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PROCEEDINGS

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Committee of ^ublfcation.

EDWARD J. YOUNG.
ALEXANDER McKENZlE.
CHARLES C. SMITH.

':r.e

PHOCEEDINGS

assac^usette listorical ^mti

Second Sbeies. — Vol. V.

1889-1890.

Publtstjelr at tljt CDfjatge of Ifje ^leafioBg JFnnB.

BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY.

M.DCCC.XC.

University Press:
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.

PREFACE. 1128357

This volume comprises the proceedings of the Society
at seven stated meetings, held from October, 1889, to
April, 1890, both inclusive, and of the special meeting
held in December, 1889, on the death of our distin-
guished associate, Chaeles Deane. In addition to the
various tributes to his memory on that occasion, the
volume contains Memoirs of Thomas C. Amoey, Heney
A. Whitney, and Geoege T. Bigelow, and several
communications of historical interest and value. Among
these the Committee would call attention to the Cata-
logue of Elder Brewster's Library ; Dr. Everett's paper
on " The Last Royal Veto " ; Rev. Dr. Pierce's " Notes
on the Harvard Commencements," which he attended;
the tributes to the memory of Francis C. Geay ; Mr.
Goodell's paper on " The Origin of the Towns of Massa-
chusetts " ; the " Description of the Battle of Lexington,"
by a British Officer ; and Mr. Hart's paper on " The
Relations of Harvard College and the First Church in
Cambridge."

For the Committee,

CHAELES C. SMITH.

Boston, October 1, 1890.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface v

List of Illustrations xi

Officers Elected, April, 1890 xiii

Eesident Members xiv, sv

Honorary and Corresponding Members xvi, xvii

Members Deceased xviii

OCTOBER MEETING, 1889.

Remarks on an Elegy on John Woodmancj-, by Samuel

A. Green 2

Remarks on the completion of a half-century of his member-
ship of the Society, by Robert C. Winthrop .... 4

Letter of George W. Erving and an account of the Diplomatic
Services of Mr. Erving, by J. L. M. Curry, communi-
cated by Robert C. Winthrop 9

Notes on the Will of William Mullins, communicated by

Henry M. Dexter 33

Catalogue of Elder Brewster's Library, communicated by

Henry M. Dexter 37

List of some Briefs in Appeal Causes, by P. L. Ford, commu-
nicated by Justin Winsor 85

NOVEMBER MEETING, 1889.

Remarks, communicating some unpublished letters and verses,
and urging a more prompt publication of the Proceedings,

by Robert C. Winthrop. Jr 102

Remarks on the Term Spanish Main, by George S. Hale . 110
Minutes about Indian Captives, communicated by Samuel A.

Green 114

SPECIAL SIEETING, DECEMBER, 1889.

PAGE

The Death of Charles Deake.

Eemarks b^- the President 161

Remarks b3- Robert C. Winthrop 121

Eemarks by Charles F. Adams 124

Remarks b}' Stephen Salisbltiy 129

Remarks b\- Justin Winsor 131

Remarks by Samuel C. Cobb 132

Remarks by William Everett 133

Remarks by Samuel A. Green 133

Remarks by Edmund F. Slafter ........ 134

Remarks by Edward Channing 135

Remarks by Edward J. Young 136

Letters from Henry Lee, Williaji C. Endicott, and Henrt

M. Dexter 137

Article from the Boston Post, by Charles C. Smith . . . 139

DECEMBER MEETING, 1889.

Remarks on the death of R. B. Forbes and Francis W.

Palfrey, by the President 142

Remarks by Leverett Saltonstall 143

Remarks by John C. Ropes 144

Remarks by Charles F. Adams 146

Remarks by Samuel A. Green 149

Remarks by Hen-ry W. Haynes 150

Appointments to prepare Memoirs 153

Remarks on The Narrative and Critical History of America,

by the President 154

Paper on the Last Royal Veto, communicated by William

Everett 156

Remarks bv William S. Appleton 163

JANUARY MEETING, 1890.

PAGE

Origin of the name of the town of Becket, by Samuel A.

Green 166

Some Notes on the Harvard Commencements, 1803-1848,
from the journal of Rev. Dr. John Pierce, communicated

by Charles C- Smith ' 167

Remarks by Whllam S. Appleton 263

Remarks on The New Historical School, by Mellen Cham-
berlain 265

Remarks by Henry W. Hatnes 278

Remarks by Robert C. "Winthrop, Jr 279

FEBRUARY MEETING, 1890.

Remarks on the anniversary of the formation of the Society,

by the President 281

Report from the Committee on the Library and Cabinet . . 285

List of Winthrop Papers given to the State Library of Con-
necticut and to other Libraries, communicated by Robert
C. Winthrop, Jr 286

Remarks on the earlj- editions of the first letter of Columbus,

by Justin Winsor 306

Remarks communicating tributes to the memorj' of Francis C.

Gray, by Robert C. AVinthrop 307

Remarks on the sale of the Aspinwall-Barlow Library, by

Mellen Chasiberlain 313

Paper on the Origin of Towns in Massachusetts, communicated

by Abner C. Goodell, Jr 320

Remarks on the use of prayers at funerals in Massachusetts,

by Samuel A. Green 331

Paper on The Historical Character of the Norse Sagas, com-
municated by Henry W. Haynes 332

Memoir of Thomas C. Amory, by Augustus T. Perkins . . 341

MARCH MEETING, 1890.

Eemarks by the President 347

Paper on Augustin Dupre, and his Work for America, com-
municated bj' William S. Appleton 348

Journal of Captain Samuel Jenks, communicated by Henry F.

Jenks 352

Description of the Battle of Lexington, by a British Officer,

communicated by Lucius R. Paige 391

Paper on The Relations between Harvard College and the First

Church in Cambridge, communicated by Albert B. Hart 396
Remarks on a plan of the Battle of Lake George, b^' Samuel

A. Green 416

Eemarks on portraits of Washington, by Justin WiNSOR . . 418
Remarks on the arms of Charles Chauncy, by Robert C.

Wixthrop 420

Remarks on the visit of the Sieur de Courtemanche to Boston,

by Abner C. Goodell, Jr 421

Memoir of Henrj- A. Whitney, by Edward Bangs .... 424

ANNUAL MEETING, APRIL, 1890.

Remarks on the completion of Palfre3's History of New Eng-
land, by the President 430

Deed from Thomas Danforth to the town of York, Maine, com-
municated by Samuel A. Green 432

Paper on the Tragedy of the Black-Friers, communicated by

Henry W. Haynes 435

Report of the Council 438

Treasurer's Report 440

Report of the Auditing Committee 448

Report of the Librarian 449

Report of the Cabinet-Keeper 450

Report of the Committee on the Library and Cabinet . . . 452

Officers elected 456

Memoir of the Hon. George Tyler Bigelow, by George B.

Chase 458

List of Donors to the Library 483

Index 487

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Portrait of George T. Bigelow Frontispiece

Battle of Lake George 416

Portrait of Henry A. Whitney . 424

OFFICERS

OF THE

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

Elected April 10, 1800.

Rev. GEORGE E. ELLIS, D.D., LL.D Boston.

©ia-^rtsibtnts.

FRANCIS PARKMAN, LL.D Boston.

CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS, A.B Quinct.

^Ecorbing Secrtlarg.
Rev. EDWARD J. YOUNG, D.D Waltham.

Comsponbrng SiCtrttarg.
JUSTIN WINSOR, LL.D Cambridge.

S^rcasartr.
CHARLES C. SMITH, A.M Boston.

STibrarian.
Hon. SAMUEL A. GREEN, M.D Boston.

Cabirat-^ttptr.
FITCH EDWARD OLIVER, M.D Boston.

&ncuiihe Cnnmiifttt of t^c Council.

AVILLIAM W. GOODWIN, D.C.L Cambridge

JOSIAH P. QUINCY, A.M Boston.

ROGER WOLCOTT, LL.B Boston.

EDWARD BANGS, LL.B Boston.

EDWARD J. LOWELL, A.M Boston.

[xiii]

RESIDENT MEMBERS,

AT THE DATE OF THE PRINTING OF THIS BOOK, IN THE ORDER OP
THEIR ELECTION.

Hon. Robert C. 'Winthrop, LL.D.
Rev. George E. Ellis, LL.D.
Rev. Lucius R. Paige, D.D.
Heniy Wheatland, M.D.
Francis Parkman, LL.D.
Oliver Wendell Holmes, D.C.L.
Hon. Leverett Sal ton stall, A.M.
Henry W. Torrey, LL.D.
Rev. Robert C. AVaterston, A.M.
Hon. Samuel A. Green, M.D.
Charles Eliot Norton, LL.D.
Rev. Edward E. Hale, D.D
Rev. Andrew P Peabody, D.D.
Hon. Horace Gray, LL.D.
Rev. Edwards A. Park, LL.D.
WiUiam H. ■miitmore, A.M.
Hon. James Russell Lowell, D.C.L.
Hon. William C. Endicott, LL.D.
Hon. E. Rockwood Hoar, LL.D.
Josiah P. Quincy, A.M.
Samuel Eliot, LL.D.
Henry G. Denny, A.M.
Charles C. Smith, A.M.
Hon. George S. Hale, A.M.
William S. Appleton, A.M.
Rev. Heniy M. Dexter, LL.D.
Hon. Theodore Lyman, S.B.
Abner C. GoodeU, Jr., A.M.
[xiv]

Edward D. Harris, Esq.
Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.
Hon. Melien Chamberlain, LL.D.
Winslow Warren, LL.B.
Charles W. Eliot, LL.D.
Charles F. Dunbar, A.B.
Hon. Charles Devens, LL.D.
Charles Francis Adams, A.B.
William P. Upham, A.B.
Fitch Edward Oliver, M.D.
William Everett, Litt.D.
George B. Chase, A.M.
Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge, Ph.D.
John T. Morse, Jr., A.B.
Justin Winsor, LL.D.
J. Elliot Cabot, LL.D.
Henry Lee, A.M.
Gamaliel Bradford, A.B.
Rev. Edward J. Young, D.D.
Hon. John Lowell, LL.D.
Abbott Lawrence, A.M.
Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D.
William W. Greenough, A.B.
Robert C. W'inthrop, Jr., A.M.
Henry W. Haynes, A.M.
Thomas W. Higginson, A.M.
Rev. Edward G. Porter, A.M.
John C. Ropes, LL.B.

RESIDENT MEMBERS.

Kev. Henry F. Jenks, A.M.
Hon. Samuel C. Cobb.
Horace E. Seudder, A.M.
Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, D.D.
Stephen Salisbury, A.M.
John T. Hassam, A.M.
Rev. Alexander McKenzie, D.D.
Ai-thur Lord, A.B.
Arthur B. Ellis, LL.B.
Clement Hugh Hill, A.M.
Frederick W. Putnam, A.M.
James M. Bugbee, Esq.
Hon. John D. Washburn, LL.B.
Rev. Egbert C. Smyth, D.D.
Francis A. Walker, LL.D.
Rev. Arthur L. Perry, LL.D.
Hon. John E. Sanford, A.M.
Uriel H. Crocker, LL.B.
Hon. Blartin Brimmer, A.B.
Roger Wolcott, LL.B.
William G. Russell, LL.D.

Edward J. Lowell, A.M.
Edward Channing, Ph.D.
Hon. Lincoln F. Brigham, LL.D.
Edward Bangs, LL.B.
Samuel F. McCleary, A.M.
William W. Goodwin, D.C.L.
Hon. George F. Hoar, LL.D.
Rev. Alexander V. G. Allen, D.D.
Charles G. Loring, A.M.
Rev. Octavius B. Frothingham, A.M.
Solomon Lincoln, A.M.
Edwin P. Seaver, A.M.
Albert B. Hart, Ph.D.
Thornton K. Lothrop, LL.B.
George O. Shattuck, LL.B.
James B. Thayer, LL.B.
Hon. Henry S. Nourse, A.M.
Henry Fitz-Gilbert Waters, A.M.
Edwin Lassetter Bynner, Esq.
Hamilton Andrews Hill, A.M.

HONORARY OR CORRESPONDING
MEMBERS,

ELECTED UNDER THE ORIGINAL ACT OF INCORPORATION, 1794, IN THE ORDER
OF THEIR ELECTION.

Hon. George Bancroft, D.C.L.
J. Hammond Trumbull, LL.D.

Rev. William S. Southgate, A.M.
John Gilmary Shea, LL.D.

HONORARY MEMBERS,

ELECTED SINCE THE PASSAGE OF THE ACT OF 1857.

James Anthony Froude, M.\.

Edward A. Freeman, D.C.L.

Rt. Rev. Lord A. C. Hervey, D.D.

David Masson, LL.D.

S. A.R. le comte de Paris.

Rt. Rev. William Stubbs, D.D.

Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.

[xvi]

Theodor Moramsen.

Marquis de Rochambeau.

John Robert Seeley, LL.D.

William E. H. Lecky, LL.D.

Very Rev. Charles Merivale, D.D.

Ernst Curtius.

Hon. Carl Schurz, LL.D.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS,

ELECTED SINCE THE

OF THE ACT OF 1857.

Hon. William H. Trescot.
George H. Moore, LL.D.
William Noel Sainsbury, Esq.
Benson J. Lossing, LL.D.
Lyman C. Draper, LL.D.
Goldwin Smith, D.C.L.
George Ticknor Curtis, A.B.
Hon. John Meredith Read, A.M.
Joseph Jackson Howard, LL.D.
Eichard Henry Major, F.S.A.
Rev. Edmond de Pressense', D.D.
Charles J. Stille, LL.D.
William W. Story, D.C.L.
M. Jules Marcou.
Thomas B. Akins, D.C.L.
M. Pierre Margry.
Charles J. Hoadly, LL.D.
John Foster Kirk, Esq.
Benjamin Scott, Esq.
Hon. Charles H. Bell, LL.D.
Rev. Edward D. Neill, D.D.
Rev. Thomas Hill, LL.D.
Hon. Manning F. Force, LL.B.
Sir Bernard Burke, C.B., LL.D.
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, LL.D.
Hon. John Bigelow, LL.D.
George William Curtis, LL.D.
Henry Charles Lea, LL.D.
Hubert H. Bancroft, A.M.
Rev. Richard S. Storrs, LL.D.
M. Gustavo Vapereau.

William F. Poole, LL.D.

Rev. E. Edwards Beardsley, D.D.

John Austin Stevens, A.B.

Joseph F. Loubat, LL.D.

Charles H. Hart, LL.B.

Rev. Moses Coit Tyler, LL.D.

Hermann von Hoist, Ph.D.

Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.

John M. Brown, A.M.

Hon. Andrew D. White, LL.D.

George W. Ranck, Esq.

James M. Le Moine, Esq.

Rt. Hon. Sir George O. Trevelyan,

Bart., D.C.L.
Henry Adams, A.B.
Julius Dexter, A.B.
Rev. Henry M. Baird, D.D.
Hon. William Wirt Henry.
Vicomte d'HaussonviUe.
James Bryce, D.C.L.
Rev. Charles R. Weld, B.D.
Herbert B. Adams, Ph.D.
Signor Cornelio Desimoni.
Gen. George W. Cullum, U.S.A.
Hon. Jabez L. M. Curry, LL.D.
Amos Perry, A.M.
Horatio Hale, A.M.
Hon. William A. Courtenay.
Rev. Mandell Creighton, LL.D.
John Andrew Doyle, SLA.

[xvii]

MEMBERS DECEASED.

Members who have died since the last volume of the Proceedings was issued, Nov. 4,
1SS9, arranged in, the order of their election, and with date of death.

Resident.

Charles Deane, LL.D Nov. 13, 1889.

Robert Bennett Forbes, Esq Nov. 23, 1889.

Francis Winthrop Palfrey, A.M Dec. 5, 1889.

Corresponding.

Henry Tuke Parker, A.M Aug. 18, 1890.

William Francis Allen, A.M Dec. 9, 1889.

[xviii]

PROCEEDINGS

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

OCTOBER MEETING, 1889.

THE stated meeting was held on Thursday, the 10th in-
stant, at three P. M.

The record of the last meeting before the summer recess
was read by the Recording Secretary.

The donations to the Library were reported by the Librarian.

The President, Dr. George E. Ellis, announced the deaths
of Theodore D. Woolsey, D.D., President of Yale College, who
was an Honorary Member of the Society, and of S. Austin
Allibone, LL.D., and Professor Alexander Jolmston, LL.D.,
of Princeton College, who were Corresponding Members ; and
he then said : —

During the suspension of the meetings of this Society we
have lost from our roll one of the oldest and most interested
of our Resident Members, — Thomas Coffin Amory, elected in
1859. He died, at his residence in this city, on August 20.
Graduating at Harvard at the early age of seventeen, he had
recourse to foreign travel to re-invigorate impaired health,
and opened in England an acquaintance, which ripened into
later friendly relations, with some eminent literary men. The
necessity of managing the family estate withdrew him from the
legal practice on which he had entered. Henceforward active
business responsibilities for others, and a broad and generous
engagement in civil, political, and philanthropic labors divided
his industriously spent time with historical and literary pur-
suits. Filial obligation induced him to devote his pen and

2 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIEXr. [Oct.

research to an admirable biography of his grandfather, the
eminent Governor James Sullivan, the first President of this
Society. He also gave much critical investigation and contro-
versial pleading in answer to some reflections on the militai-y
career and character of the brother of his grandfather, the
Revolutionary General John Sullivan.

He served this city as an Alderman and as a State Repre-
sentative, but declined proffered nominations to the State
Senate and to Congress. His special civic services were on
the School Committee, in aiding the organization of our sa's-
tem of public cliarities, in the first operations of the Charity
Building in Chardon Street and of the City Hospital, and in
digesting many of the city ordinances. His labor was cheer-
fully and patiently given, and was highly and gratefully ap-
preciated. He manifested the warmest and the most judicious
patriotism during our Civil War, and put his life in peril in
the Draft-riot. He wrote many papers in prose and metre
on our local antiquities, and themes which he fondly studied.
He was esteemed and cherished by his more intimate friends
for his fine culture and his gentlemanly qualities.

The Society will gratefully place upon its records its tribute
of respect to his varied services and to his memory.

Professor Dunbar was appointed to prepare a memoir of
the late Hon. Peleg W. Chandler, LL.D.

Colonel Washburn, minister to Switzerland, presented to
the Library a copy of the " Military Annals of Lancaster,
1740-1865," by the Hon. Henry S. Nourse, which he highly
commended.

Dr. Paige alluded to the absence of Dr. Deane, who had
been confined at home by a long illness, and moved that the
Secretary communicate to his family the sympathy of the
members of this Societ\'.

Dr. Green exhibited a copy of an old Elegy, of which a
fac-simile is here given, and made the following remarks : —

John Woodmancy, the subject of the Elegy, was, without
doubt, a master in the Boston Latin School, as it is evident,
from the tenor of the lines, that he taught Latin. I am un-
able to connect him either with Robert Woodmansey, head-
master of that school, who died on August 13, 1667, or with

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2 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

research to an admirable biography of his grandfather, the
eminent Governor James SulUvan, the first President of this
Society. He also gave much critical investigation and contro-
versial pleading in answer to some reflections on the military
career and character of the brother of his grandfather, the
Revolutionary General John Sullivan.

He served this city as an Alderman and as a State Repre-
sentative, but declined proffered nominations to the State
Senate and to Congress. His special civic services were on
the School Committee, in aiding the organization of our sys-
tem of public charities, in the first operations of the Charity
Building in Chardon Street and of the City Hospital, and in
digesting many of the city ordinances. His labor was cheer-
fully and patiently given, and was highly and gratefully ap-
preciated. He manifested the warmest and the most judicious
patriotism during our Civil War, and put his life in peril in
the Draft-riot. He wrote many papers in prose and metre
on our local antiquities, and themes which he fondly studied.
He was esteemed and cherished by his more intimate friends
for his fine culture and his gentlemanly qualities.

The Society will gratefully place upon its records its tribute
of respect to his varied services and to his memory.

Professor Dunbar was appointed to prepare a memoir of
the late Hon. Peleg W. Chandler, LL.D.

Colonel Washburn, minister to Switzerland, presented to
the Library a copy of the " Military Annals of Lancaster,
1740-1865," by the Hon. Henry S. Nourse, which he highly
commended.

Dr. Paige alluded to the absence of Dr. Deane, who had
been confined at home by a long illness, and moved that the
Secretary communicate to his family the sympathy of the
members of this Societv.

Dr. Green exhibited a copy of an old Elegy, of which a
fac-simile is here given, and made the following remarks : —

€|)e (§ta»tmut(iftn0 jfuneral.

OR,

I An ELEGY compofed upon the Death of Mr. fohn Woodmancy,\
formerly a School-Mafter in Bofton : But now Publjlhed upon
the DEATH of the Venerable

Mr. Ezekiel Chevers,

The late and famous School-Maftet of Bojton in Jfew-England ; Who Departed this Life the
Twenty-firft of Auguji 1708. Early in the Morning. In the Ninety-fonrth Year of his Age.

ElghtParts oi Speech thisDay wzaxMourningGowm
Declin'd Verhs, Proneuns, Partki/iks, Nouns.
And not declined. Adverbs and Conjuniliens,
In Li//ies I orch they ftand to do their fundions.
With Frepofnion ; but the moft affedion
Was ftiil obfervcd in the InterjellioH.
The Sulfianiive feeming the limbed bed,
Would let an hand to bear him to his Reft.
The AdjeHive with very grief did fay.
Hold me by ftrength, or I fliall faint away.
The Clouds of Tears did ovcr-caft their faces,
Yea all were in moft lamentable Cafes.
The five Dedenfjons did the Work decline.
And Told the Pronoun Ju, The work is thine •
I But in this cafe thofe have no call to go
I That want the Vocative^ and can't fay O !
The Pronouns faid that if the Nouns were there,
There was no need of them, they might themfpare :
'But for the lake of Etnphafis they would,
In their Difcretion do what ere they could.
Great honour was confer'd on Conjugations,
They were to follow next to the Relations.
Amo did love him beft, and Doceo might
Alledge he was his Glory and Delight.
But Lego laid by me he got his skill,
And therefore next the Herfe I follow will.
Audio! faid little, hearing them fo hot,
Yet knew by him much Learning he had got.
Ferh the AHiw were, Or Pajtw fure,
Sum to be Neuter cuuld not well endure.
But this was common to them all to Moan
Their load of grief they could not foon Depone.
A doleful Day for Verbs, they look fo moedyy
They dcova Spedators to a Mournful Study.
The Ferls irregular, 'twas thought by fbme.
Would break no rule, if they were pleas'd to come.
Gaudeo could not be found ; fearing difgrace
He had with-drawn, fent Mareo in his Place.
Pofum did to the utmoft he was able,
And bore as Stout as if he'd been A Table.

Volo was willing, Nolo fome-what ftout,
But Mdo rather chofe, not to ftand out.
Poffiim and Folo wifli'd all might afford
Their help, but had not an Imperative Wofd.
Edo from Service would by no means Swerve,
Rather than fail, he thought the Cakes to Serve.
Fio was taken in a fit, and faid,
By him a Mournful POEM fhould be made,
Fero was willing for to bear a part,
Altho' he did it with an aking heart.
Feror excus'd, with grief he was ^o Torn,
He could not bear, he needed to be born.

Such Nouns and Verbs as we defedlive find.
No GnasKy.^p Rule did their attendance bind.
They were excepted, and exempted Ixence,
But Supines, all did blame for negligence.
Verbs Offspring, Participles hand-in-hand,
Follow, and by the fame dirediion ftand :
The reft Promifcuoufly did croud and cumber.
Such Multitudes of each, they wanted Number.
Next to the Corps to maketh' attendance even,
Jove, Mercury, Apolk came from heaven.
And Virgtl, Cato, gods, men, Rivers, Winds,
With Elegies, Tears, Sighs, came in their .kinds.
Ovid from Pentus haft's Apparrell'd thus.
In Exile-weeds bringing De Trijlibus :
And Homer fure had been among the Rout,
But that the Stories fay his Eyes were out.
Queens, Cities, Ctuntries, Jjlands, Come
All Trees, Birds, Fillies, and each Word in Urn.

What Syntax here can you cxpedi: to find ?
I Where each one bears fuch difcompofed mind.
[Figures of Dilution and Conftrud:ion,
IDo little : Yet ftand fadly looking on.
That fuch a Train may in their motion chord,
Profodia gives the meafure Word for Word.

Sic Majius Cecinit,

Benf. %ompfon.

1889.] REMARKS BY MR. WOLCOTT. 3

Jolin Woodmancy, merchant, who died in the year 1684.
Ezekiel Chevers (now written Cheever), whose death was the
occasion of the printing of the Elegy, was a noted school-
master in early colonial times. He was the author of a Latin
Grammar, commonly known as " Cheever's Accidence," which
passed through more than twenty editions, and for a century
was used throughout New England in those schools where the
Latin tongue was taught ; and he was for nearly thirty-eight
3'ears the head-master of the Boston Latin School. Benjamin
Tompson, the writer of the lines, was a graduate of Harvard
College in the Class of 1662, and a physician of some repute.
He was Mr. Cheever's immediate predecessor as head-master
of the school, and a man of various attainments. He was
the earliest native American poet, and the author of several
printed poems. A list of his works, so far as they were known,
appears in Mr. John Langdon Sibley's " Harvard Graduates "
(vol. ii. pp. 109, 110), but " The Grammarian's Funeral " is
not mentioned. There is a suggestion of resemblance between
this production and an " Essay " in metre, which appears at
the end of Cotton Mathers sermon on Ezekiel Cheever, pub-
lished in the year 1708.

The original copy of the Elegy was given to me by Mrs.
Elizabeth Meriel (Mansfield | Williams) Knapp, daughter of
Dr. Joseph and Abi (Hartwell) Mansfield, of Groton, who
found it among her father's papers. Dr. Mansfield was a
graduate of Harvard College in the Class of 1801, an<l a poet
of considerable merit, besides being a schoolmaster and a
physician, — a combination of callings which, perhaps, had
some connection with the saving of the poetical waif. He
was born at Lynn on Dec. 17, 1770, and died at Groton on
April 23, 1830.

Mr. WoLCOTT read, from a manuscript in the handwriting
of Washington, a detailed account of the expedition against
Fort Du Quesne in 1754, and of the subsequent expedition
which resulted in Braddock's defeat. This account was writ-
ten by Washington in reply to inquiries made to him by
Col. David Humphreys, one of his aids, who contemplated
publishing a biography of his chief. It is believed that the
information given by Washington regarding his own part in

4 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

these campaigns has never been made public. Tlie manu-
script was given in 1829 by the widow of Colonel Humphreys
to John Pickering, son of Col. Timothy Pickering, and
through him has come into the hands of Mr. Henry G. Pick-
ering, by whose permission it was read to the Society. It will
be printed later in the Proceedings.

The President then said that we were looking forward to
our one hundredth anniversary, and that there was a gentle-
man present wliose membership covered precisely half of the
hundred years.

The Hon. Egbert C. Winthrop then spoke as follows: —

If I had followed my impulses, INIr. President, instead of
3'ielding to my discretion, I should have risen at once, after
you had finished your introductory remarks, and should not
liave waited for you to call on me now. I could have added
little, indeed, to your tiibute to our deceased associate Mr.
Amory; but I would gladly have united in doing honor to
the memory of President Woolsey, — one of the most accom-
plished and valuable men whose names have adorned our roll,
— and of Dr. Samuel Austin Allibone, whose "Dictionary of
Authors " ma}' be counted among the herculean labors of mod-
ern bibliographical literature. ISIeanwhile you have kindly
alluded to me as one whose membership of this Society covers
a full half of the hundred years of its existence, so soon to be
completed and celebrated. It is true, Sir, that I was elected
in the month of October, 1839, and that this may therefore
be regarded as the fiftieth anniversary of my admission to this
oldest Historical Society in our land. I need not add that
there is no one left, except myself, of the Resident Members
of that day, as I have been so often designated as " the vener-
able Senior Member " ever since the death of Mr. Savage,
fifteen or sixteen years ago. Our distinguished historian Ban-
croft was, indeed, one of our Resident Members when I was
chosen, but liis removal from the State not long afterwards
compelled us to transfer his name to our Honorary roll. He
is still, however, the oldest member of the Society; and all
our best wishes will, I am sure, have gone out to him on his
recent eighty-ninth birthday.

It was a goodly company, Mr. President, into which I
was admitted in 1839, and one with which any man might

1889.] KEMAEKS BY HON. E. C. WINTHEOP. 5

have been proud to be associated. We liad not with us
then, it is true, some of the famous pioets with whom we
have taken sweet counsel in Liter years, nor some of our
most brilHant historians. Longfellow and Emerson and
Holmes and Lowell and Motley and Parkman were associ-
ates of a much more recent date. But our Society then in-
cluded, among its sixty members, venerable and venerated
clergymen, like Dr. William Jenks, Dr. John Pierce, Dr.
Charles Lowell, Dr. Convers Francis, and Dr. Alexander
Young ; illustrious statesmen, like John Quincy Adams,
Josiah Quincy, and Daniel Webster ; learned judges and
counsellors, like John Davis, Daniel A. White, Leverett
Saltonstall, Lemuel Shaw, and Rufus Choate ; while of
authors and orators it had George Ticknor, Jared Sparks,
William H. Prescott, Francis C. Gray, John G. Palfrey,
and Edward Everett. I must not omit Nathan Appleton,
the eminent merchant and financier, and good Isaac P.
Davis, one of the most obliging and useful members we
have ever had. Nor can I fail to name my own honored
father, who was then our President ; and James Savage, our
great antiquarian, who soon succeeded him in the chair.

I may be pardoned for remembering that I was then only
thirty years of age ; but I had been a member of the Legis-
lature of Massachusetts for four or five years, and Speaker
of the House for one of them ; and that may, perhaps, ac-
count for my early admission to this Society. Not long af-
terwards, however, — in December of the same year, 1839, —
I did my best to justify my election by delivering a long and
elaborate address before the New England Society of New
York, on the Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers. It was my
first historical oration, or, indeed, oration of any kind ; and I
recall with no little pride the generous praise which it elicited
from our former president, Judge Davis, — -himself pre-emi-
nently the umpire of all that related to Plymouth or Pilgrim
history. To him I had ventured to send the proof-sheets for
his corrections and criticism, and his appreciative and com-
plimentary letter is among my most precious autographs of
that far-away period.

But I have not come here this afternoon to say anything
about myself or to make any communication of my own. I
hold in my hand a valuable communication from one of our

6 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

Corresponding Members, to which I will make a brief explana-
tor}' preamble.

It happened that when my friend, the Hon. J. L. M. Curry,
of Virginia, resigned his position as general agent of the Pea-
body Education Trustees, — a position to which, I rejoice to
say, he has recently returned, — and when he was about
embarking for Europe as United States Minister at Madrid,
I reminded him that two of my relatives had been Ministers
to Spain in years long past. One of them was my great-
iiucle, James Bowdoin, the son of Governor Bowdoin of
Revolutionary and Shays' Rebellion times. The other was
George William Erving, his cousin, of a somewhat later period.
I ventured to request him, if he found anything in tlie archives
of the Legation at Madrid which would throw light ou the
services of either of these relatives, that he would kindly
make it known to me. In conformity with this request, Dr.
Curry has prepared a memorandum or memoir of the diplo-
matic services of George William Erving, containing the re-
sults of an investigation of the archives of the Legation in
Madrid, and he placed it in my hands at the meeting of the
Peabody Trustees from which I have just returned, saying
that it would give him pleasure if I should see fit to present
it to this Society, with his respects, as one of our Correspond-
ing Members.

I am the more willing and glad to do this, as Mr. Erving
was himself also a Corresponding Member, having been
elected on the 31st of October, 1822, and was the giver to
our Cabinet — where it still is — of a fine set of the French
medals of Washington and Columbus and Franklin and oth-
ers, in a case inscribed with his name, whicli was long the only
set of those medals in our possession. He was a man, too,
of great accomplishments and of no little historical research.
He was educated at Oriel College in the University of Oxford.
His essay on the Basque Language was much prized by phi-
lologists half a century ago ; and his account of the little
Republic of San Marino, in a New York Review long since
discontinued, attracted much notice at the time. He was a
friend of the Hon. John Pickering, of George Ticknor, and
of others of our best-known literary men.

His name as Minister to Spain has often been confounded
with that of Washington Irving, who succeeded him after

REMARKS BY HON. R. C. WINTHROP.

many years at the Court of Madrid ; and I have more than
once fouud it misspelled in the published documents of Con-
gress and the State Department.^ James Madison had a
marble bust of my kinsman in his library at Montpelier, Va.,
where I had the good fortune to visit him in 18o2 ; and the
bust is now in my own possession. Mr. Madison then told
me that he never had a more capable and faithful minister
in his service, during his sixteen years' term as Secretary of
State and as President of the United States, than George
William Erving.

Mr. Erving was not so fortunate in winning the confidence
and regard of John Quincy Adams, with whom he had a
controversy during the period of the annexation of Texas,
and who spoke somewhat harshly of him in his Diary. It
chanced that during this annexation period a letter which
Mr. Erving had written to General Jackson many years be-
fore, and which had been marked "• private," found its way
into print, through the agency of some unscrupulous mis-
chief-maker, and greatly to Mr. Erving's surprise and chagrin.
As it referred to some words or acts of Mr. Adams in any-
thing but an approving tone, I was requested by Erving to
explain to Mr. Adams, with whom I was then in Congress,
that the letter was an off-hand effusion, written in the midst
of party controversies, and altogether private, and that it had
now been surreptitiously published to his great regret. The
message was kindly received by Mr. Adams, and I had hoped
that there was an end of the matter. But Mr. Adams did
not forget or forgive the letter, as was perhaps not to have
been too confidently expected.

Many months afterward, — it seems but yesterday, though
it must be much more than forty years ago, — Mr. Adams
most kindly called on me, soon after breakfast, at my house
in Summer Street. He was on his way to the ordination or
induction of some Unitarian clergyman, whose name I have
forgotten, not far from Boston. I remember his telling me
that he never failed to attend such occasions, whenever he
was invited, and mentioned, among other things, that he be-
lieved he had a pew in every church of every denomination

' Wasliington Irving, it is said, was descended from the same old Scotch
family, whose name is now generally written Irvine.

8 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

in Washington. As a matter of fact, however, he ahnost
always attended services on Sunday at the Capitol, par-
ticularly while the Rev. Mr. Cookman — a Methodist jireacher
of remarkable power and eloquence, whom he greatly ad-
mired, as all of us did — was chaplain of Congress.

But he then proceeded to tell me that he was to deliver a
lecture that very evening, before the Young Men's Whig Club,
in Tremont Temple, on the proposed annexation of Texas,
and that he should have occasion to allude to the letter of
Mr. Erving, in regard to which I had made an explanation
some time previously. He said that he desired to tell me
this in advance, as I was a relative and friend of Mr. Erving ;
and lest I should be deterred from coming to hear the lecture
he wished to assure me that he should spare Erving from any
severe strictures. " I shall spare him on your account," said
he ; "and I hope you will come and hear me." I thanked him
heartily for his kind consideration, and went to hear the
lecture accordingly.

But such a sparing I had never dreamed of. In the heat
of delivery Mr. Adams poured out an invective upon my
poor kinsman of the most intense character, and I made up
my mind that nothing could ever be more formidable than
to be spared by Mr. Adams. But the " old man eloquent " —
I had almost said the dear old man, and he was dear to us
all — fully believed that he had dealt leniently and tenderly
with Mr. Erving on my account ; and I doubt not that he
might have said a great deal sharper and severer things, if I
had not been present. At all events, there was nothing but
kindness and cordiality between us to the end of his life ;
and I recall much that was most amiable and even affectionate
in his intercourse with me at Washington. Nothing could
ever tempt me to say a disrespectful or disparaging word of
one for whom I cherished so much regard and veneration,
and whose friendship I count among the most valued privi-
leges of my life.

In the course of my subsequent correspondence with Mr.
Erving, while he was still in Europe, I begged him to give
me some account of liis family and of himself ; and not long
afterwards I received a letter from him, full of interesting
details of the Boston Ervings of the olden time, more than
one of whom was appointed a Mandamus Councillor, and

1S89.] LETTER OF HON. G. W. ERVING. 9

several of whom were refugees after the British army was
driven out of our harbor by Washington. It also contains not
a few striking allusions to his own early career as an Ameri-
can Democrat. I will not attempt to read any jjart of it on
this occasion; but if the Publishing Committee shall accept
Dr. Curry's communication and give it a place in one of the
volumes of our Proceedings, as I trust they will do, I will
append the Erving letter to these remarks as a preamble.

Mr. Erving died at New York, on the 22d of July, 1850,
having completed the eighty-first year of his age on the 15th
of the same month. He had lived long abroad, and was
under the impression that holographs, or wills written by
the testator's own hand, were everywhere valid. He left
duplicates of such a will, carefully drafted and deposited in
safe places. But the want of witnesses to his signature was
fatal, and his property was distributed according to laws
governing the estates of intestates. A much larger portion of
it would otherwise have gone to the late Col. John Erving,
of the United States Army, and to his son, John (Langdon-
Elwyu) Erving, of New York.

Letter of Hon. George TV. Erving.

Hon. Robert C. Winthkop, M.C,
Boston.

Mr DEAR Sir, — I wrote to you on the 25th inst., and now, pur-
suant to my promise, take up the matter referred to on closing that
letter. My notes, however, will not be very precise in dates, for I
have not any documents to assist my frail memory. All my family
papers which were not lost, with a mass of public records and official
correspondences and various valuable effects, in the great fire of New
York some six years ago, are now locked up at Washington ; amongst
them my grandfather's ledgers and letters, and his more interesting
early correspondence with his relations in Scotland.

My grandfather (your great-great-grandfather), John Erving, was
born at Kirkwall (in the Orkneys) in the year 1690. He came to
Boston at about the age of sixteen, say in the year 1706, a poor sailor-
boy. In the usual course he rose from the condition of sailor to be
captain when yet young ; then quitted the profession, and established
himself as ship-owner and merchant. He was a man of powerful intel-
lect, of singular sagacity and strict probity. These qualities, added to
2

10 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

tbe experience gained in various voyages, produced uniform success in
his commercial operations, and he died at tbe age of ninety-seven, the
most wealthy merchant of his time in New England.

The Scotch, even of the Lowlands, are especially accurate in, and
caieful of, their genealogical records ; the Highlanders and the natives
of tbe northern isles still more so. They are the more tenacious of
such family honors in proportion as their blood has been less mixed
with tbe Saxon ; and the more northern clans can boast that no con-
queror, from the Roman downward, has ever placed bis foot on their
soil. Thus, though tbe populations of tbe Orkneys can be considered
but as communities of poor fishermen, yet they are more proud of their
pure lineage than are princes of the south ; and, generally speaking,
pride of descent will always be in proportion to tbe degree of poverty
in societies, for it is a compensation. Where the distinctions of wealth
and high intellectual cultivation do not exist, there family distinction is
all-important. When our grandfather grew to manhood and became a
merchant this ancestral pride was roused into action, and he forthwith
procured from Scotland, and in regularly authentic form of the heralds,
his genealogical record and the blazon of his family arms. It appears
that the original family name was " Ervin Wynn," which is explained
(according to my best recollection) to mean " strong man of tbe West."

The " clans " Bonshaw and Drom now make the family Erving.
One was absorbed by tbe other ; Bonshaw, I tliink, was tbe original
Erving, and Drom tbe clan extinguished by the union. In the blazon
of tbe arms, then, tbe right (holly or holleyn leaves) are tbe bearings
of Bonshaw, to which also belongs the appropriate motto, " Sub sole
sub umbra virescens ; " tbe spread eagle on tbe left is of tbe extinct
clan Drom. I do not see that any of the race appeared in public life
previous to the time of Robert Bruce ; then an Erving distinguished
as a warrior was the King's armor-bearer.

I cannot say at what time my grandfather married, but conjecture
in about 1720; his wife was Abigail Phillips, of a very old Welsh
family, the head of which, Sir Richard Phillips, considered that his
ancient baronetcy was more honorable than a peerage ; that therefore
he refused, but his successor accepted and became Lord Milford. Of
this marriage there were four sons and four daughters, viz. :

John, who married into the English family Shirley. He died at
Bath, 1816.

George, who married, in 1768, Lucy Winslow, daughter of Isaac
Winslow of Roxbury. She died in 1770, leaving one son. My father
took a second wife in 1775, Mary Macintosh Royal, daughter of
Brigadier-General Royal of Medford. She died childless, 1786. Mj
father died, 1806.

James died unmarried, in the West Indies.

1S89.] LETTER OF HON. G. W. ERVING. 11

William, a captain in the British army, quitted that service on the
commencement of the Revolutionary War, and died unmarried at
Koxbury.

Elizabeth, your great-grandmother Bowdoin.

Mary, married to Colonel Scott of the English army, and Governor of
Dominica and of Granada.

Anne, married to Duncan Stewart of Ardsheil in the Highlands.

Sarah, married to Colonel Waldo.

Now, having brought this genealogical matter down to your own
time, I will add, respecting some of the persons or families named,
whatever anecdotical that may interest you.

My uncle John Erving was a man of a lofty, dignified character, a
perfect gentleman, loved and respected by all who knew him. His
wife was a woman of superior mind, yet too proud of her Shirley '
descent, and having also a very bad temper, she estranged her husband
from his two sons, John and Shirley ; these left their parents, and
settled and died in the United States.

My uncle William was also a perfect gentleman, and passionately
devoted to his profession ; he was distinguished as a mathematician, and
ranked very high in the English army as an engineer whilst aide-de-
camp of the famous General Wolfe at the siege of Quebec. On the
breaking out of the " American war," he refused to serve any longer,
and retired on half pay-'^

The Winslow family, of which was my mother, is the oldest of
the Pilgrim race. Mary Chilton was the first woman who landed at
Plymouth ; she was married to the brother of the first Governor
Winslow, and produced the first child born in the Colony ; from her are
descended all the Wiuslows.

My aunt Sarah was as pure a human character as ever existed, but
she was so plain in person that grandfather prophesied that she would
never "get a husband," — "too ugly." He was mistaken; she was mar-
ried to Colonel Waldo, an excellent man and rich withal. I have seen
lately, in an English paper, notice of the decease of two sisters Waldo,
old-maids, excessively rich ; the notice adds that theirs was the " oldest
family in England." I sent that notice to my cousin Isaac Winslow of
Boston for the use of the Waldos remaining amongst us.

The Bowdoin, or Boudoin, family I suppose you know to have been
Counts of Flanders, and that one of them during the " holy wars "
became King of Jerusalem.' I suspect that the origin of this name was
" Beau Doyen ; " if so, the race was French before Flemish.

1 Shirley Lord Ferrers.

2 He was tlie founder of the Erving Professorship of Chemistry at Harvard
College, having been graduated there in 1753.

2 There is no evidence to support this often repeated legend. " Baudouin "

12 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OCT.

Duncan Stetvart of ArdsheO : — the father of this gentleman (who
married Atiiie Erviug), was at the head of the clans of Appin and
Ardsheil in the rebellion of 1745; that "outbreak" failing, all his
estates were sequestered. When Lord Bute became prime minister
of George III., the Scotch were taken into favor under the special
patronage of that Scotch minister. Great numbers of his countrymen
were provided with places, pensions, etc. Duncan Stewart was made
Collector of New London. Duncan was in his person what the women
call a " fine man," tall, well proportioned, and with regular features ;
his intellect was quite moderate, but its deficiency was amply com-
pensated by an extraordinary proportion of native cunning, to which
he added great persistence in subtle and obsequious cajolery ; it was
thus that he built up his fortune. He eSected more in a few years
by these means, than a man having any dignity of character could have
effected during a long life with tenfold the capacity of Duncan. When
he took possession of his small post he lost no time in seeking " to
better his fortune by marriage in this fine country" (said he), and for
this, " came up " to Boston. There his Scotch birth procured intro-
duction to the Scotch chief of Boston, with whose daughter Anne he
immediately " fell in love." My grandfither a clear-sighted man. who
loved his money more than Duncan loved his daughter, treated the
suitor as a needy Scotch fortune-hunter, and drove him off; but Dun-
can was not to be rebutted. The poor girl's intellect was about on a
par with his own; she became "love-sick," and the old gentleman,
though a severe father, was sufficiently affectionate ; so he finally
though most reluctantly, consented to the marriage. The Revolution
drove Duncan from New to Old Loudon; there boasting, like others
under similar circumstances, of his loyalty and sufferings in " the
royal cause," he obtained the collectorship of Bermuda. Still he kept
on delving, digging, soliciting, and cajoling; so procured the transfer
of the Bermuda post to his second son (John), and finally the restitu-
tion of the sequestered Highland estates to which he retired, and died
there in his kilt (I think it is called) or " fillibeg," Laird of Ardsheil
and Appin, — dignities now held by his eldest sou Charles, an innocent
inoffensive, half-witted gentleman.

3Iary Macintosh Royal, my father's second wife, was a daughter
of Brigadier-General Royal of Medford, who married a daughter of
General Mac Litosh, a Scotchman in the service of Holland. He had
large estates in the Dutch Colony of Surinam. These he bequeathed
in equal portions to his daughter Royal and another daughter who had
married a Mr. Palmer. Mrs. Royal bequeathed her estate in equal

has long been a common French name ; and no efforts to discover the precise
ancestry of Pierre Baudouin, who fled from Rochelle in 1685 and came to New
England in 1687, have thus far been successful.

LETTER OF HON. G. "W. ERVING. 13

portions to my mother-in-law and her other daughter who was married
to Sir William Pepperell.

The Pepperell baronetcy: — This was of very honorable origin. In
the " old French war," which terminated in the English conquest of
Canada, their success was xoholly due to the New England militia com-
manded by General Pepperell of Saco. The English naval commander
Warren nevertheless contrived to appropriate to his own use all the
rich plunder of the captured city, in contempt of " Yankee " militia ;
the Government of England should have made him disgorge, but that
operation is contrary to its buccaneer code. So they gave a baronetcy
to Pepperell, and a service of silver plate, on the several pieces of
which was engraved the acknowledgment of his services ; and besides
this, they honored him with a coat of arms from their heralds' office,
with one of their pun mottoes, namely, " Peperi " !

Old Sir William was as modest as brave, and he left the Englishman
in quiet possession of his plunder. This worthy man was connected by
marriage with the " Sparhawks," an old family ^'■seated" at Kittery near
Portsmouth in New Hampshire ; and having no children of his own he
took under his care, by a sort of adoption, that one of the Kits who had
been named after him "William." This William Sparhawk was a fine
lad, and grew up to be a very handsome man. He had received a good
college education, and was polished in his manners and address. These
advantages, added to his near relationship to the old general, though he
was not the eldest of the nephews, procured him the succession to
the title and plate, with the name Pepperell and the motto " Peperi."
This my motlier-in-law's brother-in-law gave the lie to craniology ; he
had a very large skvll, but nearly empty ; he died some years ago. The
title is extinct. " Sic transit gloria." (Mrs. Jarvis, wife of the patriot
Dr. Jarvis, was a Sparhawk, sister of Sir William Pepperell.)

My fiither and Uncle John emigrated to England, as you know.
Some account of that emigration may be interesting to you. As to
Uncle John, I can say but little ; he was, as I think, a radical royalist.
But not so my father ; he was amongst those who in the commencement
of the " troubles" opposed the proceedings of the British Ministry, and
on those matters was much in communion with the Adamses and others ;
but when the dispute tended to separation, and when he saw that the
opposition had resolved on armed resistance, he separated from them,
for he considered a resort to force a " rebellion " not to be justified by
the then position of affairs, and his opinion also was that such means of
redress must fail ; that it was impossible for the " Colonies " to resist with
success the power of Great Britain. The British Government, always
precipitate and violent in its measures, had determined on the expedient
of a Council by writ of "Mandamus," for the maintenance of the " King's
authority," — this Council to be composed of the most influential indi-

14 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

viduals in Boston. The then position of our family there recommended
it specially to this royal favor. Thus three of its members — grand-
father, father, and Uncle John — were made Councillors. My grand-
father, whose first ambition was to preserve his wealth from all haz-
ards, pleaded his advanced age on declining to accept of a seat at
the board. His sons accepted, — John willingly, George not without
hesitation.

General Washington soon disturbed these wise arrangements of the
British Government, and compelled its troops to evacuate Boston.
The " Loyalists " of course fled, and amongst them not a few needy ad-
venturers under the name of " Loyalists," to proclaim their " sufferings "
and obtain pensions in England, so that a sufficiency of transports to
carry them away were scarcely to be had ; a ship, however, was spe-
cially appointed for the use of the " Mandamus Council." The capture
of Boston by the American " militia " had totally changed my father's
opinion as to what would be the result of the struggle, yet he was
deeply compromitted ; revocare gradum was impossible. When the
ship was outside the lighthouse, and his colleagues were assembled on
its deck discussing state affairs, and all full of confidence that they
should soon be brought back in triumph, he said with great solemnity,
" Gentlemen, not one of you will ever see that place again." Arrived
at Halifax, Mey there expected the summons for their triumphal return;
my father forthwith took passage for, and with his wife and child arrived
safely in, London. The other members of the Council finally followed
his example. These gentlemen were individually consulted by the Sec-
retary of State as to the prospect of affiiirs in the " Colonies." " Soft
words suit best petitioner's interest." Thus the governmental views
were flattered by the emigrants. My father's views, unfavorable to the
Government, were frankly expressed ; consequently he was frowned on
and no longer consulted ; so after remaining about a year in London, he
retired to the country, where he resided about fourteen years, — till my
grandfather's death. In the mean time his moderate income was derived
from my mother-in-law's Surinam estate, out of which, however, he
was able to save enough for the expenses of his son's education, which
occupied all his attention, for he had no child (living) by his second
wife.

He remained always repenting of his error. Many a time and oft
has he expressed to me his most bitter regrets, and that his only conso-
lation was that his errors had not deprived me of my rights as an Amer-
ican. " I have committed," said he, " a great fault, but you are not
responsible. I brought you away a child (of five years) ; but remember
that when you are twenty-one you are freed from my authority as
father and will then return to your native country." And so he sent
me, and there commences my history, — not to be written. After the

1889.] LETTER OF HON. G. W. ERVING. 15

death of my grandfather, my father took a house in London, and there
he died whilst I was Charge d'Ajfaires in Spain. He remained to the
day of his death an impassioned American, as you may probably see in
his correspondence with Governor Bowdoin. He carried this deep-
rooted affection into the smallest circumstances. He imported salt fish, —
as though it could not be purchased in London, — and he gave regularly
his salt-fish dinners ; he was delighted more with a hickory walking-
stick that I gave to him than with a rich gold snuff-box which I pur-
chased for him here in Paris. All his conversation was about the
United States and their future prospects ; and when I was Consul and
Agent of the United States in London, he was never so pleased as when
I could pick up some intelligent American as guest at his table. You
see, then, that my father had made me an American, though I had not
been so of my own proper right and disposition.

But what made me a democrat, which he was not ? In affairs of
government he was "liberal" because the temper of his mind was
just, mild, and generous, but his political opinions tended to limited
monarchy. What made the son, who adored the father, a radical
democrat? Thus it was: the father had for system never to influ-
ence the opinions of his son on the two important points, — politics
and religion ; he left his son perfectly at large to direct his own
studies, never recommending even a course of reading. The many
works of philosophy and history which his library contained were at
my disposal, and I devoured them without restraint. Meditation on
these and on what I observed of turpitude in the monarchical and
aristocratic systems of government formed the basis of my creed ; a
natural aptitude to the precision of mathematical reasoning, added
to an innate horror of all that is unjust, of all fraud, of oppression,
powerful over weak, rich over poor, completed my political education,
and I became, as I have always remained without the least devi-
ation, democrat in the full sense of that term. Indeed these politi-
cal sentiments are not susceptible of change, for they are bound up
with the moral ; they make a religion, in which no man can be more
sincere and devout than I am. Yet I am not " Catholic " to the extent
of supposing that all out of the " pale " are to be " damned." It is a
good religion which makes an honest man. I have a perfect respect for
conscience ; men may be perfectly virtuous and sincere though in error ;
and again " to err is human," and which of us, however sincere, can
positively assert that he is not in error. Certainly there is as much
honor and civic virtue amongst those of our citizens who are inimical to
pure democracy, as is to be found amongst projessed Democrats, — it
may be more ; for it is not every one who says, " Lord, Lord," that is to
be believed. I have learnt to distrust professions, and in fact have well
known but few men whose political principles were religious. Apropos

16 MASSACHTTSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

of these truths, I will expose to you the why a certain pretender has,
as you tell me, lately joined the O'Connell clamor, and why indeed in
all things he is so ultra anti-anglican. A few years ago he visited
England, and he was not received with the distinction which he mer-
ited; on the contiary, he had reason to be disgusted and offended. The
book was the first discharge of bile ; Irish agitation is No. 2 ; and that
we may not suffer by a more important No. 3, it were well that he be
kept aloof from the tchite goal. There are few who are inconvertible
by personal considerations ; the political profession of individuals is
to be viewed in connection with their social positions. When a man
like your grand-uncle Bowdoin is so placed in the community by the
advantages of education, fortune, and family as to be an aristocrat,
yet is a consistent and uniform dtemocrat, then only my confidence is
entire.

I have been more diffuse in these memoranda than I expected to be ;
and worse, contrary to my expressed intention, I have unwittingly intro-
duced too much of myself. I have been thus seduced by a peculiar feel-
ing which you can hardly conceive of now ; you will when at my age.
I write to a young man of great promise, who a few years ago (it seems
to me but ten years) I had a baby in my arms ; and I write on the affiiirs
of our common family, — these reminiscences of olden time, when being
at your now age my hours glided so gleely (gleefully) in company with
your honored father and mother, the most excellent Mr. Bowdoin, and
my aunt, your great-great-grandmother, the very paragon of matrons.
Alas ! all the fair illusions of that happy period quickly passed, and
gave place to the realities of general society with which my heart had
no communion. When we can no longer look forward with hope, we
are still happy if we can look back with satisfaction. However over-
copious my notes, yet you may find in them hiati; and if so, I will fill
them up to the best of my power, and reply to whatever questions they
may suggest to you. My narrations may also contain errors, but are
free from fable, — in so far have the advantage of all histories, which
apart from unavoidable errors are at least one third fable.

My dear sir, yours very truly and sincerely-,

G. W. E.

P. S. Herewith I enclose two curious little documents for your
family archives, — one the tax-collector's bill for Province, Town, and
County taxes paid by my father in 1770 ; and the other a receipt for
5. 2. paid by my grandmother "for the nursing her son George" in the
year 1739.

GEORGE W. ERVING.

Diplomatic Services of George William Erving.

The first quarter of this century was a period of great interest and
activity in our iuternational relations. For a part of the time Napoleon
was in the zenith of his power and conquests. His ambitious projects
for himself and family were colossal, and he aimed at nothing less than
the subordination of Europe and the Mediterranean countries to his
personal rule. As he found leisure or means at his command, and
wiien more immediate designs upon Russia, Austria, Germany, and
England were not so urgent or feasible in their execution, he sought,
by combination of arms and intrigue, to attach the Peninsula to his
dominion and to establish his brother Joseph upon the throne.

Spain had wealthy possessions on the American continent, and was
our neighbor not for friendly intercourse but for selfish and hostile ends.
Her pride and vanity and procrastination complicated and embarrassed
serious questions, and aggravated minor ones into formidable inter-
national disputes. In 1793, Washington in a message spoke of the
"restitution of property escaping into the territories of each other, the
mutual exchange of fugitives from justice, and the mutual interferences
of the Indians lying between us." Originally the nominal possessions
of the Spanish Crown had touched, as was claimed, the territory of
Russia on the Pacific coast of North America ; and in the question of
the limits of territories between Great Britain and the United States,
which came so near involving the two nations in a war, the claim of
Spain to what we succeeded to by our purchase of Louisiana entered
not inconsiderably into the contention.' The acquisition of Louisiana
left unsettled the eastern boundary, and the heritage was a diplomatic
dispute for twenty years. The navigation of the Mississippi created
and prolonged an angry controversy. The acquisition of Florida, in
itself and in its connected questions, was constantly a matter of argu-
ment, crimination, and negotiation. Spoliations upon American com-
merce, violations of strict neutrality in allowing Great Britain to
occupy Florida as a base of military movements and in failing to
control the Indians from hostile aggressions upon the States, illegal
seizures and condemnation of American vessels in and near the waters
of the Mediterranean, furnished subject and occasion for numerous
diplomatic notes and despatches.

1 In the Instructions to Mr. Erving, Mny 30, 1810, the Secretary of State
was careful to iiave avoided, in any adjustment of boundaries witli Spain, what-
ever " might affect our claims on Columbia River and on the Pacific." Mr.
Jefferson, who purchased Louisiana, did not claim that it extended west of the
Rocky Mountains. He said, " To the waters of the Pacific we can found no
claim in right of Louisiana."

18 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOUICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

During the years mentioned and a few anterior there were most
delicate and difficult questions growing out of the conduct of the
Spanish Ministers in Washington, — Gardoquin, Irujo, and Onis, — who
in their assumptions of superiority forgot their obligations to the coun-
try to which they were accredited, and conspired to produce disaffection
in, and one of them the dismemberment of, the Republic. These
ministerial imbroglios constitute a romantic chapter in our history ;
and the learned discussions tliey engendered, disagreeable and menacing
at the time, have resulted in settling some important questions as to the
relations which foreign ministers sustain to the government to which
they are accredited. In Dr. Wharton's " Digest of International Law,"
a treasury of information and wise discussion, can be found a detail of
the facts connerted with these unpleasantnesses.

This period was contemporaneous with the Algerine War. Our
relations with the Barbary Powers gave much trouble until Decatur
taught them and Europe to respect our rights at sea.

In the formative epoch from 177G to 1820, when the United States
were slowly, in the face of physical and moral obstacles, establishing
their independence and their co-equality among nations, the Govern-
ment was fortunate in its foreign representatives. This was true
generally in Fiurope, especially in Spain. The labors of these men,
unheralded and unrecorded except in the unread archives of the State
Department, have never been properly appreciated. In the erection
of monuments and the national recognition of benefactors, the country
has not been quick to recognize the grand and beneficial achievements
of these remote and quiet laborers. The Government had during these
eventful years the nseful services in Spain of John Jay, William
Short, William Carmicliael, David Humphreys, Thomas Pinckney,
Charles Pinkney, James Monroe, and George W. Erving.

The object of this communication is to give some account of the
diplomatic services of George William Ervi-ng. The first post offered
to him was that of Charge d' Affaires in Portugal. On July 22, 1804,
President Jefferson asked him to take the agency of our affairs, or the
consulate, in Tunis. These he was constrained to decline on account
of duties to his father, far advanced in life and insulated in some de-
gree in London by reason of his decided loyalty to the United States.
These proffers were made because of the efficiency and ability he had
shown as agent in London for managing claims and appeals, under the
treaty "for the relief of seamen," in the High Court of Admiralty and
before the Board of Commissioners. Jefferson, to whom he was intro-
duced by letter from Samuel Adams, and Madison, to whom he was
presented by Governor Monroe in Richmond, so confided in him that,
despite the resignations, he was, on Nov. 22, 1804, without solici-
tation , appointed Secretary to the Legation at Madrid. He promptly

1889.] GEOKGE W. ERVING. 19

proceeded from London to Lis post, and began a career marked by
most beneficial services to liis country. In the absence of his cliief,
lion. James Bowdoin, his cousin, who never reached Madrid, tlie ap-
pointment as Secretary resulted in Erving's becoming and continuing
Charge d'Affaires. The Instructions to Bowdoin were repeated to
Erving. He was to look after the spoliations of Spanish cruisers, and
considering the manner in which the mission of Monroe and Pinkney
terminated, — the "obstinate refusal to meet reasonable overtures " and
the posture of relations between the two countries, — he was specially
charged to take no steps towards their revival, but also not to conceal
the cause of the reserve. He was to observe the ordinary civilities
incident to a state of peace, and to be specially watchful of Spanish
cruisers and of the rights of American citizens. The serious condi-
tion of affairs when Erving became the sole representative of our
country at Madrid may be inferred from the remarks made by Monroe,
Secretary of State, in 181), in an unofficial talk with Senor Bernabue,
the Spanish consul. Mr. Monroe affirmed that authentic documents
existed in the Department of State which showed that Spanish Ministers
in Washington had sought to excite discontent, had suggested means
for, and by intrigues had endeavored to promote, the dismemberment
of the Republic, and that spoliations on American commerce had never
been adjusted, notwithstanding a convention between the two countries
had provided therefor.

The arrival of Erving in Madrid occurred at a time of much agitation.
The great naval battle of Trafalgar had been fought the year before.
In 1806 there was open discord in the royal family. The feuds in the
household were matters of common notoriety, and caused embarrassment
in political circles. The first visible symptom of impending convulsion
was the arrest of Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, by order of his dither,
Charles IV. The breach was caused by a secret application of the
Prince to Bonaparte, but he was released on mentioning the names of
his advisers. Manuel Godoy, Prince of Peace, a favorite of the Queen,
was suspected of having most ambitious schemes in alliance with Na-
poleon. Erving says, in a letter to Madison, August 10, 1807, that
the Emperor of France made an offer of the electorate of Hanover to
Godoy, for which, over and above the troops furnished, he paid a con-
siderable sum of money out of his own funds. The results of the war
made necessary another disposition of the territory, and the Prince was
told that he should have provision made for him elsewhere ; but believ-
ing that imperial promises were made only to deceive him, " he was
furious." Popular indignation was strong against the reigning sov-
ereign, and he, the Queen, and Godoy projected an escape to some of
the dependencies in America ; but their departure was frustrated by
the friends of Ferdinand. Erving cultivated pleasant relations with the

20 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

" power behind the throne," and had several unofRcial communications
with him in reference to the wishes of tlie United States. He speaks
well of Godoy in his administration of public affairs, and characterizes
him as a " perfect courtier " and an " adept politician."

This strange man, born at Badajoz in 1768, had a marvellous history.
Some of our romance writers would need little invention to take the
incidents of his checkered career and weave them into a thrilling story.
Ford, in his unique book on Spain, the piquancy and freshness of
which have been emasculated in the later editions of Murray's Hand-
book, indulges freely his Hispano-and-Franco-phobia, and speaks of
Godoyas "a toady," Charles I V.'s-'' wife's minion," "vile tool of Bona-
parte," "impoverishing and bartering away the kingdom," '"stipulating
only, mean to the last, for filthy lucre and pensions." In 1808, at
Aranjuez, in order to save Godoy, the oliject of search and vengeance
on the part of soldiers and mob. Charles IV. abdicated in favor of
Ferdinand VII., who arrived in INIadrid on the 23d of March. On the
same day entered the city Achille Murat, — the French having invaded
Spain and pushed their conquests and occupation as far as the capital.
Murat had no purpose, under instructions from his imperial brother-in-
law, to give more than the faintest semblance of acquiescence in the
claims of Ferdinand, and soon shoved him aside as a useless supernu-
merary. He arrogated the Presidency of the Supreme .Junta of Spain ;
and the weak and timid Ferdinand, influenced by the threats or prom-
ises of Napoleon, ingloriously left the country and joined the remainder
of the royal family at Bayonne, where he soon ceded to Napoleon all
his rights to the Spanish Crown, and afterwards importuned him for
a princess of the Imperial family.^ In June, Napoleon transferred
these rights to his brother Joseph, to whom Ferdinand obsequiously
sent his felicitations on his victories over the Spanish armies, whom he
called " the rebel subjects of Joseph." Joseph sent an address to the
Spanish nation, and soon followed to Madrid, where on the 25tli June
he was proclaimed king. A few days prior to the proclamation the
houses of the foreign ministers were illuminated, the comfiliment
having been invited by the usual notification. None of the ministers,
however, received credentials to Joseph, and in a month or two he was
obliged to fly and Madrid was evacuated by the French. Joseph's
head-quarters continually shifted. The proverbial loyalty of Spaniards
to the throne was fully tested, and the absent and contemptible sovereign
was iroclaimed king with pomp and ceremony and illummations and
bull-fights. The country was governed in a very irregular manner, —
the provinces by Juntas and the nation by a Supreme Junta, which
moved the seat of authoiity according to the exigencies of war, the

1 Edinburgh Review, February, 1815, p. 505.

1S89.] GEORGE W. ERVING. 21

advance or the receding of the army of invasion. Subsequently, in
the winter, the French reoccupied Madrid, and Joseph also reappeared.

It would be foreign to the purpose of this sketch to trace the military
movemeuts in the Peninsula, large materials for which exist in Mr.
Erving's minute and interesting despatches, or the fugitive and change-
able governments in Spain, or the difficulties of residence and trans-
portation which befell our faithful representative in his efforts to be
" near " the seat of authority and to avail himself of the whims and
caprices and necessities of the Ministry, in order to adjust pending dis-
putes, or to seize an opportune moment for acquiring Florida.

In 1809, April 14, Erving obtained from the migratory Supreme
Junta an order for the release of American vessels detained at Algeciras,
tiie port near Gibraltar; and a month later he was successfully remon-
strating against the British search of American vessels and imprison-
ment of American seamen in the harbor of Cadiz. Commanders of
British men of war claimed the right to board any merchant vessel
and seize and carry off any British subjects liable to military duty; as
is well known, this claim of the Right of Search and Impressment
led to the War of 1812 for Free Trade and Sailors' Rights.

In execution of his grasping continental policy, Napoleon sought to
cripple Great Britain by his famous Berlin and Milan Decrees, which
declared Great Britain to be in a state of blockade, prohibited all
intercourse with her, and pronounced all goods of British origin to be
lawful prize. The Government of Great Britain retaliated by the first
Orders in Council, in 1807, which prohibited all trade with France and
her European possessions which did not pass through England, and in
1809 by another series, which revived "underhand and in detail," as
said the " Edinburgh Review," the monopoly of 1807. These belliger-
ent acts affected all neutral nations, nearly annihilated all neutral trade,
and were particularly harmful to the growing trade of the United States.
Our Embargo Act of 1807-1808, coerced by the European measures
so hostile to our shipping and commerce, caused complaints in Spain,
especially as enforced against Florida. Erving successfully replied to
Cevallos, the Spanish Minister for Foreign Affairs, that the United
States could not discriminate in favor of Spain, nor show partiality to
her, especially as Spain herself had issued decrees similar to those of
Berlin and Milan, and had sustained the policy which necessitated our
defensive and retaliatory measures.

For a portion of this time the relation of Erving to the Spanish
Government was one of peculiar delicacy and of much personal em-
barrassment, and much of his intercourse was necessarily informal and
unofficial. Chevalier Onis, the Spanish Representative in Washington,
demanded to be received officially, — the recognition of the United
States being very important to his struggling country, — but our Gov-

22 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

ernment would not deviate from its deliberate purpose to avoid every
act whatever which might have a tendency to afford to either of the
belligerents even a pretext of complaint. While the possession of the
sovereignty was in doubt, the President refused to recognize prema-
turely either claimant, Ferdinand or Joseph. Mr. Erving exercised
most scrupulous caution not to commit himself or his Government,
and at tlie same time the utmost tact and diligence iu watching for
and guarding the interests of American commerce and citizens.

Early in February, 1810, the French occupied points around Cadiz
and besieged the neighboring Isle de Leon, which was at that time the
seat of Government. A pacific proposition from Joseph, then at Se-
ville, to the city of Cadiz was indignantly rejected, and he was bluntly
informed that Cadiz acknowledged no king but Ferdinand. The Su-
preme Junta, having to disperse, appointed a Council of Regency of five
members. It is characteristic of Spanish character to hold on in an
unequal contest. Defeats and disasters do not subdue. When all
seems lost, a display of superhuman courage and the employment of
means apparently the most inadequate revive hopes and expel or
cripple invaders. In one of his despatches to Secretary Robert Smith,
written in 1809, Erving bears testimony to what he had observed.
Speaking of the Supreme Junta and of the obstinacy of the contest,
be refers to their unquestioned patriotism, indefatigable zeal, undaunted
firmness in the midst of most pressing dangers, individual disinter-
estedness, vast labors under difiicult circumstances, struggling without
despair of the public cause against the disadvantages of its own feeble
texture, the impossibility of bringing into operation interior resources
of the country, insufficiency of those from abroad, vigor of the enemy
without, activity of intrigue and treason within, the disorganization and
dispersion of armies, the total defection of allies on one side and the
total subjugation on the other.

While this contest was waging and all Spain seemed to be occupied
by hostile forces and there was a time " of terror and confusion," Mr.
Erving, writing from an American vessel in the harbor of Cadiz, said
the Government would probably excuse his retiring from his post.
The Secretary of State, Nov. 1, 1809, had written, " Whether the
interest or the honor of the United States may require you to remain
or to withdraw, is a question to be submitted to your sound discretion,
to be exercised according to circumstances," after the despatches of
Onis should reach the Supreme Junta. That his departure might not
be considered "abrupt, precipitate, or clandestine," Mr. Erving spoke
on the streets of Cadiz and to prominent persons of his intention ; and
that he might profit by any reverse in the current of affairs he went
on board an English ship and sailed to Gibraltar. The Spanish and
English being driven from their stronghold and the Government of

18S9.] GEORGE W. ERVIXG. 23

the Regency having been removed to Cadiz, Mr. Erving felt there was
no sufficient reason for remaining longer, and so he retnrned to Amer-
ica by way of London, reacliiug New York on August 1, 1810.

Wellington's victory at Salamanca, in 1812, drove Soult out of Se-
ville and Joseph out of Madrid, and on August 14 Madrid surrendered
to the Iron Duke.

The Government did not permit Erving to enjoy his leisure very
long. Needing his diplomatic experience and ability, the President,
on Jan. 5, 1812, appointed him a special Minister to Copenhagen,
charged with the subject of spoliations committed under the Danish flag
on the commerce of the United States. Having had his audience on
June 5, he entered at once, on the 6th, 7th, and 8th, in medias res, asking
a settlement of pending questions, and on the 23d he reports that since
his arrival the depredations of the Danish privateers had been discon-
tinued. During his residence he was active in the protection of Amer-
ican commerce and in securing the release of captured vessels. The
Napoleonic wars unsettled all public law and apparently legalized all
violations of neutral rights. In a despatch of Feb. 12, 1813, Erving
reports with grave satisfaction, " I hope to make it evident that our
Government has afforded as effectual and complete protection to com-
merce during the last year, as it is possible for neutral commerce in
these time's to receive." He took leave May 12, 1813, having success-
fully finished within eleven months the business for which he, was
sent.

In 1814 the French under the combined assaults of Spain and Eng-
land had suffered such reverses that Ferdinand was able to return to
his native country and begin his tyrannical reign. Six years of suf-
fering and losses caused by the war covering the whole area of the Pe-
ninsula were not easy to repair. Exile and other misfortunes ought to
have taught some lessons of wisdom, but Ferdinand was an accentuated
Bourbon and utterly unteachable. Moderate measures initiated the re-
turn, but the ill-fitting mask was soon discarded and the true character
of the despot was made manifest. The arrest and imprisonment of many
men of prominence consolidated the authority and power of the King.
The potent influence of the clergy was invoked in his behalf, and
readily obtained. The Constitution of 1812 was trampled under foot.
Freedom of the press was abolished.

Anthony Morris, of Pennsylvania, a worthy citizen who had been
President of the State Senate, having been empowered as Special
Agent in Madrid to make and receive informal communications, had
an interview with the Minister for Foreign Affairs in reference to the
landing of British troops in Florida, thus violating the neutrality of
Spain and giving practical aid to our enemy during war. He was
treated, according to his own statement, with " cold conteaipt."

