyp.  helvola  are  of  a  similar  cream  colour, 
which  I  have  little  doubt  is  caused  by  some  defect  in  the  pigment- 
producing  powers  of  the  animal. 

Cyp.  angustata,  var.  albata,  C.  U.  Beddome. — Fig.  11,  PL 
xxi.,  is  that  of  a  specimen  measuring  from  the  syphonal  end  to 
the  posterior  apertural  notch  25  mm.,  18  mm.  wide  and  15  mm. 
high;  the  whole  shell  snow-white  not  showing  any  spots;  with 
three  raised  lines  over  the  dorsum,  and  a  strong  dorsal  sulcus; 
the  toothing  on  the  right  side  of  shell  very  strong,  24  teeth 
showing  more  than  half  way  across  the  base;  on  the  left  the 
toothing  very  fine,  not  visible  on  the  base. 

Hah. — Derwent  River,  Tasmania.  I  have  seen  a  specimen  of 
this  shell  from  South  Australia.  ^yp-  angustata  and  many  of 
its  varieties  are  found  on  the  Australian  coast. 

•  Cyp.  declivis,  Sowerby  (Plate  xxi.  figs.  12-14),  was  originally 

described  in  Thesaurus  Conchyliorum,  Vol.  iv.,  and  figured  on  p. 

31,  PL  310,  fig.  287,  also  on  PL  321,  figs.  328,-  329,*  dated  1880. 

The  following  is  Sowerby's  original  description  : — "  Shell  solid, 

closely  resembling  (aflini)  C.  angustata  but  more  pyriform,  more 

*  This  Monograph  of  Cypraea  was  published  about  1870. 


572  NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR/EA, 

abruptly  declining  in  front,  and  the  posterior  end  more  deflexed; 
the  base  also  is  more  convex  ;  the  aperture  is  straighter;  the 
dorsum  is  of  a  rosy-yellow  hue  sprinkled  over  with  small  macular; 
the  lateral  spots  are  also  smaller." 

Ohs. — "A  more  solid  shell  than  a  nc/ list  at  a  and  Compfo?ii,  with 
a  peculiar  deflexion  of  the  anterior  extremity,  which  slopes  from 
the  back,  and  it  is  of  a  light  c^jlour  sprinkled  over  the  back." 

The  finest  specimen  of  this  species  I  have  seen  is  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Dr.  J.  C.  Cox,  of  Sydney,  N.S.W.  Specimens  before  me 
differ  a  good  deal  in  shape  and  size,  but  I  describe  and  figure 
three  examples. 

The  first  (fig.  12)  is  lighter  in  colour  than  most  specimens,  and 
is  more  cylindrical  than  any  withers  I  have  seen.  It  measures, 
from  the  syphonal  end  to  the  posterior  apertural  notch  27  mm., 
18  mm.  wide  and  13  mm.  high.  Colour  pale  bluish  on  the  dorsal 
surface,  which  is  covered  with  minute  blurred  spots;  a  slight 
dorsal  sulcus  covered  with  dark  chocolate  spots,  very  few  of  them 
showing  on  the  base  of  the  shell;  a  few  spots  on  the  left  side  of 
the  shell,  none  showing  on  the  base,  which  is  of  a  dull  white; 
with  26  teeth  on  the  right  culumellar  margin  sloping  into  the 
aperture;  those  on  the  left  very  fine,  not  showing  on  the  base. 

The  second  (fig.  13)  is  more  pyriform  in  shape;  measuring  25 
mm.  long,  16  mm.  wide  and  13  mm.  high.  Dorsal  surface  is 
much  darker,  being  a  rich  chocolate  brown  formed  by  minute 
dark  spots  which  under  the  lens  seem  to  run  into  each  other;  the 
dorsal  sulcus  with  smaller  and  fewer  spots  on  it  than  in  the  first 
example  (fig.  12);  base  white,  rounded;  the  toothing  about  the 
same  as  in  first  case  (fig.  12)  Itut  on  the  left  side  of  the  shell  a 
little  stronger  and  more  visible. 

The  third  (fig.  14)  is  the  smallest  specimen  of  the  three; 
measuring  21  mm,  long,  16  mm.  wide,  and  12  mm.  high.  Colour: 
the  dorsal  surface  pale  drab  flecked  with  irregular  spots;  a  very 
strong  dorsal  sulcus,  with  a  few  darker  spots  on  it,  none  of  them 
showing  on  the  base  which  is  a  very  pale  brown.  The  toothing 
on  the  right  columellar  margin  stronger,  extending  well  across 
the  base;  on  the  left  very  little  of  the  toothing  is  seen. 


BY  C.  E.   BEDDOME.  573 

Hab. — Derwent  River,  Hobart,  Tasmania.  I  iaave  a  specimen 
of  this  species  of  a  bluish-white  with  very  few  spots  on  the  dorsum. 

Cypr^a  Comptoni,  J.  E.  Gray,  Jukes'  Voyage  of  H.M.S.  Fly, 
Vol.  ii.  Appendix  No.  x.,  p.  356  1847,  PI.  i.  fig.  3. 

The  following  is  his  description: — "Shell  ovate,  grey-brown 
(when  young  paler  zoned),  with  three  darker  bands.  Spire 
small,  flattened,  hidden,  right  margin  rather  thickened,  sharp 
edged  above,  reddish  white  minutely  black  dotted,  and  stained 
with  black,  brown  above  in  front;  left  margin  roundish,  scarcely 
thickened,  brown  dotted.  Under  side  purplish  brown,  mouth 
moderate,  rather  wider  in  front,  teeth  small,  well  defined,  the  outer 
hinder  ones  rather  the  larger,  the  columella  with  an  elongated 
concavity  in  front  not  plaited. — ^Inhab.  Port  Essington."* 

I  have  not  seen  specimens  from  the  north  of  Australia;  some 
from  South  Australia  which  I  have  seen  are  much  darker  in 
colour  than  Tasmanian  specimens,  being  a  dark  chocolate. 

Fig.  15,  PI.  x.x;i.,  is  that  of  what  I  call  a  typical  Tasmanian 
specimen  of  C.  Gomj)toni,  measuring  from  the  syphonal  end  to 
the  posterior  apertural  notch  24  mm.,  15  mm.  wide,  and  11  mm. 
high  from  base  to  the  most  prominent  part  of  the  dorsum,  which 
is  a  dull  orange-brown  colour:  a  slight  dorsal  sulcus  covered  with 
small  dark  spots  not  showing  on  the  base  of  shell,  which  is  of  a 
pale  orange-bi'own  colour;  on  the  left  side  of  shell  there  are  a  few 
indistinct  spots  showing  on  the  base;  the  right  columellar  margin 
with  23  teeth  sloping  into  the  aperture;  the  left  has  the  teeth 
tine,  not  visible  on  the  base  of  shell. 

Fig.  16,  PI.  xxi.,  represents  a  variety  of  this  species  measuring 
from  the  syphonal  end  to  the  posterior  apertural  notch  27  mm., 
18  mm.  wide,  and  12  mm.  high;  dorsum  a  pale  salmon  colour  all 
over,  with  the  exception  of  a  slight  trace  of  two  bands  of  a  lighter 
colour;  a  slight  dorsal  sulcus  with  a  few  small  brown  spots,  and 
on  the  left  a  line  of  very  faint  spots,  none  of  which  show  on  the 


*  Type  in  "  My  Cabinet."  "  The  spots  on  the  left  side  of  the  margin  are 
i-ather  the  largest,  and  tliere  are  no  spots  on  the  lower  surface.  Named  in 
honour  of  the  Marquis  of  Northhampton,  P.K.S." 


574  NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR.EA, 

base,  which  is  white;  the  toothing  is  weak  on  both  sides  of  the 
aperture,  the  sunk  spire  is  pronounced. 

CypR^A  PIPERITA,  MSS.  Solander. — Roberts  in  his  paper  in 
Vol.  vii.  of  Tryon's  Manual,  p.  189,  gives  Solander  as  the  author 
of  this  species,  as  also  does  Sowerby  in  his  Thesaurus  Conchyliorum, 
Vol.  iv.  p.  31.  Roberts,  however,  on  p.  222  of  the  index  of  same 
work  quoted  calls  it  Cy.  piperita,  Sol.  MSS.,  and  as  it  is  put  it 
leads  one  to  suppose  that  it  was  so  called  by  Solander.  In  the 
Zoological  Journal  for  1824,  ?Vol.  i.  p.  498,  one  finds  in  Gray's 
Monograph  on  the  GyprctidmAh^ioV^ommg  description  : — 

"67.  CyprcEajnperita. — The  Peppered  Cowry."  "Testa  ovato- 
oblonga,  castanea,  obscure  quadri-fasciata;  basi  albida,  marginibus 
sub-incrassatis,  albidis,  fusco-punctatis;  labiis  supra  marginatis; 
columella  concava,  plicata." 

Now  I  maintain  that  this  is  the  original  description  of  this 
species,  and  that  it  was  written  by  John  Edward  Gray,  Following 
the  description  in  Latin  as  given  comes  this  : — '■Cyprcea  "piperita, 
"  Solander's  MSS."  Humphrey.  Mus.  Nost.'  What  does  this 
mean  %  It  means  this,  that  Humphrey  had  a  collection  of  shells 
(Mus.  Nost.),  and  in  that  collection  was  a  shell  to  which  Solander 
affixed  a  MS.  name. 

Gray  in  a  liberal  spirit,  when  he  described  the  species  in  his 
valuable  monograph,  allowed  Solander's  MS.  name  to  continue,  but 
was  in  no  way  bound  to  do  so.  Then  follows  : — "  Icon.  Zoological 
Journal,  t.  .  6."  It  is  evident  that  Gray  had  intended  his  new 
species  {piperita)  to  be  figured  on  a  certain  Plate  as  figure  6;  but 
it  never  was  figured,  as  the  first  Plate  illustrative  of  his  paper  is 
PI.  vii.  This  is  not  a  mistake,  for  in  the  explanation  of  PI.  vii., 
of  Cyprseas  described  by  him,  it  gives  6  to  Gyp.  arenosa,  an 
excellent  illustration  of  the  species.  Then  Gray's  description 
goes  on — "Inhabits  New  Holland;  Maioe  (Mus.  Nost.)."  Indi- 
cating that  Mawe,  who  wx-ote  up  the  Linnpean  System  of  Con- 
chology  (dated  1823),  had  a  specimen  of  Gi^ay's  new  species 
[piperita)  in  his  cabinet  from  New  Holland. 


BY  C.   K.   BEDDOME. 


575- 


Gray  then  gives  a  running  minute  description  of  his  new 
species  in  English  as  follows  : — 

"  Shell  ovate,  oblong,  pale  chestnut-brown,  polished,  with  four 
narrow,  sometimes  slightly  interrupted  bands,  one  of  which  is 
near  the  spire,  and  another  in  the  front  of  the  shell,  and  the  other 
two  about  the  middle  of  the  back.  The  spire  is  slightly  prominent, 
and  partly  covered ;  the  base  is  convex,  white,  verj'  slightly 
thickened  on  the  inner  lip,  exhibiting  the  bands  through  it. 
The  margin  of  the  outer  lip  and  extremities  is  slightly  thickened, 
white,  ornamented  with  numerous  small  round  brown  spots  on 
the  upper  part,  and  a  large  blotch  over  the  spire,  and  on  each 
side  the  anterior  extremity.  The  aperture  rather  wide ;  the 
teeth  equal,  small,  close;  the  columella  deeply  concave  in  front 
and  plaited  the  whole  length;  the  inside  purplish-white.  Axis 
ii  diameter  j'j^  of  an  inch. 

"  I  have  had  it  from  several  old  collections  under  the  above 
name,  and  have  therefore  adopted  it  out  of  courtesy,  and  to 
prevent  confusion. 

"  When  worn  it  is  pale  flesh-coloured,  with  the  bands  inter- 
rupted." 

Should  Gray  in  common  honesty  be  deprived  of  the  credit  of 
having  named  and  described  this  species  1  Manuscript  names 
may  well  be  ignored  in  a  case  like  this. 

Fig.  17,  PL  xxi.,  is  that  of  a  specimen  of  Cyp.  piperita,  Gray, 
which  measures  26  mm.  long,  14  mm.  wide,  and  13  mm.  high; 
there  are  four  blotchy  bands  of  brown  across  the  shell;  the  whole 
dorsal  surface  is  covered  with  minute  specks  as  if  it  had  been 
peppered  all  over;  there  is  a  slight  dorsal  sulcus  with  a  few  brown 
spots  on  it,  not  seen  on  the  base  of  the  shell,  which  is  a  dull 
white;  there  are  23  fine  teeth  on  the  right  columellar  margin; 
those  on  the  left  fine  and  not  visible  on  the  base  of  the  shell. 
This  specimen  is  from  Miss  Lodder's  Collection. 

Fig.  18,  PI.  xxi.,  is  that  of  a  specimen  similar  to  the  one  shown 
in  fig.  17,  but  the  specks  over  the  dorsum  are  fine,  hardly  visible 
without  a  lens;  there  are  four  bands  across  the  dorsum  composed 
of  square  blotches,  which  are  visible  on  the  left  base  of  the  shell 


576  NOTES  ON  SPECIES  OF  CYPR.EA. 

into  the  aperture;  measurements  are  23  mm.  long,  14  mm.  wide, 
and  11  mm.  high;  the  dorsal  surface  is  of  a  pale  orange  colour; 
the  dorsal  sulcus  has  a  few  small  spots  on  it,  none  visible  on  the 
base,  which  is  of  a  pale  orange  tint;  toothing  about  the  same  as 
in  the  last  example. 

Hab. — Rocky  Cape  and  Tasmania  (fig.  17);  Flinders  Island, 
Bass  Straits  (fig.  18). 

Cypr^a  bicolor,  Gaskoin,  now  generally  acknowledged  to  be 
a  variety  of  this  species,  is  met  with  in  Tasmania.  Gaskoin's 
description  will  be  found  in  the  P.Z.S.  Part  xvi.  1848,  p.  92  ;  and 
good  figures  of  it  in  Sowerby's  Thesaurus  Conch.  Vol.  iv.  PL 
xxviii.  (Genus  Cyprsa,  Thes.  PL  319,  figs.  288-289). 

Trivia  australis.  Lam.  (PL  xxi.,  fig.  19). — It  is  not  necessary 
to  describe  this  well  known  species,  but  I  give  measurements  and 
figures  of  a  specimen  from  Miss  Lodder's  Collection.  Long  18  mm., 
wide  13  mm.,  high  10  mm.  It  is  common  on  the  shores  of  Tas- 
mania and  Australia. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  XX. 

Lower  figure — (Fig.  1) — C.  umlnlicata  ;  typical  Tasmanian  specimen. 
Upper  figure — (Fig.  2) —  ,,  var.,  Port  Stephens,  N.S.W.  (Coll. 

Dr.  J.  C.  Cox). 

Plate  XXI. 

Fig.  I — C.  angustata^ 

Fig.  2—  ,,  C  typical  group. 

Fig.  3-  „  ) 

Fig-  4—  ,,  \ 

-^f^'-    f~~  "  I  var.  Mayi,  C.  E.  Beddonie. 

Fig.    6—  ,,  ■^  ' 

Fig.    7-  „  j 

-p."^'    q "  I- var.  .SH/j('ar»ea,  C.  F.  Ancey,  MS. 

Fig.  10—  ,,  ,,         ,,  ,,  ribbed  var. 

Fig.  11 —  ,,  var.  alhata  C.  E.  Beddome. 

Fig.  12  I 

Fig.  13  VC.  dechvis,  Sowerby. 

Fig.  Uj 

Fig.  15 — C.  Comptoni,  Gray  ;  typical  Tasmanian  specimen. 

Fig.  16—  „  ,,        var. 

Fig.  17 — C.  jnjjerita,  Gray  (Coll.  Miss  Lodder). 

Fig.  18- 

Fig.  19  —Trivia  austra/ls.  Lam.  (Coll.  Miss  Lodder). 


577 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 


Dr.  JSTorton  exhibited  specimens  of  West  Australian  plants 
(Dryandra  and  Anigozanthos). 

Mr.  Fred.  Turner  exhibited  a  collection  of  American  Grasses, 
including  some  rare  species  from  Mexico  and  Guatemala. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Halligan  exhibited,  for  Mr.  A.  E.  Flavelle,  a  speci- 
men of  a  recently  hatched  Echidna  (about  50  mm.  from  snout  to 
tail,  measured  without  straightening  the  specimen),  together  with 
the  eggshell,  both  taken  from  the  pouch  on  September  18th,  1897, 
at  Gradgery,  on  Marthaguy  Creek,  County  of  Gregory,  N.S.W. 

Mr.  North  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  young  in  down  of  the 
Black-fronted  Dotterel,  ^gialitis  melonops,  YieilL,  which  he  had 
caught  in  the  dry  bed  of  Cook's  River,  at  Enfield  on  the  19th  inst. 
It  is  apparently  about  three  days  old,  and  has  the  general  colour 
above  buflF;  a  narrow  black  line  extends  from  the  base  of  the 
upper  mandible  below  each  eye  and  connects  with  a  broad  black 
collar  around  the  nape;  a  similar  black  line  above  the  fore  part 
of  each  eye  meets  towards  the  crown  of  the  head  and  forms  a  V- 
shaped  marking;  on  the  occiput  a  conspicuous  white  crescent 
bordered  in  the  centre  of  the  inner  side  with  a  blackish  band;  a 
broad  black  line  extends  through  the  centre  of  the  wing-coverts 
around  the  sides  of  the  body  and  meets  in  a  point  at  the  tail;  in 
the  centre  of  the  back  is  a  round  black  spot  succeeded  by  another 
on  the  lower  back,  and  a  short  black  streak  on  the  rump;  short 
pen  feathers  of  the  tail  which  are  just  appearing  black  tipped 
with  buff,  on  each  side  of  the  tail  a  tuft  of  long  black  filamentous 
down;  all  the  undersurface  and  edge  of  the  wing  white;  the  lower 
sides  of  the  body  washed  with  buff;  base  of  upper  mandible 
reddish-flesh  colour,  of  lower  mandible  orange,  tip  of  bill  black; 
iris  dark  brown,  nearly  black  ;  legs  and  feet  pale  ochreous-yellow. 
Total  length  in  life  when  in  a  prone  position,  3  inches;  weight  ^ 
of  an  ounce. 

Also  a  beautiful  nest  of  the  Black -capped  Honey-eater,  Melitli- 
reptus  Z^^;i^fZrt^ws,  Shaw,  obtained  in  a  Eucalypt  at  Belmore  on  the 


578  NOTES  AND  EXHIBITS. 

21st  inst.  It  is  of  the  usual  cup-shaped  form  and  is  constructed 
almost  entirely  of  white  fowl  feathers  and  white  cow-hair, 
matted  and  held  together  with  fine  strips  of  bark-fibre  and  a  few 
pieces  of  string.  The  nest,  which  measures  exteriorly  21  inches 
in  diameter  by  31  inches,  was  found  close  to  a  poultry  farm,  and 
contained  two  young  birds  just  able  to  fly. 

Mr.  Musson  contributed  a  Note  on  the  trimorphic  character  of 
AnguiUaria  clioica,  R.Br.  One  thousand  specimens  of  this  vari- 
able plant  (all  those  growing  on  six  square  yards)  were  pulled  up 
a,nd  sorted.  Of  these,  26  (or  2-6  per  cent.)  were  polygamous  ; 
510(51  percent.)  had  potentially  male  flowers  only,  the  pistils 
being  rudimentary;  and  464  (46-4  per  cent)  had  female  flowers 
only  without  indication  of  even  rudimentary  stamens.  Other 
peculiarities  furnished  by  these  specimens  were  also  noted.  As 
the  species  occurs  in  all  the  Australian  Colonies  -it  would  be  of 
interest  if  observers  elsewhere  would  tabulate  their  experiences. 
Sufficient  data  might  thus  be  accumulated  for  satisfactory 
generalisation,  as  AnguiUaria.  like  Fittosporum  nndiiJatum, 
seems  to  be  in  an  advanced  stage  of  transition  towards  complete 
separation  of  the  sexes. 

Dr.  Cox  exhibited,  in  illustration  of  Lieutenant  Beddome's 
paper,  specimens  of  GijprcBa  subcarnea,  Ancey,  and  var.,  C. 
declivis,  Sowb.,  C.  angustata,  Gray,  and  vars.,  C.  comjitoni,  Gray, 
and  vars.,  and  Trivia  australis. 

Mr.  Fletcher  exhibited  some  hymenopterous  insects  (Fam. 
Thynnidce)  forwarded  last  week  by  Mr.  C.  F.  Bolton  of 
IVIoorong,  Wagga,  as  a  sample  of  myriads  closely  clustered  on  the 
wires  of  his  vineyai'd  fence.  They  were  thickest  in  one  spot 
where  the  clustering  swarms  extended  over  a  distance  of  about 
five  feet  on  each  of  three  wires — one  above  another.  The  insects 
evidently  had  recently  emerged  from  their  underground  cocoons. 
Possibly  on  account  of  the  mild  winter  they  had  made  an 
appearance  earlier  than  usual  and  in  advance  of  the  flowers.  A 
week  later  some  swarms  were  still  to  be  seen  on  the  wires. 


579 


WEDNESDAY,  OCTOBER  27th,  1897. 


The  Ordinary  Monthly  Meeting  of  the  Society  was  held  at  the 
Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Roid,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on  Wednesday  even- 
ing, October  27th,  1897. 

Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 


The  President  referred  to  the  contemplated  appointment  of  the 
Macleay  Bacteriologist,  and  intimated  that  in  about  a  fortnight's 
time  advertisements  inviting  applications  from  Candidates  in  the 
Colonies  would  appear  in  the  Sydney  and  other  newspapers. 


DONATIONS. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.     xx.  Band.     Nos.  539-540  (Aug-Sept., 
1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Bureauof  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.  A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  Nos.  19- 
21  (Sept.-Oct.,  1897).     From  the  Secretary. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia,  Melbourne.     Vol.  x. 
No.  9  (Sept.,  1897).     From  the  Editor. 

"  The  Surveyor,"  Sydney.     Vol.  x.  Nos.  8-10  (Aug.-Oct.,  1897). 
From  the  Editor. 

Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales — Abstracts.     May-October, 
1897.      From  the  Society. 

Societe   Beige    de    Microscopic,    Bruxelles — Bulletin,     xxiii.""' 
Annee.     Nos.  vii.-x.  (Aug.,  1897).      From  the  Society. 


580  DONATIONS. 

Natui'historischer  Verein  zu  Bonn — Verhandlungen.  liii.  Jahr- 
gang.  2  Halfte  (1896):  Sitzungsberichte  der  Neiderrheinischen 
Ge.sellschaft  fiir  Natur-  und  Heilkunde,  1896.  2  Halfte.  From 
the  Society. 

Comite  Geologique,  St.  Petersbourg — Bulletin.  Vol.  xv.  (1896), 
Nos.  6-9;  Vol.  xvi.  (1897)  Nos.  1-2:  Memoires,  Vol.  xiv.  No.  5 
(1896):  Carte  Geologique  Generale  de  la  Russie d'Europe.  Feuille 
114  (Astrakhan).     From  the  Committee. 

Royal  Society,  London — Proceedings.  Vol.  Ixi.  Nos.  376-378 
(July-Aug.,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Societe  d'Horticulture  du  Doubs,  Besancon — Bulletin.  Serie 
illustree.      No.  20  (August,  1897).      From  the  Society. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Sydney — Agricultural  Gazette. 
Vol.  viii.  Part  9  (Sept.,  1897).  From  the  Hon.  the  Minister  for 
Mines  and  Agriculture. 

Geological  Survey  of  Queensland — Bulletin.  No.  6  (1897): 
Skertchly's  Reports  on  Deep  (Tin)  Lead,  Herberton  (1896),  and 
on  Tin  Mines  of  Watsonville  (1897);  Rands'  Report  on  Croydon 
Gold  Field  (1896).     From  the  Government  Geologist. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  21-23  (Aug.-Sept., 
1897).      From  the  Government  Secretary. 

Museo  de  la  Plata — Anales.  Anthropologie  ii.  "  Notes 
Ethnographiques  sur  les  Indiens  Guyaquis"  (1897).  From  the 
Director. 

Pamphlet — Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  Queensland  (July, 
1897).     By  F.  M.  Bailey,  F.L.S.     From  the  Author. 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington:  Division  of 
Ornithology  and  Mammalogy — Report  of  the  Chief  of  the  Division 
for  the  Years  1887,  '88,  '89,  and  '90:  Four  Ornithological  Separates 
from  the  Yearbooks  for  1894  and  1895.  From  the  Chief  of  the 
Biological  Survey. 

Natural  History  Society  of  New  Brunswick — Bulletin.  No.  xv. 
(1897).     From  the  Society. 


DONATIONS.  581 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore —University  Circulars. 
Vol.  xvi.  No.  128  (Feb.,  1897):  Hospital  Bulletin.  Vol.  viii. 
Nos.  77-78  (Aug.-Sept.,  1897).     From  the  University. 

Field  Naturalists'  Club  of  Victoria— Victorian  Naturalist. 
Vol.  xiv.  No.  6  (Oct.,  1897).     From  the  Cluh. 

American  Museum,  N.Y. — Bulletin.  Vol.  viii.  (1896).  Vol. 
ix.  Art.  xviii.  (pp.  225-230).     From  the  Director. 

Entomological  Society,  London — Transactions,  1897.  Part.iii. 
(Sept.);  Charter  and  By-laws.      From  the  Society. 

Marine  Biological  Association  of  the  United  Kingdom,  Ply- 
mouth— Journal,  n.s.  Index  to  Vol.  iv. :  Vol.  v.  No.  1  (Aug., 
1897).      From  the  Director. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Brisbane — Queensland  Agricultural 
Journal.  Vol.  i.  No.  4  (Oct.,  1897).  From  the  Secretary  for 
Agriculture. 

Australasian  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Melbourne — Trans- 
actions.     Vol.  iv.  (1897).      From  the  Institute. 

Royal  Geographical  Society  of  Australasia,  Queensland  Branch — 
Proceedings  and  Transactions.  Vol.  xii.  (1896-1897).  From  the 
Society. 

Societas  Zoologica  Tokyonensis — Annotationes  Zoologicae  Japon- 
enses.     Vol.  i.  Pars  iii.  (Aug.,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Statistics  of  the  Seven  Colonies  of  Australasia,  1861-96  :  Wealth 
and  Progress  of  New  South  Wales,  1895-96.  Ninth  Issue.  Vol. 
ii.  (189   ).      From  the  Government  Statistician,  Sydney. 

Gordon  Technical  College,  Geelong — The  Wombat.  Vol.  iii. 
No.  1  (Oct.,  1897).      From  the  College. 

Geological  Survey  of  India — Records.  Vol.  xxx.  Part  3  (1897). 
From  the  Director. 

American  Naturalist.     Vol.  xxxi.  No.  369  (Sept.,  1897).     Fro7n 
the  Editor. 
.38 


682  DONATIONS. 

Societas    Scientiarum    Fennica — Acta.     Tomus    xxi.     (1896): 
Oefversigt.     xxxviii.  (1895-96).     From  the  Society. 

Report  of  the  Department  of  Lands  and  Survey,  N.Z.,  1896-97: 
and  two  Pamphlets.     From  H.  Farquhar^  Esq. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy.     Vol.  xii.   No.   142  (Oct., 
1897).      From  the  Editor. 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington — Annual  Report  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  to  July,  1894  (1896).     From  the  Secretary. 

U.S.  National  Museum,  under  the  direction  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution— Report  for  the  year  ending  June,  1894  (1896)  : 
Proceedings.  Vol.  xviii.  (1895):  Bulletins.  Nos.  47  Part  i. 
(1896),  and  49  (1896) :  Two  Special  Bulletins.  Nos.  2-3.  Ben- 
dire's  "  Life-Histories  of  N.  American  Birds,  from  the  Parrots  to 
the  Grackles"  (4to.  1895);  and  Goode  and  Bean's  "Oceanic 
Ichthyology,"  Text  and  Plates  (4to.  1895).     From  the  Director. 

U.S.  Geological  Survey — Seventeenth  Annual  Report  (1895-96). 
Part  iii.  2  Vols.  (1896).     Emm  the  Director. 

Boston  Society  of  Natural  History — Proceedings.  Vol.  xxvii. 
12  Nos.,  pp.  75-330  (June,  1896— March,  1897).  From  the 
Society. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  Boston — Proceedings. 
Vol.  xxxii.  Nos.  1-9  (Nov.,  1896 — Jan.,  1897).    From  the  Academy. 

Field  Columbian  Museum,  Chicago — Annual  Report,  1895-96 
(Oct.,  1896):  Botanical  Series.  Vol.  i.  No.  3  (Dec,  1896): 
Ornithological  Series.  Vol.  i.  No.  2  (Feb.  1897).  From  the 
Museum. 

Chicago  Academy  of  Science — Thirty-ninth  Annual  Report, 
1896;  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey.  Bulletin  No.  i. 
(1896).     From  the  Academy. 

Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  History — Journal.  Vol.  xix. 
No.  2.  (March,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

New  York  Academy  of  Sciences — Annals.  Vol.  ix.  Nos.  4-5 
(Jan.,  1897).  Transactions.  Vol.  ^xv.  (1895-96).  From  the 
Academy. 


DONATIONS.  583 

American  Philosophical  Society,  Philadelphia — Proceedings. 
Vol.  XXXV.  No.  152  (Nov.,  1896).     From  the  Society. 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia— Proceedings, 
1896.     Part  3.     From  the  Society. 

Nova  Scotian  Institute  of  Science  — Proceedings  and  Trans- 
actions. Vol.  ix.  (Second  Series,  Vol.  ii).  Part  2  (Oct.,  1896). 
From  the  Institute. 

Gesellschaft  fiir  Erdkunde  zu  Berlin — Verhandlungen.  Band 
xxiii.  (1896).  Nos.  7-10;  Bd.  xxiv.  (1897)  Nos.  1-2:  Zeitschrift. 
Band  xxxi.  (1896)  Nos.  4-6.      From  the  Society. 

Naturhistorisches  Museum  in  Hamburg,  xiii.  Jahrgang  (1896). 
From  the  Museum. 

K.  K.  Naturhistorisches  Hof museum,  Wien — Annalen.     Bd.  xi. 

Nr.  2  (1896).     From  the  Society. 

L'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersbourg — 
Bulletin.,  v"  Serie,  T.  iii.  Nos.  2-5  (Sept. -Dec,  1895);  T.  iv.  Nos. 
1-5  (Jan.-May,  1896);  T.  v.  Nos.  1-2  (June-Sept.,  1896):  Memoires. 
viii*'-  Serie.  T.  iii.  No.  8  (1896);  T.  iv.  Nos.  3-4  (1896).  From  the 
Academy. 


584 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW  SPECIES   OF  AUSTRALIAN 

COLEOPTERA. 

By  Arthur  M.  Lea. 

Part  IV. 

CICINDELID^. 

CiCINDELA    SlOANEI,  ll.Sp. 

(J.  Rather  narrow  and  subparallel:  elytra  subopaque,  elsewhere 
shining.  Head  coppery;  clypeus  purplish-brown,  a  testaceous 
stripe  down  its  middle;  mandibles  white,  their  apices  brown; 
antennae  testaceous,  each  joint  tipped  with  l)rown.  Prothorax 
coppery.  Elytra  chocolate-brown,  distinctly  margined  with  white, 
extreme  margins  testaceous.  Body  beneath  and  legs  reddish- 
testaceous,  tips  of  tarsal  joints  and  claws  brownish. 

Head  large,  longitudinally  corrugated,  near  apex  and  base  in 
middle  irregularly  transversely  or  obliquely  corrugated  ;  disc 
feebly  concave;  a  whitish  seta  on  each  side  near  antennae,  and  a 
longer  one  on  each  side  close  to  eyes;  eyes  large,  subreniform; 
antennae  slender,  passing  intermediate  coxae.  Prothorax  slightly 
longer  than  wide,  transversely  and  irregularly  corrugate,  base  and 
apex  compressed;  middle  raised,  bilobed,  and  with  a  feeble  median 
line.  Elyt7^a  slightly  narrower  than  head  across  eyes,  subparallel, 
about  thrice  the  length  of  prothorax;  each  with  an  irregular  row 
of  shallow  punctures  (about  five  in  number)  at  one-third  from 
suture;  with  other  and  smaller  punctures,  which  are  moderately 
distinct  near  shoulders  and  only  traceable  with  difficulty  elsewhere; 
suture  slightly  thickened  near  apex.  Legs  very  long,  femora  and 
tibiae  with  rather  sparse  whitish  setae;  tarsi  (especially  the  anterior) 
with  denser  and  blackish  setae.     Length  9;  width  3  (vix)  mm. 

5.  Difiers  in  being  larger  (12  mm.),  head  smaller,  eyes  less 
prominent,  clypeus  unicolorous,  apical  segment  of  abdomen 
sufiused  with  brown,  anterior  tarsi  clothed  as  the  four  posterior. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  585 

Hab. — Western  Australia  :  Mullewa.  Three  specimens  (one 
of  which  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  G.  Masters)  were 
obtained  in  the  bed  of  a  dry  creek. 

The  white  lateral  stripes  of  the  elytra  are  very  distinct;  the 
elytral  punctures  occasionally  appear  as  if  gilded. 

HISTERID^. 
HoLOLEPTA  Mastersi,  Macl. 

In  Masters'  Supplementary  Catalogue  the  above  species  i.s 
placed  as  a  synonym  (on  the  authority  of  Lewis)  of  H.  Sidnensis, 
Mars.  This  is  a  mistake;  the  beetles  themselves  are  very  much 
alike,  but  the  larvje  and  pupal  cases  are  very  distinct.  The  case 
of  H.  Sidnensis  is  constructed  in  the  fibre  of  the  core  of  various 
species  of  Xanthorrhoea,  and  internally  is  of  a  shining  jet  black 
colour;  that  of  H.  Mastersi  is  brown  inside,  and  is  constructed  on 
a  somewhat  different  plan.  The  larvae  are  dissimilar  in  several 
respects,  that  of  H.  australis  (of  which,  however,  I  do  not  know 
the  pupa)  being  decidedly  closer  to,  though  apparently  distinct 
from  H.  Sidnensis.  I  have  taken  adults,  larvae  and  pupje  of  //. 
Mastersi  under  rotting  bark  of  several  forest  trees  on  the  Tweed 
and  Richmond  Rivers;  the  two  other  species  I  have  obtained  only 
from  Xanthorrho&a. 

TENEBRTONID^. 

Having  recently  examined  Hope's  original  descriptions  and 
figures  of  Helceides*  and  being  enabled  therefrom  to  identify 
some  of  the  species  I  possess  (scarcely  possible  by  the  descriptions 
alone),  a  few  notes  may  be  of  use. 

Judged  by  the  illustrations  HelcHUs  Bremei,  contractus  and 
testudineus  would  appear  to  belong  to  St/mpetes,  and  this  I  am 
satisfied  is  the  case.  //.  Bremei,  which  Sir  William  Macleay 
thought  belonged  to  Encara,  is  the  same  as  Sarayiis  Duhoulayi, 
Pasc,  and  the  latter  name  must  therefore  fall;  the  species  (which 
has  already  been   referred   to  Sympetes)   is  variable,  and  widely 

*  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  v.  IS^S,  pp.  52-56,  Plates  6  and  7. 


686  NEW    SPECIES    OP    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTEEA, 

distributed  along  the  south-western  coastal  regions ;  I  have 
specimens  fully  as  large  as  those  described  by  Hope,  and  others 
very  much  smaller.  //.  contractus  I  have  from  Pinjarrah;  it  is 
intermediate  between  Sympetes  tricostellus  and  »S'.  Macleayi.  H. 
testiidineus  (from  Port  Essington)  appears  to  be  very  close  to  my 
Syinpetes  undulatus;  Hope  figures  the  anterior  tibiae  as  having  a 
free  apical  spur  longer  than  the  1st  tarsal  joint;  in  und^datus 
there  is  a  slight  triangular  extension  (considerably  shorter  than 
the  1st  tarsal  joint)  of  the  tibia  itself,  but  no  free  spur. 

H.  marginellus  appears  to  be  remarkably  close  to  Saragus 
rudis,  MacL,  and  the  dimensions  given  by  Macleay  are  identical; 
there  are,  however,  a  number  of  species  rather  closely  allied. 

On  Plate  vi.,  fig.  6,  Hope  figures  a  true  but  headless  Helceus  to 
which  I  can  find  no  reference  whatever;  I  think  I  have  the 
species  (from  Swan  River)  which  is  close  to  but  distinctly  larger 
than  my  grcmulatus.  It  is  certainly  hot  referred  to  in  Volume 
v.,  nor  can  I  find  any  mention  of  it  in  the  succeeding  volumes. 

MiTUA  BiDWELLi,  Hope  (W.  S.  Macleay,  MSS.)  (Trans.  Ent. 
Soc.  Vol.  V.  p.  56,  PI.  vii.  fig.  6). — This  species  does  not  appear 
in  the  Catalogue.  Hope  does  not  give  an  exact  locality,  which 
may  account  for  its  omission,  but  the  title  of  his  paper  is 
"  Descriptions  of  several  new  Species  of  IIelceid(B  from  Australia." 
Judging  by  the  illustration  the  species  appears  to  belong  either  to 
Styrus  or  to  Nyctozoilus. 

Pterohel^eus  tristis.  Lea. — In  affixing  this  name  (P.L.S.N.S.W, 
1896,  p.  285 j  I  overlooked  the  fact  that  Sir  Wm.  Macleay  had 
already  referred  Saragus  tristis,  Germar,  to  Pterohelceus.  As  a 
substitute  I  propose  the  name  teriuistriatus. 

Hel^us  ellipticus,  n.sp. 

Oblong-elliptic,  softly  shining,  almost  impunctate,  uniformly 
piceous-black,  upper  surface  glabrous. 

tJead  punctate,  a  distinct  longitudinal  impression  between  eyes. 
Antennse  extending  to  intermediate  coxae.  Prothorax  transverse 
(ll|x8  mm.);  margins  wide,  strongly  reflexed,  posterior  half 
thickened  and  slightly  curved,  anterior  angles   scarcely  obtuse, 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA. 


587 


left  crossing  right;  posterior  angles  very  acute  and  shining,  the 
base  near  the  sides  rather  minutely  but  distinctly  and  evenly 
serrate;  disc  with  a  narrow  median  carina,  feeble  just  behind 
head  but  strong  towards  base,  and  seen  from  the  side  resembling 
a  parrot's  beak.  Scutellum  transverse,  curvilinearly  triangular, 
with  an  obtuse  median  ridge.  Elytra  slightly  wider  than  pro- 
thorax,  basal  half  parallel  ;  margins,  except  at  extreme  base, 
considerably  narrower  than  on  prothorax,  decreasing  to  apex, 
reflexed  and  rather  strongly  recurved;  suture  scarcely  thickened; 
a  narrow  shining  carina  on  each  side  of  suture  continued  almost 
to  apex,  towards  which  it  curves  inwards  and  then  outwards; 
just  before  margin  a  row  of  small  shining  granules  not  quite  con- 
tinuous to  base  or  apex.  Body  beneath  finely  punctate  and 
feebly  longitudinally  corrugate.  Legs  with  short  brown  pubes- 
cence.    Length  21,  width  12|mm. 

//«&.— Western  Australia  :  Geraldton. 

In  this  species  the  elytral  costfe  are  continued  almost  to  the 
apex,  and  are  not  abruptly  terminated;  for  the  greater  part  of 
their  length  they  are  parallel  and  separated  3^  mm.,  at  the  apex 
they  are  separated  2f  mm.,  and  at  about  the  middle  of  posterior 
declivity  2  mm.  Two  species,  inoniliferus  and  consularis,  in 
Macleay's  3rd  section  appear  to  approach  it,  judging  by  the 
descriptions  ;  from  the  former  it  differs  in  being  considerably 
smaller,  of  uniform  colour,  and  with  very  small  tubercles  of  a 
somwhat  conical  shape  near  the  marginal  sutures;  it  can  scarcely 
be  the  latter  species  which  is  described  as  obovate;  prothorax  with 
tlie  posterior  tooth  large,  in  the  form  of  a  compressed  triangular 
spine ;  elytra  with  the  raised  suture  having  on  each  side  at  a 
short  distance  a  sharp  costa  crenated  on  both  sides. 

Saragus  lugubris,  n.sp. 

8uboblong,  somewhat  convex,  opaque,  piceous-black. 

U''ad  densely  and  rather  coarsely  punctate ;  clypeal  sutui-e 
deeply  marked  at  sides  and  very  feebly  pubescent.  Antennae 
extending  to   intermediate   coxae.      Prothorax  transverse,   apex 


588  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

semcircularly  emarginate,  anterior  angles  obtuse,  posterior  acute; 
disc  and  margins  densely  and  rather  coarsely  but  shallowly 
punctate,  disc  with  a  very  feeble  median  line ;  margins  rather 
narrow,  flat,  not  at  all  wrinkled,  very  feebly  pubescent.  ScuieUum 
small,  punctate.  Elytra  parallel  to  near  apex,  scarcely  wider  than 
prothorax,  mai'gins  extremely  narrow;  middle  somewhat  flattened, 
suture  feebly  raised  and  softly  shining;  each  with  three  narrow 
shining  cost?e  disappearing  towards  apex,  and  irregular  through- 
out, the  intermediate  feebler  than  the  others;  interspaces  with 
numerous  very  minute  setose  granules,  very  minutely  punctate 
and  indistinctly  transversely  wrinkled.  Bod}'  beneath  and  legs 
minutely  pubescent,  the  former  with  punctures  above  the  average 
size  in  other  species  and  obsoletely  corrugate.  Length  \b\,  width 
9|  mm. 

Hab. — Upper  Ord  River :  E.  Kimberley  (Mr.  R.  Helms). 

Of  the  loevicoUis  type,  but  easily  distinguished  by  its  non- 
wrinkled  prothoracic  margins  (in  some  lights  appearing  dark 
brown)  and  almost  entire  absence  of  elytral  margins.  The  almost 
microscopic  granules  on  the  elytra  are  not  at  all  irregular  in  size. 

XYLOPHILID^.. 

Mr.  T.  L.  Casey  has  recently*  divided  the  American  species  of 
Xylophilus  into  thirteen  genera  (exclusive  of  Xylofhilus  itself),  of 
which  twelve  are  characterised  as  new.  At  the  same  time  he 
remarks  : — "  The  species  of  the  various  genera  adhere  closely  in 
general  appearance  to  the  type  form."  If  Mr.  Casey's  genera  are 
to  be  recognised,  many  genera  will  be  required  to  contain  the 
Australian  species,  and  this,  I  think,  is  highly  undesirable.  The 
antennae  and  eyes  are  very  variable,  both  sexually  and  specifically; 
and  any  division  of  the  group  into  genera  which  takes  these 
organs  as  its  principal  characters  is  likely  to  prove  very  mislead- 
ing. I  must  here  enter  a  strong  protest  against  the  splitting  up 
of  AnthiGus\  as  proposed  by  Mr.  Casey,  pi'incipally  on  account  of 
mesosternal  modifications. 

*  Anuals  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences.      Vol.  viii.  p.  772  et  seq. 
t  A.  jloralis,  Linn.,  is  placed  in  a  new  genus  (Hemantus). 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA. 


589 


Following  is  a  list  of  the  Australian  species  of  Xylofldhis 
hitherto  described  : — 

1.  ii^ndatns,  G-emming;  =  fasciatus,  Bohem.;  =  Blackburni,  Lea 

(Syzeion). 

2.  abiiorinin,  King  ('Anthicus);  =  l(etus,  Blkb.  (Syzeton). 

3.  lateralis,  Blkb.  ( Syzeton j. 

4.  mundus,  Blkb.  ( Syzetoninus ). 

5.  inconspicuus,  Blkb.  (Syzetoninufi). 

6.  alpicola,  Blkb.  ( Syzetonellus ). 

7.  imviaculalus,  Lea  (Syzeton). 

8.  quadrifoveatus,  Lea  (Syzetoninus). 

9.  impressicollis,  Lea  (Syzetoninus);  =  morulus,  Champ. 

10.  variegatus,  Lea  (Syzetoninus). 

1 1 .  crassicornis,  Lea  (Syzetoninus ). 

12.  sordidus,  Lea  (Syzetonellus). 

13.  hwmeralis,  Lea  (Syzetonellus). 

14.  23ecti7iiGorn!s,  Champ. 

15.  Jluctuosus,  Champ. 

16.  albonotatus,  Champ.* 

17.  parallelus,  Lea  (Syzetoninus). 

18.  basicornis,  Lea  (Syzetoninus). 

Xylophilus  eucalypti,  n.sp. 

Suboblong,  slightly  flattened,  shining.  Pitchy-black;  muzzle 
subferruginous;  antennse  testaceous,  basal  joint  more  or  less  dark, 
apical  joint  sometimes  infuscate,  sometimes  paler  than  preceding 
joint.  Prothorax  uniformly  clear  reddish-testaceous.  Legs 
testaceous  ;  femora,  especially  the  posterior,  tinged  with  brown. 
Clothed  all  over  with  very  short  griseous  pubescence.  Head  and 
prothorax  densely  and  minutely  punctate,  the  latter  more  strongly 
punctate  at  base.     Elytra,  except  basal  portion,  feebly  punctate. 

Head  rather  large,  transverse;  eyes  comparatively  small,  lateral, 
coarsely  faceted,  distant.     Antennae  rather  short,  basal  joint  thick, 


Described  from  Adelaide  River.     I  have  taken  specimens  at  Perth. 


590  NEW    SPECIES    OP    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

2nd  rather  short  and  thick,  3rd-5th  thin,  4th-llth  feebly  increas- 
ing in  width  and  subequal  in  length.  Prothorax  convex,  trans- 
verse, subquadrate,  sides  and  angles  feebly  rounded,  a  feeble 
transverse  impression  across  middle,  more  noticeable  on  sides 
than  on  disc;  base  with  a  more  distinct  impression,  which  is 
slightly  interrupted  in  middle.  Scutellum  subtriangular,  apex 
rounded.  Elytra  not  twice  the  width  of  prothorax  and  about 
thrice  its  length,  not  covering  pygidium,  depressed  at  basal  third; 
a  feeble  longitudinal  impression  near  shoulder;  shoulders  feebly 
rounded;  sides  parallel  to  near  apex.  Legs  thin;  femora  slightly 
thickened;  anterior  tarsi  short,  four  posterior  long;  1st  joint  of 
four  posterior  equal  in  length  to  all  the  others.  Length  2,  width 
1  (vix);  range  of  variation  in  length  lf-2^  mm. 

Hab. — Western  Australia:  Albany  (Mr.  R.  Helms);  Pinjarrah 
(Lea;  beaten  from  boughs  of  young  gum  trees). 

The  colouration  of  this  species  renders  it  very  distinct.  The 
reddish  prothorax  gives  it  a  resemblance  to  hurtiernliis,  from 
which  species,  however,  it  differs  in  many  particulars. 

CURCULIONID^. 

Subfamily  LEPTOPSIDES. 
Catasarcus. 

Specimens  of  this  genus  are  exceedingly  abundant  in  Western 
Australia;  scarcely  any  collection  of  Coleoptera  from  that  colony, 
no  matter  how  small  in  numbers,  but  has  a  number  contained  in 
it.  In  the  Transactions  of  the  Entomological  Society  for  1870, 
Mr.  Pascoe  described  34  supposed  new  species,  and  at  the  same 
time  he  gave  a  tabulation  of  them  (including  those  species 
previously  described)  and  divided  the  genus  into  three  sections; 
it  is  the  second  section  of  that  tabulation  that  I  shall  now  treat 
of. 

In  his  general  remarks  preceding  the  descriptions  of  the  species, 
Mr.  Pascoe  says  : — "  The  sex^oal  differences  ai^pear  to  he  very 
slight.  The  male  is  a  little  smaller,  and  is  narrower  behind  than 
the  female,  the  elytra  curving  inwards  very  perceptibly  towards 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA. 


591 


the  apex.  It  is  only  a  few  of  the  species,  however,  that  we  are  able 
to  pair."  The  remark  italicised  is  certainly  a  mistake.  I  have 
taken  a  great  many  pairs  in  copula  and  could  readily  distinguish 
the  sexes.  These  circumstances  induce  me  to  think  that  perhaps 
Mr.  Pascoe  has  described  the  sexes  in  several  instances  as  being 
distinct  species.  I  have  gone  very  carefully  into  the  question, 
and  have  been  irresistibly  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  the  whole 
of  the  names  given  in  the  2nd  section  appertain  to  spinipennis, 
Fahrs.,  and  as  this  conclusion,  if  correct,  as  I  have  no  doubt  it  is, 
necessitates  the  elimination  of  seventeen  names  from  the  Catalogue 
I  propose  to  give  my  reasons  in  full  for  thinking  so. 

I  have  personally  collected  over  much  of  the  ground  traversed 
by  Mr.  Frank  Duboulay  (from  whom  Mr.  Pascoe  received  the 
majority  of  his  specimens)  in  the  Champion  Bay  district;  I  have 
had  many  specimens  brought  in  by  the  various  inspectors  and 
correspondents  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture;  and  I  have  seen  the 
collections  of  other  entomologists  and  of  several  museums;  but  I 
have  never  seen  more  than  one  species  of  Catasarcus  having  four 
tubercular  spines  on  the  disc  of  the  elytra.  Had  the  species  been 
as  numerous  as  Mr.  Pascoe  thought  them,  I  think  I  could  not  have 
failed  to  meet  with  more  than  one. 

In  his  supposed  species,  Mr.  Pascoe  appears  to  have  had  but 
few  specimens  to  judge  from,  as  in  only  four — intermedms, 
humerosus,  bellicosits,  and  cicatricosus — does  he  state  or  imply 
that  he  had  more  than  one  specimen;  and  in  spim^jennis,  niargini- 
spiriis,  and  carbo  he  distinctly  implies  that  his  descriptions  were 
taken  from  unique  specimens. 

Mr.  Pascoe  remarks  :— "  But  the  best  characters  of  the  species 
are  afforded  by  the  elytra,  only,  though  these  are  obvious  enough 
to  the  eye  when  compared  with  one  another,  they  are  extremely 
difficult  to  define;  the  sculpture  is  nearly  always  of  the  same 
type,  seriate-  or  sulcate-punctate,  with  tubercular  elevations 
between;  its  peculiarities  often  masked  by  a  covering  of  scales, 
the  absence  of  which,  in  worn  individuals,  serves  to  throw  a  doubt 

on  their  validity The  tirst  pair  (median   [of  spines] 

are    generally  near    the    middle    of   the  elytra,  calculating    the 


592  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

middle  from  a  line  extending  over  the  length  of  the  back,  the- 
second    (posterior)    a  little  behind  them,  and  invariably  nearer 

the   suture A  very  peculiar  substance,  which   the 

French  call  '  enduit '  .  .  .  which  I  have  mentioned  as  '  a 
sort  of  exudation '  is  found  in  a  few  species.  Two  have  it  in  the 
form  of  small  grains  as  if  sprinkled  with  sand,  and  two  others 
have  a  waxy  varnish,  which,  however,  appears  to  be  a  part  of  the 
true  integument." 

Scales. — The  scales  on  Catasarcus  are  of  comparatively  large 
size,  and  are  extremely  easily  abraded.  I  have  placed  densely 
squamosa  specimens  in  spirits,  and,  on  removing  them  some 
months  later,  noticed  that  the  scales  had  almost  disappeared  from 
the  derm,  a  few  only  remaining  in  the  punctures.  On  reading 
Mr.  Pascoe's  descriptions,  it  will  often  be  noticed  that  he  speaks 
of  scales  filling  the  punctures  but  absent  elsewhere,  and  he  makes 
considerable  use  of  the  scales  in  his  tabulations.  The  discal  spines 
(except  occasionally  at  their  bases)  are  entirely  destitute  of  scales;. 
a  few  straggling  ones  may  sometimes  be  seen  on  the  posthumeral; 
otherwise  the  whole  of  the  upper  surface  appears  to  be  almost 
equally  clothed;  scales  may  frequently  be  seen  in  a  small  dense 
patch  about  the  scutellar  region  and  to  a  less  extent  in  the  pro- 
thoracic  impressions,  the  rest  of  the  surface  being  nude.  This  is 
due  to  those  parts  being  less  subject  to  abrasions ;  the  rostral 
grooves  are  usually  densely  filled  with  scales,  even  in  greatly 
abraded  specimens;  this  is  due  in  great  measure  to  those  parts  being 
provided  at  the  sides  with  short  stout  setfe.  I  have  taken  two 
specimens  exactly  alike  in  all  details  and  then  removed  all  the 
scales  from  the  pro  thorax  of  one  of  them;  on  comparing  them 
together  the  prothorax  of  the  one  appears  to  be  proportionately 
much  wider  than  the  nonabraded  specimen  (compare  brevicollis 
and  nitidulus,  Ac,  in  tabulation).  The  colour  of  the  scales  in 
this  genus  (and  perhaps  in  the  majority  of  Curculionidce.)  is  of 
but  little  value,  as  it  is  often  extremely  variable  and  subject  to 
considerable  alteration,  after  death,  through  the  action  of  grease, 
age,  spirits,  kc.  Besides  in  this  genus  (as  well  as  in  others)  they 
are  often  concealed  by  a  floury  exudation  (soluljle  in  spirits,  itc). 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  593 

This  exudation  appears  to  be  seci'eted  during  the  whole  of  the 
insect's  life  (as  I  understand  is  also  the  case  in  the  Cleonides);  I 
have  entirely  removed  it  from  living  specimens  with  alcohol,  and 
in  a  few  days  it  would  again  make  its  appearance.  The  plant 
upon  which  the  beetle  feeds  appears  to  cause  the  colour  of  the 
exudation  to  var}^ ;  for  instance,  on  specimens  captured  on 
Eucalypts  it  is  usually  of  a  reddish-ochre  colour;  on  Banksias  it 
is  white  to  cream,  and  on  several  plants  I  have  noticed  it  to  be 
pale  green.*  The  shape  of  the  scales  in  Curculionidce  may,  how- 
ever, be  relied  upon,  and  I  am  convinced  could  be  usefully 
employed  in  generic  and  subfamily  divisions  ;  their  size  and 
pattern  are  often  useful  characters,  but  (the  latter  especially) 
are  somewhat  subject  to  variation.  I  think  a  description  of  the 
sculpture  of  a  species  would  be  greatly  enhanced  in  value  if  it 
were  taken  from  entirely  abraded  specimens. 

Varnisliing. — This  is  not  confined  to  Section  2,  but  is  repeated 
in  species  of  both  the  other  sections,  especially  in  the  1st.  It 
gives  the  specimens  affected  a  peculiar  appearance,  in  some  causing 
them  to  assume  the  look  of  beetles  that  have  been  roasted.  It  is 
not  a  clothing,  nor  is  it  soluble  in  water,  alcohol,  chloroform  or 
ether;  that  it  is  litible  to  appear  on  any  specimen  I  fully  believe, 
and  am  rather  inclined  to  think  it  an  appearance  of  old  age,  and 
caused  by  rubbing  against  the  foliage  in  which  the  specimens 
live.  Many  specimens  may  be  seen  where  the  varnishing  or 
"  glairing"  is  present  only  in  spots  and  patches  irregularly  disposed 
over  the  surface  and  legs;  in  others  it  causes  the  specimen  to 
appear  as  if  enamelled;  frequently  the  elevations  of  the  elytral 
interstices  and  the  prothoracic  ridges  appear  as  if  the  varnishing 
had  but  just  commenced.  In  some  specimens  it  is  milk}?^,  and  in 
others  it  is  of  a  dull  leaden  colour.  Specimens  are  extremely 
common  on  a  very  soft-leaved  plant  in  the  coastal  districts,  and 
all  so  obtained  by  me  were  without  the  varnish  and  much  more 
densely   squamose   than    specimens    from   Banksia,    Acacia,    and 


*  A  specimen  recently  received  from  Geraldton  is  densely  clothed  with 
exudation  of  a  lemon-yellow  colour. 


594  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

others  with  hard  or  compartively  hard  leaves,  from  which  the 
varnished  specimens  were  taken;  moreover,  wherever  the  varnish 
is  seen  scales  and  the  smaller  punctures  are  invariably  absent. 

Posthumeral  npines. — These  are  subject  to  very  great  variation; 
in  some  specimens  they  are  fully  four  times  the  size  that  they  are 
in  others;  in  most  sharp,  in  a  few  appearing  as  little  more  than 
a  rather  sharply  pointed  granule  or  even  obtuse  tubercle.  In 
the  majority  of  specimens  the}"  are  usualh'  directed  a  very  little 
backwards  from  a  right  angle  with  the  derm;  in  others  they  are 
pointed  a  little  forwards.  Their  apices  are  usually  slightly 
recurved  backwards,  but  occasionally  forwards;  in  some  they  are 
perfectly  straight.  They  are  nearly  always  black,  but  sometimes 
tinged  with  red. 

Discal  spines. — These  also  are  individually  as  well  as  sexually 
variable.  In  colour  they  vary  from  pale  red  to  pitchy-black.  In 
the  males  they  are  usually  (but  not  invariably)  placed  much 
closer  to  the  base  than  in  the  females,  and  are  much  more  slender; 
in  the  latter  sex  they  are  frequently  almost  equal  in  length  and 
thickness,  and  may  usually  be  described  as  briefly  conical  and 
almost  straight.  In  the  males  the  posterior  pair  are  sometimes 
fully  thrice  the  length  of  the  anterior,  but  they  are  usually  about 
once  and  one-half  to  once  and  two-thirds  their  length;  in  a  few 
specimens  I  have  examined  they  are  almost  equal.  They  are 
usually  cui'ved  inwards  at  their  apices,  but  are  occasionally 
straight.  The  apices  of  the  anterior  spines  are  occasionally  in  a 
direct  line  with  the  base  of  rostrum,  sometimes  with  anterior 
coxa?,  but  usually  with  the  posthumeral  spines.  They  are  some- 
times smooth  and  shining  throughout,  but  usually  appear  as  if 
obsoletely  granulate,  especially  at  their  apices,  where  they  are 
also  usually  provided  with  blackish  setse;  their  lengths  vary  from 
one  to  four  millimetres. 

Sexes. — Besides  differences  noted  elsewhere,  the  sexes  are 
usually  different  in  size,  the  male  being  a  smaller  and  more 
convex  insect  with  larger  and  more  distinct  punctures,  coarser 
elytral  interstices,  longer  legs,  wider  tarsi,  the  dentition  of 
anterior  tibite  more  distinct,  larger  club,  shorter  rostrum,  thorax 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  595 

of  slightly  diflferent  width,  and  the  intercoxal  process  of  abdomen 
wider  than  in  9- 

Other  variations. — The  rostral  carinse  are  usually  more  distinct 
in  (^  than  in  ^j  but  sometimes  vice  versa;  the  central  one  of  the 
forehead  is  often  entirely  obsolete;  it  is  usually  sufficiently  distinct 
and  occasionally  sharply  raised.  The  transverse  impressions  of 
the  prothorax  are  very  seldom  equal  in  depth,  the  posterior  usually 
being  distinctly  the  shallowest,  and  it  is  sometimes  entirely  con- 
cealed by  scales.  In  an  occasional  specimen  the  eye  appears 
(carbo)  to  be  almost  perfectly  circular,  and  more  convex  than  is 
usual;  this  is  caused  in  part  by  a  small  ridge  which  is  sometimes 
beneath  the  lower  extremity  of  the  eye,  and  partly  by  the  denu- 
dation of  scales;  it  is  usually  the  case,  however,  that  the  eyes  are 
slightly  more  convex  and  smaller  in  J"  than  in  9- 

Before  dealing  in  detail  with  Mr.  Pascoe's  table  (Trans.  Ent. 
Soc.  Lond.  1870.  p.  16)  I  would  here  remark  that  tabulations 
dependent  upon  the  comparative  proportions  of  parts  (unless 
such  as  there  is  no  possibility  of  being  in  doubt  about) 
appear  to  me  to  be  more  likely  to  lead  to  confusion  than  to  be  of 
practical  value.  In  describing  a  new  species  of  Catasm-cus  the 
Rev.  T.  Blackburn  remarks*  : — "  I  cannot  say  confidently  where 
this  species  would  fall  in  Mr.  Pascoe's  taMe  of  Catasarci,  for  I 
am  unable  to  arrange  the  species  of  the  genus  in  Mr.  Pascoe's 
groups,  where  a  main  distinction!  consists  in  the  species  being  (a) 
moderately  or  (b)  strongly  '  convex  above.'  If  this  species  is 
regarded  as  '  moderately '  convex  above  it  must  be  near  ojnmus; 
if  '  strongly'  it  is  probably  near  fiffloratus." 

Mr.  Pascoe  widely  separates  his  supposed  species  on  sexual 
differences,  and  also  on  account  of  the  scales,  and  as  the  scales  in 
most  insects  are  exceedingly  liable  to  abrasion  I  am  of  opinion 
that  they  should  scarcely  even  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

I  now  proceed  to  take  the  names  seriatim  : — 

Catasarcus  spinipennis,  Fahrs.  (Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  4530). — 
As  this  is  the  original  description,  Fahrteus's  name  must  stand. 


tleport  of  the  Horn  Expedition  to  Central  Australia,  Part  II.,  p.  289. 

t  Section  1. 


596  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTBRA, 

Pascoe  says  : — "I  have  only  been  able  to  find  one  specimen  to  which 
I  think  the  following  of  Fahraeus  s  characters  will  apply — '  fronte 
depressa,  rugosa,  griseo-squamosa,  vix  carinata ';  as  to  the  sides 
of  the  prothorax  '  pone  medium  fere  parallelis ';  and  as  to 
the  elytra  '  st7-iis  in  disco  Jiexuosis ';  all  the  rest  are  characters 
either  common  to  many  species  or  which  may  be  expected  to  vary." 
The  character  I  have  italicised  is  one  which  is  common  to  all 
the  spinose  species  of  Catasarois,  and  is  one  which  is  noticeable 
in  numerous  striated  insects  having  tubercles  or  spines  on  the 
elytra;  the  striae  either  become  interrupted  and  frequently  termi- 
nate at  the  tubercles,  or  else  (as  in  the  present  species;  make  a 
detour  to  avoid  them. 

C.  NITIDULUS. — Pascoe  remarks  : — •"  This  species  may  be  con- 
sidered as  most  allied  to  C.  spinipennis,  from  which  it  will,  how- 
ever, be  at  once  distinguished  by  its  carinate  front."*  In  the 
tabulation  it  is  separated  from  hrevicollis  by  having  the  "  pro- 
thorax  less  than  twice  as  broad  as  long  ";  this  is  evidently  only  a 
sexual  chai'acter;  Pascoe's  specimen  was  probably  an  abraded  ^. 

C.  iNTERMEDius. — Evidently  described  from  female  specimens 
having  the  anterior  of  the  discal  spines  very  small ;  I  have  a 
specimen  in  which  these  spines  are  almost  obsolete. 

C.  BELLicosus. — -In  the  tabulation  mentioned  as  having  "  carina 
near  the  eye  well-marked;"  possibly  it  is  more  distinct  on  account 
of  being  "nearly  without  scales,"  but  in  any  case  the  distinctness 
or  otherwise  of  this  carina  is  subject  to  considerable  variation, 
and  therefore  not  to  be  depended  upon.  The  "  head  and  rostrum 
broad  "  would  seem  to  imply  that  Pascoe's  specimens  were  males. 

C.  ECHIDNA. — "  Closely  allied  to  hellicosus,  but,  owing  to  the 
more  numerous  scales,  apparently  very  different."  It  seems 
extraordinary  that  Mr.  Pascoe,  who  in  his  time  must  have 
examined  many  thousands  of  weevils,  should  make  such  a  remark: 
"  The  head  and  rostrum  are,  however,  narrower,  and  the  grooves 


See  notes  under  "  other  variations." 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  597 

are  well  filled  with  rounded  scales."     Evidently  Pascoe's  specimen 
was  a  female  in  good  preservation. 

C.  ARANEUS. — •"  Carina  near  the  eye  obsolete."  This,  according 
to  Pascoe,  is  its  strongest  character,  and  as  it  is  one  sexually  and 
individually  variable,  it  is  not  worth  consideration. 

C.  ALBUMINOSUS. — "There  is  no  appearance  of  scales  on  the 
upper  surface  of  this  species,  which  is  a  very  remarkable  one,  on 
account  of  its  smooth,  somewhat  varnished  look,  including  also  the 
spines."  Evidently  described  from  an  old  ^.  See  notes  under 
"  varnishing." 

C.  HUMEROSUS  and  C.  funereus. — In  the  tabulation  these  are 
separated  by  such  characters  as  "Elytra  scaly,"  and  "Elytra 
with  a  few  straggling  scales  only."  The  punctures  in  abraded 
and  perfect  specimens  of  the  same  species  look  very  different  to 
the  eye,  and  Mr.  Pascoe  makes  a  leading  feature  of  the  density 
or  otherwise  of  the  scales  in  his  tabulation,  evidently  assuming 
that  all  his  specimens  were  in  perfect  condition.  Another  leading 
and  equally  untrustworthy  character  he  employs  is — "  Posterior 
spines  stout,  broad  at  the  base,"  in  comparison  with  "  Posterior 
spines  more  slender,  not  so  broad  at  the  base." 

C.  BREVicOLLis. — Probably  described  from  a  female  specimen; 
the  width  of  the  prothoi"ax  appeal's  to  be  subject  to  sexual  and 
individual  variation,  but  this  is  more  apparent  than  real. 

C.  MARGiNisPiNis. — Described  from  a  small  and  well  preserved  (J. 
In  his  description  Mr.  Pascoe  mentions — "  Two  minute  tubercles 
on  each  side  of  the  scutellum  at  the  base."  In  many  of  my 
specimens  there  is  an  appearance  of  small  tubercles  close  to  the 
scutellum;  they  vary  in  size  sometimes  even  on  an  individual,  and 
are  usually  more  pronounced  in  the  males. 

C.  CAPiTo. — "Scales  on  the  elytra  mingled  with  a  sand-like 
exudation."  There  appear  to  me  to  be  two  ways  to  account  for 
this;  the  mealy  exudation  (noted  under  "scales")  in  greasy  or 
old  specimens  sometimes  rolls  up  into  minute  balls  which  give  a 
sandy  appearance  to  the  parts  affected;  on  the  other  hand,  it  may 
actually  have  been  sand.  The  country  about  Champion  Bay  has 
39 


598 

numerous  small  hills  of  very  fine  foraminiferal  sand,  and  in  every 
collection  of  insects  that  I  have  seen  from  that  locality  a  number 
of  specimens  have  been  partially  covered  with  it.  The  sand  is 
mixed  with  powdered  limestone  and  extends  in  patches  for  at 
least  20  miles  inland;  when  collectina;  on  a  windy  day  it  frequently 
blows  into  the  collector's  boxes  and  bottles.  I  have  a  number  of 
specimens  of  Catasarcus  and  other  weevils  from  that  locality 
(some  taken  two  years  ago)  on  which  this  sand  or  grit  is  present 
as  I  write.  In  Pascoe's  description  and  in  the  tabulation  there 
is  nothing  else  needing  comment.      His  specimen  was  evidently 

9- 

C  ocHRACEUS. — "The  elytra  of  this  species  are  closely  covered 
with  scales  of  a  clear  ochre-yellow,  except  a,  broad  abbreviated 
stripe  of  pale  ashy  at  the  side."  This  goes  for  nothing;  it  may 
have  been  an  individual  variation  or  caused  by  the  mealy  exuda- 
tion that  all  the  species  give  off.  In  the  tabulation  it  is  men- 
tioned as  having  "scales  on  the  elytra  adpressed,  ivith  thicTc  black 
setcd  posteriorly,  issuing  from  small  naked  points."  This  would 
seem  to  imply  that  the  setae  were  on  the  elytra,  and  should  this 
be  the  case  it  would  be  a  strongly  marked  variety,  as  in  all  the 
hundreds  of  specimens  I  have  seen  none  have  thick  black  setaj 
towards  the  apex  of  elytra  (except,  of  course,  on  the  spines).  In 
the  description,  however,  Pascoe  does  not  mention  elytral  setae, 
but  states  "  body  beneath  .  .  .  having  small  punctiform 
spaces  ...  on  each  of  which  is  a  longish  seta  "  and  "  legs 
.  with  numerous  black  setae  on  the  tibife  and  tarsi."  So 
that  probably  the  setae  are  not  on  the  elytra,  and  as  all  the 
specimens  I  have  seen,  unless  greatly  abraded,  are  setose  beneath 
(the  set*,  however,  often  almost  hidden)  and  on  the  legs,  this 
character  may  also  be  dismissed. 

C.  ALBisPARSUS. — No  character  is  mentioned  in  the  description 
or  tabulation  that  is  worth  consideration;  Pascoe's  specimen  was 
evidently  partially  abraded. 

C.  CARBO.  —  "The  round  prominent  eye  and  the  form  of  the 
prothorax  aflford  a  very  trenchant  diagnosis  of  this  species.  My 
specimen  is   probably  somewhat  worn,  as  the  scales  are  unsym- 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  599 

metrically  scattered  on  the  two  sides;  except  under  a  powerful 
lens,  it  appears  to  be  almost  glabrous."  The  form  of  the  eye,  if 
constant,  would  certainly  be  a  good  character,  but  this  is  not  the 
case  (see  notes  under  "  other  variations  ").  There  does  not  appear 
to  be  anything  special  about  the  prothorax,  as  it  is  described  as 
"  rather  narrow,  rounded  at  the  sides,  contracted  at  the  base, 
which  is  very  little  broader  than  the  apex,  irregularly  tuberculate 
above";  these  remarks  would  apply  to  many  specimens  in  my 
possession.  Pascoe  himself  admits  that  his  specimen  was  worn, 
and  I  certainly  think  it  unjustifiable  to  define  a  new  species  in  a 
difl&cult  genus  from  a  battered  unique  specimen. 

C.  ciCATRicosus. — -Pascoe  appears  to  think  that  the  specimens 
he  described  were  worthy  of  specific  rank  principally  on  account 
of — "  Elytra  .  .  .  between  the  posthumeral  and  median 
spines  with  a  large  raised  glabrous  bifid  scar-like  mark."  This  is 
an  occasional  variation  that  one  might  expect  in  almost  any 
insect  with  elytra  striate  aiid  subtuberculate  like  the  species  of 
Catasarcus.  I  have  observed  its  occurrence  in  specimens  of 
Sclerorrhinus,  Guhicorrhi/nchus,  Eurliynchus,  Poropterus,  Myth- 
ites,  Oxi/ops,  Haplonyx,  Lepiops^  Pri/pnus,  Aferpus,  &g.  In 
some  species  of  Tenehrionidra  it  is  of  frequent  occurrence. 

C.  scoRDALis  and  C  ericius. — -The  characters  given  in  the 
tabulation  for  these  supposed  species  show  on  what  slight  grounds 
some  entomologists  can  erect  a  species.  I  can  find  nothing  in 
Pascoe's  descriptions  and  remarks  needing  comment 

Section  i. 

In  this  section  there  certainly  are  -a  number  of  good  species, 
but  the  strongest  feature  of  all — the  thickness  of  the  exo- 
skeleton — has  been  entirely  overlooked  by  Mr.  Pascoe.  In 
some  species  it  is  extremely  hard  and  it  is  only  with  great 
difficulty  that  a  strong  pin  can  be  forced  through;  in  other 
species,  specimens  may  be  readily  impaled  with  the  finest  pin. 
As  Pascoe,  however,  probably-  received  his  specimens  pinned, 
this  oversight  is  excusable.       I  think  that  the   number  of  his 


600  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTBRA, 

species  will  have  to  be  reduced,  but  this  is  a  woi'k  that  should  be 
done  by  an  entomologist  having  access  to  his  types. 

Subfamily  GONIPTERIDES. 

Oxyops  aa  a  genus  is  not  very  distinct  from  Gompterus,  the 
principal  differences  being  that  in  Oxyops  the  metasternum  is 
produced  between  the  anterior  coxc-e,  while  in  Gonipterus  the 
elytra  have  a  more  or  less  conical  posthumeral  tubercle.  But 
there  are  many  intermediate  forms ;  still,  as  the  species  are 
numerous,  it  is  perhaps  advisable  to  retain  both  names.  Syarhis 
is  sufficiently  distinct  on  account  of  its  clawless  tarsi  and  more 
elongate  form,  but  one  species  here  described  (S.  simulans)  has 
all  the  appearance  of  O.  uniformis.  The  right  of  Pantoreites 
to  a  place  in  the  subfamily  seems  doubtful. 

Oxyops  uniformis,  n.sp. 

(J.  Piceous-brown,  antennae — club  excepted— reddish.  Above 
clothed  with  dingy  brown  scales,  denser  and  longer  on  prothorax, 
down  the  middle  of  which  a  pale  stripe  is  formed  and  continued 
on  to  scutellum-  a  few  pale  scales  about  apex  of  elytra,  especially 
on  suture  and  sides  of  posterior  declivity;  under  surface  with 
denser,  longer  and  paler  scales  than  upper. 

Head  feebly  granulate  and  punctate,  an  impression  between 
eyes  which  is  continued  on  to  rostrum;  eyes  large,  almost  round; 
rostrum  as  long  as  head,  base  coarsely  punctate,  apex  widened, 
shining  and  almost  smooth,  1st  joint  of  funicle  a  little  longer  than 
2nd.  Proiliorax  feebly  transverse,  granules  small.  Elytra 
almost  equally  convex  throughout,  parallel-sided  to  near  apex; 
punctate-striate,  punctures  large,  round,  smaller  towards  apex; 
interstices  narrow,  convex,  nowhere  suddenly  elevated;  shoulders 
feebly  rounded;  apex  submucronate.  Mesosternal  process  slightly 
produced.  Base  of  abdomen  depressed.  Legs  rather  stout ; 
tibial  teeth  small,  almost  obscured  by  setose  scales;  claw-joint 
rather  small.     Length  5^,  width  2^  mm. 

^.  Differs  in  being  larger  (6  mm.),  rostrum  shorter,  broader 
and  more  evenly  punctate  throughout;  and  the  eye  smaller. 

Hah. — N.S.W.:  Tamworth;  a  pair  taken  in  cop. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  601 

A  small  dingy  species  entirely  without  tuberosities  and  with  a 
much  smaller  claw-joint  than  usual;  at  first  sight  it  might  readily 
be  mistaken  for  a  species  of  Syarhis.  From  the  description  of 
O.  arctatus  it  differs  in  the  colour  of  its  scales  and  in  the  inter- 
stices. From  the  description  of  G.  tnrhidus  in  the  head  not 
profoundly  excavated  between  eyes,  length  of  rostrum,  (fee. 

OXYOPS    MULTIDENTATA,  n.Sp. 

Entirely  dull  red.  Upper  surface  with  straw-coloured  scales, 
sparse  on  head  except  about  eyesj  on  prothorax  only  noticeable 
under  a  lens;  scutellum  densely  covered;  moderately  dense  on 
elytra  but  having  three  almost  bare  patches,  a  transverse  one 
near  base  widening  to  suture,  a  subbilunulate  one  about  middle, 
and  an  irregular  patch  on  posterior  declivity.  Under  surface 
densely  clotlied  with  rather  elongate  spatulate  scales,  paler  on 
abdomen  than  on  sterna;  gullet  with  elliptic  closely  adpressed 
scales. 

Head  noticeably  punctate,  a  deep  elongate  impression  between 
eyes;  eye  large,  prominent,  almost  round.  Rostrum  short,  thick,  at 
apex  fully  as  wide  as  base  of  head;  densely  punctate,  carinate 
from  ocular  impression  to  insertion  of  antennae.  First  joint  of 
funicle  about  half  the  length  of  2nd,  obtriangular,  1st  and  2nd 
combined  longer  than  scape  ;  club  paler  than  apical  joints  of 
funicle.  Prothorax  densely  and  coarsely  punctate,  a  feeble 
median  carina  on  basal  two-thirds,  apex  constricted.  Scutel'um 
suboblong,  punctate,  not  at  all  raised.  Elytra  gradually  decreas- 
ing in  width  to  apex;  striate-punctate,  punctures  large,  oblong, 
decreasing  towards  apex  and  sides,  ten  rows  in  all;  interstices 
convex,  granulate;  near  suture  narrower,  near  sides  wider  than 
punctures,  3rd  raised  throughout,  but  more  noticeably  at  base;, 
shoulders  oblique,  scarcely  outwardly  prominent.  Under  surface 
densely  punctate.  Abdomen  flattened  at  base;  intermediate  seg- 
ments bare  in  the  middle,  with  the  sutures  there  suddenly 
enlarged.  Metasternum  with  a  distinctly  triangular  and  granulate 
coxal  process.  Mesosternal  process  rather  short,  triangular  and 
distinctly  pointed.       Femora    feebly  notched    near   apex ;    four 


€02  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

anterior  tibise  strongly  curved,  the  anterior  with  about  fourteen, 
intermediate  with  about  ten,  posterior  with  about  eight  small 
triangular  black- tipped  teeth;  claw  joint  long,  squamose.  Length 
7^,  width  3 1  mm. 

//a6.— King's  Sound  (Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt). 

The  tibiae  in  this  species  are  even  more  noticeably  curved  than 
in  0.  Alastersi;  the  teeth  are  somewhat  irregular  in  size  and 
position,  especially  towards  the  apex.  My  specimen  is  perhaps 
somewhat  abraded,  nevertheless  the  species  should  be  easily  iden- 
tifiable on  account  of  the  absence  of  tubercles,  median  carina, 
thick  rostrum,  pale  club,  and  tibiae. 

OXYOPS    SERRICOLLIS,  n.Sp. 

9.  Piceous-black;  legs  and  antennae  dull  red,  claws  and  club 
piceous. 

Head  punctate  at  base,  a  narrow  longitudinal  impression  from 
between  eyes  to  base,  a  shining  impunctate  space  from  impression 
to  insertion  of  antennae,  at  the  sides  of  which  are  rather  large 
punctures.  Funicle  with  1st  joint  obtriangular,  about  half  the 
length  of  2nd,  2nd  almost  as  long  as  scape,  3rd-5th  elongate,  6th- 
7th  subglobular  but  not  transverse;  club  elongate.  Prothorax 
with  strong  granules  or  small  tubercles,  conical,  larger  and  more 
regular  at  sides,  forming  a  double  irregular  oblique  row  on  each 
side  of  middle,  the  rows  expanding  and  becoming  less  noticeable 
towards  base ;  a  shining  interrupted  carina  continuous  almost 
from  apex  to  base.  Scutellum  long,  narrow,  densely  punctate. 
Elytra  broad,  strongly  convex;  densely  granulate,  the  granules 
larger  and  more  irregular  at  base,  becoming  obsolete  towards 
apex ;  striate-punctate,  punctures  large,  deep,  either  oblong, 
quadrate  or  round;  interstices  rather  narrow,  convex,  3rd,  5th, 
7th  and  9th  slightly  raised  throughout,  3rd  and  7th  (shoulder) 
distinctly  cristate  at  base,  5th  and  9th  slightly  so;  apices  separated 
but  not  mucronate.  Abdomen  with  depressed  almost  obsolete 
granules.  Metasternum  with  distinct  granules,  coxal  process 
short,  triangular.  Mesosternal  process  distinctly  produced.  Legs 
granulate-punctate;  anterior  tibiae  curved  at  apex,  teeth  irregular 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  603 

and  not  very  numerous;  claw-joinfc  moderately  long,  squamose, 
claws  feeble.     Length  10,  width  5|  mm. 

//a5._Coolgardie  (Mr.  C.  A.  White). 

My  unique  specimen  is  certainly  abraded,  but  is  nevertheles.s 
very  distinct.  It  is  heavily  built,  with  large  granules,  not  one 
of  the  funicular  joints  transverse,  distinctly  granulate  under 
surface;  but  in  particular  by  the  shining  impunctate  space  between 
muzzle  and  eyes.  In  all  the  other  species  of  the  subfamily  I  have 
examined,  this  space  is  densely  and  usually  very  coarsely  punctate, 
and  is  often  ridged  or  costate;  in  the  present  species  it  is  not  at 
all  raised.  The  scales  appear  to  be  densest  on  prothorax  along 
median  line,  on  head  about  eyes,  and  on  elytra  (where  they  are 
perhaps  fasciculate)  towards  apex,  and  are  of  various  colours,  the 
larger  being  snowy- white  and  the  smaller  dingy  brown.  In  my 
specimen  the  pygidium  is  exposed,  and  is  seen  to  be  covered,  except 
dow-n  the  middle,  with  dense  white  setse. 

OXYOPS    MODESTA,  n  sp. 

Head  (muzzle  excepted)  black,  prothorax  piceous,  elyti^a  and 
legs  piceous-red,  antennte  dull  red.  Covered  with  rather  long 
whitish  scales,  densest  on  head,  especially  between  eyes  and  base 
of  rostrum;  forming  three  lines  on  prothorax,  the  central  one 
rather  distinct,  the  two  outer  somewhat  obscure,  a  scale  in  each 
puncture  elsewhere;  scutellum  rather' densely  clothed ;  elytra 
with  a  feeble  transverse  fascia  behind  the  middle,  from  there  to 
apex  and  at  base  more  densely  squamose  (but  still  sparingly)  than 
elsewhere;  under  surface  with  longer,  paler  and  denser  scales  than 
above. 

Head  densely  punctate  at  base;  a  narrow  longitudinal  impres- 
sion between  eyes;  eyes  large,  almost  round,  scarcely  prominent. 
Rostrum  longer  than  head,  equally  widening  to  apex,  base  densely 
and  coarsely  punctate,  a  narrow  costa  from  ocular  impression  to 
insertion  of  antennae.  Funicle  with  first  joint  obtriangular,  as 
long  as  3rd,  2nd  almost  as  long  as  scape,  6th-7th  globular.  Pro- 
thorax densely  granulate-punctate ;  constricted  near  apex,  base 
feebly  bisinuate.     Scutellum  densely  punctate,  triangular.     Elytra 


604 

not  much  wider  than  prothorax;  minutely  granulate  throughout; 
striate-punctate,  punctures  rather  large,  subquadrate;  interstices 
wide,  very  feebly  convex,  3rd  and  4th  slightly  thickened  at  base, 
the  thickening  noticeable  only  under  a  lens ;  apex  very  feebly 
mucronate.  Metasternum  with  almost  obsolete  coxal  processes. 
Mesosternal  process  produced  and  rounded.  Tibice  almost  straight, 
many  small  teeth  almost  concealed  by  pubescence,  apex  edged 
with  black  setse;  claw-joint  rather  long,  squamose.  Length  8|^ 
width  4  mm. 

Hab.—N.S.W.  :  Mt.  Kosciusko  (Mr.  W.  E.  Raymond). 

A  sober-coloured  species  v/ithout  elytral  tuberosities.  From 
0.  australis,  which  it  somewhat  resembles  in  structure,  it  differs 
besides  colour  and  clothing  in  having  the  elytral  punctures 
smaller,  the  interstices  wider,  shoulders  more  rounded,  prothorax 
without  median  carina,  tibiae  without  noticeable  granules,  in  the 
funicle,  ifcc. 

OXYOPS    ABERRANS,  n.sp. 

Upper  surface  uniformly  dull  red,  beneath  slightly  tinged  with 
piceous.  Head  with  pale  ochreous  scales,  densest  at  base  between 
and  around  ej^es;  prothorax  with  sparse  ochreous  scales,  and  three 
distinct  longitudinal  vittfe  composed  of  large  white  scales,  one 
median  and  two  lateral,  there  are  also  two  very  feeble  vittse 
between  middle  and  sides;  scutellum  with  dense  white  scales; 
elytra  with  sparse  pale  ochreous  scales,  sides  with  a  longitudinal 
stripe  of  large  white  scales  having  in  some  lights  a  pearly  irides- 
cence, suture  with  pale  scales  denser  towards  scutellum  where 
they  are  almost  snowy-white,  3rd  interstice  with  a  stripe  of  pale 
scales  at  base,  and  two  small  whitish  fascicles,  one  at  middle  and 
one  a  little  beyond  it,  5th  interstice  with  several  patches  of  pale 
scales,  the  most  noticeable  one  shortly  before  apex.  Under 
surface  with  short  ovate  and  elongate  scales,  ^'arying  in  colour 
from  white  to  ochreous  and  dull  brown. 

Head  punctate,  a  feeble  impression  between  eyes;  eyes  trans- 
versely elliptic,  rather  small.  Rostrum  densely  punctate,  punc- 
tures coarser  at  base,  feebly  widening  to  apex,  without  carina. 
First  joint   of  funicle   obtriangular,  fully  as   long  as   2nd,   2nd 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  605 

scarcely  as  long  as  3rd-4th  combined,  5th-7th  globular.  Prothorax 
with  moderately  large  honeycomb-like  punctures,  apex  not 
suddenly  constricted,  base  feebly  bisinuate.  HcuteUum  scaixely 
longer  than  wide.  Elytra  wide,  nowhere  depressed;  minutely 
and  irregularly  granulate  throughout;  striate-punctate,  punctures 
moderately  large  but  much  obscured  by  granules;  interstices  as 
wide  or  wider  than  punctures,  very  feebly  convex,  3rd  scarcely 
raised  at  base,  5th  with  a  small  tubercle  near  apex;  shoulders 
oblique,  outwardly  prominent.  Coxal  processes  of  metasternum 
distinct  when  viewed  sideways,  appearing  obsolete  from  above. 
Mesosternal.  process  feebly  produced  and  rounded.  Femora  almost 
without  apical  notch  ;  anterior  tibite  distinctly  curved,  with 
numerous  small  and  sufficiently  distinct  teeth  which  are  directed 
backwards;  claw-joint  long,  squamose.     Length  5,  width  2|  mm. 

//a6.— Swan  River:  two  specimens  obtained  by  sweeping 
(Lea);  Mt.  Barker  (Mr.  R.  Helms);  King  George's  Sound  (Mr. 
G.  Masters). 

A  very  distinct  species,  at  first  sight  somewhat  resembling 
Syarhis  s7ibUneatus.  It  is  robust  and  rather  prettily  marked,  and 
when  alive  specimens  are  covered  to  a  slight  extent  with  an 
ochreous  exudation.  From  all  the  described  species  of  the  genus 
it  may  be  distinguished  by  its  anterior  tibise  with  their  teeth 
directed  backwards,  the  short  2nd  joint  of  funicle,  and  the 
laterally  projecting  shoulders.  The  male  is  slightly  smaller,  and 
with  a  shorter  and  broader  rostrum  than  female. 

OxYOPS  Masters!,  Pasc.  (Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  4989).— I  have 
five  specimens  of  this  species,  in  all  of  which  the  anterior  tibiae 
are  strongly  curved,  so  that  this  character  would  not  appear  to 
be  a  sexual  one  as  suspected  by  Mr.  Pascoe.  The  prothorax 
appears  to  be  tricarinate,  but  a  brief  examination  will  suffice  to 
show  that  there  is  but  a  median  carina,  on  each  side  of  which  is 
an  oblique  row  of  raised  tubercles  or  granules,  partially  concealed 
by  scales.  In  several  specimens  the  2nd,  3rd,  5th,  and  7th  inter- 
stices are  about  equally  raised.     ^ 

OxYOPS  FARINOSA,  Pasc.  (Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  ISTo.  4981). — Perfectly 
fresh  specimens  of  this  species  are  densely  covered  with  a  pinkish 


606  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

mealy  substance,  almost  entirely  concealing  the  granules  and 
punctures;  if  placed  in  spirits  for  a  short  period  this  substance 
turns  to  a  dirty  yellow  colour,  and  is  almost  confined  to  the 
punctures;  Avith  prolonged  immersion  it  disappears  entirely.  A 
pair  taken  in  cop.  had  this  substance  entirely  pale  ochreous,  but 
pink  is  the  usual  colour.  The  tibise  are  densely  clothed  with 
white  decumbent  setse,  and  are  entirely  without  the  numerous 
small  teeth  so  common  in  the  subfamily;  others  of  the  larger 
species,  however,  ai'e  without  or  have  extremely  small  teeth. 

O.  NIVBOSPARSA,  Pasc;  I.e.  4992.  //ab. — Galston,  Cootamundra, 
N.S.W. 

O.  EXCAVATA,  Boisd. ;   I.e.  4980.      //o6.  — Queanbeyan,  N.S.W. 

O.  FASCIATA,  Boisd.;  I.e.  4982.  Hab.  — New  South  Wales,  Queens- 
land, Victoria,  Tasmania,  South  and  West  Australia. 

O.  SQUAMULOSA,  Bohem.;  /.c.  4997.     Nab. — Tamworth,  N.S.W. 

O.  IRRASA,  Pasc;    /.c.  4987.      //«6.— Sydney,  N.S.W. 

O.  BiLUNARis,  Pasc;    Lc.  4974.      Hab. — Glen  Innes,  N.S.W. 

O.  CANCELLATA,  Bohem.;  I.e.  4976,  IJah. —  Loftus,  Sydney, 
Como,  N.S.W. 

O.  ORASSiROSTRis,  Pasc;  /.c.  4979.  This  species  appears  errone- 
ously in  the  Catalogue  as  crassicornis. 

GONIPTERUS    GEMINATUS,  n.sp. 

Piceous,  antennfe  dull  red.  Upper  surface  equally  clothed 
with  whitish  moderately  elongate  scales,  somewhat  obscured  in 
the  middle  of  prothorax,  at  the  sides  of  which  they  form  scarcely 
traceable  vittse;  under  surface  much  more  densely  clothed  than 
upper. 

Head  convex,  granulate,  a  feeble  impression  between  eyes ; 
eyes  feebly  elliptic.  Rostrum  as  long  as  head,  stout,  parallel- 
sided,  densely  granulate,  the  granules  apparently  arranged  in  rows. 
First  joint  of  funicle  obtriangular,  almost  transverse,  not  half  the 
length  of  2nd,  lst-2nd  as  long  as  scape,  none  of  the  joints  trans- 
verse. Prothorax  densely  granulate,  the  granules  shining;  an 
almost  obsolete  median  carina;  sides  feebly  but  noticeably  bisi- 
nuate;  base  rather  deeply  bisinuate.     Scutellum  oblong,  granulate, 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA. 


607 


raised.  Ehjtra  subtriangular,  minutely  granulate  throughout; 
striate-punctate,  punctures  moderately  large  but  much  obscured 
by  granules  and  scales,  each  containing  a  rather  large  pale  scale; 
interstices  as  wide  or  wider  than  punctures,  scarcely  convex,  3rd 
and  5th  raised  and  cristate  at  base;  posthumeral  tubercle  blunt 
and  almost  obsolete.  A  hdomen  depressed  along  the  middle,  granu- 
late. MeAantemiim  with  a  longitudinal  granulate  ridge  or  elongate 
tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  middle;  coxal  processes  large,  very 
distinct  when  viewed  from  the  sides.  Legs  granulate  ;  four 
anterior  tibiae  noticeably  curved,  the  anterior  with  strong  teeth 
towards  apex  and  smaller  ones  towards  base,  intermediate  with 
smaller  teeth,  posterior  with  larger  and  more  regular  teeth  than 
intermediates;  claw-joint  moderately  long,  but  not  projecting 
much  beyond  pad  of  3rd.     Length  '6^,  width  4^  mm. 

Hith.—B.^M.  :  Tamworth. 

The  ridges  on  the  metasternum  are,  I  believe,  unique  in  the 
subfamily. 

GONIPTERUS    EXCAVIFRONS,    n.sp. 

Piceous-brown,  legs  piceous-red,  antenn-e  dull  red.  Head  and 
prothorax  with  whitish  scales  somewhat  obscured  by  ochreous 
dust,  eyes  completely  margined  ;  oi;i  the  prothorax  there  is  a 
median  dull  vitta  enlarging  to  base,  the  sides  with  larger  and 
purer  scales;  elytra  with  rather  small  scales  denser  towards  apex 
and  sides,  disc  towards  base  and  about  middle  partially  nude; 
under  surface  with  dense,  snowy  scales. 

Head  granulate.  Rostrum  granulate,  with  a  triangular  excava- 
tion having  its  base  between  antennae,  and  apex  between  eyes, 
in  some  specimens  the  base  supplied  with  a  ^-shaped  ridge. 
First  joint  of  funicle  a  little  more  than  half  the  length  of  2nd, 
l8t-2nd  scarcely  the  length  of  scape;  club  elongate.  Prothorax 
subtubular,  granulate;  a  trace  of  a  feeble  median  carina.  Scutellum 
narrow,  oblong,  punctate.  Elytra  almost  parallel-sided  to  near 
apex;  shoulders  square;  posthumeral  tubercle  entirely  absent; 
apex  feebly  mucronate;  transversely  granulate;  striate  punctate, 
punctures  large,  oblong,  partially  concealed  by  scales  and  granules; 
interstices  as  wide   or   wider  than   punctures,   scarcely  convex. 


608  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

from  3rd  to  7th  i-aised  at  base,  3rd,  5th  and  7th  more  noticeably 
than  the  others.  Coxal  processes  granulate,  very  distinct  when 
laterally  viewed.  Anterior  coxce  slightly  curved,  all  with  many 
small,  partially  hidden  teeth;  claw-joint  moderately  projecting. 
Length  9^,  width  4|  mm. 

Hab.—'^.S.W.:  Hillgrove  (Dr.  C.  Hardcastle). 

The  largely  excavated  rostrum,  parallel  elytra  and  absence  of 
posthumeral  tubercles  are  diagnostic  of  this  species.  The  meso- 
sternum  is  not  at  all  produced  between  the  coxse,  and  it  certainly 
looks  more  at  home  in  Oo7iipierus  than  it  would  in  Oxyops. 

GONIPTRRUS    PULVERULENTUS,  n.Sp. 

Derm  evidently  of  a  dull  deep  red,  legs  and  antennae  dull  red. 
Upper  surface  and  scales  almost  completely  concealed  b}'^  a  dark 
chocolate  exudation  or  dust;  head  with  regular  small  white  scales 
showing,  and  apparently  elongate  scales  at  base  of  rostrum;  elytra 
with  an  oblique  patch  of  white  scales  on  each  side,  its  apex 
directed  forward,  the  scales  almost  hidden  l)y  testaceous  dust; 
apex  of  elytra  with  a  few  whitish  scales  showing;  under  surface 
with  dense  elongate  white  scales,  mixed  at  the  sides  with  reddish 
dust  and  feebly  tinged  with  yellow  in  the  middle;  legs  and  even 
tarsal  pads  with  reddish  dust. 

Head  depressed  immediately  behind  eyes;  eyes  large,  almost 
round.  Rostrum  excavated,  carinate,  parallel-sided,  granulate. 
First  joint  of  funicle  half  the  length  of  2nd,  lst-2nd  shorter  than 
scape,  5th-7th  globular,  feebly  transverse.  Prothorax  densely 
granulate,  base  trisinuate,  apparently  without  median  carina. 
Scutellum  oblong,  feebly  raised.  Elytra  subtri angular,  conjointly 
rounded;  shoulders  almost  square;  posthumeral  tubercle  distinct; 
apex  rounded;  punctate-striate,  punctures  oblong,  traceable  only 
towards  middle  and  sides,  but  evidently  large;  interstices  granu- 
late, 3rd  and  5th  distinctly  raised  at  base.  Coxal  processes  of 
metasternum  very  distinct.  Anterior  tihk^  curved,  with  five 
distinct  recurved  teeth.     Length  8,  width  3f  mm. 

Ifr/^-.-N.S.W.:  Tarago. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.  LEA.  609 

Fresh  specimens  of  this  species  should  be  easily  identifiable. 
As  my  specimen  is  perfect  and  the  only  one  I  possess,  though  I 
have  collected  others,  I  do  not  care  to  immerse  it  in  spirits  to 
remove  the  thick  dust  with  which  it  is  covered,  but  I  think  that 
the  oblique  white  patch  of  scales  on  the  elytra  should  render 
spirit  specimens  sufficiently  distinct. 

^GONIPTERUS    XANTHORRHOE^,  n.Sp. 

Of  a  dull  deep  red,  elytra,  legs  and  antennae  dull  red.  Above 
densely  clothed  with  whitish  scales  densest  on  elytra,  especially 
towards  apex ;  covered  with  a  brickdust-coloured  exudation 
almost  completely  filling  punctures  and  giving  scales,  to  the  naked 
eye,  a  slightly  ferruginous  tint;  under  surface,  especially  abdomen, 
with  dense  white  scales,  mixed  with  dust  at  the  sides. 

Head  granulate,  an  impression  between  bases  of  eyes  continued 
on  to  basal  half  of  rostrum;  eyes  large,  almost  circular,  margined 
with  scales.  First  joint  of  funicle  thick,  half  the  length  of  2nd, 
1st  2nd  longer  than  scape,  4th-7th  pear-shaped,  not  at  all  trans- 
verse; club  elongate.  Rostrum  broad,  feebly  widening  to  apex; 
granulate  and  punctate  and  apparently  without  costae.  Prothorax 
subtubular,  feebly  constricted  in  front;  base  trisinuate;  no  median 
carina;  with  small,  piceous,  shining  granules.  Scutellum  elongate; 
narrowing  to  and  rounded  at  apex,  slightly  raised.  Elytra  sub- 
triangular;  feebly  granulate;  almost  twice  the  width  of  prothorax; 
strongly  convex;  striate-punctate,  punctures  disappearing  towards 
apex,  at  middle  and  sides  quadrate  or  oblong,  large  but  somewhat 
obscured  by  scales ;  interstices  wide,  scarcely  convex,  3rd  dis- 
tinctly, 5th  feebly  raised  and  cristate  at  base;  shoulders  square, 
laterally  projecting  ;  posthumeral  tubercle  small,  moderately 
sharp ;  apex  mucronate.  Abdomen  flattened  in  the  middle. 
Coxal  process  of  metasternum  triangular,  very  distinct  from  the 
.■sides.  Legs  stout;  four  anterior  tibise  feebly  curved,  the  anterior 
with  six  strong  pale  teeth,  posterior  with  seven  still  stronger 
teeth,  intermediate  with  about  seven  small  teeth.  Length  10, 
•width  4?  mm. 


610  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

Hah. — N.S.W.:  Galston  (Dumbrell  and  Lea).   On  Xanthorrhcea. 
A  peculiar-looking  species,  not  close  to  any  with  which  I  am 
acquainted  except  the  following. 

GONIPTERUS    CRASSIPES,  n.sp. 

Piceous,  tarsi  and  antennae  dull  red.  Scales  as  in  the  preceding 
except  that  they  are  sparser  and  smaller  above  and  less  dusty;  on 
the  under  surface  the  scales  are  longer,  not  quite  as  dense  and 
the  dust  more  evenly  and  thickly  distributed. 

Head  granulate  and  punctate,  a  fovea  between  eyes;  eyes  as  in 
preceding.     Rostrum  granulate  and  punctate,  feebly  widening  to 
apex;  basal  half  with  a  shallow  feebly  costate  triangular  impres- 
sion,   ridged   at   sides,   the   ridges  terminating   at  ocular   fovea. 
Scape  elongate,  obtriangular,  1st  joint  of  funicle  subtransverse 
not  half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd  as  long  as  3rd-4th  combined,  3rd 
not  elongate,  4th-7th  subglobular.     Frotlwrax  granulate,  bisinu- 
ate  at  base,  constricted  near  apex;  a  feeble  median  carina  on  each 
side    of    which   is   an   irregular  depression.      Scutellum  slightly 
raised,    shaped    somewhat    like    an    acorn.       Hlytra    granulate 
throughout;  broad,  sub  triangular,  strongly  convex;  apex  minutely 
mucronate;  posthumeral  tubercle  large,  distinct;  striate-punctate, 
punctures  narrow,  deep,  oblong;  interstices  wide,  feebly  convex, 
3rd  with  a  large  tubercle  near  base,  5th  with  a  much  smaller  one; 
shoulder  tuberculate,  squarish,  not  outwardly  projecting.      Under 
surface  and   legs  granulate.     Abdomen  depressed  along  middle. 
Coxal  processes  of  metasternum  large,  triangular,  distinct.     Legs 
much  thicker  than  is  usual  in   the   genus ;    four  anterior  tibiae 
curved,  anterior  with  six  moderately  strong  teeth,  intermediate 
with  seven,  posterior  with  five  teeth  which  are  stronger  than  the 
anterior  ;    claw-joint  slightly  projecting,  densely  pilose.     Length 
10,  width  5|^  mm. 

^rt&.— KS.W.:  Braidwood. 

In  appearance  close  to  preceding,  liut  from  it  abundantly 
distinct.  The  large  basal  tubercles  of  elytra,  very  thick  legs,  2nd 
funicular  joint  not  elongate,  and  large  posthumeral  tubercle 
render  it   very  distinct.      In   my  unique  specimen   there  is   an 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  611 

appearance  of  an  oblique  dark  fascia  from  about  the  middle  to 
the  sides  a  little  before  apex. 

GONIPTERUS    CITROPHAGUS,  n.Sp. 

Piceous-black ;  antennte  obscure  red ;  elytra  piceous  at  base, 
dull  red  elsewhere.  Head  and  rostrum  densely  clothed  with  long 
pale  straw-coloured  scales;  prothorax  with  a  broad  median  vitta 
of  scales  as  on  head,  the  sides  more  sparingly  clothed:  scutellum 
densely  squamosa;  elytra  with  a  most  irregular  obscure  sutural 
stripe  of  pale  scales  widening  to  apex  and  never  exactly  the  same 
(in  ten  specimens  under  examination),  sides  Avith  slightly  darker 
and  smaller  scales,  here  and  there  traversed  by  a  few  scales  as  on 
suture  ;  punctures  filled  with  an  ochreous  dust ;  under  surface 
densely  clothed  with  shining  white  scales. 