24 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

The President, learning (luring tlie recess of the Senate that the
Government of Spain was re-established and that Ferdinand was
seated on the throne with the consent of the nation, and ever anxious
to promote a good understanding between tlie two countries, immedi-
ately decided on sending a full Minister to Spain. He made choice of
Erving, who, after voluntarily closing his mission in Copenhagen, was
travelling in the south of Europe, and on August 11, 1814, commis-
sioned him as Minister Plenipotentiary to a country where he had served
so faithfully and honorably. This was a just recognition of skill, fidel-
ity, and ability. The original letter, yellow and dingy, written partly
in cipher, signed " J. Monroe," Secretary of State, enclosing the com-
mission, is still preserved in the archives of the Legation at Madrid.

Such were the irritations growing out of the past, that the passports
asked for were refused, and it was near two years before Erving was
received. During the interval Mr. Erving wrote, on March 16, 1815,
that Anthony Morris, on the refusal of the Spanish Government to re-
ceive the regularly accredited minister, had flattered himself that he
could be promoted to the post, and so was privy to personal objections to
Erving, based on his intimacy and negotiations with the King of Naples
— Achille Murat — when he was lieutenant of Napoleon at Madrid.
As afterwards became manifest, the nomination was specially accept-
able to Ferdinand, because when Erving was Charge he adhered to
the popular cause (which was Ferdinand's) during the French invasion
under Napoleon.

The Spanish Minister at Washington, Sefior Luis de Onis, had so
offended our Government by his '' intrigues and turbulence " that all
official communication with him had ceased. In 1811 President Madi-
son transmitted to the Senate and House an intercepted letter of Onis,
in which he spoke " of the servile meanness and adulation of the Ad-
ministration in relation to their oracle, Bonaparte," and of the little hope
of obtaining anything favorable "but by energy, by force, and by chas-
tisement." Subsequent events had not mollified the unpleasantness,
rather aggravated it, and it was unnecessary for Erving to proceed to
his post. In fact, the refusal of the application for safe conduct was tan-
tamount to a rejection. On Jan. 17, 1815, the Secretary of State, in a
direct communication to Cevallos, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in-
formed him of the desire of the United States to reopen the diplomatic
relations which had been suspended during the struggle for the Spanish
Monarchy. The territory of Spain being then in the possession of
nearly equal contending armies, victory sometimes favoring each and the
ultimate issue altogether precarious, the United States could not under-
take to decide and refused to interfere between the competitors or
make itself a party to the disputes respecting the Spanish Monai-chy.
The situation was now different ; and serious as were the objections to

1SS9.] GEORGE W. ERVli^G. _ 25

Onis, " not bred iu doctrines of political purity, and scarcely capable of
believing in the total absence of those corrupt practices so familiar to
him," the President had notwithstanding received informal communi-
cations from him. It being understood that Ferdinand desired that
Onis should be received, the Government was willing, as an act of
courtesy to his Government, to forego its objections and acknowledge
liira as the Spanish Minister. As Mr. Erving had been practically re-
jected, explanations of the condition of affairs and of the mind of the
President could not be made ; but now the President hoped that Mr.
Erving would be received and mutual diplomatic intercourse be restored.
To this request Anthony Morris was authorized by the Spanish Gov-
ernment to reply that there never had been any personal objection to
Mr. Erving, and passports would be regularly issued to him.

Mr. Erving, knowing that he would not be received until Onis was,
had returned to America, and on March 11, 1816, the Secretary of
State wrote, " You will set out in discharge of the duties of your mission
to Spain as soon after the receipt of this letter as circumstances will
permit." The restoration of intercourse furnished, it was thought, a
favorable opportunity for the settlement of every difference with that
power. The former grievances remained unsettled, and because of the
strained relations of the long European conflict new ones had been
added. The spoliations on American commerce, the injuries which
grew out of the suppression of the right of deposit at New Orleans,
the settlement on just principles of the boundaries of Louisiana, and the
acquisition of Florida, were the important matters intrusted to the new
Envoy. On his arrival in Madrid an audience was not promptly given
as he had been led to expect, and this drew from him an earnest and
dignified letter of remonstrance which secured liis reception.

In August, 1818, the Spanish Government suspended all negotiations
with our Minister, in consequence of General Jackson's military opera-
lions in Florida, and severe charges were made against the American
Government. It was not until the next year that Erving was able to
place before the Spanish Minister the full text of a despatch of John
Quincy Adams sustaining General Jackson and casting the entire blame
on Spain. While many occasions have arisen in our history for the
vindication of the country from aspersions and for the assertion of the
great principles of international law as applicable to a Republic, it may
well be doubted whether the archives of the State Department contain
a document more lucid in its statement of facts, more overwhelming iu
logic, more exalted in its principles, or breathing a loftier and more de-
fiant tone of manly, indignant, large-souled patriotism, than this letter
of Mr. Adams.

During I\Ir. Erving's ministry occurred that singular but profitable
episode in our national life, known as the Algerine War. The Barbary

26 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

States in North Africa for many years pursued a system of brigandage
and semi-piracy, and were regular freebooters on the sea. Singularly,
the riparian States of the Mediterranean and other European nations,
from having as much on their hands as they could well manage, yielded
to these insults and exactions. Treaties even were negotiated recogniz-
ing the right to tribute money. ^ One was concluded in 1795 with the
United States, and in the course of years the demands of the Algerine
Government became so impudent and unreasonable that it was necessary
to resist them. Vessels of the United States were detained for the
payment of about $'21,600, due annually in naval stores under the
treaty, and for certain other sums resting on usage, as $20,000 on
presentation of a Consul, $17,000 of biennial presents to the officers
of the Government, and some incidental and contingent presents for
various other things. The Dey of Algiers, grown insolent by iiis suc-
cessful levies of blackmail, committed outrages on American and other
consuls, seized vessels as prizes, and condemned captives to slavery.
In 1815, " the moment we had brought to an honorable conclusion our
war with a nation the most powerful in Europe on the seas," a squad-
ron, under command of Commodore Decatur, was detached from our
naval force, and sent to the Mediterranean to take satisfaction for the
wrongs which Algiers had done to us. The Commodore sought, found,
and attacked the Algerine fleet and made prize of two ships, one of
them the principal ship commanded by the Admiral. This brilliant
victory forced a treaty of peace, concluded by Decatur and Shaler, the
American Consul-General at Algiers, on the one side, and the Dey of
Algiers on the other. In this treaty all pretensions to tribute, under
any name or form, were relinquished. The gallant Commodore required
the negotiations to be conducted on board the American fleet, and
refused to suspend hostilities even while the negotiations were pending.
To a petition for a truce of three hours to deliberate on the terms the
laconic response was, " Not a minute." In three hours, although the
distance from the vessel to the shore was five miles, the treaty was re-
turned signed, and the same boat brought the liberated prisoners. A
happy instance, worthy of imitation, of relaxation of the Moorish habit
of procrastination !

In 1816 the Dey, under the flimsy pretext that the stipulations of
the treaty had not been complied with, addressed a letter to Mr. Madi-

1 On Feb. 5, 1802, Mr. ErvinK writes privately from London to Mr. Madison-.
"Mr. King, I presume. lias informed you tliat the present of jewels, &c., lias been
sent to the Bey of Tunis ; tlie ?uns and pistols are preparina, the stocks studded
with diamonds according to his direction. Knowing that this is the last tribute he
will receive, I may venture to say I was never more mortified than when by Mr.
King's desire I went to see these presents put up and despatched, or felt greater
contempt for that miserable acquiescence in European policy wliich first induced
us to pay these robbers."

1889.] GEOEGE W. EEVING. 27

son, declaring the treaty annulled and presenting the alternative of war
or the revival of the former treaty witii its annual tribute. The Depart-
ment found the Arabic missive a puzzle, and much time elapsed before
a translation could be obtained. It was fiually put into Euglish, and a
copy of it and the reply were forwarded to the Legation at Madrid.
I am not violatiug instructions as to secrecy of archives by inserting
as a diplomatic curiosity a copy of the letter, which I discovered iu a
mass of unbound and uuclassilied letters : —

TRANSLATION.

With the aid and assistance of Divinity and in the reiafn of our Sover-
eign, the Asylum of the World, powerful and Great Mouarch, transactor
of all good actions, the best of men, the shadow of God, Director of the
good order, King of Kings, Supreme Ruler of the World, Emperor of the
Earth, Emulator of Alexander the Great, possessor ol great forces, sov-
ereign of the two Worlds and of the Seas, Kinc; of Arabia and Persia,
Emperor, Son of an Emperor and Conqueror, Maiimood han (may God end
his life with prosperity and his reign be everlasting and glorious) His hum-
ble and obedient Servant actual Sovereign, Governor and Chief of Algiers,
submitted forever to the orders of his Imperial Majesty's Noble Throne,
Oiner Pasha (may his government be happy and prosperous).

To His Majesty the Emperor of America, its adjacent and depending
provinces and Coasts, and wherever his government may extend, our noble
friend, the support of Kings of the Nations of Jesus, tlie Pillar of all Chris-
tian Sovereigns, the most glorious amongst the Princes, elected amongst
many Lords and Nobles, the happy, the great, the amiable, James Madi-
son Emperor of America (may his reign be happy and glorious, and his
life long and prosperous) wishing him long possession of the Seat of his
blessed Throne, and long life and health, Amen. Hoping that your health
is iu good state I inform you that mine is excellent (thanks to the Supreme
.Being) constantly addressing my humble prayers to the Almighty for your
felicity.

After many years have elapsed, you have at last sent a Squadron Com-
manded by Admiral Decatur (your most humble servant) for the purpose
of treating of peace with us ; I received the letter of which he was the
bearer and understood its contents; the enmity which existed between us
having been extinguished, you desired to make peace as France and Eng-
land have done. Immediately after the arrival of your Squadron in our
harbour I sent ray answer to your Servant the Admiral througii the mediiun
of the Swedish Consul, whose proposals I was disposed to agree to on con-
dition that our frigate and Sloop of War, taken by you, should be restored
to us and brought back to Algiers; on these same Conditions we would
sign peace according to your wishes and request: our answer having thus
been explained to your Servant the Admiral by the Swedish Consul he
agreed to treat with us on the above mentioned conditions; but having
afterwards insisted upon the restitution of all American Citizens as well as
upon a certain sum of money for several Jlerchant Vessels made prizes by
us and of every otlier object belonging to the Americans, We did not hesi-

28 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

tate a moment to comply with his wishes and in consequence of which we
have restored to the said Admiral (your Servant) all that he demanded
from us ; in the meantime the said Admiral having given his word to send
back our two Ships of Wav and not having performed his promise, he has
thus violated the faithful articles of peace which were signed between us,
and by so doing a new treaty must be made.

I inform you therefore that a Treaty of peace having been signed
between America and us during the reign of Hassan Pasha t\yenty years
past I propose to renew the said Treaty on the same basis specified in it
and if you agree to it our friendship will be solid and lasting.

I intended to be on the highest terms of amity with our friends the
Americans than ever before, being the first Xation with which I made
peace, but as they have not been able to put into execution our present
Treaty, it appears necessary for us to treat on the above mentioned condi-
tions. We hope with the assistance of God that you will answer this our
letter immediately after you shall have a perfect knowledge of its contents,
if you agree (according to our request) to the conditions specified in the
said Treaty, please to send us an early answer, if on the contrary you are
not satisfied with my propositions, you will act against the sacred duty of
men and against the laws of Nations, requesting only that you will have
the goodness to remove your Consul as soon as possible, assuring you it will
be very agreeable to us.

These being our last words to you We pray God to keep you in his holy
guard.

Written in the year of Hegira 1231 the 20 day of the month Dyemaziel
evvel — corresponding to a. d. 1816 April 24.

Signed in our well guarded City of Algiers.

Signed Omar Son of liloohammed

Conqueror and Greal.^

1 An analogous but inferior specimen of royal grandiloquence and titular
display may be seen in tlie cominission issued to Gardoqui in 1784. It begins
thus : " Don Carlos by the grace of God King of Castile, of Leon, of Arragon,
of the two Sicilies, of Jerusalem, ot Navarre, of Granada, of Toledo, of Valencia,
of Galicia, of Majorca, ot Seville, of Sardinia, of Cordova, of Corsica, of Murcia,
of Jaen, of the East and West Indies Islands and Terra Firma, of the Ocean sea.
Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, of Brabant and Milan, Count of Aps-
burg, of Flanders, Tirol and Barcelona, Lord of Biscay, of Molina, &c."

One of the complaints of the Dey was that the bounty was paid in money
instead of certain naval stores, etc., of wliicli he was in need. English history
furnishes us an example of a complaint exactly the reverse. When Catherine of
Braganza, the Infanta of Portugal, was betrothed in 1662 to Charles II., her
dowry, among other things, was to consist of the territory of Tangier and
;£ 500,000 sterling, ready money. The Earl of Sandwich was despatched with
a fleet to take prssession of Tangier and, on his return, to conduct the Queen to
England. The Queen Mother, unable to pay more than one half of her daugh-
ter's portion, pledged herself to pay the resiihie within the year. The Ambas-
sador, reluctantly consenting to receive tlie moiety, was soon confounded and
mortified by the discovery th.at the sum, instead of being paid in ready money,
was delivered in the form of bags of sugar, spices, and other merchandise.

1889.] GEOEGE W. ERVING. 29

The President to this gasconade replied in a dignified manner, saying
that the United States preferred war to tribute, and demanding the
observance of the late treaty wliich inhibited tribute and the enslave-
ment of captives. " The United States, while they wish for war with
no nation, will buy peace of none. It is a principle incorporated into
the settled policy of America, that as peace is better than war, war is
better than tribute." Decatur, " generous and brave," had promised,
not as a stipulation of the treaty, but as " a compliment and a favor "
to the Dey, to restore to Algerine otRcers the captured vessels " as
they were," and to furnish an escort ; and he fulfilled his pledge by
putting the vessel in the possession of an Algerine officer at Cartha-
gena. The frigate arrived at an early day at Algiers ; but the Spanish
Government alleged that the capture of the brig had taken place so
near the Spanish shore as to be an unlawful prize, and detained it at
Carthagena. The Dey pretended and insisted that the restoration
was an essential part of the treaty. The Commodore, blunt and
honest and just as he was brave, flatly contradicted the Dey. The
Spanish Government, which might easily have prevented any disagree-
ment, finally set at liberty the vessel, " as an act of comity to the
United States," and, as Onis said, without any equivalent from Algiers
and with a view to prevent any misunderstanding. Some controversy
arose between Spain and the United States, in which Erving represented
his Government with his usual energy, tact, and intelligence. The
Instructions, May 30, 1816, explicit and full, required him to use his
best endeavors for a satisfactory accommodation of the affair. The
Dey said he received the brig from Spain for a consideration, and
demanded in consequence indemnity equal to her value and the ransom
of the crew. This claim was " too unjust and absurd to admit of any
discussion ; " and Instructions were accordingly issued to Commodore
Chauncey " to protect our commerce from Algerine piracy," and to
act in reference to such a state of things as the recommencement of
hostilities by the Dey might create.

From the beginning until the close of Mr. Erving's ministry in
Spain, he never lost sight of his original Instructions. With an in-
finity of smaller and more harassing matters pressing upon him, he
nevertheless kept his eye steadily on the graver questions which he
knew his Government to have most at heart. By all the means, per-
sonal and official, which a Representative can properly use, by culti-
vating pleasant social relations with members of the royal family,
the various Governments and influential Spaniards, by a thorough
acquaintance with the piinciples of international law and whatever of
history or fact might bear on the subjects pending, by exhibition of
sympathy with Spain in her heroic struggle for independence, by
patience and cheerfulness and perseverance which no one can compre-

30 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OCT.

hend who has not had to deal with the pride, the obstinacy, the perverse
and worrying procrastination of a Spanish Government, he pursued
the tenor of his way for fifteen years, until at last the great work was
consummated and Florida became an integral portion of the American
Union. From 1802 until 1818 a Convention for the adjustment of
Claims was unratified by Spain, and when finally accepted Mr. F^rving
was quick to construe it as preliminary to a like adjustment of other
claims, and as laying a foundation for an amicable and early settlement
of the territorial questions then under discussion. In the April number,
1888, of tlie " Magazine of American History," I have given a some-
what minute detail of the negotiations connected with the acquisition
of Florida, — a national event whose importance cannot be overesti-
mated, — and I need not here repeat the narrative. John Quincy
Adams, in announcing John Forsyth as his successor, wrote to Mr.
Erving: "Accept my congratulations upon the termination of a
negotiation ... in which you have taken so distinguished a part."
Dr. Francis Wharton says, in his " Digest of International Law " :
"I ought to say that an examination of his (Erving's) communica-
tions to this Government during his mission to Spain has impressed
me with a conviction that to his sagacity and good sense our settlement
with Spain in 1822 was largely due.'" The verdict of the impartial in-
vestigator must be that tlie nation owes to none of her citizens a debt
of gratitude larger and truer, for this increase of her territory and
peaceable settlement of an irritating question, than to George William
Erving.

The health of Mr. Erving had been impaired by the treacherous cli-
mate of Madrid and the laboriousness of his duties. Long absence
from home made attention to his private affairs a necessity. He there-
fore submitted repeated requests to have a successor appointed and to
be allowed to return. On Nov. 28, 1818, John Q. Adams wrote :
" The President has determined to nominate a successor to your Mission,
and has directed me to authorize you, as soon after the receipt of this
letter as you shall judge expedient, with reference to the publiek inter-
est and as may suit your convenience, to take leave of the Court of
Spain. . . . The critical state of our relations with Spain during the
whole of tlie past year and the reluctance which the President could
not but feel at permitting your faithful and valuable services to be
withdrawn from the public affairs, has hitherto delayed his compli-
ance with your desire. He directs me to assure you that the vigilance,
firmness, zeal, and assiduity with which you have conducted the affairs
of the Mission have given him entire satisfaction and enhance his
regret at the necessity under which you have found yourself of retiring
from the public service." Mr. Erving took leave on April 29, 1819.

18S9.] GEORGE W. ERVING. 31

It would not be in accordance with strict historical accuracy to allow
this narration of Mr. Erving's resignation and of his connection with the
acquisition of Florida to close here. In a letter written from Paris,
Jan. 6, 1845, he says he "returned from Spain in a state of great
irritation and mortification, not, as Mr. Adams has supposed, because
the negotiation liad been removed to "Washington, but because in the
course of it I had been treated with indignity ; because that when,
under the full persuasion that I could obtain the Colorado (with desert)
as limit, I asked for fidl powers, I was told that my powers were suffi-
cient, as though powers to negotiate were powers to sign a treaty ;
because I was instructed to go on negotiating for a limit west of the
Sabine under the reinforced assurance that the Rio Bravo was the
rightful boundary of Louisiana, whilst it had been predetermined by
President Monroe to cede all the territory in dispute, even to the
Sabine ; because, though I had repeatedly informed the Government
of all that related to the ' royal grants,' the treaty had been so made as
not to exclude all those grants : these were my griefs, added to that
total inattention of the Secretary to my repeated application for leave
of absence, which forced my resignation. On all these matters I com-
plained bitterly to the President, and supported my complaints by a
syllabus of the correspondence carefully extracted from the records in
the Department of State."

In 1844 the annexation of Texas was the pivotal issue of the " Pres-
idential campaign," and provoked much excited discussion. General
Jackson, having been furnished with a copy of Mr. Erving's syllabus,
enforced by " verbal revelations," charged that the United States had
lost important territory, when it was at its option to retain it, by taking
the negotiation out of Mr. Erving's hands and transferring it to Wash-
ington. This greatly provoked John Quincy Adams, who, as Secretary
of State, had concluded the negotiation on the part of our Governmei\t.
In an address, made in Tremont Temple to the young men of Boston
(which I heard, being at that time a student in Dane Law School),
Mr. Adams made an acrimonious reply and defence of himself, going so
far as to assail the character of Mr. Erving's deceased father. Mr.
Adams sought, producing and reading from his diary, to vindicate him-
self from the reproach of having inopportunely transferred the negotia-
tion from Madrid to Washington, and charged Erving with having
transcended his " powers and instructions," which " authorized him to
accept of the Sabine as our ultimatum." He also affirmed that " the
Spanish Government never did offer a line one inch to the westward of
the Sabine."

This is not the occasion tantas componere Hies, and into the merits of
the controversy I shall not enter. It is due to Mr. Erving to state
that he published two able letters, Nov. 12, 1844, and Jan. 6, 1845,

32 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

in which he conceded that the first transference of negotiations he
advised because he found it impossible to advance one step in nego-
tiation with Cevallos, " that most impracticable, inefficient, inapt, and
indolent of all ministers." After the dismissal of Cevallos and the
appointment of Pizarro, of which llr. Adams was notified, the negotia-
tion was renewed at Madrid and subsequently transferred to Washing-
ton. This re-transference was with Erving's consent, as explained in
his despatches, because mainly of restriction upon his powers and
" mystification " in the correspondence. It was not the transfer of the
negotiations which ired him, or with which Mr. Adams was reproached,
but that "he closed the negotiations at Washington on less favorable
terms than might have been obtained at Madrid had he ordered the
continuation of negotiations there." Mr. Erving insisted that he was
prevented from making a better treaty by keeping from his hands the
means of making it. He had contended for " the line of the Colorado "
instead of the Sabine, as the " Rio Bravo del Norte had always been
deemed by our Government to be the proper limit of Louisiana," and
his confidence of success was based on " the disposition of the Spanish
Governiuent, under the influence of Pizarro, most favorable to the
adjustment of the boundary question." It was on " an intimate ac-
quaintance with the character of Pizarro, his conciliatory disposition^
his frankness, and good faith,'.' that Erving founded and adhered to the
opinion that the limit of the Colorado might have been agreed to and
ought to have been insisted upon.

Mr. Erving was afterwards appointed to Constantinople, but declined
to accept, as the ilission was of an inferior grade to what he had held
in Denmark and in Spain.

Erving was a graduate of 0.xford, and a man of scholarly tastes and
acquirements. His despatches are models of elegant composition, show-
ing the thoroughly trained mind and large and accurate information.
Some of them, if published, would be valuable contributions to history.
Before the days of railways, steamboats, and telegraphs, and the mod-
ern newspaper, it was the habit of diplomats to write full despatches,
in which were minute accounts of military movements, of political
changes, of social customs, of personal adventure, and even of court
scandals. Mr. Erving was in the Peninsula at a most interesting
period, and his descriptions of campaigns and estimates of men show
the scholarly and industrious observer.

Mr. Winthrop gives this testimony from President Madison : " I
never had a more capable and faithful Minister than Mr. Erving, nor
one for whom I had a greater regard."

Mr. Erving was not a warrior, nor an orator (although ambassadors
were originally called orators), nor a popular author (although he wrote
a learned and useful book on the Basque Language, the Sphinx ot

1889.] "WILL OF "WILLIAM MULLINS. 83

Philologists), nor a statesman in the more limited sense of being a leg-
islator or Cabinet officer, framing laws and moulding the internal policy
of a government; and yet he was a sagacious statesman in securing an
indispensable territorial possession which under a foreign flag would
have been a perpetual irritant. The business of diplomacy is to secure
peace, settle or lessen differences, and prevent hostilities. The acqui-
sition of Florida, although the negotiation was protracted, irritating,
patience-trying, and although the two countries were often on the nar-
row edge of war, was at last made without a drop of human blood. How
much better than the hurried acquisition of Texas at the cost of a bloody
war and a continuous feud between neighboring republics ! Florida, as
she prefers free government to subordination to a foreign monarchy, as
she values her co-equality in a Union of States, ought to link the name
of Ekving to her history by calling after him a City or County or
Institution of learning.

J. L. M. CURRT.
July, 1889.

Judge Chamberlain alluded to the large amount of his-
torical work which had been done by Professor Johnston.

Mr. James B. Thayer, Professor of Law, at Cambridge, was
elected a Resident Member of the Society.

Dr. Dexter then read the following statement : —

In the third number of the first volume of " Genealogical
Gleanings in England," from the pen of Mr. Henry F. Wa-
ters, A.M., and published by the New England Historic-
Genealogical Society, on pages 254, 255, of its " Register " for
1889 is given what purports to be a copy of the nuncupative
will of William Mullins of the " Mayflower " Company, from
the London Probate Records. It is prefaced by the date of
2 (12) April, 1621 ; which was forty days after Mr. Mullins's
death, as given by Prince,^ and three days before — by the
same authority — the " Mayflower " started on her return
voyage. By this will, of a special sum of £40, in the hands
of Goodman Woods, Mr. Mullins gave .£10 to his wife, .£10
to his son Joseph, XIO to his daughter Priscilla, and £10 to
his eldest son William, Jr. He further gave to William, Jr.,
all his debts, bonds, and bills, — the above £40 excepted, —
" with all the stock in his owne hands." He gave his eldest
daughter Sarah, who appears in the probate of the will as

1 New England Chronology, pt. i. p. 98.
6

34 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

Sarah Blunden, 10s. out of his son's stock. Of the goods
which he has "in Virginia" (i. e., New England) he gives to
wife Alice one half, and to son Joseph and daughter Priscilla
one quarter each. He has twenty-one dozen of shoes and
thirteen pairs of boots, which he will put into the Company's
hands for .£40, at seven years' end, if they like ; if that be too
dear, the overseers (executors) of his will may arrange it as
they think good. Should the Company take them at that
rate, he will have nine shares at the dividend, — of which he
gives two to wife Alice, two each to sons William and Joseph
and daughter Priscilla, and one to the Company. If his son
William, Jr., will come to Virginia, he gives him his share of
land. Furthermore he gives to the two overseers — Mr. John
Carver and Mr. Williamson — 20s. apiece to see his will per-
formed, desiring them to have a kind care of his wife and
children, and be as fathers and friends to them, and also to
have a special eye to his man Robert (Carter) in whom he has
been disappointed.

This is attested as a copy of Mr. MuUins's will " of all
particulars he hathe given," by John Carver, Giles Heale, and
Christopher Joanes.

From the " Probate Act Book for 1621 and 1622," it fur-
ther appears that on the 23d July (2d August) follow-
ing, the will was probated in London, by Sarah Blunden,
the legitimate daughter of William Mullius, who is further
described as " nujj de Dorking, in Coin Surf."

The following suggestions are, offered in Tiew of these
facts : —

1. The theory that William Mulhns (or Molines) of the
" Mayflower " Company, was a Walloon who joined Robin-
son's company in Holland, is disproved. Dr. Charles W.
Baird, in his " History of the Huguenot Emigration to Amer-
ica," 1 asserts that he was such. But the name does not ap-
pear on the Leyden Records, and the fact that Mullins had
lived in England and in Dorking, Surrey, long enough to ac-
quire some estate there, seems conclusive against it.

2. The assertion of Nathaniel Morton ,2 that Mr. Mullins
("a man pious and well-deserving") was "endowed also
with a considerable outward Estate," seems to be abundantly
confirmed.

1 Vol. i. p. 158 (1885). - New England's Memorial], p. 22.

18S9.] WILL OF WILLIAM MULLINS. 35

3. The appointment of the overseers is significant. The
elder two of the children were in England ; it was expected
that the widow, the yonnger two children, and the somewhat
wayward servant would need to be cared for in this country ;
while part of the estate seems to have been there, and part
here. Therefore John Carver was chosen to administer af-
fairs on this side of the sea, and it looks as if his associate
" Mr. Williamson " were selected to do like service in Eng-
land. Moiirt's " Relation " (p. 36) states that when, 22 March
(1 April), 1621, which was a fortnight before the " May-
flower" sailed for home, Massasoit and his brother first visited
the colonists, " Captain Standish and Master Williamson met
the king at the brooke, with halfe a dozen Musketiers ; " and
as no man of that name appears upon the list of the Company,
or was known otherwise to be on the ground, it has been al-
ways supposed that, among the many obvious carelessnesses of
the unwatched press of John Bellamie, this name had gotten
itself misprinted for that of Allerton, or some other of about
the right length. The occurrence of the name here again,
however, raises the question whether a man named William-
son were not present with the forlorn colonists, and present in
a condition and under circumstances to make his being joined
with Governor Carver as an executor of this will eminently
probable. I think this question should be answered in the
affirmative, but will return to the point after one or two other
suggestions.

4. The three witnesses of the will were John Carver, Giles
Heale, and Christopher Joanes. Joanes was unquestionably
the captain of the " Mayflower." Bradford simply calls him
(p. 68) " Mr. loans." Morton also (pp. 11, 12) calls him "Mr.
lones." Mourt's " Relation " (p. 4) calls him " Master Tones."
Prince (p. 70) copies them. The Rev. Edward D. Neill, in an
article in July, 1874, of the " Genealogical Register," ^ assum-
ing that he was identical with the Jones who was Captain of
the " Lion " in 1617, and of the " Discovery " in 1622, de-
clares that his first name was " Thomas." But a careful read-
ing of this article shows that Mr. Neill is mistaken in the
claim that he has presented any proof of the identity of the
men. Producing no evidence whatever, he says " without
doubt " they were the same. But the fact that when Jones

1 Vol. xxviii. p. 314.

1128357

36 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL, SOCIETY. [Oct.

with the " Discovery " visited Plymouth in 1622, Bradford
simply (p. 127) says, " a ship comes into y'= harbor, one Cap-
tain Jons being cheefe therin," without hint or suggestion
that he was their old acquaintance of the " Mayflower," is, to
my mind, conclusive that the captain of the " Discovery " was
another Jones. At all events, there was some Christopher
Joanes in Plymouth on Monday, 2 (12) April, 1621, who was
wanted in London to be a witness at the probate of this Mul-
lins will ; and who could he have been if he were not the
captain of the " Mayflower," about to sail three days later
for London?

One name remains: Giles Heale. Who was he? On the fly-
leaf of a copy of Henry Ainsworth's " Psalms in Metre," of
the edition of 1618, which I own (used in their service of song
in the House of the Lord by the church in Salem for forty
years, and by the church in Plymouth for sevent}'), some
former owner has (as I am very apt myself to do) pasted a
clipping from some antiquarian bookseller's catalogue, offer-
ing (for £2 12s. 6(i.) a copy of the same volume. The book-
seller adds: " This is an interesting volume to the American
collector, for its first fly-leaf has the following inscription :

" ' This booke was given unto My Giles Heale, Chirurgion, by Marks
Allerton, Tailor in Virginia, the X. of Febmary, in the year of our
Lord 1620: Da.

Virginia was (then) New Plymouth. The " X. of February
in the year of our Lord 1620 " was Saturday, fifty-one days
before the date of the certification of the copjing of this wiU.
" Marke Allerton " is simply the misreading, by the bookseller,
of the Isaacke which was written on the fly-leaf; in which
connection it is interesting to note that Isaac Allerton is set
down in the Leyden Records as being then and there a tailor.
Giles Heale was a chirurgeon, and I submit was the surgeon
of the " Mayflower." A reference to the " Court Records of
the East India Company " (p. 89) shows that in fitting out
four ships in 1600, the " Scourge," of 600 tons, had four car-
penters, four calkers, ten gunners, one steward and steward's
mate, one cook and cook's mate, two surgeons and a barber ;
the " Hector," of 300 tons, had three carpenters, three calkers,
six gunners, and the same number of stewards, cooks, and sur-
geons ; the " Assension," of 260 tons, and the " Susan," of

18S9.] ELDER BEEWSTEE's LTBEAET. 37

240 tons, had each two carpenters, two calkers, five gunners,
and the same number of stewards, cooks, and surgeons as the
larger ships. It seems fair to infer, then, that the " Ma3'flower,"
of 180 tons, by the same usage, would have been ofScei-ed with
at least one surgeon, and that Giles Heale was his name.

To return now to " Mr. Williamson." You will have no-
ticed that this inscription of presentation from Allerton to
Heale seems to have been witnessed by " Da : Williams." I
take leave to think that this was an abbreviated or misread
chirography for Williamson; that the man's first name was
David ; and that he was the factor, financial agent, or super-
cargo of the " Mayflower." The East India Records to which
I have just referred show (p. 100) one principal and three sub-
ordinate factors in each ship, — whence it becomes easy to
think that in this West Indian voyage at least some one re-
spectable and thoroughly competent man of business would
have accompanied the expedition to look after the interests of
the Company, who were risking considerable property with a
party of colonists whose obvious poverty made promise hold
a much larger place than performance toward the immediate
satisfaction of all claims upon them. Grant that Mr. David
Williamson was such a man, and held such a post, and his
presence with Captain Miles Staudish in the interview with
the Indian king becomes appropriate and natural, as does the
fact that poor MuUins, knowing that Williamson on the return
of the ship would take his will over to be probated in Lon-
don, asked him to be its executor for the benefit of his two
children in England, as Governor Carver was desired to look
after the interests of his widow and the two younger children
and servant here.

Dr. Dextek also submitted the following communication : —

Elder Brewster's Library.

I have ventured upon the difficult undertaking of interpreting those
brief minutes of the Library of Elder William Brewster which are
contained in the sworn inventory made, 18-28 May, 1644, by Gov.
William Bradford, Assistant Thomas Prence, and the Rev. John Rey-
ner, and recorded in the Plymouth Colony " Book of Wills," vol. i. pp.
53-59. A literal transcript of that inventory was printed by Dr. Justin
Winsor, in our Proceedings for March, 1887; and those who recall it

38 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

will remember that in but a single instance does the title of a book
occupy more than one line, and usually less than half a line, with the
briefest and often the blindest possible suggestion of what the volume
was. The fact, moreover, that this crude and casual mention of these
hurrying inventorists became sometimes still more obscure through
the imperfect comprehension and rude spelling of the scribe, and the
copyist upon the Records, has added not a little to the task.

I have succeeded beyond any expectation, or even hope, with which
I commenced the labor ; and I venture to think that the result of my
researches may be found worth attention, not merely through its direct
interest as an important fact in an honored life, but for the indirect
light which it casts upon the early literary history of New England.

1, in each case, prefix, in ipsissimis verbis, the language of the inven-
tory, with the price affixed, following this by my suggestion of what the
book probably was, and, when known, adding where it may now be
found. Where the date is bracketed or queried, it is because there is
more than one edition which might have been had, with no means of
determining which was had. Those marked thus (*) are in my own
collection. B. M. is the British Museum.

£ s. d.

1-2. [2 little chatachismes] 0.0.4

[probably] An Appendix to Mr. Perkins his 1606?

Six Principles of the Christian Religion, by J. R.

3. [1 Lambeth on the Will of man] 0.0.2

Fran(;ois Lambert: The miude and judge- [1548]

ment of maister F. Lambert of Avenna of the
wyll of man, declarynge . . . howe ... it is
captyve and bonde, and not free : taken out of
hys commentaries upon Osee the Prophete . . .
Newelye traslated into English by N[icholas]
L[esse] etc. 8°. B. M. [4256. a.]

4. [1 morrall discourse] 0.0.2

[possibly] Owen Felthara : Resolves Divine, 1620

Morall, Political. 12mo. 5. i)/. [G. 10331.]

5. [Discouery of Spanish Liquisition] . . . . 0.0.3

Gonsalvius Montanus : A Discovery and 1568

playne Declaration of Sundry subtill practises
of the Holy Inquisition of Spayne . . . Set
forth in Latine. by R. G. M. and newly trans-
lated [by V. Skinner.] London, 4°.

B. M. [4071. c]

6. [Johnson on 18* Math.] 0.0.4

Francis Johnson : A Short Treatise concern- 1611

ing the Exposition of those Words of Christ,

).] ELDER BEEWSTEK'S LIBRARY. 39

£ s. d.
Tell the Church, etc. Matt, xviii : 17, etc.
Amsterdam? 4°. B. M. [608. g. 41.]*
[Eemaynes of Brittaine] 0.1.0

M. N. [i.e. W. Camden]: Remaines of a 1605

greater Worke, Concerning Britaine, the inhabi-
tants thereof, their Languages, Names, Sur-
names, Empreses, Wise Speeches, poesies and
Epitaphes. London, 4°.

B. M. [674. b. 7.]
[Description of New England] 0.0.4

John Smith : A Description of New England : 1616

or the observations, and discoveries, of Capt. J.
Smith in the North of America in the year
1614: with the successe of sixe ships, that went
the next yeare 1615 ; and the accidents befell
him among the French men of warre : etc.
London, 4°. B. M. [C. 13. a. 11. (2.)]
[Nova Testamenti Malarato] 1.4.0

Avg. Marloratus : Novi Testamenti Catholica 1605

expositio ecclesiastica, ex probatis theologis ex-
cerpta et diligenter concinnata, sive Bibliotheca

Expositionum Nov. Test'- Geneva, fol.

[Tromelius & Junius Biblia Sacra] . . . . 0.18.0

Testamenti Veteris Biblia Sacra . , . recens 1580

ex HebriEo facti, brevibusque Scholiis illustrati
ab I. Tremellio et F. Junio, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [1409. h. 7.]
[Beza noua testament, lat. & gre.] 1.0.0

Jesv Christi D. N. Nouum testamentum, siue 1582

Nouum fcedus. Cuius Grseco contextui re-
spondent interpretationes duse : vna, vetus : al-
tera, noua. Theodori Beze, diligenter ab eo
recognita, etc. Geneva, fol.
[Centuria Selecta] 0.8.0

?[G. Sohnius:] Centuria [Selecta] Episto- [1590]

larum Theologicarum. [Heidelberg] etc. fol.
[Calvin duodecira pphet] . 15 .

loannis Calvini Pra;lectiones in Dvodecim 1567

Prophetas (quos vocant) Minores, etc. GeneviB,
fol. Prince Lib. [53.7.]
[Clauis Scriptura flacio Ulirico] 0.15.0

Flacius Illyricus : Clavis Scrip turas s. sev de 1617

sermone sacrarum literarum, etc. Basilese, fol.
Prince Lib. [51.4.]

40 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ s. d. ■

15. [Peter Martyr Com. prior ad Corinthos] . . 0.8.0

P. Martyr: In 1. Epistolam ad Corinthios 1567

Commentarii doctissimi, etc. Tiguri, fol.

16. [Musculus ad Isaiatn & Romanes] 0.12.0

Wolfgang Moesel : In Esaiam prophetam 1600

commentarii locupletissimi : In Epistolam ad
Romanos commentarii, nunc demiim magno
studio recogniti, cum indice. Basil, fol.

17. [Regneri prandini] 0.2.6

?? [N. Reusneri symbolorum Imperatoriorum 1619

Classis. London, 8°.]

Prince Lib. [imperfect] [79. a. 4.]

18. [CEcolumnadi in leremia] 0.3.0

J. CEcolampadius : In leremiam prophetam li- 1558

brum. Basil, fol.

19. [Crisostm, Mattias & loanaes] 0.6.0

J. Chrysostom: Homiliae in Mattheum, et in [1590]

S. lohannem Evangelistam, etc. [London]

[8°.]

20. [Musculus Psalmos David] 0.12.0

Wolfgang Moesel: In Davidis Psalterium 1573

sacrosanctum Commentarii ; in quibus et reliqua
Catholicae Religionis nostroe capita passim, non
prsEtermissis Orthodoxorum etiam Patrum sen-
tentiis, ita tractantur, ut Christianus lector nihil
desiderare amplius possit. BasU, fol.

21. [Calvi at Daniel] 0.5.0

J. Calvini : Pra?lectiones in Librum Prophetia- 1591

rum Danielis. I. Budoei & C. lonuillsei labore
excerpt®. Genevae, fol. Prince Lib. [53.12.]

22. [CaMonlsa] 0.15.0

J. Calvini: Commentarii in Isaiam, opera N. 1583

Gallasii. Genevte. fol. Prince Lib. [53.6.]

23. [Musculus ambos Epist ad Corinthos] . . . . 08 .

Wolfgang Moesel : In Apostoli Pauli ambas 1600

Epistolas ad Corinthios commentarii. Basil,
fol.

24. [Molleri ad Psalmos] 0.10.0

Enarrationis Psalmorvm ex Prselectionibvs 1619

H. Molleri, novissima editio. Genevse, fol.
Prince Lib. [43.2.]

25. [Lanaterus Esequeh] . 05 .

L. Lavaterus: Ecclesiastes Salomoais, cum 1575?

annotationibus, etc. Tiguri, 4°.

1889.] ELDER BREWSTEE'S LIBRARY. 41

£ S. d.

26. [ZanchI ad Ephe] 0.06.0

C. Zanchi: Coinmentarii in Epistolam ad 1613
Ephesios, etc. [Heidelberg?] fol.

27. [Syntagma amudo polo Syntagmatia Theologia

Christian] 0.10.0

Amandus Polanus : Syntagma Theologiae 1615

Christianas juxta leges ordinis methodici confor-
matiim, fol. Hanovite. Prince Lib. [60.4.]

28. [Sulteti Isaiam] . 05 .

Abraham Scultetus : Annotata in Proph. 1614?

Esaiam, etc. [Amsterdam], 4°.

29. [Purei Hoseam] 0.01.0

David Parens: In Hoseam Prophetam Com- 1616

mentarii prolegomena, etc. Heidelberg, 4°.
Prince Lib. [43.4]

30. [Gualterin Deluerin, nou. testa.] 0.02.6

Rodolph Gualther: Archetypi Homiliarum 1601

in quatuor Evang, et Acta Apost, etc. Tiguri,
fol.

31. [Psalm Pagnii.] 0.02.6

? S. Paguini : Psalmi cum Commentario. 1614?

Antwerp, fol.

32. [Parens in Genosa] 0.08.6

D. Parens : In Genesin Mosis Commentarius, 1615
etc. Frankfort, fol. [Mr. "W" Brewster, Cam.]

33. [Piscator in Nova Testament] . 17 .

J. Piscator : Commentarii in omues Libros 1594 ?

Novi Testamenti, quibus continentur: 1. Ana-
lysis logica singulorum librorum et capita ;
2. Scholia in singula capita; 3. Obseruationes
locorum doctrinse e singulis capitibus. Lon-
don, 8°.

34. [Parens ad Romanes] 0.05.0

D. Parous: Commentarius in Epistolam ad 1608

Romanos. Francof, 4°.

35. [Pareus ad Priorem Corinthis] . 04 .

D. Pareus : Commentarius in Epistolam prio- 1616 ?

rem ad Corinthios. Heidelberg, fol.

36. [Caluin Eze. vigint prima] 0.03.0

J. Caluin: Praslectiones in Ezechielis pro- 1565?

phetse viginti capita priora. Geneva, 8°.

37. [Tabula Analytice Stephano] 0.01.6

Stephanuskis : Tabulae Analyticae, quibus ex- 1593

42 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ s. d.
emplar illud sanorum sermonum de fide, chari-
tate, et patientia, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [3127. bb.]

38. [Cartwright harma 4 Euangl] . 05 .

T. Cartwright: Harmonia Evangelica, per 1627

analysin logicam, et metaphrasin historicam.
Amsterodami, 4°. [Yale Coll. Lib. with auto.]
Prince Lib. [47.11.]

39. [Pascillia Hemnigm] 0.01.0

Nicolaus Hemmingius : Postilla Evangeliorum 1569 ?

in diebus Dominicis & Festis Sanctorum. Haff-
niaj, 8°.

40. [De Vera les. Chr. Religione] 0.01.0

?P. Dvplessis-Mornay : De veritate Eeli- 1602

gionis Christianse liber, etc. Herbornfe Nasso-
viorum, 8°. Prince Lib. [67.5.]

41. [Erasmus in Marcin] 0.01.6

? D. Erasmus: Moriae Encomium, etc. Argert. 1511

42. [Parkerius politica Eccle] 0.05.0

R. Parker: De Politeia Eccleslastica Christi, 1616

et Hierarchica opposita. Libri tres, etc. Fran-
cofurti, 4°. *

43. [Piscator in Genesn] 0.02.0

Jo. Piscator: Commentarius in Lib. Genesin, 1596?

etc. Herborn, 8°.

44. [Kykermano Systema Phisica] . 03 .

Bart. Keckerman : Systema geographicvm. 1612

Adjecta sunt Problemata uautica. HanoviiS,
8°. Prince Lib. [34.19. a.]

45. [Beza Confess. Christ] . 02 . 4

T. Beza : Confessio Christianae Fidei, et ejus- 1575

dem collatio cum Papisticis Haeresibus. Lon-
dini, 8°. B. IL [3505. aa.]

46. [Rollock in Dany] 0.02.6

In Librum Danielis Prophetas, R. Rollici 1591

commentarius. Edinbvrgi, 4°.

Prince Lib. [45.17.]

47. [D:uien in prio .Juni] . 02 .

Lambertus Danseus : Commentarium in prio- 1585?

rem ad loannem Epistolam. Genevas, 8°.

48. [Thorn Thomaseus Dix] . 02 .

Thomas Thomasius : Dictionarium, etc., longe 1606

auctiiis locupletiiisque redditum, etc. Cantab.
4°. B. M. [12993. c. 16.]

1889.] ELDER BKEWSTEE'S LIBKAKY. 43

£ s. d.

49. [Bastwick Apologeticus] 0.00.6

J. Bastwick : Apologeticus ad praesules Angli- 1636

canos crimiuum Ecclesiasticorum in Curia celsse
Commissionis, etc. [n. p.] 8°.

B. M. [1010. a. 18.] Prince Lib. [58.15.]

50. [Machauelii princeps] . 01 . 8

N. Macchiavelli: De Viri Principis Institu- 1619?

tione.

51. [Elenchus papistice Bastwick] 0.00.06

J. Bastwick : Elenchus Religionis Papis- 1633

ticje. 8°.

52. [Rollock at Psalmos] 0.02.06

E. Pollock : In selectos aliquot Psalmos 1599

Davidis. Geneva, 8°.

53. [Rainoldi de Romana Eccles] 0.02.06

J. Rainoldi : de Romanae EcclesiiB Idololatria 1596

in cultu sanctorum, reliquiarum, imaginum, aquae,
sails, etc., aliarumque, etc. Oxon, 4°.

B. 31. [477. a. 9.]*

54. [Caluin in Josua] 0.01.0

J. Caluin: Commentarius in Librum Josue. 1578?

Genevse, 4°.

55. [Syntagma Vigandus] . 01 . 06

Jo. Wigandus: Syntagma, sen corpus doc- 1564

trinaj veri et omnipotentis Dei, ex Veteri Tes-
tamento tantum, etc. Basil, 4°.

56. [Epistola Apologetica] . 01 . 06

? An Apologicall Epistle, directed to the right 1601

Hon Lords and others of her Majesties privie
Counsell, etc. [by Rob' Persons]. 8°.

B. M. [699. a. 39.]

57. [Paraphrasa Erasmus in Luke] 0.01.06

D. Erasmus : Paraphrasis in Lucam.

58. [Latina Grammatica] . 00 . 06

? Syntagma grammaticum, or, an easie ... 1616

explanation of Lillies Grammar, etc. 8°.

B. M. [827. a. 2.]

59. [Hebrew gramat] 0. 00 . 06

?J. Avenarius : Grammaticea Ebraicse tres- 1586

partes. Vitebergae, 4°.

60. [Camden Brittan] . 03 .

W.Camden: Britannia . . . Sive florentissi- 1586

morum regnorum, Anglise, Scotiae, Hibernise, et

44 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ s. d.
Insularum adjaceutium . . . descriptio, etc.
Lond. 8°.

61. [RoUock ad Romanos Ephes] 0.03.0

R. Rollock : Analysis Dialectica in Pauli 1594

Apostoli P^pistolam ad Romanos, et Ephesios,
etc. Edinburgi, 4°.

62. [Dictio. Triglott] 0.01.06

? Gul. Morelius : Verborum Latinorum cum 1583

Graicis, Anglicisque conjunctorum, locupletis-
simi Comraentarii, etc. Londini, fol.

B. M. [12933. 1. 6.]

63. [Buxtorff Lexicon] 0.04.06

Jo. BvxtorfF: Lexicon Hebraicum et Chal- 1607

daicum, cum brevi Lexico Rabbinico Pljilo-
sophico. Basilea;, 4°.

64. [Cartwright prouerbia] . 07 .

Commentarii in Proverbia. Authore T. Cart- 1617

vvrighto, etc. Lugdunum Bat., 4°.
[printed by W. Brewster.] Prince Lib. [45.4]*

65. [lunii ad Ecclam Dei] . 00 . 03

F. lunius : Ecclesiastic! sive de natura et 1581

administration ibus Ecclesiaj Dei, libri tres.
Francofurti, 8°. Prince Lib. [58.16.]

66. [Tyrocinia] 0.00.04

J. Prideaux. Tyrocinium ad syllogismum 1629

legitimum contexendum, etc. Oxford, 4°.

B. M. [12924. aa. 3. (2.)]

67. [Poemata Heringii] . 00 . 02

Fr. Herring: In foelicissimum . . . lacobi 1603

primi, Anglias . . . Regis, etc. Poema Gratu-
latorium, etc. Londini, 4°.

B. M. [1070. c. 18. (1.)]

68. [Ad Reverend, patres Eccles. Anglican] . . . . 00 . 06

?Ad reverendissimos [patres] Ecclesiarum 1625

Anglicanarum . . . Episcopos, etc. [remonstrance
ag' y? treat' of Puritans] [London] 4°.

B. M. [700. d. 3. (4.)]

69. [Amesii contra Grevin. Co.] . 00 . 06

Gul. Amesii : Rescriptio Scholastica et Brevis 1634

ad Nic. Greviuchovii Responsum illud prolixum,
quod opposuit dissertatione de Redempt. Gen.
et Electione, etc. Roter**?, 8°. *

70. [Hypomneses] 0.00.03

1889.] ELDER BREWSTER'S LIBRARY. 45

£ «. d.
? Hypomnemata Logica, Rhetorica, Physica, 1620?

Metapliysica, PDenmatica, Ethica, Politica,
Oiconomica, per I[o] P[rideaux] Coll. Exon.
Oxford, 8°.

71. [Antichristus prognostica] 0.00.04

? T. Bi'ightman. Antichristum Pontificiorum 1610

monstrum fictitium esse, etc. Ambergre, 8°.

72. [Harmonia Evangelia] 0.00.06

Harmonioe Evangelicre. M. Chemnitio in- 1622

choatK, & per Polyparpvm Lyservm continva-
t£e, libri qvinqve. Francofurti, fol.

Prince Lib. [52.11.]

73. [1 English bible lattin letter] . . . . . . 0.08.00

74. [1 English bible] 0.06.00

75. [A new Testament] . 05 . 00

76. [Mr. Ains worths Psalms in prose & meter] . 0.02.00

The Book of Psalmes: Englished both in 1612

Prose and Metre w"" Annotations, etc., by H. A.
Amsterdam, 4°. B. M. [3436. cc. 35.]*

77. [1 new testament] 0.01.04

78. [Major Coment new testament] 0.12.00

John Mayor : A Commentarie upon the four 1631

Euangelists, the Acts of the Apostles, etc. Lon-
don, fol. B. M. [1010. e. 6.7.]

79. [Hexapla vpon Daniell] 0.05.00

Hexapla in Danielem : that is a six-fold com- 1610

mentarie upon . . . Daniel, by A. Willet.
Cambridge, fol. B. M. [1010. e. 10.]

80. [2 volumes of Mr. Perkins] 1.10.00

The "Workes of that Famous and Worthie 1603

Minister of Christ, in the Vniversitie of Cam- 1608

bridge. M. W. Perkins, etc. Cambridge, fol.
B. M. [3752. g.] Prince Lib. [61.4.]*

81. [Mr. Hemes works] 0.05.00

? Samuel Hieron: The "Workes of S. H. two 1624

volumes. London, fol. 5. J/. [1012. e. 12.] 1625

82. [Babingtons works] 0. 08 . 00

The Workes of Gervase Babingfon . . . con- 1615

teining comfortable notes upon the five Bookes
of Moses . . . also an Exposition upon the
Creed, etc. London, fol. B. M. [1013. f. 16.]

83. [Cartwright against Remise] 0. 08 . 00

T. Cartwright: A Confvtation of the Rhemists 1618

46 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ s. d.
translation, glosses and Annotations on the New
Testament, etc. [Leydeu,] fol. [Printed by
W? Brewster] B. M. [689. g. 10.]*

Prince Lib. [53.21.]

84 [Byfield on Coloss] . 05 . 00

N. Byfield: An Exposition upon the Epistle 1615

to the Colossians . . . Being the substance of
neare seauen yeeres Weeke-dayes Sermons.
Lond. fol. B. M. [3266. g.]

85. [Dodoner Herball] . 06 . 00

Rembert Dodoens : A brief Epitome of the 1606

new Herball, etc., first set forth in y° Dutch
tongue. Lond. 4°. B. M. [987. e. 19.]

86. [Mr Rogers on Judges] . 06 . 00

Richd. Rogers : A Commentary upon the 1615

whole booke of Judges, preached first ... in
sundrie lectures, etc. London, fol.

B. 31. [3165. f.] Prince Lib. [43.12.]

87. [Mr Richardson on y" state of Eur.] . . . . . 04 . 00

Gabriel Richardson : Of the State of Europe. 1627

XIIII. Bookes, containing the historie, and re-
lation of the many provinces hereof. Oxford,
4°. B. M. [10107. i.]

88. [Knights Concord] . 05 . 00

William Knight: An Axiomatical Concord- 1610

ance. London. [Watt. ii. 576. j.]

89. [Calvin on Isay] . 06 . 00

J. Calvin: A Commentary upon the Proph- 1609

ecie of Isaiah . . . tr. by C. C[otton] [London]
fol. B. M. [3166. f ]

90. [WiUet on Romans] . 06 . 00

A. Willet: Hexapla: that is a Six-fold Com- 1611

mentarie upon the Epistle to y* Romanes.
Cambridge, fol. B. M. [3266. h.]

91. [Greusames works] 0.10.00

Richard Greenham : The Workes of . . . R. G. 1612

. . . collected into one volume [fifth and last
edition]. London, fol. J5. J!/: [1012. e. 8.]

92. [Bodens Comon weale] 0.08.00

Jean Bodin: The six Bookes of a Common- 1606

weale. Out of y" French & Latine Copies . . .
by R. Knolles. London, fol. B. M. [30. f. 20.]

93. [WUlet on the 1'.' Samuel] . 04 . 00

1889.] ELDER BREWSTER'S LIBRAEY. 47

£ «. d.
A. Willet: An harmonie upon the first booke 1607

of Samuel, etc. Cambridge, 4°. i?. J/ [3165. c]

94. [Surveyor by Eatbone] . 03 . 00

Aaron Rathbone: The Surveyor in Foure 1616

Bookes. London, fol.

95. [Willet on Genesis] . 07 . 00

A. Willet: Hexapla in Genesin, that is a six- 1608

fold Commentary upon Genesis, wherein sixe
severall translations, that is, the Septuagint, and
the Chalde, two Latin, . . . two English . . .
are compared with the original Hebrew, and
Pagnine and Montanus . . . together with a
six-fold use of every chapter . . . wherein above
a thousand theological questions are discussed,
etc. London, fol. 2 vols.

96. [Seneca Workes] 0.06.00

L. A. Seneca: The Workes of L. A. Seneca 1614

both Morrall and Naturall . . . tr. by T. Lodge.
London, fol. [Has various autographs, and is
now owned by J. McLellan, Woodstock, Conn.]
B. M. [524. k. 13.]

97. [Wilcocks on Psalmes] . 06 . 00

T. Wilcox : A right godly and learned Ex- 1586

position upon the whole Booke of Psalmes,
wherin is set forth the true Division sence &
Doctrine, etc. London, 4°. i?. J/ [1107. g. 4.]

98. [Cottons Concordance 2 volumes] 0.12.00

Clem' Cotton : A complete Concordance to 1631

the Bible of the last translation, etc. London,
fol. B. M. [3103. e.]

99. [Scholastical discourse about the crosse] . . . . 04 . 00

R. Parker: A Scholasticall Discovrse against 1607

symbolizing with Antichrist in Ceremonies : es-
pecially in the signe of the Crosse, [n. pi.] fol.
B. M. [1226. g. 7.] Prince Lib. [70. a. 2.3.]*

100. [Taylor upon Tytus] . 05 . 00

Thos. Taylor: A commentarie upon the 1619

Epistle ... to Titus . . . Preached in Cam-
bridge by T. T., reviewed and enlarged with
some notes. Cambridge, 4°.

B. M. [3266. e.] Prince Lib. [47.2.]

101. [Hill upon Life Euer.] 0.05.00

Rob- Hill: Life everlasting: or the true 1601

knowledge of One Jehovah, Three Elohim,

48 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ S. d.
and Jesus Immanuel : collected out of the best
moderne diuines, etc. Cam. 4°.

B.M. [4223. b.]

102. [WUsons Disonor] 0.06.00

Thos. TVilson : A Christian Dictionary, 1622

opening the significations of the chief e "Words
dispersed generally through Holy Scrip" of
the Old & Xew Test'-' London. 8°.
B. M. [3109. c] Pri7ice Lib. [51.8.] [1648.]

103. [Waimes Christia Synagogue] 0.02.00

Jo. Weemes : The Christian Synagogue ; 1623

wherein is contayned the diverse reading, the
right pointing, translation, and collation of
Scripture with Scripture ; with the customs of
the Hebrewes and Proselytes, etc. London, 4°.
B. 31. [483. b. 7.]

104. [Gibbines question & disputacons] . . . . . 02 . 06

Nich. Gibbens: Questions and Disputations 1601

concerning the Holy Scripture, etc. London,
4°. B. M. [690. d. 2.]

Prince Lih. [45.21.] [1602.]

105. [Caluin Harmon Evan.] . 06 . 00

J. Calvin: A Harmonie upon the three 1610

Evangelists Matthew, Mark, and Luke, with
the commentarie ... of I. C. Whereunto
is added a Commentarie upon S. John, by the
same authour. London, 4°.

B. M. [3225. b.]

106. [Defence of Synod of Dort by Eobin] . . . 0.02.00

Jo : Robinson : Defence of the doctrine pro- 1624

povnded by the Synode at Dort : against J.
Mvrton and his associates, in a treatise, etc.
[n. pi.] 4°. Prince Lib. [65.33.]*

107. [Messelina] 0.03.01

? ? Natb' Richards : The Tragedy of Messa- 1 640

lina, the Roman Eraperesse, as it hath been
acted with generall applause, divers times, by
the Company of his Maiesties Revells. Lon-
don, 8°. B.M. [162. b. 15.]

108. [Downams Warfare 2 pt] 0.04.00

Jo. Downame: The Christian Warfare. 2? 1609

pt. [there were four.] London, 8°.
B.M. [4408, f.] Prince Lih. [55.42.] [1612.]

109. [Barlow on 2 Tymothy] 0.02.06

1889.] ELDER BREWSTER S LIBRARY. 49

£ S. d.
Jo. Barlow : An Exposition of the Second 1625

Epistle of the Apostle Paul to Timothy, the
first Cliapter, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [3266. b.]

110. [Cartwright ag" Whitgift 2 pt] 0.02.00

T. Cartwright : Second replie agaynst Mais- 1575

ter Doctor Whitgiftes second answer touching
the Churche Discipline, [n. pi.] 4°.

B. AT. [225. e. 22. (1.)]
Prince Lib. [49.G7.G8. a.]*

111. [.Jackson ag' Misbeliefe] 0.02.00

Th. lackson : A Treatise containing the 1625

original of Unbelief, Misbelief, etc. Loudon, 4°.
B. M. [3755. a.]

112. [Granger on Eccl.] 0.02.00

Tho: Granger: A familiar Exposition or 1621

Commentarie on Ecclesiastes, etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [3166. aaa.]

113. [Brightman on Reuel.] 0.05.00

T. Brightman: The Revelation of S. John 1C16

Illustrated with an Analysis & Scholions, etc.
Leyden, 8°. B. 31. [3185. bb.]*

114. [Birdag Anti] 0.02.00

? Tho : Beard : Antichrist the Pope of Rome : 1 625

or, the Pope of Rome is Antichrist : Proved
in two treatises, etc. [London], 4°.

B. M. [1019. 1. 4.]

115. [Byfield on 1 Peter] 0.05.00

N. Byfleld: A Commentary . . . upon the 1623

second chapter of the first Epistle of St. Peter.
London, 4°. B. M. [3266. cc]

1 16. [Weymes on Image of God in Man] . . . . 02 . 00

J. Weemes: The Pourtraiture of the Image 1627

of God in Man, in his three Estates of Crea-
tion, Restauration, Glorification, etc. London,
4°. B. M. [T. 798. (2.)]

Prince Lih. [44.15.] [1636.]

117. [Parr on Romans] 0.05.00

Elnathan Parre: Exposition upon the Epis- [1631]

tie to the Romans. London, fol.

Prince Lib. [44.8.] [in works.]

118. [Robinsons Observacons] 0.02.00

Jo : Robinson : Observations Divine and 1625

50 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ «. d.
Morall. For the Fvrthering of knowledg, and
vertue, etc. n. pi. 4°. B. M.\A^i\\. dd.]*

119. [Right way to go to work e] 0.02.00

[S. B.] The Right Way to goe to Worke, 1622

being a Sermou on Prov. xvi : 3.

[Arber, Stat. Reg. iv. 87.]

120. [Byfields sermons on 1 Peter] 0.05.00

N. Byfield: Sermons upon the first Chapter 1617

of the first Epistle Generall ... of Peter, etc.
London, 8°. B. M. [3266. ccc]

121. [Dod on Commandm*'] 0.02.06

Jo. Dodd: A Plaine and familiar Exposition 1615

of the Ten Commandements with a catechisme.
London, 4°.

^. i)/. [3109. c. (1).] [Ed. 1632.]*

122. [Mayor on Catholick Epistles] . 03 . 00

Jo. Mayer: Ecclesiastica Interpretatio : or, 1627

the Expositions upon the ditiieult and doubtful
passages of the seven Epistles called Catholike,
etc. London, 4°. B. 31. [1003. c. 27.]

123. [Taylor parable on the Sower] 0.02.00

The: Taylor: The Parable of the Sower 1621

and of the Seed, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [4266. bb.]

124. [Narme cf Chr. Strarr.] 0.02.00

W. Name: Christs Starre : or, a Christian 1625

treatise for our direction to our Saviour, and
for our conjunction with him, etc. London, 4°.
B. M. [4401. e. 10.]

125. [Morley of truth of religion] . 03 . 00

P. deMornay: A work concerning the trew- 1617

nesse of Christian religion, translated into Eng-
lish by Syr Philip Sidney, Knight ; and Arthur
Golding, the fourth time published. London,
8°. B. M. [4016. b.]

126. [Attersons badges of Christianity] . . . . 0.02.00

? ? W^ Attersoll : [I think some sub-title of 1618

Commentary on Numbers.] 8°.

B. M. [3105. a.] Prince Lib. [43.7.]

127. [Downam Consolatrix] 0.03.00

Jo. Downame: Consolations for the afflicted, 1612

wherein is shewed how the Christian may be
enabled to bear all crosses and miseries with

1S89.] ELDER BKEWSTEE's LIBRARY. 51

£ s. d.

patience, etc. London, 4°. [S*" pt. of X? War-
fare] [No. 108, ante].

B. M. [4408. f.] Prince Lib. [55.42.]

123. [Elton on 7 Romans] 0.02.06

Ed. Elton: The complaint of a sanctified 1618

sinner answered, or an explanation of the sev-
enth chapter of the Epistle of St. Paul to the
Romans. London, 4°.

129. [A declaracon of Quintill. question] . . . . 0.02.00

? [Some unassigned English version, appar-
ently, of one or more of the Declamations of
Quintilian ; the earliest translation which I
have met being that of Warr (published anony-
mously). London, 1686.]

130. [Byfeild on 3 of Peter] 0.01.06

N. Byfield: A Commentary upon the three 1637

first chapters of the first Epistle ... of St.
Peter. Wherein are . . . handled such points
of Doctrine as naturally flow from the Text.
London, fol. B. M. [3266. g.]

131. [7 p'bleames against Antechrist] 0.01.00

G. S. : Sacrre Heptades, or seaven prob- 1626

lems concerning Antichrist, [n. pi.] 4°.

B. M. [3186. e.]

132. [Dike upon Repent] . 01 . 06

Dan. Dyke : A Treatise of Repentance, etc. 1618

4°. Prince Lib. [55.37.]

133. [Sibbs Soules Comfort] . 03 . 06

R. Sibbes : The Soules Conflict with it selfe, [1 625]

etc. London, 8°. 5. tJ/: [4409. de.] [1636.]

134. [Passions of the mynd] 0.01.06

? Rob' Southwell. The Passion of a Discon- 1621

tented mind. London, 4°. [apparently 3" edn.]
B. M. [1076. i. 20.]

135. [5 bookes of Sermons sticbet together] . . . . 01 . 00

[There is nothing to show whether these
were printed discourses, or Elder Brewster's
own manuscripts, thus bundled together.]

136. [Constitucons & Cannons of bb. of Cant.] . . 0.00.02

Constitvtions and Canons Ecclesiastical!. 1604

Treated vpon by the Bishop of London . . .
and the rest of the Bps. and Clergie of the
Province of Canterbury, etc. London, 4° .

B. M. [5155. aa. 5.]*

52 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ i. d.

137. [Wittenhall discovery of abuses] 0.01.00

Th. WheteDhall : A Discourse of the Abuses 1606

now in question iu the Chvrches of Christ, of
their creeping in, growing vjj and flourishing
in the Babilouish Ch'h of Rome, etc. [n. pi.]
4°. B. M. [108. a. 47.]*

138. [Rollock on Thessal] 0.02.00

R. Rollock: Lectures upon the First and 1606

Second Epistles of Paul to the Thessalonians,
etc. Edinburgh, 8°.

B. M. [3266. ee.]

139. [Heauen opened by Coop] . 02 . 00

Heauen opened. A book by Rev. William 1608

Cowper, minister of God's Word. [Arber,
Stat. Reg. iii. 393.]

140. [Treasury of Smiles] 0.04.00

Rob. Cawdrey : A Treasurie or Store- House 1609

of Similies . . . newly collected into Heades
and Common places. London, 4°.

B. M. [4410. n.]

141. [Downefall of Popery] 0.02.00

Th. Bell : The Downefall of Popery. Pro- 1605

posed by way of a new Challenge to all Eng-
lish lesuites and . . . papists, daring them . . .
to make answere thereunto if they can. Lon-
don, 4°. ^.l/.[3935. b.]

142. [Saints by calling by Wilson] 0.02.00

Th. Wilson: Saints by calling: or called to 1620

be Saints. A godly Treatise of our holy Call-
ing to Christ by the Gospel, etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [4409. gg.]

143. [Wittenhall discovy of abuses] 0.02.00

[Seems to be a duplicate of No. 137, are<«.] 1606

144. [Udal on Lamentacons] 0.01.04

J. Vdall: A Commentarie upon the Lamen- 1599

tations of Jeremy, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [3166, aaa.]

145. [Dyocean Tryall] 0.00.06

P. Baynes : The Diocesans Tryall. Wherein
all the sinnewes of Doctor Downhams Defence
are brought into three heads, and orderly dis-
solved. 4°. Bodleian [110. j. 217. (2).]
B. M. [E. 207. (7).] [1641.]*

146. [Sparks ag" Albin] 0.02.06

ELDER Brewster's library. 53

Tho. Sparke: An Answere to J. de Albines 1591

notable Discourse against heresies . . . com-
piled by T. S. [with copy of Discourse itself
as printed at Douay]. Oxford, 4°.

B. 31. [G97. g. 29.]

147. [Wottons defence of Perkins Refor Catholicke] 0. 02 . 06

Anth: Wotton: A Defence of M. Perkins 1C06

booke called A Reformed Catholike : against
the cavils of a Popish writer, one D. B. P. or
W. B. in his Deformed Reformation. Lon-
don, 4°. B. M. [3932. e.]

148. [Brinslow on Ezech] 0.03. CO

J. Brinsley: The third part of the true 1622

watch, etc. Taken out of Ezekiel Chap. 9.
London, 4°. Prince Lib. [55.104.]

149. [Defence of Ministers reasons] 0.01.06

[S. Hieron] : A Defence of the Ministers 1607

Reasons, for Refvsall of Svbscription to the
Booke of Common prayer, and of Conformitie,
etc. [n. pi.] 4°. *

150. [Downam ag'' Bath & Wells] 0.01.06

Geo. Downame: A Defence of the Sermon 1611

preached at the Consecration of the L. Bishop
of Bath and Welles, against a confutation
thereof by a namelesse Author, etc. London,
4°.
B. M. [858. g. 12.] Prince Lib. [59.15.]*

151. [A discourse of troubles Chu. of Amster.] . . 0.01.06

Geo. Johnson : A Discourse of some Troubles 1603

and Excommunications in the banished English
Church at Amsterdam. Published for sundry
causes declared in the preflice to the Pastour of
the sayd Church, etc. Amsterdam, 4°.

Trinity Coll., Cambridge, [c. 4.53.]
152,153,154. [Mr. Smyths 3 treatises] .... 0.02.06

? John Smyth: (1) Principles and inferences 1607

concerning the Visible Church, [n. pi.] 16";
(2) The Diferences of the Churches of the [1608]

Separation, etc. [n. pi.] 4° ; (3) The charac-
ter of the Beast, or the false constitution of the
Church discovered in certain passages betwixt
Mr. R. Clyfton & John Smyth, etc. "[n. pi.] 4°. [1609]

[The first is in the Lib. of York Minster ; * the

54 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ s. d.
second in Harvard Coll. ; and the third in the
Bodleian.'] [Pamph. 7.]

155. [Discourse of Equivocation] 0.01.06

H. Mason: The new Art of Lying, covered 1634

by lesuites under the vaile of Equivocation ;
discovered and disproved. London, 12"°.
B. J/. [852. c. 1.]

156. [Mr. Smyths paroliles] 0.00.08

Jo. Smyth: Paralleles, Censvres, Observa- 1609

tions, Aperteyning to three several vrritinges,
viz. [n. pi.] 4°.

Bodleian [4°, S. 9. Art. B. S.]*

157. [A peticon for reformacun] . 00 . 06

? A Petition to her Maiestie [on Reformation 1593

in the Church of England] [n. pL] 4°.

Prince Lib. [78.97.]

158. [A primer of Chr. Relig.] . 00 . 09

?J. Sprint: The Svmme of the Christian 1613

Religion, in form of Question and Answer.
London, 8°. Prince Lib. [57.34.]

159. [A discourse of variance betweene pope &

Venet.] 0.01.00

Chr. Potter: A Sermon, etc. hereunto is 1629

added an Advertisement touching the History
of the quarrels of Pope Paul 5, with the Vene-
tians, etc. Loudon, 8°.

B. M. [4474. aa. 96.]

160. [Broughton on Lament.] 0.01.00

H. Broughton : The Lamentations of leremy, 1608

translated. . . . With explications, etc. [No
pi.] 4°. B. 31. [1003. b. 9. (8).]

161. [Perkins on Sat. Sophist] 0.00.06

W. Perkins : Satans Sophistrie answered by [1603]

our Saviour Christ. Cambridge, fol. [Sub-
sequently published in the third volume of the
three volume edition of Perkins's Works, as
" The Combat between Christ and the Devill
displayed," etc.] *

162. [A discourse of Adoracon of Reliq""] . . . 0.01.00

? Jo. Polyander : Discourse against the Wor- 1611

ship of Reliques, etc. [London] [4°.]
Liby. of Emmanuel Coll. Camb. [10.5.43.]

163. [A trew mark of Catholike Church] . . . 0.00.06

1889.] ELDER Brewster's library. 55

£ s. d.
T[heo.] B[eze]: A Discourse of the true 16ii2

and visible Markes of the Catholique Church,
tr. by T. Wilcox. London, 16°.

B. M. [702. a. 43.]

164. [A quodlibet to bewarr of preise] . . . . 0.00.04

??A Decacordon of ten quodlibeticall ques- 1602

tions concerning religion and state, etc. [n. pL]
4°. i?. J/. [4091.dd.]