Head  apparently  granulate,  with  an  excavation  commencing 
between  bases  of  eyes  and  continued  on  to  rostrum;  eyes  lai^ge, 
prominent,  elliptic-ovate.  Rostrum  thick,  longer  than  head, 
granulate.  Antennte  short;  scape  short,  thick,  obtriangular;  1st 
joint  of  funicle  transverse,  more  than  half  the  length  of  2nd,  2nd 
feebly  widening  to  apex,  lst-2nd  as  long  as  or  longer  than  scape, 
3rd  not  elongate,  4th  7th  transverse.*  Prothorax  granulate, 
sides  very  feebly  bisinuate,  base  trisinuate.  ScufeUum  granulate, 
elongate,  slightly  raised,  shaped  somewhat  like  an  acorn.  Mytra 
granulate,  about  once  and  one-third  the  width  of  prothorax;  apex 
very  feebly  emarginate,  not  mucronate;  striate-punctate,  punctures 
moderately  large,  oblong,  distinct  to  apex;  interstices  wide,  flat, 
3rd  raised  and  cristate  at  base,  5th  less  noticeably  so;  shoulders 
oblique;  posthumeral  tubercle  small,  rather  sharp.  Coxal  processes 
of  metasternnm  rather  more  acute  than  is  usual.  Tibiae  with  a 
few  rather  large  teeth,  four  anterior  feebly  curved.  Length  7|, 
width  3|  mm. 

Unh. — SAvan  River.  Taken  from  the  bases  of  orange  leaves, 
many  of  which  had  been  partially  eaten. 

*  Including  the  sets  with  which  they  are  clothed. 


612  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTBRA, 

A  dingy  species  having  the  apex  of  the  elytra  feebly  mottled; 
there  is  a  very  irregular,  bilobed  naked  ring  immediately  behind 
the  middle  of  the  suture  in  most  of  my  specimens;  the  shape  and 
length  of  the  funicular  joints  are  this  species'  sti'ongest  features; 
the  eyes  are  less  round  than  is  usual. 

I  have  four  specimens  from  Perth  which  have  been  in  spirits 
for  some  time  and  which  apparently  belong  to  this  species.  On 
them  there  is  a  feeble  median  prothoracic  carina  and  no  median 
vitta,  the  sutural  stripe  is  absent,  the  scales  on  the  elytra  being 
evenly  distributed,  except  for  small  naked  patches,  and  arranged 
about  five  deep  on  each  interstice.  The  sexual  differences  are 
very  slight  (I  have  a  pair  taken  in  cop.)\  in  ^  the  rostrum  is 
irregular  in  the  middle,  in  2  it  is  obsoletely  costate;  ^  also  has  a 
slightly  lai'ger  and  thicker  posthumeral  tubercle. 

GoNiPTERUS  ciONOiDES,  Pasc.  (Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5021). — This 
very  pretty  little  species  is  extremely  abundant  on  some  low- 
growing  shrubs  about  Sydney  and  Galston  ;  nevertheless  it  is 
seldom  beaten  into  the  umbrella  or  sheet  on  account  of  its  clinging 
haliits.  On  one  plant  alone  I  have  seen  several  hundreds  of 
specimens. 

GoNiPTERus  RETicuLATUS,  Boisd.  (Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5028). — 
The  description  of  this  species  is  truly  Boisduvallian,  being  simply: 
"  Niger,  thorace  rugoso,  elytris  cancellatis."  Nevertheless  out  of 
about  sixty  species  of  the  subfamily  I  know,  this  description  will 
fit  l)ut  Oxyops  cancellata,  Bohem. 

G.  EXARATUS,  Farhs.  ;  I.e.  5022.  Hah. — Tasmania  (Mr.  A. 
Sim  son). 

G.  scuTELLATUs,  Gyll. ;  I.e.  5029.  Hah. — Tasmania  (Mr.  A. 
Simson). 

G.  GIBBERUS,  Boisd.;  I.e.  5024.     Hah. — Clarence  River. 

G.  SL'TURALis,  Gyll.  ;  I.e.  5031.  Hah. — Burrawang,  N.S.W. 
(Mr.  T.  G.  Sloane). 

Bryachus  squamicollis,  Pasc.  (Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5017). — I 
have  this  species  from  all  the  Australian  Colonies  except  Tas- 
mania. It  is  somewhat  variable  as  regards  the  colour  and  density 
of  its  scales,  and,  to  a  less  extent^  the  colour  of  the  derm. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  613 

Syarbis  fasciculatissimus,  n.sp. 

Red;  prothorax  with  a  piceous  tinge;  elytra  slightly  tinged 
with  piceous  beyond  the  middle.  Head  with  pale  scales,  eyes 
margined,  between  eyes  subbifasciculate;  prothorax  with  a  pale 
median  and  a  basal  vitta;  a  transverse  row  of  four  erect  straw- 
coloured  fascicles;  apex  feebly  bifasciculate ;  scutellum  densely 
squamose;  elytra  with  numerous  (over  thirty)  erect  fascicles  as 
on  prothorax,  those  towards  sides  and  apex  slightly  paler  and 
smaller,  those  on  the  3rd  and  5th  interstices  slightly  larger;  under 
surface  moderately  densely  clothed  with  whitish  scales. 

Head  constricted  behind  eyes,  a  small  (apjDarently)  fovea 
between  them ;  eyes  elliptic,  strongly  transverse.  Rostrum 
longer  than  head,  punctate,  widening  to  apex.  Antennae  short,, 
thick,  all  the  joints  of  funicle  transverse;  club  very  short.  Pro- 
thorax cylindrical,  distinctly  longer  than  wide;  base  bisinuate; 
with  large,  round,  regular  punctures.  Sciitelhcm  oblong,  apex 
slightly  wider  than  base.  Elytra  parallel-sided,  almost  twice  the 
width  of  prothorax;  shoulders  slightly  oblique;  seriate-punctate,, 
punctures  large,  round,  shallow,  approximate;  interstices  irregular^ 
scarcely  raised ;  apex  w4th  a  feeble  triangular  emargination. 
Legs  moderately  long;  tibiae  straight,  with  a  number  of  small 
teeth  towards  their  apices.     Length  5|,  width  2|  mm. 

i^aS.— King's  Sound  (Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt). 

This  is  the  only  recorded  species  having  fasciculate  elytra  and 
prothorax.  The  fascicles  are  usually  perfectly  erect,  and  composed 
of  from  ten  to  twenty  or  thirty  straw-coloured  and  thin  scales. 
I  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  erect  a  new  genus  for  it,  as  its 
three-jointed  tarsi  and  most  of  its  structural  features  are  those 
of  Syarhis.  It  has  a  more  parallel  outline  and  longer  prothorax 
than  any  other  species  in  the  subfamily  I  am  acquainted  with. 

Syarbis  alcyone,  n.sp. 

Dull  brownish-red;  head  tinged  with  piceous  ;  under  surface 
(especially  of  abdomen)  paler  than  upper.  Head  with  small 
rounded  pale  scales,  denser  about  eyes  and  basal  sides  of  rostrum 

-to 


614  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

than  elsewhere;  small  round  pale  scales  forming  a  narrow  longi- 
tudinal vitta  on  prothorax  and  bordering  its  sides,  covering 
scutellum,  forming  a  narrow  sutural  stripe  on  elytra  and  margin- 
ing their  sides;  each  punctux-e  with  a  small  dingy  scale;  under 
surface  with  moderately  dense,  suboval,  white  scales. 

Head  feebly  convex;  a  small  ocular  fovea  continued  as  a  narrow 
depression  on  to  apical  part  of  rostrum:  eyes  transversely  elliptic; 
not  at  all  prominent.  Antennae  short,  thick.  Rostrum  longer 
than  head,  feebly  decreasing  to  apex.  Prothorax  distinctly  trans- 
verse, narrowing  to  apex,  base  bisinuate;  with  regular,  moderately 
large,  shallow  punctures.  «So?<<e?^«m  subtriangular.  Elytra  about 
once  and  one-half  wider  than  prothorax ;  feebly  decreasing  to 
near  apex;  seriate-punctate,  punctures  moderately  large,  regular, 
shallow,  round,  about  nine  rows  on  each  elytron;  interstices  wider 
than  punctures,  scarcely  convex.  Apical  segment  of  ahdoinen  more 
widely  impressed  than  usual.  Legs  stout;  tibiae  short,  each  with 
about  five  small  teeth.      Length  4|,  width  2  mm. 

Hah. — Tasmania  (Mr.  A.  Simson,  No.  33G6). 

I  have  three  specimens  from  Mr.  Simson,  one  smaller  and  one 
larger  than  the  type.  The  narrow  line  continuous  from  head  to 
apex  of  elytra,  with  the  lateral  markings  of  prothorax  and  elytra 
should  render  this  species  distinct.  It  is  the  first  of  the  genus 
to  be  recorded  from  Tasmania. 

Syarbis  plumbeus,  n.sp. 

Narrow,  subopaque.  Piceous,  antenn;e  dull  red;  upper  surface, 
and  to  a  certain  extent,  under  surface  and  legs  with  a  dull  leaden 
appearance.  Head  not  very  densely  squamose,  scales  dirty  grey; 
prothorax  with  dingy  scales  in  punctures  and  others  irregularly 
distributed,  and  forming  a  feeble  median  and  two  lateral  lines; 
elytra  feebly  squamose,  a  few  scales  about  apex  and  sides,  and  a 
moderately  distinct  oblique  stripe  behind  middle.  Under  surface 
and  legs  rather  densely  squamose,  scales  paler  than  above. 

Head  with  an  impressed  line  down  middle;  eyes  transversely 
elliptic.  Rostrum  thick,  irregular,  shorter  than  head,  anterior 
portion  depressed.     Prothorax  slightly  longer   than  wide,  sides 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  615 

iiliaost  straight,  feebly  increasing  to  base;  not  vei'y  densely,  and 
irregularly  punctate.  Scutellum  small,  rounded,  depressed.  Elytra 
al)out  twice  the  width  and  a  little  more  than  twice  the  length  of 
prothorax;  each  with  ten  rows  of  moderately  large,  round,  and 
rather  deep  punctures,  larger  than  those  of  prothorax;  interstices 
wider  than  punctures,  scarcely  raised;  near  hase  with  a  callosity 
larser  than  on  shoulder  and  common  to  3rd,  -Ith,  and  5th  inter- 
stices,  seen  from  above  apparently  situate  on  4th.  Legs  mode- 
rately thick ;  tibiaj  feebly  curved,  with  numerous  small  teeth 
beneath.     Length  4|,  width  2  mm. 

Ilab.—^Gw  South  Wales  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

A  small,  narrow,  dirty-looking  species,  the  peculiar  leaden 
appearance  of  which  is  certainly  not  due  to  abrasion,  nor  is  it 
caused  by  scales  or  pollinosity,  but  appears  to  be  more  of  the 
nature  of  a  dull  varnish. 

Syarbis  pulchripennis,  n.sp. 

Reddish-brown,  shining ;  sterna  tinged  with  piceous  ;  elytra 
with  paler  markings,  consisting  of  a  transverse  fascia  near  base, 
continued  along  suture  and  narrowly  opening  out  towards 
apex.  With  small  greyish  scales  rather  densely  covering  head 
and  rostrum,  and  feebly  distributed  on  prothorax  and  elytra;  each 
puncture  containing  a  large  scale.  Under  surface  and  legs  rather 
densely  squamose,  scales  sometimes  tinged  with  ochreous;  tibiae 
almost  ciliate  beneath. 

Head  with  an  impressed  line  down  middle  and  in  front  of  eyes; 
densely  punctate  ;  eyes  transversely  elliptic.  Rostrum  thick, 
swollen  in  middle,  longer  than  head,  densely  punctate.  Antenna? 
short,  club  briefly  pyriform  Prothorax  longer  than  wide,  sides 
straight,  feebly  decreasing  to  base;  i-ather  densel}^  and  regularly 
punctate,  punctures  lai'ge,  round,  shallow.  Scutellum  slightly 
depressed,  elliptic.  Elytra  about  once  and  one-half  the  width  of 
prothorax  and  not  thrice  its  length;  feebly  decreasing  to  near 
apex;  apex  feebly  emarginate;  e,ach  with  ten  rows  of  punctures 
■on  prothorax;  interstices  very  slightly  raised,  -tth  with  a  distinct 
.callosity  (but  smaller  than  that  on  shoulder)  near  base.      Leys 


616  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

(for  the  genus)  rather  long;  tibise  almost  straight,  the  anterior 
with  numerous  small  teeth  beneath,  intermediate  with  three,, 
posterior  with  two.     Length  6^,  width  2|  mm. 

Hah. — N.W.  Australia  (Macleay  Museum). 

Somewhat  resembles  scii/rus,  hut  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
considerably  larger  size,  less  parallel-sided  and  differently  coloured 
elytra,  longer  legs,  and  the  callosity  on  4th  interstice. 

Syarbis  simulans,  n.sp. 

Short,  broad,  less  convex  than  usual.  Black  or  dark  red  T 
Densely  covered  with  a  muddy  ochreous  pollinosity,  and  appa- 
rently rather  densely  clothed  with  small  whitish  scales  which 
become  moderately  elongate  on  under  surface. 

Head  with  a  feebly  impressed  line;  eyes  comparatively  large, 
transversely  elliptic.  Rostrum  thick,  subparallel,  longer  than 
head.  Profhorax  scarcely  transverse,  sides  almost  straight,  base 
considerably  wider  than  apex;  densely  granulate  and  punctate, 
apparently  with  a  raised  median  line.  SctifeUnm  elongate,  elliptic. 
Elytra  considerably  wider  than  prothorax  and  not  thrice  its 
length,  shoulders  oblique;  each  with  ten  rows  of  deep,  I'ound 
and  rather  large,  partially  concealed  punctures ;  interstices 
apparently  wider  than  punctures  and  slightly  rounded;  no  discal 
callosity;  sides  slightly  thickened  at  about  the  position  of  the 
posthumeral  tubercle  in  Gonipterus.  Mesosternvm  produced 
between  coxse  almost  as  in  Oxyops.  Leys  rather  short  and  thick; 
tibiae  with  numerous  small  teeth  beneath.     Length  6.  width  3  mm. 

Hab.—'Sew  South  Wales  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

A  very  interesting  species,  strongly  resembling  O.  uniformis 
(ante),  agreeing  in  many  respects  with  the  smaller  species  of 
Oxyops,  but  with  the  clawless  tarsi  of  Syarbis  (under  a  powerful 
lens  there  appears  to  be  a  rudimentary  claw-joint  embedded  in 
the  3rd  joint  of  the  posterior  tarsi).  It  is  the  only  pollinose 
species  I  am  acquainted  with  in  the  genus;  the  exudation  is  so 
dense  as  to  entirely  conceal  the  derm  and  hide  the  finer  details 
of  its  sculpture. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  617 

S.  PACHYPUS,  Prtsc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5012.  Hah. — Loftus, 
N.S.W. 

8.  NERVOSUS,  Pasc;  I.e.  5009.     Hab. — Sydney. 

8.  SEMILINEATUS,  Pasc;  I.e.  5015.  Hah. — Swan  River,  Mt. 
Barker,  Albany. 

S.  GONIPTEROIDES,  Pasc;  I.e.  5007.      Hah. — Swan  River. 

S.  sciURUS,  Pasc;  I.e.  501-1.  Hab. — N.W.  Australia  (Macleay 
Museum). 

S.  Haagi,  Roel.  ;  I.e.  5008.  Hab. — Gayndah,  Endeavour 
River  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

S.  NIGER,  Roel;  I.e.  5010.      Hah.—^.^.W.  (Mr.  G.  Masters). 

Pantoreites  micans,  n.sp. 

Elongate-elliptic,  shining.  Red,  in  places  tinged  with  piceous. 
Densely  squamose,  head  uniformly  clothed  with  whitish  scales; 
prothorax  and  elytra  with  five  continuous  stripes,  the  middle  and 
two  lateral  ones  of  glittering  silvery  scales,  the  two  inner  stripes 
of  somewhat  ochreous  and  dull  scales.  Under  surface  and  If^gs 
with  dense  glittering  scales,  becoming  subsetose  on  apical  segment 
of  abdomen  and  beneath  tibise. 

Head  convex,  punctate,  no  visible  ocular  fovea;  eyes  slightly 
oblique,  almost  round.  Rostrum  slightly  longer  than  head, 
parallel-sided,  densely  punctate.  Prothorax  slightly  transverse, 
widening  to  base;  posterior  angles  rather  acute;  densely  punctate, 
punctures  concealed.  Scutellum  small,  suboblong,  apex  rounded. 
Elijtra  not  much  wider  than  prothorax  and  about  four  times  its 
length;  shoulders  oblique;  sides  feebly  decreasing  from  near  base 
to  apex ;  seriate-punctate,  punctures  large,  almost  concealed, 
wider  than  interstices.  Lecjs  moderately  long;  tibia?,  especially 
the  four  anterior,  curved,  dentate  beneath ;  claw-joint  curved, 
longer  than  three  basal  joints  combined.     Length  5  J,  width  2  mm. 

Hah. — Swan  River. 

The  scales  in  the  middle  of  the  prothorax  form  a  parallel-sided 
and  rather  broad  stripe,  and  are  more  shining  than  elsewhere, 
those  at  the  sides  being  comparatively  dull.     On  the  elytra  the 


618  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

lateral  stripes  are  not  quite  continuous  to  the  apex,  the  ochreous 
scales  being  continued  on  the  outer  margin.  There  are  no  nude 
spaces  between  the  stripes,  but  here  and  there  nude  punctures 
(al»raded  ?)  may  be  seen. 

At  first  sight  this  species  resembles  scenicus,  but  it  may  be  at 
once  distinguished  by  its  larger  size,  glittering  scales  (on  the 
prothorax  of  scenicus  there  are  seven  stripes  of  which  the  three 
white  ones  are  small;  in  micans  the  white  scales  occupy  more 
than  half  the  surface),  but  in  particular  by  the  width  of  prothorax, 
in  sccu/'ciis  the  base  being  scarcely  wider  than  the  apex,  and 
distinctly  much  narrower  than  the  base  of  elytra. 

Pantoreites  illuminatus,  n.sp. 

Dull  red,  claws  and  tibial  teeth  piceous.  Head  feebly  squamose 
on  vertex,  the  scales  all  converging  to  centre;  sides,  between  eyes 
and  base  of  rostrum,  with  small  dense  snowy  scales;  prothorax  with 
three  distinct  longitudinal  snowy  vittee  scarcely  reaching  apex ,  the 
median  widening  to  near  base,  sides  similarly  clothed;  scutellum 
densely  squamose;  elytra  with  small,  subquadrate,  snowy  scales, 
densely  covering  suture  and  to  a  less  extent,  but  still  densely,  the 
sides;  from  the  middle  to  near  apex  a  subtriangular  space  sparsely 
clothed  (except  along  suture)  towards  its  apex  and  almost  nude 
at  base,  near  scutellum  sparsely  clothed  ;  interstices  slightly 
interrupting  continuity  of  scales  ;  under  surface  x'ather  more 
densely  squamose  than  upper,  the  scales  more  elongate  and  of  a 
less  pure  white  than  above,  except  on  sides  of  sterna,  where  the}' 
are  densest  of  all. 

Head  convex,  punctate,  a  puncture  between  eyes;  eyes  trans- 
versely ovate,  moderately  large.  Rostrum  shorter  than  head, 
subparallel,  punctate,  a  feeble  irregular  ridge  between  antenna;. 
Scape  slightly  curved;  three  basal  joints  of  funicle  moderately 
elongate,  4th  triangular,  5th-7th  globular.  Prothorax  almost 
cylindrical,  densely  punctate,  each  puncture  bearing  a  small  scale; 
a  feeble  carina  only  noticeable  at  base.  Scutellum  small,  oblong. 
Elytra  about  once  and  one-half  the  width  of  prothorax,  feeblj^ 
-decreasing  to  apex;  shoulders  slightly  oblique;  seriate-punctate,. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  619' 

punctures  moderately  large,  subquadrate  ;  interstices  flat,  twice 
the  width  of  punctures.  Legs  rather  long;  femora  thickened; 
tibiae,  especially  the  anterior  four,  strongly  curved,  all  with  a 
number  of  moderately  strong  recurved  teeth,  those  on  the  inter- 
mediate pair  sparser  and  feebler  than  on  the  others;  claw-joint 
strongly  curved,  longer  than  three  basal  joints  combined.  Length 
5,  width  2  (vix)  mm. 

Hah. — Tasmania  :  Davenport  (Mr.  A.  Simson). 

I  have  three  specimens,  two  of  which  are  smaller  and  less 
perfect  than  the  type;  in  one  of  them  the  antennae  are  almost 
piceous.  The  scales  along  the  suture  might  stand  for  a  candle  of 
which  the  median  prothoracic  vitta  would  do  for  the  flame  and 
the  basal  carina  the  wick,  the  resemblance  being  perfect.  The  tibiae 
are  more  strongly  curved  and  the  claw-joint  is  longer  than  in 
viftatus  or  scenicus;  the  prothorax  is  also  narrower  in  proportion. 

P.  viTTATUS,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5004.     /?«&.— Sydney. 

P.  SCENIGUS,  Pasc;  I.e.  5002.     Hah. — Gosford. 

P.  viRGATUS,  Pasc;  he.  5003.      Hah.—^wnn  River. 

Si\bfamily  DIABATHRARIIDE5. 

Strong YLORRHiNus  ochraceus,  Schon. (Mast.  Cat. Sp.ISTo.  5040). 
— This  species  is  recorded  in  the  Catalogue  from  all  the  Australian 
Colonies  except  Queensland  and  Western  Australia;  in  the  south- 
western portions  of  the  latter  colony  it  is  exceedingly  abundant. 
Large  galls  are  formed  on  the  twigs  and  smaller  branches  of 
Eucalypts  by  the  larvje,  and  are  sometimes  so  numerous  that  the 
trees  affected  look  very  unsightly,  or  are  even  killed  The  larvae 
are  eaten  by  the  blacks,  and  by  not  a  few  white  men;  I  have 
heard  them  called  "  Bardi,"  but  do  not  know  whether  this  is  the 
aboriginal  name,  the  true  "Bardi"  being  the  larva  of  a  Longi- 
corn  {BarcUstus  ciharius,  Newm.)  which  lives  in  the  trunk  of 
^anfJiorrhcea. 

Aromagis  echinata,  Pasc;  I.e.  504 L — This  is  an  exceedingly 
variable  species  in  regard  to  the  colour  and  density  of  its  clothing. 
I  have   specimens   in  which  the   fascicles  are  almost  black  and 


620  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

rather  sparse,  and  others  in  which  they  are  ochreous  and  more 
numerous.  Some  of  my  specimens  have  the  rostrum  with  a  dense 
line  of  setose  scales  on  each  side,  and  others  without  or  with  very 
feeble  lines  of  scales;  there  is  usually  a  small  tuft  of  scales  near 
each  eye,  and  sometimes  these  tufts  are  almost  conjoined.  The 
elytral  puncturation  is  coarse,  but  often  almost  entirely  concealed. 
The  length  (excluding  rostrum)  varies  from  2^  to  5  lines. 

A.  HORRENS,  Pasc. — This  species  I  have  not  seen;  it  should  be 
distinct  on  account  of  the  lateral  tubercles  of  the  rostrum. 

Aromagis  saginata,  n.sp. 

Robust,  black,  opaque.  Densely  clothed  with  brown  scales 
above,  becoming  fasciculate  on  tubercles;  scales  of  under  surface 
rather  paler  than  above. 

Head  large,  sculpture  concealed  by  scales.  Rostrum  thick, 
slightly  curved,  widening  to  base  and  apex,  near  apex  excavated 
and  with  visible  punctures.  Antennae  densely  squamose.  Pro- 
thorax  subglobular,  granulate  and  punctate,  irregularly  tubercu- 
late,  a  moderately  distinct  tubercle  on  each  side  of  middle;  from 
middle  to  apex  with  a  strong  fasciculate  crest.  Seidell  urn 
.small,  elliptic.  Elytra  scarcely  thrice  the  length  of  prothorax 
and  twice  its  width,  feebly  decreasing  to  near  apex;  shoulders 
square;  coarsely  punctate,  punctures  partially  concealed;  with  at 
least  six  distinct  fasciculate  tubercles  on  each  elytron,  three  on 
the  3rd  interstice  of  which  the  median  one  is  the  smallest,  and 
the  apical  (at  summit  of  posterior  declivity)  the  largest;  three  on 
the  5th  interstice  all  placed  slightly  to  the  rear  of  those  on  3rd, 
the  apical  one  at  about  the  middle  of  declivity  and  slightly 
smaller  than  the  apical  one  of  3rd;  7th  interstice  with  several 
feeble  fascicles;  suture  feebly  granulate.  Length  13,  rostrum  3j 
width  6  mm. 

//a6.— Australia  (Mr.  W.  Kershaw,  Senr.). 

May  readily  be  distinguished  from  A.  echinata  by  its  much 
larger  size,  differently  formed  rostrum,  centrally  crested  prothorax, 
Ac.     My  unique  specimen  was  given  to  me  without  exact  locality. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA. 


621 


Atelicus  iN.EQUALis,  AVaterh.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5U48. — I 
have  a  specimen  of  this  species  from  Frankford,  Tasmania.  The 
metasternum  is  densely  covered  with  fine  silken  hair  gradually 
thickening  to  scales  on  the  sides  and  on  the  basal  segment  of  the 
abdomen. 

Atelicus  ferrugineus,  Waterh.;  I.e.  5046. — I  have  four  speci- 
mens of  this  species,  two  from  Braidwood  and  two  from  Armidale, 
N.S.W.  Only  one  specimen  is  2|  lines  in  length,  and  it  is  without 
the  whitish  rings  on  the  apices  of  the  elytra;  the  smallest  speci- 
men is  1|  lines,  and  has  the  rings  very  distinctly  marked.  The 
two  Armidale  specimens  were  bred  from  a  large  Hymenopterous 
gall  on  Acacia  {longifolia  1).  A.  Tniniatus,  Pasc,  from  Moreton 
Bay  is  possibly  synonymous. 

Atelicus  atrophus,  Pasc;  I.e.  No.  5044. — Pascoe  records  this 
species  from  S.  Australia  as  well  as  from  Tasmania;  I  have  a 
specimen  from  Hillgrove,  N.S.W. 

Atelicus  variabilis,  n.sp. 

Narrow,  convex,  subparallel  and  subopaque.  Red ;  head, 
rostrum  and  sides  of  metasternum  tinged  with  black.  Upper 
surface  clothed  with  minute,  rounded,  semitransparent  scales  ; 
prothorax  with  a  median  line  of  whitish  scales  joined  to  a  white 
basal  stripe;  elytra  with  a  few  pale  scales  about  shoulders  and 
apex ;  rostrum  with  griseous  scales ;  under  surface  (excepting 
ajjical  segment  of  abdomen)  and  legs  with  dense  white  scales, 
tibipe  ciliate  beneath  on  anterior  half. 

Sead  large,  a  feeble  impression  between  eyes,  shallowlj'  punctate. 
Rostrum  obsoletely  punctate  except  at  base  and  sides.  Scape 
minutely  punctate,  scarcely  the  length  of  two  following  joints 
combined.  ProUiorax  almost  equal  in  length  and  width;  with 
moderately  large,  rounded,  shallow,  irregular,  squamose  punctures; 
apex  narrower  than  base,  sides  rounded,  base  bisinuate.  Scutelluni 
small.  Elytra  feebly  diminishing  from  base  to  near  apex,  slightly 
but  suddenly  constricted  just  before  the  middle,  apex  feebly 
emarginate ;  each  with  ten  distinct  rows  of  rounded,  scarcely 
approximate   punctui'es,  each  of  which  contains  a  glassy  scale; 


6l'2  new  species  of  Australian  coleoptera, 

posterior  declivity  rather  gradual,  nowhere  abrupt.  Under  surface 
and  legs  not  very  densely  punctate,  punctures  distinct.  Legs 
(for  the  genus)  moderately  long;  tibiae  at  apex  with  blackish  setfe, 
the  anterior  parts  beneath  with  numerous  small  sharp  teeth;  3rd 
tarsal  joint  obcordate.     Length  8|,  rostrum  H;  width  3  (vi.x)  mm. 

ridh.—^it.  Kosciusko  (Mr.  W.  E.  Raymond). 

I  have  had  eight  specimens  under  examination,  no  two  of  which" 
are  ex'actly  alike;  the  specimen  described  above,  however,  appears 
to  be  fairly  typical.  Some  specimens  have  the  prothorax  (especially 
at  base  and  apex)  considerably  darker  than  the  elytra,  the  white 
median  line  of  scales  sometimes  interrupted  in  the  middle,  some- 
times marked  only  at  the  base,  and  sometimes  entirely  al)sent;. 
one  specimen  has  the  prothorax  almost  black  except  for  a  sub- 
lunulate  reddish  blotch  on  each  side,  and  the  base  of  the  elytra 
is  black;  the  femora  are  often  tinged  with  black,  as  is  also  the 
basal  segment  of  the  abdomen;  one  specimen  is  black,  the  apical 
four-fifths  of  elytra,  tarsi  and  antennte  excei)ted.  The  size  varies 
from  5^  to  9  mm. 

This  species  is  perhaps  closest  to  ferrugineus,  l)ut  differs  in 
many  particulars,  the  most  noticeable  being  the  absence  of  white 
rings  and  the  gradual  slope  and  less  width  of  apex  of  elytra;  the 
rostrum  is  thicker  and  less  curved. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  in  this  genus  the  tibiae,  tarsi  and 
metasternum  much  resemble  those  parts  in  Syarbis,  and  the 
puncturation  in  many  of  the  species  is  similar.  It  is  perhaps 
worthy  of  remark  that  in  Syarbis,  Atelicus  and  Aonychns,  all  the 
species  of  which  are  clawless,  the  tibiae  have  numerous  small 
teeth  beneath;  the  same  is  also  the  case  with  a  clawless  species  of 
Erirrhiniilm  in  my  possession. 

Subfamily  HYLOBIIDES. 

Having  had  occasion  recentl}'  to  examine  critically  a  destruc- 
tive species  of  Orthorrhinus,  and  finding  that  the  genus  at  present 
is  in  great  confusion,  a  few  remai'ks  on  the  species  referred  to  it 
may  be  acceptable. 


BY    AKTIIUR    M.   LEA. 


623. 


Orthorrhinus  cylindrirostris,  Fab.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5105. 
— This  is  an  extremely  vai-iable  species  as  regards  size,  colour  and 
clothing,  and  of  which  there  are  numbers  of  local  varieties. 
Tj'pical  specimens  have  a  fascicle  (easily  abraded)  on  each  side  of 
prothorax  at  apex;  each  elytron  has  two  fasciculate  tubercles  on 
2nd  interstice,  of  which  the  larger  is  near  the  middle  and  the 
smaller  close  to  base  ;  the  5th  interstice  has  a  similar  fascicle 
(preapical  callus  of  Pascoe)  on  the  posterior  declivity.  The  pre- 
apical  callus  is  variable  both  in  itself,  and  in  regarfl  to  its  com- 
parative size  with  that  of  the  median  one  of  2nd  interstice,  being 
sometimes  larger,  sometimes  equal,  but  usually  smaller.  There 
is  occasionally  a  small  fascicle  near  the  apex  of  7th  interstice. 
The  elytra!  interstices  are  usually  (but  not  alwaj^s)  alternately 
raised.  The  ^  differs  from  9  in  having  the  antennas  inserted 
much  closer  to  apex  of  rostrum;  the  anterior  legs  much  longer; 
the  three  basal  joints  of  the  anterior  tarsi  greatly  expanded  and 
ciliate ;  rostrum  more  coarsely  punctate,  less  cylindrical,  and 
somewhat  shorter.  The  differences  in  the  legs,  however,  are  much 
more  noticeable  in  some  specimens  than  in  others.  The  ^ 
(judging  by  numerous  pairs  taken  in  cop.)  is  usually  slightly 
larger  than  2-  I  have  no  hesitation  whatever  in  referring  several 
names  to  this  species,  either  as  synonyms  or  varieties. 

O.  LOXGiMANUS,  Boisd. — Described  from  a  large  ^.  The  Latin 
diagnosis  is  unusually  long  for  BoLsduval,  and  is  besides  followed 
]jy  a  much  longer  description  in  French. 

O.  ASPREDO,  Pasc. — Mr.  Pascoe  says  : — "  A  somewhat  isolated 
species  except  for  the  following"  (0.  carboiuiritisj.  It  is,  how- 
ever, described  as  having  :  "A  small  tuft  of  ochraceous  hairs  on 
each  side  at  the  apex"  (of  prothorax);  "and  base  and  middle  of 
the  elytra  with  a  small  tuft  of  ochraceous  hairs,  preapical  callus 
also  tufted."  It  must,  therefore,  be  very  close  to  cylindrirostns, 
and  is  certainly  not  entitled  to  more  than  varietal  rank. 

O.  CAKBONAHius,  Pasc. — Apparently  described  from  an  abraded 
specimen,  and  therefore  not  worthy  of  being  considered  even  as. 
a  variety.  It  has  been  noted  that  the  insertion  of  the  antennae 
is  sexually  vai-iable. 


624  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

O.  PATRUELis,  Pasc. — Certainly  a  variety  of  cijlindrirostris. 

O.  TENELLUS,  Pasc. — A  distinct  and  very  common  variety  in 
Western  Australia. 

O.  LATERALIS,  Pasc;  O.  VAGUS,  OlliflF. — Both  these  are  varieties 
from  Lord  Howe  Island.     I  have  specimens  of  both. 

O.  EUCHROMUS,  Pairm. — Perhaps  entitled  to  varietal  rank  ; 
certainly  not  to  specific. 

O.  s;iMULANS,  Bohem. — Doubtful  if  even  entitled  to  varietal 
rank. 

The  following  are  well  marked  varieties,  and  appear  to  be 
undescribed  : 

O.  CYLiNDRiROSTRis,  var.  POMicOLA,  var.nov. 

Apical  fascicles  of  prothorax  well-developed,  ferruginous;  base 
with  a  large  ferruginous  patch  divided  into  two  by  a  pale  median 
line.  Scales  of  elytra  divided  into  two  distinct  patches  of  almost 
equal  extent,  the  basal  mixed  grey  and  ferruginous,  the  apical 
entirely  ferruginous.  Elytra  with  a  small  basal  tubercle  on  2nd 
interstice  and  a  rather  large  median  one  (on  which  the  two  patches 
of  scales  are  divided),  which  is  slightly  larger  than  the  preapical 
callus.     Length  12-15  mm. 

Uab.  — South-Western  Australia. 

Abundant  in  Spring,  and  very  destructive  to  the  bark  and 
young  shoots  of  various  fruit  trees,  especially  the  peach  and 
apricot.  The  variety  tenellus  may  frequently  be  seen  on  grape 
vines. 

O.  CYLINDRIROSTRIS,  var.  ALBiCEPS,  var.  nov. 

Head  with  dense  white  scales,  terminated  at  base  of  rostrum 
in  9)  continued  almost  to  apex  but  gradually  narrowed  in  ^. 
Apical  fascicles  of  prothorax  small,  but  prominent  and  acute. 
Elytra  with  more  or  less  uniform  scales;  2nd  interstice  with  basal 
tubercle  almost  obsolete,  the  median  one  with  dark  scales  and 
smaller  than  preapical  callus,  the  latter  prominent  and  acute. 
Length  9-12  mm. 

Hab. — Richmond  River,  Sydney,  NS. W.;  Brisbane,  Q. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA. 


625 


The  head  in  this  variety  has  three  narrow  nude  spaces  at  the 
base.     I  have  numerous  specimens. 

Orthorrhinus  ^thiops,  Boisd.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5101. — A 
very  distinct  species,  at  first  sight  appearing  to  belong  to  the 
Cryptorhyuchides;  it  occurs  in  all  the  Australian  Colonies.  It 
is  variable  in  regard  to  size,  colour  and  clothing.  The  elytral 
interstices  are  sometimes,  but  not  usually,  alternately  raised. 

O.  PACiFicus,  Erichs.,  =  0.  ^thiops,  Boisd. — It  is  certainly  un 
fortunate  that  Boisduval's  name  should  have  priority. 

O.  SPILOTUS,  Bohem.,  and  O.  carinatus,  Pasc. — I  can  find 
nothing  in  the  descriptions  to  warrant  separation  from  cut/iiops. 

O.  meleagris,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5112.— A  distinct 
species  nearer  ceihiops  than  cijlindrirostris.  So  far  as  I  am  aware 
it  is  confined  to  southern  coastal  Queensland. 

O.  Klugi,  Bohem.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5108. — This  is  a  small 
and  exceedingly  pretty  species,  but  is  somewhat  variable,  and  is 
fairly  distinct  from  cylindrirostris.  It  occurs  in  Queensland  and 
New  South  Wales. 

The  following  may  be  distinct  species;  I  cannot  recognise  or 
place  them  :  — 

0.  POSTICUS,  Pasc. — Apparently  of  the  cethiops  type. 

O.  INFIDUS,  Pasc  — Appears  to  be  distinct. 

O.  LEPIDOTUS,  Erichs.,  Bohem. — Appears  to  be  distinct. 

The  descViption  of  innubus,  Herbst,  appearing  as  a  synonym 
of  cylindrirostris  in  the  Catalogue,  I  have  not  seen. 

Subfamily  HAPLONYCHIDES. 

Haplonyx. 

The  larvffi  of  most  of  the  species  of  this  genus,  at  least  such  as 
are  known  to  me,  live  within  the  woody  galls  and  excrescences 
formed  by  various  species  of  Brachyscelids  and  Hymenoptera, 
though  one  species  at  least  {H.  vicimis,  Chev.)  is  a  true  gall-maker, 
and  in  the  larval  state  lives  in  companies  around  a  moderately 
laro-e  Eucalyptus  twig  high  up  on  tall  trees.     One  such  gall  seen 


■626  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

by  nie  must  have  contained  at  least  40  larvte,  a  number  of  which 
were  successfully  reared. 

Many  of  the  species  are  extremely  variable  in  size,  and  the 
colour  of  the  derm  and  scales  is  subject  to  considerable  variation, 
and,  owing  to  the  usually  large  size  of  the  scales  and  their  feeble 
juncture  with  the  derm,  they  are  very  easil}^  abraded.  In  most 
of  the  species  there  is  a  large  pale  oblit^ue  patcli  on  each  side  of 
the  prothorax,  which  often  resolves  itself  into  two  vittre  conjoined 
at  base  and  reaching  the  apical  tubercles  (where  there  are  any 
such).  The  one-clawed  tarsal  joint  is  usually  sufficiently  distinct, 
but  in  some  species  can  only  be  traced  with  extreme  difficulty. 
Chevrolat  has  divided  the  genus  into  six  sections,  but  it  appears 
to  me  that  this  is  unnecessary,  two  (depending  on  the  presence 
or  absence  of  fascicles;  being  sufficient.  Most  of  the  species  have 
.a  seven-jointed  funicle,  but  in  three  West  Australian  species  I 
have  under  examination  it  is  but  six-jointed.  Pascoe  has  pro- 
posed a  genus  (Aolles )  to  receive  two  species  having  a  six-jointed 
funicle  and  trimerous  tarsi;  I  am  convinced  that  he  was  mistaken" 
in  regard  to  the  tarsi,  having  very  little  doubt  but  that  I  have 
his  A.  rahiginosus,  which  has  a  very  small  claw-joint  traceable 
only  with  difficulty  (it  is  almost  impossible  to  see  it  except  with 
the  aid  of  a  compound  microscope)  in  the  largely  padded  3rd 
joint,  and  antennae  distinctly  six-jointed;  A.  nuceus  I  do  not 
know,  but  the  tarsi  are  probably  similar  in  character.  The  femora 
have  usually  a  moderately  large  tooth,  and  a  smaller  one  or  thick 
spine  below  it;  in  some  species,  however,  there  aj^pears  to  be  but 
one.  Each  side  of  apex  of  tibire  is  supplied  with  black  setose 
scales  or  spines,  densest  internally. 

Div.  i. — Fasciculate  and  tnherculaie. 

Haplonyx  albosparsus,  n.sp. 

(J.  Black,  base  of  scape  and  claw-joint  reddish-piceous.  Head 
with  scattered  white  scales  and  small  shining  granules  continued 
on  to  rostrum,  a  shallow  fovea  between  eyes.  Rostrum  as  long 
as  head  and  prothorax  combined,  coarsely  punctate,  apical  portion 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA. 


627 


shining  and  strongly  though  less  coarsely  punctate  than  base;  a 
carina  continuous  from  near  eyes  almost  to  apex.  Antennie 
slender,  with  whitish  scales  (very  spai'se  on  club);  scape  consider- 
ably passing  muzzle  ;  1st  joint  of  funicle  as  long  as  2nd-3rd 
combined,  2nd  as  long  as  3rd-4th.  Prothorax  densely  covered 
with  small  shining  granules;  four  small  black  fascicles  near  apex, 
the  two  marginal  ones  almost  obsolete;  sparsely  clothed  with 
elongate  white  scales  and  a  few  larger  ones  scattered  about,  no 
vittse;  base  bisinuate,  with  a  raised  and  recurved  border  inter- 
rupted on  scutellar  lobe;  a  feeble  median  line.  Scntelluvi  small, 
elliptic,  densely  punctate.  Elytra  considerably  wider  at  base 
than  prothorax;  with  depressed  granules  densest  at  base;  two 
small  black  fascicles  on  3rd  interstice  and  two  still  smaller  on 
5th,  small  white  scales  scattered  about  near  apex,  base  and  along 
suture,  rest  of  the  derm  almost  nude;  rows  of  large  quadrate 
punctures  feebly  separated  from  each  other;  interstices  feebly 
convex.  Unchrsurface  and  legs  granulate-punctate ;  sparsely, 
except  on  sterna,  clothed  with  elongate  white  scales,  in  places 
very  feebly  tinged  with  ochreous.  Legs  long  ;  femora  linear, 
bidentate;  tibia?  compressed,  bisinuate;  1st  tarsal  joint  with  a 
tubercle  in  its  centre,  3rd  densely  padded  with  pale  setae  bordered 
with  black  ;  claw-joint  and  claw  distinct.  Length  8|,  width 
5^  mm. 

//rt6.—Tam worth,  KS.W. 

The  largest  of  the  genus  with  which  I  am  acquainted;  should 
be  easily  identified  by  its  uniform  black  colour  (if  constant),  its 
long  rostrum,  scape  (fully  half  of  which  passes  the  muzzle, 
though  this  may  be  but  a  sexual  character)  and  linear  femora. 
From  the  description  of  wstipennis  it  differs,  besides  scales  and 
colour,  in  having  the  rostrum  longer  than  prothorax,  scutellum 
not  angular  at  apex,  3rd  and  5th  elj'^tral  interstices  with  only  two 
fascicles  and  femora  distinctly  bidentate. 

IIaplgjtyx  magniceps,  n.sp. 

Reddish-brown  ;  head  and  scutellum  piceous,  under  surface, 
base  of  femora,  apex  of   rostrum  and  club  tinged  with  piceous. 


628  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

Head  large,  flattened;  with  minute  shining  granules  and  pale 
elongate  scales;  feebly  f oveate  between  eyes.  Rostrum  about  the 
length  of  prothorax,  broad,  flat,  coarsely  punctate  and  very 
minutely  and  densely  punctate;  without  carina  except  at  extreme 
base ;  sides  feebly  ridged  and  darker.  Scape  passing  muzzle, 
feebly  curved;  1st  joint  of  funicle  large,  as  long  as  two  following 
combined.  Prothorax  not  once  and  one-half  wider  at  base  than 
apex,  apex  very  feebly  emarginate  in  the  middle;  base,  except  for 
scutellar  lobe,  almost  straight,  a  feeble  median  line;  a  very  feeble 
black  fascicle  on  each  side  at  apex  and  a  few  blackish  scales 
behind  them  scarcely  forming  fascicles  ;  straw-coloured  scales 
regularly  dispersed.  Scutellum  small,  subelliptic,  with  black 
scales.  Elytra  not  much  wider  than  prothorax  at  base,  shoulders 
very  feebly  projecting,  punctate-striate,  punctui'es  not  very  large, 
and,  except  at  sides,  not  close  together;  interstices  feebly  raised, 
distinctly  wider  than  punctures,  on  3rd  two  feeble  blackish 
fascicles  and  on  5  th  three,  scales  as  on  prothorax.  Under  surface 
and  legs  with  paler  and  shorter  scales  than  above.  Femora  thick, 
with  a  large  recurved  tooth  and  a  smaller  scarcely  traceable  one 
below  it;  tibise  bisinuate;  claw-joint  and  claw  squamosa,  distinct. 
Length  4i,  width  2^  mm. 

Hab. — New  South  Wales  (Mr.  Kershaw,  Senr.). 

The  large  head,  great  (comparative)  width  of  apex  of  prothorax, 

and  almost  obsolete  fascicles  are  sufliciently  distinctive  of  this 

species;  I  do  not  know  of  any  with  which  it  can  be  satisfactorily 

compared;  it  might  almost  be  referred   to  the   section  without 

fascicles. 

Haplonyx  pulvinatus,  n.sp. 

Reddish-brown,  tinged  with  piceous  on  head,  club,  under  surface 
and  base  of  femora;  scutellum  black.  Head  with  brownish  scales  , 
paler  bordering  eyes.  Rostrum  stout,  almost  parallel-sided,  flat, 
and  a  little  longer  than  prothorax,  punctate  and  squamose  except 
at  its  extreme  apex;  feebly  carinate  from  a  small  ocular  fovea  to 
antennal  insertion.  Scape  distinctly  passing  muzzle;  1st  joint  of 
funicle  stout,  not  much  longer  than  2nd;  club  subovate.  t'ro- 
thorox  with  sparse  brownish  scales  and  two  lateral  oblique  pale 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  629 

vittse;  four  brownish  fascicles  in  front,  the  anterior  pair  being 
very  small,  the  posterior  pair  nearer  the  base  than  is  usual  in  the 
genus;  base  bisinuate,  seen  from  above  apparently  with  a  feeble 
transverse  impression  on  each  side.  Scutellum  small,  indistinct. 
Elytra  wider  than  prothorax,  the  obliquity  of  the  shoulders  con- 
tinuous with  the  sides  of  that  segment;  with  dingy  scales  densest 
about  suture;  ai<  base  of  suture  and  partly  on  scutellum  there  is 
a  very  distinct  black  fascicular  elliptic  patch  of  scales;  2nd  inter- 
stice with  3  fascicular  tubercles,  the  basal  one  small,  the  middle 
one  larger  than  all  on  each  elytron  combined,  the  apical  smaller 
than  basal  and — to  the  naked  eye — appearing  as  a  white  point; 
3rd  interstice  with  three  small  tubercles,  only  the  basal  one  being 
moderately  distinct;  punctate-striate,  punctures  moderately  large, 
subquadrate;  interstices  convex,  about  the  width  of  punctures. 
Undersurface  with  paler  scales  than  upper.  J^emora  stout,  biden- 
tate;  tibiae  curved,  not  bisinuate;  claw-joint  squamose,  moderatel}' 
distinct.     Length  2^,  width  l|mm. 

Hab.  —  Sydney. 

A  small  species,  easily  I'ecognisable  on  account  of  its  large 
black  scutellar  patch,  large  tubercle  in  middle  of  3rd  interstice 
(in  this  respect  resembling  Macleayi)  and  simple  tibife. 

Haplonyx  bidentatus,  Chev. — M.  Chevrolat  proposed  this 
name  (Le  ISTaturaliste,  1879,  p.  60)  in  place  of  ruhiginosus,  that 
name  having  been  already  used  in  the  subfamily  b}'  Mr.  Pascoe. 
I  have  specimens  from  New  South  Wales,  South  and  West  Aus- 
tralia. It  appears  to  be  somewhat  variable  in  the  markings,  as 
I  have  specimens  in  which  there  is  a  broad  sutural  stripe  opening 
out  into  a  large  apical  patch  of  whitish  scales,  and  others  without 
any  whitish  scales  on  the  elytra.  Possibly  Pascoe's  layrrhatus 
was  described  from  such  a  specimen,  but  as  he  says  " feynoribits 
infra  obsolete  dentatis  "  it  is  possibly  a  distinct  species,  as  all  my 
specimens  of  bidentatus  have  a  rather  large  as  well  as  a  small 
tooth  on  the  femora ;  in  fresh  specimens,  however,  they  are 
somewhat  obscured  by  scales.  H.  dotatiis,  Pasc,  must  also  be 
very  close  to  this  species. 
41 


630  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTBRA, 

Haplonyx  fasciculatus,  Bohem.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5358;  {S. 
turtur,  Pasc;  H.  venosus,  Pasc.).— I  am  convinced  that  these  are 
but  forms  of  a  species  extremely  variable  in  size,  colour  of  derm, 
colour  of  dermal  and  length  of  fascicular  scales;  and  of  which  I 
have  taken  specimens  in  South  Australia  (the  original  locality  of 
Pascoe's  specimens).  New  South  Wales  and  West  Australia.  The 
eyes  are  usually  fringed  with  paler  scales  than  on  the  rest  of  the 
head;  the  space  between  the  four  prothoracic  scales  is  usually, 
but  not  always  bare;  in  Western  specimens  the  fascicular  scales 
are  usually  longer  than  in  Eastern  ones,  and  they  are  occasionally 
decumbent.  The  scales  at  the  base  near  the  scutellum  and  on  the 
shoulders  vary  from  a  pure  snowy-white  to  a  sooty-grey,  brown, 
or  ochre;  on  the  under  surface  the  scales  vary  from  snowy-white 
to  dirty  grey,  and  are  much  darker  (usually  reddish-brown)  at 
the  sides.  The  rostrum  of  male  is  a  little  wider  towards  apex 
than  in  female.     Range  of  variation  in  size  2|  x  l|-5^  x  3^  mm. 

I  have  a  small  and  extremely  pretty  little  specimen  which  I 
take  to  be  one  of  the  varieties  of  this  species;  the  scales  at  the 
side  of  the  prothorax  are  snowy  white,  rather  densely  packed  and 
interrupted  by  an  oblique  line  of  black  elongate  ones;  the  elytra 
have  numerous  interrupted  fasciae  of  black,  brown,  ochreous  and 
snowy  scales;  it  comes  from  Tam worth.  Two  other  specimens 
(from  Tamworth  and  Forest  Reefs)  have  the  scales  on  the  upper 
surface  entirely  black,  except  a  small  white  spot  on  each  shoulder 
and  the  remnants  of  two  oblique  vittse  on  the  sides  of  prothorax. 
Haplonyx  Kirbyi,  Fahrs.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5362.— If  I  am 
correct  in  my  identification  of  this  species,  it  is  a  rather  broad 
one  which  is  very  variable  as  regard  size,  some  of  my  specimens 
beinf^  fully  five  times  as  large  as  others;  the  largest  measures 
4i  X  3^  mm.     It  is  widely  distributed  in  New  South  Wales. 

Haplonyx  Macleayi,  Chev.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5364.  —  I 
have  a  specimen  from  Cootamundra  which  is  without  white  elytral 
fascije,  but  as  this  is  a  character  which  is  subject  to  variation  or 
occasional  obliteration,  and  as  in  all  other  details  it  agrees 
perfectly  with  the  description  of  Macleayi,  even  to  size,  I  am 
nearly  confident  that  it  is  that  species. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.    LEA.  631 

H.  Spbncei,  GylL;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5380.  Hub.—'N.ii.W.; 
widely  distributed. 

Div.  ii. —  Without  fascicles  or  tubercles. 

Haplonyx  porcatus,  n.sp. 

Entirely  dark  reddish-piceous.  Head  convex,  granulate  and 
punctate,  and  with  scattered  whitish  scales;  a  shallow  impression 
between  eyes.  Rostrum  about  the  length  of  prothorax;  densely 
punctate,  punctures  towards  apex  smaller  and  more  elongate,  a 
much  interrupted  median  line.  Scape  passing  muzzle.  Prothorax 
bisinuate,  granulate-punctate;  with  elongate  whitish  scales  rather 
-evenly  distributed  and  feebly  marking  median  line.  Scutellum 
i^ubcordate,  punctate  and  squamose.  Eh/tra  subtriangular ; 
.shoulders  oblique;  sparsely  and  evenly  covered  with  small  elongate 
scales  except  a  rather  broad  patch  at  base  and  a  postmedian 
fasciate  band;  with  rows  of  large  oblong  punctures  or  fovese, 
larger  and  less  elongate  at  sides  and  smallest  towards  apex  ; 
interstices  very  feebly  convex,  nearly  as  wide  as  punctures  at 
base,  much  less  towards  sides;  suture  and  shoulders  with  small 
gi'anules,  which  become  depressed  on  the  rest  of  the  surface. 
Under  surface  and  leys  with  moderately  dense  small  subelongate 
scales.  Anterior  femora  sublinear,  with  irregular  teeth;  tibiae 
bisinuate  ;  claw-joint  shining,  without  pubescence.  Length  5, 
Avidth  3^  mm. 

Hah, — Mt.  Lofty,  South  Australia. 

The  punctures  on  the  elytra  of  this  species  are  much  larger 
than  in  many  others  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  When  alive  it 
appears  to  have  been  covered  on  the  elytral  fasciae  and  perhaps 
the  mesosternal  epipleurte  with  some  sort  of  exudation,  traces  of 
which  still  remain;  great  care  is  required  to  preserve  this  sub- 
stance intact,  and  as  my  trip  to  Mt.  Lofty  was  extremely  hurried 
everything  collected  was  placed  in  spirits. 

Haplonyx  punctipennis,  n.sp. 

Reddish-brown,  scutellum  and  coxae  piceous.  Head  rather 
large,    granulate,  punctate,   feebly    squamose.       Rostrum    short, 


632  NEW    SPECIES    OP    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

straight,  flat,  parallel-sided,  not  or  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  wide; 
coarsely  punctate.  Scape  passing  muzzle;  club  large.  I'rothorax 
granulate,  punctate;  base  not  twice  the  width  of  apex;  moderately 
elongate  scales  regularly  distributed  except  at  sides,  where  they 
combine  to  form  two  oblique  vittee.  Scutdkim  small,  semicircular. 
Elytra  slightly  longer  than  wide,  a  circular  patch  about  scutellum 
of  black  subfasciculate  scales,  surrounded  except  apically  with 
white  scales;  a  few  white  scales  scattered  about  near  apex,  sides 
and  base,  elsewhere  nude;  punctures  large,  quadrate,  largest  at 
sides;  interstices  granulate,  near  suture  as  wide  as  punctures, 
much  narrower  at  sides.  Under  surface  and  leijs  moderately 
densely  clothed  with  white  subelongate  scales.  Femora  rather 
thick,  unidentate;  tibipe  bisinuate,  basal  sinus  twice  as  long  as 
apical;  claw-joint  squamose.     Length  4,  width  2|  mm. 

//rt6.— Hillgrove,  N.S.W.  (Dr.  C.  Hardcastle). 

Differs  from  centralis,  besides  colour  and  clothing,  in  being  less 
convex,  elytra  narrower  towards  apex,  rostrum  shorter  and  elytral 
punctures  stronger;  from  the  description  of  cionoides  in  having  the 
rostrum  short,  not  at  all  cylindrical,  and  the  prothorax  not  three 
times  wider  at  base  than  apex. 

Haplonyx  sordidus,  n.sp. 

Reddish-brown,  antennse  and  claw-joint  paler;  scutellum,  head, 
club,  under  surface  and  coxae  piceous.  Head  large,  minutely 
granulate  and  punctate;  sparse  whitish  scales  irregularly  clustered 
together;  a  feeble  impression  between  eyes.  Rostrum  as  in  the 
preceding.  Scape  considerably  passing  muzzle;  1st  joint  of  funicle 
short,  perfectly  triangular,  not  much  longer  than  2nd;  club  large. 
Prothorax  not  once  and  one-half  wider  at  base  than  apex;  Imse 
bisinuate,  thickened;  scutellar  lobe  truncate;  apex  feebly  emar- 
ginate  in  the  middle;  punctate  and  granulate;  straw-coloured 
scales  feebly  scattered  about  the  base  in  the  middle,  and  forming 
three  irregular  vittfe  on  sides,  a  few  darker  scales  in  the  middle. 
Scutellum  feebly  transverse,  punctate.  Elytra  with  feeble  traces 
of  three  fasciae  across  middle,  somewhat  more  densely  squamose 
at  base  and  apex;  punctures  large,  subquadrate,  scarcely  larger 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA. 


633 


at  sides  than  near  suture;  interstices  densely  granulate,  convex, 
the  2nd,  3rd,  5th  and  7th  more  noticeably  so.  Under  surface 
with  whitish  scales,  sparser  on  abdomen.  Femora  moderately 
thick,  bidentate;  tibiae  bisinuate;  claw-joint  squamose,  distinct. 
Length  4,  width  2|  mm. 

Hah. — Sydney. 

Somewhat  similar  to  the  preceding  in  shape,  but  with  thicker 
and  bidentate  femora,  elytra  more  feebly  punctate  and  more  dis- 
tinctly granulate;  the  shoulders  not  at  all  oblique  (in  that  species 
they  are  scarcely  but  still  noticeably  obliquely  rounded):  from  the 
following  it  differs  in  being  narrower,  with  a  shorter  and  thicker 
rostrum,  less  granulate  and  more  convex  interstices  ;  in  the 
following  species  also  the  scutellum  is  much  more  noticeably 
transverse. 

Haplonyx  atek,  n.sp. 

Black;  antennte — except  club — dull  red.  Head  punctate  and 
distinctly  granulate,  very  sparsely  squamose.  Rostrum  a  little 
longer  than  prothorax,  rather  wide,  suddenly  but  slightly  increas- 
ino-  in  width  at  insertion  of  antennse;  base  coarsely  punctate,  apex 
with  finer  and  (proportionately)  longer  punctures.  Scape  passing 
muzzle  for  about  one-third  its  length:  1st  joint  of  funicle  elongate- 
triangular,  not  much  thicker  or  longer  than  2nd;  club  elongate. 
Prothorax  about  once  and  one-half  wider  at  base  than  apex;  base 
bisinuate;  scutellar  lobe  truncate;  distinctly  granulate,  and  with 
feeble  scattered  white  scales.  Scutellum  distinctly  transverse, 
triangular.  Elytra  not  much  wider  than  long,  with  very  few 
scattered  white  scales,  punctures  large  but  distinct  only  near 
sides;  interstices  convex,  wider  than  punctures,  distinctly  granu- 
late throughout.  Umler  surface  and  leys  with  white  scales  not 
very  densely  distributed  and  of  two  shapes,  long  and  thin,  and 
obtriangular.  Femora  sublinear,  unidentate;  tibiae  curved,  the 
anterior  feebly  bisinuate,  the  median  piece  scarcely  interrupting 
the  general  outline;  claw-joint  feebly  squamose,  distinct.  Length 
4,  width  2|  mm. 

Hab.— Forest  Reefs,  N.S.W. 


634:  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

An  entirely  black  species,  except  for  the  antenna?,  and  having 
the  outline  of  the  elytral  punctures  much  obscured  by  granula- 
tions; the  elytral  epipleurse  are  more  distinct  than  is  usual  in  the 
genus. 

Haplonyx  uniformis,  n.sp. 

Dull    red ;    scutellum    and   coxse   piceous.      The  entire   upper- 
surface   (except   rostrum)   equally   covered   with   pale   brown   or 
testaceous  scales,  appearing  circular  under  a  Coddington  lens,  but 
subquadrate  under  a  compound  microscope;  on  the  elytra  there 
are  a  few  indistinct  spots  of  paler  scales.     Roslrmn  parallel-sided,, 
flat ;    a    little    longer  than    prothorax,  almost   equally  punctate 
throughout.     Scape  scarcely  passing  muzzle;   1st  joint  of  funicle 
more  than  half  the  length  of  2nd-7th,  and  almost  as  long  as  club. 
Prothorax  widely  transverse,  base  bisinuate;  scutellar  lobe  semi- 
circular.    ScuteUum  punctate,  elongate,  not  squamose.     Elytra 
with  very  feeble  traces  of  stria?,  and  punctures,  if  present,  entirely 
concealed  by  scales.      Under  surface  with  squarish  white  scales, 
becoming  straw-coloured  and  much  denser  on  sides   of    sterna. 
Femora  thick,  anterior  with  but  one  tooth,  and  that  very  small; 
tibiae  straight,  almost  without  sinuosity;  tarsi  large;   claw -joint 
very  small  and  traceable  only  with  difficulty.     Length  2^  (vix), 
width  14  mm. 

Hab.—l<iew  South  Wales  (Mr.  Kershaw,  Senr.). 

A  small  species  with  several  unusual  characters;  the  tibite  in 
all  the  species  I  have  examined  are  usually  noticeably  bisinuate 
or  else  strongly  curved;  in  this  species,  however,  they  appear  to 
be  perfectly  straight  on  the  undersurface,  being  scarcely  inter- 
rupted by  a  very  small  projection  a  little  l^efore  the  apex;  the 
femoral  tooth  is  also  very  minute.  It  is  also  the  only  species  I 
have  seen  in  which  the  club  is  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the 
antennae.  The  scales  on  the  upper  surface  are  unusually  laro'e, 
regular,  and  closely  applied  to  the  derm. 

Haplonyx  longipilosus,  n.sp. 

Dull  brownish-red,  under  surface  and  club  darker;  scutellumi 
piceous.      Bead  flattened,  punctate,  granulate,  feebly  squamose. 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA.  635' 

Rostrum  as  long  as  head  and  pro  thorax  combined;  subcylindrical, 
parallel-sided  to  beyond  antennae;  deeply  and  somewhat  regularly 
punctate,  the  punctures  causing  five  longitudinal  carinse  to  appear, 
only  the  middle  one  of  which  is  distinct.  Antennae  slender ;. 
scape  not  passing  muzzle  one-third  of  its  length;  funicle  six- 
jointed,  1st  scai'cely  thickened;  club  rather  slender,  continuously 
thickened  with  funicle.  Prothorax  twice  as  wide  at  base  as  apex; 
base  bisinuate  ;  scutellar  lobe  truncate  ;  equally  clothed  with 
rather  long  thin  testaceous  scales;  granulate,  punctate.  ScuteUuni 
short,  subtriangular,  punctate.  Elytra  with  scales  as  on  pro- 
thorax,  except  that  a  large  lateral  subtriangular  patch  is  almost 
nude;  large  quadrate  punctures  largest  at  sides;  interstices  granu- 
late, convex,  much  narrower  than  punctures;  shoulders  feebly 
rounded.  Under  surface  with  paler  and  shorter  scales  than  above. 
Legs  long;  femora  slightly  thickened,  bidentate,  the  anterior  tooth 
^'ery  indistinct;  tibia?  bisinuate,  the  basal  sinus  semicircular,  much 
shorter  than  apical  ;  claw-joint  feebly  squamose,  moderately 
distinct.     Length  5,  width  3^  mm. 

Hah. — Swan  River. 

The  tibia?  in  this  genus  often  present  useful  characters  for 
specific  distinction;  in  this  species  they  might  be  said  to  be  semi- 
circularly  emarginate  at  base,  the  basal  sinus  being  much  shorter 
and  deeper  than  the  apical,  a  character  also  possessed  by  the 
following  species;  the  clothing  on  the  upper  surface  is  longer  and 
more  uniform  in  colour  than  is  usual. 

Haplonyx  tibialis,  n.sp. 

Piceous;  elytra,  abdomen  and  antennse  (except  club)  dull  red; 
rostrum  sometimes  piceous  but  usually  dull  red..  Scales  short, 
pale  brown,  almost  equally  and  rather  densely  covering  upper 
surface.  Head  with  scales  all  converging  to  centre,  trace  of  a  feeble 
impression  between  eyes.  Rostrum  as  long  as  or  slightly  longer 
than  prothorax;  subcylindrical,  slightly  narrowed  about  antennal 
insertion,  densely  punctate ;  carinate  or  not,  the  carina  when 
present  usually  feebl}'  bifurcate  about  the  middle,  nearly  always 
traceable  but  ^'ery  feeble  on  muzzle.     Scape  passing  muzzle,  in  ^ 


636  KEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

more  elongate  than  in  9;  funicle  distinctly  six-jointed,  1st  joint 
obtriangular,  scarcely  as  long  as  2nd-3rd  combined,  4th-6th  trans- 
verse; club  moderately  elongate.  Prothorax  not  twice  as  wide  at 
base  as  apex,  a  feebly  traceable  median  line,  scales  at  side  some- 
what paler  than  on  disc  ;  ape;s  feebly  emarginate,  base  bisinuate, 
marked  with  paler  scales.  Scutellum  transverse,  subcordate. 
Elytra  broad,  not  much  wider  than  prothorax,  shoulders  very 
feebly  produced;  distinctly  but  not  deeply  striate;  pale  rounded 
scales  in  the  strite  but  not  regularly  between  punctures,  being 
more  noticeable  at  apex,  base  and  middle  ;  interstices  broad, 
scarcely  convex,  much  wider  than  striaj;  two  feeble  interrupted 
fasciae  across  middle  caused  by  the  scales  there  being  a  little 
darker  and  smaller.  Under  surface  and  legs  moderately  densely 
clothed  with  white  rounded  scales,  denser  on  sterna,  at  the  sides 
of  which  they  become  ochreous.  Legs  stout;  femora  unidentate; 
tibise  emarginate  at  base,  from  emargination  to  apex  bordered 
with  small  blunt  teeth  about  sixteen  in  number,  just  visible  with 
a  Coddington  lens;  tarsi  broad,  three  basal  joints  almost  equally 
padded  with  pale  setse;  claw-joint  very  small,  scarcely  ^isible 
from  abo^e,  not  protruding  beyond  tarsal  pad.  Length  6,  width 
4;  range  of  variation  5-7  mm. 

Hah. — Swan  River.  Beaten  from  young  Eucal3fpts  on  which 
were  numerous  specimens  of  Brachyscelis  strombylosa. 

A  broad  depressed  species  with  peculiar  tibiae,  the  small  teeth 
mentioned  being  on  the  lower  and  outer  side;  the  antennae  of  $ 
differ  from  those  of  9  (oi'  perhaps  vice  versa)  in  being  longer  and 
thinner;  the  scape,  however  (owing  to  the  prolongation  of  the 
rostrum),  only  passes  the  muzzle  in  the  same  proportion.  From 
H.  ( AoUes)  ruhiginosus  it  differs  (besides  size  and  width)  in  having 
the  scales  on  the  elytral  interstices  packed  five  deep,  except 
towards  base,  where  they  are  denser;  in  that  species  they  do  not 
appear  to  be  more  than  three  deep  and  are  less  regular  in  shape; 
ruhiginosus  has  also  large  fluted  snowy-white  scales  (similar  to 
those  on  abdomen)  between  puncture  and  puncture,  but  they  are 
very  easily  lost;  out  of  forty-two  specimens  I  have  under  examina- 
tion (all  collected  within  the  past  two  years)  but  seven  are  perfect 


BY    ARTHUR    M.   LEA. 


637 


in  this  respect.  The  scales  on  the  abdomen  of  a  fresh  specimen 
are  extremely  pretty,  and  are  similar  in  character  in  all  the 
species  I  have  examined,  though  varying  in  size,  width  and  colour; 
they  are  convex  and  fluted  their  entire  length,  and  when  large 
are  verj'  easily  abraded. 

Haplonyx  (Aglles)  RUBiGiNOSUS,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No. 
5346. — As  previously  mentioned  this  species  is  properly  referable 
to  Haplonyx.  I  have  it  from  Swan  River  (common).  Darling 
Ranges  and  Mt.  Barker. 

Haplonyx  vestigialis,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5386.  —  I 
have  a  number  of  species  of  Curculionidce  belonging  to  widely 
separated  genera  which  have  a  pinkish  or  vermilion-coloured 
exudation.  Spirits  rapidly  destroy  it,  leaving  scai'cely  a  trace 
except  perhaps  a  blotched  greasy  appearance  where  it  has  been. 
An  undescribed  species  of  Hylohuis,  a  specimen  of  which  I  obtained 
four  years  ago,  was  entirely  covered;  it  was  killed  by  removing 
the  head,  and  the  colour  and  position  of  the  exudation  was  kept 
for  about  two  years,  but  the  specimen  then  became  greasy  and  the 
exudation  rolled  up  into  little  balls,  though  a  trace  of  the  tint 
remains.     Sydney. 

Haplonyx  cioniformis,  Chev.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5353. — I 
have  specimens  of  this  species  from  Swan  River  ranging  in  size 
from  3^  to  4|  mm.  The  legs  are  rather  longer  than  is  usual  in 
the  genus. 

Haplonyx  sexvittatus,  Chev.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5379. — 
Widely  distributed  in  New  South  Wales  and  varying  in  size  fi'om 
31  to  4J^  mm.  The  colour  of  the  derm  is  much  paler  in  some 
specimens  than  in  others,  as  are  also  the  scales  with  which  it  is 
clothed.  The  six  prothoracic  vittse  are  seldom  very  distinct,  the 
two  median  ones  being  usually  obscured.  In  ^  the  rostrum  is 
short,  and  could  fairly  be  stated  to  be  "  ad  basin  nudti-costato  "  ; 
in  9  it  is  longer,  thinner,  and  the  punctures  are  more  irregular. 

Haplonyx  nigrirostris,  Chev.;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5370. — If 
I  have  rightly  identified  this  species  it  is  one  which  is  widely 
distributed  in  New  South  Wales,  and,  like  vicinus,  may  commonly 


638  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    COLEOPTERA, 

be  beaten  from  the  drying  leaves  of  freshly  felled  Eucalyptus. 
I  have  specimens  in  which  the  rostrum  is  entirely  black,  and 
others  in  which  there  is  scarcely  a  tinge  of  piceous. 

H.  CENTRALIS,  Pasc;  Mast.  Cat.  Sp.  No.  5351.  Hah.  —  South 
Australia. 

H.  MAiALis,  Pasc;  I.e.  No.  5365.  Hah. — New  South  Wales 
(widely  distributed). 

H.  viciNUS,  Chev.;  I.e.  No.  5387.  Hah. — Tamworth,  Forest 
Reefs,  Sydney. 

SiGASTUS  FASCicuLARis,  Pasc;  l.c.  No.  5389.  Hah. — Swan 
River. 

Zeopus  storeoides,  Pasc;  l.c.  No.  5347.      f/ab.—  ^wan  River. 

Subfamily  BARIDIIDES. 
P  s  A  L  D  u  s,  Pascoe  (1870). 

I  have  no  doubt  whatever  but  that  this  genus  is  identical  with 
N utiomimetes,  Wollaston,  1873  ;  and  moreover  that  N.  Pascoei, 
Woll.,  is  a  synonym  of  P.  liosomoides,  Pasc.  I  have  both  species 
described  by  Pascoe.*  In  a  footnote  to  P.  ammodytes,  Pascoe 
remarks  that  Aphela  and  Psaldusj  should  form  a  subfamily  near 
the  Moll/tides.  I  cannot  see  that  they  are  very  close  to  that  sub- 
family; they  appear  to  me  to  be  intermediate  in  position  between 
the  Baridiides  and  Cosaonides,  and  that  Wollaston  in  referring 
Notiomimetes  to  the  latter  subfamily  was  not  very  wide  of  the 
mark.  Psaldus  and  Aphela  are  closely  allied  (if  not  identical, 
and  the  species  have  exactly  the  same  habits  ;  A.  algarutn  is 
certainly  closer  to  P.  liosomoides  than  it  is  to  ^.  helopoides. 

*  It  appears  to  me  that  P.  ammodytes  is  but  a  feeble  variety  of  P.  lioso- 
moide'i.  I  have  taken  specimens  at  King  George's  Sound  and  Champion 
Bay  (the  original  localities),  and  they  appear  to  be  very  variable  in  regard  to 
colour  and  size.  In  the  Champion  Bay  specimens  [ammodytes)  the  rostral 
and  abdominal  punctures  appear  to  be  more  feeble  than  in  those  from  the 
Sound,  but  I  can  detect  no  other  structural  differences. 

t  Together  with  Emphyastes,  a  genus  not  represented  in  Australia,  and 
unknown  to  me. 


639 


ON  THE  LIZARDS  OF  THE  CHILLAGOE  DISTRICT, 

K  QUEENSLAND. 

By  R.  Broom,  M.D.,  B.Sc. 

During  a  residence  of  over  six  months  in  North  Queensland 
I  devoted  most  of  my  spare  time  to  the  collection  of  zoological 
and  botanical  specimens.  The  township  of  Muldiva  in  which  I 
resided  came  into  existence  in  connection  with  some  local  silver 
mining  and  smelting  operations,  and  when  the  working  of  the 
silver  had  to  be  abandoned  through  the  fall  in  prices  the  township 
did  not  long  survive  the  death  of  the  industry.  Muldiva  was 
situated  almost  on  the  dividing  range  between  the  Walsh  River 
and  the  Tate,  about  70  miles  west  of  Herberton,  and  at  an 
elevation  of  about  1800  feet.  The  country  consists  for  the  most 
part  of  undulating  plains,  fx'om  which  there  rise  numerous  low 
ranges  of  hills.  To  the  north  the  hills  and  rocks  are  chiefly 
composed  of  quartzite  and  limestone,  which,  when  disintegrated, 
give  rise  to  a  fairly  good  soil.  To  the  south  the  character  of  the 
country  is  very  different,  almost  all  the  rocks  and  hills  being 
composed  of  granite.  Here  the  soil  is  very  poor,  being  chiefly 
composed  of  sand  and  small  pieces  of  quartz  from  the  disintegrated 
granite,  while  at  a  depth  of  a  foot  or  two  is  generally  found  a 
substratum  of  clay  from  the  decomposed  felspar.  The  whole 
country  side  is  covered  with  the  usual  open  forest  of  Eucalyptus 
trees,  with  a  considerable  admixture  of  other  sorts,  Grevilleas, 
Brachychitons,  Acacias,  &c.  During  the  eight  months  from 
April  to  November,  as  a  rule,  there  is  practically  no  rain,  and 
almost  all  the  vegetation^  with  the  exception  of  the  trees,  becomes 
withered  up,  giving  the  whole  district  a  very  barren  appearance. 
From  December  till  March  there  are  thunderstorms  nearly  every 
day  with  an  abundant  rainfall,  which  soon  gives  rise  to  a  luxuriant 


640  ■     LIZARDS    OP    NORTH    QUEENSLAND, 

outcrop  of  grass  and  flowers.  The  long  spell  of  dry  weather  seems 
to  be  unfavourable  to  the  reptilian  fauna,  and  as  a  result  snakes 
are  rare,  and  lizards  not  very  plentiful.  Though  a  careful  search 
reveals  the  presence  of  a  considerable  variety  of  forms,  only  four 
or  five. lizards  are  at  all  common.  In  the  following  list  are  noted 
all  the  lizards  that  have  been  found,  and  though  it  is  not  improb- 
able that  a  few  other  forms  exist  in  the  district  which  have  not 
been  observed  the  list  may  be  held  to  give  a  fairly  good  idea  of 
the  lacertilian  fauna  : — 

Nephrurus  asper,  Gthr. — This  remarkable  little  lizard  is  no 
doubt  rare,  as  I  was  not  fortunate  in  personally  coming  across  a 
specimen,  though  two  were  brought  me,  one  of  which  was  alive. 
In  its  movements  it  resembles  much  more  the  chameleons  than 
any  of  the  normal  geckoes.  The  live  specimen  made  no  attempt 
to  bite,  and  would  allow  itself  to  be  lifted  without  making  any 
great  resistance.  In  the  stomach  of  the  other  specimen  I  found 
the  remains  of  a  cricket,  and  some  other  much  digested  remains, 
probably  those  of  caterpillars. 

Gymnodactylus  pelagicus,  Gir.  —In  my  collection  I  find  only 
one  specimen  of  this  gecko,  so  that  it  must  be  regai'ded  as  rare. 

Heteronota  binoei,  Gi-ay.  Native  name  Mbootoo. — This  little 
gecko  is  one  of  the  commonest  lizards  of  the  district.  It  is  chiefly 
found  on  the  ground  under  stones,  pieces  of  bark  and  fallen 
timber. 

Diplodactvlus  pulcher,  Stdchr.  —  One  of  the  rarer  jjeckoes 
of  the  district. 


o^ 


QEdura  TRYONi,  DeVis.  {  =  (E.  oceUata,  Blgr.). — This  beautiful 
gecko  is  by  no  means  rare,  and  the  variations  in  colour  are 
remarkable.  The  variety  figured  in  the  British  Museum  Catalogue 
as  (E.  oceUata  is  the  form  least  commonly  met  with,  most  speci- 
mens being  more  or  less  distinctly  banded,  and,  though  there  is 
no  constancy  in  the  markings  of  the  body,  there  is  generally  a 
more  or  less  marked  dark  band  round  the  occipital  region.  In 
spirit  specimens  the  bright  colouring  of  this  gecko  is  to  a  large 
extent  lost.     It  is  chiefly  found  among  the  limestone  rocks. 


BY    R.    BROOM.  641 

CEdura  rhombifeka,  Gray. — Though  by  no  means  so  plentiful 
as  IJeteronota  binoei,  this  little  gecko  is  fairly  common,  but  is 
found  in  quite  diiferent  situations  from  that  form — generally 
frequenting  the  roofs  of  bark  outhouses.  It  is  a  very  agile  little 
lizard,  and  it  is  particularly  interesting  to  watch  its  stealthiness 
in  stalking  its  prey,  and  its  quick  little  spring  when  within 
striking  distance.  At  times,  however,  it  appears  possessed  of 
more  valour  than  discretion,  as  I  have  seen  a  little  one  3  inches  * 
long  vainly  endeavouring  to  catch  a  dragonfly  considerably  larger 
than  itself,  which  had  got  into  an  outhouse  and  was  buzzing 
round  the  roof,  the  little  gecko  making  a  spring  at  it  every  time 
it  passed. 

Gehyra  variegata,  D.  (t  B.  Native  name  Dtella. — In  most 
of  the  wooden  dwelling-houses  is  to  be  found  this  very  pretty 
gecko.  During  the  day  it  lies  hidden  in  some  corner,  and  in  the 
evening  is  found  wandering  about  the  walls. 

Pygopus  lepidopus,  Lacep. — This  snake-like  lizard,  though 
occurring  in  the  district,  is  exceedingly  rare. 

Tympanocryptis  cephalus,  Ci/ir.— Though  not  common,  I  was 
fortunate  in  obtaining  three  or  four  specimens  of  this  pretty  little 
Agamid.  All  the  specimens  I  obtained  were  got  among  the  lime- 
stone rocks. 

DiPOROPHORA  AUSTRALis,  Stclchv.  Native  name  Urnysem. — 
This  is  by  far  the  commonest  of  the  lizards  of  the  district.  It  is 
well  distributed,  but  most  abundant  in  the  limestone  country. 
In  general  habit  it  resembles  young  specimens  of  Amphibolums 
muricatus,  but  unlike  that  species  is  rarely  seen  except  on  the 
ground.  When  standing  on  the  look-out  it  holds  its  little  round 
head  well  elevated  on  its  slender  neck.  When  disturbed  it  runs 
off  at  a  pretty  rapid  pace. 

An  interesting  point  about  this  lizard  is  the  very  remarkable 
variation  in  colouring  that  is  met  with.  From  specimens  beauti- 
fully ornamented  with  sooty-black  markings,  to  light  slate-coloured 
specimens  with  scarcely  a  trace  of  markings   almost  every  degree 


■642  LIZARDS    OF    NORTH    QUEENSLAND 

of  ornamentation  can  be  found.  The  colouring  and  markius  of 
specimens  had  apparently  very  little,  if  any,  connection  with  the 
surroundings,  light  and  dark  specimens  living  together  in  the  one 
situation,  and  apparently  getting  on  equally  well  in  the  "  struggle 
for  existence." 

Chlamydosaurus  kingii,  Gray. — The  great  frilled  lizard  is  not 
^common,  but  is  occasionally  met  with.  I  kept  a  full-grown  speci- 
men for  some  days.  It  became  quite  tame,  and  would  allow  me  to 
carry  it  about  in  my  arms.  Its  long  legs  give  it  a  different 
appearance  from  almost  all  other  lizards.  One  day  while  riding 
in  the  bush  I  observed  a  fine  specimen  run  up  a  tall  slender  tree; 
dismounting  I  followed  thinking  I  could  not  but  catch  it.  When 
near  the  top,  and  I  within  a  couple  of  feet  of  it,  seeing  no  escape 
down  the  tree,  it  took  a  flying  leap  of  30  feet  or  so,  and  long 
before  I  was  down,  was  up  a  second  tree,  where  I  left  it  undis- 
turbed. 


Tiliqua  scincoides,  Whitf.  Native  name  Ngtira. — The  large 
seal}'  or  blue-tongued  lizard  is  not  uncommon.  I  kept  a  large 
specimen  alive  for  some  months,  feeding  it  on  little  scraps  of  meat. 
Considering  the  size  of  the  lizard  it  is  remarkably  powerful,  and 
when  sitting  at  hay  is  by  no  means  to  be  played  with.  If  a  stick 
be  presented  to  it,  it  snaps  at  it,  and  then  rapidly  rolls  itself 
round  and  round  on  its  side,  and  unless  the  stick  be  firmly  held, 
the  lizard  will  probably  twist  it  out  of  the  hand.  The  one  I  had 
alive  was  kept  secured  by  a  string  round  its  neck,  and  with  a  box 
for  a  kennel.  When  out  feeding  endeavours  were  made  at 
difiierent  times  to  induce  dogs  to  attack  it,  but  it  would  hold  its 
own  like  a  cat,  facing  round  to  whichever  side  the  attack  was 
threatened  from,  and  after  keeping  its  assailant  at  bay  for  some 
time,  on  the  first  favourable  opportunity  would  rapidly  run  into 
its  box  for  safety. 

Lygosoma  lesueurii,  D.  <t  B, — In  North  Queensland  this 
common  skink  differs  somewhat  in  colour  from  the  specimens 
collected  in  New  South  Wales.  In  the  northern  specimens  the 
general  shade  is  a  light  brown;  in  the  southern  specimens  a  dark 


BY    R.    BROOM. 


643 


olive-brown.  Though  I  have  seen  scores  of  specimens  in  New 
South  Wales  I  have  not  seen  one  with  the  peculiar  light  tint  of 
the  northern  variety;  nor  are  there  any  dark  coloured  specimens 
among  those  collected  by  me  in  the  north.  As  regards  markings, 
scales,  itc,  there  are  no  appreciable  differences  between  the  two. 
Next  to  Diporopliora  australis  this  is  the  commonest  lizard  in 
the  district.     It  is  exceedingly  active  and  very  difficult  to  capture. 

Lygosoma  elegantulum,  Ptrs.  Sf  Doria. — This  beautiful 
Lygosoma  is  not  uncommon.  Though  the  large  majority  of  the 
lizards  are  found  chiefly  in  the  limestone  district,  all  the  specimens 
I  obtained  of  this  form  were  from  the  granite  region  where  they 
were  found  under  fallen  timber. 

Lygosoma  nov.e-guine^,  Meyer. — Not  common. 

Lygosoma  guichenoti,  D.  Sf  B. — Not  common. 

Lygosoma  fuscum,  D.  Sf  B. — This  lizard  may  be  regarded  as 
rather  rare.  In  addition  to  the  ordinary  form  I  obtained  a 
specimen  of  a  variety  which  differs  somewhat  from  the  normal 
type.  On  the  back  and  sides  the  scales  are  very  markedly 
carinate.  From  the  occiput  to  the  shoulder  region  most  of  the 
scales  are  tricarinate,  but  behind  this  in  the  six  dorsal  rows  the 
scales  are  practically  all  bicarinate,  the  bicarinate  scales  being 
continued  on  to  the  tail.  The  lateral  and  dorso-lateral  scales  are 
mostly  tricarinate,  but  on  nearing  the  abdominal  region  the  scales 
become  feebly  bicarinate. 

Lygosoma  pectorale,  De  Vis. — Rare ;  only  one  specimen 
obtained. 

Lygosoma  mundivense,  n.sp. 

The  above  name  I  have  proposed  for  a  presumably  new  Lygo- 
soma, of  which  only  one  specimen  was  found. 

Habit  lacertiform.  Distance  between  end  of  snout  and  fore 
limb  contained  1^  in  distance  between  axilla  and  groin.  Snout 
moderate,  obtuse.  Lower  eyelid  with  undivided  transparent  disc, 
which  is  considerably  larger  than  ear  opening.     Nostril  pierced 


644  LIZARDS    OF    NORTH    QUEENSLAND, 

in  nasal.  No  supranasal.  Fronto-nasal  half  broader  than  long, 
broadly  in  contact  with  rostral,  just  touching  the  frontal.  Frontal 
slightly  longer  than  fronto-parietals,  in  contact  with  1st  and  2nd 
supraoculars.  Four  supraoculars,  the  4th  larger  than  the  1st,  the 
2nd  and  3rd  subequal.  Seven  supi'aciliaries.  Fronto-parietals 
united  about  as  broad  as  long.  Interparietal  small.  Parietals 
forming  a  median  suture.  One  pair  of  nuchals  and  one  pair  of 
temporals  border  the  parietals.  Five  upper  labials  in  front  of  the 
subocular.  Ear  opening  round,  smaller  than  transparent  disc, 
surrounded  by  small  lobules,  the  anterior  ones  largest.  Thirty- 
eight  scales  round  the  body,  bi-  and  tri-carinate  irregularly 
arranged.  Prteanals  very  slightly  enlarged.  Hind  limb  reaches 
'axilla.  Fore  limb  with  four  digits,  hind  limb  pentadactyle. 
Twenty-six  to  twenty-seven  subdigital  lamellae  under  4th  toe. 

Light  olive  with  on  back  large  irregular  spots  or  blotches  of 
black  each  covering  2-4  scales;  in  the  lateral  region  the  spots 
form  a  reticulation  especially  by  the  side  of  the  neck.  Spots 
continued  to  the  toes  and  to  the  point  of  the  tail.  Head  above 
unspotted,  laterally  the  upper  labials  are  edged  with  black. 
Each  lower  labial  has  a  black  spot  largest  in  posterior  ones. 

Total  length   102  mm.     Fore  limb 15  mm. 

Head  12     „         Hind  limb....' 22     „ 

Width  of  head 7    „        Tail 60    „ 

Body  30    „ 

Loc. — Muldiva,  N.  Queensland. 

The  name  of  the  township  is  a  corruption  of  the  aboriginal 
name  for  the  creek  Mundiva  after  which  I  have  named  the  species. 

Ablepharus  tenuis.  Broom  (Ann.  Mag.  N.H.  (6)  xviii.,  Oct. 
1896,  p.  342).— Rare. 

Ablepharus  ornatus,  Broom  (I.e.  p.  343). — Not  common. 

Ablepharus  boutonii,  Desj.,  var.  peronii,  Coct. — Widely  dis- 
tributed and  moderately  common. 

Varanus  gouldii,  Grai/. — Native  name  Won  go.  Though  this 
moderately  large   monitor  is  fairly   common  further  east,  it  is 


BY    R.    BROOM.  645 

rather  scarce  around  Muldiva,  and  the  only  specimens  I  obtained 
were  those  brought  to  me  by  the  natives. 

Varanus  timorensis,  Gray. — This  small  monitor  is  fairly  com- 
mon. In  general  habit  it  differs  considerably  from  the  lai-ger 
sorts,  and  owing  to  the  more  feeble  development  of  the  limbs  is 
not  nearly  so  swift.  When  handled  a  peculiar  sickly  odour  is 
given  off. 

In  conclusion  I  must  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Mr.  G. 
A.  Boulenger,  F.R.S.,  for  kindly  giving  me  his  opinion  on  one  or 
two  specimens  about  which  there  was  a  little  doubt. 


42 


646 


ON  A  TRACHYPTERUS  FROM  NEW  SOUTH  WALES. 

By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

So  little  is  known  about  the  life  history  of  the  fishes  belonging 
to  this  family  that  any  new  facts,  however  apparently  trivial  in 
themselves,  which  relate  to  their  appearance  and  distribution 
acquire  exceptional  value,  and  should  be  recorded  in  full;  especially 
should  the  changes  which  are  now  known  to  take  place  during 
the  progress  of  the  fish  towards  maturity  be  carefully  noted  and 
the  results  tabulated.  For  it  is  only  by  the  collection  and  colla- 
tion of  these  scattered  references  that  we  may  in  time  hope  to 
gain  some  insight  into  the  economy  of  these  strange  denizens  of 
the  ocean  depths.*  It  is  therefore  with  great  pleasure  that  I  am 
enabled  to  lay  before  you  to-night  a  detailed  description  of  a 
young  example  which  was  recently  washed  ashore  near  Newcastle, 
and  fortunately  came  into  the  possession  of  the  authorities  of  the 
local  Museum.  For  the  opportunity  of  examining  this  rare  fish 
I  am  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Alfred  Finckh,  of  the 
Technological  Museum,  who  kindly  placed  the  specimen  at  my 
disposal  for  the  purposes  of  the  present  paper. 

Before,  however,  proceeding  to  describe  the  Newcastle  example, 
it  seems  to  me  advisable  to  briefly  review  the  meagre  literature 
of  the  genus,  so  far  as  it  refers  to  those  specimens  which  have 
been  recorded  from  the  south-western  Pacific. 


*  An  excellent  commencement  of  this  very  necessary  work  has  been 
made  by  Emery,  who,  in  a  vahiable  paper  published  in  the  "  Atti  Acad. 
Lincei,  Rome  iii.  1879,  pp.  390-395,  fF.  1-6,"  gives  details  of  the  examination 
of  twenty-three  specimens,  and  shows  that  three  Mediterranean  forms— 
T.  spinohv,  T.  tanvia,  and  T.  iris — which  had  always  been  recognised  as 
distinct,  are  but  successive  stages  in  the  growth  of  one  and  the  same  species; 
the  true  name  of  which  should  be  Trachypterufi  trachyptera  (Gmelin). 
Unfortunately  I  have  not  been  able  to  consult  Emery's  article. 


BY   J,    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  647 

Just  ten  3^ears  ago  Giinther*  wrote  as  follows  : — 

''  The  instances  of  the  occuiTence  of  this  genus  in  the  Pacific 
are  very  few,  viz.,  Trachypterus  altivelis  (Kaer)!  from  Valparaiso, 
Trachypterus  weychardti  (Philippi)t  also  from  the  Chilian  coast, 
and  TrachyfUrus  arawatoi  (Clarke)  from  the  coast  of  jS^ew 
Zealand." 

In  addition  to  these,  however,  he  refers  to  a  species  described 
by  Bleeker  from  the  East  Indian  Archipelago  under  the  name  of 
Trachypterus  semiophorus,§;  and  himself  records  a  very  young 
example  dredged  by  the  Challenger  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Philippine  Islands. 

To  these  I  may  add  the  occurrence  of  Trachypterus  altivelis  on 
the  coast  of  New  Zealand  as  reported  by  Hutton,  and  of  the  same 
species  subsequently  noticed  from  the  seas  of  Tasmania  by 
Johnston;  of  a  large  specimen  from  Manly  Beach  described  by 
Ramsay  as  Regalecus  jacksoniensis;  of  three  specimens  obtained 
on  the  Victorian  coast  and  figured  by  McCoy  as  Trachypterus 
tmnia;  and  finally  of  a  species  described  as  new  by  Jordan  and 
■Gilbert  under  the  name  of  Trachypterus  rex-salmono7'um\\  from 
the  open  sea  outside  of  the  Bay  of  California. 

Confining  myself  to  the  species  of  which  we  have  authentic 
records  from  the  south-western  Pacific,  as  being  of  more  immediate 
interest  to  Australian  biologists,  the  following  list  of  specimens 
will,  I  believe,  be  found  accurate  :  — 

1.  Trachypterus  altivelis,  Hutton,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  v.  1873, 
p.  264.  A  dried  specimen  in  the  Auckland  Museum; 
length  500  millimeters. 


*  Zool.  Challenger,  xxii.  p.  72,  1887. 
+  Sitzb.  Ak.  Wien,  xxxiv.  i.  1859,  p.  4.S7,  pi.  i.;  this  is  the  only  Pacific 
species  mentioned  by  Gunther  in  his  Catalogue  of  Fishes  (iii.  p.  303). 
J  Arch.  f.  Nat.  xli.  1874,  p.  118,  pi.  iii.;  described  from  a  photograph. 
§  I  am  unable  to  find  any  description  of  this  species  or  even  any  reference 
to  the  work  in  which  it  is  described. 

II  Proc.  Calif.  Ac.  Sc.  (2)  iv.  1894,  p.  144,  pi.  ix. 


648  ON  A    TRACHYPTERUS  FROM   N.S.W., 

2.  Trachypterns   altiveUs,  Hutton,  Trans.   N.   Zeal.   Inst.   viii. 

1876,  p.  214.  An  alcoholic  specimen  in  the  Otago 
Museum. 

3.  Trachypterns  ararcatai,  Clarke,  Trans.   N.    Zeal.   Inst.   xiii. 

1881  (April),  p.  195,  c.  fig.  Jackson's  Bay,  New  Zealand; 
specimen  and  type  of  species  in  the  Colonial  Museum, 
Wellington,  in  alcohol.     Length  90  millimeters.! 

4.  Regalecus  jacksoniensis,   Ramsay,    Proc.    Linn.    Soc.    N.S. 

Wales,  V.  1881  (May),  p.  631,  pi.  xx.  {  =  Trachypterns 
jacksoniensis,  Ogilby,  Catal.  Fish.  N.S.  Wales,  p.  43,  1886). 
Manly  Beach,  New  South  Wales;  type  of  the  species  a 
plaster  cast  with  the  skin  stretched  over  it  in  the  Aus- 
tralian Museum,  Sydney;  length  1400 +  x  millimeters. 

5.  Trachijptenbs  altivelis,  Johnston,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Tas.  1882, 

p.  123.  Spring  Bay,  east  coast  of  Tasmania;  specimen  in 
the  Royal  Society's  Museum,  Hobart. 

■  6,  7,  8.  Trachypterns  tewm,  McCoy,  Prodr.  Zool.  Vict.  dec.  13, 
pi.  cxxii.  1886.  Portland,  Victoria  ;  specimens  in  the 
National  Museum,  Melbourne  ;  length  63  to  256  milli- 
meters. 

The  trachypterid  now  under  consideration  is  therefore  the 
ninth  example  ■  of  which  we  have  any  definite  record  from  the 
Australasian  Colonies,  and  as  it  differs  somewhat  from  any  of 
the  others  I  am  constrained  to  submit  the  following  detailed 
description,  and  in  the  belief  that  it  will  prove  to  be  worthy  of  at 
all  events  subspecific  rank,  the  name  pohjstictns  is  here  proposed 
on  account  of  the  numerous  spots  which  ornament  the  head  and 
body. 

t  lu  an  editorial  note  to  Clai-ke's  paper  Sir  James  Hector  remarks  :  — 
"  Tlie  author  has  overlooked  the  occurrence  of  another  specimen  of  this 
species  ''  (?  species  of  this  genus)  "  T.  altivdh,  Kner,  in  the  Auckland 
Museum;  and  other  specimens,  since  collected,  are  in  the  Wellington  and 
Dunedin  Museums."  I  can  find  no  record  of  any  such  specimens,  and  am, 
therefore,  unable  to  include  them  in  my  list. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  649 

As  it  is  evidently  more  closely  allied  to  T.  jacksoniensis  than 
t(j  T.  arawatce  I  shall  refer  to  it  in  future  as 

Trachypterus  jacksoxibnsis  polystictus,  subsp.nov. 

Contour  of  head  and  body  : — The  depth  of  the  body  is  greatest 
immediately  behind  the  head,  from  whence  it  tapers  gradually  to 
the  slender  rod-like  caudal  peduncle,  which  is  evenly  curved 
upwards  and  forwards,  and  terminates  in  a  blunt  point.  The 
abdominal  profile  is  inconspicuously  crenated  and  apparently 
somewhat  sinuous,  but  the  condition  of  the  specimen  is  not  suffi- 
ciently perfect  to  justify  me  in  definitely  asserting  this  latter 
character.  The  depth  of  the  body  at  the  base  of  the  pectoral  fin 
is  3^  in  the  total  length.* 

The  upper  profile  of  the  head  inclines  obliquely  backwards  from 
the  tip  of  the  snout  to  the  origin  of  the  nuchal  crest  so  as  to  form 
an  angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees  with  the  horizontal  axis  of 
the  body. 

The  head. — Comparative  measurements: — The  length  of  the 
headf  is  rather  less  than  its  depth  and  54  in  the  total  length;  the 
greatest  width  of  the  head  is  close  behind  the  eye  and  is  one-third 
of  the  length. 

Jaws  .-—The  premaxillary  processes  are  included  within  a  deep 
groove  which  extends  backwards  to  above  the  middle  Of  the  orbit, 
their  lencrth  beinoj  three-fourths  of  that  of  the  head.  The 
maxillary  is  short  and  broad,  its  length  2'i  in  the  head,  its  greatest 
width  a  little  more  than  half  its  length;  it  is  of  an  exceedingly 
delicate  membranous  structure,  and  is  profusely  ridged  Avith  well 
developed  stria3,  which  radiate  from  a  point  near  its  anterior 
margin,  most  of  the  rays  on  the  outer  side  being  ramose;  it  does 

*  All  measuiements  in  which  the  ' '  total  length  "  forms  one  of  the  factors 
must  be  looked  upon  as  approximate  only  since  the  curvature  of  the 
vertebral  column  posteriorly  prohibits  absolute  accuracy. 

t  The  border  of  the  opercle  on  each  side  is  greatly  frayed  so  that  it  is 
impossible  to  determine  it  accurately;  I  have  tlierefore  taken  the  measure- 
ments from  the  tip  of  tiie  snout  to  the  middle  of  the  scapular  arch. 


650  ON   A   TRACHYPTERirS  FROM   N.S.W., 

not  extend  backwards  beyond  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye;  the 
mandibular  rami  are  extraordinarily  deej^,  the  hinder  and  lower 
borders  being  of  equal  length.  The  mouth  is  situated  on  a  level 
with  the  inferior  border  of  the  eye. 

Teeth  : — The  dentition  is  imperfect,  the  only  teeth  now  remain- 
ing being  a  single  very  strong  sharp  acutely-conical  one  on  each 
ramus  of  the  upper  jaw,  behind  which  is  a  much  smaller  but 
similarly  shaped  tooth;  no  teeth  can  be  detected  on  the  lower 
jaw. 

Eye  .-—The  eye  is  very  large  and  round,  situated  in  the  middle 
of  the  ujiper  surface  of  the  head,  its  longitudinal  diameter  being 
2i  in  the  length  of  the  head. 

Branchial  apparatus  : — All  the  opercles  are  ornamented  with 
radiating  striae  similar  to  those  of  the  maxillary,  as  also  is  the 
articular  bone;  the  opercle  is  of  moderate  size,  and  appears  to 
have  been  produced  backwards  well  beyond  the  scapular  arch;  it 
is  bordered  below  by  the  enlarged  and  band-shaped  interopercle,, 
which  overlaps  and  almost  entirely  conceals  the  small  aborted 
subopercle;  the  preopercle  is  crescentic  and  with  the  interopercle 
extends  forwards  to  beyond  the  vertical  from  the  anterior  border 
of  the  eye,  leaving  below  the  eye  a  triangular  naked  space  bordered 
by  the  hinder  margin  of  the  dentary  and  the  preopercle;  the 
branchiostegal  rays  are  six  in  number,  and  there  are  nine  gill- 
rakers — so  far  as  I  can  ascertain  without  injuring  the  specimen 
— on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch;  they  are  short,  stout, 
and  subclaviform;  narrow  at  the  base,  compressed  and  knife-like 
above,  the  second  (from  the  articulation)  the  longest,  about  |  of 
the  diameter  of  the  eye. 

The  fias. — Dorsal  fin: — The  anterior  detached  (or  semi- 
detached) portion  of  the  dorsal  fin  originates  a  little  in  advance 
of  the  posterior  border  of  the  eye  and  but  a  short  distance  behind 
the  termination  of  the  premaxillary  groove;  it  consists  of  five 
rays,  all  of  which  are  broken  off  at  a  short  distance  above  the 
base;  the  portion  of  the  first  ray  which  is  still  in  sitii  is  armed 
anteriorly  with  curved  spinules,  as  also  is  that  of  the  second,  Ijut 


BY   J.    DOUGLAS   OGILBY.  651 

ill  a  lesser  degree.*  The  second  portion  is  fairly  perfect  and  is 
composed  of  121  rays,  the  longest  of  which  are  inserted  well 
behind  the  middle  of  the  fin  and  are  about  one-fourth  longer  than 
the  head;  these  rays  are  exceedingly  slender  and  fragile;  and  each 
ray  is  provided  with  a  strong  basal  spine  on  either  side,  and  with 
numerous  spinules  irregularly  arranged  along  its  entire  length. 

Ventral  fins  : — -The  ventral  is  inserted  well  behind  the  base  of 
the  pectoral,  and  consists  of  eight  rays,  all  of  which  are  articu- 
lated, the  first,  however,  being  considerably  stronger  than  the 
others,  while  the  last  is  split  into  three  portions  to  the  very  base; 
all  the  rays  are  more  or  less  imperfect,  and  are  quite  smooth. 