165. [lustifycacon of Sepacon] 0.02.00

Jo. Robinson: A justification of Separation 1610

from the Church of England ; against M'. R.
Bernard his invective intituled The Separatists
schisme. [n. pi.] 4°. B. M. [4135. b.]*

166. [Storke ansvvere to Campion] 0.02.00

W. Charke : An Answere to a seditious 1580

pamphlet lately cast abroade by a Jesuite (E.
Campian) vpith a discoverie of that blasphe-
mous sect. London, 8°. B. M. [4106. a.]

167. [Dike on the heart] 0.02.00

D. Dyke: The Mystery of Selfe-Deceiving. 1615

Or a discourse ... of the deceitfuluesse of
Mans Heart. London, 4°.

B. 31. [4404. d.] Prince Lib. [55.36.]

168. [Perkins on 11 Hebreues] 0.03.02

W.Perkins: A cloud of faithfull Witnesses 1618

leading to the Heavenly Canaan ; or a Com-
mentarie upon 11. Heb. London, fol.

169. [Bayne on Ephes.] 0.02.00

P. Baynes : An entire Commentary upon the 1643

whole Epistle of the Apostle Paul to the Ephe-
sians . . . v?ith a logical analysis, spiritual aud
holy observations, confutation of Arminianism
and Popery, and sound edification for the dili-
gent reader. London, fol.

170. [Dike on repent. & ch. temtations] . . . . 0.02.00

D. Dyke : Two Treatises. The one, of Re- [1618]

pentance ; the other of Christs Temptations,
etc. London, 4°.
B.M. [4404. h.] [1631.] Prince Lib. [55.37.}

171. [Bolton on true happynes] . 01 . 06

R. Bolton: A discourse about the state of 1612

true happiness : delivered in certaine sermons,
etc. London, 4°. B. M. [4452. c.]

56 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAX, SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ 5. d.

172. [Downam ag" Beller] 0.01.08

G. Downame : A Treatise concerning Anti- 1603

Christ, . . . proving that the Pope is Anti-
christ . . . against all the objections of R.
Bellarmine, etc. London, 4°.

£. M. [478. a. 25.]

173. [Wotton on 1 lohn] 0.02.00

Anth. Wotton : Sermons on part of Chapter 1 C09

first of St. lohns Gospel. London, 4°.

174. [Gouge Armor of God] 0.02.00

W? Gouge : TLavoirXia. Tou 0COV : The Whole 1616

armor of God, or the Spirituall Furniture
which God hath provided to keepe safe euery
Christian Soulder from . . ■ . Satan, etc. Lon-
don, 4°.

B. M. [4402. ccc] Prinm Lib. [56.33.]

175. [Plea for Infants] 0.01.06

R. Clyfton: A Plea for Infants and Elder 1610

people concerning their Baptisme ; or, a Pro-
cesse of the Passages between Mr. John Smyth
and Richard Clyfton. Amsterdam, 4°. *

176. [Dod on Commandm"] 0.03.00

[Seems to be a duplicate of Ko. 121, ante.'] 1615

177. [Rollock on effectual calling] 0.01.10

R. Rollock: A Treatise of Gods effectual 1603

Calling written in the Latine tongue . . . and
now . . . translated by H. Holland, etc. Lonr
don, 4°. B. M. [858. f. 10.]

178. [Calling of lews by Finish.] 0.01.00

H*: Finch: The Calling of the lewes, etc. 1621

[attributed by B. M. Catalogue to W" Gouge,
who seems to have published it.] London, 4°.
B. M. [4034. cc]

179. [Prin Antearminescence] 0.00.08

W™ Prynne : Anti-Arminianisme. Or, the 1630

Church of Englands old Antithesis to New
Arminianisme, etc. London, 4°.
B. M. [700. g. 6. (3).] Prince Lib. [60.21.]*

180. [Discouery by Barrow] 0. 03 . 00

W Barrowe : A Brief Discouerie of the false 1590

Church. As is the mother such the daughter
is. [n. pi.] [Dort] 4°. Dr. William's Lib.,
London. *

1889.] ELDER BREWSTEK's LIBRARY. 57

£ s. d.
181. [Ainsworths defence of Scripture] .... 0.01.06

H. Aiusworth : A Defence of the Holy 1609

Scriptures, Worship, and Ministerie used in
the . . . Churches separated from Antichrist,
ag' Mr. Smyth, etc. Amsterdam, 4°.

B. M. [4103. d.]*
182,183. [2 Downams Eeply ag" Bath] . . . . 0.03.00

[Seem to be two duplicates of No. 150, ante.'] 1611

184. [Admonition to Parli"'] 0.01.06

J. Field & T. Wilcox: An Admonition to 1571

the Parliament. London, 1G°.

Bodleian [A. 9.G. Line.]*

185. [Refutacon to GiflFord] 0.02.06

H. Barrowe & J. Greenwood: A Plaine 1605

Refvtation of M. Giffardes Booke, intituled, A
short treatise against the Donatists of England,
etc. [n. pi.] 4°.

B. M [T. 804. (3.)] Prince Lib. [59.68.]*
[This is the volume referred to in Bradford's
Dialogue [Young, Chronicles of Plymouth, p.
424] as having been reprinted by Francis John-
son at his own charge ; he having destroyed
all but two copies of the first edition of 1591.]

186. [Perth Assembly] 0.01.06

[J. Forbes] : Perth Assembly : containing 1619

(1) The Proceedings thereof; (2) The Proofe
of the nullitie thereof, etc. [n. pi.] [Printed
by W Brewster in Leyden.] 4°.

B. M. [4175. a.]*

187. [Defence of the Ministers reasons] . . . . 0.01.06

[Seems to be a duplicate of No. 149, anle.\ 1607

188. [Treatise of Ministery of England] . . . . 0.01.00

F. Johnson: A Treatise of the ministery of 1595

the Church of England, etc. [n. pi.] 4°. [I
have Brewster's copy with his autograph.] *

189. [Cassander Anglicans] 1.01.08

J. Sprint: Cassander Anglicanus ; shewing 1618

the Necessity of Conformitie to the Prescribed
Ceremonies of our Chvrch, in case of Depriua-
tion, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [873. h. 15.] Prince Lib. [58.4.]*

190. [Downams warfarr] 0.05.00

[Probably another of the four parts of No. 1609

108, ante.'] 8

58 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ s. d.

191. [The meane of mourneing] 0.03.00

Th. Playfere: The INIeane iu Mourning. 1611

A sermon [on Luk. xxili : 28] etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [4452. aaa. (2.)]

192. [Haokbill History of Judges] 0.00.00

? Geo. Hake will : Scutum Regium, Id est, 1612

adversus omnes regicidas et regicidarum patro-
nos, ab initio mundi, etc. Loudini, 8°.

B. 31. [523. a. 7.]

193. [Sweeds Intelligencer] . 01 . 06

The Swedish Intelligencer. The first part. 1632

"Wherein out of the truest and choysest Infor-
mations, are the famous actions of that warlike
Prince [Gustavus Adolphus] historically led
along, etc. London, 4°. [four P'-' in alL]
B. 31. [9435. c]

194. [Comunion of Saints] 0.02.00

[H. Ainsworth] : The Communion of Saints. 1615

A Treatise of the fellowship that the Faithful
have with God, and his Angels, and one with
another; in this present life, etc. [u. pL] 8°.
B. 31. [4409. bbb.]*

195. [Abridgment of Ministers of Lincolne] . . . 0.01.06

An Abridgmeut of that booke which the 1617

Ministers of Lincoln diocess deliuered to his
Maiestie upon the first of December last, being
the first part of an Apologye for themselves and
their brethren that refuse the subscription, etc.
[reprinted by W. Brewster, at Leyden.] 8°.
B. 31. [698. g. 4. (5.)] Prince Lib. [78.114.]
[Ed. 1605.] *

196. [Jacob Attestation] 0.01.00

H.Jacob: An Attestation of many Learned, 1613

Godly and famous Divines, etc., justifying this
doctrine, viz. : that the Church government
ought to bee alwayes with the peoples free con-
sent, etc. [n. pi.] 8°. B. 31. [698. a. 35. (1.)]
Prince Lib. [58.28.] *

197. [Modest Defence] 0.03.00

A Trve Modest, and Ivst Defence of the 1618

Petition for Reformation, exhibited to the Kings
most excellent Maiestie. Containing an An-
swere to the confutation published under the
names of some of the Vniversitie of Oxford,

1889.] ELDER Brewster's library. 59

£ s. d.
etc. [n. pL] 16°. [Printed at Leyden by
William Brewster.] B. M. [3935. a.]*

198. [Exposicon of Cau tides] 0.01.00

? T. Wilcox : An Exposition upon tlie Canti- 1624

cles, etc. London, fol. B. M. [3752. f.]

199. [Whitgifte answere to a libell] . 01 . 00

J. Whitgift: An Answere to a certen libell 1571

intituled An Admonition to the Parliament, etc.
London, 4°. B. M. [1019. e. 3.]*

200. [A reply to a libell] . 02 . 00

? .'' T. Cart Wright : A Replye to an Answere [1573]

made of M. Doctor VVhitegifte againste the
Admonition to the Parliament, etc. [n. pi.]
[n. d.] 4°. Prince Lib. [49. 67. 68. a.]*

201. [Dupless of a Chur] 0.02.00

P. Dvplessis-Mornay : A notable Treatise of 1606

the Church, in which are handled all the prin-
cipal! questions that haue been moued in our
time concerning this matter, etc. London, 4°.
B. M. [696. b. 28.]*

202. [Perkins on lude] . 02 . 00

W. Perkins: An Exposition of lude, con- [1603]

taining 66 sermons, etc. Cambridge, [fol.]
B. M. [3752. g.] [in Works.]*

203. [Downams 4 treatises] 0.02.00

J. Downame : Foure Treatises tending to 1609

disswade all Christians from . . . the abuses
of Swearing, Drunkennesse, Whoredome, and
Bribery, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [4404. f.] [Ed. 1613.]
Prince Lib. [55.88.]

204. [Deareing on Hebrews] . 03 . 00

Ed. Bearing: XXVIL Lectures . . . upon 1590

part of the Epistle ... to the Hebrues, etc.
London, 4°. B. 3L [3166. b. (2.)]

205. [A Collection of Englands Deliuanc'] . . . . 01 . 06

G. Carleton: A Thankfull Remembrance of 1627

Gods Mercy, In an Historicall Collection of the
great and mercifull Deliverances of the Church
and State of England, etc. London, 4°. [3*
edn.] B. 31. [807. c. 22.]*

206. [1000 notable things] 0.01.06

Th. Lupton : A Thousand Notable things 1601

60 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY.

£ s. d.

[Oct.

of sundrie sorts. Whereof some are wonder-
full, some strange, some pleasant, divers neces-
sary, a great sort profitable, and many verie
precious, etc. London, 4°.

B.M. [7321. bbb.]

207. [Riches of elder ages] . 00 . 00

Guil. Telin: Archaioplutos. Or the Riches 1592

of Elder Ages ; Prooving . . . that . . . aun-
cient emperors and kings were more rich and
magnificent, then such as live in these dales,
etc. London, 4°. B. 31. [C. 40. b. 9.]

208. [Dod on Comandm"] 0.02.06

[Seems to be a duplicate of JS'os. 121 and 1615

176, ante.'\

209. [Sweeds Intilligencer] . 01 . 06

[Probably another '• part " of No. 193, ante.l 1632

210. [tymes turne coat] 0.00.06

? Turncoat of the Times. A Ballad. [1635]

\_B. M. Cat:]

211. [A continuacon of adventur of Don Sebastian] 0. 00 . 04

? [J. Teixera: The strangest adventure that 1601

ever happened. ... A discourse concerning
the suceesse of the King of ,Portugall Dom
Sebastian from the time of his voyage into
Affficke ... in the year 1578, unto the sixt
of January this present 1601, (done in Spanish,
then in French & englished by A. Munday).
London, 4°.] B. M. [1195. a. 1. (8.)]

or :
[E. Allde: The Battell of Barbarie, between 1594

Sebastian King of Portugall, and Abdehuelec
King of Morocco ; with the death of Capt.
Stukely. As it was sundrie times plaid by the
Lord High Admerall his seruants,] or some-
thing kindred to these ?

212. [Surveyor Dialougs] 0.01.00

Jo. Norden : The Surveyors Dialogue. Di- 1607

vided into five Bookes : Very profitable for all
men to peruse, that have to do with the rev-
enues of land, or occupation thereof, etc. Lon-
don, 4°. B. M. [530. E. 5.]

213. [Apology Chur. of England ag" Brownists] . 0. 01 .06

J. Hall : A common Apologie of the Chvrch 1610

1889.] ELDEK BREWSTER'S LIBRARY. 61

£ S. d.

of England ; against . . . the Brownists, etc.
London, 4".
B. M. [G98. g. 40.] Prince Lib. [59.50 a.]*

214. [Kings declaracon about Parlia"] . . . . 0.00.02

James I. : A Declaration of the Kings Maj- 1585

esties intention and meaning toward the lait
Aetis of Parliament. Edinburgh, 8°.

B. M. [288. a. 31.]

215. [Scyrge of Drunkerds] 0.00.02

W. Hornby: The Scourge of druukennes. 1619

[In verse.] London, 4°. B. M. [C. 34. f. 33.]

216. [Syons Plea] 0.02.00

A. Leighton : An Appeal to the Parliament, 1628

or Sions Plea against the Prelacie. Printed
in the year and month wherein Eochell was
lost. [n. pi.] 4°.

B. M. [698. g. 8. (2.)]

[This is the book for publishing which Dr.
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ears cut off, his nose slit, his cheeks branded
" S. S." (sower of sedition), and he imprisoned
eleven years in the Fleet.]

217. [Elton of Comandmts] 0.02.00

Ed. Elton: Gods holy minde touching mat- [1619]

ters morall, uttered in ten commaudements.
London, 4°.

218. [Treatise of Chr. Religion] 0.02.00

[Jo. Ball] : A Short Treatise: contayning [1620]"

all the principall Grounds of Christian Relig-
ion. By way of Questions and Answers. Lon-
don, 8°. B. M. [3505. b.] [7* ed.]
Prince Lib. [69.24.] [10'" ed.]

[Before 1632 it went through 14 editions,
and was translated into Turkish in 1666.]

219. [A battaile of Palatinate] 0.01.06

A true Relation of all such Battailes as has
been fought in the Palatinate, etc. London, 4°.
[Hazlitt, Collections S; Notes, 3* series, 1887,
p. 184.]

220. [Treatise 122 Psalm] 0.00.06

Rob' Harrison: A Little Treatise vpon the 1618

first verse of the 122 Psalme, etc. [Leyden,]

62 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ s. d.
16°. [first printed [n. pi.] in 1583, and re-
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B. M. [3090. a.] [Ed. 1583.] [1618.]*

221. [Concordance of yeares] . 00 . 06

Ar. Hopton: A Concordancy of Yeares. 1616

Containing a . . . most exact computation of
time, according to tlie English account. Also
the use of the English and Roman Kalender,
etc. London, 8°. [newly augmented.]

B. M. [717. c. 39.]

222. [Cesars Tryumphs] . 00 . 02

? ? [R. Davies] : Chesters Triumph in honor 1610

of her Prince. As it was performed upon S.
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don, 4°. B. M. [C. 30. d. 3.]

223. [A dialogue concerning Ceremonies] . . . . 00 . 04

S.im' Gardiner : A Dialogve or Conference 1605

betweene Ireuseus and Antimachus, about the
rites and ceremonies of the Church of England.
London, 4°. B. 31. [698. g. 4. (4.J]

224. [Essayes about a prisoner] 0.00.03

[Geffray Mynshul] : Essayes and Charac- 1618

ters of a Prison and Prisoners. Written by
G. M. of Grayes-Inne, Gent. London, 4°.
B. M. [884. h. 31. (1.)]

225. [Politike diseases] . 00 . 06

? Jaq. Hurault : Politicise, moral and martial 1595

Discourses, tr. by A. Golding. London, 4°.
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226. [Exposicon of Liturgie] . 00 . 08

Jo. Boys : An Exposition of al the principal 1310

Scriptures used in our English Liturgie, etc.
London, 4°. ^. ilf [1219. g.]

227. [Magnifycent Entertaynement of King lames] . 00 . 06

Th. Decker: The Ma<rnificent Entertain- 1604

ment: given to King lames, Queene Anne his
wife, and Henry Frederick the Prince, upon
the day of his Majesties triumphant Passage
(from the Tower) through his Honourable
Citie (and Chamber) of London, being the
15. of March, 1603. . . . With the speeches
and Songes, delivered, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [C. 34. c. 23.]

1889.] ELDER BKEWSTEE'S LIBRARY. 63

£ s. d.

228. [A modest defence] . 00 . 06

[Seems to be a duplicate of No. 197, antei\ 1618

229. [Essex practise of treason] . 00 . 06

[F. Bacon] : A Declaration of the Practises 1601

& Treasons attempted and committed by Rob-
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Together with the very confessions and other
parts of the Evidences themselves . . . taken
out of the Originals. London, 4°.

B. M. [E. 1940. (1.)]

230. [Prosopeia] 0.00.02

? [Prosopopoeia, or a Conference held at An- [1620]

gelo Castle, between the Pope, the Emperor,
and the King of Spaine. [a satire, in verse.]
London, 4°. B. M. [11626. d. 64. (2.)] 1136

or:
? Prosopopoia, or Mother Hubberds Tale [in
Verse] by Ed. Spenser. London, fol.

B. M. [C. 28. m. 17. (2.)]

231. [Withers motto] 0.00.04

Geo: Wither: Withers Motto : Nee habeo, 1621

nee careo, nee Curo. London, 8°.

B. M. [1076. c. 19.]

232. [Standish for woods] . 00 . 06

Ar. Standish: New Directions of experi- 1615

ence ... for the increasing of Timber and
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ground, etc. London, 4°. B. M. [1146. d. 32.]

233. [A recantacon of a Brownist] . 00 . 04

P. Fairlambe, The Recantation of a Brown- 1606

ist, or, a Reformed Puritan, etc. [n. pi.] 4°.
B. M. [105. c. 47.]*

234. [A supply to German History] 0.01.00

?A suplement to the sixth part of the Ger- 1634

man History. [Arber, Stat. Reg. iv. 321.]

235. [Of the use of silk worms] . 00 . 06

O. de Serres : The perfect use of Silk 1607

wormes, and their benefit, with the . . . plant-
ing of Mulberrie trees . . . and the figures to
know bow to feede the Wormes, and to winde
off the Silke. tr. by N. Geffe. London, 4°.
B. M. [B. 632. (1.)]

64 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ «. d.

236. [Newes from Verginia] 0.00.06

[R. Rich] Newes from Virginia. London. 1610

[a poem.] [But one copy (in the Huth Col-
lection) now known.]

237. [News from Palatinate] 0.00.04

News from the Palatinate. A true and 1622

comfortable Relation of the wonderfull pro-
ceedings of Count Mansfield, from his first
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moneth. Likewise, the raising of the seige of
Franckendale by Sir. Horatio Vere, etc. The
Hage, 4° . [Hazlitt, Coif & Notes, S"" ser. 183.]

238. [Hacklett] 0.02.00

R. Haklyt : The priucipall Navigations, 1589

Voiages and Discoveries of tlie English nation,
made by Sea, or over Land . . . within the
compasse of these 1500 yeeres, etc. whereunto
is added the last most renowned English Navi-
gation [Sir F. Drake's] round the . . . earth.
London, fol. B. M. [C. 32. m. 10.]

239. [Byfeild on the oracles of God] . 03 . 02

N. Byfield: The Marrow of the Oracles of 1620

God, or. Divers Treatises, containing Direc-
tions about sixe of the waightiest things can
concerne a Christian in this life. London.
12°. B. M. [4403. bb.] [Ed. 1630.]

240. [Gods monarchy Deuells Kingdome] . . . . 00 . 04

I. Anwick: His Meditations upon Gods 1587

Monarchie and the Devill his Kingdome, And
of the knowledge that Man in this life may
obtaine of the . . . Godhed, etc. London, 4°.
B. M. [1355. e. 38.]

241. [New shreds of old share] . 00 . 06

?? Jos. Wybarne: The New Age of Old 1609

Names, etc. London, 4°. B. M. [8406. bb.]

245. [Discharg of 5 imputations] . 01 . 00

Tho. Morton: A Discharge of five Imputa- 1633

tions of Mis-allegations falsly charged against
the Bp. of Durham, etc. London, 8°.

B. M. [1019. f. 22.]

243. [Dauids Musick] 0.00.06

R. Allison : Psalmes of Dauid in Meter, the 1599

plaine song being the common tunne to be sung

1889.] ELDER BEEWSTER's LEBRARY. 65

£ s. d.
and plaide vpon the lute, or pharion, citterne,
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244. [Home sheild of the Rightous] 0.01.00

Rob. Horn: The Shield of the Righteous: 1625

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245. [Ruineof Rome] 0.01.06

A. Dent : The Ruine of Rome : or an Expo- 1633

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246. [Downame on 15 Psalm] 0.01.06

Geo. Downame : Lectures upon the fifteenth 1604

Psalm. London, 4°.

247. [Pisca Evangelica] 0.01.06

W. Symonds : Pisgah Evangelica — a com- 1606

ment on the Revelation of lohn. London, 4°.
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248. [Virell on Lords prayer] . 01 . 06

P. Viret : A faithfull and familiar exposition 1582

upon the prayer of our Lord lesus Christ, and
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the same. [tr. by J. Brooke.] London, 4°.
B. M. [3225. b.] Prince Lib. [48.24.] [French,
1548.]

249. [Answere to' Cartwright] . 00 . 06

? Rob' Browne : Au Answer to .^Master 1583

Cartwright his Letter for loyning with the
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Bodleian [L. 43. Th.]

250. [Broughton on Gods Diuinitie] 0.01.00

? [H. Broughton] : A require of Agreement 1611

to the grouudes of Divinitie studie : wherin
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bb MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ s. d.
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251. [Bayne tryall of Christ state] 0.01.06

P. Baynes : The trial of a Christians estate : 1618

or, a discoverie of the causes, degrees, signes
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B. M. [4474. c. 31.]

252. [Wheatley on Gods husbandry] 0.01.00

W" Whately: Gods Husbandry: (PM) 1622

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Tending chiefly to the Reforming of an hypo-
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B. M. [4455. a. (2.)]

253. [Exposicon on Reuelac] . 01 . 00

? W. Perkins : A godly and learned Exposi- 1607

• tion . . . upon the three first Chapters of the
Revelation ... by ... W. P. London, fol.
B. M. [3186. h.]

254. [Perkins Reformed Catholik] 0.01.06

W. Perkins: A Reformed Catholike : or a 1611

declaration shewing how neere we may come
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part from them, etc. London, 8°.

B. M. [4255. aa.]*
255,256. [.Johnsons & Withers works] . . . . 0.02.00

Rich* Johnson: The Golden Garland of 1620

Princely pleasures and delicate Delights, etc.
London, 8°. B. M. [C. 39. b. 36.]

Geo. Wither: The Workes of . . . contain- 1620

ing Satyrs, Epigrams, Eclogues, Sonnets and
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257. [10 sermons of the supper] 0.01.06

J. Dod & R. Cleaver: Ten Sermons, tend- 1634

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B. M. [4452. b. b.]

258. [Ciuill Conuersacon Gnahzo] 0. 02 . 00

1889.] ELDER Brewster's library. 67

£ s. d.
Stef. Guazzo: The .civile Conversation of 1586

M. S. Guazzo, written first in Italian, divided
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of French by G. pettie . . . the fourth out of
Italian, by B. Young. London, 4°.

B. 31. [721. e. 5.]

259. [Smyths plea for Infants] . 00 . 06

[I think catalogued to Smyth by mistake, 1610

and really a duplicate of No. 175, ante-l

260. [Bacons p^ficiency in Learning] . 02 . 00

F. Bacon : The twoo Bookes of F. B. Of 1605

the proficience and advancement of Learning,
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B. M. [721. e. 7.]

261. [Arguments ag=' seinge] 0.01.06

? ? P. Forestus : The Arraignment of Urines : 1623

wherein are set downs the manifold errors and
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cozening Quacksalvers, women-jjhysitians, and
the like stuffe, etc., epitomized and translated
by ... J. Hart, etc. London, 4°. [2 pts.]
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262. [Theologicks] 0.00.06

? H. Clapham : Theological Axioms or Con- 1597

elusions, publicly controverted, discussed and
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tereth the Gospel, etc. Ams"™. 4°.

263. [Eming on lames] 0.01.06

N. Hemming: A learned and fruitful Com- 1577

mentarie upon the Epistle of lames the Apostle,
[tr. by W. Gace.] London, 4°.

B. M. [3265. c]

264. [Catholike Judg.] 0.01.00

?The Judgment of a Catholike Gentleman, 1608

concerning King lames Apolosjy, etc. [n. pi.]
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265. [The spiritual 1 watch] 0.01.00

T. Gataker : The Spirituall Watch, or Christs 1619

generall Watch-word. A meditation on Mark
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B. M. [4474. d. 110.]

266. [reasons for reformacon of Chur. of Eng!] . . . 00 . 06

68 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ s. d.
H. Jacob : Reasons taken out of Gods "Word, 1G04

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B. M. [4135. a.]*

2C7. [A looking glass ag" Prelates] 0.01.00

W. Prynne: A Looking-Glasse for all Lordly 1636

Prelates, etc. 4°. B. M. [700, g. G. (5.)]
Prince Lib. [26.238.] *

208. [A sermon of Bishop of London] . 00 . OG

? R. Bancroft: A sermon preached at Paules 1588

Crosse 9. of Februarie, being the first Sunday 1 637, etc.

in the Parleament, Anno 1588, etc. [Bancroft
was not yet Bp. of London, until 1597, but, in
later editions of the sermon, might naturally
have been so styled.] London, 8°.

B. M. [693. d. 2. (2.)]*

269. [Resolucon for kneeling] 0.00.06

D. Lindesay: A Resolution of his resolu- 1619

tions for kneeling at the Sacrament. Edin-
burgh, 4°.

270, 271. [2 Exact discouery of Romish doctrine] . . 00 . 04

[T. Morton]: An Exact Discoverie of Ro- 1605

mish Doctrine in the case of Conspiracie and
Rebellion, by frequent observations, collected
. . . out of . . . express dogmaticall princi-
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272. [Warr was a blessing] 0.00.06

? ? D. Digges : Foure paradoxes, etc. 2 of the 1604

worthinesse of warre and warriors. London,
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273. [Midland souldier] 0.00.04

??M. Parker: The Maunding Soldier : or, [1629]

the Fruits of Warre is Beggery. [a ballad.]
London, fol.

274. [Humillitie Christians life] . 00 . 06

?D. Cawdrey: Humilitie, the Saints liverie ; 1624

or the habit of humilitie, the grace of graces :
fetched out of the wardrobe of St. Paul. Lon-
don, 4°. B. M. [4473. aaa. 13.]

275. [Church Delitiance] . 01 . 00

[quite likely a duplicate of No. 205, ante^

1880.] ELDER BREWSTER'S LIBRARY. 69

£ s. d.

276. [Coment on Ecclesiastic] . 00 . 06

? J. Granger : A familiar Exposition or Com- 1621

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277. [Prerogative of Parli""] . 00 . 06

Sir W. Raleigh : The Prerogative of Parlia- 1628

ments in England : Proved in a Dialogue . . .
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278. [Temple on 20 Psalm] . 01 . 06

W. Temple: A logicall analysis of twentie 1605

select Psalmes, performed by W. T. London,
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279. [Abbott sermon] 0.00.03

Rob. Abbot: The Old Waye. A sermon 1610

[on .Jer. vi : 16] preached at Oxford 8 luly,
1610, etc. London, 4°.

280. [Scales Implantacon] . 03 . 04

Tho. Hooker : The Soules Implantation, etc. 1 637

London, 4°. B. M. [4409. f.]

281. [A treatise of Stage pleas] 0.00.03

J. Raiuolds: Th' overthrow of Stage-Playes, 1599

by the way of controversie betwixt D. Gayer
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Whereunto are added . . . certaine latine let-
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Gentiles . . . concerning the same matter,
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282. [Apologue of Brownists] 0.00.04

[F. Johnson & H. Ainsworth] : An Apologie 1604

or Defence of svch True Christians as are
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B. M. [105. c. 46.] Prince Lib. [78.109.]*

283. [State Mistery of lesuits] . 00 . 06

? P. Gosselin : The Mysteries of the Jesuits, 1623

70 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

£ 5. d.
by Questions and Answers, from the French.
London, 4°.

284. [Dike Schoole of affliccon] . 02 . 00

D. Dyke: The Schoole of Affliction, etc. 1618

London, 4°.

B. 31. [32C6. c] Prince Lib. [47.16.]

285. [Sibbs Comfort] .......... 0. 01 . 06

Rich. Sibbes: The Saints Comfort; being 1638

the substance of divers sermons on Psalm exxx.
Loudon, 4°.

286. [Taylor on 32 psalm] . 02 . 00

T. Taylor: Commentaries on the xxxii 1G17

Psalm, etc. London, 4°.

287. [Parable of the Vine by Rogers] . 02 . 00

N. Rogers : The Wild Vine: or an Exposi- 1632

tion on Isaiahs parabolicall Song of the Be-
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288. [Apologeticall reply by Damfort] 0. 02 . 00

J. Davenport: An Apologeticall Reply to a 1636

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B. M. [4325. b.]

289. [divers books sticht together] . 02 . 00

[I feel morally certain that, in 1876, I pur-
chased, of the late Charles Hammond, LL.D.,
of Monson, Mass., this identical "divers books "
— which therefore I insert here — seven in
number.]

289. [L. Chaderton]: A Godly Sermon vpon the 1618
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 verses of the 12. chapter of

. . . Paule to the Romanes, [a reprint by
W. Brewster, at Leyden of an edn. of 1584.]
[n. pi.] Leyden, 16°.

B. 31. [1114. a. 2. (2.)] [Ed. 1584.]*

290. [A True, Modest, and just Defence, etc. n. pi. 1618
16°. [printed by W. Brewster, at Leyden.]

[Duplicate of Nos. 197 & 228, ante.] *

291. J. Robinson: The Peoples Plea for the exer- 1618
cise of Prophesie, against Mr. John Yates, his

Monopolie, etc. [n. pi.] [printed by W. Brew-
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292. R. Harrison : A Little Treatise vpon the first 1618

1889.] ELDER BREWSTEE'S LIBRARY. 71

£ «. d.
verse of the 122 Psalm, etc. [Duplicate of
No. 220, ante:] *

293. T. Dighton: Certain Reasons of a Private 1618
Christian against Conformitie to kneeling in the

... act of receiving, [printed by W. Brews-
ter at Ley den.] [n. pi.] 16°. *

294. T. Dighton : The Second Part of a Plain dis- 1619
course of an Vnlettered Christian, etc. [printed

by W. Brewster in Leyden.] [n. pi.] 16°.*

295. W. Euring: An Answer to the Ten Covnter 1619
Demands, propounded by T. Drakes, etc.

[printed at Leyden, by W. Brewster.] [n. pi.]
16°. *

296. [Broughton of Lamentacons] 0.00.06

H. Broughton : The Lamentations of Jeremy, 1 608

translated . . . with explications, etc. Lon-
don, 4° B. M. [1003. b. 9. (8.)]

297. [A good wyfe] . 00 . 03

E. Brathwait: The Description of a Good 1619

Wife ; or, a rare one among Women, [verse.]
London, 8°. B. M. [C. 30. b. 19. (2.)]

298. [Northbrook against Images] . 01 . 06

?John Northbrooke : A Treatise against [1600]

Images, etc.

299. [The tryall of truth by Chibbald] . 00 . 04

W. Chibald: A Tryall of Faith: by the 1622

touchstone of the Gospel, etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [4405. cc]

300. [The paterne of true prayer] . 01 . 06

[.lo. Smyth] : The paterne of true Prayer, 1605

being an Exposition or Commentary on the
Lords Prayer, etc. London, 8°.

301. [Household gouerment] 0.01.06

R. Cleaver: A Godly form of Householde 1612

Governement : for the ordering of private
Families according to the direction of Gods
word, etc. London, 8°. [Newly augmented,
etc.] B. M. [4405. e.]

302. [Blackwells answers] . 00 . 04

Mr. G. Black well (made by Pope Clement 1607

8, Archpriest of England) his Answeres upon
sundry his Examinations, etc. London, 4°.
B. M. [861. f 21. (1.)]

72 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ s. d.

303. [Aristotles probleames] 0.00.06

The Problemes of Aristotle, with other Phil- 1597

osopbers and Phisitions, etc. London, 8°.
B. 31. [8460. aaa.]

304. [Symers Indictment] . 00 . 04

W" Ward: A Synners Indictament, or cer- 1612

ten sermons, by W. W. rain"' at Prestwood,
Lincolns''". [Arber, Stat. Reg. iii. 504.]

305. [Johnsons psalmes in meeter] . 00 . 04

[Can this be a mistake for Ainsworth — and
so a duplicate of No. 76?] [Or is it by the
author of No. 255 ?]

306. [Mores discovery] 0.00.03

? Geo. More : A true Discourse . . . which 1600

may serve as part of an Answere to a fayned
and false Discoverie, etc. [London], 8°.

B. M [1395. a. 15.]

307. [A Sermon] . 00 . 02

? ? [Possibly Rob' Cushman's Sermon deliv-
ered at Plymouth — which nowhere else ap-
pears, and which one would think Brewster
likely to have had.]

308. [Refutacon of tolleracon] 0.00.06

??G. Powel: The Catholikes Svpplication 1603

vnto the kings maiestie for toleration of Cath-
olike Religion in England . . . whereunto is
annexed Parallel-wise, a supplicatorie Couuter-
poyse of the Protestants, etc. London, 4°.
£. M. [3925. bbb.]*

309. [Aphorismes of State] 0.00.02

Apherismes of State : or . . . secret Arti- 1 624

cles for the re-edifying of the Romish Church,
agreed upon ... by the Colledge of Cardi-
nalls, etc. Utrecht, 4°.

B. M. [1103. e. 18.]

310. [Of Union betweene England & Scotland] . . 0.00.06

Sir. WT Cornwallis: The Miraculous and 1604

Happie Union of England and Scotland, etc.
London, 4°. B. M. [600. d. 29. (8.)]

311. [Tales of Popes custome house] 0.00.04

? W. Crashaw. Mittimus to the Ivbile at 1625

Rome : or the rates of the popes cvstome-hovse,
etc. London, 4°. Prince Lib. [66.27.]

ELDER BREWSTER S LIBRARY.

£ s. d.

312. [Of Pope loane] 0.00.04

A. Cooke: Pope loane: A Dialogue be- 1610

tweene a Protestant and a Papist . . . proving
that a woman called loane was Pope of Rome,
etc. London, 4°. * B. M. [226. a. 22.]

313. [A dialogue betweeue a gent & a preist] . . 0.00.04

W. Watson: A dialogue between a Secular 1601

Priest and a Lay Gentleman. Remes, 8°.

314. [Against kneeling] 0.00.03

[Likely to be a duplicate of No. 293, ante.] 1618

315. [Perkins on fayth] 0.00.03

? W. Perkins : Problems of the Roman Faith [1 604]

falsly called Catholic, against J. Cocceius, etc.
London, 4°. B. M. [476. b. 1.] [in Latin.]

316. [Bacons Apologye] 0.00.03

Sir F. Bacon: his apologie, iu certain im- 1604

putations concerning the late Earle of Essex,
■ etc. London, 8^ B. M. [C. 34. a. 4.]

317. [A History of Mary Glouer] 0.00.03

J. Swan : A True and breife Report of M. 1603

Glovers vexation, and of her deliverance by
the meanes of fastinge and prayer, etc. [n. pi.]
8°. B. M. [8630. a.]

318. [A bundle of smale books & papers] . . . . . 02 . 00

319. [Defyance of death] 0.01.00

Wm. Cowper : A Defiance to Death ; where- 1610

in, besides . . . instructions for a godly life,
we have strong . . . comforts to uphold us in
death. London, 12°.

B. M. [4401. aaa. 30. (1.)]

320. [A Christians apparelling] 0.01.06

[R. Jenison] : The Christians apparelling by 1625

Christ. Wherein is shewed ... 1. the Hap-
pinesse ... of all true Christians ; . . . 2.
the Duetie it selfe ; 3. the Triall and Exami-
nation of our selves, etc. London, 8°.

B.M. [1112. a. 3.]

321. [Perkins on repentance] 0.00.08

W. Perkins: Of the nature and practise of 1595

Repentance, etc. Cambridge, 8°.

B. M. [4409. f]

322. [Essays by Cornwallis] . 01 . 06

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

[Oct.

Sir Wf Cornwallis : Essayes of Certaine
Paradoxes, etc. [2'' ed.] London, 4°.

B. M. [G. 10466.]

323. [Spirituall stedfastnes]

J. Barlow : A seasonable discourse of Spirit-
ual! stedfastnes, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [3266. gg. 1.]

324. [A manuell]

? J. Usher : Immanuel ; or, the mystery of
the Incarnation of the Son of God unfolded.
Dublin, 4°. B. M. [4474. cc. 108.]

325. [A breifEe of bible]

Henoch Clapham: A Briefs of the Bible,
drawne . . . into English poesy, etc. Lon-
don, Vl'"\ B. M. [3127. a.]*

326. [Jacob on 2* Comand"']

H. Jacob : A plaine and cleere exposition of
the second Commandement, etc. [Leydeu], 8°.
B. 31. [4374. a.]*

327. [A pill to purge popery]

A Pill to purge out Poperie. Or a Cate-
chisme for Romish Catholikes. Shewing, that
Popery is contrary to the grounds of the
Catholike Religion, and that therefore Papists
cannot be good Catholikes, etc. London, 8
B. 31. [3936. b.]

328. [Withers]

? J. Phillip : The Wonderfull Worke of God
shewed upon . . . W. Withers . . . who
laye in a Traunce . . . tenne dayes, etc. Lou-
don, 8°. B. 31. [697. c. 37.]

329. [Cathologue of nobillyty of England] . . ,

R. Brooke : "A Catalogue and Succession o:
the Kings, Princes, Dukes, Marquesses, Earles,
and Viscounts of this Realme of England, since
the Norman Conquest, to the present Yeare,
1619, etc. London, foL ^. Ji". [2119. f.]

330. [English Votaryes]

J. Bale : The Actes of English Votaryes,

comprehendynge their vnchast practyses and

examples by all ages from the worldes begyn-

nynge to thys present yeare, etc. Wesel, 8°.

B. 31. [C. 37. c. 12.]

[1600]

1889.] ELDER BREWSTER'S LIBRARY. 75

£ S. d.

331. [Sibbs Yea & Ameu] 0.01.06

R. Sibbes : Yea and Amen : or pretious 1638

promises, and priviledges spiritually unfolded
in their nature and use, etc. Loudon, 12'".°
B. M. [1378. a.]

332. [Sermons by Rollock] . 01 . 00

R. Rollock : Certain Sermons on several 1590

places of St. Pauls Epistles, etc. Edinburgh,
8°. B. M. [■4-153. de. 1.] [repr. of 1631.]

333. [Kinges Bath] . 00 . 08

Tho. Taylor: The Kings Bath; or a Trea- 1620

tise on Matt, iii: 13, to the end, etc. London, 8°.
Prince Lih. [60. a. 14.] [in his Works, 1653.]

334. [Great Assise by Smyth] . 00 . 08

? S. Smith : The Great Assize, or the day of [1625]

Jubilee, etc. on Rev. xx: 11-15. London, 12™°.

335. [Martin on Easter] . 01 . 00

?? N. Marten : The seventh voyage . . . into 1625

East India, etc. London, fol.

B. M. [679. h. 11.]

336. [Smyth on e"' of Hosea] 0.01.06

Sam. Smyth: An Exposition upon the sixt 1616

Chapter of . . . Hosea, etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [3166. de.]

337. [Discription of World] 0.01.00

G. Abbot : A briefe Description of the whole 1 620

worlde, etc. London, 4°. B. M. [10004. c.]*

338. [Cantelus Cannon of Masse] 0.01.00

The Cauteles, Canon, and Ceremonies of the 1584

. . . Popish Masse . . . With certain anno-
tations ... set forth by ... P. Viret & trans-
lated by Th. Sto[cker] etc. London, 8°. .
B. M. [C. 37. b. 18.]

339. [Perkins of Repentance] . 00 . 06

[Seems to be a duplicate of No. 321, ante?\

340. [Gods mcy & Jurasa misery] 0.00.06

341. [Silu Watch bell] 0.00.06

T. Tymme: A Silver Watch-Bell. The 1617

Sound vp hereof is able (by the grace of God)
to vfinne the most profane worldling ... to
become a true Christian, etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [4403. d.]

7b MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ «. d.

342. [7 Sermons by W. B.] . 00 . 06

[I judge that these were MS. sermons written
by W° Brewster.]

343. [Burton ag=' Cholmely] 0.00.06

H. Burton: Babel no Bethel: That is the 1629

Church of Rome no true visible Church of
Christ, in answer to H. Cholmley, etc. 4°.
B. M. [108. d. 30.]

344. [Sibbs Saints p'viledges] 0.01.01

R. Sibbs: The Saints Comforts, divers ser- 1638

mons on Ps. 130. London, 12°.

345. [Sibbs Riches of mercy] 0.01.01

R. Sibbs : The Riches of mercy, in two trea- [1638]

tises, etc. London, 12°.

346. [Regla Vite] . 01 . 01

Th. Taylor: Regula Vita;. The Rule of 1635

the Law under the Gospel [as to Libertines,
Antinomians, etc.] London, 12°.

B. M. [4256. a.]

347. [Pilgrimes p'fession] . 00 . 08

T. Taylor: The Pilgrims Profession, or a 1622

sermon [on Ps. xxxix. 12] preached at the
funeral of Mrs. M. Gunter, &c. London, 12"°
B. M. [1418. i. 10.]

348. [Sermon at Pauls crosse] . 00 . 04

[Necessarily impossible to identify.]

349. [Nature & grace] 0.00.00

? John Prime : A Treatise of Nature and 1583

Grace, in two books ; with Answers to the
Enemies of Grace, etc. London, 8°.

350. [Perkins of Predestiuacon] . 00 . 06

W. Perkins : A Christian and plaiue treatise 1606

of the manner and order of Predestination, and
of the largenes of Gods grace, etc. London, 8°.
B. M. [4256. aa.]

351. [Spirituall trumpett] 0.00.08

352. [Vox Regis] 0.00.06

Tho. Scott: Vox Regis. London, 4°. 1623

B. M. [ G. 3801.]

353. [Barrowes platforme] . 00 . 06

Mr. H. Barrowes Platform. Which may 1611

serve as a Preparative to purge away Prela-
tisme with some other parts of poperie. Made

1889.] ELDER BEEWSTEK'S LIBRARY. 77

£ S. d.
ready to be sent from Miles Micklebound to
Much-beloved England, etc. [n. pi.] 8°.

B. M. [698. a. 35. (2.)]

354. [Exposicon of Lords prayer] 0.00.06

? W. Perkins: An Exposition of the Lords 1595

Prayer: in the way of Catechizing serving for
ignorant people, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [3224. b.]

355. [Comon weale of England] 0.00.06

Sir Tho. Smith: The Common-Welth of 1589

England, and maner of government thereof . . .
with new additions of the cheefe Courts in
England, the offices thereof, and their severall
functions, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [1137. f. 1.]*

356. [Right way of peace] 0.00.06

?R. Bruce: The Way to true Peace and 1617

Rest : delivered at Edinborough in XVI. Ser-
mons, etc. London, 4°.

B. M. [4455. a.]

357. [4'" pt of true watch] . 01 . 00

J. Brinsley: The True Watch and Rule of 1624

Life : fourth Part ; containing prayers and
tears for the Churches, etc. London, 12°.
B. M. [876. b. 5.]

358. [lohnson on Psalmes] 0.01.00

[I suppose a duplicate of No. 305, ante^

359. [Byfield paterne of] 0.01.00

N. Byfield : The Principles or the Patterne 1627

of wholesome Words. Containing a collection
of such Truths as are of necessitie to be believed
unto Salvation, seperated out of the bodie of
all Theologie, etc. London, 12°.

B. M. [3557. a.]

360. [Duke promises] 0.00.06

? ? Dav. Dickson : A Treatise on the Prom- 1630

ises. Dublin, 12°. [ JFatt. 302. o.]

361. [A help to memorye] 0.00.06

A Helpe to Memorie and Discour.=e. The 1621

two Syrens of the Eare, and joynt Twins of
Mans perfection. Extracted from the sweating
braines of Physitians . . . and Poets, etc.
London, 12°. [Partly in verse.]

B. M. [C. 40. a. 41.]

78 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ «. d.

362. [p. posicons by lohn Sprint] 0.00.11

lo. Sprint: Considerations and Arguments [1607]

touching the pojnts in difference between the
godly ministers and people of the Church of
England ; and the seduced brethren, of the
Separation. [London.]

[I have it, as cited in full to be replied to,
by Henry Ainsworth.]

363. [The morality of law] . 00 . 06

364. [Cases of Conscience by Per] 0.01.00

W. Perkins: The whole treatise of the 1608

Cases of Conscience, distinguished into three
bookes, etc. Cambridge, 8°.

B. M. [4406. cc]

365. [Discouery of famyly of love] . 00 . 06

? lo. Rogers : The Displaying of an horrible 1579

secte of grosse and wicked Heretiques, naming
themselues the Familie of Loue, with the Hues
of their Authours, and what doctrine they teach
in corners, etc. London, 8°.

366. [Sermon of repentance] . 00 . 06

? R. Mauericke: The Practice of Repent- 1617

ance, or a sermon [on Jer. iv. 14] etc. Lon-
don, 4°.

B. M. [4473. aaa. 24.]

367. [Sermon at Paules Crosse] . 00 . 06

[Impossible to identify.]

368. [Sibbs spirituall maxims] . 00 . 09

R. Sibbes : The Spirituall-Mans Aime. 1637

Guiding a Christian in his Affections and
actions, through the sundry passages of this
life, etc. London, 12°.

369. [Memorable conceits] 0.01.00

Memorable Conceits of Divers Noble and fa- 1602

mous personages of Christendom of this our
modern time. London, 12°. [Hazlitt's Hand-
book, etc. (1867) p. 96.]

370. [God & the Kinge] 0.00.04

[R. Mockett]: God and the king: or, a 1615

Dialogue shewing that our Soveraigne Lord
King lames being immediate under God within
his Dominions, doth rightfully olaime whatso-
ever is required by the Oath of Allegiance.
London, 8°. B. M [1139. b. 2.]

1889.] ELDER BREWSTER'S LIBRARY. 79

£ s. d.

371. [Smyth on Riddle of Nebuchudnez.] . . . 0.00.08

Henry Smith: Three Sermons: The Pride, 1591

the Fall, and the Restitution of King Nebu-
chadnezzar. London, 12"°.

B. M. [4474. a. 21 ; b. 102 (2.) ; a. 24.]

372. [Estey on Comand"" & 5P' Psalm] . . . . 0.01.00

Geo: Estey : Certaiue godly and learned 1603

Expositions upon divers parts of Scripture, etc.
[Psa. 51 ; The Ten Commandments, etc.]
London, 4°. B. M. [3127. d.]

373. [Christians dayly walk] . 01 . 06

Hy. Scudder: The Christians Daily Walke, [1620]

in holy security and peace. London, 12°.
B. M. [4402. b.] [6'" ed. 1635.]

374. [Exposicon of 11 & 12 Reuelacon] .... 0.00.06

? Th. Taylor: Christs Victorie over the 1633

Dragon ... in a plaine . . . Exposition of
the 12 chapter of S. Johns Revelation, etc.
London, 4°.

375. [Treatise of English medicines] . 00 . 06

[T. Bedford]: A Treatise: wherein is de- 1615

clared the suihciencie of English Medicines for
the cure of all diseases cured with medicine :
"VYhereunto is added a collection of Medicines
growing . . . within our English climat, etc.
London, 8°. B. M. [1038. d. 36. (5.)]

376. [A dialogue of desiderias] 0.00.06

A Dialogue or Discourse, passing betweene 1611

Desiderius and Miles Micklebound, by occasion
of their old love and new meeting, [n. pi.] 8°.
[This is really, I suppose, a duplicate of No.
353, ante; being the sub-title of that which
would appear to be the title of the book, if the
first two leaves had been torn off.]

377. [A supplycacon to the King] . 00 . 06

? [H. Jacob] : To the right High and Mightie, 1609

lames, etc. An humble Supplication for Tol-
eration and libertie to enjoy and observe the
ordinances of Christ lesvs in th' administration
of his Churches in lieu of humane constitutions,
etc. [n. pi.] 4°. B. M. [4135. a.]

378. [Abba father] . 00 . 06

Elnat. Parr: Abba Father: or a plaine . . . 1618

80 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

£ s. d.
Direction concerning the framing of private
prayer, etc. London, 12°.

B. M. [4403. e.] [5* ed. 1636.]
Prince Lib. [44.8.] [in Works, 1631.]

379. [Abrahams tryall discourse] . 01 . 00

?J. Calvin: Seven sermons on Abrahams 1592

trial], faith and obedience in offering his son
Isaack, etc. [Ames. iii. 1809.]

380. [Jacobbs ladder] 0.01.06

Hy. Smith: Jacobs Ladder, or the High 1595

Way to Heaven, etc. [Sermon on 1 Cor. ix.
24.] London, 8°. B. M. [4474. b. 74.]

381. [Perkins of Imagina] 0.00.06

W. Perkins : A Treatise of mans Imagina- [1 608]

tions, shewing, his natural evill thoughts; his
want of good thousrhts ; the way to reforme
them. London, 8°.

382. [Burton Clirisli question] 0.00.06

PW"": Burton: Certain Questions and An- 1602

swers concerning the Attributes of God, etc.
London, 4°.

383. [A toyle for 2 legged foxes] . 00 . 06

J. B [axter] : A Toile for two-legged Foxes 1 600

... for encouragement against all Popish
practises. London, 8°. B. M. [874. d. 28.]

384. [A cordiall for comfort] . 00 . 06

W™ Chibald: A Cordiall of Comfort: to 1625

preserve the heart from fainting with Grief or
Feare, etc. London, 12°.

B. M. [4405. aa.]

385. [Zacheus conuersion] 0.02.01

Jo. Wilson: Zacheus converted, or the Rich 1631

Publicans Repentance. Restitution. In which
the Mysteries of the Doctrine of Conversion
are laid open. Also of Riches . . . their get-
ting, keeping, expending, etc. London, 12°.
B. 31. [873. b. 32.]

386. [Spirituall touchstone] 0.00.03

The Tovchstone of the reformed Gospel. [1621]

In confirmation of the catholick doctrine. The
last ed. [London], 12°.

Prince Lib. [70. a. 29,]

387. [Dearmies advantage] ........ 0. 00. 06

ELDER BREWSTER S LIBRARY.

£ S. d.

388. [Englands summons] . 00 . 06

Tho: Sutton: Englands Summons: a Ser- 1613

mon [on Hosea iv. 1-3]. Loudon, 8°.

B. M. [4474. b. 98.]

389. [Burton wooing his Church] . . ... . . 0.00.04

We. Burton : God wooing his Church: two 1602

sermons, etc. London, 4°. \^Bodleian.'\

390. [Goulden key] 0.00.04

A Golden Key openinge the locke to Eternal 1C09

Happynes. [Arber, Stat. Reg. iii. 399.]

391. [A remedy against famine & warr] . . . . 0.00.06

Jo. Udall: The true reraedie against famine [1587]

and warres, [five sermons upon the 1- Chapter
of the prophesie of loel] etc. London, 12°.
B. M. [4452. b.]

392. [Treatise against popery] . 01 . 00

? Tho. Stoughton : A generall treatise against 1598

poperie, etc. Cambridge, 8°.

B. M. [3932. b.]

393. [Treatise of Gods religion] . 00 . 08

? ? R. Fills : History and Statutes of Geneva, 1622

etc. . . . whereby Gods religion is most purelie
maintained, etc. London, 8°.

B. M. [1127. b. 22.]

Taking advantage of the vagueness of Entry No. 318 [a ^^ bundle of
small books and papers "], it may be said that there were no fewer than
400 separate books in this library at the time of Elder Brewster's de-
cease ; as many as 393 being separately and distinctly catalogued, —
four of which had second volumes, making 397 in all, besides the
" bundle " aforesaid.

Of these — -throwing out thirty, the size of which remains undesig-
nated, and sixteen, which I have thus far failed to identity — we have,
in size, as follows : Folios, 48 ; Quartos, 177 ; Octavos et infra, 121.

As to language they divide as follows : In Latin, 62 ; in English,
302.

As to subject, without being specially exact in cases where a given
volume would classify almost equally well under more than one head,
I find : Expository, 98 ; Doctrinal, 63 ; Practical religious, 69 ; His-
torical, 24; Ecclesiastical, 36; Philosophical, 6; Poetical, 14; Mis-
cellaneous, 54. I seem to find thirteen duplicates, sup;-gesting the question
whether it may not have been possible that this library — certainly one
of extraoiciiuary size and quality in those days to be collected and owned
11

82 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

by a single member of such a church, in such a primitive community and
colony — had at least some small relation to the general wants, and may
not have been intended, in part, for the general use.

To me, however, the most significant fact about the library is con-
nected with tlie date of publication of a considerable portion of its con-
stituent volumes. I am ready to concede all that may reasonably be
claimed to the credit of uncertainties. I may, in a few instances, have
mistaken one book for another of nearly the same title. Or volumes
which I have only been able to trace in late dates may possibly, in rare
cases, have existed in earlier editions, to some one of which the Elder's
copy may have belonged. But, making all just allowance for every
such source of error, I am still prepared to submit that the evidence of
the dates of these works throws an extraoidmary and very interesting
light upon Elder Brewster's character as a man of books, and upon the
Old Colony in its first generation as a place of books.

Mr. Brewster could not, of course, have brought over with him in
the "Mayflower" any volume of a date later than August, 1620. Of
the whole 393, I throw out, as being of unknown date, or as being un-
recognized altogether, 23, leaving 370. Of these 281 — or roughly 75
per cent — bear date in or before 1 620, and 89 — or very nearly 25 per
cent — bear date after 1620. Or, to take the trouble to arrange them
exactly, — it being remembered that a perfect assurance of accuracy is
lacking in the case of six or seven, — we have them printed and issued
as follows, namely: In 1621, 8; in 1622, 10; in 1623, 5; in 1624, 6;
in 1625,13; in 1626,1; in 1627,6; in 1628, 2; in 1629, 4; in 1630, 2;
in 1631, 4; in 1632, 4; in 1633, 4; in 1634, 4; in 1635, 2; in 1636,
3: in 1637, 3; in 1638, 5; in 1640, 1 ; in 1641, 1 ; in 1643, 1. This
gives us the remarkable fact that in only two of the years which the
Elder spent in Plymouth before his last — namely, 1639 and 1642 —
did he fail to avail himself of some of the freshest literature of the
fatherland.

A few words ought to be devoted to the general character of this
collection.

It contained four books by John Robinson [106, 118, 165, 291];
and eleven [64, 83, 186, 197, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295], printed
in Leyden [1617-19], by Mr. Brewster himself. It needs not be said
that it was a solid one, in more senses than one. Whoever undertook,
whether by land or water, to transport its forty-eight folios and one
hundred and seventy-seven quartos — to say nothing of the one hundred
and twenty-one of smaller size — from Plymouth to the Elder's sub-
urban residence in Duxbury, must have found it, for wain or wherry, a
heavy job.

As I have intimated, it was most largely an expository collection.
Now, the great and regnant fact about the Plymouth Colonists was that

1889.] ELDER BREWSTER'S LIBRARY. 83

they believed the Bible to be Gofl's book for man's guidance, and that
man's first duty is to understand, that he may be obedient to it. In
their day it had not long been a common thing for common men to have
a Bible, and to feel that they had any personal duty of studying, that
they might practise, its precepts. Hence the great function of the pulpit
in those days was felt to be to explain to the people the Word of God.
Of John Cotton, Cotton Mather says : ^ —

"Here [in Boston] in an Expository way, he went over [between 1633
and 1652] the Old Testament once, and a Second Time as far as the Thir-
tieth Chapter of Isaiah; and the whole New Testament once, and a Second
time, as far as the Eleventh Chapter to the Hebrews. Upon Lord's Days
and Lecture- Days, he Preached thorow the Acts of the Apostles ; the Prophe-
sies of Haggai and Zechariah ; the Boolis of Fzra, the Revelation, Ecclesi-
astes. Canticles, Second and Third Epistles of lohn, the Epistle to Titus,
both Epistles to Timothy ; the Epistle to the Romans ; with innumerable
other Scriptures on Incidental Occasions."

The Pilgrim was the Puritan in his superlative degree, and it is not
to be thought likely that Pilgrim Plymouth would fall behind Puritan
Boston in this thing. It migiit, therefore, be assumed that Elder Brew-
ster — upon whom, in the failure of "Mr. Crabe " to accompany the
expedition, devolved, in theory as well as practice, at first, and in prac-
tice largely for many years, the care of the pulpit — would not fail to
supply himself with the necessary helps of an exegetical character.
We accordingly find in this collection, as follows, namely : Commen-
taries upon the whole Bible, 2 ; upon the whole New Testament, 6 ;
upon the Four Gospels, 3 ; upon the Pentateuch, 1 ; upon the Prophets,
generally, 1 ; upon Genesis, 3 ; upon Joshua, 1 ; upon Judges, 1 ; upon
1 Samuel, 1 ; upon the Psalms, 8 ; upon Pioverbs, 1 ; upon Ecclesiastes,
3 ; upon the Song of Solomon, 1 ; upon Isaiah, 4 ; upon Jeremiah, 1 ;
upon Lamentations, 2 ; upon Ezekiel, 1 ; upon Daniel, 3 ; upon Hosea,
1 ; upon Matthew, 1 ; upon Luke, 1 ; upon the Gospel of John, 1 ; upon
the Epistle to the Romans, 5 ; upon 1 Corinthians, 3 ; upon 2 Corin-
thians, 1 ; upon Ephesians, 2 ; upon Colossians, 1 ; upon 1 Thessalo-
nians, 1 ; upon 2 Thessalonians, 1 ; upon 2 Timothy, 1 ; upon Titus, 1 ;
upon Hebrews, 1 ; upon James, 1 ; upon 1 Peter, 1 ; upon 1 John, 1 ;
upon Jude, 1 ; upon the Apocalypse, 2 ; upon brief special passages, 26.
There was aho [98] Cotton's Concordance, in two folio volumes.

It is my strong impression that it is very doubtful whether, for its
first quarter-century, New England anywhere else had so rich a collec-
tion of exegetical literature as this. Nor did the Elder depend, by any
means, wholly upon the judgment of others as to what the Word of God
meant. He had a Hebrew grammar [59], with Morelius's Latin, Greek,

1 Magnalia, iii. 23.

84 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

aod English dictiouary [62], and BuxtorPs Hebrew and Chaldee Lexi-
con [63], — tools which he had learned to handle at Peterhouse.

That the Elder did not, however, confine himself wholly to the ruts
of theology, is suggested in that he took pains to have at his hand in
the Plymouth woods, Lambert of Avenna's treatise " Of the Wyll of
Man " [3] ; " Les Six Livres de la Republique " of the great French
jurist Jean Bodin, in Knolles's English as " The Six Bookes of a Com-
inonweale" [92]; Sir Thomas Smith's '' Commonwelth of England &
maner of Government thereof" [355]; Lord Bacon's "Twoo Bookes,
of the proficience and advancement of Learning, divine and humane "
[260] ; his " Apologie, in certaine Imputations concerning the late Earle
of Essex" [316] ; and his " Declaration of the Practices and Treasons
of the Earle of Essex " [229] ; " The Problemes of Aristotle " [303] ;
"The Princeps of IMacchiavelli " [50] ; Geffray Mynsliul's " Essayes
and Characters of a Prison, and Prisoners " [224] ; with Sir Walter
Raleigh's " Prerogative of Parliaments in England " [277]. And it is
interesting to note how, for natural science and practical needs, he
brought with him — for, by their dates, he could have brought them
with him, — Keckerman's " Systema Geographicum " [44] ; Archb. Ab-
bot's " Briefe Description of the whole world " [337] ; John Smith's
" Description of New England " [8] ; the " New Herball " of Rembert
Dodoens [85] ; Rathbone's " Surveyor " [94] ; and John Norden's
" Surveyor's Dialogue . . . very profitable for all men to peruse, that
have to do with the revenues of land, or occupation thereof" [212] ;
Standish's " New Directions ... for the increasing of Timber and
Firewood, with the least waste and losse of ground " [232] ; De Serres's
" Perfect use of Silkwormes and their benefit " [235] ; and Bedford's
"Sufficiencie of English Medicines for tlie cure of all diseases cured
with Medicine" [375].

In poetry this collection cannot be called strong. It had the fulsome
and clumsy Latin strains in which the Rev. Dr. Francis Herring cele-
brated the gracious advent of King James [67] ; and it had Ains-
worth's amazing Psalmody [76], and Henoch Clapham's still more
astounding verse, " A Briefe of the Bible " [325], of which I cite one
stanza [p. 29] : —

"Their names were thus, Reuben and Simeon,
Then Levi, ludah, Dan, and Naphlali,
Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebidon,
Joseph and Beniamin: This Joseph enviously
Was of his Brethren sold to .Sgypt Land,
Where Joseph was advaunst by God his hand."

In W. Hornby's "Scourge of Drunkennes (in verse)" [215], I im-
agine that this library had the seed of what is commonly now called

1889.] SOME BRIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES, 85

Temperance literature. It looks a little as if it bad one tragedy called
" Messalina" [107] ; and, with two or three ballads and broadsides [210,
230, 236, 273], it had Braithwait's " Description [in verse] of a Good
Wife" [297], and a couple of volumes of George Wither [231, 256];
one of which [231] had that motto, "nee habeo, nee careo, nee euro,"
to which John Wiuthrop referred in his letter to Sir William Springe
[Life and Letters, i. 396], where he called Wither "our modern spirit
of poetry."

In the line of exceedingly miscellaneous, it had Thomas Lupton's
" Thousand Notable Things of sundrie sorts. Whereof some are won-
derfull, some strange, some pleasant, divers necessary, a great sort
profitable, and many verie precious," etc. [206].

I have not discovered among these books a single volume identical
with either of the nine-and-thirty which [Life, ii. 438] Governor
Winthrop presented to Harvard College on its first Commencement
in 1642.

I had in mind some endeavor to compare Brewster's collection in
size and quality with those of the earliest worthies of the other New
England colonies ; but the subject so outruns my knowledge that it
must be left to more competent scholars.

Mr. WiNSOR presented the following paper : —

List of some Briefs in Appeal Causes tried before the Lords Commis-
sioners of Appeals of Prize Causes of his Majesty's Privy Council
which relate to America, 1736-17.o8. By Paul Leicester Ford.

The lack of material for the study and history of American trade
and commerce before the Eevolution is so great that it hardly requires
mention. In the writings of Charles Davenant, .Josiah Child, Joshua
Gee, William Douglas, John Ashley, Edmund Burke, Adam Smith,
and in a few fugitive pamphlets is more or less matter on this subject,
but it is at best imperfect and fragmentary. Yet this topic is not only
important from an economic point of view, but equally so for the history
of the causes of our Revolution ; for the trade restrictions and Admiralty
Courts on the one side, and the illicit trading and nullification of the
English trade laws on the other side, were a most important element in
the origin of that war.

In the library of Mr. Gordon L. Ford, of Brooklyn, New York, are
two volumes of practically unknown papers which throw much light on
this subject. Originally belonging to Chief Justice William Lee and
Sir George Lee, members of the Privy Council, they consist, for the
most part, of the printed briefs in marine cases arising in the French
and Spanish War of 1739-1748, appealed from the Admiralty Courts

86 MASSACHCrSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [OCT.

in England or in the English colonies to that portion of the Privy
Council severally described as the " Lords Commissioners for Appeals
in Prize Causes," the " Committee of his Majesty's most Honourable
Privy Council for Affairs of the Plantations," or the " Lords Com-
missioners for hearing Appeals from the Plantations in America in
Cause of Prize." As in appeal cases now, only enough of these
briefs were printed to give the Commissioners and the opposing ad-
vocates each a copy ; and this probably limited the edition to a dozen
or fifteen copies, which sufficiently accounts for their rarity and neglect
as historical matter. In these legal arguments and statements, how-
ever, is a great mass of American naval and commercial history ; and
these particular copies are given especial value by many long notes
of the two Lees, giving their opinions, the positions of the different
members of the Privy Council, and also the decisions of that body.

To make these papers better known I have prepared a list of all
that treat of American trade, to which I have added a few notes. The
titles are taken from the printed endorsements, which in each case is
given in full and lined as printed. In a number of the briefs the
dates have been left blank, and in others have been filled in with ink,
which in this list are bracketed and printed in italics. The arrange-
ment is by the ship in question, and chronologically by the date as
written by the Lees. All matter in the notes in quotation is taken
from their manuscript notes.

the . [Signed] J. Strange, W. Strahan. Fo. pp. 4.

This case involved only part of the cargo of the ship, which was captured and
carried into New York, but was afterwards released.

New-York. I Solomon Medina Moses- 1 son, and Others, | Appellants.]
Matthew Norris, Esq ; Respondent, j The Respondent's Case. | To be
Heard before the Lords Com- 1 missioners of Appeals in Prize Causes, |
on Wednesday the 2d. of February, | at Ten o'Clock in the Forenoon,
at I the Cockpit, Whitehall. [Signed] G. Paul, J. Andrew. Fo. pp. 3.

Solomon Medina, and others Appellants. | Capt. Matthew Norris
Respondent. | Reasons humbly offered on the Part of the | Appel-
lants, in Support of the Jurisdiction of the | Right Honourable the
Lords Commissioners for | hearing Appeals from the Plantations in
Ame-|rica, in Causes of Prize. [Signed] Will. Strahan. J. Strange.
Fo. pp. 3.

1889] SOME BRIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES. 87

" Le Grand Juste" was, by the statement of its own officers, engaged in illicit
trading witli the port of Havana. In tliis it was detected, seized by the "Success,"
and carried into Boston, and tliere condemned. This is an appeal from tlie
decision of that Vice-Admiralty Court.

1743. Ship La Sainte Rose. His Majesty's Proctor, on Behalf]
of Thomas Greenville, Esq ; | Commander of His Majesty's Ship | of
War the Romney, and the | Officers and Mariners belonging | to the
said Ship, | Appellants. | Mary Catharine Marye Widow of | Thomas
Planterose, and Ste-jphen Marye, Natives of France, | Inhabitants,
pretended Owners | of the Ship La Sainte Rose, | otherwise Santa
Rosa, I Respondents. | Et e contra. | The Case of the Appellants in
tlie I said Original, and Respondents in ] the said Cross Appeal. | To
be Heard before the Right Honourable the | Lords Commissioners of
Prizes, at the | Council-Chamber in the Cockpit Whitehall, on | Satur-
day the 5th day of November 1743 | at 10 of the Clock in the Fore-
noon. [Signed] G. Paul, W. Murray, Ed. Simpson. Fo. pp. 4, 6.

" La Sainte Rose," trading in the West Indies and New Orleans, was seized as a
Spanish vessel, and condemned as such. The Appellants put forth the plea that
she was French, and on that ground the case is appealed.

88 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

5th Day of November 1743. at | 10 of the Clock in the Forenoon.
[Signed] T. Clarke, J. Andrew. Fo. pp. 8 [2].

1743. Ship L'Hirondelle. Lords Commissioners of Prizes. |
Louis Roger, Master of the French Sloop called | L'Hirondelle, other-
wise the Swallow, for | and on behalf of Petit de la Burthe | of Bour-
deaux, Merchant, the Owner and | Proprietor of Bullion, to the Amount
of I 77,982 Pieces of Eight, Two Bits and One | Half-bit, and also for
and on behalf of | Gabriel Michel, of Nantes, Merchant, the | owner
and Proprietor of Bullion, to the | Amount of 9,164 Pieces of Eight,
seized on | board the said Sloop, | Appellant | Perry Maine, Esq;
Commander of his Ma-|jesty's Ship of War the Orford, | Respon-
dent. I The Case of the Appellants the said Petit | de la Burthe and
Gabriel Michel. [Signed] \V. Murray, Geo. Lee. Fo. pp. 7.

" W. Murray " is stricken out with a pen.

1744. Ship Charles. Before the Lords Commissioners for i
Appeals in Prize Causes. | James Crokatt and others, Mer-] chants
of London, Owners of | the Ship Charles, and of her | Cargo, taken by
the Spaniards, | and retaken by two of his Ma-!jesty's Ships of "War, |
Appellants. | His Majesty's Procurator-General, | and Peter War-
ren Esq ; and the | Hon. Henry Aylmer Esq ; , the | Commanders of
his Majesty's | Ships which retook the said | Ship Charles, | Respon-
dents. I The Appellants Case. | To be heard before the Right Hon-
ourable the I Lords Commissioners for Appeals in Prize | Causes, at
the Council-Chamber in the Cockpit | at AVhitehall. [Signed] D.
Ryder, W. Murray, Hen. Edmunds. Fo. pp. 3.

The ship " Charles," trading between Charleston, South Carolina, and London,
England, was captured by the Spaniards, and recaptured by English men of war.
The question at issue was whether the ship was subject to salvage only, or was a
true prize.

o'clock in the noon. [Signed] G. Paul, Wm. Noel, Joh. Audley.

Fo. pp. 3.

1746. Ship La Fortune. Jamaica. | Lords Commissioners of
Prizes. [ Matthew Concannen, Esq ; on the Be- 1 half of William

1889.] SOME BKIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES. 89

Clock in the Afternoon. [Signed] G. Paul, D. Ryder, Hen. Edmunds.
Fo. pp. 7.

" La Fortune," seized by the " Montague," was loaded with arras and ammu-
nition for the Spanish American colonies. It was claimed that the vessel was
French.

1747. Ship Santa Rosa. Jamaica. | John Draper, Esq., the
Commander, | and the Officers and Mariners of his | Majesty's Ship
the Adventure, | Appellants. | Augustin Dupony, Supercargo of the |
Santa Rosa, as a Subject of the King | of France, ou Behalf of him-
self, I and the pretended French Owners | of the said Ship and Cargo, |
Respondent. | The Appellants Case. | To be Heard before the
Eight Honourable the Lords | Commissioners of Prizes, at the Coun-
cil Chamber | in the Cockpit, Whitehall, on [ Wediiesdat/] the [ISth} j
day of [January] 174 [7], at [6] of the Clock in the Afternoon.
[Signed] G. Paul, W. Murray, Hen. Edmunds. Fo. pp. 3.

The " Santa Eosa," trading in the West Indies and Spanish Main, and loaded
with Spanish goods, was seized by the " Adventure " man of war. The question
at issue was the nationality of the ship.

Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | John Draper, Esq., Appellant. |
Augustin Dupony, Respondent. ] To be Heard before the Right
Honourable the Lords | Commissioners for Hearing Prize-Appeals,
at the I Council Cliamber in the Cockpit, Whitehall, on | Monday,
the 24th. day of February, 1745, at Six | o'clock in the Afternoon.
[Signed] D. Ryder, Geo. Lee, Ed. Simpson. Fo. pp. 3.

John Draper, Esq ; Appellant. | Augustin Dupony, Respondent. |
An Appendix to the Respondent's printed | Case. | Containing the
Proofs and Exhibits on ] both Sides. Fo. pp. 7.

90 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETr. [Oct.

A Swedish ship, trading between Cadiz and Vera Cruz. Tlie captor claimed
that she was loaded with arms and ammunition, and was therefore forfeited, and,
the Vice-Admiralty Court contleraned her. The Claimant states that the arms,
etc. were part of her outfit, and that her cargo was non-forfeitable.

Appendix. Fo. pp. 3.

R. Jenner. Fo. pp. 7.

" The Lords after much debate and consideration reversed the sentence and
condemn'd the Ship &c. July ll"" 1748."

1748, at of the Clock in | the noon. [Signed] Wm. Noel,

A. Hume Campbell. Fo. pp. 3.

The " South Kingston," owned in Newport, was captured by an English pri-
vateer while trading between that port and Hispaniola, and was carried into
Charleston, where she was condemned.

day of 1746, at o'Clock in the Afternoon. [Signed]

W. Murray, J. Andrew, Geo. Lee, Ed. Simpson, Cha. Pinfold, Rob.
Jenner. Fo. pp. 7.

1889.] SOME BRIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES. 91

This sliip, loaded in the name of Spanish agents by English merchants, and
sent on a smuggling voyage to tlie Spanish West Indies, was on her return trip
captured, under French colors, by two English privateers, and condemned in the
lower court as a Spanish vessel. The case throws much light on the EngUsh
and American illicit trading.

Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | James Talbot, and John More- 1
cock, Esquires, | Appellants. | Edward Gibbon, Esq. and others
Respondents. | The Eespondeut's Case. | To be Heard before the
Right Honourable the Lords | Commissioners of Prizes at the Council
Chamber | at Whitehall. [Signed] G. Paul, D. Ryder, J. Audley,
Hen. Edmunds, Jo. Taylor. Fo. pp. 8.

Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | In the Case of the Marquis | D'An-
tin. I Appendix to the Respondents | printed Case. Fo. pp. 3.

Day of , 1748, at | o'Clock in the noon.

[Signed] D. Ryder, W. Murray. Fo. pp. 3.

The " King's Meadow," built at Boston, New England, sailed under the as-
sumed name of the "Young Catherine," and by means of false Dutch papers pro-
cured a cargo of wine at Teneriffe. On her arrival at Jamaica, however, having
thrown overboard her true English papers, she was seized and condemned by
the Port authorities.

1748, at o'clock | in the noon. [Signed] D. Ryder, W.

Murray. Fo. pp. 3.

Thomas Bontein, Esq ; Appellant. | Edward Trelawny, Esq ; Re-
spondent. I The Respondent's Case. | To be Heard before the Right

92 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

[Oct.

Honourable the Lords Com-lmittees of Council for Hearing Appeals
from the | Plantations, on [^Tuesday^ the [^(5] Day of December ,
1753, at Six of the Clock in the Afternoon. [Signed] Rob. Henley,
Al. Forrester. Fo. pp. 4.

Jamaica. | Thomas Bontien, Esq ; Appellant. | Edward Trelawny
Esq; Respondent. | The Appellant's Case. | To be Heard before the
Right Honourable the Lords of | the Committee of his Majesty's most
Honourable | Privy- Council, at the Cockpit, Whitehall, on l_Tuesdai/']\
the [i5] Day of [December 175S'] at [6] of the | Clock in the
noon. [Signed] Wm. Murray, C. Yorke. Fo. pp. 3.

1749. Ship Notre Dame de Deliverance. Lords Com-
missioners of Appeals. | Philip Durell, Esq ; and others Appellants. |
William Bollan, Esq ; and others Respondents. | The | Case | of |
Capt. John Wickham, and the Officers | and Mariners of his Majesty's
Ship Lark ; | on a Motion that they may be admitted to in- [ tervene
for their Interest. | To be Heard before the Right Hon. the Lords
Com- 1 missiouers of Prizes, at the Council Chamber, | Whitehall, on
Thursday, the 1st Day of March, | 1749. [Signed] A. Hume-Campbell,
Richard Smalbroke. Fo. pp. 3.

The " Notre Dame de Deliverance" sailed with relieving stores into Louis-
bourg after its capture by tlie English fleet and New England army. The ship
■was declared the prize of the fleet, and the question at issue was whether the
men of war forming part of the fleet, but then absent on duty, or the New England
privateers were entitled to a share of the prize money. The briefs are full of
history of the siege of Louisbourg.

Appendix | to the | Printed Case | on [ Behalf of the OfBcers, Sea-
men and I Mariners of his Majesty's Ships the | Hector and Superbe.
Fo. 1 1.

1889.] SOME BRIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES. 93

The " Boston Packet," " Shirley," and " Molyneux " were fitted out by
Massachusetts; the "Tartar "by lihode Island. Tliey are, however, always
spoken of as " Privateers " or " Private armed ships."

Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | The Ship Notre Dame de De-
liverance. I Philip Durell, Esq ; and Others Appellants. | William
Bolan, Esq; and Others, Respondents. | The Case of the Respondent
William | Bolan, Esq; on behalf of the Officers | and IMariners on
board the Boston | Paquet. | To be Heard before the Right Honourable
the Lords | Commissioners of Appeals in Prize Causes, | at the Cock-
pit, Whitehall. [Signed] Charles Pinfold, C. York. Fo. pp. 4.

Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | In the Case of Notre Dame |
de Deliverance. | Appendix to the prmted Case | of Capt. John
Wickham. Fo. pp. 4.

Notre Dame de Deliverance. | Philip Durell, Esq ; Commander |
of his Majesty's Ship Chester ; | and John Brett, Esq ; Com- \ mander

94 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

of his Majesty's Ship | Sunderland ; and their OtBcers | and Mariners,
respectively, at | the Capture of the above Ship | AppeU." William
Bollan, Esq ; and others, — Respond"- | Case | On Behalf of the j
Massachusetts F'rigate, Fame, and Csesar. [Signed] A. llume-Camp-
bell, Ricii'' Smalbroke. Fo. pp. 3.

John Kerly the younger, Agent for the | Majority of the Com-
mission, Warrant, | and Petty Officers, and for the Majority | of the
Mariners, or Foremastmen of his | Majesty's Ship of War the Sunder-
land, 1 John Brett, Esq; Commander, in relation | to the Notre Dame
Deliverance, | Litant Master, a French Prize, taken | by his Majesty's
said Ship the Sunderland, | and by his Majesty's Ship of War the |
Chester, Philip Durell, Esq ; Commander, | Appellant. | Peter War-
ren, Esq ; pretending to be Agent | of the Majority of the Commanders,
and I others. Officers and Mariners of his Ma-jjesty's Ships of War the
Sunderland and | Chester, the Captors of the said Prize, | Respondent. ]
The Appellant's Case. | To be Heard before the Right Honourable
the Lords | Commissioners of Prizes, at the Council-Chamber, | at the
Cockpit, Whitehall, on Wednesday the 25th | Day of March, 1747.
[Signed] W. Murray, Geo. Lee, Ch. Pinfold. Fo. pp. 7.

John Kerly the Younger, Appellant. | Peter Warren, Esq; —
Respondent. | The Respondent's Case. | To be Heard before the
Right Honourable the | Lords Commissioners of Prizes, at [ Whitehall,
on the [25M] Day of [March] 1746, at [Six] of the Clock in the
After- I noon. [Signed] G. Paul, D. Ryder, Ed. Simpson, Rob.
Jenner. Fo. pp. 7.

Tliere are two editions of this. There is a mistake in the first page of the
case before sent, wliich is liere corrected.

It contains tlie afBdavits of a number of New England men concerned in the
Louisbourg Expedition, including those of Gi)vernor Shirley and William Pep-
perell. In addition to the printed pieces given above, there are two in manu-
script, being : " Notes of Dr. Pinfold and Mr. Yorke argum' to Prove the Boston
Pacquet a Man of War"; "Some Observations in respect to the Boston
Pacquets Claim to Share as a Man of War."

1749. Ship L'Agatta. Lords Corami-ssioners of Prizes. | Arent
Tuyn, and Others, Appellants. | George Walker and Others, | Re-
spondents. I The Appellants Case. | To be Heard before the Right
Honourable the Lords | Commissioners for Hearing Prize- Appeals, |
at the Council-Chamber, at Whitehall. [Signed] D. Ryder, Ed.
Simpson, Rob' Jenner. Fo. pp. 8.

A Dutch ship, chartered by a Spanish firm and loaded with Spanish goods
wliioh she landed at 'Vera Cruz and Havana. On the homeward voyage she was

1889.] SOME BRIEFS IN APPEAL, CAUSES. 95

seized by four English privateers ; and tlie court, finding slie sailed under a
Spanisli register, condemned her.

1750. Ship St. Jan. Jan De Kok, Appellant. | James Purcell,
and Others, Respondents. | The Appellant's Case. | To be Heard
before the Lords Commissioners | of Appeals, on the day of

[Signed] D. Ryder, Ed. Simpson. Fo. pp. 7.

The ship " St. Jan " of Flushing was engaged in trade in the West Indies, and
was seized under the suspicion of being Spanish.

St. Christophers. | In the Matter of the Ship St. John of | Flush-
ing. I Jan de Kok, Appellant. | Richard Rowland, and Others,
Respondents. | The Respondents Case. | To be Heard before the
Right Honourable the Lords Com-lmissioners of Prizes, at the
Council-Chamber at | the Cockpit, Whitehall, on [T/iursdn;/] the [52c?]
day of [Feb'-'-q 1749, at [Six] of the Clock | in the noon. [Signed]
W. Murray, Geo. Lee. Fo. pp. 7.

" The Lords reversed the sentence, and decreed the Ship and Cargo to be
restored to the Dutcli owners."

Appendix. Fo. pp. 3.

Fo. pp. 4.

The ship " Le Mentor " was forced to join an 'English convoy, just before the
news of the declaration of war with France, lest she should carry the news of

90 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

the convoy to France. In this position she was seized by the privateer " Thur-
loe," which knew of tlie war being declared. The question at issue was whether
tlie frigate " Fowey " liad not already taken possession of her.

Clock in the noon. [Signed] G. Paul, A. Hume-Campbell.

Fo. pp. 3.

The " Hannali," trading; from Jamaica to London, was captured by the Spanish,
and shortly recaptured by the English. The question was whether the captors
were entitled to salvage or prize money.

1750. Ship San Feaxcisco. Jamaica | Philip Wilkinson, and
an- 1 other, | Appellants. | Moses Mendez, and Others, Respondents. |
The Appellants Case. | To be heard before the Right Honourable |
the Lords of the Committee of his Ma- [ jesty's most Honourable Privy
Council for | Affairs of the Plantations, at the Council- i Chamber in
Whitehall. | [Signed] A. Hume-Campbell, Geo. Lee. Fo. pp. 4.

Two privateers, the " Fame," of Rhode Island, and the " New Exchange," of
Jamaica, signed papers for a joint cruise. The " Fame " was lost by running
aground, but the crew were saved and taken on board the " New Exchange," where
they assisted in the capture of the " San Francisco," a Spanish vessel. The ques-
tion at issue was whether the crew were entitled to a share in tlie prize. " The
lords pronounced agV the Appellants and aiiirmed the decree given by the Chan-
cellor of Jamaica."

Jamaica. | Philip Wilkinson, and Daniel Ayrolt, Appellants. |
Moses Mendes, Abraham Musquitta, | and Mary Edzor, | Respon-
dent.'^. I The Respondents Case. [ To be Heard before the Right
Honourable the Lords of | His Majesty's Privy Council, at the Coun-
cil- [ Chamber, at the Cockpit, Wliitehall, on [ruesday'] | the [fourth]

1889.] SOME BRIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES. 97

Day of [Zlec'] 1748, at [6.] o'Clock in the noon. [Signed]

D. Eyder, W. Murray, A. Hume-Campbell. Fo. pp. 7.

A. Hume Campbell's name is struck out, and " 1748 " is altered to " 1750 "
with a pen.

" A. Hume Campbell " is substituted with a pen for " W. Murray," which is
stricken out. The ship the Respondent claimed put into Martinique to refit only,
but was seized by the English vessel.

The Dutch Ship Alexander the Great. | Appendix | to the | Ee-
Bpondent's Printed Case. |

Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | Alexander the Great. | Thomas
Maynard, Esq ; Appellant. | Warnard Van Staden, Respondent. |
The said Warnard Van Staden, Appellant. | Thomas Maynard, Esq ;
Respondent. | The Respondent's Case. | To be Heard before the
Right Honourable the Lords | Commissioners for Hearing Prize-
Appeals, I at the Council Chamber at Whitehall. [Signed] W. Mur-
ray, Geo. Lee. Fo. pp. 7.

" The Lords affirmed the sentence of restitution, but without costs." Two
editions, one being printed on only one side of the paper.

1752. Ship Anna Maria St. Felix. Lords Commissioners for
Appeals in Prize-Causes. | Anna Maria y St. Felix. | Francis
Molla, Master. | James Tierney. Merchant, Appellant, j Charles
Knowles, Esq; and | others, | Respondents. | The Appellant's Case. I
To be Heard before the Right Honourable | the Lords Commis-
sioners for Appeals in | Prize-Causes, at the Council-Chamber, | at
Whitehall, on Thursday, the 12th of | March, 1752, at Six in the
Afternoon. [Signed] W. Murray, G. Hay. Fo. pp. 5.

The ship was captured while on a voyage from Carthagena and Havana to
Spain, and after being gutted, was burned, twenty-six days after the signing of
peace. Tlie owners accordingly brought suit for the recovery of the destroyed
and seized property.

98 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Oct.

at the Council-Chamber at | Whitehall, on Thursday 20 Feb, 1752, at |
Six in the Evening. [Signed] W. Murray, Geo. Hay. Fo. pp. 4.

Anna Maria y St. Felix. | Francis Molla, Master. | Case on the
Behalf of the | Captains Toll and Pawlett, two ) of the Respondents. |
To be Heard before the Right Honourable the Lords | Commissioners
for Appeals in Prize-Causes, at the | Council-Chamber at Whitehall,
on Thursday ] 1752, at Six in the Evening. [Signed]

Charles Pinfold. Fo. pp. 3.

Appendix | to the | Printed Case in the Prize- Appeal | Relating to
the I Polacra Anna Maria y St. Felix. Fo. pp. 7.

1752. Ship Vreyheit. Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | De
Vreyheyd. | Hendrick Vos, Appellant. | Nathaniel Richards, Esquire,
Respondent. | The Appellant's Case. | To be Heard before the
Right Honourable the Lords | Commissioners for Hearing Prize-
Appeals, I at the Council-Chamber at Whitehall. [Signed] A. Hume-
Campbell, Geo. Hay. Fo. pp. 7.

This Dutch vessel sailed from Amsterdam for St. Eustatia and Curacjoa, but
was compelled by accident to put into Martinique, where she was forced to sell
her cargo by the French Governor. On putting to sea she was seized by two
privateers and carried into Antigua, and there condemned ; but the decision was
reversed on appeal.

1752. Ship Catherina. Lords Commissioners of Prizes. | The
Catharina, a Dutch Ship. | John Paasch, Master of the Ship

SOME BEIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES.

The " Catherina " was built in the Bermudas, but was soon sold to a resident
of Curaijoa, who employed her in trade between that island and the Spanish
main. She was captured by the Rliode Island private armed ship the " De-
fiance," which carried her into Newport, where she was condemned. '' The Lords
reversed the sentence of condemnation."

1752. Ship The William Galley. Lords Commissioners of
Prizes. | The William Galley. | Peter Cowenhoven and | other
Dutch Subjects, | Appellants. | James Allen and others, Respondents. |
The Appellants Case. | To be Heard before the Right Honourable
the I Lords Commissioners for Hearing Prize- \ Appeals, at the
Council Chamber at White- 1 hall. [Signed] Wm. Murray, Rob Jenner.
Fo. pp. 3.

Trading between Amsterdam and Curajoa this ship was taken by an Havana
privateer on the charge of smuggling, and retaken by the " Revenge " and " Suc-
cess," Rliode Island privateers, who carried the prize into Rhode Island, where it
was condemned. The point at issue was whether the ship had become a Spanish
prize ; and the Lords' decision restored her to the Dutch owners.

100 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [OcT.

before the Right Honourable | the Lords Commissioners for Prize |
Appeals, in the Council-Chamber, at | Whitehall. [Signed] W.
Murray, Geo. Hay. Fo. pp. 3.

The privateer " Tygress," while cruising in the West Indies, was captured by
the French, refitted by them as a letter of marque, and sent to sea, where she was
recaptured by the English. The original owners claimed that only salvage was
due to the recaptors, and that the ship belonged to them by law ; and in this they
were sustained on appeal.

Lords Commissioners of Appeals in Prize Causes. | The Bacha.
Joseph Gay, Master ; | formerly | The Tygress, Roger Bedgood, Mas-
ter. I Thomas Frankland, Esq ; Commander of | his Majesty's Ship
Dragon, | Appellant. | Richard Newman, Robert Newman, | and
Thomas Holdsworth, Merchants, ] Charles Hayne and John Rowe,
Esqs, I Respondents. | The Respondents' Case. | To be Heard at
the Cockpit, Whitehall, on Thursday the | fourteenth Day of December,
1752. [Signed] A. Hume Campbell, Charles Pinfold. Fo. pp. 3.

Lords Commissioners of Appeals in Prize Causes. | Bacha ; | for-
merly I The Tygress, Roger Bedgood, Master. | Appendix to the
Respondents' Case. Fo. pp. 5.

"La Magdelaine," from Martinique to France, was captured by three English
privateers, who carry the prize into the courts to decide to whom she belongs.
"The Lords unanimously affirm the decree, dividing the Prize between the
' Terrible ' and the ' Laurell.' "

The " Phoenix," while trading between Curagoa and Martinique, was seized by
two privateers from St. Christophers.

1889.] SOME BEIEFS IN APPEAL CAUSES. 101

Chamber at the Cockpit, 'Whitehall, on Thursday | the 13th Day of
December 1753, at Six of the Clock | in the Afternoon. [Signed]
W. Murray, Geo. Hay. Fo. pp. 8.

I Day of 1753. at Six of the Clock in | the Afternoon.

[Signed] W. Murray, J. Andrew, Geo. Hay.

Appendix. | (A) and (B). Fo. pp. 4.

The ship " Dorotliea " sailed from Amsterdam for Curajoa, with a cargo of arms
and ammunition. Seized on tlie suspicion of trading with the French, she was
carried into Jamaica, but was released for want of proof. On putting to sea
again she was captured by another privateer and carried into Charleston, South
Carolina, where the Admiralty Court condemned her. The Lords ordered her
restored.

This is a general statement for all the seizures of Dutch ships, and was for
that reason apparently included in this collection by Sir George Lee.

102 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

NOVEMBER MEETING, 1889.

The Society met on the 14th instant, and there was a large
attendance.

Dr. Geoege E. Ellis, the President, called the meeting to
order.

After the Recording Secretary had read his record of the
last meeting, and the Librarian had made his customary
report, the Corresponding Secretary announced that Prof.
James B. Thayer had accepted his election to Resident
Membership.

The Pkesident then said : —

Our meeting, and the hall in which we are seated are
deeply shadowed by the decrease yesterday of our distin-
guished, honored, and warmly cherished associate, and first
Vice-President, Dr. Charles Deane. For forty years his wel-
come presence here has identified him with our meetings as
one of the elders and chief pillars of the Society, for there
are but four survivors who were here before him. Of the
long series of faithful and laborious services wrought for
the Society, by his industry, research, and pre-eminent his-
toric qualities, the full columns of entries under his name on
the Index of the first twenty volumes of our published Pro-
ceedings bear a striking testimony.

While his mortal remains are waiting for the last rites of
affection and esteem, we cannot now and here substitute
for his genial presence the tributes which are ready in our
hearts, if not on our lips. Appropriate action will be taken
hereafter.

Communications from the Third Section having been called
for, Mr. R. C. Winthrop, Jk., said : —

In the course of some remarks made by Dr. McKenzie at
the May meeting, he alluded to the existence in his parish
at Cambridge of a local historical society much interested

1889.] REMARKS BY R. C. "WINTHROP, JR. 103

iu the early history of- Cambridge, and more particularly
in everything relating to the Rev. Thomas Shepard, that
famous Puritan divine from whom both the parish and the
society in question are named. After the meeting was over,
I called Dr. McKenzie's attention to some Sliepard letters
printed many years ago by one of our committees on the
Winthrop Papers. I found he had never heard of them, and
I promised to see if there were any more. I have since ascer-
tained that these Papers contain six original letters from the
Rev. Thomas Shepard of Cambridge to Gov. John Winthrop
the elder, and two letters from his son, the Rev. Thomas
Shepard of Charlestown, to Gov. John Winthrop the younger.
Five of these letters of the elder Shepard (one of them a very
long one) are to be found in the seventh volume of our fourth
series of Collections, and relate chiefly to the controversial
theology of the early colonial period. Of the two letters of
the younger Shepard, one of them, in which he communicates
some interesting observations of the heavenly bodies at Charles-
town in 1669, is in the tenth volume of our third series; while
the other, which relates to matters of church government, is in
the first volume of our fifth series. The reason these letters
are so inconveniently scattered among three different volumes
is because they were not all identified at the same time, and I
am now about to communicate a letter from the elder Shepard
to Gov. John Winthrop senior, which must have been mislaid
or overlooked when the others were printed. It is without
date ; but as the writer did not arrive in New England until
the autumn of 16-35, and as his correspondent died in the
spring of 1649, we can form some idea as to when it was
written, — probably about 1640. Tlie signature is unmistak-
ably " Thomas Shepard " (pard) ; but Governor Winthrop,
with that disregard of orthography so characteristic of our
ancestors, forthwith endorsed it " Mr. Shepherd " (pherd).
It is a short letter and rather a curious one, showing that
although the writer had formerly chronicled with some
bitterness in his diary the harsh treatment he had received
from Dr. William Laud, when Bishop of London, yet he
himself was imbued with not a little of Laud's disposi-
tion to deal summarily with "hereticks." I venture to
read it because it contains a passage about which I wish
to ask a question.

104 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

Hev. Thomas Shepard to Gov. John Winthrop.

[No date ; indorsed by Gov. W. " M' Shepherd."]
D" S", — I returne unto you many harty thankes for your kind ac-
ceptance of my letter, though it might have appeared too playne &
rude to you, & so deserve your censure. It hath gladded many of o'
harts to see your hart & the truth embracing each other, even the
errour for peace sake hath pleaded for entertaynment, which you have
turned out of your hart & house & town to us to burne to death. The
haeretick is yet kept prisoner, but we intend to see justice executed
on him, according to your desire. It would be a woorke of singular
benifit & use to wyar-draw by way of question & doubt these hidden
misteries which may be the causes of division, for I feare there is
aliquid incognitum which will in time appeare. Errour hath been ever
fruitfull, and, commonly, false opinions which creepe out of doores &
appeare in the battayle, are but the stragglers of the front army, which
tho they be taken prisoners, yet little good will be done, because they
have a party within which will renew the battayle when occasion serves.
There is a kind of religion in the world which the author of it calls the
unknowinge of a man's selfe, which is a mistery I must not open. The
God of Heaven still fill you & preserve you holy & faythfull to His
cause & truth even untill death ! I am in much hast & have no leysure
this day to come to Boston ; when I doe I shall acknowledge yo' love.
Thus in great hast I rest

Yo". in the L* Jesus, Tho. Shepaed.

The question I wish to ask is, Who is the author just
quoted who prescribed as a religion, two hundred and fifty
or more years ago, the " unknowinge of a man's self " ? The
converse of this proposition we are familiar with. We all
remember the old line of Juvenal, —

" E coelo descendit yfm^i a-favTov,"

and the modern couplet of Pope, —

" Know then thyself, presume not God to scan ;
The proper study of mankind is man."

But who recommended the unknowing of ourselves ?

I may add that the Rev. Thomas Shepard died at Cam-
bridge in his forty-fourth year, August 25, 1649, and that he
is described by a contemporary as a "poore, weake, pale
complectioned man," who, in spite of the very pronounced

1889.] REMARKS BY R. C. WINTHROP, JR. 105

character of his theological views, was as distinguished for
humility as for piety. In an exhortation to some young min-
isters while on his death-bed, he is stated to have told them
three things concerning himself: That the study of every ser-
mon cost him tears ; that before he preached any sermon he
got good by it himself; and that he always went into the
pulpit as if he were to give up his accounts to his Master.

In view of the fact that, besides the letters I have named,
at least thirteen of his sermons and religious treatises are to
be found in print, — all of them probablj^ in Harvard College
Library, — I think we shall agree that no conscientious mem-
ber of the Shepard Historical Society should fail to devote to
them a considerable share of his Sunday reading ; and I am
sure that in this respect, as in all others. Dr. McKenzie sets
them a good example.

I desire also to communicate a letter to Gov. John Win-
throp the younger from his cousin Mrs. Margaret Heathcote,
born Gostlin, dated June 27, 1665, and written from Antigua
in the West Indies, where she and her husband had gone to
reside. There are, among the Winthrop Papers, six letters of
a later date from their son, George Heathcote, written from
London, New York, and elsewhere ; but this is the only one
from Margaret Heathcote, and my reason for communicating
it is that the recent works of Froude and others have stimu-
lated fresh interest in the West Indies, and a passage in this
letter throws a not altogether agreeable side-light upon man-
ners and customs apparently prevailing in West Indian society
at that early period.

To the Wbrp" Jn". Winthrop, Usq"- these p'sent, at New-England.

June y 27. 1065.
HoNNOURED Cozen, — The wisdom of God has so ordered it as to
brings my husband and selfe to this Island here to live, and through
mercy to enjoy the company and comfort of your deare brother.
Truely, Cozen, he is a deare and tender cozen to me and I have much
cause to praise God for him.^ He is a reall Winthrop and truely noble
to all, but much more to my husband and selfe. I am at this time at
his house, but wee live 7 or 8 miles from him. My husband is agent

1 Samuel Winthrop, youngest son of Gov. John Winthrop the elder, was then
a leading planter in Antigua, and, in 1668, Deputy-Governor of that island.
For many letters of his, see Winthrop Papers, part iv., 5 Mass. Hist. Coll., viii.
14

106 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

to Coll Middleton, and wee live on his plantation. And truely, Sir, I
am not so much in love with any as to goe much abroad. This house
of your brother's and my cozen's is all the joy I have in this place ; —
not that I want anything for I praise God I have no want ; — but they
all be a company of sodomites that live here, and truely. Cozen, I am
really my father's daughter and can not comply with their ill manners.
Sir, although it was not my happynes to see you in England, yet, sweet
Cozen, honnor me so much as to let me kiss your baud once before I
die, and in it you will engage her ever to remaine

Your truely loving Cozen and faithfull servant,

Margaret Heathcoat,
(Margaret Gostlin that was).
My husband presents his love & service to you.

I desire further to communicate some manuscript verses
which I have recently found, not among the Winthrop Papers,
but among some papers of my maternal grandfather, Francis
Blanchard, of Boston. They are dated July 12, 1800, and are
signed by three young gentlemen, in the following order,
namely : first, by George SuUivan, whose father. Governor
Sullivan, was then President of this Society, who took his
bachelor's degree at Harvard in 1801, and was subsequently
Secretary of Legation at Madrid and a member of the Massa-
chusetts State Senate ; second, by Leonard Jarvis, who took
his bachelor's degree at Harvard in 1800, and was subse-
quently a well-known member of Congress, and an early
donor of books to this Society ; third, b}' Joseph Story, who
took his bachelor's degree at Harvard in 1798, and was sub-
sequently one of our Resident Members, and famous as Mr.
Justice Story. The poetry is entitled " The Social Group,"
and commemorates the attractions of four ladies who were
apparently prominent in Boston at the end of the last century.
Their Christian names only are given, but they may perhaps
be identified.

THE SOCIAL GEOUP.

First Julia comes, in Nature's matchless grace,
Her heart more lovely than her lovely face.
While round her cheek each fine affection plays,
Enamoured beauty sheds her magic blaze ;
There, too, the Loves their softer charms combine,
And prove her temper, like her form, divine.

1889.] BEMAKKS BY K. C. WINTHEOP, JR. 107

Next, sportive Anne, than whom no fairer maid
E'er graced the green room or the russet shade,
With native wit her polished accents glow,
Quick as the light, and purer than the snow.

The artless Mary, void of all disguise !
Looks bright instruction from her melting eyes,
And while the cherub pours her strains along
We own the sway of eloquence and song.

Courtly with ease, with native humour gay,
Dressed in the virgin smiles of roseate May,
A sprightly nymph appears, whose radiant name
The Muse in Laura gives admiring fame.

These chosen few create one bright divan
To Friendship sacred, formed on Virtue's plan,
Whose mingling influence aims with sweet control
By Fancy's charms to captivate the Soul ;
To smooth life's rugged path with tender care
And steal its pilfered joys from stern despair ;
With Wisdom's beams illumine Error's way,
And flash on sleeping Truth resistless day.

Hail, then, ye Fair ! embalmed in memory's page,
Still may your virtues bloom through every age,
Till time with nature own supreme decay.
And genius, worth and beauty fade away !

George Rdllivan.

Leonard Jarvis.

Joseph Story.
July 12, 1800.

What these young gentlemen had precisely in view, when
they sang of stealing pilfered joys from stern despair, is not
readily apparent ; but the passage is certainly no more obscure
than many in Robert Browning. I have had some hesitation
in communicating this effusion, because the early rhythmical
indiscretions of even so eminent a man as Mr. Justice Story
are hardly to be considered material for history ; but we have
now and then consented to intersperse a few ill-considered
trifles among the weightier matters of our volumes, and it has
occurred to me as not impossible that these verses might afford
a passing interest to some of our readers.

108 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

Before I sit down, I ask the attention of the Society to a
single point in connection with the new volume of Proceedings
this day laid upon the table, — the fourth volume of our second
series of Proceedings, embracing nearly two years. It con-
tains, together with much other matter, the reports of two An-
nual Meetings, those of 1888 and 1889, with this difference
between them, — that whereas those members of the Society
who were unable to be present at the Annual Meeting held in
April, 1888, had an opportunity of reading what took place
there in a Serial issued only two months afterward, yet, on
the other hand, those members of the Society who were un-
able to be present at the Annual Meeting held in April last
have had no opportunity of reading what took place there
until to-day, an interval of seven months. I contend that this
interval is too long. It is a very contracted view to take of
this Society to allow it to be assumed that only the thirty or
forty members who are able to attend an Annual Meeting are
interested in what goes on there. So far from it, many of
those who have the well-being of the Society most at heart
are often prevented from participating in such occasions by
various causes, and it is desirable that they should have an
opportunity of reading what took place while the subject is
fresh in their minds. The proceedings of an Annual Meeting
do not consist merely of the election of officers for the year
ensuing, with such remarks as the President or any member
may see fit to utter, but they include a series of official reports
upon the condition and prospects of the Society. The exist-
ing method of dealing with these reports is a peculiar one.
An undue prominence, as it seems to me, is given to the Report
of the Treasurer, which is printed in advance and forthwith
distributed, while the reports of other officers and committees
have to wait for publication until such time as happens to be
convenient to the Pulilishing Committee to issue a serial or a
volume. This practice of printing in advance the Treasurer's
Report arose from the fact that much of it is necessarily de-
voted to statistics which are substantially repeated year by
year, and to which it would be wearisome to the Society to
listen ; but, in my judgment, it would be a more convenient
and equitable arrangement to content ourselves with a sum-
mary of the Treasurer's Report at the meeting, and then, with
as little delay as need be, to have all the reports, without dis-

1889.] EEMAEKS BY R. C. WINTHROP, JR. 109

tinction, printed and circulated together. Even to members
who had listened to them a few weeks before, such a pamphlet
would be useful for reference, as no one can accurately re-
member such things. Take, for instance, the long and valu-
able report, at tlie meeting in question, of Mr. Jenks, Mr. E.
J. Lowell, and Mr. Frothinghara,— the Committee appointed to
examine the Library and Cabinet. Why should we have to
wait seven months before being able to consider carefully the
opinions and recommendations of these gentlemen?

When a member, of his own accord, sees fit to gratify us by
reading some historical paper or by exhibiting some historical
manuscript, it ordinarily matters little, either to him or to us,
whether his remarks appear in type a few months earlier or a
few months later. But when a member, in the discliarge of
duties specifically assigned to him, submits a report upon the
immediate policy of the Society or the actual condition of some
one of its departments, it is only fair to print it with reasonable
promptitude. The idea may suggest itself to some one that
where the shoe pinches is that among the reports thus delayed
is one which it fell to my lot to draw up and read, as Senior
Member at Large of the Council, — the longest, but by no
means the most flattering, document ever submitted on a sim-
ilar occasion. I venture to think I should have offered the
present criticism even if I had not been personally concerned
in the matter ; nor was I alone concerned in it. It has become
no secret that in the controversial part of that report I was
inspired and aided by no less competent an authority tlian
the Senior Vice-President of the Society, whose irreparable
loss to us is uppermost in our thoughts to-day. No one who
enjoyed in any marked degree his intimacy, can fail to recall
how grievous to him had become the crowded state of onr
Library and Cabinet, how earnestly he deplored our wholesale
methods of accumulation, and how convinced he was of the
necessity for vigorous and reiterated remonstrance. He found
himself too feeble to rise, as he had intended, and say a few
words in support of my arguments ; but in an interview which
I had with him on the following day, he stated to me his in-
tention of again bringing up the subject when his health
should be restored. Both he and I anticipated that the An-
nual Reports would form part of a June Serial, as in the pre-
vious year; and I feel confident that I continue to carry out

110 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

his wishes by commenting upon a delay we were far from
anticipating. I should regret, however, to be understood as
finding fault with the Committee whose duty it is to publish
the Proceedings. They have a great deal of hard work to do,
which till now has fallen chiefly upon the shoulders of the Re-
cording Secretary, to whom we all ought to be grateful for the
care and pains he has given to it. As he had never been in-
structed to have the report of an Annual Meeting in print
within a given time, still less to print it separately if no Serial
was ready, he could not reasonably have been expected to
initiate a procedure which I am strongly of opinion it will be
for the convenience of the Society to adopt hereafter. I do
not, however intend to end with a motion, but am satisfied,
for the present, with calling attention to the subject.

The Hon. George S. Hale then spoke as follows : —

The " Nation " of March 14 last, in a notice, written by one
of our active members, of " Louisiana " by Maurice Thompson,
contains the line " He thinks the Spanish Main was an ex-
pause of water," — as if he had no right to think so. This
remark led me to some inquiry into the phrase, and now leads
me to ask whether he might not reasonably have had that
impression, even if it was correctly used at first with a dif-
ferent meaning.

There seems to be authority for its use in reference to the
land and to the sea and land together, as well as by usage to
the sea alone ; and in one case to neither, but to the belt of
islands along the coast. Wheeler's " Dictionary of tlie Noted
Names of Fiction " defines it as " a name popularly given
by the early English voyagers and English colonists of the
West India Islands to the coast along the north part of South
America, from the Musquito Territory to the Leeward Islands,
. . . often erroneously thought to apply to the Caribbean
Sea."

So H. Percy Smith's " Glossary of Terms and Phrases "
defines it as " the Main land from the Orinoco to the Isth-
mus of Darien ; " and Brewer's " Reader's Handbook," as the
" Coast along the North part of South America." Johnston's
" Gazetteer" gives it as a name for Terra Firma, which is,
he says, " an obsolete name formerly applied to the Spanish

1SS9.] THE TEEM " SPANISH MAIN." Ill

Main, S. America, since called Colombia." Morse's " Old
American Gazetteer" speaks of it as land.

But in Cassell's Encj'clopsedic Dictionary, Johnson's Cyclo-
paedia, and the American Encyclopaedia, also in " Notes and
Queries " (vol. viii. p. 502), it is explained or defined as both
sea and land, including the southern portion of the Caribbean
Sea, together with the contiguous coast.

" The Historical Finger-Post," by Edward Shelton, 1861,
thus describes it : "A name given to the Atlantic Ocean and
coast along the North part of South America from the Lee-
ward Islands to the Isthmus of Darien."

Brewer's " Dictionary of Phrase and Fable " has the fol-
lowing : —

" Spanish Main : The circular bank of islands forming the Northern
and eastern boundaries of the Caribbean Sea, beginning from Mos-
quito near the isthmus and including Jamaica, St. Domingo, the Lee-
ward Islands and the Windward Islands to the coast of Venezuela in
South America. It is not the sea but the bank of islands (Spanish
»na)!ea, shackles). ' We turned conquerors and invaded the main of
Spain.' — Bacon."

See further discussion of the subject in " Notes and Que-
ries," 3d series, vol. ix. pp. 22, 145, 308, 374 ; vol. x. p. 524.

So much for definitions in works not without authority.
Now, turning to instances of its use in earlier and later books,
the following may be quoted : —

"In the Lat. of 12 Deg. 30 Min. S. and about 150 Leagues from
the Main of America." (Wafer's Voyages, 1699, p. 212.) "At six
saw the Main in two Points of Land, with a large opening." (Bulke-
ley and Cummins, Voyage to the South Seas, 1743, p. 114.) " Also a
remarkably round White Rock. This lies on the Larboard nearest to
Grande, between it and the Main at the entrance going in." (Woodes
Rogers, A Cruising Voyage round the World, 1718, p. 51.)

The above citations are from Professor Whitney. He adds :
" The Spanish Main, the mainland of South America, and
especially (perhaps exclusively) that portion which lies south
and southwest of the West India Islands ; " and by way of
one definition of " main," he has: "The main land, the land
belonging to a continental mass, as distinguished from that
of islands adjacent to it."

112 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

In " A Gentleman in the Voyage, Sir John Hawkins' Sec-
ond Voyage to the West Indies," Hakluyt's Voyages, 1589
(I quote from Arber's "English Garner," vol. v. pp. 87, 104),
I find : " And the 22d we came to a place on the Main called
Cumana," — an old city of Venezuela; also (p. 132) : "But
it is not unlikely but that in the main, where are high hills,
may be gold and silver as well as in Mexico, because it is
all one Main."

" And such a port for mariners I ne'er shall see again
As the pleasant Isle of Avis beside the Spanish Main."

(Kingsley's " The Last Buccaneer.")

"The Spanish Main was warned and armed, and the West-
ern Isles also." (Kingsley's Miscellanies, " Sir Walter Raleigh
and his Time," p. 67.)

" Those, &c., have to work in the fields or in the mills
under the hot sun of the Spanish Main." (p. 276.)

"For the reduction of the French and Spaniards in the
West Indies and on the Main." (Rev. Wm. Gordon to James
Bowdoin, 1770 : Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc, vol. vii. p. 292.)

Campbell's " parrot from the Spanish Main " would seem
to have been a landsman.

It seems probable that " the Spanish Main " was the English
name originally given to the more northern mainland of South
America, but extended to include New Granada and Vene-
zuela, and that it naturally came to apply both to the coast
and the adjoining waters, where the early English adven-
turers cruised.

In an early Italian work, " Saggio di Storia Americana,
Tomo IV. Stato presente di Terra Firma," Rome, 1784, the
author applies this name (Terra Firma, p. 1) to the northern
provinces of South America within about ten degrees more
or less from the equator, in conformity, he claims, with the
usage of the first discoverers of America. At first, he says,
Terra Firma, so called, embraced only those provinces di-
rectly on the ocean, such as Cumana which Columbus first
reached, Caraccas, Maracaibo, S. Marta, Catagena, and Darien.
His successors gave this name to other provinces which lay
adjacent to these, — Bogota, Antiochia, and others. But this
new appellation was finally limited to these, or a little in ad-
dition. Probably this phrase, " Terra Firma," was at first

1889.] THE TEEM "SPANISH MAIN." 113

Englished by the words " Spanish Main ; " but the word
" Main" being often and familiarly applied both to the main-
land and to the main sea, a confusion arose which led to the
alternative or combined application of the words to both.

There are other instances of reputable usage distinctly re-
ferring to the sea, or ambiguous.

" As I dare say that the deck and cabins of a ship are much
the same whether she be on the Spanish Main or in the British
Channel." (Kingsley, p. 103.)

Longfellow thought it was water when he wrote, in the
" Wreck of the Hesperus," —

" Then up and spake an old sailor
Had sailed the Spanish Main."

But (perhaps after Wheeler quoted him as in error) he altered
it to "Had sailed to the Spanish Main." (Ed. of 1886.)

Dickens writes : " Of carrying me and little Emily to the
Spanish Main to be drowned."

" Few men have been on the Spanish Main as often as I
have without having had to do with the Guarda Costas once
and again." (Walter Scott, in the "Pirate," vol. ii. p. 15.)

" She had fine luck down on the Spanish Main, both with
commerce and privateering." (Vol. i. p. 143.)

" Pillaged a little village called Quempoa on the Spanish
Main." (Vol. ii. p. 323.)

" He [Sir William Phipps] was impelled to undertake the
recovery of the treasure in a wrecked and sunken vessel in
the Spanish Main." (Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. v. 5th series,
p. 204, editors' note on " Diary of Samuel SewalL")

" The South Sea is pacific enough upon the Main and very
turbulent upon the coast." (English translation of Exque-
melin's " History of the Buccaneers," chap. cli. p. 354). But
on page 206 (chap, cxxxii. ), he speaks of a "place called
Puebla Nueba on the Main."

Walter Besant, in his late novel of " Faith and Freedom,"
speaks of the " doings of our sailors on the Spanish Main and
elsewhere " (p. 34) ; " drawing ... a rough chart of the
Spanish Main with as many islands as he could remember "
(p. 301) ; " if they were to search the whole of the Spanish
Main and the islands upon it" (p. 342).
15

114 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Nov.

To close with poetical authority which may be read either
way, Barham says, in " Nell Cook," one of the " Ingoldsby
Legends," —

" My Father dear! he is not here,
He seeks the Spanish Main."

May not an author nowadays pay his money and take his
choice ?

Mr. WiNSOR said that the term "Spanish Main" did not
arise until the buccaneering period, and that it designated at
first the southern shore of the Caribbean Sea, in contradistinc-
tion to the islands, but that 'afterward tliis distinction was
not observed.

Dr. Everett, who had written the original criticism on
Thompson's book, expressed his conviction that when the term
" Spanish Main" was the common prose description of a definite
part of the globe, it invariably meant the mainland of Spanish
America ; that its use by later romancers and poets to mean
" sea," arose from their misunderstanding of its use in the
earlier accounts.

Judge Chamberlain referred to the importance which
that part of the possessions in America known as the " Span-
ish Main" had for the trade and commerce of New England,
and to the interruption of mercantile relations by the Revolu-
tionary War, which caused much distress and led to diplomatic
negotiations.

Dr. Green made the following remarks : —

Among the manuscript volumes belonging to the Historical
Society is a book which contains the Minutes of the Massa-
chusetts General Court for nearly a year during the Pro-
vincial period. It furnishes, apparently, rough notes of the
proceedings, kept at the time by the Secretary of the Prov-
ince or by his clerk, and used in making up the official records
now in the possession of the Commonwealth. Tlie records of
the Council, as given in this book, begin on June 1, 1749, and
end on May 22, 1750 ; while those of the Assembly, in an-
other part of the volume, begin on May 31, 1749, and end on
April 20, 1750. The entries are brief, and often abbreviated,
and written partly by Josiah Willard, at that time the Secre-
tary of the Province, though mostly by another hand. It is

1889.] MINUTES ABOUT INDIAN CAPTIVES. 115

not known when the volume was given, but it was first cata-
logued by Timothy Alden, Jr., wlio was Librarian from Slay
9, 1808, to October 26, 1809; and it may have been on the
shelves of the Society for some years before that period.
Occasionally, in the book, there are other entries than those
connected with the two legislative bodies ; and of this charac-
ter are the following items about certain captives taken either
by the Indians or the French. The paragraphs are all found
on the same page, which is unnumbered, but evidently they
were written at different times. With the exception of the
third paragraph, they are in the handwriting of Secretary
Willard.

David Morrison, Son of Hugh Morrison, taken at Colrain, the
28* Day of July, 1746, now in three & twentieth Year of his Age,
if alive.

Jo Job, Mordicai Job, & John Jacob, Indians, of Nantucket, taken
in a Sloop on a whaling Voyage, bound to Newfoundland, Zephaniah
Pinkham, Master, by a French Man of War, of 36 Guns, 35 Leagues
"Westward of Cape Race, the 6"" Day of June, 1746, & carried into
Chebucto, & from thence carried to Canada.

David Woodwell writes from Hopkiuton, Aug? 22, 1749, That his
Daughter Mary Woodwell is now in Captivity in Canada, that she
was taken at New Hopkiuton, N? 5 [in New Hampshire], 3 years ago
the 22'! of last April, That she is with the S: Francois Indians.

John Thomson, of Boston, Cooper on Board Cpt. Rouse, taken by
the Indians at S' Johns, near Cape Breton, in July, 1746.

A Child or Children of Mary Foster, taken with her by the Indians
some where in Casco Bay, her Husband being killed at the same
time.

Mr. Clement Hugh Hill having resigned his place on the
Committee for publishing the Proceedings, Mr. Charles C.
Smith was appointed to fill the vacancy.

The Hon. Henry S. Nourse, of Lancaster, was elected a
Resident Member of the Society.

A new volume of the Proceedings, being the fourth of the
second series, was ready for delivery to members at this
meeting.

On motion of the Treasurer, it was voted that the income
of the Massachusetts Historical Trust Fund be retained in the
treasury, subject to the order of the Council, for the publica-
tion of a new volume of Collections.

116 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [UeC.

SPECIAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1889.

A Special Meeting of the Society was held on Tuesday
evening, December 3, at eight o'clock, at the house of Mr.
Robert^C. Winthrop, Jr., to express its sense of the loss it has
sustained by the recent death of its senior Vice-President,
Charles Deane, LL.D.

After calling the meeting to order, the President, Dr.
George E. Ellis, rose and said: —

Gentlemen, — This special meeting of our Society is called
and held as a tribute of our personal affection and esteem for,
and an expression of our profound respect and grateful appre-
ciation of, the character and the faithful and fruitful life-work
of our late first Vice-President, Dr. Charles Deane. The
meeting was prompted by our considerate host. The response
to his invitation is spontaneous. Well do we know that the
modesty and the unobtrusive spirit of our associate would
have made him shrink from any greatly different method of
our tribute to him, as his life closed, from that in which at
our regular meetings he had so often taken a part, as, one by
one, through lengthening years, our members have passed
away. But by promptings coming with their own force, the
feeling was warm and general among us that his death called
for a special and signal expression of our exalted and grateful
estimate of him and of his services to us. It needs not that
we should be oblivious of the care and toil of the founders of
this Society in their early devotion to it, in gathering, pre-
serving, and setting forth the records and relics of former
(lays, thus rescued from loss. Nor would we put any name
in rivalry with that of James Savage, in industry, in research,
in intelligent interpretation and illustration, and in the pa-
tience of work. But having been in membership here for
just half of the nearly completed century of the existence of
the Society, and through tlie greater part of those years in
association with Dr. Deane. I must say now that he lias
given to us longer, more varied, more fruitful years of service

1889.] CHAKLES DEANE. 117

in zeal, in care, in actual earnest devotion, and in the accom-
plishment of difficult and exacting work, than any one whose
name is upon our roll. And more than that, the manifold
products of his work carry with them that unprofessional,
natural, solid, substantial quality, the fruit of a thorough
business training, which, better than polish of style, rhetorical
skill, or discursive literary culture, give to historical papers
dignity and value. He pursued his studies under the fairest
and richest of all conditions, save those of his own mental
furnishing, within the walls of his own library, with his own
books, rare, precious, and complete in their range and con-
tents for the subjects which engaged him ; and he had him-
self gathered those curious and costly materials. The mere
possession of such a library, if by hap one had come into the
ownership of it, might well tempt and goad him to put it to
good uses. But its contents were of his own selection and
acquisition, volume by volume, even sometimes page b}' page.
It was like a full font of antique and quaint type arranged in
cases, which he was to dispose into a text of wisdom, with
truthful oracles for setting forth severely digested and authen-
tic history. In his searchings through old book-stalls in this
country, and in his visit abroad, he had come to know what
to look for, and where to find it. Through his agents, and in
scanning the catalogues of dispersed libraries, he obtained the
antique and curious treasures called Americana, — now but
rarely to be picked up, and at fabulous prices ; and if editions
of these differed in priority, fulness, or enrichment, his was
the best. His own abounding and learned annotations in
many of them are like the accumulated interest on old de-
posits. Such tools, implements, resources, found in him a
skilled workman, apt in using them.

We know how largely his work was with the more recon-
dite, obscure, the tangled and perplexed elements and peri-
ods of our history. His aim always was for severe and exact
accuracy, the positive and certified facts of historical narration.
He accepted such hues and incidents of romance as invested
real persons and events, never decorating his pages with the
inventions of fancy or fiction. The grim and sturdy naviga-
tors of the heroic Elizabethan age, the sea-explorers and ad-
venturers of pioneer enterprises, engaged his keenest study,
though it was often as puzzling to verify their courses and

118 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

landfalls as it would Lave been to follow their tracks on
ocean ways. Tliose verbose, technical, and official parchments
called Royal Charters, Patents, the forms and pjocesses by
which they issued and passed the Seals, and the grants and
tiansfers under them, were often as vague and unverifiable
as such would be to regions and privileges in the moon.
He penetrated their secrets and methods, their appropriation
of unbounded and unexplored territories by lines drawn in
the air over them, as they conflicted, overlapped, and dupli-
cated each other. This library of Mr. Deane was but the
transfer of property from one kind into another, alike the
product and material of his wisely directed and industrious
life.

Our own library, with its crowded shelves and cabinets, is
identified with him as if he had been its guardian and its
catalogue. How diligently, how intelligently, with what dis-
cernment and skill, did he search into those fragmentary or
voluminous papers ! Crabbed and musty though some of them
are, he found use and value in them. He disposed them in
order, with notes for helpful guidance. How valuable to us
are our gains from his privileged leisure, spent year after year
in putting us into real knowledge and possession of our accu-
mulated stores ! Many of us had come to look directly to
him for the information formally and technically to be sought
by card or catalogue. I hope that by some subtle quality
passed into them those manuscripts, so many of them arranged
and calendared by him in those bulky tomes, will preserve
for our successors the aroma of his virtue.

The cherished memories of those who have been longest
in our membership will most fondly and tenderly associate
with our meetings those two congenial companions, friends,
fellow-townsmen, co-workers. Dr. Deane and George Liver-
more, that man of such rare and winning traits, so delicate,
so earnest, so gentle, so devoted to our Society. They came
into membership the same year. Both had had their training
in a life of business ; both devoted the means so acquired to
the acquisition and best use of literary treasures. We owe
to their friendship with each other and with another kindly
benefactor the valuable and unique Dowse Library, with the
fund for its care.

I recall that at a meeting held in our hall in commemoration

1889.] CHAELES DEANE. 119

of Dr. Sparks there were arranged on the table something like
one hundred substantial volumes, from his authorship or edi-
torial care. Not in bulk, certainly, -will the literary results of
Dr. Deane's work equal that collection. Greatly different for
the most part were the range and subjects for mind and pen,
though of equal historical importance, which engaged those
two faithful laborers. As already intimated, Ur. Deane's
themes were many of them most obscure and pei'plexed in
the materials for dealing with them. They were numerous,
too, and A'aried in date, locality, and relations. He to whom
shall fall the grateful office of Dr. Deane's biographer will find
a keen and close diligence necessary to secure a complete list
of his productions that are now in print. Some of the most
brief and compact of them have in them a concentration of
care, researcli, and value. I have incidentally used the name
of our former President James Savage, the interpreter, expos-
itor, and annotator of the earliest and most precious records
of the Old Bay Colony, — Governor Winthrop's History, the
founder and revered patron of the Massachusetts. Happily
and most fittingly there came to Dr. Deane the opportunity
and the ability to do an exactly parallel work for the annals
of the Old Colony. He was the efficient agent in following
up the identification of the long-lost History of the Colony
by its Governor Bradford, which had mysteriously disap-
peared. The manuscript of this priceless treasure proved to
be hidden away in the library of the Bishop of London, at
Fulham. Dr. Deane at once procured an accurate transcript
of it, and then presented it, carefully, intelligently, and lumi-
nously edited, to complete as it were in a noble volume the
origines of our Commonwealth. I had the pleasure of giving
a copy of that volume to Dean Stanley, on his visit to Ply-
mouth. With absorbed interest he marked the pages with
which historic localities and incidents were identified. On
his return home he found in it a theme for discourse. So
while the old Puritan manuscript was slumbering hard by
him, its writer was the subject of a sermon on Forefathers'
Day, in Westminster Abbey.

Just as Dr. Deane's life was closing there came from the
press the eighth and last volume of that laborious and elaborate
work, which in its purpose and progress had intently engaged
his interest and co-operation, — "The Narrative and Critical

120 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

History of America," edited with such wide and exhaustive
research and with such marvellous ability by our associate
Dr. Winsor. Two of the most erudite chapters of that work
were from the pen of Dr. Deane. His advice, judgment, and
oversight were engaged through the whole of it. His own
library, with its treasures for richest use, was one of the most
helpful resources of the editor. During the nine years of its
progress each volume as it appeared was discerningly wel-
comed by him in conference with his friend ; but he was
denied the sight of the last. A fine engraving of his form
and features, in his genial serenity and dignity, is fitly pre-
sented in the first volume of the series, which appeared only
after six preceding ones had been published. But I must
not trespass by further detail upon the office of his fuller
memorialist.

I have found it easy and attractive to draw this brief sketch
of a part of the life-work, for ourselves and others, of our
honored and beloved associate. Would tliat I might leave
wholly to others the delicate ofiSce of delineating and defining
the man, in personality, character, and spirit ! We say to each
other what we cannot say to all, and we all of us feel what
none of us will speak. If it be true, as has been said, that we
are most gently and winningly impressed by engaging traits
in others more or less lacking in ourselves, then some of us
may find a kindly monition in defining to ourselves, if we will,
the charm and grace in tiie presence, the character, the mien,
and speech of our vanished friend. Manliness, sincerity, dig-
nity, and an ever gentle courtesy showed what his spirit was.
The deliberation of his thought and utterance attested the dis-
cretion that was behind them. One might notice often that
the mildest and most genial working of his features accom-
panied the expression of his strongest dissent or disapproba-
tion. He was incapable of offending any one with whom he
differed in view or opinion. When we had to take on trust
matters of which we were ignorant, we would all admit that
his assertions were the best substitute for our own knowledge.
He had a candid consciousness of incompleteness in his attain-
ments. He listened as courteously as he spoke. His judg-
ment and dissent were always tempered. To those who
have sat with him there, our hall wiU never wholly lack his
presence.

1889.] CHARLES DEANE. 121

The following is offered for the action of the Society in
recognition of our loss: —

The Records of this Society for forty years are enriched in variety
and value, by the papers contributed to them by our late associate and
senior Vice-President, Dr. Charles Deane. It is with profound sad-
ness that we must now enter upon those records that his life closed
on the 13th of last month. Dr. Deane has long held a very high
place in our fellowship for his historical acquisitions, for his skill and
thoroughness in research, for his accuracy of statement, and for the
weight of his opinions and judgment. He had examined many diffi-
cult points, and was discreet and conscientious in his decisions. But
more even than by his constant service for us, we were all drawn to
him by the winning charm and graces of his character, his genial dig-
nity and courtesy, the simplicity of his sincerity and kindness. We
can all gratefully unite in this tribute of affection and respect for one
whom we so much honored. While entering this tribute upon our
records we would convey the expression of it with our tenderest sym-
pathy to his bereaved family.

The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop then said : —

Few things, Mr. President, would have afforded me greater
satisfaction than to pay an adequate tribute to so valued an
associate and so esteemed a friend as Charles Deane. Had
he been taken away fi-om us earlier, before age had impaired
whatever of faculty for such an effort I may have possessed,
or been credited with possessing, in former years, I could
hardly have found a subject of the sort on wliich I should
have been more willing to dwell. I knew him so long and
so well ; I was for so many years an immediate witness of
his devoted labors for this Society ; I owed so much to his
obliging co-operation and assistance in my thirty years of its
Presidency, and I enjoyed so much of his personal regard and
friendship during all this long period, — that anything I could
have said of him or written of him would have come from
the fulness of the heart, and been wholly a labor of love. As
it is, I must be pardoned this evening for confining myself
within a narrow compass.

It may be remembered that at a recent meeting of this
Society I found occasion for a brief allusion to those with
whom I was associated when I first became a member, just
half a century ago. Mr. Deane was not of that number. He

122 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

was elected a member ten years later than myself; and it
was five or six years later still before be began to make a dis-
tinguished mark on our records. He was with me on the
Standing Committee in 1853 and 1854 ; but the Society was
not then in the way of doing much for itself, or of having
much done for it. It was still restricted and crippled, as it
had been from its original organization in 1791, by the want
of adequate apartments, and of the means for procuring or
improving them. Such rooms as we had were in a condition
of confusion and chaos which would baffle and beggar all
attempts at description. Our monthly meetings were very
thinly attended, and communications of importance or interest
were as rare as in later years they have been frequent and
regular.

But agreeably to the old proverb, it was darkest near day.
A good time was then, at last, just opening for us. In 1855,
at the same Annual Meeting at which I was called to succeed
Mr. Savage as President, Mr. Deane became Chairman of our
Standing Committee ; and from that time until his recent ill-
ness and lamented death, he was recognized by us all as
one whose services to this Society and to the cause of New
England history could hardly be overestimated.

It is a most striking coincidence that the proceedings of
the same Annual Meeting, in 1855, at which he first came to
the front, include the acceptance by the Society of the mu-
nificent donation of ten thousand dollars from the late Samuel
Appletou, as a Fund for the publication of our historical vol-
umes, — and, as the very next item, the announcement that
the most precious historical volume which we could ever hope
to be privileged to publish had been at last discovered and
identified in the library of the Bishop of London, at Fulham,
and was awaiting our orders !

That announcement was made by Mr. Deane himself, who
had taken a leading part in the identification of the Bradford
Manuscript, and whose subsequent annotation and publication
of it, in our Collections, was perhaps the most memorable
work of his life. It certainly established his position as the
umpire on any and every question relating to the Pilgrim
Fathers.

A few months later the foundation of the Historical Trust
Fund was laid by Mr. Sears ; and before another year had

1889.] CHAELES DEANE. 123

expired, the splendid library of Mr. Dowse, so long the envy
of all who had ever seen it or heard of it, was presented to
us by its venerable owner as the closing act of his remark-
able life.

I need not say tliat this sudden change in the condition and
prospects of the Society involved as much of care and of
labor as it did of gratification and gratitude. I almost ache
anew as I recall the work which devolved on the ofBcers and
members associated with me at that time. Most happilj',
however, there were found in our little number — then limited
by law to sixty for the whole State — those who were willing
and capable, and wlio entered on the work with enthusiasm,
and carried it along to a successful completion. I may name
especially Chandler Robbins, Richard Frothingham, Nathaniel
B. Shurtleff, George Livermore, and Charles Deane. And of
these five, I cannot hesitate to say, without any fear of being
accounted invidious, that in view of the length, the variety,
and the intrinsic value of his services, Charles Deane was the
most important of them all. Had his dear friend, George
Livermoi'e, been spared to us longer, he might haply have
contended for the pre-eminence. His intervention with Mr.
Dowse, and his provision as one of Mr. Dowse's executors for
the arrangement and preservation of the library which Mr.
Dowse had given us, can never be forgotten. But he him-
self, were he living, would agree with me that the editing of
the Bradford volume, the careful collation of the Belknap
and Hutchinson papers, the preparation of the two volumes
of our earliest history, and of so many of the volumes of our
later Proceedings, and the numerous excellent memoirs of
deceased associates, of which he was the author, taken in
connection with his long and faithful service as our Record-
ing Secretary, have fairly entitled Mr. Deane to the foremost
place among our working members during the forty years of
his membership.

I have said nothing of his services in other connections, —
to the American Antiquarian Society, to the Boston Athe-
naeum, and to other institutions. I have said nothing of the
honors which he won abroad and at home, — his election as a
fellow of the London Society of Antiquaries, and his degree as
a Doctor of Laws and as a Master of Historical Study at the
two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of Harvard College. I

124 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

have said nothing of his characteristic qualities as an historian
or as a man, — his untiring research, his unfailing accuracy,
his rigid historical exactness, which " nothing extenuated nor
set down aught in malice," his amiable and obliging disposi-
tion, his private virtues, his Christian character; — I leave all
these for those who may follow me. But I can hardly forego
the opportunity of adding that a beautiful copy of an old illus-
trated edition of the Bible, in which he had inscribed my name
with his own not long before his death, and which has now
been most kindly transferred from his library to my own, has
furnished me with a touching reminder that my affectionate
regard for him was reciprocated to the last.

It only remains for me to second the tribute of Dr. Ellis.

Mr. Charles F. Adams spoke as follows : —

I must confess, Mr. Piesident, to a feeling of strangeness,
and I might almost say of presumption, as I find myself in
answer to your call following you and j\Ir. Wintlirop in pay-
ing such tribute as I may to the memory of Mr. Deane ; for
I have always been accustomed to regard myself as still a
young member of the Society, while you, Mr. Winthrop, and
Mr. Deane had already, when I was first introduced into its
rooms, been active in its work and prominent on its rolls for
more than a quarter of a century. None the less I am re-
minded of the passage of time, not only by the event we are
here to commemorate, but by the fact that though my own
entrance into the Society seems so recent, yet more than half
the names of those then upon the roll have since been ob-
literated from it by death. The last published volume of our
Proceedings shows that already I am far up towards the head
of that procession which is ever silently moving whither Mr.
Deane is now gone.

But the mere mention of that first morning when I found
my way into the rooms of the Society brings back Jlr. Deane
to my mind. It was then, so far as I now can recollect, that
I made his acquaintance. Possibly I had known him earlier,
but if so I fail to recall the fact. I came to the rooms of the
Society as a novice about to make my first attempt at histori-
cal investigation ; for that deluge of centennial and quarter-
millennial eloquence which has during the last fifteen years

)889.] CHABLES DEANB. 125

submerged the land, and which only now holds out the first
promise of subsiding for a time, was then about to begin. For
some reason, which I cannot now account for, I was invited by
the town of Weymouth to deliver an address in commemora-
tion of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the perma-
nent settlement of the place ; for Wessagusset, as Weymouth
was called in the early records, came in the order of age next
to Pl3"mouth among Massachusetts towns, and the quarter-
millennial celebration of the Old Colony had occurred only
four years before. I came to the Society's rooms to learn
something of Wessagusset and of the early days of New
England, — matters about which I was, as it now seems to me,
singularly uninformed ; and, fortunately for me, on the thresh-
old of my inquiries I met Mr. Deane. Meeting him, though
of course I knew it not till later, made that one of the fortu-
nate days of my life, for well do I remember the manner in
which he extended to me his aid. Especially do I recall the
gentle consideration with which, during the days which fol-
lowed, he received mj' crude suggestions, and how kindly and
imperceptibly to myself he guided me into the paths in wliich
I should go.

To the delivery of that Weymouth address I owed my elec-
tion as a member of this Society. After that, whenever com-
bined occasion and leisure led me to wander in the field of
historical research, I was in constant intercourse with Mr.
Deane. I have served with him also on committees of this
Society, especially upon the committee which, a few j'ears ago,
caused the index to the first twenty volumes of its Proceedings
to be prepared. I think the suggestion that those Proceedings
should be thus indexed was first made by me ; but Mr. Deane
was associated with me as the committee having tlie matter in
charge, and it is hardly necessary to add that all the really
valuable work done was done by him.

Of his familiarity with the records and proceedings of the
Society, its publications, its traditions, and its unwritten usages
and history, it is needless for me to speak. No one knew
them as he knew them ; no one is likely to have an equal
knowledge of them again. It was he who first annotated a
publication of the Society, and I remember his once telling me
that though in pursuing this course with Bradford's History
he but followed the example of Mr. Savage in the notes to his

128 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

Winthrop, yet Mr. Savage did not encourage his so doing.
The old student of New England history was, he added, over-
eager to know what Bradford had said, and the practice of
annotating tlie publications of the Society was, moreover, in
his eyes an innovation of questionable expediency. The only
regret we now feel is that Mr. Deane in this matter allowed
himself to be influenced even by the age and authority of
Savage. But for that there is reason to believe the pages
of Bradford would have been enriched far more than they
now are by the wealth of learning which their editor was no
less ready than able to lavish upon them.

And here, Mr. President, let me say that while I wholly
concur in the praise you and Mr. Winthrop have given, and
which others may give to Mr. Deane in this regard, I cannot
but think that so far as Bradford's History was concerned he
left his work unfinished. It was a matter on which I often
talked with him. I was most solicitous that the great mass of
detailed knowledge of our early history possessed by liim should
not be lost, and so I continually urged him to bring out as
his magnum opus a new edition — an edition de luxe — of Brad-
ford, in two volumes, to be known for all time as " Deane's
Bradford," into tlie notes of which he should garner up his
stores. The idea seemed always to commend itself to him,
and repeatedly he assured me that the tiling should be done.
At last, a year or more ago, I met him one day on Washington
Street, opposite the old State House ; and, as was our wont,
we stopped and exchanged a few words. Again I referred
to " Deane's Bradford," and asked him when the work was to
begin. Then for the first time Tnoticed a changed expression
in his face. He seemed to have aged since I had last met him,
and his reply foreshadowed the end. He simply said, " Ah,
yes ; I intended to do that, but it is now too late." And as I
turned and walked on with a saddened feeling, I realized that
" Deane's Bradford " was always to remain a want in New
England historical work, — to my mind then and now an
hiatus valde dejlendus.

In earlier years — and my only regret is that the thing did
not more frequently occur — it was my good fortune often to
consult with Mr. Deane ; and I do not think it would have
been possible to consult with one whose methods were more
calculated to excite respect. He was a natural historical

1889.]

CHARLES DEANE. 127

investigator. He had a calling that way. To me he seemed
to have been over the whole field of early New England
history, and his mind resembled some choice cabinet filled
with many pigeon-holes, in each of which, properly labelled
and docketed, was stored away some mental memorandum re-
lating to subjects which, at one time or another, had been
made by him matter of investigation. When one of these
subjects came up, he as it were would open the cabinet of
his mind, and produce from the proper pigeon-hole all that re-
lated to that subject. He never seemed at a loss ; he never
forgot ; he was never mistaken. Particularly do I remember
two examples of this. In preparing, some years ago, a paper
on Sir Christopher Gardiner, which I read before the Society,
I vaguely recalled having somewhere seen a reference made to
the loose moral conditions existing at an early period among
the fishermen of Maine. I wanted the reference, but a search
for it seemed almost hopeless. I did not know where first to
look. 1 merely remembered having somewhere in the course
of my researches seen such an allusion, which in a general
way I was able to describe. In my perplexity I happened to
meet Mr. Deane, and stated the case to him. Well do I re-
member the smile which played over his face, and the bright,
kindly look which lighted up his eyes as he heard of my per-
plexit3^ And liere let me add that no one who ever knew
Mr. Deane well is likely to forget that pleasant, friendly smile,
and the bright kindly look of his eyes. They broke on you
like sunshine ; and the best thing about them was that you
felt they did but reflect the nature within. When I say that
a half-hour passed with Mr. Deane seemed to warm up a whole
day and leave a bright mark for memory on it, like a ray of
sunlight on some vanishing point in the horizon, — when I say
this, I fancy I am only expressing a feeling in my own case
which will call forth a sympathetic response in the minds of
many others. He had an expression of his own, which was
luminous as well as genial. The mere memory of it will
always make pleasant for me the rooms of the Society.

But to return to the incident of which I was speaking, —
as I mentioned my perplexity to him, Mr. Deane's face lighted
up, and he instantly replied, " Ah, yes ; that is contained in
such and such a report, made at such and such a time. Wait,
I will bring it to you " ; and stepping to a neighboring book-

128 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

case lie took down a volume, and turned at once to the very
passage I wanted. The other occasion was of a similar na-
ture, and ray inquiries related to some early New Hampshire
worthy who bore the title of captain, but what his name was
I cannot now recall. I had chanced upon this personage in
the course of my investigations, and prepared a note in regard
to him. Fortunatel)^ for me, I submitted my work to Mr.
Deane. He glanced over it, and said at once, " Yes ; I see you

are trying to support the theories of Mr. ." I then

leai-ned for the first time that there had been controversy over
the person in question, and Mr. Deane knew all about it ; in-
deed, had himself, I think, taken part in the controversy. I
assured him I wished only to obtain the facts, and if he would
tell me what the facts were I should be only too pleased to in-
corporate them, so far as in me lay, into history. He accord-
ingly reshaped what I had written, and I have no doubt that
in accepting the form in which he left it I hit as nearly as
might be upon the truth.

If my understanding of Mr. Deane's life is correct, he aban-
doned business at a comparatively early age, and then, enjoy-
ing an ample competency which enabled him to devote himself
to chosen pursuits, he passed the remainder of life in those
researches for which Nature had peculiarly adapted him. To
my mind this constitutes what may fairly be described as an
ideally successful career. There are some lines, written, I
think, by the Oriental scholar. Sir William Jones, which I
have not seen for very many years, and accordingly I shall
doubtless quote them wrong, — many of those here are prob-
ably familiar with them and could correct me, — but they run
in my memory thus : —

" On nurse's knee, a naked, new-born child,
Weeping thou sat'st, while all around thee smiled.
So live that, sinking in the last long sleep,
Thou mayest smile, while all around thee weep."

To me these lines, from birth to death, have always seemed
to have concentrated in them the essence of a successful life ;
the idea of consciously approaching the end, and then, as one
naturally would, looking back in review of the whole only to
pass smiling away, realizing that as life had been given for en-
joyment, you had also enjoyed it to the full, deriving your

CHARLES DEANE. 129

keenest enjo5'ment from the liappy and useful exercise of the
best powers with which Nature had endowed you. This was
given to Mr. Deane. Retiring from business pursuits and the
necessity which compels so man}^ whether they desire to do
so or not, to waste their lives in earning a living, — retiring
from this business of earning a living wliile the sun still stood
for him in mid-day sky, there came the long, contented, happy,
busy afternoon, as that sun gradually drew to the horizon;
and as it sank little by little, it seemed ever to shine upon him,
as he sat within the walls of his librarj', with a mellower and
a more golden light. There, within those walls, surrounded
by the books he loved, which may truly be said in his case to
have been not only for himself but for his friends, it was given
liim to grow old through years of usefulness and contentment.
He had his cares and sorrows ; that goes without saying.
From them no man is exempt. None the less he had more,
far more, of all that is best worth living for than is often
given to those who seek the rewards and enjoyments of exist-
ence in noisier, more dusty, and more frequented paths. He
was a world, and a happy world, witliin himself.

Therefore, meeting liere as we now have met, with a sense
upon us of the absence of one wliom all respected, and all who
knew admired and even loved, I think we cannot feel tiiat we
would have it other than it is. In the case of Mr. Deane we
have seen the peaceful ending of a blameless, useful, and
happy life, after years of prosperous tranquillity passed in the
uninterrupted enjoyment and exercise of the choicest faculties
with which Nature had endowed him. All this is so ; but none
the less his death has left in this Society a void which cannot
be filled.

Mr. Stephen Salisbury was called on, as President of the
American Antiquarian Society, of which Mr. Deane was also
a valued officer.