Pectoral  fins  : — The  pectoral  is  moderately  developed  and  is 
composed  of  fourteen  smooth  rays,  the  second  of  which  is  the 
longest,  about  a  third  of  the  length  of  the  head;  it  is  inserted 
somewhat  lower  than  the  suture  between  the  opercle  and  sub- 
opercle,  in  front  of  the  posterior  edge  of  the  scapular  arch  and 
is  directed  upwards  and  backwards. 

Cai(,dal  fin: — The  caudal  fin  is  very  narrow  at  the  base  and 
consists  of  two  strong  outer  rays  and  five  or  six  slender  inter- 
mediate ones  ;  the  outer  rays  are  quite  smooth,  without  any 
indication  of  external  spinules  ;  the  length  of  the  fin  is  about 
three-eighths  of  that  of  the  head.  I  am  unable  to  find  any 
indication  of  a  lower  caudal  lobe,  the  upper  lobe  being  continued 
along  the  same  axis  as  the  vertebral  column. 

Lateral  line : — The  lateral  line  originates  behind  the  eye, 
immediately  above  the  upper  angle  of  the  scapular  arch,  and  runs 
along  the  middle  of  the  side  below  the  vertebral  column  to  the 
inferior  border  of  the  caudal  peduncle,  each  poriferous  area  being 
armed  with  a  short,  stout,  conical  spine. 


*  So  far  as  can  be  seen  from  the  remnants  these  rays  were,  articulated, 
and  it  is  therefore  incorrect  to  call  them  spines  as  is  usually  clone;  there  is 
in  fact  but  one  dorsal  fin,  the  anterior  rays  of  which  are  somewhat  distinct 
from  the  posterior  portion,  as  in  some  heterosomatous  fishes,  such 
Noto^iema. 


652  ON   A   TRACHYPTERUS  FROM   N.S.W., 

Coloration  : — Silvery,  suffused  with  a  darker  gray  above,  the 
entire  head  and  body  ornamented  with  numerous  well-marked 
bluish  spots. 

The  specimen  measures  about  140  millimeters  to  the  base  of 
the  caudal  fin  and  was  found  on  the  beach  near  Newcastle. 

Comparing  this  description  with  those  of  my  jDredecessors,  as 
referred  to  in  the  list  which  I  have  given  above,  we  find  that 
(1)  in  the  Auckland  Museum  specimen  the  only  character  of  any 
value  for  specific  distinction  mentioned  by  Hutton  is  that  the 
dorsal  rays  number  about  two  hundred. ■^•'  The  few  other 
characters  mentioned  would,  roughly  speaking,  apply  equally  well 
to  any  member  of  the  genus ;  this  example  measured  twenty 
inches. 

(2)  Hutton's  second  specimen,  of  which  no  details  are  given, 
only  served  to  confirm  that  author  in  the  belief  that  the  New 
Zealand  species  was  identical  with  that  of  the  south-eastern 
Pacific. 

(3)  With  the  publication  of  Clarke's  paper  we  hail  the  first 
attempt  at  an  oi'iginal  detailed  description  of  an  Australasian 
Trachypterus,  and  it,  therefore,  merits  more  careful  analysis. 
That  author  was  exceptionally  fortunate  in  obtaining  his  specimen 
in  absolutely  perfect  condition,  the  fish,  which  measured  about 
three  and  a  half  inches,  having  been  taken  "in  a  pool  at  high- 
water  mark  "  where  it  "  had  evidently  been  embayed  on  the  tide 
retiring;"  it  was  subsequently  placed  "in  a  tin  full  of  sea-water, 
in  which  it  lived  for  some  short  time." 

Omitting  for  the  present  all  reference  to  the  fins,  our  attention 
is  immediately  drawn,  on  comparing  our  specimen  with  Clarke's 
figure,  to  the  great  dissimilarity  in  the  shape  of  the  head  and  the 
contour  of  the  body  between  the  two  fishes.  The  almost  vertical 
antero-superior  profile  of  the  head  in  araicatce  is  markedly 
different  from  that  of  the  New  South  Wales  fish  which  is  inclined 
backwards  at  an  angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees  to  the  longi- 


*  Tlie  importance  of  this  character  is  denied  by  McCoy,  to  wiiose  views 
I  shall  have  occasion  to  allude  later  on. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  608 

tudinal  axis  of  the  body.  The  eye  is  much  smaller,  being 
(according  to  the  figure)  about  one-third  of  the  length  of  the 
head  ;  now  if  the  two  fishes  belonged  to  the  same  species  we 
would  expect  this  character  to  be  reversed,  the  rule  being  tliat 
the  younger  a  fish  is  the  larger  the  eye  is  proportionately;  it  is 
also  situated  midway  between  the  upper  and  lower  profiles  of  the 
head  and  much  more  forward,  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  and  the 
whole  of  the  maxillary  being  below  the  level  of  the  eye,  and  the 
latter  extending  backwards  to  the  vertical  from  its  posterior 
border,  whereas  in  our  species  the  cleft  of  the  mouth  is  on  the 
same  le^el  with  the  inferior  edge  of  the  eye  and  the  maxillary  is 
wholly  in  front  and  only  partially  below  it. 

The  similarity  in  the  number  of  dorsal  rays  is  sure  to  attract 
attention,  but  the  comparative  height  of  the  second  dorsal  is  not 
nearly  so  great  and  there  is  a  more  pronounced  disproportion 
between  the  strength  of  the  rays  in  the  two  dorsals,  so  much  so 
as  to  make  me  somewhat  sceptical  as  to  whether  the  rays  of  the 
first  dorsal  ever  were  much  produced  in  the  Newcastle  specimen. 
The  origin  of  the  first  dorsal  in  arawatce  is  considerably  further 
forward,  .but  this  is  doubtless  in  some  measure  owing  to  the  much 
greater  verticality  of  the  profile  and  the  anterior  position  of  the 
nuchal  crest.  Clarke  lays  considerable  stress  on  the  presence  of 
a  pair  of  cutaneous  lobes  bordering  the  caudal  peduncle  above 
and  below,  which  he  views  in  the  light  of  adipose  dorsal  and  anal 
fins,  but  these  are  merely  membranous  expansions  of  the  skin  due 
to  immaturity  and  would  assuredly  not  have  been  noticeable 
except  in  the  case  of  such  a  perfect  example  as  its  describer  was 
fortunate  enough  to  possess;  they  are  of  no  specific  value. 

The  first  ventral  ray  in  arawatce  is  spoken  of  and  figured  as  a 
spine  (V.  1+5)  and  is  serrated,  in  which  characters  it  differs 
from  our  fish. 

The  upper  lobe  of  the  caudal  fin  is  inserted  almost  at  right 
angles  to  the  vertebral  axis  and  the  outer  rays  are  serrated 
externally  throughout  their  entire  length,  while  there  is  a  con- 
spicuous lower  lobe  consisting  of  six  rays  on  the  same  plane  as 


654  ON  A  TRACHTPTERUS  FROM  N.S.W., 

the  vertebral  column,  the  fourth  ray  being  slightly  elongate  and 
thus  reminding  us  of  Sfylephorus. 

(4)  In  the  Manly  fish  the  contour  of  the  head,  the  extension 
of  the  maxillary,  and  the  position  and  appearance  of  the  opercles 
are  much  the  same  as  in  the  present  fish,  as  also  is  the  origin  of 
the  dorsal  fin;  the  body,  however,  is  much  more  elongate,  but 
this  is  due  to  the  age  of  the  specimen,  which,  I  am  inclined  to 
believe,  is  also  responsible  for  the  lowness  of  the  dorsal  fin.     The 
aljdominal    profile    is    straight,    but   is    protected    by    numerous 
spinose  processes.       The  length  of  the  head  is  but  little  less  than 
the  greatest  depth  of  the  body,  which  is  far  behind  the  pectoral 
fins;  from  this  point  the  depth  rapidly  decreases  into  the  long 
and  slender  tail.     The  premaxillary  groove  is  very  lono-,  about 
four-fifths  of  the  length  of  the  head.     The  eye  is  in  much  the 
same  position  as  in  the  Newcastle  specimen,  but,  as   is   to  be 
expected    in    so   much    older   an    individual,   is    proportionately 
smaller,  its  diameter  Ijeing  contained  3^  times  in  the  length  of 
the  head,  the  contraction  making  it  appear  much  lower  on  the 
side  of  the  head.     In  Ramsay's  figure  a  large  subopercle  is  shown, 
but  no  such  bone  is  really  present,  the  inter-  and  sub-opercles 
being  as  described  above;  the  ventral  tubercle  is  also  behind  the 
base  of  the  pectoral,  not  below  it  as  stated  in  his  description. 
The    position  and  state  of  the  specimen  unfortunately  preclude 
me  from  determining  whether  the  dorsal  rays  were  smooth  or 
rough. 

(5)  Johnston  gives  no  account  of  the  Tasmanian  example,  con- 
tenting himself  by  copying  the  fin  formula  of  aUivelis  from 
Giinther,  and  it  is,  therefore,  impossible  to  decide  as  to  which 
species  it  properly  belongs;  probably  it  is  best  to  associate  it  with 
the  f  olio  win  0-. 

(6)  The  position  of  the  eye  in  both  of  the  examples  figured  b}'^ 
McCoy — one  of  which,  as  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  list 
given  above,  is  much  larger,  the  other  much  smaller  than  ours — 
is  apparently  very  different  from  that  of  the  present  fish,  being 
behind  the  middle  of  the  head  and  separated  from  the  maxillary 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  655 

by  a  preorbital  space  equalling  or  nearly  equalling  its  diameter, 
l>ut  this  appearance  is  deceptive  and  is  caused  by  McCoy  having 
unfortunately  figured  both  his  examples  with  the  premaxillary 
extended  to  its  fullest  possible  length,  and  given  therefore  a  quite 
erroneous  idea  of  the  aspect  of  the  fish  in  its  natural  state,  since 
it  is  only  under  special  conditions  that  the  mouth  is  protruded 
in  the  manner  figured;  this  is  also  responsible  for  the  wide  space 
between  the  termination  of  the  premaxillary  processes  and  the 
origin  of  the  dorsal  fin.  In  neither  of  McCoy's  specimens  is  the 
height  of  the  doi'sal  rays  so  great  as  in  ours  nor  is  there  any 
mention  made  of  spinules  on  the  rays;  the  caudal  fin  is,  however, 
much  longer  and  there  is  a  distinct  basal  lobe;  the  pectoral  fin  is 
much  smaller,  but  is  perhaps  imperfect;  in  the  larger  example  the 
first  ray  of  the  ventral  bears  four  spines  in  front  near  the  base, 
but  in  the  smaller  it  is  smooth  as  in  our  fish. 

Compared  with  arawatce  the  whole  appearance  of  McCoy's 
youngest  specimen  is  so  difii'erent  that  I  have  little  hesitation  in 
pronouncing  them  distinct. 

Writing  of  the  difficulties  which  confront  the  student  in  any 
attempt  to  discriminate  between  the  various  forms  of  trachypterids 
McCoy  makes  the  following  remarks  : — 

"  The  relative  length  of  the  rays  of  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
dorsal  fin,  the  caudal  fin,  and  the  ventral  fins  in  different 
individuals  is  due  to  the  excessive  delicacy  and  fragility  of  the 
rays  —  as  fine  as  the  finest  hair  and  as  brittle  as  spun  glass  —so 
that  the  slightest  touch  in  separating  the  rays  to  count  them 
l)reaks  them  in  pieces.  I  think  also  that  the  young  are  deeper 
and  shorter  in  proportion  than  the  old ;  and,  consequently,  the 
specific  diff'erences  founded  on  the  greater  number  of  times  the 
length  of  the  head  or  the  depth  of  the  body  are  contained  in  the 
total  length  are  not  to  be  trusted  for  specific  characters  when 
the  length  of  the  specimens  is  different.  I  also  believe  the 
numbers  of  rays  in  the  dorsal  fin  increase  with  the  length  of  the 
body  of  the  individual." 

"While  agreeing  that  great  alterations  take  place  in  the  figure 
of   these  fishes  with   increasing  age,  the   labours  of   Emery   and 


656  ON  A   TRACHYPTERUS  FROM   N.S.W., 

others  having  indeed  undeniably  demonstrated  so  much,  I  can 
not  so  readily  see  my  way  to  accepting  the  suggestion  thrown  out 
in  the  last  sentence  quoted,  since  it  necessitates  an  increase  in  the 
number  of  neural  spines  and  a  corresponding  increase  in  the 
vertebrje,  in  fact  a  thorough  reorganisation  of  the  entire  skeletal 
framework  of  the  fish.  I  do  not  know  of  any  instance  among  the 
higher  forms  of  animal  life  where  so  important  a  change  occurs, 
and  I  may  be  pardoned  for  doubting  its  accuracy  until  some  more 
reliable  evidence  than  has  as  yet  heen  brought  forward  is  adduced. 

But,  while  admitting  that  these  fishes  pass  through  many  and 
puzzling  changes  in  their  passage  from  youth  to  maturity,  and 
recognising,  therefore,  the  necessity  for  exercising  the  greatest 
caution  in  dealing  with  specimens  of  different  ages  but  from 
neighbouring  localities,  it  is  equally  incumbent  on  us  to  guard 
against  falling  into  the  opposite  error  by  carelessly  uniting 
together,  on  such  a  plea  as  the  above,  what  may  prove  to  be  very 
distinct  species,  sooner  than  trouble  ourselves  to  sift  to  the  bottom 
every  tittle  of  evidence  which  we  may  be  able  to  accumulate;  a 
slovenly  habit  which,  though  unworthy  of  the  name  of  science,  is 
unfortunately  altogether  too  prevalent. 

While,  therefore,  I  am  absolutely  opposed  to  the  contention  of 
the  limited  and,  I  am  happy  to  believe,  ever  decreasing  number 
of  observers  who  hold  that  the  separation  of  districts  by  wide 
areas  of  sea  and  land  is  no  bar  to  the  specific  identity  of  the 
creatures  inhabiting  them,*  it  must  he  borne  in  mind  that,  so  far 
as  our  present  knowledge  extends,  the  conditions  which  regulate 
animal  life  at  great  depths  below  the  surface  of  the  ocean  are 
everywhere  more  or  less  identical,  at  least  so  far  as  temperature, 
the  most  important  factor  affecting  the  distribution  and  migration 
of  fishes  is  concerned;  this  being  so,  we  know  of  no  obstacle  to 
the  cosmopolitan  distribution  of  similar  forms.  Nevertheless, 
even  here  it  seems  to  me  that  it  would  be  wiser   to  regard  as 


*  The  union  of  such  species  as  Squalus  acauthias,  Glupea  sprattus, 
Engraulis  encraskholm,  and  others  with  their  southern  analogues  is 'a  case 
in  point. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  657 

distinct  all  species  occupying  such  widely  disconnected  areas  as, 
for  instance,  the  north-eastern  Atlantic  and  the  south-western 
Pacific,  rather  than  that  they  should  be  united  together  on  the 
insufficient  characters  deducible  from  unique  and  oftentimes 
impei'fect  specimens. 

Holding  these  opinions  it  will  not,  therefore,  be  surprising  that 
I  shall  not  attempt  to  identify  our  trachypterids  with  any  of 
those  described  from  the  Atlantic  and  Mediterranean,  nor  indeed 
with  altivelis,  though  it  is  quite  possible  that  they  belong  to  that 
species.*  I  think,  however,  there  can  lie  no  reasonable  doubt 
that  the  individual  described  by  E-amsay  from  Manly  Beach  is 
the  adult  form  of  those  so  beavitifully  figured  by  McCoy  from 
Portland,  nor  that  Hutton's  and  Johnston's  fishes  must  be  placed 
in  the  same  category  with  the  latter,  the  dark  spots  on  most  of 
these  examples  being  merely  indicative  of  immaturit}^. 

With  araivatcd  and  the  present  fish  it  is  more  difficult  to  deal; 
the  contour  of  the  head,  and  especially  the  forward  position  of 
the  nuchal  crest  in  the  former,  suggests  a  second  species,  for 
McCoy's  smallest  example  was  of  much  the  same  size  as  Clarke's, 
and  yet  the  profile  of  the  head  was  inclined  backwards  at  almost 
as  great  an  angle  as  in  his  older  fish,  and  the  same  remark 
applies  to  the  anterior  position  of  the  origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  in 
araivatoi.  As  for  the  Newcastle  specimen,  which,  if  not  of  the 
same  species,  is  at  least  closely  allied  to  jacksoniensis,  I  have 
not  found  any  mention  of  a  Trachxjpferus  having  the  head  and 
body  dappled  ;  where  the  colour  markings,  if  present,  are  so 
constant  to  the  same  pattern  as  in  these  fishes,  one  is  apt  to 
attach  greater  importance  to  colour  variations  than  is  perhaps 
warranted  by  the  circumstances  of  the  case.  In,  therefore,  giving 
the  subspecific  name  polijstictus  to  the  Newcastle  fish  I  only  wish 
to  indicate  the  existence  of  such  a  form,  since  if  a  similar  variety 
of  other  species,  such  as  arcticus  and  trachyptera,  is  known,  the 
value  of  this  as  a  difterential  character  would  be  greatly  dimin- 
ished. 

*  Of  T.  semiophoriis,  as  before  stated,  I  have  seea  no  description,  and  I 
am  not,  therefore,  in  a  position  to  judge  of  its  affinity  to  our  species. 


658  ON   A   TRACHYPTERUS  FROM  N.S.W., 

In  the  present  tentative  state  of  our  knowledge  I  am  inclined 
to  synonymise  the  Australasian  species  as  follows  : — 

1.  Trachypterus  jacksoniensis. 

1  Trachypterus  altivelis  (not  Kner),  Hutton,  Trans.  N.  Zeal. 
Inst.  V.  1873,  p.  264,  and  viii.  1876,  p.  214,  and  xxii. 
1890,  p.  281;  Johnston,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc.  Tas.  1882,  p.  123, 
and  1890,  p.  34;  Macleay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales, 
ix.  1884,  p.  43;  Gill,  Mem.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Washingt.  vi. 
1894,  p.  120. 

Regalecus  jacksoniensis,  Ramsay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales, 
V.  1881,  p.  631,  pi.  xx;  Macleay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S 
Wales,  vi.  1881,  p.  55. 

Trachypterus  jacksoniensis,  Ogilby,  Catal.  Fish.  N.S.  Wales,  p. 
43,  1886. 

Trachypterus  tcenia  (not  Bloch  &  Schneider),  McCoy,  Prodr. 
Zool.  Vict,  dec.  13,  pi.  cxxii.  1886;  Lucas,  Proc.  Roy.  Soc. 
Vict.  (2)  ii.  1890,  p.  32. 

Coasts  of  south-eastern  Australia,  ?  Tasmania,  and  ?  New 
Zealand. 

la.  Trachypterus  jacksoniensis  polystictus. 
Coast  of  New  South  Wales. 

2.  Trachypterus  arawat^. 

Trachypterus  armvata^.,  Clarke,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  xiii.  1881, 
p.  195,  c.  fig.;  Hutton,  Trans.  N.  Zeal.  Inst.  xxii.  1890, 
p.  281;  Gill,  Mem.  Ac.  Nat.  Sc.  Washingt.  vi.  1894,  p. 
120. 

Coast  of  New  Zealand. 

The  former  of  these  species  is  evidently  analogous  to  the 
Mediterranean  T.  trachyptera;  in  reference  to  the  height  of  the 
dorsal  I  am  very  doubtful  as  to  the  expediency  of  laying  much 
stress  on  that  character;  I  think  it  probable  that,  like  the  rays 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY,  659 

of  the  ventral  and  caudal  fins,  and  of  its  own  anterior  semi- 
detached portion,  this  fin  becomes  lower  with  increasing  age.  In 
the  forward  position  of  the  nuchal  crest  our  second  species 
approaches  T.  rex-sahnonorum,  and  stands  in  a  similar  position 
to  it  that  T.  jacksoniensis  does  to  T.  altivelis. 

In  my  judgment  arcticus  should  be  removed  from  the  genus 
Trachypterus,  of  which  the  Cepola  trachyptera  of  Gmelin  is  the 
type,*  and  be  left  as  the  representative  of  the  genus  Bogmarus  of 
Bloch  and  Schneider. 


*  Jordan  and  Evermann  (Check-List,  p.  490)  give  trachyrhynchus  as  the 
type  of  Trachypterus;  I  do  not  know  of  any  such  species;  possibly  it  is  a 
jnisprint. 


660 


CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  A  MORE  EXACT  KNOWLEDGE 

OE  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 

AUSTRALIAN  BATRACHIA.     No.  v. 

By  J.  J.  Fletcher,  M.A.,  B.Sc. 

(a)  Batrachia  of  Tasmania. 

The  number  of  species  of  Batrachia  assigned  to  Tasmania  at 
difi'erent  times  has  been  as  follows  : — 

1841. —  One  species  (Dumeril  and  Bibron,  Erp.  Gen.  \iii.;  out 
of  a  total  of  eleven  species  described  or  enumerated  from  Aus- 
tralia and  Tasmania). 

184L — One  species  (Mr.  J.  E.  Gray,  Capt.  Grey's  Journals, 
Vol.  ii.  App.,  p.  435;  out  of  a  total  of  sixteen — nominally  seven- 
teen— species  catalogued  from  Australia  and  Tasmania,  including 
the  preceding). 

1858. — Eight  species  (Dr.  Giinther,  seven — one  erroneously, 
Crinia  georgiana  [App.,  p.  134]  not  being  a  Tasmanian  species — 
including  P se^tdophryne  bibronii,  in  the  Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue 
[1858];  svibsequently  increased  by  two  species  of  Crinia  [P.Z.S. 
1864,  p.  48].  A  second  record  of  Pseudophryne  bibronii  given  in 
Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (3),  xx.  1867,  p.  55. 

1868.— Seven  species  (Mr.  G.  Krefft,  "Notes  on  the  Fauna  of 
Tasmania,"  including  Hyla  verreauxii,\sind  a  "  Pseudophryne  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Masters,  and  probal)ly  new  ";  the  remainder  are 
included  in  Dr.  Giinther's  Catalogue,  but  L.  pero7iii  therein 
mentioned  only  in  the  Appendix  (p.  134)  is  overlooked).  It  is  to 
be  regretted  that  Mr.  Krefft  appai-entl}^  neglected  to  place  on 
record  the  complete  list  of  species  obtained  by  Mr.  Masters. 

1882.— Seven  (?  eight)  [Mr.  A.  G.  Boulenger,  Brit.  Mus.  Cata- 
logue, 2nd  ed.].     Mr.  Boulenger's  revised  list,  the  latest  we  have. 


PLSNSW  1897 


PI,  xyi 


RT.Bsker  del 


PULTEN/EA     DEANtl.  R.T B. 


PL.SNSW.  1897 


PI     XVII 


iVJRsmbow     del 


PL.SNS.W    1897 


PI,  XVIII, 


1%  W-«*M.,il  i 


V/JUdinboiv   c/e/. 


P.L.S.NS.W.  IS 97. 


PI.   XiA. 


h.S.B.  'ieL. 


EUCALYPTUS       SQUAMOSA,    Deane  et  Maiden. 


P.L.S.,  N.S.W.,  1897. 


PL.  XX. 


CYPR/EA   UMBILICATA,  G.  B.  SOWB. 


P.L.S.,  N.S  W.,  1897 


PL.  XX. 


CYPR/EA   UMBILICATA,  G.  B.  SOWB. 


P.L.S.,  N.S.W.,1897. 


PL.  XXI 


TASMANIAN   CYPR/EAS 


BY    .J.    J.    FLETCHEK. 


661 


differs  from  Dr.  Giintber's  by  the  exclusion  of  Crinia  georyianOy 
and  Psendophryne  bibronii,  and  the  doubtful  inclusion  of  Hy/n 
krefftii.  As  Mr.  Boulenger  had  at  his  disposal  only  the  material 
utilised  by  his  predecessors,  it  is  evident  that  for  at  least  thirty 
3'ears  fruitful  collecting  in  Tasmania  has  been  at  a  standstill, 
notwithstanding  increased  tra\elling  facilities. 

Through  the  kindness  of  two  Members  of  the  Society  resident 
in  Tasmania  I  am  now  enabled  to  make  some  additions  to  the 
Batrachian  fauna.  To  Miss  Lodder,  of  Ulverstone,  my  thanks 
are  especially  due  for  seven  small  consigimients  forwarded  at 
different  times,  amounting  to  forty  well-preserved  specimens^ 
representing  seven  species.  I  am  also  much  indebted  to  Mr.  A, 
Simson,  of  Launceston,  for  an  interesting  collection  of  fifteen 
specimens  belonging  to  five  species,  all,  however,  represented  in 
Miss  Lodder's  collections.  Altogether  I  have  examined  represen- 
tatives of  seven  species,  of  which  four  find  a  place  in  Mr.  Boulen- 
ger's  edition  of  the  B.M.  Catalogue;  two  ( Limnodynastes  dorsalis 
and  Crinia  siynifera)  are  now  recorded  from  Tasmania  for  the 
first  time;  and  one  (Fseudophri/Ne)  recorded  by  Dr.  Giinther  and 
Mr.  Krefft,  but  omitted  by  Mr.  Boulenger,  is  shown  to  be 
correctly  included  in  the  Tasmanian  fauna. 

The  number  of  Tasmanian  species  at  present  known,  therefore, 
is  ten  (nominally  eleven).  Of  these,  the  only  species  peculiar  ta 
Tasmania  is  Crinia  tasmanievsis,  Gthr.  Excluding  Hyla  krpfftii, 
the  remaining  nine — or  varietal  forms  of  them — occur  in  Southern 
Victoria,  a  condition  of  things  (juite  in  harmony  with  the  views 
of  Professor  Spencer  and  Mr.  A.  H.  Lucas  as  to  the  close  relation- 
ship between  the  faunas  of  Tasmania  and  Victoria.  The  revised 
list  now  offered  brings  out  one  other  point  not  previously  evident^ 
namely,  that,  few  as  the  Tasmanian  species  are,  four  occur  also  in 
South-western  Australia,  and  five  in  the  colony  of  West  Australia. 

Much  of  the  British  Museum  material  was  collected  very  many 

years  ago,  and,  except  in  one  instance  ( H.  ewinyii  from  Hobart), 

the  habitats  recorded  are  simpl}'  Tasmania  or  Van  Dieman's  Land. 

As  the  material  examined  bv  me  is  from  the  north  coast  or  there- 
43 


662  AUSTRALIAN  BATRACHIA, 

abouts,  I  am  not  at  present  in  a  position  to  offer  any  remarks 
upon  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  species  within  the 
limits  of  Tasmania.  Of  the  three  species  which  have  not  come 
under  my  notice,  two  are  known  from  Tasmania  only  by  single 
specimens  in  the  B.M.  Collection,  presented  (prior  to  the  publi- 
cation of  the  first  edition  of  the  Catalogue  in  1858)  by  Sir  A. 
Smith,  without  information  as  to  the  collector's  name. 

C  Y  S  T  I  G  N  A  T  H  I  D  .E. 

1.  LiMNODYNASTES  Pbronii,  D.  et  B. — The  only  specimen  known 
from  Tasmania  is  one  presented  to  the  British  Museum  Collection 
many  years  ago  by  Sir  A.  Smith. 

2.  L.  TASMANlENSis,  Gtlir. — Hob. :  Longford  (Miss  Lodder), 
Launceston  (Mr.  A.  Simson).  Seven  typical  examples  with  a 
light  vertebral  stripe. 

3.  L.  DORSALis,  Gray. — //a6.  .•  Ulverstone  (Miss  Lodder).  Five 
specimens,  of  which  four  are  dorsally  spotted,  with  an  incomplete 
light  vertebral  stripe;  and  one  is  unspotted  and  unstriped.  (See 
also  remarks  on  p.  675.)  Three  of  these  specimens  have  the 
vomerine  teeth  abnormall}'  developed,  so  as  to  extend  outwards 
beyond  the  level  of  the  choanse. 

4.  Crixia  siGNiFERA,  Gir. — Hab.  :  Ulverstone,  Swansea,  E. 
Coast  (Miss  Lodder);  Launceston  (Mr.  A.  Simson).  There  are 
also  specimens  in  the  Macleay  Museum  from  Tasmania, 

5.  C.  TASMANlENSis,  Gthr.  —I  have  not  seen  an  example  of  this 
species,  which  is  known  only  from  "  several  specimens "  in  the 
British  Museum  Collection.  It  is  a  smooth-bellied  Crinia  which 
should  be  easily  recognisable  by  the  folio winf;  characters  : — Toes 
fringed,  subarticular  tubercles  moderate,  two  small  metatarsal 
tubercles,  upper  and  lower  surfaces  smooth  ;  "  the  lower  parts 
beautifully  rose-coloured,  largely  marbled  with  black."  Vomerine 
teeth  are  said  to  be  absent. 

6.  C.  L^EVis,  Gthr. — Hab.:  Ulverstone  (Miss  Lodder),  Laun- 
ceston (Mr.  A.  Simson).  Previously  known  only  from  the  single 
(type)  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  Collection,  which  must 


BY    J.    J.    FLETCHER.  663 

have  been  in  some  respects  a  somewhat  exceptional  one,  or  at 
least  not  in  perfect  condition;  though  no  description  based  on  a 
single  specimen  of  these  variable  little  frogs  can  be  perfectly 
satisfactory.  The  distinctive  characters  of  the  species  according 
to  the  B.M.  Catalogue  are — vomerine  teeth  wanting,  toes  not 
fringed,  subarticular  and  metatarsal  tubercles  indistinct,  upper 
and  lower  surfaces  smooth ;  "  brownish-olive  above,  with  small 
scattered  yellow  spots;  lower  surfaces  spotted  with  brown.'' 

From  the  examination  of  a  good  series  of  thirteen  specimens  I 
find  that  the  description  may  be  amended  in  several  respects,  as 
follows  : — Vomerine  teeth  of  the  usual  character  present,  seldom 
missing ;  ventral  surface  white  with  scattered  brown  or  black 
spots,  the  "  concealed  surfaces "  black  and  white  marbled  (least 
so,  but  sometimes  slightly,  on  the  backs  of  the  thighs),  the  white 
suffused  with  rosy  or  rosy-pink  all  over,  or  occasionally  chiefly 
about  the  groin,  and  the  thigh-,  knee-  and  tarsal- joints;  but  I  have 
not  seen  a  specimen — and  I  have  seen  only  spirit  specimens — 
without  some  evident  indications  of  it.  Some  specimens  have  the 
ventral  surface  more  dark-spotted  than  others,  the  tendency  being 
for  the  spots  to  become  larger  posteriorly  on  the  ventral  surface, 
as  well  as  on  the  legs.  Some  have  indications  of  at  least  some 
subarticular  tubercles,  and  occasionally  of  an  inner  metatarsal 
tubercle.  Some  have  a  few  small  scattered  warts  on  the  dorsal 
surface.  Some  have  indications — especially  immediately  behind 
the  eye— of  an  incomplete  dark  streak  on  each  side  of  the  head. 
Occasionally,  as  in  \a,r.  froggatti,  a  specimen  is  met  with  showing 
one  or  a  number  of  light  spots  somewhere  on  the  doi'sal  surface, 
but  not  constant  in  position;  they  may  even  be  suffused  with 
rosy.  One  very  light  Tasmanian  specimen  has  a  ros}'  wash  (post 
mortem  ■?)  nearly  all  over  the  upper  surface. 

When  these  characteristics  are  allowed  for  I  am  prepared  to 
admit  that  the  Victorian  frog  described  by  me  as  Crinia  frogqattl 
(P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  vi.  1891,  p.  275)  is  at  most  only  a  continental 
variety  of  C.  hei-is.  The  largest  of  the  Victorian  specimens  {26mm. 
from  snout  to  vent)  are  somewhat  smaller  than  the  largest  Tas- 
manian specimens  (30  mm);  the  concealed  surfaces  are  somewhat 


664  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

more  extensivel}'  marbled  with  an  intenser  black,  the  rosy  or 
carmine  suffusion  brighter  (even  in  specimens  which  have  been  in 
spirit  for  six  years);  with  more  pronounced  indications  of  a  broad, 
dark  dorsal  band  commencing  between  the  eyes,  and  of  the  dark 
stripe  on  each  side  of  the  head.  As  in  the  Tasmanian  examples, 
vomei'ine  teeth  are  but  seldom  missing. 

Of  Crinia  victoriana,  Blgr.,  (also  originally  described  from  a 
single  specimen)  I  have  now  a  good  series,  for  which  I  am  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  ^Ir.  Hugh  Copeland,  Junr.,  late  of  Warragul. 
This  is  another  smooth-bellied  form,  without  fringed  toes,  with 
indistinct  subarticular  and  metatarsal  tubercles,  and  with  vomerine 
teeth.  It  is  readily  distinguishable  to  the  eye,  but  it  is  very 
difficult  to  foi'mulate  any  satisfactory  distinctive  differences  other 
than  those  of  colour  and  pattern.  In  details  the  specimens  differ 
among  themselves  in  both  these  respects,  and  yet  there  is  usually 
no  difficulty  in  distinguishing  them  from  examples  of  G.  Icevis,  var. 
frogijattl.  The  suffusion  on  portion  of  the  concealed  surfaces  is 
more  restricted,  and  is  of  a  different  tint,  coppery  or  coppery-red; 
and  a  very  characteristic  arrangement  is  some  modification  of  a 
single  subcircular  coppery  spot  with  a  lighter  central  portion  on 
each  loin;  occasionally  the  back  and  front  of  the  thighs,  or  even 
the  ventral  surface,  may  show  a  wash  of  it.  Some  specimens 
exhibit  a  fairly  complete  broad  dark  (brown  or  black)  dorsal  band 
commencing  between  the  eyes;  more  often  the  anterior  transverse 
[the  "  black  transverse  band  between  the  eyes "  of  Mr. 
Boulenger's  description]  and  the  lateral  margins  are  indicated, 
but  with  much  of  the  central  portion  missing,  or  the  whole  band 
is  represented  only  by  blotches  and  streaks,  the  general  effects 
produced  being  grey  or  brown  variegated  with  black.  Lower 
surface  dark-spotted  on  a  light  ground  (sometimes  with  a  bluish 
tinge)  which  is  itself  minutely  dark-spotted,  sometimes  very  much 
so,  especially  on  the  throat;  sometimes  the  large  dots  are  wholly 
wanting  or  nearly  so,  particularly  on  the  throat;  or  sometimes 
sparsely  light-spotted  or  with  patches  of  copper}-,  the  flanks  often 
much  dotted;  "  vent  in  a  large  triangular  [often  light-edged]  black 
spot,"  fi'equently  continued  on  each  side  as  a  dark  band  on  the 


BY    J.    .J.    FLETCHER.  665 

lower  portion  of  the  back  of  the  thighs  ;  concealed  and  lower 
surfaces  of  the  legs  much  marbled  or  spotted  with  black.  Usually 
there  are  indications  of  a  dark  streak  on  each  side  of  the  liead, 
commencing  on  the  snout,  most  conspicuous  im'mediately  behind 
the  eye.  Light  or  whitish  spots — one  or  several — sometimes 
occur  in  a  casual  manner  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  l^ody  or 
limbs. 

B  u  F  o  N  1  D  .E. 

7.  PSEUDOPHRYNB  BIBRONII,  Gthr.;  ca)'.  SEMIMARMORATA,  Lucas. 

— Hah.:  Ulverstone  (MissLodder);  Launceston  (Mr.  A.  Simson). 
Three  specimens,  intermediate  in  character  between  ordinary 
examples  of  P.  hibronii  and  the  extreme  form  of  the  Victorian 
variety  which  Mr.  Lucas  has  described  as  P.  sem/'marmorafa.  The 
three  Tasmanian  specimens  are  very  like  some  Victorian  examples 
I  have  seen,  portion  of  a  number  kindly  given  to  me  by  Mr.  Lucas, 
and  have  the  throat,  or  all  but  a  little  patch  near  the  symphysis, 
marbled  like  the  ventral  surface.  From  the  presence  of  these  and 
other  intermediate  forms  I  am  constrained  to  regard  P.  semimanno- 
rata  as  not  entitled  to  more  than  varietal  rank.  I  have  not  seen 
any  specimens  partially  marbled  on  the  lower  surface  except  from 
Victoria  and  Tasmania;  and  it  was  probably  to  specimens  like 
mine  that  Mr.  Krefft's  remark,  already  quoted,  applied. 

H  Y  L  I  D  .E. 

8.  Hyla  peronii,  D.  el:  B. — The  only  specimen  known  from 
Tasmania  is  one  pi'esented  to  the  British  Museum  Collection  many 
years  ago  by  Sir  A.  Smith. 

9.  H.  EwiNGii,  D.  ife  B.^-IInb. :  Ulverstone  (Miss  Lodder)  ; 
Launceston  (Mr.  A.  Simson \  This  is  a  very  interesting  species, 
with  several  well-established  varieties.  The  older  naturalists 
were  not  in  a  position  to  appreciate  the  real  state  of  the  case,  for 
their  observations  were  based  on  the  examination  of  single 
specimens,  or  of  too  scanty  series  from  only  a  portion  of  the  area 
over  which  the  species  is  now  known  to  range.  Under  such 
circumstances  it  is  hardly  surprising  that  probably  no  less  than 


666  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

four  species  have  been  founded  only  on  variable  or  abnormal 
specimens  of  H.  ewingii. 

Mr  Boulenger,  with  a  series  of  only  about  seventeen  specimens 
for  reference  (10  from  Tasmania,  1  from  Melbourne,  4  from  Aus- 
tralia, and  2  of  var.  caUiscelis  from  King  George's  Sound),  was 
the  first  to  recognise  and  allow  for  a  considerable  amount  of 
variation.  His  predecessors  without  exception  had  reported  the 
fingers  of  H.  ewingii,  even  of  Tasmanian  specimens,  to  be  free  or 
quite  free.  Steindachner  and  Keferstein  had,  however,  only  a 
single  specimen  apiece  from  New  South  Wales,  and  in  these  it  is 
possible  that  the  fingers  were  free.  The  French  naturalists  also 
attached  unnecessary  importance  to  the  presence  or  absence  of 
"tubercules  cutan^s."  The  size  of  the  tympanum  in  relation  to  that 
of  the  eye  is  likewise  variable.  Mr.  Boulenger  made  some  neces- 
sary allowances  in  these  respects,  and  then  proceeded  to  reduce 
II.  caUiscelis,  Peters,  to  the  rank  of  a  colour-variety  of  H.  ewingii. 
These  were  important  steps  in  the  right  direction.  But  Mr. 
Boulenger  had  no  specimens,  except  of  the  so-called  fl.  kreff'tii, 
from  New  South  Wales,  otherwise  he  might,  with  advantage, 
have  gone  even  further,  as  I  feel  impelled  to  do  as  the  result  of 
the  examination  of  a  fine  series  of  more  than  one  hundred  speci- 
mens from  three  colonies. 

Of  seventeen  Tasmanian  specimens*  all  l>ut  two  have  a  quite 
noticeable  rudiment  of  web  on  the  fingers,  more  pronounced  in 
some  specimens  than  in  others.  The  unwebbed  portions  may  or 
may  not,  or  be  partially  fringed;  if  the  fringe  is  present  the  rudi- 
ment of  web  between  two  adjacent  fingers,  may  become  continuous 
with  it.     Sometimes  the  rudiment  of  web  between  the  3rd  and 


"■  Ten  Tasmanian  specimens  of  H.  eiviugii  from  an  unspecified  locality, 
kindly  forwarded  to  me  by  Mr.  Alex.  Moi'ton,  have  not  been  taliea  into 
account.  They  were  forwarded  in  a  cardboard  box,  and  were  so  crushed 
and  dried  up  in  the  mail  bag  in  transit  as  to  be  for  the  most  part  irretriev- 
ably spoilt  as  specimens.  As  far  as  I  din  judge  they  are  very  mucli  like 
the  other  Tasmanian  specimens  I  have  examined,  and  among  them  is  one 
which  under  more  favourable  circumstajices  would  have  been  a  good 
example  of  var.  cani-sreHs. 


BY    .T.    J.    FLETCHER.  667 

4th  fingers  appears  to  be  most  pronounced,  and  then  the  3rd 
disit  is  more  or  Ijetter  frins^ed  on  that  side  than  on  the  other. 
In  two  specimens  the  fingers  are  not  so  well  fringed  nor  is  the  rudi- 
ment of  web  so  much  developed  as  in  the  others;  they  appear  to 
be  only  examples  of  the  typical  form  of  //.  eimnyii  with  the 
finders  and  toes  less  fringed  and  webbed  than  usual.  The  seven- 
teen  specimens  are  separable  into  two  groups  :  one  of  twelve 
specimens  to  which  the  description  of  the  colour-pattern  given  in 
the  B.M.  Catalogue  (2nd  ed.)  applies  very  well;  and  a  group  of 
five  specimens  in  which,  irrespective  of  sex,  the  groin,  loins,  backs 
of  the  thighs,  or  sides  of  the  body,  or  some  of  these,  show  some 
dark  spots  or  streaks  not  provided  for  in  the  description.  But 
the  members  of  the  second  group  have  not  the  fingers  and  toes 
any  less  webbed  than  those  of  average  specimens  of  the  first. 
Accordingl}'  I  should  call  the  individuals  of  the  first  group  typical 
examples  of  H.  evnngii;  some  of  the  others  I  should  call  a  trivial 
colour  variety,  of  no  great  importance  by  itself;  but  at  least  three 
of  them,  in  which  the  spots  are  not  merely  brown  like  the  ground 
colour  of  the  back,  but  blackish  or  bluish-black,  are  quite  entitled 
to  be  called  var.  callisceliii.  One  of  these  last  shows  a  dark  streak 
on  each  side  of  the  body  (interrupted  on  one  side)  anteriorly 
joining  the  dark  streak  on  the  temporal  region,  and  posteriorly 
bending  round  to  join  the  dark  dorsal  band.  In  some  New  South 
Wales  specimens  a  row  of  spots  is  seen  in  a  similar  position.  In 
the  specimen  referred  to,  as  in  other  Tasmanian  examples,  the 
region  of  the  dark  dorsal  band  is  not  merely  a  good  deal  speckled 
with  blackish,  but  it  is  decidedly  edged  with  it  laterally  and 
anteriorly. 

In  a  series  of  thirty  Victorian  specimens  from  one  locality, 
more  uniform  in  colour  than  the  Tasmanian  specimens,  the  fingers 
have  a  noticeable  rudiment  of  web  as  in  most  of  the  Tasmanian 
examples;  twenty  are  unspotted;  five  have  one  or  several  small 
dark  (ground-colour;  spots  on  a  yellow  back  ground  on  the  backs 
of  the  thighs,  and  one  has  a  few  dark  spots  on  one  side  about  the 
flanks.  Of  a  second  series  of  seven  specimens  from  another 
locality,  three  are  unspotted  and  the  rest  are  slightly  spotted  on 


668  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

the  backs  of  the  thighs.  Finall}^  a  single  specimen  from  another 
locality  (Mt.  Lofty,  Vic.)  kindly  given  to  me  by  Mr.  Frost,  has  a 
bluish-black  spot  in  the  groin  extending  on  to  the  loins,  or  on  one 
side  with  a  separate  spot  on  the  loins,  and  a  blackish  spot  and 
some  brown  markings  on  the  back  of  each  thigh.  The  last  of 
these  I  should  call  a  good  example  of  var.  calliscelis;  the  others 
typical  examples  of  //.  eivingii,  or  a  trivial  colour-variety. 

An  extensive  series  of  New  South  Wales  specimens  from 
various  localities  on  the  coast  and  on  the  tablelands  is  separable  into 
two  or  three  groups  :  one  of  unspotted  specimens  with  a  distinct 
rudiment  of  web,  in  some  I  think  not  appreciably  more  in  amount 
than  in  average  Tasmanian  and  Victorian  specimens,  in  others  a 
little  more  ( H.  krejftii,  so-called);  a  second  group  in  which  one 
or  two  large  dark  spots,  or  a  group  pf  smaller  ones,  are  present 
on  the  sides  of  the  body  or  the  backs  of  the  thighs,  but  more 
often  and  constantly  on  the  loins;  and  a  third  group  in  which  in 
addition  the  back  and  the  sides,  or  the  upper  surface  of  the  limbs, 
are  heavily  blotched,  streaked  or  spotted,  but  not  uniformly  or 
to  the  same  extent  in  a  series  of  specimens  from  the  same  locality. 
Now  the  webbing  of  the  fingers  of  the  spotted  New  South  Wales 
examples  certainly  varies  in  amount  from  very  little  indeed  to 
nothing.  I  have  some  specimens  whose  fingers  I  should  call  free; 
and  others  of  which  one  can  say  that  they  are  slightly  fringed  or 
have  a  just  recognisable  rudiment  of  web,  and  that  is  about  all. 
They  are  certainly  appreciably  less  webbed  than  either  the 
unspotted  specimens,  or  than  average  Tasmanian  and  Victorian 
specimens.  Such  rudiment  of  web  as  there  is  seems  to  be  merely 
the  continuation  right  round  of  the  slight  fringe  of  adjacent 
fingers,  or,  in  other  words,  of  the  junction  of  the  fringes  of  two 
adjacent  fingers.  But  in  var.  krefftii,  as  in  average  Tasmanian 
and  Victorian  specimens,  there  seems  to  be  in  addition  a  slight 
development  of  web  as  well. 

What  is  true  of  the  fingers,  applies  also  to  the  toes,  the  webbing 
of  the  latter  varying  in  amount  directly  as  that  of  the  fingers. 

Professor  Spencer  in  the  Report  of  the  Horn  Expedition  (Part 
ii.  Zoology,  pp.  157  and   167)  has  discussed  the  question  of  the 


BY    J     J.    FLETCHER.  669 

value  of  the  amount  of  the  webbing  as  a  generic  and  specific 
chai'acter;  and  he  adduces  instances  of  variation  in  the  amount 
in  tlie  same  species  ( C hiroleptes  platijcephalus,  and  Hehiopoi  ns 
pictus ).  I  have  also  pointed  out  a  similar  state  of  things  in 
Mixophj'es.  Similar  variations  are  presented  by  Hyla  ccurnha 
and  H.  peroiin,  as,  for  example,  when  specimens  from  the  moist 
subtropical  Northern  River  Districts  are  compared  with  others 
from  the  drier  inland  districts.  Dr.  Glinther  and  Mr.  Boulenger 
have  allowed  for  variation  in  this  respect  in  some  of  their  descrip- 
tions. Dr.  Griinther  says  of  Pelodryas  (H.  cceruleaj,  "  fingers 
one-half  or  one-third  webbed  "  ;  and  of  H.  peronii,  "  fingers  one- 
fourth  webbed.  Mr.  Boulenger  says  of  the  latter,  "  fingers  half- 
webbed  or  nearly  so,  "  though  even  this  is  an  insufficient  margin; 
and  of  H.  rubella,  "  fingei's  free  or  with  a  slight  rudiment  of  web; 
toes  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  webbed."  H.  evmigii  is  simply 
another  addition  to  the  list  of  species  in  which  the  amount  of  the 
webbing  of  the  fingers  and  toes  is  not  a  constant  quantity.  When 
allowance  is  made  for  this,  then  //.  krfifftii  falls  into,  what  I 
believe  is,  its  proper  place  as  the  eastern  coastal  representative 
of  the  typical  form  of  //.  ewingii.  If  If.  ewingii  may  comprehend 
var.  orienta/is,  which  is  less  webbed,  it  would  obviously  be  illogical 
to  exclude  a  variety  (var.  kreffiii)  because  it  tnay  be  a  little  more 
webbed;  for  according  to  the  B.M.  Catalogue  (2nd  ed.)  //.  krpfftii 
is  "very  closely  allied  to  H.  ewingii,  but  differing  in  the  more 
distinct  wel)  between  the  fingers,  and  the  more  extensive  web 
between  the  toes,  it  reaching  the  discs  of  the  third  and  fifth." 

The  difficulty  in  the  way  of  finding  a  satisfactory  general 
expression  for  a  quantitative  estimation  of  the  web  is  that  all  the 
digits,  and  sometimes  the  two  sides  of  the  same  digit,  are  not 
relatively  equally  webbed,  and  also  that  their  unwebbed  ^Dortions 
are  or  may  be  fringed,  the  true  web  then  being  reinforced  by  the 
fringe  if  well  developed.  It  is  thus  to  some  extent  a  question  of 
whether  fringe  is  to  count  as  web.  If  so,  but  not  I  think  other- 
wise, then  in  some  specimens  of  var.  krefftii,  as  Mr.  Boulenger 
says,  the  webbing  may  extend  to  the  discs  of  the  3rd  and  5th 
toes,  or  more  often  only  to  that  of  the  5th      That  being  so,  how- 


670  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA 


ever,  I  cannot  see  that  a  similar  statement  is  not  equally  applicable 
to  some  Tasmanian  and  Victorian  specimens  of  H.  ewingii.  The 
following  is  I  think  a  fair  estimate  of  the  webbing  of  //.  etvinyii 
and  its  varieties  : — Fingers  free,  fringed,  or  fringed  and  with  a 
rudiment  of  web.  Toes  :  the  third  and  fifth  webbed  to  about  the 
level  of  the  subarticular  tubercle  immediately  proximad  of  the 
disc,  or  beyond  and  by  continuity  with  the  fringe  extending  to 
the  discs  or  nearly  so  :  the  other  toes  less  webbed. 

I  have  not  seen  specimens  of  var.  ca/liscelis  from  South-West, 
or  South  Australia,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  case  for  H. 
etvingii  may  be  summed  up  as  follows  :  — 

In  Tasmania  we  find  the  typical  unspotted  form  of  H.  etvingii, 
together  with  a  slight  and  unimportant  colour-variety,  and  var. 
A. — var.  caUiscelis. 

In  A^ictoria  also  we  find  the  typical  form,  together  with  a 
trivial  colour- variety,  and  var.  caUiscelis,  the  latter  also  extending 
to  South  Australia  (Peters'  two  Adelaide  types  of  H.  caUiscelis) 
and  to  West  Australia  (two  specimens  from  King  George's  Sound, 
in  the  British  Museum,  previously  recorded  by  Dr.  Giinther 
under  the  name  of  //.  e.ici/iigii). 

In  New  South  Wales  we  find  an  unspotted  form  with  the 
fingers  and  toes  as  much  or  even  slightly  more  webbed  than  the 
typical  form  (var.  B. — var.  krefftii );  and  a  more  widely  distributed 
spotted  variety,  less  webbed  than  the  typical  form  (var.  C. — -var. 
orientalis,  var.  nov.),  and  in  which  the  discs  of  both  the  fingers 
and  the  toes  are  certainly  smaller  than  usual. 

Var.  krefflii — but  not  H.  eivingii — is  recorded  in  the  B.  M. 
Catalogue  (2nd  ed.)  from  Port  Denison,  Q.  In  New  South  Wales 
it  is  rather  a  rare  frog,  and  is  confined  to  the  coast.  I  have  seen 
altogether  about  twenty-five  specimens  from  three  localities  all 
within  a  distance  of  about  60  miles  from  Sydney.  The  majority 
were  found  under  logs  in  the  cold  months,  but  a  few  under  loose 
bark  on  tree  trunks  or  between  the  bases  of  the  fronds  of  Zamias. 
Mr.  Kreff't's  favourite  locality  for  this  species  near  Rand  wick  has 
been  devastated  during  the  last  few  years;  and  it  is  now  difiicult 
to  procure  specimens  near  Sydney.     Var.  orientalis  is  one  of  our 


BY    J.    .T.    FLETCHER.  671 

commonest  frogs  on  the  coast  and  on  the  table-lands,  and,  as  far  as 
my  experience  goes,  is  strictly  terrestrial  in  its  hal)its.  The  most 
southerly  record  for  it  known  to  me  is  the  Mt.  Kosciusko  Plateau, 
whence  I  have  a  single  specimen  which  is  as  strikingly  blotched 
and  streaked  as  some  of  those  from  Lucknow;  and  yet  these  much- 
spotted  specimens  are  not  altogether  devoid  of  a  trace  of  web  on 
the  fingers.  It  luay  be  noted,  however,  that  both  the  localities 
mentioned  are  west  of  the  Dividing  Range. 

On  a  previous  occasion  I  recorded  a  Victorian  specimen  which 
in  life  had  a  good  deal  of  bright  green  about  the  upper  surface. 
If  other  specimens  like  it  can  be  found,  this  might  very  well  be 
treated  as  another  colour-variety.  The  green  soon  faded  in  spirit, 
and  the  specimen  now  looks  very  like  some  of  the  ordinary  light 
coloured  specimens.  New  South  Wales  specimens  var}^  from  light 
silvery  grey  to  dark  brown,  the  back  and  front  of  the  thighs 
3'ellow  in  the  breeding  season;  Ijut  I  ha^•e  ne^er  seen  a  living 
specimen  with  any  indication  whatever  of  a  green  tint  on  any 
part  of  the  body. 

The  list  of  Australian  frogs  is  still  undesirably  cumbered  with 
species  known  only  from  single  specimens,  which  need  rediscovering 
or  the  correct  determination  of  their  alliances.  Mr.  Boulenger  has 
endeavoured  to  deal  with  some  of  them;  but  there  is  still  a  con- 
siderable balance,  of  which  doubtless  some  will  be  rediscovered 
in  time,  but  others,  I  cannot  help  thinking,  have  been  founded 
only  on  variable,  imperfectly  preserved,  or  abnormal  individuals. 

H.  calliscelis,  Peters,  and  //.  krefftii  being  provided  for,  some 
consideration  may  be  devoted  to  the  claims  of  //.  verreauxii,  A. 
Dum.,  and  II .  imrvidens,  Peters.  The  first  of  these  was  described 
from  New  Holland  by  A.  Dumeril  in  1853,  in  the  belief  that 
while  it  was  allied  to  //.  etvingii,  and  agreed  with  it  in  having 
the  fingers  free,  it  was  yet  specifically  different  by  its  smooth 
back,  and  its  system  of  colouration.  The  first  of  these  characters 
is  of  no  importance.  As  to  the  second,  if  H.  verreauxii  is  entitled 
to  any  consideration  at  all,  it  is  at  the  most  only  as  a  colour- 
variety  of  //.  ewingii  in  which  there  is  absent  "  une  bande  noire 
etendue  de  la  narine  a  I'epaule,  et  bordee,  en  dessous,  par  une 


672  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

ligne  jaune  tres  fine  et  plus  courte,"  which,  he  says,  is  always 
present  in  H.  ewingii.  The  colouration  of  presei'ved  specimens 
of  H.  ewmgii  differs  within  such  considerable  limits,  according  as 
the  individuals  were  exposed  to  strong  light  or  were  taken  from 
or  kept  in  a  dark  place  before  preservation;  according  also  as 
whether  the  dark  dorsal  band  commencing  between  the  eyes,  and 
the  canthal  and  temporal  streaks  ai-e  ^'ery  dark  or  very  faint,  or 
whether  the  head  and  back  are  speckled  all  o\er  with  blackish  as 
may  or  may  not  l)e  the  case,  etc.,  that  A.  Dumeril's  supposed  differ- 
ences carr}'  little  weight.  The  only  small  Hylas  known  to  us  at 
the  present  day  with  a  colouration  at  all  like  that  of  //.  ewingii, 
and  for  which  from  a  casual  inspection  it  might  be  perhaps  be 
mistaken,  are  H.  rtibella,  U.  dentata,  and  possibly  H.  adelaidensis; 
but  an  examination  of  the  vomerine  teeth  of  the  first  two,  and 
the  details  of  the  colouration  of  the  third,  alone  would  prevent 
any  misconception.  //.  veri'eauxii  was  in  all  probability  founded 
on  smooth  specimens  of  //.  eivingii  which  were  bleached,  or  faintly 
and  unusually  coloured  :  in  which  case  the  name  is  an  absolute 
.synonym  of  H.  ewingii.  The  only  other  alternative  seems  to  be 
that  H.  verreauxii  is  a  coloui'-variety  of  H.  ewingii,  which  has 
yet  to  be  rediscovered,  and  of  which  only  the  types  have  ever 
been  seen.  Mr.  Krefft  was  certainl}'  mistaken  in  supposing  that 
he  had  identified  H.  verreauxii,  A.  Dum.,  as  common  at  Sydney, 
or  the  Clarence  Ri\er;  in  both  cases  I  think  he  possibly  confounded 
it  with  H.  dentata,  at  that  time  imperfectly  known,  as  neither  JEL. 
ewingii  nor  any  of  its  varietal  forms  has  yet  been  recorded  from 
the  Clarence  or  Richmond  Rivers. 

//.  jmrvidens,  Peters,  was  founded  in  1874  on  a  single  specimen 
from  Port  Phillip,  but  is  still  unknown  to  Victorian  naturalists. 
Admittedly  it  differs  ivovuH.  eivingii  chiefly  in  respect  of  the  smaller 
tympanum  (one-third  the  diameter  of  the  eye),  and  the  slightly 
developed  vomerine  teeth.  Since  from  the  examination  of  only 
about  seventeen  specimens  Mr.  Boulenger  found  it  necessary  to 
allow  for  a  A'ariation  in  the  size  of  the  tympanum  of  from  "one- 
half  to  two-thirds  that  of  the  eye,"  it  seems  to  me  that  it  need 
not  be  a  matter  for  any  surprise  if,  when  a  more  representative 


BY    J.    J.    FLETCHER.  673 

series  were  examined,  it  should  be  found  that  this  allowance  was 
insufficient.     As  a  matter  of  fact  some  of  the  Victorian  and  other 
specimens  do  seem  to  ha\e  a  smaller  t^^mpanum  than  usual,  about 
one-third   that  of  the   eye.      One  such   specimen   is   of  especial 
interest,  inasmuch  as  the  vomerine  teeth  are  normal  on  one  side, 
but  absent  on  the  other.      Of  two  other  Victorian  specimens  one 
(half-grown)  appears  to  have  the  vomerine  teeth  not  perceptibly^ 
de\eloped;  the  other  has  them  on  one  side  strongly  develojjed,  on 
the  other  only  slightly.      Other  instances  of  abnormal  vomerine 
teeth,  not  including  Crinia,  have  come  under  notice.     In  three 
only  out  of  six  or  seven  species  of  Limnodynastes  do  the  vomerine 
teeth  normally  extend  outwards  beyond  the  choanse.     Three  out 
of  my  four  Tasmanian  specimens  of  L.  dorsalis,  and  three  out  of 
four  variegated  Sydney  specimens  of  the  same  species  have  the 
vomerine  teeth  even  moi'e  extensively  developed  than  in  specimens 
of  those  species  in  which  the  extension  beyond  the  level  of  the 
choanse  is  normal.      If  L.  dorsalis  were  known  only  from  unspotted 
specimens  with  normal  vomerine  teeth,  and  spotted  or  variegated 
examples  like  all  but  one  of  mine  were  then  discovered,  it  would 
be  a  very  pardonable  supposition  in  the  absence  of  intermediate 
forms    that    two   distinct   species   were   really  represented.     H. 
parvidens  is  known  only  from  a  single  example,  which  may  ver}^ 
well    have   been    only  a   light-coloured    specimen   of    H.    eivingii 
without   definite   bands   or   streaks,   with  imperfectly  developed 
vomerine  teeth,  and  with  a  smaller  tympanum  than  usual;   and 
if  so  the  name  H.  pai-vldens  would  become  an  absolute  synonym 
of  H.  ewingii. 

9  bis.  H.  KREFFTii,  Gthr. — Mr.  Boulenger's  doubt  is  not  as  to 
the  identity  of  the  species  but  as  to  the  correctness  of  the  locality 
label.  My  experience  would  lead  me  to  suppose  that  Mr. 
Boulenger  probably  had  a  Tasmanian  example  (especially  if 
collected  by  Dr.  Milligan)  of  //.  ewingii  a  little  more  webbed 
til  an  he  was  accustomed  to  see. 

10.  H.  AURKA,  Less. — H(d). :  Burine,  Emu  Bay  (Miss  Lodder). 
Three  specimens  with  a  light  vertebral  stripe,  as  is  common  in 
western  examples. 


674  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

(h)  The  Batrachia  of  West  Australia. 

The  number  >jf  species  assigned  to  West  Australia  at  different 
times  has  been  : — 

1841.  —  One  species  (Dumeril  and  Bibron,  op.  cit.) 

1841. — Six  sjiecies — nominally  seven,  H.  bioculata  and  H. 
adelaidensis  being  treated  as  distinct  —  (Mr.  J.  E.  Gray,  op.  cit.). 

1858. — Nine  species — nominally  ten,  Mt/obatrachus  and  Chely- 
flobatrachtis  being  treated  as  distinct — (Dr.  Giinther,  op.  cit.). 

1867.  — Five  additional  species  either  from  Mr.  Duboulay's 
collection  or  forwarded  by  Mr.  Krefft  (Dr.  Giinther,  Ann.  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  (3),  XX.,  p.  53).     Total,  fourteen  species. 

1882. —  Fourteen  species  (Mr.  Boulenger,  op.  cit.).  That  is  to 
say,  without  additional  material,  Mr.  Boulenger's  revised  list  of 
species  practically  differs  from  Dr.  Giinther's  only  by  the  recogni- 
tion of  Jfjjobntrachvs  and  C hehjdobatrachus  as  identical,  and  the 
substitution  of  Pseudnphryne  gnentheri,  n.sp.,  for  P.  bibronii. 

Of  these  fourteen  species  I  have  seen  representatives  of  nine, 
together  with  examples  of  six  others  not  previously  recorded,  one  of 
whichdoes  not  quite  satisfactorily  agree  with  the  description  of  any 
known  species  For  the  data  on  which  my  observations  are  based 
I  am  largely  indebted  to  Messrs.  E.  P.  Richards,  H.  Richards, 
R.  Helms,  and  especially  to  Mr.  A.  M.  Lea,  who  have  most  kindly 
taken  some  trouble  to  collect  and  forward  specimens  to  me.  By 
the  courtesy  of  Mr.  Masters,  Curator  of  the  Macleay  Museum,  I 
have  also  been  able  to  examine  the  specimens  collected  by  Mr. 
Froggatt  in  the  neighbourhood  of  King's  Sound  in  1887,  part  of 
the  general  collections  referred  to  by  Sir  William  Macleay 
(P.L.S.N.S.W.  [2],  ii.  p.  1017).  And  by  the  kindness  of  Professor 
Baldwin  Spencer,  of  Melbourne,  I  have  been  able  to  see  the 
specimens  brought  back  by  the  Calvert  Expedition,  which  were 
collected  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Keartland  while  stationed  at  the  junction 
of  Fitzroy  River  and  Margaret  Creek,  about  150  miles  from 
Derby. 

The  number  of  species  at  present  assignable  to  West  Australia 
is  twenty;  but  one  or  two  of  these  need  confirmation. 


BY    J.    J.    FLETCHER.  "^  675 

In  the  following  list,  foi*  the  sake  of  completeness,  the  localities 
recorded  in  the  B.  M.  Catalogue  are  given  within  sqviare 
brackets  : — 

C  Y  S  T  I  G  N  A  T  H  I  D  .E. 

1.  LiMNODYNASTES  DORSALis,  Gray. — Hah.  :  [West  Australia, 
Houtman's  Abrolhos],  Perth  (Mr.  H.  Richards),  Geraldton  (Mr. 
A.  M.  Lea).  The  difference  in  the  colour  pattern  of  eastern  and 
western  specimens  of  this  species  is  very  striking.  Six  westei-n 
.specimens  are  very  fairly  represented  by  Gray's  figure  of  the  type 
(Eyre's  Journals,  Vol.  i.  App.  p.  405),  in  which  the  dorsal  surface 
shows  rather  large  irregular  insuliform  dark  spots,  and  a  white 
vertebral  stripe.  The  common  eastern  form  is  almost  uniformly 
dark,  without  spots  (except  light  ones  on  the  outlying  parts),  and 
without  a  vertebral  stripe,  and  is  very  fairly  represented  (but  the 
back  and  head  are  rather  light)  by  Steindachner's  figure  (Reise 
Novara,  Amphibia,  t.  ii.  fig.  11,  under  the  name  of  Heliorana 
grayi).  This  is  the  common  widely  distributed  eastern  form,  but 
with  it  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sj^dney- — whence  come  all  the 
New  South  Wales  specimens  I  have  seen — there  occurs  a  variety 
of  a  smaller  size,  in  which  the  back  is  usually  more  or  less  varie- 
gated with  lighter  without  the  dark  ground  colour  being  broken 
up  into  definite  spots,  and  with  a  more  or  less  complete  light 
vertebral  stripe.  In  Victoria  also  there  are  two  varieties,  of 
which  I  have  seen  only  the  unspotted  variet}'.  from  Warragul. 
Sir  Frederick  McCoy  has  figured  a  specimen  of  the  variety  with 
a  variegated  dorsal  surface  showing  incomplete  spots  (Prod. 
Zoology  of  Vict.  Dec.  v.  PI.  42,  tig.  '!)  under  the  name  of  the 
Common  Sand-Frog,  between  which  and  specimens  more  like  that 
figured  by  Gray  he  says  there  are  intermediate  varieties.  Of 
five  Tasraanian  specimens  in  my  possession,  one  is  unspotted  and 
unstriped,  and  four  are  spotted,  with  an  incomplete  vertebi^al 
stripe.  In  the  spotted  forms  the  spots  are  smaller  and  more 
numerous,  but  not  quite  so  definitely  marked  as  in  the  western 
specimens,  and  the  vertebral  stripe  is  not  so  complete.  The  point 
to  which  I  wish  to  direct  attention  is  this.  Tasmanian  examples 
.show  a  fairly  established  differentiation  into  a  spotted  variety,  with 


676  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

at  least  an  incomplete  vertebral  stripe,  and  an  unspotted  variety 
without  a  dorsal  stripe.  In  Victoria  the  differentiation  seems  to 
be  equally  well  established.  In  Western  Australia  there  seems 
to  be  only  the  spotted  variety,  but  in  this  the  pattern  has  become 
more  definite  and  accentuated,  and  the  vertebral  stripe  more 
striking.  In  New  South  Wales  we  get  commonl}^  an  unspotted 
variety,  and  more  rarely  a  variegated  but  not  satisfactorily  spotted 
variety. 

2.  LiMNODYNASTES  ORNATUS,  Gray. — Hah.  :  Junction  of  Fitzroy 
River  and  Margaret  Creek  (Calvert  Expedition:  two  specimens). 

3.  Crinia  CxEORGIANA,  Bibr.  —  Hah. :  [King  George's  Sound]; 
Mt.  Barker,  and  Bridgetown  (Mr.  A.  M.  Lea;  two  specimens); 
Pipe  Clay  Creek,  near  Jarrahdale  (Mr.  E.  P.  Richards;  tw^o 
specimens).  Of  the  four  specimens  two  are  adult,  and  two 
less  than  half-grown.  One  adult  has  vomerine  teeth  ;  in 
the  other  they  are  present  on  one  side  only.  Of  the  juveniles 
one  has  vomerine  teeth ;  in  the  other  they  are  altogether 
missing.  No  two  of  the  specimens  are  exactly  alike  in  colour 
and  pattern.  In  the  tM'o  adults  and  in  one  young  one  (with- 
out vomerine  teeth)  the  concealed  sui'faces  for  the  most  part 
have  the  usual  carmine  suffusion.  The  young  one  with  vomerine 
teeth  has  the  chest  and  throat  dark-spotted  in  an  unusual  manner- 
and  is  entirely  without  the  carmine  suffusion,  yet  it  is  not  a 
smaller  specimen  than  the  other  which  has  it.  One  adult  {^)  has 
the  throat  dusk3^  One  adult  and  one  young  one  have  a  light 
transverse  line  with  a  pinkish  tinge  on  the  back  of  the  thighs, 
and  a  fine  light  vertebral  line  ending  at  the  vent.  No  perfectly 
satisfactory  account  of  this  interesting  species  can  be  given  without 
a  good  series  of  specimens. 

4.  Crinia  signifera,  Gir. — Hah.  :  [Abrolhos,  and  West  Aus- 
tralia]; Mt.  Barker,  Donny brook  (  =  Preston),  Bunbury,  Newcastle, 
Perth,  and  Jarrahdale  (Mr.  A.  M.  Lea;  twenty-seven  specimens). 
Not  less  variable  than,  and  with  analogous  variations  to,  the 
eastern  form,  including  a  smooth-backed  variety,  which  seems 
liitherto  to  have  escaped  record. 


BY    J.    J.    FLETCHER. 


6HI-r 
I    i 


5.  Crinia  leai,  sp.nov. 

Allied  in  some  respects  to  C.  tasmaniensis,  but  diflfering  by  the 
presence  of  vomerine  teeth,  and  of  only  one  (the  inner)  metatarsal 
tubercle;  in  some  respects  also  to  0.  Icevis  and  C.  victoriana,  but 
differing  by  a  tendency  to  fringed  toes,  and  to  better  defined  sub- 
articular  and  metatarsal  tubercles;  and  differing  from  all  of  them 
in  the  details  of  colouration,  especially  of  the  ventral  surface,  and 
in  the  absence  (apparently  constant)  of  rosy  or  coppery  suffusions 
from  the  concealed  surfaces. 

Vomerine  teeth  of  the  usual  character  generally  present. 
Snout  rounded;  nostril  a  little  nearer  to  eye  than  to  tip  of  snout; 
tympanum  hidden.  First  finger  shorter  than  second;  toes  some- 
times fringed,  sometimes  not;  subarticular  tubercles  on  the  whole 
fairly  distinct,  not  so  conspicuous  on  the  fingers;  a  small  inner 
metatarsal  tubercle.  Upper  and  lower  surfaces,  except  for  a 
small  granulate  area  on  the  backs  of  the  thighs  close  to  the 
median  line,  smooth.  Blackish-grey  (in  one  specimen  very  much 
lighter  than  usual),  a  broad  dorsal  black  (in  the  light  speci- 
men olive-brown)  often  light-edged  band  commencing  between 
the  eyes,  extending  backwards  nearly  to  the  vent,  bifurcate 
posteriorly  to  a  varying  extent,  sometimes  for  more  than  half  its 
length  [in  three  specimens  the  band  is  represented  only  by  a 
transverse  mark  between  the  eyes,  or  by  this  and  some  dorsal 
spots];  indications  of  a  dark  streak  on  canthus  and  snout;  upper 
lip  with  a  few  dark  spots;  a  dark  spot  immediately  behind  eye, 
and  one  or  two  over  shoulder;  upper  surfaces  of  limbs  sometimes 
transversely  dark-barred;  vent  at  the  apex  of  a  triangular  dark, 
often  light-edged,  spot  extending  on  each  side  a  little  way  along 
the  lower  edge  of  the  back  of  the  thighs;  lower  surface  of  tarsus, 
metatarsus,  and  toes  black,  usually  light-edged  ;  lower  sui-faces 
closely  and  minutely  dark -dotted  (bi'own)  all  over  except  for  a 
number  of  small  scattered  unpigmented  areas  which  show  as  light 
specks,  sometimes  with  a  bluish  tinge.  Largest  specimen  29  mm. 
from  snout  to  vent. 

tiab. — ^Bridgetown    (Mr.    A.   M.    Lea;    seven   immature  speci- 
mens); Pipe  Clay  Creek,  near  Jarrahdale  (Mr.   E.   P.   Richards; 
three  specimens).     Mr.  Richards  kindly  sent  off  his  three  speci- 
44 


€78  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

mens  alive;  but  unfortunately  they  died  in  transit,  and  by  the 
time  they  reached  me  two  (the  largest  specimens  I  have  seen) 
had  deteriorated  considerably,  the  condition  of  one  of  them  being 
beyond  repair.  I  hope  at  some  future  time  to  be  able  to  supple- 
ment the  above  description  from  the  examination  of  more  satis- 
factory adult  material  than  I  have  yet  seen. 

The  discovery  of  this  West  Australian  smooth-bellied  Crinia  is 
very  interesting,  as  its  allies  are  exclusively  Victorian  and  Tas- 
manian.  I  do  not  propose  at  present  to  discuss  the  propriety  or 
otherwise  of  including  all  the  smooth-bellied  Crinias  under  a 
single  comprehensive  species.  It  is  a  question  which  can  only  be 
discussed  with  profit  when  good  series  of  all  of  them  can  be 
compared;  and  at  present  one,  C.  tasmaniensis,  is  known  only 
from  the  types  in  the  British  Museum.  The  species  are  very 
variable,  and  some  characters  which  in  other  genera  are  available 
for  classificatory  purposes  are  here  of  negative  importance  only. 

6.  Hyperolia  marmorata,  Gray. — Ilab.  :  [West  Australia ; 
one  specimen  (the  type)].  The  occurrence  of  this  species  needs 
confirmation,  the  only  other  localities  recorded  for  it  being  in 
New  South  Wales  and  Queensland. 

7.  Chiroleptes  australis,  Gray. — Hab.  :  [Nicol  Bay  ;  one 
specimen]. 

8.  Chiroleptes  alboguttatus,  Gthr. — Hab.  :  King's  Sound, 
and  Derby  (Maclea}^  Museum,  collected  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt); 
Junction  of  Fitzroy  River  and  Margaret  Creek,  N.W.  A.  (Calvert 
Expedition).  The  species  most  numerously  represented  in  both 
collections  (more  than  twenty  specimens). 

9.  Chiroleptes  brevipalmatus,  Gthr. — Hab. :  King's  Sound, 
N.W. A.  (Macleay  Museum;  collected  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt); 
Junction  of  Fitzroy  River  and  Margaret  Creek  (Calvert  Expedi- 
tion). 

10.  Heleioporus  albopuxctatus.  Gray. — Hab.:  [Swan  River, 
W.  Australia,  and  N.W.  Australia];  Perth  (Messrs.  H.  Richards, 
and  A.  M.  Lea;  two  specimens);  Albany  (Mr.  R.  Helms;  one 
specimen).  This  is  another  species  which,  like  L.  dorsalis,  presents 
a  spotted  and  an  unspotted  variety.     One  with  white  dorsal  spots, 


BY    J.    J.    FLETCHER.  679 

two  (juv.)  without.  The  tirst  of  these  is  a  breeding  male  in  fair 
condition.  In  this  species,  as  in  the  eastern  frog  described  by  me 
AS  Philocryphus  (but  which,  if  the  generic  definition  of  Heleio- 
porus  be  amended  in  respect  of  the  tympanum,  I  am  now  prepared 
to  merge  in  the  latter),  the  most  striking  secondary  sexual  (^) 
character  is  the  presence  of  black  horny  conical  tubercles  on  the 
upper  surface  of  one  or  more  of  the  fingers  of  each  hand,  much 
the  largest  of  which  is  the  proximal  one  on  the  first  finger.  This, 
unlike  the  small  ones,  has  a  l)Ony  core.  Under  some  circum- 
stances, possibly  after  the  breeding  season  is  over,  the  black  horny 
capping  of  this  tubercle,  and  the  small  coreless  tubercles  altogether, 
are  shed.  The  only  male  in  the  B.M.  Collection — the  type 
figured  by  Gray — is  in  this  condition,  the  description  reading, 
"  male  with  a  conical  tubercle  on  the  inner  side  of  the  first  finger." 
//.  pieties  differs  from  both  H.  aibopuiictatus  and  H.  Jlavo- 
guttatus,  and  resembles  the  species  of  Limnodynastes,  in  having 
only  blackish  rugosities  on  the  first  and  second  fingers  of  both 
hands.  In  //.  Jlavoguttatus  there  may  be  from  seven  to  ten  or 
fewer  (the  number  is  not  constant)  black  tubercles  on  the  first, 
second,  and  third  fingers  of  each  hand.  A  fine  male  which  I 
kept  in  captivity  for  some  months  was  well  provided  with  tubercles 
when  I  caught  him;  but  on  examining  him  after  death  I  found 
that  all  the  small  tubercles,  and  the  black  capping  of  the  tMO 
large  ones,  had  disappeared,  leading  only  the  bony  core  of  each 
of  the  latter.  In  my  single  male  specimen  of  //.  albopunctatits, 
the  first  finger  of  the  left  hand  has  only  the  large  tubercle;  the 
first  finger  of  the  right  hand  has  three,  the  large  proximal  one, 
and  two  small  ones:  these  are  all  there  are,  but  under  favourable 
circumstances  probably  more  may  be  present. 

B  u  F  o  X  I  D  .E. 

11.  PsEUDOPHRYXE  AUSTRALIS,  Gray. — llub.  :  [8wan  River 
one  specimen  only  (the  type)].  The  only  specimen  known  from 
West  Australia  was  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  Mr.  J. 
Wright  in  1835.  Confirmation  of  the  occurrence  of  the  species 
in  West  Australia  is  therefore  very  desirable.     If  correctly  attri- 


680  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA, 

buted  to  West  Australia,  then,  among  Australian  Batrachia,  it 
offers  jDerhaps  the  most  remarkable  case  of  discontinuous  distri- 
bution. In  Eastern  Australia  its  distribution  is  somewhat 
restricted,  so  that  it  might  be  called  rather  a  local  species.  I 
have  taken  specimens  as  far  north  as  Gosford,  as  far  west  as 
Mount  Victoria,  and  as  far  south  as  Illawarra,  all  within  a  radius 
of  about  70  miles  from  Sydney,  and  in  intermediate  localities; 
but  outside  the  area  mentioned  there  is  no  evidence  at  present  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  species  in  New  South  Wales,  or  in  any 
other  of  the  colonies  save  West  Australia  (for  Mr.  Wright's 
specimen  in  the  B.M.  Collection;  and  for  two  specimens  collected 
by  the  Elder  Expedition  at  the  Eraser  Ranges,  but  which  I  cannot 
help  thinking  were  recorded  by  mistake  for  P.  guentlieri  [possibly 
without  specimens  for  comparison]). 

12.  PsEUDOPHRYNE  GUENTHERi,  Blgr. — Hah.  :  [Swan  River, 
and  N.W.  Australia];  Mt.  Barker,  Newcastle,  Perth  (Mr.  A.  M. 
Lea ;  seventeen  specimens)  ;  King  George's  Sound  (Macleay 
Museum).  The  two  well-developed  metatarsal  tul^ercles  on  each 
foot  are  very  characteristic,  and  call  to  mind  those  of  Myobatra- 
chus,  and  inland  (N.S.W.)  specimens  of  Hyperolia.  They  are 
probably  of  effective  use  in  burrowing. 

13.  Myobatrachus  gouldii,  Gray. — Hah.  :  [W.  Australia, 
Houtman's  Abrolhos,  and  Swan  River]  ;  Perth  (Mr.  A.  M. 
Lea).  Five  young  specimens  (about  17  mm.  from  snout  to 
vent)  about  the  same  size,  but  very  much  smaller  than  that 
figured  by  Gray.  In  the  B.M.  Catalogue  (2nd  ed.)  Myobatrachus 
is  said  to  have  the  pupil  erect.  In  my  specimens  I  should  call 
the  pupil  horizontal.  Mr.  Lea  kindly  informs  me  that  he  found 
the  specimens  at  the  side  of  a  Termite  nest,  while  rooting  about 
in  search  of  Termite  parasities  and  messmates.  He  says  :  "  The 
termitarium  looked  like  a  tree-nest  which  had  fallen  and  become 
imbedded  iri  the  ground.  The  outer  portions  of  the  nest  were 
disused  and  rotten;  and  living  in,  or  close  at  hand,  and  apparently 
subsisting  upon,  the  decaying  matter,  were  numbers  of  the  larva; 
of  a  common  fly.  Several  hundred  larvae  and  pupa^  were  obtained, 
and  among  them  at  intervals,  and  at  a  depth  of  2-5  inches  from 


BV    J.    J.    FLETCHER.  681 

the  surface,  were  found  the  five  toads  forwarded  to  you.  The 
dipterous  larvse  probably  supply  them  with  food."  Possibly  also 
Myobatrachus,  like  the  Indian  Cacopus,  is  normally  a  termite- 
feeding  species.  The  habits,  and  especially  the  breeding  habits, 
of  this  interesting  species  are  well  worth  investigation.  Mr.  Lea 
also  adds  :  "  When  alive  the  abdominal  surface  is  marked  with 
many  small  greyish  irregular  spots,  especially  at  the  sides,  which 
seem  to  disappear  in  spirit."  Four  of  the  specimens  show  to  a 
varying  extent  a  fine  light  vertebral  line  (not  extending  on  to 
the  head);  one  of  them  is  dorsally  more  dark-spotted  than  the 

others. 

H  Y  L  I  D  .*:. 

14.  Hyla  c^RULEA,  White. — Hah.:  [Nicol  Bay;  one  specimen] 
Junction  of  Fitzroy  River  and  Margaret  Creek,  IST.W.A.  (Calvert 
Expedition;  one  specimen). 

15.  Hyla  peronii,  Bibr.,  and  var.  rothii,  DeVis.  —  Ilah.  : 
King's  Sound  (Macleay  Museum;  several  specimens  collected  by 
jVIr.  W.  W.  Froggatt). 

16.  Hyla  RriBELLA,  Gi-ay. — Ilab.  :  [Nicol  Bay,  Abrolhos;  one 
specimen  from  each]. 

17.  Hyla  ewingii,  D.  &.  B.,  var.  calliscblis,  Peters. — Hah.  : 
[King  George's  Sound;  two  specimens]. 

18.  Hyla  adelaidensis,  Gray. — Hah.:  [West  Australia,  and 
King  George's  Sound];  Perth  (Messrs.  A.  M.  Lea  and  H.  Pvichards; 
ten  specimens);  Albany  (Mr.  R.  Helms;  one  specimen). 

19.  Hyla  aurea,  Less. — Hah. :  [King  George's  Sound,  Swan 
River,  and  W.  Australia] ;  Perth  (Messrs.  H.  Richards  and  A. 
M.  Lea;  numerous  specimens);  Donnybrook  (Mr.  A.  M.  Lea); 
near  Pipe  Clay  Creek,  Jarrahdale  (Mr.  E.  P.  Richards). 

20.  Hyla  latopalmata,  Gthr. — Hah.  :  King's  Sound  (Macleay 
Museum;  one  adult  collected  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Froggatt);  Kimberley, 
N.W.A.  (Mr.  R.  Helms;  four  specimens,  not  quite  half-grown). 
This  species  occurs  on  both  sides  of  the  Dividing  Range  in  New 
South  Wales;  but  the  only  other  record  for  it  is  Port  Denison,  Q. 

The  localities  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  list  lie  either  to  the 
north  and  north-east  of  Geraldton,  or  to  the  south-west  and  south 


682  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACIIIA, 

of  Nickol  Bay.  Of  the  Batracliia  inhabiting  the  considerable 
interval  between  Geraldton  and  Nickol  Bay  we  are  quite  ignorant. 
In  the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  the  western  species  may 
then  be  arranged  in  two  geographical  subdivisions,  a  south- 
western group,  and  a  north-western  group.  Where,  or  to  what 
extent,  these  two  faunas  overlap  or  commingle  we  do  not  know. 
Our  knowledge  of  both  of  them,  and  especially  that  of  the  north-west 
must  be  very  far  from  being  complete,  for  three  south-western 
species  occur  also  at  Port  Essington  without  being  known  as  yet 
from  any  intermediate  locality. 

((/)  The  south-western  group  : — 

Li'innodynates  dorsalis,  Crinia  yeorgiana,  C.  sigtii/eta,  C.  leaiy 
Hyperolia  marmorata  (? ), Heleioporiis  albopunctatus,  Pseiidophryne 
ausb'alis  (I),  P.  gueiiiheri,  Myohatrachus  gouldii,  Ilyla  rubella, 
H.  eivingii  var.  calliscelis,  H.  adelaidensis,  H.  aurea  (11  -f  2  f). 

(6)  The  north-western  group  : — 

Limnodynastes  ornatus,  Chiroleptes  a'listralls,  C.  albuyutt.atnn, 
C  breA'ipahnatus,  PseAidophryne  guentheri,  Hyla  caern/ea,  //. 
2)eronii  and  var.  rothii,  II.  latopalmafa  (8). 

It  is  convenient  to  add  here  for  comparison  a  list  of  the  species 
known  from  the  Northern  Territory  (Port  Essington  and  the  Daly 
River),  compiled  from  the  B.M.  Catalogue,  with  the  addition  of 
C.  dahlii,  recently  described  by  Mr.  Boulenger  from  the  Daly 
River  (P.Z.S.  1865,  p.  857)  :- 

Liiniiodynasies  dorsalis,  L.  ornatus,  Crinia  georgiaud,  Chiro- 
leptes  australis,  C.  daldii,  Heleioporus  albopunctatus,  Hyla 
freycineti,  H.  ttasata,  II.  rubella,  H.  pKronii,  II .  adelaidensis,  U . 
aurea,  II.  coividea,  H.  affinis,  Hylella  bicolor  (15). 

The  .first  or  south-western  group  is  characterised  b}^  (1)  the 
poor  representation  of  the  two  dominant  genera  Limnodynastes 
and  Hyla,  or  indeed  of  any  genus  except  Crinia,  which  is  not 
numerically  strong  in  species;  (2)  by  a  poverty  of  peculiar  genera 
(one)  and  species  (two,  C.  leai,  and  M.  gouldii) ;  and  (3)  by  the 
absence  of  Chiroleptes,  a  characteristic  which  it  shares  in  common 
with  the  south-eastern  fauna.  Four  of  the  species  (including  a 
varietal  form)  are  represented  in  Tasruiania  and  Victoria;    three 


BY    J,    J.    FLETCHER.  683 

(possibly  four)  ill  Southern  South- Australia,  six  (?)  iu  New  South 
Wales;  three  in  the  Northern  Territoiy;  and  only  one  (//  rubella) 
in  Central  Australia,  but  with  P.  guentheri  (?)  as  an  outlier  near 
the  Fraser  Range. 

The  opinion  of  Sir  Joseph  Hooker  that  "  South-western  Aus- 
tralia is  the  remnant  of  the  more  extensive  and  more  isolated 
portion  of  the  continent  in  which  the  peculiar  flora  was  princi- 
pally developed "  has  met  with  universal  acceptance  among 
botanists.  Professor  Tate  in  subdividing  Australia  into  botanical 
subregions,  has  applied  the  name  Autochthonian  to  the  south- 
west corner  of  West  Australia,  whose  internal  boundary  coincides 
with  the  rainfall  limit  of  25-30  inches  per  annum. 

In  his  very  able  Summary  of  the  results  of  the  Horn  Expedition 
to  Central  Australia,  Professor  Baldwin  Spencer  discusses  the 
interesting  question  of  the  claim  of  the  botanical  Autochthonian 
province  to  be  considered  also  a  zoological  Autochthonian  province. 
From  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  Vertebrata,  Professor  Spencer 
arrives  at  the  conclusion  that  "  we  find  no  great  [zoological] 
Autochthonian  region  occupying  the  western  and  south-western 
part  of  the  continent." 

The  revised  lists  of  the  Batrachia  of  Tasmania  and  West 
Australia  now  brought  forward  are  certainly  a  little  more  satis- 
factory than  those  at  the  disposal  of  the  author  of  the  Summarj^ 
But  such  additional  evidence  as  they  afford  only  goes  to  strengthen 
Professor  Spencer's  position.  South-western  Australia  is  now 
practically  isolated  except  on  the  north,  but  there  is  clear  evidence 
of  former  relations  with  Victoria  and  Tasmania  and  with  the 
Centre.  Its  batrachian  fauna,  as  we  know  it,  is  a  poverty-stricken 
one,  with  but  little  if  any  marked  character  of  its  own,  and  may 
well  be  mainly  if  not  altogether  of  derivative  origin. 

The  second  or  north-western  group  of  species  seems  to  have 
very  little  (one  species  P.  yuentheri)  in  common  with  the  south- 
western group;  but  more  diligent  collecting  would  probably  alter 
this  state  of  things  to  a  considerable  extent.  At  present  all  that 
need  be  said  of  it  is  that  the  fauna  of  tlie  north-west  stands  in 
sharp  contrast  to  that  of  the  south-west  by  the  presence  of  no 


684  AUSTRALIAN    BATRACHIA. 

less  than  three  species  of  Chiroleptes,  and  by  the  presence  of  five 
other  species  which  also  extend  to  Eastern  or  Central  Australia. 
In  the  fauna  of  the  Northern  Territory  as  known  to  us,  there 
is  only  a  single  endemic  species  {C.  dahlii);  but  the  increase  in  the 
number  of  species  of  Hyla  is  very  noticeable.  As  a  whole  the 
fauna  is  allied  on  the  one  hand  to  that  of  South-western  Australia; 
and  on  the  other,  more  closely  perhaps  to  that  of  Queensland  and 
of  New  South  Wales.  As  far  as  present  knowledge  goes  Port 
Essington  appears  to  be  the  eastern  limit  of  Crinia  georgiana, 
Heleioporns  a'bopunctatus,  and  Hyla  adelaidensis,  and  the  western 
limit  of  Hyla  fregcin<ti,  //.  nasuta,  //.  ajfinis,  and  Ilylella  bicolor. 
But  these  and  cognate  matters  can  be  more  satisfactorily  discussed 
when  the  Batrachia  of  Queensland  come  under  review. 


685 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

Mr.  R.  T.  Baker  exhibited  specimens  of  camphor  and  camphor 
oil  obtained  from  the  leaves  of  Cinnaniomum  Oliveri,  Bail.  The 
yield  of  camphor  is  about  ^  per  cent.  It  resembles  in  odour  and 
appearance  the  ordinary  camphor  of  commerce.  Its  melting 
point  was  between  173-5  and  175,  the  melting  point  of  ordinary 
camphor  being  given  as  175°  C.  Its  specific  rotation  is  also 
almost  identical  with  that  of  common  camphor.  The  camphor 
oil  was  obtained  with  the  camphor,  both  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  water,  and  was  separated  by  pressure.  The  amount  of  oil 
was  equal  to  -364  per  cent.,  but  still  retained  some  camphor  in 
solution. 

Mr.  R.  Etheridge,  Junr.,  exhibited  some  drawings  of  undeter- 
mined leaves,  presumably  of  Tertiary  age,  from  Rollo's  Shaft, 
Coolgardie,  forwarded  by  the  Government  Geologist  of  West 
Australia  to  Mr.  H.  Deane.  Also  specimens  of  leaves,  at  present 
undetermined,  from  a  quarry  on  the  Diamantina  River,  near 
Birdsville,  a  little  over  the  Queensland  and  S.  Australian  border, 
in  the  former  Colony,  lat.  25°55'S.,  and  long.  138°  25' E.  approxi- 
mately. Mr.  R.  L.  Jack  states  that  Birdsville  is  "  a  Lower 
Cretaceous  locality,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  there  are  Desert 
Sandstone  Tablelands  in  the  neighbourhood,  and  the  plants  may 
come  from  one  of  these." 

Mr.  Edgar  R.  Waite  exhibited  (1)  examples  of  Typhlops 
aluensis,  Blgr.,  from  Wai  Obi,  Vuna  Pi,  Fiji,  where  they  are 
known  to  the  natives  as  "Naota."  This  species  was  previously 
known  only  from  the  Solomon  Islands,  and  the  new  record 
supplies  further  evidence  of  the  similarity  of  the  faunas  of  the 
two  Archipelagoes.  (2)  A  New  Zealand  Fish  ( Nejjtotichthys 
violaceus,  Hutton)  recently  caught  in  Port  Jackson  and  the  first 


686  NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

recorded  occiun-ence  in  Australian  waters.  (3)  Two  photographs^ 
taken  at  Layson  Island  (Hawaiian  Islands)  ;  one  exhibits  an 
immense  concourse  of  Albatrosses  (identified  by  Mr.  A.  J.  North 
as  Diomedea  immutabilis,  Rothschild)  incubating  their  eggs,  and 
the  other  the  method  of  collecting  and  transporting  the  eggs. 
This  photograph  shows,  in  addition  to  wheelbarrows  and  boxes, 
two  railway  trains,  the  wagons  of  which  are  literally  piled  up 
with  eggs.  (4)  A  block  of  limestone  from  the  Jenolan  Caves 
polished  by  the  action  of  Rock  Wallabies  {Petrogale  pe7iicillata, 
Gray). 

Mr.  Fred.  Turner  sent  for  exhibition  a  series  of  specimens  of 
the  grass  Danthonia  piJosa^  R.Br.,  from  near  Finley,  Riverina, 
with  the  inflorescence  affected  with  a  parasitic  fungus.  Fifteen 
other  species  of  Australian  grasses  were  known  to  him  as  subject 
to  similar  attacks,  namely  : — Andropogon  intermediits,  R.Br.  ; 
Aristida  ramosa,  R.Br.  ;  Chloris  truncata,  R.Br.  ;  Eragroatis 
leptostachya,  Steud.  ;  Eriochloa  piuiclata,  Hamilt.  ;  Heynartliria 
compressa,  R.Br.;  Ilierocliloa  rariflora.  Hook.;  Isc/KPiwiim  tiiti- 
ceum,  R.Br.;  Leersia  hexandra,  Swartz;  Patdcum  ejfusam,  R.Br.; 
Panicum  indicain,  Linn.;  Panicum  mitchellii,  Benth.;  Paspabnn 
scrohiculatum,  Linn.  ;  Sporoholus  indiciis,  R.Br.  ;  SporohoJns 
indicus,  R.Br.,  var.  elongatus.  The  subject  of  the  effects  pro- 
duced upon  stock  by  feeding  on  diseased  grasses  was  one  well 
worth  investigation. 


^o"^ 


Mr.  Palmer  showed  a  specimen  illustrating  what  he  thought 
might  be  considered  an  undoubted  case  of  root- grafting.  Also  a 
clump  of  the  galls  of  Brachyscelis  duplex,  Schrader,  from  the 
Blue  Mountains;  and  a  quartz  crystal  or  sacred  stone  presented 
to  his  father  by  an  aboriginal  of  the  Port  Stephens  Tribe,  fifty 
years  ago. 

Mr.  North  exhibited  the  sexes  of  the  rare  White- vented  Wood 
Swallow,  Artamus  albiventris,  which  he  had  shot  on  Tyreel 
Station  on  the  Gwydir  River  on  the  9th  instant;  also  the  nests 
and  eggs  of  these  birds  found  at  the  same  time  in  the  top  of  a 


NOTES    AND    EXHIIUTS. 


687 


hollow  stump  b)^  Mr.  E.  Stii'ton,  of  Moree.  Also  some  siliceous 
stones,  land-shells,  berries,  pieces  of  coloured  glass,  and  a  galvanised 
iron  screw  which,  in  company  with  Mr.  C.  McMaster,  of  "  Wilga," 
Moree,  he  had  procured  from  a  play-house  of  the  Spotted  Bower- 
bird,  Chlamyclodera  macu/ata,  on  Weebollabolla  Station,  on  the 
10th  instant.  The  bower  was  constructed  under  the  shelter  of 
a  "Lemon-wood,"  Atalantia  ylaiica,  and  had  a  few  stones  and 
freshly  gathered  berries  in  the  centre  of  the  floor;  a  small  heap 
of  stones,  pieces  of  glass,  land-shells  and  berries  at  either 
entrance  ;  a  large  heap  of  broken  glass,  succeeded  by  another 
of  bones  about  eighteen  inches  apart  from  the  entrance  on 
one  side,  and  a  similar  heap  of  bones  a  foot  away  from  the  other 
end.  The  parallel  walls  of  the  bower,  which  were  IS  inches 
in  length,  were  wholly  constructed  of  dried  "  spear  or  corkscrew- 
grass,"  Stipa  setacea,  stuck  upright  in  a  slight  foundation  of 
fine  twigs.  This  confirms  a  statement  made  by  Mr.  McMaster 
to  Dr.  Ramsay  some  years  ago  that,  in  the  Moree  District, 
Cldamydodera  maculata  uses  dried  grass  instead  of  fine  twigs  for 
the  walls  of  its  bower.  Also,  with  the  permission  of  the  Curator 
of  the  Australian  Museum,  two  sets  of  eggs  of  the  Pied  Honey- 
eater,  Gerthioiiijx  leucomelas,  Cuvier.  The  eggs  vary  in  ground 
colour  from  a  dull  greyish-white  to  a  very  faint  cream-white,  one 
set  being  evenh^  spotted  with  rounded  blackish-brown  markings, 
and  having  underlying  spots  of  dull  bluish-grey;  the  other  set  has 
a  zone  of  nearly  obsolete  dull  bluish  markings  towards  the  larger 
end,  and  a  few  conspicuous  spots  of  dark  umber-brown  on  the 
outer  surface  of  the  shell.  Length  (A)  0-9  x  0-til  inch;  (B) 
0-93  X  0-62;  (C)  0-88  x  0-65;  (D)  086  x  0-65.  These  eggs  resemble 
some  varieties  of  those  of  the  Dusky  Wood-swallow,  Artamus 
sordidus,  and  were  taken  by  the  late  Mr.  K  H.  Bennett  in  Western 
New  South  Wales,  near  the  South  Australian  border.  At  the 
same  time  Mr.  Bennett  obtained  the  eggs  of  what  he  stated 
shortly  before  his  decease  to  be  an  undescribed  species  of 
Honey-eater  resembling  Certhionyx  leucomdas,  which  appeared 
in  great  numbers  one  season,  and  were  never  observed  after. 
These  eggs,  of  a  beautiful  greenish-blue  ground  colour  with  spots 


688  NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 

and  blotches  of  rich  red  on  the  larger  end,  are  unlike  those  of  any 
Honey-eater  or  other  Australian  bird.  Being  forwarded  to  Dr. 
Ramsay  at  the  same  time  with  the  eggs  of  CertJdonyx  leucomelas, 
he  inadvertently  described  them  at  a  meeting  of  this  Society  in 
1883  as  the  eggs  of  the  latter  species.*  The  eggs  of  this  pre- 
smnedly  new  species  of  bird  were  also  exhibited.  Mr.  G.  A. 
Keartland,  of  Melbourne,  has  lately  described  the  eggs  of  Gerthi- 
onyx  huconields  in  the  "  Victorian  Naturalist  "  from  specimens 
taken  in  Central  Australia. 


*  Ramsay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  Vol.  vii.  p.  414. 


689 


WEDNESDAY,  NOVEIStBER  24th,  1897. 


SPECIAL   GENERAL   MEETING. 

Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  draft  of  the  Revised  Rules  submitted  by  the  Council  was 
brought  up  for  the  consideration  of  Members.  On  the  motion  of 
Mr.  Henry  Deane,  the  Rules  as  submitted  were  unanimously 
adopted. 

MONTHLY  MEETING. 

The  President  formally  announced  the  death  of  Professor  T. 
Jeffery  Parker,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  of  Dunedin,  a  Corresponding 
Member  of  the  Society,  on  the  7th  instant.  It  was  resolved  that 
an  expression  of  sympathy  from  the  Society  should  be  tendered 
to  Professor  Parker's  famil}'. 

The  President  commended  to  the  favourable  notice  of  the 
Members  the  report  of  a  meeting  held  at  the  Town  Hall,  Mel- 
bourne, on  the  16th  inst.,  for  the  purpose  of  forwarding  the 
movement  to  establish  some  permanent  memorial  of  the  late 
Baron  von  Mueller  when  it  was  resolved  that  it  was  desirable  that 
steps  should  be  taken  to  commemorate  in  some  suitable  way  the 
late  Baron's  work;  and  an  influential  Committee  was  appointed 
to  carry  out  the  proposal.  It  is  hoped  that  a  sufficient  sum  of 
money  will  l^e  forthcoming  to  provide  for  a  bust  or  medallion  of 
the  Baron,  as  well  as  for  the  endowment  of  a  medal  or  prize  to  be 
associated  with  the  Baron's  name,  and  to  be  awarded  from  time 
to  time  in  recognition  of  botanical,  pharmaceutical,  or  horticul- 
tural work  in  the  various  Australasian  Colonies.     Subscriptions 


690  DONATIONS. 

in  aid  of  this  laudable  project  may  be  sent  to  Professor  Baldwin 
Spencer,  M.A.  (The  University,  Melbourne),  one  of  the  Hon. 
Secretaries. 

The  President  also  reminded  Members  of  the  forthcoming 
Meeting  of  the  Australasian  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  to  be  held  in  Sydney  commencing  on  6th  January,  1898. 
Programmes  were  laid  on  the  table  for  distribution. 

A  letter  from  the  Permanent  Hon.  Secretary  of  the  Australa- 
sian Association  was  read,  inviting  the  Society  to  nominate 
Members  to  the  General  Council.  On  the  motion  of  Mr.  H.  Deane, 
Mr.  C.  Hedley  was  nominated  as  a  representative  of  the  Society. 


DONATIONS. 

Bureau  of  Agriculture,  Perth,  W.A. — Journal.  Vol.  iv.  Nos. 
-22-23  (Oct.-Nov.,  1897).      From  the  Secretary. 

Perak  Government  Gazette.  Vol.  x.  Nos.  21-27  (Sept. -Oct., 
1897).      From  the  Government  Secretary. 

Pharmaceutical  Journal  of  Australasia,  Sydney.  Vol.  x.  No.  10 
(Oct.,  1897).      Frum  the  Editor. 

Public  Library,  Sydney — Annual  Report  from  the  Trustees  for 
1895.     From  the  Trustees. 

Department  of  Mines  and  Agricultui^e,  Sydney — Records  of  the 
Geological  Survey.  Vol.  v.  Part  3  (1897);  Agricultural  Gazette 
of  N.S.W.  Vol.  viii.  Part  10  (Oct.,  1897).  From  the  Hon.  the 
Jfinister  for  2fines  and  Agriculture. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Victoria — Guides  to  Growers.  No. 
35.  "Rust  in  Wheat  Experiments,  1894-96-97"  (July,  1897). 
From  D.  Mc Alpine,  Esq. 

Pamphlet  "  Les  Mines  de  la  Nouvelle  Caledonie,  &c."  Par  L. 
Pelatan  (1892).      From  C.  Medley,  Esq.,  F.L.S. 


DONATIONS.  G91 

Four  Conchological  Pamphlets.    By  E.  A.  Smith,  F.Z.S.    From 
the  Author. 

Victorian  Naturalist.     Vol.  xiv.  No.  7  (Nov.,  1897).     From  the 
Field  Naturalists   Club  of  Victoria. 

Zoologischer  Anzeiger.     xx.  Band.  No.  541  (30th  Sept.,  1897). 
From  tlie  Editor. 

Societe  d'Horticulture  du  Doubs,  Besangon  les  Bains — Bulletin. 
Sei'ie  illustree  No.  21  (Sept.,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  N.Y. — Bulletin.     Vol. 
ix.  Art.  xix.  (pp.  231-232).     From  tlie  Museum. 

New  Zealand  Institute — Transactions  and  Proceedings.     Vol. 
xxix.  (1896).      From  the  Institute. 

Journal  of  Conchology.  Vol.  viii.  No.  13  (Oct.  1897).  From 
the  Coiicholoi/ical  Society  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

L'Academie  Royale  Suedoise  des  Sciences  de  Stockholm — 
Bihang.     Vol.  xxii.  (1896-97),  Sections  1-4.      From  the  Academy. 

Societe  Imperiale  des  Naturalistes  de  Moscou — -Bulletin.  Annee 
1896.  No.  4;  Annee  1897.  No.  1.     From  the  Society. 

Department  of  Agriculture,  Brisbane — Queensland  Agricultural 
Journal.  Vol.  i.  Part  5  (Nov.,  1897).  From  the  Secretary  of 
Agricult^ire. 

Royal  Society  of  New  South  Wales — Abstract  3rd  Nov.,  1897. 
From  the  Society. 

Nederlandsche  Entomologische  Vereeniging — -Tijdschrift  voor 
Entomologie.     xl.  Deel,  2"«Afl.  (Sept.,  1897).     From  the  Society. 

Australian  Museum,  Sydney— Records.  Vol.  iii.  No.  3  (Nov., 
1897);  Memoir  iii.  The  Atoll  of  Funafuti.  Part  5  (Nov.,  1897). 
Frutn  the  Trustees. 

L'Academie  Imperiale  des  Sciences  de  St.  Petersbourg — Annu- 
aire  du  Musee  Zoologique,  1897,  No.  2.     From  the  Academy. 


692  DONATIONS. 

Soci^t6  Scientifique  du  Chili— Actes.     Tome  vi.  (1896),  4°^«-5'"'' 
Livs.;  Tome  vii.  (1897),  I'^'^Liv.     From  the  Society. 

U.S.  Department  of  Agriculture — Yearbook  for  1896.     From 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore  — Hospital  Bulletin.   Vol. 
viii.  No.  79  (Oct.,  1897).     From  the  University. 

Pamphlet — "  Contributions  to  the  Flora  of  Queensland"  (Nov., 
1897).     By  F.  M.  Bailey,  F.L.S.      From  the  Author. 

Australasian  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  Melbourne.     Vol.  xii.  No. 
143  (Nov.,  1897).     From  the  Editor. 


693 


PLANTS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  WALES,  ILLUSTRATED. 

Part  ix. 

By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological 

Museum,  Sydney. 

(Plates  xxii.-xxv.) 

Acacia  gladiiformis,  A.  Cunn.,  B.  Fl.  ii.  365. 

(Plate  XXII.) 

Hab. — George's  River,  near  Campbelltown  (J.  C.  Darley);  near 
Bathurst  (W.  J.  C.  Ross);  Warrumbungle  Ranges  (S.  Lyndon) ; 
Rylstone  (R.  T.  Baker). 

The  predominating  shape  of  the  phyllodia  is  almost  spathulate, 
and  curved  as  delineated  in  the  figure,  the  linear  lanceolate  form 
mentioned  by  Bentham  being  rarely  met  with,  and  the  glands  are 
more  often  3  or  4  than  2  or  under. 

The  rhachis  is  generally  about  one-half  the  length  of  the 
phyllodia. 

The  specimens  from  the  different  localities  given  above  show 
no  recognisable  variation  whatever,  those  from  Coonabarabran 
being  in  every  respect  identical  with  those  from  George's  River, 
a  difference  in  latitude  of  about  300  miles.  It  is  one  of  the  few 
species  of  this  genus,  as  far  as  I  am  aware,  that  is  without  appre- 
ciable variation.  The  phyllodia  somewhat  resemble  the  narrower 
ones  of  A.  notabilis,  F.v.M.,  a  species  which  I  hope  at  some  future 
time  to  show  is  the  desert  variety  of  A.  iJennijiervis,  Sieb. 
45 


694  PLANTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

A.  OBTUSATA,  Sieb.  B.  Fl.  ii.  366. 


■^j 


(Plate  XXIII.) 

The  following  is  an  amended  description  : — A  tall  shrub,  quite 
glabrous,  branchlets  angular.  Phyllodia  exceedingly  variable  in 
length  and  shape,  from  1  to  4  inches  long,  and  from  1  to  6  lines 
broad,  narrotv-lanceohUe  or  oblanceolate,  spathulate,  much  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  straight  or  slightly  falcate,  very  obtuse  ov  almost 
acute,  gland  mostly  present  below  the  middle  on  the  upper  margin  ; 
1-nerved,  the  nerve  clostr  to  the  ujyper  than  the  lotvfr  margin, 
margins  thickened  nerve-like,  veinlets  inconspicuous.  Racemes 
about  half  as  long  as  the  phyllodes,  with  from  six  to  twelve  heads  ■ 
of  flowers,  mostly  5-merous,  under  30  flowers  in  each  head. 
Calyx  turbinate,  sepals  thick,  obtuse,  spathulate,  ciliate,  half  or  | 
as  long  as  the  corolla,  at  first  united  but  readily  sepai'ating  when 
fully  out.  Petals  glabrous,  ojte7i  ribbed.  Pistil  glabrous.  Pod 
flat,  almost  ahvays  straight,  ivith  only  the  slightest  tendency  to  curve, 
glabrous,  margins  thickened  and  parallel,  3  to  Jf  inches  long  and.  5 
lines  broad,  itnpress  of  the  seed  proininent  on  the  outside.  Seed 
oblong,  longitudinal,  J unicle  filiform  to  the  one  small  fold  and  then 
thickened  into  a  smcdl  boat-shaped  axil  under  the  seed. 

Hctb. — Blue  Mountains ;  Barber's  Creek  (H.  Rumsay) ;  and 
southern  coast  range  to  Victoria. 

This  species  was  described  early  in  this  century  from  flowering 
specimens  only,  and  as  in  the  case  of  many  other  Acacias,  the 
pods  and  seeds  have  only  been  collected  within  the  last  few  years. 
As  will  be  seen  above  and  in  the  plate,  the  essential  parts  hitherto 
wanting  in  this  particular  species  are  here  recorded  for  the  first 
time ;  and  in  addition  there  is  figured  a  series  showing  the 
extx'eme  variability  of  the  phyllodes  and  also  other  important 
parts  necessary  for  comparison  with  its  congeners. 

It  will  also  be  noted  that  the  descriptions  here  given  of  some 
of  the  parts  differ  from  those  of  previous  authors,  but  the 
differences,  although  important,  and  the  result  of  an  examina- 
tion of  a  large  number  of  specimens,  are  yet  in  themsehes,  I 
think,  not  sufficient  to  justify  the  recognition  of  any  new  varieties. 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER.  695 

The  number  of  flowers  in  the  head  was  always  below  30  in  the 
material  examined,  although  Bentham  gives  the  number  above  30. 
The  gland  is  also  hardly  ever  wanting. 

A.  RUBiDA,  A.  Cunn.  B.  Fl.  ii.  366. 

(Plate  XXIV.) 

Bentham's  description  in  the  Flora  may  be  supplemented  a* 
follows  : — 

Sepals  smooth  or  with  a  few  scattered  hairs,  half  as  long  as 
the  petals,  usually  coherent.  Petals  smooth  or  with  a  feAv 
scattered  hairs,  sometimes  slightly  ribbed. 

Pod  Jf  to  5  inches  long  and  .^  lines  broad,  slightly  curved  or 
straight,  valves  thinly  coriaceous. 

Seeds  longitudinal,  oblong ;  funicle  slightly  or  not  at  all 
enlarged  under  the  seed,  encircling  it  in  a  double  fold,  and  occu- 
pyiug  the  space  bettveen  the  seed  and  the  margins  of  the  valves. 

Hab. — Thornleigh,  near  Sydney  (W,  W.  Froggatt)  ;  Blue 
Mountains  (Sieber) ;  Hill  Top,  Southern  Line  (J.  H.  Maiden) ; 
Queanbeyan  (Forester  Harris). 

The  fruits  of  this  species  are  now  recorded  for  the  first  time. 
This  species  is  very  rarely  found  in  fruit,  and  plants  of  it  have 
been  under  observation  for  years  without  finding  any  traces  of  a 
pod.  I  experienced  great  difliculty  in  finding  satisfactory  pistils 
in  the  numerous  flowers  examined  under  the  microscope,  so  perhaps 
they  may  often  be  abortive — hence  the  absence  of  fruit. 

Bentham,  in  his  description  of  this  species  (B.  Fl.  ii.  36G), 
states  that  it  is  "  allied  to  A.  amoena  and  perhaps  a  variety." 

As  the  pod  was  unknown  to  him,  he  probably  based  the  remark 
on  a  resemblance  of  the  flowers  and  phyllodia  of  the  two  species 
to  each  other,  but  if  his  account  of  the  funicle  of  A.  amoena  is 
correct,  then  the  two  are  distinct  species,  for  the  funicle  in  this 
case  does  not  surround  the  seed  in  a  triple  fold. 

It  is  very  noticeable  how  the  phyllodia  and  branchlets  turn  a 
bright  red  colour  when  pressed. 


696  PLANTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

A.  TRiPTERA,  Benth.  B.  Fl.  ii.  323,  var.  Lyxdoni,  R.T.B. 

(Plate  XXV.) 

A  tall,  dense  shrub  with  long  pendent  branches,  glabrous. 
Phyllodia  numerous,  decurrent  on  the  stem,  rigid,  inclined  to 
erect  or  running  out  obliquely  from  the  stem,  not  recurved  as  in 
the  type,  almost  triangular  in  shape  ;  the  upper  edge  curving 
upwards  to  the  pungent  point,  sometimes  obliquely  lanceolate 
when  in  fruit,  1  to  2  inches  long,  about  6  lines  broad,  striate  with 
several  prominent  nerves,  without  any  marginal  gland.  Peduncles 
solitary  or  2  together,  mostly  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  each 
bearing  a  cylindrical  spike  of  f  inch.  Flowers  not  crowded,  fairly 
large,  4-merous.  Calyx  smooth,  short,  broadly  lobed.  Petals 
smooth,  separating  when  fully  in  flower.  Pod  curved,  3  to  -t 
inches  long,  2  lines  broad,  valves  coriaceous,  contracted  between 
the  seeds.  Seeds  longitudinal,  funicle  folded  3  or  4  times  upon 
itself,  slightly  thickened  under  the  seed. 

Hah. — Round  Mountain,  Coonabarabran  (S.  Lyndon). 

This  variety  is  very  distinct  from  the  type  as  described  by 
Bentham  and  figured  by  Baron  von  Mueller  (Ic.  Au.  Ac.  ix.)  The 
phyllodia  have  quite  a  characteristic  shape,  there  being  an 
absence  of  the  recurved-falcate  form  mentioned  by  Bentham. 
Thev  are  also  broader  and  thicker,  and  the  flowers  are  larger  than 
specimens  from  the  interior.  When  placed  for  comparison  in 
juxtaposition  with  the  type,  its  characters  stand  out  as  very 
marked,  but  still  there  is  no  distinctive  feature  either  in  the  pod 
or  flower,  suflicient  to  warrant  its  being  raised  to  specific  rank. 

A  complete  set  of  specimens  was  collected  by  the  late  Mr.  S. 
Lyndon,  B.A.  

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  XXII. 

A.  gladiiformi-s,  A.  Cuun. 
Fig.   1. — Flowering  twig. 
Fig.  2. — Flower  (enlarged). 
Fig.  3.-Pistil 
Fig.  4.— Pod. 
Fig.  5. — Seed  showing  funicle  (enlarged). 


BY    R.    T.    BAKER. 

Plate  XXIII. 
A.  obtiisnta,  Sieb. 
Fig.   1. — Typical  flowering  twig. 

Fig.  2. — Flowering  twig  of  variety  with  small  phyllodes. 
Figs.  3,  4,  5.— Phyllodia. 
Fig.   6. — Bud  (enlarged). 
Fig.  7. — Expanded  flower  (enlarged). 
Fig.  8. — Pistil  (enlarged). 
Fig.  9.— Pod. 
Fig.   10. — Portion  of  valve  showing  seed  in  situ. 

Plate  XXIV. 


697 


A.  rub i da,  A.  Cunn 

Fig- 

1. 

— Flowering  twig. 

Fig. 

2_ 

— Bud  (enlarged). 

Fig. 

3. 

— Expanded  flower  (enlarged). 

Fig. 

4. 

— Pistil  (enlarged). 

Fig. 

5. 

—Pod 

Fig. 

6. 

—Seed              ,, 

Plate  XXV. 
A.  triptera,  Benth.  var.  Lyndoni,  R.T.B. 

Fig.   1. — Flowering  twig. 

Fig.  2. — Expanded  flower  (enlarged). 

Fig.   3.— Pistil. 

Fig.  4.— Pod  and  phyllode  (nat.  size.) 

Fig.  5.— Seed. 


698 


NEW  SOUTH  WALES  FUNGI. 

By  D.  McAlpine. 

(Communicated  hy  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.) 

(Plates  XXVI. -XXVIII.) 

The  following  seven  fungi  sent  by  Mr.  R.  T.  Baker,  of  the 
Technological  Museum,  occur  on  the  leaves  or  bark  of  indigenous 
plants.  Four  of  them  are  new  to  science,  two  are  new  to  the 
colony,  and  one  has  been  previously  recorded  from  a  different 
locality. 

FusARiUM  BYssiNUM,  n.sp.  — Byssoid  Fusarium. 

(Plate  XXVI.,  -figs.  1-2.) 

Hypophyllous.  Pustules  pulvinate,  gregarious,  here  and  there 
confluent,  firm,  byssoid  at  base,  at  first  flesh-colour  finally  bright 
orange-3'ellow,  often  with  small  cup-shaped  depressions  on  top, 
generally  circular  and  2-3  mm.  in  dia.  Hyphfe  hyaline,  densely 
compacted,  slender,  about  I-I^/li  thick.  Conidia  hyaline,  fusiform, 
straight,  pointed  at  both  ends,  continuous,  rarely  one-septate, 
11-14  X  li-2;x. 

On  leaves  of  Desmodium  sp.  Jul3^  Murwillumbah,  N.S.W. 
(Baker,  2). 

This  is  a  very  striking  form,  from  its  size  and  bright  appearance. 
Ramularia  Desmodii,  Cke.,  (Fusisporiu7n  pubescens,  B.  &  C),  and 
Cercos2}ora  Desmodii,  Ell.  &  Kell.,  occur  on  the  leaves  of  this 
genus,  but  are  quite  distinct.  There  is  an  orange  Fusarium  {F. 
hypochreoideum,  Cke.  &  Mass.)  on  fading  leaves  of  Ficus  in 
Queensland,  but  the  pustules  are  much  smaller  and  the  conidia 
stouter.  In  F.  aurantiacum,  Sacc,  the  gonidia  are  straight  and 
not  pointed  at  the  ends. 


BY   D.  McALPINE.  699 

Meliola  amphitricha,  Fries.  — Amphitrichous  Meliola. 

Sporidia  up  to  50  x  19  /x. 

On  leaves  of  Dysoxylon  sp.;  commonly  on  under  surface,  slightly 
on  upper.     July.     Murwillumbah,  N.S.W.  (Baker,  3). 

Already  described  on  Dysoxylon  rufitm,  Benth.,  from  Richmond 
River  in  P.L.S.N.S.W.  (2)  x.  1895. 

AsTERiDiuji  EUCALYPTI,  Cooke  ct  Mass.  —  Eucalyptus  Asteridium. 

(Plate  XXVI.,  figs.  3-4.) 

Spot-lilce,  radiating,  superficial,  Ijlack,  minute  patches,  gre- 
garious, often  confluent,  on  upper  and  under  surfaces  of  leaf. 
Ilyplus  dark  brown,  thick-walled,  much  branched,  septate,  average 
9-10  jx  broad,  with  numerous  short,  stout,  ultimate  branchlets 
usually  uniseptate.  Perithecia  minute,  hemispherical  or  discoid, 
flattened,  black,  but  dark  brown  under  microscope,  composed  of 
radiating,  transversely  septate  filaments,  margin  scolloped,  80-94  n 
broad  by  84-88  /x  deep.  Asci  pyriform,  4-spored.  Sporidia  elon- 
gated, ellipsoid,  triseptate,  constricted,  brown,  one  segment 
enlarged,  26  x  11  /x. 

On  leaves  of  Red  Apple  (1  Memecylon  sp.).  July.  Murwil- 
lumbah, N.S.W.  (Baker,  4). 

Only  found  hitherto  in  Victoria  on  dead  leaves  of  Eucalyptus 
aniyyflalina,  and  described  in  Grev.  xvi.  1888,  p.  74. 

AsTERiNA  TUBERCULATA,  n.sp. — Tuberculate  Asteriiia. 
(Plate  XXVI.,  figs.  5-8.) 

Hypophyllous,  causing  the  shining  leaves  to  become  entirely  or 
partially  dirty  yellow  on  the  affected  side.  Spots  suborbicular, 
black,  gregarious,  often  contiguous,  with  radiating,  somewhat 
superficial  mycelium  and  minute,  black,  gregarious,  punctiform 
perithecia.  Hyplue  next  to  matrix  colourless  to  greyish,  septate, 
branched,  creeping  on  or  immediately  beneath  epidermis,  4-5  J  /x 
broad.  Dark  brown  hyphie  thick-walled,  septate,  branched, 
with  numerous,  undivided  tubercles  representing  ultimate  bi'anch- 


700  NEW    SOUTH    WALES    FUNGI 


lets,  5^-7i/x  broad.  Perithecia  membranaceous,  generally  orbicular, 
sometimes  elongated-oval  (260x140  jj.),  flattened,  composed  of 
radiating  transversely  divided  filaments,  with  adherent  fibrils, 
brown,  vai'iable  in  size,  56-188  /x  in  diameter.  Jsci  ovate,  8- 
spored,  56-84  x  41-52  fx.  Sporidia  dark  brown,  elliptic,  uniseptate, 
slightly  con.stricted,  33-37  x  17-19  /x. 

On  leaves  of  Geitonoplesium  cymosum,  Cunn.  July.  Murwill- 
umbah,  N.S.W.  (Baker,  5). 

The  sporidia  are  at  first  colourless,  then  olive-green,  and  finally 
of  a  very  dark  brown  colour.  When  the  asci  are  treated  with 
potassium-iodide  iodine  the  sporidia,  as  well  as  the  contents  of 
the  inner  wall,  are  a  beautiful  chestnut-brown,  and  outside  of 
that  a  pale  green  colour. 

Meliola  denticulata,  n.sp. — Dectate  Meliola. 

(Plate  XXVI.,  figs.  9-13.) 

Epiphyllous.  Minute,  black,  superficial,  scattered,  velvety 
spots.  Hyphce  next  to  matrix,  creeping,  colourless,  septate, 
branched,  forming  a  gelatinous  network  attaching  the  fungus  to 
its  host,  very  slender  and  gradually  thickening  as  they  merge  into 
the  bi'own  filaments,  2-4  ^i  bi'oad.  Brown  hypha;  thick-walled, 
and  sometimes  rough,  septate,  much  branched,  branches  often 
opposite,  7|  /i  broad,  ultimate  branchlets  numerous,  short,  stout, 
1-2  septate.  Appendages  simple,  dark  chestnut,  thick-walled, 
rigid,  erect,  septate,  rounded  at  apex  or  usually  variously  toothed, 
up  to  11  /x  broad.  Perithecia  dark  brown,  globose,  depressed, 
irregular  at  margin  with  a  few  adherent  fibrils,  70-84  /x  diameter. 
Asci  not  obsei'ved.  Sporidia  yellowish-brown,  rather  fusiform, 
triseptate,  slightly  constricted,  19x4^. 

On  leaves  of  Dysoxylon  sp.     July.     Byaneum,  N.S.W.  (Baker, 

6).  _         _ 

In  Meliola  bidentata,  Cke.,  the  appendages  are  bidentate  at  the 

tips,  but  here  thej^  are   moi'e  numerous  and   usually  forming  a 

whorl.     As  this  is  a  very  characteristic  feature,  it  is  embodied  in 

the  specific  name. 


BV    D.  McALPINE.  701 

Meliola  cladotricha,  Lev. — Branch-haired  Meliola. 
(Plate  XXVIII.,  fig.s.  21-23.) 

Hypophyllous.  Spots  roughly  orbicular,  black  with  brownish 
tinge,  velvety,  4-6  mm.  diameter,  often  confluent.  Mycelium  of 
dark  brown,  thick-walled,  septate  filaments,  branching  antler-like, 
ultimate  branches  tapering  and  more  transparent,  up  to  9  /x  broad. 
Perithec.ia  in  groups  at  the  centre  of  the  spots,  black,  globose, 
fully  }r  mm.  in  diameter,  and  covered  with  numerous,  rigid,  usually 
curved  or  flexuous,  simple,  septate,  brown  appendages.  Asci 
oblong  or  elongated- elliptical,  4-8  spored,  sessile,  66-112  x  26-37  fi. 
Spo7'idia  at  first  colourless,  then  yellowish-green,  finall}-  brown, 
elongated-ellipsoid,  triseptate,  43-47  x  17  /x. 

On  leaves  of  Eugenia  sj:).  August.  Richmond  River,  N.S.W. 
(Baker,  8). 

The  colourless  sporidia  are  stained  canary-yellow  with  potassium- 
iodide  iodine,  and  both  coloured  and  colourless  may  be  together 
in  the  same  ascus.  The  mycelium  radiates  at  the  circumference 
of  the  spot  in  the  form  of  distinct,  seal-brown,  branching  fila- 
ments, and  the  denser  darker  centre  bears  the  globose  perithecia 
in  groups. 

BOTRYTIS  ARGILLACEA,  Cooke,  var.   AVICENNIAE,  McAlp. — 

Clay-coloured  Botrytis. 

(Plates  XXVII  ,  figs.  14-17;  xxviii.,  figs.  18-20.) 

Gregarious,  firm,  orbicular,  tubercular,  sometimes  confluent ; 
clayey-brown,  rather  large  but  variable  in  size;  from  2  mm.  to 
1  cm.  in  diameter.  Conidiophores  densely  compacted,  collectively 
dark  brown,  individually  almost  hyaline,  straight,  septate, 
repeatedly  laterally  branched,  and  towards  apex  usually  branched 
in  a  tri-radiate  manner,  contents  finely  granular,  about  4^  fj. 
broad.  Conidia  produced  terminally,  pale  yellowish  to  colourless, 
continuous,  elongated-oval  to  ovate,  9^-11x4-5^  fj..  Young 
tubercles  are  of  firm  consistency  and  black  in  section,  but  magni- 
fied the  sections  show  light  and  dark  coloured  layers;  old  tubercles 


702  NEW    SOUTH    WALES    FUNGI, 

crack,  and  the  contents  partially  or  almost  entirely  break  up  into 
l^lack,  firm,  variously  sized  and  shaped  sclerotioid  bodies  which  are 
squeezed  out.  The  sclerotioid  bodies  are  usually  elongated  with 
irregular  outlines,  and  when  crushed  are  seen  to  consist  of  a  dense 
mass  of  brown  or  j^ellowish-brown  septate,  intertwisted  hyph?e, 
averaging  5^;;^  in  thickness,  but  varying  from  4-7^  fx. 

On  bark  of  Aviceimia  officinalis,  L.  February.  Ballina. 
(Baker,  7). 

The  conidiophores  were  recognised  as  resembling  Botrytis 
argillacea,  Cooke,  figured  in  Grev.  iii.  PL  48,  fig.  6,  but  the 
tubercles  were  rather  puzzling.  However,  on  sending  a  specimen 
to  Professor  Saccardo,  he  kindly  replied  as  follows  : — "  I  have 
examined  your  fungus  on  the  bark  of  Avicennia.  The  stroma  is 
formed  hy  a' II i/poxylon,  perhaps  allied  to  II.  purpureum,  of  which 
the  conidial  stage  is  the  argillaceous  Mucedine.  Already  Albert! 
and  Schweinitz  had  a  knowledge  of  this  Hyphomycete  {Dematiuvi 
virescens).  Your  species  approaches  Botrytis  argillacea,  Cooke, 
only  the  principal  hypha?  of  your  species  seem  to  be  shorter.  It 
would  be  necessary  to  know  the  species  of  Hypoxylon  borne  by 
Avicennia,  but  on  the  whole  it  might  be  made  provisionally  a 
variety  of  Botrytis  argillacea."  Accordingly  I  have  given  it  the 
varietal  name  of  Avicenniae. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 
Plate  XXVI. 
Funariiim  hyssinum. 

Fig.  \. — Unclei'  surface  of  large  leaflet  with  bright  orange-yellow  pustules 
(nat.  size). 

Fig.  2.— Conidia  (  x  1000). 

Asttridium  eucalypti. 

Fig.  3. — Portion    of   hypha    with    stout,    uniseptate,    ultimate    branchlets 
(  X  540). 

Fig.  4. — Immature  and  mature  sporidia,  the  latter  witii  the  characteristic 
swollen  segment. 


BY   D.  McALPINE  703 

A-steriiia  (uherculata. 

Fig.  5.— Under  surface  of  leaf  with  black  stain-like  markings  (nat.  size). 
Fig.  6. — Hypha  showing  tubercular  branchlets  (  x  540). 
Fig.  7. — Asci  and  two  separate  olive-green  sporidia  (  x  540). 
Fig.  8.  —  Mature  sporidiuni,  very  dark  brown  (  x  1000). 

Plate  XXVII. 

Meliola  denticulata. 

j'ig.  9. — Coloui-less    hypha3   passing   into    coloured  with    thickened    wall 

(  x  1000). 
Fig.  10. — Apex  of  appendages,  toothed  and  smooth  (  x  1000). 
Fig.  11. — Surface  view  of  perithecium  (  x  540). 
Fig.  12. — Young   perithecium   originating   as   a   branch   from    hypha,    in 

optical  longitudinal  section  (  x  1000). 
Fig.  13.— Sporidia  (  x  1000). 

Botrytis  argillactct  var.  arictnniae. 

Fig.  14. — Fungus  on  bark  (nat.  size). 

Fig.  15.— Section  of  tubercle  (nat.  size).     It  looks  black  in  section,  and 

may  be  solid  throughout  or  partially  broken  up  into  sclero- 

tioid  bodies. 
Fig.  16.— Section  of  small  tubercle  (uat.  size  and  magnified).     There  is  a 

central  core  of  fine  (whitish)  fibres,  an  outer  and  inner  layer 

of    dark,   dense,  almost    black   fibres,  and    the    rest    is   of    a 

yellowish -brown. 
Fig.  17. — Branching  conidiophores  (  x  540). 

Plate  xxviii. 

Botrytis  argiUacea  var.  avicenniae. 

Fig.  18. — Tri-radiate  branching  towards  apex  and  apical  conidium  (  x  1000). 
Fig.  19. —Detached  couidia  (  x  1000). 
Fig.  20.— Sclerotioid  bodies  (  x  52). 

Mdiola  dadotricha. 

Fig.  21. — Antler-like  branching  hypha,  also  septate,  but   the   septa  are 

concealed  by  the  dark  colour  (  x  270). 
Fig.  22.— Asci  4-  and  8-spored  (  x  145). 
Fig.  23.— Sporidium  (  x  1000). 


704 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  EUCALYPTS  OF  NEW 

SOUTH  WALES. 

Part  III. 

By  Henry  Deane,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S. 

(Plates  xxix.-xxxiii.) 

Eucalyptus  h^mastoma,  Sm. 

Introductory. — The  species  is  found  in  two  principal  varieties, — 
a  coarse  form  (the  type),  and  a  slender  one,  the  latter  with  small 
flowers  and  fruits,  and  known  as  variety  micrantha  in  consequence. 

As  regards  the  type,  the  leaves,  flowers  and  fruits  are  alike 
larger,  and  the  leaves  thicker,  but,  as  a  rule,  the  tree  itself  does 
not  attain  the  magnitude  of  its  vai'iety. 

With  Bentham's  amplified  description  of  the  species  as  given 
in  B.  Fl.  iii.  2 1  2,  we  in  the  main  agree,  so  that  it  will  only  be 
necessary  to  add  a  few  notes. 

Vernacular  names. — ■"'  White  Gum  "  is  the  commonest  and  most 
appropriate  name  for  this  species.  As  regards  the  vernacular 
names  in  the  Flora  Australiensis,  Cunningham's  name  of  "Black- 
butt  "  is  a  misnomer  and  has  probabl}^  arisen  from  confusion  of 
this  species  with  the  "  Mountain  Ash  "  ( E.  Sieberiana),  and  the 
name  of  "  Mountain  Ash  "  for  E.  hcHmastoma  has  probably  arisen 
through  too  close  reliance  upon  herbarium  specimens,  those  of  U. 
hannastoina  and  E.  Sieheriana  being  frequently  ditficult  to  dis- 
criminate unless  complete  material  be  available.  The  resemblances 
of  the  two  species  will  be  again  referred  to  when  E.  Sitberiana  is 
dealt  with. 

Bark. — Smooth,  with  a  few  ribbony  flakes  near  the  butt. 

The  species  referred  to  in  the  following  paragraph  in  the 
Eucalyptographia  is  most  pi'obably  our  E.  fastigiata  {Proc.  Linn. 
Soc.  JV.S.  W.),  and  we  may  mention  that  we  have  never  seen  true 
E.  hcemastoma  other  than  a  white  or  at  the  most  a  ribbony  gum. 


BY  HENRY  DEANE  AND  J.  H.  MAIDEN.  705 

"  E.  hcemastoma  occurs,  however,  also  occasionally  with  bark 
persisting  up  to  the  last  branches,  according  to  Mr.  AVilkinson, 
and  would  then  come  under  the  category  of  the  Stringy  barks  ; 
in  such  a  state  for  instance  it  is  known  from  the  Dromedary 
Range  up  to  1,500  feet  above  the  sea-level  in  the  Silurian  forma- 
tion." (N.B. — We  have  found  it  up  to  3,000  feet  on  Tantawanglo 
Mountain.) 

Timber. — Red,  and  of  an  inferior  character,  though  a  fairly 
lasting  timber  for  posts  in  the  districts  in  which  it  grows. 

Sucker  leaves.  — Broadly  lanceolate,  somewhat  similar  in  shape 
to  the  adult  leaves,  only  larger;  4  to  6  inches  long  by  1^  inches 
broad,  are  measurements  of  some  from  the  Sydney  district. 

Mature  leaves. — Coriaceous,  thick,  spreading,  and  veins  very 
distinct,  oblique,  and  several  starting  from  near  the  base  of  the 
leaf.  As  in  the  case  of  some  other  species,  the  mature  foliage  of 
trees  growing  close  to  the  sea  is  very  coarse  and  thick. 

Peduncles. — Angular  and  flattened. 

Calyx-tube. — Much  longer  than  the  operculum  and  insensibly 
tapering  into  the  pedicel. 

Opercuhim. — Pointed  when  young,  becoming  more  hemispheri- 
cal as  maturity  is  approached.  Often  the  buds  may  be  described 
as  clavate. 

Fruits. — Not  so  flat-topped  as  micrantha.      Rim  never  depressed. 

Speaking  generally  the  shape  of  the  fruits  reminds  one  of  a 
pear.  The  rim  is  more  or  less  domed  and  usually  brownish  or 
red  (hence  the  specific  name).  We  do  not  agree  that,  speaking 
at  all  generally,  "  the  capsule  is  slightly  depressed,"  as  stated  at 
B.Fl.  iii.  212. 

Pedicels  not  so  thin,  being  more  tapering  than  is  the  case  with 
var.  micrantha. 

Sometimes  the  fruits  are  hardly  pear-shaped,  but  this  is  unusual. 
We  have  some  nearly  hemispherical,  but  much  larger  than  those 
of  var.  micrantha.  At  the  same  time  thei-e  are  fruits  which 
undoubtedly  show  transition  between  E.  hoimastoma  and  its 
variety  micrantha. 


706  ON    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

In  some  cases  trees  belonging  to  this  species  have  fruits  in  dense 
heads.  In  these  trees  the  foHage  is  coarser  and  larger  than  that 
of  var.  micrantha  usually  is;  at  the  same  time  the  fruits,  while 
numerous  in  the  head,  have  thicker  pedicels  than  those  of  var. 
micrantha;  as  regards  size,  the  fruits  are  intermediate  between 
the  type  and  its  variety.  These  clustered  fruited  forms  occur  on 
the  Blue  Mountains  and  on  the  Hawkesbury  Ranges. 

Range. — The  typical  species  apparently  does  not  extend  much 
l)e3^ond  the  Hawkesbury  sandstone,  and  is  most  abundant  not  far 
from  Port  Jackson,  the  Hawkesbury  and  George's  River,  and  the 
ridges  and  broken  country  in  the  vicinity.  While  the  range  is 
not  very  precisely  defined  at  present,  that  of  the  variety  viicrantha 
is  undoubtedly  very  much  more  extensive. 

Affinities. — Chiefly  with  F.  Sieberiana,  the  only  species  (now 
that  E.  virgata  has  been  abolished  as  a  specific  name)  with  which 
it  could  readily  be  confused. 

E.    H^MASTOMA    var.    MICRANTHA. 

Introductory. — In  many  respects  resembling  E.  hcemasfoma,  but 
the  flowers  are  much  smaller  and  the  ti-ee  is  never  rough  on  the 
lowest  part  of  the  trunk,  but  always  smooth,  right  to  the  ground. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  uniform  of  our  Eucalypts,  whether 
occurring  on  the  coast  sandy  flats,  or  on  the  mountain  ranges. 

Vernacular  names. — •"  White  Gum  "  is  a  very  common  name. 
It,  however,  in  one  or  other  of  the  many  districts  in  which  it 
occurs,  usually  goes  under  some  name  referring  to  the  softness  or 
brittleness  of  its  timber,  e.g.,  "Cabbage  Gum,"  "Snappy  Gum," 
"  Brittle  Gum,"  "Brittle  Jack." 

£ark. — Smooth,  right  to  the  ground.  The  colour  of  the  bark 
is  usually  white,  but  sometimes,  particularly  in  localities  compara- 
tively remote  from  the  sea,  the  bark  is  at  certain '  seasons  of  the 
3'ear  yellowish.  Away  from  the  sea,  also,  the  bark  appears  to 
have  a  greater  tendency  to  peel  ofi"  in  patches,  giving  it  more  or 
less  a  spotted  appearance. 


BY    HENRY    DEANB    AND    J.    H.    MAIDEN.  707 

Timber. — Soft,  red.  An  excellent  timber  for  fencing  posts, 
and  in  some  districts,  especially  the  southern  table  land,  preferred 
for  this  purpose. 

Sucker  leaves  (very  young). — Nearly  ovate,  then  nearly  oblong 
(rounded  at  both  ends)  and  with  crenulate  margins.  As  growth 
proceeds,  they  become  attenuate  at  both  ends  and  somewhat 
falcate. 

Young  foliage. — Blue-green,  a  little  glaucous,  and  with  purple- 
brown  twigs.  Alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acuminate,  a 
little  oblique,  up  to  6  inches  long  and  2|  broad.  The  intra- 
marginal  vein  much  removed  from  the  edge.  From  this  stage 
the  foliage  gradually  develops  into  the  mature  stage. 

Mature  leaves. — These  vary  somewhat,  which  is  not  a  matter  for 
surprise,  considering  the  extensive  range  of  the  tree.  They  are  often 
thick  and  glossy.  Those  from  Bargo  Brush  are  of  this  character, 
and  5|  inches  long  and  1  to  1|^  broad.  Those  from  Queanbeyan 
are  narrow-lanceolate.  Some  in  the  Sydney  district  are  quite 
small,  usually  not  exceeding  3  by  ^  inch.  The  foliage  of  many 
trees  in  the  Mudgee  district  is  quite  sparse  In  the  Macleay 
and  Hastings  districts  the  trees  frequently  have  broadish,  lanceo- 
late long  leaves  up  to  7  inches  by  1^.  Sometimes  the  leaves  are 
hooked  at  the  ends,  a  character  more  general  in  Eucalypts  than 
was  at  one  time  supposed. 

But  there  is  no  doubt  that  the  leaves  of  this  form  pass 
insensibly  into  those  of  the  normal  species.  Specimens  from  the 
Blue  Mountains  {e.g.,  Mt.  Victoria)  of  var.  micrantha  show  this 
transition  very  clearly. 

Peduncles. — Some  specimens  show  a  radiate  inflorescence  and  a 
very  large  number  of  flowers  and  yellow  buds  {e.g.,  at  Grenfell). 

Operculum. — Nearly  hemispherical  or  with  a  small  umbo;  less 
pointed  than  in  the  typical  form. 

Fruits.  —  The  fruits  are  usually  as  flat-topped  (they  are  but 
rarely  slightly  domed)  as  in  any  species  of  Eucalyptus,  and  therefore 
are  not  satisfactoril}''  represented  in  the  figure  of  E.  hoiinastoma 
in    the    Eucal gptographia.       The   fruits   are  small,    nearly  hemi- 


708  ox    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

spherical,  rarely  tapered  below,  have  thin  pedicels,  and  are  usually 
numerous.  Some  from  Queanbeyan  are  3%  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  Those  fi'om  Grenfell,  Bargo,  kc,  have  flat  tops  and 
sharp  rims.  Some  from  the  Mudgee  district  and  south  coast 
afford  instances  of  slight  doming  of  the  fruits.  Occasionally  they 
are  depressed  hemispherical, — almost  tazza-shaped.  They  are 
often  pale  coloured  and  with  markedly  red  mouths. 

We  have  fruits  from  Mt.  Wilson  which,  though  quite  small, 
taper  like  those  of  normal  luemastoma,  and  are  in  some  respects 
connecting  links. 

Range. — This  is  much  the  most  widely  distributed  form  of  the 
species.  Besides  New  South  Wales  it  is  also  found  in  Queensland, 
and  in  our  own  colony  it  e.xtends  from  north  to  south,  and  from 
the  coast  across  the  tableland  to  at  least  as  far  west  as  Tumut, 
Bumberrv  and  Mudgee. 

Size. — Usually  30  or  40  feet  in  height,  with  a  trunk  diameter 
of  2  or  3  feet. 

E.  STRiCTA,  Sieb. 

The  original  description  of  E.  stricta  (Sieb.  Cnr.  post.  195)  is  as 
follows: — E.  operculo  submutico  pedunculis  lateralibus  2-floris 
foliis  linearibus  acutis  coriaceis  glabris  subpunctatis. 

Bentham  (Flora  Australiensis)  places  the  species  in  the  Poran- 
therte,  and  gives  the  following  notes  concerning  it : — 

"  Umbels  several-flowered,  often  solitar}'  in  the  axils,  the  upper 
ones  in  terminal  corymbose  panicles.  Operculum  usually  conical, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx  tulje.  Pedicels  short.  Leaves  linear, 
thick,  the  oblique  veins  seldom  visible.     Umbels  all  axillary." 

He  also  places  it  in  his  allied  series  Micrantherse,  but  as  pointed 
out  by  Mueller  ( Eucalyptographia),  in  making  this  classification, 
he  probably  only  had  very  young  flowers  for  dissection. 

E.  stricta  is  usually  considered  to  be  the  mountain  form  of  a 
species,  of  which  E.  ubtusiflora  is  the  coast  form. 

In  the  Ecualjiptngraphia,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  under  E. 
stricta  Mueller  includes  E.  virgata  and  E.  Luehrnanniana,  but  not 
E.  ohtusiflora. 


BY  HENRY  DEANE  AND  J.  H,  MAIDEN.  709 

General  remarks. — The  name  stricta  is  rather  a  happy  one, 
though  not  exclusively  characteristic.  It  is  a  shrubby  species, 
with  a  number  of  thin  steins  of  approximately  equal  diameter. 
It  has  been  compared  in  habit  to  a  Mallee,  but  it  has  no  thickened 
root-stock.     Height  from  6  to  15  feet. 

Bark. — Falling  oif  in  strips,  leaving  smooth  stems. 

Timber.  —  Pale  coloured,  but  too  small  to  furnish  what  is  com- 
mercially known  as  timber. 

MatiLre  leaves. — Rigid,  very  coriaceous,  varying  from  narrow- 
linear  to  ovate-lanceolate.  Usually  hooked  at  the  apex.  Often 
glossy. 

It  will  be  convenient  to  group  the  species  with  respect  to  the 
shape  of  the  leaves.  They,  however,  appear  to  run  into  each 
other  b}^  insensible  gradations. 

a.  Coriaceous,  lanceolate  leaves,  more  or  less  falcate,  almost 
acuminate.     Average  length  3^  to  4  inches,  and  breadth  |  inch. 

Hab. — South  Coast,  e.g.,  Sugar  Loaf  Mountain  (Braidwood), 
Moruya  and  Candelo;  also  Blue  Mountains. 

Apparently  large  when  growing  in  congenial  situations,  but 
leaves  and  fruits  smaller  when  growing  in  bleak,  sterile  localities. 

h.   Coriaceous,  linear-lanceolate,  hooked  leaves. 

Hdb. — Blue  Mountains  generally. 

De  Candolle,  followed  by  Bentham,  gives  the  leaves  as  linear- 
lanceolate  or  linear,  but  it  is  quite  impossible  to  exclude  broader 
leaved  forms 

Peduncles. — Flattened  or  angular.  Each  with  4  to  8  (Bentham) 
or  5  or  6  (De  Candolle)  shortly  pedicellate  small  flowers. 

Calyx  tube. --^ot  2  lines  in  diameter,  tapering. 

Opercuhim  very  short,  nearly  hemispherical,  surmounted  b}'  a 
point  (umbonate).  ^Nluch  shorter  than  the  calyx  tube.  Bentham 
speaks  of  the  buds  as  ovoid.  This  is  hardly  true  as  a  general  rule. 
They  are  clavate,  and  often  yellowish,  especially  the  operculum. 
Bentham  notes  that  the  operculum  is  not  longer  than  the  calyx 
tube.  It  is  usualh^  very  much  shorter.  It  may  l)e  remarked 
that  in  regard  to  the  gen-eral  shape  of  the  operculum,  with  its 

umbo,  this  species  bears  resemblance  to  E.  obtusijijra. 
46 


710        ON  THE  EUCALYPTS  OF  NEW  SOUTH  WALES, 

Anthers. — The  stamens  are  folded  in  the  bud  and  the  anthers 
are  all  fertile  and  renantherous. 

Fruits. — Globose-truncate,  smooth,  often  glossy,  up  to  5  lines 
broad  and  6  deep,  but  varying  in  size,  contracted  at  the  orifice, 
i.e.,  slightly  urceolate,  the  I'im  narrow  or  thin,  the  capsule  sunk, 
and  the  valves  not  protruding.  Usually  the  valves  are  very 
much  sunk,  but  occasionally  {e.g.,  at  Wentworth  Falls)  the  tips  of 
the  valves  are  flush  with  the  top  of  the  capsule. 

Apparently  the  capsule  is  always  sunk  in  Blue  Mountain 
specimens,  the  edge  of  the  capsule  (rim)  being  thin  and  gradually 
slojDing  into  the  orifice. 

A  connecting  link  with  the  series  of  specimens  (ohtusijlora,  kc.,. 
with  a  horizontal  rim)  is  furnished  by  specimens  from  Sugar  Loaf 
Mountain,   Braidwood,  where   on   the   same   plant  are   fruits   of 
typical  stricta  with  thin,  sunk  rim,  and  those  with  a  broadish, 
scarcely  sunk,  horizontal  rim. 

The  afiinities  in  fruit  are  to  some  forms  of  E.  obliqna,  but  the 
rim  of  the  latter  is  thicker  (see  Eucalyptographia ).  The  closest 
aflinity  is,  however,  with  E.  obtusijlora,  as  pointed  out  at  page  715. 

Range. — The  Blue  Mountains  and  the  Braidwood  and  Moruya 
districts.  The  intermediate  localities  are  not  defined  with  certainty. 
It  cannot  be  stated  that  the  true  E.  stricta  is  found  in  the  Port 
Jackson  district,  as  recorded  by  Bentham. 

E.   STRICTA  var.  rigida. 

General  remarks. — Forms  a  scrubby  growth. 

This  plant  is  undoubtedly  a  small  form  of  E.  stricta,  but  as  it 
is  uniform  in  appearance  it  would  be  desirable  to  name  it  as  a 
variety  as  a  matter  of  convenience.  Sieber's  MS.  name  of  rigida, 
under  which  it  appears  to  have  been  distributed  in  the  first 
instance,  may  be  adopted. 

Vernacular  names. — Called  "  Boree  "  at  Berrima,  though  the 
use  of  the  name  (usually  given  to  an  Acacia)  should  not  be 
encouraged. 

Seedling  leaves. — Not  seen. 


BY    HENRY    DEANE    AND    J.    H.    MAIDEN,  711 

Mature  leaves. — Very  coriaceous,  narrow-linear.  Not  exceed- 
ing ^  inch  in  breadth,  though  4  inches  long.  Neither  the  mar- 
ginal nor  transverse  vein  visible,  or  scarcely  so.  They  strongly 
resemble  those  of  E.  stellulata,  var.  angustifolia  (E.  microphylla, 
A.  Cunn. ),  but  the  two  plants  can  be  readily  separated  by  means 
of  their  fruits. 

Buds. — These  often  show  a  double  operculum,  in  common  with 
very  many  species  of  the  genus.  It  may  be  that  this  double 
operculum  will  be  eventually  found  to  occur  in  all  Eucalypts;  we 
have  observed  it  in  a  large  number  of  species. 

Frtiits.  — Much  smaller  than  those  of  the  typical  form,  slightly 
urceolate,  much  resembling  those  of  E.  jyiperita. 

Range. — Berrima,  Blackheath. 

E.   LUEHMANNIANA,  F.V.M. 

This  small  tree  was  originally  described  by  Mueller  (Frapn.  xi. 
38)  as  E.  Luehmanniana.  The  species  was  suppressed  by  the 
author  in  his  Census  {1st  Edition,  1882),  but  not  before  he  had 
included  it  under  E.  stricta  [Eucalyjjtographia).  In  the  2nd 
Edition  (1889)  of  the  Census  it  appears  (by  reference)  under  E. 
virgata,  Sieb.,  which  species  itself  had  been  suppressed  in  the 
1st  Edition  of  the  work.  Baron  von  Mueller  was,  as  a  rule,  averse 
to  namins  varieties  however  well  marked.  There  is  little  doubt 
that,  had  he  again  named  it,  it  would  have  been  under  the  style 
E.  virgata,  var.  Luehmanniana.  The  late  Rev.  Dr.  Woolls  used 
to  resrard  it  as  a  variety  of  hcetnastoma,  and  used  to  name  it 
grandiflora,  stating,  in  a  letter,  "many  Eucalypts,  e.g.,  punctata, 
resinifera,  have  a  grandiflora  form,  and  so  has  hcetnastoma." 
Although  for  the  last  few  years  of  his  life  he  consistently  held 
this  view,  we  cannot  find  that  he  put  it  in  print. 

We  are  of  opinion  that  it  would  be  a  matter  of  convenience  to 
revive  Mueller's  species  of  Luehmanniana.  It  bears  affinity  to  at 
least  two  species,  but  we  are  of  opinion  that  the  course  we  pro- 
pose is  less  free  from  objection  than  to  consider  it  a  %ariety  of 
either.       Although  E.  I^aehmanniana  eventually  passes  into  E. 


712  ON    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

ohtusijiora,  the  form  with  which  it  possesses  closest  affinity,  we 
would  point  out  that  each  case  of  nomenclature  must  be  con- 
sidered on  its  merits,  and  that  many  Eucalypts,  whose  specific 
value  is  not  at  present  disputed,  possess  a  large  series  of  varieties 
which  insensibly  pass  into  those  of  other  species. 

Mueller  {Fragm.  xi.  38)  has  already  described  the  tree  f)retty 
fully ;  there  is  no  necessity  for  us  to  repeat  this,  and  we  content 
ourselves  by  emphasising  certain  points,  some  of  which  have  not 
been  touched  upon  in  the  original  description. 

General  remarks. — This  species  is  glaucous,  even  nearly  white. 
At  the  same  time  it  imperceptibly  passes  into  non-glaucous  forms. 
The  branchlets  are  angular,  and  the  species  is  coarse. — peduncles, 
fruits,  leaves,  ifec,  being  alike  large.  These  three  jDoints  are  the 
most  obvious  indications  of  the  species. 

Bark  and  timber. — Apparently  the  same  as  E.  stricta  and 
ohtusiflora. 

Seedling  leaves. — -Coarse,  up  to  7  inches  long  by  4  inches  wide. 
The  resemblance  to  those  of   E.  hccmastoma  is  striking:. 

Mature  leaves — Distinctly  falcate,  up  to  8  inches  b}-  H  inches. 
Coriaceous ;  edges  thickened ;  marginal  vein  usually  at  a  little 
distance  from  the  edge. 

Peiluncles — Very  much  flattened.  We  have  specimens  which 
spread  out  upwards,  so  much  that  they  are  .\  inch  wide  at  the 
place  of  attachment  of  the  inflorescence.  Top  of  peduncle  quite 
broad  and  fleshy  in  which  the  pedicels  are  articulate. 

Buds. — Angular,  pointed. 

Calyx-tube. — The  calyx  often  tapers  into  a  widely  expanded 
lobe,  which  is  articulate  on  a  broad-topped  common  2:>eduncle  ; 
usually  7  flowers  in  a  head. 

Opercidum. — Double  operculum  or  large  calyptra-Iike  bracts 
enveloping  the  whole  head  of  flower-buds,  and  only  thrown  off 
when  the  individual  flower -buds  are  nearly  ready  to  throw  off 
their  own  opercula. 

Stamens. — Nearly  all  fertile. 


BY  HENRY  DEANE  AND  J.  H.  MAIDEN.  713 

Fruits.—  Often  j^ale  brownish  and  glossy,  5-celled,  corrugated  — 
partly  due  to  drying  ;  the  rim  slightly  projecting. 

Specimens  from  the  north  of  Port  Jackson  (between  this 
estuary  and  the  Hawkesbury  River)  appear  to  differ  from  the 
type  onl}'  in  the  following  particulars  : — 

1.  They  are  glabrous. 

2.  The  calyx-tube  is  more  elongated  and  the  stalk  of  the  fruit 
thinner. 

The  most  obvious  diiFerence  is  the  almost  entire  absence  of 
glaucousness;  no  other  difference  is  obvious  or  constant. 

Plants  from  the  Spit  (Middle  Harbour,  Sydney)  have  the  buds 
quite  pointed,  and  long,  with  non-glaucous  leaves.  This  is  a  form 
which  would  be  separated  from  E.  obtusiflora,  with  greater  or 
less  reluctance,  according  to  the  elasticity  of  view  held  in  x*egard 
to  the  definition  of  E.  ohtusiflora. 

Ranqe. — Near  Bulli  (F.v.M.),  thence  as  far  north  as  Middle 
Harbour,  Port  Jackson,  but  the  precise  northerly  range  not  yet 
defined. 

Following  are  notes  upon  a  mountain  variety  of  the  preceding 
species  : — 

E.    LUEHMANNIANA    var.   ALTIOR,  nobis. 

We  have  observed  at  Mt.  Wilson  (the  precise  range  we  do  not 
know)  a  tree  which  may  be  described  as  a  form  of  E.  Liieh- 
mcinnicDia,  with  fruits  and  all  other  parts  comparati^^ely  small. 
The  following  notes  will  i-ender  the  resemblances  and  differences 
clear  : — 

Immature  foliage,  inflorescence  and  fruits,  also  twigs,  all 
glaucous. 

General  remarks. — A  tree  of  60  or  70  feet  with  a  trunk  diameter 
up  to  2  feet.  It  will  he  observed  that  the  tree  is  far  larger  than 
that  of  E.  Luelnndinilaua,  a  circumstance  which  we  record  in  the 
name  altior. 

Bark. — Smooth,  with  some  bark  near  the  butt,  falling  off  in 
ribbons.      A  "  White  Gum." 


714  ox    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

Timber. — Pale  coloured. 
Seedling  leaves. — Not  seen. 

Mature  leaves. — Very  similar  to  those  of  E.  Luehmanniana, 
with  perhaps  the  following  differences  : — 

The  leaves  are  thinner,  the  petioles  less  flat,  and  there  is  a 
greater  tendency  in  the  lower  leaves  for  the  veins  to  proceed 
right  from  the  base  of  the  leaf.  Rarely  longer  than  4^  inches 
or  broader  than  1  inch. 

Peduncl's. — Very  much  flattened,  in  proportion  to  the  size 
of  the  fruits,  perhaps  as  much  so  as  is  the  case  in  the  preceding 
form. 

Calyx  tube. — Similar  to  the  preceding,  though  less  angular. 
Usually  7  flowers  in  a  head. 

Operculum. — Proportionately  smaller,  also  less  pointed.  Pale 
coloured  operculum  like  some  of  the  slightl}^  pointed-opei-culum 
coast-forms  of  obtusijlora. 

Fruits. — Flat-topped;  when  not  fully  ripe  quite  glaucous,  with 
the  exception  of  the  rim  which  is  red,  contrasting  strongly  with 
the  remainder  of  the  fruit,  which  is  smoother  than  the  preceding. 
Pale  brown  and  shining  when  fully  ripe  ;  from  nearly  hemi- 
spherical to  subconical,  the  edge  of  the  rim  sharp,  and  5-celled. 

Dimensions. — Greatest  length  and  greatest  breadth  of  fruit 
about  y'g  inch.     Width  of  rim  in  mature  fruit  |^  inch. 

Range. — In  the  taluses  of  the  sandstone  cliffs  about  Mt.  Wilson. 

E.    OBTUSIPLORA,    DC. 

General  remarks. — E.  obtusijiora  is  recognised  as  a  species  in 
the  Flora  Austr  alien  sis;  it  is  ignored  as  a  species,  and  only  very 
incidentally  alluded  to  (under  F.  stricta)  in  the  Eiicalyjjtographia. 

We  think  that  E.  obtusijiora  should  be  i-etained  as  a  species. 
At  the  same  time  we  have  a  series  of  specimens  absolutely  con- 
necting it  with  E.  Lw.hmanniana.  It,  however,  differs  from  that 
species  in  several  important  particulars  : — 


BY  HENRY  DEANE  AND  J.  H.  MAIDEN.  715 

(1)  Size  and  curvature  of  leaves.  Those  of  E.  oblusijlora  are 
small,  broad  in  comparison  with  their  length,  shiny,  thick,  usually 
blunt,  and  with  strongly  marked  veins. 

(2)  Shape  of  fruits — being  more  subcylindrical  than  those  of 
E.  Luehmanniana. 

(3)  In  the  peduncles  and  shape  of  the  buds. 

Following  are  notes  on  three  trees  from  the  Spit,  Middle 
Harbour,  Port  Jackson. 

(a)  15  feet  high.  Angular  twigs,  pale-coloured  foliage,  the 
leaves  falcate  and  hooked,  2  to  3^  inches,  or  rarely  4  inches  long. 
Pointed  yellowish  operculum.  Fruits  5-celled,  over  ^  inch 
long  by  about  yg  across,  and  pale-coloured.  They  have  a  long, 
broad  common  peduncle,  and  the  calyx  is  elongated  and  continuous 
with  the  pedicel. 

(■y)  Operculum  (as  figured)  pointed.  Fruits  5-celled,  flat-topped 
or  a  little  domed  (as  figured)  and  barely  half  an  inch  long.  The 
common  peduncle  elongated,  and  much  flattened  upward. 

(8)  Operculum  pointed.  Fruits  half  an  inch  long,  flat  topped, 
but  sunk,  angled,  in  addition  to  a  certain  amount  of  longi- 
tudinal folding,  the  result  of  shrivelling,  common  to  both  E. 
ohtusijlora  and  Liiehraanniana.  Leaves  vexy  shiny,  thick,  and 
with  stx'ongly  marked  venation. 

These  three  forms  are  strong  connecting  links  with  E.  Luehmmi- 
niana. 

Following  is  a  connecting  link  with  E.  stricta  : — 
(6)  A  small  tree  from  Middle  Harboui',  Sydney,  about  9  feet 
high,  with  a  white-grey  smooth  bark,  the  old  bark  leaving  the 
tree  in  long  dark-coloured  shreds.  Buds  clavate,  and  with  double 
operculum.  Fruits  about  ^  inch  long,  of  the  shape  of  those  of  E. 
stricta,  Ijut  with  a  thickei-  rim,  and  less  sunk,  4-celled.  The 
lea^'es  linear- lanceolate,  5  inches  by  5  inch. 

Bark. — Lead-coloured ;  falling  off  in  ribbons.  Not  greatly 
different  from  E.  stricta  and  E.  ohlusiflora. 

Timber. — Like  E.  stricta. 


716  ON    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

Seedling  leaves. — Broadly  lanceolate,  somewhat  similar  in  shape 
to  the  adult  leaves,  only  larger.  Approximate  dimensions  4  to  6 
inches  long  by  1|-  inch  broad. 

Mature  leaves.  —  Rigid,  very  coriaceous,  ovate-lanceolate,  slightly 
oblique,  leaves  sometimes  blunt,  sometimes  hooked  ;  rarely  1 
inch  wide  (usually  |)  and  up  to  4  inches  or  a  little  more  long. 
The  venation  marked.*  Colour  of  leaf  pale  or  yellowish-green, 
often  glossy,  and  the  margin  often  reddish.  The  intra  marginal 
vein  some  distance  from  the  margin.  The  transverse  veins  (see 
figure  22)  starting  out  at  a  fairly  uniform  angle  to  the  midrib.  As 
Bentham  puts  it  (B  Fl.  iii.  189);  "Leaf  veins  not  close,  often 
very  oblique,  but  all  inserted  along  the  midrib." 

Peduncles. — Somewhat  angular. 

Jjuds.  —  Clavate  and  umbonate,  even  pointed. 

Calyx-tube. — Short  and  broad  (Bentham),  but  this  not  a 
constant  character. 

Oper-culum. — Specimens  from  Botany  and  National  Park  have 
the  operculum  hemispherical,  apparently  without  sign  of  um1)o. 
This  species  frequently  shows  the  double  operculum. 

Anthers. — In  describing  E.  sir  Ida,  it  has  been  alleged  that 
Bentham  has  described  the  anthers  of  another  species.  He,  how- 
ever, emphasises  the  shape  of  the  anthers  where  (B.  Fl.  iii.  218), 
alluding  to  the  difference  between  E.  stricta  and  E.  stellulata, 
he  says,  "  Some  specimens,  confounded  with  E.  stricta  by  A. 
Cunningham,  belong  to  the  narrow-leaved  form  of  E.  stellulata, 
in  which  the  veins  are  sometimes  inconspicuous,  but  which  is 
readily  distinguished  Ijy  the  shape  of  the  l^uds,  the  reniform 
anthers,  Arc." 

Fruits. — 4-  to  5-celled,  flat-topped,  wrinkled,  brown  and  shiny 
like  E.  Luehmanniana,  but  smaller.  Some  specimens  from  Loftus 
have  slightly  urceolate  4-celled  fruits,  which  have  thin  rims,  and 
ai-e  depressed. 

*  This  i.s  especially  the  case  where  the  trees  grow  close  to  the  coast. 


BY    UEXRV    D^AXE    AND    .).     II.    MAIDEN.  717 

Some  fruits  from  Botany  are  almost  hemispherical  and  5-celled; 
the}'  are  apparently  a  connecting  link  with  E.  stricta.  We  are  of 
opinion  that  it  is  not  possible  to  discriminate  between  some  forms 
of  stricta  and  ohtusifiora  without  fruits. 

Range. — In  its  typical  form  confined  to  the  coast,  and 
apparently  at  no  great  distance  from  Port  Jackson. 

E.    VIRGATA,  Sieb. 

The  original  description  of  E.  viryata,  8ieb  ,  (Cur.  post.  195)  is 
as  follows  : — "  E.  operculo  conico  pedunculis  3-floris  incrassatis 
compressis  rugosis  erectiusculis  foliis  lanceolatis  acuminatis 
coriaceis  subvenosis  glabris." 

This  was  expanded  Ijy  De  Candolle  (Prod.  iii.  217)  into  the 
following  words  : — 

"  Operculo  conico  cupulte  longitudine,  pedunculis  axillaribus 
lateralibus  petiolo  vix  longioribus  pedicellisque  ancipitibus,  foliis 
oblongo-linearibus  utrinque  acuminatis  crassiusculis  coriaceis 
subaveniis.  Eolii  petiolus  i  lin.  longus,  lamina  4-6  poll,  longa 
6-9  lin.  lata.      Umbelhe  5-6-flora5.      Margo  folii  crassiusculus." 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  Sieber  had  the  temerity  to  describe 
the  species  from  foliage  and  buds  only  —  a  course  fraught  with 
danger  in  the  vast  majority  of  species,  as  subsequent  experience 
has  amply  shown.  This  imperfect  description  has  been  the  cause 
of  much  trouble  in  later  years. 

E.  virgata  is  redescribed  by  Bentham  (B.Fl.  iii.  202) 
"Chiefly  from  Oldfield's,  Woolls's  and  F.  Mueller's  specimens. 
Sieber's  appear  to  be  the  same,  but  they  are  only  in  young  bud, 
and,  therefore,  uncertain.  It  difi'ers  from  both  E.  coriacea  and 
E.  obliqua  in  the  outer  stamens  bearing  only  abortive  anthers, 
and  in  that  respect  approaches  E.  hcemastoma,  from  which  it 
differs  as  well  in  foliage  and  in  fruit,  as  in  these  imperfect  stamens 
being  mucli  fewer  and  rarely,  if  ever,  quite  without  anthers." 

E.  virgata  was  in  188-1:  considered  by  Mueller  (Decade  10, 
Eiicalyptographia )  as  a  form  of  E,  strictti. 


718  ON    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 

Previously,  however  (in  1880),  the  species  was  regarded  by 
Mueller,  in  the  same  work,  as  a  synonym  of  E.  Sieberiann  (Decade 
2). 

Bentham  (B.Fl.  iii.  202),  in  referring  to  E.  viryata  as  "Mountain 
Ash  "  (Twofold  Bay),  a  tree  which  is  undoubtedly  E.  Sieberiana,- 
adds  to  our  difficulties.  He  refers  to  the  true  "  Mountain  Ash  " 
( E.  Sieberiana)  in  describing  E.  virgata  as  a  tree  with  "  furrowed 
persistent  bark,"  and  in  other  respects,  in  the  same  description, 
has  the  tree  we  now  know  as  E.  Sieberinna  in  view.  E.  Sieberiana 
is  a  name  not  employed  by  Bentham,  Ijeing  coined  later  by 
Mueller  (  Eucalyjjtographia ). 

We  will  discuss  the  matter  further  under  Sieberiana,  only 
adding,  at  this  place,  that  Mueller's  drawing  of  E.  Sieberinna 
appears  to  us  to  more  correctly  depict  a  form  of  E.  lifpmastoma. 

E.  virgata  as  a  specific  name  was  ignored  by  Mueller  until  the 
publication  of  the  2nd  Census  in  1889.  The  absence  of  a  pictorial 
illustration  by  Mueller  of  E.  virgata,  as  distinguished,  from  E. 
Sieberiana,  is  keenly  felt  under  all  the  circumstances;  in  fact  it 
does  not  appear  that  the  species  has  ever  been  figured,  except 
in  tlie  work  alluded  to  (when  considered  to  be  synonymic  with 
E.  Sieberiana). 

The  differences  usually  empirically  considered  as  separating  E. 
virgata  from  E.  Sieberiana  are  indicated  as  follows  :  — 

E.  virgata. — Stamens  all  fertile.     Leaves  alwajj^s  falcate.     Plant  ' 
always  virgate. 

E.  Sieberiana. — Outer  stamens  sterile.  With  paler  leaves  than 
the  preceding. 

Such  is  a  resume  of  the  affinities  of  what  different  botanists 
ha\e  considered  to  be  Sieber's  virgata.  The  conclusions  being  so 
unsatisfactory,  and  even  contradictory,  we  determined  to  begin  de 
novo. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  J.  G.  Luehmann  for  a 
specimen  identical  with  Sieber's  E.  virgata,  in  bud  only,  collected 
in  a  coastal  district  of  this  colony,  near  Bulli. 

We  unhesitatingly  refer  it  to  one  of  the  numerous  forms  between 
E.  Luelimanniana  and  E.  obtnsi flora.     Our  determination  confirms 


BY    HENRY    DEANE    AND    J.    H.    MAIDEN.  719 

the  affinity  of  E.  Luelimanniana  and  the  so-called  E.  viryata. 
8ieber's  E.  virgata  may  be  looked  upon  as  either  a  glabrous  form 
of  Luehmanniana  or  a  pointed-operculum  form  of  obtusifiora.  To 
speak  as  definitely  as  possible,  we  define  it  as  a  glabrous  form  of 
K.  Liiehinanniana  (connecting  with  E.  obtusifiora).  It  is  an 
imperfectly  described  form  oscillating  between  two  species;  it  has 
remained  a  name  for  three  quarters  of  a  century,  disturbing- 
Eucalyptus  nomenclature,  and  no  one  ever  dared  to  figure  it  as  a 
species. 

All  that  remains  is  to  give  the  name  of  E.  virgata  decent 
interment,  and  we  look  upon  the  absolute  identification  of  Sieber's 
species  as  an  important  point  in  our  paper.  E.  virgata  perplexed 
us  for  years,  and  the  more  we  examined  into  its  identity  the 
greater  the  confusion  appeared. 

Concluding  remarks.  —  On  reviewing  a  very  large  series  of  speci- 
mens we  cannot  but  be  struck  with  the  points  in  which  E.  stricta, 
E.  obtusi/tora,  E.  Luehmanniana,  and  E.  hcemastoma  resemble  one 
another. 

While  there  are  undoubted  affinities  between  E.  obtusiJloi-a  and 
E.  Luehmxinniana  (and  between  these  two  and  E.  hcemastoma),  the 
type  forms  are  very  difierent  in  appearance.  Ampler  opportunities 
for  investigation  have  shown  that  there  are  connecting  links 
between  species  of  Eucalyptus  which,  at  the  time  of  describing 
them,  were  not  apparent,  and  the  application  of  names  to  many 
forms  is  preserved  simply  as  a  matter  of  expediency.  It  may  be 
stated  as  our  carefully  formed  opinion  that  the  judicious  applica- 
tion of  names  to  varieties  is  expedient  as  it  helps  the  student 
and  observer,  and  introduces  definiteness  into  this  protean  genus. 

By  the  names  we  have  adopted,  we  have  indicated  to  some 
extent  our  opinion  of  the  affinities  of  the  various  forms  dealt 
with  by  us.  At  the  same  time,  since  there  are  connecting  links 
between  all  the  forms,  it  is  possible  for  a  botanist  who  holds 
strong  ideas  in  regard  to  the  consolidation  of  species,  to  adopt  a 
classification  different  from  our  own.  It  is  interesting,  for  instance, 
to  view  them  as  varieties  of  one  comprehensive  species — hcema- 


720  ON    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES. 

stoma,  E.  stricta  being  the  form  most  remote  from  the  species 
I'eferi'ed  to.  Still  there  is  much  to  be  said  in  favour  of  this  large 
species  with  its  varieties,  and  examination  of  the  various  trees 
from  this  point  of  view  brings  out  points  of  similarity  and  dissimi- 
larity between  them  which  perhaps  would  not  otherwise  have 
been  presented  to  us. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 
(See  pages  794-795.) 


721 


AUSTRALIAN  TEB2IITID^. 

Part  III. 

By  Walter  W.  Frorgatt,  F.L.S. 

(Plates  xxxiv.-xxxv.) 

Genus  Termes,  Linne. 

Head  large,  rounded,  elliptical  or  quadrangular;  eyes  mode- 
rately large,  projecting,  and  finely  faceted;  ocelli  present,  oblique 
or  oval.  Clypeus  moderately  large;  labrum  broad  and  rounded; 
antennae  13-20-jointed,  longer  than  the  head.  Prothorax  heart- 
shaped,  flattened,  smaller  than  the  head;  tibise  spined;  plantula 
wanting.  Wings  large,  rounded  at  the  tips,  costal  and  subcostal 
nervures  running  parallel  to  each  other  but  not  connected  by  cross 
nervures  from  base  to  apex,  median  and  submedian  nervures 
distinct,  oblique,  nervures  variable.  Scapular  shield  small,  cross 
suture  transverse.     Cerci  cone-shaped. 

Soldiers  v/ith  large  heads,  jaws  projecting  well  in  front,  toothed 
or  sabre-shaped,  but  always  regular  and  matching  each  other. 

Many  build  large  nests,  but  others  live  under  logs,  stones,  etc. 

Termes  lacteus,  Froggatt. 

(Plate  xxxiv.,  figs.  2,  2a.) 

Termes  lactis,   Froggatt,   Agric.    Gazette,   N.S.W.,    May,    1897, 

with  Plate,  p.  297. 

Upper  surface  dark  castaneous  ;  antenntv  and  mouth  parts 
light  brown;  under  surface  dark  brown;  wings  fuscous;  nervures 
brown  ;  the  whole  insect  covered  with  short  scattered  hairs 
extending  over  the  wings.  Length  to  tip  of  the  wings  8,  body 
3,7  lines. 


722  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^E, 

Head  almost  spherical,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  convex  on 
the  summit,  truncate  in  the  front.  Eyes  circular,  moderately 
large,  projecting  on  the  sides  ;  ocelli  well  in  front  of  the  eyes, 
narrow  and  elongate.  Antennte  long  and  slender,  19-jointed, 
springing  from  a  cleft  in  front  of  the  eyes,  1st  joint  very  large; 
2nd  about  half  the  length;  3rd  small,  annular;  4th  to  tip  monili- 
form,  gradually  increasing  in  size,  and  becoming  more  stalked 
and  turljinate  at  the  extremity.  Clypeus  small,  nai*row,  with 
median  suture;  lahrum  large,  rounded  in  front;  palpi  long  and 
hairy;  jaws  stout,  with  three  sharp  teeth  at  the  apex,  an  angular 
one  below,  and  a  large  one  at  the  base.  Prothorax  not  as  wide 
as  the  head,  broader  than  long,  flattened  upon  the  summit,  arcuate 
in  front,  slightly  curved  upon  the  sides,  running  round  to  the 
hindmai'gin,  and  terminating  in  a  slightly  arcuate  tip.  Legs 
long,  thighs  of  a  uniform  thickness;  tibia?  slender,  with  two  fine 
spines  at  the  apex;  tai'si  long,  with  large  claw.  Wings  broad, 
rather  pointed  at  the  apex,  thrice  as  long  as  broad;  scapular  shield 
small,  cross  suture  transverse,  with  four  parallel  nervures  branch- 
ing out  of  it;  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  stout,  running  close 
together  to  the  tip;  median  nervure  running  parallel  through  the 
upper  half  of  the  wing,  branching  out  about  the  middle  of  the 
wing  and  each  branch  again  bifurcated  l)efore  reaching  the  outer 
margin  of  the  wings;  submedian  nervure  stout  at  the  base,  with 
three  short  stout  oblique  nervures,  and  from  seven  to  nine  more 
slender  ones,  three  or  four  of  which  are  forked.  In  the  hind- 
wings  the  median  nervure  branches  out  of  the  subcostal  beyond 
the  scapular  shield,  and  the  basal  oblique  nervures  are  shorter 
and  sometimes  more  forked,  but  the  oblique  nervures  of  both  the 
median  and  submedian  are  alike  irregular  in  number  and  disposi- 
tion in  both  pairs  of  wings  in  a  great  number  of  specimens 
examined.  Abdomen  short  and  broad,  rounded  at  the  tip,  cerci 
short  and  stout,  projecting  on  the  sides 

Soldier. — Head  bright  yellow;  antenme  and  palpi  pale  yellow; 
jaws  ferruginous,  with  the  tips  black;  lightly  covered  with  long 
hairs;  thorax  and  abdomen  dull  white,  the  latter  thickly  covered 
with  short  hairs.     Length  2^  lines.     Head  broadly  rounded  at 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  723 

the  base,  with  several  pale  lines  or  sutures  sloping  down  to  the 
base  of  the  jaws;  with  a  rounded  short  snout-like  projection  above 
the  base  of  the  clypeus,  forming  a  rounded  opening  connected 
with  a  chamber  in  the  head,  from  which  the  soldier  when  touched 
ejects  a  globule  of  milk-like  fluid;  antennfe  long,  slender,  IG- 
jointed,  similar  in  form  to  winged  insect's,  except  the  basal  joint, 
which  springing  from  a  slight  depression  on  the  side  of  the  head 
is  somewhat  longer;  clypeus  small;  labrum  triangular,  broadest 
at  the  base,  slightly  round  and  sloping  on  the  sides  to  a  point, 
about  a  third  of  the  length  of  the  jaws;  jaws  sabre-shaped,  with- 
out teeth,  except  a  round  knob  at  the  base;  slender,  curved  and 
crossing  over  each  other  at  the  tips  when  closed  ;  palpi  long. 
Prothorax  not  as  broad  as  the  head,  rounded  in  front  on  either 
side,  arcuate  in  centre,  with  slight  median  suture,  and  curving 
round  on  the  outer  margins  to  the  apex.  Abdomen  narrow  at 
the  base,  swelling  out  in  the  middle,  rounded  at  apex;  cerci  large. 
Some  specimens  are  striped  down  the  centre  of  the  back  with  two 
parallel  mottled  bands;  these  are  very  distinctly  defined  on  all 
northern  specimens. 

Worker. — Head  pale  yellow,  with  a  white  trilobed  mark  in 
the  centre  and  a  dark  spot  on  either  side  of  the  clypeus,  the  resti 
white.  Length  2^  lines.  Head  spherical ;  clypeus  quadrate, 
longer  than  broad;  labrum  not  as  Inroad  as  the  clypeus,  spade- 
shaped,  rounded  at  the  tip;  antennae  jointed,  thicker  than  those  of 
the  soldier;  jaws  short  and  stout,  a  curved  fang  at  the  tip,  two 
sharp  curved  teeth  below,  and  two  angular  ones  at  the  base. 
Prothorax  deeply  concave  in  front,  rounded  on  the  sides  and 
behind.      Abdomen  large,  elongate-oval;  cerci  small  and  slender. 

A  description  of  the  termitarium  of  this  species  has  been  given 
in  the  introductory  part  of  this  monograph,  and  also  in  a  popular 
paper  in  the  Agricultural  Gazette. 

T.  lacfeus  is  our  commonest  destructive  species,  and  in  all  cases 
known  to  me  in  which  houses  have  been  damaged  by  white  ants 
about  83'dney,  I  have  found  them  infested  with  this  termite. 

The  soldiers  are  very  plentiful  in  all  the  nests,  and  ai'e  remark- 
able for  their  ferocity,  ne\er  retreating  when  a  colony  is  disturbed 


724  AUSTRALIAN   TElUUTlhJ:, 

until  all  the  workei's  have  found  shelter.  They  are  at  once 
recognizable  by  the  globule  of  milk-like  secretion  above  the  jaws, 
which  they  eject  at  the  first  alamn.  The  winged  forms  are  found 
in  the  nests  in  October;  a  queen  is  always  present,  and  com- 
plementary queens  are  sometimes  met  with. 

tiab. — Sydney,  Shoalhaven,  Blue  Mountains,  N.S.W.,  and 
Southport,  Queensland  (W.  W.  Froggatt);  Uralla,  N.S.W.  (Mr. 
G.  McD.  Adamson) ;  Gunbower,  Vic.  (Mr.  G.  J.  Perrin) ;  Kal- 
goorlie,  AV.A.  (Mr.  G.  W.  Froggatt). 

This  species  has  a  very  wide  range  in  this  colony  and  Queens- 
land ;  it  both  forms  nests,  and  is  commonly  found  under  logs, 
tree  stumps,  and  stones.  My  Victorian  and  West  Australian 
specimens  were  obtained  under  logs. 

Termes  ferox,  n  sp. 
(Plate  XXXIV.,  tigs.  1,  la,  16.) 

Upper  surface  castaneous;  underside  of  the  abdomen  ochreous; 
legs  and  antenmie  lighter  coloured;  wings  dark  fuscous,  nervures 
brown;  very  hairy  and  rather  slender  in  form.  Length  to  tip  of 
the  wings  5^,  body  '2\  lines. 

Head  small,  spherical,  as  long  as  broad,  rounded  behind,  and 
slightly  flattened  on  the  forehead.  Eyes  small,  round,  projecting; 
ocelli  small,  elongate-oval  in  front  of  the  eyes.  Antenn;\!  16- 
jointed,  springing  from  a  cleft  in  front  of  the  eyes;  1st  large, 
stout  cylindrical;  '2\\d  shorter;  3rd  smallest;  4th-9th  hemispherical, 
increasing  in  size  to  the  tip;  10th-12th  turbinate;  the  terminal 
ones  more  stalked.  Clypeus  large,  convex,  arcuate  behind, 
truncate  in  front  with  distinct  median  suture,  rounded  on  the 
sides.  Labrum  large,  broad  and  rounded  in  front;  jaws  short 
and  l)road,  with  four  sliarp  angular  teeth  at  the  apex  and  a 
tuberculate  one  at  the  base.  Prothorax  not  as  wide  as  the  head, 
longer  than  broad,  heart-shaped,  arcuate  in  the  centre  of  basal 
margin,  and  sloping  round  the  sides  to  the  apex,  flattened  in  the 
centre  and  depressed  on  the  sides  ;  legs  short ;  thighs  rather 
slender;  tibite  short,  broadest  at  the  tip  with  two  stout  ochreous 
spines;  tarsi  very  hairy.  Wings  slender,  rounded  at  the  tips, 
four  times  as  long  as  broad;  scapular  shield  small,  angular,  with 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  725 

cross  suture  transverse,  indistinctly  showing  four  parallel  nervures; 
costal  and  subcostal  nervures  thick,  running  close  together  to  the 
tip  of  the  wing;  median  nervui-e  very  fine,  passing  through  the 
upper  half  of  the  wing;  subniedian  nervure  in  the  centre  of  the 
wing,  with  four  stout  oblique  nervures  at  the  base  and  four  more 
slender  ones  slanting  towards  the  tip,  second  and  last  forked. 
Abdomen  long,  slender,  rounded  at  the  tip;  cerci  short  and  stout. 

Soldier.  —  Head  pale  ochreous-yellow  ;  antennje  pale  yellow; 
jaws  dark  reddish-brown,  black  at  the  tips ;  the  rest  dull  white. 
Length  2i  lines.  Head  large,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  convex 
above,  rounded  behind,  straight  on  the  sides  of  the  antennal  cleft; 
forehead  arcuate  on  the  summit  with  a  rounded  knob  on  either 
side,  and  a  smaller  one  in  the  middle  forming  a  triangle  sloping 
sharply  down  to  the  base  of  the  clypeus,  corrugated  on  either  side. 
Antennae  rather  long,  springing  from  a  rounded  cleft,  IS-jointed; 
Lst  large,  cylindrical;  2nd  half  the  length;  3rd  very  small;  4th 
twice  as  long  as  the  last,  cylindrical,  rounded  a/t  the  base;  5th-6th 
shorter  and  broader;  7th-14th  turbinate;  last  elongate-oval. 
Clypeus  large,  truncate  in  front,  rounded  on  the  sides;  labrum 
broad,  swelling  out  on  the  sides,  and  then  contracting  to  a  rounded 
tip,  reaching  half  way  up  the  jaws;  palpi  slender,  nearly  as  long- 
as  the  jaws ;  jaws  long,  slender,  sabre-shaped,  and  crossing  over 
each  other  at  the  tips,  untoothed,  but  roughened  along  the  inner 
edce  with  a  small  rounded  knob  at  the  base.  Prothorax  much 
narrower  than  the  head,  arcuate  in  front,  rounded  on  the  sides, 
and  slightly  arcuate  behind;  legs  short,  with  the  thighs  thick, 
and  armed  with  two  spines  at  apex.     Abdomen  elongate-oval. 

Worker. — Head  and  upper  surface  of  thorax  pale  yellow,  rest 
white.  Length  2  lines.  Head  large,  orbiculate;  antennae  15- 
jointed,  thicker  and  compressed  on  the  basal  half ;  clypeus  long, 
narrow,  rounded  in  front,  with  median  suture,  and  a  reddish  spot 
on  either  side.  Prothorax  small,  slightly  concave  in  front, 
rounded  on  the  sides;  abdomen  large,  elongate-oval;  cerci  large 
and  prominent. 

This  species  is  common  about  Sydney,  living  in  small  com- 
nmnities  under  stones,  or  old  earthen  walls,  and  sometimes  form- 
47 


726  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID.H, 

ing  their  galleries  in  the  sides  of  the  termitaria  of  T.  lacteus. 
Their  galleries  are  very  irregular  but  strongly  built  and  of  a  pale 
chocolate-brown  colour,  but  appear  to  have  no  regular  structure 
or  distinct  nest.  The  soldiers  ai'e  generally  numerous;  and  when 
their  retreat  is  cut  off  they  turn  round,  snapping  their  slender  jaws 
together  with  a  distinct  click;  both  they  and  the  workers — which 
are  very  light-coloured — seem  to  dislike  the  light,  rushing  off 
under  ground  as  soon  as  the  nest  is  opened.  Winged  specimens 
were  found  on  the  3rd  of  February"  in  a  nest  under  some  stones 
about  18  miles  from  Sydney. 

Hah. — Thornleigh,  near  Sydney  (W.  W.  Froggatt). 

TEK3IES    MERIDIONALIS,  n.Sp. 

(Plate  xxxiv.,  fig.  3.) 

Winged  form  unknown. 

Soldier. — Head  bright  yellow,  jaws  dark  ferruginous  at  the 
tips;  antennse  light  coloured  at  the  base  of  each  segment;  thorax 
pale  yellow,  rest  of  insect  white.  Length  '2'^  lines.  Head 
spherical,  a  little  longer  than  broad,  rounded  behind,  sloping  on 
the  sides  to  the  base  of  the  jaws,  convex  on  the  summit;  forehead 
rounded,  fringed  with  a  few  long  hairs,  with  a  reddish  spot  on 
either  side;  antennae  15-jointed;  1st  very  large  springing  from 
the  side  of  the  head;  2nd  half  the  length  and  breadth;  3rd  very 
short;  4th-llth  moniliform;  12th-14th  stalked,  larger,  and  trun- 
cated;  15th  elongate-oval:  clypeus  hidden,  indistinct  labrum 
broad,  rounded  at  the  tip  and  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  jaws; 
jaws  falcate,  curving  over  each  other  at  the  tips,  the  inner  edges 
smooth  from  the  tip  to  about  a  third  fi'om  the  base  where  they 
are  deepl}^  cut  into,  narrow  to  the  base  where  they  again  broaden 
out;  palpi  slender,  long.  Prothoi"ax  not  as  wide  as  the  head, 
slightly  concave  in  front,  rounded  on  sides  and  apex;  legs  rather 
long  and  slender;  tibite  short,  two  basal  spines  long;  tarsi  long, 
terminal  joint  large,  claws  slender;  abdomen  elongate-oval,  pointed 
at  the  tip,  thickly  clothed  with  fine  hairs;  cerci  small,  slender. 

Worker. — General  colour  white,  semi-transj^arent ;  head  pale 
yellow.     Length  3  lines.     Head  broad,  convex,  rounded  behind. 


BY    WALTER    AV.    PROGGATT.  727 

longer  than  broad;  median  suture  from  the  base  merging  into  an 
angular  white  patch  in  the  centre  of  the  forehead;  clypeus  divided 
in  the  centre  forming  two  rounded  lobes,  with  a  reddish  spot  on 
the  outer  edge;  labrum  large,  rounded  in  front;  jaws  small,  with 
two  stout  pointed  teeth  at  the  tip,  tapering  from  the  lower  one 
to  an  angular  tooth  in  the  centre  of  the  jaws,  broad  at  the  base; 
palpi  slender.  Prothorax  small,  truncate  in  front,  sloping  on  the 
sides  to  hind  margin;  abdomen  broadly  oval;  cerci  small,  slender. 

Hab. — Palmerston,  Port  Darwin,  IST.T.  (from  the  nest;  Mr.  N. 
Holtze;  and  Dr.  Stirling,  Adelaide  Museum);  North  Queensland 
(Mr.  C.  W.  DeVis,  Queensland  Museum);  Mackay,  Queensland 
(in  dead  logs;  Mr.  G.  Turner);  Moree,  N.S.W.  (in  dead  logs;  Mr. 
F.  Miller). 

This  is  the  species  which  constructs  the  remarkable  "meri- 
dional" or  "magnetic  nests  "  found  from  near  the  Bloorafield 
River,  North  Queensland,  to  Palmerston,  Port  Darwin.  I  have 
never  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  these  peculiar  structures 
myself,  but  Mr.  Dudley  Le  Soeuf  informs  me  that  they  are  found 
a  few  miles  off  the  Bloomfield  River.  He  says* : — "Some  distance 
away  from  here,  in  the  open  country,  the  curious  mounds  of  the 
Termites,  called  the  Meridian  White  Ants,  are  found,  but  I  was 
unable  to  visit  them.  They  are  said  to  build  long  narrow 
structures,  always  running  from  east  to  west,  and  never  to  vary 
from  that  direction." 

A  short  account  of  the  form  of  these  nests  is  given  in  the 
Cambridge  Natural  History,  Vol.  v.  p.  18,  with  a  sketch  from  a 
drawing  by  Mr.  Walker. 

Mr.  Holtze,  who  kindly  sent  me  soldiers  and  workers  taken 
direct  from  the  nests,  though  he  was  unable  to  find  winged 
insects  or  a  queen,  also  sent  me  photographs  of  the  nests  with 
the  following  notes  :—"  These  nests  average  from  10  to  12  feet 
in  length  in  the  form  of  a  wall,  convex  on  one  side  and  concave 
on  the  other,  the  sides  respectively  facing  the  rising  and  setting 

*  "A  Trip  to  North  Queensland";  Victorian  Naturalist,  Vol.  xi.  1894, 
p.  25. 


728  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^f:, 

sun."  He  did  not  give  me  the  exact  width  of  the  nests;  but, 
judging  from  the  photographs,  they  are  about  eight  feet  in  height, 
with  the  top  straight,  crowned  with  irregular  little  turrets. 
These  nests  are  about  10  miles  inland  from  Palmerston. 

In  a  recent  paper  Mr.  Jack,*  after  giving  an  account  of  their 
structure,  says  : — "  The  reason  of  their  being  built  at  this  angle 
is  to  secure  the  maximum  of  desiccation.  They  do  not  repair 
these  nests  in  the  long  dry  season;  but  when  the  wet  season  sets 
in  repair  all  damages.  Its  safety  lies  in  being  dried  as  quickly 
as  possible.  In  tropical  latitudes  it  is  obvious  that  this  drying 
can  best  be  secured  by  placing  the  longer  axis  of  the  structure 
north  and  south,  so  that  the  rays  of  the  sun  may  beat  upon  it 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  day." 

Professor  Spencer  statesf  that  near  Brinkley  Bluff  the  Horn 
Expedition  party  came  across  a  patch  of  the  nests  of  these  termites 
from  4  to  5  feet  in  height,  of  a  bright  red  colour,  about  a  hundred 
nests  occupying  half  an  acre  of  ground.  Unfoi'tunately  no  speci- 
mens were  collected  from  them. 

Termes  paradoxus,  n.sp. 
(Plate  XXXV.,  fig.  2.) 

General  colour  light  brown;  wings  pale  fuscous,  darkest  near 
the  base ;  the  whole  insect  thickly  covered  with  long  hairs. 
Length  to  tip  of  wing  5;  to  tip  of  body  2^  lines. 

Head  oval,  longer  than  broad,  slightly  flattened  on  the  summit, 
with  a  pustular  mark  in  the  centre,  forehead  concave  in  front; 
eyes  large,  coarsely  faceted,  projecting  on  the  sides;  ocelli  want- 
ing; antennse  long,  robust,  springing  from  a  cleft  in  front  of  the 
eyes;  18-jointed,  1st  stout,  cylindrical;  2nd  smaller;  3rd  smallest; 
4th-17th  large,  stalked,  turbinate;  18th  oval;  clypeus  large,  lobed, 
rounded  behind;  labrum  large,  rounded;  palpi  long;  jaws  small, 
angular,  bearing  4  small  teeth.  Prothorax  heart-shaped,  not  as 
broad  as  the  head,  arcuate  in  the  centre  of  the  front  margin. 


*  Notes  on  the  Meridional  Ant  Hill  of  the  Cape  York  Peninsula.     Proc. 
Royal  Society,  Queensland,  Vol.  xii.  p.  99,  1897. 

t  Report  Horn  Scientific  Expedition,  Part  I.  1896,  p.  129. 


BY    WALTER    W.    PROGGATT.  729 

rounded  on  the  sides  to  the  hind  margin;  flattened  on  the  summit, 
with  the  sides  depressed,  a  median  suture;  legs  robust;  thighs 
thick;  tibiae  slender,  cylindrical,  armed  with  two  slender  reddish 
spines;  terminal  tarsal  joint  and  the  claws  long,  slender.  Wings 
long  and  narrow,  rounded  at  the  tips,  four  times  as  long  as 
broad ;  scapular  shield  small,  slender  at  the  base,  cross  suture 
rather  convex,  with  four  parallel  nervures  branching  out  of  it; 
costal  and  subcostal  nervures  stout,  running  parallel  to  each  other 
to  the  tip;  median  nervure  very  fine,  rather  irregular,  running 
through  the  upper  half  of  the  wing,  unbranched ;  submedian 
nervure  running  through  the  middle  of  the  wing,  with  fi^'e  stout 
oblique  nervures,  and  from  6  to  8  slender  ones;  in  some  specimens 
about  half  of  them  bifurcated.  Abdomen  slender,  segments 
rather  long,  rounded  at  the  extremity;  cerci  short. 

Soldier.  —  Head  light  yellow,  jaws  dark  ferruginous,  black  at 
the  tips,  rest  dull  white.  Length  2h  lines.  Head  large,  longer 
than  broad,  rounded  behind,  concave  on  summit,  sloping  on  the 
sides  and  contracted  at  the  base  of  the  jaws;  behind  the  clypeus 
is  a  curious  lobed  marking  of  a  lighter  colour  than  the  rest  of  the 
head  ;  forehead  projecting  and  hiding  the  clypeus  ;  antennae 
springing  from  a  cleft  near  the  base  of  the  jaws;  17-jointed; 
labrum  large,  parallel  on  the  sides  but  rounded  at  the  tip;  jaws 
slender,  untoothed,  springing  from  the  centre  of  the  head,  sabre- 
shaped,  straight  to  near  the  tips  which  curve  inwards;  when  at 
rest  crossing  over  each  other  about  the  centre.  Thorax  like  that 
of  winged  insect;  legs  stout;  tibiaj  covered  with  short  reddish 
spines,  as  well  as  the  two  stout  apical  ones.  Abdomen  slender, 
cylindrical,  rovmded  at  tip;  cerci  slender. 

Woi'ker. — Head  light  brown;  rest  dull  white.  Length  2  lines. 
Head  almost  spherical,  convex  on  summit;  forehead  arcuate  in 
front;  clypeus  large;  labrum  rounded  in  front;  jaws  small,  angular, 
with  five  pointed  teeth,  4  th  largest,  and  5th  smallest.  Abdomen 
large,  elongate-oval. 

Hah. — Mackay,  Queensland  (Mr.  G.  Turner). 

The  specimens  were  taken  from  a  small  colony  under  a  log,  and 
are  the  only  examples  of  this  curious  species  I  have  seen. 


730  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITlD.li, 

Termes  rubriceps,  n.sp. 

(Plate  xxxiv.,  figs.  9,  9a.) 
Wino-ed  form  unknown. 

Soldier'. — Head  and  jaws  bright  reddish-brown;  antennae  red- 
dish, pale  at  base,  dorsal  surface  of  the  thorax  brown;  the  rest 
light  brown ;  abdomen  covered  with  short  hairs,  legs  spiny- 
Length  3  lines.  Head  very  large,  broad,  rounded  behind,  convex 
on  the  summit,  and  flattened  on  the  forehead;  sides  contracting 
from  the  base  of  the  antenna  to  the  jaws  ;  antennae  long  and 
slender,  17-jointed,  springing  from  the  side  of  the  head  near  the 
base  of  the  jaws;  1st  joint  large,  cylindrical;  2nd  smaller;  -ith 
smallest,  5th-16th  cyclindrical,  slightly  stalked,  and  rounded  at 
the  tips ;  clypeus  small,  narrow,  lobed  ;  labrum  broad,  short, 
rounded  at  the  tip ;  jaws  long,  slender,  sickle-shaped,  slightly 
irregular  on  the  inner  margin,  a  deep  incision  cutting  into  the 
fangs,  followed  by  a  large  angular  tooth  springing  out  on  either 
side  in  line  with  the  tip  of  the  labrum,  the  jaws  curving  over  each 
other  above  the  tip  of  the  labrum;  palpi  long  and  slender,  as  long 
as  the  jaws.  Thorax  very  small,  I'ounded  in  front  and  on  upper 
half  of  the  sides,  but  much  broader  on  the  hind  half;  legs  veiy 
long  and  slender;  tibiie  cylindi'ical,  with  two  large  apical  spines; 
tarsi  hairy.  Abdomen  slender,  elongate-oval  ;  cerci  long  and 
slender. 

Wo7-ker. — -Colouration  similar  to  that  of  the  soldier.  Length  3 
lines.  Head  rounded  behind,  longer  than  broad,  convex  on  the  sum- 
mit, flattened  and  sloping  to  the  forehead;  the  latter  arcuate  in  front, 
with  the  tips  forming  a  projecting  point  on  either  side  above  the 
deep  antennal  cleft;  antenna?  18-jointed,  shaped  as  in  the  soldier; 
clypeus  large,  rounded  behind,  convex  on  the  summit  and  slightly 
truncate  in  front;  labrum  short,  broad,  rounded  in  front;  palpi 
long;  jaws  small,  short,  with  two  strong  angular  teeth  at  the 
apex,  a  smaller  broad  one  below,  and  an  irregular  one  at  the  base. 
Abdomen  elongate-oval;  cerci  slender. 

Ilab. — McKinley    Ranges,    Central    Australia    (Professor  W. 
B.  Spencer). 


BY    WALTER    \V.    FROGGATT.  731 

The  soldier  of  this  curious  termite  somewhat  resembles  Termes 
nigriceps  in  the  form  of  the  jaws,  but  is  a  very  distinct  species  in 
all  other  respects.  It  appears  to  be  one  of  the  common  species 
in  that  part  of  Central  Australia  visited  by  the  Horn  Expedition, 
as  Professor  Spencer  obtained  several  small  colonies.  A  note 
with  the  largest  lot  states  that  they  were  taken  from  a  nest  at 
the  roots  of  a  tussock  of  spinifex  grass. 

Termes  serratus,  n.sp. 
(Plate  xxxiv.,  fig.  5.) 

Winged  form  unknown. 

Soldier. — Head  bright  ferruginous,  darkest  at  the  apex;  jaws 
dark  reddish-brown,  black  at  the  tips;  antennae  and  palpi  light 
brown;  prothorax  pale  yellow;  rest  dull  white.  Length  2  lines. 
Head  slender,  much  longer  than  broad,  rounded  behind,  summit 
convex;  a  slight  median  suture,  merging  into  a  transverse  one; 
forehead  rounded,  with  a  stout  tubercule  projecting  at  the  sides 
in  front  of  the  antennte,  truncated  above  the  jaws ;  antennae 
13-jointed,  slender;  1st  large,  cylindrical,  2nd  smaller,  3rd  smallest, 
4th-13th  gradually  increasing  in  size  and  more  turbinate  towards 
the  tip;  clypeus  large,  lobed  behind,  almost  round;  labrum  long, 
slender,  broadest  at  the  base,  sti-aight  on  the  sides  to  the  rounded 
spade-shaped  apex;  jaws  very  slender,  projecting  from  the  centre 
of  the  head,  narrow  at  the  base,  nearly  as  long  as  the  head, 
curving  in  at  the  tips  and  crossing;  finely  serrated  along  the 
inner  margins;  palpi  long  and  slender,  but  not  as  long  as  the 
jaws.  Thorax  small;  prothorax  not  as  wide  as  the  head,  truncate 
in  front,  rounded  on  the  sides  and  hind  margin;  legs  long,  thighs 
rather  thick  in  proportion  to  their  length;  tibiae  stout,  cylindrical, 
with  two  apical  spines;  tarsi  slender.  Abdomen  elongate-oval; 
cerci  small,  conical. 

Worker. — Head  pale  yellow,  the  rest  white.  Length  2  lines. 
Head  round,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  with  sutures  as  in  that 
of  the  soldier;  antennae  springing  from  cleft  on  the  sides  of  the 
head,  13-jointed,  4th-12th  elongate,  13th  elongate- oval;  clypeus 
truncate  behind,  narrow,  rounded  in  front;  labrum  broadest  at 


732  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^, 

base,  contracted  at  the  extremity  to  a  truncated  tip.  Prothorax 
very  small.     Abdomen  hairy,  elongate-oval;  cerci  small. 

/^a6.-Torrens  Creek,  N.Q.  (Mr.  J.  H.  Chisholm). 

A  small  tube  containing  seven  specimens,  sent  by  this  gentle- 
man, but  without  information  as  to  habits. 

Termes  krisiformis,  n.sp. 
(Plate  XXXIV.,  figs.  6,  6rt.) 

Winged  form  unknown. 

Soldier. — Head  pale  yellow;  jaws  ferruginous;  prothorax  pale 
yellow,  rest  dull  white.  Length  3  lines.  Head  very  long,  slender, 
cylindrical,  slightly  rounded  behind,  sides  straight  to  the  base  of 
the  antennae,  where  they  turn  sharply  up  to  the  base  of  the  jaws; 
suture  crossing  head  and  meeting  a  transverse  one,  and  forming 
an  angular  patch  in  the  centre;  forehead  projecting  in  front, 
I'ugose  and  hiding  the  clypeus ;  antennae  14-jointed,  springing 
from  clefts  in  the  front  of  the  head  in  a  line  with  the  base  of  the 
jaws;  1st  very  large,  rounded  at  the  tip;  2nd-3rd  of  about  equal 
length;  4th  smallest,  oval;  5th-13th  oval,  more  pyriform  and 
increasing  in  size  to  the  tips;  llth  longest,  oval;  labrum  long, 
broad  at  the  base,  slightly  contracted  to  the  apex,  which  is 
truncate,  with  a  sharp  point  on  either  side;  jaws  narrow  at  the 
base,  very  slender,  and  rising  upward,  instead  of  produced 
straight  in  front  of  the  head,  and  then  bending  down  again,  of 
an  irregular  thickness,  curving  round  at  the  extremities  into  a 
hollow  auger-like  tip  coming  to  a  point.  Prothorax  very  narrow, 
truncate  in  front,  with  rather  angular  sides  running  round  to 
apex;  legs  rather  long;  thighs  thick,  tibife  short,  with  two  stout 
apical  spines,  claws  large.  Abdomen  elongate-oval,  with  slender 
cerci. 

Worker. — Head  brownish-yellow,  rest  dull  white.  Length  2h 
lines.  Head  orbicular,  rounded  to  the  base  of  the  antennse;  the 
latter  14-jointed;  clypeus  large,  rounded  on  both  sides  and  lobed 
in  the  centre;  labrum  narrow,  rounded  at  the  tip;  jaws  large  and 
stout,  with  two  broad  pointed  teeth  near  the  tip.  Abdomen 
broad,  tapering  towards  the  tip;  cerci  slender  and  hairy. 

Hab. — Sutherland,  near  Sydney  (W.  W.  Froggatt). 


BY    WALTER    W .    FROGGATT.  733 

As  far  as  I  know  this  species  is  very  local  in  its  distribution. 
I  have  found  several  small  lots  in  the  above  locality,  forming 
irregular  galleries  under  dead  logs,  but  I  have  never  found  them 
anywhere  else  near  Sydney. 

Termes  errabundus,  n.sp. 
(Plate  XXXIV.,  fig.  4.) 

Winged  form  unknown. 