Mr. President, — The American Antiquarian Society, feel-
ing that it had suffered a peculiarly severe loss in the death
of Dr. Deane, who had been a member thirty-nine years,
a member of the Committee of Publication tliirty-four years, a
member of the Council twenty-five years, and Secretary oi
Domestic Correspondence for ten years, held a special meet-
ing of the Council on the 27th ultimo to take action com-
17

130 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

memorative of their beloved associate. The President alluded
to the many services of Dr. Deane to the Society, which
comprised three formal reports of the Council and seven-
teen miscellaneous addresses and monographs, all of which
were prepared with the care and completeness which char-
acterized all Dr. Deane's literary work ; and he further
offered resolutions which set forth the many ways in wliich
Dr. Deane had aided this Society, and expressed the grati-
tude with which his memory is cherished by his associates
of the Council, stating the opinion that to the constant vigi-
lance and efforts of Dr. Deane, much of the interest shown by
the Society in purely historic research is justly due, while to
him they are particularly indebted for a conspicuous example
of a conscientious and unprejudiced historical method.

Senator Hoar seconded the resolutions, and s^ioke eloquently
and with great feeling of the very high and almost unique
position occupied by Dr. Deane among literary critics, in his
remarkable equipoise of judgment and industry of investiga-
tion, which, owing to his breadth of vision and fairness of dis-
position, enabled him to do full justice to those from whom he
differed in opinion. Mr. Nathaniel Paine and Mr. Charles A.
Chase, of the Committee of Publication, referred to their great
admiration of Dr. Deane as an editor and critic of the English
language, as well as of their respect and love for him as a man.
Mr. J. Evarts Greene then paid a tribute to Dr. Deane's in-
tellectual worth as estimated by a managing editor of the
Press.

From the date of Dr. Deane's connection with the American
Antiquarian Society, may be noted the commencement of the
practice of offering unsolicited historical papers at stated meet-
ings, other than the formal reports which were expected. Dr.
Deane was nearly always present at meetings of the Society,
and frequently had prepared in advance something of interest ;
and those papers now enrich our publications, and many of
them were afterwards privately printed. The officers of the
Society have frequently consulted Dr. Deane as a mentor in
cases of difficult administration, and have found that his judg-
ment was uniformly wise, and was dictated " with malice to-
ward none, but with charity to all." His genial presence was
a benediction, and few could withstand the power of his open
face and patient, intelligent courtesy. The character of gen-

1889.] CHARLES DEANE. 131

tleman was so natural to Dr. Deaiie as never to be oppressive,
which is often the case when that quality is the result of effort
or training. The American Antiquarian Society feel that
their sorrow is second only to that of the older society, which
has enjoyed the constant and daily co-operation and supervi-
sion of an oliBcer at once so faithful and so considerate.

Mr. Justin Winsor then said : —

It is at least forty years, Mr. President, since I first knew
our lost friend. I was then a callow youth, more aspiring than
wise, stirred with an impulse to do something — I scarcely
knewjwhat — in historical investigation, having derived that
impulse, as I well remember, at the knee of an aged and near
relative, who was accustomed to talk to me of the olden times.
It was in the days before even Dr. Deane was a member of
this Society, and we both came to its old rooms to pursue
such search as was permitted in the manuscripts of its Cabi-
net. Here it was I first encountered my friend. I was much
his junior, and I needed the beneficent serenity of his smile,
the kindly advice, the sustaining help, wliich I readily got
from him on the strength of a merelj- casual acquaintance. I
never was quite absent from his influence ever after ; but
for many years next succeeding, when my studies lay in quite
other spheres than those of American history, I never met
him but to feel the better for the contact.

Thirty years passed before I was called to Cambridge and
became his fellow-townsman. Acquaintance deepened into
friendship, and such ties soon took on the strength of affec-
tion. It so happened that it was given to me at this time to
undertake the control of some large historical works. I had
the less hesitancy, because I felt that such a mentor was near
me. When a little later he offered to me a building-site on a
corner of his estate, and I built myself a house there, our in-
tercourse became almost that of members of one family. Dur-
ing the progress of the works to which I have referred, he
was constantly my adviser, and in some sections of them his
judgment was compelling. I could not, and would not, dis-
pute it. I saw him almost daily. Often of an evening I have
gone across the grass to his house, to lay before him some his-
torical problem which had arrested me. I found in him a

132 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

relief. He could show me authorities I had overlooked, and
place for me in their true relations others of which I could
tell him. If I left him with tlie question unsolved, I was
pretty sure to find the next morning, when I came down to
my desk, a note upon it awaiting me, telling me of investi-
gations that had kept him from bed perhaps, and they were
alwaj's pertinent and definitive.

I never knew any one more conscientious in investigation.
His mental movements were far from rapid, but they were
sure. He never left any stone unturned in whatever might
be the field of his inquiry. " The mills of God grind slowly,
but they grind exceeding small." Here was a man, true to
his heirship as one of God's creatures, grinding slowly ;
but there was not so much as one particle which remained
uncrushed.

The Hon. Samuel C. Cobb said : —

Mr. President, — If I consulted my own inclination at this
time, I should remain silent. It would be more in consonance
with the spirit which now possesses me, that I should listen to
others, who have come here to pay their tributes of respect
and esteem to the memory of the late first Vice-President of
this Society, rather than to raise my voice in this presence.
But I yield to a request which I have received, to say a word
in regard to our late friend and associate as a man of busi-
ness. My personal acquaintance with Mr. Deane covered a
period of nearly twenty years, beginning soon after his retire-
ment from active mercantile life. As directors of one of the
older insurance companies of tliis city, we met frequently. In
the discharge of the duties of that office, as in the execution of
all other trusts, he was constant, assiduous, and painstaking.
He combined great practical wisdom with a keen discrimina-
tion in solving the manifold problems of the financial and
commercial world.

If at times he seemed a little slow to apprehend a business
proposition, once he understood it, he was certain to reacii a
con-ect solution of it. A man of the highest sense of honor,
of a matured and conscientious judgment, of unswerving in-
tegrity, and of unsullied character, his influence for good was
felt wherever his business relations brought him in contact
with others. It was in the field of historical research, how-

1S89.] CHARLES DEANE. 133

ever, rather than in the business world, that our friend found
his greatest satisfaction and achieved his greatest success.

Mr. Deane will be remembered as an honorable, exem-
plary, and useful Christian gentleman. He was a good citi-
zen and a true friend. We may not venture to intrude upon
the sacred precincts of the home which was illumined by the
transcendent beauty and loveliness of his character.

Who of us will ever forget his benign countenance, his win-
some smile, or his cordial manner? A good man has gone
from among us, — a man who performed his part in all the
varied relations of life with honor, ability, and discretion.

Dr. William Everett said that the charm of Mr. Deane's
familiar intercourse, alluded to by the other speakers, was
especially conspicuous in his treatment of young men who
showed an interest in his own favorite studies. Young men
who enter on such fields as historical study are often received
by their elders in those pursuits in a manner neither generous
nor wise. Mr. Deane's reception of young historians and book-
lovers was absolutely free from exclusiveness, patronage, or
petting. He treated them exactly as he would his own con-
temporaries, opening to them the treasures of his library and
his mind with a total forgetfulness of the fifteen or twenty or
twenty-five years which separated him from them. This genial
and brotheily treatment, while it was the best encouragement
to the young man to pursue his studies, only increased his pro-
found respect for his elder, which would have been shaken by
any dwelling on the difference of years.

Dr. Samuel A. Green said : —

I am tempted, Mr. President, to relate a circumstance con-
nected with Mr. Deane at the very last meeting which he ever
attended. As is known to every gentleman here, this was the
Annual Meeting on April 11, which had been called at twelve
o'clock, instead of three o'clock, so that the members might en-
joy the hospitality of the President during the afternoon. On
that occasion there was a certain paleness about Mr. Deane's
lips and cheeks, quite noticeable ; and more than once at that
meeting my attention was called to this appearance. Im-
mediately after the adjournment, I went to him and asked how

134 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

he felt, when he said, " Not well at all," accompanying the
remark with a characteristic gesture of the hand, which you all
remember, over the region of the heart. I told him at once
that he must go straight home, and give up the President's
reception ; and that I was talking not only as a friend, but as
a physician. He replied that Dr. Ellis would not understand
the reasons of his absence, and that, if he was well enough to
be at the meeting, he ought to be well enough to go to his
house. To this I offered to make the necessary explanation
to Dr. Ellis, who certainly would agree with me in the advice
I volunteered ; when he replied that he would himself ex-
plain matters, and requested me to say nothing about it. The
conversation lasted less time than it takes now to relate it ;
and the result was that he stayed away from the reception and
went at once to Cambridge. On reaching Harvard Square, he
took a carriage for his own house in Sparks Street, and never
afterward left it again during his life.

The Rev. Edmund F. Slaftek then said: —

Mr. President, — I rise not with the hope of adding any-
thing important to what has already been said. But Dr.
Deane's spirit and method were so admirably illustrated in an
incident that came under my own observation some fifteen or
more years ago, that I cannot refrain from a brief allusion to it.

I had been occupied some time in examining the organiza-
tions in England for establishing colonies in America before
any actual settlements had been made, when I came to a very
complicated puzzle, which I was wholly unable to fathom.
At length, having exhausted all expedients, I wrote a note of
inquiry to Mr. Deane. I received a prompt reply, in which he
said, "Referring to my notes, I find 1 had written as follows."
He then quoted from his own manuscript what furnished a
solution of my difficulty, at once satisfactory and complete.

I was greatly impressed then, as I have been many times
since, with the unselfish readiness and generous freedom with
which he placed the results of his own researches at the dis-
posal of others to whom he was not under the remotest
obligation.

I saw, too, that his method of study was to illuminate the
dark passages of history whenever he found them and as he

1889.] CHARLES DEANE. 135

went along, incorporating his conclusions into rich and perti-
nent annotations to be used whenever they were needed at
any future time.

But there was another side to Dr. Deane's character, of
which I know a little ; others doubtless know much more.

A few years ago a friend whom I knew well, was brought
into association with him in the appropriation and dispersion
of charities. His spontaneous generosity, his warm and ready
sympathy, and his almost womanly tenderness left on the
mind of my friend an indelible impression of the exalted ex-
cellence and goodness of his heart.

Dr. Deane, like truly great and noble souls, was in accord
with the refined, the cultivated, and the learned ; while his
sympathies reached down to the poor, the depressed, and the
suffering. With the one and the other he has left a fragrant
memory that will be long cherished as a precious inheritance.

" Far may we search before we find
A heart so manly or so kind."

Dr. Edward Channing spoke substantially as follows : —

As one of the j'oungest members of this Society, I wish to
give my testimony as to the influence exerted by our late asso-
ciate on the young men of the present day. It has been well
said Dr. Deane put forth no extended historical work, unless,
indeed, his edition of Bradford's "Plymouth Plantation" might
be so considered. But he did produce much work of great
value. And I venture to assert that his scholarly, conscien-
tious, and historically truthful papers have done much to place
the study of American historj- on a sound and health}' basis in
this country. I well remember when fresh from college I
made what seemed to me an important historical discovery.
Full of the importance of this discovery, I went to Dr. Deane
and laid the matter before him. He listened patiently and
long to my exposition of the facts as they appeared to me.
He then asked me if I had consulted a certain book. I an-
swered in the afSrmative. And then he proceeded to pull
down from his shelves book after book in refutation of the
statement contained in the first authority. It did not occur to
me till an hour or two later that my genial friend had in this
pleasant fashion exploded my carefully elaborated theory.

136 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

Nor did Dr. Deane's sympathies with the young and inex-
perienced become chilled as he advanced in honors and years.
For the jjast few years it has been my fortune to teach our
colonial history in the college at Cambridge, and I can affirm
from my personal observation that he has stimulated by his
writings and words more than a score of young men to do
good honest historical work within the last eight years. And
how can any master of history use the gifts with which he has
been endowed better than by stimulating others to work as he
himself has worked ?

The Recording Secretary, Rev. Dr. Edward J. Young,
said : —

I have brought with me the last letter which I received
from Dr. Deane, and which is probably one of the last he ever
wrote. The handwriting shows great weakness, but the tone
of it is characteristic of the man. It relates to a httle book
upon which he had made some remarks that are printed in
the last volume of Proceedings.

Cambridge, Friday, 10th May, 1889.
Dear Dr. Young, — Very sorry not to have seen you when you
called. I have been trying to write you for two weeks, but had not
strength. I wanted to say that that little Morrell tract had better be
omitted. I have not strength to edit it. Near the foot of the page on
which I speak of the tract in a former Serial, I say it will appear at the
end of the volume. Those words had better be cancelled by Wilson in
the plate, and all will be right, and what I say about the tract all con-
sistent. Sorry to trouble you. When you get old and rheumatic I will
do as much for you, if I am able. Glad Mr. Winthrop got back safely
from New York. Take care of that precious man. I have just been
reading the excellent speeches of Dr. Ellis and Mr. Winthrop in the
" Post," as made at the Society yesterday. Sorry I could not be

Faithfully yours, Charles Deane.

I may be permitted to add a word in reference to the warm
personal relations which existed between my father and Dr.
Deane. Not long after the " Chronicles of the Pilgrims " was
published, there appeared in one of the newspapers a notice of
the book, signed " C. D." The article showed such intelli-
gence and familiarity with the subject, that my father was

1889.] CHAELES DEANK. 137

eager to know -vvbo was the author of it. On inquiry he found
that it was written by a young man who was then a commis-
sion merchant in Boston. He immediately sought him out,
and that was the beginning of a friendship which was inti-
mate and life-long ; and my father nominated Mr. Deane as
a Eesident Member of our Historical Society.

Mr. R. C. WiNTHROP, Je., then said : —

A number of members who much desired to be present this
evening have been prevented from doing so, either b}' en-
gagements of long standing, or by the delicacy of their health,
or by the inclemency of the weather, which lias caused several
of them to send excuses at the last moment. Two of them,
Mr. Parkman and Mr. Saltonstall, had fully intended to ad-
dress us. I will not take up time by reading all the letters
which have been received by me or by officers of the Society
on the subject of this meeting, but I have .selected three
characteristic ones. The first is from Col. Henry Lee.

BROOKLI^fE, Dec. 3, 1S89.

Mt dear Mr. Winthrop, — My physician, who has held me by
the throat ever since Mr. Forbes's funeral, absolutely forbids my going
forth this evening. I am bitterly disappoiuted, as I held Dr. Deane
in esteem and aflfection, and I long to listen to the tributes to him and
to respond amen. We — all the descendants of the Puritans — are
virtuous, but we are not all attractive ; and Dr. Deane was. We all
long to cease from our labors, and dream to find happiness in mere re-
pose ; but many an honest merchant or bold navigator reaches this
long-sought haven only to find himself stranded, like his own " wealthy
Andrew, dock'd in sand." Dr. Deane, like a philosopher, realized his
dream of happiness by change of occupation, by a successful transfer
of bis energies.

Meeting him, years ago, again and again in the Cambridge cars, my
curiosity was piqued to discover who was this gentleman with a kind
of Sir Henry Wotton aspect, an air of dignity and repose, the look of
one who in some cool, half-shaded library had beheld " the bright
countenance of truth in the quiet and still air of delightful studies," and
I did not rest until I discovered. I sought his acquaintance, which I
have valued more and more highly ever since.

Yours truly, Henry Lee.

The second letter is from one who was in former years a
familiar figure at our meetings, but whom, by reason of his

138 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dkc.

repeated absences in Europe, and his term of service as a
cabinet-miuister in Washington, we have long missed. I
mean Judge Eudicott.

Salem, Not. 27, 1889.
My deae Winthrop, — I regret to say that I have engagements
early next week which render it impossible for me to attend tlie meet-
ing of the Society at your house ou Tuesday evening. I am especially
gratified that you should have asked me to say a few words on the
great loss we have sustained in the death of Dr. Deane, and if I could
be present I should take much satisfaction in doing so. Though dur-
ing recent years I have seldom met him, yet I formerly often had oc-
casion to consult him in regard to historical questions ; for you know
that the law sometimes turns upon a question of history, especially in
Massachusetts, where the methods and usages of our ancestors on pub-
lic matters, and a thorough examination of all the precedents, have
often settled disputed questions in the courts. I can remember one
case where Dr. Deane's sound learning and ready judgment may be
said to have been of service in the administration of justice. I could
recall other instances, did space and time allow ; but at this moment
we are probably all thinking more of the personal quality and influence
of the man, his gracious manners, his ready friendship, his open mind
absolutely fair, the confidence he inspired, the good work he gave in
every labor and for every object to which the Society is devoted, and
of the grievous personal and public loss that has befallen us. Hoping
and believing that others will do justice to the subject and the occa-
sion, I remain,

Very truly yours, William C. Endicott.

The third letter is from Dr. Henry M. Dexter, perhaps the
most competent living critic of historical material relating to
Plymouth Colony. In it he says : —

I recall with pain a positive engagement to be out of town on
Tuesday evening. I have been made personally so much Dr. Deane's
debtor by many undeserved personal kindnesses that I should con-
demn myself for serious ingratitude did I not, in spirit at least, join
most heartily and tenderly in all expressions which may take shape on
the occasion. I have always felt that his judgment as to any point in
connection with Plymouth history was worth more than that of any
other living man known to me. He always seemed to me about that,
as about everything else, to be a wonderfully exact man. He knew
all the jots and tittles of a subject, and he always seemed to know them
ofF-hand and at once, without going to the books, as most of us have
to go. I never detected him in a particle of that prejudgment which

18S9.] CHARLES DEANE. 139

is inhospitable to new evidence ; and I have often thought how mag-
nificent it would have been if a journal of Brewster or of Robiusou
could have been found in some forgotten heap of old papers, cover-
ing those vital years and pregnant events, and if we could have had
Ur. Deane edit it with that microscopic knowledge of all the related
facts and that loving tolerance toward every aspect which the most
poly-sided subject may present. But, alas ! such a journal has never
yet turned up, and such editing as he would have given it is now no
longer possible.

The Treasurer, Mr. Charles C. Smith, was called on by
the President, as one who had been closely associated with
Dr. Deane for many years ; but he declined to speak. It has
been thought proper, however, in order to complete the record
of the tributes to our late associate by members of the Society,
to insert here an article written by Mr. Smith, which appeared
in the " Boston Post " of November 14.

The death of Mr. Charles Deane, the distinguished histori-
cal scholar, which occurred at Cambridge yesterday morning,
was not unexpected by his personal friends and his associates
in the studies to which he was so strongly attached. For
more than seven months he had been confined to his house
with gradually failing strengtli ; and now has come a not un-
welcome release from a struggle between life and death which
only a naturally strong constitution could have sustained so
long. But the close of a life so fruitful in work of great and
permanent value, and which it might reasonably have been
hoped would be prolonged with full vigor for another decade,
will be felt as a loss by ever}^ student of our early colonial his-
tory, and especially by every student of the earliest Iiistory of
Virginia and Massachusetts. In his knowledge of the early
history of these colonies, including the separate history of the
Plymouth Colony, Mr. Deane had no peer ; and the numerous
monographs in which he made clear one or another obscure
point in their history must forever remain monuments of his
unwearied diligence in research, the soundness of his judg-
ment, and his ardent love of truth.

Mr. Deane was born at Biddeford, in what was then the
District of Maine, on the 10th of November, 1813, and com-
pleted the preparatory studies for admission to Bowdoin Col-
lege at the usual age ; but in consequence of the deatli in

140 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

college of an elder brother his plan of life was changed, and
at the age of nineteen he came to Boston to enter on a busi-
ness career. For this he was not less qualified than he was
for a literary life. In a few years he became a partner in the
great dry-goods firm of Waterston, Pray & Co., and in 1864
he retired from active business with an ample fortune. After
that time he devoted himself mainly to historical studies, to
which he had already given much attention. In 1849 he was
chosen a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and
two years later he was made a member of the American Anti-
quarian Society. In 1856 he received from Harvard College
the honorary degree of A.M. In 1871 Bowdoin College con-
ferred on him the degree of LL.D. ; and in 1886, on the
two hundred and fiftieth anuiversar}^ of the founding of Har-
vard College, he received from the University the same hon-
orary designation, in recognition of his rank as an " antiquary
and historian, a master among students of American history."
These are only some of the many honors which he worthily
won, and wore with rare modesty.

In the investigation of historical truth, Mr. Deane's mind
always worked with absolute precision and accuracy. He
was slow and cautious in forming an opinion on disputed
questions, and was never hasty to print the results at which
he had arrived. But when he had reached a conclusion on
any question the most cautious investigators knew that he
had probed the matter to the bottom, and that it was scarcely
possible to learn anything more on the sul)ject. He had a
marvellously retentive and accurate memory. Whatever he
had read, heard, or seen he could at once recall in its minutest
details, to the confusion of others who thought they remem-
bered everything, but whose memories were not so tenacious
as his. With a mind so thoroughly stored with the fruits of
patient research, largely conducted in his own priceless li-
brary, — the richest in early Americana of any private library
in this neighborhood, — he had no theories to maintain, and he
approached every question with absolute integrity of purpose.
In his relations to other students of history no man could
have been more candid or more courteous ; and he was al-
ways ready to aid other investigators pursuing similar lines
of inquiry. As a scholar, an associate, and a friend, he has
left none but gracious memories.

1889.] CHAELES DEANE. 141

For twenty-five 5-ears Mr. Deane was an ofScer of the Mas-
sachusetts Historical Society ; and it was in this capacity that
his most important literary work was done, though his mas-
terly report on Burgoyne's Surrender and other papers were
first read before the Antiquarian Society, and he contributed
to other publications, besides printing some monographs in-
dependently. Eleven volumes of the " Proceedings of the His-
torical Society " were issued under his supervision ; and to all
of them he contributed important papers. He was at the same
time the most active and influential member of the committees
charged with the publication of eiglit of the Society's volumes
of Collections. But the work by which he will be longest and
most gratefully remembered is his carefully annotated edition
of Governor Bradford's manuscript " History of Plymouth
Plantation." He procured from England a transcript of this
precious manuscript, which had long been buried in the li-
brary of the Bishop of London at Fiilham ; and he afterward
edited it for the Historical Society in a manner which left
nothing to be desired. H' Mr. Deane had done nothing but
publish this volume, his position and rank as an historical
scholar would have been secure. But it is only the most im-
portant in a long series of works by which he won for himself
a foremost place among historical students. An enumeration
of them would fill far too much space here, and it is enough
to say now that they cover a wide range of topics, and not
one of them could well be spared from our historical literature.
As a writer Mr. Deane's style was remarkably clear, compact,
and direct. With no attempt at rhetorical display and with
no needless exhibition of wide and various reading, it was the
natural product of a full mind, intent only on carrying con-
viction to the minds of other inquirers.

The minute read by the President was then adopted by a
rising vote.

142 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

DECEMBER MEETING, 1889.

The regular monthly meeting was held on Thursday, the
12th instant, at three o'clock P. M. ; the President, Dr. George
E. Ellis, in the chair.

The Recording Secretary read the records of the November
meeting and of the special meeting held on the 3d instant ;
which were approved.

The Librarian read the list of donors to the Library for the
last month.

The Corresponding Secretary reported that he had received
a letter of acceptance from the Hon. Henry S. Nourse, elected
a member at the November meeting.

The President tlien spoke as follows of the deaths of two
members which had occurred since the last stated meeting :

"We have again to introduce our meeting with a note of sad-
ness, in recognizing the recent decease of two highly honored
and valued associates, — Robert Bennett Forbes, Esq., and
Gen. Francis Winthrop Palfrey.

Venerable in years, and long regarded in this and in a
broader community as a typical example and authority in all
the interests of a world-wide commerce, alike in earlier and in
recent enterprises, east and west, the death of Mr. Forbes, on
November 23, called out many and earnest and grateful expres-
sions of the high regard in which he had been held among us.
To the mercantile brotherhood he stood for all that is honored
and noble in enterprise, integrity, and pure success as a navi-
gator — skilled in his art, in the improvement of models, rig,
and steering — and as a merchant prince ; to all others he
was known by many publications from his pen, his generous
public spirit, liis broad and hearty philanthropy, his lofty pa-
triotism, and his simple virtues and benevolent heart.

General Palfrey, bearing an honored historical name, gath-
ered to it the laurels of heroic patriotic service on the fields
of our civil war. He was heroic, too, in the patient endurance
of invalidism and the battle for life against the wounds he had

1889.] EEMAEKS BY HON. LEVERBTT SALTONSTALL. 143

received in his campaign. Giving his j'oung manhood and his
professional prospects in the law to the call of his country, he
afterward proved, by valuable historic papers contributed to
this Societj-, what more lie would have done for us, and how
he would have deepened and extended the love and regard in
which he was held, had that life been lengthened in health and
strength, which closed at Cannes, France, December 5.

The Council ask the Society to place upon its records this
expression of its tribute of respect to these two associates,
each of them so faithful in his own use of life and ability.

The Hon. Leveeett Saltonstall said : —

No one in private life was ever better known at home and
abroad than Captain Forbes. His " Reminiscences," printed
by himself for private distribution, have opened to us his life
in the most attractive manner from his earliest childhood.
And no one surely ever experienced more of adventure in
childhood than he. His early voyages ; his rapid advance from
sailor before the mast to mate and captain ; his life as a mer-
chant residing in China and at home ; his successes and his
failures, bringing with them neither undue elation nor de-
pression, — all are simply told, as I have many a time heard
him narrate them in his charming manner, with winning smile
and musical voice ; so that there remains little to add except
the tribute which any and all his warm friends would pay to
his memory.

Thirty-five years ago I became acquainted with Mr. Forbes,
and was for some days his guest. From that time, for twenty
years and more, I saw much of him. For some years he
occupied an office adjoining mine, and talked frequently and
freely about himself and his experiences.

He was an admirable type of the kind of man which the early
half of this century produced here, but which, alas! has ceased
to exist with the opportunity which we have cast away for
producing it. I refer to the merchants who began life by
going to sea. And what noble men they were! Intelligent,
generous, patriotic, they were at all times ready to lend a
helping hand to every deserving charity, and often became
founders of some of our most useful and admirable institu-

144 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

tions. All of them who are left are now old men, and there
are none to take their places. They have disappeared with
our ships. No longer can our boys who are not students, and
who like no better to be caged in shops or factories, take to
themselves wings, and sailing on foreign voyages, subjected to
wholesome discipline, thus learn to be brave, intelligent men
of the world.

Mr. Forbes was a brave man ; no other would have jumped
from the " Europa " in a dense fog in mid-ocean, before a
boat could be lowered, to save the poor wretches who were
shrieking for help and sinking around him.

A generous, noble-hearted man, no other would have or-
ganized the scheme for relieving starving Ireland, and have
volunteered his services to command the " Jamestown," with
her precious freight of food for that unfortunate people ; no
other would have devoted time and money to the establish-
ment of the Sailors' Snug Harbor and the Sailors' Home,
and to the life-saving service of the Massachusetts Humane
Society.

He was noted for his industry, and was always busy about
something. For amusement at home, during his later years,
he built pretty models of ships and boats which he gave the
sons of his many friends. He was very fond of the society of
young people, and had a rare faculty of amusing them. He
was almost as ardent a lover of a fine horse as of a boat, and
a bold rider, exciting the wonder and admiration of even the
English riders at Pau, when he was sixty-five.

Captain Forbes was fond of a good joke, and had a fund of
humor, when I first knew him, which made him very attrac-
tive ; but he never could tolerate anything that bordered on
profanity or even coarseness.

His keen appreciation of everything that was courageous
and manly among seamen was perhaps his chief characteristic,
and he will be remembered as the sailors' friend.

Mr. John C. Ropes spoke in substance as follows : —

General Palfrey was a man so well equipped for the work
of life that we have, and cannot help having, much the same
feeling about him, on hearing of his death, that we have when
a young man dies. There was so much that he would have

1889.] REMARKS BY MR. JOHN C. ROPES. 145

done, had his health and strength permitted. He
capacity of a high order, a strong purpose to make the most
out of life, and untiring industry ; but these great qualities
availed little against the persistent attacks of disease.

He was a man who always took life seriously ; his ideal
was high. His plan of life was carefully made ; its execution
was entered upon with a deliberate and persistent energy that
was certain to attain satisfactory results.

I knew him first during the war. His duties as Lieutenant-
Colonel of the Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteers were most
faithfully peiformed. He never spared himself. His thor-
oughness in mastering the details of the service ; his determi-
nation to have the regiment everything tiiat a regiment from
Massachusetts ought to be, in drill, in discipline, and in conduct,
in the camp and in action ; his loyalty to the gallant veteran
who commanded it ; his exact justice toward the ofScers and
men of his command; his bravery in action, — constitute his
claim as a soldier to the gratitude of his fellow-citizens.

But here fortune was against him. Struck down and per-
manently disabled after a year of service, he had no oppor-
tunity to win the distinction that might have awaited him had
his career been prolonged.

His life after the war was a constant struggle against pain
and weakness. It was a steady and most gallant fight ; his
constant purpose being to do the work for which he felt him-
self fitted, and the doing of which he therefore felt must be
his appointed task in the world. For General Palfrey was a
most conscientious man ; earnestly desirous to ascertain the
proper field of duty, he was equally decided and persistent in
the doing of the work. Unfortunately he was so much ham-
pered by his health that he was able to accomplish but little.
But his writings, though few, were of the best of their class.
His brief memoir of Major Henry Livermore Abbott, of his
own regiment, who was killed in the battle of the Wilderness,
is an admirable piece of work. A more difficult task, the Life
of Brevet Major-General William F. Bartlett, was welcomed
by the public as one of the most interesting and notable biog-
raphies that the war gave to us. His contribution to the
Scribner series of the Campaigns of the Civil War, the volume
on the Antietam and Fredericksburg, was carefully, impar-
tially, and vigorously written, and is an authority on that
19

146 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

period of the war. His paper in " The Memorial History of
Boston " is a valuable summary of the work of Boston in the
civil war.

General Palfrey's methods of thought, speech, and action
were perhaps somewhat formal, somewhat conventional ; but
every one knows the strong attachment which he inspired
among his friends, and the absolute confidence which was
everywhere reposed in him. The soldiers of his regiment
could always go to him and be sure of a kindly and careful
hearing of their grievances, or a considerate and generous at-
tention to their wants. The officers under him confided in
his equal and exact justice. His friends knew no friend more
loyal, more unwavering, more devoted.

Mr. Chakles F. Adams then said : —

I should not feel warranted, Mr. President, in adding to
what Mr. Ropes has said, were it not that I am one of the- few
members of this Society who, in common with General Pal-
frey, took a soldier's part in the War of the Rebellion. Were
my friend General Devens here, it would, I feel, be eminently
proper that he should say something. In his absence, I do
not think it can be otherwise than proper for me to under-
take to do that which he would have done so much more

I do not remember the time in my life when I did not know
Frank Palfrey. His father and mine were always closely
associated, and, before I was born, warm personal friends; and
so Frank and I knew each other as boys, though he was some-
what older than I. Subsequently, just after he had taken his
degree at Harvard, at my own request I was taken from the
school where I then was, and put under his charge to be fitted
for college. For two years I was thus in almost daily contact
with him in the most intimate way ; the memory of the sum-
mer mornings in which we read Greek together at his room
in Cambridge is, indeed, still very fresh with me, and I seem
to smell the fragance of the blossoms as it was wafted in
through the open windows, mixed with the hum of the
insects and the sound of the distant college bells. Those
da3's were early in the fifties, when Franklin Pierce was
Consul, I being still a boy and Palfrey hardly a man, — days

1889.] REMARKS EY MR. CHARLES F. ADAMS. 147

pleasant to recall. Later on, from 1856 to 1S61, we were
young men together in society, and incipient practitioners of
the law, during tliat period which might not inappropriately
be described, so far as he and I and our friends were con-
cerned, as the golden period of a golden youth. Then came
the War of the Rebellion ; and he took a commission in the
Twentieth Massachusetts Infantry, while, a few months later,
I accepted one in the First Cavalry. I remember meeting
him in the army but once, in September, 1862, when the
army of the Potomac was on its march to the dread field of
Antietam. One afternoon as we were toiling along the dusty
road which led for so many of those who then travelled it to
a soldier's grave, I came across a regiment resting in bivouac,
which I recognized as the Twentieth jNIassachusetts. I looked
for Palfrey, and soon found him sitting on the hillside, en-
gaged, if I remember aright, in writing a letter. I dis-
mounted and, after an exchange of warm greetings, sat with
him on the grass until my duties called me away, while we
recounted to each other our experiences, and discussed the
chances of the campaign and of the impending battle. The
next I heard of him he had been grievously wounded in the
fight of Sedgwick's division ; nor do I believe he ever again
knew what it was to enpj a physically painless day.

I hardly remember again meeting Palfrey until the war was
over. He had then resumed life as best he could, manfully
taking up the life-long burden imposed upon him by a shat-
tered arm. For years after, he and I constantly met as mem-
bers of a little association of officers who had seen service in
the Rebellion, and whose custom it was to dine together peri-
odically every winter ; and it is a curious fact in connection
with that club, consisting as it did of some twentj' men now
no longer young, many of whom had been grievously wounded
in battle or their constitutions broken by campaign exposure, —
it is a curious fact, I say, that of those men who have thus
dined together for more than twenty years. Palfrey is the first
who has died a natural death.

It seems to me unnecessary to add to what Mr. Ropes has said
in his delineation of General Palfrey's character. I endorse
it all. Nevertheless, there is one point, somewhat perhaps in
the nature of a limitation, to which I think it not out of place
to allude. Mr. Ropes referred to General Palfrey more than

148 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

once as a " formal man." I think he might more properly have
been described as a man whose ways were studied, — a man
who was, though in no offensive sense of the term, artificial in
externals. That he had a kindly and loyal nature, no one who
knew him well could ever doubt. There was in him no taint
of treachery or malignancy. A man of decided ability, his
ability found expression in a peculiar way, — a way which it
seems to me was more in vogue forty years ago than now, —
with great facilitj- for acquiring, he modelled himself upon
othei-s. Mr. Ropes has referred to the way in which he
would labor to perfect himself in whatever he took hold
of. It seemed to make little difference whether it was a
thing worth doing or not worth doing, he would work
with the same untiring zeal to acquire proficiency in it ;
and he generally succeeded in so doing. His proficiency,
nevertheless, was apt to impress those about him with a sense
of artificiality, — as lacking, so to speak, the true ring. He
was, in a word, seldom satisfied with being simply himself. I
have alluded to this, not only as throwing a light on that
" formal manner " which Mr. Ropes has mentioned, but
because, as it seems to me, it oftentimes prevented General
Palfrey from being estimated at his true worth. People were
apt to take note of his foibles and artificial modes of expres-
sion, and disregard his better, more kindly, and more genuine
self.

I have but one word more to say. Palfrey's name should, I
submit, be inscribed with those others on the marble tablets
that stand in the entrance to Harvard's Memorial Hall, — it
should be writ on the roll of honor in our Battle Abbey as the
name of one of those sons of the College who died for their
country in the great civil war. He received the wound
which sapped away his life, and which, through long years of
suffering, slowly but surely brought him to his death-bed there
at Cannes, — he received that wound in September, 1862, now
twenty-seven years ago ; but his death, at the end of all those
years, was due to that wound no less than if he had died a
few days later in the hospital, after falling, as he fell, at An-
tietam, in the advance of Sumner's corps. His name should
be inscribed on the immortal tablets of Memorial Hall no less
than the names of those who fell by his side, and died then
instead of now. He did not the less die from the effects of

1889.] REMARKS BY DR. SAMUEL A. GREEN. 149

the wound received that day in fiercest battle because his
death was lengthened out through seveu-and-twenty years
of suffering.

Dr. Samuel A. Green, a classmate at college of General
Palfrey and Professor Allen, said : —

I remember, Mr. President, many years ago, when a distin-
guished associate of this Society, in paying a tribute here to
the memory of a classmate, said that those of our contempo-
raries whom we call by their first names, and who call us by
ours, are growing rapidly less and less in numbers as the years
roll by. I appreciate the truth of this remark, and I feel
now its full force. Within the past week Frank Palfrey and
Bill Allen, both members of this Society, have been taken
away. For more than forty years I have known them well,
and have never addressed either of them otherwise than by
his familiar nickname, although of late my intercourse with
them, owing to various causes, has been but slight. They
belonged to the Class of 1851 at Harvard, which, though
small, has given eight members to the Historical Society.
A singular and unusual mortality has just befallen this class,
as three of its cherished members have died in distant and
widely separated places, and all within the space of a short
month, — first, Rhett, at Charleston, on November 12; then
Palfrey, at Cannes, France, on December 5; and lastly, Allen,
at Madison, on December 9.

" Insatiate archer 1 could not one suffice ?
Thy shaft flew thrice ; and thrice my peace was slain."

Francis Winthrop Palfrey entered college as the first scholar
of his class, coming from the Boston Latin School, and through-
out his college course maintained high rank, graduating with
distinguished honors. Immediately after leaving college he
entered the Law School, where he subsequently took the de-
gree of Bachelor of Laws ; and later he began the practice of
his profession in Boston. Well grounded in the rudiments of
his studies, he gave every promise of success at the bar. Soon,
however, the great Rebellion broke out, and, like thousands of
other young men at that period, appreciating their duties and
their responsibiUties, without hesitation Palfrey offered his

150 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

services to the government, which were readily accepted. Com-
missioned as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twentieth Massachu-
setts Volunteers in the summer of 1861, he left the State with
his regiment, which very soon afterward was engaged in the
battle of BalFs Bluff. During the campaign of the next
year this regiment saw a great deal of hard service, and was
engaged in many severe battles. In some of these actions
Palfrey was in command, and in more than one of them was
wounded. At Antietam his shoulder was badly shattered,
making a wound which was ultimately the cause of his death.
Promoted to the Colonelcy, he was soon obliged to resign from
the military service on account of his disabilities ; and later
he was brevetted a Brigadier-General. At intervals his old
wound continued to trouble him, and I remember his saying
to me in these rooms that he wished he had the same buoy-
ancy of feeling and the same elasticity of spirit which once
belonged to him, and that then he would do something worthy
of his membership. His pen, however, was not idle, as he is
the author of an excellent memoir of his comrade General
Bartlett, and various other publications relating to the war.
Just before sailing for Europe, a few weeks ago. General Pal-
frey had put the finishing touches on Volume V. of his father's
" History of New England," which had been left in manuscript
by the writer, but which still required some revision.

William Francis Allen, of Madison, Wisconsin, was chosen
a Corresponding Member of this Society on Feb. 9, 1882.
He was a native of Northboiough, where he was born on Sept.
5, 1830, and a son of the Unitarian minister of that town.
Soon after graduation he became engaged in teaching, which
has since been his vocation. Many years ago Allen accepted
a professorship in the University of Wisconsin, where he
soon took a position among the foremost educators of the
Northwest. He is the author of several text-books which
have had a wide circulation, and was one of the compilers of
a volume entitled " Slave Songs of the United States."

Mr. Henry W. Haynes then spoke as follows : —

Mr. President, — After the appreciative tributes already paid
to the memory of our late associate, General Palfrey, I will
occupy the time of the Society only a few moments longer.

1889.] REMARKS BY MR. HENRY "W. HAYNES. 151

But I cannot forget that I have had the privilege of his ac-
qiiaiutauce and of his friendship for even a longer period than
Mr. Adams. When I entered the Boston Latin School in
1842, 1 found him in the class above me, — a bright active boy,
with a love of study, a quickness of intelligence, a remark-
able memory, and an ambition to excel which soon gave
him a very high rank in his class. I believe he knew
the Latin and Greek grammars by heart ; and when he grad-
uated from the school with a Franklin Medal, he delivered
an oration in Latin upon "Cicero as an Orator." Notwith-
standing this thoroughness of classical training, he concluded
to spend a year longer under private tuition, before entering
Harvard College, with the class of 1847. His college career
was a very creditable one, and his general scholarship excellent.
That early fondness for the ancient classics was strengthened,
and manifested itself in the choice of subjects for his Exhibition
and Commencement performances, — the former, a Latin ora-
tion "De rebus navalibus antiquorum" ; the latter, one in Eng-
lish upon the " Orations in the Ancient Historians." If it be
true, as Mr. Ropes has told us, that he was inclined to form
himself upon a model, it must at least be acknowledged that he
always sought for the best models. I think that the lucidity,
purity, and strength which marked his English style may be
clearly traced to his early love and constant study of the ancient
classics. But although he was a good scholar in college, he was
by no means merely the scholar. He was the life and soul of
our social gatherings, and his quick wit and read}' speech made
him always sought for, then and afterward, together with our
associate here, Mr. Augustus T. Perkins, as the presiding offi-
cer of our class suppers and other meetings.

I will not linger upon Palfrey's subsequent life up to the
time of the breaking out of the civil war, when his real char-
acter first shone forth. Among the "golden youth" who
sprung to their country's defence, none had stronger attrac-
tions to a life of ease, or brighter prospects of success in his
chosen profession. But with him', " Vincit amor patriae, lau-
dumque immensa cupido." For Palfrey was actuated alike
by both sentiments ; he loved his country, and he was ambi-
tious of glory, — a noble, honorable ambition, which asked
for only what he had deserved.

His arm was saved upon the battle-field of Antietam. I

152 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOdETY. [Dec.

think, Mr. President, his friends have been sometimes com-
pelled to feel that it might have been better if it never had
been saved ; for all his after life was made one prolonged
martyrdom to suffering. I remember meeting him upon the
Common on a bright summer morning, and asking if the fine
weather had not some eifect in diminishing his neuralgic
pains ; and his reply, that he was always in pain, and it was
only a question of more or less. The patience and cheerful-
ness with which this was borne has been a lesson to us all.
Truly was he called upon to drain deep the bitter cup of afflic-
tion ; but this had a most elevating and purifying influence
upon his character, in preparing him for the better life to
which we believe that he has passed ; and we feel that he
has, —

" Though doomed to go in company with Pain

And Fear and Bloodshed, miserable train,

Turned his necessity to glorious gain."

Our late Corresponding Member, Prof. William Francis Al-
len (my college classmate also), came of a long line of scholars
and teachers. In college his work was mainly in the classics,
and after graduation he went to Europe in company with
our associate. Prof. William W. Goodwin, to continue those
studies at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. The two
friends afterward travelled in Greece and Italy ; investigated
together the topograph}' of ancient Athens and Rome, occu-
pying an apartment which looked down upon the Roman
Forum; and together visited many storied scenes, among them
the battle-field of Lake Trasimenus. One of the first fruits of
these foreign studies was a striking article, contributed to the
"North American Review " by the two friends, upon the then
recently published " Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geog-
raphy," edited by Dr. William Smith. In this I recollect
they took occasion to correct a fault to which English schol-
ars are somewhat prone, of attributing to their own country-
men conclusions or discoveries which properly belong to
learned men of other nationalities. There had been as-
cribed to Canon Wordsworth, in particular, whose beautiful
work upon Greece was deservedly very popular, the identi-
fication of a certain locality in Athens which they showed
had been made known to the world some years before by
Forchhammer.

1SS9.] EEMARKS BY THE PKESIDENT. 153

Professor Allen's life-work lias been mainly that of a teacher
of the ancient languages and of history ; but during the war
he cheerfully gave his services to the Sanitary Commission,
both in South Carolina and at Helena, Arkansas. One of the
results of the year spent by him on a plantation at Port Ro3al
was the "Slave Songs of the United States," which his musical
taste especially qualified him to appreciate, and which was
mainly his work. Since 1867 he has been a hard-working and
most successful professor at the University of Wisconsin, find-
ing time to prepare several excellent text-books, both in the
ancient languages and in history, as well as to be a constant
and versatile contributor to the New York " Nation." I recol-
lect also that he read at a meeting of the American Philo-
logical Association a learned essay upon the " Battle of the
Mons Graupius," the seed whence sprung his admirable stu-
dents' edition of the Agricola and Germania of Tacitus. His
grammatical and other text-books, in Latin, prepared in con-
junction with his brother, Mr. Joseph H. Allen, are so well
known and approved as scarcely to require mention.

Too severe application, however, to his professional duties
had somewhat impaired his health, so that he had it in contem-
plation, as his last letter informed me, to seek relaxation in a
year of travel in Europe. But with his usual conscientious
devotion to duty, he asked for suggestions and references for
the study of the Prehistoric Times of Italy, in his judgment
indispensable for the proper teaching of ancient history, in
which he was engaged in preparing a text-book.

The President announced that, in accordance with the
provisions of the new By-Law adopted at the October meeting,
the Council had unanimously appointed Mr. Charles C. Smith
" to be immediately responsible for the proper editing of all
volumes, whether of Collections or Proceedings, the super-
vision of the Society's copyists, and the adequate preparation
of all material intended for the press " ; and that IMr. Smith
entered on the discharge of his duties at the beginning of the
present month.

Mr. Augustus T. Perkins was appointed to prepare a me-
moir of the late Thomas C. Amory ; Mr. John C. Ropes, a
memoir of Francis W. Palfrey ; Mr. Justin Winsor, a me-
20

154 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Deo.

moir of Charles Deaue ; and Mr. Henry W. Torrey, a memoir
of James Walker, in place of the Rev. Henry \V. Foote, to
whom the duty had been previously assigned, but who had
died without completing the memoir.
Dr. Ellis then said : —

It may be remembered that at a meeting of this Society in
January, 1881, while that voluminous work "The Memorial
History of Boston " was about beuig completed, the editor of
it, our associate, Mr. Winsor, brought to our notice the sylla-
bus of another proposed work, of his own conception, similar
in its general plan, but more extended and elaborate, to be
called " Narrative and Critical History of America." He
asked the appointment of a committee of this Society for
consultation and co-operation with him ; which was assented
to. The eighth (the concluding) volume of the work has re-
cently appeared from the press. So intelligently and dis-
creetly was the scheme of it devised, that it has been followed
till crowned with complete success. As is known, the plan
required the assignment of historical subjects, to be treated in
it as monographs, to assistant contributors, each of them to
deal with his subject in a chapter composed of two parts, —
one of them a digested historical narration ; the other, a biblio-
graphical summary, comprehensive and critical, of the sources,
the authorities, from which the narrative was drawn, with
comments upon them. Of course the eight solid volumes
which compose the work, with abounding illustrative mate-
rials, — charts, maps, views, plans, portraits, fac-similes, auto-
graphs, etc., — could not deal fully, still less exhaustively,
with each and every subject that would fitly enter into the
history of America for four centuries. Only a selection of
matters of more emphatic import was practicable. Whatever
in the manuscripts of contributors — all free to express their
own views and conclusions, in treating their respective themes
— might involve reference to, or trespass upon, another's prov-
ince, or any conflict of statements, or would leave lacunce to
be supplied, would require the trained skill of the editor, for
adjustment, revision, and, if need were, for mediation. Thirty-
nine contributors, besides the editor, liave thus combined their
work. As one of those contributors, I must be reserved and
judicial in my comments, and will confine myself strictly to

1889.] KEMAEKS BY THE PKESIDEJST. 155

the editor's part, which is in the main the most laborious,
fullest, and best part in it. Besides that his own chapters are
the most numerous and varied in their range, his hand, his
judgment, his versatility and fulness of knowledge add much
to tlie illustration and enrichment of all the other contents.

Though he is present, I must permit myself to say here —
what I have said during the last nine years elsewhere, often,
and to many competent persons, no one of whom dissented
from my remark — that " Mr. Winsor is the only living man
among us who could have done the work he has accomplished."
Nor does it reduce that commendation to say that he has done
his work so well because he was privileged to enter upon and
master the fruits of the labors of others. Most instructively
and with abounding reference and gratitude has he recognized
his predecessors. That long succession of industrious and
faithful pioneers in history, many of them of frugal means ;
and that select company of cultivated and generous individ-
uals who have devoted their fortunes to the collection and
preservation of rare and costly relics, — have together recorded
and gathered every syllable of our historic lore. Those treas-
ures well deserve their expressive title of " Americana." Mr.
Winsor has a confidential intimacy with them. As the guar-
dian for so many years of our two largest and richest libraries,
he has also been privileged in acquiring his bibliographical
skill and knowledge. For some of those years he has had as
a neighbor, for daily intimacy, that wise, helpful, and most
genial of all sympathizing spirits, — himself a library within a
library, — our late lamented associate. Dr. Deane. As the
inception of this work was noticed in our records, it is proper
that mention should be made of its completion.

I have received from Mrs. Charles Deane a note accompany-
ing a volume which, she writes, her late husband left to this
Society, " wishing it to be kept by it forever." The volume
is a thin quarto, richly bound, and contains a collection of
cuttings of newspaper communications, dating from 1850,
engraved portraits, manuscript letters, etc., relating to the
exposure, by Dr. Deane, of a fraud by which an engraved
portrait of Dr. Franklin, slightly tricked with, had been made
to serve as a veritable portrait of Roger Williams, — a much
desired, but as yet undiscovered treasure. An authentic en-
graving of Dr. Franklin, sometimes artistically decorated, for

loo MASSACHtJSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

an effigies of tlie famous Rhode Island worthy, had appeared
in several publications, and had been exhibited in Providence
as from an original portrait of him, — deceiving many intelli-
gent persons, biographers and historians ! The patience, thor-
oughness, and full demonstration which Dr. Deane brought to
the exposure of the trick were highly characteristic of him.
There is also a vein of fun and humor, not often indulged by
him in his treatment of grave themes. We shall highly value
the book for itself and for the giver.

Some of you may I'emember that about eight years ago
Dr. Deane exposed here, by the actual tokens, a similar fraud-
ulent substitute of an engraving by which a portrait of that
rakish poet, Charles Churchill, by the skilful manipulation of
Paul Revere, and the swinging of a powder-horn from the
shoulder, had been made to do duty for our Indian fighter
and Ccesarean recounter of his own exploits. Col. Benjamin
Church.

But I have here a piece of honest work of Paul Revere,
stamped by him with his own name. It is an ancient silver
sugar-tongs. It was committed to me by the late Mrs. Ellen
M. Gifford, of New Haven, to be deposited in our Cabinet.

Mr. Charles C. Smith stated that some years ago Mr.
Deane had undertaken to prepare a communication on Cabot's
Map of the World, now in the National Library in Paris, which
he had not been able to complete, and that, in conformity with
a request of Mr. Deane in his last illness, his notes had been
sent to Mr. Smith to be completed and communicated to the
Society at some future period.

Dr. William Everett then read a paper on

The Last Royal Veto.

The following paper does not pretend to bring forward any
new facts or theories in history, but rather to comment on the
singular way in which history is written, — one historian copy-
ing another in his omissions and mistakes, when dealing with
the most interesting subjects.

The veto of a chief magistrate — the refusal of assent to a
bill which has passed all the other stages of legislation — is
always an interesting event in political history. The veto of

THE LAST ROYAL VETO. 157

a President of the United States, or a Governor of one of
them, invariably creates much interesting speculation. Some-
times, on these occasions, reference will be made to the fact
that a bill is never vetoed by the Sovereign of England ; and
perhaps the exaggerated language of Mr. Bagehot may be
resorted to, — that " Queen Victoria must sign her own death-
warrant, if both houses present it for her signature."

Yet, beyond all doubt, our own ancestors adopted the
veto provision first in their State Constitution, from which it
was copied in that of 1787, because they believed that the
English executive had such a power, and that indeed to an
extent beyond what they were willing to trust their elective
governors; for American vetoes are merely suspensive, — bills
may be passed over them, — but a royal veto in England is
final. In the "Defence of the American Constitutions," by
John Adams, he finds fault with the Americans for not imitat-
ing the English Constitution in respect to the negative given
to the executive power ; but a suspensive veto certainly be-
longed to his own State Constitution before 1787.

And indeed, there is no difference of opinion among the
earlier text-writers, like Blackstone and De Lolme, that the
King does possess this absolute negative, as expressed in
the terms " Le roy s'avisera" (The King will consider of it) ;
tliey speak of it as an actual power. Later writers, however,
invariably tell us that the power is entirely disused; and
Bagehot goes the length I have stated, — that it must be con-
sidered as extinct. What has taken its place, — if, as some
say, the sovereign cannot affect legislation at all, or if he can
do so only by influence, or, finally, if there are established but
indirect methods by the agency of the ministry, — I shall not
at this moment discuss. My present purpose is to dwell on
tlie most recent or least remote use of the sovereign's negative,
as it has been recorded and treated, whether as belonging to
the actual history or the theoretic Constitution of England.

In what reign was the sovereign's assent last refused to a bill
passed by the Lords and the Commons? The answer is, in
that of Queen Anne, on the 11-22 of March, 1707-8, when the
Act for Settling the Militia of Scotland was met by " La royne
s'avisera." There is not the least mystery about this fact; it
is recorded in the Journals of the House of Lords, which are
easily accessible, and has been mentioned in several books which

158 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

are still handier ; and j'et I find, on consulting about thirty
prominent historians and text-writers, not a single one who
does not either omit all allusion to the fact or commit errors
about it more or less serious ; always excepting Lord Macaulay,
who alludes to it correctly but very casually. Now, this seems
to me a very remarkable comment on the way history is writ-
ten. That the entire body of accessible historians and text-
writers who have handled this period or this subject should
either not know or omit or misstate the latest exercise of this
very interesting power, is enough to make the most indifferent
and lazy investigate for himself anytliing that strikes him in
his historical or legal study.

Taking it first from the historians' point of view, — the
chief chroniclers who handle the reign of Queen Anne have
absolutely nothing to say about this event. They tell us that
the Parliament of 1707-8 (the first so-called of Great Britain)
was engaged in perfecting the union of England and Scot-
land ; they tell us how, on the 11th of February, Harley and
St. John were ousted from the government by the Whigs,
supported by the Duchess of Marlborough ; they tell us how
intelligence was received that the Old Pretender, James Ed-
ward, set sail from France, in charge of Admiral Fourbin, on
the 8th of March, and that Sir George Byng prepared to in-
tercept his descent on Scotland ; they tell us that the Queen
came in person to the House of Lords on the 11th of March,
announced that she had received news of this expedition, and
asked for the assistance of Parliament, which was promptly
voted ; they do not tell us that, before making this announce-
ment and appeal, she gave her assent to various acts, public
and private, and then, for the last time, as it turned out, re-
fused it to the one named. The historians who thus wholly
omit or ignore the event are Luttrell the Diarist, Burnet (who
was present), Tindal, Smollett, McPherson, Mortimer, Bel-
sham, Hallam, Keightley, Lord Stanhope, King, Burton,
Morris, Knight, Lecky, Green, and Wyon.

When we come to text-writers on the British Constitution,
I find that Lord Brougham, Lord Russell, and Sir Edward
Creasy say nothing whatever about the last exercise of the
veto power. Neither does Blackstone ; but in the note of his
editor (Christian) we find the mistake of saying that it was
last exercised by William III. ; and this same error appears

1889.] THE LAST ROYAL VETO. 159

in De Lolme (translated by Stephens), in Fischel (translated
by Shee), in David Rowland, in Curtis on the United States
Constitution, and in Justice Story.

Now let us see who have with somewhat greater accuracy
alluded to the event. Macaulay, who has given such an inter-
esting account of four of the vetoes of William III., saj^s the
words of refusal " have only once been heard since his reign."
I can hardly doubt that if he had reached 1708 he would have
told us the whole story and told it right. Hatsell, in his " Par-
liamentary Precedents" (second edition), records the event, and
refers to the Lords' Journals ; but he admits that he did not
know of it when he published his first edition. He is fol-
lowed by Fonblanque ("How we are Governed"), Sir Erskine
May, Sir W. Anson, and Ewald. But every one of these
writers says the event took place in March, 1707; ignoring the
old style, which they never do in their account of other events
which have a similar double dating. The date is 11-22 March,
1707-8, and however we may prefer to write the day of the
month, 1708 we shall call the year in all accurate historical
writing. The same inaccuracy occurs in an Australian writer,
Mr. William Hearn, whose book on the British Constitution
is yet the only one I have read that gives full recognition to
the event and tries to analyze its cause. He points out that
the sudden outbreak of Jacobite insurrection, supported fi;om
France and directed to Scotland, would naturally create a
dread of establishing a militia in that part of the island, still
chafing under the unpopular Act of Union, and with many
of its Lords Lieutenants, who would be commanders of the
militia, notoriously disaffected. But as the Act had passed
both houses, the Queen's veto was the only way to arrest its
perilous operation.

Mr. Hearn refers to Somerville, whose History alludes to
the event, but in the most perversely incorrect way : " But
while the Militia Bill was depending, the attempt of the Pre-
tender to invade Scotland excited a general suspicion that it
would be unsafe to trust the people with arms, and prevented
the bill being presented for the royal assent." Just the re-
verse of the facts ! In point of fact, the bill had been reported
from Committee of the Whole on the Queen's speech on the
11th of December, 1707 ; went regularly through its readings
without a division in the Commons, under the charge of King,

IGO MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

afterwards C. J. C. P. and Lord Chaucellor ; was reported
to the Lords on the 11th of February, the day of the minis-
terial crisis; went through its stages, and passed on the 25th of
February, also without a division or piotest ; and met the fate
I have described.

I may add that I cannot find in Lord Campbell's " Lives of
the Chancellors" of this reign a single allusion to the veto, even
in that of Sir Peter King, the patron of the Militia Bill ; while
on the other hand, a Mr. P. F. Aikin, who wrote in 1842 a
comparison of the United States and English Constitutions,
says the King's veto power has not been exercised since the
Revolution, that is, since 1688 ; whereas King William refused
his assent to at least six bills in the course of the years 1692-
1696. But such a blunder is exceptional indeed ; every his-
torian who has dealt with tl\e reign of William III. has had
something to say about his refusing his assent to several bills.
Two only have discussed the matter with any attempt at pene-
tration, — these are McPherson and Macaulay, the insidious
enemy and the thoroughgoing friend.

Almost every writer of history copies the statements of his
predecessor to an extent hardly to be imagined by those who
have not compared a variety of authors. It is particularly
noticeable that when a new historian has possessed himself of
some freshly discovered correspondence or memoirs throwing
new light on some special theme, while making the ver}^ most
of his new material, he does not hesitate to copy what has
been said a score of times, in the parts on which his new
treasure throws no light, without suspecting that there also
one should look deeper. I have little doubt, for instance,
that if a new history of William IIL's reign were written,
the author, finding some of the King's vetoes alluded to by
all his predecessors, but only Macaulay and McPherson men-
tioning as many as four, and discussing these four with much
acumen, would conclude that there were tliese four and no
more. Yet the Lords' Journals show that the king vetoed
at least two more, whose titles would indicate that they were
private bills.

I have not found that the Stuarts refused their assent to any
bills ; but I have not searched the entire Lords' Journals of
their eighty-five years. Charles IL, not liking the last bill
passed by his last Parliament, just before its dissolution con-

1889.] THE LAST KOYAL VETO. 161

tiived to have the Clerk of the Crown steal it, before the
Clerk of the Parliaments had formally presented it to him. Sir
Simonds D'Ewes is quoted assaying — I have not yet veri-
fied the quotation — that Queen Elizabeth at the end of one
session rejected as many bills as she passed. Of the earlier
Tudors I can say nothing ; the earliest veto I have found
mentioned is in a quotation from Tyrwhitt in Ellis's " Original
Letters " (1st series, vol. i. p. 10), where he says King Edward
IV. replied, " Le roy s'avisera " to a petition that the robbing
of prayer-books and other church articles should be felony.
And, as this entry shows, the Plantagenet monarchs were not
likely to veto the measures of the two houses, because acts
were then framed by some of the King's advisers, in com-
pliance with petitions from the houses, and really emanated
from the King ; and to this day it is conceived in England
that legislation, in the overwhelming majority of cases, should
proceed from the ministry, who are in theory supposed to
represent the crown, and not from the opposition, although
now the ministry are in fact the spokesmen of a popular
majority.

Since 1708 the veto has never been used. Queen Anne
soon after got the majority of Parliament in accord with her
personal predilections. The first two Georges were shrewd
enough — for they were anything but the fools that it is fash-
ionable to call them — to put themselves completely in the
hands of a parliamentary majority. George III. and his two
sons, though they frequently attempted and not seldom suc-
ceeded in influencing and even in reversing legislation, found
easier ways of doing so than by refusing their assent to bills
passed by both houses. But the sturdy Tories, with ex-Lord
Chancellor Eldon at their head, really hoped George IV.
might veto the Catholic Emancipation Bill of 1829 ; and he
probably would have, if he had not stood in mortal terror of
the Duke of Wellington.

Since then, — a period of sixty years, — scarcely any one
has talked about the royal veto.i But there is not the least

1 Our associate, Mr. Bugbee, has pointed out to me a valuable note in Bryce's
" American Commonwealth," vol. i. p. 70, in which he quotes from a Canadian
writer, Mr. Tod, on a threatened exercise of the veto by Queen Victoria in 1858.
Mr. Bryce— or Mr. Tod — gives the usual date of Queen Anne's veto as 1707;
but he ascribes to William III. ^we vetoes.
21

162 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Dec.

absurdity in supposing its use, and even its salutary use. The
ordinary theory is that if the sovereign refused assent to a bill,
the ministers would be in danger of impeachment by the
Commons and condemnation by the Lords for having advised
such action by their master; that they would at once resign,
and that no other ministry could be found bold enough to take
their places unless the crown withdrew its refusal. But this
entirely overlooks the very possible case of a non-partisan
measure, forced through both houses by some independent in-
terest, which should divide both ministry and opposition, so
to speak, across and not lengthwise. In this case a large
minority might be backed by a very strong outside opinion,
which the Commons had failed adequately to represent; and
yet a ministry which on all party questions held a working
majority, might greatly hesitate to dissolve the Parliament.
In such a case the royal veto might very well cause a too
confident majority to pause and see if they really were sus-
tained by popular opinion. There is also the perfectly pos-
sible case analogous to Queen Anne's veto, — that between
the passing and the signing of an act some striking occur-
rence should make it expedient to check its operation.

I have already remarked that the royal veto is final ; there
is nothing corresponding to the American practice of passing
a bill over a President's or Governor's veto by increased ma-
jorities. Further, there is nothing analogous to our fixing a
limit of time for the executive to make up his mind. Appar-
ently, the king may take till the end of the session to decide
whether to give or withhold his assent. King William did so
with at least two of the bills he vetoed. In that case, if
the Parliament were merely prorogued, apparently he might
give his assent in the next session ; if it were dissolved, the
unsigned bill would seem to be waste paper.

It should be said in this connection that there is much
misapprehension as to the actual power of the Executive
Government in England. It is regarded too much as a mere
committee of Parliament. The sovereign personally exercises
but little power, though she may exercise much influence ; but
the ministry itself, in its work outside the parliamentary
sphere, has powers not always apprehended. A very instruc-
tive instance occurred on the question of Purchase in the
Army. The first idea of Mr. Gladstone's government was to

1889.] THE LAST EOTAL VETO. 163

abolish purchase by Act of Parliament ; his bill was lost, and
shortly after he announced that Purchase in the Army only
existed by virtue of a royal warrant, and that he had advised
her Majesty to cancel that warrant, — which was accordinglj'
done. There was much grumbling, but the law was correct.
All Parliament could do was to vote some form of compen-
sation to officers who had paid for their commissions and had
lost the right to sell them.

It should also be noted that another institution, once con-
sidered the bulwark of English liberty against a despotic
sovereign, has fallen into equal disuse, — the right of impeach-
ment by the Commons before the Lords. At the time of
Queen Anne's last veto, nothing was more popular. The
Tories had impeached four Whigs in 1700 ; Sacheverell was
impeached and convicted in 1709 ; the Whigs retaliated on
Harley and his friends in 1715 ; Lord Chancellor Macclesfield
was impeached and convicted of corruption in 1725. But in
every one of these cases, except the last, there was obviously
a mad party spirit at work ; and the process was dropped
for over sixty years, to be revived against Warren Hastings
in 1788, and against Lord Melville in 1806. The first of
these trials was protracted beyond all reason ; the second was
speedily ended by the admirable conduct, as presiding judge,
of Lord Erskine. But in both cases the culprits were acquit-
ted ; and no later official, whoever his enemies, personal or
political, has ever been impeached.

It may be freely granted that the royal veto of England is
of little more than antiquarian interest even for subjects of
that crown, and for Americans seems like a mere detail of
history. Yet nothing can be more foolish than for us to neglect
the constitutional experience of other nations ; and I have
thought it well worth noting how little account historians had
taken of the actual decadence of so remarkable a prerogative.

Mr. William S. Appleton presented Part First of the
Second Year of the " Annuaire de la Faculty des Lettres de
Lyon," and spoke as follows : —

I have much pleasure in placing in the Library of the So-
ciety a copy of Fascicule I., or Part First, of the Second Year
of the " Annuaire de la Faculty des Lettres de Lyon." It

164 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [DEC.

contains an article, of ninety pages, with the title, " Nantucket,
^tude sur les diverses sortes de propii^t^s primitives." I will
not undertake to criticise the matter, but only say that it was
written with great care and numerous mention of authorities,
including the third volume of the Collections of this Society.
I wish, however, to say a few words concerning the author,
the late M. Emile Belot. He "was a great lover of American
things, and had, during more than five years, delivered lec-
tures on the history of the United States. He had gathered
a great number of documents, and was near publishing his
studies, when death summoned him away. It would have
been certainly a very valuable book." His biographer says :
" II est inflniment regrettable, que Belot n'ait pu meme en
^baucher les grandes lignes. Nous poss^dons et nous esp^-
rons publier en partie les notes de cinq ann^es de cours. Mais
les pens^es maitresses disparaissent n^anmoins quelque pen au
milieu de ces recherches de detail. Ces fragments donneront
Dependant une idde de I'importanee et de la profondeur de ce
beau travail." The article on Nantucket seems to be a chap-
ter from the work which M. Belot had in view. He was
Professor of History in the University of Lyons, an officer of
the Legion of Honor, Corresponding Member of the Institute,
and a few months before his death was admitted to the
Acaderaie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Lyon,
before which he delivered his " Discours de Reception,"
Dec. 22, 1885, taking as subject " Benjamin Franklin, Chef
de la Democratic Am^ricaine." I have a copy of this inter-
esting address, which I purpose to place among the Franklin-
iana in the Boston Public Library. M. Belot naturally recalls
the fact that Franklin himself was an Associate of the same
Academy of Lyons.

I wish to add a few words on the great literary interest in
this country felt in Europe and especially in France, — an inter-
est which surprised me when there, but which may be more
■appreciated here than I have supposed. I certainly had no
idea how many volumes have appeared of late years in France
directly relating in some way to the United States. They
range downward from such important works as that of M.
Gourd on the " Colonial Charters and the Constitutions of the
United States," and that of M. Doniol on the " History of
the Participation of France in the Establishment of the

1S89.] THE VETO POWEE IN THE UNITED STATES. 165

United States " ; include of course a volume of travels by
nearly every visiting Frenchman, studies of our politics or
social life, — as " La Democratic autoritaire aux Etats Unis.
Le G6n6ra\ Andr^ Jackson," by Gigot, or " L'Aristocratie en
Am^rique," by Gaillardet, — novels with an American girl for
heroine, — as " Nelly MacEdwards. Moeurs Amdricaines," by
De Woelmont, — and end perhaps with such a ridiculous little
work as " Histoires Am(^ricaines," by Jehan Soudan, an at-
tempt at a sort of French Mark Twain, in which I at least
could find nothing amusing. It may be that all or nearly all
of each year's production in France is known in this country.
I sincerely hope so ; for the volumes ought to be in our libra-
ries, if not for their matter, yet because of the subjects.

Mr. A. C. GooDELL spoke briefly of the derivation of the
veto power in the United States from the English precedents.

Prof. A. B. Hart said that Mr. E. C. Mason, one of the
Instructors in Political Economy in Harvard University,
had prepared a "History of the Veto Power in the United
States," which was nearly ready for publication.

166 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

JANUARY MEETING, 1890.

The stated meeting was held on the 9th instant, at three
o'clock, p. M. ; the President, Dr. George E. Ellis, in the
chair.

The record of the last meeting was read by the Recording
Secretary, and approved ; and the Librarian read the list of
accessions to the Library.

The Hon. Leverett Saltonstall was appointed to write the
memoir of the late R. B. Forbes for the Proceedings.

The President then called attention to the approaching
sale of the very valuable library which belonged to the late
S. L. M. Barlow, of New York, and expressed a hope that
some of the bibliographical treasures in it might be purchased
for the Boston Public Library or for the State.

The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain spoke briefly of the im-
portance of securing for the State archives the contemporane-
ous copy of the earliest Records of the Massachusetts Colony
which Colonel Aspinwall procured in London many years ago,
and which was used by Dr. Shurtleff when printing the addi-
tional pages inserted in some of the copies of the Colony
Records. He was followed by Mr. Justin Winsor and Dr. S.
A. Green, Commissioners on the State Archives, who said
they had arranged to give the matter immediate attention.

Dr. Samuel A. Green then said : —

In a letter of our late associate. General Palfrey, written to
me last summer, he quotes from Mr. Wliitmore's article on
the Names of Towns in Massachusetts, published in the Pro-
ceedings (vol. xii. pp. 393-419), and refers to the statement
there made on page 405, that the name of Becket, as applied
to the town in Berkshire Count)-, " can hardly be traced."
General Palfrey suggests that it came from Beckett, the name
of the estate in English Berkshire, owned by the Lords
Barrington. On mentioning the suggestion to Mr. R. C.
Winthrop, Jr., he at once concurred in the opinion, and said,
furthermore, that the name of the Barringtons was originally

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVAKD, 1803-1848. 167

Shute, and that one of the family was Colonel Samuel Shute,
Governor of the Province of Massachusetts from the year 1716
to 1723. A niece of Colonel Shute was married to Sir Francis
Bernard, Governor of the Province from the year 1760 to
1769 ; and accordingly, when, in 1765, Governor Bernard was
called upon to name certain towns in the western part of the
State, he seems to have called one of them after the family-
seat of his wife's cousin, Lord Barrington.

Akin to this subject, there is another statement, in the
same article on the Names of Towns in Massachusetts, which
will bear modification. In a note at the bottom of page 407,
Mr. Whitmore refers to the town of Winchester, formerly
called Arlington, and says that it was in Hampshire County,
but that he " cannot find its present representative." This
town was in territory once claimed by Massachusetts, but
which, by the running of the new provincial line in 1741, was
brought within the limits of New Hampshire, and comes now
in Cheshire County of that State.

Mr. Chakles C. Smith communicated some excerpts from
the journal of the Rev. Dr. John Pierce, and said : —

At a social meeting held some years ago, at the house of
our lamented associate, Mr. Deane, I communicated from the
manuscript journal of the late Rev. Dr. John Pierce, in the
possession of this Society, an account of a journey which he
made in 1795 to attend the Commencement exercises at Provi-
dence and New Haven. ^ That narrative has suggested the
communication, which I wish now to make, of his notes on the
Commencement exercises at Cambridge during a period of
forty-six consecutive years, beginning with 1803. Few grad- .
uates can have been so assiduous in their attendance at Com-
mencement as Dr. Pierce ; and his record of impressions is
probably unique. His peculiarities were well known to our
older associates, and are sufficiently apparent in the extracts
from his journal now communicated ; but nothing more need
be said of them here. It is proper, however, to add that he
was a very zealous advocate of the total-abstinence cause, and
that the excesses in drinking at Commencement, on which he

' See 2 Proceedings, vol. iii. pp. 40-52.

168 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

expresses himself very freely, no doubt seemed to him much
greater than they veallj' were. There are many repetitions in
his notes, and many of the incidental remarks are of a very
unimportant character ; but as a whole they have considerable
historical and biographical interest, and I have thought that
their value would be diminished by any attempt at abridg-
ment. I have, however, omitted several thousand names of
persons whom Dr. Pierce saw at Commencement or at the an-
niversary of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, which he also regu-
larly attended ; and I have also omitted a few observations
here and there which it did not seem proper to print. These
omissions are indicated in the usual manner, and for the most
part refer to persons still living or to matters of which Dr.
Pierce could have had no personal knowledge. It has not
seemed desirable to attempt any elaborate annotations, and
with few exceptions the notes are confined to supplying the
Christian names, and the Commencement parts, of the gradu-
ates mentioned by him, and to giving the places and dates
of birth and death.

I have appended a curious summary which he has inserted
in his journal, showing the college expenses of an uncle, who
graduated in 1769, of himself in the next generation, and of
his own son, who graduated in 1831.

Some Notes on the Commencements at Harvard University, 1803-1843.
[1803.]

31 Aug. At Commencement. The first publick performance was
Dr. Watts' " Why do we mourn," &c., to the tune of old Windsor, by
the students & audience in general. My XIX"" Commencement.

The President then solemnly entreated the audience by the regard
they had to decency and to the memory of the worthy Dr. T. that there
might be no clapping as a token of applause. This request of the Presi-
dent had a surprising effect. A solemn stillness reigned throughout the
assembly. All seemed to unite in a sympathetick grief for the loss of so
good and so valuable a man as Dr. T.'

1 Rev. David Tappan, D.D., Hollis Professor of Divinity, born in Manchester,
April 21, 1753 ; died in Cambridge, August 27, 1803. The funeral services were two
days before Commencement. The first stanza of the hymn sung at Commence-
ment is as follows : —

" Why do we mourn departing Friends?
Or shake at Death's Alarms ?
*T is but the Voice that Jesus sends
lo call them to his Arms. "

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 169

The Latin oration by Kirkland ' was handsomely written, & spoken
with emphasis and propriety. He paid an affectionate tribute to the
memory of the very worthy Professor.

The sentiments of Farrar ^ in an English dissertation were well
adapted to oppose the rage for novel-reading and plays which is so
prevalent, especially in the capital.

The poem by Lincoln ° was worthy a disciple of Voltaire, who in
affection for the great whole forgets the parts.

The oration by Savage* contained many beautiful figures & senti-
ments ingeniously and forcibly expressed. It, however, lacked unity of
design.

The oration by Rev. Mr. Bates,^ on Skepticism, was such as well be-
came the sacred profession in which he is engaged.

In the hall at dinner the greatest decorum prevailed. After singing
the usual hymn, Dr. Holmes read a subscription paper for publishing a
volume of the Dr.'s sermons.

Rev. Wm. Symmes, of Andover, D.D.

[1804.]

29 Aug. At Commencement. XX.

The salutatory oration, by Aspiuwall II.,' of my parish, was well
written and handsomely performed.

Sprague,' of Salem, in the part of a conference defending painting,
was highly applauded.

Nichols & Gary ' were very popular in a colloquy on the superiority
of a publick to a private education.

1 Samuel Kirkland, born in Whitestown, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1781 ; died in Boston,
Nov. 23, 1805.

2 John Farrar, afterward Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy,
born in Lincoln, July 1, 1779; died in Cambridge, May 8, 1853. His subject
was " The Moral Tendency of Kepresentations of Fictitious Distress."

3 Daniel Waldo Lincoln, born in Worcester, March 2, 1784 ; died there, April
17, 1815. His poem was on " Benevolence."

* James Savage, born in Boston, July 13, 1784; died there, March 8, 1873.
His subject was " The Patronage of Genius." A memoir of Mr. Savage, by
George S. HiUard, is in Proceedings, vol. xvi. pp. 117-153.

5 Rev. Joshua Bates, D.D. (of the class of 1800), afterward President of Mid-
dlebury College, born in Cnhasset, March 20, 1776 ; died in Dudley, Jan. 14,
1854. He was ordained minister of the First Church in Dedham in March, 1803.

s Thomas Aspinwall, born in Brookline, May 23, 1786; died in Boston, August
11, 1876. The preparation of a memoir of him for the Proceedings was assigned
to S. K. Lothrop, and afterward to Charles Deane ; but owing to the loss of im-
portant materials, it had not been completed at the death of Mr. Deane.

' Joseph E. Sprague, born in Salem, Sept. 9, 1782 ; died there, Feb. 22, 1852.

' Benjamin R. Nichols (born in Portsmouth, N. H., May 18, 1786; died in
Boston, April 30, 1848), and Kev. Samuel Cary (born in Newburyport, Nov. 24,
22

170 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Tliacher' did himself great honour in the concluding oration, " On
Eeverence of Antiquity."

Rev. [John Nelson] Abcel, N. York, D.D.; Rev. Eli Forbes,
Gloucester, D.D.

[1805.]

28 Aug. At Commencement. XXI.

Professor Pearson presided. Dr. Lathrop prayed.

The salutatory oration in Latin, by Crafts,'' was well written &
delivered.

The forensick between Bodwell and Pettengill,^ " Whether Utility be
the Foundation of Moral Obligation ? " evinced sound seuse.

A Latin oration by Tappan,^ son of the late Professor, was sensible
& eloquent.

The English dialogue, on diversity of personal character, between
Greenough and Beckford,* excited much diversion.

Chipman's ^ English oration was written and delivered in an eloquent
manner.

But they were all far exceeded by Ritchie,' a candidate for the second
degree, "On Ancient and Modern Eloquence & Poetry," as the stars
are obscured by the presence of the bright luminary of day. In the
hall Mr. Whitney of Shirley (1759) returned thanks.

[1806.]

XXII. 27 August, I attended Commencement. President Webber
made his first publick appearance. His prayer was plain, serious,
devout, and pertinent, without the least appearance of affectation or
display. He presided with a good degree of dignity, without making,
as far as I could perceive, a single mistake.

1785; died in Royston, England, Oct. 22, 1815). A notice of Mr. Nichols by
Henry WheatlanJ is in Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 427.

1 Rev. Samuel C. Thacher, born in Boston, Dec. 14, 1785 ; died in Moulins,
France, Jan. 2, 1818. .

2 William Crafts, born in Charleston, S. C, Jan. 24, 1787 ; died at Ballston
Springs, N. Y., Sept. 22, 1826.

8 Rev. Abraham Bodwell (born in Methuen, May 6. 1778; died in Sanbomton,
N. H., March 24, 1863), and Rev. Amos Pettengill (born in Salem, N. H., August
9,^1780; died in Salembridge, Conn., August 17, 1830).

* Rev. Benjamin Tappan, D.D., born in West Newbury, Nov. 7, 1788; died in
Augusta, Me., Dec. 22, 1863.

5 David S. Greenough (born in Roxbury, March 28, 1787 ; died tliere, August
6, 1830), and Ebenezer H. Becktbrd (born in Salem, July 1, 1786 ; died in An-
dover, March 10, 1869).

6 Ward Chipman, bom in St. John, N. B., July 10, 1787 ; died there, Nov. 26,
1851. His subject was " The Influence of Learning."

7 Andrew Ritchie, of the class of 1802, bom in Boston, July 18, 1782 ; died in
Newport, E. I., August 7, 1862.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVAED, 1803-1848. 171

Several parts were performed to good acceptance. The conclading
oration, by Everett, 2'',' was an admirable display of genius and fine
vfriting. He was considered the best, although the youngest in his
class. He was born, it is said, 19 March, 1790.

Savage " did himself great honour in his oration on commerce. He
was candidate for the Master's degree.

Dr. Lathrop concluded with prayer. The theatrical musick with
which the exercises was interspersed was highly disgusting to the more
solid part of the audience.

After the exercises I dined in the hall. Pres. Webber blessing. Dr.
Cumings (17G0) thanks. We sung St. Martin's to the usual psalm,
" Give ear, my people," &c.

Saw only two of my classmates, Hilliard I. and Whitney. Seven of
the class have departed to the world of spirits

This was the XXH. Commencement I have attended from 1784
inclusive, except 1791, when my mother, on Commencement day, p. m.
was buried.

Rev. President Webber, Rev. Henry Ware, Rev. John Marsh,
Weathersfield, Con., Rev. Henry Kollock, N. J., D.D.

[1807.]

XXIII. 26 August, attended my 23* Commencement at Cambridge.
The day was fine. But the performances in general were ordinary.
The most distinguished was an oration, by Smith,^ on Literary Exertion.
Bates'* in a conference did well. The colloquy by Merrill & Parkman*
was interesting. The poem failed by the sickness of Haven .° One
part in a conference was also omitted, owing to the indisposition of
Marston. The concluding oration, by Tufts,' was a manly performance.

1 Alexander H. Everett, died in Canton, China, June 29, 1817. His oration
was on " Tlie Effects of a General Diffusion of Literature." A notice of him, by
Charles Deane, is in Proceedings, vol. ii. p. 608, note.

2 James Savage, of the class of 1803.

8 William Smith, born in Boston, April 20, 1788; died there, Sept. 10, 1811.

* David Bates, born in Cohasset, Sept. 12, 1784; died in Westborough, Feb. 9,
1869. He had a part in a conference on " The Effects which the Cultivation of
tlie Sciences, the Liberal and Mechanic Arts, produce on the Character of So-
ciety," with Rev. Phineas Fish (born in S.-indwich, Jan. 30, 1785 ; died in Barn-
stable, June 16, 18.54), and Nymphas Marston (born in Barnstable, Feb. 1, 1788 ;
died there. May 2, 1864).

^ Samuel Merrill (bom in Plaistow, N. H., Nor. 3, 1786 ; died in Andover, Dec.
23, 1869), and Rev. Francis Parkman, D.D. (born in Boston, June 4, 1788; died
there, Nov. 12, 1852).

6 Nathaniel A. Haven, bom in Portsmouth, N. H., Jan. 14, 1787; died there,
June 3, 1826.

' Joseph Tufts, born in Charlestown, Oct. 5, 1783; died there, July 15, 1835.
His oration was on " Agriculture."

172 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

For the Master's degree, Stickney ^ delivered an oration of 45 min-
utes in length on the truth of Christianity. He had many briUiant
thoughts. But his strength of voice was not sufficient for any of the
audience to bear him distinctly. In his management of the subject he
appeared to me very obscure.

The valedictory in Latin, by Aspinwall 2'*,^ was a truly masterly
performance. It was short, yet glanced upon every pertinent & inter-
esting topick.

But 35 were admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The small-
ness of the number was owing to a rebellion which took place at the
University last spring.

On 30 March the students had a college meeting to enter into some
resolutions respecting commons, which, they pretended, were insufferably
bad. The result of their meeting was, that they should leave the hall
at noon, immediately after the blessing, which they accordingly did.
They also resolved to go into the kitchen, the nest morning, and take
away all the provisions and strew them over the college yard. The
sudden & unexpected cessation of commons prevented them from exe-
cuting their rash and rebellious purpose.

On Saturday, 4 April, they were required by the Corporation to sign
a paper expressive of regret for past misconduct & promising better
behaviour, in future. They were required to do this by 11 April or
to leave college.

By every method of persuasion and of force which could be devised,
but about 35 were, sooner or later, induced to sign. Of those who
persisted in their obstinacy in the senior class, who would not sign, and
therefore lost their degrees, were * . . .

was not required to sign. But he entered very readily

into the rebellion, and even wrote the statement of the scholars re-
specting the badness of their food, &c., though he had not been in
commons for more than 6 months. He accordingly left college to
show his hearty concurrence with the class in their unreasonable
rebellion.

I am credibly informed by the most disinterested persons who have
frequented commons that they were never better. The government, it
is true, have always mjide a point of economising as much as possible
for the beneiit of poor scholars ; and it has ever been considered a mer-
ciful provision. So accommodating are they, however, that they have
determined to make the living more expensive, that they may cut oflF
all possible occasion of complaint.

1 John Stickney, of the class of 1804, born in Newburyport, Feb. 24, 1784 ; died
there, Dec. 14, 1833.

2 Thomas Aspinwall, of the class of 1804.
* Here follow nine names.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVABD, 1803-1848. 173

This class originally consisted of 63; so that 28 have by various
means been prevented from taking degrees.^

Very few of the students made entertainments. I never knew so few
people in the house, nor so few on the Common.

Of my classmates I saw but one, Rev. Nicholas B. Whitney, of
Hingham.

Since last Commencement, Charles Angier, the eighth who has died,
departed this life.

The Pres. (Dr. Webber) made the introductory and concluding prayer.
He also asked the blessing in the hall, and Dr. Cumings, of Billerica
(1760), returned thanks.

[1808.]

31 August, attended my 24:th Commencement.

The day was exceedingly dusty, as there had been but a small shower
for 4 weeks.

The performances in the house, taken together, were inferiour to what
they often are.

Groce - distinguished himself in a forensick.

Norton's ' Latin dissertation was above mediocrity.

Alden ^ did well in an English conference.

Sanger's ^ concluding oration, on Candour, was well written and well
delivered.

The valedictory for the Master's degree was unusually popular, by
Wm. Crafts.^

This class originally consisted of G2. Of these the following were
dismissed in the rebellion of 1807 ' . . .

1 Of the nine members of the senior class named by Dr. Pierce as having been
dropped on account of the rebellion, six afterward received the degree of Master
of Arts, — the last in 1838. The names of the other three are not in the Quin-
quennial Catalogue.

2 Nahum H. Groce, born in Sterling, Dec. 8, 1781 ; died in Westford, March 14,
1856. His theme was, " Whether Scientific Pursuits disqualify a Person in any
Degree for the Ordinary Business of Life ? " The other disputant was Samuel
E. Smith, born in HolUs, N. H,, March 12, 1788 ; died in Wiscasset, Me., March
3, 1800.

3 Richard C. Norton, born in Weymouth, March 12, 1790; died in Alexandria,
Va., Oct. 1.3, 1821. His subject was " History."

* Dr. Ebenezer Alden, born in Randolph, March 17, 1788; died there, Jan. 26,
1881. His part was on " The Influence of Reason, Natural Temperament, and
Circumstances in determining the Opinions of Men."

5 Rev. Ralph Sanger, D.D., born in Duxbury, June 22, 1786 ; died in Cam-
bridge, May 6, 1860.

« Of the class of 1805.

' Of the nine students here named, one received his degree in 1866, and another
in 1867 ; one graduated in the class of 1809 and took the degree of A.M. in
course ; one was not restored to the class list, but received the honorary degree
of M.D. in 1860. The other five names are not in the Quinquennial Catalogue.

174 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Dined in the hall. Saw but 3 classmates.

Sang St. Martin's in the usual psalm, " Give ear, my people," &c.

The oldest clergyman at Commencement was Dr. Gushing, of Waltham.
He was graduated in 1748.

In the hall the Pres. asked the blessing, and Dr. Cumings returned
thanks.

[1809.]

30 Aug. At my 25"" Commencement.

The Latin oration by Parkman ^ was very well delivered.

The forensick by Hilliard & Perkins - was ably written.

The poem by Oliver' was very popular.

The oration by Bird^ was worthy his distinguished talents.

Mr. Thomas delivered a quite interesting oration on " The Importance
of Truth." * Candidate for A.M.

After this succeeded the valedictory oration in Latin, by Burroughs.^

The exercises in general were uncommonly good. Every performer
but one had his part thoroughly committed to memory. No one spoke
too low to be heard.

After the exercises, instead of dining in the hall as usual, I went
with my wife to the house provided by Mr. Parkman, where, it was
computed, there were 500 persons who dined in one large tent in the
fields. The expense of the entertainment must have been at least
$1,000.

Rev. Andrew Lee, Lisbon, Con., D.D. Rev. President Sanders,
D.D.

The oldest clergyman at Com. was Rev. Francis Gardner (1755).

Oldest on Catalogue, Phips, WaMo, Roberts, 1741.

Alive before me 904 -|- after me 623 = 1528.

1 Dr. George Parkman, born in Boston, Feb. 19, 1790 ; died there, Nov. 23,
1849.

2 Bev. Timothy Hilliard (born in Kensington, N. H., Jan. 29, 1786 ; died in
Nashville, N. H., March 13, 1847), and Benjamin Perkins (born in Lvnnfield,
Nov. 9, 1789; died there, Nov. 17, 1809, less than three months after he grad-
uated). They discussed the question, "Whether the Power of Man be in Pro-
portion to his Knowledge ? "

' Nathaniel K. G. Oliver, born in Boston, Oct. 5, 1790 ; died in the Chinese
Sea, May 22, 1832. His poem was entitled " The Storm."

< Samuel Bird, born in Stoughton, Jan. 27, 1786 ; died in Charleston, S. C,
April 21, 1810. His oration was on " The Refinement of Modern Society com-
pared with that of the Augustan Age."

s John B. Thomas, of the class of 1806, bom in Plymouth, July 28, 1787 ; died
there, Dec. 2, 1852.

« Rev. Charles Burroughs, D.D., of the class of 1806, born in Boston, Dec. 27,
1787 ; died in Portsmouth. N. H., March 5, 1868.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVARD, 1803-1848. 175

[1810.]

29 Aug. At my 26"* Commencemeut.

Professor Ware presided, and with great propriety.

The performances, which were numerous, continued 4 hours, and
were in general well received. Farley ' distinguished himself in the
concluding oration by his good sense and manly sentiments. King,^
son of Hon. Rufus King, was very theatrical, and of course highly
popular, in his poem.

The degree of D.D. was conferred on Rev. Chs. Stearns, of Lincoln,
Rev. Aa. Bancroft, of Worcester, and Rev. Reuben Puffer, of Berlin.

I dined at Parkman's with an immense company, many of them from
the Southward.

The Rev. Francis Gardner, of Leominster (grad. 1755), was the
oldest clergyman present.

[1811.]

28 Aug. At my 27"' Commencement.

Dr. Kirkland officiated, as President, for the first time.

The exercises were unusually acceptable to the literary part of the
audience.

Cooper's ' salutatory oration was remarkable for its pure Latinity.

The colloquy by Farnhara & Dunkin ■* was well written & delivered.

The English oration by Frothingham ^ was written with purity &
pronounced with elegance.

Allen ^ distinguished himself for good sense & sound composition in
a philosophical disputation.

1 Joseph S. Farley, born in Ipswich, Nov. 15, 1790 ; lost at sea, and starred in
1821. The subject of his oration was " The Character of Commerce."

2 James G. King, born in New York, May 8, 1791 ; died at Highwood, N. J.,
Oct. 4, 1853. His poem was entitled " The Tyrant."

3 John T. Cooper, born in Machias, Me., June 6, 1792 ; died in Boston,
March — , 1812. " A gentleman of the most promising talents and virtues. His
funeral will proceed from the house of the Hon. J. Pliillips, in Beacon St., this
day at 4 o'clock, p. M." See N. E. Palladium, March 24, 1812.

* John H. Farnham (born in Newburyport, July 22, 1791 ; died in Salem, Ind.,
July 10, 1833), and Benjamin F. Dunkin (born in Medford, Dec. 2, 1793; died in
Charleston, S. C, Dec. 6, 1874). Their theme was " The Influence of the Mul-
tiplication of Books on the Interests of Literature and Science."

5 Rev. N. L. Frothingham, D.D., born in Boston, July 23, 1793; died there,
April 4, 1870. His oration was " On the Cultivation of the Taste and Imagina-
tion." A memoir of Dr. Frothingham, by Frederic H. Hedge, is in Proceedings,
vol. xi. pp. 371-386.

6 Rev. Joseph Allen, D.D., born in Medfield, August 15, 1790 ; died in Northbor-
ough, Feb. 23, 1873. He had part in a discussion on the question, " Whether the
Climate of any Country have undergone any permanent Change 1 " with George
Moray, born in Walpole, June 12, 1789; died in Boston, May 11, 1866.

176 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Wm. P. Mason ' was popular in a conference.

But the poem by Gilman '^ was the most universally popular of any
performance. It delighted the people of taste. It gratified persons of
plain sense. It captivated the multitude.

Everett's ' concluding oration was a sensible, judicious, manly
performance.

The oration by Sanger,* for the Master's degree, was too long & too
dry after so many fine specimens of taste & judgment.

The new President acquitted himself with great dignity and propriety.
His prayers were short. But for style and matter they exceeded all
which we have been accustomed to hear on such occasions.

The oldest graduate whom I saw was the Hon. Robert T, Paine
(1749).

The oldest clergyman was the Rev. Francis Gardner (1755).

The Rev. Jona. Newell, of Stow, returned thanks in the hall (1770).

A large portion of the company dined either at Mason & Otis's,
Gray's, or Dabney"s.

The Rev. James Freeman had the degree of D.D.

[1812.]

26 August, I attended my 28* Commencement at Cambridge.

The day was fine. It was intended to enter the meetinghouse at
10 A.M. The Corporation and Overseers arrived at 20 minutes past ten.

The prayer by the President was short, pertinent, and excellent.

S. W. Dexter ^ and Wainwright " distinguished themselves in con-
ferences.

1 Born in Boston, Dec. 9, 1791 ; died there, Dec. 4, 1867. The " conference "
was on " The Present Character of the Inhabitants of New England, as resulting
from Civil, Literary, and Religious Institutions of our Forefathers." Jolin A.
Shaw (born in BriJgewater, Oct. 8, 1792; died there, Oct. 4, 1873) and Moses
Hunt (born in Milford, April 13, 1792; died in Roxbury, Oct. 12, 1814) also took
part in it.

2 Rev. Samuel Gilman, D.D., bom in Gloucester, Feb. 16, 1791 ; died in
Kingston, Feb. 8, 1858. The theme of his poem was " The Pleasures and Fains
of the Student."

^ Edward Everett, born in Dorchester, April 11, 1794; died in Boston, Jan. 15,
1865. His oration was on " Literary Evils."

* Ralph Sanger, of the class of 1808. His subject was "The Influence of
Philosophy on Christianity."

6 Born in Charlestown, Feb. 18, 1792; died in Dexter, Mich., Feb. 6, 1863.
The subject of the conference in which he took part was "The Influence on
Personal Happiness of Natural Temper, Cultivated Taste, External Condition,
and Social Intercourse." The other members of the class to whom parts in it were
assigned were Abraham Harrington (corn in Weston, Nov. 16, 1790; died in
Hopkinton, August — , 1828), Dr. John Homans (born in Boston, Sept. 17, 1793;
died there, April 17, 1868), and William S. Andrews (born in Boston, Oct. 12, 1793;
died there, May 1, 1872).

s Rev. J. M. Wainwright, D.D., bom in Dorchester, Feb. 24, 1792 ; died in New

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVAKD, 1803-1848. 177

An English dissertation by Sprague ' evinced a luxuriant genius.

Gibbes's '^ oration was manly.

The English poem, by Ware,^ was received with repeated plaudits.

The valedictory, by Bingaman,* was most distinguished.

Oliver,^ candidate for A.M., noticed in his poem the preservation
of his classmate Biglow, who was present, from the violence of the
Baltimore mob. This part of his exercise was received with reiterated
applauses.

The oldest Harvard graduate who was at Commencement, of whom I
heard, was the celebrated Dr. Holyoke of Salem (1746). ^t. 84.

The oldest clergyman in the hall, and who accordingly returned
thanks, was the Rev. Joseph Willard, of Boxborough (1765).

I dined in the hall. The students did not wait, as formerly. The
President called on me to set the tune (St. Martin's) 2'' time.

Catalogues were printed this year. For the last 3 years there have
died, according to my computation, 80 sons of Harvard.

Eev. Paul Coffin, Buxton, & B"p Griswold, Bristol, R. I., D.D.

[1813.]

25 August, I attended my 29"" Commencement.

The day was cool ; but it was very dry and dusty.

The procession moved into the meetinghouse precisely at 10.

The salutatory oration was decent ; but it contained this barbarism,
" vos, qui adsunt." J. A. Haven. °

The French oration by Appleton ' was in the true French style and
manner.

York, Sept. 21, 1854. His associates were George Parker (born in Bradford,
May 30, 1791; died in Baltimore, Md., Sept. 30, 1825), Dr. Amos Nourse (born
in Bolton, Dec. 17, 1794; died in Bath, Me., April 7, 1877), and Dr. Ezekiel
Thaxter (born in Abin£,ton, July 22, 1787; died there, Oct. 11, 1856). Their
theme was "Novelty, Sublimity, Beauty, and Harmony, as Sources of Gra>
ification."

1 Hon. Peleg Sprague, born in Duxbury, April 28, 1793 ; died in Boston, Oct.
13, 1880. His part was " On the Causes of the Superiority of Character in
Modern Europe."

2 Rev. Allslon Gibbes, bom in Charleston, S. C, Feb. 14, 1793; died in Phila-
delphia, Penn., July 8, 1851. His topic was "The Influence of Criticism on
Literature."

3 Rev. Henry Ware, Jr., D.D., born in Hingham, April 21, 1794; died in Fra-
mingham, Sept. 22, 1843. His poem was on "The Pursuit of Fame." A memoir
of Mr. Ware, by Charles C. Smith, is in Proceedings, vol. ii. pp. 278-282.

* Adam L. Bingaman, born in Natchez, Miss., Feb. 11, 1793; died in New
Orleans, La., Sept. 6, 1869. His subject was " The Influence of the Arts and
Sciences on Civil Liberty."

6 N. K. G. Oliver, of the class of 1809. His part was an " Ode to Fancy."

« Born in Portsmouth, N. H., May 16, 1792 ; died in New York, Dec. 1.3, 1875.

' John J. Appleton, born in Calais, France, Sept. 22, 1792 ; died in Bennes,
France, March 4, 1864. His oration was " Sur le Ge'nie de Molifere."

178 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Savage ^ spoke well in a Latin oration.

Spooner '^ was highly popular in a deliberative discussion.

Warren,^ son of Dr. Warren, did well.

The part in a conference by Holley * was well received.

Brazer ' distinguished himself, as was expected, in the concluding
oration.

I dined at Parkman's with, I suppose, 350.

In the hall the Rev. Dr. Parsons, 1771, of Amherst, returned
thanks.

Rev. John Allyn, D.D. Rev. Thaddeus M. Harris, D.D.

[1814.]

I was, on 31 August, at my 30* Commencement at Harvard Uni-
versity.

The day was fine. The exercises began at lOi & concluded at 3|.

The salutatory oration, by Quash,^ did him honour.

Bigelow' did well in a forensick, as did Dalton ' in a colloquy,

1 Rev. Thomas Savage, born in Boston, Sept. 2, 1793 ; died in Bedford, N. H.,
May 8, 1866.

2 William J. Spooner, born in Boston, April 15, 1794 ; died there, Oct. 17, 1824.
The proposition assigned to him for discussion was " That the Tendency of Fed-
eral Governments is rather to Anarchy among the Members than Tyranny in
the Head." In this discussion Charles Folsom (born in Exeter, N. H., Dec. 24,
1794; died in Cambridge, Nov. 8, 1872) had a part. A memoir of Mr. Spooner
is in 3 Collections, vol. i. pp. 265-271 ; and a memoir of Mr. Folsom, by Theophi-
lus Parsons, is in Proceedings, vol. xiii. pp. 26-42.

3 Henry Warren, born in Boston, May 13, 1795 ; died in New York, July 6,
1869. His part was a dissertation " On the Probable Progress of the Physical
Sciences."

< Orville L. Holley, born in Salisbury, Conn., May 19, 1791 ; died in Albany,
N. Y., March 25, 1861. The conference was on " Patronage, Personal Necessity,
Desire of Fame, and Love of the Pursuit, as Incentives to Literary Exertion."
The other members of the class who took part in it were Rev. Rufus Hurlbut
(born in Southampton, April 21, 1787; died in Sudbury, Feb. 26, 18.39), Dr.
Winslow Warren (born in Plymouth, Jan. 14, 1795; died there, June 10, 1870),
and Dr. Benjamin Huger (born in Charleston, S. C, March 20, 1793; died there,
August 27, 1874).

6 Rev. John Brazer, D.D., born in Worcester, Sept. 21, 1789; died in Charles-
ton, S. C, Feb. 26, 1846. His subject was " The Influence of Fiction."

« Francis D. Quash, born in Charleston, S. C, Dec. 19, 1793 ; died there, Feb.
17, 1857.

' Rev. Andrew Bigelow, D.D., born in Groton, May 7, 1795 ; died in Boston,
April 1, 1877. John Walsh (born in Newburyport, July 23,1794; died in St.
Louis, Mo., Dec. 14, 1845) took part with him in a forensic disputation on the
question " Whether the Choice of a Representative should be restricted to the
Inhabitants of the Town or District represented ? "

8 Dr. John C. Dalton, born in Boston, May 30, 1795 ; died there, Jan. 8, 1864.
The colloquy was " On the Comparative Value of Cotemporary and Posthumous

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAED, 1803-1848. 179

Flint' in a disputation, Derby'' in a colloquy, S. Dexter Bradford ° in
a discussion, & Prescott * in a Latin poem " Ad Spem."

The palm of excellence seemed generally to be allowed to Lamson *
in a dissertation.

Everett,^ for the Master's degree, answered all reasonable expecta-
tions. Frothingham ' was chaste & acceptable.

We dined in tlie new hall for the first time. I set St. Martin's, 3*
time. Rev. Daniel Fuller, 1764, returned thanks. Rev. Joseph Sum-
ner, Rev. Jacob Burnap, Rev. Nath. Porter, Rev. Henry Frederick
Quitman, D.D.

N. B. Oldest minister, Rev. Peter Whitney. (1762.)

Oldest man at Commencement Henry Hill (1756). Saw classmates
Adams, Hilliard I., Jackson, Whitney, & Wigglesworth.

[1815.]

30 August, I attended my 31"' Commencement at Cambridge.

The day was clear, but unusually hot.

Watson ' wrote and spoke well in a conference, as did Briggs.'

Fame." Francis A. Blake (born in Worcester, April 4, 1796 ; died in New York,
March 22, 1824) took part in it.

1 Waldo Flint, born in Leicester, Sept. 4, 1794 ; died in Boston, March 6, 1879.
The subject under discussion was " The Causes of the Variety of Complexion
and Figure in the Human Species." The other disputant was John AUyn, born
in Duxbury, June 24, 1794; died there, March 7, 1824.

2 George Derby, born in Salem, August 16, 1794; died at sea, August 26, 1818.
He had part in a colloquy on " The Evils of Anarchy and Arbitrary Government,"
with Isaac E. Cobb, born in Plymouth, Jan. 19, 1791 ; died on a voyage from
Charleston, S. C, to Boston, in January, 1821. See N. E. Palladium, Feb. 2, 1821.

8 Born in West Roxbury, Nov. 6, 1795 ; died there, Dec. 18, 1865. Edmund
Kimball (born in Newburyport, Dec. 3, 1793 ; died in Wenham, Nov. 7, 1873)
took part with him in a discussion *' On the Policy of Encouraging Manufacturing
Establishments in the United States."

* William H. Prescott, born in Boston, May 4, 1796 ; died there, Jan. 28, 1859.
See Proceedings, vol. iv. pp. 167-196; vol. vii. p. 298.

s Rev. Alvan Lamson, D.D., born in Weston, Nov. 18, 1792 ; died in Dedham,
July 18, 1864. His theme was " Imagination and Sensibility as affected by the
Age of the Individual." A memoir of Dr. Lamson, by Andrew P. Peabody, is in
Proceedings, vol. xi. pp. 258-262.

« Edward Everett, of the class of 1811. His part was an oration "On the
Restoration of Greece."

' Rev. N. L. Frothingham, D.D., of the class of 1811. He had the valedictory
in Latin.

8 Rev. John L. Watson, D.D., born in Boston, August 27, 1797 ; died in Orange,
N. J., August 12, 1884. The subject of the conference was " The Power of the
Oriental, Gothic, and Classical Superstitions to affect the Imagination and
Feelings." The others who took part in it were Rev. Stevens Everett (born in
Dorchester, Dec. 14, 1797 ; died there, Feb. 20, 1833) and Pelham W. Warren
(born in Plymouth, Jan. 14, 1797 ; died in Boston, Oct. 6, 1848).

• Rev. Charles Briggs, born in Halifax, Jan. 17, 1791 ; died in Roxbury, Dec.

180 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Pickmau's ' intermediate Latin oration was good.

Howe ^ did well in a forensick.

Eliot's ^ Latin poem, " Ad Pacem," was well received.

Fuller ■• excited loud applauses from the notice he took of the
deposed imperial despot of France.

Palfrey^ delivered a neat and well-spoken oration.

Francis's ' dissertation was respectable.

But Warner,' in the concluding oration, was the most acceptable to
the discerning part of the audience.

Sprague,' in an oration for the second degree, defended war by argu-
ments sophistical and horrible.

There was less wit than usual in the exercises of the day. But in
point of good composition, good sense, and pleasing elocution, they will
sustain an honourable comparison with the performances on similar
occasions.

The oldest alumnus at Com. of whom I heard was Mr. Henry Hill
(1756); oldest minister, Peter Whitney (1762).

The President asked the blessing, and Rev. Geo. Morey (1776), of
Walpole, gave thanks.

The degree of D.D. was conferred on the Rev. William Shaw, of
Marshfield, Rev. John Foster, of Brighton, and the Rev. John S.
Popkin, of Newbury.

Of my classmates I saw only Hilliard I., Lowell, & Whitney.

17, 1873. He had a part in a conference on " Pastoral, Epic, and Dramatic
Poetry," with Dr. Thaddeus W. Harris (born in Dorchester, Nov. 12, 1795 ; died
in Cambridge, Jan. 16, 1856) and Joseph H. Mackay (born in Boston, Jan. 15,
1797 ; died tliere, Jan. 11, 1820).

1 H. D. Pickman, born in Salem, March 11, 1796; died in Boston, Oct. 22,
1815. His subject was " De Civium OtBciis in Republica."

^ Dr. Appleton Howe, born in Hopkinton, Nov. 26, 1792 ; died in Sooth Wey-
mouth, Oct. 10, 1870. He had a part in a discussion on " The Materiality of
Light," with Dr. Samuel Webber, born in Cambridge, Sept. 15, 1797 ; died in
Charleslown, N. H., Dec. 5, 1880.

3 William H. Eliot, born in Boston, Dec. 12, 1796; died there, Dec. 6, 18C1.

* Elisha Fuller, born in Princeton, Oct. 28, 1794 ; died in Worcester, March 18,
1855. He took part in a deliberative discussion of the question, "Is the Preser-
vation of the Balance of Power a Justifiable Cause of War ■? " with Rev. George
Otis, born in Newburyport, July 14, 1797; died in Cambridge, Feb. 25, 1828.

^ John Gorham Palfrey, born in Boston, May 2, 1796; died in Cambridge,
April 26, 1881. His theme was " Republican Institutions as affecting Private
Character."

6 Rev. Convers Francis, D.D., born in West Cambridge, Nov. 9, 1795 ; died in
Cambridge, April 7, 1863. His subject was " Simplicity and Ornament in
Writing." A memoir of Dr. Francis, by William Newell, is in Proceedings, vol.
viii. pp. 2,33-253.

' William A. Warner, born in Hardwiek, May 26, 1795 ; died in Boston, Dec.
22, 1830. His subject was "Imagination as affecting Individual Happiness."

8 Peleg Sprague, of the class of 1812.

1S90.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVARD, 1803-1848. 181

I dined in a tent prepared for the company of Samuel Eliot, Esq.,
where, I suppose, were 500 guests.' It was by far the most splendid
dinner I have ever witnessed on a similar occasion.

Rev. Joshua Bates set the tune in the hall.

Since last Catalogue 118 sons of Harvard, according to my computa-
tion, have died.

Oldest man on the Catalogue, Joseph Waldo (1741).

At the printing of the Catalogue there were alive before me 753 -}-
after me 910 = 1561 alive.

[1816.]

28 Aug. Attended my XXXII'' Commencement. The day was
cloudy and cool, the coldest occasion of the kind which I have ever
attended. Some wore great coats & cloaks.

Salutatory oration, by Perry,^ was finely written & delivered. Clark '
& Tyng's * forensick was well managed, especially by the latter.

Pearson's ^ dissertation was ingenious, well delivered, & generally
acceptable.

Proctor's ^ philosophical inquiry was a happy specimen of philosoph-
ical investigation.

But the concluding oration, by Gardiner,' supereminuit omnes. It
was a manly and ingenious defence of classical literature finely
delivered.

Brazer,' in the oration for the Master's degree, would have appeared
better were he not, through the whole of the delivery, in an agony of
recollection. This was occasioned by his committing his oration im-
perfectly to memory ; and it imparted a portion of his sufferings to the
audience, who could not but sympathize with him.

1 At an expense, it is said by Rev. Dr. Parkman, of $2,500. — Note hy Dr. Pierce.

2 Samuel Perry, bom in New Bedford, April 26, 1795 ; died in Havana, May 7,
1821.

3 John Clark, born in Waltham, March 16, 1796; died in Salem, Jan. 28, 1851.
He liad a part with Dudley A. Tyng in discussing the question " Wlietlier the
Prevalence of Despotism in Asia be occasioned principally by Physical Causes 1 "

* Oldest son of Dudley Atkins Tyng, LL.D. In 1817 he was allowed to take
the name of Dudley Atkins. He was born in Newburyport, became a physician,
and died in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 7, 1845, a;t. 47.

s Henry B. Pearson, born in Cambridge, March 29, 1795 ; died in Boston, June
29, 1867. He compared and contrasted Milton and Homer.

6 John W. Proctor, born in Danvers, July 30, 1791 ; died in Peabody, Nov. 26,
1874. His subject of inquiry was " The Probable Disposition and Mutual
Relation of the Fixed Stars."

' William H. Gardiner, born in Boston, Oct. 29, 1796 ; died there, Feb. 16,
1882. His subject was " The Comparative Importance of Classical and Scientific
Attainments."

* Rev. John Brazer, D.D., of the class of 1813. His theme was " The Durabil-
ity of our Political Institutions."

182 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAI. SOCIETY. [Jan.

The oldest person whom I saw at Commencement who was a gradu-
ate of Cambridge was Henry Hill, Esq. (1756). The oldest clergyman
was Rev. Daniel Fuller. Rev. R. R. Eliot, of Watertown, returned
thanks in the ball. I set the tune, St. Martin's, 4th time. At this
Com' I sat on the stage for the first time as Overseer, Saw 2 class-
mates only, Adams & Whitney. It was the coldest Com' I ever at-
tended. There were but 2-4 clergymen, sons of Harvard, whom I saw,
older than myself.

D.D., Benjamin Wadsworth, 1769 ; Ezra Ripley, 1776.

N. B. Of graduates at Cambridge 720 are alive before me, 957
after me.

[1817.]

27 Aug. Attended my XXXIII'* Commencement at Cambridge.

The day was fine.

The exercises commenced precisely at 10 a. m.

Thompson ^ was highly popular in a conference on agriculture.

"Warren ^ was acceptable in a literary discussion on the alleged
improvement in composition since Queen Anne.

Jones ' delivered a good intermediate Latin oration.

Child ^ and Woods ^ gave a fine forensick on the question, " Whether
the Power of Eloquence be diminished by the Progress of Literature
and Science ? "

Bancroft's* oration on the philosophy of the human mind did him
great honour.

Cummings,' on the expediency of a national university, was sensible
and chaste.

^ Thomas Thompson, born in Boston, August 27, 1798; died in New York,
March 28, 1809. Tlie conference was on " The Beneficial Effects of Mechanicks,
Chemistry, Astronomy, and Agriculture." The other members of tlie class who
took part in it were Penuel Corbett (born in Milford, March 8, 1789; died in
Jersey ville. 111., May 1, 1878), Dr. John D. Wells (born in Boston, March 6, 1799;
died there, July 25, 1830), and Jonathan H. Cobb (born in Sharon, July 8, 1799;
died in Dedham, March 12, 1882).

" Charles H. Warren, born in Plymouth, Sept. 29, 1798; died there, June 29,
1874. The other disputant was Samuel E. Sewall, born in Boston, Nov. 9, 1799 ;
died in Boston, Dec. 20, 1888. A memoir of Judge Warren, by Winslow Warren,
is in Proceedings, vol. xix. pp. 424-428.

* Rev. Joseph H. Jones, D.D., born in Coventry, Conn., August 24, 1797; died
in Philadelphia, Penn., Dec. 22, 1868.

1 David Lee Child, born in West Boylston, July 8, 1794 ; died in Wayland,
Sept. 18, 1874.

5 Rev. Alva Woods, D.D., bom in Shoreham, Vt., August 13, 1794 ; died in
Providence, R. I., Sept. 6, 1887.

* George Bancroft.

' Rev. Asa Cummings, D.D., born in Andover, Sept. 29, 1790; died at sea,
June 5, 1856.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVAED, 1803-1848. 183

The concluding oration of the Bachelors, by Winthrop/ was well
written, but delivered so feebly as to be heard by a small part of the
audience only.

Porter,^ in his Master's oration, manifested a sound understanding,
good composition, & respectable oratory.

Quash ' made perhaps the best appearance, in his valedictory oration,
of any one this day. But in his pronunciation he twice blundered in
prosody in the word which he called " retinere."

Large entertainments were given by Winthrop, Coolidge, & Salis-
bury. The latter invited my family. I dined in the hall. Rev.
Isaac Smith (1767) returned thanks. He was the oldest clergyman
whom I saw at Commenc'. The oldest Cambridge graduate was Dr.
E. A. Holyoke, of Salem (174G), the third in the Catalogue now
alive, ^t. 89.

Saw 51 clergymen who were alumni; of these but 21 were before
me at college.

Of Cambridge graduates there are, according to my computation,
alive before me 670 -|- after me 1062 -|- 1 = 1733 remaining alive.

I heard of but 2 classmates at Com' , Whitney & Wigglesworth. I
set the tune (St. Martin's) 5th time, in the hall.

Eev. Dan'. Chaplin & Nath. Thayer, D.D,

[1818.]

26 Aug., 1818, at my XXXIV* Commencement at Cambridge.

There having been only small showers for 5 weeks, it was exceed-
ingly dusty.

The exercises commenced at 10|. This tardiness was owing to the
number of strangers who attended.

The salutatory, by Jenkins,* was respectable.

Ezekiel H. Derby ' was acceptable as a speaker.

1 Prancis William Winthrop, born in Boston, May 31, 1799 ; died in Savannah,
Ga., March 7, 1819. His theme was " The Aspect of Revolutions on the Advance-
ment of the Mind."

2 Jonathan Porter, of the class of 1814, born in Medford, May 27, 1791 ; died
there, June 11, 1859. His subject was " The Decline of Poetry."

3 Francis D. Quash, of the class of 1814.

< John F. Jenkins, born in Gloucester, Feb. 6, 1796 ; died in White Plains,
N. Y., Sept. 12, 1862.

5 Born in Salem, July 30, 1799 ; died in Boston, Nov. 14, 1839. He had a part
in a conference on " The Associations excited by Visiting Italy, Greece, Egypt,
and Palestine considered with reference to their Ancient History." The others
wlio took part in it were John Hooker Ashmun (born in Blandford, July 3, 1800;
died in Cambridge, April 1, 18.33), Henry A. Peters (born in Andover, August 5.
1800; died there, August 8, 1827). and Robert B. G. Williams (born in Boston,
Oct. 25, 1797 ; died there, Nov. 6, 1829).

18-4 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

There was a Spanish oration by Osborn,^ the first part of the kind
ever delivered.

Wilkins's ^ dissertation was judicious.

Bennett ° spoke with great force and propriety.

Warren Goddard * was very well received in his discussion.

Everett,' on the character of Byron, outshone the whole class.

Eeed's ^ dissertation was a manly exercise, although poorly delivered.

The oration by Fesseuden,' on the progress of refinement, was very
indifferent. It was given to him as the best reciting scholar.

The Master's oration, by Warner,* afforded universal satisfaction.

The valedictory, by Rev. G. Palfrey,^ was a specimen of classical and
elegant Latinity, and the best spoken of any exercise throughout the
day. The performances concluded at 3^.

Though the class consisted of 80, yet fewer entertainments were
given than common. There was less disorder, as there were fewer
tents on the Common than I ever knew on such an occasion.

I was invited to Warren Goddard's chamber with a number of my

1 George Osborne, M.D., born in Salem, Dec. 23, 1708 ; died in Peabody, Sept.
21, 1882. His oration was on "An Acquaintance witli tlie Spanisli Language
and Literature." Tliis was after Mr. Ticknor's appointment to a professorship
at Cambridge, but before he had entered on the discliarge of its duties.

2 John H. Williins, born in Amherst, N. H., Dec. 10, 1794 ; died in Boston,
Dec. 5, 1861. His part was " A Comparison of tlie Domestic Life of tlie Ancient
Greeks and Romans and tliat of our own Countrymen."

3 Rev. Joseph Bennett, born in Framingham, May 13, 1798 ; died in Woburn,
Nov. 19, 1847. He took part in a conference " Upon Architecture, Painting,
Poetry, and Music, as tending to produce and perpetuate Religious Impres-
sions." The other members of the class who took part in it were John Barrett
(born in Cambridge, June 16, 1799; died there. Nor. 29, 1820), William Emerson
(born in Boston, July 31, 1801 ; died in New York, Sept. 13, 1868), and Thomas
Gadsden (born in Philadelphia, May 10, 1796; died in Charleston, S. C, Oct. — ,
1871).

* Rev. Warren Goddard, born in Portsmouth, N. H., Sept. 12, 1800 ; died in
Brockton, Oct. 29, 1889. He had a discussion with George Chase (born in Port-
land, Me., Sept. 20, 1800; died there, Nov. 11, 1819) on "The Use of Heathen
Mythology in Modern Poetry."

5 John Everett, born in Dorchester, Feb. 22, 1801 ; died in Boston, Feb. 12,
1826.

* Sampson Reed, born in West Bridgewater, .Tune 10, 1800 ; died in Boston,
July 8, 1880. He had a dissertation " On the Influence of Christianity in
producing the Moral and Intellectual Revival of Europe after the Dark
Ages."

' Rev. John Fessenden, born in Lexington, March 13, 1794; died in Dedham,
May 11, 1871.

" William A. Warner, of the class of 1815. His oration was on " The
Condition and Prospects of the American People."

» John Gorham Palfrey, of the class of 1815. He was ordained pastor of the
Brattle Street Church, Boston, about two months before the Commencement of
1818.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 185

parishioners. I dined, however, in the hall. The Rev. Dr. Eipley
(177G) returned thanks. I set St. Martin's the 6"" time.

The oldest clergymen I saw at Commencement were Rev. John
Emerson (1704) & Isaac Smith (I7G7). The oldest graduate, Dr.
Jeffries (1763).

I saw 49 clergymen, alumni, of whom 20 were before me at college.

Of Cambridge graduates there are alive before me 6 GO, after me
1046.

Saw 192 Cambridge graduates whom I can recollect. Of the 7
classes with which I was contemporary at college, consisting of 246,
saw but 34 members. Four classmates, Adams, Jackson, Whitney,
"Wiggleswortli. I set St. Martin's in the hall, 6"" time.

Rev. Wm. Wells, Rev. Koah Worcester, Rev. Hez. Packard, D.D.

[1819.]

25 Aug., 1819, attended my XXX V* Commencement at Cambridge.
A fine day. We arrived at the meetinghouse 20 minutes past 10.

A dissertation by Phillips,* of Salem, on Literary Reviews was
popular.

Snelling ' in a conference did well.

Bullard ^ in a colloquial discussion was thought by some good
judges the best speaker of the day.

But the oration by Lee,^ of Virginia, on American feeling excited
more lively sensations of sympathy & applause than I ever recollect
on a similar occasion. He began in a moderate & unpretending
manner. He kept gradually rising in interest, till in fine he had pos-
session of the feelings and interest of the whole audience. Some parts
of his oration were highly impassioned, especially when he alluded to
the battle of Bunker Hill.

Law's ^ dissertation was manly.

Steell 6 did well in the concluding oration.

1 Stephen C. Phillips, born in Salem, Nov. 4, 1801 ; died on the St. Lawrence
River, June 26, 1857, by the burning of a steamer.

- George H. Snelling.

2 Charles A. Bullard, born in Pepperell, Jan. 24, 1800 ; died in Natchitoches,
La., Nov. 19, 1872. The subject of discussion was " The Comparative Preva-
lence and Strength of the Principles of Loyalty and Independence in Man."

* Charles C. Lee, born in Williams County, Va., April 2, 1797 ; died in Wind-
sor. Va., March 21, 1871.

* Edward E. Law, born in New London, Conn., March 11, 1801 ; died in Phila-
delphia, Penn., Jan. 1, 1889. His theme was " The Necessity of Public and Pri.
vate Patronage to the Advancement of Literature in our Country."

8 John F. Steell, born in Baltimore, Md., March 2, 1798 ; died in New York,
Oct. — , 1826. His topic was " National Eloquence."
24

186 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Gardiner,' in his Master's oration, would have been better received
had he not so closely succeeded Law.

Brooks's ^ valedictory in Latin was amusing. The salutatory &
valedictory orators were the only graduates in either class who wore
spectacles.

The performances concluded at 3|, so that we were precisely 5 hours
in the house.

No large entertainment was given.

I dined in the hall. The Rev. Huntington Porter (1777), of Rye,
N. H., returned thanks.

The oldest graduate & clergyman at Commencement was the Rev.
Dr. Marsh, Weathersfield, Con. (1761). He probably wore the last
full-bottomed wig which has been seen at Commencement.

I saw the following Cambridge graduates whom I can recollect ' . . .

I saw 64 clergymen, alumni, of whom 27 were before me. Of the
7 classes with whom I was contemporary, consisting of 246, I saw 32.
Saw but one classmate, Whitney.

I set St. Martin's in the hall, the 7"" time, to the usual hymn,
" Give ear, my people," &c., sung from time immemorial after dinner.

D.D., Rev. Robert Hall, Leicester, England; Rev. Wm. Bentley,
Salem ; Rev. James Murdock, Theological Seminary, Andover.

Of Cambridge graduates there are alive before me 645 -j- after me
1120+1=1766.

In italicks before me, 158 alive + after me 129 -)- 1 = 288.

I saw 65 predecessors at Commencement.

1 have kept an account of 26 Cambridge graduates who have died
since last Commencement * . . .

[1820.]

30 Aug. Attended my XXXVl"" Commencement at Cambridge.

The day was fine.

We arrived at the meetinghouse 3 minutes past X.

The salutatory oration in Latin, by Young,^ was well written &
spoken.

Wm. K. Hedge's ' part in a conference was one of the best composi-
tions of the day.

* William H. Gardiner, of the class of 1816. His subject was " The Influence
of Commerce upon Lettfers."

2 Charles Brooks, of the class of 1816.

* Dr. Pierce here records 197 names, " 65 my seniors."

* Dr. Pierce here gives their names, — " In italicks, 6."

s Rev. Alexander Young, D D., born in Boston, Sept. 22, 1800 ; died there,
March 16, 1851. A memoir of Dr. Young, by Chandler Robbins, is in 4 Collec-
tions, vol. ii. pp. 241-245.

« Born in Cambridge, Oct. 11, 1801 ; died there, Feb. 26, 1833.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 187

Carter,! jjj opposing the right of legislative bodies to provide by law
for tlie support of religion, was supposed to evince greater intellect than
any performer on the occasion.

The Master's oration, by Cashing," was sensible & delivered ore
rotunda.

The President was 4 minutes in his first prayer & 2^ in his last.

We left the house 3 minutes past III, so that we were in the house
precisely 5 hours.

The assembly was large as usual, though no large entertainments
were given.

I dined in the hall. The Rev. Dr. Bancroft, of Worcester (1778),
returned thanks.

I was desired by the President to set St. Martin's, the S"" time, to
the usual psalm.

The oldest Cambridge graduates whom I saw at Commencement
were Hon. Timo. Pickering (1763), Jona. L. Austin (17G6), Dr.
Samuel Curtis (1766), of Amherst, N. H., Joshua Fisher, M.D.
(1766), Wm. Gamage (1767). The oldest clergyman. Rev. Isaac
Smith (1767), Boston.

I saw the following Cambridge graduates whom I can recollect' . . .

Of 246, composing the classes with which I was contemporary, I
saw 27.

I saw 58 clergymen, alumni of the College, of whom 16 were
before me.

Saw 3 classmates, Jackson, Whitney, & Wigglesworth.

D.D., Rev. Asa Messer, Pres., R. I. ; Rev. Asa. Eaton ; Rev. Wm.
E. Channing.

As far as I can ascertain there are alive before me 6174- ^^'■^'' ™^
1168-1-1 = 1786.

In italicks alive before me 153 -}- after me 131 -|- 1 =: 285.

Officiating settled clergymen before me 96 -\- after me 1 12 -j- 1 =: 209.

Saw at Comf clergymen, alumni, older than myself 20 -j- younger
46=66.

Saw 56 Congregational ministers mentioned in the Register as pres-
ent incumbents.

Saw 62 of my predecessors.

Since the last Commencement, died Peter Frye, of 1744, viz. Feb.,
1820, in London, the day which completed his 97"' year.

1 James G. Carter, born in Leominster, Sept. 7, 1795 ; died in Chicago, Dl.,
July 22, 1849.

- Caleb Cushing, of the class of 1817, born in Salisbury, Jan. 17, 1800; died in
Newburyport, Jan. 2, 1879. His oration was on " The Durability of the Federal
Union."

8 Here follow 205 names.

188 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Also Rev. Nehemiah Porter, of Ashfield, born 2 AprU, 0. S., 1720,
died 29 Feb., 1820, lacking 44 days of 100 years.

[1821.]

29 Aug., at my XXXVII'!' Commencement, Cambridge.

A. M., cloudy. P. M., clear.

We arrived at the meetinghouse at X.

George Washington Adams,^ son of J. Q. A., spoke well in a confer-
ence on natural scenery.

A literary discussion between Burton* & Quincy,^ on the elegant lit-
erature of England & France, was very acceptable.

A dissertation on the effects of tragedy, by Withington,* was sensibly
written ; but though he is one of the best scholars in the class, his
exercise was dull.

Upham's ^ oration on sacred eloquence was far the most popular per-
formance, though his part was the second in point of honour.

Barnwell's * concluding oration, on the importance of a national lit-
erature, &c., was animated & popular.

Reed's ' oration on genius, for the Master's degree, was ingenious,
but so miserably delivered that it was tedious.

Ten performers failed, mostly, as it is supposed, on account of dis-
satisfaction with their parts.

The President was 2i minutes in his first prayer & 2 in the last.

We left the house at II.

No publick entertainment was given.

I dined in the hall. Dr. Porter, 1777, of Roxburv, returned
thanks. For the 9"" time I set St. Martin's to the usual psalm.

The oldest Cambridge graduate was Hon. Tiniothy Pickering, 1763.'
The 2* oldest clergyman, Rev. Isaac Smith, 1767.

Saw also ' . . .

1 Born in Berlin, Germany, April 12, 1801 ; died near New York, April 30,
1829.

2 Rev. Warren Burton, born in Wilton, N. H., Nov. 23, 1800; died in Salem
June 6, 1866.

3 Josiah Quincy, born in Boston, Jan. 17, 1802 ; died in Quiucy, Not. 2, 1882.
* Rev. William Witliington.

5 Charles W. Upham, born in St. John, N. B., May 4, 1802 ; died in Salem,
June 15, 1875. A memoir of Mr. Upham by George E. Ellis is in Proceedings,
vol. XV. pp. 182-221.

6 Robert W. Barnwell, born in Beaufort, S. C, August 10, 1801 ; died in
Columbia, S. C, Nov. 25, 1882.

' Sampson Reed, of the class of 1818.

8 I have since heard that Henry Hill, 1756, was present. — Note bij Dr. Pierce.
' Here follow 242 names, of which the first is Rev. Thomas Lancaster,
1764.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 189

Of the 246 composing the 7 classes with which I was cotemporary,
78 are dead. Of the surviving, saw 27.

I saw 71 clergymen, alumni, of whom 29 are before me.

I saw 2 classmates, Gardner & Whitney.

Saw 7 1 alumni before me.

D. D., Rev. Abiel Abbot, Beverly ; Pres. Allen, Bowd. Col.

According to my computation there are alive before me 569 -(-after
me 1201 + l = l'771.

lu italicks alive before me 147 -f- after me 145 -)- 1 = 293.

Officiating settled clergymen before me 94 -[-after me 132-|-1 =
227.

Saw at Commencement clergymen, alumni, before me 29, after
me 42.

Saw 62 clergymen mentioned in the Register as present incumbents
of Congregational churches.

For the first time since the University was founded no theses were
published, no theses collectors having been appointed.

[1822.]

28 Aug., at my XXXVIH'" Com' Cloudy & dusty ; but no rain.

We arrived at the meetinghouse 10^ a. m.

Charles G. Atherton,^ in a literary discussion on " The Character-
isticks of English Poetry in the Reigns of Elizabeth & Anne," bore
away the palm for fine writing.

Wm. Lincoln's - poem, " The Land of the Pilgrims," was good.

Geo. A. Goddard,' in a philosophical disputation, " The Effect of
Physical Causes on National Character," was popular.

Sam. M. Worcester's * oration on enthusiasm was acceptable.

Bent's ^ dissertation on moral obligation evinced sound thought.

Wigglesworth's ^ concluding oration had merit ; but it was less popu-
lar than some other parts.

The President was 3J- minutes in his first prayer & 2 in his last.

I dined in the hall. President liolley returned thanks. I assisted
in setting the tune the 10* time.

The oldest Cambridge graduate present was Henry Hill (1756).
The oldest minister. Rev. Daniel Fuller (1764).

1 Bom in Amherst, N. H., July 4, 1804 ; died in Manchester, N. H., Nor. 15,
1853.

2 Born in Worcester, Sept. 26, 1801 ; died there, Oct. 5, 1843. A memoir, by
Joseph Willard, is in 3 Collections, vol. x. pp. 225-235.

3 Born in Boston, Nov. 15, 1802 ; died there, May 15, 1845.

* Born in Fitchburg, Sept. 4, 1801 ; died in Salem, August 16, 1866.
6 Rev. Josiah Bent, born in Milton ; died in Amherst, Nov. 19, 1839, aged 42.
6 Kdward Wigglesworth, born in Boston, Jan. 14, 1804; died there, Oct. 15,
1876.

190 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Saw 194 alumni.

Of the 246 composing the 7 classes with which I was cotemporary,
80 are dead. Saw 27 of the survivors.

Of clergymen, alumni, saw ' . . .

I saw 5 classmates, Coffin,'^ Gardner, Jackson, Whitney, Wiggles-
worth.

D.D., John Gushing ; John Pierce ; Edward Copleston, Pres. Oriel
College, Oxford. " The only writer," (say y' Edinburgh Reviewers,
No. 71, Oct. 1821, p. 254) "of our time who has equally distinguished
himself in paths so distant from each other as classical literature, politi-
cal economy, & metaphysical philosophy."

Alumni alive before me, 561 ; after me, 1240.

In italicks before me, 137 ; after me, 150.

Officiating settled clergymen alive before me, 94; after me, 130.

Saw 67, mentioned in the Register, as present incumbents of Congre-
gational churches.

[1823.]

27 August, at my XXXIX* Commencement, Cambridge.

We arrived at the meetinghouse 10^.

Stearns's ' salutatory oration was well written & delivered.

Gray's * discussion, " On the Influence of Imagination," &c., was well
written, but poorly delivered.

Kendall ^ did well in a forensick, " Whether Great Inequalities of Pri-
vate Fortune be favourable to the Accumulation of National Wealth ? "

Lunt ^ in a forensick, " Whether, in point of Morality, the Truth be a
Justification of an Alleged Libel on Private Character ? " bore the palm
in speaking.

Ripley's ' concluding oration was fine.

Read,^ in his Master's oration, " On the Praises of Plain Eloquence,"
produced considerable sensation.

1 Here follow 72 names, " before me 24, after me 48."

'' First time for eighteen years. — Note by Dr. Pierce.

s Rev. Samuel H. Stearns, born in Bedford, Mass., Sept. 12, 1801 ; died in
Paris, France, July 15, 1837.

* Dr. Thomas Gray, born in Eoxbury, Feb. — , 180.3 ; died in Boston, March 6,
1849.

6 Eev. James A. Kendall, born in Plymouth, Nov. 1, 1803; died in Framing-
ham, May 16, 1884.

« Rev. William P. Lunt, D.D., born in Newburyport, April 21, 1805 ; died in
Akabah, March 21, 1857. A memoir of Dr. Lunt, by Nathaniel L. Frothingham,
is in Proceedings, vol. iii. pp. 207-213.

" George Ripley, born in Greenfield, Oct. 3, 1802 ; died in New York, July 4,
1880. His subject was " Genius as afTected by Moral Feeling."

8 William G. Read, of the class of 1820, born in Charleston, S. C, Sept. 8,
1800 ; died in Baltimore, Md., April 3, 1846.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAED, 1803-1848. 191

The valedictory, by Young,^ was amusing.

The President was 4 minutes in his introductory prayer & 2| in the
concluding.

I dined in the hall. The President, as usual, asked the blessing.
Dr. Ripley (1776) returned thanks.

I set the tune, St. Martin's, to the LXXVIII!" Psalm, " Hear, O my
children, to my law," the ll"" time.

The oldest Cambridge graduate present was Henry Hill (1756).
The oldest clergyman, Rev. Isaac Smith (1747).

Of the 246 composing the 7 classes with which I was cotemporary
at college, 81 are dead. I saw of the survivors'^ . . .

Of my predecessors at college saw ° . . . Of these 21 in italicks.
Of these 17 officiating clergymen.

Officiating clergymen after me ^ ... 37 + 17 ^ 54 officiating
clergymen.

Saw 56 present incumbents of Congregational Chhs in this Common-
wealth.^

Saw 3 classmates, Gardner, "Whitney, Wigglesworth.

D.D., Rev. Charles Lowell, Boston ; Rev. Moses Stuart, Andover.

Alumni alive before me, 545 ; after me, 1271 ; alive, 1817.

In italicks alive before me, 136; after me, 156; total, 293.

Officiating clergymen, alumni, alive before me, 86; after me, 126;
total, 213.

[1824.]

On 25 August, 1824, I attended my XLth Commencement at Cam-
bridge.

We were detained from entering the meetinghouse from X to
XI. 40, by the tardiness of the Governour. At length the cavalcade
arrived at University Hall with General La Fayette, who was cor-
dially welcomed by President Kirkland in a neat and peculiarly
appropriate address, delivered in the portico in the hearing of a
large and mixed multitude. A procession was then formed, which
proceeded to the meeting-house amid continual shouts of assembled
throngs.

As soon as order was restored, the President made a prayer of 3
minutes.

The salutatory, by Derby,^ was good.

1 Rev. Alexander Young, D.D., of the class of 1820.

2 Here follow 28 names.
' Here follow 59 names.
* The names are given.

5 Dr. Pierce recorded their names in a rote.

6 Elias Hasket Derby, born in Salem, Sept. 24, 1803 ; died In Boston,
March 31, 1880.

192 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Tlie dialogue between Park ' and Torrey ^ was amusing.

Whitney ^ excited loud plaudits in a deliberative discussion.

The II. oration by Newell/ on early prejudices, was finely written
and delivered.

Emerson,^ the concluding orator of the Bachelors, did himself great
honour ; though his speaking was somewhat impeded by an oppressive
cold.

Upham,^ in an English oration for the II'' degree, was acceptable.

Quincy's' Latin valedictory was appropriate and judicious.

A large portion of the speakers made personal allusions to our dis-
tinguished guest. In every instance such allusions were followed by
loud shouts, huzzas, and the clapping of hands.

The day was fine. The degree of D.D. was conferred on the Eev.
Bezaleel Howard, Rev. John Andrews, and Rev. Joseph Tuckerman.

At nearly V. we left the meetinghouse for the hall, where I dined
in company of La Fayette and suite. It was dilScult to get accommo-
dations.

The President asked the blessing ; and Ezra Ripley, D.D. (Concord),
returned thanks, for the 3* time.

For the 12"" time I set St. Martin's to the usual psalm.

The oldest graduate whom I saw was Timothy Pickering (1763) ;
the oldest clergyman. Rev. Daniel Fuller (1764).

Of the 246, composing the 7 classes with which I was cotemporary at
college, 86 have died, 5 since the last Catalogue, in 3 years. Of survi-
vors saw 33 ' . . .

Withers I had not seen since July, 1790, when he was graduated.

Of my predecessors at college, saw, besides the 19 mentioned in 1790,
1791, 1792' . . .

1 John C. Park, born in Boston, June 10, 1804; died in Newton, April 21,
1889.

" Dr. Augustus Torrey, born in Salem, May 12, 1805 ; died in Beverly, Nov. 1,
1880. Parle and Torrey liad a dialogue, in English, on "Modern Inventions and
Discoveries."

' Rev. George 'Whitney, born in Qnincy, July 2, 1804 ; died in Jamaica Plain,
April 2, 1842. The discussion was with Rev. David H. Barlow, on " The
Comparative Advantages of Western Africa and Hayti for Colonizing Free
Blacks."

* Rev. William Newell, D.D , born in Littleton, Feb. 2-5, 1804 ; died in Cam-
bridge, Oct. 28, 1881. A memoir of Dr. Newell, by James Freeman Clarke, is
in 2 Proceedings, vol. i. pp. 72-74 ; but his birthplace is there given incorrectly.

5 Edward B Emerson, born in Boston, April 27, 1805 ; died in Porto Rico, West
Indies, Oct. 1, 1834. His subject was "The Advancement of the Age."

« C. W. Upham, of the class of 1821. His subject was " The Progress of
Human Nature."

1 Josiah Quincy, of the class of 1821.

" Their names are given.

' Here follow 82 names.

1S90.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 193

Of these officiating Congregational ministers, 62.

Of present incumbents of Cong. Chhs. accord, to Register,! ...

Alive in Catalogue before rae, 509 ; in italicks, alive before me, 127 ;
of these officiating clergymen, 72; in italicks, alive after me, 159 ; of
these officiating clergymen, 142 ; whole number in italicks alive, 287; of
these officiating clergymen, 215.

[1825.]

On W^ednesday, 31 August, I attended my XLI" Commencement
at Cambridge.

The day was clear, but exceedingly dusty, as it had not rained for
more than a week.

We entered the house at X.3.

The President made an appropriate prayer of about 5 minutes.

The salutatory, by Brigham,^ was in an unusually fine style of com-
position and elocution.

The poem by Hedge,^ on " Ruins of the East," was received with
reiterated applauses.

The dissertation by Dwight,^ of Springfield, was uncommonly
fine.

The oration by Chapman * was well received.

The oration by Wilder ^ was well written, but poorly delivered.

The valedictory of the Bachelors, by Cunningham,' proved him
worthy of the distinction.

The English oration for the Master's degree, by Wigglesworth,^ " On
the Fine Arts," was an able performance.

The exercises, on the whole, were better than common. There was
little or no prompting ; and they almost universally spake in an audible

1 Here follow 68 names.

2 Benjamin Brigham, born in Boston ; died in Westboro, Sept. 21, 1831, set. 27.

3 Rev. F. H. He.lge, D.D.

* William D wight, born in Springfield, April 5, 1805; died in Brookline, Sept.
20, 1880. His dissertation was on " Tiie Efforts now making to perpetuate tlie
Remembrance of Events and Characters in our Revolutionary History."

5 Jonathan Chapman, born in Boston, Jan. 23, 1807 ; died there, May 25, 1848.
His theme was "The Patronage expected by Literary Men from the Present
Age."

5 Frederic Wilder, born in Lancaster; died there, Feb. 5, 1826, st. 22. " His
last illness, it is supposed, was occasioned by leaving a ballroom in a state of
perspiration, & walking home, about f of a mile, in his thin dancing shoes,
with wet feet, wc bro't on a sudden & violent cold." (Note by Dr Pierce, in
his copy of the Catalogue of Harvard University, 1824. ) The subject of Wilder's
oration was " American Schohirship."

' Rev. Francis Cunningham, born in Boston, March 9, 1804 ; died in Meudon,
France, Sept. 7, 1867.

' E(iward Wigglesworth, of the class of 1822.
25

194 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

voice. There was less company than is common in the house and else-
where. The exercises closed at III|-.

In the hall the President asked the blessing ; and Dr. Holmes (1783,
Yale) returned thanks.

For the 13'!" time I set St. Martin's to the usual psalm.

The degree of D.D. was conferred on James Kendall, Plymouth,
Cam., 1796, and on James Flint, Salem, Cam., 1802.

Of those before me, educated at Cambridge, I saw the following * . . .

Of 7 classes with me at col., 246; of these have died, 92; since last
Commencemt 6.

Saw of my contemp' at col 21

Before me 45

In italicks before me 14

Of these oiSciating clergy 11

After me, in italicks 38

— 52

Of these officiating clergy 30

— 41

Marrett I had not seen since July, 1790, when he was graduated.
Of classmates saw 5.

Alive before me, 497 ; alive in italicks before me, 123; out of office,
42 ; have colleagues, 12 ; officiating alone, 69.

[1826.]

On Wednesday, 30 August, I attended my XLII'! Commencement at
Cambridge.

The day was uncommonly fine. For the last 20 days it had rained
in every one but 3 ; so that the dust in that sandy soil was completely
laid. We entered the house so that the exercises began precisely
at X.

The President's prayer was about 3 minutes long, comprehensive and
well adapted.

Adaras,^ in a colloquial discussion on intellectual education, inter-
ested the audience by his humour. Of Southworth,^ who defended
physical education, it was reported that he was the strongest person in
college, having lifted 820 lbs.

Palfrey's * oration on " Moral Sublimity " was considered the best
exercise of the Bachelors.

1 Here follow their names.

2 Rev. Nehemiah Adams, D.D., born in Salem, Feb. 19, 1806; died in Roxbury,
Oct. 6, 1878.

8 Edward Southwortb, bom in Pelham, July 3, 1804 ; died in West Springfield,
Dec. 11, 1869.

' Rev. Cazneau Palfrey, D.D., born in Boston, August 11, 1805; died in
Cambridge, March 12, 1888.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 195

Putnam,' on the ingratitude of Eepublicks, was ingenious and
acceptable.

Leib,^ in his dissertation on knowledge, was ingenious in his com-
position, though ranting in manner.

The concluding oration, by Walker,' was well written and delivered.

The palm of the day was assigned to Ripley,* English orator of the
Masters, on '' The Claims of the Age on the Young Men of America."
He was 27 minutes long, but highly interesting.

The valedictory, by Stearns,^ was well received.

Of classmates saw but four, Jackson, Gardner, Whitney, Wiggles-
worth.

In the hall, at dinner, the President, as usual, asked the blessing.
Rev. Jonathan Homer, 1777, returned thanks. I set St. Martin's to
the usual psalm, the 1 4th time.

D.D. conferred on Eev. Thomas Gray, 1790; Rev. Henry Edes,
1799; Rev. Samuel Willard, 1803.

Of Cantabrigians before me I saw the following ^ . . .

Of those at Com. before me 47

In italicks before me 20

Officiate 14

In ital. after me 60

Officiate 53

67 80

Of 7 classes with me, 246; starred, 92 ; none since last Com. ; saw
of Co', 27 ; saw pred', 47.

Other clergymen at Com. not educated at Cam. and mentioned in
Mass. Register' . . .

Officiating clergymen at Commencement, 87.

Alive before me, Com., 1826, 473; of these clergymen officiating
alone, 60 -J- having colleagues, 12 -)- out of office, 46 = alive before
me total in italicks, 118; alive after me in italicks, 169 -{- 1 = whole
number in italicks, alive, 288 ; whole number who officiate alone, 203 ;
who have colleagues, 13 ; who officiate, 216; whole number, dismissed,
who are yet alive, 71.

1 Rev. George Putnam, D.D., bom in Sterling, August 16, 1807; died in
Roxbury, April 11, 1878.

2 James R. Leib, born Jan. 9, 1806 ; died in Detroit, Mich., June — , 184.3.

3 Timotliy Walker, born in Wilmington, Dec. 1, 1802 ; died near Cincinnati,
Oliio, Jan. 15, 1856. The subject of his oration was " The Permanency of Literary
Fame."

^ George Ripley, of the class of 1823.

^ Rev. Samuel H. Stearns, of the class of 182-3.

* Here follow their names, and also a list of "Others in Italicks."

' Here follow the names of 16 " Congregationalists " and 4 " Others."

196 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

[1827.]

On Wednesday, 29 August, I attended my XLIIP Commencement
at Cambridge.