Soldier. — Head  bright  ferruginous,  clypeus  pale  yellow,  jaws 
black;  antennae  and  mouth  parts  pale  l>rownish-yellow;  legs  and 
dorsal  surface  of  the  prothorax  pale  ochreous;  rest  dull  white, 
lightly  covered  with  short  hairs.  Length  6  lines.  Head  slightly 
longer  than  broad,  convex  on  the  summit,  rounded  behind,  in  the 
centre,  flattened  behind  the  forehead,  a  scroll-like  mark  receives 
a  faint  parallel  suture  from  the  base  of  the  head;  front  of  the 
forehead  rugose,  with  a  dark  coloured  patch  on  either  side  ; 
antennae  25-jointed,  slender,  tapering  to  the  tips,  and  springing 
fi'om  a  slight  tubercule  on  the  side  of  the  head;  1st  very  large, 
swelling  out  at  the  apex;  2nd  smaller,  rounded  on  the  sides;  3rd. 
4th  smallest,  annular  ;  5th-19th  moniliform ;  20th  to  the  tip 
pyriform,  becoming  smaller  and  more  stalked  to  the  terminal 
one,  which  is  much  smaller  than  the  others  ;  clypeus  nearly 
quadrate,  lobed,  broader  than  long;  labrum  large,  a  little  broader 
than  long,  narrow  at  the  base,  and  fringed  with  hairs;  jaws  short, 
stout,  rounded,  curving  over  each  other  at  the  tips,  with  a  large 
angular  tooth  about  one-third  from  the  tip,  and  a  smaller  one  at 
the  base;  palpi  slender,  longer  than  the  jaws.  Prothorax  not  as 
broad  as  the  head  ;  divided  down  the  centre  by  a  depression, 
which  forms  the  front  into  a  rounded  collar,  and  the  apical  half 
into  a  semicircular  raised  ridge,  coming  to  a  rounded  point  on 
either  side;  legs  moderately  long,  stout,  tibiaj  armed  with  four 
spines  at  tip;  tarsi  long;  claws  large;  plantula  noticeable;  inner 
edge  of  the  thighs  of  forelegs  covered  with  fine  ferruginous 
spines.  Abdomen  short  and  broad;  anal  appendices  large,  slightly 
in  front  of  the  cerci;  the  tips  of  the  four  being  nearly  in  a  line. 

Worker. — Head  pale  yellow,  with  spots  on  the  forehead,  base 
of  jaws  and   tarsal   claws  ferruginous.     Length  7  lines.     Head 


734  AUSTRALIAN   TERMlTID^t:, 

large,  more  rounded  than  that  of  the  soldier,  the  scroll  mark 
above  the  forehead  very  distinct,  forming  two  white  oval  marks; 
the  brown  spots  on  either  side  of  the  clypeus  very  distinct;  clypeus 
sloping  on  tlie  sides;  antennse  as  in  soldier  except  that  the  3rd- 
6th  joints  are  smaller  and  annular,  jaws  very  large  and  strong,  a 
sharp  fang  at  the  tip,  two  smaller  ones  below,  and  a  broad  one  at 
the  base.  Inner  surface  of  the  forelegs  much  more  thickly 
covered  with  fine  spines.  Abdomen  long  and  cylindrical;  cerci 
and  anal  appendices  stout  and  hairy. 

//a6.— Torrens  Creek,  N.Q.  (Mr.  J.  R.  Chisholm);  Lyndhurst 
Station,  N.Q.  (Mrs.  Black) ;  North  Queensland  (Mr.  C.  W. 
DeVis,  Queensland  MiLseum) ;  Hall's  Creek,  Kimberley,  W.A; 
(Mr.  W.  O.  Mansbridge). 

This  is  the  common  large  species  of  Northern  Australia,  where 
it  gets  into  wood-work,  and  often  does  a  great  deal  of  damage. 
Mrs.  Black  sent  me  a  tube  full  of  workers  and  soldiers  taken  at 
a  station  about  a  hundred  miles  inland  from  Lolworth  Station, 
Townsville. 

Mr.  Mansbridge  sent  me  the  following  note  : — "These  termites 
were  taken  from  a  piece  of  timber  lying  on  the  ground;  they  are 
very  destructive,  and  will  in  a  very  short  space  of  time  destroy 
deal  boards  (to  which  they,  are  very  partial)  if  left  in  a  dark 
corner  or  shady  spot." 

Termes  pernigbr,  n.sp. 
(Plate  XXXV.,  fig.  3.) 

Winged  form  unknown. 

Soldier. — Head  black,  shining,  jaws  ferruginous  tipped  with 
black,  antennas  and  palpi  brown,  with  the  base  of  each  segment 
light  coloured;  prothorax  dark  brown;  legs  and  under  surfacebrown, 
upper  surface  of  thorax  and  abdomen  light  ferruginous.  Length 
3^  lines.  Head  very  large,  as  broad  as  long,  broad  at  the  base, 
rounded  on  the  sides  to  the  base  of  the  jaws;  convex  on  summit, 
flattened  in  front,  and  slightly  arcuate  on  the  forehead;  antennae 
long  and  slender,  17-jointed;  1st  long,  cylindrical,  2nd-4th  cylin- 
drical, 4th  smallest,  5th-16th  broader,  rounded  at  the  tips;  17th 
elongate-oval ;    clypeus   hidden   at   the    base,   but    showing   two 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  735 

rounded  lobes  in  front;  labrum  large,  bi'oad  at  the  base,  rounded 
at  the  tip;  jaws  as  long  as  the  head,  square  at  the  base,  curving 
out  into  two  large  sickle-like  blades  crossing  each  other  in  the 
centre  when  at  rest,  armed  with  a  slender  pointed  tooth  on  eitlier 
side,  standing  sharply  out  in  a  line  with  the  tip  of  the  labrum; 
palpi  very  long  and  slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the  jaws.  Pro- 
thorax  not  as  broad  as  the  head,  flattened  on  the  dorsal  surface, 
•with  an  irregular  median  suture  and  a  ti'ansverse  impression  in 
the  centi'e;  the  front  margin  rounded,  slightly  arcuate  in  the 
centre;  rounded  on  the  sides  to  about  the  middle,  where  they 
swell  out  into  a  broad  angular  point  round  to  the  apical;  legs 
very  long  and  slender,  the  tilnte  covered  with  short  spiny  hairs  as 
well  as  three  stout  spines  at  the  tips,  the  4th  tarsal  joint  long  and 
slender.  Abdomen  thickly  coAered  with  long  hairs,  constricted 
at  the  base,  swelling  out,  and  forming  a  broad  rounded  tip;  cerci 
short  and  stout. 

Worker. — Head  ferruginous  to  dark  brown,  with  pale  suture 
crossing  the  centre  of  the  head;  prothorax  ferruginous;  rest  light 
brown.  Length  3^  lines.  Head  large,  rounded  behind,  a  little 
longer  than  Ijroad,  forehead  deeply  arcuate  on  the  sides,  depressed 
in  the  centre  behind  the  clypeus;  clypeus  slightly  lobed  in  the 
centre,  sloping  on  the  sides  to  a  rounded  tip;  labrum  broad, 
rounded  at  the  tip;  jaws  broad  and  stout,  with  two  sharp  angular 
teeth  at  the  tip,  and  two  broad  flattened  teeth  towards  the  base; 
antennee  springing  from  a  cleft,  of  the  same  form  as  in  the  soldier. 
Abdomen  large,  narrow  at  the  base,  swelling  out  near  the  centre, 
and  sloping  down  to  the  extremity;  cerci  small. 

//«&.— Kalgoorlie,  W.A.  (Mr.  G.  W.  Froggatt). 

The  very  dark  colour,  immense  curved  jaws,  the  long  slender 
legs  and  antennae  make  the  soldier  of  this  species  very  distinctive. 

These  very  curious  termites  were  found  under  a  dead  log  upon 
the  ground  by  my  father,  who  says,  "  I  found  a  numerous  colony 
of  workers  and  soldiers  under  a  log  unlike  any  other  species  about 
here.  The  soldiers  were  very  savage,  when  touched  exuding  a 
white  milky  substance  and  biting  so  viciously  that  if  once  they 


736  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^E, 

caught  hold  with  their  enormous  jaws  you  could  pull  their  heads 
off  before  they  would  let  go." 

Later  on  in  the  season  my  father  sent  the  following  note  (Nov. 
20th)  with  a  tube  containing  some  more  specimens  of  this  species: 
"  My  attention  was  drawn  to  a  little  lizard  in  front  of  my  door 
very  busy  picking  up  something,  which  turned  out  to  be  these 
white  ants.  I  had  not  seen  any  white  ants  for  some  months  in 
any  of  the  nests,  but  there  had  been  a  slight  shower  of  rain  in . 
the  morning.  The  ground  was  perfectly  clear  of  timber  or  stumps 
and  dry  and  dusty  for  a  considei'able  depth,  but  these  little  miners 
were  boring  up  from  beneath  and  coming  to  the  surface  to  carry 
down  bits  of  grass  lying  upon  the  surface.  Little  black  ants  were 
also  carrying  them  off  as  they  appeared;  by  the  time  I  had  filled 
the  tube  they  had  all  disappeared  under  ground  again.  I  took  a 
watering  can  and  sprinkled  the  same  ground  next  morning,  but 
could  not  induce  any  more  to  come  up,  so  they  must  know  the 
difference  between  natural  rain  and  irrigation  " 

Termes  Turneri,  n.sp. 

(Plate  XXXIV.,  figs.  8,  ^a.) 

General  colour  dark  castaneous,  head  darkest,  antennae  brown, 
the  basal  portion  of  each  segment  lighter  coloured  ;  legs  and 
chitinous  bands  of  undersurface  of  the  abdomen  light  brown ; 
wings  fuscous;  nervures  darker.  Length  to  tip  of  wings  5,  to  tip 
of  body  '2h  lines.  Head  longer  than  broad,  rounded  behind, 
flattened  on  the  summit,  forehead  arcuate;  eyes  large,  circular, 
projecting  well  out  from  the  side  of  the  head;  ocelli  round,  in  a 
line  with  the  front  margin  of  the  eyes;  antennj^  13-jointed,  short, 
slender,  and  very  hairy,  springing  from  a  circular  cleft  in  front  of 
the  eyes;  Lst  short,  stout,  cylindrical;  2nd  very  short;  3rd-5th 
short,  rounded  and  thicker;  6th-12th  larger,  almost  as  broad  as 
long,  rounded  at  the  base,  truncate  at  apex;  L3th  rounded  at  the 
extremity;  clypeus  large,  convex,  lobed,  truncate  in  front,  rounded 
behind;  labrum  large,  projecting,  rounded  at  the  tip;  jaws  with 
two  sharp  teeth  at  tip,  lower  part  forming  a  broad  flattened  edge, 
arcuate   in  the   centre.       Prothorax    not   as   wide  as   the    head. 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  737 

truncate  and  slightly  arcuate  in  the  centre,  the  sides  and  hind- 
margin  forming  a  half-circle ;  meso-  and  meta-thorax  large^ 
flattened;  legs  rather  long,  thighs  stoutj  tibiae  long,  slender,  the 
two  apical  spines  large;  tarsi  long,  claws  large;  wings  four  times 
as  long  as  broad,  rounded  at  the  tips;  scapular  shield  small, 
with  the  cross  suture  transverse,  showing  the  base  of  four  branch- 
ing nervures,  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  robust,  running  close 
together  to  the  tip  of  the  wing;  median  nervure  branching  out  of 
subcostal  beyond  the  cross  suture,  and  running  parallel  through 
the  upper  half  of  the  wing,  turning  downward  towards  the  tips, 
sometimes  unbranched,  in  other  specimens  divided  into  two,  and 
again  bifurcated  at  the  tip;  submedian  with  from  9  to  11  oblique 
nervures,  the  first  five  basal  ones  thickened,  the  bifurcation  not 
constant.  Wings  thickly  covered  with  tine  hairs,  forming  a 
delicate  fringe  along  the  costal  nervure.  Abdomen  long,  cylin- 
drical, of  a  uniform  thickness  to  the  rounded  tip,  thickly  clothed 
with  fine  hairs;  cerci  very  small. 

Queen  lighter  coloured,  with  the  chitinous  plates  of  the  abdomen 
light  brown.      Length  of  abdomen  1  inch,  diameter  3]^  lines. 

Soldier.  —  Head  pale  ochreous,  darkest  towards  the  apex,  the 
jaws  ferruginous  at  the  base,  black  at  the  tips,  the  rest  dull  white. 
Length  2^  lines.  Head  very  large,  longer  than  broad,  rounded 
behind,  rather  straight  on  the  sides,  and  rounded  from  the  base  of 
the  antennse  to  the  jaws,  the  summit  flattened,  with  the  forehead 
raised  forming  an  elevated  patch  divided  by  a  median  suture; 
clypeus  narrow,  slightly  lobed  in  front;  labrum  broad  at  the  base, 
rounded  on  the  sides,  covering  the  base  of  the  jaws,  and  forming 
a  spade-shaped  tip;  jaws  long,  slender,  untoothed,  springing  from 
the  centre  of  the  head  and  crossing  each  other  close  to  their  base; 
antennae  13-jointed,  similar  to  those  of  winged  form.  Prothorax 
small,  truncate  in  front,  rounded  behind;  legs  slender;  abdomen 
large,  elongate-o^'al;  cerci  small. 

Worker. — Head  brownish-yellow,  with  dark  ferruginous  spots 
on  the  sides  of  the  forehead.  Length  3  lines.  Head  slightly  longer 
than  broad,  convex,  with  a  median  suture  branching  in  the  centre 


738  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID.E, 

of  the  forehead  on  either  side  of  an  angular  patch,  while  the  front 
margin  of  the  forehead  forms  a  raised  crescent-shaped  ridge, 
coming  to  a  sharp  point  on  either  side  in  front  of  the  base  of  the 
antennre;  clypeus  large,  convex,  divided  into  two  lobes;  labrum 
large,  rounded  in  front;  jaws  small,  with  two  sharp  teeth  at  the 
tip,  and  two  large  and  hatchet-shaped  below.  Thorax  small. 
Abdomen  large,  elongate -oval;  cerci  small  and  slender. 

lff/&.— Mackay,  Q.  (Mr.  G.  Turner). 

This  species  is  restricted  in  its  range,  as  I  have  had  it  only 
from  the  vicinity  of  Mackay,  where  it  is  a  common  species.  I 
am  indebted  to  Mr.  Turner  for  the  following  notes  : — "  The  nests 
are  plentiful  and  vary  from  one  to  two  feet  in  height,  of  an 
irregular  cone-shape,  and  eighteen  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base. 
The  queen's  cell  was  found  about  the  centre  of  the  nest  but  rather 
nearer  the  base,  and  was  regular  in  form,  measuring  |  of  an  inch 
in  height  and  2j  inches  in  diameter.  Winged  insects  were 
noticed  flying  about  the  lights  on  the  29th  of  October,  and  several 
nests  examined  a  few  days  later  were  found  to  be  swarming  with 
winged  termites.  The  clay  casing  of  the  nests  is  in  many 
instances  occupied  by  colonies  of  JFormicidce^  among  which  were 
Boihnoponera  siiblcevis,  Ectatomma  convexum,  and   a  species  of 

The  jaws  of  the  soldiers  are  very  distinctive,  slender  at  the 
base;  they  stand  out  in  front  of  the  head,  occupying  only  the 
central  part  of  the  front  margin  on  either  side  of  the  labrum,  and 
when  at  rest  just  touching  at  the  tips,  but  when  fighting  crossing 
over  each  other  right  to  the  base. 

Termes  australis,  Walk. 

(Plate  XXXV.,  fig.  1.) 

Termes  ausfraJis,  Walker,  Brit.  Mus.  Cat.  p.  523;  Hagen,  Mon. 
Term.  p.  173,  tab.  iii.,  f.  22. 

General  colour  light  ferruginous ;  head  darker ;  prothorax 
lighter;  wings  hyaline,  slightly  iridescent,  nervures  brown;  robust 
and  rather  hairy.     Length  to  tip  of  wings  6,  to  tip  of  body  3  lines. 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  739 

Head  longer  than  broad,  convex,  flattened  on  the  forehead ; 
€yes  large,  round,'  slightly  projecting;  ocelli  large,  in  front  of  the 
eyes;  antennae  20-jointed,  springing  from  a  cleft  in  front  of  the 
eyes;  1st  joint  stout,   2nd  smaller,   3rd  smallest,   4th-20th  monili- 
form,  elongated  at  tip;  clypeus  convex  behind,  narrow,  rounded 
and  lobed;  labrura   large,  long,  rounded  at  the  tip;  jaws  short, 
broad,  with  4  shai'p  teeth  at  apex,  the  second  smallest,  and  a  large 
double  tuberculate  tooth  at  the  base.     Prothorax  as  broad  as  the 
head,  a  little  broader  than  long,  truncate  in  front,  slightly  arcuate 
in  the  centre,  sides  rounded,  convex  behind.      Wings  three  times 
as    long  as    broad,    ovate    at    the   extremities ;    scapular    shield 
stout,  with  the  cross  suture  not  so  transverse  as  usual,  showing 
the  base  of  4  branching  nervures;  costal  and  subcostal  nervures 
running  parallel    (not   so  close   as    in  most  species)    to  the  tip; 
median  nervure  slender,  crossing  through  the  upper  portion  of  the 
wing,  with   a    small    bifurcation    at   the    extremity ;    submedian 
nervure  dividing  the  wing  through  the  centre,  with  two  short 
stout  oblique  nervures  at  the  base,  and  from  8  to  10  finer  oblique 
nervures  occupying  the  lower  half  of  the  wing;  the  whole  of  the 
wing  covered  with  very  fine  scales  giving  it  a  whitish  appear- 
ance.     Abdomen  of  a  uniform  width  to  the  tip;  cerci  small. 
//« J.— Adelaide,  S.A.  (Mr.  J.  G.  O.  Tepper). 
This  species  was  described  from  specimens  obtained  at  Adelaide. 
Hagen   redescribed   it    in  his  Monograph,   stating  he   had  seen 
pinned  specimens  of  both  sexes;  he  also  adds  that  the  workers 
and  soldiers  described  by  Walker  with  the  winged  ones  have  no 
relation  to  this  species,  but  are  those  of  an  undescribed  species  of 
Calofermes. 

My  description  is  taken  from  a  number  of  carded  specimens, 
obtained  by  Mr.  Tepper,  flying  round  a  lamp  at  night;  but  though 
it  is  the  common  winged  termite  about  Adelaide,  I  have  been 
unable  to  obtain  soldiers  and  workers  from  a  nest  that  I  was 
satisfied  belonged  to  the  winged  ones,  but  hope  to  do  so  before 
the  season  is  over.  Mr.  Tepper  believes  that  this  species  does 
not  form  any  nests,  but  lives  underground,  and  is  the  one  locally 
destructive  to  houses  and  woodwork. 


740  AUSTRALIAN   TEBMITID.E, 

Termes  acinaciformis,  n.sp. 
(Plate  xxxiv.,  figs.  7,  la.) 

General  colour  light  brown  tinged  with  ochreous;  head  light 
castaneous ;  wings  hyaline,  with  nervures  light  brown,  thickly 
covered  with  short  brown  hairs.  Length  to  tip  of  wings  6^,  to  tip 
of  body  4  lines. 

Head  rounded  on  the  sides,  broad  behind,  truncate  in  front 
and  sloping  down  on  the  forehead  to  the  clypeus;  eyes  large,  very 
prominent,  and  finely  faceted;  ocelli  reniform,  well  in  front  of  the 
eyes  ;  antennaa  17-jointed  ;  1st  shorter  than  usual,  broadest  at 
apex ;  2nd  smaller,  cylindrical ;  3rd  smallest,  rounded  and  com- 
pressed; 4th-17th  tux'binate,  broader  at  the  apex  and  increasing 
in  size  to  the  tip ;  18th  elongate-oval ;  clypeus  narrow,  sloping 
on  sides  from  the  base,  slightly  arcuate  in  front;  labrum  small, 
narrow,  rounded  in  front ;  jaws  long,  with  three  pointed  teeth 
near  the  tip,  a  broad  one  below  and  the  base  thickened. 
Prothorax  slightly  arcuate  in  front,  broadly  rounded  on  the 
sides,  slightly  flattened  on  the  summit  and  deeply  arcuate 
behind;  legs  robust,  thighs  short  and  thick,  tibiie  slender,  thickly 
fringed  with  spiny  hairs  and  stout  reddish  apical  spines  ;  tarsi 
long,  slender,  claws  large.  Wings  rather  broad  and  short,  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  broad ;  scapular  shield  very  small,  cross 
suture  transverse,  showing  4  parallel  branching  nervures;  costal 
and  subcostal  nervures  very  stout,  running  parallel  close  to  each 
other  to  the  tip;  median  nervure  running  through  the  upper  half 
of  the  wing,  bifurcate  at  the  tip;  submedian  stout  at  base,  with 
about  10  oblique  nervures,  the  first  four  very  stout,  bifurcated 
soon  after  branching  from  submedian  and  again  branching  at 
their  tips,  the  rest  more  slender,  with  irregular  bifurcations;  the 
whole  wing  finely  granulated.  Abdomen  rather  short,  broad  at 
base,  rounded  at  the  tip;  cerci  slender. 

Soldier. — Head  and  prothorax  bright  yellow:  jaws  ferruginous, 
tipped  with  black,  rest  white.  Length  3  lines.  Head  longer 
than  broad,  rounded  behind,  tapering  from  behind  the  base  of  the 
antennifi  to  the  jaws;  antenna?  springing  from  a  cleft  on  the  side 
of  the  head,  17-jointed  as  in  the  perfect  insect;  clypeus  hidden; 


UY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  741 

labrum  short,  broad  at  the  base,  coming  to  a  sharp  point  at  the 
tip  in  front;  jaws  untoothed,  slender,  scythe-shaped,  curving  over 
each  other  at  the  tips;  palpi  long,  slender,  hairy;  prothorax  not 
as  broad  as  the  head  ;  legs  slightly  longer  than  in  winged  form. 
Abdomen  short,  very  hairy,  rounded  at  the  tip;  cerci  large. 

Worker. — Head  pale  yellow,  the  rest  white.  Length  3  lines. 
Head  rounded,  about  as  broad  as  long;  flattened  on  the  summit; 
antennpe  17-jointed,  somewhat  thicker  than  usual  ;  clypeus 
small,  narrow,  truncate  in  front,  divided  in  the  centre  by  a 
median  suture;  labrum  broad,  rounded  in  front;  jaws  broad,  stout, 
with  3  sharp  teeth  towards  the  tip  and  a  bi'oad  square  one  at  the 
base.  Prothorax  heart-shaped.  Abdomen  large,  elongate-oval, 
with  a  curious  dull  brown  angular  pattern  down  the  centre  of  the 
back;  cerci  large,  hairy. 

//«?;.— Hall's  Creek,  Kimberley,  W.A.  (Mr.  W.  O.  Mansbridge). 

Mr.  Mansbridge  says  :  —  "  These  termites  were  taken  from  the 
heart  of  a  gum-tree  some  20  feet  from  the  ground,  and  had  com- 
pletely eaten  the  centre  out  of  the  tree,  only  a  mere  shell  remain- 
ing; most  of  the  trees  in  this  district  are  eaten  out  in  the  same 
manner  by  this  species." 

The  soldiers  are  ver\'  like  those  of  7'.  hidciiti,  our  common  Sydney 
species,  but  the  winged  forms  are  very  distinct  from  any  other 
species  I  have  examined.  The  thick  costal  and  subcostal  nervures 
and  the  curiously  granulated  wings  are  veiy  characteristic. 

T  E  R  M  I  T  I  N  ^. 

Genus  Euterwes,  Heer. 

Head  rounded,  generally  broadest  behind  ;  suture  indistinct ; 
eyes  moderately  large;  ocelli  reniform  or  sometimes  narrow  and 
oblique;  clypeus  large;  antennee  12-  to  16- jointed,  generally  hairy, 
with  the  terminal  joints  thicker  than  the  basal  ones.  Prothorax 
truncated  in  front,  the  sides  and  hindmargin  forming  a  half-circle, 
sometimes  depressed  at  the  base ;  thorax  generally  narrow  ; 
plantula  wanting,  a  small  spine  at  the  tip  of  tibiae.  Wings  large, 
broad,  usually  fuscous  or  dark-coloured;  scapular  shield  slender 
and  the  base  of  the  parallel  nervures  not  so  distinct  as  in  Termes; 
oblique  nervures  both  variable  in  distribution  and  numbers. 
48 


742  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID.H, 

Soldiers  with  nasuti  or  pike-shaped  heads  furnished  with  a 
chamber  connected  with  the  snout  through  which  they  can  eject 
a  drop  of  honey-Hke  fluid;  very  small,  and  much  more  numerous 
in  the  nests  in  proportion  to  the  workers  than  in  other  genera. 

The  members  of  this  genus  construct  regular  nests  over  tree 
stumps,  grass,  t^'c,  and  also  rounded  nests  on  the  trunks  or 
branches  of  trees  connected  b}'^  covered  galleries  leading  up  from 
the  roots  of  the  tree.  Only  a  few  species  form  irregular  galleries 
under  stones  and  logs. 

The  members  of  this  genus  have  a  world-wide  range,  but  are 
most  numerous  in  the  tropics.  Over  thirty  species  have  been 
described,  more  than  two-thirds  of  which  come  from  South  and 
Central  America. 

Two  fossil  species  have  been  described  from  Europe  by  Heer 
and  Ha.een. 

EUTERMBS    MAGNUS,  n.Sp. 


*&^ 


(Plate  XXXV.,  fig.  6.) 

Dark  reddish-brown,  the  legs  and  basal  portion  of  abdominal 
segments  lighter-coloured,  the  undersurface  ochreous,  the  head 
darkest,  thickly  covered  with  coarse  hairs;  the  wings  light  ferru- 
ginous-brown with  the  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  darker. 
Length  to  the  tip  of  the  wings  1 4  lines,  to  the  tip  of  the  body  8 
lines ;  breadth  across  the  shoulders  H  lines. 

Head  rounded,  swelling  out  and  broadest  behind  the  ej'es, 
flattened  on  the  summit,  deeply  arcuate  behind  the  clypeus  and 
forming  an  angular  point  on  either  side;  eyes  very  large,  round, 
and  projecting  on  the  sides,  rather  coarsely  faceted;  ocelli  large, 
reniform,  in  front  of  the  eyes;  antenna?  composed  of  16  joints, 
stout  and  very  hirsute;  1st  joint  large,  cylindrical,  springing  from 
cavity  beyond  the  inner  margin  of  the  eyes;  2nd  and  3rd  smaller; 
4th  to  15th  turbinate,  but  becoming  more  cylindrical  and  less 
stalked  to  the  tip;  16th  elongate-oval;  clypeus  large,  broad, 
rounded,  and  with  slight  median  suture;  clypeus  narrow  at  the 
base,  swelling  out  on  the  sides  and  rounded  in  front;  palpi  stout 
and  very  hirsute;  jaws  large,  with  two  curved  pointed  teeth  at 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  743 

the  tip,  two  smaller  angular  ones  near  the  centre  and  the  edge 
towards  the  base  finely  serrate.  Prothorax  not  so  broad  as  the 
head,  thickly  covered  with  stout  hairs,  concave  in  front,  rounded 
and  narrow  on  the  sides  and  rounded  behind,  rather  flattened  on 
the  summit,  a  dark  median  suture  through  the  centre  of  the  meso- 
and  metathorax.  Legs  robust,  modei-ately  long  and  very  hairy, 
thighs  slightly  curved;  tibite  long,  thickly  covered  with  stiff  spiny 
hairs,  W'ith  two  long  spines  at  the  apex;  tarsi  slender,  with  a  fine 
spine  at  the  apex  of  the  first  3  joints  as  well  as  a  thick  coating  of 
hairs;  the  4th  joint  and  tarsal  claws  large.  Wings  large,  slightly 
more  than  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  rounded  at  the 
tip;  scapular  plate  small,  short,  depressed  on  costal  edge  at  the 
cross  suture,  the  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  robust,  runninsr 
close  together  to  the  tip  of  the  wing,  the  base  of  the  first  and  the 
lower  edge  of  the  latter  finely  lined  with  yellow,  the  median 
nervure  running  through  the  upper  half  of  the  wing,  with  several 
fine  nervelets  branching  out  from  its  upper  edge  towards  the  sub- 
costal, and  forked  at  the  tip;  submedian  nervure  running  parallel 
to  the  median  but  turning  down  behind  the  bifurcation  of  the 
formei%  with  four  stout  convex  nervures  and  six  slender  ones,  the 
last  forming  a  broad  fork.  Abdomen  large,  elongate-oval, 
broadest  in  the  middle,  the  abdominal  plates  long,  rounded  at  the 
tips  and  thickly  covered  with  short  hairs;  cerci  short,  stout  and 
cylindrical. 

Queen. — Abdomen  one  inch  in  length  and  3|  lines  in  diameter, 
of  a  general  white  colour,  the  chitinous  [ilatesdark  brown,  covered 
with  coarse  hairs,  and  the  intersegmental  membranes  covered 
with  fine  downy  hairs.  The  antennas  appear  to  be  more  slender 
and  the  spines  upon  the  tibise  and  tarsi  more  distinct. 

Soldier. — Head  dark  castaneous,  the  rest  ochreous-yellow  with 
the  centre  of  prothorax  and  the  abdominal  plates  pale  ferruginous. 
Length  2  J  lines.  Head  hemispherical,  lightly  covered  with  a  few 
hairs,  tapering  in  front  to  the  snout  which  is  nearly  as  long  as 
the  rounded  portion  of  the  head;  palpi  long  and  slender,  but  not 
reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  snout;  antennaj  composed  of  14  joints, 
long  and  slender,  the  apex  of  each  much  lighter  than  the  basal 


744  AUSTRALIAN    TBJLVlTID.f:, 

portion;  1st  segment  large,  cylindrical,  thrice  the  length  of  the 
2nd;  2nd  short,  cylindrical;  3rd  longer;  4th  to  tip  elongate,  slender 
at  the  base,  broader  and  rounded  at  the  apex.  Prothorax  narrow, 
almost  sti'aight  along  the  front  margin,  rounded  on  the  sides  and 
behind ;  legs  long,  the  thighs  contracted  at  the  base,  stout, 
cylindrical;  tibiae  long,  with  stout  spines  at  the  apex;  tarsi  as  in 
winged  insect.  Abdomen  large,  very  broad  in  the  middle, 
rounded  at  the  extremities;  cerci  large,  conical  and  hairy. 

Worker. — Upper  surface  of  the  head  brown,  with  two  spots  in 
front  and  a  pale  suture  through  the  centre  of  the  head;  the  rest 
pale  ochreous,  with  the  centre  of  the  dorsal  plates  slightly  darker. 
Length  3|  lines.  Head  broad,  rounded,  swelling  out  on  the  sides, 
but  contracted  at  the  base  of  the  antennte,  the  summit  rounded, 
with  a  pale  transverse  suture  above  the  clypeus  meeting  the  cross 
suture  through  the  forehead;  antennae  15-jointed,  lighter-coloured 
but  similar  in  form  to  those  of  the  soldier;  clypeus  rounded  behind 
and  lobed,  concave  in  front;  labrum  narrow  at  the  base,  sloping 
on  the  sides,  broadest  and  rounded  at  the  tip;  jaws  large,  with 
two  stout  teeth  near  the  tip,  arcuate  beneath,  with  a  blunt  tooth 
and  an  angular  indentation  below,  swelling  out  again  at  the  base 
of  the  jaw.  Thorax  very  narrow.  Abdomen  large,  elongate-oval, 
rounded  at  the  tip;  cerci  rather  small,  conical. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mrs.  Black,  of  Lol worth  Station,  North 
Queensland,  for  this  species  and  for  an  interesting  account  of  their 
nests  and  habits.  Mrs.  Black  says: — "  This  white  ant  builds  a 
dome-shaped  nest  from  2-3  feet  in  height,  and  3-4  feet  in  diameter, 
upon  the  dry  basaltic  ridges  close  to  the  homestead.  I  opened 
some  nests  in  May,  and  found  several  queens.  The  black  gins 
with  me  preferred  to  use  their  hands  in  excavating  the  centre  of 
the  nests,  and  soon  became  adepts  in  finding  the  queens. ' 

About  the  middle  of  November  Mrs.  Black  found  a  lot  of 
winged  termites  flying  about  the  house,  and  thereupon  went  out 
and  examined  a  nest  close  to  the  house  whence  she  obtained  plenty 
of  winged  termites,  with  the  workers  and  soldiers,  which  she 
brought  down  when  visiting  Sydney,  thus  completing  the  series. 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  745 

This  species  is  remarkable  for  the  great  size  of  the  winged 
form  in  comparison  with  the  soldiers  and  workers.  The  soldiers 
and  workers  also  have  much  darker  heads  than  any  New  South 
"Wales  species  known  to  me. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Chisholm,  of  Torrens  Creek,  N.Q.,  sent  me  a  rough 
sketch  of  the  nest  and  a  general  account  of  the  habits  of  this 
species,  which  is  common  about  his  homestead  at  Coalbrook 
Plains  Station. 

EuTERMES  Triodi.e,  n.sp. 

(Plate  XXXV.,  fig.  8.) 

Upper  surface  of  the  head,  thorax,  scapular,  and  the  abdominal 
plates  castaneous ;  the  rest  pale  ochreous ;  wings  fuscous,  the 
nervures  darker.  Length  to  the  tip  of  the  wings  5  J  lines;  length 
to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  2  J  lines. 

Head  perfectly  round  behind,  as  broad  across  the  eyes  as  from 
the  base  of  the  head  to  the  front  of  the  ciypeus,  the  forehead 
sloping  down,  the  whole  thickh^  covered  with  fine  hairs ;  eyes 
large,  round,  slightly  projecting;  ocelli  large,  irregularly  oval,  in 
a  line  with  the  centre  of  the  eyes;  antennse  composed  of  15  short 
rounded  hairy  joints  ;  1st  large,  cylindrical  ;  2nd  shorter;  3i"d 
shortest;  4th  to  14th  broadly  turbinate;  last  one  elongate-oval; 
ciypeus  large,  deeply  divided  in  the  centre  and  forming  two 
prominent  lobes  sloping  in  on  the  sides  and  slightly  truncated  in 
front;  labrum  narrow,  rounded  in  front;  jaws  moderately  large, 
with  a  sharpl}^  curved  tooth  at  the  tip,  deeply  concave  below,  with 
an  angular  tooth  below  and  a  square  edge  towards  the  base.  Pro- 
thorax  broad,  not  as  wide  as  the  head,  truncate  in  front,  narrow 
at  the  extremities  and  broadly  I'ounded  behind,  saddle-shaped. 
Legs  moderately  long ;  thighs  thick ;  tibise  long,  slender ;  last 
tarsal  joint  long  and  slender;  claws  large  and  curved  inwards. 
Wings  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  rounded  at  the  extremity; 
scapular  shield  small ;  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  running 
close  together  and  meeting  just  at  the  tip ;  the  latter  much 
stouter  than  the  former,  the  median  nervure  running  through 
the  upper  half  of  the  wing  unbranched,  the  submedian  ner\ure 
running  very  close  to  the  median,  with  11  to  12  oblique  nervures, 


746  AUSTRALIAN   TERMlTID^fl, 

the  first  six  thickened,  and  the  last  two  forming  a  narrow  fork 
at  the  tip.  Abdomen  long,  slender,  rounded  at  the  tip,  with 
small  cerci. 

Soldier. — Head  dark  castaneous-bi'own,  darkest  on  the  sides 
and  the  base  of  the  snout,  the  tip  reddish-brown  ;  antennse 
ochreous,  with  both  exti'emities  of  each  segment  lighter-coloured; 
dorsal  surface  of  the  prothorax  and  abdominal  segment  marked 
with  brownish-yellow;  the  rest  j'ellow.  Length  1|  lines.  Head 
almost  round  to  the  base  of  the  antennse,  with  the  apical  portion 
produced  into  a  rather  short  pointed  snout,  the  head  showing  a 
slight  suture  through  the  centre;  antennae  composed  of  14  slender 
joints  ;  1st  stout,  truncate  and  cylindrical  ;  2nd  smaller  and 
shorter  ;  3rd  more  slender ;  4th  to  13th  elongate,  pyriform, 
becoming  more  rounded  towards  the  tip,  the  terminal  one  oval, 
slightly  stalked  at  the  base;  palpi  extending  beyond  the  tip  of 
the  snout.  Prothorax  along  the  front  edge  forming  a  raised  ridge, 
coming  to  a  rounded  point  at  the  sides  and  rounded  behind,  with 
a  slight  median  suture  running  through  the  meso-  and  meta- 
thorax;  legs  long  and  slender;  thighs  nearly  as  long  as  the  tibia»; 
tarsi  slender  and  hairy.  Abdomen  small,  oval,  rounded  at  tlie 
tip,  covered  with  long  hairs;  cerci  large  and  conical. 

Worker. — Head  pale  yellowish-brown,  with  the  centre  of  the 
upper  surface  dark  brown,  divided  into  two  rounded  patches  by 
a  pale  yellow  suture  down  the  centre  which  meets  a  cross  suture 
below  the  forehead,  forming  another  transverse  brown  band  and 
a  dark  spot  on  either  side  behind  the  labrum  ;  the  rest  j^ale 
yellow;  thoracic  segments  rather  darker.  Length  of  body  3  lines. 
Head  very  broad  behind,  rounded  on  the  sides  and  summit, 
broader  than  long;  clypeus  very  prominent,  deeply  divided  in  the 
centre  into  two  convex  lobes,  rounded  behind  and  on  the  sides, 
arcuate  in  front;  labrum  narrow  at  the  base,  sloping  out  to  the 
rounded  tip:  jaws  thick  and  stout;  1st  tooth  short  and  pointed, 
2nd  close  beneath,  much  smaller,  sloping  out  and  forming  a 
flattened  edge  to  base;  antennse  14-jointed,  slender,  1st  segment 
large,  2nd  about  half  the  size,  3rd  and  6th  elongate,  7th-13th 
turbinate,  the  terminal  one  elongate-oval.  Legs  and  thorax  as 
in  the  soldier.     Abdomen  large,  elongate-oval;  cerci  large,  conical. 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  747 

Mr.  W.  O.  Mans])ridge,  Warden  at  Hall's  Creek,  Kimberley 
Goldfield,  N.W.  Australia,  obtained  the  specimens  from  the  nests, 
and  also  sent  me  a  photograph  of  one  close  to  his  house,  with  the 
following  information: — "These  white  ants  are  the  common 
species  about  this  district,  and  build  their  nests  on  the  slopes  of 
the-  slate  ridges.  The}'-  appear  always  to  start  them  by  swarming 
over  a  clump  of  spinifex  (Triodia)  grass,  which  is  about  two 
feet  in  height,  and  continue  building  their  nests  until  they  attain 
a  height  of  from  six  to  eight  feet."  Mr.  Mansbridge's  photograph 
shows  an  exceptionally  tall  nest,  14  feet  in  height,  rounded  at 
the  base,  and  of  a  uniform  diameter,  but  contracting  at  the 
summit  into  a  rounded  dome.  He  does  not  give  me  any  informa- 
tion about  its  internal  structure,  but  judging  from  a  somewhat 
similar  nest  of  Eutermes  nearer  the  coast  about  Derby,  King's 
Sound,  it  is  probably  thickly  coated  with  earthy  matter  on 
the  outer  surface. 

Eutermes  tumuli,  n.sp. 

(Plate  XXXV.,  fig.  9.) 

General  colour  of  upper  surface  castaneous,  of  under  surface 
light  brown;  mouth-parts,  legs,  and  antennae  pale  ochreous,  wings 
fuscous,  nervures  dark  brown.  The  whole  insect  lightly  covered 
with  fine  hairs.  Length  to  the  tip  of  the  wings  6  ;  to  the  tip  of 
body  3  lines. 

Head  broad  between  the  eyes,  coming  in  sharply  on  the  sides, 
from  the  antennal  cleft  to  base  of  the  jaws,  convex  on  the  summit, 
sloping  down  on  the  forehead.  Eyes  very  lai-ge,  circular,  and 
projecting;  ocelli  large,  reniform,  in  front  of  but  contiguous  to 
the  front  margin  of  the  eyes.  Antennae  16-jointed,  springing^ 
from  a  deej)  antennal  cleft  in  front  of  the  clypeus,  1st  joint  large, 
broad  at  apex,  2nd  smaller,  3rd  smallest,  4th  to  9th  uniform  in 
size,  broad  and  truncate  at  the  extremities,  10th-15th  more  elon- 
gate and  stalked,  16th  elongate-oval.  Clypeus  large,  deeply- 
arcuate  behind,  sloping  on  the  sides,  and  truncate  in  front;  labrum 
broad,  rounded  in  front,  palpi  long,  hairy;  jaws  short  and  stout, 
with  two  stout  angular  teeth  at  the  apex,  a  much  shorter  angular 
one  below,  and  a  lower  hatchet-shaped  edge.     Prothorax  large^ 


748  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID.E, 

truncate  in  front ;  narrow  on  the  sides  and  broadly  I'ounded 
behind,  but  shghtly  depressed  in  centre.  Legs  long;  thighs  thick, 
rounded  at  the  tip;  tibige  long,  slender  at  the  base;  tarsi  slender, 
long,  claws  large,  spines  small.  Abdomen  short  and  broad,  cerci 
short,  very  broad  at  the  base.  Wings  broad,  rounded  at  the  tips, 
more  than  thrice  as  long  as  broad;  scapular  shield  small,  with  the 
base  of  the  parallel  nervures  branching  out  close  to  the  cross 
suture;  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  very  stout,  running  parallel 
to  each  other  to  the  tip  of  the  wing  and  thickened  where  they 
merge  into  each  other;  median  nervure  slender,  running  through 
the  upper  half  of  the  wing,  turning  down  and  separating  into  four 
slender  oblique  nervures  towards  the  tip  of  the  wing;  submedian 
nervure  running  very  close  to  the  median  to  the  first  fork,  with 
ten  oblique  nervures,  the  first  four  stoutest,  the  third  sometimes 
branched. 

Soldier. — Head  dull  reddish-orange,  snout  brownish-black;  legs 
and  antenna?  light  brown;  upper  and  lower  surface  of  both  thoracic 
and  abdominal  segments  brown,  with  the  segmental  divisions 
barred  with  white.  Length  11  lines.  Head  slender,  rounded 
behind,  sloping  on  the  sides  to  the  long  slender  snout;  antennae  long 
and  slender,  12-jointed,  1st  joint  large,  cylindrical,  rounded  at  the 
tip;  2nd  small,  narrow  at  the  base,  rounded  at  the  tip;  3rd-4th 
slender,  elongate  and  coalescing  at  the  junction;  5th-llth  elongate- 
oval;  12th  rounded  at  the  tip.  Thorax  very  narrow,  rounded, 
with  raised  collar  or  ridge  in  front.  Legs  long,  slender.  Abdo- 
men elongate-oval,  more  slender  than  usual;  cerci  small. 

Worker. — Head  reddish-brown  except  at  the  base  where  it  is 
light  coloured,  with  a  pale  parallel  suture  through  the  centre 
meeting  a  transverse  one,  thus  dividing  the  brown  colour  into  four 
sections;  antennae  and  legs  dull  yellow;  dorsal  surface  of  the 
thorax  light  brown;  abdominal  segments  darker,  ventral  surface 
lighter-coloured.     Length  2  lines. 

Head  large,  broad  behind,  conveji,  sloping  down  on  the  forehead, 
and  contracted  at  the  sides  beyond  the  antennal  cleft.  Antennae 
L5-jointed;  1st  joint  large,  2nd  smaller,  broadest  at  the  apex;  3rd 
to  5th  fusiform;   6th  to  14th  turbinate;  15th  rounded  at  the  tip; 


BY    WALTER    W.    FIIOOGATT. 


749 


clypeus  very  large,  convex,  broadly  oval,  rounded  on  the  sides; 
slightly  truncate  in  front;  labrum  narrow,  rounded  in  front;  jaws 
stout,  short,  with  two  finely  pointed  teeth  at  the  extremity,  the 
lower  one  swelling  out  below  with  a  small  nipple,  and  an  angulated 
tooth  at  the  base.  Thorax  small,  flattened  on  the  dorsal  surface, 
rounded  behind.  Legs  rather  short.  Abdomen  large,  obese,  and 
shorter  than  usual. 

//«6.— Kalgoorlie,  W.A.  (from  nest;  Mr.  G.  W.  Froggatt); 
Paisley  Bluff,  McDonnell  Ranges,  Central  Australia  (Professor 
Spencer). 

.Spechnens  of  all  forms  of  this  species  have  been  forwarded  to 
me  by  my  father,  who  says:  — "It  is  the  only  mound-building 
species  found  in  the  Kalgoorlie  district.  The  nests  vary  from  a 
few  inches  in  height  and  the  same  in  diameter  to  10  inches  high 
and  a  foot  in  diameter  at  the  base.  I  have  seen  none  larger,  and 
they  are  always  situated  under  low  scrubby  bushes.  When  I 
first  came  to  this  district  in  the  hot  weather  these  nests  were 
uninhabited,  and  the  outer  walls  were  so  thin  and  dry  that  they 
crumbled  under  one's  hand.  Early  in  March  we  had  some  heavy 
thunderstorms  that  washed  the  outer  shell  off  the  nesta,  so  that 
they  look  like  a  piece  of  coarse  sponge  full  of  irregular  holes. 
After  the  storms  the  termites  suddenly  appeared,  and  on  March 
19th  I  found  them  mending  up  the  walls  of  the  nests,  which,  when 
restored,  were  of  an  irregular  pyramidal  form.  I  obtained  workers, 
soldiers,  and  a  few  immature  winged  forms,  but  could  not  find  a 
queen  in  a  number  of  nests  examined.  After  breaking  up  a  nest 
I  saw  a  great  number  of  workers  running  about  with  small  white 
particles  which  might  have  been  eggs,  but  in  all  the  nests  there 
are  great  quantities  of  small  grey  globules  which  appear  to  consist 
of  chewed  up  grass." 

In  the  following  October  my  father  obtained  a  fine  collection 
of  winged  forms,  and  also  a  lot  of  the  "grey  globules"  before 
mentioned;  the  latter  were  submitted  to  Mr.  H.  G.  Smith,  of  the 
Technological  Museum,  who  analysed  them,  and  informed  me  that 
they  were  simply  masticated  grass  rolled  up  into  little  pellets. 


750  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^K, 

Professor  Spencer  says  : — "  The  nest  of  this  species  was  found 
at  the  root  of  a  spinifex  bush,  and  was  1  foot  6  inches  in  height, 
and  about  9  inches  in  diameter  "  (Horn  Expedition,  1895). 

EUTERMES    PYRIFORMIS,  n.Sp. 

(Plate  XXXV.,  figs.  10,  10a,  106.) 

Immature. — Dull  white,  eyes  reddish-l)rown.     Length  5  lines. 

Head  longer  than  broad,  rounded  behind,  narrow  in  front  from 
the  antennal  cleft;  eyes  small;  ocelli  indistinct;  antennae  16- 
jointed,  springing  from  a  cleft  in  line  with  the  eyes,  1st  joint 
stout;  2nd  half  the  length,  I'ounded  at  the  tip;  3rd  smallest, 
rounded;  4th  slightly  larger;  5th  to  15th  turbinate;  16th  oval. 
Clypeus  narrow,  lobed  ;  labrum  short,  rounded  in  front ;  jaws 
broad,  with  two  stout  conical  teeth  at  the  tip,  a  broad  axe-shaped 
space  below,  with  a  deep  angular  serration  below,  again  swelling 
out  at  the  base.  Prothorax  nearly  truncate  in  front,  narrow  and 
sloping  round  on  the  sides  and  behind;  legs  stout,  very  hairy. 
Abdomen  elongate-oval;  cerci  short  and  stout. 

Soldier. — Head  reddish-brown,  smooth,  shining  and  lightly 
covered  with  hairs;  basal  part  of  the  snout  black,  tip  reddish- 
brown;  antennte  light  brown,  each  segment  distinctly  barred  with 
lighter  colour  at  the  tip;  frontal  ridge  of  prothorax  brown;  the 
rest  light  yellow.     Length  '2\  lines. 

Head  broadly  rounded  behind,  snout  tapering,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  oval  portion  of  head.  Antennae  14-jointed,  very  hairy; 
1st  joint  stout,  long,  cylindrical;  2nd  smallest;  3rd  to  13th 
elongate-oval,  broadest  and  rounded  at  the  tips;  14th  shorter, 
rounded;  palpi  long,  slender;  labial  palpi  much  longer  than  the 
snout.  Prothorax  small,  truncate  in  front,  with  a  distinct  collar 
behind  the  neck,  rounded  behind;  legs  long;  thighs  stout;  tibiae 
very  long,  cylindrical,  hairy;  tarsi  short.  Abdomen  elongate-oval; 
segments  large;  cerci  large,  stout,  conical  and  very  hairy. 

Worker. — Head  pale  ochreous,  dorsal  surface  blotched  with 
brown,  divided  across  the  centre  by  an  irregular  pale  suture,  the 
rest  dull  white.  Length  3  lines.  Head  as  broad  as  long,  rounded 
behind  and   on   the  sides,  contracted  in  front  of  the  antennte; 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT. 


751 


antenn?e  15-jointed,  more  moniliform  than  in  the  soldier;  clypeus 
small,  broadest  in  the  centre,  and  tapering  at  the  extremities, 
with  a  very  distinct  transverse  median  suture,  and  a  brown  spot 
on  either  side;  labrum  small,  rounded  in  front;  jaws  showing  only 
a  curious  chisel-shaped  cutting  edge  without  any  angular  teeth. 
Prothorax  small,  truncate  in  front,  rather  angular  on  the  sides, 
rounded  behind.     Abdomen  large,  broad,  oval. 

Hab  — Palmerston,  Port  Darwin,  IST.T.  (from  the  nest;  Mr.  N. 
Holtze). 

The  specimens  described  were  obtained  from  some  of  the  largest 
"  column  ant  hills  "  about  ten  miles  inland  from  Palmerston  by 
Mr.  JST.  Holtze,  but  whether  these  are  the  same  as  those  found  in 
North  Queensland  I  am  as  yet  unable  to  say.  Measurements 
from  photos  of  nests  taken  by  Mr.  Holtze  give  them  a  height  of 
about  18  feet,  columnar  in  form,  about  four  feet  in  diameter  at 
the  base,  swelling  out  a  few  feet  above,  and  then  running  up  with 
a  uniform  width  to  the  irregular  pointed  summit,  and  the  sides 
ribbed  with  projecting  buttresses.  The  nests  are  generally  (if  not 
always)  in  the  first  instance  built  up  a  dead  tree  trunk,  which  is 
gi-adually  enclosed  and  coated  with  earth,  while  the  wood  is 
devoui-ed  and   replaced  with  hard  granulated  woody  substance. 

Both  the  soldiers  and  workers  are  somewhat  like  those  of 
Eutermes  fnmipennis,  but  the  heads  of  both  are  much  darker.  I 
have  been  unable  to  obtain  the  winged  insects,  though  Mr.  Holtze 
has  visited  the  nests  several  times  on  my  behalf.  I  have  some 
winged  forms  of  a  Eutermes  taken  round  the  lamps  at  night  at 
Palmerston,  which  may  be  this  species,  but  as  they  have  not  l)een 
identified  I  am  holding  them  over. 

Eutermes  hastilis,  n.sp. 
(Plate  xx.w.,  fig.  7.) 
Dorsal  surface  dark  brown,  ventral  surface  and  legs  lighter 
coloured,  antennae  light  brown,  with  the  apex  of  each  segment 
pale  yellow;  front  of  the  head,  sides  of  the  body,  and  apex  of  the 
segments  of  the  legs  and  tai'sal  joints  dull  white;  wings  pale 
fuscous,  nervures  l)rown,  thickly  cohered  with  light  brownish 
hairs.     Length  to  tip  of  wings  6,  to  tip  of  body  4  lines. 


752  AUSTRALIAN    TEfiMlTlD.E, 

Head  broad,  rounded  behind,  swelling  out  Ijehind  the  eyes, 
sloping  in  towards  the  clypeus;  flattened  on  the  summit,  and 
arcuate  in  the  forehead,  which  is  ornamented  with  a  key-shaped 
mark  in  the  centre;  eyes  large,  circular,  projecting;  ocelli  small, 
reniform,  in  front  of  the  eyes  and  well  in  from  the  sides  of  the 
head.  Antennae  15-jointed  ;  1st  very  large,  cjdindrical  ;  2nd 
small,  cj'lindrical;  3rd  smallest,  moniliform;  4th  to  13th  slightly 
increasing  in  size,  turbinate;  1 4th  somewhat  larger;  1 5th  elongate- 
oval.  Clypeus  large,  convex,  arcuate  behind,  rounded  on  the 
sides,  truncate  in  front;  labrum  lai'ge;  jaws  short  and  broad,  the 
terminal  tooth  rather  blunt,  with  two  angular  and  three  more 
rounded  ones,  and  an  axe-shaped  piece  below.  Prothorax  slightly 
arcuate  in  front  with  the  edge  turned  up,  rounded  on  the  sides 
to  the  base.  Legs  veiy  hairy;  thighs  long,  tibise  very  long  and 
slender,  with  long  apical  spines;  tarsi  small.  Wings  long,  broadly 
rounded  at  the  tips,  finely  granulated;  scapular  shield  short,  only 
showing  the  base  of  costal,  subcostal,  and  edge  of  first  oblique 
nervures ;  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  stout,  running  close 
together  to  the  tip;  median  nervure  crossing  the  upper  half  of 
the  wing,  branching  out  into  oblique  nervures  about  a  third  from 
the  base;  these  are  variable  both  in  numl^er  and  bifurcations,  but 
generally  are  six  in  number;  submedian  nervure  very  short,  in 
most  cases  not  reaching  across  more  than  half  the  wings,  with 
eight  irregular  oblique  nervures,  but  the  6th  and  7th  so  deeply 
divided  that  there  appear  to  be  ten.  Alidomen  \'ery  hair}-,  large, 
narrow  at  base  and  broadly  rounded  at  the  tip;  cerci  small. 

Soldier. — Head  light  reddish-brown,  snout  darker  :  antennte 
and  legs  pale  brownish;  the  rest  dull  white.  Length  1^  lines. 
Head  broad  behind,  long,  slightly  comj^ressed  on  the  .sides;  snout 
short;  antennae  slender,  13-jointed:  1st  joint  long,  cylindrical, 
rounded  at  the  apex;  2nd  about  half  the  size;  3rd  to  5th  long, 
slender,  6th  to  12th  larger,  not  so  much  stalked  towards  the  tip 
and  bi'oader;  13th  broad,  oval;  palpi  long  and  slender.  Prothorax 
narrow,  ridged  in  front;  legs  long  and  slender;  titd^e  very  much 
longer  than  visual,  tarsi  small.  Abdomen  elongate-oval,  broadest 
in  the  centre,  and  tapering  on  either  side;  cerci  small. 


BY    WALTER    W.    FKOGGATT.  753 

Worker.- — Head  pale  yellow;  the  rest  dull  white.  Length  2 
lines.  Head  as  broad  as  long,  broadest  behind  the  antennal 
cleft;  summit  convex,  showing  an  angular  whitish  patch  behind, 
and  a  dark  reddish  spot  on  either  side  of  the  clypeus.  Antennae 
15-jointed,  like  those  of  the  winged  insect;  clypeus  large,  convex, 
arcuate  behind,  with  distinct  median  and  cross  sutures;  labrum 
large,  sloping  on  the  sides  to  a  rounded  tip.  Jaws  long,  with  two 
sharp  pointed  teeth  turning  upward  at  the  tips,  the  lower  one 
running  down  with  a  curve  and  a  knob,  a  sharp  angular  edge 
below  followed  by  a  broad  tooth  at  the  base.  Prothorax  small, 
saddle-shaped,  with  front  marginal  ridge,  sloping  down  on  the 
sides  to  base;  legs  long,  slender.     Abdomen  large,  ovate. 

Hah. —  Mackay,  Queensland  (Mr.  Gilbert  Turner). 

JNIr.  Turner  says :  "  These  white  ants  were  obtained  from  a 
nest  about  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  six  inches  above  the  surface 
of  the  ground."  But  no  particulars  were  given  of  the  internal 
structure. 

The  soldiers  differ  from  l)oth  E.  fumipennis  and  E.  fumigahis 
in  the  bright  ferruginous  colour  of  the  head,  and  are  intermediate 
in  size  between  the  two.  The  winged  form  is  darker-coloured, 
and  larger. 

EUTERMES    FUMIPENNIS,  "Walk. 

(Plate  XXXV.,  figs.  4,  4«.) 

Eutermes  Jrunipenni s,  Walker,  Bi'itish  Museum  Catalogue. 

General  colour  light  reddish-brown,  head  castaneous ;  eyes 
black,  under  surface  light  brow^n;  wings  pale  fuscous,  nervures 
brown.     Length  to  tip  of  wings  8;  to  tip  of  body  4^  lines. 

Head  rounded  behind,  flattened  on  the  summit,  with  a  slight 
pale  coloux-ed  median  suture  running  from  the  back  of  the  head 
to  between  the  eyes;  eyes  vei-y  large,  circular  and  projecting; 
ocelli  elongate-oval;  antennae  long,  slender,  15-jointed,  springing 
from  antennal  cleft  well  in  front  of  the  eyes;  1st  joint  stout, 
cylindrical;  2nd  cylindrical,  half  the  size,  rounded  at  the  tip;  3rd- 
14th  of  uniform  length,  turbinate,  the  terminal  ones  more  trun- 
cate at  the  tips  than  basal  ones,  15th  elongate-oval;  clypeus 
large,  convex,  arcuate  behind,  slender  at  the  extremities,  rounded 


754 


AUSTRALIAN    TERMITID.E, 


in  front;  labrum  large,  rounded  in  front;  jaws  large,  stout,  with 
two  sharp  curved  teeth  near  the  tip,  the  lower  one  prolonged  into 
a  chisel-shaped  edge  with  a  deep  incision  below;  a  stout  angular 
tooth  projecting  beneath  and  sloping  away  to  the  base  of  the 
jaws.  Prothorax  small,  slightly  convex  on  summit,  truncate  in 
front,  with  the  sides  and  base  forming  a  half  circle,  slightly 
depressed  at  the  back,  mesothorax  showing  two  lai'ge  lobes 
between  the  base  of  the  forewing.  Legs  stout,  very  hairy;  thighs 
stout;  tibiaj  slender,  tarsal  spines  on  the  hind  legs  large;  tarsi 
short,  claws  large.  Wings  large,  thrice  and  one-half  as  long  as 
broad,  rather  narrow  at  the  extremities;  scapular  shield  modei^ately 
large;  costal  and  subcostal  nervures  running  parallel  close  together, 
and  curving  round  the  tip  of  the  wing,  joining  in  a  slender  point; 
median  nervure  running  thi'ough  the  middle  of  the  wing  and 
curving  downward  about  one-third  from  the  tip,  sending  out  two 
acute  nervures  besides  the  terminal  one,  which  together  with  the 
last  is  bifurcated ;  submedian  nervure  only  extending  to  the 
middle  of  the  wing,  sending  out  9  stout,  acute  nervures,  7  th  and 
9th  bifurcated.  Abdomen  broad  and  stout,  rounded  at  the  tip  ; 
cerci  small,  conical. 

Queen.^^Q&di  and  thorax  lighter-coloured.  Abdomen  1.3  lines 
in  length  ;  4  lines  in  diameter,  cylindrical,  segmental  divisions 
only  showing  slightly  upon  the  sides. 

i'oW'ie/-.  — Head  dark  chestnut,  snout  black,  antennae  brown, 
with  the  apex  of  each  segment  lighter-coloured.  Length  2  lines. 
Head  viewed  from  above  pear-shaped,  snout  slender  and  pointed 
at  the  tip,  with  slight  parallel  suture.  Antenna}  13-jointed;  1st 
very  large,  stout,  cylindrical;  2nd  about  half  as  long,  rounded  at 
the  tip;  3rd-13th  elongate-oval,  uniform  in  size.  Prothorax  small, 
saddle-shaped,  with  the  front  margin  raised  into  a  ridge.  Legs 
lonw;  thighs  stout,  tibia?  slender,  broadest  in  the  centre;  tarsi 
small;  claws  large.     Abdomen  broad,  oval;  cerci  small. 

Worker. — General  colour  pale  yellowish-brown;  head  broadly 
blotched  with  dark  brown,  forming  a  large  rounded  patch  on 
either  side,  divided  from  each  other  by  a  light-coloured  line, 
while  another  line  runs  into  the  back  of  each  patch  as  well;  a 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  755 

reddish  spot  on  either  side  of  the  clypeus.  Length  3  lines. 
Head  very  broad  and  large,  convex  on  the  summit,  flattened 
slightly  on  the  forehead,  sloping  on  the  sides  to  the  base  of  the 
jaws;  cl3'peus  very  prominent,  convex,  broad  and  rounded  behind, 
slightly  lobed  in  the  centre;  labrum  large,  rounded;  antennas 
13-jointed,  springing  from  the  antennal  cleft  behind  the  jaws; 
terminal  segments  more  slender  than  those  of  the  soldiers. 
Thorax  very  slender.      Abdomen  large,  elongate-oval. 

Hab. — Shoalhaven,  Blue  Mountains,  Sydney,  Newcastle  (W. 
W.  Froggatt);  Southern  Queensland,  and  Northern  Rivers,  N.S.W. 
(W.  W.  Froggatt);  Mt.  Lofty,  S.  Australia  (Dr.  StirHng);  Gun- 
bower,  Victoria  (INIr.  George  Perrin);  Mackay,  Queensland  (Mr. 
Gilbert  Turner);  Kalgoorlie,  W.A.  (Mr.  G.  W.  Froggatt). 

This  is  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus,  with  a  very  wide 
range  over  the  greater  part  of  Australia;  wherever  dead  wood  is 
found  it  is  more  or  less  in  evidence,  sharing  with  Tennes  lacteus 
the  credit  of  doing  more  damage  to  woodwork  than  all  the  other 
species ;  but  while  the  latter  chiefly  attack  covered  wood  in 
houses,  the  former  confine  themselves  more  to  fences  and  out- 
houses, and  often  eat  out  the  roots  and  stems  of  cultivated  plants 
that  are  dead  or  dying.  They  build  the  typical  "negro  head" 
arboreal  nests  on  the  trunks  of  trees,  or  small  doa,ie-shaped 
termitaria  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  in  height  over  stumps  or 
logs.  It  is  to  this  termite  that  the  general  description  of  the 
Eutermes  nest  and  habits  given  in  Part  i.  of  this  paper  (pp.  433-5) 
has  reference.  In  identifying  this  species  as  Eutermes  fiimipennis, 
Walker,  I  find  in  spite  of  his  very  brief  description,  which 
might  apply  to  several,  that  it  agrees  in  size  and  colouration;  and 
though  I  have  been  unable  to  see  the  type  in  the  British  Museum, 
I  think  I  can  hardly  be  wrong  in  applying  to  my  specimens 
Walker's  specific  name. 

Eutermes  fumigatus,  Brauer. 

(Plate  XXXV.,  figs.  5,  5a.) 

General   colour  dai-k   brown,    head   darkest,   smooth,   shining ; 

antennae  light-coloured  at  the  apex  of  each  joint;  clypeus  ochreous; 

thorax,  legs,  and  under  surface  yellowish-brown;  wings  fuscous, 


756  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^E, 

nervures  dark  bi'own.     Length  to  tip  of  body  3;  to  tip  of  wings 
5|  lines. 

Head   short,   broadest  behind,  convex,  sloping  down   sharply 
above   the  clypeus,  truncate  in  front;  eyes  circular,  moderately 
large,  projecting  very  slightly;  ocelli   small,  elongate,  curved,  a 
considerable  distance  in  front  of  the  eyes;  antennsfi  short,  stout, 
and  hairy,  springing  from  a  deep  antennal  cleft  in  front  of  the 
eyes;  14-jointed;  1st  joint  large,  cylindrical,  rounded  on  the  top; 
2nd  similar  in  form,  but  only  about  half  the  size;  3rd  very  small; 
4th  to  1  4th  of  uniform  size,  stout,  and  broad  at  the  extremities, 
moniliform;  clypeus  prominent,  slightly  arcuate  behind,  rounded 
on  the  sides,  and  nearly  truncate  in  front;  labrum  large,  broad, 
and  rounded  in  front;  jaws  rather  long,  with  two  pointed  curved 
teeth  near  the  tip;  three  angular  teeth  below,  the  first  joining 
the  base   of   the   lower  curved    one.     Prothorax   broad,  slightly 
convex,  truncate  in  front,  wath  the  sides  running  round  to  the 
hind  margin;   legs  robust;   thighs  short  and  stout;  tibiae  rather 
short;  tarsi  long;  claws  large.     Wings  more  than  tlirice  as  long 
as  bi'oad,  rounded  at  the  tips;  scapular  shield  small;  costal  and 
subcostal  nervures  modei-ately  stout,  running  parallel  to  the  tip 
of  the  winir,  but  liardiv  curving  round;  median  ner\  ure  runninsc 
straight  across  the  middle  half  of  tlie  wings  and  branching  into 
an  angular  bifurcation  near  the  tip;  submedian  nervure  rather 
slender,  with  six  stout  oblique  nervures,  and  five  or  six  slender 
ones,  several  of  them  forked,  but  both  the  number  of  the  nervures 
and    their   bifurcations   variable.      Abdomen   broad   and    short, 
thickly  covered  with  brownish-yellow  hairs;  cerci  small. 

Queen.  —  Length  of  abdomen  7;  diameter  2^  lines.  Thorax 
somewhat  lighter-coloured  than  in  the  winged  form. 

Soldier.— JlQSid  ochreous,  darker  on  the  sides  and  snout;  the 
rest  pale  brown,  with  the  antennae  variegated  by  the  segments 
being  so  much  lighter  at  the  tips.  Length  2  lines.  Head  broad 
behind,  tapering  round  to  the  snout,  which  is  short  and  broad  at 
the  base;  antennte  13-jointed;  1st  joint  long,  cylindrical;  2nd 
shorter;  3rd  and  4th  coalescing  together,  rounded;  4th  shortest; 
5th  to  13th  broad,  turbinate;  13th  oval.     Prothorax  small,  with 


BY    WALTER    W.    FROGGATT.  757 

front  margin  ridged,  rounded  on  the  sides,  rather  truncate  liehind. 
Legs  long,  slender;  til^ise  of  the  forelegs  short.  Abdomen  oval, 
tapering  at  the  extremities,  segmental  divisions  very  distinct; 
cerci  small. 

Worker. — Head  light  l^rown,  with  a  large  blotch  of  darker 
reddish-brown  covering  the  upper  surface,  slightly  divided  down 
the  centre  by  a  lighter  band  ;  legs,  antennfe,  and  thorax  pale 
brown;  abdomen  dull  white.  Length  2  lines.  Head  very  broad 
behind,  rounded  on  the  sides,  sloping  in  from  the  base  of  the 
antennae;  truncate  in  front;  antennae  H-jointed;  clypeus  large, 
truncate  behind,  rounded  in  front,  but  slightly  arcuate  in  the 
centre;  jaws  short  and  stout,  with  two  curved  teeth  at  the  tip, 
the  upper  one  largest,  at  the  base  of  the  second  a  small  indenta- 
tion, arcuate,  then  curving  out  into  a  rounded  ribbed  edge  at 
the  base;  thorax  narrow,  slender;  legs  long;  abdomen,  large,  oval. 

Hab.—fiydney,  Shoalhaven,  Newcastle,  N.S.W.  (W.  W. 
Froggatt);  Colo  Yale,  N.S.W.  (Mr.  Norman  Etheridge). 

This  is  a  smaller  species  than  U.  fumiperuiis,  with  the  head 
of  the  soldiers  much  lighter  in  colour.  Though  found  in  similar 
situations  to  the  former  it  ne^  er  builds  nests,  simply  forming  an 
irregular  network  of  galleries  under  dead  logs,  sheets  of  bark,  or 
stones,  and  sometimes  attacking  woodwork  and  old  fences.  The 
queen's  cell  is  frequently  broken  when  turning  over  a  log  and  the 
queen  and  eggs  exposed;  winged  ones  were  found  in  two  nests 
under  some  large  stones  (at  Thornleigh)  about  10  miles  from 
S3'dney  on  November  1st.  Mr.  Adamson  sent  me  eight  supple- 
mentary queens,  together  with  a  number  of  immature  winged 
ones,  taken  from  a  nest  at  Uralla.  I  have  never  found  more 
than  a  single  queen  in  all  the  nests  I  have  opened. 

My  specimens  agree  with  Brauer's,  except  that  his  are  slightly 
smaller.  I  am  greatl}'  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  the  Director 
of  the  Naturhistorisches  Hofmuseum  in  Wien  for  co-types  of 
Brauer's  species,  which  he  generousl}'  presented  to  me,  so  that  I 
have  been  enabled  to  carefully  compare  them. 
49 


758  AUSTRALIAN   TERMITID^E. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 

Plate  xxxiv. 

Fig.  \.  — Head  of  soldiei'  of  Ttrmes  ferox,  ii.sp. 

Fig.  la. — Wing  of  soldier         ,,  ,, 

Fig.  \h. — .Jaw  of  winged  insect  of  Termesferox,  n.sp. 

Fig.  2.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Tennes  lacttns,  n.sp. 

Fig.  2a. — Wing  of  soldier         ,,  ,, 

Fig.  3.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Terme>i  meridionals,  n.sp. 

Fig.  4.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes  errahundus,  n.sp. 

Fig.  5.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes  serratns,  n.sp. 

Fig.  6.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes  Jcrisi/ormis,  n.sp. 

Fig.  6tf. — Labriim  of  soldier  of     ,,  ,, 

Fig.  7.   — Head  of  soldier  of  l^ermes  acinaciformi.^,  u.sTp. 

Fig.  7«. — Wing  of  soldier         ,,  ,, 

Fig.  8.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes  turneri,  n  sp. 

Fig.  8a.— Wing  of  soldier         ,,  ,, 

Fig.  9.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes  rubriceps,  n.sp. 

Fig.  9a. — Jaw  of  worker  of         ,,  ,, 

Plate  xxxv. 

Fig.   1.  — Wing  of  Termes  aitstralis,  Walker. 

Fig.  2.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes  jjaradoxit-',  n.sp. 

Fig.  3.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Termes /5e7"niV/er,  n.sp. 

Fig.  4.  --Head  of  soldier  of  Eutermes fumipennis,  Walker. 

Fig.  4a. — Wing  of  soldier         ,,  „ 

Fig.  5.  — Head  of  soldier  of  Eutermes  fumiqatus,  Brauer. 

Fig.  5a. — Wing  of  soldier         ,,  ,, 

Fig.  6.  — Wing  of  Euterines  mag nus,  u.sp. 

Fig.  7.  — Wing  of  Eutermes  haslilis,  n.sp. 

Fig.  8.  — Wing  of  Eutermes  Triodiw,  n.sp. 

Fig.  9.  — Wing  of  Eutermes  tumidi,  n.sp. 

Fig.  10.  — Wing  of  Eutermes  piriformis,  n.sp. 

Fig.  10a. — Jaw  of  winged  insect  of  Eutermes  j'yriformis,  n.sp. 

Fig.  106. — Jaw  of  worker  of  insect         ,,  ,, 


759 


NEW  SPECIES  OF  AUSTRALIAN  FISHES. 
By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

Harengula  stereolepis,  sp.nov. 

Sjn-atelloides  delicatulus  (not  Bennett),  Alleyne  ik  Macleay,  Proc. 
Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  i.  1877,  p.  350. 

D.  15-17.     A.  16.     Sc.  45/12. 

Dorsal  and  \entral  profiles  about  equally  convex.  Depth  of 
l)ody  3.^^  to  3|,  length  of  head  3|  to  4  in  the  total  length;  width 
of  body  2\  to  2J  in  its  depth;  depth  of  head  li  to  ly^Q-,  width  of 
head  2-i-  to  2\,  of  iuterorbital  region  4  to  4 J,  diameter  of  eye  24 
to  3  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  i  to  ^  of  a  diameter  shorter 
than  the  eye.  Maxillary  extending  to  the  vertical  from  the 
anterior  border  of  the  pupil,  its  length  2J„  to  2^  in  that  of  the 
head,  its  width  2^  to  2|  in  its  length.  32  or  33  gill-rakers  on  the 
lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch,  the  longest  ly^  to  2  in  the 
diameter  of  the  eye  (5^  to  6  in  the  head).  Dorsal  fin  originating 
i  to  ^  nearer  to  the  extremity  of  the  snout  than  to  the  base  of 
the  caudal  fin,  its  height  y\j-  to  i  more  than  its  length,  and  \'l  to 
H  in  the  head  :  length  of  anal  slightly'  less  than  that  of  dorsal; 
ventral  inserted  below  or  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the 
dorsal,  and  midway  between  the  tip  of  the  mandible  and  the  base 
of  the  caudal  or  a  little  nearer  to  the  latter,  its  length  2  to  21  in 
the  head:  pectoral  with  15  or  16  rays,  originating  below  the 
angle  of  the  subopercle,  1^  to  \\  in  the  head  :  lower  caudal  lobe 
a  little  the  longer,  3|  to  4  in  the  total  length.  Scales  firmlj' 
adherent,  each  with  four  or  five  vertical  strije  and  indistinctly 
pectinated  margin;  accessory  scale  of  ventral  lanceolate,  2|^  to  3i 
in  the  length  of  the  head;  abdominal  scutes  strong,  1 9  -f- 1 3.  Upper 
surface  of  head  rugose;  parietal  and  postfrontal  regions  striated; 
opercle  smooth.      Vertebrje  45. 


760  NEW    SPECIES    OF    AUSTRALIAN    FISHES 


Back  blue,  sides  golden,  the  colours  passing  gradually  into  one 
another;  upper  surface  of  head  gray,  the  dorsal  profile  of  the 
snout  and  the  extremity  of  the  jaws  reddish-brown  :  dorsal  and 
caudal  with  some  dark  dots  :  iris  golden. 

Etymology  : — arepeos,  firm  or  adherent ;  Xenls,  scale  :  so 
named  in  allusion  to  the  adherence  of  the  scales  which  can  only 
be  removed  with  the  exercise  of  considerable  force. 

Distribution: — ^^Torres  Straits;  Darnley  Island;  ?  South- 
eastei'n  New  Guinea. 

Type  : — In  the  Macleay  Museum,  Sydney  University. 

This  pretty  little  herring  appears  to  be  common  in  Torres 
Straits,  whence  numerous-  specimens  now  in  the  University 
Museum  came;  others  ai*e  in  the  collection  of  the  Australian 
Museum,  but  I  cannot  find  any  record  of  them.  ]My  largest 
example  is  108  millimeters  in  length. 

AUeyne  and  ]\tacleay  write  of  them  thus  : — "  This  fish  was 
seen  in  enormous  shoals  at  Darnley  Island  during  the  fortnight 
which  the  Chevert  lay  there.  At  that  time — the  early  part  of 
August — the  whole  northern  shore  of  the  island  was  literal! v 
black  with  them,  and  there  would  have  been  no  ditficulty,  with 
proper  appliances,  in  preser^'ing  hundreds  of  tons  of  these  finest 
of  all  sardines." 

Decapterus  leptosomus,  sp.nov, 

D.  viii,  i  33-36  i.     A  ii,  i  25-28  i.     L.  1   115-117. 

Body  moderate!}'  compressed,  its  width  li  to  If  in  its  depth; 
depth  of  body  5^  to  6,  length  of  head  3|  to  i  in  the  total  length; 
depth  of  head  1§  to  14,  width  of  interorbital  region  4  to  4i, 
diameter  of  eye  3^  to  3^  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  narrow 
and  compressed,  a  little  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  eye  ; 
interorbital  region  flat;  a  feeble  occipital  kee!.  Maxillary  extend- 
ing to  or  not  quite  to  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye,  its  length 
from  the  tip  of  the  snout  2|  to  2i,  that  of  the  mandible  21  to  2| 
in  the  head;  width  of  maxillaiy  2J  to  3  in  its  length.  Upper 
jaw  toothless,  lower  with  a  single  series  of  small  teeth;  vomer 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    0«ILBY.  761 

with  two  patches  of  teeth  anteriorly  and  a  long  narrow  band  on 
the  shaft;  bands  of  teeth  on  the  palatines,  pterygoids,  and  tongue. 
31  to  33  gill-rakers  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch,  the 
longest  2  to  2^-  in  the  diameter  of  the  eye.  Origin  of  the  first 
dorsal  a  little  in  advance  of  the  middle  of  the  pectoral,  the  third 
or  fourth  ray  the  longest,  It  to  2  in  the  head,  the  two  last  almost 
concealed  in  the  dorsal  groove;  second  dorsal  originating  a  little 
nearer  to  the  base  of  the  caudal  than  to  the  extremity  of  the 
snout,  the  anterior  rays  the  longest,  not  so  long  as  those  of  the 
first  dorsal  :  free  anal  spines  moderately  strong :  ventral  not 
reaching  midway  to  the  vent,  the  second  ray  the  longest,  2y\i-  to 
23-  in  the  head  :  pectoral  with  23  to  25  rays,  extending  to  or  a 
little  beyond  the  vertical  from  the  sixth  dorsal  spine,  its  length 
If  to  H  in  the  head  :  caudal  small,  5|-  to  6i  in  the  total  length. 
Cheeks,  occiput,  and  breast  scaly;  two  series  of  scales  extending 
forward  along  the  middle  of  the  interorbital  region;  preorbital 
and  preopercle  with  radiating  muciferous  canals.  Lateral  line 
gently  curved  to  below  the  twelfth  dorsal  ray,  the  straight  part 
shorter  than  the  curved,  with  25  to  28  spinose  plates. 

Blue  above,  silvery  below  the  lateral  line;  a  small  black  oper- 
cular spot:  dorsal,  caudal,  and  pectoral  fins  dotted  with  black. 

Etymology  : — Xe-n-ros,  slender;  aafin,  body. 
Distribution  : — Port  Jackson. 

Our  Mackerel-Scad  is  known  to  the  fishermen  as  a  "  small  kind 
of  Cowanyung,"  which  is  not  so  far  astray,  the  true  "  Cowanyung  " 
being,  as  far  as  can  be  conjectured  from  the  description  given  to 
me,  the  adult  Yellowtail  {Trnchurus  declivis)  or  some  closely 
allied  species.  It  is  said  to  visit  the  coast  ever}^  spring,  aind 
enters  the  harbours  in  company  with  the  half-grown  Yellowtails, 
but  not  nearly  in  the  same  numxbers,  only  a  few  Cowanyung — 
restricting  that  name  to  the  Decaptenis — being  found  in  a  school 
of  Yellowtail.  My  largest  examjDle  measures  170  millimeters, 
and  I  am  told  that  it  rarely  exceeds  this  length. 

This  species  difliers  greatly  from  Decapterus  Jwhern,  Hector, 
and  D.  ecc/ipsifer,  DeVis. 


762 


A  CONTRIBUTION  TO  THE  ZOOLOGY  OF  NEW 

CALEDONIA. 

By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby. 

"On   sait  que  les    eaux    douces    de   la    Nouvelle-Caledonie   renferinent 

diverses  especes  de  Poissons,  mais  ils  iie  paraisseiit  pas  avoir  ^te  studies 

iusq'ici." 

Crosse,  Jouin.  Conch.  Vol.  xlii.  (1894),  p.  446. 

The  paragraph  here  reproduced  gives  the  sum  total  of  the 
information  at  present  procurable  about  the  fishes  of  this  island, 
and  it  was  in  order  to  partially  remedy  this  neglect  that  I  took 
advantage  of  the  decision  of  my  friend  and  colleague  Mr.  Charles 
Hedley — on  whose  unvarying  kindness  and  readiness  to  forwai'd 
scientific  work  of  any  description  I  need  not  here  dilate — to 
spend  a  short  holiday  in  New  Caledonia,  to  request  him  to  pro- 
cure for  me  any  fishes  which  he  might  find  time  to  collect, 
especially  impressing  upon  him  the  interest  which  would  attach 
to  the  fresh-water  forms.  Mr.  Hedley  spent  about  a  month  on 
the  island,  and  though,  owing  to  the  meagre  time  at  his  disposal 
he  was  unable  to  pay  any  attention  to  the  marine  fish  fauna,  he 
nevertheless  found  time  to  spare  from  his  own  especial  pursuits  to 
make  a  collection  from  fresh-water  streams,  which  is  all  the  more 
valuable  because  of  the  care  which  has  so  evidently  been  taken  in 
its  preservation,  and  which  has  enabled  him  to  place  it  in  my 
hands  in  an  absolutely  perfect  condition.  The  collection  numbers 
no  less  than  seventy-two  specimens,  representing  six  species  and 
as  many  genera,  reference  to  which  will  be  made  below. 

A  few  words  as  to  the  position,  history,  and  general  features  of 
the  island  may  not  be  out  of  place  here  : — 

New  Caledonia  is  situated  in  the  western  portion  of  the  South 
Pacific  Ocean,  roughly  speaking   between  the  parallels  of  20'^  to 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY. 


763 


to  22°  30'  S.  lat.  and   164°  to  167°  E.  long.,  and  has  an  area  of 
6,450  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  about  62,750. 

"  The  natives  of  New  Caledonia,"  Mr.  Hedley  tells  me,  "  are 
Melanesians  allied  to  the  Fijians;  in  former  days  they  were,  like 
kindred  races,  inveterate  cannibals  ;  civilised  rule  has  now,  how- 
ever, stamped  out  this.  Some  years  ago  they  made  a  vigorous 
attempt  to  strike  off  the  French  yoke,  but  the  insurrection  was 
crushed  after  much  bloodshed  Now  military  posts  are  distri- 
buted throughout  the  island,  and  there  is  no  danger  of  any 
serious  distm-bance.  The  natives  are  rapidly  diminishing  in 
numbers,  and  their  total  disappearance  seems  to  be  a  matter  of 
the  near  future." 

Notwithstanding  that  the  island  has  now  been  for  forty-four 
years  under  the  dominion  of  France,  a  nation  which  justly  prides 
itself  on  its  scientific  attainments,  it  is  astonishing  how  little 
has  been  done  to  elucidate  the  fauna  of  this  interesting  colony; 
and  in  no  branch  is  this  neglect  more  apparent  than  in  ichthyo- 
logy, the  study  of  all  others,  among  the  chordates  at  all  events, 
which,  one  would  think,  should  have  commended  itself  to  the 
notice  of  the  residents. 

A  glance  over  the  introduction  to  Crosse's  paper  convinces  us 
that  this  favoured  region,  though  so  long  settled  and  so  compara- 
tively close  to  the  scientific  centres  of  Australia,  is  still  almost 
virgin  ground  to  the  biologist  ;  it  is  hoped  that  the  present  short 
notice  will  draw  attention  to  so  important  a  subject,  and  induce 
some  resident  of  the  island  to  either  provide  us  with  a  list  of  the 
species  of  fishes  inhabiting  its  waters  or  forward  collections  to 
some  recognised  authority. 

I  do  not  anticipate  the  presence  of  any  startling  novelties,  but 
the  position  of  the  island  should  make  the  study  of  its  fauna  and 
flora  of  great  interest. 

Mr.  Hedley  has  kindly  supplied  me  with  the  following  interest- 
ing information  : — ■ 

"  On  passing  along  the  east  coast  a  marked  change  is  noticed 
when  the  traveller  leaves  the  serpentine  rocks,  which  yield  the 


764  ZOOLOGY  OF  NEW  CALEDONIA, 

nickel  ore,  and  reaches  the  palaeozoic  formation  succeeding  them  to 
the  northward.  The  former  are  bleak  and  barren,  with  desolate 
uplands  of  bare  red  soil,  patches  of  scanty  fern,  and  thin  brush- 
wood, which,  seen  from  the  coasting  steamer,  suggest  by  their 
lifelessness  the  polar  rather  than  the  tropic  zone.  The  latter  rise 
wall-like  fi'om  the  sea,  towering  in  Mt.  Panic,  the  culminating  peak 
of  the  island,  to  a  height  of  about  5,400  feet.  The  crest  of  the 
range  is  clothed  with  dense  jungle,  its  sides  seamed  with  white 
leaping  cataracts,  and  at  its  feet  lie  populous  native  villages 
hidden  in  cocoa-nut  palm  groves,  the  taro  gardens  of  the  kanakas, 
and  the  coffee  plantations  of  the  colonists. 

"Twenty  miles  north  of  Mt.  Panic,  where  the  altitude  of  the 
■coast  range  has  diminished,  lies  the  little  settlement  of  Oubatche. 
Here,  by  the  kind  assistance  of  my  hosts,  Messrs.  A.  O.  and  J. 
Henry,  I  was  enabled  to  collect  the  fresh-water  fishes  enumerated 
below.  Our  method  was  simply  to  block  a  small  rivulet  which 
flowed  through  an  abandoned  native  garden  in  an  alluvial  flat 
near  the  sea,  and  bale  a  pool  dry  with  buckets.  As  the  water 
drained  away  the  fish  fell  easy  victims  to  the  active  native  lads 
and  were  then  transferred  to  my  jar  of  formal.  The  small  series 
of  fish  obtained  did  not  of  course  exhaust  the  fauna  of  the 
neighbourhood.  I  saw  several  other  kinds  in  the  shallow  streams 
which  I  was  unable  to  catch,  and  I  should  expect  that  the 
mountain  pools  at  higher  levels,  from  two  to  four  thousand  feet, 
would  yield  different,  perhaps  peculiar  species. 

"  On  our  arrival  I  observed  two  kinds  of  Halobates  skimmina; 
over  the  surface  of  the  pool,  but  they  evaded  my  efforts  to  secure 
them.  The  molluscan  tenants  of  the  pool  were  Isadora  nasnta 
and  Succiiiea  movtrouzieri  among  the  weeds,  Neritina  vai-ieyata, 
N.  canalis,  N.  bruguieri,  N.  petiti,  and  Navicella  hougainvillei 
wei'e  clinging  to  the  rocks,  and  when  the  water  fell  Mel.ania 
artharii  was  seen  crawling  in  the  mud.  Among  Crustacea, 
PaJxemon  vagus  was  plentiful,  and  a  fresh-water  crab,  Hyinenosoma 
pilosa,  was  caught.  A  spider,  Dolomeiles  sp.,  was  left  among  the 
water  plants  when  the  water  subsided." 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  765 

AXGUILLA  sp. 

The  four  specimens  of  fresh-water  eels  brought  back  by  Mr. 
Hedley  form  an  excellent  working  series,  as  they  vary  in  size 
from  236  to  647  millimeters.  There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the 
specific  identity  of  these  four,  but  the  series  proves  to  be  of  more 
than  ordinary  interest  as  a  means  of  demonstrating  the  insignifi- 
cance of  some  of  the  characters  which  have  been  considered  of 
the  highest  importance  in  the  determination  of  species  among 
these  fishes.  Omitting  all  reference  to  such  characters  as  are 
dependent  upon  the  size  of  the  eye,  since  it  is  now  understood 
that  this  is  co-ordinate  with  the  degree  of  development  to  which 
the  sexual  organs  ha^■e  attained  in  each  individual,  I  submit  the 
following  analysis,  showing  the  principal  differences  which  exist 
between  the  larger  New  Caledonian  specimen  and  the  three 
smaller  ones. 

Specimen  a,  647  millimeters. 

Head  6§  in  the  total  length,  lyo  "^  ^^^^  trunk,  y^  more  than  the 
space  between  the  gill-opening  and  the  origin  of  the  dorsal, 
and  i  less  than  the  distance  between  the  latter  and  the  vent; 
cleft  of  mouth  3  in  the  length  of  the  head ;  space  between 
origin  of  dorsal  and  tip  of  snout  3|  in  the  total  length; 
pectoral  31  in  the  head. 

Specimens  b-d  ;  236-345  millimeters. 

Head  7i  to  7|  in  the  total  length,  2  to  2^  in  the  trunk,  \  to  ^ 
less  than  the  space  between  the  gill-opening  and  the  origin 
of  the  doi'sal,  and  \  to  f  mor^e  than  the  distance  between  the 
latter  and  the  vent ;  cleft  of  mouth  3|  to  34  in  the  length  of 
the  head  ;  space  between  origin  of  dorsal  and  tip  of  snout 
2y-^  to  3i  in  the  total  length;  pectoral  3^^-  to  4i  in  the  head. 

In  all  the  specimens  the  lateral  bands  of  maxillary  and  mandi- 
bular teeth  are  divided  into  two  sections  by  a  naked  longitudinal 
groove,  the  outer  section  consisting  of  a  single  series  of  enlarged, 
closely  set,  cutting  teeth — similar  to  those  of  Leptocephabis — 
with  the  occasional  addition,  in  the  younger  examples,  of  a  limited 


766  ZOOLOGY  OF  NEW  CALEDONIA, 

number  of  irregularly  set  smaller  teeth  on  the  outer  side  anteriorly. 
The  vomerine  band  does  not  extend  so  far  backwards  but  is  wider 
than  either  of  the  maxillary  bands  ;  the  shape  of  the  band,  how- 
ever, differs  inter  se,  being  in  the  larger  example  subclaviform,  in 
two  of  the  smaller  lanceolate,  and  in  the  remaining  one  foliate; 
while,  therefore,  the  length  and  width  of  this  band  may  in  some 
cases  be  used  as  a  distinctive  character,  it  is  evident  that  the 
shape  is  variable  and  consequently  of  no  significance. 

Taking  Giinther's  "  Synopsis  of  the  Species'*  as  a  basis  of  com- 
parison, we  find  that  my  '  specimen  a '  belongs  to  group  i.,  section 
A,  subsection  2,  in  which  "  the  length  of  the  head  is  nearly  equal 
to  the  distance  between  the  commencements  of  the  dorsal  and 
anal  tins,"  while  'specimens  b-d'  belong  to  subsection  3  of  the 
same  group,  in  which  "  the  length  of  the  head  is  conspicuously 
more  than  the  distance  between  the  commencements  of  the  dorsal 
and  anal  fins." 

In  the  first  subsection  referred  to  are  placed  Anguilla  labiata, 
Peters,  from  the  east  coast  of  Africa,  and  A.  Jir/jiensis,  Giinther, 
from  the  islands  of  that  name.  Omitting  the  former  on  account 
of  its  geographical  distribution,  we  find  that  our  specimen  agrees 
fairly  well  with  Jidjiensis,  the  comparative  length  of  the  pectoral 
fin— ra  character  on  which  I  am  not  disposed  to  place  much 
reliance — being  the  principal  difference,  while  the  anterior  inser- 
tion of  the  dorsal  fin  is  similar  in  both,  f 

To  subsection  3  Aiigullla  bengalensis,  Gray,  and  A.  reinhardtii, 
Steindachner,  are  assigned  l)y  Giinther,  the  former  being  des 
cribed  as  "very  closely  allied  to  A.  /a^iVos^Ws,"  although  that 
species,  which  is  identical  with  A.  anguilla,  is  referred  to  a 
different  section  of  the  group,  while  A.  latirostris  and  A.  ayiguiVa 
are  themselves  allotted  to  different  subsections.       The  only  dif- 


*  Catalogue  of  Fishes,  viii.  p.  24,  1S70. 

t  Writing  of  Amjiiil/a  Maur'ttana,  Giinther  remarks  (lor.  cit.  p.  3G)  : — 
"  The  principil  character  by  which  this  species  may  l>e  recognised  is  the 
advanced  position  of  tlie  dorsal  fin  ;"  a  few  lines  farther  down  he  describes 
Jidjiensi^  as  having  a  still  more  advanced  fin. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  767 

ferences  between  A.  bengaleusis  and  A.  reinluir  Itii  are  the  greater 
length  of  the  tail  and  the  shortness  of  the  vomerine  band  in  the 
former  ;  but  my  experience  with  other  apodal  fishes — Leptoce- 
pkalus  and  Gongermiircena — leads  me  to  the  conclusion  that  too 
much  reliance  should  not  be  placed  on  the  first  of  these  characters, 
which  often  degenerates  into  a  mere  racial  distinction  ;  and  I  can 
positively  assert  that  any  separation  of  the  two  species  based  on 
the  length  of  the  vomerine  band  is  untenable,  as  that  band  is 
constantly  shorter  than  those  of  the  maxillary  in  tlie  species 
which  we  have  been  accustomed  to  call  A.  reinhardtii  from  our 
waters.*  Either,  therefore,  we  have  another  species  of  Australian 
long-finned  eel  which  remains  to  be  re-discovered — a  very  doubtful 
supposition — or  A.  reinhm-dtii  should  be  merged  in  A.  bengalensis. 
Incidentally,  I  may  mention  that  Dayf  remarks  on  a  peculiarity 
of  the  Indian  fish  which  it  shares  in  common  with  our  species  ; 
he  writes,  it  "  is  much  rarer  on  the  hills  than  in  the  plains ;" 
similarly  all  the  specimens  which  I  have  seen  from  the  mountain 
region  of  New  South  Wales  belonged  to  A.  aasi.ralis,  and  though 
both  species  are  equally  abundant  in  the  Liverpool  and  Camden 
districts,  the  latter  is  decidedly  the  scarcer  on  the  coast. 

From  what  has  been  already  pointed  out,  it  is  plain  that  many 
of  the  characters  which  were  I'elied  on  by  (iriinther  in  1870  are  of 
no  value  for  specific  distinction,  and  that  if  the  long-finned 
anguillids  of  India,  Australia,  and  the  south  sea  islands  are  to  be 
kept  separate  other  and  more  constant  characters  must  be  sought. 

I  shall  make  no  further  reference  to  the  subject  here,  as  I  hope 
soon  to  be  in  a  position  to  furnish  a  comprehensive  re\iew  of  the 
fresh-water  eels  of  Australia  and  the  South  Pacific,  wlien  the 
question  will  be  fully  dealt  with. 

2.    KUHLI.A.    RUPESTRIS    HEDLEYI. 

Eleven  examples  of  Kahli.a  are  among  the  fishes  collected  ; 
these  agree  in  most  respects  with  K.  ricpentris  (Lacepede), 
Boulenger,    but    some    important    and    constant    differences    are 

*  Compare  -'Edible  Fishes  of  New  South  Wales,"  p.  ISS,  189:^. 
t  Fauna  of  British  India,  Fishes  i.  p.  87,  1889. 


768  ZOOLOGY  OF  NEW  CALEDONIA, 

noticeable,  even  though  the  latter  author  allows  such  an  excep- 
tionally wide  margin  of  variation  in  some  of  the  characters*  as 
to  lead  to  the  belief  that  two  or  even  more  species  are  associated 
together  under  the  name  7'upestris.  In  fact,  further  evidence  than 
that  adduced,  even  by  so  excellent  an  authority  as  Dr.  Boulenger, 
is  necessary  before  we  can  fully  accept  his  determination  of  the 
identity  of  the  five  species  described  by  Cuvier  and  Valenciennes. 
I  may  point  out  that _ Dr.  Jordan,  certainly  as  great  an  authority 
on  fishes  as  any,  does  not  admit  the  identity  of  the  eastern 
Pacific  K.  avye  with  K.  tifiiiima,  though  conceding  its  affinity, 
and  that  the  difference  in  the  size  of  the  eye,  relied  upon  by  him, 
is  not  nearly  so  marked  as  in  Boulenger's  K.  rupeslris.j 

While,  therefore,  the  characters  relied  on  by  Boulenger  in  liis 
analysis  are  accurately  represented  in  our  species,  the  following 
constant  differences  between  the  New  Caledonian  iish  and  the 
Queensland  K.  haswellii,  Macleay  (considered  by  Boulenger  to  be 
identical  with  rapesti'is),  of  which  I  have  examined  the  types, 
may  be  noticed  : — 

Depth  of  body  2^  to  2|  in  the  total  length;  width  of  inter- 
orljital  region  3^  to  3|  in  the  length  of  the  head ;  vertical  limb 
of  preopercle  smooth  from  just  above  the  angle;  fifth  dorsal  spine 
'l^Q  to  2i  in  the  head;  last  dorsal  spine  nearly  as  long  as  the  fifth; 
third  anal  spine  much  longer  than  the  second,  1;^  to  If  in  the 
longest  ray;  ventral  reaching  somewhat  beyond  the  vent;  pectoral 
a  little  longer  than  the  ventral ;  upper  surface  of  head  without 
conspicuous  rugosities. 

Length  130  millimeters        ...  ...  ...  ...  ItedUyi. 


*  The  foUowiaf;;  may  be  taken  as  instances  of  the  variation  referred  to  :  — 
"  Diameter  of  eye  3J  to  5  in  the  length  of  the  head;  longest  dorsal  spine 
^  to  f  length  of  head,"  &c.  (Boulenr/e)-,  Cafal.  FUh.  i.  p.  37,  1895). 

fl  trust  that  I  shall  be  pardoned  for  remarking  that  much  unnecessary 
trouble  would  be  avoided  and  much  of  the  disability,  under  which  colonial 
biologists  and  others  similarly  placed  as  regards  the  want  of  books  of 
reference  rest,  would  be  removed,  if  when  giving  the  synonymy  of  a  genus 
Dr.  Boulenger  had  mentioned  the  type  of  each  generic  name.  This  little 
addition,  so  easy  to  him  with  the  British  Museum  Library  at  his  hand,  so 
exceedingly  difficult  to  us,  would  greatly  increase  the  value  of  the  cata- 
logues to  those  workers  who  have  not  his  facilities  for  reference. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  769 

Depth  of  body  2|  to  2|  in  the  total  length  ;  width  of  inter- 
orbital  region  2|  to  2|  in  the  length  of  the  head  ;  vertical  limb 
of  preopercle  denticulated  throughout  its  entire  length  •  fifth 
dorsal  spine  2J  in  the  head;  last  dorsal  spine  much  shorter  than 
the  fifth;  third  anal  spine  a  little  longer  than  the  second,  If  to 
1§  in  tlie  longest  ray;  ventral  not  reaching  to  the  vent ;  pectoral 
equal  to  the  ventral ;  upper  surface  of  the  head  conspicuously 
rugose. 

Length  270  millimeters    ...  ...  ...  ...  liaswellii. 

Of  course  the  disparity  in  the  size  of  the  specimens  must  be 
taken  into  consideration,  but  even  giving  this  its  full  value  some 
of  the  differences,  such  as  that  between  the  width  of  the  inter- 
orbital  region  in  the  two  forms,  are  quite  abnormal. 

3.  Carassiops  ouentheki. 

Eight  examples,  the  largest  90  millimeters.  I  have  already 
(p.  787)  given  my  reasons  for  removing  this  handsome  species 
from  the  genus  Asterropteryx  to  which  it  had  been  ascribed  by 
Bleeker. 

■i.    ?    OpHIOCARA    APOliOS. 

Two  specimens,  the  largest  144  millimetres. 

5.  Eleotris  fuscus. 

The  bulk  of    the  collection  belongs  to   this   species,  of  which 

examples  measuring   166   millimeters  were  brought  back  by  Mr. 

Hedley. 

6.  Trichopharvnx  chassilabris. 

Gobius  crassilahris,  Giinther,  Catal.  Fish.  iii.  p.  63,  1861. 
Three  specimens,  the  largest  122  millimetres. 
I   have   found  it  necessary  to  establish  a  new  genus   for  this 
handsome  Goby,  as  follows  : — 

Trichopharyxx,  gen.nov. 

Gobius  sp.,  Giinther,  Catal.  Fish.  iii.  p.  63,  1861. 

Body  robust,  cylindrical  in  front,  compressed  behind.  Head 
large,  wider  than  deep,  with  long  rounded  snout.  Mouth  wide, 
with    short,   nearly   horizontal   cleft,   the   lips    thick   and    folded 


770  ZOOLOGY  OF  NEW  CALEDONIA. 

laterally.  Premaxillaries  not  protractile,  the  skin  continuous  in 
the  mesial  line  with  that  of  the  snout ;  maxillary  not  reaching  to 
the  eye;  upper  jaw  the  longer.  Teeth  in  the  jaws  in  a  narrow 
band,  slender  and  recurved,  the  outer  series  enlarged,  separate, 
firm  ;  lower  pharyngeal  teeth  setaceous  ;  lips,  entire  inside  of 
mouth,  and  tongue  papillose.  Nostrils  approximate,  the  anterior 
with  a  raised  rim,  the  posterior  small,  round,  and  simple,  well  in 
advance  of  the  eye.  Eyes  supero-lateral,  small,  approximate,  and 
somewhat  prominent.  None  of  the  bones  of  the  head  armed. 
Gill-openings  narrow,  not  extending  forwards  to  below  the  angle 
of  the  preopercle,  the  isthmus  wide;  five  branchiostegals,  the 
three  middle  ones  in  contact  basally,  widely  separated  from  the 
outer  pair ;  gill-rakers  represented  by  a  few  short  thick  fleshy 
tubercles.  Two  dorsal  fins,  the  first  with  six  flexible  spines,  the 
second  with  ten  branched  rays  ;  anal  with  ten  branched  rays, 
originating  behind  the  second  dorsal;  ventral  inserted  below  the 
base  of  the  pectoral,  with  five  rays,  the  free  basal  membrane  well 
devoloped  and  continuous;  pectoral  obtusely  pointed,  with  16  rays, 
the  middle  ones  the  longest;  caudal  rounded,  the  peduncle  short 
and  deep.  Genital  papilla  moderate,  sexually  dissimilar,  scales 
irregularly  arranged  especially  in  front,  those  of  the  tail  largest ; 
head  naked,  except  a  portion  of  the  occiput  and  the  upper  edge 
of  the  opercle.  No  conspicuous  series  of  pores  on  the  head. 
Vertebrse  26  (11  +  15)).     Herbivorous. 