It having rained through the day on the Monday before, the dust
was well laid. The wind was N. W., and the day was delightfully
pleasant.

The President, Kirkland, not having recovered from a shock of
paralysis, was absent ; and Dr. Ware, Professor of Divinity, officiated
in his stead.

We entered the meetinghouse at X.20.

Dr. Ware made a pertinent prayer of 6 minutes.

Stearns ' gave a fine oration, audibly delivered, " On Living in Times
of Great Intellectual Excitement."

A deliberative discussion, " On the Comparative Advantages of
Politicks & Literature, as Professions in this Country," by Brooks - &
Felton,^ was well maintained, particularly by the latter.

But the commemorative oration of the Founders & Benefactors of
the Uuiver?ity, by Davis,^ of Boston, was in a style of excellence, both
in composition & delivery, but rarely equalled in this country. It was
25 minutes in length, & received with enthusiastick applause.

The English oration for the Masters, by Emerson,^ was a fine speci-
men of composition & elocution, at the uncommon length of 36 min-
utes. It was to its disadvantage that it immediately succeeded Davis's,
so that it required some time to get the audience sufficiently composed
to listen with attention. The result was that it was received with a
good degree of eclat.

The valedictory in Latin, by Derby,^ was an uncommon specimen ot
pure Latinity. In allusion to the President's engagement to be married,
the orator uttered the wish that " Hymen roseas spargat." The oration
was 10 minutes long.

1 Rev. William A. Stearns, D.D., bom in Bedford, March 17, 1805; died in
Amherst, June 8, 1876.

2 William H. Brooks, born in Salem, Jan. 5, 1805 ; died in Cambridge, March 7,
1877.

3 Cornelius C. Felton, bom in West Newbury, Nov. 6, 1807; died in Chester,
Penn., Feb. 26, 1862. A memoir of President Felton, by George S. Hillard, is in
Proceedings, vol. x. pp. 352-368.

* T. K. Davis, born in Boston, June 20, 1808 ; died in Somerville, Oct. 13, 1853.
" Thomas K. Davis graduated at Harvard College in 1827, first scholar of his
class, and was also class orator. He had fine scholarship and brilliant powers,
but long before his death was withdrawn by disease from the pursuits of active
life." See memoir of Isaac P. Davis, by George T. Davis, in Proceedings, vol.
xi. p. 96.

6 Edward B. Emerson, of the class of 1824. His oration was on "The Im-
portance of Efforts and Institutions for the Diffusion of Knowledge."

« E. H. Derby, of the class of 1824.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 197

It was about III.30 when the procession moved to the hall.
Dr. Ware asked the blesshig ; & Dr. Fiske, of West Cambridge
(1785), returned thanks.

I set St. Martin's, the 15* time, to the usual psalm.
No D.D. was conferred. The degree of LL.D. was given to Bush-
rod Washington and Horace Binney.

There was great order preserved in the hall. Indeed, in this respect,
there is a manifest improvement in modern times. I saw no appearance
of excess in a single instance through the day.
Of Cantabrigians saw the following ' . . .

At Commencement before me in Cat 48

do. in italicks before me, offic. 1 3 total 1 7

do. after me, do. 36 do. 45

49 62

Of 7 classes my contemporaries 246

do. starred 93

do. since last Catalogue ... 7

Of these 7 classes saw 29

Alive before me, Com. 1827 454

Of these officiating clergymen 83

do. out of office 28 111

Officiating clergymen after me 161

Clergymen after me, out of office .... 17 178

Total in italicks ... 290
Total officiating . . . 244
Total ex officio ... 45

[1828.]

On Wednesday, 27 August, my XLIV'.'' Commencement, at Cam-
bridge.

The day was cool, and it would have been very dusty, but for the
watering of the streets by subscription of the inhabitants of Cambridge.

After transacting the usual business in the Library, a procession
moved to the meetinghouse precisely at X o'clock.

Dr. Ware, Hollis Professor of Divinity, presiding officer of the day,
began the exercises with a prayer of 3 minutes.

Patrick Grant was popular in a colloquial discussion on " The En-
thusiast & Matter-of-fact Man."

1 Here follow several lists of names divided into classes, and with various
headings.

198 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

McKean ' did well in a historical dissertation.

The tiiird oration in English, by Winthrop,^ was thought by good
judges to be the best exercise of the day.' It was on " Liberal Prin-
ciples, as affecting the Strength of Government." It is not a little
remarkable that this is the T^ son to whom Lieut.-Gov. Thomas L.
Winthrop has given a collegiate education ; 5 at Harvard University,
1 at Bowdoin College, & 1 at Columbia College. Francis was gradu-
ated at Cambridge in 1817, with the first honours of the class, and
began the study of Divinity, but died youug.

Emerson's* II. English oration on " Publick Opinion" was very
acceptable. 20 min.

The concluding oration by Hillard ' was fine. 28 min.

For the Master's degree, Chapman,^ on '' The Spirit which should
accompany our Publick Institutions," did well in an oration of 32
minutes.

Whitman's ' valedictory of 5 minutes was humorous, though it
contained solemn reflections on the death of 3 classmates, Livermore,
Sheafe, & Wilder.

Dr. Ware then gave the degrees. No honorary degrees had been
voted. After a short prayer by Dr. Ware we proceeded to the hall
for dinner, where Dr. Ware asked the blessing, and Dr. Allyn (1785)
returned thanks.

I set St. Martin's, the 16"" time, to the LXXVIII. Psalm.

The meetinghouse was less crowded than usual. For the first time
for many years no tents were allowed on the Common. The wind was
east, which gave an agreeable coolness to the weather. The 3 preced-
ing days had been exceedingly sultry.

After dinner I called at Grant's & Winthrop's chambers, both of
whom, particularly the latter, had large parties.

After this I went to Dr. Ware's, and took tea with the large com-
pany assembled there.

1 Henry S. McKean, born in Boston, Feb. 9, 1810; died there, May 17, 1857.
His dissertation was on " Tlie Importance of a Popular History, in which tlie
Actions of Men shall be represented according to the Principles of the Christian
Religion."

2 Robert C. Winthrop.

8 27 mm. — Note by Dr. Pierce.

* Charles 0. Emerson, born in Boston, Nor. 27, 1808 ; died in New York, May
9, 1836.

5 George S. Hillard, born in Machias, Me., Sept. 22, 1808; died in Brookline,
Jan. 21, 1879. A memoir of Mr. Hillard, by Francis W. Palfrey, is in Proceedings,
vol. xix. pp. 339-348.

^ Jonathan Chapman, of the class of 1825.

' Rev. Jason Whitman, of the class of 182-5, born in East Bridgewater, April
30, 1799 ; died in Portland, Me., Jan. 25, 1848.

COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVARD, 1803-1848. 199

In addition to the Governour and Suite, the Lieut. Gov., Council &
Senate, the President of the United States honoured the day with his
presence, the first time for several Commencements * . . .
Of Cantabrigians I saw the following ^ . . .

Besides the aforementioned I saw the following Cantabrigians whose
names are in italicks ' . . .

Besides the above, saw of present incumbents of churches mentioned
in the Massachusetts Register ^ . . .
13 Orthodox clergymen present.

Of Cantabrigians 1 saw at Com. predecessors 46

Of these in italicks offic. 10 not of. 5 = 15

Before me do. do. 35 do. 10 ^ 45

45 15 60

Of my CO temporary 7 classes there were 246

do. starred 95

Since last Commencement do. 2

Of these 7 classes I saw at Com. 24; viz. 7 clergymen, 17 lay-
men :=: 24.

By computation there are alive before me, 434

Of these oiBciating clergymen 60

do. out of office 47 107

Officiating clergymen after me 159

do. out of office 29 188

Total of., 219 ; out of office, 76 -J- 1 296

Saw at Com. but 4 classmates, Fletcher,^ Gardner, Jackson, Whitney.

Of strangers of distinction not before mentioned, there were present
Mr. Stevenson, of Virginia, Speaker of the House of Representatives
of the United States ; Mr. Carter, member of Cong, from S. C. ; Mr.
Kittera, from Phil. ; Mr. Tucker, Principal of Virginia University ;
Mr. McVickar, Prof. Columbia College, N. Y. ; & Mr. Gibbs, Professor
at Yale.

' President Adams was formally invited to attend the Commencement ex-
ercises in 1826, but he declined on the ground that he should also decline to
attend the Commencements at Bowdoin College and at Princeton College, to
both of which he had already been invited. However, " next year or at some
other time," he hoped " to accept the proffered kindness of the Corporation."
See Memoirs of J. Q. Adams, vol. vii. p. 145.

2 Dr. Pierce records their names, under the headings " Predecessors," " Con-
temporaries."

5 Forty-two names, beginning with 1797 and ending with 1822, are given.

* Nine names are given.

S The first time for 28 years. — iVb(e by Dr. Pierce.

200 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jax.

[1829.]

On Wednesday, 26 August, I attended my XLV* Commencement;
namely, every one beginning with 1784, excepting 1791, on which day
my mother was buried. Pres. Quincy officiated 1 time.

The day was delightfully cool and pleasant, there having been
copious showers on the previous Monday.

Owing to the lateness of. the Governour's arrival we did not arrive at
the meetinghouse till X.30.

The Rev. Dr. Porter, of the Corporation, began with a prayer of
10 minutes.

Channing ' was acceptable in a colloquy on " An Active Profession
as injuring or assisting the Efforts of Literary Men."

Phillips ■■' did well in an essay on " Incorporating Historical Truth
with Fiction."

Brigham' defended well his part in a philosophical discussion on
Lord Bacon's writings.

Holmes ^ gave much delight in a poem without a subject.

The forensick between Giles * and Robbins ^ was ably handled by
both parties. The latter was the best speaker who exhibited in his
class.

Devereux,' on " Originality of Thought, supposed to be necessarily
lessened as the World grows Older," a dissertation, was ingenious and
striking.

The concluding oration, by Storrow,* was decently written, but, as he
is an indifferent speaker, the length of 29 minutes appeared tedious.

Walker's' English oration for the Master's degree, on "Literary
Justice," was truly a masterly oration, just in sentiment, chaste in com-
position, and in elocution transcendent.

1 Rev. ■William H. Channing, bom in Boston, May 25, ISIO; died in London,
England, Dec. 23, 1881.

2 George W. Phillips, born in Boston, Jan. 3, 1810 ; died in Saugus, July 30,
1880.

3 William Brigham, born in Grafton, Sept. 6, 1806; died in Boston, July 9,
1869. A memoir of Mr. Brigham, by Chandler Kobbins, is in Proceedings, vol.

xiii. pp. :i8u, zai.

i Dr. 0. W. Holmes.

6 Joel Giles, born in Townsend, May 6, 1804; died there, Jan. 12, 1882. The
forensic in which Giles and Robbins took part was on the question, " Wliether
the Inequalities of Genius in different Countries be owing to Moral Causes ? "

6 Rev. Chandler Robbins, D.D., born in Lynn, Feb. 14, 1810 ; died in Boston,
Sept. 11, 1882. A memoir of Dr. Robbins, by Charles C. Smith, is in Proceed-
ings, vol. XX. pp. 403-417.

' George H. Devereux, born in Salem, Dec. 1, 1809; died there, Oct. 24, 1878.

8 Charles S. Storrow. His oration was on "The Diversities of Character."

9 Timothy Walker, of the class of 1826.

1890.] COMMENCEMEKTS AT HARVAED, 1803-1848. 201

The valedictory, by Page,' was beautifully writteu, but spoken too
low ; and as he began it at 3 J, 12 minutes seemed too long.

Dr. Porter closed with a prayer of 5 minutes.

The degree of D.D. was given to President Wayland ; of LL.D. to
Judge Cranch ; of A.M. to Charles Sprague & Daniel Treadwell.

No seats, as usual, were reserved for the clergy, which rendered the
situation of those who were not admitted upon the stage precarious and
uueomfbrtable.

There were also no seats reserved for the graduates of the day.
This produced some confusion.

The house was full as common on such occasions.

In the hall the Rev. Dr. Porter, as Chaplain of the day, asked the
blessing; and the Rev. Dr. Prince, of Salem (1776,) the oldest clergy-
man present, returned thanks.

I set the tune, St. Martin's, the 17ih time, to the LXXVIII. Psalm.
Tho I set it without an instrument, yet it was exactly in tune with the
instruments which assisted us.

I asked the President how much of the psalm we should sing?
Judge Story replied. Sing it all. We accordingly, contrary to custom,
sang it through, without omitting a single stanza.

It was remarked that the singing was never better. But as the
company are in 4 difPereut rooms, it will be desirable on future occa-
sions to station a person in each room to receive and communicate
the time, so that we may all sing together, or keep time, as musicians
express it.

After dinner I visited the company of Robbins, in Porter's tavern ;
of Devereux and Phillips, in Holworthy.

My classmate Fletcher returned with me, and spent the night, with
his daughter.

Of seniors and cotemporaries at college I saw the following "...

Others in italicks in our Catalogue ^ . . .

Saw of clergymen, before me 10 of. 7 not of. = 17

■ Saw of clergymen, after me 44 of. 8 not of = 52

54 of. 15 not of.

Tot. clerg. at Com. G9 ; others, 19 ; clergy present, 88.
10 Orthodox clergymen present.

Of the clergy present from all colleges, 20 my seniors, 68 my
juniors.

1 John H. W. Page, of the class of 1826, bom in Gilmanton, N. H., Oct. 4,
1804 ; died in Boston, June 14, 1865.
'■' Their names are given in two lists.
* Here follow two more lists.

202 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Of Cantabrigians I saw at Commencement 46 predecessors ; of these
17 in italicks, 10 of. 7 not officiating.

In my contemporary 7 classes, 246; starred, 97.

Two, Chmidler, 1790, Bradstreet, 1795, last year.

Of the 7 classes, I saw 27 at Com., viz. 8 in italicks, 19 not in italicks.

By computation alive before me 407

Of these officiating clergymen 34

do. out of office 41

do. doubtful 21 96

Have colleagues 5

Officiating clergymen after me 147

out of office 41

doubtful 4 192

Have colleagues 1 1 1

Total 6 193 289

Total of. 182, out 82, doubtful 25 289

Saw at Com. 4 classmates, Fletcher, Gardner, Muzzy, Whitney.

[1830.]

On "Wednesday, 25 August, I attended my XLVI. Commencement.

The day was cool and comfortable, the wind blowing from the north
and north east ; and though it was cloudy so that the sun was not seen
throughout the day, yet there was no rain.

Of the Corporation, consisting of 7, 2 were absent, viz., Dr. Porter,
who was indisposed, and Hon. Francis C. Gray, who is in Europe.

The Board of Overseers, when full, consists of 83 members. There
are now 80, of whom 40 are Cambridge scholars. There were 34
present, of whom were the Governour, Levi Lincoln, the Lieutenant
Governor, Thomas L. Winthrop, and 8 of the 9 Councillors. Of the
34, 25 were Cambridge scholars, and 12 clergymen.

The exercises commenced in the meetinghouse at 16 minutes past X,
with a prayer by Dr. Ware, of 4 minutes, in which, as Dr. Codman
remarked, there was no allusion to the Saviour, or his religion.

The salutatory oration, in Latin, by Andrews,' of 8 minutes, was
well written and spoken.

Jewett^ and Kerr^ were most distinguished in the conferences.

1 Benjamin II. Andrews, born in Boston, 1811; died in Philadelphia, Sept.
24, 1847.

2 Isaac A. Jewett, born in Burlington, Vt., 1809; died in Keene, N. H., Jan. 14,
1853.

= John B. Kerr, born in Easton, Md., March 5, 1805 ; died Jan. 27, 1878.
Jewett and Kerr took part in a conference with John Bryant and Charles Sumner

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVARD, 1803-1848. 203

An English oration, III* in honour, on " The Character and Pros-
pects of the State of New York," 29 minutes in length, was the most
popular performance of the day. Charlemagne Tower,^ the orator, is
tlie son of a Mr. Tower, native of Rutland, in this State. The young
man was born in Paris, Oueida County, N. Y. His mother was a Pearce,
from a family in Little Compton, R. I.

Stearns,^ sou of the Rev. Samuel S., of Bedford, had the 11? oration
It Was on " Mutatiou of Taste," & was a respectable performance.
This is the 3? son of Mr. S. educated at Cambridge, and each one has
been among the first 3 of his class.

The I" & concluding oration, by Hopkinson,' failed by his sudden in-
disposition. As it often happens, he and Stearns, the two first scholars,
were beneficiaries.

The oration in English for the Master's degree was by Davis,* 40
minutes in length, on " Every Man a Debtor to his Profession." It
contained many striking thoughts, some of them quaintly written, and
delivered in a manner wholly unique.

The valedictory, by Dixwell,'^ of 10 minutes was respectable.

Dr. Ware closed with a short pr.ayer, in the name of Christ !

In fine, the exercises, as a whole, gave more satisfaction than was
anticipated. The parts were well committed, and, for the most part,
audibly spoken. There were fewer inequalities than common. None
were contemptible ; and none electrified the audience, as is sometimes
the case. We walked in procession to the hall, at about 20 minutes
after IV.

The President at first startled me by calling on me to ask the blessing,
as Dr. Ware did not dine in the hall. I told him that Dr. Holmes
was present. He was accordingly invited to the upper table, and per-
formed that service y' 2? time.

Dr. Gray, 1790, was the oldest settled clergyman whom I could find
in the hall. lie returned thanks.

The oldest man in italicks whom I saw in the hall was Dr. Sanders,
1788.

The oldest clergyman at Commencement was Dr. Ripley, 1776.

The oldest graduate was Perez Morton, 1771, State's Attorney.

on " The Roman Ceremonies, the System of the Druids, the Religion of the Hin-
doos, and tlie Superstition of tlie American Indians."

1 Born April 18, 1809; died in Waterville, N. Y., July 24, 1889.

2 Rev. Jonathan F. Stearns, D.U., born in Bedford, Sept. 4. 1808; died in New
Brunswick, N. J., Nov. 11, 1889.

3 Tlinmas Hopkinson, born in New Sharon, Me., August 25, 1804; died in
Cambridge, Nov. 17, 1866.

* Tbom.is Kemper Davis, of the class of 1827.
6 E. S. Dixwell, of the class of 1827.

204 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jax.

In singing the usual psalm, LXXVIIL, " Give ear, my people," &c.,
I had taken pains to station a chorister at the head table in each hall,
so that we could communicate the time to each other. The singing
accordingly was unusually good.

This was the 18'." time that I have set the usual tune, St. Martin's.

Degrees of A. B. were conferred on 48 ; and of A.M. on 23.

No honorary degrees were given. The house was thinner than
usual, as there were no large parties.

After dinner I called at Pennimau's chamber ; but most of his
friends had gone.

Of classmates I saw 5, Fletcher, Gardner, Jackson, Muzzy, and
Whitney'^ . . .

Alive in italicks after me, 214.

Of these now in office, 159 ; do. out of office, 50 ; doubtful, 5 = 214.

In italicks before me, 91 + 1 = 30G.

Of these
Before me after me

Liberal Congrega"'- 54 -}" 121 = 175

Orthodox do 33 -j- 68 = 101

Episcopalians 3 -j- 19 = 22

Doubtful 1 =1

Baptists 5=: 5

Swedenborgean 1=; 1

Universalist 1^ 1

Total 306

Officiating before me
Not officiating do.
Doubtful do.

39,

self 1,

, after

159 =

199

do.

50 =

do.

5 —

306

The Catalogue was printed this year. Pres. Quincy wished me to
take the respousibleness for its accuracy. But I declined, telling him
that I would do as much as if I were the editor. He afterwards ap-
pointed Charles Folsom, of 1813. Accordingly, the sheets were uni-
formly sent to me, except from 1823.

The oldest graduate, this year remaining alive, in ihe Catalogue, is
Paine Wingate, born at Amesbury, 15 May, O. S., 1739; grad. 1759;
ordained at Hampton Falls, N. H., 14 Dec, 1763; dism. 18 March,

1 Dr. Pierce's classified lists of other graduates whom he saw fill nearly four
and a half pages.

1S90.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVAED, 1803-1848. 205

1776. Since, he has been Senator to Congress, and Judge of the Su-
preme Court. He now lives in Stratham, N. H.

For some account of him, and a curious letter written by him, see the
Centinel of 25 August, this year, Commencement day.*

[1831.]

On "Wednesday, 31 August, I attended my XL VII* Commencement
at Cambridge, viz., every one beginning with 1784, excepting 1791, on
which day my mother was buried.

The day was cool and comfortable. Though the morning was cloudy
there was no rain.

The procession started from the Library, in Harvard Hall, precisely
atX.

The salutatory oration, which was assigned to McKean,^ was not
performed.

1 The letters referred to by Dr. Pierce are as follows : —

To the Editors of the Centinel : —

The following letter, addressed to a gentleman in this city by the venerable graduate, who at the
great age of ninety-two now stands first on our University Catalogue (class of 1759), will be interesting
to the sons of Harvard on their present anniversary. The original, which we have seen, is in a hand-
writing that has a steadiness and regularity corresponding with the great firmness of constitution
and health of the aged author, whom we have personally known for several years. To the public
he has been long known as one of the intelligent and efilcient members of Congress for a long period
immediately after the adoption of the Constitution, and subsequently as a Judge of the Supreme
Court of New Ilampshire. To readers who are not familiar with college usages, it may be necessary
to remark, that before the Revolution the students, upon their first admission, were ranged alpha-
betically ; but in the course of the first year they were placed according to the rank which their
parents held in society, — as the sons of the Governor of Massachusetts, magistrates, ministers, &c.

Steathjm, Aug. 15, 1830.

Dear Sib, — Believing that you have the curiosity to notice incidents that are unusual, although
they may appear to be trivial, I am induced to communicate to you the following note, which you
will make use of as you shall see fit.

Paine Wingate, of Stratham, N. H., was bom in 1730, May 14, Julian Style. He entered Cam-
bridge College at Commencement, 1755, in the freshman class, when he stood the last or lowest in
the class, placed alphabetically as the custom then was ; of course he was junior in grade to every
member of the College until the class was placed in the preceding part of the year. In the year
1830, when the Catalogue of that University was published, he was the senior or first in the Cata-
logue then living, having in the course of seventy-five years passed through the various grades from
the lowest to the highest of all the members of that University, — a circumstance which I conclude
has not happened to any one other since the origin of the College, and probably will not occur again
in many centuries. If Mr. B. should think it an incident worth calculating, I think he may find
data in the Catalogue and other sources to form a tolerably correct calculation when a similar event
may happen again. The facts above stated may be relied upon as correct from the hand of Paine
Wingate, .aitatis 92.

From your very affectionate, Pahje Wikgate.

For an interesting account of a visit to Mr. Wingate, six years later, by the
Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, secretary of the committee of arrangements for the
celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of tlie founding of the College, see
2 Proceedings, vol. iv. pp. 303-305.

^ J. G. McKean, born in Cambridge, Dec. 1, 1811 ; died there, Jan. 31, 1851.

206 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Wright,' Read," Farley,' & Furber,* who had parts in conferences,
did not perform.

Worcester,^ in an essay, Abbot ^ & Motley,' in a colloquial discussion,
Austin,' in a dissertation, did not perform, making 8 of the 35 to whom
parts were assigned.

Dr. Ware made an introductory prayer of 3i minutes, & a conclud-
ing one of 3.

Simmons* was distinguished as a speaker. Indeed, I consider him
the most finished orator whom I have ever heard at the University.

Hillard '" was much admired in his oration for the Master's degree.

Of the Corporation, Dr. Porter, of Roxbury, was absent from indispo-
sition. Judge Jackson did not attend the exercises in the house."

The Overseers now consist of 79, 40 of whom are Cambridge scholars.
The following only of that body were present '" . . .

> Frederic Wright, born in Nortliampton, July 6, 1811 ; died in Manhattan,
Ohio, April 10, 1846.
. 2 George W. Read. His name is not in the Quinquennial Catalogue.

' Massillon Farley.

* Frederick Furber, born in Boston, Jan. 22, 1811; died in South Boston,
July 1, 1853.

6 Frederick A. Worcester, born in Hollis, N. H., Jan. 28, 1807; died in Town-
send, March 3, 1888.

6 Caleb F. Abbott, born in Chelmsford, Sept. 8, 1811; died in Toledo, Oliio,
April 24, 1855.

' J. Lothrop Motley, born in Dorchester, April 15, 1814 ; died in London, Eng-
land, May 29, 1877. He had part with Abbott in a discussion " On the Influence
of the Multiplication of Books upon Literature." A memoir of Mr. Motley, by
O. W. Holmes, is in Proceedings, vol. xvi. pp. 404-473.

8 William Austin, born in Cliarlestown, Sept. 15, 1811 ; died in Groton, Jan. 8,
1835.

s William H. Simmons, born in Boston, May 11, 1812; died there, August 10,
1841. The subject of his oration was " Radicalism."

10 George S. Hillard, of the class of 1828. His oration was on "The Dangers
to which the Minds of Young Men in our Country are exposed."

11 It may be interesting to compare with Dr. Pierce's record the impressions
which the exercises made on John Quincy Adams. On the same day Mr. Adams
wrote in his diary: "The merit of the performances was beyond the usual aver-
age. Of the undergraduate performances, the two orations of Eanies and Sim-
mons were most remarked, with one part of a conference by Wendell Phillips,
the youngest son of my old friend and associate, John Phillips. I thought, how-
ever, that tliere had been rather too great a transition from t.nmeness to over-
vehemence in the delivery, and that there was a corresponding change discernible
in the composition, now somewhat exceptionable for exaggerated sentiments and
startling paradoxes. I made the remark to Judge Davis, at whose side I sat ; but
he said he thought paradox was the usual defect of Commencement compositions.
The English oration for the Master's degree, by Hillard, affected me beyond ex-
pression. I thought it the most beautiful and pathetic effusion that I had ever
heard. The Latin valedictory, by Chapman, was short, and with touches of
pleasantry, which closed the performances of the day with much good humor." ^
Memoirs of J. Q. Adams, vol. viii. pp. 405, 406.

1'^ Dr. Pierce records their names.

1890.J COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVARD, 1803-1848. 207

37 in the whole present, 30 Cambridge scholars, viz.

The Goveniour and Lieut. Governour, 2 ; the whole Council, 9 ; of the
Senate, 7 ; elective members (lay 8, clerical 11), 19^37.

We arrived at the hall about 20 minutes before IV.

President Bates, not from age, but from station, being President of
Middlebury College, Vt., asked the blessing, in a very appropriate man-
ner. He was a <!;raduate of Cambridge, in 1800.

Dr. Packard, of North Chelmsford, of 1787, returned thanks. He
performed this service in an audible voice, and with much propriety, so
as to give ample satisfaction to the company.

I set St. Martin's, the 19th time, to the usual psalm. It was pitched
a little too high.

The oldest graduate present was Perez Morton, of 1771, the 3" year
in which he has been the oldest graduate present.

The oldest clergyman was Dr. Homer, of 1777.

Saw the following, who are before me in the Catalogue ' . . .

32 before me, of whom 8 in italicks ; of whom 5 in the ministry.

20 in my 7 cotem. classes, in which there were 246. Of these 20,
6 in italicks, 4 in office, 2 out of office.

AUve.

Dead.

Total

1790

1791

1792

1793

1794

1795

1796

144 102 246

Two died since last Com., 1791, Turner; 1796, Davis ^ . ,
At Commencement, 89 clergymen. Of these, 81 in office, 8 out of
office. My seniors, 9 ; juniors, 80 ; Liberal, 68 ; Orthodox, 7 ; Episco-
pal, 7 ; Universalist, 1 ; Baptist, 1 ; not officiating, 5 ; Cambridge schol-
ars, 73. In italicks alumni'' . . .
There were 64 graduated this year.
There are dead after me on Catalogue, 41 6.
By my computation there are living, on the Catalogue, — •
333 before me ;
1538 after me ;
1 myself.

1872 alive in Catalogue.
1 The names are recorded.

* Other lists of persons whom he saw are given

* Dr. Pierce records the names of tliose whom he saw.

208 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

In italicks. Before me, 86 In office, 40 Out of office, 46

After me, 222 165 57

Myself, 1 1

309 206 103

Alive before me, 23 Have colleagues, 18

after me, 153 11

Officiate alone, 177 Total colleagues, 29

Of the class of 1802 there were 19 who dined together. This class
has been remarkable for continuing their class meetings, without inter-
ruption, to the present time. They had a room, according to custom,
the S. E. corner of Hoi worthy, lowest room, where they had coffee &
refreshments. I called upon them. While I was there, the Governour
who was of this class, came & joined them. As he entered, they all
arose.

[1832.]

On Wednesday, 29 August, I attended my XLVIII* Commence-
ment at Cambridge.

The day was pleasant. Business was transacted so that we arrived
at the meetinghouse but a few minutes after ten.

The Rev. Dr. Ware made an appropriate prayer of 4 minutes.

The salutatory oration, by Simmons,^ was finely written & spoken.

J. W. Eaton ^ did well in a conference. He is a Baptist, supposed to
be intended for the ministry.

A poem, by True,^ " The Missionary," was well written & spoken.
He is a Methodist, & designed for a Methodist minister.

A philosophical disquisition, by Chapman,* was ingenious & acceptable.

The part in a literary discussion by Mason,^ son of the eminent lawyer,
was an excellent performance.

1 Rev. George Y. Simmons, born in Boston, March 24, 1814; died in Concord,
Sept. 5, 1855.

'- Born in Boston, July 20, 1811 ; died in Cambridgeport, Nov. ."0, 1869. The
.conference was with Josiah G. Abbott and Albert H. Nelson, on " The Compara-
'tire Influence of Natural Scenery, the Institutions of Society, and Individual
Genius on Taste."

8 Rev. Charles K. True, D.D , born in Portland, Me., August 14, 1809; died in
Brooklyn, N. Y., June 20, 1878.

< Richard M. Chapman, born in Boston, Jan. 3, 1813; died in Biddeford, Me.,
July 14, 1879. His theme was " The Causes of 111 Health in Literary Men."

5 Rev. Charles Mason, D.D., born in Portsmouth, N. H., July 25, 1812 ; died in
Boston, March 23, 1862. The discussion was with John S. Dwight, on "English
Biography and French Memoirs." A memoir of Dr. Mason, by Andrew P. Pea-
body, is in Proceedings, vol. vii. pp. 10-1-114.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVARD, 1803-1848. 209

The 11^ oration, by Brooks,' was good.

The 1'.' oration, by Dorr,- fully sustained his standing in the class.

Fay ^ was well approved in an English oration for the Master's degree,
" On Radicalism."

The valedictory, by Cunningham,* was well received.

There were 67 graduates.

Dr. Ware prayed 2 minutes.

Of the Corporation, Dr. Porter was absent from indisposition. Judge
Jackson attended but part of the exercises. The Overseers now consist
of 80, of whom 37 C. scholars. Present 32, of whom C. scholars
21^ . . .

We arrived at the hall at a little past IV p. m. Professor Chase, of
the Baptist Institution, Newton, asked the blessing. The Rev. Mr.
Taylor, Methodist minister in Boston, returned thanks.

I set St. Martin's, the 20'!" time, to the usual psalm, LXXVIII'? in
Belknap's version. I had taken pains to get one in each hall to beat
time. We thus succeeded in singing more in unison than has been
common.

The oldest graduate I saw at Commencement was Laban Wheaton, of
1774.'^ The oldest clergyman was Professor Dr. Ware. I recognized
the following only as my seniors at college.' ... So that there were but

18 who stand before me on the Catalogue. Of these, 7 in italicks, viz.
4 in office, 3 out of office. In my 7 contemporary classes there were

19 present. Of these, 8 in italicks, viz. 5 in office, 3 out of office.' . . .
There were accordingly present of those in italicks, 88. Of these,

69 were Cambridge scholars. Of these, 9 out of office, 61 in office.
My seniors, 7 ; my juniors, 62. Of the 88 in italicks at Commencement,
Liberal, 68 ; Orthodox, 7 ; Baptists, 8 ; Episcopalians, 3 ; Methodists,
2 = 88.

By my computation there are 313 alive before me in the Catalogue,
& 1592 after me, -(- 1 = alive in Catalogue, 1906.

' Rev. Charles T. Brooks, bom in Salem, June 20, 1813; died in Newport,
R. I., June 14, 1883. His oration was on "The Lore of Truth — a Practical

Principle."

- James A. Dorr, born in Boston, June 8, 1812; died there, Feb. 18, 1869. His
theme was "The Progress of Man."

' Rev. Charles Fay, of the class of 1829, born in Cambridge, July 21, 1808;
died in New York, Nov. 6, 1888. His subject was " Radicalism."

4 Dr. Edward L. Cunningham, of the class of 1829.

5 The names of those present are given.

^ Paine Ulnf/ate has been the first alive in the Catalogue for the four last
Commencements, viz., 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832, since the decease of Nath. Lothrop,
M.D., Plymouth, Oct., 1828, ^t. 91. — Note by Dr. Pierce.

' Here follow 28 names, including 10 " ootemporaries."

6 Here follow more statistics of his " contemporary classes," and two more lists
of names.

210 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

There are 432 dead after me, Com. 1832,

416 last year.

16 died the last year.

Before me, 84 In office,
After me, 230 In office,

39
167

Out of office, 45
Out of office, 63

Before me, 23 alone. 16 have colleagues = 39

After me, 159 alone. 8 have colleagues = 167

182 alone. 24 have colleagues.

207

There were present 21 of the class of 1802, the most famous for
class meetings of any class which has been graduated.

Of those in italicks before me,' ... 39 have a pastoral charge with
& without colleagues.

Of those who officiate alone, 110. Cong" ; 1 1 L. do. ; 1 E. Of
those who have colleagues, 9 O. Cong'' ; 7 L. do. Of those without
past, charges, 9 O. Cong"; 10 L. do. Of those who have left p'g,
8 O. Cong" ; 17 L. do. ; 1 E. = 84.

Of those who still preach, without or with colleagues, 29 O. ; 28 L.
Have parishes, do., 20 O. ; 18 L. ; IE.

Summary of those italicized in the Catalogue.

In the Catalogue, 29 Aug. 1832, in italicks alive, 315. Of these,
207 in office ; 108 out of office = 315.

Of the 207 in office, there are 68 Orthodox Cong?; 118 Liberal do. ;
16 Episcopalians ; 3 Baptists ; 1 Swedenborgian ; 1 Universalist = 207,

Of the 207, 183 are alone + 24 have colleagues = 207.

Of the 108 out of office, 34 have left preaching -f- 74 preach = 108.
Of the 34 who have left preaching, 23 L. + 9 O. + 1 B. -f 1 E. = 34.

Of the 74 who preach without a pastoral charge, 33 are Liberal Con-
gregationalists, 33 Orthodox, 6 Episcopalians, 2 Baptists = 74.

[1833.]
On Wednesday, 28 August, I attended my XLIX* Commencement
at Harvard University.

The day was cold, dry, and exceedingly dusty, as it had rained but
moderately for 3 weeks.

The previous business was transacted in the Library, so that the pro-
cession started from Harvard Hall as the clock struck X,
' Here follow their names.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 211

On entering the house the band of musick which had preceded the

procession played a lively air.

When order was observed, Prof. Ware, Senf, made an appropriate
prayer of 4 minutes.

The exercises of the graduating class, taken as a whole, might be
considered as sustaining the rank of mediocrity.

The Hi English oration was thought to evince most talent. It was
by Torrey.'

The III? oration, by Whiting,'' on enthusiasm, was probably the most
eloquent.

Some, however, assigned the palm to Welch,' in a literary discussion
on " The Poet of a Civilized Age."

Webster,^ son of the celebrated Daniel Webster, performed a part in
the lowest conference to good acceptance.

Fisher Ames Harding ^ gave a sound disquisition, " On what does the
Security of our Institutions depend ? "

The concluding oration of the Bachelors, by Bowen,^ was a sober,
chaste performance. The manner of his bidding adieu to the old meet-
inghouse, as this was to be the last Commencement observed in it,
was peculiarly touching to those whose associations with it were the
strongest.

The English oration of the Masters, by Hopkinson,' was ingenious,
but poorly committed. He took a feeling notice of Penniman, who had
died while studying divinity.

The valedictory, by Andrews,' was a mixture of the serious, the
jocose, and the ludicrous, well written and delivered.

Concluding prayer by Dr. Ware, 2 min.

At a few minutes past III the procession moved to Commons Hall.
Dr. Homer asked the blessing ; & Dr. Wainwright, as a clergyman of
distinction, from New York, returned thanks. He is an Episcopal
clergyman.

I set the LXXVII^^ Psalm, the 21'.' time, to St. Martin's. There

1 Henry W. Torrey. His oration was entitled " De Mortuis nil nisi Bonum."

^ William Whiting, born in Concord, March 3, 1813; died in Roxbury, June
29, 1873.

8 Charles A. Welch.

« Fletcher Webster, born in Boston, July 23, 1813; died at Bull Run, Va.,
August 29, 1862. He had part in a conference with George I. Crafts and David S.
Greenough, on " Common Sense, Genius, and Learning ; their Characteristics,
Comparative Value, and Success."

6 Born in Dover, Jan. 23, 1811 ; died in Detroit, August 4, 1846.

* Francis Bowen, born in Charlestown, Sept. 8, 1811 ; died in Cambridge, Jan.
21, 1890. His topic was " The Spirit of Reform."

' Thomas Hopkinson, of the class of 1830. His theme was " The Spirit of
Ancient and Modern Education."

8 Benjamin H. Andrews, of the class of 1830, born in Boston in 1811 ; died in
Philadelphia, Penn., Sept. 21, 1847.

212 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETT. [Jan.

was a general complaint that it was pitched too high, though by beating
time in the 4 halls we sang very nearly in unison.

The oldest graduate whom I saw at Commencement was Labaa
Wheaton, 1774. He was the oldest last year.

The oldest clergyman, Jonathan Homer, D.D., of Newton, 1777. He
was the oldest, 1831.

Tiie Hon. Paine Wingate has been the oldest alive in the Catalogue
for the five last Commencemeuts, viz. since Oct., 1828.

The Board of Overseers now consists of 81 members. The following
only I recognized as present ^ . . . Ex of. members, 15 ; elected
members, 20 = 35. Of these, 25 were alumni.

No strangers of high distinction were present. There were fewer in
the meetinghouse, fewer in the hall, fewer on the Common, than I have
ever seen before on such an occasion. But few parties were given. It
was peculiarly orderly and quiet.

The Catalogue was printed this year, but with such haste that it is
feared many inaccuracies will be detected.

On the 2 days I saw the following seniors & contemporaries.^ Of
these, 12 in italicks, 8 in office, 4 out of office. Of my contemporaries,
4 in office, 2 out of office = 6.

Others in italicks whom I saw ^ . . . Others in Register* . . .
Also, Prof. Goodrich, Y. C. ; Prof. Wolsey, do. ; Prof. Chase, Newton ;
Prof. Mulligan, N. Y.

There were accordingly present 77 alumni in italicks, viz. : Liberal,
61 ; Episcopalians, 5; Orthodox, 11 =77. Others in Register, Lib-
eral, 7; Episcopalians, 2; Orthodox, 1; Baptists, 2:= 12. Total in
min'r 89 -t- 1 = 90.

No honorary degrees conferred this year.

Of 21 before me who officiate alone, 10 L. -|- 10 O. + 1 E. =: 21 ;

Of 1 6 colleagues before me, 7 L. -j- 9 O. =16!

Of 15 out of office who occasionally

preach, 8 L. + 7 O. =15

Of 26 who have left preaching, 17 L. -)- 9 0. i= 26

Of the 52 who preach, 25 L. + 26 O. -f 1 E. = 52

Of the 36 who have a pastoral

charge, 17 L. + 18 O + 1 E. = 36

Accordingly of the 90 whom T saw at Commencement this year, in-
cluding myself, who preach or have preached, 69 were Liberal Cong.,
12 Orthodox do., 7 Episcopa., 2 Baptists = 90.= . . .

' Here follow their names.

■•^ Here follow 39 names.

^ Seventy-seven names.

* Twelve names.

' Here follow four classified lists of the 78 names " Of those in italicks before

1890.] C05IMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 213

[1834.]

On Wednesday, 27 August, 1834, I attended my fiftieth Commence-
ment at Harvard University, the first in the new meetinghouse,^ L'^
Commencement.

There were but 68 Commencements in the old meetinghouse, which
has been recently demolished, the first being in 1758. There was no
Commencement in 1764, on account of the small-pox; none from 1773
to 1781, 7 years, on account of the Revolutionary War; leaving 68
years in which there were Commencements. 49 I attended in said
house, leaving 19 only which I did not attend.

The day was cool, and the dust would have been uncomfortable had
not the precaution been used of wetting the streets near the University.

Business was transacted so seasonably that we were enabled to form
the procession at X, the time appointed.

Of 80 present members of the Board of Overseers, 35 only were
present to do business. Of these, 22 were sons of Harvard.

A commodious stage was erected in front, and by the sides of the
pulpit, to which all who formed the procession rushed, without dis-
tinction of claims. A Brookline schoolmaster, who is still an under-
graduate, I recognised among the number.

The house is so much larger and more convenient than was the
former that all who desired were accommodated.

Dr. Ware opened the meeting with an appropriate prayer.

The first exercise in the house by an undergraduate was the sa-
lutatory oration, in Latin, by Thaddeus Clap,'' of Dorchester, III?
cousin to my children. It was a happy specimen of Latinity well
delivered.

Harrington,' of Roxbury, in an essay on " Varieties of Genius," was
perhaps as acceptable to the audience in general as any of his class.

The general fault was, many of the speakers spoke too low, and
many required too much prompting. The most prevalent cause doubt-
less was that the class had been in such agitation as to leave it doubtful
whether there would be a Commencement till it was too late to prepare
themselves suitably.

This class had been as regular as classes in general till a rebellion
occurring in the lower classes they needlessly and imprudently inter-
fered and issued a circular implicating the government and vindicating
the rebels. After patient examination of facts, the Faculty voted to

1 New church, 86 feet lonpr and 70 feet wide. Old church, 70 feet long and 50
feet wide. — Note by Dr. Pierce.

2 Born in Dorchester, May 11, 1811 ; died there, July 10, 1861.

' Rev. Henry F. Harrington, bom in Roxbury, August 15., 1814; died in
Keene, N. H., Sept. 19, 1887.

214 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

deprive 7 of their degrees. The class consisted last October of 53.
For various reasons the following did not receive degrees this day ' . . .

At a meeting of the Overseers, just before Commencement, President
Quincy made a report in full of the disorders among the students & of
the remedies applied by the Faculty. This document veas committed
to a com'", of which J. Q. Adams was chairman, who made a report
which was unanimously accepted, & is now in the press, which, it is said,
will exhibit the mischiefs of the rebellion & the judicious measures
adopted in a striking but just point of view.

Eames,^ who had prepared the English oration for the second degree,
failed by indisposition, being seized on his arrival at Boston with a
violent fit of asthma, which required medical prescription.

Simmons' delivered a Latin valedictory of 15 minutes, which, I
agree with those who maintain, was the happiest specimen of elocu-
tion ever exhibited on our boards, within the memory of the present
generation.

Of the class of 66, 5 of whom have died, 25 took the degree of
A.M. in course.

The procession moved to the hall at about III. Dr. Holmes, 1783,
Yale, the 3.'' time asked the blessing, & Dr. Gray, 1790, the 2? time
gave thanks.

I set the LXXVIIIth Psalm the 22* time to St. Martin's, having the
assistance of the band of instrumental musick.

Strangers of distinction present, Gov. Tyler, Senator of Virginia;
Mr. Mangum, Senator of North Carolina; & Mr. Ewing, Senator of
Ohio.

The oldest graduate whom I saw was Dr. Spooner, of 1778; the
oldest clergyman in office. Dr. Ware, 1785. Dr. Holmes, out of office,
was of 1783, at Yale.

Paine AVingate, 1759, has been the oldest alive on our Catalogue
for the 6 last Commencements.

On the two days I saw the following seniors & contemporaries who
have received degrees at Harvard University * . . .

Present, alumni in italicks, 77. In office, 56 ; out of office, 21 = 77 ;
others in office, 14. Have been clergymen, 91.

Accordingly of the 70 officiating clergymen at Commencement this
year, 59 Liberal -\- 5 Orthodox -|- 4 Epis. -|- 1 Bap. -f- 1 Chris. = 70.

1 Dr. Pierce gives the names and places of residence of 16 members of the
class, of whom all but two subsequently received tlieir degrees or were restored to
the class list.

2 Charles Eames, of the class of 1831, born in New Braintree, March 20, 1812;
died in Washington, D. C, March 16, 1867.

3 William H. Simmons, of the class of 1831.

* Here follow the usual classified lists of names.

1S90.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVAKD, 1803-1848. 215

D.D. this year. Eev. Francis Parkman, Boston ; Rev. Henry
Ware, Jr., Rev. John G. Palfrey, Professors in the Divinity School,
Cam.

[1835.]

On Wednesday, 26 August, I attended my LI" Commencement at
Cambridge.

At about X in the morning, when the procession had arrived at the
meetinghouse, it began to rain, with the wind S.W., and rained, so that
the streets became very muddy, principally throughout the day.

Of the 51 Commencements I remember none on which there was
rain but in 1796 & 1798. If this be the case, there has not been a
rainy Commencement for 37 years.

The salutatory oration, by Blake,' was very Imperfectly committed.
The orator required far more prompting than I ever remember. This
made his oration appear to great disadvantage.

An English poem, by Winslow,^ " A Vision of Ambition," was well
received.

Geo. Cabot,* grandson of a distinguished statesman of the same
name, in a literary discussion on " The Resources & Encouragements
of Elegant Literature in the Old & New World," was far the best
speaker of the day.

The III English oration by Hoar,* on "The Christian Philosophy —
its Political Application," evinced sound thought.

The concluding oration, by Shackford,^ of 20 minutes, was good ; but
not so preeminent as is commonly expected from the concluding orator.
I should place it as a mental effort below the oration of Hoar.

The Master's English oration, by Brooks,* was sensible, but being
38 minutes long, & begun after III, it was tedious to most of the
hearers.

The valedictory, by Simmons,' of 14 minutes, was finely written &
spoken.

The degree of D.D. was conferred on the Rev. Jona. Mayhew Wain-
wright, of Boston, & on Rev. James Walker, of Charlestown.

The degree of LL.D. was conferred on Hon. John Pickering &

1 H. G. O. Blake.

2 Rev. Benjamin D. Winslow, born in Boston, Feb. 13, 1815 ; died in Burling-
ton, N. J., Nov. 21, 18.39.

3 Born in Boston, Feb. 10, 1817 ; died there, July 17, 1850.
< E. R. Hoar.

6 Rev. Charles C. Shackford. His theme was " Popularity."
6 Charles T. Brooks, of the class of 1832. His subject was "Decision of
Character as demanded in our Day and Country."
' George F. Simmons, of the class of 1832.

216 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Hon. Edward Everett, sons of Harvard, & on Hon. Smith Thompson,
Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States.

The degree of A.B. was conferred on 54 in course; & of A.M.
on 24 in course ; and of M.D. on 19 ; and of LL.B. on 3.

As vfe entered the house such a general rushing was there upon the
stage, and so many young men took their stations upon it, who had no
manner of right, that in order to secure seats for Doctors Cox & Hoby,
2 distinguished representatives of the Baptist denomination from Eng-
land, I was obliged to take my seat below, in the first pew, before the
pews assigned to the Bachelors.

We left the church for dinner at a little past IV. I procured a seat
for Dr. Cox at the upper table, near Pres. Quincy & next to President
Day.

By my suggestion to the President Dr. Cox asked the blessing.

By my suggestion also, as thanks are commonly returned after
dinner when there is ^reat hilarity, and it is difficult to restore order,
the usual psalm, LXXVIII, was substituted. By my care to procure
a suitable person at the head table in each of the 4 halls to beat the
time, St. Martin's, which I set the 2.3* time, went well.

Of 80 present members of the Board of Overseers, I ascertained but
26 to be present, 18 of whom were sons of Harvard.

Dr. Ware opened & closed the meeting with prayer.

The oldest graduate & clergyman I saw, was Rev. Jonathan Homer,
D.D., of Newton ; that is, he was the first on the Catalogue present.
His classmate, Eev. H. Porter, of Eye, N. H., who also was present,
was 80 last March. Dr. Homer was 76, 15 April.

Hon. Paine Wingate, 1759, born 14 May, 1739, has been the first
alive on the Catalogue for the last 7 Commencements.

But one classmate, Rev. N. B. Whitney,' present '^ . . .

Summary of those supposed to be alive, italicized in the Catalogue,
Com., 1835.

The whole number in italics alive is 314. Of these 199 in office,
115 out of office = 314.

Of the 199 in office, 176 are alone, 23 have colleagues.

Of the 199 in office, 104 are Liberal Congregationalists ; 65 Ortho-
dox do. ; 24 Episcopalians ; 4 Baptists ; 1 Swedenborgian ; 1 Univer-
salist=199.

1 I had been informed that he was present ; but I liave since learned that he
came to Boston for the purpose of attending Commencement, but that illness
confined him to the city ; so that this is the first Commencement since we were
graduated at which no classmate was present. — Nute by Dr. Pierce.

2 This record is immediately followed by a list of the speakers for the Boyls-
ton prizes, and an account of the anniversary exercises before the Phi Beta Kappa
Society. The lists of persons whom he saw on the two days are given afterward,
with the usual analyses.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 217

Of the 115 out of ofHce, 76 preach, 39 not = 115.
Of the 76 out of otfice who preach, 46 Liberal ; 23 Orthodox ; 5
Episcopalians; 2 Baptists =; 76.

Of the 39 who have left preaching, 26 L. ; 11 O. ; 1 E. ; 1 B. = 39.
Alive before me on Commencement, 1835 . . . 251

1
do. after me 1647

Alive at this Com. . . . 1899
Deaths after me 520

[1836.]

On "Wednesday, 31 August, I attended my LII? Commencement at
Cambridge.

The weather was cold, thermometer at sunrise standing at 49°.' It
was also exceedingly dry, as it had rained but moderately for the last
23 days. It would have been very dusty, had not the precaution been
used to sprinkle the streets near the University buildings throughout
the day.

The procession moved from the library to the meetinghouse, and
arrived in such season that the exercises began at X^.

After a voluntary by the band. Dr. Ware offered a short and devout
prayer.

There were but 1 6 performers of the candidates for the first degree,
and 2 for the second.

The exercises as a whole were below mediocrity. The speaking was
for the most part tame and monotonous.

A dissertation by Minot,^ grandson of that fine scholar, Geo. R.
Minot, was decidedly the best exercise throughout the day.

The concluding oration of the Masters, by Lovering,' appeared to be
ingeniously written, but it was spoken in too low a tone to be heard by
the audience in general.

It was but a little after II. p. m. when the performances closed ;
prayer by Dr. Ware.

Three Presidents of Colleges were present, besides the President
of the day ; viz.. President Duer, of Columbia College, N. Y. ; Pres.
Humphrey, of Amherst ; and President Wayland, of Brown University.
There were but few other strangers of distinction.

1 The Com', 28 Aug., 1816, was colder. See mem. — Note by Dr. Pierce.

2 William Minot. His theme was " The Interest attached to Places where
distinguished Persons have dwelt, or which Poets have commemorated."

* Joseph Levering, of the class of 1833.

218 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

President Humphrey asked the blessing. The singing of the usual
psalm was substituted for the benediction, as it was last year for the
first time. I had taken pains to employ a person at the head table in
each haU to beat the time, so that St. Martin's, which in Tate and
Brady's version of the LXXVIII'^ Psalm was sung, went well. I
set the tune for the ■24th time.

Of the 81 Overseers, I ascertained but 26 to be present. Of these,
16 were sons of Harvard.

There were 39 admitted to the degree of A.B. ; 18 to A.M. in
course ; 5 out of course ; 17 to the degree of LL.B. ; 20 to the degree
of M.D.

Ward Chipman, Chief Justice of New Brunswick ; Lewis Cass,
Esq., Secretary at War ; & Charles Joseph Anthony ilittermair, Privy
Councillor of the Duke of Baden, LL.D.

Rev. Nathaniel Langdon Frothiugham, of Boston, & Rev. John
Brazer, of Salem, D.D.

The oldest graduate present was Laban Wheaton, of 1774. He has
been the oldest twice before, in 1832 & 1833. The oldest clergyman
was Dr. Ripley, 1776, of Concord, who drove himself in a sulky from
home that morning, though he was 85 on 1 May last. He was the
oldest clergyman once before, viz. in 1830.

Hon. Paine Wiugate, of Stratham, N. H., 97 last May, has been the
first on the Catalogue alive for the last 8 Commencements.

Be it noted, that this is the first Commencement which I ever at-
tended in Cambridge, in which I saw not a single person drunk in the
hall or out of it. There were the fewest present 1 ever remember,
doubtless on account of the bis-centennial celebration to be observed
next week' . . .

After me in italics. Alone, 168; colleagues, 13^181 in the min-
istry ; occasionally preach, 59 = 240 who preach.

Of the 168 alone, 93 L. + 46 O. + 22 E. + 5 B. -f 1 S. -f 1 U.
= 168.

Of the 13 colleagues, 8 L. + 4 O. -f 1 B. = 13.

Of the 59 ocr preach, 29 L. + 18 O. + 10 E. -f 2 B. = 59.

Of the 16 left preach? 11 L. +5 O. = 16.

By my computation there are alive on the Catalogue of this year,
before me 240, after me 1664, myself 1 =^ 1905 alive on the Catalogue.

There are 548 dead after me.

There stand on the Catalogue after me, 2213. There stand on the
Catalogue before me, 3172. Number of alumni, 5385.

' Here follow several pages containing the names of the competitors for the
prizes, accounts of the meeting of the alumni and of the anniversary of the Phi
Beta Kappa Society, and the usual lists of names of persons present on the two
days.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 219

Summary of those italicised in the Catalogue of 1836.

The whole number alive italicised is 317. Of these 206 are in
office, and 111 out of office. Of the 206 in office, 113 Liberal Con-
gregationalists ; 62 Orthodox do. ; 23 Episcopalians ; 6 Baptists ; 1
Swedeuborgian ; 1 Uuiversalist. Of the 206 in office, 179 are alone,
27 have colleagues. Of the 111 out of office, 73 occasionally preach,
38 have left preaching. Of the 73 occasional preachers, 36 L.-j-25
O. + 10 E. -(- 2 B. =: 73. Of the 38 left preaching 25 L. + 13 O.
= 38. Of the 27 colleagues, U L. + 12 O. + 1 B. = 27.

[1837.]

On Wednesday, 30 August, I attended my LIII? Commencement at
Harvard University.

After midnight previous it rained in showers. It rained as the
meetinghouse was opened. It slacked when the procession moved, at
X o'clock. But it rained with great violence while we were dining in
the halls, and continued the rest of the afternoon. Tills makes but 4
rainy days which I remember of the 53 Commencements I have at-
tended, viz., in 1796, 1798, 1835, & 1837.

The procession arrived at the church about X.

After a voluntary on the organ. Dr. Ware, Sen'., opened the exercises
with a short & solemn prayer.

The salutatory oration, by Russell, i was well written and delivered. . . .

A dissertation by Richard H. Daua,^ son of R. H. Dana and
grandson of the former Judge Francis Dana, was on the unique topic,
" Heaven lies about us in our Infancy." He is a handsome youth, and
spoke well. But his composition was of that Swedenborgian, Coler-
idgian, and dreamy cast which it requires a peculiar structure of mind to
understand, much more to relish.

Hayward,'' who wrote a drama which was performed last winter at
the Tremont Theatre, in a philosophical discussion " On the Expediency
of making Authorship a Profession," distinguished himself equally as a
writer and a speaker.

The IIP English oration of Dall* was popularly written and spoken
" On Public Recreations." . . .

The IP English oration, on " Empiricism," was overstrained. If
the orator had not tried to do so well, he would have done better.
Wheeler.^

' Charles T. Russell.

2 Born in Cambridge, August 7, 1815 ; died in Rome, Italy, Jan. 6, 1882.

= Charles Hayward, born in Boston, Sept. 8, 1817; died there, Nov. 5, 1838.

* Rev. C. H. A. Dall, born in Baltimore, Feb. 12, 1816 ; died in Calcutta, India,
July 18, 1886.

5 Charles S. Wheeler, born in Lincoln, Dec. 19, 1816 ; died in Leipsic, Ger-
many, June 13, 1843.

220 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAl. SOCIETY. [Jan.

The part in a deliberative discussion, on " Whether Patriotism was in-
culcated to Excess in the Ancient Republics ? " was considered by good
judges the best written and spoken exercise of the day. HILDRETH *
& Morison.^

The concluding oration of the Bachelors, by Eustis,^ on " The Literary
Profession," evinced good plain common sense, and was well received.

The Master's English oration, on '• Moral Effort," by Thomas Gush-
ing,^ was a respectable performance.

The Latin valedictory, by Felton,^ of 10 minutes, was well adapted
to the occasion.

This Commencement I should rank above mediocrity. The parts in
general were well sustained. The speakers were mostly heard. None
had a prompter. For the first time they carried their parts rolled up in
their left hands. Two or three only were obliged to unrol them to
refresh their memories. The concluding oration for the first time
within my memory contained not only no names, but even no mention,
of benefactors.

There were but 4 failures in performance, two in the first conference,
one in the second conference, and one dissertation.

There were 18 performers in the class of Bachelors, and 2 in that of
the Masters, ^ 20. The degree of A.B. was given to 46; A.M. in
course to 12; out of course to 2; LL.B. to 10; M.D. to 16; LL.D.
to James Lewis Petigru, Charleston, S. C, & D. A. White, Salem ;
D.D., to Rev. Samuel Gilman, Rev. Alvan Lamson, Rev. Convers
Francis.

The oldest graduate present was Dr. Cheever, M.D., of 1779, viz.
58 years out of college. The oldest clergyman, Dr. Ware, of 1785,
52 years from college. He has been the oldest clergyman once before,
viz. in 1832.

Hon. Paine Wingate, of Stratham, N. H., born 26 May, N. S., 1739,
and a graduate of 1759, has been for 9 Commencements the oldest
surviving graduate.

This year there are 82 Overseers of H. U. I ascertained but 29 of
these to be present, of whom 19 are sons of Harvard.

At about II| the procession moved to the hall. Of strangers of
distinction there were present Judge Daggett, 1783, Yale, of New

1 Samuel T. Hildreth, born in Exeter, N. H., Nov. 17, 1817 ; died in Somerville,
Feb. 11, 1839.

2 Horace Morison, born in Peterborough, N. H., Sept. 13, 1810; died there,
August 5, 1870.

3 Dr. John F. Eustis, born in Norfolk, Va., Nov. 3, 1817 ; died in Pliiladelphia,
Penn., Sept. 30, 1844.

* Thomas Gushing, of the class of 1834.

^ Samuel M. Felton, of the class of 1834, bom in West Newbury, July 17.
1809; died in Philadelphia, Penn., Jan. 24, 1889.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVAKD, 1803-1848 221

Haven; 3 Presidents of Colleges, viz., President Bates, H. U. 1800,
of Middlebury, Vt., President Jasper Adams, B. U. 1815, of Charles-
ton, S. C, & President Mark Hopkins, W. C. 1824, of Williams Col-
lege, Williamstown. The latter as the greatest stranger asked the
blessing. Instead of thanks, as in former times, we sang the LXXVIII,
Psalm, I setting the tune the 25"' time. This was the 3'^ anniversary in
which this psalm has been the substitute for thanks according to former
custom. By the precaution to employ a person in each hall to beat
the time for his hall, we kept pretty good time.'

Wine was furnished at dinner, as well as cider. As honey or mo-
lasses attracts flies and other insects, so these inebriating liquors allure
graduates addicted to such drinks, particularly the intemperate, to come
and drink their fill.

There was pretty good order till the President and suite had retired.
Afterwards " certain lewd fellows of the baser sort " congregated in the
North Hall, and choosing a drunken moderator, they continued for a
long time to exhaust the remaining bottles which had not been emptied
by the regular company. They sang songs, clapped hands, and shouted,
so as to expose themselves, and the credit of our University, to the
notice of some strangers of distinction who were within hearing of
such disorders.

Nor can such disorders surprise any one who considers that there are
still remains of former intemperate excesses among the sons of Harvard,
even in these temperance times. I am credibly informed that consid-
erable numbers ^ spent the whole night of the last valedictory of the
seniors, viz., 18 July last, in drinking, carousing, and shouting within
the College yard, to the great annoyance of the inhabitants even at a
considerable distance, and were dispersed only by the light of the day.
For " they that be drunken are drunken in the night." The Rev.
Samuel Ripley informed me that one class supped in Waltham, just
before Commencement, and were so irregular as to keep his family and
others awake most of the night.

Nor can this be strange when our youth are early indoctrinated in
the love of wine by the Fathers of the City of Boston. On the very
week before Commencement the boys most distinguished in the Boston
schools were invited to dine in public with the Governor, Mayor,
School Com"", and other dignitaries, and were furnished with an abun-

1 On a subsequent page Dr. Pierce makes this entry : " At Commencement
dinner Pres. Quincy gave, ' His Excellency the Governor. The ornament of the
College is the head of the State.' By the Governor, 'The Civil Republic & the
Republic of Letters. A liberal support by the State of places of education, &
a just support of the State by educated men.' "

2 One of the class assured me that S79 were expended in drink. — Note by
Dr. Pierce.

222 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOBICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

dant supply of champagne wine. It is even said that one of the boys
wrote an ode for the occasion, more Horatiano, in praise of wine.

of Dorchester, formerly a resident in Boston, declares that a

son who became intemperate first got drunk in thus dining with the
Fathers of the City.

I am assured that every University in New England but that at
Cambridge discards wine from public occasions. Could this improve-
ment be introduced at Harvard University, its sober friends would not
be subjected to the mortification of seeing one of its most precious
anniversaries desecrated by such disgraceful orgies as are now too often
witnessed.* . . .

Summary of those alive who are italicised, Commencement, 1837.
The whole number alive italicised is 318. Of these 203 are in office, and
115 out of office. Of the 203 in office, 112 are Liberal Congregation-
alists ; 51 Orthodox do. ; 7 Baptists ; 2 Presbyterians ; 2 Universalists ;
1 Swedenborgian. Of the 203 in office, 173 are alone, 30 have col-
leagues. Of the 115 out of office, 82 occasionally preach, 33 have
left p'g.

Of the 82 occasional preachers, 42 L. -j- 29 O. + 10 E. + 1 B. = 82.

Of the 33 left preaching, 24 L. + 9 O. =: 33.

Of the 30 colleagues, 16 L. + 8 O. + 3 E. + 3 B. = 30.

By my computation there were on the Catalogue alive before me 216,
after me 1777 -(- 1 ^ 1994 alive on the Catalogue.

562 dead after me.

On the Catalogue before me 3172, after me 2259 + l=total on
Catalogue, 5432.

[1838.]

On Wednesday, 29 August, 1838, I attended my LIV, Commence-
ment at Cambridge.

The day was delightfully cool, and the roads were free from dust, as
it had rained on the previous Monday evening.

A long procession was formed in the Library in such season that we
arrived at the meetinghouse at five minutes past X.

After a voluntary on the organ Dr. "Ware offered an appropriate
prayer of about 5 minutes.

1. The Latin salutatory oration, by Atkins,^ was a respectable exer-
cise. 9 min.

2. A conference, " Architecture, Music, & Poetry, as Expressions of
National Character."

1 Here follow the names of the competitors for the prizes for declamation, an
account of the anniversary of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the usual classi-
fied lists of persons whom he saw.

- Benjamin F. Atkins, born in Boston, Oct. 10. 1817 ; died in London, Eng-
land, June 9, 1885.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVARD, 1803-1848. 223

William Aspinwall, Brookline, 5.

Darius Richmond Brewer, Dorchester, 5.*

Charles Devens, Cambridge, 5.
Aspinwall is the only son of Col. Thomas Aspinwall, Consul at London.
The father was the 3d scholar in the class of 1804. . . .

G. The sixth part was a poem by Story ,^ son of the Judge, 16 minutes
long. It appeared to have no definite subject, but seemed to interest
the audience. The notice which he took of the Cherokee Indians, just
expelled by the cupidity of Georgia, sanctioned by our Government,
from their homes, the land of their fathers, was touching.

12. A dissertation, " The Neglect of Physical Education," by Wm.
Parsons Atkinson, born in Brookline, was a lovely exercise both in
composition and elocution.

13. A political discussion, " Whether Sumptuary Laws are consistent
with a Comprehensive and Enlightened Policy ? " by Coolidge ' and
Ware, 2!*, * was well sustained, particularly by the former, who main-
tained the affirmative, and who had been the valedictory orator of the
class when the vacation commenced.

16. The III"? English oration, "Aids to the Pursuits of Literature,"
by Lippitt,^ evinced sound sense & respectable elocution.

17. A forensic disputation, "Whether Conscientious Scruples, in all
Cases, should be held paramount to the Law of the Land ? " James Rob-
inson Peirce,^ James Lloyd Wellington. The former in point of intel-
lect and sound argument had not his superior in the class. His father
was a mason, John Peirce, who married the daughter of Major James
Robinson. The latter, who also did well, is son of the Rev. Charles
Wellington, of Templeton.

18. The second oration, by Eustis,' " Intolerance towards the Infirmi-
ties of Genius," appeared well. He is son of Gen. Abraham Eustis,
class of 1804. Three of the sons had degrees this day, Horatio
Sprague Eustis, 1830, out of course, A.M., and Frederic Augustus
Eustis,^ A.M., in course. The latter performed the Latin valedictory
of his class at this time, making two of the family who performed this
day.

1 Bom in Dorchester, June 2.3, 1819 ; died in Westerly, R. I., March 18, 1881.

2 William W. Story.

8 Rev. J. I. T. Coolidge, D.D.

* George F. Ware, born in Cambridge, Feb. 14, 1820 ; died in San Francisco,
Cal., Sept. 28, 1849.

5 Rev. George W. Lippitt.

6 Born in Dorchester, Feb. 13, 1818 ; died there, July 25, 1842.

' Henry L. Eustis, born in Boston, Feb. 1, 1819; died in Cambridge, Jan. 11,
1885.

8 Of the class of 1835. Born in Newport, R. I., June 12, 1816 ; died in Beau-
fort, S. C, June 29, 1871.

224 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

20. The I'.' yet concludiug oration of the Bachelors, " Life in the
Chivalrous Ages & in our own Time," by Rufus Ellis,' gave lucid proof
that this young man deserved the distinction conferred upon him.

The oration for the Master's degree was entitled " Democracy's Ban-
ner," by Chs. Chauncy Shackford,^ Portsmouth, N. H. The drift
seemed to be that Christianity levels all distinctions. This young man
has been to the Southward since taking his first degree, and, it is said,
has become Orthodox. When he left college it was his purpose to
have entered the Divinity College, at Cambridge. His course will now
be different. His oration was 28 minutes long.

The Latin valedictory, by Eustis, was 12 minutes long, humorous,
but not spoken loud enough.

The assignments to the Bachelors were 32, 2 only of whom, viz.,
Worthen in the 2'i confereuce, & Rotch in the first forensic, failed.

The 2 performances for the Masters made 32, in the whole, who per-
formed. This was the 5* Commencement in the new church, which
was more crowded than at any former Commencement. The perform-
ances as a whole were highly respectable, none very greatly distin-
guished, & none mean. The parts were well committed & well spoken.

Leaving the church at HI^, after a session of 5J hours, we repaired
to the hall. I procured seats at the head table for the Rev. Jonathan
Homer & Rev. Huntington Porter, both of 1777. The Rev. Dr.
Homer asked the blessing. Instead of thanks, as in former times, for
the 4th anniversary, we sang the LXXynr!" Psalm, I setting the tune
the 26'" time. By appointing a person to beat time, at the head table
in each of the IV halls, the tune went admirably well.

President Quincy having prepared a History of Harvard University
in two vols. 8vo, & presented it to the Corporation for the benefit of
the University, and the publishers agreeing to publish the work at first
cost for the aid of indigent scholars, Judge Story desired me to provide
that 4 persons should be selected to distribute subscription papers in
each hall, to give every one an opportunity of subscribing for the work,
and thus aiding the University. The four thus selected, who were to
nominate 4 subagents for the 4 tables in each hall, were J. Pierce,
Hon. L. Saltonstall, Dr. Bowditch, & Dr. Walker. We thus obtained
subscriptions for more than 200 copies.

President Bates was at Commencement. This was the 2? year in
which no mention was required to be made of benefactors by the con-
cluding orator of the Bachelors.

Hon. Paine Wingate, of Stratharo, N. H., who was the oldest living
graduate for 9 Commencements, having died 7 March last, lacking 79

1 Rev. Rufus Ellis, D.D., born in Boston, Sept. 14, 1819; died in Liverpool,
England, Sept. 23, 1885.
•■^ Of the class of 1835.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 225

days of 99 years, Samson Salter Blowers, of Halifax, born 22 March,
1742, is now the oldest, and a graduate of 1763.

The degree of A.B. was given to 65 ; A.JI., in course, 24 ; A.M.,
out of course, 2 ; LL.B., 19; M.D., 26; LL.D., Hon. James T. Aus-
tin, Samuel Hoar, Leverett Saltonstall, 3 ; D.D., Rev. Abiel Abbot,
Rev. Thomas Robbins, 2 ; A.M., Hon. Frederic Howes, William
Coffin Harris, 2.

The first on the Catalogue, at Commencement, was Rev. Dr. Homer,
ot Newton, 1777, a graduate of 61 years. This is the 2'' time of his
being the first graduate present, the 4'!" time of his being the first
clergyman, and the third time in which he has asked the blessing. He
was born 15 April, 1759. Nevertheless his classmate Huntington
Porter, who stands after him on the Catalogue, was born 27 March,
1755, and is accordingly 83 years, 5 months, and 2 days old. He was
present at Commencement, and the day after.

This year there are 81 Overseers of Harvard University, of whom
39 are Cambridge graduates. Of these 39 only were at Commence-
ment, of whom 29 were Cambridge graduates.

Notwithstanding the efforts of the friends of temperance, wine was
furnished at dinner. There was nevertheless pretty good order in the
hall, the most notorious drunkard, on such occasions, not being present.
Though some drank freely of the wine, as considerable numbers of
total abstinents were present, yet it is evident that the temperance
reformation exerts a salutary control even over those who spurn at it
as ultraism.

There was a meeting in the Chapel after dinner, & it was resolved,
though with some opposition, to have an annual meeting of alumni.
The circumstantials were referred to a com"l° ' . . .

In italics on the Catalogue. Present incumbents, 62 alone-)- 14 col-
leagues = 76.

Of all the attendants in italics. Liberal 66, Orthodox 15, Baptists 4,
Episcopalians 2, Universalists 2, Christian 1 = 90.

Before me in italics alive, 4 alone, 11 colleagues^ 15 in the minis-
try; 20 occasionally preach :^ 35 who preach; 15 have left preach-
ing ^ 50 alive before me.

Before me, alone, 3 L. -f- 1 E. = 4
colleagues, 5 L. -)- 6 0. =11

oc" preach, 9 L. -f H 0. =20

left preaching, 10 L. -j- 5 O. = 15

50
Total alive before me, 204. Whole number alive in italics, 318.

1 Dr. Pierce records the names of the ministers whom he saw at Commence-
ment ; but he omits the summary of deceased and living graduates.

226 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

[1839.]

On Wednesday, 28 August, 1839, I attended my LV. Commence-
ment at Cambridge.

A slight shower the previous evening had somewhat laid the dust
and cooled the air, which the day before had been excessively hot.

We arrived in the meetinghouse so as to commence the exercises at
X|.