Etymology: — dpi^  (gen    rpixos)  a  hair  or  bristle;  (pdjwy^, 
throat :  in  allusion  to  the  setaceous  pharyngeal  teeth. 

Type: — Gobiu^  crassihihris,  Giinther. 

Distribution  : — Australia  ;  New  Caledonia. 

The  three  following  species  were  taken  on  the  I'eefs  : — 

MUR.ENICHTHYS    MACROPTERUS. 

One  small  example. 

Periophthalmus  koelreuterl 
Three  immature  specimens. 

Platophrys  pantherinus. 
A  single  specimen,  188  mm.  in  length 


771 


OBSERVATIONS  ON  PAPUAN  LAND  AND  FRESH- 
WATER SHELLS,  WITH  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  NEW 
SPECIES  FROM  NEW  GUINEA  AND  WESTERN 
AUSTRALIA. 

By  C.  F.  Ancey. 

(Communicated  by  C.   Hedley,   F.L.S.) 
(Plate  XXXVI.) 

Some  of  the  shells  mentioned  in  the  following  paper  were 
forwarded  to  me,  a  little  time  ago,  by  W.  W.  Froggatt,  Esq.,  who 
collected  them  during  his  journeys  to  New  Guinea  and  N.  W. 
Australia;  a  few  others  were  obtained  from  a  German  dealer  and 
come  from  the  portion  of  the  island  belonging  to  Germany. 

Besides  these,  I  avail  myself  of  the  opportunity  of  speaking 
about  Papuan  species  recently  described  by  MM.  Smith,  Brancsik 
and  myself,  which  seem  to  deserve  special  attention. 

First,  a  paper  published  by  Dr.  C.  Brancsik  (Contributiones  ad 
faunam  Molluscorum  insul«3  Papua)  in  the  "  Naturwissenschaftli- 
chen  Vei-eines  des  Trenesener  Comitates"  has  appeared  in  1895, 
I  think,  after  the  publication  of  my  pamphlet  on  the  same  subject, 
incorporated  in  the  "  Proceedings  of  the  Linnean  Society  of  New 
South  Wales"  for  1895.  In  this  paper  Dr.  Brancsik  described 
(p.  222)  and  figured  Hemiplecta  divergent,  which,  although  some- 
what different  in  shape  and  elevation  of  spire  from  my  //. 
granigera,  appears  to  be  very  close  to  it,  if  not  quite  identical. 
The  same  author  has  named  Pvpinella  lateola  (p.  225)  another 
species  which  is  undoubtedly  identical  with  P.  Fultoni,  Smith 
(Ann.  and  Mag.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  1895,  November,  Vol.  xvi.  p.  365, 
PL  XX.  fig.  17).     Which  name  has  the  priority  is  questionable.     I 


77*2         PAPUAN  LAND  AND  FRESHWATER  SHELLS, 

must  mention  also  that  I  got  from  Dr.  Staudinger  Pvpina 
enojih'iim,  von  M()ll.,  which,  upon  examination,  proved  not  to 
differ  from  Smith's  Fupina  nasuta  (Smith,  loc.  cif.,  p.  364). 

1.  SuLCOBASis  LEPTOCOCHLEA,  Ancey,  n.sp. 

(Plate  xxxvL,   fig.    1.) 

Testa  globosa,  pro  sectione  tenuiuscula,  pervie  profundeque 
umbilicata,  brunneo-rufa,  unicolor,  lineis  incrementi  tenuibus  et 
obliquis  per  longitudinem  sculpta  et  sulcis  obsoletis  sjDiralibus,  in 
ultimo  anfractu  et  inferne  prajsertim  exarata,  subnitida.  Spira 
conoidea,  satis  producta,  apice  sat  minuto,  obtusiusculo.  Anf  ractus 
6  convexi,  regulariter  accrescentes,  sutura  impressa ;  ultimus 
magnus,  rotundatus,  tumidus,  antice  sublonge  deflexus,  infra 
submalleatus,  circa  umbilicum  apertum  et  modicum  subcompressus. 
Apertura  leviter  obliqua,  basi  antrorsum  protracta,  sublunata, 
rotunda,  fauce  purpurascente.  Peristoma  ad  dextram  vix,  infra 
magis  expansum,  ad  basin  et  prfesertim  ad  columellam  dilatatum, 
purpurascens,  margine  columellari  candido,  late  reflexo,  cum 
supero  convergente.  supero  et  extero  regulariter  incur\is.  Galium 
parietale  nitidum. 

Diam.  max.  44,  min.  39,  alt.  41,  alt.  apert.  23  mill. 

Ilab. — German  New  Guinea. 

This  handsome  shell  has  been  sent  me  as  "  Sulcobasis,  nov.s]^.," 
and  I  am  not  aware  that  it  has  been  described.  My  unique  speci- 
men, although  dead,  is  not  liable  to  be  confounded  with  any  Papuan 
species  I  am  acquainted  with.  It  is  probably  more  nearly  related 
to  Sulcobasis  Beatricis  (Fauna  Malac.  della  Nuova  Guinea,  p.  1G3, 
PL  IV.  fig.  14)  than  to  S.  Nehsei,  v.  Mart.  ( =  Gerrardi,  E.  A. 
Smith)  and  S.  Minnegerodi,  Strub.,  of  S.E.  New  Guinea,  but  it 
differs  from  Beatricis,  of  Tapparone-Canefri,  of  the  Fly  River,  in 
being  smaller,  of  lighter  substance,  in  having  a  much  higher  spire, 
more  slowly  increasing  volutions  (6,  not  b}^  as  in  Beatricis)  and 
less  numerous  and  conspicuous  sj)iral  sulcations.  The  shell  is 
rather  thin  for  the  genus. 


BY    C.    F.    ANCBY.  773 

2.  Chloritis  Moellendorffi,  Ancey,  n.sp. 

(Plate  XXXVI.,  fig.  7.) 

Testa  globoso-depressa,  aperte  pervieque  umbilcata,  lute  ovel 
purpureo-fusca,  setis  brevibus  in  quincunciis  dispositis  undique 
hirsuta,  baud  nitida.  Spira  convexa,  obtusa,  plus  minusve  elevata. 
Anfractus  5  convex!,  regulariter  crescentes,  sutura  valde  impressa; 
ultimus  altus,  rotundatus,  tumidus,  antice  paulatim  descendens, 
circa  umbilicum  circularem  et  mediocrem  vix  compressus,  minime 
angulatus.  Apertura  subobliqua,  basi  leviter  antice  jDroti^acta, 
regulariter  rotundato-sublunata.  Peristoma  subincrassatum,  extus 
lividum,  intus  purpurascens,  undique  breviter  expansum,  reflexi- 
usculum,  marginibus  conniventibus,  basali  reflexo,  columellari 
dilatato. 

Diam.  max.  22i,  min.  vix  18,  alt.  15,  alt.  apert.  11 J  mill. 

Hah. — Tuom,  German  New  Guinea. 

I  venture  to  separate  this  species  from  C.  eustoma,  Pfr.,  which 
is  absolutely  the  same  as  C.  erinaceus,  Pfeiffer  (vide  E.  A.  Smith, 
Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  June  2,  1885,  p.  594),  and  which  is,  as  far  as  I 
can  ascertain,  peculiar  to  the  Solomon  Islands,  not  only  on 
account  of  the  very  different  locality,  but  also  of  the  characters 
which  appear  to  be  fairly  constant  in  both  forms.  Chloritis 
Mijllendorffi  always  has  a  convex,  not  planulate,  spire;  it  has  not 
the  last  whorl  roundly  shouldered  as  in  eustoma;  the  aperture  is 
not  so  oblique  and  the  outer  lip  somewhat  thinner;  besides  the 
umbilicus,  although  of  about  the  same  size,  is  not  obtusely  keeled 
as  in  that  species,  and  the  margins  of  the  peristome  not  so  remote 
from  each  other. 

Many  years  ago  I  received  from  Mr.  John  Brazier  a  very 
similar  shell  from  New  Britain  labelled  Helix  discordialis,  Per., 
but  it  has  but  little  to  do  with  the  latter.  The  true  discordialis 
has  a  widely  expanded  peristome,  it  is  more  depressed,  and  its 
spire  also  is  less  elevated. 

50 


774         PAPUAN  LAND  AND  FRESHWATER  SHELLS, 

3.  Trachia  Froggatti,  Ancey,  nov.sp. 

(Plate  xxxvL,  fig.   2.) 

Testa  lenticularis,  biconvexa,  depressa,  solidiuscula,  mediocriter 
umbilicata  (umbilicus  ex  parte  tectus),  superne  uiidique  denseque 
granulata,  granulis  infra  carinam  ultimi  anfractus  Itevioribus, 
basi  circa  umbilicum  paulatim  evanidis.  Spira  convexa  vel 
conoid  eo-convexa,  obtusa,  parum  elevata.  Anfractus  5  convexi, 
regulariter  et  sat  lente  accrescentes,  sutura  impressa;  ultimus 
carina  mediana  acuta  exsertaque  cinctus,  basi  lasvior,  pallidus, 
lineis  incrementi  sculjitus,  antice  leniter  deflexus.  Apertura 
obliqua,  extus  angulata,  lunato-suboblonga,  transversa.  Peristoma 
incrassatum,  album,  undique  expansum  et  reflexum,  ad  columellam 
dilatatum,  marginibus  parum  conniventibus,  callo  tenui  junctis. 
Color  stramineo-carneus,  infra  carinam  albidulam  fuscescens,  basi 
albidus. 

Diam.  maj.  16J,  min.  13,  alt.  7^-8  mill. 

Hab.^Oscur  Range,  N.W.  Australia  (Coll.  W.  W.  Froggatt). 

Judging  from  the  external  appearance  only,  I  should  have 
located  this  remarkable  new  species  in  Plectotropis,  a  group 
hitherto  confined  to  Eastern  Asia  and  the  adjacent  islands, 
including  Malaysia,  for  it  much  more  resembles  some  Chinese  and 
Japanese  forms  like  Helix  trichotropis,  Pfr.,  squarrosa,  Gould, 
than  other  Australian  sj^ecies,  save  perhaps  Helix  Howardi, 
Angas,  also  a  keeled  species  from  the  interior  of  South  Australia, 
which  is  located  by  Pilsbry  in  his  section  Glyptorhagada.  Its 
peculiar  shape,  keel,  granular  surface,  reflected  peristome,  lustreless 
aspect  (except  around  the  umbilicus)  and  colour  may  easily 
separate  it  from  any  of  the  Helices  recorded  from  the  same  region 
by  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  (vide  Proc.  Malac.  Soc.  Vol.  i.  1894, 
pp.  84-99). 

4.  Trachia  orthocheila,  Ancey,  nov.sp. 

(Plate  xxxvi.,  fig.  4.) 

Testa  orbicularis,  depressa,  nitida,  umbilicata  (umbilicus  medio- 
cris,  vix  ex  parte  tectus),  lineis  lajvibus  incrementi  confertisque 


BY    C.    F.    ANCBY.  775 

tantum  sculpta,  supra  fulvescens,  passim  obscure  substrigata,  ad 
suturam  peuultimi  pallidior,  zona  peripherica  albida  sat  angusta, 
infra  late  corneo-fulvescente  marginata  cingulata,  basi  lactescente- 
albida.  Spira  convexa,  parum  elevata,  late  subconoidea,  obtusa. 
Anfractus  5  regulariter  convoluti,  lente  accrescentes,  convexius- 
culi,  sutura  impressa;  ultimus  depressus,  initio  tantisper  sub- 
angulatus,  leviter  antice  descendens,  basi  haud  inflatus.  Apertura 
obliqua,  transverse  oblonga,  lunata.  Peristoma  album,  incrass- 
atum,  anguste  reflexum,  marginibus  parum  conniventibus,  basali 
subelliptico  vel  rectiusculo,  paulo  magis  crasso,  imo  ad  dextram 
interdum  subtuberculifero,  columellari  leviter  dilatato. 

Diam.  maj.  13-U,  min.  11^-12^,  alt.  6^-7  mill. 

Hab. — Oscar  Range,  100  miles  inland,  Derby,  King's  Sound, 
N".W.  Australia  (W.  W.  Froggatt). 

From  the  several  specimens  kindly  sent  by  Mr.  Froggatt,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  above  described  shell  is  very  different  from 
its  ally.  Helix  f^^Chlvritis")  rectilahrum,  E.  A.  Smith  {Joe.  cit.jTp.  88, 
PI.  VII.,  fig.  14),  said  to  have  been  found  at  Parry  Harbour,  JST.W. 
Australia.  It  has  nothing  of  the  peculiar  epidermis  and  granular 
surface  of  that  species  and  is  a  shining  shell,  quite  similar  in 
texture  and  colour  to  Gampylcea  ichtyonima,  of  Austria.  More- 
over, it  is  easily  distinguished  from  rectilahrum,  which  seems  to 
be  an  unhanded  species  in  the  character  of  the  basal  edge  which 
is  not  so  rectilinear  in  orthocheila  as  in  rectilahriini  and  often 
provided,  at  its  junction  with  the  right  margin,  with  a  somewhat 
tuberculous  thickening. 

I  think  this,  as  well  as  T.  Froggatli,  inonograminia,  millejmnc- 
tata,  rectilabrum,  Baitdinensis,  Collingei,  cyclostomata  and  Tucktri 
belong  rather  to  Trachia  than  to  Chloritis  and  Gonostomo,  in 
which  genera  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith  has  located  some  of  them. 

5.  Trachia  monogramma,  Ancey,  nov.sp. 

(Plate  XXXVI.,  fig.  3.) 

Testa  orbicularis,  aperte  pervieque  sed  mediocriter  umbilicata, 
oleoso-nitens,  obsolete  lineis  incrementi  et  oblique  striatula,  tenuis, 


776         PAPUAN  LAND  AND  FRESHWATER  SHELLS 


corneo-albidula,  basi  sublactescens  ad  suturam  penultimi  dilute 
fuscula.  Spira  concolor,  obtusa,  depressa,  parum  elevata.  An- 
fractus  4^  regulariter  sed  celeriter  accrescentes,  convexi,  sutura 
impressa;  ultimus  rotundatus,  parum  depressus,  basi  convexus, 
satis  altus,  antice  longiuscula  et  perparum  deflexus,  supra  medium 
zona  fusca  angustiore  cinctus.  Apertura  ampla,  distincte  obliqua, 
rotundata,  transverse  subovalis,  lunata.  Peristoma  expansius- 
culum,  tenue,  basi  intus  incrassatum,  expansum,  ad  columellam 
magis  dilatatum,  album,  marginibus  subconniventibus. 
Diam.  maj.  15|,  min.  12|,  alt.  8|  mill. 

Hab. — Oscar    Range,    with     the    preceding    species    (W.    W. 
Froggatt). 

A  single  specimen  was  sent,  and  it  much  differs  from  any  other 
W.  Australian  species  enumerated  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Smith,  the 
nearest  allies  perhaps  being  Helix  millepimctata,  Sm.,(from  Baudin 
and  Cassini  Islands),  and  //.  Bathurstensis,  Sm.,  (from  Heywood 
and  Bathurst  Islands),  but  they  differ  much  in  texture,  colour, 
sculpture,  and  number  of  whorls.  T.  monogramma  looks  indeed 
very  much  more  like  some  Asiatic  species  {T.  propinqua  and 
others)  than  any  Australian  species  known  to  me.  It  resembles 
Helix  similaris,  but  is  thinner,  more  depressed  and  certainly 
belongs  to  another  group. 

In  the  lot  of  shells  obtained  by  Mr.  Froggatt  there  were  also 
specimens  of  the  following  : — 

Rhagada  Burnerensis,  E.  a.  Smith. — Oscar  Range,  W.  Aus- 
tralia. The  examples  agree  pretty  well  with  the  original  diagnosis, 
but  the  ground  colour  is  not  white,  but  pale  greyish-brown, 
luteous-brown  towards  the  aperture  and  the  suture  is  margined 
with  a  fulvous  line.     The  peristome  also  is  fulvous. 

I  think  this  and  the  allied  species  are  better  placed  in  Rliagada 
than  in  Hadra,  as  Mr.  Smith  suggested,  although  they  lack  the 
characteristic  markings  of  that  genus. 

Rhagada  Reinga,  Gray. — Oscar  Range.  All  exhibit  the 
median  brown  line ;  the  other  ones  are  quite  variable.  One 
example  is  much  smaller  than  the  typical  ones,  measuring  only 
12  mill,  in  diameter,  while  the  largest  measures  17  mill. 


BY    C.    F.    ANCEY.  777 

SucciNEA  SCALARINA,  Pfeijfer. — Lennard  River,  100  mi^es 
inland  from  Derby,  W.  Australia. 

ViviPARA  DECiPiENS,  Tapp.-Gan. — Two  specimens  said  by  Mr. 
Froggatt  to  have  been  taken  by  him  in  the  Lennard  River  with 
the  following  species,  but  this  may  prove  to  be  a  mistake,  as  both 
are  described  from  shells  collected  in  the  Fly  River,  British  New 
Guinea,  where  Mr.  Froggatt  also  probably  found  his  specimens. 

YiviPARA  (Glaucostracia)  Paulucciana,  Tapp.-Can. — This  is 
a  very  remarkable  species  of  Vivipara.  Of  the  two  specimens 
sent  one  contained  the  operculum,  and  in  the  last  whorl  there 
were  two  young  globular  and  naticoid  shells,  very  thin,  spirally 
striate,  consisting  of  about  3  whorls  and  keeled  above  the  peri- 
phery; hence  it  may  be  inferred  that  Vivipara  Faulucciana  is 
viviparous  like  the  typical  forms  ;  the  operculum,  of  a  reddish- 
purple  hue,  is  not  dissimilar  from  that  of  the  ordinary  species; 
however  the  shell  differs  very  much  in  its  Lacuyioid  shape,  keeled 
umbilical  area  and  umbilicus  from  that  of  typical  Vivipara,  and 
forcibly  reminds  one  of  the  Indo-Chinese  genus  Chlorostracia, 
Mab.,*  which,  however,  belongs  to  another  family,  and  I  should 
suggest  for  it  the  subgeneric  name  Glaucostracia. 

Plotia  pagoda,  Lea. — Fly  River. 

Pythia  nov.sp.  1 — Fly  River.  Probably  a  new  species,  although 
I  have  a  specimen  similar  to  the  two  found  by  Mr.  Froggatt, 
and  also  from  the  Fly  River,  labelled  Pythia  undata,  Lesson. 
The  present  shell  is  imperforate  and  allied  to  Pythia  ohscura  and 
latidentata,  of  Tapparone-Canefri  (Fauna  Malac.  della  Nuova 
Guinea,  Suppl.  I.  p.  48-50,  PI.  i.  fig.  14-15  and  12),  thus  falling 
into  the  group  B  of  T.  Canefri,  but  it  differs  much  from  these  as 
well  as  from  P.  Wallacei  and  imperforata,  also  recoixled  from 
Papua.  It  is  a  rather  broad  shell  with  a  yellowish  peristome  and 
furnished  with  peculiar  small  denticles  seeming  to  be  constant 
between  the  larger  ones  on  the  palatal  lamina. 


*  Mabille,  in  Bull.  Soc.  Malac.  France,  vi.  Juin,  1889,  p.  309-314,  with 

PI.  VIII. 


778         PAPUAN  LAND  AND  FRESHWATER  SHELLS. 

Note  by  C.  Hedley. — The  paper  in  which  Mr.  Ancey  described 
H.  granigera,  &c.,  was  published  by  this  Society,  November  18, 
189.5;  the  date  of  Dr.  Brancsik's  paper  I  am  unable  to  ascertain. 
Some  of  Mr.  Froggatt's  West  Australian  land  shells  have  been 
already  noted  in  the  Proc.  Malac.  Society  I.  p.  259.  In  proposing 
a  new  subgenus  for  Vivipara  i^aulucciana,  I  am  inclined  to  think 
that  my  friend  has  overlooked  the  close  affinity  to  Larina  of 
Adams. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE. 

Fig.   L — Sulcohcm-s  leptocochlea,  n.sp. 

Fig.  2.  —  Trachia  Frogyatti,  n.sp. 

Fig.  3. —        ,,       vionogrmnma,  n.sp. 

Fig.  4. —        ,,       orthocheila,  n.sp. 

Figs.  5-6. — Piqnna  Beddomei,  Anc.  (see  Proceedings  1895,  p.  379). 

Fig.  7. — Chloritii  Molhndorffi,  n.sp. 


779 


NEW  MARINE  SHELLS  FROM  THE  SOLOMON 
ISLANDS  AND  AUSTRALIA. 

By  John  Brazier,  F.L.S.,  C.M.Z.S. 

L  VoLUTA  Kenyoniana,  n.sp. 

Shell  ovately  fusiform,  thick,  narrow;  whorls  6,  flattened;  spire 
rather  short;  apex  papillose,  suture  narrow,  very  much  depressed 
and  hollowed  below,  longitudinally  somewhat  obliquely  ribbed 
with  19-20  obtuse  ribs  showing  more  prominently  on  the  angle, 
side,  base  and  the  upper  whorls;  fulvous,  reticulated  and  banded, 
fulvous-chestnut;  aperture  large;  columella  straight,  with  4  plaits, 
the  lower  one  long  and  narrow,  second  much  thinner  on  the  edge, 
thicker  in  the  centre,  third  short  and  broad,  fourth  or  upper 
more  obtuse  at  the  edge;  peristome  angulated,  thickened  in  the 
middle,  thinner  at  the  posterior  and  anterior  ends,  interior  of  the 
aperture  pale  orange. 

Length  137;  breadth  46;  alt.  37  mm. 

Hah. — Cape  Everard,  Victoria  (Coll.  Mrs.  Evans). 

The  specimen  is  in  fine  colour,  but  through  rough  knocking 
alDout  on  the  beach  where  found  a  portion  of  the  apex  and  a  little 
of  the  upper  and  lower  parts  of  the  lip  are  broken  off.  The 
obtuse  ribs  remind  one  very  much  of  such  forms  as  Voluta 
mitrceformis,  lyrceformis,  nucleus,  deliciosa,  Delessertiana.  But  for 
size  it  might  be  taken  for  a  ribbed  form  of  VoluteUa  jjapillosa, 
Swa.  Mrs.  Evans,  through  the  kind  mediation  of  Mrs.  Kenyon, 
forward-ed  me  the  specimen  for  examination. 

2.   VoLUTA  RossiTERi,  n.sp. 

Shell  ovately  fusiform,  thin,  longitudinally  finely  striated  ; 
whorls  6,  flattened,  the  three  upper  strongly  riljbed,  apex  when 


780  NEW    MARINE    SHELLS, 

perfect  papillose;  spire  short,  strongly  tuberculated  at  the  angle; 
suture  narrow,  slightly  crenulated,  somewhat  depressed  below, 
yellowish-brown  ornamented  with  longitudinal  transverse  opaque 
white  and  reddish-brown  interrupted  lines,  showing  more  on  the 
angle  between  the  tubercules  and  below  in  the  form  of  a  band; 
aperture  long  and  narrow;  columella  straight,  with  4  very  oblique 
plaits  not  very  prominent,  thin  at  the  edge;  peristome  angulated 
(edge  very  much  broken),  interior  of  aperture  pale  orange-brown. 

Length  108;  breadth  37;  alt.  30  mm. 

Hah.  —  Gippsland  Lakes  Entrance,  Victoria  (Coll.  Mrs.  A.  F. 
Kenyon). 

This  shell  when  in  a  good  state  of  preservation  must  be  a  very 
beautiful  one;  the  longitudinal  and  transverse  opaque  white  and 
reddish-brown  interrupted  lines  give  it  the  appearance  of  being 
reticulated  at  the  upper  and  lower  parts,  showing  pale  in  the 
middle  below  the  angle.  The  outer  lip  is  very  much  bi'oken,  and 
a  little  off  the  apex  is  missing.  I  have  named  it  after  my 
kinsman,  Mr.  R.  C.  Rossiter,  of  New  Caledonia,  who  made 
valuable  collections  at  Corner  Inlet,  Port  Fairy,  Hobson's  Bay, 
and  other  places  in  Victoria  in  the  early  part  of  the  '  sixties.' 

Gippsland  Lakes  Entrance  is  also  the  home  of  the  fine  Voluta 
Roadknighti,  McCoy. 

3.  CoNUs  Flindersi,  n.sp. 

Shell  elongated,  solid,  light  mauve,  spotted  here  and  there  with 
bi'own  and  opaque  white,  with  a  pale  narrow  white  band,  spirally 
rather  deeply  sulcated,  much  smoother  in  the  centre,  with  longi- 
tudinal fine  striie;  spire  elevated,  apex  acute;  whorls  9,  coronated 
at  the  edge;  suture  moderately  impressed,  aperture  narrow  at  the 
posterior  end,  wide  at  the  anterior;  peristome  straight,  interior 
of  the  aperture  light  brown. 

Length  29;  breadth  19  mm.  Length  of  aperture  23  mm.  ; 
breadth  of  aperture  2,  at  base  3  mm. 

Bab. — Flinders,  Victoria  (Mrs.  A.  F.  Kenyon).  Found  under 
a  stone  at  low  water. 


BY    JOHN    BRAZIER.  781 

This  species  differs  from  anything  previously  found  in  southern 
waters. 

4.  CoNus  Barbara,  n.sp. 

Shell  elongated,  turbinated,  subcylindrical,  white,  smooth, 
maculated  with  bluish-brown  here  and  there,  spirally  ornamented 
with  interrupted  brown  dots  and  opaque  white  lines;  spire  obtuse; 
whorls  8,  suture  narrow  with  three  spiral  deep  grooves ;  base 
somewhat  deeply  grooved,  between  finely  punctured  ;  aperture 
very  narrow  at  the  posterior  end,  wide  at  the  anterior;  peristome 
slightly  angulated,  interior  bluish-white. 

Length  40;  breadth  20  mm.  Length  of  aperture  35;  breadth 
IJ  mm.     Breadth  of  aperture  at  base  5  mm. 

Hab.—iiolomon  Islands  (Coll.  Mrs.  A.  F.  Kenyon). 

This  species  is  much  shorter  and  narrower  than,  and  differs  in 
its  markings  and  sculpture  from,  C.  achatinus,  Chem.,  which  it 
very  much  resembles  at  first  sight. 

5.  CoNus  Frostiana,  n.sp. 

Shell  smooth,  solid,  maculated  with  interrupted  longitudinal 
brown  and  opaque  white  blotches;  spire  slightly  elevated,  apex 
obtuse;  whorls  8-9,  suture  somewhat  deep,  with  dark  brown  spots, 
and  two  small  rather  deep  grooves  below;  base  with  8  deep 
grooves  and  between  numerous  minute  punctures  ;  aperture 
narrow;  peristome  thin,  edged  with  brown,  interior  white. 

Length  18;  breadth  10  mm.  Length  of  aperture  15;  breadth 
1,  at  base  2  mm. 

Hab. — Solomon  Islands  (Coll.  Mrs.  A.  F.  Kenyon). 

A  fine  handsome  little  species  allied  to  G.  inonachus,  Linne. 

6.   AxiNJEA  Kenyoniana,  n.sp. 

Shell  solid,  triangularly  ovate,  angled  and  compressed  anteriorly, 
ventricose,  white,  very  beautifully  painted  with  irregular,  long, 
triangular,  chestnut  lines  passing  into  descending  rays  towards 
the  base,  the  umbones  variously  painted  with  zigzag  lines  and 


782  NEW    MARINE   SHELLS. 

blotches  of  the  same  colour;  valves  concentrically  finely  striated; 
umbones  tumid,  cardinal  area  short  and  deep  ;  interior  of  the 
valves  white,  with  a  dark  purple  stain  anteriorly;  margins  crenate. 

Long.  42;  alt.  38;  diam.  22  mm. 

Hab. — Entrance  to  the  Gippsland  Lakes,  Victoria;  found  on 
the  beach  after  heavy  weather  (Coll.  Mrs.  A.  F.  Kenyon). 

This  very  pretty  Axincea  is  of  a  pure  white,  ornamented  with 
elongated  and  zigzag  chestnut  lines,  giving  the  appearance  of  a 
chain  of  mountain  peaks  seen  at  a  distance.  This  is  the  Axincea 
of  Poll,  1791,  Pectunciihis  of  Lamarck,  180L 


783 


ON  SOME  AUSTRALIAN  ELEOTRIN^. 
Part  2. 

By  J.  Douglas  Ogilbi. 

At  the  last  meeting  of  the  session  of  1896  I  had  the  honour  to 
communicate  to  the  Society  a  paper  on  the  above  subject,  which 
has,  I  am  happy  to  say,  met  with  cordial  approval  among  the 
most  advanced  ichthyologists  of  the  colonies  and  elsewhere,  and 
I  take  this  opportunity  of  thanking  those  friends  whose  kind  and 
complimentary  letters  encourage  me  in  the  face  of  many  and 
grave  difficulties  to  proceed  with  the  task  of  bringing  Australian 
ichthyology  more  into  line  with  modern  thought.  It  is,  therefore, 
with  great  pleasure  that  I  now,  just  a  year  later,  present  to  your 
notice  a  second  paper  dealing  with  other  members  of  the  same 
interesting  subfamily. 

In  the  former  paper  five  species  were  described,  namely :  — 
Carassiops  longi,  Krejftius  australis,  Mulgoa  coxii,  Ophiorrhimts 
grandicej)s,  and  0.  nudicej^s,  while  the  present  contains  diagnoses 
of  five  others  : — Carafisiops  gitentheri,  C.  galii,  Krefftius  adspersus, 
Eleotris  fusciis,  and  Ophiorrhin^is  angustifrons,  two  of  which  are 
described  as  new  to  science,  while  the  fauna  of  New  South  Wales 
is  enriched  by  no  less  than  three. 

Owing  to  the  magnificent  series  of  Eleotris  fuscus,  which  has 
lately  passed  through  my  hands,  thanks  to  the  exertions  of  Mr. 
Charles  Hedley,  I  am  enabled  to  present  to  my  readers  a  diagnosis 
of  the  restricted  genus  Eleotris,  which  has  been  made  by  some 
authors  the  refuge  for  so  many  and  so  varied  forms  that  it  is  safe 
to  say  that  in  no  other  branch  of  biological  science  would  such  an 
extraordinary  agglomeration  of  distinct  forms  been  peruiitted 
for  so  long  a  time.     A  review  of  the  family  in  accordance  with 


784  ON  SOME  AUSTRALIAN  ELEOTRIN.E, 

modern  requirements,  and  in  a  publication  which  is  likely  to  be 
accessible  to  all  working  ichthyologists,  is  a  much  needed  desider- 
atum. 

The  genus  Carassiojjs*  may  be  amended  and  conveniently  sub- 
divided as  follows : — 

Snout  scaly ;    dorsal    spines   six  ;    caudal   peduncle  long   and 
slender;  vertebrae  25 

Caulichthys;!  type  guentheri. 

Snout  naked;  dorsal  spines  six;  caudal  peduncle  short  and  deep; 
vertebrae  25  ... 

Carassiops;!   type  compressus. 

Snout  naked;   dorsal  spines  seven  or  eight;  caudal  peduncle 
long  and  slender;  vertebrae  30-31    ... 

AusTROGOBio;  type  galii. 

Appended  is  a  list  of  the  species  which  appear  to  belong  to 

this  genus  : — 

Carassiops. 

1.  co7npresstis,  Krefft,  Proc.   Zool.  Soc.   London,  18G4,  p.   184, 

Clarence  River. 

2.  brevirostris,  Steindachner,  Sitzb.  Ak.  Wien,  Ivi.  i.  1867,  p.  314, 

Cape  York. 

3.  retictdatus,    Klunzinger,    Sitzb.    Ak.    Wien,    Ixxx.    i.     1880, 

p.  385,  Port  Darwin. 

4.  elevatus,   Macleay,    Proc.   Linn.    Soc.    .N.S.    Wales,   v.    1881, 

p.  622,  Port  Darwin. 

5.  longi,  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  xxi.  1897,  p.  733, 

George's  River. 

6.  cyanostigma,  Bleeker,  Kokos,  iv.  p.  452,  1855,  Kokos. 


*  Carassiops,  Ogilby,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  xxi.  1897,  p.  732. 

t  KuvKos,  a  stalk  or  peduncle;  '(■x^vs,  a  fish. 

X  Auster,  south;  Gobio,  a  genus  of  cyprinoid  fishes,  of  which  the  European 
Gudgeon  (O.  gobio)  is  the  type. 


by  j.  douglas  ogilby.  785 

Caulichthys. 

7.  cyprinoides^  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.   Poiss.    xii. 

p.  248,  1837,  Bourbon. 

8.  tcenionotopterus,  Bleeker,  Bali,  p.  298,  1849. 

9.  leuciscus,  Bleeker,  Sumatra  ii.  p.  278, 1853,  Western  Sumatra. 

10.  gue7itheri,  Bleeker,  Versl.  en  Med.  xi.  1876. 

11.  cyprinoides,   Klunzinger,    Sitzb.    Ak.    Wien,    Ixxx.    i.    1880, 

p.  384.  Murray  River. 

AUSTROGOBIO. 

12.  gain,  Ogilby,  antea. 

No  less  than  eight  of  these  species  or  supposed  species  belong 
to  the  Australian  fauna,  and  I  hope  soon  to  be  in  a  position  to 
give  a  full  description  of  the  forms  not  hitherto  noticed. 

Subgenus  Caulichthys. 

Carassiops  guentheri. 

1  Eleotris  cyprinoides,  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes,  Hist.  Nat.  Poiss. 
xii.  p.  241,  1837,  Bourbon;  Klunzinger,  Arch.  f.  Nat. 
1872,  p.  31  and  Sitzb.  Ak.  Wien,  Ixxx.  i.  1880,  p.  384, 
pi.  V.  f.  2,  Murray  River. 

Eleotris  cyprinoides  (not  Cuvier  &  Valenciennes),  Gunther, 
Catal.  Fish.  iii.  p.  118,  1862,  Sumatra  k  Oualan;  Maclea}^ 
Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  ix.  1884,  p.  33  (copied  from 
Giinther  on  the  authority  of  Klunzinger's  record). 

Asterropteryx  guentheri,  Bleeker,  Versl.  en  Med.  xi.  1876. 

Eleotris  guentheri,  Gunther,  Fisch.  Sudsee,  ii.  p.  186,  pi.  xiii.  f. 
A.  1876. 

Black-banded  Carp-Gudgeon. 

D.  vi,  i  8.     A.  i  10.     Sc.  26-28/8. 

Depth  of  body  4i  to  4|,  length  of  head  4  to  44  in  the  total 
ngth;  width  of  head  If  to  2,  of  interorbital  region  3  to  3|, 


786  ON  SOME  AUSTRALIAN  ELEOTRIN.E, 

diameter  of  eye  3f  to  4  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  short, 
its  width  between  the  posterior  nostrils  equal  to  or  a  little  more 
than  its  length,  which  is  as  long  as  or  a  little  shorter  than  the 
diameter  of  the  eye.  Maxillary  not  nearly  extending  to  the 
vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye,  its  length  from  the 
tip  of  the  snout  4-  to  4i  in  that  of  the  head.  12  or  13  gill- 
rakers  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch.  The  origin  of 
the  first  dorsal  is  midway  between  the  base  of  the  last  soft  ray 
and  the  extremity  of  the  snout  or  a  little  nearer  to  the  former; 
the  space  between  the  origin  of  the  second  dorsal  and  the  base  of 
the  caudal  1}  to  1^  in  the  remaining  length;  second  dorsal  higher 
than  the  spinous,  its  longest  ray  1^  to  Ig-  in  the  head  :  ventral 
subequal  to  the  head,  the  fourth  ray  produced,  extending  to  or 
beyond  the  vent:  pectoral  with  13  or  14  rays,  about  as  long  as 
the  ventral :  caudal  moderate,  3^  to  4  in  the  total  length;  peduncle 
long,  its  depth  2i  to  2|  in  its  length,  which  is  y^^  to  ^  longer 
than  the  head.  Head-scales  extending  forwards  on  the  inter- 
orbital  region  and  snout;  preorbital  naked  and  somewhat  swollen; 
breast-scales  not  much  smaller  than  those  of  the  body.     Vertebrae 

u  +  n. 

Pale  yellowish  with  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  black  band,  one 
scale  in  width,  extending  from  behind  the  upper  half  of  the  base 
of  the  pectoral  to  the  base  of  the  caudal,  mostly  below  the  median 
line ;  rarely  this  band  is  absent,  while  the  scales  composing  it 
often  have  a  lighter  centre;  usually  all  the  scales  above  the  band 
are  dark-edged;  interorbital  region,  snout,  and  a  large  blotch  on 
the  opercles  bluish-black;  mandibles  and  cheeks  with  dark  dots; 
intermandibular  region  and  lower  lip  dusky  :  dorsals  violet,  dotted 
with  black,  the  second  often  with  pearly  spots  posteriorly  in  the 
male. 

Etymology  : — JVamed  for  Albert  Giinther,  F.R.S.,  &c.,  the 
celebrated  ichthyologist,  keeper  of  the  Zoological  Department, 
British  Museum,  and  author  of  many  valuable  works  on  natural 
science. 

Distribution:-  Fresh  waters  of  Oualan,  Fiji,  Samoa,  and 
New  Caledonia.  Not  having  a  copy  of  his  work,  I  cannot  say 
whence  Bleeker's  types  came. 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  787 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  synonymy  given  above  Bleeker  has 
placed  this  fish  in  the  genus  AsterrojJteryx,*  from  which  I  have 
found  it  necessary  to  remove  it  to  my  genus  Carassiops,\  because 
in  Asterropteryx  (fide,  Giinther,  Catal.  iii.  p.  132)  the  teeth  are  in 
a  single  series,  and  there  is  no  genital  papilla.  The  only  differences 
between  the  group  to  which  this  species  belongs  and  the  typical 
Carassiops  consist  of  the  more  depressed  snout,  the  more  elongated 
caudal  peduncle,  and  the  increased  lepidosis  of  the  head. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  the  species  described  by 
Giinther  (Catal.  I.e.)  as  Eleotris  cyprinoides,  nor  do  I  think  that 
Bleeker's  correctness  in  separating  that  species  from  the  E. 
cyprinoides  of  the  Histoire  Naturelle  can  be  called  in  question. 
There  is,  however,  good  reason  for  believing  that  Klunzinger's 
South  Australian  fish  is  distinct  from  both,  since  it  differs  not 
only  in  having  a  larger  number  of  dorsal  rays,  but  in  the  posses- 
sion of  no  less  than  ten  transverse  series  of  scales  between  the 
origin  of  the  second  dorsal  and  the  anal  fins.  This  form  might 
be  separated  as  Munzingeri.  It  will,  however,  be  necessary  to 
make  a  critical  comparison  of  all  the  species  of  Carassiops  from 
different  localities  before  these  points  can  be  definitely  settled. 

If  Klunzinger's  fish  is  not  Carassiops  guentheri  the  latter  has 
at  present  no  status  in  the  Australasian  fauna,  but  a  glance  at 
its  recorded  distribution  will  show  that  its  ultimate  inclusion 
within  our  limits  is  a  mere  matter  of  time;  there  can,  therefore, 
be  no  objection  to  describing,  and  so  inviting  attention  to  it  in 
this  paper. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  in  the  New  Caledonian  examples  the 
number  of  dorsal  rays  is  constantly  less  than  in  those  examined 
by  Bleeker  and  Giinther. 

My  largest  specimen  measures  90  millimeters. 


*  Asterropteryx,  Riippell,  Atl.   Fisch.  Roth,  ileer.  p.  138,  1828  (semi- 
punctatus). 

t  Carassiops,  Ogilby,  Proc.   Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  xxi.    1897,   p.   732 
(co7npressrisJ. 


788  ON  SOME  AUSTRALIAN  ELEOTRIN^, 

Subgenus  Austrogobio. 

Carassiops  galii,  sp.nov'. 
Gale's  Carp-Gudgeon. 

D.  vii-viii,  i  10-12.     A.  i  11-U.     Sc.  29-30/8. 

Depth  of  body  3|  to  4,  length  of  head  3|  to  34  in  the  total 
length;  depth  of  head  1|  to  If,  width  of  head  If  to  If,  of  the 
gently  convex  interorbital  region  4  to  4|,  diameter  of  eye  3i  to 
3|  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  obtuse,  i  to  -^^  of  a  diameter 
shorter  than  the  eye.  Maxillary  extending  to  or  nearly  to  the 
vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye,  its  length  3f  to  34 
in  that  of  the  head.  7  gill-rakers  on  the  lower  branch  of  the 
anterior  arch.  The  space  between  the  origin  of  the  first  dorsal 
and  the  extremity  of  the  snout  is  from  4  more  to  \  less  than  its 
distance  from  the  base  of  the  last  soft  ray;  the  fifth  and  sixth 
spines  are  the  longest,  1|  to  2|  in  the  length  of  the  head  and 
reaching  to  or  beyond  the  origin  of  the  second  dorsal;  the  posterior 
soft  rays  are  the  longest,  14  to  1^  in  the  head  :  the  anal  fin  com- 
mences below  the  origin  of  and  is  similar  to  the  second  dorsal : 
fourth  ventral  ray  the  longest,  1^  to  If  in  the  head  and  reaching 
to  or  not  quite  to  the  vent:  pectoral  with  15  rays,  reaching  to 
the  vertical  fi'om  the  end  of  the  first  dorsal,  l;]-to  If  in  the  head: 
caudal  rather  short,  44  to  4|  in  the  total  length;  caudal  peduncle 
rather  slender,  its  least  depth  24  to  3i  in  its  length,  which  is 
equal  to  or  rather  more  than  the  head.  Genital  papilla  oblong, 
extending  to  the  anal  or  not  so  far.  All  the  scales  imbricate, 
those  of  the  head,  nape,  and  throat  cycloid  and  smaller  than  the 
body  scales,  which  are  of  equal  size  and  ciliated.  Vertebrae  30 
or  31  (16  +  14-15). 

Pale  olive-green,  more  or  less  clouded  above  with  purplish- 
brown  :  fins  hyaline,  the  dorsals  and  anal  with  a  broad  coppery 
marginal  band:  irides  silvery, 

1  am  unable  to  give  the  true  habitat  of  this  species,  which  is 
only  known  to  me  from  a  stone  tank  in  the  Botanical  Gardens, 


BY    J.    DOUGLAS    OGILBY.  789 

where  it  was  first  discovered  by  my  friend  Mr.  Albert  Gale,  who, 
believing  it  to  be  new,  at  once  informed  me,  and  together  we 
visited  the  tank  and,  with  the  permission  of  the  Director,  succeeded 
in  capturing  a  number  of  specimens.  Nothing  is  known  as  to 
how  the  fish  originally  got  into  this  particular  tank,  but  doubtless 
the  spawn  was  brought  thither  adhering  to  water  plants  of  which 
several  species,  from  various  up-country  localities,  are  growing  in 
the  tank.  Mr.  Gale,  however,  believes  that  he  has  caught  the 
fish  in  the  Turon  River.  It  is  a  small  form,  my  largest  example 
being  but  52  millimeters  in  length.  The  majority  of  those  in 
Mr.  Gale's  aquarium  are  now  breeding,  many  of  the  individuals 
which  are  distended  with  spawn  being  less  than  an  inch  in  length, 
and  so  delicate  that  the  large  globular  ova  can  be  distinctly  seen 
through  the  cuticle.  The  breeding  season  of  C.  galii  is  therefore 
different  from  that  of  C .  longi,  which  spawns  in  the  autumn.  I 
have  much  pleasure  in  naming  this  species  after  its  discoverer. 

Krefftius  adspersus. 

Eleotrls  adspersa,  Castelnau,  Proc.  Linn.   Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  iii. 

1878,  p.  142,  Fitzroy  River. 
Eleotris  minius,  DeYis,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales,  ix.  1884, 

p.  690. 

Purple-spotted  Gudgeon. 

D.  viii,  i  10-12.     A.  i  11-12.     Sc.  32-33/11. 

Depth  of  body  4  to  4i,  length  of  head  3~  to  3|  in  the  total 
length;  width  of  head  IjV  to  1  ^  o^  interorbital  region  3 J  to  4, 
diameter  of  eye  4|^  to  4f  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  moderate 
and  obtuse,  its  width  between  the  posterior  nostrils  equal  to  or  a 
little  less  than  its  length,  which  is  i  to  \  longer  than  the  diameter 
of  the  eye.  Maxillary  extending  to  or  slightly  beyond  the  vertical 
from  the  anterior  border  of  the  eye,  its  length  from  the  tip  of  the 
snout  24  to  21  in  that  of  the  head.  7  gill-rakers  on  the  lower 
branch  of  the  anterior  arch.  The  space  between  the  origin  of  the 
first  dorsal  and  the  base  of  the  last  soft  ray  is  as  long  as  or  a 
51 


790  ON  SOME  AUSTRALIAN  ELEOTRIN^, 

little  shorter  than  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout, 
that  between  the  origin  of  the  second  dorsal  and  the  base  of  the 
caudal  If  in  the  remaining  length;  second  dorsal  higher  than  the 
spinous,  its  longest  ray  If  to  If  in  the  head:  ventral  1|^  to  If  in 
the  head,  extending  to  or  nearly  to  the  vent:  pectoral  with  15 
rays,  as  long  as  or  a  little  longer  than  the  ventral:  caudal  mode- 
rate, 2)^  to  3|  in  the  total  length;  peduncle  short  and  deep,  its 
depth  If  to  If  in  its  length,  which  is  1^  in  that  of  the  head. 
Vertebrisi  (U  +  17). 

Reddish-  or  yellowish-brown,  the  upper  surface  suffused  with 
purple;  a  series  of  large  purple  spots  along  the  middle  of  the  side, 
most  prominent  on  the  tail;  sides  of  the  head  with  three,  some- 
times four,  oblique  purplish  bands:  vertical  fins  violet-gray  with 
patches  of  dusky  dots,  which  on  the  anal  are  confined  to  the  basal 
half  and  the  posterior  rays;  ventrals  and  pectorals  immaculate. 

Etymology  : — adspersus,  dotted. 

Distribution  : — Eastern  Australia. 

Castelnau's  types  came  from  the  Fitzroy  River  and  are  probably 
in  the  Paris  Museum,  but  there  is  a  fine  example  in  the  University 
Museum  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Stanthorpe,  a  town  of  Southern 
Queensland.  In  the  same  Museum  is  a  specimen  of  E.  mimus, 
without  locality,  sent,  Mr.  Masters  believes,  to  Sir  William 
Macleay  by  its  describe!*,  which  has  enabled  me  to  compare  the 
two  forms  and  satisfy  myself  as  to  their  identity,  which  indeed  I 
had  previously  suggested  (  Vol.  xxi.  p.  754J-  I  have  also  examined 
and  dissected  a  mutilated  example,  which  I  found  in  a  small 
collection  of  young  fishes  given  to  me  by  Mr.  Lucas,  the  exact 
habitat  of  which  is  unknown  to  him,  though  he  is  sure  that  they 
came  from  this  colony.  Some  years  ago  I  received  from  Mr.  A. 
G.  Hamilton  several  fine  gudgeons  from  creeks  near  Guntawang 
which  belong,  I  am  satisfied,  to  the  same  form;  these  are  now  in 
the  collection  of  the  Australian  Museum.  The  species  may, 
therefore,  be  looked  upon  as  ranging  from  the  Fitzroy  River  in 
the  north  to  the  Upper  Shoalhaven  District  in  the  south. 

The  largest  of  the  three  examined  measured  77  millimeters. 


by  j,  douglas  ogilby.  791 

Eleotris. 
Eleotris,  Bloch  k  Schneider,  Sjst.  Ichth.  p.  65,  1801. 
Cidius,  Bleeker,  Nederl.  Ind.  JSTat.  Tijdschr.  xi.  1856, 
Body  stout,  compressed  posteriorly,  the  back  broad  and  flat. 
Head    large,  wider    than    deep,   depressed.      Mouth    large    and 
oblique,  the  maxillary  reaching  beyond  the  front  margin  of  the 
eye;  lower  jaw  the  longer.     Jaws  with  a  band  of  villiform  teeth, 
the  outer  and  inner  series  enlarged  and  conical.     Nostrils  widely 
separated,  the  anterior  with  a  raised  rim.     Eyes  supero-lateral. 
A  concealed  spine  at  the  angle  of  the  preopercle.     Gill-openings 
rather  narrow,  scarcely  extending  to  below  the  angle  of  the  pre- 
opercle; six  branchiostegals.     Two  dorsal  fins,  the  first  with  six 
flexible  spines,  the  second  with  i  8-12  rays;  anal  with  i  7-12  rays, 
originating  behind  the  second  dorsal;  ventral  inserted  behind  the 
base  of  the  pectoral  with  i  5  rays;  pectoral  subcuneiform,  with  18 
or  more  rays,  the  middle  ones  the  longest;  caudal  rounded,  the 
peduncle  strong  and   deep.     G-enital  papilla  large,  sexually  dis- 
similar.     Scales  small,   in   40  to   70    regular    series,  cycloid    in 
front,  ciliated  behind;  head  except  the  snout  and  the  anterior 
portion  of  the  cheeks  scaly.     Vertebrae  25  or  26. 
Etymology  : — ^\e6s,  bewildered. 
Type  : — Gobius  pisonis,  Gmelin. 

Distribution  : — Tropical    and   subtropical    parts    of   the 
Indian  and  Pacific  Oceans,  and  of  the  Americas. 

Eleotris  fuscus. 

Poecilia  fusca,  Bloch  &,  Schneider,  Syst.  Ichth.  p.  453,  1801. 

Eleotris  nigra,  Quoy  &  Gaimard,  Voy.  Uranie,  Zool.  p.  259,  pi. 
Ix.  f.  2,  1824. 

Eleotris  fusca,  Giinther,  Catal.  Fish.  iii.  p.  125,  1861,  and 
Eisch.  Sudsee,  ii.  p.  188,  1876,  and  Ann.  k  Mag.  Nat. 
Hist.  (3)  XX.  1867,  p.  62,  and  Voy.  Challenger,  Shore  Fish, 
pp.  35,  58,  60,  1880;  Macleay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S. 
Wales,  V.  1881,  p.  623. 


792  ON  SOME  AUSTRALIAN  ELEOTRINAi, 

D.  vi,  18.     A.  i  8.     Sc.  62-68/17. 

Depth  of  body  4|  to  5,  length  of  head  2|  to  3Jg-  in  the  total 
length;  width  of  head  1^  to  1  J,  of  interorbital  region  3 J  to  3 J, 
diameter  of  eye  44  to  5§  in  the  length  of  the  head;  snout  short  and 
very  obtuse,  its  width  between  the  posterior  nostrils  subequal  to  its 
length,  which  is  |  to  -^  longer  than  the  eye.  Maxillary  extending 
to  or  not  quite  to  the  vertical  from  the  middle  of  the  eye,  its 
length  from  the  tip  of  the  snout  2|-  to  2|  in  that  of  the  head.  9 
gill-rakers  on  the  lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch.  The  space 
between  the  origin  of  the  first  dorsal  and  the  base  of  the  last  soft 
ray  is  1^  to  1^  in  its  distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout, 
that  between  the  origin  of  the  second  dorsal  and  the  base  of  the 
caudal  1|  to  1§  in  the  remaining  length;  soft  dorsal  higher  than 
the  spinous,  its  longest  ray  14  to  If  in  the  head:  ventral  obtusely 
pointed,  not  quite  extending  to  the  vent,  H  to  14  in  the  head: 
pectoral  with  17  to  19  rays,  much  longer  than  the  ventral,  14  to 
\^  in  the  head:  caudal  large,  3|  to  3|  in  the  total  length;  depth 
of  peduncle  If  to  1^^  in  its  length,  which  is  \\  to  1^  in  that  of 
the  head.     Vertebrse  11-1-14. 

Back  and  sides  dark  oli^'aceous-brown  or  bluish-black,  each  of 
the  scales  sometimes  with  a  darker  central  spot,  forming  together 
narrow  bands;  lower  surfaces  pale  brown  or  bluish-white  dotted 
with  brown,  the  lighter  colour  sometimes  extending  in  patches 
on  the  sides:  fins  hyaline,  the  dorsal  and  anal  usually  prettily 
marbled  with  black  or  brown,  or  with  more  or  less  regular  series 
of  blackish  or  brown  spots;  caudal  with  the  basal  third  similar 
to  the  sides,  which  is  sometimes  preceded  by  a  lighter  band,  the 
remainder  pale  brown  or  violet,  with  indistinct  transverse  bands; 
pectorals  and  ventrals  with  or  without  dusky  spots  or  bands. 

Etymology  : — fuscus,  brown. 

Distribution  : — From  Madagascar  throusfh  the  seas  of 
India  and  Australia  to  the  Islands  of  the  South  Pacific  (Solomon 
Islands;  New  Hebrides;  New  Caledonia;  Sandwich,  Fiji,  Society, 
and  Navigators  Islands,  Oualan). 

I  have  never  seen  an  Australian  example,  but  a  fine  series 
collected  by  Hedley  in  New  Caledonia  has  enabled  me  to  draw 
up  the  above  description. 


I 


BY    J.    EOUGLAS    OGILBY.  793 

Ophiorrhixus  axgustifrons,  sp.nov. 
D.  vii,  i  10.     A.  i  10.     Sc.  44/13  ca. 

Depth  of  body  5i,  length  of  head  3i  in  the  total  length;  width 
of  head  2i  of  interorbital  region  8,  diameter  of  eye  4  in  the 
length  of  the  head;  snout  moderate  and  obtusely  pointed,  its 
width  between  the  posterior  nostrils  less  than  its  length,  which 
is  i  of  a  diameter  longer  than  the  eye.  Maxillaiy  extending  to 
the  vertical  from  the  anterior  border  of  the  pupil,  its  length  from 
the  tip  of  the  snout  2;^-  in  that  of  the  head.  13  gill-rakers  on  the 
lower  branch  of  the  anterior  arch.  The  space  between  the  origin 
of  the  first  dorsal  and  the  base  of  the  last  soft  ray  is  li  in  its 
distance  from  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  that  between  the  origin 
of  the  second  dorsal  and  the  base  of  the  caudal  H  in  the  remain- 
ing length;  soft  dorsal  higher  than  the  spinous,  its  longest  ray 
1|  in  the  head:  ventral  pointed,  extending  to  the  vent,  li  in  the 
head:  pectoral  with  18  rays,  subequal  in  length  to  the  ventral: 
caudal  moderate,  4 J  in  the  total  length;  depth  of  peduncle  2  J  in 
its  length,  which  is  1^  in  that  of  the  head.  Occipital  scales 
extending  forwards  to  the  interorbital  region. 

Pale  yellowish-grey,  the  back  and  sides  with  irregular  dusky 
blotches  caused  by  the  aggregation  of  minute  brown  dots ; 
extremity  of  first  dorsal  dusky;  second  dorsal  and  caudal  with 
irregular  dusky  bands. 

Etymology: — angustus,  narrow;  /7'0 ?«..§,  forehead:  alluding 
to  the  narrowness  of  the  interorbital  region  as  compared  with 
that  of  its  congeners. 

Type  : — In  my  own  collection. 

Distribution : — Described  from  three  small  specimens 
taken  in  a  net  on  Towree  Point,  Botany  Bay,  in  pure  salt  water. 
The  largest  measured  60  millimeters. 

Compared  with  an  example  of  0 phioi'rhinus  grandiceps  of  the 
same  size,  the  narrowness  of  the  head  and  especially  of  the  inter- 
orbital region  is  at  once  noticeable,  as  also  is  the  greater  concavity 
of  the  cephalic  profile  ;  also  the  ventral  fins  are  elongate  and 
filamentous  even  in  the  fry,  while  in  the  adult  male  of  Q.  grandi- 
<:eps  they  are  short,  even  in  the  breeding  season. 


794  ON    THE    EUCALYPTS    OF    NEW    SOUTH    WALES, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES  XXIX.-XXXXIII.  his. 

(Seep.  720.) 

Plate  XXIX. 

E.  h(vmastoma. 

Fig.   1. — Sucker  leaf  {a),  mature  leaf  (/<),  bud  aud  fruit  of  typical  form 

(Sydney  Coast  District). 
Fig.  2. — Fruit  (Berowra,  Hawkesburj^  District). 

Fig.  3.— Bud  and  fruit  (National  Park,  20  miles  S.  of  Sydney).     Note  the 
graduation  in  size  of  the  above  fruits. 

Fig.  4. — Nearly  hemispherical  fruit  (Parramatta). 

Fig.  5. — Flat-topped,  somewhat  oblique,  pear-shaped  fruit  (Peat's  Ferry, 
Hawkesbury). 

Plate  XXX. 

E.  hcemastoma. 

Fig.  6. — Variety  with  fruits  in  a  head;  also  a  mature  leaf,  which  much 
resembles  the  sucker  foliage  of  the  normal  form  (Mt.  Victoria). 

E.  hcemastoma  (micrantha). 

Fig.  7. — Sucker  and  mature  foliage  and  fruits  (Mittagong  District  ;   on 
ridges). 

Plate  XXXI. 
E.  hcvmastoina  (micrantha J. 
Fig.  8. — Mature  foliage  and  fruits  (Mittagong  District ;  on  flats). 
Fig.  9.— Fruit  (Mt.  Victoria). 
Fig.  10. — Small  mature  leaf  (Sydney  District). 

Fig.  IL — Portion  of  an  umbel,  Cabbage  Gum  of  the  North  Coast  Districts. 
There  are  usually  8  or  more  fruits  in  an  umbel. 

Fig.  12. — Tazza-shaped  fruits  from  the  South  Coast. 

Fig.  13. — Umbel  of  fruits  from  Grenfell  District,  showing  thin,  long  pedicels 

and  flat-topped   sharp-rimmed  fruits.     Sometimes  there  are 

20  in  a  head. 
Fig.  14 — Mature  leaf  and  umbel  from  Rylstone  District. 


BY    HENRY    DEANB    AND    J.    H.    MAIDEN.  795 

E.  sfrieta. 

Eig.  15. — Mature  leaf  and  fruit.  Note  the  urceolate  shape  of  the  fruit 
(Mt.  Victoria). 

Fig.  16. — Fruit  showing  oblique  shape  (Mt.  Victoria). 

Fig.  17. — Leaf  and  fruit.     The  tips  of  the  valves  are  flush  with  the  top  of 

the  fruit  (Lawson,  Blue  Mountains). 
Fig.  18. — Fruit  and  leaf  of  var.  riijida  (Wentworth  Falls). 

Plate  XXXII. 

E.  Luehmaimiana. 
Fig.  19.— (rt)  Sucker  leaf. 

Plate  XXXIII. 

E,  Luehmanniana. 

Fig.  19. — [b-c]  Mature  leaves  of  ordinary  size,  (d)  Buds,  showing  flattened 
peduncle.  (c)  Fruit,  showing  corrugated  surface,  also  the 
broad,  flattened  rim  (National  Park,  near  Sydney). 

Plate  XXXIII.  Us. 
E.  Luehmanniana,  var.  alt  lor. 

Fig.  20. — (a)  Mature  leaf.  (h)  Pointed  buds,  with  flattened  peduncle. 
((■)  Fruit,  showing  flattened,  broad  rim  (from  Mt.  Wilson). 

E.  obiasijlora. 

Fig.21.— (rt)  Sucker  leaf.  (//)  Mature  leaf,  (e)  Clavate  buds,  (d)  Fruit 
(National  Park). 

Fig.  22.— (a)  Mature  leaf,  {h)  Bud,  showing  pointed  operculum,  (r)  Fruit, 
slightly  domed.  This  is  the  form  (y)  from  the  Spit,  Port 
Jackson,  referred  to  in  the  text  (p.  715)  as  a  connecting  link 
with  E.  Luehmanniana.  Note  the  transverse  veins  starting 
out  at  a  fairly  uniform  angle  to  the  midrib. 

Fig.  23.— Subcylindrical  fruit. 

Fig.  24. — Flat-topped  fruit ;  in  shape  not  unlike  that  of  E.  stricta,  but  with 
a  thicker  rim. 


796 


ON"   THE    EVIDENCE    (SO-CALLED)    OF   GLACIER 
ACTION  ON  MOUNT  KOSCIUSKO  PLATEAU. 

By  the  Rev.  J.  Milne  Curran,  Lecturer  in  Geology, 
Technical  College. 

(Plates  xxxvii.-xxxix.) 

[Read  in  abstract  November  25th,   1806    (P.L.S.N.S.W.  1896, 
p.  819);  but  publication  deferred  to  allow  of  the  author's  again  . 
visiting  Mount  Kosciusko.] 

In  January,  1885,  Dr.  R.  von  Lendenfeld  made  a  visit  to 
Mount  Kosciusko.  Shortl}'  af terwai'ds  he  issued  a  Report*  dated 
21st  of  January,  1885,  and  addressed  to  the  Minister  for  Mines, 
in  which  he  states  that  he  found  "  rocks  pohshed  by  Glacial 
Action  "t  in  many  places.  Sometime  afterwards  he  jDublished  a 
paper  entitled  "  The  Glacial  Period  in  Australia.":]:  Dr.  Lenden- 
feld comes  to  the  conclusion  that  Glaciers  extended  from  a  high 
Plateau,  Mount  Kosciusko — down  into  the  valleys  around ;  he 
noted  that  in  these  valleys  "  most  beautiful  and  indubitable  traces 
of  glacial  action  ":§  that  evidences  of  Glaciation  were  "found  in 
the  shape  of  Roches  Aloutonnces  scattered  over  an  area  of  one 
hundred  square  miles. "||  There  can  be  no  doubt  Dr.  Lendenfeld 
is  referring  to  a  Post-Tertiary  Glaciation,  for  he  adds,  "  that 
portion  of  Australia  was,  therefore,  not  so  long  ago,  certainly 
covered  with  ice."1]     More  recently  Mr.  Richard  Helms  accepted 

*  Report  by  Dr.  R.  von  Lendenfeld  on  the  I'esults  of  his  recent  examina- 
tion of  the  central  part  of  the  Australian  Alps.  Sydney.  Thos.  Richards, 
Government  Printer.      1885. 

t  Dr.  Lendenfeld's  Report,  p.  10. 

X  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (1st  Series),  Vol.  x.  p.  48. 

§  Loc.  cit.,  p.  47. 

II  Loc.  cit.,  p.  50. 

IT  Loc.  cit.,  p.  50. 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAN.  797 

these  conclusions  and  contributed  a  paper*  to  this  Society 
embodying  some  fresh  observations.  Mr.  Helms  concludes  that 
there  are  "evidences  of  extensive  glacier  action  at  Mount  Kosci- 
usko," and  that  "  many  of  the  rounded,  concave,  and  level  surfaces 
found  upon  a  number  of  the  large  rock  facings  have  been  produced 
by  glacier  action,  although  the  minute  features  of  it  have  long 
since  been  destroyed  by  erosion  and  decomposition."! 

The  present  writer  spent  three  weeks  on  the  Kosciusko  Plateau 
since  the  publication  of  the  papers  referred  to.  On  my  first  trip 
I  was  accompanied  by  Mr.  Charles  Hedley,  of  the  Australian 
Museum,  and  Mr.  James  Petrie,  of  the  University.  The  route 
traversed  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  map.  This  record  of 
the  routes  taken  I  consider  of  some  importance,  as  the  first 
essential  for  the  forming  of  an  opinion  on  the  physical  features 
of  a  locality  is  to  actually  go  over  the  ground.  I  confess  I 
went  to  Mount  Kosciusko  fully  prepared  to  see  the  evidences  of 
glaciatiou  as  observed  by  the  authors  referred  to.  Mr.  Helms 
regrets  "  that  time  did  not  permit  to  make  closer  observations," 
and  speaks  of  a  lake  "  which  like  all  the  other  features  received 
only  a  passing  glance."  J  I  have  no  desire  to  dictate  conditions 
to  other  writers,  but  when  important  conclusions  are  voluntarily 
placed  on  record,  in  the  pages  of  a  scientific  publication,  I  think 
the  authors  should  hardly  plead  want  of  time  as  an  excuse  for 
hasty  observation.  Dr.  Lendenfeld  certainly  does  not  complain  of 
want  of  time,  but  I  am  aware  that  he  did  not  spend  more  than  a 
few  days  on  Mt.  Kosciusko,  so  that  his  observations  must  have 
been  of  the  nature  of  a  general  reconnaissance  rather  than  a 
detailed  examination.  To  guard  against  hasty  conclusions,  I 
undertook  a  second  journey  to  Mt.  Kosciusko,  and,  with  the 
conditions  of  excellent  weather  and  ample  time,  I  made  the 
observations  embodied  in  this  paper. 


Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (2ncl  Series),  Vol.  viii.  p.  349. 
t  Loc.  cit.,  p.  352. 
+  Loc.  ci(.,  p.  304. 


798  GLACIER    ACTION    ON    MOUNT    KOSCIUSKO    PLATEAU, 

Before  dealing  with  my  own  observations,  it  is  convenient  to 
note  that  Dr.  Lendenfeld  found  the  strongest  evidences  of  glacia- 
tion  in  the  Wilkinson  Valley.  Now,  Mr.  Helms  admits  that 
wherever  else  he  saw  evidences  of  glaciation,  he  certainly  sav.- 
none  in  the  Wilkinson  Valley,  and  just  in  the  same  way  as  Mr. 
Helms  could  see  no  evidence  of  glaciation,  where  Dr.  Lendenfeld 
found  such  evidences  to  abound,  I  confess  I  ha^•e  failed  to  see 
evidences  of  glaciation  in  any  one  of  the  localities  indicated  by 
Mr.  Helms.  Mr.  Helms  issued  a  map  with  his  paper,  on  which 
map  he  coloured  certain  places  (in  blue)  where  what  he  terms 
"  glacier  traces  "  are  speciall}^  pronounced.  He  also  marks  certain 
limited  areas  (in  black)  which  he  calls  snow  fields.  From  my 
standpoint  these  glacial  traces  have  no  existence,  and  as  for  the 
snow  fields,  I  am  able  to  say  that  on  20th  January,  1896,  there 
was  not  a  square  yard  of  snow  on  any  part  of  the  Kosciusko 
Plateau.  I  cannot,  therefore,  agree  with  Mr.  Helms'  opinion 
that  "they  never  entirely  disappear  even  in  the  hottest  summers, 
and  it  may  safely  be  said  that  they  remain  permanent  over  the 
limited  area." 

I  leisurely  examined  every  tract  of  country  coloured  blue  on 
Mr.  Helms'  map;  and,  taking  that  map  as  a  basis,  I  will  deal 
with  the  so-called  glacial  traces,  beginning  with  those  immediately 
under  Mt.  Kosciusko.  There  is  one  thing  to  be  noted  about  this 
map  that  has  caused  a  good  deal  of  confusion  :  Mr.  Helms 
(following  Dr.  Lendenfeld)  calls  the  highest  peak  Mount  Townsend, 
and  I  have  satisfied  myself  that  he  was  not  justified  in  so  doing. 
To  begin  with.  Dr.  Lendenfeld  ascended  a  mountain  which  his 
guides  told  him  was  Mt.  Kosciusko*     He  discovered  another  peak 


*  There  was  no  other  means  of  judging.  No  accurate  maps  were  available 
at  the  time  of  Dr.  Lendenfeld's  visit.  All  that  is  really  known  is  that 
Strzeleeki  named  the  highest  peak,  or  what  he  took  to  be  the  highest  peak, 
Mt.  Kosciusko.  Dr.  Lendenfeld  assumes  too  readily  that  Strzelecki  did 
not  ascend  the  highest  point,  although  the  distinguished  Polish  traveller 
had  quite  as  many  facilities  for  observation  as  had  Dr.  Lendenfeld.  It 
must  be  remembered  also  that  the  two  peaks,  Mts.  Townsend  and 
Kosciusko,  are  within  an  easy  walk  of  each  other. 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAN.  799 

a  mile  to  the  south,  which  he  found  to  be  higher  than  the  peak 
pointed  out  to  him  as  Mt.  Kosciusko.  Thereupon  he  names 
this  highest  point  Mt.  Townsend.  One  of  the  residents  of  Monaro, 
Mr.  John  Barry,  assured  me  that  tourists  were  usually  taken 
to  a  23eak  which  he  was  well  aware  was  not  Mt.  Kosciusko.  Dr. 
Lendenfeld  was  misled  in  this  way.  When  speaking  of  Mt. 
Kosciusko  in  this  paper,  it  will  be  understood  that  I  refer  to  the 
peak  due  south  of  Lake  Albina,  and  called  by  Dr.  Lendenfeld  Mt. 
Townsend.  There  is  another  point  about  Mr.  Helms'  map.  He 
speaks  of  various  mountains  on  the  Plateau  as  Mt.  Etheridge,  INIt. 
David,  Mt.  Tenison-Woods,  Mt.  Townsend,  etc.  This  I  think 
most  undesirable.  The  whole  mountain,  as  well  as  the  highest 
point,  should  be  called  Mt.  Kosciusko,  and  other  eminences  of 
note  miglit  be  called  peaks.  It  would  be  more  satisfactory  to 
speak  of  the  Etheridge  Peak,  the  David  Peak,  etc.,  and  Mount 
Kosciusko. 

Coming  now  to  the  evidences  of  glaciation,  I  first  examined  the 
valley  of  the  Crackenback  River.  Dr.  Lendenfeld  is  very  definite 
in  stating  that  "  there  was  a  small  glacier  at  the  head  of  the 
Crackenback."**  Dr.  Lendenfeld  has  not  stated  that  he  examined 
the  country  at  the  head  of  the  Crackenback.  I  have  reason  to 
believe  that  he  was  never  there.  But  as  the  statement  is  so  very 
definite,  I  expected  to  find  some  evidence  that  the  glacier  once 
existed.  In  order  to  examine  the  country  thoroughly,  I  left  the 
beaten  track  and  crossed  over  from  Moonbar  to  the  Mowambar 
or  Moonbar  River,  and  followed  that  stream  by  easy  stages  to  its 
very  source.  I  then  crossed  the  divide  to  the  head  of  the 
Crackenback.  The  rocks  consisted  entirely  of  granite  in  many 
varieties.  No  volcanic  rocks  or  dyke  rocks  were  observed.  A 
portion  of  the  valley  was  extensively  turned  over  in  times  past 
by  alluvial  miners  in  search  of  gold.  Around  the  old  shafts 
the  alluvial  deposits  may  still  be  seen,  consisting  of  boulders, 
shingle,  and   pebbles   of  granite,  showing   little   or  no   signs   of 


Proc.  Lin 


ill.  Soo.  N.S.W.  (1st  Series),  Vol.  x.  p  53. 


800  GLACIER    ACTION    ON    MOUNT    KOSCIUSKO    PLATEAU, 

decomposition.  Nowhere  in  the  valley  of  the  Crackenback  or  at 
its  head  could  I  find  any  traces  of  grooved  or  scratched  pebbles, 
or  any  features  that  would  suggest  i^ocAes  Moutonnees.  Neither 
could  I  find  any  trace  of  Moraines.  Very  often  masses  of  boulders 
might  be  noted,  evidently  transported  from  higher  ground;  but 
neither  the  Ijoulders,  nor  the  detrital  masses  of  which  thev  form 
a  part,  gave  the  least  indication  of  glacial  action.  Undoubtedly, 
as  Mr.  Helms  puts  it,  "  rocks  showing  rounded,  concave,  and 
level  surfaces  "*  are  abundant.  But  most  certainly  none  of  these 
features  can  without  strong  collateral  evidence  be  attributed  to 
glacial  action.  From  the  Crackenback  Valley  I  travelled  along 
the  main  range  to  the  foot  of  Mt.  Kosciusko.  Naturally  I  turned 
to  the  Wilkinson  Valley  for  some  of  the  evidence  that  Dr. 
Lendenfeld  found  so  abundant.  I  camped  here  for  a  week, 
but  long  before  that  time  elapsed  I  was  forced  to  the  conclusion 
that  Dr.  Lendenfeld  was  utterly  mistaken  in  attributing  any  of 
the  features  in  the  Wilkinson  Valley  to  glacial  action.  Thus  far 
Mr.  Helms  agrees  with  me.  Dr.  Lendenfeld  is  very  definite  in 
his  statement  that  he  "  found  glacier-polished  rocks  in  several 
places."!  Mr.  Helms  could  see  none  of  these  poli.shed  surfaces 
in  the  W^ilkinson  Valley.  Let  me  add  that  I  could  see  none  of 
them  either.  In  despair  at  finding  any  of  the  traces  that  were 
so  evident  to  Dr.  Lendenfeld,  I  decided  to  visit  other  places 
indicated  on  Mr.  Helms'  map  as  affording  the  "  glacier  traces." 
This  map  appears  as  PL  xviii.  in  Proceedings  of  this  Society  (2nd 
Series),  Vol.  viii.  Map  in  hand  I,  journeyed  to  Lake  Albina,  on 
which  lake  Mr.  Helms  shows  a  peninsula  jutting  into  the  lake, 
and  he  colours  this  peninsula  blue,  as  affording  evidence  of  "glacier 
traces."  Here  is  a  photograph  showing  the  lake  and  the  peninsula. 
(PI.  xxxvii.,  fig.  1 ).  In  the  picture  there  is  nothing  to  be  seen  sugges- 
tive of  ice  action.  On  examining  the  place  itself  there  is  absolutely 
nothing  to  be  found  indicative  of  ice-action.  There  is  in  fact  no 
feature  about  the  lake,  the  cliff",  or  the  talus  at  its  base,  that  may 


Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (2nd  Series),  Vol.  viii.  p.  352. 
t  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (1st  Series),  Vol.  x.  p.  47. 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAN.  801 

not  be  ampl}^  accounted  for  by  forces  actuallj^  in  operation. 
Indeed,  the  more  closely  I  examined  the  talus  at  the  base  of  the 
cliff  beyond  the  lake,  the  more  astonishing  it  seemed  that  any 
feature  observable  could,  in  the  most  distant  way,  suggest  ice 
action.  Indeed,  I  will  go  further  and  say  that  if  the  evidences 
in  favour  of  glaciation  on  every  point  of  the  Plateau  were  over- 
whelming, if  we  could  point  to  grooves,  furrows,  scratches,  moraine 
deposits,  and  boulder  masses,  and  if  we  had  an  abundance  of 
Roches  Moutonnces,  I  would  still  make  exception  of  the  shores 
of  Lake  Albina,  and  conclude  that  there,  at  a^\y  rate,  no  traces 
of  glacial  action  were  in  evidence,  and  nothing  suggestive  of  ice 
action  was  preserved.  I  lingered  a  day  longer  in  this  locality  in 
the  hope  that  any  evidence  however  slight  might  be  forthcoming 
in  favour  of  the  position  taken  up  by  Dr.  Lendenfeld  and  Mr. 
Helms.  Nothing  more  was  discovered,  and,  therefore,  I  place  it  on 
record  that  in  my  opinion  there  is  nothing  to  the  eye  of  the  geologist 
indicative  of  ice  action  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Alljina.  Turning 
again  to  Mr.  Helms'  map  we  find  that  there  are  tracts  coloured 
blue,  in  a  line  directly  under  Lake  Albina:  in  other  words,  in  a 
direct  line  south-east  of  the  lake.  To  prevent  any  confusion,  it 
may  be  noted  that  one  of  these  blue  patches  covers  the  word 
"  dividing,"  and  the  other  is  situated  on  the  Snowy  River,  between 
its  source  and  the  junction  of  its  first  affluent  on  the  right  bank. 
I  took  special  pains  to  locate  these  two  areas,  and  in  fact  examined 
every  square  yard  of  the  ground.  Once  again  I  was  forced  to 
conclude  that  Mr.  Helms  has  misinterpreted  the  facts  observable; 
I  could  not  find  anything  whatever  of  his  "  glacier  traces."  There 
is  abundance  of  what  Mr.  Helms  calls  rock  debris.  "  We  could 
observe,"  remarks  Mr.  Helms,  "extensive  flats  with  large  rocks 
stickino-  out  of  the  surface  here  and  there,  and  bogs  all  over 
them ";  but  I  am  utterly  unable  to  see  what  grounds  there  are 
for  Mr.  Helms'  conclusion  that  "  these  flats  have  been  formed  by 
ice."*  Three  miles  to  the  south  of  the  Perisher,  as  shown  in  Mr. 
Helms'  map,  two  other  areas  may  be  noted,  coloured  blue,  as 


*  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (2nd  Series).  Vol.  viii.  p.  :^53. 


802  GLACIER    ACTION    ON    MOUNT    KOSCIUSKO    PLATEAU, 

showinir  slacier  traces.  There  is  some  difficulty  in  determinino;  the 
exact  position  of  these  areas,  as  the  map  is  not  quite  accurate  here 
in  the  contour  of  the  hills.  I  am  not  prepared  to  state  absolutely 
that  I  found  the  identical  place  referred  to  by  Mr.  Helms,  and  on 
that  account  I  cannot  be  too  positive.  I  cannot  believe,  however, 
that  I  did  not  actually  traverse  the  ground,  the  locality  not  being 
far  from  the  main  track,  but  nothing  at  all  suggestive  of  ice 
action  caught  my  eye.  As  Mr.  Helms  does  not  refer  particularly 
or  definitely  to  these  two  places,  I  pushed  on  and  formed  a  camp 
at  Pretty  Point,  so  as  to  be  centrally  situated  in  the  most  extensive 
glaciated  areas  shown  on  Mr.  Helms'  map.  Mr.  Helms  is  very 
definite  in  his  conclusion  concerning  this  locality,  and  speaks 
about  an  open  grassy  flat  at  Wilson's  Valley.  This  valley  he 
says  "  may  safely  be  considered  attributable  to  glacier  action."* 
A  few  lines  further  on  he  '•ays,  "  entering  the  flat  we  stand  on 
Boggy  Plain  and  upon  an  unmistakable  glacier  deposit."  This  I 
consider  the  most  astonishing  statement  in  Mr.  Helms'  papei\ 
The  assertion  simply  bewilders  one.  I  cannot  conceive  how  such 
a  conclusion  could  have  been  reached  :  to  my  mind  this  one 
fact  is  abundantly,  unmistakably  clear — Boggy  Plain  is  not  a 
"glacier  deposit.  '  There  is  nothing  that  one  can  appeal  to,  nothing 
that  one  can  point  to,  indicative  of  ice  action.  "  Proceeding," 
says  Mr.  Helms,  "  the  evidence  of  ice  action  is  becoming  more 
plentiful  at  almost  every  turn."  I  have  to  state  simply  that  I 
saw  nothing  of  the  sort.  This  was  not  attributable  to  any  want 
of  care  or  observation  on  my  part.  I  went  to  the  Kosciusko 
Plateau  believing  that  evidences  of  glaciation  were  abundant,  and 
it  was  with  the  utmost  reluctance  that  I  was  forced  to  come  to 
the  conclusions  here  recorded. 

The  value  of  Mr.  Helms'  observations  could  be  tested  critically 
on  Boggy  Plain.  Nowhere  is  he  so  definite  in  his  statements  as 
when  speaking  of  Boggy  Plain.  I  decided  on  this  account  to 
examine  the  plain  thoroughly,  and  nothing  could  be  easier  than 

*  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.W.  (2nd  Series),  Vol.  viii.  p.  354. 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAN.  803 

such  an  examination.     The  season  was  a  fairly  dry  one,  and  a 
number  of  shafts  had  been  sunk  some  years  ago,  during  a  particu- 
larly dry  season,  at  various  points  on  the  plain  in  search  of  gold. 
These  shafts  were  put  down  in  exactly  the  way  a  geologist  would 
like   to   have  them,  namely,  in  the  "deepest  ground,"  as  it  was 
the  miners'  desire  to  get  through  the  drifts  on  to  bed  rock,  in 
their  search  for  gold.     I  was  agreeably  surprised  to  find  in  these 
shafts  boulders  of  pure  quartz,  quartz-porphyry,  and  diorite,  the 
two  last-named  rocks  being  for  the  most  part  perfectly  sound,  and 
showing  very  little  signs  of  decomposition.     I  exhibit  some  of  the 
boulders  collected  by  me.     They  are  just  of  the  right  material  and 
in  the  proper  state  of  preservation  to  show  any  traces  of  grooving 
or  scratching — if  grooved  or  scratched  they  ever  had  been.     Take 
this   boulder  of   diorite,  for  instance,  the  very  finest  scratches 
would  be  preserved  here,  had  they  ever  been  made.     I  examined 
hundreds  of  stones  of  this  sort  out  of  the  shafts  from  positions 
where  a  geologist  would  have  selected  them,  had  the  shafts  been 
sunk  for  his  own  particular  use,  but  never  once  did  I  find  a  grooved 
boulder,  or  striated  pebble,  or  a  polished  surface.     The  stones  in 
these  shafts  are  not  angular,  but,  on  the  contx-ary,  well  water-worn 
and  rounded.     Mr.  Helms  points  out  that  polished  surfaces  are 
not  to  be  expected,  nor  grooves  nor  striaj  to  be  looked  for  on  the 
gneissic  granite  and  slate  rocks,  as  he  observes  "  they  would  not 
retain  polish  or  striation  for  any  length  of  time."     Indeed,  Mr. 
Helms'  paper  would  lead  one  to  lielieve  that  slate  and  gneissic 
granite  were  the  only  rocks  on  the  plateau.     I  would  point  out 
that  there  is  basalt  a  short  distance  from  the  top  of  Mt.  Kosciusko. 
There  is  basalt  also  a  little  to  the  north  of  Mt.  Townsend.     There 
is  a  picrite-basalt  at  Lake  Merewether,  and  quartz-porphyry  and 
diorites  must  be  abundant  from   the  quantities  of  boulders  of 
these  rocks  found  in  the  shafts.     Let  me  insist  on  the  fact  that 
all  the  boulders  in   the  shafts  on  Boggy  Plain  are  water-worn; 
even   the   blocks   of   quartz  are   rounded.      If  these  water-worn 
stones  are  the  work  of  a  glacier,  I  can  only  say  that  every  alluvial 
gold-field    in  New  South  Wales  is   rich   in   "glacial   traces" — a 
somewhat  absurd,  but  necessary  conclusion. 


804  GLACIER    ACTION    ON    MOUNT    KOSCIUSKO    PLATEAU, 

Abandoning  all  hope  of  here  finding  suppoi't  for  Dr.  Lendeu- 
feld's  "Glacial  Period  in  Australia,"  I  turned  to  the  valley  named 
on  Mr.  Helms'  map  Glacier  Valley.  There  is  little  to  be  gained 
by  describing  this  valley  and  its  rocks  in  detail.  Nothing  that 
I  saw  altered  the  opinion  already  expressed.  Rounded  rocks  there 
are,  and  smoothed  rocks  also,  with  contours  that  probably  coidd 
be  produced  by  ice,  but  on  a  critical  examination  even  that  proba- 
bilitv  vanishes. 

There  remains  but  one  other  tract  on  Mr.  Helms'  map  to  deal 
with.  This  is  the  area  around  Lake  Merewether,  named  Evidence 
"Valley,  I  presume  on  the  "  lucus  a  non  lucendo"  principle. 
There  are  many  features  in  this  tract  that  may  require  or  suppose 
the  existence  of  ice-sheets  and  snow-fields,  and  the  violent  action 
of  heavy  streams  of  water  flowing  under  ice;  but  there  is  nothing 
to  warrant  one's  supposing  the  existence  in  the  past  of  moving  ice. 

Some  of  the  individuals  of  the  large  rock  masses  in  this  valley 
are  strikingly  angular.  A  photograph  (PI.  xxxviii.,  fig.  2)  will 
show  the  actual  breaking  up  of  granite  into  rectangular  blocks  by 
natural  weathering.  Many  of  these  blocks  are  as  rectangular  as 
if  hand-dressed  from  a  quarry.  The  vast  piles  of  blocks,  many 
of  them  of  this  description,  between  the  Hedley  Tarn  and  the 
Snowy  River,  are  a  somewhat  exceptional  occurrence.  I  should 
not,  however,  feel  justified  in  supposing  moving  ice  to  have 
brought  these  massive  rocks  together.  Other  collateral  evidence 
ought  to  be  forthcoming  of  the  existence  of  glaciers.  I  mean  by 
collateral  evidence,  such  evidence  as  is  afforded  by  scratches, 
grooves,  and  furrows  on  rocks,  boulder  clays,  angular  blocks, 
Roches  Moutonnees,  perched  blocks,  transported  blocks,  moraines 
and  moraine  deposits. 

In  accounting  for  the  origin  of  masses  of  boulders  in  such  a 
region  as  that  we  are  dealing  with,  it  may  be  well  to  bear  in 
mind  that  the  forces  of  disintegration  and  decomposition  are  far 
more  intense  in  their  action  here  than  under  normal  conditions. 
We  should  remember,  too,  that  we  are  dealing  with  possibly  one 
of  the  oldest  land  surfaces  on  the  globe.  The  destruction  by 
weathering,  including  in  that  term  disintegration  and  decomposi- 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAN.  -  805 

tion,  must  be  enormous  on  mountain  peaks  like  Mt.  Kosciusko. 
Many  of  the  great  packs  of  loose  rock  material  have  no  doubt 
been  formed  by  selective  process,  the  smaller  stones  being  carried 
away  where  heavier  masses  remain.  I  have  noticed  immense 
blocks  undoubtedly  carried  a  short  way  down  some  valleys — ■ 
blocks  which  one  could  hardly  suppose  were  carried  by  running 
water.  I  can  see  no  reason,  however,  for  assuming  that  ice  was  the 
transporting  agent.  By  a  continuous  undermining  (by  running 
water)  of  the  softer  materials  on  which  they  rested,  they  could 
easily  have  been  moved  into  their  present  positions. 

Some  of  the  granite  rocks  to  the  south  and  west  of  Lake 
Merewether  have  a  decidedly  rounded  and  smoothed  appearance, 
but  not  more  pronounced,  I  should  say,  than  that  familiar  to  every 
geologist  in  the  granite  districts  of  New  England  and  even  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Bathurst  and  Cowra. 

I  repeat  that  it  may  be  necessary  to  assume  the  existence  of. 
thick  sheets  of  ice  to  explain  some  of  the  features  noted,  and  we 
may  even  utilise  valleys  filled  with  snow,  over  the  frozen  surfaces 
of  which  boulders  may  have  slid;  but  assuredly  there  is  no  feature 
in.  Evidence  Valley  that  requires  moving  ice  to  explain  it. 

Dr.  Lendenfeld  and  Mr.  Helms  have  assumed  throughout  that 

there  is  above  their  supposed  glaciers  a  gathering  ground  where 

snow  could  accumulate  and  consolidate  into  ice,  and  so  form  a 

f -eding  ground  for  the  glaciers.     A  few  hundred  yards  from  the 

great  glacier,  supposed  by  Mr.  Helms  to  have  come  down  from 

Mt.  Twynam,  we  have  the  very  summit  of  a  sharp  divide,  with 

a  rapid  fall  away  on  the  other  side.     We  have,  in  fact,  a  glacier 

without  a  gathering  ground,  a  condition  of  things  not  easy  to 

understand.     Dr.  Lendenfeld  in  like  manner  fills  the  Wilkinson 

Valley  with  a  glacier.     The  learned  doctor  from  his  experience 

very  well  knew  that  a  glacier  must  have   a  gathering   ground. 

Following  up   the  Wilkinson  Valley  from   the  point  where  Dr. 

Lendenfeld  makes  his  glacier  do  most  of   its  work  we  come,  in 

about  half  a  mile,  to  the  summit  of  the  divide,  from  which  point 

another  valley  dips  away  on  the  opposite  side.     It  is  reasonable 

to  ask  :  where  were  the  snow-fields  and  the  gathering  ground  for 

the  clacier  of  the  Wilkinson  Valley  1     Dr.  Lendenfeld  replies  by 
52 


806  GLACIER    ACTION    ON    MOUNT    KOSCIUSKO    PLATEAU, 

assuming  their  existence,  and  from  my  standpoint  as  a  geologist 
I  protest  against  this  assumption  on  his  part.  Take  Dr. 
Lendenfeld's  plate  of  the  Wilkinson  Glacier  (Proc.  Linn.  Soc. 
N.S.W.  Vol.  X.  PL  7),  sketched  from  Mt.  Townsend  (our 
Mt.  Kosciusko).  It  will  be  noted  that  away  to  the  back  of 
the  range,  showing  as  he  says  polished  rocks  "  en  face,"  he 
makes  mountains  rise  tier  above  tier.  PI.  xxxvii.,  fig.  2,  is  a  photo- 
graph taken  from  approximately  the  same  spot  that  Dr.  Lendenfeld 
sketched  from.  It  will  he  noted  that  there  are  no  mountains 
rising  above  or  beyond  the  range  across  the  valley,  and  more  than 
that  I  assert  that  standing  on  the  very  highest  point  of  Kosciusko 
(Mt.  Townsend  of  Lendenfeld)  and  looking  in  the  direction  in 
which  the  Doctor  sketched,  no  mountains  or  table-lands  are  visible 
abo^'e  the  range  across  the  valley.  In  other  words,  the  view  is 
bounded  in  that  direction  by  the  outline  of  the  range,  round  the 
base  of  which  Dr.  Lendenfeld  asserts  the  glacier  wound.  The  long 
stretches  of  gi'eat  mountains  that  appear  on  Dr.  Lendenfeld's  plate 
as  showing  above  the  Abbott  Range,  when  seen  from  Mt.  Townsend 
(our  Kosciusko),  do  not  exist.  In  a  word,  a  serious  difficulty  in 
the  case  of  the  supposed  Wilkinson  glacier,  and  the  supposed 
Helms  glacier  described  as  coming  over  Townsend,  is  that  these 
glaciers  have  no  place  to  come  from.  It  may  be  argued  that  the 
plateau,  which  must  be  postulated  in  each  case,  has  disappeared 
by  being  denuded  away.  Possibly,  but  if  these  great  mountains 
and  plateaux  have  been  planed  down,  since  the  "  glacial  period," 
there  is  little  hope  for  the  polished  rocks  of  Dr.  Lendenfeld,  or 
the  rounded  rocks  of  Mr.  Helms,  being  preserved.  Either  suppo- 
sition is  fatal  to  the  position  taken  up  by  Dr.  Lendenfeld  and 
Mr.  Helms. 

Before  concluding  I  may  say  that,  at  several  points  on  the  plateau, 
I  found  polished  or  rather  smoothed  faces  on  rocks.  In  every 
instance  this  was  due  to  slickenside.  On  the  end  of  a  ridge  that 
bounds  the  valley  of  the  stream  that  flows  from  the  Garrard  Tarn  I 
noted  a  surface  of  several  square  yards  of  polished  rock.  The  rock 
was  a  micaeous  slate,  and  I  was  somewhat  puzzled  to  account  for 
the  polish  on  so  soft  a  rock.     Besides,  the  polished  surface  stood 


I 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAX,  807 

nearly  vertical.  This  of  course  could  be  caused  by  moving  ice, 
l>y  supposing  the  valley  to  be  filled  with  a  glacier.  On  examining 
the  specimens  by  slicing  them  for  the  microscope,  I  found  that 
the  polish  was  due  to  a  thin  coating  of  silica.  Now  a  glacier 
may  smooth  a  rock  and  polish  it,  but  certainl}^  not  coat  it  with 
.silica.  The  explanation  is  that  the  point  at  which  I  collected  my 
specimen  is  close  to  the  boundary  of  an  intrusive  granite.  The  slate 
is  much  faulted,  broken,  and  contorted,  and  the  specimen  referred 
to  is  part  of  a  slickenside  formed  at  the  time  of  the  intrusion  of 
the  granite. 

So  far  I  have  not  alluded  to  the  evidences  of  glacial  action  in 
recent  times  that  have  been  described  as  occurring  to  the  South 
of  Mt.  Kosciusko  and  for  the  most  part  within  Victorian  borders. 
Many  of  the  descriptions  published  are  circumstantial  in  every 
way  and  cannot  be  lightly  put  aside.  As  I  have  not  been  over 
the  ground  I  cannot  offer  any  criticisms  from  my  own  knowledge. 
It  seems  to  me,  however,  that  in  most  of  the  instances  quoted  the 
characters  referred  to  glacial  action  could  have  been  as  well 
attributed  to  other  causes.  In  a  word,  if  overwhelming  evidence 
was  forthcoming  as  to  the  glaciers  described  by  Dr.  Lendenfeld 
having  existed  in  fact,  then  features  that  could  have  been  pro- 
duced in  another  way  might  safely  be  attributed  to  glacial  action. 
The  instances  cited  seem  to  me  something  in  the  nature  of  collateral 
evidence  depending  entirely  for  its  value  on  the  fact  of  a  glacial 
period.  Mr.  R.  M.  Johnston*  has  summarised  the  papers  referred 
to  in  a  manner  which  leaves  no  doubt  of  the  great  weight  of 
evidence  that  has  gradually  accumulated  in  favour  of  recent 
glacial  action.  I  refer  to  this  evidence  merely  to  point  out  that 
it  cannot  be  ignored,  and  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  this  paper 
deals  only  with  Mt.  Kosciusko  and  the  country  immediately 
round  :  a  tract  that  may  be  defined  as  embraced  in  the  map 
published  herewith  as  well  as  that  published  by  Mr.  R.  Helms,  f 

My  conclusions  may  be  summed  up  as  follows : — I  have  been 
over  the  same  ground   as  Dr.  Lendenfeld  and   Mr.  Helms.     I 

*  Papers  and  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Soc.  of  Tasmania  for  1893,  p.  73. 
t  Proc.  Linn.  tioc.  of  N.S.W.  (2nd  Series),  Vol.  viii,  p.  349. 


808  GLACIER    ACTION    ON    MOUNT    KOSCIUSKO    PLATEAU, 

could  not  but  agree  with  Mr.  Helms  as  to  the  absence  of  any 
evidence  of  glaciation  such  as  Dr.  Lendenfeld  had  reported  in 
Wilkinson  Valley.  But  I  also  feel  compelled  to  differ  from 
Mr.  Helms  in  respect  of  the  other  localities  in  which  he 
believed  he  had  detected  evidence  of  "  glacier  action,"  as  indicated 
on  the  map  accompanying  his  paper ;  and  I  am  forced  to  the 
conclusion  that  the  evidence  adduced  is  wholly  insufficient,  and 
that  no  striae,  groovings  or  polished  faces  (due  to  ice-action),  or 
roches  montonnees  perched  blocks,  moraine-stuff,  or  erratics  are 
to  be  met  with.  Only  one  example  of  anything  like  a  polished 
block  was  noted,  and  in  this  case  the  polishing  and  strife-like 
markings  were  clearly  due  to  a  "  slickenside."  Most  of  the 
granite  is  of  a  gneissic  character,  but  normal  granites  are  also 
present,  the  latter  weathering  into  spheroidal  masses  of  disinteg- 
ration, the  contours  of  which  in  a  few  cases  are  suggestive  of  ice 
action.  There  is  no  collateral  evidence  to  support  any  such  sugges- 
tion. It  has  been  stated  that  the  rocks  on  the  plateau  are  not 
such  as  would  preserve  glacial  strite.  This  is  not  strictly  in  keep- 
ino-  with  fact,  as  I  found  porphyries,  diorites  and  basalts,  as  well 
as  abundance  of  quartz  pebbles  and  boulders  in  the  drifts.  Apart 
from  local  evidence,  the  general  contour  of  the  valleys  is  not  in 
the  least  suggestive  of  glaciers.  I  therefore  concluded  that  (1) 
there  is  no  satisfactory  evidence  of  glaciers  having  once  filled  the 
present  valleys;  (2j  there  is  absolutely  no  evidence  of  extensive 
<daciation  on  the  Kosciusko  Plateau;  (3)  The  glacial  epoch  of 
Australia  in  Post-Tertiary  times,  as  described  by  Dr.  Lendenfeld, 
has  no  foundation  in  fact.  Neither  are  there  any  snow-fields 
with  "  eternal  snow,"  however  limited,  on  Mt.  Kosciusko. 

Postscript. — After  this  paper  was  written  a  paper  embodying 
an  extended  series  of  observations  on  evidences  of  glacial  action 
on  the  Australian  Alps  across  the  Victorian  border  was  read  to 
the  Sydney  Meeting  of  the  Australasian  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  by  Messrs.  Kitson  and  Thom.  It 
seems  to  the  present  writer  that  the  case  made  out  by  these 
authors  in  favour  of  recent  glacial  action  in  the  Australian  Alps  is. 
no  stronger  than  that  of  Dr.  Lendenfeld  and  Mr.  R.  Helms. 


BY    REV.    J.    MILNE    CURRAN.  809 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 
Plate  xxxvii. 

Fig.  L — Lake  Albina  (Mt.  Kosciusko  in  tlie  distance  to  the  left).  This 
picture  is  taken  from  a  ridge  North  from  Mt.  Kosciusko,  and 
the  peninsula  jutting  into  the  lake  is  that  distinctly  marked 
on  Mr.  R.  Helms'  map  as  preserving  "glacial  traces."  All 
the  country  shown  here  is  above  the  tree-line.  The  gully, 
seen  in  the  distance,  forming  a  feeder  to  the  lake,  marks  the 
exact  line  of  junction  between  slate  and  granite  country. 
The  hills  to  the  right  are  slate  ;  Mt.  Kosciusko  itself  and  the 
country  to  the  left  of  the  gully  are  granite  varying  from 
typical  to  gneissose  granite. 

Fig.  2. — This  photograph  is  taken  approximately  from  the  western  shoulder 
of  Mt.  Kosciusko,  and  from  approximately  the  same  point  as 
that  from  which  Dr.  Lendenfeld  naade  his  sketch  shown  in 
Vol.  X.,  Plate  8,  of  the  Proceedings  of  this  Society.  Mueller's 
Peak  (Mt.  Townsend)  is  seen  in  the  distance  to  the  right. 
Looking  in  the  same  direction  from  which  this  photograph 
was  taken  no  ridges  are  visible  above  the  horizon  shown. 
This  may  be  said  even  of  a  view  taken  from  the  verj'  summit 
of  Mt.  Kosciusko.  The  country  shown  is  all  above  the  tree- 
line. 

Plate  xxxviii. 

Fig.  L — The  Garrard  Tarn.  There  is  no  tarn  or  lake  in  Kosciusko  that 
affords  direct  evidence  of  ice-action.  The  tarn  shown  is,  in 
the  author's  opinion,  a  dammed  up  elbow  of  an  ancient  stream; 
but  immediately  in  the  background  a  cirque  or  corrie  may  be 
seen  in  course  of  formation  which  will  in  time  form  an  inde- 
pendent tarn  or  add  to  the  area  of  the  tarn  figured. 

Fig.  2. — A  little  to  the  N.E.  of  Lake  Mere  wether,  granite  may  be  seen 
breaking  up  into  the  angular  blocks  shown.  The  sheeted 
structure  of  much  of  the  granite  on  the  plateau  lends  itself 
to  the  production  of  vast  masses  of  detrital  matter  in  which 
the  granite  boulders  show  parallel  and  plane  faces.  When 
this  sheeted  granite  is  traversed  by  joints,  weathering  gives 
rise  to  large  quantities  of  angular  blocks. 

Plate  XXXI K. 

The  Kosciusko  Plateau  showing  the  author's  route  and  all  the 
known  lakes  and  tarns. 


810 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS. 


[N.B. — The  October  and  November  Notes  and  Exhibits  have 
inadvertently  been  transposed.] 

Mr.  Brazier,  on  behalf  of  Mrs.  Kenyon,  exhibited  specimens  of 
the  following  Mollusca  (Fam.  Vetieridce)  found  on  the  Victorian 
coasts,  and  contributed  a  Note  on  the  same  : —  Venus  galiinula, 
Lam.,  V.  australis,  Sowb.,  V.  scalarina,  Lam.,  V.  Peronii,  Lam., 
V.  aphrodina,  Lam.,  V.  spurca,  Sowb.,  and  Tapes  flammiculata, 
Lam.,  originally  described  under  Venus. 

Mr.  Brazier  exhibited,  and  contril:)uted  a  Note  descriptive  of, 
a  new  Volute  from  the  Lakes  Entrance,  Victoria.  The  only 
specimen  available  at  present  is  unfortunately  somewhat  broken. 

Mr.  A.  H.  Lucas  exhibited  examples  of  extreme  fasciation  in 
the  Flannel  Flower(^ .^c^uio^us  helianthi) and  Calycothrix  tetragona; 
also  specimens  of  Casuarina  glauca  infested  with  Eriococcus 
turgijjes,  Maskell  (determined  by  Mr.  Froggatt).  Wherever  the 
parasite  had  attached  itself  the  shoot  had  made  a  simple  bend 
round  it,  growth  of  the  shoot  being  hindered  on  the  side  next  the 
scale.  This  arrangement  gives  a  simple  means  of  covering  and 
protection  to  the  parasite.  A  whole  avenue  of  the  Casuarina  was 
so  affected. 

Mr.  Froggatt  exhibited  a  number  of  scale  insects  (Eriococcus 
coriaceus,  Mask.),  upon  a  twig  of  Eucalyptus,  among  which  had 
been  placed  a  gi'eat  number  of  the  eggs  of  the  scale-eating  moth 
Thalpochares  coccophaga,  Meyr.  The  eggs  are  pale  pink,  circular, 
and  beautifully  ribbed.  The  scales  were  infested  with  the  larvae 
of  CryptolcBmus  montrouzieri,  Muls.,  one  of  the  useful  small  black 
ladybird  beetles.  Both  these  enemies  of  Eriococcus  ai^e  of  great 
economic  value,  as  the  moth  larvae  have  now  taken  to  eating  the 
olive  scale  (Lecanium  olece,  Sign.);  and  the  ladybird  beetle  is 
systematically  bred  both  in  New  Zealand  and  America.  Also 
living  specimens  of  the  largest  Australian  white  ant,  Calotermes 
longiceps,  Froggatt,  which  were  taken  out  of  a  log  of  fire-wood, 
and  had  already  been  in  captivity  for  over  two  months. 


NOTES    AND    EXHIBITS.  811 

Mr.  W.  Forsyth,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Maiden,  exhibited  flowering 
specimens  of  three  rare  plants,  Phehalium  elatius,  Benth.,  from 
the  Mongani  Mountain,  District  of  Gloucester,  N.S.W.;  Fhero- 
sphcera  Fitzgeraldi,  F.v.M.,  from  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  Myopo- 
rum  florihundum,  A.  Cunn.,  from  the  Nepean  River. 

Mr.  Ogilby  exhibited  the  specimen  of  Trachypterus  described 
in  his  paper. 

Mr.  Fletcher  showed  a  series  of  Tasmanian  and  West  Aus- 
tralian frogs  in  illustration  of  his  paper. 


812 


WEDNESDAY,  MARCH  30th,  1898. 

The  Twenty-fourth  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  Society 
was  held  in  the  Linnean  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth  Bay,  on 
Wednesday  evening,  March  30th,  1898. 

Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  Minutes  of  the  previous  Annual  General  Meeting  were 
read  and  confirmed. 

The  President  then  delivered  the  Annual  Address. 


PRESIDENTIAL  ADDRESS. 

In  reviewing  the  work  of  the  past  Session,  it  is  satisfactory  to 
be  able  to  report  that  it  has  been  a  decidedly  busy  one.  The  full 
number  of  Meetings  was  held,  the  number  of  papers  read  being 
forty-nine.  The  majority  of  these  are  contained  in  the  three 
Parts  of  the  Proceedings  for  1897  which  have  been  published 
and  distributed.  The  balance  of  the  papers  are  already  in  type, 
so  that  the  concluding  Part  is  well  advanced. 

Nine  Ordinary  Members  were  elected  into  the  Society  during 
the  year;  one  Member  resigned  on  his  departure  from  Australia; 
and  the  Roll  has  been  further  depleted  by  the  demise  of  one 
Ordinary  and  one  Corresponding  Member. 

Mr  Robert  Cooper  Walker,  late  Principal  Librarian  of  the 
Sydney  Public  Library,  who  died  on  July  25th,  1897,  in  his  65th 
year,  was  one  of  the  Society's  Original  Members  who  kept  up  his 
membership  to  the  last.  He  was  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  James 
Walker,  M.A.,  Oxon.,  some  time  Head  Master  of  the  King's 
School,  Parramatta.  Mr.  Walker  was  born  in  England,  but 
came  to  the  Colony  while  still  young.  He  entered  the  public 
service  in  1855;  and  in  1869  he  was  appointed  to  the  position  of 


president's  address.  813 

Principal  Librarian  of  the  Public  Library,  which  he  held  until 
his  retirement  on  a  pension  in  1893.  The  Public  Library- 
developed  very  considerably  during  Mr.  Walker's  lengthy  admin- 
istration. One  branch  of  it  especially  commanded  his  attention, 
namely,  the  literature  relating  to  Australasia.  As  a  result,  and 
with  the  co-operation  of  the  Trustees,  the  Sydney  Public  Library 
now  possesses  a  very  fine  collection  of  publications  and  documents 
of  this  character;  and  in  1893,  under  Mr.  Walker's  editorship, 
a  bulky  quarto  bibliography  relating  to  the  same  was  published. 
Mr.  Walker  was  not  directly  interested  in  the  special  pursuits 
which  it  is  the  primary  object  of  this  Society  to  foster.  His 
membership,  as  in  the  case  of  many  of  the  Original  Members, 
was  to  some  extent  rather  the  expression  of  his  S3aiipathetic 
recognition  of  the  claims  of  a  Scientific  Society  for  support  on 
the  broad  general  grounds  of  education  and  culture. 

No  doubt  the  Society  was  most  in  need  of  support  in  the 
critical  period  of  its  very  early  history.  The  number  of  those  in 
a  position  to  contribute  papers,  and  the  amount  of  work  done, 
have  since  then  been  steadily  on  the  increase.  But,  taking  into 
account  the  general  increase  in  the  population  and  the  considerable 
development  of  the  Colony  since  1875,  the  Council  cannot  but 
regret  that  there  has  been  a  falling  off  in  the  membership, 
especially  in  that  section  of  it  of  which  Mr.  Walker  was  a  repre- 
sen  tative. 

Professor  Thomas  Jefferj'-  Parker,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  who  died  on 
November  7th,  1897,  at  the  early  age  of  47,  was  elected  a 
Corresponding  Member  in  1893.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of 
the  late  William  Kitchen  Parker,  F.R.S.,  the  well-known  com- 
parative osteologist  and  morphologist,  and  was  alike  eminent  as 
teacher  and  as  investigator.  Until  his  appointment  to  Otago  in 
1880,  Professor  Parker  for  a  number  of  years  was  ProfefSsor 
Huxley's  Demonstrator  at  the  School  of  Mines,  and  there  he 
materially  assisted  his  distinguished  colleague  in  developing  the 
biological  portion  of  the  curriculum  along  the  lines  which  made 
it  as  a  biological  course  second  to  none  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
In  "Nature"  of  January  6th,  1898,  will  be  found  a  most  interest- 


814  president's  address. 

ing  and  appreciative  sketch  of  Jeffery  Parker's  life  and  work, 
written  by  his  old  friend,  colleague  and  successor,  Professor  G.  B. 
Howes,  F.R.S.  It  is  so  difficult  for  one  possessed  of  less  personal 
knowledge  to  speak  effectively  on  a  subject  of  this  kind  after 
a  deliverance  by  one  who  has  spoken  with  full  personal  knowledge, 
that  it  were  wise  not  to  attempt  to  supplement  what  Professor 
Howes  has  so  admirably  and  so  sympathetically  given  us.  I  may 
content  myself,  therefore,  with  commending  to  your  perusal  the 
article  to  which  I  have  referred. 

It  is  fitting,  also,  that  some  reference  should  be  made  to  two 
other  well-known  members  of  the  community  who  passed  away  in 
July  last,  within  a  few  days  of  each  other  and  of  Mr.  Walker. 
Sir  Patrick  Jennings,  K.C.M.G.,  who  died  on  July  11th,  aged  66 
years,  was  an  Original  Member  of  the  Society  who  maintained 
his  membership  until  quite  recently.  He  was  well  known  by  his 
lengthy  political  career,  by  his  association  with  the  cause  of 
hisher  education  as  a  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  University, 
and  by  his  great  interest  in  art  and  music,  and  in  public  affairs 
generally. 

The  Venerable  Archdeacon  R.  L.  King,  B.A.,  Cantab.,  who 
died  on  July  24th,  1897,  aged  74,  though  never  a  Member  of  this 
Society,  actively  co-operated  with  Sir  William  Macleay  in  carry- 
ino-  on  the  work  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  New  South  Wales, 
to  which  he  contributed  a  number  of  papers,  and  of  which  for  two 
years  he  was  President.  Mr.  King  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  late 
Admiral  King,  so  well  known  in  the  annals  of  Australian 
maritime  exploration.  During  his  residence  in  Parramatta 
as  Incumbent  of  St.  John's  Church,  and  for  some  little  time 
after  his  removal  to  Liverpool  as  Principal  of  the  Moore 
Theological  College,  Mr.  King  took  up  the  study  of  natural 
history  as  a  hobby,  and  for  a  busy  man  he  succeeded  in 
accomplishing  a  surprising  amount  of  entomological  and  other 
zoological  work,  until  the  pressure  of  official  duties  and  want  of 
leisure  obhged  him  to  give  it  up  altogether.  With  the  exception 
of  several  papers  on  Entomostraca  contributed  to  the  Royal 
Society  of  Tasmania,  and  published  in  the  Papers  and  Proceedings 


PRESIDENTS    ADDRESS. 


815 


for  1852-54,  all  Mr.  King's  papers  will  be  found  in  the  two  volumes 
of  Transactions  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  N.  S.  Wales. 

In  December  last  our  respected  Hon.  Treasurer,  the  Hon.  Dr. 
Norton,  communicated  to  the  Council  his  wish  to  be  relieved 
of  the  responsibilities  of  office,  finding  it  desirable  in  the  interests 
of  health  to  forego  some  of  the  official  duties  with  which  in  his 
leisure  he  has  long  voluntarily  occupied  himself.  In  accepting 
Dr.  Norton's  resignation,  the  Council  unanimously  resolved  that 
there  should  be  entered  on  the  official  records  a  minute  expressive 
of  the  Council's  regret  at  his  retirement,  and  of  its  appreciation 
of  the  valuable  services  which  Dr.  Norton  had  cheerfully  rendered 
to  the  Society  without  intermission  since  January,  1882. 

Under  the  new  rules  now  in  force,  the  appointment  of  the  Hon 
Treasurer  rests  with  the  Council.  I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  report 
that,  on  the  nomination  of  his  predecessor,  Mr.  P.  N.  Trebeck, 
whose  business  qualifications  are  of  a  high  order,  was  elected  to 
and  has  kindly  consented  to  fill  the  vacancy  which  under  the 
gradual  unfolding  of  the  plans  of  the  founder  of  the  Society  is 
not  now  the  sinecure  it  used  to  be  when  the  Society's  finances 
were  on  a  more  humble  scale. 

An  important  achievement  of  last  Session  was  the  revision  and 
extension  of  the  Society's  Rules.  The  Council  had  learnt  by 
experience  that  some  such  step  in  this  direction  was  to  be  desired. 
Early  in  the  year  a  Committee  was  appointed  to  consider  and 
report  on  the  whole  question.  The  eff'orts  of  the  Committee — 
and  in  this  connection  special  mention  must  be  made  of  the 
valuable  assistance  rendered  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Garland — resulted  in 
a  draft  which  was  submitted  to  the  Council,  and  after  full  con- 
sideration and  with  a  few  amendments  adopted.  It  was  sub- 
sequently submitted  at  a  Special  General  Meeting  of  the  Members 
in  November  last,  and  finally  passed  without  further  amendment. 
Copies  of  these  amended  Rules,  which  are  now  in  force,  were 
issued  to  Members  with  the  Part  of  the  Proceedings  last 
distributed. 

Another  important  matter  which  has  been  settled  is  the 
appointment   of    th(3  first  Macleay  Bacteriologist.     Towards  the 


816  president's  address. 

close  of  the  year  the  Council  again  took  the  matter  in  hand. 
ApjDlications  for  the  jDosition  were  invited  by  advertisement  in 
Britain  and  in  the  Colonies.  In  response  nine  candidates  offered 
themselves.  The  applications  were  referred  to  the  advisory  sub- 
committee to  which  matters  relating  to  this  appointment  have 
throughout  been  referred,  and  a  selection  of  two  candidates  was 
made.  One  of  these  gentlemen  was  finally  appointed  l)y  the 
Council  at  a  Special  Meeting  on  the  4th  inst.  The  successful 
candidate  is  Mr.  R.  Greig  Smith,  B.Sc  Edin.,  M.Sc.  Durh.,  F.C.S., 
who  has  for  some  time  filled  the  position  of  Lecturer  in  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry  at  the  Durham  College  of  Science,  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne.  Mr.  Smith  comes  to  us  highly  recommended  from 
home,  and  he  has  had  some  continental  experience  in  the 
laboratories  of  Prof.  Stutzer,  of  Bonn,  and  of  Herr  Alfred  Jorgen- 
sen,  of  Copenhagen,  as  well  as  the  opportunity  of  acquiring  some 
knowledge  of  the  manufacture  of  tuberculin  as  carried  out  on 
a  large  scale  in  the  laborator}'-  of  Professor  Bang,  of  Copenhagen. 
Whether  the  candidate  finally  selected  should  be  a  Bacteri- 
ologist with  a  pathological  bias,  or  one  with  a  physiologico- 
chemical,  a  purely  biological,  or  an  industrial  bias,  were  questions 
which  obviously  could  hardly  escape  notice  and  considera- 
tion. As  matters  turned  out  these  questions  were  settled  by 
circumstances  rather  than  by  the  direct  intervention  of  the 
Council.  The  essential  thing  is  that  the  Macleay  Bacteriologist 
should  be  engaged  in  doing  good  work.  The  encj'cloppedic 
Presidential  Address  of  Prof.  Marshall  Ward  in  the  Botanical 
Section  at  the  recent  Meeting  of  the  British  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  in  Toronto  makes  it  abundantly  evident 
that,  over  and  above  purely  pathological  developments,  the 
operations  of  bacteria  in  a  thousand  ways  affect  us  in  matters 
relating  to  our  daily  life,  our  homes,  our  food  and  drink,  our 
domestic  animals  and  our  industries.  So  that  here,  not  less  than 
in  the  field  of  infectious  diseases,  there  is  ample  scope  for  the 
investigations  of  the  Bacteriologist  who  is  working  only  with 
scientific  ends  in  view. 


president's  address.  817 

111  this  connection,  though  not  a  matter  directly  concerning 
this  Society,  it  is  a  matter  for  congratulation  to  note  the  recent 
appointment  of  Dr.  F.  Tidswell,  lately  Demonstrator  in  Physiology 
in  the  University  of  Sydney  in  succession  to  Dr.  INIartin,  as 
Bacteriologist  to,  and  the  establishment  of  a  Biological  and 
Bacteriological  Laboratory  in  connection  with,  the  Board  of 
Health.  This  important  new  departure,  taken  in  conjunction 
with  the  appointment  of  the  Macleay  Bacteriologist,  betokens  a 
noteworthy  improvement  in  the  prospects  of  scientific  Bacteriology 
in  this  colony. 

Passing  now  from  the  consideration  of  the  Society's  more 
private  concerns,  T  propose  to  touch  upon  one  or  two  outside  matters 
of  interest.  In  October  last  some  of  us  had  the  pleasure  of 
boarding  the  s.s.  John  Williams  to  welcome  back  Professor  and 
Mrs.  David  and  some  of  the  members  of  the  party  which  visited 
the  island  of  Funafuti  last  year  for  the  purpose  of  putting  down 
a  bore  in  the  coral  reef.  At  the  time  of  Professor  David's 
departure  from  the  island,  the  boring  had  reached  a  depth  of  557 
feet  without  getting  through  the  reef.  Later  on  Mr.  Sweet 
arrived  with  the  rest  of  the  party,  bringing  the  news  that  a  depth 
of  698  feet  had  been  finall}^  reached,  but  without  touching  bed- 
rock. We  have  had  the  pleasure  of  hearing  from  Professor 
David  a  general  account  of  his  visit;  and  in  a  recent  number  of 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  (Vol.  Ixii.  p.  200, 
Dec.  1897),  will  be  found  his  Preliminary  Report  on  the  results  of 
the  expedition;  so  that  I  need  not  enter  into  further  details. 
But  I  cannot  allow  this  occasion  to  pass  without  doing  what,  T 
feel  sure  the  Society  will  look  to  me  to  do,  namely,  to  tender  to 
Professor  David  and  his  coadjutors  not  only  the  hearty  congratu- 
lations of  this  Society  on  the  success  which  has  attended  their 
enthusiastic  labours,  but  also  our  earnest  wishes  for  complete 
success  in  any  further  efforts  which  he  may  be  able  to  make 
towards  settling  this  important  question. 

In  the  early  part  of  January  of  this  year  the  Australasian 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  held  its  seventh 
Meeting  in  this  city.      As  you  already  know,  the  Meeting  in  the 


818  president's  address. 

opinion  of  those  best  qualified  to  judge  was  by  no  means  the  least 
successful  and  enjoyable  of  the  series.      Representative  visitors 
from    the    other    colonies    were    strongly    in    evidence,   and    the 
opportunities  for  comparing  notes,  for  exchanging  ideas,  for  talk- 
ing over  questions  of  correlation  and  problems  of  intercolonial 
and  general  interest,  and  for  the  promotion  of  good  fellowship 
generally,  were  freely  taken  advantage  of.     The  proceedings  of 
Section   D.,  Biology,  were   somewhat    clouded    by  the    lamented 
death  of  Professor  Jeffery  Parker,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  President  elect. 
Professor  C.   J.   Martin  at  short  notice  kindly  agreed  to  fill  the 
breach,  and  Ijoth  by  his  interesting  Address,  and  by  his  genial  and 
efficient  exercise  of  the  functions  of  Chairman,  contributed  in  a 
high  degree   to   the   success  which  attended  the    meetings    and 
deliberations    of    the    Section.       On    this    occasion,    for    various 
reasons,  the  botanists  were  more  strongly  and  actively  represented 
than  the  zoologists.     They  showed  their  wisdom,  too,  in  ha\ing 
on  hand  for  discussion  knotty  and  perplexing  problems  of  general 
interest,  such  as  the  Classification  of  the  Eucalypts,  which  can  be 
dealt  with  to  most  advantage  at  the   meetings  of  the   Federal 
Parliament  of  Science,  for  then  naturalists  from  widely  separated 
districts  in   the   different  Colonies  can   unl>urden   themselves  of 
their  local  knowledge,  and  so  contribute  to  the  consideration  of 
difficult  questions  on  broad  and  comprehensive  lines.      Zoologists 
and  botanists  alike  will  perhaps  he  glad  to  hear  that  at  the  next 
meeting  of  the  Association  in  Melbourne  Professor  Spencer  hopes 
in  a  similar  manner  to  arrange  for  some  special  papers  leading  up 
to  the  discussion  of  biological  problems  of  other  than  merely  local 
and  colonial  interest.      In  no  direction  perhaps  can  Section  D 
accomplish  better  and  more  useful  work. 

I  trust  I  may  be  pardoned  for  singling  out  for  special  remark 
certain  papers  which  have  during  the  year  been  published  in 
England,  not  only  since  these  have  been  the  work  of  Members  of 
this  Society  at  present  absent  from  Australia  but  because  their 
subject  matter  is  to  a  great  extent  of  a  very  specially  Australian 
interest.  I  refer  to  papers  by  Dr.  Robert  Broom  on  the  Mor- 
phology of  Jacobson's   Organ  in   the   Mammalia;  by  Dr.   Elliot 


president's  address.  819 

Smith  upon  the  fornix  cerebri  and  the  margin  of  the  cerebral 
cortex,  on  the  origin  of  the  corpus  callosum  and  other  neurological 
subjects;  and  finally  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Hill,  whose  luminous  paper  on 
the  placenta  of  Perameles  will,  I  am  convinced,  remain  as  a 
classic  record  of  a  disco^"ery  of  the  highest  biological  import. 

Not  only  is  the  subject  matter  of  these  papers  largely  drawn 
from  Australian  sources,  but  in  each  case  the  papers  now  referred 
to  may  be  regarded  as  containing  further  records  of  investigations 
some  of  whose  preliminary  results  were  formerly  communicated 
to  this  Society  and  are  embodied  in  its  Proceedings. 

Lastly,  but  of  the  very  first  importance,  there  is  to  be  noted  the 
welcome  addition  to  our  libraries  of  a  new  Text-book  of  Zoology, 
in  2  vols.,  the  joint  work  of  two  Australasian  biologists.  We 
deeply  deplore  the  fact  that  the  production  of  this  great  work 
should  have  constituted  the  final  episode  in  the  splendid  life- 
work  of  Professor  Jeffery  Parker,  to  whom,  together  with  his 
distinguished  collaborateur,  Pi-ofessor  Haswell,  F.R.S.,  a  prede- 
cessor in  this  chair,  we  owe  this  magnificent  compendium  of 
Zoological  learning.  The  book  is,  I  believe,  unique  in  plan  and 
concej)tion.  Its  unsurpassed  wealth  of  illustration  reflects  credit 
alike  on  authors  and  publishers,  and,  along  with  the  pre-eminent 
excellence  of  its  plan  of  exposition,  must  commend  it  to  a  place  as 
an  educational  aid  and  a  general  work  of  reference,  hitherto 
unoccupied,  so  far  as  I  know,  by  any  other  treatise. 

I  am  confident  that  you  all  join  me  in  heartily  congratulating 
Professor  Haswell  on  the  completion  of  this  great  undertaking, 
as  well  as  upon  the  recognition  by  the  Royal  Society  of  London 
of  his  own  acknowledged  reputation  as  a  scientific  investigator, 
in  his  election  during  last  year  as  a  Fellow  of  that  august  body. 

On  glancing  around  for  a  subject  which  I  miglit  mo«t  suital)ly 
take  as  the  leading  subject  of  my  address  this  evening,  I  early 
realised  that  the  situation  was,  for  me,  by  no  means  an  easy  one. 
It  so  happens  that  the  matters  which  of  late  have  chiefly  occupied 
my  attention  are  for  the  most  part  of  such  specialised  character  that 
the  interest  they  possess  for  the  general  biologist  is  necessarily 
slight.      On   the  other  hand,    I   have    to  regret   that  my   own 


820  president's  address. 

acquaintance  with  systematic  natural  history — the  aspect  of 
biology  which  on  the  whole  most  directly  concerns  my  fellow- 
members — is  a  very  narrow  one.  In  view  of  my  positive  disquali- 
fication from  this  point  of  view,  I  cannot  help  feeling  that  my 
acceptance  of  the  honourable  office  to  which  you  were  good 
enough  last  year  to  call  me  has  placed  me  in  a  position  which,  if 
not  wholly  false,  is  at  least  somewhat  misleading. 

I  am  not  in  a  position  to  review  the  recent  work  in  any  large 
division  of  biological  science;  nor  am  I  prepared  with  a  contri- 
bution towards  the  advancement  of  knowledge  in  any  important 
subdivision  of  biological  inquiry. 

How,  then,  can  I  best  attempt  to  reveal  the  intellectual 
sympathy  which  yet  undoubtedly  underlies  the  relation  between 
us  as  members  of  this  Society — a  sympathy  which  serves  to  unite 
persons  of  such  diverse  interests  as  geologists,  physiologists, 
botanists  and  entomologists  in  the  common  bond  of  a  kindred 
spirit  ?  Need  I  do  more  on  an  occasion  like  this  than  ask  you  to 
call  to  mind  the  name  under  which  as  a  Society  we  are  enrolled  ? 
For,  to  the  whole  civilised  world  of  to-day,  the  name  of  the 
illustrious  Swedish  Naturalist  stands  for  that  of  fellowship  in 
that  true  Nature-worship  which  consists  in  lifelong  devotion  to 
any  one  of  her  manifold  aspects,  and  of  which  our  Society  is  at 
once  a  means  and  an  expression. 

The  interpretation  of  the  phenomena  of  life  and  organisation 
in  some  detailed  province  is  what  each  of  us  is  attempting  from 
day  to  day,  and  in  his  own  way,  to  realise.  Yet  perhaps  it 
is  as  well  that  we  should  occasionally  detach  ourselves  from  the 
engrossing  and  fascinating  details  of  our  special  work,  and  ask 
ourselves — not  as  scientific  specialists,  but  as  biologists  in  a  wider 
sense — what  these  familiar  yet  mysterious  phenomena  of  life  may 
imply. 

However  much  the  necessities  of  specialisation  may  separate 
us  in  the  everyday  aspects  of  our  work,  here,  at  least,  we  shall 
be  upon  common  ground.  And  should  such  an  undertaking 
require  apology,  it  is  that  my  own  qualifications  to  be  the 
exponent  of  such  topics  are  so  meagre.     Yet  even  this  imperfect 


president's  address.  821 

attempt  may  be  of  service  in  anew  directing  your  own  thoughts 
ujjon  subjects  which  cannot  entirely  or  for  long  be  kept  in  the 
background. 

In  order  to  bring  under  our  consideration  some  of  the  governing 
ideas  of  modern  biology,  it  is  well  and  even  necessary  to  look 
backwards  toward  the  earlier  stages  of  their  growth. 

For  our  present  purpose,  it  is  unnecessary  to  attempt  a  complete 
historical  retrospect. 

From  the  scientific  awakening  which  characterised  the  period 
of  the  Renaissance  up  to  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century 
the  progress  of  natural  science  had  been  steady  and  assured. 

But  when  we  attempt  to  realise  the  state  of  biological  thought 
in  what  may  be  called  the  Linnean  period  of  the  eighteenth  century 
it  is  necessary  to  have  regard  to  the  conditions  imposed  upon  it 
by  the  state  of  knowledge  in  other  departments,  and  by  the 
restrictions  of  a  very  limited  technique  of  investigation. 

It  is  difficult  fully  to  realise  the  aspect  which  the  problems  of 
biology  presented  to  men  for  whom  nearly  the  whole  of  modern 
chemistry,  and  so  much  of  the  methods  and  results  of  experimental 
physics,  were  still  non-existent.  Microscopy,  too,  though  practised, 
it  is  true,  as  early  as  the  previous  century,  had  made  little 
progress ;  and  though  it  had  been  the  means  of  revealing  a 
number  of  additional  structural  facts,  it  cannot  be  said  to  have 
taken  rank  as  a  reliable  or  habitual  instrument  of  research. 
Of  the  minute  structural  characters  of  living  tissue,  hardly 
anything  at  all  was  known,  whilst  the  processes  and  reactions  of 
which  these  tissues  are  at  once  the  seat  and  the  essential 
mechanism  were  likewise  wrapped  in  the  profoundest  obscurity. 
And  if  these  internal  relationships  of  organism  were  little  under- 
stood, the  interpretation  of  the  external  relationship  subsisting 
between  organism  and  organism  both  in  structure  and  in  function 
was  likewise  profoundly  limited  and  restricted  by  the  current 
conceptions  of  the  i-elations  between  past  and  present  in  the 
world's  histor3^ 

The   Copernican    revolution    in    astronomy   has    been    rightly 

regarded  as  a  symbol  and  an  expression  of  a  far  more  general 
53 


822  president's  address. 

change,  which  affected  man's  entire  attitude  towards  the  problems 
presented  by  his  own  being  and  by  the  world  around  him. 

The  gradual  but  momentous  change  in  point  of  view  which 
thus  set  in  revealed  itself  in  many  directions,  but  preeminently 
in  the  impetus  given  to  methods  of  naturalistic  interpretation  of 
phenomena. 

Closely  associated  with  this  tendency  was  another  which  made 
for  an  "emancipation  of  our  ideas  of  the  past  from  their  bondage  to 
the  present "  in  the  interpretation  of  sequences  of  events  in  time. 
This  we  may  describe  as  the  dawn  of  the  scientific  historical 
method,  whose  fuller  development  and  wider  application  to  the  most 
varied  phenomena  has  borne  such  remarkable  fruit  during  the 
present  century. 

It  was  not,  indeed,  within  the  domain  of  the  natural  sciences, 
strictly  so-called,  that  the  first  indications  of  the  development  of 
this  method  may  be  clearly  perceived.  Rather  it  took  form  as 
applied  in  explanation  of  the  successive  aspects  of  philosophic 
thought  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Yet  evolutionary  science 
is  its  flower  or  fruit;  and  if  this  cannot  safely  be  said  to  have  arisen 
primarily  as  a  biological  speculation,  it  is  nevertheless  the  greatest 
achievement  of  modern  biology  to  have  provided  a  detailed 
demonstration  of  some  of  its  leading  factors  and  modes  of  operation 
in  one  great  sphere  of  cosmic  phenomena. 

A  brief  consideration  of  the  state  of  biological  opinion  in  the 
time  of  Linnaeus  may  serve  to  make  the  subsequent  progress 
clearer.  Linnaeus  himself  was  far  from  being  a  highly  speculative 
biologist.  Preeminently  an  observer  and  recorder  of  facts,  his 
monumental  system  of  classification  was  admirably  adapted  to  the 
necessities  of  his  generation.  Although  substantially  a  morpho- 
logical system,  based  upon  facts  of  structure,  the  Linnaean 
classification  was  artificial  as  regards  its  criteria.  Still,  for 
Linnaeus  himself,  those  more  or  less  arbitrary  structural  criteria 
were  only  the  earmarks,  as  it  were,  of  a  true  and  actual 
relationship  of  the  difi'erent  plants  and  animals  to  each  other. 
Such  a  relationship  was  conceived  by  him  as  indicative  of 
community  of  origin  in  the  beginning  of  things  in  the  creative 


presidext's  address.  823 

thought  of  the  Maker  of  the  universe.  It  was  not  regarded  by 
Linnaeus  as  an  expression  of  morphological  identity  of  origin  by 
the  genuine  and  natural  blood-relationship  of  descent. 

For  a  considerable  period,  indeed,  Linnaeus  maintained  the 
doctrine  of  the  absolute  fixity  of  species.  Each  species  was  a 
final  form,  a  finished  product,  direct  from  the  hands  of  the  Creator.. 
Yet  in  later  life  his  views  on  this  question  underwent  a  slight 
modification.  He  seems  to  have  held  that  it  was  in  the  genus  of 
to-day  that  we  have  to  recognise  primitive  species,  and  that  the 
differentiation  which  subsequently  ensued  was  due  to  hybridisation 
with  other  species,  thus  generating  new,  but  in  a  sense  degenerate, 
specific  forms. 

On  the  whole  the  views  of  Linnaeus  represent  the  conservative 
and  non-speculative  tendencies  of  his  age.  On  the  other  hand, 
his  enormous  industry  served  to  accumulate  vast  stores  of  those 
materials  which  were  the  essential  condition  of  subsequent  progress 
in  scientific  hypothesis. 

If  we  wish  to  gain  an  insight  into  the  more  speculative 
tendencies  of  the  time  of  Linnaeus  we  must  turn  to  his  great 
French  contemporary  Buffbn.  The  history  of  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  evolution  doctrine  well  illustrates  the  play  of 
the  conflicting  tendencies  represented  by  these  two  distinguished 
Naturalists.  Starting  from  a  similar  point  of  view  to  that  of 
Linnaeus,  Buflbn's  brilliant  imagination  enabled  him  far  to 
transcend  the  current  modes  of  thought,  and  in  a  sense  to 
anticipate  several  of  the  future  determining  ideas  of  biological 
science.  Not  only  did  he  come  to  doubt  the  fixity  of  organic 
groups,  but  he  anticipated  the  theory  of  the  action  of  environment 
and  even  dimly  the  Darwinian  doctrine  of  natural  selection  itself. 
Fertile  and  suggestive  of  future  advance  as  his  imagination 
was,  Buffbn  cannot  be  said  to  have  himself  effected  any  substantial 
or  immediate  change  in  the  scientific  opinion  of  his  own  day. 
Still  the  inspiration  of  his  novel  and  suggestive  ideas  for  some 
of  his  successors  was  a  great  and  lasting  one,  more  particularly 
and  directly  upon  his  younger  friend,  Lamarck,  and  also  upon 
Geoffi'oy  St.  Hilaire. 


824  president's  address. 

When  the  infallibility  of  the  dogma  of  fixity  of  species  had 
been  seriously  questioned  by  men  like  Linnaeus  and  Bulfon,  the 
first  and  very  momentous  step  had  been  taken  in  the  direction 
of  the  modern  standpoint.  From  this  time  forth  transformist 
ideas  never  lacked  adherents,  though  the  issue  of  the  conflict 
with  the  conservative  doctrine  of  fixity  was,  owing  largely  to  the 
later  overwhelming  influence  of  Cuvier,  for  long  to  remain  doubt, 
ful.  Meanwhile  the  problem  for  the  transformists  became  even 
more  complicated.  For,  supposing  it  to  be  granted  that  structural 
modification  of  organic  forms  has  actually  occurred,  the  question 
then  arises  :  "  How,  and  by  what  agencies,  are  we  to  suppose 
that  this  transformation  has  been  efiected  T  In  other  words, 
what  are  the  factors  in  the  hypothetical  process  of  evolution  1 

In  attempting  to  answer  this  question  the  cardinal  biological 
fact  of  adaptation  between  organism  and  its  environment  stood 
forth  as  above  demanding  recognition  and  explanation. 

How  could  this  harmony  or  unity  be  imagined  to  have  been 
attained  and  preserved  alongside  of,  and  perhaps  in  spite  of, 
disturbing  modifying  influences  1  Two  possible  answers  obviously 
presented  themselves  from  the  naturalistic  point  of  view.  Either 
the  direct  operation  of  environment  has  determined  structural 
change  and  variation  in  a  passive  and  plastic  organism  in  the 
direction  of  harmony  with  itself ;  or,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
initiative  must  in  some  sense  have  come  from  within  the  organism. 
The  latter  must  then  be  conceived  as  an  active  agent  which, 
under  the  pressure  of  an  internal  "  organic  necessity,"  adapts 
itself,  though  in  reaction  to  environment,  by  actual  if  slight 
structural  alterations.  Further,  such  acquii'ed  changes,  the 
results  of  constant  habitual  and  useful  adaptation  to  a  changed 
or  changing  environment,  are  permanently  embodied  and  handed 
on  to  the  offspi-ing  by  inheritance. 

The  pre-Darwinian  evolutionists  may  be  ranked  as  adherents 
of  the  one  or  other  of  these  explanatory  hypotheses.  The  elder 
St.  Hilaire  may  represent  those  who,  with  BufFon  himself,  chose 
the  first  alternative,  whilst  the  name  of  Lamarck  is  now  insepar- 
ably linked  with  the  second. 


president's  address.  825 

It  will  be  observed  that  in  both  of  these  hypotheses  thus 
presented  there  is  presupposed  the  principle  of  continuity  or 
uniformity  in  Nature,  which  indeed  lies  at  the  root  of  every 
application  of  the  histoiical  method  of  interpretation.  The 
negative  attitude  assumed  by  Cuvier,  the  great  founder  of 
palaeontology,  towards  the  entire  theory  of  mutability  is,  of 
course,  to  be  correlated  with  his  advocacy  of  periodic  extinction 
of  types  and  of  catastrophic  geological  hypotheses  generally. 

The  uniformitarian  principle  was  most  strongly  upheld  by 
Lamarck,  and,  though  for  a  time  it  was  relegated  to  the  back- 
ground by  the  great  authority  of  Cuvier,  it  once  more,  and  finally, 
reassei-ted  itself  convincingly  in  Lyell's  Principles  of  Geology  in 
1830.  From  the  triumph  of  uniformitarianism  the  reassertion  of 
the  somewhat  discredited  evolutionary  principle  was  almost  a 
necessary  consequence.  Yet  Lyell  himself  was  a  professed 
agnostic  as  to  the  natural  causes  determining  the  successive 
appearance  of  new  forms;  and  none  of  the  immediate  evolutionist 
precursors  of  Darwin  were  able  to  add  anything  new  to  the  discus- 
sion of  the  probable  factors  and  conditions  of  the  process  they 
were  disposed  to  advocate. 

The  part  played  by  the  Darwinian  conception  of  natural  selec- 
tion in  gaining  for  the  evolution  doctrine  a  practically  universal 
acceptance  in  the  thought  of  this  century,  is  too  familiar  to  allow 
of  my  pressing  it  on  your  attention  at  any  length. 

It  provided,  for  would-be  evolutionists,  that  basis  of  natural 
causation  in  organic  transformation,  the  absence  of  which  from 
the  earlier  evolutionary  theories  explains  their  inability  to  rise 
above  the  almost  purel}'  speculative  stage.  Thus,  if  we  take 
such  speculative  evolutionism  in  perhaps  its  most  striking 
literary  expression,  we  may  recognise  in  the  pregnant  thought  of 
Goethe  a  strong  and  confident  conviction  of  a  unity  of  type  and 
of  a  "shaping  principle  which  works  underground  in  Nature." 
For  him  these  were  patent  and  operative  principles,  and  proofs 
of  actual  community  of  origin  amongst  organic  forms.  Yet  his 
suggestive  biological  ideas  were  unal^le  to  reach  the  condition  of 
acknowledged  scientific  certainty  in  the  absence  of  such  a  theory 


826  president's  address. 

of  a  modus  oijerandi  in  the  way  of  natural  causation  as  is  for  us 
supplied  by  the  selection  theory. 

That  theory  is  indeed  the  answer  to  Kant's  demand  for  a 
"  mechanism  of  Nature  "  which  should  "  give  us  an  insight  into 
the  generation  "  of  organic  forms,  and  should  confirm  his  supposi- 
tion that  these  "  have  an  actual  blood-relationship,  due  to 
derivation  from  a  common  parent."  That  natuivil  selection  has 
justified  its  claim  to  be  considered  as  just  such  a  "mechanism  of 
Nature  " — as  a  determining  factor  in  evolution — few  if  any  will 
now  denv.  Whether  or  not,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  an  all- 
suflicient  explanation  of  the  appearance  of  new  structural  features, 
and  thus  of  new  organic  forms,  or  whether  the  Lamarckian  factor 
of  use-inheritance  also  plays  the  part  of  an  integral  factor  in  the 
process,  is  even  now  the  subject  of  most  energetic  controversy. 
Into  the  details  of  that  controversy  I  do  not  propose  to  enter.  I 
would  only  point  out  that  if  the  latter  factor  be  admitted  to 
equal  rights  with  the  former,  the  problem  of  the  mode  of  natural 
operation,  or  the  mechanism,  whereby  the  effects  of  use  are 
registered  and  expressed  in  definite  and  transmissible  structural 
alteration,  still  remains  unsolved.  But  after  all  this  question  is 
not  quite  a  fundamental  one.  Whether  on  strictly  selectionist 
principles  alone,  or  with  the  admission  also  of  use-inheritance,  the 
factor  of  variation  is  implied  and  assumed.  Whether,  as  the 
selectionist  holds,  variation  is  indefinite,  and  occurs  indifferently 
in  all  possible  directions,  or  whether,  with  the  Lamarckian,  we 
admit  that  variation  is  frequently  in  a  definite  and  determinate 
direction,  there  is  yet  an  element  in  the  chain  of  natural  causation 
which  is  fully  explained  on  neither  supposition. 

It  is  true  that  emphasis  may  be  laid,  as  by  Mr.  Spencer,  and 
as  earlier  by  St.  Hilaire,  on  the  determining  effect  of  environment. 
But  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  prove — and  certainly  it  has  not 
been  proved — that  simply  of  itself  environment  can  do  anything 
at  all.  We  can  never  fully  eliminate  or  distinguish  what  is  due 
to  the  reaction  of  the  organism  to  the  environing  conditions. 
Organism  is  never  passive.  The  distinguishing  feature  of  life 
consists  in  activity  in  the  way  of  adaptation,  whether  we  view  it 


PRESIDENT  S    ADDRESS. 


827 


in  its  internal  relations  as  process  in  the  individual  organism,  or 
in  the  external  relations  of  organism  to  its  outer  environment. 
And  if  we  take  refuge,  as  in  the  meantime  we  may  still  permissibly 
follow  Darwin  in  doing,  in  the  idea  of  a  "spontaneous 
variability  "  of  organism,  this  is  of  course  to  confess  that  we  are 
still  unable  to  penetrate  far  enough  into  the  ultimate  mechanism, 
if  we  conceive  it  as  such,  which  underlies  the  admitted  process  of 
organic  modification. 

Professor  Weismann,  it  is  true,  attempts  wholly  to  eliminate 
the  action  of  environment  in  the  production  of  variations,  while 
assigning  to  it  the  exclusive  privilege  of  perpetuating  the  lucky 
ones  by  its  selective  influence.  But  it  will,  I  think,  be  found 
difticult  to  do  justice  to  the  admitted  influence  of  environment 
upon  the  ordinary  phenomena  of  the  life  of  organisms  and,  as 
even  Weismann  admits,  upon  their  somatic  structural  constituents, 
and  yet  jealously  and  rigidly  to  exclude  these  operations  from 
any  modifying  influence  whatsoever  upon  the  germinal  consti- 
tuents. And  when  even  this  is  actually  attempted  the  resulting 
effort  to  account  by  germ  structure  for  the  spontaneous  production 
of  the  infinite  variety  necessary  for  a  selection  theory,  introduces 
yet  another  complication  into  the  operations  of  that  tremendous 
mechanical  apparatus  of  the  germplasm,  which  has  been  conjured 
up  in  explanation  of  the  facts  of  hereditary  transmission.  Still 
the  mere  fact  that  complication  of  this  kind  is  the  result  consti- 
tutes in  itself  no  valid  objection  to  the  theory.  But,  in  the  last 
resort,  the  expedient  merely  shifts  the  difficulty  of  a  solution 
from  one  sphere  to  another;  and  the  dexterous  compression  of 
the  problem  so  as  to  enable  it  to  be  hidden  out  of  sight  in  the 
ultra-microscopical  structure  of  the  chromatin  of  the  germ-cell, 
even  if  legitimate,  can  hardly  in  the  meantime  be  said  to  make 
for  simplification. 

Concerning  the  details  of  the  argument  between  Weismann 
and  his  critics  I  shall  say  nothing.  The  general  verdict  amongst 
biologists  in  the  meantime  would  appear  to  be  that  its  results  are 
•so  far  inconclusive.  But  I  may  point  out  that  Weismann's  con- 
tribution to  the  general  theory  of  evolution  may  be  regarded  as 


828  president's  address. 

a  strictly  logical  continuation  of  that  effort  to  account  for  the 
phenomena  of  life  on  the  lines  of  physical  causation  which  the 
introduction  of  the  conception  of  natural  selection  seemed  to 
bring  within  our  reach.  In  other  words,  its  object  is,  like  that 
of  every  purely  naturalistic  theory,  to  explain  away  the  teleological 
phenomenon  of  adaptation  which  had  appeared  to  the  older  biolo- 
gists to  be,  prima  facie,  the  cardinal  characteristic  of  all  organic 
process.  It  aims  at  replacing  the  idea  of  purpose  or  final  cause 
by  the  purely  physical  idea  of  determination  by  efficient  cause  as 
the  ordinary  and  necessary  procedure  of  all  scientific  interpreta- 
tion. 

This  mechanical  tendency  in  the  treatment  of  the  relations  of 
the  organism  to  the  external  world  and  to  other  organisms,  in 
space  and  time,  is  not  its  only  expression  in  modern  biological 
thought.  On  the  physiological  side  also,  dealing  with  life  as 
manifested  in  the  inner  relations  of  the  parts  and  organs  of  the 
body  to  one  another,  the  same  spirit  has  been  active. 

The  vitalistic  interpretations  and  theories  which  were  current 
earlier  in  the  century  have  been  subjected  to  a  progressive 
destructive  criticism,  and  it  has  been  claimed  that  the  more 
insight  we  get  into  the  true  character  of  living  process,  the  more 
clearly  does  it  appear  that  their  natural  explanation  must  come 
to  us  in  terms  of  physics  and  chemistry  if  at  all.  And  there  are 
abundant  proofs  that  the  application  of  physico-chemical  ideas 
and  methods  to  the  investigation  of  vital  phenomena  is  able  to 
carry  us  further  in  the  direction  of  an  intelligible  explanation  of 
living  processes  than  could  formerly  have  been  dreamed  of. 

Whatever  may  be  the  final  explanation  forced  upon  us  of  the 
real  nature  of  the  operation  of  living  activity  in  an  animal 
organism,  it  is  beyond  doubt  that  our  acquaintance  with  the 
manner  of  that  operation  has  grown  enormously  along  with  the 
assumption  of  its  essential  identity  with  inorganic  process. 

Yet  in  spite  of  this  there  have  been  many  indications  during 
the  latter  part  of  this  century  of  a  reaction  away  from  mechanical 
and  back  towards  vitalistic  interpretation. 


president's  address.  829 

It  has  been  contended  that,  notwithstanding  the  seeming  ease 
with  which  many  of  the  phenomena  of  Hfe  can  be  translated 
into  the  language  of  physics  and  chemistry,  we  find  whenever  we 
push  the  analysis  of  function  far  enough,  that  eventually  we  are 
simply  brought  back  again  to  the  original  problem  with  which 
our  analysis  started,  in  the  ultimate  dependence  of  all  bodily 
process  upon  the  life  of  the  individual  component  cells  of  the 
organism. 

Our  progress — and  after  all  it  is  progress — has  consisted  in 
pursuing  the  secret  of  living  activity  somewhat  deeper  into  the 
recesses  of  organisation.  And  just  when  we  seem  to  have  elimi- 
nated something  of  the  mystery  of  living  process,  we  find  that 
we  have  only  succeeded  in  storming  the  outworks,  and  that  the 
citadel  of  the  vitalistic  position  yet  lies  securely  intrenched 
behind  the  defences  of  the  living  cell. 

In  other  words,  the  essential  problem  of  physiology  has  merely 
been  transferred  from  the  cell  complex,  which  forms  the  body  or 
the  bodily  organ,  to  the  more  remote  individual  organism  or  cell, 
which  for  us  in  the  meantime  forms  the  unit  alike  of  structure 
and  function. 

Even  more  than  this  may  be  claimed  by  the  advocate  of 
vitalism.  For  the  interactions,  correlations  and  co-ordinations 
subsisting  between  the  component  cells  and  parts  of  an  organism, 
as  in  the  case  of  a  developing  embryo,  have  not  hitherto  shown 
themselves  amenable  to  a  mechanical  interpretation. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  may  be  said  that  recent  experimental 
work  on  the  mechanical  conditions  of  developmental  processes  is 
making  satisfactory  progress  in  this  very  direction.  And  even  if 
we  admit  that  in  no  case  has  the  progress  of  physiological  investi- 
gation enabled  us  actually  to  reduce  living  process  to  terms  of 
chemistry  and  physics,  this  need  not  l^lind  us  to  the  wonderful 
and  significant  advance  which  the  effort  to  do  so  has  procured. 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  every  year  further  facts  of  organi- 
sation and  additional  events  in  life-processes  are  having  assigned 
to  them  their  physical  and  chemical  conditions,  and  are  thus  so 


830  PRESIDENTS    ADDRESS. 

far  being  reduced    to  the    position  of    elements    in    the  cosmos 
viewed  as  a  mechanically  determined  material  system. 

There  seems  no  reasonable  ground  for  believing  that  the  con- 
tinued application  of  the  same  instruments  and  principles  of 
research,  of  the  same  naturalistic  conceptions,  which  has  already 
yielded  such  magnificent  fruit  in  the  proximate  interpretation  of 
function  and  structure,  will  henceforth  become  more  and  more 
barren.  In  the  struggle  after  scientific  progress  what  other 
weapons  have  we  to  rely  upon?  It  is  significant  that,  even 
amongst  those  who  steadfastly  deny  the  sufficiency  of  chemico- 
physical  interpretations  of  living  process,  are  to  be  numbered 
investisators  who  have  themselves  been  forward  in  the  applica- 
tion  of  the  most  rigidly  exact  methods  of  weight,  measurement 
and  analysis,  in  the  study  of  vital  phenomena.  They  have  thus 
done  homage  to  the  methods  in  which  the  mechanical  principle  is 
already  in  a  sense  implied,  admitting  its  applicability  to  certain 
aspects  at  least  of  the  phenomena  to  be  investigated. 

Is  there  then  any  justification  for  the  contention  of  the 
"  vitalist"  of  this  latest  era  in  physiology?  Is  there  any  point 
at  which  the  principles  of  physical  and  experimental  inquiry  fail 
in  applicability;  any  aspect  of  living  activity  which  they  are 
incapable  of  embodying  1 

It  is  claimed,  as  we  have  seen,  that  physiological  investigation 
has  not  succeeded  in  eliminating  the  idea  of  purpose  from  the  last 
interpretation  of  any  biological  fact  of  structure  and  function 
which  has  been  offered  for  analysis. 

That  science  will  ever  enable  us  to  say  that  at  last  we  have  a 
perfect,  self-consistent  and  complete  mechanical  explanation  of 
even  the  simplest  fact  of  living  process  or  tissue  seems  to  me  to 
be  in  the  highest  degree  improbable. 

The  brilliant  physiological  analysis  of  the  mode  of  working  of 
the  bodily  organs  which  is  one  of  the  characteristic  products  of  the 
biological  activity  of  the  century  has  indeed  by  no  means  ceased. 
But  though  still  proceeding  in  manifold  and  specialised  directions, 
it  is  hampered  at  almost  every  turn  by  the  difficulties  attaching 
to  an  explanation  of  the  living  activity  of  the  cell  unit. 


PRESIDENTS    ADDRESS. 


831 


And  if,  to-morrow,  this  obstacle  be  partl}^  surmounted— as  is 
likely  enough — b}'  further  discoveries  in  the  way  of  intracellular 
mechanisms  than  the  important  ones  already  made,  yet  we  may 
be  very  sure  that  in  eveiy  forthcoming  interpretation  the  notion 
of  adaptation  or  purpose  will  again  re-assert  itself,  though  for  a 
time  it  may  be  concealed  under  the  disguise  of  a  mere  unexplained 
residuum  which  refuses  to  be  read  into  the  next  current  mechan- 
ical hypothesis. 

Does  it  not  appear  to  be  the  doom  of  Biology  to  be  for  ever 
endeavouring  to  reduce  such  an  unexplained  residuum  ?  It  must 
never  despair  of  its  ability  to  translate  the  facts  into  the  language 
of  physical  causation.  Thus  only  does  it  fulfil  its  mission  as  a 
branch  of  Natural  Science  which  is  "  to  distinguish  the  threads 
of  necessity  that  bind  together  the  most  disparate  phenomena  " 
even  though  in  so  doing  it  may  seem  to  be  "  explaining  away  all 
life  and  unity  in  the  world  and  putting  everywhere  mechanism 
for  organism  even  in  the  organic  itself." 

But  we  are  by  no  means  compelled  to  assume  that  the  method 
of  explanation  thus  pursued  represents  the  only  mode  of  appre- 
hension of  the  facts,  the  only  possible  interpretation  of  their 
meaning.  It  is  indeed  vain  to  look  to  Science  for  the  recognition 
of  an  aspect  of  living  phenomena  which  it  must  of  its  own  inner 
necessity  ignore.  On  the  other  hand,  "  there  is  little  ground," 
said  Prof.  Burdon  Sanderson  in  1889,  "for  the  apprehension  that 
exists  in  the  minds  of  some  that  the  habit  of  scrutinising  the 
mechanism  of  life  tends  to  make  men  regard  what  can  be  so 
learned  as  the  only  kind  of  knowledge.  The  tendency  is  now 
certainly  in  the  other  direction.  What  we  have  to  guard  against 
is  the  mixing  of  two  methods,  and,  so  far  as  we  are  concerned, 
the  intrusion  into  our  subject  of  philosophical  speculation.  Let 
us  willingly  and  with  our  hearts  do  homage  to  'divine  philosophy,' 
but  let  that  homage  be  rendered  outside  the  limits  of  our 
science." 

It  is  just  such  an  intrusion  of  the  fruits  of  a  distinctively 
philosophical  interpretation  of  organisms  into  the  domain  of 
strictly  scientific  speculation  that  tends   to  vitiate   the  modern 


832  president's  address. 

"vitalistic"  views.  I  am  willing  to  admit  that  the  vitalistic 
recognition  of  purpose  does,  in  a  sense,  more  justice  to  the  facts  of 
organism  than  a  method  which  ignores  purpose.  But  I  do  not 
think  the  idea  of  purpose  helps  us  at  all  in  strictly  scientific  and 
experimental  procedure,  and  its  attempted  scientific  application 
is  simply  an  attempt  to  "find  a  gap  in  that  circle  of  mechanical 
motions "  which  alone  constitutes  the  cosmos  for  experimental 
science. 

In  science  properly  so  called,  "  the  phantoms  of  life,  the  final 
causes "  which  (as  Mr.  Caird  says  in  this  exact  connection) 
"distort  the  prose  of  science"  must  be  resolutely  put  from  us, 
even  though,  with  them,  all  hope  of  finality  and  unity  in  the 
ultimate  explanation  of  the  world,  from  the  point  of  view  of 
physical  science,  completely  disappears. 

In  a  genuinely  scientific  explanation  there  is  never  reached  a 
stage  at  which  we  can  forsake  the  mechanical  method  simply 
because  we  can  no  longer  recognise,  nor  easily  imagine,  the 
nature  of  the  unknown  antecedents  of  a  phenomenon.  Vitalistic 
or  teleological  interpretation  is  not  a  method  which  comes  to  our 
rescue  when  a  physical  interpretation  fails  us.  In  so  far  as  it  is 
valid  at  all,  it  is  one  which  is  present  with  us  and  which  urges 
itself  upon  us  at  every  stage,  forbidding  us  ever  to  mistake  a 
possible  mechanical  interconnection  of  the  phenomena  of  life  for 
the  real  ground  iia  thought  of  purposive  adaptation.  This  idea 
indeed  intrudes  itself  upon  our  apprehension  as  the  s^^ecial  cha- 
racteristic of  the  organic  world  at  any  and  every  stage  of  scientific 
development,  but  it  is  not  a  product  of  the  scieidijic  imagination. 
Any  apparent  force  which  latter-day  vitalistic  objections  to  the 
mechanistic  procedure  of  science  may  possess  would  seem  to 
depend  upon  the  mixing  up  of  two  possible  modes  of  explanation. 
The  endeavour  is  made,  b}'  pointing  to  the  incompetence  of  the 
mechanical  method  to  explain  certain  aspects  of  living  process, 
to  make  room  within  the  circle  of  scientific  experience  itself  for 
a  mode  of  explanation  which  has  neither  relevance  nor  validity 
in  the  sphere  of  experimental  science. 


president's  address.  833 

It  is  doubtless  true  enough,  as  the  vitalist  maintains,  that  it 
is  insufficient  as  an  explanation  of  living  process  merely  "to 
trace  energy  from  the  surroundings  through  the  organism  and 
out  to  the  surroundings  again.  If,"  he  continues,  "this  is  to 
be  taken  to  be  a  full  account  of  the  process  it  is  inadequate,  for 
it  ignores  the  fact,  characteristic  of  life,  that  the  energy  spent  by 
the  organism  on  its  surroundings  is  not  dissipated  at  random  on 
those  surroundings,  but  is  so  directed  as  to  cause  them  to  give 
back  again  to  the  organism,  sooner  or  later,  just  as  much  energy 
as  the  organism  has  previously  expended.  In  other  words, 
the  distinguishing  feature  of  vital  activity  is  self-preservation  or 
the  conservation  of  the  organism  in  a  state  of  functional  activity." 

The  criticism  is  just,  and  appropriate  enough.  But  from  the 
strictly  scientific  point  of  view  the  fact  that  there  is  not  an 
indefinite,  but  a  definite  distribution  of  energy  simply  suggests  a 
further  search  for  a  mechanism  to  account  for  this  additional 
fact  of  distribution  along  lines  which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  make 
for  self-preservation.  It  will  not  do  to  say  that  such  a  mechanism 
is  inconceivable.  It  was  just  such  a  problem  with  which  Science 
was  confronted  during  the  growth  of  the  theory  of  Evolution. 
How  was  the  obvious  adaptation  of  evolving  organism  to 
environment  to  be  accounted  for  on  the  lines  of  Natural  Causa- 
tion 1     The  answer  to  this  was  the  theory  of  Natural  Selection. 

And  just  in  so  far  as  the  Natural  Selection  theory  eliminates 
the  idea  of  purpose  (contained  in  adaptation  between  organism 
and  environment)  from  the  notion  of  Evolution,  so  far  also — and 
no  further — might  a  possible  extension  of  mechanical  hypothesis 
enable  us  to  dispense  with  the  idea  of  final  cause  suggested  by 
the  purposive  distribution  of  bodily  energy  above  referred  to. 

It  will  not  do  to  harbour  the  notion  that  the  current  of  energy, 
of  which  the  organism  is  conceived  as  the  physiological  channel, 
can  be  either  interfered  with,  or  even  determined  in  its  direction 
by,  purposive  conditions.  So  to  represent  it  is  found  to  involve 
the  vain  attempt  "to  get  at  an  end  or  final  cause  without 
leaving  the  point  of  view  of  efficient  causality."  And,  just  as 
determinism  is  within  its  rights  in  abolishing  the  abstract  self 


834  president's  address. 

"which  claims  an  empirical  freedom  of  will  amid  the  strife  of 
motives,"  and  as  it  is  impossible  "  to  save  for  this  self  even  the 
power  of  directing  attention  on  one  motive  rather  than  another," 
so,  whenever  the  organism  is  regarded  as  a  vehicle  of  energy,  it  is 
vain  to  aim  at  vindicating  the  idea  of  final  cause  by  claiming  for 
it  any  empirical  power  of  determining  the  distribution  of  that 
energy  for  ends  or  purposes. 

In  the  same  able  essa}'  from  which  I  have  quoted  the  reference 
to  purposive  distribution  of  energy,  allusion  is  made  to  the  well- 
known  phenomena  manifested  in  the  regeneration  of  the  ampu- 
tated limb  of  a  newt.  After  summarising  the  process  by  which 
the  bud  of  embr3'^onic  tissue  goes  on  to  re-form  all  the  tissues  of 
the  lost  limb,  bone,  muscle,  nerve,  itc,  the  writer  proceeds  :  — 
"  Every  cell  performs  its  appropriate  duty  until  the  whole  busi- 
ness is  accurately  finished  without  fail.  Is  it  conceivable  that 
each  of  the  thousands  of  separately  existing  cells  concerned  in 
the  process  should  have  a  mechanism  within  it  which  would  cause 
it  in  spite  of  all  obstacles  to  take  up  the  position  and  undergo  the 
modification  requisite  for  the  proper  performance  of  its  work  in 
the  newly  developed  hand?  Or  is  it  conceivable  that  mechanical 
pressure  of  any  kind  should  cause  the  bud  to  grow  into  a 
perfect  hand  1  The  alternative  hypothesis  is  that  each  cell  is 
determined  directly  in  its  action  simply  by  what  it  has  to  do  in 
order  that  the  vital  activity  of  the  newt  may  be  restored  to  its 
normal  condition." 

Now  to  my  mind  it  is  not  only  not  impossible  but  it  is  almost 
imperative  that  we  should  conceive  just  such  mechanical  arrange- 
ments as  are  here  assumed  to  be  out  of  the  question.  Without 
such  presupposed  mechanism  no  conception  of  detailed  sequences 
of  events  could  be  formed  and  the  entire  natural  process  would 
have  to  be  regarded  as  physicallj^  unintelligible.  But  some 
definite  chain  of  physical  events  in  such  a  case  there  nutsf  be ; 
and  each  event  must  have  its  physical  antecedents  and  conditions 
which  must  almost  necessarily  be  embodied  in  some  sort  of 
structural  mechanism.  What  that  mechanism  is  is  of  course 
precisely  the  kind  of  question  which  it  is  the  function  of  Natural 


president's  address.  835 

Science  to  ask  and  her  chief  business  to  answer.  To  the  question 
whether  in  such  a  case  an  answer  can  even  be  conceived  it  ought 
to  be  sufficient  to  reply  that  of  recent  years  it  has  been  the  object 
of  Weismann's  elaborate  theory  of  the  architecture  of  the  germ 
plasma  to  furnish  just  such  an  answer.  Whether  the  effort  is 
well  or  ill-directed  to  that  object  it  is  beside  the  question  to  enquire. 
If  not  that  solution  then  another,  not  less  mechanical,  may  be 
forthcoming. 

We  may  therefore  pay  little  heed  to  those  who  would  bid  us 
cast  away  the  hope  that  the  closer  investigation  of  cell  structure 
and  function  may  enable  us  to  read  even  these  into  the  convenient 
if  more  abstract  terms  of  mechanism.  It  does  not  follow  that  the 
mechanism  itself  will  be  found  to  be  simple.  The  nucleus  of  an 
o\iim,  so  long  as  we  can  say  little  or  nothing  of  its  structure, 
seems  an  object  of  no  great  complexity.  But  if  we  are  to  make 
any  progress  at  all  on  naturalistic  lines,  the  future  advance  of 
biological  investigation  must  consist  in  unravelling  the  enormous 
structural  complexity  with  which  we  are  bound  to  credit  it. 
And  as  an  attempt  in  this  direction  even  the  demand  made  on 
the  mechanical  imagination  by  Weismann's  stupendous  germ 
plasma  may  be  regarded  as  not  greatly  excessive.  Such  an 
hypothesis  as  Nageli's  micellar  theory  too  might  likewise  open  up 
a  most  fruitful  field  of  discovery. 

It  appears  to  me  most  probable  that  ere  long  we  shall  arrive  at 
ideas  with  regard  to  the  architecture,  not  only  of  the  germplasma, 
but  of  the  cell  as  a  whole  on  the  lines  of  some  such  conceptions 
as  are  involved  in  theories  like  those  of  Weismann  and  Niigeli. 

Nor  need  we  pay  great  heed  to  the  warnings  we  sometimes 
hear  respecting  the  bounds  to  further  structural  investigation 
imposed  by  unavoidable  oj)tical  limitations,  as  in  the  construction 
of  lenses. 

It  may  be  true  that  by-and-bye  we  shall  reach  such  optical 
limits.  But  the  implied  assumption  is  hardly  warranted,  that 
only  by  optical  means  and  methods  can  we  possibly  in  future 
gain  an  insight  into  what  we  now  term  the  ultra-microscopical 
structure    of    living    tissue.       It    is    surely    quite    amongst    the 


836  president's  address. 

practical  possibilities  of  future  science  that  the  arrangement  in 
space  of  the  material  particles  of  protoplasm  supposed",  for 
example,  by  such  an  hypothesis  as  Nageli's,  may  be  sufficiently 
attested  and  verified  by  other  than  optical  means;  it  might  even 
be  by  the  incidence  on  appropriate  instruments  of  other  than 
optical  radiations.  Who  can  tell  what  structural  facts  may  not 
be  borne  witness  to  by  future  instruments  of  research  1 

It  seems  reasonable  to  believe  that  no  limit  can  be  assigned  to 
the  efforts  of  science  to  supply  an  answer  to  all  questions  relating 
to  the  "  how"  of  phenomena— to  the  manner  of  their  being  and 
becoming,  past  and  pi-esent. 

As  to  their  "  wh}'," — their  object,  purpose  or  final  cause, — that 
is  sometimes  declared  to  be  a  matter  of  which  we  are  not  only 
ignorant,  but  of  which  we  cannot  even  hope  ever  to  know  any- 
thing at  all.  And  if  what  I  have  already  said  be  true,  then  it 
follows  that  upon  such  questions  Science  in  the  narrower  sense 
must  be  for  ever  dumb.  We  must  be  content  to  recognise  that 
its  operations  are  conducted  entirely  on  the  plane  of  a  mechanical 
interpretation  of  phenomena  even  when  its  subject  matter  consists 
of  organised  material  and  living  process. 

What  place,  then,  can  be  assigned  to  the  notion  of  purpose  or 
final  cause  in  a  scheme  of  human  knowledge  1  Is  there  any  sense 
in  which  its  validity  in  the  interpretation  of  the  world  must  be 
acknowledged  1  Thus  stated,  the  question  need  no  longer  excite 
the  suspicion  with  which  any  claim  on  the  part  of  teleology  to 
strictly  scientific  validity  must  be  viewed. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  the  adaptation  of  objects  and  pro- 
cesses to  ends  or  purposes  is  plainly  and  unmistakabl}^  suggested 
to  the  ordinary  human  intelligence.  It  is  true  that  this  suggestion 
is  not  obviously  pressed  upon  us  by  a  consideration  of  the  facts 
of  the  inorganic  world.  But  whenever  we  enter  the  domain  of 
organism  we  find,  even  in  the  lowliest  expression  of  living  activity, 
that  we  can  no  longer  ignore  the  purposive  character  of  that 
activity.  We  seem  to  have  entered  upon  the  exploration  of  a 
kingdom  of  ends,  wherein  all  events  that  occur  suggest  not 
merely,  or  even  chiefly,  a  dependence  upon  preceding  events,  but 


president's  address.  837 

a  dependence  upon  events  which  have  not  yet  occurred.  In  other 
words,  organisms  appear  to  perfoi-m  acts  in  order  that  more  or 
less  definite  results  may  be  brought  about;  and  the  nature  of  the 
living  acts  is  therefore  determined  not  merely  by  what  has  gone 
before,  but  by  what  is  yet  to  follow.  "  It  is  that  which  is  about 
to  be  that  guides  the  growing  thing  and  gives  it  unity.'' 

It  is  this  adaptation  of  means  to  ends  which  is  put  in  the  fore- 
front in  all  teleological  interpretation.  And  a  very  little  con- 
sideration is  sufficient  to  convince  one  that  this  notion  of  the 
determination  of  means  by  ends  not  merely  differs,  but  is  radically 
distinct  from,  that  of  physical  determination  by  antecedent 
phenomena.  It  amounts  to  a  complete  inversion  of  the  order  of 
physical  causation.* 

To  assume  that  since  the  idea  of  determination  by  ends  involves 
a  point  of  view  essentially  distinct  from  that  of  efficient  causation 
the  notion  of  end  or  purj^ose  must  therefore  be  put  aside  as  a 
mere  preliminary  illusion  of  the  intelligence — as  a  fiction  which 
we  accustom  ourselves  to  suppose — is  ,  simply  to  beg  the  question. 

The  validity  of  this  or  that  principle  of  explanation  cannot  be 
decided  in  a  rough  and  ready  fashion.  It  is  not  a  question 
simpl}^  of  the  relative  success  of  either  principle  in  enabling  us  to 
string  facts  together  in  a  more  or  less  intelligible  order.  Both 
principles  may  assist  us  in  doing  so,  and  may  thus  claim  to  be  so 
far  regulative  of  experience. 

To  decide  upon  the  limits  of  the  validity  of  each  and  all  of 
such  principles  or  categories  of  explanation  is  the  paramount 
function  of  a  genuine  philosophical  criticism.     It  is  to  this  that 


*  It  is  idle  to  fall  back  upon  Hume's  supposed  metaphysical  elimina- 
tion of  the  idea  of  necessary  connection,  causal  or  other,  in  order  to  get 
rid  of  the  difficulty  raised  by  this  distinction  between  efficient  and  final 
cause.  This  destructive  criticism  is  quite  as  effective  in  destroying  the 
foundations  of  ordinary  scientific  reasoning  as  in  getting  rid  of  the  teleo- 
logical conception.  And  it  has  been  abundantly  shown  that  on  such  a 
basis  of  philosophical  scepticism  as  to  the  fundamental  conceptions,  e.g., 
of  cause  and  of  substance,  no  system  of  human  knowledge  can  possibly  rest. 
— Cf.  Green's  Introd.  to  Hume's  Treatise  on  Human  Nature. 
54 


838  president's  address. 

we  must  look  to  enable  us  to  determine  the  relation  to  the  whole 
of  human  experience  of  any  one  of  the  principles  which  appear  to 
be  implied  in  that  experience.  Before  this  tribunal  the  com- 
peting claims  of  teleology  and  purely  physical  determinism,  as 
principles  explanatory  of  Nature,  must  ultimately  be  brought. 
And  when  this  is  done  it  will  invariably  be  found  that  it  is  impos- 
sible to  allow  the  discussion  of  the  fundamental  conceptions  of 
knowledge,  like  those  of  substance  and  cause,  to  proceed  merely 
Avith  reference  to  the  phenomena  of  Nature  conceived  objectively. 

In  every  criticism  of  the  nature  of  knowledge  which  is  not 
wholly  superficial  it  will  be  found  that  there  is  involved  a 
reference  and  a  relation  to  the  self-conscious  subject  of  knowledge 
as  the  indispensable  condition  of  all  experience  whatsoever. 

This  is  neither  the  time  nor  the  place  to  attempt  to  set  forth 
what  I  take  to  be  the  results  of  such  a  criticism  of  the  conditions 
of  knowledge.  I  can  only  permit  myself  to  affirm  my  own  con- 
viction that  an  impartial  study  of  the  problem  thus  suggested 
will  result  in  a  recognition  that  the  conception  of  the  cosmos — 
the  object  of  human  experience — as  a  mere  system  of  material  and 
mechanical  relations  in  space  and  time  is  after  all  highly  abstract 
and  unreal.  For  certain  purposes  such  a  conception  may  be  not 
only  useful  but  indispensable,  just  as  are  the  professed  abstractions 
of  mathematical  science.  But  the  hypothesis  which  regards 
the  cosmos  of  experience  as  reducible  to  an  endless  series  of 
phenomena  in  time  and  space,  connected  by  a  common  bond  of 
external  necessity,  entirely  ignores  the  fundamental  relation  of 
all  fact  whatever  to  a  knowing  subject  as  the  essential  condition 
of  all  experience.  No  hypothesis  which  abstracts  from  this  reality 
can  possibly  claim  to  offer  a  satisfactory  interpretation  of  things. 
And  it  will  be  found  whenever  full  recognition  is  afforded  to  the 
one  inalienable  condition  of  experience,  that,  amongst  other  ideas, 
that  of  final  cause  or  purpose  must  be  reinstated  as  a  valid  and 
necessary  principle  of  explanation  in  any  philosophical  interpre 
tation  of  the  world. 

It  is  a  consequence  of  the  acceptance  of  such  a  philosophical 
doctrine  that  although,  even  in  biology,  we  must,  if  we  wish  to 


president's  address.  839 

make  progress  on  truly  scientific  lines,  continue  to  bring  all  the 
facts  of  observation  and  experiment  under  the  dominant  idea  of 
mechanism  or  physical  causation,  yet  we  are  continually  forced 
to  recognise  the  incompetence  of  the  mechanical  principle  to 
satisfy  the  intellectual  demand  for  a  full  comprehension  of  the 
significance  of  living  process.  And  this  inadequacy  becomes  the 
more  glaring  as  the  phenomena  to  be  investigated  approximate 
more  and  more  to  the  character  of  manifestations  of  conscious 
intellectual  activity. 

The  difficulty  arising  out  of  the  confusion  of  two'  points  of 
view,  emerges  in  one  of  its  most  impressive  and  characteristic 
forms  in  the  efforts  to  apply  the  principle  of  evolution,  in  its  guise 
as  a  principle  of  natural  history,  to  the  manifestations  of  human 
activity  in  social  institutions  and  laws  of  conduct. 

It  has  indeed  been  one  of  the  triumphs  of  the  historical  method 
to  have  largely  "  emancipated  our  views  of  the  past  from  their 
bondage  to  the  ideas  of  the  present"  by  means  of  "the  concep- 
tion of  the  evolution  of  man  by  interaction  with  his  environment." 

In  its  more  extreme  form,  however,  this  idea  of  human  evolu- 
tion has  been  interpreted  on  the  lines  of  organic  evolution 
generally,  as  a  sequence  of  natural  phenomena  causally  connected 
by  the  aid  of  the  principles  of  variation,  heredity  and  natural 
selection. 

Earlier  in  this  address  I  have  referred  to^the  representation  of 
natural  selection  operating  upon  indefinite  variation,  as  a  means  of 
explaining  organic  adaptation  as  a  purely  naturalistic  process. 

Even  as  applied  to  the  lower  stages  of  organisation,  we  saw 
that  this  reduction  could  not  be  regarded  as  having  been  actually 
effected,  so  long  as  the  residual  phenomenon  of  variation 
remained  unexplained.  Evolutional  adaptation  ^^still  remains 
dependent  upon  an  inherent  "  spontaneous,"  or  at  least  an 
unexplained  variability. 

And  when  we  come  to  apply  the  conception  of  evolution  to  the 
products  of  conscious  human  activity,  we  find  ^ourselves  upon 
still  more  uncertain  ground. 


S40  president's  address. 

The  late  Pi'of.  Huxley,  in  the  last  of  his  memorable  and 
striking  utterances,  once  again  proclaims  his  deeply-rooted  faith 
in  the  ultimate  unity  of  all  "  cosmic  process,"  expressing  itself  in 
secular  evolution  But  he  found  himself,  nevertheless,  com- 
pelled to  postulate  within  this  process  a  kind  of  countermove- 
ment  as  regards  natural  selection,  when  he  is  considering  certain 
aspects  of  human  evolution. 

"  The  faith  that  is  born  of  knowledge,"  Prof.  Huxley  says, 
"  finds  its  object  in  an  eternal  order,  bringing  forth  ceaseless 
change  through  endless  time,  in  endless  space;  the  manifestations 
of  the  cosmic  energy  alternating  between  phases  of  potentiality 
and  phases  of  explication." 

The  aspect  of  cosmic  activity  which  the  great  apostle  of 
evolution  singles  out  for  special  treatment  in  the  essay  to  which  I 
allude,  is  what  we  may  call  the  human  episode  in  the  cosmic 
process.  This  episode,  you  may  remember,  he  sets  forth  under 
the  metaphor  of  a  garden,  cut  off  from  the  unreclaimed  bush  of 
general  cosmic  activity,  and  tended,  watered,  and  otherAvise  pro. 
tected  from  the  incursions  of  wild  animals  and  the  hurtful  com- 
petition of  noxious  and  undesii^able  plants.  He  is  not  concerned 
with  the  origination  of  the  garden,  for  obviously  this  must  be 
regarded  as  in  some  sense  due  to  the  operation  of  the  ordinary 
laws  which  govern  the  entire  region.  The  domesticated  area 
must  in  some  natural  way  have  become  shut  off  from  the  wild- 
wood.  But  he  is  specially  concerned  with  the  fact  that,  given 
such  a  garden,  the  denizens  of  it  are  now  largely  protected  from 
the  operation  of  the  ordinary  natural  and  competitive  conditions 
prevailing  outside  its  limits.  By  this  he  attempts  to  convey  the 
notion  that  one  aspect  of  the  result  of  human  evolution  by 
natural  selection  has  been  the  limitation,  within  the  garden  of 
human  society,  of  the  operation  of  those  very  conditions  of 
struggle  and  survival  to  which  its  genesis  is  owing.  And  he 
accordingly  proclaims  the  "apparent  paradox"  that  "ethical 
nature  while  born  of  cosmic  naturg  is  necessarily  at  war  with  its 
parent." 


president's  address.  841 

No  scientific  writer  of  modern  times  has  exhibited  a  greater 
mastery  of  apposite  and  forcible  metaphor  than  Mr.  Huxley. 
But  there  have  been  occasions  like  that  I  now  refer  to  when  the 
metaphor  is  so  forcible  that  it  appears  to  carry  off  its  author 
bodily. 

If  ethical  process  is  really  the  legitimate  offspring  of  the  cosmic 
process,  then  all  the  features  subsequently  revealed  in  the  former 
have  surely  a  full  hereditary  title  to  the  name  and  privileges  of 
the  parent.  And  indeed  Mr.  Huxley  was  forward  to  remark 
that  none  was  more  willing  than  he  to  admit  the  ultimate 
identity  of  the  two  kinds  of  process.  And  yet  he  immediately 
pushes  the  idea  of  the  war  between  offspring  and  parent  so  as  to 
warrant  the  conclusion  that  the  processes  somehow  become 
essentially  distinct. 

It  is  by  no  means  hard  to  perceive  that  the  source  of  the 
so-called  paradox  is  to  be  found  in  Mr.  Huxley's  identification  of 
"  cosmic  process,"  in  its  evolutionary  aspect,  chiefly  if  not  entirely 
with  the  principle  of  natural  selection.  And  of  course  when  he 
goes  on  to  recognise  that  a  condition  of  human  progress  on  the 
ethical  side  has  been  a  restriction  and  limitation  of  the  struggle 
for  existence  amounting  almost  to  the  suppression  of  its  inter- 
necine features,  he  is  constrained  to  express  the  difference  as  a 
war  between  parent  and  child,  between  the  cosmic  and  the 
ethical  processes.  But  surely,  and  I  sa}'  it  with  all  respect,  this 
is  the  most  utterly  obvious  fallacy.  Eitlier  the  forms  and 
institutions  of  ethical  activity  ai'e  a  non-natural  product,  and  no 
genuine  daughters  of  the  cosmic  process,  or  else  they  are  as  much 
cosmic  in  their  origin  and  essential  nature  as  are  the  satellites  of 
Jupiter.  How  can  they,  from  Prof.  Huxley's  point  of  view, 
ever  cease  to  be  cosmic  or  even  begin  to  become  anything  else  1 

Such  is  the  preliminary  difficulty  or  confusion.  Let  us  see 
how  it  works  out  in  other  directions.  Allusion  is  made  to  "bee 
society  "  as  a  somewhat  analogous  phenomenon  to  that  of  human 
society.  "  Bee  society,"  we  are  informed,  "  is  the  direct  product 
of  an  organic  necessity  impelling  every  member  of  it  to  a  course 
of  action  which  tends  to  the  good  of  the  whole.     Each  bee  has 


842  president's  address. 

its  duty  and  none  has  any  rights."  [Has  not  the  queen  as  much 
right  to  her  special  appointments  as  any  human  monarch  to  the 
regal  accompaniments  of  his  function  1  At  any  rate,  if  we  cannot 
here  speak  of  a  "  right,"  as  little  can  we  talk  of  a  "duty."]  "  In 
the  same  sense  as  the  garden  or  the  colony  is  a  work  of  human 
art,  the  bee  polity  is  a  work  of  apiarian  art  brought  about  by  the 
cosmic  process  working  through  the  organisation  of  the  hymen- 
op  terous  type."  Again,  he  says,  "I  see  no  reason  for  doubt  that  at 
its  origin  human  society  was  as  much  a  product  of  organic  necessity 
as  that  of  the  bees."  Then  he  points  out  that  self-assertion  in  man  is 
a  survival  of  the  original  "  organic  necessity"  out  of  which  human 
polity  arose,  and  that  certain  "  organic  necessities"  operate  as 
checks  upon  this  "  self-assertion,"  as,  for  example,  family  affection, 
sympathy,  &c.  "We  come  to  think,"  he  continues,  "in  the 
acquired  dialect  of  morals."  "  An  artificial  personality,  '  the 
man  within,'  as  Adam  Smith  calls  conscience,  is  built  up  beside 
the  natural  personality.  He  is  the  watchman  of  society,  &c.,  &c." 
He  then  goes  on : — "I  have  termed  this  evolution  of  the  feelings  out 
of  which  the  primitive  bonds  of  human  society  are  so  largely  forged, 
into  the  organised  and  personified  sympathy  we  call  conscience,  the 
'  ethical  process.'  "  But  since  Prof.  Huxley  has  already  taught  us 
to  regard  this  as  the  natural  offspring  of  the  cosmic  process  arising 
at  the  stage  of  organic  necessity,  whence  comes  the  arbitrary 
distinction  between  the  one  as  "  natural ''  and  the  other  as 
"  artificial  *?  "  Surely,  the  identity  of  origin  forbids  us  to  pit  the 
one  against  the  other  as  of  alien  growth  !  The  ethical,  if  recog- 
nisable at  all,  is  "  cosmic  "  through  and  through,  and  it  is  vain  to 
talk  as  if  they  were  each  manifestations  of  distinct  principles. 

In  the  treatment  of  bee  polity,  the  explanation  offered  is  that 
it  is  "a  product  of  an  organic  necessity  impelling  every  member  of 
it  to  a  course  of  action  which  tends  to  the  good  of  the  whole.'"* 
Yet  when  a  not  dissimilar  limitation  of  the  struggle  for  existence 
amongst  the  individuals    comprising    human    society   has  to  be 

*  This  is  of  course  pure  "  cosmic  "  activity. 


president's  address.  843 

characterised,  it  is  no  longer  "cosmic,"  but  "ethical,"  conceived  as. 
directly  antagonistic  to  the  former. 

I  have  criticised  these  views  at  length  because  I  think  it  is 
plain  that  the  source  of  the  confusion  is  that  arbitrary  identifica- 
tion of  organic  "  cosmic "  process  with  the  process  of  Natural 
Selection  on  a  basis  of  struggle  with  elimination  of  the  unfit. 
Now,  Mr.  Huxley's  proclamation  that  this  principle  does  not 
prevail  in  an  unmodified  form  in  human  society  ;  and  even  that, 
to  a  large  extent,  the  progress  of  human  society  does  not  depend 
upon  the  struggle  for  existence,  is  tantamount  to  a  declaration 
that  Natural  Selection  is  not  the  sole  and  only  factor  in  the  move- 
ment of  the  cosmic  process.  For  it  is  strictly  inevitable  that  we 
should  take  the  latter  in  the  full  and  only  legitimate  sense  as 
embracing  the  entire  conditions  of  the  ethical  process  as  fully  as 
it  does  the  necessities,  organic  or  other,  which  direct  and  control 
either  bee  society  or  planetary  movements. 

I  am  not  here  concerned  to  inquire  whether  or  how  far  human 
progress  as  a  manifestation  of  "  ethical  process  "  is  characterised 
by  such  a  suppression  of  the  struggle  for  existence  as  has  been 
insisted  on.  Whether  there  is  substituted  for  it,  in  the  later 
phases  of  human  evolution,  a  struggle  for  the  means  of  enjoy- 
ment, as  Mr.  Huxley  held,  or  a  struggle  for  existence,  with 
survival  of  the  fittest,  not  of  individuals,  but  of  ideals  of  action,, 
as  Mr.  Ritchie  believes,  is  also  a  matter  which  may  be  left 
undiscussed. 

But  the  admission  that  the  mere  extension  of  the  Darwinian 
theory  of  natural  selection  is  not  fitted  to  account  for  the  evolu- 
tion of  human  society  and  institutions,  at  least  in  the  later  phases  of 
that  process,  is  one  which,  as  coming  from  Mr.  Huxley's  maturer 
thought,  cannot  be  lightly  passed  over. 

The  fact  is  that  when  we  reach  the  higher  planes  of  "  cosmic 
process,"  including  in  this  term  the  "  ethical  "  element  with  which 
Mr.  Huxley  can  only  be  said  to  juggle,  we  find, — not  indeed  a 
reason  to  deny  the  applicability  of  the  methods  of  explanation 
which  have  proved  useful  in  dealing  with  simpler  phenomena — 
but  that  these  are  no  longer  to  be  recognised  as  capable  of  satis- 


844  president's  address. 

fying  the  intellectual  demand  which  the  situation  makes  upon 
our  thought.  Such  satisfaction  as  they  convey  is  but  formal. 
The  thirst  for  explanation  of  the  really  significant  aspect  of  the 
complex  phenomena  of  human  activity  remains  practically 
unquenched. 

There  may  be  a  relative  truth  in  such  a  statement  as  that  the 
phenomena  of  human  history  and  conduct,  the  manifestations  of 
the  human  spirit  in  art  and  literature,  and  of  such  thought-pro- 
ducts as  pure  mathematics  or  the  more  concrete  sciences,  may  be 
viewed  as  products  of  physical  sequences  in  the  way  of  redistribu- 
tions of  matter  and  energy.  In  a  sense,  again,  we  may  be  entitled 
to  say  that  the  human  events  thus  conceived  have  been  manifested 
and  epitomised  in  a  structurally  variable  germplasm,  perpetuated 
by  natural  selection,  and  unfolded  and  brought  to  fuller  fruition 
as  episodes  in  the  functional  activity  of  the  modified  protoplasm 
of  nerve  tissue. 

I  neither  doubt  the  possibility  nor  deny  the  desirability  for 
certain  purposes  of  naturalising  in  this  way  the  facts  and  pro- 
cesses of  conscious  human  activity. 

Every  mode  of  explanation  is  relative  to  a  certain  point  of  view. 
Thus,  it  will  be  generally  admitted  that  the  hypothesis  of  human 
society  as  constructed  solely  on  the  basis  of  the  idea  of  wealth  is 
incompetent  fully  to  explain  the  concrete  phenomena  either  of 
individual  or  of  a  corporate  social  and  national  life.  Yet  the 
science  of  political  economy  which  to  a  large  extent  depends  on 
such  an  hypothesis  has  nevertheless  its  own  value  and  function. 
Or  again,  I  may  borrow  an  illustration  from  an  essay  from  which 
I  have  already  quoted,  and  point  out  that  "no  physicist  really 
supposes  that  he  is  dealing  with  anything  else  than  a  metaphysical 
abstraction  as  distinguished  from  a  real  object,  in  a  purely  kine- 
matical  investigation.'"' 

But  the  utility  of  such  admittedly  provisional  hypotheses 
becomes  ever  the  less  the  more  the  obvious  complexity  of  the 
actual  fact  obtrudes  itself  upon  our  mental  horizon.  In  spite  of 
ourselves  our  point  of  view  becomes  altered;  and  it  is  no  small 
part  of  the  discipline  of  the  scientific  intelligence  to  avoid  the 


president's  address.  845 

confusion  of  different  categories  of  explanation;  to  "  put  himself 
aside  and  let  Nature  speak,"  Nature,  that  is  to  say,  which  is 
for  him  a  purely  mechanical  system. 

And  it  is  just  such  a  confusion  of  thought  which  on  the  other 
hand  permits  the  presentation  of  scientific  and  physical  formulas 
as  if  these  exhausted  the  reality  of  living  or  conscious  activity 
or  were  other  than  lame  and  often  grotesque  travesties  of  the 
actual  content  of  the  phenomena  in  question. 

I  have  already  tried  to  show  that  at  the  root  of  the  modern 
doctrine  of  natural  selection  (survival  of  the  luckily  endowed)  there 
lies  the  mechanical  principle  of  external  necessity  in  a  determin- 
ing environment.  I  have  indicated  my  conviction  that  it  is  this 
aspect  of  it  which  vitiates  its  attempt  to  explain  by  itself  the 
ethical  aspect  of  human  evolution,  and  which  seemed  to  give  point 
to  the  self-contradictory  notion  of  a  conflict  between  the  cosmic 
and  the  ethical  principle. 

The  fact  of  a  continued  process  of  human  evolution  cannot  be 
withstood.  But  we  may  readily  follow  Mr.  Huxley  in  his  assertion 
that  natural  selection  does  not  satisfactorily  account  for  the  later 
phases  and  stages  of  it.  If,  then,  we  are  to  retain  our  grasp  of 
the  essential  identity  of  all  cosmic  process,  we  must  be  prepared 
to  recognise  that  if  the  end  is  not  intelligibly  to  be  conceived  as 
mere  mechanism  neither  can  the  beginning  be  so  explained. 

And  what  is  true  in  relation  to  the  ethical  aspect  of  cosmic 
process  as  revealed  in  human  society,  is  true  also  of  the  organic 
aspect  of  that  process  as  revealed  in  plant  and  animal  life.  The 
mechanical  interpretation  is  only  a  convenient,  a  provisional, 
above  all  a  working,  hypothesis.  As  a  final  or  philosophical 
interpretation  it  is  false,  because  it  ignores  one,  and  that  the 
really  significant  aspect  of  the  facts  viewed  from  the  general 
philosophical  point  of  view. 

And,  exactly  as  in  the  case  of  the  ethical  process,  it  does  not 
help  us  much  that  we  are  able,  by  the  aid  of  the  doctrine  of 
evolution,  to  trace  back  the  series  of  living  forms  to  their 
simplest,  most  formless,  and  structureless  beginnings.  "  The 
continuity  of  all  existence,"  which  is  the  essence  of  the  evolu- 


846  president's  address. 

tion  idea,  "may  be  interpreted,"  says  one  writer,  "in  two  very 
different  ways.  It  may  lead  us  either  to  radically  change  our 
notions  of  mind  and  its  activities,  or  to  '  radically  change  our 
notions  of  matter.'  We  may  take  as  the  principle  of  explanation 
either  the  beginning  or  the  end  of  the  process  of  development. 
We  may  say  of  the  simple  and  crass,  '  There  is  all  that  your  rich 
universe  really  means  ';  or  we  may  say  of  the  spiritual  activities 
of  man,  '  This  is  what  your  crude  beginning  really  was.'  We 
may  explain  the  complex  by  the  simple  or  the  simple  by  the 
complex." 

"  And  one  of  the  most  important  questions  for  moralit}^  and 
religion  is  the  question,  which  of  these  two  methods  is  valid.  If 
out  of  crass  matter  is  evolved  all  animal  and  spiritual  life,  does 
that  prove  life  to  be  nothing  but  matter;  or  does  it  not  rather 
show  that  what  we,  in  our  ignorance,  took  to  be  mere  matter  was 
really  something  much  greater  1  If  '  crass  matter  '  contains  all 
this  promise  and  potency,  by  what  right  do  we  still  call  it  'crass'  "  1 

"  It  is  manifestly  impossible  to  treat  the  potencies,  assumed  to 
lie  in  a  thing  that  grows,  as  if  they  were  of  no  significance;  first 
to  assert  that  such  potencies  exist,  in  saying  that  the  object 
develops;  and  then,  to  neglect  them,  and  to  regard  the  effect  as 
constituted  only  of  its  simplest  elements.  Either  these  potencies 
are  not  in  the  object,  or  else  the  object  has  in  it,  and  is,  at  the 
first,  more  than  it  appears  to  be.  Either  the  object  does  not 
grow,  or  the  lowest  stage  of  its  being  is  no  explanation  of  its 
true  nature." 

In  this  way  may  a  perfect  loyalty  to  the  evolution  doctrine 
throughout  the  entire  domain  of  cosmic  process,  from  its  lowest 
to  its  highest  manifestations,  bring  with  it  an  emancipation 
from  bondage  to  those  mechanical  principles  which  seem  alone 
suggested  on  the  lower  plane  of  the  inorganic  and  which  may, 
for  certain  purposes,  though  with  more  conscious  effort,  be  applied 
throughout  the  whole  sphere  of  objective  science. 


ANNUAL    MEETING. 


84T 


On  the  motion  of  Mr.  Henry  Deane,  M.A.,  a  most  cordial  vote 
of  thanks  was  accorded  to  the  President  for  his  interesting 
Address. 

The  Hon.  Treasurer  read  his  final  report  on  the  Society's 
financial  condition  and  outlook,  and  presented  his  accounts  and 
balance  sheet,  duly  signed  by  the  Auditors  as  correct.  From 
these  it  appeared  that  the  balance  standing  at  the  credit  of  the 
Society  on  both  Income  and  Bacteriology  accounts  was  £607  14s. 
2d.,  but  that  when  the  Society's  income  account  only  was  con- 
sidered, there  was  a  small  excess  of  expenditure  over  income  for 
the  year  amounting  to  £6  3s.  lid. 

On  the  motion  of  Rev.  J.  M.  Curran,  seconded  by  Mr.  W.  W. 
Froggatt,  the  Hon.  Treasurer's  report  was  adopted. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  J.  R.  Garland,  seconded  by  Mr.  W.  S. 
Dun,  a  resolution  expressive  of  the  Society's  regret  at  Dr. 
Norton's  retirement  from  the  office  of  Hon.  Treasurer,  and  of  its 
weighty  obligations  to  him  for  his  valuable  services  during  a 
period  of  sixteen  years,  was  carried  with  acclamation. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  elected  to  fill  eight  vacancies  in 
the  Council  :— Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.  (President), 
J.  C.  Cox,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  Thomas  Dixson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  Prof. 
W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.R.S.,  Hon.  James  Norton,  LL.D., 
M.L.C.,  Perceval  R.  Pedley,  Prosper  N.  Trebeck,  J.P.,  Walter 
W.  Froggatt,  F.L.S. 

And  as  Auditors  :  Hugh  Dixson,  J. P.,  Edward  G.  W.  Palmer, 
J.  P. 


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F.  Clnn-inohame  &  Co.,  Printers,  146  Pitt  Street,  Sydney. 


1 

! 


iisrx^Ex: 


(1897.) 


Names  in  Italics  are  Synonyms. 


-<53=-« 


PAGE 

P.4GE 

Ablepharus  boutonii  var.  peronii  644 

iEgialitis  melanop.s 

,, 

577 

ornatus 

644 

Quietus  bengalensis 

142 

tenuis 

644 

^Enochroma  vinaria 

29 

Acacia  alpina 

,  148 

Aeoloscelis 

299 

326 

amoena 

695 

aetheria        

327 

Baueri 

...      146,  147 

cbiysophoenicea     ... 

327 

328 

cincinnata    ... 

154 

hipparcha     ... 

327 

328 

Dawsoni 

...      153,  157 

hydrograplia 

327 

decurrens     ... 

318,  356,  357 

isoclera 

327; 

328 

difFormis 

154 

sphragidota 

327 

329 

elongata 

154 

Aeraiilia    ... 

298 

369 

gladiiformis... 

...      693,  696 

dioctis 

.  .  • 

370 

glaucescens  ... 

232 

Agaricus  (Psathyrella)  trepidus 

237 

linifolia 

312 

Agarista  albamedia 

• .  • 

26 

longifolia 

621 

casuarimn     

... 

27 

Maideni 

232 

contorta 

27 

melanoxylon 

232 

Lein'tiii 

.. 

27 

iniciobotrya... 

...      155,  157 

Macleayi 

44 

notabilis 

693 

plofyxantha  ... 

> .  . 

26 

obtnsata 

...      694,  697 

tetrapleura  ... 

26 

penninervis      1.55, 

156,  157,  693 

tristitica 

>  t  ■ 

27 

pyciiantha     ... 

157 

tropica 

... 

26 

retinoides 

156 

Agelina     ... 

.  .  . 

528 

rubida 

...      695,697 

labynnthica 

528 

sp 

325 

Agriochseta 

.  .  • 

450 

subporosa     ... 

154 

Aibula       

159 

triptera  var.  Lynd 

oni    696,  697 

Alepocepbalus     ... 

159 

Acalles 

...      450,  457 

Amphiboluius  muricatus 

•  •  • 

641 

conifer 

...  506 

Anatidc-e 

61 

immansuetus 

457 

Ancana     ... 

.  .  ■ 

54 

riibetra 

509 

Ancy/oxypha  aijraidia  ... 

26 

Acanthias... 

100 

Andropogon  interniedius 

686 

Acontia  cyanipha 

16 

refractus 

.  .  . 

237 

undulosa 

27 

Anestia  trissodesnia 

12 

Acrohasis  SHhcidteUa 

30 

Anguilla    ... 

765 

Acropyga  moluccaua 

139 

anguilla 

766 

Actinopus  formosus 

...      253,  254 

australis 

767 

Actinotus  helianthi 

810 

bengalensis  ... 

766, 

767 

.^cidium  ebiirneum 

...    36.  37,  44 

fidjiensis 

.. 

766 

55 

11. 


INDEX. 


Anguilla  labiata ... 

latirostris     ... 

Mauritana    ... 

reinhardtii   . . 
Anguillaria  dioica 
Anigozanthos  sp. 
Anochetus  Graefifei 
Anomalops 
Anoplognathus  sp. 
Anthicus 

nhnormis 
floralis 
AoUes 

nuceus 

ruhiginosus  ...  626, 

Aonychus 
Apaustus  agraulia 

agraulia 

lascivia 
Aphffiuogaster  longiceps 
Aphela 

algarum 

helipoides     ... 
Aphritis  554,  555,  556,  557, 

bassii... 

dumerili 

durvillii 

yohio  ...         ...554,  555, 

porosus         ...  554, 

undulat'us      ;..554,  555, 

urvillii  ...554,  555, 

Apion        

Apocynea9  

Arachnura 

Argiope  extensa  ..  519, 

gracilis 

pallida  ...         521, 

protensa 

regalis 
Argiopidte 
Argophyllum  ellipticutn 

Lejourdanii  ... 

nitidum 

NuUumensis... 

sp 

Aristida  ramosa  ... 
Aromasjis  echiuata 

horrena 

saginata 
Artamus  albiventris 

sordidus 
Asterella  ... 

Baileyi 


766, 


PAGE 

766 
.  766 
766 
767 
578 
...  577 
..  140 
...  441 
...  44 
...  588 
...  589 
..  588 
...  626 
...  626 

636,  637 
...  622 
...     26 

244,  287 
...  244 

135,  143 
...  638 
...  638 
...  638 

559,  560 

555,  560 
...  555 
...  555 

557,  5.59 

555,  558 

556,  558 
556,  560 

...  449 

...  234 

531,  551 

537,  552 

522,  553 

522,  553 

...  537 

...  537 

...  552 

...  232 

...  232 

232,  239 

...  233 

...  239 

...  686 

619,  620 

...  620 

...  620 

...  686 

...  686 

,.      38 

...     37 


PAGE 

Asterella  hakete 36,  37,  42 

Asteridiella  ...         ...         ...     38 

solani 36,  38,  42 

Asteridium  ...         ...         ...     38 

eucalypti      699,  702 

Asterina 37,  38 

tuberculata 699,  703 

Asterolasia  correifolia   ...         ...  231 

Asteronia...         ...         ..  ...     38 

Asterropteryx      769,  787 

gneutheri       ...         ...         ...  785 

semipunctatus         ...         ...  787 

Asterula    ...         ...         ...         ...     38 

Astictopterus  cynone     ...         ...     26 

Astrebla  pectinata  ..  ...  237 

triticoides     237 

A><y)nna  >>tipntaria  ...         ...     28 

Atalantia  glauca...         ...         ...  687 

Atelicus 622 

atrophus        ...         ...         ...  621 

ferrvigineus  ...  ...      621,  622 

inteciualis      ...         ...         ...  621 

ininiatus        ...  ...  ...   621 

variabilis      ..  ...         ...  621 

Aterpus 599 

Atherina  madovina        ...         ...  558 

Atheropla  cremnopelta...  .    269 

Atriplex  vesicaria  ...         ...  252 

Attidffi      ...  539,  543,  544,  545,  546, 

[547,  551 
Attus  falcatus      ...         ...  ..  547 

ilavicruris     ...         ...      526,  553 

hastatus        546,  547 

sp.       ...         ...         ...         ...  553 

splendid  us    ...         ...         ...  543 

volans  ...         ...         ...  543 

Auletes      449 

Auricularia  albicans       ...         ...  238 

Austrophycis       ...         ...  62,  90 

inegalops       ...         ...  62,  91 

Avicennia  ofEciDalis       ...         ...  702 

Axinrt?a 782 

Kenyoniana  ...         ...  781 

Azelina  hip/ay  a  ...         ...         ...     29 

inordinata    ...         ...         ...     30 

Bactridium  versicolor  36,  40,  43 

Bal/iace  vetustaria  ...         .  .     29 

Bardistus  cibarius  ...  ...  619 

Barsine  phtcens  ...         ...         ...     27 

Bascanichthys  liemizoua  ..    248 

Batrachedra     299,  .300,  310,  311,  316 

arenosella     ...301,  302,  303,  304 

astatlima       ...         ...      301,  307 


INDEX. 


m; 


PAOE 

Batrachedra  diplosema  ...  301,  306 

ditrota          301,  305 

epizantha      301,  309 

ereinochtha 302,  304 

eustola          301,  308 

helarcha        302,  305 

holochlora    302,  306 

hypachroa     302,  306 

hypoxiitha 301,  308 

leucophyta   302,  307 

liopis 301,  308 

megalodoxa 302,  308 

metaxias       302,  303 

microtoma 302,  303 

inylephata 301,  304 

phorcydia     ...         ...  301,  3U7 

plagiocentra             ...  301,  309 

sterilis           302,  304 

tiimeris         301,  309 

velox 301,302 

volucris        302,  306 

Beilschmiedia  obtusifolia  276,  277 

Berycidfe  ...         ...         ...  ...  441 

Bipalium  Kewense          ...  112,  120 

Blaboplianes  meliorella...  ...     31 

Bogniarus  arcticus          ...  ...  659 

Bomhycina           ...          ...  10,  30 

Boronia  niicrophylla      ...  ..    231 

pinnata         ...         ...  ...  231 

Bossiaeacinerea  ...         ...  ...     37 

heterophylla            ...  ...     37 

rhombifolia  ...         ...  37,  44 

Bothriomyrmex  pusillus  ...   140 

Bothroponera      ...         ...  ..   136 

mayri            136,  141 

piliventvis     ...         ...  ...   141 

var.  minor            ...  ...   141 

sublaavis        ...         ...  ..  738 

var.  reticulata     ...  ...   141 

Botrytis  argillacea         ...  ..    702 

var.  avicennlEe     701,  702,  703 

Botydidas 18 

Brachyscelis  duplex       ...  ..    686 

strombylosa..           ...  ...  636 

Britha  (?)  cosmopis         ...  ...     17 

Bryachus  squamicoUis  ...  ...  612 

Bufonidfe...         ...         ...  605,679 

Cacsecia  postvittana       ...  ...     31 

Ccesyra  hemidesma         ...  ...  268 

Calanthe  veratrifolia     ...  ...   149 

Calicotis 298,  313 

crucifera       ...         ...  ...  313 

Callidyras  pyranthe       ...  ...  287 


PAGE 

Calligenia  cydota 

*  t  • 

27 

melitaula 

27 

placens 

27 

Callistemon 

... 

406 

Calostoma  f usca  . . . 

239 

Calotermes  longiceps 

. . . 

810 

SP-        ; 

739 

Calycothrix  tetragona 

810 

Cancellaria  granosa 

. .  • 

442 

Camponotus 

131 

ajiieopilosus  ... 

132 

137 

albopilosus   ... 

1.37 

arcuatus 

.  .  . 

137 

claripes 

137 

dimidiatUs    ... 

132 

dorycus  var.  confusus 

132 

137 

extensus 

137 

intrepidus     ... 

132 

137 

Janeti 

... 

137 

Lownei 

137 

nigriceps 

132 

137 

var.  dimidiatus 

.  .  . 

137 

nitidus 

137 

iiovte-hollandiso 

131, 

132 

137 

reticulatus  var.  Yerbui 

•yi... 

137 

sp.       ... 

*  •  • 

135 

subnitidus    ... 

... 

137 

suffu.sus 

•  t  * 

138 

vitreus 

138 

Campyloea  ichtyomma 

.  .  . 

775 

Capnodium  citricoluni 

39 

salicinum 

... 

40 

Capua  intractana 

31 

ohfitficatana  ... 

... 

31 

Carabid^ 

... 

... 

190 

Carassiops 

784, 

787 

brevirostris  ... 

•  ■  • 

784 

compressus  .... 

784, 

787 

cyanostigma 

..  • 

784 

oyprinoides  ... 

•  .  . 

... 

785 

elevatus 

784 

galii 783, 

'785 

788, 

789 

guentheri      ...  769, 

783 

785, 

787 

leuciscus 

785 

lougi 82, 

783, 

784, 

789 

reticulatus    .. 

... 

784 

taenionotopterus 

785 

Cardiocondyla  nuda 

... 

142 

Carenidium 

220 

leai     ., 

,    , 

223 

nnicronatum 

224 

Carenum 

199, 

217, 

220 

acutipes 

190, 

213 

IV. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Car  en  urn  amabile 

... 

...  224 

Carenum  reflexum 

190,  194 

amplicoUe     ... 

... 

204,  207 

riveriiut 

... 

...  224 

arenarium     ... 

...  211 

rugatum 

199 

200,  201 

atroniteiis 

... 

...  211 

scaritiodes    ... 

211,  213 

batesi 

203 

,  213,  215 

schomburgHi 

.. 

...  204 

breviforme    ... 

,  , 

..     197 

sexpiinctatum 

...  211 

carbonarium... 

201 

,  204,  206 

speHcii 

... 

192,  193 

ca-stelnaiii 

•  •  • 

...  211 

striato-punctatum 

... 

...  203 

cognatum 

*  •  • 

...  229 

striato-punctulatu 

m 

...  211 

convexum     ... 

... 

204,  205 

subcostatum... 

203 

210,  211 

cordipenne   ... 

• .  * 

196,  197 

subplanatum 

...  203 

decorum 

...  204 

subporcatulum 

204,  206 

digglesi 

, , 

192,  193 

sulcaticeps    ... 

199 

,  200,  201 

elegans 

•  •  • 

..   199 

sulcatipes 

...  201 

f  renchi 

•  •  • 

196,  229 

sumptuosum 

...  213 

f  roggatti 

... 

...   198 

terraj-reginte 

... 

..    203 

frontale 

• .  • 

204,  205 

transversicolle 

... 

195,  196 

fugitivum     ... 

•  •  • 

202,  204 

venustum 

... 

212,  213 

ga^iierense     ... 

•  •  • 

...  211 

versicolor 

...  208 

jracile 

•  •  • 

...  229 

vicinum 

201, 

202,  206 

labitans 

... 

...   199 

virescens 

...  197 

iauthiuum     ... 

... 

204,  205 

viridimarginatum 

... 

203,  204 

imitator 

*  *  • 

203,  206 

Cargillia  mabacea 

... 

...  234 

ineditum 

... 

195,  197 

Cassia  Brewsteri... 

..     24 

intermedium 

,  , 

..    211 

Cassinia  arcuata  ... 

...  233 

interruptum 

210,  211 

sub  tropica     ... 

...  233 

kingi 

1  ■  • 

204,  205 

Cassytha  paniculata 

...  235 

late rale 

203,  204 

Castauospermum  australe 

...     51 

IcBvigatum    ... 

200, 

204,  205, 

Castor  lira  ch  ry.sias 

...  421 

[208,  209 

Castillo  hinotata  ... 

..     27 

Iffivipenne     ... 

* .  . 

197,  208 

Casuarina  glauca 

.  .  • 

...  810 

marginatum... 

201, 

203,  204, 

suberosa 

... 

...  30O 

[207,  213 

Catasarcua           ...590, 

591, 

592,  595, 

murrumbidgense 

• .  * 

204,  205 

[596, 

598,  599 

nigerrimum  ... 

•  •  . 

...  211 

albisparsus   ... 

*  .  • 

...  598 

nitesceus 

.  .  . 

...  204 

alhuminosus . . . 

...  597 

ohlongum 

.  ,, 

...  211 

araneus 

...  597 

oh-scunon 

... 

...  211 

bellicosus 

591,  ,596 

occidentale  ... 

..« 

...  195 

brevicoUis 

592, 

596,  597 

ocruifiim 

,  , , 

...  211 

capita 

...  597 

opacieolle 

209,  211 

carbo  

591, 

595,  598 

optimum 

...  229 

cicatricosiis  ... 

591,  599 

planipenne    ...  20: 

,202,  203,  204, 

echidna 

...  596 

[213,  215 

effloratus 

...  .595 

politulum 

•  •  * 

204,  206 

ericius 

...  599 

propinquum... 

204,  205 

fimtreus 

...  597 

pulchrum 

190 

213,  215 

hmnerosus     . . . 

591,  597 

puncticolle   ... 

.  .  . 

204,  205 

intermedins  ... 

591,  596 

pimctulatum.. 

...  205 

marginispinis 

591,  597 

2)vr}mreo-marginatum, 

...  211 

nitidulus 

592,  596 

purpureum    ... 

*  .  . 

...  201 

oehraceus 

...  698 

quadripunotatum 

213, 

214,215, 

opimus 

...  595 

[220 

scordalis 

...  599 

INDEX. 


V. 


Catasarcus  spinipennis 

Celfenia     ... 

dubia 

excavata 
Cepola  trachyptera 
Ceratopetalum  apetalum 

giimmiferum 
Ceratophyllutn  demersum 
Cercospora  Desinodii 
Certliionyx  leucomelas  ... 
Cestracion* 

Cestrffius  norfolcensis     ... 
Chajtectetorus 
Chalcididte 
Charaxes  sempronius 
Cheiracanthium  silacemn 


PAGE 

591,  595, 

[596 

...  551 

551,  552 

551,  552 

...  659 

..  233 

...  233 

...     82 

...  698 

687,  688 

96,  97 

62,  80 

...  452 

...  136 

...  286 

524, 


Cheiranthera  filifolia 

linearis 
Chelone  inibricata 

Chelydohatrachus 


[539,  540,  553 

230 

230 

254 

674 


Chiroleptes  alboguttatus        678,  682 
australis        ...         ...      678,  682 

brevipalmatus         ...      678,  682 

dahlii  682,  684 

platycephalus  ...         ...  669 

Chlamydodera  maculata  ...  687 

Chlamydosaurus  kingii...  ...  642 

Chlenias  ochrosoma        ...         ...     30 

Chloris  truncata  ...         ...         ...  686 

Chloritis 775 

erinaceus        ..         ...         ...  773 

eustoma        ...         ...         ...  773 

Mullendorffi  773 

rectilabrum  ...         ...         ...  775 

Chlororhroma  citro-limharia    ...     29 
Chlorostracia       ...  ...         ...  778 

Chrysiphoua  occultans    ..         ...     44 

Cicindela  Sloanei  584 

Cicindelidc-B  ...         ...         ...  584 


Cinnamomum 
Oliveri 

ovalifolium  ... 

propiiiqua     ... 

Tamala 

tamela 

virens 

Zeylanicum  ... 
Climacograptus  sp. 
Clivina 
Cluaca  rubricosta 


...  275,  277 
275,  276,  281, 
[283,  284,  685 
..       283,  2S4 

283 

...      283,  284 

284 

275,  282,  284 
...  283,  284 
...      436,  437 

190 

27 


PAGE 

Clubiona 

..    540 

modesta 

...  541 

pallidula 

...  541 

Clubionidffi           

...  546 

Clupea  spratellides 

...     71 

sprattus 

...  656 

Ccesyra  grammophora  . . 

...     21 

habropis 

...     20 

selenaica 

...     21 

Coleophora            

300,  351 

Colubopsis   rufifrons  var.   senii- 

[carinata  ...   138 

Colus  hirudinosus  ...         ...  238 

Golussn     29 

odenestaria  ...         ...         ...     28 

Comiba'iia  metaspila      ...  ...     29 

Composite  ...146,  149,  151,  2.33 

Coinpsotropha  habrodelta        ...     20 

xanthodelta...  .  ...     20 

Congermurjena    ...         ...         ...  767 

Conoptermn         ...215,  217,  219,  220 
buriiardi       ...  ...  ...  224 

insigne  ..  ...         ...  224 

riverinEe        ...         ...         ...  224 

violacemn      ...         ...         ...  224 

Conns  achatinus  ...         ...         ...  781 

anemone        ...         ...  ...   165 

Barbara         ...  ...  ...   781 

Flindersi      780 

Frostiana      ...         ...         ...  781 

monachns     ...         ...         ...  781 

Copidostola  (?)  orthotis  ...         ...  273 

Coracistis  298,  370 

erythrocosma  ..  ...  370 

Corone  australis  ...  ...  ...  445 

Cortinarius  Archeri       ...         ...  237 

Corylophidte        ...         ...  ..  449 

Corythangela       298,  299 

galeata  ...         ...         ...  300 

Cosmopteryx       299,  3.38 

epizona         338,  340 

gramineae     ...         ...  ...  338 

heliactis        3.38,340 

macrula         338,  339 

mimetis        338,339 

mystica         338 

Cossonides  ...         ...         ...  638 

Cossus  caliijinosus  ...         ...     28 

rhytiphoru.<i  ...         ...         ...     28 

Cracticus  quoyi  ...         ...    56,  57,  58 

rufescens      56,  57,  58. 

Crassatella  kingicola      ...         ...  442 

Cremastogaster  fusca    ...         ...  143 


VI. 


INDEX. 


Cremastogaster  laeviceps 
sordidula  var. 

.  sp.      ...         

Crinieijroggafti  ... 
georgiaua 


PAGE 
...    143 

...   14,3 

131 

663 

660.  661,  676, 
[682,  684 
Isevis  ...         ...         662,  663,  677 

var.  froggatti      ...      663,  664 

leai 676,  682 

signifera        ...661,  662,  676,  682 
tasmaaiensis    661,  662,  677,  678 
victoriana     ...  ...       664,  677 

Crowea  exalata   ...         ...         ...  231 

Cryptocarya  glaucescens  ...  235 

Cryptolcemus  montrouzieri      ...  810 
Cryptorhyuchida3  ...         ...  451 

Cryptorhynchides  449,  453,  625 

Cryptorrhynchus  ...       457,  462 

fuliyiiiosus    ...         ...         ...  457 

Ciibicorrhynchus  ..  ...  599 

Culama  caligiuosa  ...  ...     28 

Cnliu.'^        791 

Cuphodes 299,314 

thysanota     ...         ...         ...  314 

Carculio  luridus  ..         ...         ...  457 

sp 48,49 

Curculionidce       ...449,  450,  451,  453 
Cyclopides  cynone  ...         ...     26 

Cymbacha  festiva  550,  551,  553 

Cyprrea      ...  ...         ...         ...   161 

angustata     ...        568,  571,  572, 

[576,  578 

var.  albata  ...       571,  576 

var.  Mayi  ...      570,  576 

var.  subcarnea     571,  576,  578 

arenosa  ...         ..  .  .  574 

Coniptoni     ...572,  573,  576,  578 
declivis         ...         571,  576,  578 
kaiseri  ...         ...         ...   145 

pantherina   ...         ...         ...  568 

piperita        ...         574,  575,  576 
poraria  ...         ...  ...   145 

pulchella      ...  ...  ...   145 

pyriformis    ...         ...       145,  566 

Smithi  ...         ...         ...   145 

subcai'iiea     ...         ...         ...  578 

tigris 565,567,568 

umbilicata    ...564,  565,  566,  567, 

[568,  576 
wilhelmina  ...         ...         ...   145 

Cystignathidffi     662,  675 

Dacryou  omuiparens      ...  ...   143 

Danais  erippus    ...         286 


PAGE 

Danais  hamata    ...         ...  ...  286 

petilia           ...         ...  ..  286 

Danthonia  pilosa            ...  ...  686 

Darala  succinea  ...         ...  ...     28 

varia  ...         ...         ..  ...     28 

Daviesia  latifolia             ...  ...   124 

Decapterus  ecclipsifer  ...  ...  761 

koheru          ...         ...  ...  761 

leptosomus  ..           ...  ...  760 

Deilephila  livoinica       ...  ...     32 

licornicoiden..           ...  ...     32 

Dematium  virescens       ...•  ...  702 

Dendrocygna       ...         ...  ...     60 

eytoui            ...         ...  ...     60 

javanica        ...          ...  ...     60 

Derniatopsis        ...         ...  ...     S7 

macrodon      ...         ...  62,  86 

Desmodiuiii  sp.    ...         ...  24,  698 

Diadema  bolina  ...         ...  ...  286 

Dia^itictia  australiaria    ...  ...     29 

Dicellograptus  extensus  436,  437 

sp. 436,  437 

Dichelia  vicariana          ...  ...     31 

Dichomera  sericea          ...  ...  239 

Dicranograptus  fuscatus  436,  437 

Dicrostichus  magniticus  523,  538, 

[553 

Didymograptus  caducens  .  .  436 

Dinematichthys  ...         ...  62,  90 

consobi-inus  ...         ...  ...     87 

piger  ...         ...         ...  ...     90 

Diomedea  immutabilis  ...  ...  686 

Diospyros  cargillia         ...  39,  40,  43 

Diplodactylus  pulcher  ...  ...  640 

Diplograptus        ...         ...  ...  436 

mucronatus  ...         ...  ...  436 

palmeus         ...         ...  436,  437 

rectangularis           ...  436,  437 

Diplomystus        ...         ...  ...     74 

Diporophora  australis   ...  641,  643 

Dodonaea  Camtieldi        ...  ...  150 

ericifolia       ...         ...  147,   148 

filifolia          147,   148 

Dolichoderus  doriaj        ...  ...   139 

scrobiculatus            ...  ...   139 

Dolomedes  sp.     ...         ...  ...  764 

Doratifera  sp.      ...         ...  ...  545 

Doratiphora  brachyopa...  ...     10 

Dorvpbora  sassafras        ..  ...  275 

Drassidaj   ...    524,  530,  539,  540,  543 

Drassus  perelegaus         ...  ..    542 

sp 553 

Dryandra  sp.       ...         ...  ...  577 


INDEX. 


Vll. 


PAGE 

Dysoxylon  rufum 

699 

sp 

...      699,  700 

Ebeiiaceaj... 

234 

Echidna    ... 

557 

Echiuopla  sp. 

138 

Ectatomma  (Acanthoponera)  im 

[bellis  var.  liilare  141 
convexam     ...         ...      141,  738 

metallicum   ...         ...         ...   141 

(Rhytidoponera)  scabrum...   141 

Elachista 299,331,341 

archaeonoma  ...         ...  333 

aictodyta     ...         ...      332,  336 

argopis  ...         ..        332,  337 

cataptila       ...         ...      332,  333 

catarata        ...         ...      332,  338 

chloropepla  ...         ...      332,334 

cycotis  332,  335 

cynopa  ..         ...      332,  334 

demogenes    ...         ...      332,  336 

erebophthalina        ...      332,  337 
gerasmia       ...         ..        332,  334 

lativitella     432 

melanui'a      ...         ...      332,  335 

synethes        ...         ...      332,  333 

toropis  ...         ...      332,  336 

Elachistid*         274,  297 

Elanus  axillaris  ...  ..         ...  445 

Elaeocarpus  Baeuerleni 230 

Eleginidte  ..         ...         ...  558 

Eleginops  ...  555,  556,  558 

maclovinus  ...         ...      557,  558 

Ehghin.s 555,  556,  5.58 

hursinus        ...  ..         ...  560 

chilensis        ...         ...         ...  558 

falklandicuH...         ...         ...  558 

mac/ovinus   ...         ...      556,  558 

Eleotris 783,  791 

adspersa        ...         ...         ...  789 

cypn'noides  ...  ..      785,  787 

fusca 791 

fuscus  ...         ...      769,  783 

guentheri       ...         ...         ...  785 

mimu.-i  ...         ...      789,  790 

nigra  ...         ...         ...  791 

EUeschodes  sp.    ...         ...  54,55 

Elops         159 

Emphyastes         ...         ...         ...  638 

Encara       ...     ' 585 

Eudrosis 299,  426 

lacteella         426 

Engraulis  eucrasicholus            ...  656 
Epacrideae  152 


PAGE 

Epeira  basilica    ...         ...         ...  535 

ciassipes        ...         515,  534,  552 
herione  ...         ...         ...  531 

pallida  ...         514,  535.  552 

sylvicola  518,  534,  539,  552 

variabilis      517,  552 

wagneri  534,  536,  539,  553 

Epeiridaj        514,  530,  534,  539,  551, 

[552 
Epermenia  ...         298,427,428 

aphronesa     ...         ...      429,  431 

epispora        429,  430 

eurybias        428,  429 

exilis 429,  431 

opsias  429,430 

Epipristis  minimaria      30 

oxynjma        ...         ...         ...     30 

Epopostruma  quadrispinosa     ...   143 
Turneri  ...  ...  ...   143 

Eragrostis  leptostachya  ...  686 

Eretmocera  298,  420 

chrysias        ...         ...         ...  421 

Eriaohne  obtiisa  ...         ...         ...  147 

Eriochloa  punctata         ..  ...  686 

Eriococcus  ...         ...         ■..  810 

coriaceus      ...         ..  ...  810 

turgipes  .  ...         ...  810 

Eriodon  semicoccinemn . . .         ...  254 

Eriostemon  salicifolius  ...         ...  231 

Erirhinidte  ...         ...         ...  622 

Erirhinides  ...  ...  ...  453 

Erosia        265 

Eucalyptus amygdaliua...        44,  669 
coriacea         ...         ...  ...717 

corymbosa     ,.         ...      561,  562 

fastigiata      ...         ...         ...  704 

hsemastoma    704,  705,  706,  707, 

708,  711,  712,  717, 

718,  719,  794 

var.  micrantha  704,  705,  706, 

[707,  794 

rar.  grandiflora 711 

hemiphloia  ...         ...         ...  562 

Luehmanniana       708,  711,  713, 
[714,  715,  716,  718,  719,  795 
y«r.  altior...         ...      713,795 

microphijlla  ...         ...         ...711 

obliqua         ...         ...       710,  717 

obtusiflora      708,  709,  710,  712, 
713,  714,715,  717, 
718,  719,  795 
piperita         ...         ...      561,  711 

punctata       ...        561,  562,  711 


Vlll. 


INDEX. 


Eucalyptus  resinifera 
rigida 
Sieberiana    ... 

sp 

squamosa 
stellulata 


PAGE 

711 

710 

704,  706,  718 
...      267,  386 

561 

716 


rar.  angustifolia...         ...  711 

stricta     70S,  709,  710,  711,  712, 
714,  715,  716,  717,  719, 
720,  795 
rar.  rigida  ...         ...  710,  795 

Stuartiana    ...  ...         ...  561 

viminalis      ...  ...  561 

viryata    706,  708,711,  717,  718, 

[719 

rar.  LueJimanniana        ...  711 

EuchEetis  sarcoptera      ...         ...  266 

Eucliaris  sp.         ...         ...         ...   136 

Euchloris  byrsopa  ...         ...  263 

citro-limbaria  ...         ...     29 

hypoleucus  ...         ...         ...  263 

inegaloptera  ...         ...  263 

metaspila      ...         ...         ...     29 

subalpina      ...         ...         .  .     29 

veitumuaria...         ...         ...     29 

Eudynaniis  sp.     ...         ...         ...     57 

Eugenia  sp.  ...         ...         ..     701 

Eulechi'ia  brachypepla  ...         ...     31 

malacoptera...         ...         ...     23 

Euoropis 450 

Eupomatia  48,  49 

Bennetti       49,  50,  54 

laiiriua  ...         ...  48,  55 

Eupomatus  sp.     ...         ...         ...     96 

Eurhynchus         ...         ...         ...  599 

Euryscaphus  attratus    ...         ...  191 

ebeninus        ...         ...         ...   191 

obesus  ...         ...         ...   191 

terreiius        ...         ..  ...  229 

water  housei...  ...         ...   191 

Eutactis  tri-<t{fica 27 

Eutermes  ..  ...         ...         ...  741 

fumigatus     ...  753,  755,  758 

fumipennis   ...751,  753,  755,  757, 

[758 
bastilis  ...         ...      751,  758 

magnus         ...         ...      742,  758 

pyiiformis    ...         ...      750,  758 

Triodia3         ...         ...      745,  758 

tumuli  ..  ...      747,  758 

Eutoma     ...  215,  216,  217,  219, 

[220,  222 
aberrans       190,  218 


PAGE 
Eutoma  gratiosum  ...         ...  217 

magnifieum  ...  .  ...  217 

violaceuin     ...         ...         ...  218 

viridicolor    ...         ...         ...  229 

Exocarpus  ciipressiformis         ...  429 
Ficus  aspera         ...         ...         ...     51 

aurantiacum  ...         ...  698 

Muelleri        ...         ...         ...  235 

sp 698 

Fierasfer  ...         ...         ...         ...   159 

Filices        237 


Fonnicid*   ... 
Freyciuetia  excelsa 

Gaudichaudii 
Fumago     ... 


129,  137,  738 

236 

236 

39 

vagans  ...         36,  39,  40,  43 

Fungi        237 

Fusarium  aurantiacum 698 

byssinum      698,  702 

hypochreoideum     ...         ...  698 

Fiiiisporit(m  pubesrens  ...         ...  698 

Gadus  navaga      ...         ...      556,  558 

Gasteracautha     ...         ...  ...  532 

bispinosa      ...         ...         ...  528 

Gastrina    ...         ...         ...         ...  266 

Gehyra  variegata  ...         ...  641 

Geitonoplesium  cymosum         ...  700 
Gelechia  adapertella      ...         ...  426 

heliocbrysa  ...         ...         ...     23 

(?)  isoscelixantha    ...         ...  272 

platyleuca    ...         ..  ...     22 

porphyroloma  ...         ...     22 

simplicella    ...         ...         ...  272 

sitbditefla      ...         ..  ...  426 

Gelecbiadai  22,271,273 

Geodorum  pictum  149 

GeometridtB         ...         ...  ...  263 

Geometrina  ..         ...         ...     12 

Geoplana  ...         ...         ...      105,  121 

albolineata 109,  119 

atrata  105,  119 

elegans  ...111,  113,  114,  119 

Fleteberi      108,  112 

Hillii 105,  109,  119 

mediolineata  ...       106,  111 

minor  ...         ...         ...   114 

parva 113,  114,  119,  121 

ponderosa     ...         ...       106,  119 

quinquelineata        109,  110,  111, 

[119 
rar.  accentuata  ...       110,  119 

robusta  108,  119 

sanguinea     ...         ...       109,  119 


INDEX. 


IX. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Geoplana  trifasciata 

120, 

122 

Haplochrois  thalycra     ... 

310, 

311 

variegata 

107, 

108 

Haplonyx... 

599, 

625 

Glaphyristis 

299, 

357 

albisparsus 

626 

marmarea     ... 

357 

ater    ... 

633 

Glaucostracia 

... 

777 

biilentatus    ... 

629 

Paulucciana... 

777 

centralis 

632, 

6.38 

Glyphipterygidse 

23 

cioniformis  ... 

637 

Glyphipteryx 

•  •  • 

422 

eionoides 

•  •  • 

632 

cyanochalca... 

31 

dotatus 

629 

iometalla 

•  •  ■ 

23 

fasciculatus  ... 

630 

LytUlana 

31 

Kirbyi           

630 

polychroa 

■  ■  t 

23 

longipilosus  ... 

634 

Glyptorhagada    .. 

774 

Macleayi 

629,' 

630 

Gobio  gobio 

784 

magniceps    ... 

027 

Gohin>i  crassilahris 

769, 

770 

maialis 

638 

pisonis 

791 

niyrrhatus    ... 

629 

sp-      ■•■           

709 

nigrirostris  , 

... 

637 

Gonipterus           ...          600 

608, 

616 

porcatus 

•  •  t 

631 

eionoides 

612 

pulvinatus    ... 

628 

citrophagus 

... 

611 

punctipennis 

631 

crassipes 

•  •  • 

610 

rubiginosus  ...         620, 

6.36', 

637 

e.xaratus 

... 

612 

sexvittatus 

6.37 

excavifrons 

>  •  • 

607 

Spencei 

... 

631 

geminatus     ... 

606 

sordidus 

... 

632 

gibberus 

612 

tibialis 

635 

pulverulentus 

608 

tiirtur 

... 

630 

reticulatus    ... 

612 

uniformis      

... 

6,34 

scutellatus 

612 

ustipennis     ... 

627 

suturalis 

612 

renosus 

.  t  * 

630 

turbidus 

•  •  • 

601 

vestigialis     ... 

637 

xanthorrhoese 

•  •  • 

609 

viciuus          ...         625, 

637! 

638 

Gouostoma           

775 

Hardenbergia  ovata 

... 

24 

Goodella   ... 

249 

251 

pentaphylla  ... 

24 

hypozona 

250 

253 

Harengula  stereolepis   ... 

759 

Goodenovieas        

234 

Harpodon 

251 

Grari/aria  arenosella 

302 

Hectobrocha  multilinea.. . 

28 

terminella      

348 

pentacyma 

28 

Gramineae... 

147 

237 

Helceiis  Bremei    ... 

585 

Grammodes  cyanopa 

30 

consularis     ... 

587 

c.vce/lens 

•  .  ■ 

30 

contractus     ... 

5S'5, 

586 

ocellata 

30 

ellipticus 

•  •  > 

586 

Grevillea  ilicifolia 

235 

granulatus    ... 

586 

sphacelata     ... 

150 

marginellus  ... 

586 

Gymnodaotylus  pelagicus 

640 

moniliferus 

>  •  . 

587 

Gyropleurodus    

•  •• 

245 

teMndineus    ... 

585, 

586 

galeatus 

•  .  . 

245 

undulatus     ... 

586 

quoyi... 

245 

Heleioporus  albopunctatus 

678, 

Hadia 

774 

[679 

,  682 

,684 

Hakea  dactyloides 

37 

flavoguttatus 

679 

Halobates  sp 

764 

pictus 

669^ 

679 

Halterophora  capitata  ... 

124 

Helichrysurn  adnatum  ... 

•  ■  . 

146 

Haplochrois         

299^ 

310 

retnsum 

146 

chlorometalla 

310 

Heliocausta 

267 

X. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Heliorana  grayi  ... 

...  675 

Heterodontus  Phillipi    ... 

...  103 

Heliozela 

298,  402 

Heteronota  binoei 

640,  641 

anantia         

403,  405 

Heteronympha    ... 

..    240 

autogenes 

402,  406 

Banksii 

..    242 

catoptrias 

...  403 

cordaco 

242,  243 

crypsimetalla 

403,  404 

Digglesi        

..  241 

eucarpa         

403,  404 

Duboulayi 

...  241 

isochroa 

403,  406 

merope 

240,  241 

niicrophylla ... 

...  403 

var.  suffusa 

...  241 

nephelitis 

403,  405 

mirifica         

...  241 

prodela          

403,  404 

paradelpha 

...  242 

siderias          

...  403 

philerope      

242,  243 

trisphaera 

403,  405 

Hexagonia  decipiens 

...  238 

Helipterum  corymbiflorum      ...   151 

tenuis  rar.  subtenuis 

...  238 

var.  mkroglossuni 

...   151 

Wightii         

...  238 

floribundum... 

...  252 

Hierochloa  rariflora 

...  686 

niicroglossum 

...  151 

Hieroniantis         

29S,  315 

Helix  aspersa      

...  253 

ephodophora 

...  315 

Bathurstensis 

...  776 

Histeridse 

...  585 

discordialis 

...  773 

Holochila  xanthospilos  .. 

..    287 

Howardi       

...  774 

Hololepta  australis 

...  585 

millepunctata 

...  776 

Mastersi        

...  585 

Mosmani 

..  123 

Sidnensis      

...  585 

rectilabrum  ... 

...  775 

Hoplitica 

...  267 

similaris 

...  776 

mellichroa    ... 

...  267 

squarrosa 

...  774 

neochlora 

...  267 

trichotropis 

...  774 

Hoplophanes       ...         298, 

408,  409 

vermiculata 

...  441 

acrozona 

409,  412 

Helix  (Cliloritis)  rectilab 

rum  ...  775 

chalcolitha 

410,  413 

Helix  (Hadra)  yeppoonensis    ...   123 

chlorochrysa 

409,  410 

Helmictis 

...  253 

electritis 

410,  413 

Helminthosporium  conspicuum     36, 

haplochrysa... 

409,  410 

[40,  43 

hemiphragnia 

409,  411 

solani 

...     39 

heterospila  ... 

409,  411 

Hemantus  floralis 

...  588 

monosema     ... 

409,  412 

Hemarthria  conipressa  ... 

...  686 

niphochalca 

410,  413 

Hemiplecta  divergens    . . 

...  771 

panchalca     .. 

410,  414 

granigera      

771  778 

peristera 

410,  414 

HepiahtA  fasckulatiis     . . 

...     28 

phaeochalca... 

410,  414 

Heptranchias 

...     64 

philomacha 

410,  414 

liaswelli 

...     62 

porphyropla 

410,  413 

Hesperidffi 244,  285,  287 

semicuprea  ... 

409,  412 

Hesperilla  atralba 

...     26 

tritocosma    ... 

409,  411 

bifasriata 

...     26 

Hydnum  meruloides 

...  238 

dirphia          

...     25 

Hydriomena  brugata     ... 

...     13 

flavorittata   ... 

...     26 

Hydriomenidte    ... 

..     12 

quadrimaculata 

...     25 

Hyla  adelaidensis 

672,  674, 

trimacidata  ... 

...     25 

[681, 

682,  684 

Heterobotrys       

...     39 

atSnis            

682,  684 

paradoxa 

36,  39,  42 

aurea 673, 

681,  682 

Heterochasta  lasioplaca 

...     14 

biocii/afa 

...  674 

Heterodontidfe 

..    245 

cserulea          ...         669 

,  681,  682 

Heterodontus     

96,  97,  100 

calliscelis       . . .        666, 

670,  671 

INDEX. 


XI. 


PAGE 

Hyla  dentata       ...         ..  ...  672 

ewingii  ...         661,  665,  666 

667,  668,  669,  670,  671 

672,  673,  681,  682 

^u>•.  calliscelia      ...      666,  667 

[668,  670,  681,  682 

var.  krefiftii  668,  669,  670 

var.  orientalis      ...      669,  670 

freycineti      ...         ...      682,  684 

kreflfil...  661,666,668,669 

[671,  673 

latopalmata...         ...      681,682 

iiasuta  682,  684 

parriden^i      ...         671,  672,  673 
peronii  ..665,  669,  681,  682 

rar.  rothii 681,  682 

rubella  ...        669,  672,  681 

[682,  683 
verreauxii     ..  660,  671,  672 

Hylella  bicolor    682,684 

Hylidffi      665,  681 

Hylobius    .  ...         ..  ...  637 

Hymenosoma  pilosa       ...  ...  764 

Hyperlophus        .  .         ...  62,  71 

copii  ...         ...         ...  62,  72 

spratellides  ...         ...         ...     71 

Hyperolia  marmorata    . . .      678,  682 

Hypochroma  minimaria  ...     30 

nyssiata         ...         ...         ...     30 

paivula  ...  ...  ...     30 

Hypoxylon  purpureum...         ...  702 

sp 702 

lalmenus  Diimeli  ...         ...     25 

ictinus  ...         ...         ...     25 

Illidyei  25 

Idiodes     265 

(?)  pyrrhopa 264 

Itnperata  arundinacea  ...         ...  244 

lodis  citro-lhnharia        ...         ...     29 

eucali/pti       ...         ...         ...     29 

hi/poleucu.s    ...         ...         ...  263 

Illidgei  29 

meta.sjn/a      ...         ...         ...     29 

suba/pina      ...         ...         ...     29 

x'erfumnaria..  ...         ..      29 

Iridomyrmex       ...         ...         ...   135 

glaber  ...         ...         ...   140 

gracilis  ...  ...  ...   140 

itiiierans        ...         ...         ...   140 

nitidus  140 

nifoniger      ...         ...         ...   140 

IscliiBinum  triticeum      ...         ...  686 

Isodora  nasuta    ...         ...         ...  764 


P.40E 

Juncus  sp.           ...         301 

,  303,  305 

Jiinonia  vellida 

...  286 

Kochia  aphylla 

...  252 

sedif  olia        

...  252 

Kowala  castelnaui          62, 

66,  68,  69 

hypselosoma  .. 

68.69 

sundaica 

...     68 

Krefftius  adspersus 

783,  789 

australis 

82,  783 

Kuhlia  arge 

...  768 

haswellii       

768,  769 

hedleyi 

...  768 

rupestris 

767,  768 

rupestris  hedleyi    ... 

...  767 

taeniura 

...  768 

Kunzea  capitata 

...  381 

Labdia      

...  341 

delict  o.-^ella 

...  343 

Laccopterum  foveipenne 

...   193 

macleayi 

192,  193 

salebrosum  ... 

...  193 

spencii 

192,  193 

Lampides  argiades 

...  287 

bceticus 

...  286 

Laportea  moroides 

...  235 

Larina 

...  778 

Lauriueee 

...  235 

Lecanium  olefe    .. 

..  810 

Leersia  hexandra 

...  686 

Leguminosfe         ...  24,  146,  148,  231 
Lentinus  subdulcis         ...         ...  237 

Lenzites  Guilfoylei         ...         ..    238 

Leptocephalus     ...         ...      765,  767 

conger  ..  ...         ...   158 

labiatiis         ...         ...         ..    253 

morrisii         ..     158 

sp 158 

Leptocroca  sanguinolenta         ...  273 
Leptogenys  sp.    ..  ...         ...  141 

Leptomyrme.K  erythrocephalus 

[131,  135,  136,  139,  549 
Leptops     ...         ...         ...         ...  599 

Leptospermum  sp.         ..       369,  371 
Leucopogon  Fletcher!    ...         ...   152 

juniperinus  ...         ...         ...  152 

Limauodidag         ...         ..  ...     10 

Limnodynastes  dorsalis...     661,  662, 

[673,  675,  678,  682 

ornatus         ...         ...      676,  682 

peronii  ...         ...      660,  602 

tasmaniensis  ..  ...  662 

Limnoecia...  299,341,357,358 

callimitris     ...         ...      359,  365 


Xll. 


INDEX. 


PAGK 

PAGE 

Lininoecia  camptosema 

..      359,  366 

Lygosoma  lesueurii 

642 

charactis 

..      359,  363 

mundivense ... 

643 

chionospila  ... 

..      359,  365 

nov£e-guiae£e 

643 

chrysonesa    ... 

..      359,  367 

pectorale       

643 

cybophora    ... 

..      359,  364 

Macaria  comptata 

29 

epimictis 

..      ,359,  361 

Macrobathra  platychroa 

270 

hemidoma     ... 

..      359,  362 

Magdalis  ... 

449 

iriastis 

..      359,367 

Magnolia  fiiscata 

48,  51 

isozoua 

..      .359,  363 

Malacanthus  radiatus    ... 

84 

leptomeris    ... 

..      .359,362 

Mecyiia  polygonalis 

31 

oclirozona 

...      359,  364 

Medicago 

.  .  . 

32 

phragmitella 

..      3.59,  .360 

Megacephala  cylindrica 

34 

scoliosema     .. 

..      .359,  366 

speuceri 

33 

syntaracta     ... 

..      .359,  .360 

Melampsora  nesodaphnes 

276, 

284 

tetraplanetis 

..      359,  367 

Melania  arthurii 

764 

tiisema 

..      359,  361 

Melanterius          

452 

Linosticha  cremnodisen 

la         ...     19 

Meliola  amphitricha 

699 

Liiiyphia  .., 

5.36 

bideutata 

700 

Liomyrmex  (Mac homy r 

ma)  dis- 

cladotriclia  ... 

70  i', 

703 

[par  142 

denticulata  ... 

700, 

703 

Lioponera  longitarsus, 

•ar.  aus- 

Melithreptus  luuulatus... 

577 

[tralis  141 

Melodorum           

54 

Liparidaj  ... 

27,  3U 

Melophorus  teneovirens 

139 

Lithocolletida3     ... 

...     23 

Memecylon  sp.    ... 

. . . 

699 

Lithocolletis 

24 

Meranoplus  hirsutus      ,  . 

144 

aglaosona 

24 

rar. 

... 

144 

dismochrysa... 

...     23 

pubescens  rar.  fenestratus 

144 

Lithosia  chionora 

27 

Mesoptila  anthraeias 

12 

pristina 

27 

Metallarcha  zygosema  ... 

18 

Li>.hosiidii3 

27 

Metrocampa  biplaga 

29 

Litso'a  retindafa 

235 

(llaitcias 

29 

Liza  peronii 

79,  80 

Microcolona 

298, 

370 

Lobopelta  conigera 

141 

aiizela 

371, 

378 

excisa 

141 

characta       ...          371 

372, 

374 

Loinaptera 

453 

crypsicasis   ... 

371, 

373 

Lozostoiiia 

..      298,  415 

embolopis 

371, 

372 

cleonyina 

415,416 

epixatha 

371, 

.376 

comptella     ... 

..      415,416 

leptopis         

371, 

374 

micranthes    ... 

..      415,  419 

leucochtha  

371, 

377 

nebulavis 

..      415,  420 

limodes 

372 

orthotis 

..      41.5,  418 

nodata 

371', 

373 

protodoxa     ... 

..      415,418 

ponophora    ... 

371 

375 

retractella    . . , 

..      415,417 

sollennis 

372, 

377 

scalena 

..      415,  416 

thymopis      

371, 

375 

stenocraspeda 

..      415,419 

trigonospila ... 

372, 

376 

stereodeta... 

..      415,  417 

Microde.s  squamulata    ... 

28 

tri.sticta 

..      415,419 

Micrommata 

548 

Lucia  lucanus 

286 

MUtoch ri.sia  simulans     . . . 

•  •  1 

27 

Lycffiiia  labradus 

2S7 

Misumena            

548, 

549 

Lyctenidce 

286 

punctulosa   ... 

550, 

551 

Lygosoma  elegantulum 

643 

Misumeninte        ...          549 

551, 

553 

f  uscum 

643 

Mitua  Bidwelli 

... 

586 

guichenoti    ... 

643 

Muesampela  petrochroa 

15 

INDEX. 


XUl. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Mnesampela  privata 

...     .30 

Neptotichthys  violaceua 

...  685 

Molocli  horridus... 

...  165 

Neritina  bruguieri 

...  764 

Molybdurga 

298,  369 

canalis 

...  764 

metallophora 

...  369 

petiti 

...  764 

Monocentris  japonicus  ... 

..    441 

variegata 

...  764 

Monocentrum 

...  225 

Nesodaphne  obtusifolia... 

276,  277, 

loiigiceps 

...  225 

[281 

Monoctenia  iltcora 

...     29 

Noctuina 

16,  265 

polyspila 

...  263 

Nomophila  noctuella     ... 

...     31 

viuaria 

...     29 

Notiomimetes 

...  638 

Monocteniadas     ... 

15,  263 

Pa.scoti           

...  638 

Monoinorium  pharaonis 

...  143 

Notodryas 

298,  427 

vastator        

...   143 

aeria  ... 

...  427 

Monophlebus  Crawfordi 

...   161 

vallata 

427,  428 

Monothrix 

62,  87 

Notoncus  gilbert! 

...  139 

polylepis       (3 

2,  88,  90 

Notorhynchus  indicus  ... 

...     64 

Mormosintes 

..    457 

Notosema... 

...  651 

rNbu-i            ...          452, 

457,  475 

Nototheniidre       

...  558 

Mugil  crenidens  ... 

...     79 

Nyctozoilus          

...  586 

dobula           

...     77 

Ochroyaste)-  ruj)timacida 

...     31 

georgii           

62,77 

Ochrosia  Poweri 

...  234 

hypselosoma 

62,  74 

Odax  attenuatus... 

62,  83 

Mulgoa  coxii 

82,  783 

beddomei 

...     84 

Muroena  conger  ... 

...   158 

richardsonii  ... 

...     86 

Murajnichthys  aiistralis 

...  246 

Odontoinachiis      ruficeps 

rar. 

macroptei'us... 

...  770 

coriarius 

135,  140 

Mus  arboiicola    ... 

...  2.=)3 

CEcophora  hypoxantha  ... 

..  269 

rattus            

...  253 

retrartella 

...  417 

Myobatrachus     ... 

...  674 

CEcophoridai         ...  19,  266 

273,  274 

gouldii 

680,  682 

CEcophylla  sniaragdiua  ... 

130,  131 

Myoporum  floribundum 

...  811 

rar.  virescens 

130,  139 

Mynnecia... 

..  134 

CEdara  oreZ/ffl/a    ... 

...  640 

aiiriventris 

134,  141 

rhombifera    ... 

...  641 

nigrocincta  ...          131, 

1.34,  141 

tryoni            

...  640 

piliventris     ... 

134,  141 

Oenonanda  Diqjonchelii. . . 

...     28 

Myrmecina  sp 

...  143 

Oenosandra  Boisdus'alii 

...     28 

Myropterui'a 

...  247 

Oligoinyrmex 

...   142 

laticaudata    ... 

...  247 

Oiicopera  intrkata 

...     28 

Myrtaceae 

379,  390 

Oncoptera  intricata 

...     28 

Myriis 

...  247 

Ophiocara  aporos 

...  769 

Mythites 

...  599 

Ophiorrhinus  angustifrons 

7S3,  793 

Myxus  elongatus 

...     79 

grandiceps    ...            82 

,  783,  793 

Navicella  bougainvillei... 

...  764 

nudiceps       

...  783 

Neocarenum 

217,  223 

Ophyx  ochroptera 

...     30 

angustatum  ... 

...  223 

Ophisurus  serpens 

...  159 

blackbunii    ...          222 

223,  229 

Opisthopsis  respiciens    ... 

...  139 

cylindripenne 

...  223 

Opdrhina  stipa/aria 

...     2S 

elougatum    ... 

..    223 

Orchidepe  ... 

...   149 

paiviceps 

...  223 

Orthorrhinus 

...  622 

retusum 

...  223 

ffithiops         

...  625 

nigulosum     ... 

...  223 

aspredo 

...  623 

spenceri          ...          190 

221,  223 

carhonarius  .. 

..    623 

Nephiurus  asper... 

...  640 

carinatus      

...  625 

XIV. 


INDEX. 


Orthorrhinus  cylindrirostris 
var.  albiceps 
var.  patruelis 
var.  pomicola 
var.  tenellus        .  . 
euchromus    ... 
infidus 
iiinubus 

Klugi  

lateralis 
lepidotus 
/oiiyimanus  ... 
meleagris 
pacijicus 
jjafj'uelis 
posticus 
siiiiulans 
■9pi/ofus 
tenellns 
vagus 
Orthromicta 

galactitis 
Otonoma  ... 
anemois 
Otophidium  genyopus   ... 

tigerinus 
OxycmiuH  au.'itralis 
Oxylobium  procumbens 

Oxyops      599,  600, 

aberrans 
arctatus 
australis 
bilunaris 
cancellata 
crassiromis  ... 
crassirostris... 
excavata 
farinosus 
fasciata 
irrasa... 
Masters! 
niodesta 
multidentata 
niveosparse 
serricoUis 
squamulosa  ... 
iiniformis 
Oxythecta 
Pachyrbabda 

steropodes    ... 
PaloechinidaB 
Paltechiiius 
ellipticus 


PAGE  ! 

PAGE 

623, 625 

PaL-echiiius  sp.    ... 

. . . 

...  258 

...  624 

Pah^mon  vagus  ... 

.*. 

...  764 

...  624 

Paleticus 

457,  510 

...  624 

Paltodora  (?)  thermsea 

. . . 

...  271 

624,  625 

Pamphila  augiades 

...  253 

...  624 

gracilis 

* . . 

...     26 

...  625 

■•iiuiias 

...     26 

...  625 

Panax  elegans     ... 

...  277 

...  625 

Pandaueje... 

...  236 

...  624 

Panicum  bicolor... 

... 

...     42 

...  625 

eft'usum 

•  •  < 

...  686 

...  623 

indicum 

...  686 

...  625 

mitchellii 

...  686 

...  625 

Pantoreites 

...  600 

...  624 

illuniinatus  ... 

•  •  . 

...  618 

...  625 

micaus 

>  1  < 

617,  618 

...  624 

scenicus 

<  t  • 

618,  619 

...  625 

virgatus 

•  •  • 

..    619 

...  624 

vittatus 

...  619 

...  624 

Panus  torulosus  ... 

...  237 

298,  401 

Papilio  erectheus 

•  .  • 

...  287 

...  401 

macleayanus 

...  287 

299,  358 

Paralfea    ... 

...  266 

...  358 

Paropsis     

166, 

178,  184 

62,  93 

Adelaidfe 

167, 

173,  174 

...     95 

alta 

...  177 

...     27 

arcula 

•  •  • 

...  182 

...  231 

basicoUis 

•  .  • 

183,  186 

608,  616 

bicolora 

*  •  . 

168,  179 

...  604 

blanda 

166, 

170,  171 

...  601 

brevissima    ... 

167, 

174,  175 

...  604 

Carpentarise... 

108, 

178,  179 

...  606 

castanea 

.  .  . 

..    166 

606,  612 

catenata 

•  •  • 

...  166 

...  606 

creberrima    ... 

166, 

171,  177 

...  606 

crebra 

•  >  . 

182,  184 

...  606 

cygnicola 

167,  174 

...  605 

diffusa 

...   182 

...  606 

eyrensis 

•  •  * 

183,  188 

...  606 

fumata 

.  .  • 

168,  177 

602,  605 

impressa 

(  •  ( 

...   166 

...  603 

iucurva 

,  , 

...   168 

...  601 

inops 

166,  168 

...  606 

inornata 

...  177 

...  602 

jucunda 

...   181 

...  606 

lachesis 

•  .  . 

183,  185 

600,  616 

livida 

...   181 

...  274 

M-fuscum     ... 

181 

,  184,  189 

299,  312 

multiseriata... 

*  .  • 

...  181 

...  312 

nervosa 

•  •  * 

...   180 

...  258 

nigropicta     ... 

183,  187 

...  258 

nodosa 

.  .  . 

...   168 

...  259 

obscurella     ... 

•  •  • 

...  181 

INDEX. 

XV. 

PAGE   , 

PAGE 

Paropsis  orbicularis 

.  * . 

182  : 

Pheidole  longiceps 

...    142 

orphana 

. . . 

186 

proxima 

131,  142 

pallidula 

... 

181 

SP-. 

...  738 

papulosa 

167, 

175 

variabilis      ...         131, 

136,   142 

perplexa 

.. 

183, 

186 

Pherosphajra  Fitzgeraldi 

...  811 

picturata 

. . . 

183, 

186 

Philenora  undulosa 

...     27 

prodroma 

167, 

174 

Pliilobota  anarrecta 

...  268 

pulchella 

183 

cyclogramma 

...  267 

panctipennis    166, 

169, 

170, 

171 

fasciaiis 

...  269 

quadrizonata 

183, 

186 

ophiodes 

..    268 

rubiginosa    ... 

... 

183, 

186 

sigmophora 

...  268 

rufopicta 

.  .  • 

183, 

188 

xanthocoma... 

...     19 

scalaris 

•  .  < 

> .  • 

168 

Phragmites  communis   ... 

443 

semiglobosa ... 

168 

Phrieus      ...         ...556,557 

.  559,  560 

simplex 

182, 

184, 

185 

porosus 

556,  558 

spectabilis     ... 

181 

Phycis 

...     91 

sublineata     . . . 

182 

Pbyllograptus 

...  436 

suturalis 

186 

Phyllosticta  soriformis  ... 

36,  41,  43 

suturella 

. . . 

184, 

186 

Physiculus 

62,91 

tarsalis 

... 

184, 

189 

Pie/ us  marulosus... 

...     27 

tetraspilota  ... 

182 

l-er-shawi 

...     27 

var.  diemenensis 

i... 

185 

Pittosporeae          

...  2.30 

tigrina 

183 

Pittosporum  undulatum 

...  578 

transversalis 

•  ^. 

173 

Plagiolepis  exigua  var.  ... 

...   139 

tuberculata  ... 

166 

Planaxis  mollis    ... 

...  254 

verrucosa      ...167, 

174 

175, 

176 

Platophrys  pantherinus 

...   770 

versuta 

167 

172 

176 

Platy cerium  grande 

...  313 

vibex 

168 

179 

Platycrinus 

...  259 

vulpina 

168 

176 

Platy thyrea  Turneri 

...   140 

Parroa 

215 

Plectotropis         

...  774 

Paspalum  scrobiculatum 

686 

Plotia  pagoda 

...  777 

Pectunculus 

.  .  • 

782 

Plutella  paracycla 

...     24 

Peltophora  argutella 

<  •  • 

21 

Plutellidae            

...     24 

Periophthalinus  koelreuter 

I     ... 

770 

Podomyrma 

...  134 

Peripatus  ... 

124 

125 

convergens  ... 

...  143 

oviparus 

124 

eiougata 

...   143 

Persicoptila 

298 

329 

gratiosa 

134,  143 

aphrosema     . . . 

330 

,331 

micans           

134,  144 

hesperis 

330 

striata 

134,  144 

iniinochroa  ... 

330 

Po'ciliafusca 

...  791 

peltias 

330 

Pogonias  capnojya 

..    400 

Persoonia  lanceolata 

41 

enri/p/aca 

...  .397 

salicina 

41 

htliodora 

...  395 

Petosiris    .. 

457 

heliofricha    ... 

...  400 

Petrogale  penicillata 

686 

2iorphyrescens 

...  400 

Pezichus  binotatus 

454 

trissodesma  ... 

...  367 

Pliajus  grandifolius 

*  .* 

149 

Polyalthia            

51,  54 

Phalacrida; 

.. 

449 

Polypodium  aspidioides 

...  237 

Phalacrognathus  Muelleri 

449 

Polyporus  Mylitta; 

..    2.53 

Phallaria  ophiusaria 

29 

tumulosus     

...  238 

Phebalium  elatius 

811 

Polyrachis 

132,  137 

Pheidole  brevicornis 

.. 

142 

ammon 

...   138 

impressiceps 

... 

.. 

142 

car.  augusta 

...  138 

XVI. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Polyrachis  ammonoeid 

es 

...  138 

Poropterus  ellipticus 

...      479,481 

appendiculata 

...   138 

exitiosns 

486,  488 

Daemeli 

133,  138 

fasciculatus  . 

...      505,  508 

dives  ... 

'i32 

,  133,  138 

flexuosus 

479,  480,  504 

Guerini 

>  >  • 

...  138 

foveipennis    . 

...      457,  509 

Heinlethii    ... 

...  138 

hario/us 

...      465,  467 

Hookeri 

• .  > 

...  138 

harpagus 

, 

...      492,  496 

var.  lownei 

* .  • 

..    138 

idol  us... 

475, 

478,  479,  504 

va7\  obscura 

... 

...  138 

inominatus   . 

509 

Isevior 

131 

133,  138 

intermedius  . 

.'.  475 

,  476,  479,  504 

niicans 

... 

...   138 

Jekeli... 

,  , 

479,  480,  483 

ornata 

. .  • 

133,  138 

lemur... 

457 

Penelope 

...   138 

lutulentus     . 

...      493,  499 

punctiventris 

... 

...   1.38 

morbillosus  . 

504,  505,  512 

rastellata 

... 

133,  138 

muaculiis 

...      457,509 

Schenki 

...  138 

oniscus 

...      492,  493 

semiaurata   ... 

... 

...  138 

orthodoxus  .. 

, 

510 

sp 

...   133 

parallelus 

...      493,  500 

trapezoidea  ... 

...  138 

Parryi 

. 

...      470,  473 

Turneri 

...  138 

porrigineus   . 

. 

457 

Polystictus  cichoraceus... 

...  2.38 

prodiijus 

...      506,  507 

elougatus 

...  238 

python 

509 

Hasskarlii    .., 

...  238 

rubetra 

509 

rasipes 

...  238 

rubus...    457, 

474, 

475,  504,  508 

rigescens 

...  238 

satyrus 

, 

...      457,509 

vinosus 

...  238 

sphacelatus  . 

470,  472,  504 

Pomaderris  betulina 

...  231 

succisus 

461,  462,  504 

prunifolia 

...  231 

tetricus 

...      457,  510 

Pomatomus  saltatrix 

...     06 

tumu/osus 

, 

457 

Poneralutea 

...  140 

variabilis 

...      486,  489 

melanaria     ... 

•  *  . 

.  .   140 

varicosus 

"491 

492,497,  513 

punctatissima  var 

.  indiffer- 

verres 

, 

...      470,  471 

[ens  140 

Waterhousei 

...      465,  467 

trigona  var.  ... 

... 

...   140 

Westwoodi  . 

.462, 

464,  465,  467 

truiieata  ?•«?•. 

... 

.     140 

zopherus 

, 

...      4,58,  459 

Porina  australis  ... 

... 

...     27 

Potamalosa 

, 

62,  70 

Poropterus            ..  454 

,455,4.57,509, 

antiqua 

70 

[510,  599 

Praxis  macropa  .. 

16 

abstersus 

... 

458,  460 

Prenolepis  obscura 

139 

angustatus    ... 

465,  468 

var. 

139 

antiquus 

458, 

459,  460, 

Pristiurus... 

...97,99,  102 

[462,  513 

Prophylaetis 

...      298,  408 

astheniatus  ... 

... 

480,  485 

aglaodora 

408 

bisignatus     ... 

..    486 

argochalca    .. 

..  408 

bituberculatus 

...  512 

chalcopetala.. 

..  408 

cavirostris    ... 

... 

493,  503 

Proteaceae 

•  •  • 

..  235 

Chevrolati     ... 

479, 

480,  482, 
[504 

Proterocosma 

anarithma    . . 

... 

..  .341 
..  355 

communis 

491 

,  493,  501 

Protopalus 

..  451 

conifer 

<  •  • 

504,  506 

Protospongia  cruciformis 

..  437 

corvus 

... 

462,  463 

cyathiformis 

..  4,37 

crassicornis,... 

... 

492,  494 

reticulata 

, 

..  437 

difficilis 

... 

492,  495 

sp 

...      43 

7,442 

INDEX 

XVll. 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Prypnus    ... 

. .  ■ 

...  599 

Pyroderces  bryomima    ... 

343, 

354 

Psaldus     

. .  • 

...  638 

ceraunia 

342, 

346 

ammodytes  ... 

...  638 

charisia 

342, 

350 

liosoinoides  ... 

...  638 

chryselectra... 

342, 

344 

Psathyrella  trepidu.s 

...  237 

cyanogramma 

342, 

346 

Pseliastis  ... 

298,  406 

deliciosella 

342, 

343 

spectropa 

...  407 

eumelaeua    ... 

342, 

356 

trizona 

406,  407 

e.xodroma 

342, 

356 

xauthodisca... 

...  407 

hierarcha 

343, 

346 

Pseadaphritis 

557, 

559,  560 

leucombra     ... 

342, 

345 

Jia.i.fii... 

554, 

555,  560 

mesoptila 

342, 

347 

bursinus 

...  560 

nesophora 

342, 

354 

urvillii           .  . 

557,  560 

oxysema 

342, 

351 

Pseudomugil  signifer 

62,  82 

oxytoma 

342, 

352 

Pseudophrynfi 

...  661 

pileata 

342, 

355 

australis 

679,  682 

promaclia 

342, 

351 

bibronii         ...660 

,  661, 

665,  674 

pyrrhodes       .. 

343, 

349 

rrir.  semimarmorata 

...  665 

.schismatias  ... 

342, 

344 

guentheri      ...674- 

680, 

682,  683 

semnostola    ... 

342, 

356 

semimarmorata 

...  665 

spheuosema    .. 

343, 

350 

Psoricoptera 

...  273 

terminella     ... 

343, 

348 

me  anoptila  ... 

...  272 

tetradesma 

342, 

352 

Pterigeron  deiitatifolius 

...   149 

triviacta 

342, 

353 

Pteris  ensiformis... 

..  237 

Pythia  iinperforata 

777 

Pterolielaeus  tenuistri 

itus 

...  586 

latidentata   ... 

777 

tristis 

...  586 

ubscura 

777 

Ptilochares 

...  359 

sp 

777 

melanoma     ... 

...  274 

undata 

777 

Ptochemisa 

...  272 

Wallacei 

777 

Pulteiiffia  acuminata 

...  439 

Quercus  pedunculata 

283 

aspalathoides 

...  440 

Ramularia   Desmodii 

698 

con lata 

...  440 

Receptaculites  australis 

441 

Deanei 

438,  440 

sp 

441 

elliptica 

438,  439 

Regahcus  jncksoniensis  647 

648, 

658 

largiflorens   ... 

..    438 

Rhadinastis 

299, 

311 

(ibcordata 

...  440 

microlychna  .. 

311 

rotundifolia  .. 

...  440 

sideropa 

31 1, 

312 

villdsa 

438,  439 

Rhayada    ... 

776 

Pupina  fuoptrnm 

...  772 

Burnerens    ... 

776 

nasuia 

...  772 

Reinga 

776 

Pupinella  luteola 

...  771 

Rhamneffi 

231 

Fultoni 

...  771 

Rhipidura  albicauda 

444 

Pygopus  lepidopus 

...  641 

DeVisi         

444 

Pyralidina 

...     18 

Rhipipallus          

136 

Pyrameis  Cardui 

...  286 

Rliopsea  soror 

44 

itea    ... 

...  286 

Rhynchodemus 

105 

Pyroderces             299, 

329, 

332,  33S, 

dubius 

122 

[341 

357,  359 

guttatus 

114 

anaclastis 

343,  348 

scriptus         

12i', 

122 

anarithma     ... 

343,  355 

Victori(e  var.  Steelii 

114 

argyrostrepta 

. .  • 

342,  353 

Richea  Gunnii     

. .  . 

148 

ammaspia 

342,  347 

Rutacese    ... 

231 

bathrosema  ... 

... 

343,  353 

Salicornia  arbuscula 

15 

56 

xvni. 

INDEX. 

P.\GE 

PARK 

Salticidse  ... 

..      526, 

530 

Solanum  esuriale 

273 

Samea  distractalis 

30 

sodoniasum    ... 

234 

Santaluin  sp. 

254 

viride 

'38,  39 

Sapiiulacefe 

151 

■Solenognathus  spinosissimus    .. 

44 

Saragus  Duhoulayi 

585 

Borocostia  moimzoua     ... 

U 

lievicollis 

588 

platygona 

11 

lugubris 

587 

Sparassidas            

548 

riulis  ... 

58li 

Sparassus 

548 

triMis 

586 

Sperchia  intractana 

31 

Sarcosteinnia  australe 

124 

Sphenura  broadbeiiti 

58 

Satyrinse 

285 

Spbiiictoniyrmex    Emery i. 

rar. 

SaxifragetB 

232 

[iiiyops 

141 

Sci'eoptera  marginalis 

30 

Sporobolus  indicus 

686 

Sctsvola  jemula     .. 

234 

var.  elongatus 

686 

Scaraphites 

190 

Spratelloides  delicatulus 

'O: 

>,  64 

gigas 

191 

robust  lis 

759 

laticollis 

191 

8qiialus  acanthias 

656 

Scieropepla  argoloina 

271 

cinereus 

64 

(?)  photiuodes 

21 

Staginatophora    ... 

341 

typhicola 

360 

Stdthmopoda         299,  312, 

313,' 

314, 

8colecenchelys    ... 

246 

[315,  316, 

326, 

327 

Scoliacma... 

11 

acontias 

317, 

318 

(?)  xanthodelta 

10 

astrapeis 

317, 

320 

Scopariadse          ...  ■ 

18 

callicluysa    ... 

317, 

325 

8cythris    ... 

'.'.      299, 

422 

oaiionica 

317, 

326 

ailelopa 

..      428, 

424 

cephalaea 

317, 

319 

ceratiicosma... 

..      422, 

424 

chalcotypa 

317, 

318 

crypsigramma 

..      428, 

424 

chalybeie 

317, 

322 

erebospila     ... 

..      423, 

426 

crocophaiies... 

317, 

324 

paredra 

..      423, 

425 

cyanopla 

317, 

319 

plconectis 

423 

desmoteles    ... 

317, 

322 

plocanota 

;■      423, 

425 

do  rati  as 

317, 

323 

rhabducha    ... 

423 

hyposcia       

317, 

320 

sporadica 

'.      423, 

425 

iodes  ... 

317, 

323 

Scoparia  lichenopa 

18 

ischnotis 

317, 

324 

polysticha     ... 

19 

lethorioa 

317, 

322 

Scleronhiuus 

599 

liporrlioa 

317, 

326 

Scylliiim  ... 

97 

megathynia  ... 

317, 

325 

Selidiisema  excnrsaria 

29 

ineiauoclna  ... 

317 

321 

silicaiia 

29 

mesombra     ... 

317, 

320 

SelidosemiiUt 

264 

pantarches    ... 

317, 

321 

Seiiiioceros  murcalis 

.. 

30 

triselena       

317, 

318 

Sejatoria  diospyri           \ 

i'e,  39,  42,  43 

xanthoma     

317, 

323 

Seringia  platyphylla 

230 

Stathmorrhopa  herbaria 

30 

Siel)era  Stepheusonii 

146 

Stenopteryx  corticalis   ... 

31 

Sigastus  fascicularis 

638 

Sterculiacefe 

230 

Sili'ta        

62 

Stereum  caperatum 

238 

Siiiia  lan'icepe     ... 

142 

var.  spoiigi|.ies 

238 

Siphoiiogiiathus  ... 

... 

84 

Stericta  habitalis 

30 

Smerinthua  (?)  Wnyii 

.. 

29 

Sterrha  rhodocosma 

14 

Solanuni  acuJeatissimuii 

234 

Sterrhidas              

14 

chenopodiuum 

252 

Stibaroma... 

266 

ciliatum        ... 

234 

hemadelpha... 

265 

IND 

EX. 

XIX. 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Stibaroma  melanotoxa 

266 

Syntomactis  sedula 

380, 

381 

Stiotouetta  iKtvosa 

444 

selenura 

379 

389 

Stipa  setacea 

687 

tephras 

380 

385 

Stomias     ... 

l;i9 

toreutica        ...          379 

387 

388 

Stroiigylorrhinus  ochraceus 

619 

tropaea 

379 

389 

S  t  rumigenys  (Epopostruiiia) 

Syscia  sp.  .. 

141 

[quadi 

'ispinosa 

143 

Syzeton  Blackhumi 

589 

Turneri 

. . 

143 

immaculatus . . . 

•  •  • 

589 

Stylephorus 

654 

loehis  ... 

589 

Styrus 

586 

lateralis 

589 

Succinea  inniitrouzieri 

764 

Syzetonelivs  aljncola 

589 

scalai'ina 

777 

hvmeralis 

589 

Sulcobasis  Beatricis 

772 

sordidus 

589 

Gerrardi 

772 

Syzetoninus  basicornis    ... 

589 

leptocochlea.. 

, 

772 

crassicoiiiis 

589 

Minnegerodi 

772 

impressicollis 

589 

Rehsei 

772 

incovspicuus ... 

589 

Syarbis       ..    600,001, 

613,  616, 

622 

morului 

589 

alcyooe 

613 

mundm 

589 

fasGiculatissimus 

613 

parallel  us 

589 

gonipteroides 

617 

quadrifoveatus 

589 

Haaui 

617 

variegatus     

589 

iieivosus 

617 

Taberiisemontana  orientalis 

4l', 

234 

iiiger  ... 

617 

Tapes  flammiculata 

810 

pachypus 

617 

Tapiuoma  minutum 

1,39 

plumbeus 

614 

rar. 

139 

pulcliripennis 

615 

Taractrocera  flavovittata 

26 

sciurus 

'.'      616, 

617 

Taxites  rnedius  ... 

442 

semilineatus... 

617 

Tear  a  interrupt  a... 

31 

simulans 

'.'.      600, 

616 

(?)  luctipoinis 

28 

sublineatus   ... 

605 

ruptiinacula... 

31 

Sympetes  .. 

585 

Teclmotnyrmex   ... 

140 

Bremei 

585 

Telesfo  dactyliota 

... 

26 

Macleayi 

586 

Teiiebrioiiidai 

585, 

599 

tricostellus    ... 

586 

Tephrosiafulgurigera    ... 

29 

undulatus 

586 

sciti/erata 

•  •  • 

29 

Syntomactis 

298.  371, 

378 

Teiatidium 

225 

aiiagrapta 

..      380, 

382 

laticeps 

227 

antithetis 

,.      379, 

388 

macros 

227, 

229 

capnopora 

..      380, 

384 

perlongum    .. 

226, 

229 

cataspoda 

..      380, 

3s;^ 

Terias  smilax 

287 

cyclonia 

..      379, 

383 

Termes 

721', 

742 

ecstatica 

..      379, 

386 

acinaciformis 

740, 

758 

epiphnxa 

380 

australis 

738. 

758 

eximia 

■'.      379, 

390 

errabuudus  ... 

733, 

758 

harmosta 

..      379, 

388 

ferox  ... 

724, 

758 

hestiopa 

380 

krisifiirmis    ... 

732, 

758 

nielanopa 

\.      380, 

384 

lacteus    721,  723,  726, 

741, 

755, 

ochlopa 

..      380. 

381 

[758 

parascia 

..      379, 

385 

lacfis  ...          ... 

721 

phylactis 

..      379. 

387 

mcriilionaiis 

726, 

758 

psarotricha  ... 

..      380, 

382 

iiigriceps 

731 

psoralea 

..      37 

9, 

386 

paradoxus     ...' 

728, 

758 

XX. 

INDEX. 

PAGE 

Termes  perniger 
rubriceps 
serratus 
Turneri         

734, 
730, 
731, 
736, 

758 
758 
758 
758 

Tr 

Terniffisa  Lyelliana 

Terni.tidffi            

Tetracha  basalis 

excisilatera  ... 

'27 

721 

35 

34 

Tetraniorium  guineense... 

142 

Tftranthera  (^Litsaea)  reticulata   '2;-i5, 

[277 
Thalpocliares  coccophaga  ...  810 

Thennt-fia  ttnehrica        ...  .30 

Thlaosoina  551,  552 

dubia ..   551 

Thomisidse     530,  547,  548,  549,  551, 

[552 

Thomisus...         ..  548 

Thyauidte.  578 

Tihacoas 230 

Tiliqua  scincoides  ...         ...  642 

Tinagma 299,421 

leucauthes    ...  ...  ...  422 

Tinea  coinpteUa  ...         ...         ...  41tj 

lalivitella      ...  ...  ...  432 

niceibractella  ...         ...     31 

Tineidte 432 

Tiiieina     ...  ...  ...  ...      19 

Torpedo  marmorata       ...         ...     99 

Trachia 775 

Baudiiiensis...  ..  ...  775 

CoUiiigei       ...         ...         ...  775 

cyclostoniata  ...         ...  775 

Froggatti      774,  775 

millepunctata  ...         ...  775 

monogramma  ...      775,  776 

orthocheila  ...         ...      774,  775 

propinqua     ...  ...  ...   776 

lectilabrum ...  ..  ...  775 

Tuckeri         775 

Trachuius  declivis  ..  ...  761 

Trachydora         ...  298,  379,  390 

actinia  ...         ...       391,  393 

aplirocoma  ...         ...      391,  392 

astragalota  ..  ...      392,401 

capnopa        ...         ...      391,  400 

chalybanthes  ...      391,  393 

chlorozona    ...         ...      391,  399 

corysta  ...         ..,      391,396 

droserodes    ...         ...      391,  395 

euryplaca     ..  ...      392,  397 

heliodora      390,  395 

heliotricha 391,  400 


PAGE 

Trachydora  illustris       390,  391,  397 

leucura  391,  398 

niusata  ...         ...      391,  398 

nomodoxa     ...         ...      391,  395 

oxyzona        ..  ...      391,  396 

peroneta       ...         ...      391,  394 

placophanes...         ...      391,  400 

poiphyrescens         ...      Ii9l,  400 
psaniiiiodes  ...  ...      391,  394 

stephano|  a  ...  ...      391,  399 

thyrsophora 391,  392 

Trarhi/niene  Stephen-'^onii  ...   146 

Trachvpterus       ...646,  652,  657,  659 

ahirtli.s     647,  648,  654,  6.">7,  658, 

1659 

arawatEe   647,  648,  649,  652,  653, 

[655,  657,  658 

arcticus         ...         ...         ...  657 

iri.'i     ...         ...         ...         ...  646 

jacksoniensis   648,  649,  657,  658, 

[659 
jacksoniensis  polystictus       648, 
[649,  657,  658 
rex-salmon(irum      ..        647,  659 
semiophorus  ...      647,  657 

.spinoUe  ...         ...         ...  646 

taenia  ...646,  647.  648,  658 

tracliyptera  ...  646,  657,  658 

trachyrhyiichus       ...  ...   659 

weychardti  ...  ...  ...   647 

Trag(ipus  sp         ...         ..  ...  505 

Tnchocareiiumcylindricum  220,  221 

elderi  221 

Trichopharynx    ...         ...         ...   769 

crassilabris  ...         ...         ...  769 

Triglyphothrix  obesa  var.        ...   143 

Triodia  sp.  ..  ...  ...   747 

Trivia  australis   ...  ...       576,  578 

Tryphvna  tineiformis    ..  ...     31 

Turneria  bidentata         ...         ...   140 

Tynipanocryptis  cephalus         ..     641 
Typha  angustifolia         ...         ...  360 

Typhlops  aluensis  ...         ...   685 

Unibelliferse         146 

Urticete     ...         ...         ...         ...  235 

Ustilago  confusa...         ...         ...     42 

crypta  36,  42,  43 

panici-miliacei         ...         ...     42 

Vanicela 298,  314 

xenadelpha...  ...         ...  315 

Varanus  gouldii ...  ...         ...  644 

timorensis    ...         ...         ...  645 

Veneridas ...         ...         ...         ...  810 


INDEX. 

XXI. 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Venus  aphrodina 

...    810 

Xylophilus  Blackhurni  . 

589 

aiistralis 

...  810 

crassicoruis  .. 

...  .'589 

galliiiula 

...  810 

eucalypti 

..    589 

Peroiiii 

...  810 

fasciatus 

...  589 

scalarina 

...  810 

Huctuosus     ... 

...  589 

spurca 

...  810 

humeralis 

.      589,  590 

Viscum  articulatum 

..    254 

imniaculatus 

...  589 

Vivipara  ... 

...  777 

impressicollis 

...  589 

(lecipiens 

...  777 

inconspicuus 

...  589 

Paiilucciana  .. 

777,  778 

ketus  .. 

...  589 

Voluta  Delessertiana 

...  779 

lateralis 

...  589 

deliciosa 

...  779 

rnorulns 

...  589 

Kfuyoniana  ... 

...  779 

mundus 

...   589 

lyrffiformis    ... 

...  779 

parallelus     ... 

...  589 

mitrfeformis... 

...  779 

pectiiiicornis 

...  589 

nucleus 

...  779 

quadrifoveatus 

...  589 

Roadkuighti 

..    780 

sordidus 

...  589 

Rossiteri 

...  779 

uudatus 

..  589 

Volutella  papillosa 

..  779 

variegatus    ... 

...  589 

Xauthoirhoea  spp.           5S5, 

610,  619 

Xyloryctidse 

21,  270 

Xenica  hobartia  .. 

...  243 

Xylorycta  chrysoniela   . 

...  270 

Xylaria  allantoidea 

...  239 

ophiogramma 

...  271 

Xyleborus  spp 

...  2.34 

porphyrinella 

...  271 

Xylophilidffi 

...  588 

Xysticus   ... 

...  548 

Xylophilus 

588,  5S9 

Zapyrastra 

.      299,  368 

abaormis 

...  589 

calliphana     ... 

...  368 

albnnotatus  .. 

...  589 

Zeopus  storeoides 

..  638 

alpicola 

..    589 

Zonopetala  (?)  stenoptera 

...     31 

basicornis     ... 

...  589 

57 


PLSNSW.  1897 


PI,  XXII. 


R.T.B  del 


3  2 

ACACIA     GLADlirOR  MIS,    A.Cui^n. 


PL  SNS.W,   1897. 


PI.  ,XXf!l. 


R.TB.    am. 


ACACIA     OBTUSATA,    S/fb. 


PL.SN.SW.  1897 


PI  XXIV. 


RT.B.    de  '. 


ACACIA    RUB  IDA,    A.CuNN. 


RLS.NS.W,    18  97. 


PLXXV, 


R.J.B.  del. 


ACACIA     RIPTERA,  Bfvr/^.     var  LYNDON/,  RTB- 


P.L.S-N  S.W     1897. 


PI     XXV). 


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P  L.S.N  SW-  18  97 


PI. XXVII 


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D .MC.A.  del. 


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PI.   XXIX. 


E.  H/EMASTOMA.  Sm 


E.  H  EMASTOMA    (miCRANTHA). 


PX.S  N.SW     I  B97 


PI.   XXXI 


H/EMASTOMA     (m  1  CRANlTHy^)    F/^s.   8-14 


P.L.S  N  SW,  1897. 


Pt.   XXXII 


E,  UJEHMANNIANA.  F.\^.M. 


P.LSN.S.W.   18  97. 


PI.  KKX\ 


E.  LUEHMANNIAMA     F.  v.M. 


P.L.S.N.S.W.   18  97. 


PIXXXJII   bis. 


E.  LUEHMANNIANA,  VAR.   o-Uior.   F/^20. 


E.  OBTUSIFLORA.      r/>5.  2I-24-. 


PI.  XXXIV. 


^.W.F.    del 


AUSTRALIAN     TERMITID/E. 


P.LSN  SW   18  97 


PI.  XXXV. 


kv.iVF  del 


AUSTRALIAN     TERMITID/E. 


RLSN.SW,    189  7 


PI.    XXXVI. 


.&4 


— I 


-x3 


P.L.S.N.S.W.  1897. 


Plate  xxxvii. 


Photo.  h\i  the  Author 

FIG.  1.— LAKE    ALBINA    (Mt.    Kosciusko    in    the   distance,    to   the    left).      THE    PENINSULA    IS 
THAT  MARKED  BY   Mr.  R.    HELMS  AS  SHOWING  "GLACIAL  TRACES." 


Phnto.  I,, I   tllC  Allthn,- 

FIG.  2.— THE  WILKINSON  VALLEY,  FROM  MT.  KOSCIUSKO,  MT.  TOWNSEND  OR  MUELLER'S 
PEAK  IN  THE  DISTANCE  TO  THE  RIGHT.     (Smoke  on  the  left  from  burning  grass.) 


Die  Enniiicline  Photo-Enyracing  Co.,  Sydney. 


P.L.S.N.S.W.1897. 


Plate  xxxviii. 


'^ii-4 


.^^  'Ztj 


Photo,  by  the  Author 
FIG.  1.— THE  GARRARD  TARN,  SHOWING  THE  ORIGIN  OF  A  CIRQUE  OR  CORRIE. 


Photo,  by  the  Author 
FIG.     2— WEATHERING     OF     GRANITE      INTO     ANGULAR      BLOCKS,     NORTH-EAST     LAKE 
MEREWETHER. 


The  Enameline  Photo-Engraving  Co.,  Sydney. 


F.L.SJV.S.W.  1897. 


Plate  xxxix. 


H.ECR 


THE    KOSCIUSKO     PLATEAU. 

SHOWING  THE  AUTHORS  ROUTE  AND  ALL  THE  KNOWN  LAKES  OR  TARNS. 


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The  Hon.  Sir  William  Macleay,  Kt.,  F.L.S.,  M.L.C.  :  (By  the  Editor) 


Professor  W.  Baldwin  Spencer,  M.A.  :  Contributions  to  our 
Knowledge  of  Ctratodus.  Part  I. — The  Blood  Vessels.  (Plates  i.-v.)  — 
Prof.  F.  VV.  HuTTON,  F.R.S.  :  The  Pliocene  Mollusca  of  New  Zealand- 
(Pl.  VI. -IX.)  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  :  A  Monograph  of  the 
Ttmnocephalea.  (PI.  x.-xv.)  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  :  On 
an  apparently  new  Type  of  the  Platyhehninthes  ( Trematoda  ?)  (PI.  xvi.) — 
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tions on  the  Myology  of  Pa/inurus  Edfi;ardm,  Hutton.  (PI.  xvii.-xxi).  — 
Prof.  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  and  C.  J.  Martin,  M.B.,  B.Sc  :  Obser- 
vations  upon  the  Anatomy  of  the  Muzzle  of  the  Ornithorhi/nchm.  (PI.  xxii. , 
xxiiL)  — Prof.  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  and  C.  J.  Martin,  M.B., 
B.Sc.  :  On  the  Peculiar  Rod-like  Tactile  Organs  in  the  Integument  and 
Mucous  Membrane  of  the  Muzzle  of  Ornithorhynchus.  (PI.  XXiv.-xxvi.)  — 
C.  Hedley,  F.L.S.  :  On  Parmacochlea  Fischeri,  Smith.  (PI.  xxvii.)  — 
Prof.  R.  Tate,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c.  :  On  the  Geographic  Relations  of  the 
Floras  of  Norfolk  and  Lord  Howe  Islands  —  Baron  von  Mueller,  K.C.M.G., 
F.R.S.  :  Notes  on  an  Undescribed  Acaciahom  New  South  Wales.  (PI. 
xxviiL) — Baron  von  Mueller,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden, 
F.L.S. ,  F.C.S.  :  Description  of  a  New  Hakea  from  Eastern  New  South 
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Weapons  and  Implements  of  the  Alligator  Tribe,  Port  Essington,  North 
Australia  (PI.  xxx.-xxxv.)  —  N.  A.  Cobb,  Ph.D.  :  New  Nematode's  from 
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CONTENTS  OF  PROCEEDINGS,  1897,  PART  4. 

PAGE 

Contributions  to  a  more  exact  Knowledge  of  the  Geographical  Distri- 
bution of  Australian  Batrachia.     No.  V.     By  J.  J.  Fletcher    ...     66f> 

Plants  of  New  South  Wales  Ilhistrated.  By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S., 
Assistant  Curator,  Technological  Museum,  Sydney.  (Plates 
XXII. -XXV.)  ■••     693 

New  South  Wales  Fungi.     By  1).  McAlpine.     [Communicated  by  B. 

T.  Baker,  F.L.S.].     (Plates  xxvi.xxviii.):..         ...         698 

Observations  on  the  EucalyptS  of  New  South  Wales.     Part  iii.     By 
Henry  Deane,  M. A.,  F.L.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S.    (Plates' 
XXIX. -xxxiii.  and  xxxiii. /«"s)  704 

Australian     Termitida.       Part    iii.       By    Walter   W.    Froggatt, 

F.L.S.     (Plates  xxxiv. -XXXV.)       •.  ...         ...         "21 

New  Species  of  Australian  Fishes.     By  J.  DorGLAS  Ogilby  ...         .'..     759 

A  Contribution  to  the  Zoology  of  New  Caledonia.     By  J.   DorGL'AS 

Ogilby      "62 

Observations  on  Papuan  Land  and  Freshwater  Shells,  with  Descrip- 
tions of  new  Species  from  New  Guinea  and  Western  Australia. 
By  C.  F..ANCEY.     [Commufiicated  by  C.  Hedley,  F.L.S.]     (Plate 

XXXVI.)       .; ;     7'1 

New  Marine  Shells  from  the  Solomon  Islands   and    Australia.,  By 

John  Brazier,  F.L.S.,  C.M.Z.S.        ..         ..      •    •• 779 

On  some  Australian  iVcornH'/'.     Part  ii.     By  J.  Dor: g la. s  Ogilby    ...     783 

On  the  Evidence  (sO-called)  of  Glacier  Action  on  Mount  Kosciusko 
Plateau.  By  the  Rev.  J.  Milne  Curran,  Lecturer  in  Geology, 
Technical  College,     (Plates  xxxvn.-xxxix.)  796 

Donations         ...  690 

Elections  and  Announcements         689 

Notes  and  Exhibits 685,810 

Presidential  Address.     By  Professor  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.  M.    ..      812 

Elections  to  the  Council,  1898         ...  •••:         ...     847 

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CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  A  MORE   EXACT   KNOWLEDGE 

OF  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF 

AUSTRALIAN  BATRACHIA.     No.  v. 

By  J.  J.  Fletcher  M.A.,  B.Sc. 

(a)  Batrachia  of  Tasmania. 

The  number  of  species  of  Batrachia  assigned  to  Tasmania  at 
different  times  has  been  as  follows :  — 

184L — One  species  (Dumeril  and  Bibron,  Erp.  Gen.  viii  ;  out 
of  a  total  of  eleven  species  described  or  enumerated  from  Aus- 
tralia and  Tasmania). 

184L — One  species  (Mr.  J.  E.  Gray,  Capt.  Grey's  Journals, 
Vol.  ii.  App.,  p.  43.5;  out  of  a  total  of  sixteen — nominally  seven- 
teen  species  catalogued  from  Australia  and  Tasmania,  including 

the  preceding). 

1858.— Eight  species  (Dr.  Giinther,  seven — one  erroneously, 
Crii?ia  ijeorgiana  [App.,  p.  134]  not  being  a  Tasmanian  species — 
including  Fsendoplirijne  hibronii  in  the  Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue 
[18.58];  subsequently  increased  by  two  species  of  Crinia  [P.Z.S. 
1864,  p.  48].  A  second  record  of  Pseudopliryne  hibronii  given  in 
Ann.  Mag.  N.  H.  (3),  xx.  LS67,  p.  55. 

1868. — Seven  species  (Mr.  G.  Krefft,  "Notes  on  the  Fauna  of 
Tasmania,"  including  Ryla  verreauxii,  and  a  "  Pseudophryne  dis- 
covered by  Mr.  Masters,  and  probably  new " ;  the  remainder  are 
included  in  Dr.  Giinther's  Catalogue,  but  L.  peronii  therein 
mentioned  only  in  the  Appendix  (p.  134)  is  overlooked).  It  is  to 
be  regretted  that  Mr.  Krefft  apparently  neglected  to  place  on 
record  the  complete  list  of  species  obtained  by  Mr.  Masters. 

1882.— Seven  (height)  [Mr.  A.  G.  Boulenger,  Brit.  Mus.  Cata- 
logue, 2nd  ed.].     Mr.  Boulenger's  revised  list,  the  latest  we  have. 


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The  Macleay  Memorial  Volume  [issued  October  1.3th,  1893]. 
Royal  4to.,  li.  and  308  pages,  with  Portrait,  and  forty-two  plate.s. 
Price  £3  3s. 

CONTENTS. 

The  Hon.  Sir  William  Macleay,  Kt.,  F.L.S.,  M.L.C.  :  (P>y  the  Editor) 


Professor  W.  Baldwin  Spencer,  M.A.  :  Contributions  to  our 
Knowledge  of  Ceratodw^.  Part  I. — The  Blood  Vessels.  (Plates  i.-v. )  — 
Prof.  F.  W.  HuTTON',  F.R.S.  :  The  Pliocene  Alollusca  of  New  Zealand. 
(PI.  vi.-ix.)  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  :  A  Monograph  of  the 
Temnocephalecti.  (PI.  x.-xv.)  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  :  On 
an  apparently  new  Type  of  the  Platyhehninthen  (Trtmatoda? )  (PI.  xvi. ) — 
Prof.  T.  Jeffery  Parker,  D.Sc,  F.R.S. ,  and  Miss  J.  G.  Rich  :  Observa- 
tions on  the  Myology  of  Palinuriift  Echnardm,  Hutton.  (PI.  xvii. -xxi).  — 
Prof.  -J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  and  C.  J.  Martix,  M.B.,  B.Sc  :  Obser- 
vations upon  the  Anatomy  of  the  Muzzle  of  the  OrnithorhyHchufi.  (PI.  XXii. , 
xxiiL)  — Prof.  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  and  C.  .J.  Martin,  M.B., 
B.Sc.  :  On  the  Peculiar  Rod-like  Tactile  Organs  in  the  Integument  and 
Mucous  Membrane  of  the  Muzzle  of  Ornithorhyncus.  (PI.  xxiv.-xxvi.)  — 
C  Hedley,  F.L.S.  :  On  Parmacorhiea  Fischeri,  Smith.  (PI.  xxvii.)  — 
Prof.  R.  Tate,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c.  :  On  the  Geographic  Relations  of  the 
Floras  of  Norfolk  and  Lord  Howe  Islands  —  Baron  von  Mueller,  K.C.M.G., 
F.R.S.  :  Notes  on  an  Undescribed  ^Icac^a.  from  New  South  Wales.  (PI. 
xxviil) — Baron  von  Mueller,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  and  .T.  H.  Maiden, 
F.L.S.,  F.C.S.  :  Description  of  a  New  Hakea  from  Eastern  New  South 
Wales.  (PI.  XXIX.)  —  R.  ETHERiDCiE,  Jun.  :  A  Description  of  some  of  the 
Weapons  and  Implements  of  the  Alligator  Tribe,  Port  Essington,  North 
Australia  (PI.  xxx.-xxxv.)  —  N.  A.  Cobb,  Ph.D.  :  New  Nematode;  from 
Fiji  and  Australia.     (PI.  xxxvi.-xlii.) 

Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Australian  Fishes.  By  William 
Macleay,  F.L.S.  [1881].     A  few  copies  only.     Price  £1,  net. 

The  Transactions  op  the  Entomological  Society  op  New 
South  Wales,  2  vols.,  Svo  [Vol.  i.  tive  Parts,  1863-66;  Vol.  ii.  five 
Parts,  1869-73;  all  published],  price  £2,  net,  are  also  obtainable, 
but  neither  the  Parts  nor  the  Volumes  are  sold  separately. 


CONTRNTS  OF  PROCEEDINGS,  1897,  PART  8. 


PAGE 
Descriptions  of   two  new  Species  of    Pultencea.     By  R.  T.   Baker, 

F.L.S.,    Assistant    Curator,    Technological    Museiur,    Sj^dney. 

(Plate  XVI.)  438 

Note  on  an  exhibit  of  feathered  arrows  from  the  New  Hebrides.     By 

XoRM^AN  Hardy  442 

Revision  of  the  Australian  Cureulionidce  belonging  to  the  Subfamily 

Cryptorlu/nchides.     Parti.     By  Arthur  M.  Lea 449 

Descriptions  of  some  new  Araneidre  of  New  South  Wales.  No.  8. 
By  W.  J.  Rainbow,  Entomologist  to  the  Australian  Museum. 
(Plates  XVII. -XVIII.)       ...     514 

Notes  on  the  Genus  ^pAW^zs,  C.V.     By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby 554 

On  a  new  Species  of  Eucalyptus  from  the  Sydney  District.  By 
Henry  Deane,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden,  F.L.S. 
(Plate  XIX.)  '       561 

Notes  on  Species  of  Cypra'a  inhabiting  the  Shores  of  Tasmania.     By 

C.  E.  Beddome,  R.N.     (Plates  xx.-xxi.) 564 

Descriptions  of  new  Species  of  Australian  Coleoptera.     Part  iv.     By 

Arthur  M.  Lea  ..  584 

On  the  Lizards  of    the   Chillagoe  District,   N.   Queensland.     By  R. 

Broom,  M.D.,  B.Sc ' 639 

On  a  Trachypterus  from  New  South  Wales.     By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby     646 

Donations         ...         ...         ...         ...         ..  ...         ...         ...        446,  579 

Elections  and  Announcements        ...  ...         ...  ...  ...         ...     579 

Notes  and  Exhibits •    ..  441,577 


Issued  February  11,  189S. 


Vol.  XXII. 

Part  3. 


THE 


No.  87. 


PEOCEEDINGS 


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LINNEAN  SOCIETY 


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Containing    Papers  read  in 
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-.^GrEOSTTS   lasr   ETXIiOIFE  : 


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ZufJ'^ifafiK.'Messvs.  R.  FRitTtL^NDEB  &  SoHX,  Carlstrasse  11,  Berlin,  N.W' 


•3^ 


NOTICE. 


With  the  exception  of  Volumes  I. -VI.  of  the  Proceedings — of 
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may  be  obtained  at  the  Society's  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth 
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lowing prices : — 

Proceedings  for  18S2,  Vol.  VII.  —Part  1 


Proceedings  for  1883,  Vol.  VIII 

>>  >»  5» 

>>  J>  >> 

>>  >»  »J 

Proceedings  for  1884,  Vol.  IX. 

>5  J»  »> 

5  5  )>  >> 

Proceedings  for  1885,  Vol.  X. 


Proceedings  for  1886,  Vol.  I. 


Proceedings  for  1887,  Vol.  II. 

>>  J)  5» 

•>  »>  J> 

)  5  ))  1> 

Proceedings  for  1888,  Vol.  III. 

»)  )>  5) 

»  »  )>  J  » 

Proceedings  for  1889,  Vol.  IV. 

S»  J)  >> 

))  39  JJ 

? J  ))  5> 

Proceedings  for  1890,  Vol.  V. 

)3  )  J  i  » 

53  J5  J5 

Proceedings  for  1891,  Vol.  VI. 


—Part  1     ... 

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6 

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SEItlES. 

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6 

BY    W.    8.    DUN.  437 

almost  cei'tain  that  the  County  Wellesley  beds  are  of  the  same 
age  as  those  whose  contents  were  examined  by  Mr.  Hall. 

In  April,   1897,  Mr.  Carne    made  a   further  collection  from 
Stockyard  Creek,  Parish  Alexander,  County  of  Wellesley,  and  it 
■was  found  that  besides  the  graptolites  already  recorded — Dicran- 
ograptns  furccrtus,  Hall,  Diplograptus  cf.  palmeus,  Barr.,  D.  cf. 
rectangular  is,    McCoy,    Dicellograptus    extensus,    Hall,   D.   sp , 
Olimacograptus  sp. — there  were  four  specimens  of  the  bluish  slate 
showing  evidence  of  sponge  structure.    The  skeletons,  as  is  so  often 
the  case  with  Lower  Silurian  sponge  remains,  are  pyritised,  and 
though  little  of  the  detail  can  be  seen  it  would  appear  to  be  a 
form  of  Protospongia.     No  trace  of  the  individual  structure  of  the 
hexactinellid  skeleton  spicules  can  be  made  out,  the  body  mass 
being  represented  by  an  irregular  reticulation  of  very  delicate 
lines  of  pyrites,  so  thin  that  a  lens  is  useless.     The  general  form 
of  the  sponge  was  probably  like   that  of  Protospongia  cyathi- 
Jbrmis,  Dawson  and  Hinde,  from  the  Cambro-Silurian  of  Little 
Metis  Rivei',  Canada.*     It  is  of  elongated  oval  shape,  about  one 
and  a  half  inches  long  as  preserved.      The  regular  tetrangular 
disposition  of  spicules  and  their  cruciform  appearance  typical  of 
Protospongice  is  not  seen.     At  one  end,  the  lower,  can  be  seen 
the  remains  of  the  long,  simple  anchoring  spicules.     In  one  case 
seven  long  ones,  inserted  for  a  considerable  distance  into  the  body 
mass,  ai'e   pi-eserved.      The  top,  with  the  osculum,  is   not  well 
pi'eserved,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  whether,  as  in  the  case 
of  P.  cgathijbrmis,  there  are  any  protective  spicules  present. 

Mr.  T.  S  Hall  has  already  recorded  two  species  of  Protospongia, 
P.  reticulata  and  cruciformis,  from  Bendigo.f  These  forms 
present  the  typical  arrangement  of  spicules  in  almost  rectangular 
lattice  structure. 


*  Ti-aiis.  R.  Soc.  Canada,  1889,  vii  p.  43,  fig.  13. 
t  Proc.  R.  Soc.  Vict.,  1889,  i.  (N.8.),  pp.  60-61,  PI.  4. 


CONTENTS  OF  PROCEEDINGS,  1897.  PART  2 


PAGE 

Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Flora  of  Australia.  No.  i.  By 
R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological  Museum, 
Sydney.     (Plate  x.)       230 

The  Genus  Hcteronymphu  in  New  South  Wales.      By  C  A.  Water- 

iiousE        .-         240 

The  Life-history  of  Apaiistus  lascivia,  Rosenstock.     By  (t.  A.  Water- 

HorsE        244 

Some  New  Genera  and  Species  of  Fishes.     By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby         245 

On  the  Occurrence  of  the  Genus  PaUcchi im-'  in  the  Upper  Silurian 

Rocks  of  New  South  Wales.     By  John  Mitchell         258 

Two  Ornate  Boomerangs  from  North  Queensland.     By  R.  Etheridce,- 

Junr.,  Curator  of  the  Australian  Museum,  Sydney.     (Plate  xi.)       2G0 

New  Australian  Lepidoptera.     By  Oswald  B;  Lower,  F.E.S,  ...     263 

On  tlie  Cinnamomums  of  New  South  Wales  :  with  a  Special  Research 
on  tlie  Oil  of  C.  OHveri,  Bail.  By  R.  T.  Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant 
Curator,  Technological  Museum,  Sydney  (Plates  xii.-xiii.)        ...     275 

The  Rhopalocera  of  Lord  Howe  Island.     By  G.  A.  Waterhouse     ...     285 

Stray  Notes  on  Papuan  Ethnology.     Part  ii.     By  C.  Hedley,  F.L.S., 

Conchologist  to  the  Australian  Museum.     (Plates  xiv.-xv.)       ...     28S 

Descriptions  of   Australian   Micro-Lepidoptera.      xvii.  Elackisfid'i . 

By  E.  Meyrick,  B.A.,  F.Z.S.  297 

Note  on  the  Occurrence  of  Sponge  Remains  in  the  Lower  Silurian  of 

New  South  Wales.     By  W' .  S.  Dun 43& 

Donations        255,293 

Notes  and  Exhibits 252,292 


Issued  October  25,  1897. 


M^' 


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Part  2. 


No.  86. 


THE 


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2:kKf//%- Messrs.  R.  Friedl^nder  &  Sohn,  Carlstrasse  11,  Berlin 


'■;>^ 


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which  the  Society's  stock  was  totally  destroyed  in  the  Garden 
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may  be  obtained  at  the  Society's  Hall,  Ithaca  Road,  Elizabeth 
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BY    THOMAS    G.'   SLOANE.  229 

ridge  obsolete;  inner  apical  spine  long,  sh-ong;  intermediate  tibiaj 
with  a  minute  external  tooth  at  apex. 

Length  20,  breadth  4*5  mm. 

Hab. — Central  Australia  (Coll.  French). 

This  species  differs  greatly  from  T.  macros,  Bates,  (from  descrip- 
tion) by  its  smaller  size,  colour,  the  clypeus  not  having  four  teeth 
of  equal  size,  &c.;  from  T.  iierlongum,  SI.,  it  differs  by  its  smaller 
size,  colour,  facies, — the  head  more  quadrate,  the  elytra  depressed 
etc.  I  have  not  found  any  trace  of  a  marginal  puncture  at  the 
posterior  angles  of  the  prothorax  as  usual  among  the  Carenides. 

During  the  time  that  has  elapsed  since  the  publication  of  my 
"  Second  Note  on  the  Carenides"  the  following  species  have  been 
added  to  the  tribe  : — 

Euryscaphus  terrenus,  SI.,  Carenum  frenchi,  SI.,  C.  o^itinmm, 
SI.,  C.  cognatum,  SI.,  C.  gracile,  SI.,  Eutoma  viridicolor,  SI., 
Neocarenum  blackburni,  SI. 


The  Macleay  Memorial  Volume  [issued  October  13th,  1893]. 

Royal  4to.,  ll  and  308  pages,  with  Portrait,  and  forty-two  plate.?. 

Price  £3  3s. 

CONTENTS. 

The  Hon.  Sh-  \Yilliam  Macleay,  Kt.,  F.L.S.,  M.L.C.  :  (By  the  p]ditor). 


Professor  W.  Baldwin  Spencer,  M.A.  :  Contributions  to  our 
Knowledge  of  Geratodm.  Pai't  I. — The  Blood  Vessels.  (Plates  i.-v.)  — 
Prof.  F.  W.  HuTTON,  F.R.S.  :  The  Pliocene  MoUusca  of  New  Zealand. 
(PI.  VL-ix.)  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  :  A  Monograph  of  the 
Temnocephahce.  (PI.  x.-xv.)  —  Prof.  W.  A.  Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.  :  On 
an  apparently  new  Type  of  the  Platyhtlminthes  (Trematoda  / )  (PI.  xvi; ) — 
Prof.  T.  Jeffeky  Parker,  D.Sc,  F.R.S. ,  and  Miss  J.  G.  Rich  :  Observa- 
tions on  the  Myology  of  Palinurus  Edivardni,  Hutton.  (PI.  xvii.-xxr).  — 
Prof.  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  and  C.  J.  Martin,  M.B.,  B.Sc  :  Obser- 
rations  upon  the  Anatomy  of  the  Muzzle  of  the  Ornithorhynchus.  (PI.  xxii., 
xxiii. )  —  Prof.  J.  T.  Wilson,  M.B.,  Ch.M.,  and  C.  J.  Martint,  M.B., 
B.Sc.  :  On  the  Peculiar  Rod-like  Tactile  Organs  in  the  Integument  and 
Mucous  Membrane  of  the  Muzzle  of  Ornithorhynchus.  (PI.  xxiv.-xxvi.)  — 
C.  Hedley,  F.L.S.  :  On  Parmacoch/ea  Fm"heri,  Smith.  (PI.  xxvii.)  — 
Prof.  R.  Tate,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  &c.  :  On  the  Geographic  Relations  of  the 
Floras  of  Norfolk  and  Lord  Howe  Islands  —  Baron  von  Mueller,  K.C.M.G., 
F.R.S.  :  Notes  on  an  Undescribed  Acacia  hom.  New  South  Wales.  (PI. 
xxviiL )— Baron  von  Mueller,  K.C.M.G.,  F.R.S.,  and  J.  H.  Maiden, 
F.L.8.,  F.C.S.  :  Description  of  a  New  Hakca  from  Eastern  New  South 
"Wales.  (PI.  XXIX.)  —  R.  Etheridge,  .Jun.  :  A  Description  of  some  of  the 
Weapons  and  Implements  of  the  Alligator  Tribe,  Port  Essington,  North 
Australia  (PI.  xxx.-xxxv.)  —  N.  A.  Cobb,  Ph.D.  :  New  Nematodes  from 
Fiji  and  Australia.     (PI.  xxxvi.-XLii.) 

Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Australian  Fishes.  By  William 
Macleay,  F.L.S.  [1881].     A  few  copies  only.     Price  £\,  net. 

The  Transactions"  op  the  Entomological  Society  op  New 
South  Wales,  2  vols.,  8vo  [Vol.  i.  live  Parts,  1863-66;  Vol.  ii.  five 
Parts,  1869-73  ;  all  published],  price  <£2,  net,  are  also  obtainable, 
but  neither  the  Parts  nor  the  V^olumes  are  sold  separately. 


CONTENTS  OF  PROCEEDINGS,  189T,  PART  1. 


PAGE 
Descriptions  of  New  Species  of  Australian  Lepidoptera,  with  Notes 

on  Synonymy.     By  Oswald  B.  Lower,  F.E.S 10 

Studies  in  Australian  Entomology.     No.  viii. — Descriptions  of  Two 

New  Tiger  Beetles.     By  Thomas  G.  Sloane  ...  33 

New  South  Wales  Fungi.     By  D.  McAlpixe.     {Plates  i.-ii.)  ...       36 

On    the   Fertilisation  of  Eiipomaiia  laurina,  R.Br.      By  Alex.   G. 

Hajiilton.     (Plate  III.)  4S 

Descriptions  of   the  Nests  and  Eggs  of  three  Species  of  Australian 

Birds.     By  Alfred  J.  North,  C.M.Z.S.,  Ornithologist,  Austra- 
lian Museum,  Sydney   ...         56 

New  Genera   and   Species   of  Australian   Fishes.      By  J.  DorGL.\s 

OOILBY      ..  62 

On  the  Development  of  Heterodontvs  (CestracionJ  PhiUipi.     Part  i. 

By  Professor  William   A.   Haswell,  M.A.,  D.Sc.      (Plates 

iv.-v.)       96 

Australian  Land  Planarians  :  Descriptions  of  New  Species  and  Notes 

on  Collecting  and  Preserving.     By  Thos.  Steel,  F.C.S.,  F.L.S. 

(Plates  VI. -VII.) 10* 

Land  Planarians  from  Fiji,  with  Descriptions  of  New  Species.     By 

Thos.  Steel,  F.C.S.,  F.L.S.     (Plate  vii.,  figs.  9  and  11.)  ...     120 

Description  of  a  new  Species  of  Land  Shell.     [Helix  (Hadra)  yep- 

poonensi»\.     By  C.  E.  Beddome         ...         123 

Notes   upon  the   Formicidce  of  Mackay,  Queensland.      By  Gilbert 

Tdrxer 129 

Descriptions  of  two  New  Species  of  Cyprcea  from  Western  Australia. 

By  Agses  F.  Kenyox ■ 145 

Notes  from  the  Botanic  Gardens,  Sydney.     No.  i.     By  J.  H.  Maidex 

and  E.  Betche ■•     1*6 

Descriptions  of  three  New  Species  of  Australian  Plants.     By  J.  H. 

Maidex  and  E.  Betche  150 

Descriptions  of  two  New  Species  of  Acacia  from  New  South  Wales. 

By  R.  T.   Baker,  F.L.S.,  Assistant  Curator,  Technological 

Museum,  Sydney.     (Plates  vin.-ix.)  153 

On  a  Larval  Teleost  from  New  South  Wales.    By  J.  Douglas  Ogilby    15S 
Revision  of  the  Genus  Paropsis.      Part  ii.     By  Rev.   T.   Blackburn, 

B.  A.,  Corresponding  Member 166 

On  the  Carenides  (Fam.  GaraUdce).     No.  iii.    By  Thomas  G.  Sloaxe     190 

Elections  and  Announcements        45,126,162 

Donations         1,45,126,162 

Notes  and  Exhibits 44,124,161 


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