Rev. Dr. Walker, of the Corporation, for the first time, introduced
the solemnities with a peculiarly appropriate prayer ; Dr. Codman said,
the best he had ever heard on the occasion. Dr. Ware, who has for
several years been the chaplain on this occasion, has been disabled by
almost total blindness from officiating in public since the Commence-
ment of 1838.

The salutatory oration was by Hurd,^ son of the Rev. Isaac Hurd,
of Exeter, who had the same part when he was graduated, in 1806.

William E. Townsend,^ of Boston, in a conference on " Missionary
Enterprises," was highly approved. 9 minutes.

Thomas Dawes, in a poem of 17 minutes, was popular. He was
the best orator who officiated this day.

Pliny Earle Chase,' of Worcester, in a colloquy on establishing a Uni-
versity in the country rather than in a city. This Chase is from a
family of Friends or Quakers, the first, it is believed, ever educated at
our University.

Tlie 10th exercise was " A Critical Dissertation. Greek & Roman
Comedy." John Kebler.^

This young man was brought forward & patronized by the Rev.
George Putnam, of Roxbury, under peculiar circumstances. He was
the son of indigent parents, who, with numbers of their countrymen,
had left Germany for America, & settled in Roxbury. Mr. Putnam
attending the funeral of a German child, he was desired by an old
German woman to see one whom she considered an extraordinary boy.
When he was brought to Mr. Putnam, they were at a loss for a lan-
guage by which they could interchange thoughts, as Mr. Putnam could
not speak German, nor the boy English. At length the boy wrote to
Mr. Putnam in Latin, which he at once answered ; & before they
parted an agreement was made that the boy should live in Mr. Put-
nam's family. Accordingly he was employed as a house servant. In

• Dr. Francis P. Hurd, born in Exeter, N. H., Feb. 2, 1820 ; died in Boston,
Oct. 2, 1884.

- Born in Boston, August 20, 1820 ; died there, Nov. 17, 1866.
8 Born in Worcester, August 18, 1820 ; died in Haverford, Penn., Dec. 17,
1886.

* Bom in Subz am Neckar, Wiirtemberg, Feb. 1, 1819; died in Cincinnati,
Ohio, AprU 4, 1886.

1890.] COmiENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 227

process of time the boy evinced such a taste for study, and made such
rapid proficiency that Mr. Putnam resolved to give him the benefit of
a public education. The first year he paid his expenses. After this,
as I understand it, Eben. Francis, Esq., took him under his patronage
and discharged the rest of his bills. He is a fine scholar, and promises
to be a useful man.

The third oration, by Morison,^ on " A Modern Canon of Criticism,"
was sound and judicious.

The second oration, by Edward Everett Hale, on the " Supposed
Degeneracy of the Age," was well written & spoken. The young man
is nephew of Gov. Everett.

The last & most honorable oration, " The Old Age of the Scholar,"
was by Eliot,^ son of the late Wm. H. Eliot, of 1815, & grandson of
Alden Bradford, Esq. He was born 22 Dec, 1821, and is unques-
tionably a remarkable youth. Yet, notwithstanding his scholarship, I
understand he is immediately to enter the counting-room of Robert G.
Shaw, and become a merchant.

For the Master's degree, Robert Bartlett ' gave an oration of 36
minutes on " No good that is possible, but shall one day be real."
This I suppose to be the Transcendentalism which is captivating to a
few irregular genius's. But to me it was " like the tale of an idiot, full
of sound and fury, signifying nothing."

The valedictory, in Latin, was by Samuel Breck Cruft,* 13 minutes,
in the humorous strain common to this sort of oration.

The degree of A.B. was conferred on 61 ; A.M. in course 10 ; AM.
out of course, 5; LL.B., 34; M.D., 19; LL.D., John McLean & James
Grahame, Esq. ; D.D., Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, Rev. Orville Dewey,
Rev. G. R. Noyes.

In the hall Rev. Roswell Shurtleff, past Professor at Dartmouth Col-
lege, asked the blessing. I set the tune the 27'.'' time. By employing a
person at each of the head tables to beat time, St. Martin's, in 5 stanzas
of the LXXVin. Psalm, went well, 5'.'' annivf substitute for thanks.

There were 33 assignments for the first & second degrees, of which
5 failed, being excused.

We left the hall at a little after III, Dr. "Walker closing with a
short and pertinent prayer.

The exercises, as a whole, were thought to have exceeded mediocrity.

There are now 81 Overseers. Of these 30 were present, of whom
23 were Cambridge graduates.

1 N. H. Morison.

2 Samuel Eliot.

8 Of the class of 1836. Bom in Plymouth, Oct. 8, 1818; died there, Sept. 25,
1843.

« Ofthe class of 1836.

228 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

The oldest graduate present was Hon. Elijah Paine, 1781 ; the
oldest clergyman, Dr. Ware, 1785 ; I was the oldest who has the sole
care of his parish, for the first time. Dr. ^Yare, the oldest clergy-
man, the 4'!* time. Dr. Shurtleff, who returned thanks, had been from
Dartmouth College 42 years.

Wine was furnished at dinner. The result was, that several young
men shared freely of the wine which remained after dinner, and were
boisterous in their mirth.

After dinner the alumni met in the Chapel, and a com'" of 5 were
chosen to prepare a plan for an annual meeting of the alumni, and sub-
mit it the next year. It was painful to see how small a number ap-
peared to take interest in this project, the meeting, while I was there,
amounting no one time to 60.

In the evening Mrs. Quiucy had a splendid levee.' . . .

Present incumbents, 46 alone -(-2 colleagues ^48.

Of the whole who preach, Liberal, 76; Orthodox, 9 ; Baptists, 6 ;
Episcopalians, 2 ; Freewill Baptist, 1 ; Universalist, 1 = total at Com-
mencement, 95.

Before me in italics alive, 4 alone, 7 colleagues= 11 in the ministry ;
17 occasionally preach ::= 28 who preach; 20 have left preaching =
48 alive before me.

Before me alone, 3 L. -f- 1 E. = 4 ; colleagues, 3 L. + 4 0. = 7 ;
occasr preach, 5 L.-J-12 0. = 17; left preaching, 14 L. -j-6 0.=
20 = 48.

Total alive before me, in Catalogue, 191. Total alive in italics,
319.

Summary of those alive who are italicised in the Catalogue of 1839.

The whole number alive italicised is. 321. Of these 197 are in office
+ 124 out of office. Of the 197 in office, 109 Liberal Congregationals,
47 Orthodox =156 C. ; 28 Episcopalians; 7 Baptists; 2 Presby-
terians ; 2 Universalists ; 1 Swedenborgian ; 1 Methodist. Of the
197 in office, 176 are alone -|- 21 are colleagues= 197.

Of the 124 out of office, 89 occasionally preach -|- 35 left preach-
ing =124.

Of 89 occasional preachers, 37 L. + 35 O. + 16 E. + 1 B. = 89.

Of the 35 left preaching, 24 L. + 1 1 O. = 35.

Of the 21 colleagues, 11 L. + 7 0. +2 B. + l E. =21.

By my computation alive before me on the Catalogue, 191 -j- 1, after
me, 1772 = alive, 1964.

620 dead after me.

On the Catalogue before me, 3186 + l = after me, 2392. Total,
5579.

1 Here follow accounts of the annual declamations and of the meeting of the
Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the usual classified lists of names.

1S90.] COMMENCEJIENTS AT HAKVAKD, 1803-1848. 229

[1840.]

On "Wednesday, 26 August, I walked to and from Cambridge to
attend my LVI. Commencement at Harvard University, having at-
tended every Commencement in that institution, beginning with 1784,
except in 1791, the day on which my mother was buried.

The day was delightful, there having been copious rains on the previ-
ous Lord's day evening, and Tuesday afternoon and evening, so that the
streets were rather muddy than dusty.

The temperature of the air was also such as could be desired.

This is the first Commencement which I have known when no man
was allowed to wait upon ladies into the meetinghouse for fear he
should remain. We were in the meetinghouse at X.

The exercises commenced with music. Dr. Walker, 2? anniversary,
then ofTered a short and appropriate prayer.

The salutatory oration, by Faulkner,' failed, I know not for what
reason. N. B. He was sick & soon died.

2. Bond,^ in a conference, " The Historical Novel and the Ancient
Epic," wrote and spoke well in defence of the former.

3. Welch ^ did well in " An Essay, Simplicity of Style as necessary
to the Permanence of Literary Fame."

6. " An Essay on Poetical Inspiration," by Heath,* partook of the
extravagance and obscurity of Coleridge.

10. Davis* was applauded in a forensic, on the affirmative side, "Is
the Course which the Chinese have taken in relation to the Opium
Trade justifiable ? "

13. But White,^ of Salem, in a dissertation on " The Irish Char-
acter," was by far the most interesting writer and speaker of the day,
though he was considered perhaps no higher than the 5* or 6'.'' scholar.

18. The II. English oration, by Sanger,' on "Periodical Literature,"
was well written and spoken.

19. The concluding oration, by Heuk,' on "Ultraism," evinced a
good degree of originality and sensible writing ; but he is rather or-
dinary as a speaker. ... He is said, however, to be highly dis-
tinguished, for a man of his age, in the abstruse branches. He will

1 William E. Faulkner, bom in Cambridgeport, Nov. 26, 1817 ; died there,
April 18, 1841.

2 Rev Henry F. Bond.

8 Rev. Edward H. Welch.

4 Jolin F. Heatli, born in Petersburg, Va. Nov. 15, 1819; died in Wilmington,
N. C, Sept. — , 1862.
6 Charles G. Davis.
8 Rev. William 0. White.
' George P. Sanger.
8 John B. Henck.

230 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

[Jan.

probably become a teacher by profession, for which his talents admirably
fit him.

The English oration, for the Master's degree, was a plain, unambi-
tious, and sensible discourse on " The Tyranny of Association," by
Eustis.-' 17 min.

The valedictory in Latin, by Eussell," of 18 minutes, evinced too
great effort to be witty. In this respect it was tedious.

The concluding prayer, by Dr. "Walker, was such as could be desired.

In the procession to the dining hall I walked with Dr. Codman.

Dr. Homer, as the oldest clergyman, asked the blessing. I set St.
Martin's to the LXXVIII. Psalm, the 28'.'' time. As there is so little
visible communication between the 4 halls, a person sitting at the head
table in each was employed to beat time. This was the G'!* anniversary
on which the psalm was the substitute for thanks. We had wine !

There are now 81 Overseers, of whom 41 are Cambridge scholars.

Present 35, of whom 26 were Cambridge schol. Governor Morton
was present, and was treated with a respect due to his station.

In the afternoon at IV, there was a meeting in the Chapel ; and the
Report of the Com'" appointed the last year, recommending to form a
Society of Alumni, to meet on the day before Commencement, dine
together, and have appropriate exercises, was accepted ; and John
Quincy Adams was chosen President.

I then went to the Chapel of the Divinity School, and heard a very
interesting address on music, before the Pierian Sodality, by Henry R.
Cleveland. There was a small, but select audience. Had more notice
of it been given, and a larger place assigned for its delivery, there would
doubtless have been a larger audience. He considered the duties of
amateurs in relation to music, described in mellifluous language its
charms, and hoped a Professor of Music would ere long be appointed
in the University. Fifty years ago there were no pianos manufactured
in New England. Now thousands are, every year, made and circulated
throughout our extensive community.

In the evening I attended the splendid levee of Mrs. Quincy, and
walked home a little before IX.

The graduates of this year are 43. A.M., 25 ; LL.B., 24 ; M.D.,
22 ; Gov. Morton, Edward Hitchcock, Chs. Augustus Dewey, 3, LL.D. ;
Rev. John Codman, D.D., & Rev. Joseph Field, 2, D.D.

The Bachelors who had assignments were 27 ; of these, 3 only failed,
viz., the salutatory oration, a literary disquisition, & a part in one of
the forensics.

The oldest graduate, the oldest clergyman, and the clergyman who

1 Dr. John F, Eustis, of the class of 18.S7.
'■' Charles T. KusseU, of the class of 1837.

1890] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 231

asked the blessing at dinner, were united in one man, Rev. Jonathan
Homer, of Newton, born in Boston, 15 April, 1759 ; grad. 1777.
This was the S* anniversary in which he has been the oldest graduate,
the 5* the oldest clergyman, & the S'" on which he has asked the
blessing at dinner.

For the 2'? time I was the oldest clergyman present who has the sole
care of his parish. Gentlemen of distinction present both days. Col.
Maxwell, of the 36'> British Regiment, a Scotchman ; Mr. Grattan,
Consul from England, an Irishman ; Dr. Cox, Dr. Skinner, of N. Y.,
&c., &c., &c.^ . . .

Alive in the Catalogue, in italics, 318.

Alive hefore me on the Catalogue, 176 -|- alive after me on the
Catalogue, 1792 + 1 = alive, 1969.

Dead after me, 642 + 1969 = 2611.

On the Catalogue before me, 3186 -|- 1 -f- on the Catalogue after
me 2435 = 5622.^ . . .

Accordingly there were present alumni in italics, 78 ; pastors, not
alumni, of Congregational chhs., Mass., 6 ; pastors of Orthodox
chhs. & professors, 10 ; pastors of Baptist chhs., 5 ; :=; 99.

The oldest graduate living, on the Catalogue, for the last 3 Com-
mencements is Samson Salter Blowers, of Halifax, born 22 March,
1742, of the class of 1763. N. B. He has been the oldest survivor
since the death of Paine Wingate, 7 March, 1838.

Before me, in italics, alive.

2 alone-}- 8 colleagues = 10 in the ministry; 17 occasionally
preach = 27 who preach; 18 have left preaching = 45 alive before
me.

Before me, alone, 1 E. -j- 1 L. = 2 ; colleagues, 4 L. -j- 4 0. ^ 8 ;
occa? preach, 5 L. -}- 12 O. = 17 ; left preaching, 13 L. -[- 5 0. = 18.

[1841.]

On Wednesday, 25 August, 1841, I attended my LVII. Commence-
ment at Harvard University, every occasion of the kind, beginning with
1784, except 1791, on which day my mother was buried; so that I
have now attended fifty Commencements in uninterrupted succession.

The day was clear and comfortable, with the exception that it was
very dusty.

The Overseers met for the first time in the Gore Library, a large

' Here follow notices of the prize declamations and of the anniversary of the
Phi Beta Kappa Society, and some tabular statements relating to Dr. Pierce's
seniors and contemporaries.

2 Here follow other classified lists of names of persons who were present at
Commencement.

232 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

and elegant stone building, built at an expense of about $70,000, from
funds left by the Hon. Christopher Gore, H. U. 1776.

The Overseers held their meeting to transact their preparatory
business in a convenient room adjoining the Library.

The Governor (John Davis) & suite having arrived in good season,
escorted by an elegant company of Lancers from Boston, the procession
moved into the meetinghouse so as to commence the exercises at a little
past ten.

Dr. Walker, of the Corporation, opened the meeting with a highly
appropriate prayer.

The salutatory oration, in Latin, by E. A. "W. Harlow, was but 4
minutes long, well written and spoken.

4. An essay, " Guesses at Truth leading to Discoveries," by Eben
Sperry Stearns.* This was ingeniously composed and delivered. This
is the fourth son of the Rev. Samuel Stearns, of 1794, late of Bedford,
educated at Harvard University, all of whom have been respectable
scholars.

First, Rev. Samuel H. Stearns, 1823, settled for a little time in the
Old South Church. Died early of consumption.

Second, Rev. Wm. Augustus Stearns, now Orthodox minister, Cam-
bridgeport, 1827.

Third, Rev. Jonathan French Stearns, Presbyterian minister in New-
buryport, 1830. Their mother was daughter of the Rev. Jonathan
French, of Andover.

7. Christopher Gore Ripley ^ did well in a literary discussion with
Franklin Hall ^ on Shakspeare.

9. An ethical disquisition by Robert Henry Harlow, on " The Morals
of Legislation," was thought by good judges to be among the very first
exercises on this occasion.

10. A deliberative discussion, " The Political Influence of the Roman
Catholic Church in Republics," by Pray * & Smith,* contained too many
severe reflections on the Catholics, considering there were several of our
guests of that denomination.

The two Harlows and Pray are from Baptist families.

Indeed, it is remarkable how this denomination has increased in
numbers, respectability, and literature, in this country, since the Revo-
lutionary War.

12. A dissertation, " William Penn," by William Gustavus Babcock,
was finely written and spoken.

1 Born in Bedford, Dec. 23, 1819 ; died in Nashville, Tenn., April 11, 1887.

2 Born in Waltham, Sept. 6, 1822 ; died in Concord, Oct. 16, 1881.

5 Born in East Cambridge, August 8, 1817 ; died in Dorcliester, August 6, 1868.
* Rev. Edward W. Pray, born in Boston, June 25, 1822 ; died in Rochester,

N.Y., Feb. 10, 1888

6 T. C. H. Smith.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 233

^14. The third English oration, on " Political Ambition," by Hoff-
man,' son of Judge Hoffman, of N. Y., was a manly performance.
10 m.

15. The second English oration, " Poetry in an Unpoetical Age," was
by Thomas W. Higginson. 12 m.

1 6. The last oration, by Francis Edward Parker," only child of the
late Dr. Nathan Parker, of Portsmouth, N. H., was such as to evince
that the honor was not unworthily conferred. 13 min.

The oration for the Master's degree, by Rufus Ellis," abounded in good
sense, but was not adapted to electrify the audience. Indeed, there was
less humor than common in the exercises of the day.

The Latin valedictory, by Benjamin F. Atkins,^ often the most amus-
ing to the audience in general, lost much of its effect by being imper-
fectly committed to memory.

In the class for A.B., 23 had assignments, of whom 21 performed.
The failures were an essay by Rollins ; part in a forensic by Jackson.
The degree of A.B., 42 in course, 1 out of course ; A.M., 20 in
course, 6 out of course ; M.D., 1 6 ; LL.B., 24 ; LL.D., Samuel Sumner
"Wilde, James Savage, Francis C. Gray, Francis Xavier Martin ; D.D.,
James Thompson, Mark Hopkins, Barnas Sears.

The concluding piayer was by Dr. Walker, short, pertinent, and
devout.

The procession walked to the dining hall between II & III. I
walked with Dr. Gray and Dr. Homer.

Dr. Homer, H. U. 1777, asked the blessing, the B"" anniversary, as
the oldest clei-gyman present, also the oldest graduate.

I set St. Martin's, 29'!' time, to the LXXVIII. Psalm, & the 7'!" an-
niversary as a substitute for thanks. Wine was on the tables !

The President gave the degrees to the Masters with a Bible, formerly
owned by the first President, Dunster. It has the original Hebrew of
the Old Testament, the translation of the New Testament into Hebrew,
and the New Testament in Greek. Printed in 1633. It has been lately
sent to President Quinoy by the Misses Dunster, of Brewster, daughters
of the Rev. Isaiah Dunster, native of Cambridge, H. U. 1741, ordained
at Brewster, 13 Nov., 1748, died 18 June, 1791. ^t. 72, descendant of
the first President.

These ladies are now beneficiaries of the Massachusetts Cong. Char.
Soc. & Convention !

1 Wickham Hoffman.

2 Francis E. Parker, born in Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1821 ; died in Boston,
Jan. 18, 1886. A memoir of Mr. Parker, by Edward Bangs, is in 2 Proceedings,
vol. iii. pp. 247-252.

' Of the class of 1838.
« Of the class of 1838.

234 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

In this Bible, on the last page, is a Church CoveDant, probably used
by Rev. Isaiah Duuster.

" You [each of you] do solemnly assent, as in the presence of God,
his holy Angels, and this Assembly, to accept of, and submit to, the
only living and true God, as your God ; the Lord Jesus Christ, as your
Savior, Prophet, Priest, and King ; the Holy Spirit, as your Guide and
Comforter.

You do also promise [to bring up your children in the nurture and
admonition of the Lord] to attend to the Ordinances, & submit your-
selves to the government of Christ m this particular Church, though
you be not satisfied in conscience as to your coming up to the ordinance
of the Lord's Supper."

This is the 4'? anniversary on which Dr. Homer has been the oldest
graduate ; the 6'." on which he has been the oldest minister ; the 6'^ on
which he has asked the blessing.

This is also the 3' anniversary on which I have been the oldest
clergyman present, having the sole care of his parish.

There are now 82 Overseers of Harvard University. Of these 38
are sons of Harvard. Present at Commencement but 32. Of these
23 are Cantabrigians.

There was no meeting of the alumni. It had been intended to
observe the first anniversary of the Society on the day before Com-
mencement. For this purpose Hon. John Quincy Adams was chosen to
deliver the first Anniversary Address. Judge Story was chosen as his
substitute. But Mr. Adams was detained by the extra session of Con-
gress. Judge Story has recently had an illness, which he urged as an
excuse from the allotted exercise.

10 were present of the class of 1802

No strangers of distinction were present. The only officers of other
institutions whom I recollect were President Sears & Professors Chase
& Ripley of the Newton Theological Institution, Professor Romeo
Elton of Brown University, Professor Cogswell of Dartmouth College
& Dr. Going, B.' . . .

Alive before me, 164 -|- 1; alive after me, 1822 = 1987, whole
number alive.

By accurate computation, on Catalogue, 1839, before me 3204, after
me 2482 -f- 1 = 5687, whole number of alumni.

Dead before me = 3040 ; dead after me, 660 = 3700, whole number
dead.

Before me in italics alive, 1 alone, 9 colleagues = 10 in the min-
istry, 17 occasionally preach = 27 who preach ; 17 have left preach-
ing = 44 alive before me.

1 Here follow notices of the prize declamations and of the anniversary of the
Phi Beta Kappa Society, and some of the usual statistics.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 235

[1842.]

On Wednesday, 24 August, 1842, I attended my LVIII. Commence-
ment at H. U.

The day was hot ; the travelling dry and dusty, though around the
College the dust was laid by artificial means.

The preliminary meeting of the Overseers was holden in Gore Library
at a little before X, a. si., whence the procession moved into the meeting-
house, so that the services commenced in the church a few minutes past X.

This is the first year in which the following notice was published in
the order of exercises.

A part at Commencement is assigned to every Senior, who, for
general scholarship, is placed in the first half of his class, or who has
attained a certain rank in any department of study.

The names of the departments iu which the student has attained the
requisite rank are inserted in the order of performances with his name.

High distinction in any department is indicated by italics.

The salutatory oration by Allen,' of 8 minutes, was appropriate.

Six English orations were assigned. The last & most honorable, by
Haven,^ of Portsmouth, N. H., was omitted, through indisposition. So
also was the 6'^, by Nichols,^ from the same cause. S. H. Phillips, of
Salem, has been obliged to retreat from college, on account of infirmities,
as is thought, by reason of the intense application demanded by the
pressure of college studies.

The 2^ E. 0. in honor was by Johnson,^ of Salem, 17 minutes, a
beautiful exercise, on national songs.

The 3'? E. O., by Hale,^ son of the somewhat famous Sarah J.
Hale, of Boston, whose eldest son, the first scholar iu his class, left
college, some years since, to go on the exploring expedition appointed
by the government of the TJ. S.

The 4* E. O., by Jaques,' on " American National Legislation," of
14 minutes, was a subject too difficult for so young a man.

The 5"' E. 0., by Fish,' of 7 minutes, " On the Faery Superstition
in English Literature," was ingenious and popular.

1 Rev. T. P. Allen, born in Northborough, July 7, 1822 ; died Ln West Newton,
Nov. 26, 1868.

•■' Horace A. Haven, born in Portsmouth, N. H., Oct. 2, 1822 ; died there, Oct.
22, 1843.

3 Benjamin W. Nichols.

* Rev. Samuel Johnson, born in Salem, Oct. 10, 1822 ; died in North Andover,
Feb in, 1882.

5 William G. Hale, born in Boston, Oct. 28, 1822 ; died in New Orleans, La.,
Jan. 8, 1876.

5 David R. Jaques.

' Asa I. Fish, born in Nottingham, N. J., Feb. 16, 1820 ; died in Philadelphia,
Penn., May 5, 1876.

236 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

The oration for the Masters, by Edward Everett Hale,^ of 20 min-
utes, was well written and spoken. This exercise would have been
assigned to Eliot,' the first scholar in the class, but for his absence.

The valedictory, by Jacobs,^ of 7 minutes, was in the usual style of
such exercises.

The services were closed sooner than the steward expected. We
therefore walked to the Gore Library, and waited our summons to
dinner.

On being seated in the hall, by my nomination the Rev. Silas Totten,
Episcopal President of Washington College, in Hartford, Conn., asked
the blessing.

Notwithstanding the entreaties & remonstrances of so many temper-
ance friends of the University, wine was on the tables. As I sat oppo-
site to and other military ofBcers in their costumes, I saw much

wine-drinking. When will this " abomination of desolation " be ban-
i.shed from the halls of Old Harvard ?

To add to the annoyance of many attendants, cigars were smoked
without mercy !

The Hon. John Welles, being the oldest at dinner, bo. 14 Oct., 1764,
the oldest in the hall, H. U. 1782, prefaced a toast with a short speech
which but few heard.

I set St. Martin's, the 30"' time, to the LXXVIII. Psalm, and the
S'!" anniversary as a substitute for thanks.

Dr. Gray was the oldest clergyman in the hall ; and as his colleague,
the Rev. George Whitney, died last April, he was the oldest clergyman
present having the sole care of his parish. This has been the case with
myself at 3 previous Commencements.

After leaving the hall I called at Capen's chamber, one of the gradu-
ates, son of my friend, the Rev. Lemuel Capen.

I then went to the levee of Mrs. President Quincy, where were as-
sembled great numbers of ladies and strangers of distinction. The brass
band, as usual, added much to the interest of the occasion by their fine
music.^ ...

Admitted to the degree of A.B., 55 ; A.M., in course, 22 ; out of
course, 6; M.D., 21 ; LL.B., 39; John Davis, Artemas Ward, Samuel
Hubbard, LL.D., 3; Rev. Dr. Wm. Jenks, Rev. W. B. O. Peabody,
D.D., 2; Lucius Manlius Sargent, Wm. Cranch Bond, Hon. A.M., 2.

1 Of the class of 1839.

2 Samuel Eliot, of the class of 1839.

8 Bela F. Jacobs, of the class of 1839.

* Dr. Pierce gives lists of" seniors and contemporaries " and other alumni whom
he saw, and adds : " Before me in italics, 2 alone, 6 colleagues = 8 in ministry ;
13 occasionally preach = 21 preach ; 16 have left preaching = 37 alive before
me. 144 ahve before me in Catalogue." On another page he gives a list of
"ministers laid by as broken vessels." It comprises 50 names, beginnmg with
1777 and endmg with 1832.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAED, 1803-1848. 237

The oldest graduate and the oldest minister at Cambridge during
these 3 days was the Rev. Jonathan Homer, of 1777.

[1843.]

On Wednesday, 23 August, 1843, I attended my LIX. Commence-
ment at Harvard University, every one since I began with the Com-
mencement in 1784, but in 1791, when my mother was buried on
Commencement day.

As there had been rain for three previous days, the streets instead of
being dusty, as common on such occasions, and requiring artificial means
to lay tlie dust, were very muddy, so as to render it difficult to cross
them. At Gore Library III. anniversary.

The Governor and suite arrived in such season that the exercises
commenced but a little after X in the morning.

Rev. Dr. Walker, of the Corporation, introduced the services with an
appropriate prayer of 2^ minutes.

The Latin salutatory was by Octavius Brooks Frothingham, son of
Dr. Frothingham, of Boston I. Church. It appeared to be elegantly
written, and was delivered with much grace and propriety. It contained
what is unusual on such occasions, an elaborate address to John Quincy
Adams. Had he not been present, the effect of the oration would have
been much less striking.

There were, as on the last year, 6 English orations.

The Vl* in honor was by John Lowell, son of John A. Lowell, a
member of the Corporation, grandson of John Lowell, former member
of the Corporation, great-great-grandson of the Rev. John Lowell, the
first minister of Newburyport. The subject of this oration was, "The
Battle of the Nile," 8 minutes in length, a summary of the principal
facts.

The V. English oration, by William Henry Adams,^ of North Chelms-
ford, on " Our Debt to the Puritans," was not performed.

The IV. English oration, by James Howard Means, Boston, on " The
Literary Services of the American Missionaries," of 9 minutes, was well
done.

The III. English oration, " The Fall of Athens," by Washington Very,^
of Salem, was of 12 minutes, well written, but spoken in too monotonous
a tone.

The II. English oration, by Thomas Hill, of New Brunswick, N. J.,
on "Mathematics," 15 minutes long, was decidedly the most interesting
exercise of the day. It was original, discriminating, finely written, and
though on so apparently dry a subject, truly eloquent. It was expected

1 Born Nov. 28, 1823; died August 4, 1846.

2 Born Not. 12, 1815; died AprU 28, 1853.

238 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

that he would have the first assignment in the class ; but his attention
has been divided among so many objects that he was exceeded in reci-
tation exercises by Sargent, whose attention has been perseveringly and
uninterruptedly devoted to the attainment of the first honors.

. . . Professor Pierce thinks him the best mathematician who has,
for many years, been educated at H. U., and expressed the wish to
Hill that he might be Professor of Mathematics in some literary insti-
tution. To which proposal Hill replied, that he would rather be the
pastor of a country congregation than fill any professorship which could
be provided for him. The reason why Hill sought his education at
Cambridge is, that he is a Unitarian of the Priestley stamp, his parents
having been formerly his parishioners in Hackney, England.

The I. oration, by Sargent,' on " The Correction of Popular Tenden-
cies," was well composed and delivered, but not with that deep feeling
which imparted such a charm to Hill's exercise. Sargent's oration occu-
pied, like Hill's, precisely 15 minutes.

A disquisition by Bacon," of Natick, of 8 minutes, on " Transcendental
Views of Inductive Philosophy," was a solid and good performance.

A disquisition on " Sir Philip Sidney," of 8 minutes, by Morrell,' of
Havana, W. I., did him much credit.

The poem, on " American Women," by Sedgwick,* did not captivate
the audience as was expected. It was 11 minutes long.

A disquisition by Boyden,^ of Beverly, on " The Attraction of Literary
Eccentricity," 10 minutes long, gave offence to the theological professors,
as in supposed allusion to the Divinity School, Cambridge, he intimated,
on the authority, it is believed, of a hasty expression dropt some years
since by the late Professor Palfrey, that " one third were Mystics, one
third Sceptics, and the other Dyspeptics." Professor Francis main-
tained, in conversation, that Professor Channing ought not to have suf-
fered such a sentence to pass.

The English oration for the Master's degree, on " The Faith of the
Present," by Joseph Henry Allen, ^ 23 minutes long, though elaborated
with great apparent care, yet was rather too misty for matter-of-fact
hearers.

The valedictory, in Latin, by Russell,' of Plymouth, 16 minutes

1 Horace Binney Sargent.

2 John W. Bacon, born in Natick, July 12, 1818; died in Taunton, March 21,
1888.

8 Edward Morrell, born in Philadelphia, Oct. 1, 1824; died in Newport, K. I.,
Sept. 3, 1871.

* Henry D. Sedgwick.

6 James W. Boyden.

« Of the class of 1840.

' William G. Russell, of the class of 1840.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAKD, 1803-1848. 239

long, as usual affected wit, much of which, also as usual, aimed at the
ladies.

The President then conferred the following degrees, viz., A.B. 63 J
A.M. in course, 14; out of course, 4; M.D., 31 ; LL.B. in course, 36;
out of course, 1 ; LL.D., Wm. Smyth, Eng., Wm. H. Prescott, Jared
Sparks, Geo. Bancroft ; D.D., Kev. David Damon, E. S. Gannett, Dr.
Sharp, Dr. Potter.

The Board of Overseers when full consists of 83. I took account of
but 35 at Commencement. Of these, 20 were sons of Harvard.

But few strangers of distiuction were present. Hon. Benjamin Tap-
pan, Senator in Congress, was one, my brother-in-law, who had an hon-
orable seat assigned him. Mons. Serrurier was also present ; likewise
Dr. Totten, President of Washington College, Hartford ; Pres. Woods,
of Bowdoin College ; Bishops Doane & Eastburn.

On arriving at the hall, I was, for the IV. anniversary, the oldest
clergyman having the sole care of his parish. What was my surprise
to find none after me till 1802, nine years my juniors?

It was decided by all of whom I inquired that it would fall to me to
ask the blessing at dinner, as the senior clergyman present. To this I
consented, avowing at the same time that it should be the only time,
should my life be prolonged. A blessing was supplicated in these

" God of light and of love, smile propitiously on our parent University, the
pious care of our fatliers, the joy, the glory, the hope of their children. May its
governors, teachers, and pupils mutually combine to advance its highest inter-
ests ! To thy kind care we devoutly commend that portion of this literary com-
munity who have tliis day received and reflected its honors. May thy good
Providence accompany and direct them wherever they may go. Bless, we pray
thee, our food and fellowship at tliis time. While we mingle our congratula-
tions, and rejoice in each other's joy, may our feelings be chastened by the con-
sideration that every such occasion deducts one more year from the short span
of human life, and swells the number of those who go to their long home ; and
oh ! may we not be slothful, but followers of them who, through faith and pa-
tience, inherit the promises, through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen."

The dinner was very soon despatched. Indeed, the Bishops and
others compared it to a steamboat dinner, on account of the haste in
which it was eaten. The reason probably was, that many present were
invited to the private chambers of the graduates who had company, and
others followed.

At the close of the dinner President Quincy arose and remarked that
from the foundation of the University it had been customary to sing a
version of the LXXVIII. Psalm, and that it would now be set by one
who had set it for the last 50 years. I accordingly arose, and sang the
psalm to St. Martin's. Though I had an instrument to give the pitch,
yet in my confusion it was one or two notes too high. This made it the

240 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

more difficult to sing. But it was said by several to have gone well.
"When I used first to set the tune, I was required to read the psalm line
by line, as none were printed for the occasion. This was really the 31"
time in which I had myself set the tune, though I began to set it on
17 July, 1793, 50 years ago, the year in which I was graduated. Thia
was the 9"' anniversary on which the tune was a substitute for thanks.

After the exercises I called at Hudson's chamber, where were several
from Newburyport ; also at Sargent's, whose father made for him a most
splendid entertainment. Here were coming and going the elites of the
day. But though the provision for guests was ample, and the very best
of the kind, yet from Mr. Sargent's position in the temperance cause
there was no wine.

The same cannot be said of the Commencement dinner in the hall.
Wine in abundance was furnished ; and though but comparatively few
partook of it while the company were together, yet afterwards there
was a gathering of wine-bibbers and tobacco-smokers who filled their
skins with vinous potations, the hall with a nauseous effluvia, and the
air with bacchanalian songs and shouts.

At a little past V, company began to assemble at Mrs. Quincy's levee,
at the President's house. Here many people gather to converse with
one another, who attend no part of the Commencement exercises. To
add to the entertainment, the brass band, as usual, discoursed sweet
music in the President's yard. In the evening I walked home.

In the Boston Courier, Friday, 25 August, was the following edito-
torial remark : —

" After the exercises in the meetinghouse, the Corporation, Faculty, Overseers,
alumni, & invited guests dined in tlie picture-gallery of the University. The Rev.
Dr. Pierce, of Brookline, involved a blessing at the table. At tlie close of the
dinner, the President remarked that there would then be sung a hymn, which had
been sung there annually, on the same occasion, for tiro hundred i^ars, by a gen-
tleman who had sung it there for fifty years in succession. The Rev. Dr. Pierce
then led off the following, to the tune of St. Martin's :
" ' Give ear,' &c.

" We should like to see a copy of these verses two hundred years old. If we
remember right, at the Commencement in 1842, Dr. Pierce made a declaration
similar to that made, on this occasion, by President Quincy, viz., that they had been
sung at the Commencement dinner for two hundred years. We appreliend that
both gentlemen are under a mistake. We should be sorry to throw any suspicion
upon the accuracy of their antiquarian learning ; but if there is any reason to be-
lieve tliat certain poets of a later period wrote their own works, the first three
stanzas above were written by one Nahum Tate, poet-laureate to her gracious Maj-
esty Queen Anne, and the last two stanzas by one Isaac Watts, who wrote a ver-
sion of the Psalms of David a few years later. But of this no more at present."

Now President Quincy could not mean, and I certainly never intended
to assert, that this identical version had been used for two hundred
years, for I knew well to the contrary. When I first set the psalm.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 211

17 July, 1793, it was not printed in bills as at present. But I read
them, line by line, the first six stanzas from Tate & Brady's version. I
continued this practice till 1803, when for the first time a version of
the LXXVIII. Psalm was printed on a sheet ; & it has been printed
in this form to the present time, hut not precisely the same stanzas.
For more than twenty years there were six stanzas printed from Tate
& Brady's book. But for the last 13 years at least but five stanzas
have been printed, and these immediately and verbatim from Dr.
Belknap's collection, first published in 1795. Yet one stanza is omitted
even from Belknap's collection ; and he has made slight variations even
from Tate & Watts. Thus in the first line on the printed bills from
Tate we have

" Give ear, ye children," instead of

" Hear, O my people," &c.

In the 3* line of the first stanza, we have " instructions," instead of
" instruction."

In the 4'? stanza on the bill, the first line from Watts, we have
" learn " for " hear."

1 have been led into these trivial particulars in reply to the trifling
criticism above noted.

In fine, I have always understood that it has been the invariable
practice since the foundation of the College to sing some version of a
portion of the LXXVIII. Psalm.

This version has varied with the taste of the times, from that of
Steruhold & Hopkins, appended to the Geneva Bible, so called ; next
to that of the New England version of 1 G39 by Weld, Eliot, & Mather,
the 26* edition of which was published in 1744; then Tate & Brady's
version ; then Dr. Watts's ; & last, not least, Dr. Belknap's, 1795.

Not only have the versions been varied, but the number of stanzas.
Of late years the number has been limited to 5 stanzas.

So that there is nothing in our usages to prevent the use of a still
improved version, should such a one, in process of time, appear, retain-
ing, however, for its basis the LXXVIII. Psalm in our common trans-
lation of the Bible. We always desire to offer our best services to the
Most High, if we can but ascertain how we may best approach him in
the delightful exercise of psalmody .' . . .

This was the first Commencement on which Dr. H. Ware, Sen5, has
been absent for the last 63. He attended every Commencement, since
the war, beginning with 1781, i. e., 62 Commencements.

This was the IV. Commencement on which I have been the senior
pastor, having the sole care of his parish.

1 Here follow the order of exercises and names of the judges of the prize
declnmations. an account of the anniversary of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and
the usual statistical and personal memoranda.
31

242 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Before me, in italics, 1 alone -j- 6 colleagues^? in ministry; 9
occasionally preach = 16 preach ; 14 have left preaching =^ 30 alive
before me in italics. 128 alive before me in Catalogue.

The oldest graduate at Commencement, this year, was Judge John
Davis, H. U. 1781, born 25 January, 1761, accordingly 82 years & 7
months, lacking 2 days.

[1844.]

On Wednesday, 28 August, 1844, 1 attended my LX. Commencement
at Harvard University, every one since I began in 1784, excepting in
the year 1791, when my mother was buried.

It was cloudy most of the day, so that the temperature of the weather
was pleasant. It had rained copiously on the previous Sabbath, so that
there was no dust.

After dining with the alumni on Tuesday, 27 August, I walked by
appointment to Dr. Braman's, physician in Brighton, son of my old
friend, the Rev. Isaac Braman, of Georgetown, where I took tea. He
had invited the survivors of his father's class to meet at his house the
day before Commencement. Eight are supposed to be living, four of
whom were together on this occasion, namely, Rev. Isaac Braman, of
Georgetown, born 5 July, 1770; Rev. Elijah Dunbar, Peterborough,
N. H., born 7 July, 1773; Rev. James Blake Howe, lately Episcopal
minister of Claremont, N. H., born 31 March, 1773 ; and the Rev.
David Kendall, formerly of Hubbardston, now of Augusta, N. Y., born
20 March, 1768. I was invited as their intimate friend, though not
classmate. There was a melancholy pleasure in reviewing pa?t scenes,
and in contemplating the changes which we had lived to witness.

This class had but 29 when it was graduated. Of these but 8 are
supposed to be among the living. Dr. Braman received answers from
the Hon. H. Atherton, Amherst, N. H. ; Hon. William Crosby, Belfast,
Me. ; & Stephen Peabody, Bucksport, Me., all of whom gave some en-
couragement that they would be present, but circumstances prevented.
Not one of the 4 who were present is now in the ministry.

The Overseers met in Gore Library, the IV. anniversary. The Gov-
ernor was escorted from Boston to Cambridge by a troop of Lancers on
horseback.

Of the 83 Overseers which compose the Board when full, I took ac-
count of but 27 present on this occasion. Of the 83, 30 are sons of
Harvard. Of the 27 present, 18 were Cambridge scholars.

The usual preparatory business of voting the degrees was despatched,
so that at X precisely the procession was formed and moved to the
I. Church.

Dr. Walker offered an appropriate prayer of 5 minutes.

The exercises consisted of the following, which were performed:

1890.] COMMENCEMEKTS AT HAKVAED, 1803-1848. 243

1 salutatory Latin oration, 1 intermediate do., 8 disquisitions, 4 disser-
tations, 6 English orations, 1 Greek oration, 1 English poem.

The following assigned, but omitted : 5 disquisitions, 2 dissertations,
1 English oration.

22 performed, 8 not performed ; total, 30.

There was a remarkable uniformity in the execution ofthe parts, with
the exception of the last and most honorable oration, which was pre-
eminent in merit as well as in assignment.

This was by Josiah Shattuck Hartwell, of Littleton, " On the Politi-
cal Fortunes and Destinies of the Anglo-Saxon Race." 20 minutes.

The best speaker was supposed to be Tilton,' who performed a poem
" On Little Nell," &c.

Perry ,^ in a disquisition on " Respect for Custom and Habit in Social
Changes," was lauded in the papers next to Hartwell.

My greatest anxiety was for Edward Augustus Wild, son of my
doctor, born 26 Nov., 1825, who sustained the 5* rank in point of honor.
He had written an exercise which Professor Channing thought too satiri-
cal for the occasion. He then wrote, in a few hours, another oration,
entitled " The True Man of Action," which was quite a sensible exercise,
and received with general approbation.

The oration in English omitted was by Fuller,^ on " The Physical
Sciences," the 2'^ part in honor.

Leverett Saltonstall, Jr., of Salem, had a good disquisition on " Clar-
endon as a Statesman." Governor Briggs remarked that he looked and
spoke more like Henry Clay than any young man whom he had ever
known.

Francis Parkman, Jr., of Boston, on " Romance in America," evinced
more humor than any of the class. His wit was, in repeated instances,
applauded.

This was the first Commencement, probably, since the foundation of
the College in which no exercises were assigned to candidates for the
Master's degree.

Though I have known college exercises which might be ranked
higher, and many which were lower than any on this occasion, yet I
ventured the opinion that, as far as I am capable of judging, I have
attended no Commencement in which the exercises, taken as a whole,
were so uniformly good.

At dinner the blessing was invoked by Dr. Packard, H. U. 1787.
He had returned thanks once before, viz., in 1831. The Rev. Jacob
Norton, formerly of Weymouth, H. U. 1786, was invited, as the senior

1 Warren Tilton.

2 Horatio J. Perry.

8 Richard F. Fuller, born in Cambridge, May 15, 1824 ; died in Wayland, May

244 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

clergyman present, to ask the blessing. But he declined on the ground
that he had lost his voice. III. An^ in the new hall.

At the close of dinner we sang the LXXVIII. Psalm, for the X*
anniversary, as a substitute for thanks, in the version of Belknap, I
setting the tune the 32* time.

As Buckingham, in the Boston Courier last year, severely criticised
what was said of our psalm, with leave of the President I arose and
stated that from the foundation of the College it had been the practice
to sing at the Commencement dinner the LXXVIII. Psalm in the
prevalent version of the day. From the commencement of the Univer-
sity it was probably sung in the New England version.

In 1639 there was an agreement among the Magistrates and Minis-
ters to set aside the psalms then printed at the end of their Bibles, and
sing one more congenial to their ideas of religion. (I have the XXVI.
edition, published in 1744.) Mr. Welde & Mr. Eliot, of Roxbury,
& Mr. Richard Mather, of Dorchester, were selected to prepare a
metrical translation.

On which occasion the Rev. Thomas Shepard, of Cambridge, gave
them the following metrical caution : —

" Ye Roxbury poets, keep clear of the crime
Of missing to give us very good rhime ;
And you of Dorchester, your verses lengthen ;
But with the text's own words you wiU them strengthen."

Their version is the following : —

" Give listening ear unto my law,

Ye people that are mine ;

Unto the sayings of my mouth

Do you your ear incline.

"My mouth I'll ope in parables;
I '11 speak things hid of old,
Which we have heard, and known, and which
Om- fathers have us told.

" Them from their children we'll not hide,
But show the age to come
The Lord, His praise, His strength, and works
Of wonder He hath done.

"In Jacob He a witness set,
A law in Israel
He gave, which He our fathers charged,
They should their children tell.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 245

" That th' age to come, and children which
Are to be born might know ;
That they who should arise, the same
Might to their children show."

There dined in the hall this day 500, and the bottles of wine fur-
nished were 144; 72 were exhausted.'

Of class of 1802, 14 were present.

From the dining hall I called at Wild's chamber, where there had
been a generous entertainment of Brookline people, &c.

I then went to the room of the Rev. Dr. Codman's son Robert, who
had a sumptuous entertainment, without wine, for his Dorchester
friends, &c. The Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, the President of
the University, &c., called to express their gratulations.

At the close of the day Mrs. Quincy had her usual splendid levee,
which many attended who had not been present at the Commencement
exercises. The brass band was in the yard of the house, discoursing
fine music. For my special accommodation they performed Tivoli,
Auld Lang Syne, & Marseilles Hymn.

Degrees conferred, A.B., 52; A.M., 13; M.D., 35; LL.B., 36;
LL.D., Gov. Briggs, John Sargeant, Charles Lyell ; D.D., Andrew
Bigelow, Edwards A. Park ; A.M. Hon., Hosea Ballon, 2^, Prof. Asa
Gray, R. C. Waterston, Nathan Appleton, Jonathan Mason Warren,
M.D.2 . . .

First class in which a majority are living, 1796. Last class in which
a majority are dead, 1807. Last class in which all are dead, 1780,
Only class in which all are alive, 1844.

Before me in italics, 1 alone -(- 5 colleagues ;= 6 in ministry ; 8 oc-
casionally preach =14 preach ; 14 have left preaching ^^ 28 alive before
me in italics; 115 alive before me in Catalogue.' . . .

1 On another page Dr. Peirce gives some curious details and estimates of the
wine drunk at the dinner of the Alumni Association, August 27, at the Com-
mencement dinner, August 28, and at the dinner of the Plii Beta Kappa Society,
August 29. At the first the wines furnished were claret and champagne. Accord-
ing to his statement, 12 dozen bottles of claret and 10 dozen of champagne were
ordered ; and of these 3 dozen of claret and 7 dozen of champagne were used ;
and he makes the average consumption to have been " about | of a bottle apiece."
At the Commencement dinner the wines were Sicily Madeira and claret, and
the average consumption was " about \ a bottle apiece." At the dinner of the Phi
Beta Kappa Society, the wines were old Madeira, old Sherry, and claret, and the
average consumption by the hundred and ninety-four members who dined to-
gether was " from J to ^ a bottle apiece." The average of the three dinners he
makes " nearly J of a bottle apiece."

2 The order of exercises for the declamations, the account of the anniversary
of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and a few memoranda here follow.

2 The names of those in itahcs before him who were then living are here
given.

246 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Living in italics in the Catalogue of H. U., Commencement, 1844
... Of these Liberal Congregalionalists, 182 ; Orthodox do., 77 ;
Episcopalians, 44 ; Baptists, 1 ; Universalists, 3 ; Swedenborgians, 2 ;
Methodist, 1 ; Presbyterian, 1 ; Roman Catholic, 1:=321.

Of 182 Lib. C, 145 preach +37 do not=182. Licumbents of
chhs., 106 ; Colleagues, 10.

Of 77 0., 68 preach, 9 do not = 77.

[1845.]

On Wednesday, 27 August, 1845, I attended my LXT. Anniversary
Commencement at Cambridge, all, beginning with 1784, but July, 1791,
when my mother was buried.

The former part of the day was dry and cool. But on leaving the
church, after the exercises, in going to the hall to dine, it rained
violently.^

The hall was quite full, 550 plates having been occupied ; and more
were added.

Eev. Isaac Braman, H. U. 1794, of Georgetown, formerly Eowley,
born 5 July, 1770, and ordained 7 June, 1797, asked the blessing. In-
stead of thanks as formerly, we sang a version of the LXXVIII.
Psalm, I setting the tune for the XI* anniversary on which it was
substituted for thanks, and the 33*^ time in which I have set the tune.
N. B. I began to set the tune when I was graduated, 17 July, 1793, &
have generally set it ever since when I dined in the hall.

A very long procession walked to the church, many more than could
find room on the stage. I was sorry to see comparatively young men
who had no just claims take seats on the stage to the exclusion of
several old men, over 70.

The salutatory oration, by Reynolds,^ 14 minutes long, was a fine
performance.

The V. English oration in honor was by Force,' of Washington,
D. C, an able performance.

Glover,* in the IV. English oration, appeared well as a speaker and
writer.

Pringle,^ of Charleston, S. C, on the Sphinx of Egypt, evinced fine
talents for writing and speaking. 3* E. 0. in honor.

Wm. Giles Dix, in a dissertation on " The Relation of Science to

1 Rain on Com' days, 1796, 1798, 1835, 1837, 18i5.— Note by Dr. Pierce.

2 Dr. John P. Reynolds.

3 Manning F. Force. Tlie subject of his oration was " The Pontificate of
Leo X."

* Charles H. Glover, bom in Nantucket, Feb. 19, 1825; died in Brooklyn, N. Y.,
Oct. 18, 1885. His oration was on " The Jesuits in South America."
5 Edward J. Pringle.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAED, 1803-1848. 247

Revelation," wrote well, and appeared like a youth of deep
impressions.

The concluding oration, by Thomas Russell,^ evinced his title to the
first honors.

The 2'' English oration, by Emerson,^ was omitted on account of bis
ill health.

Notwithstanding all the efforts of the friends of temperance to ex-
clude wine, it was furnished in abundance, though a large portion of the
company abstained from its use. There was, however, not so much
disorder as is often occasioned by the votaries of Bacchus.

The Overseers met in Gore Hall, the V. anniversary. The Gover-
nor was escorted from Boston to Cambridge, as before, by a troop of
Lancers.

For the 2* anniversary no exercises were assigned to the Masters.

As this was the last Commencement on which President Quincy,
having resigned his office, was expected to officiate, the concluding
orator bade him an affectionate farewell.

In addition to this, before leaving the church for dinner, the Gov-
ernor read the following resolutions in respect of Pres. Quincy's resig-
nation, which had been prepared by John Q. Adams for the purpose,
and made an appropriate address. President Quincy answered in a
few words.

The Committee of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University, to which
was referred, on 24 July last, the communication from the Corporation of that
Institution, announcing the resignation of President Josiah Quincy, and asking
leave to choose a successor, have taken cognizance of Mr. Quincy's letter to the
Corporation, tendering his resignation, and of the answer to that letter, signed
unanimously by the members of the Corporation, and respectfully report the
following Resolutions.

Resoh-ed, by the Board of Overseers of Harvard University, That, while con-
curring with the Corporation of that venerable Institution in accepting the ten-
dered resignation of President Josiah Quincy, they declare their entire and cordial
concurrence with every sentiment of personal respect, and of grateful approbation
of the administration of that high and dignified office, throughout the period
during which it has been held by Mr. Quincy, expressed in a letter to him, signed
20 March last by the members of the Corporation.

Rfsoh-fd, That in addition to the tribute of justice to Mr. Quincy for the able
and indefatigable discharge of all the ordinary and appropriate duties of the
President of the highest and most antient seminary of learning of this hemi-
sphere, the Board of Overseers consider him entitled to the thanks not only of
this community, but of this and of future ages, for the untiring zeal, the unbend-
ing firmness, and successful perseverance with which he has labored to maintain
the discipline indispensable to the eflSciency of any public school of instruction,
for the unremitted exertions which he has applied to the elevation and enlarge-
ment of the circle of science embraced in the qualifications for admission to the

' Thomas Russell, born in Plymouth, Sept. 26, 1825 ; died in Boston, Feb. 9,
1887. His theme was " The Man of Letters in Active Life."

2 George S. Emerson, born in Boston, August 4, 1825 ; died there, Dec. 19, 1848.

248 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIBTT. [Jan.

University, and in tlie attainments to the acquisition of which this intellectual
mother of the youtliful mind furnishes to her children the means, and for that
exemplary industry and active energy which has traced for the benefit of after
times, the history of tlie University from its origin, and left for his successors an
example to emulate in the labors and virtues of all their predecessors, as well as
of his own.

Resolved, That a copy of these Resolutions, signed by the Governor of the
Commonwealth, as the presiding officer of the Board, be communicated to Mr.
Quincy at the close of the performances on the approaching Commencement day.
John Qoinct Adams, Chairman.

21 August, 1845.

Attest : JonN PlEECB, Secretary.

The Exercises of the Day. — Performed, salutatory oration, 1;
essays, 3 ; disquisitions, 6 ; dissertations, 8 ; English orations, 5 = 23.
Assigned, but not performed, essays, 4 ; dissertations, 3 ; disquisition,
1 ; Latin oration, 1 ; English oration, 1 = 10. Total, 33.

After the exercises of the day I went by invitation to Prof. Beck's,
whose son, Phillips, took his degree of A.B. this day. The company
was large and the entertainment sumptuous. There was abundance of
wine for such as desired it, administered by black servants. There was
a continual accession and departure of guests from the fashionable circles
of Boston and vicinity. The rain, which fell in torrents, which would
have been a good excuse for non-attendance on public worship, was no
obstacle to a full house on such a convivial occasion.

Of the class of 1802, 10 were present. But of the class of 1820, a
quarter of a century since graduation, 25 were gathered together; and
they went in a body to pay respects to their old tutor, Dr. John S.
Popkin, and were kindly received.

Degrees conferred, — A.B., 60; A.M. in course, 12; out of course,
6 = 18; M.D., 19; LL.B., 51; LL.D., Benjamin Merrill, Henry
Wheaton, John M. Williams, Rufus Choate ; D.D., Rev. George G.
Ingersoll, Rev. Henry J. Ripley, Rev. H. Ballou, II. ; A.M., Paul
John Robinson, 1823, & his name in class ; A.M. Hon., George
Atkinson Ward, Rev. Edwin Hubbell Chapin, Noble Butler ' . . .

Living in italics in the Catalogue of H. U. printed in 1845 '^ . . .

Of these, Liberal Congregationalists, 180; Orthodox do., 75; Epis-
copalians, 43 ; Baptists, 1 1 ; Universalists, 3 ; Swedenborgians, 2 ;
Methodist, 1; Roman Catholic, 1 ^ 316.

[1846.]
On Wednesday, 26 Aug., 1846, I attended my LXII. Commence-
ment at Harvard University. The rain which commenced at a little

1 Here follow the order of exercises for the prize declamations, an account of
the anniversary of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and various memoranda and
statistics as in previous years.

2 Their names are all recorded.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAED, 1803-1848. 249

before IX., the previous evening, continued through the day of
Commencement.'

I began to attend Commencement in 1784, when I was eleven years
old, and have continued my uninterrupted attendance, except in 1791,
when my dear mother was buried.

The following only are alive on the Catalogue in all the classes pre-
vious to 1784.'^ In the 19 previous years but 19 are living, averaging
one to each year.

Notwithstanding the copious rain the Governor & suite arrived so
that we were ready to start at the usual time, a little before X. We
found the meetinghouse well filled.

Dr. Walker offered a singularly appropriate prayer of 5 minutes.

The salutatory oration, by Wm. Ladd Ropes, son of Hardy Ropes,
was well written & delivered.

The salutatory orator addressed the Mayor of Cambridge, J. D.
Green, for the first time, Cambridge having been incorporated as a city
since the last Commencement.

14. The V. English oration, by Augustus Lord Soule,' of Exeter,
N. H., on " Woman in Ancient Rome," was well sustained.

18. An essay, "Plenri de la Roche Jaqueliu," was well written &
performed by Charles Eliot GuUd, son of Benj. Guild.

22. A disquisition, " The Character of Prometheus in Ancient &
Modern Poetry," by Charles Henry Hudson, of Cambridge. A lively,
animated performance, in a style of elocution rather popular than natural.

27. A dissertation, " Santa Croce," by Charles Eliot Norton, son of
Professor Norton, was among the best exercises, both for composition
& elocution.

30. The II. English oration, " Tamerlane," by George Martin Lane,
was well delivered, but did not equal the expectations of some who
heard him at a former exhibition & at the inauguration of President
Everett.

32. The concluding oration, by Francis James Child, on " The Pros-
pects of Man & the Poetical Justice of Providence," was an uncommon
exhibition of talent, composition, & elocution. When the young man
ascended the stage he was welcomed with loud & long continued ap-
plauses, so that it was some time before he could commence. The
cheering was also very enthusiastic when he left the stage.

The cheering was almost as hearty when Lane ascended the stage.

Governor Briggs and most of his suite arrived in good season. But

1 Rain on Com*, days, 1, 1796; 2, 1798; 3, 1835; 4, 1837; 5, 1845; 6, 1846.—
Note b,/ Dr. Pierce.

2 Here follow the names, beginning with Dr. Ezra Green, of the class of 1765.

3 Born in Exeter, N. H., April 19, 1827 ; died at Sugar HUl, Lisbon. N. H..
August 25, 1887.

250 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

his Excellency dispensed with the customary escort of the Lancers, a
military company in Boston, on account of the rain.

This was the first Commencement on which President Everett pre-
sided ; and he performed his part with dignity & grace, to admiration.

The Overseers met in Gore Hall, the VI. anniversary. It was the
III. anniversary on which no exercises, as was formerly the invariable
custom, were assigned to the Masters.

Exercises of the day. Performed, — salutatory era. Latin, 1 ;
essays, 5 ; dissertations, 8 ; disquisitions, i ; Greek oration, 1 ; Eng-
lish orations, 6 =; 25. Assigned, but not performed, — essays, 3 ;
interme. Lat. ora., 1 ; disquisitions, 3 = 7. Total assigned, 32.

After the several parts were performed, the President took the Old
Chair, and with his academic cap gave the degrees in the usual form.
A.B., in course, 61 ; do. out of course, 1 ; A.M., in course, 29 ; do. out
of course, 6; M.D., 48; LL.B., 56. A.M. Hon., Nathaniel Barker,
Col. John M. Fessenden, Rev. James Means ; LL.D., Benjamin Rand,
Hon. Wm. Campbell Preston, Hon. Henry Black, Hon. Thomas Gren-
ville ; D.D., Rev. Alexander Young, Rev. Leonard Woods, Jr.

At the close of the exercises the usual invitations to dinner were
given ; and all who were to dine went without order to the Library,
where a procession was formed, and we repaired to Harvard Hall for
dinner.

I was the oldest clergyman present, and according to former usages it
would have fallen to me to ask the blessing. But this service I per-
formed in 1843, when I was 70 years of age. I then resolved that I
would ever in future decline the service, in favor of the principle of
rotation. Dr. Codman, of 1802, being the next in age present, asked
the blessing in a becoming manner.

For what next followed I subjoin an extract from the next day's
"Mercantile Journal."

"At the close of the repast the company joined, as usual, in singing the
LXXVIII. Psalm, to the tune of St. Martin's, which was led off by the venerable
Dr. Pierce, of Brookline, with liis fine, clear, & sonorous voice. This psalm has
always been sung, so far as any one now knows, at the annual Commencement
Dinners, & this is tlie 44* year that printed copies of it have been distributed,
one to each person at the tables.

"After the singing of the psalm. President Everett, remarking that it was not
the custom upon this occasion to occupy time with toasts & speeches, said that
he would so far trespass upon the usual course as to give the memory of one in-
dividual who ought never to be forgotten there, the immortal Founder of the
College. In tliis connection he spoke very pleasantly & feelingly of his re-
searches in England for anything which might throw light upon the family or
name of Jolm Harvard. Until upon the eve of his return to this country, he had
not been able to find any trace of the name or family, except in the Register of
Harvard's own membership at the College where he was educated. But in
passing through a narrow street in the city of London, just before his departure
from it, his attention was arrested by a small sign, bearing the name & calling of

189(>.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAKVAKD, 1803-1848. 251

' John Harvard, lampmaker.' On this circumstance Mr. Everett dwelt in a half
serious strain. The family, if it was tliat of one John Harvard, had, although
reduced, adhered to a congenial & fitting trade ; & if they could no longer found
institutions for the spread of spiritual Ught, they were yet determined to afford
material light to their fellowmen. It had reminded him of an injunction which
the graduates of Harvard miglit well adopt as a motto (in default of Greek type,
our readers must put up with a translation), 'Let those who have lamps share
their light with tlieir neighbors.'

" Mr. Everett closed his brief remarks by giving as a toast, the memory of
John Harvard, at which the whole company arose, & the company soon after

" The entertainment was conducted on the plan of total abstinence from all
drinkables except water & lemonade. (The first of the kind, it is believed.)"

I began to set the tune 17 July, 1793, when I took my degree. It
was the custom to deacon the lines, as it is called, till the Commence-
ment of 1803, when the psalm was printed & put under each plate. I
have set the psalm ever since, except when I did not dine in the hall,
but with some private company. It was this year the 34"" time in
which I have officiated in that capacity, so that reckoning the 53 years
in which I have sustained the office of Commencement chorister, it is
more than one quarter of the period from the first Commencement of
the College. This was the XII"" anniversary on which the psalm took
the place of the thanks formerly rendered.

After dinner in the hall, I went by invitation to Professor Norton's,
where he & his brother-in-law Guild, who had each a son graduated
this day, with honor, had made large & elegant provision for numerous
guests. But the rain prevented. Their notes were dated " Shady Hill."
I remarked to Neighbor Guild, that in such a storm every hill will be
shady.

After this call, which I made in the company and in the carriage of
the Governor, he carried me to pay our respects to President Everett.
We found callers passing into his house in quick succession. A fine
band of instrumental music were in his yard discoursing sweet music.
I arrived home about sunset.

In going from Mrs. Hedge's to the Colleges this morning, in my chaise,
I met Professor Popkin, my long tried friend. I halted in my chaise to
salute him. Instead of responding to my civility, he abruptly said, "I
cannot stop to speak to you ; for I must go to my family." By this in-
timation I understood that he was hastening home to his family devo-
tions. Poor man, I fear that he is but little removed from insanity, of
which complaint his mother died.^ . . .

1 The order of exercises for the declamations, the account of the anniversary
of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and some statistical and personal memoranda
here follow.

The life and character of Dr. Popkin are well delineated in " A Memorial of
the Kev. John SneUing Popkin, D.D., late Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in

252 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

Alive on the Catalogue before me, 87 ; dead on the Catalogue before
me, 789.

First class in which a majority are living, 1805. Last class in which
a majority are dead, 1807. Last class in which all are dead, 1780.
Only classes in which all are alive, 1844, 1845, 1846.

At this Commencement there are 317 names in italics of those who
are living.

are Liberal Cong"

103 in of.

68 out of of.

= 171

Orthodox

32 "

34 "

= 66

Episcopalians
Baptists

Universalists

31 «
6 "
3 "

9 "
4 "
"

= 40
= 10
= 3

Swedenborgians
Methodist

2 "
1 «

"
"

= 2
= 1

Eoman Catholic

1 "

= 1

Laid by, as broken vessels, between ^ & i part.^

[1847.]

On Wedoesday, 25 August, 1847, 1 attended my LXIIL Commence-
ment at H. U. The day was cool ; the roads dusty ; no rain having
fallea for 7 days. The neighborhood, however, of the Colleges was
throughout the day sprinkled by the Dearborn watering machine.

The Governor escorted by the Lancers, a horse company from Bos-
ton, arrived in such season that the preliminary business was transacted
so as to enable the procession to arrive at the meetinghouse precisely
at X.

Dr. Walker, of the Corporation, opened the occasion with a short
and appropriate prayer.

The salutatory Latin oration, by Lowe,^ was finely written and
spoken, 1 ; essays performed, 3 ; not performed, 3 :^ 6 ; disquisi-
tions performed, 4 ; not performed, 4=8; dissertations, all performed,
11 ; an English poem, 1 ; English orations, 5 = 32.

The poem was highly applauded, delivered by the second scholar in
the class, Felton.^

Harvard University. Edited bj- Cornelius C. Felton, his Successor in OiBce."
Cambridge : Published by John Bartlett, 1852. 12mo. pp. Ixxxvii and 392.

1 Here follow 58 names.

2 Rev. Charles Lowe, born in Portsmouth, N. H., Nov. 19, 1828 ; died in Swamp-
scott, June 20, 1874.

3 John B. Felton, born in Boston, June 9, 1827; died in Oakland, Cal., May 2,
1877. His poem was entitled " The Hours."

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAKD, 1803-1848. 253

The concluding oration, by Marsters,* was a masterly performance.
The next best speakers were Tiffany '■' and Savage.*

The exercises, as a whole, were respectable. But a single speaker hesi-
tated in the delivery, and he, Jennison,^ soon recovered his recollection.

The Overseers met in Gore Hall, the VII. anniversary. It was the
IV. on which no candidates for the Master's degree took part in the
public exercises, as was the case in former times.

Admitted to the degree of A.B., 60 ; A.M., in course, 12 ; A.M., out
of course, 3 ; LL.B., 47 ; M.D., 48. Degree of A.M. Honorary on
Evangelinus A. Sophocles, Prof. Eben Norton Horsford, Royall Tyler,
Rev. Frederic T. Gray, 4 ; LL.D., Dr. Henry Holland, of London,
Prof. AVm. Kent, Judge Peleg Sprague, Prof. E. T. Channing, Hon.
John Banister Gibson, Hon. John Taylor Lomax, Hon. Timothy Far-
rar, the oldest living graduate, H. U. 1767, 7; D.D., Pres. Woolsey,
Y. C, Rev. Samuel Barrett, Rev. Emerson Davis, Rev. William Henry
Furness, 4.

After the exercises we repaired without order to the Gore Library.
Thence we went in procession to Harvard Hall to dine. President Hop-
kins, of Williams College, asked the blessing. Instead of thanks, as in
olden times, the singing of LXXVIII. Psalm to St. Martin's was sub-
Btituted, for XIII. anniversary. I set the paalm, as is my wont.

After dinner I went by invitation to the room of Joseph Peabody
Gardner, a graduate of the day, son of John Lowell Gardner, whose
summer residence is in Brookline.

Early in the evening I waited upon my daughter Hedge to President
Everett's levee, where we were introduced to several strangers, and
partook the generous hospitality of the house. The band of music, in
attendance, played at my solicitation Tivoli, Marseillais Hymn, & Auld
Lang Syne.

President Everett, after dinner, read an account of some plate, written
by the Librarian, given by a relative, in the early period of the Univer-
sity. At the same time he apologized for not having speeches, for want
of time. . . .

Alive on the Catalogue before me, 72. Dead after me, 837. First
class in which a majority are alive, 1805. Last class in which a major-
ity are dead, 1807. Last class in which all are dead, 1780. Only
classes in which all are alive, 1846, 1847.^ . . .

1 Kev. John M. Marsters. His theme was " Conservatism in a Republic."

2 Rev. Francis Tiffany. His Commencement part was an oration on " The
Coronation of Petrarch."

3 James W. Savage. He had an oration entitled " The Reviewer."

* James Jennison, born in SouthbriJge, August 21, 1821 ; died in Cambridge,
Oct. 19, 1876. He had a dissertation on " Society and the Individual."

6 On the day after Commencement, Dr. Pierce, as usual, attended the anniver-
sary celebration and dinner of the Phi Beta Eappa Society. On this occasion he

254 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

[1848.]

On Wednesday, 23 August, 1848, I attended my LXIV. Commence^
ment, H. U.

The day was so cool that thick clothing was comfortable. The roads
had become dry, but those in the vicinity of the University were moist-
ened by artificial means.

My attendance on Cambridge Commencements from the first, in 1784,
to the present time has been uninterrupted, except in 1791, when my
beloved mother was buried.

There are but 14 graduates of Harvard University living, according
to the Triennial Catalogue published this year, whose Commencements
I did not attend.^ . . .

The Governor & suite arrived in season for the procession to reach
the meetinghouse within a few minutes of X.

The salutatory oration, by Chase,^ the second scholar in the class, was
everything which could be desired.

The number of exercises on the order was 29, all but 3 of which were
performed.

The omissions were an essay, a disquisition, and a Greek oration.

The exercises performed were 9 disquisitions; 8 dissertations; 1
essay ; 1 Latin poem ; and 6 English orations, besides the salutatory.

The performances in general were respectable ; some of a high order ;
all spoke sufficiently loud ; and not one hesitated or had to recur to his
notes.

The valedictory orator was, by common consent, considered the first
scholar in his class. But in elocution he was greatly exceeded by Ed-
ward James Young, son of Dr. Alexander Young, on " The Reciprocal
Influence of the Old World and the New."

writes in his journal : " After dinner, Mr. Parsons, as presiding officer, made an
introductory speech, in which he spoke of himself as an old man. I started up
and remarked that I objected to the sentiment that he was an old man, as some
at my end of the table were settled in life before he was born. Mr. Parsons
replied by some pleasant personalities. He spoke of meeting Dr. Harris and
myself on a certain occasion, when the Dr. gave me some valuable informa-
tion. After my departure. Dr. Harris spoke to Mr. Parsons, in words to this
effect. ' Now Brother Pierce will go home and make a particular record of what
he has heard from me. In short,' continued the Dr., 'he will leave "the record-
ing angel " but little or nothing to record.' This brought up another speaker,
who stated that, in company with Judge Davis, I was once asked where a certain
person was born. To which I replied, I knew not. ' Then,' said Judge Davis,
' I don't believe that he was born anywhere.' In short, the whole meeting was
one of perpetual jest, repartee, and good humor, sufficient to give evidence that
wine is by no means necessary to a social gathering."

1 Dr. Pierce here gives their names, beginning with Judge Farrar, 1767.

2 Thomas Chase.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HARVARD, 1803-1848. 255

This was the V* anniversary in succession on which there were no
Master's exercises, VIII. anniversary in Gore Hall.' . , .

After the exercises in the church, which lasted till about III, the
graduates went, without a procession, to the Library. A procession was
then formed, and we proceeded in order to the hall. Dr. Alonzo Church
was assigned by the President to my care. He is a native of Brattle-
borough, a graduate at Middlebury College, Vt., 1816, and has been for
more than 30 years connected with the College at Athens, in Georgia,
of which he has been President for more than 17 years. Agreeably to
previous arrangement, he asked the blessing. Instead of thanks as
formerly, the singing of the LXXVIII. Psalm, to St. Martin's, was
substituted for the XIV. anniversary.

Degrees conferred. A.B., in course, 57 ; do. of 1846, 1 ; A.M., in
course, 12 ; out of course, 4 ; LL.B., 32; M.D., 30. A.M., Bernard
Roelker ; A.M. Honorary, Edwin P. Whipple, Lorenzo Sabine, Rev.
Charles Edward Leverett, 3 ; D.D., Rev. George O'Kill Stuart, Rev.
Wm. B. Sprague, Joseph Allen, Edward Brooks Hall ; LL.D., Henry
Hallam, Eng., Hon. Joel Parker, Hon. Theron Metcalf, Chancellor Wal-
worth, Prof. Louis Agassiz.

I prefaced my setting the psalm with the remark that as time had
not yet beaten me, I should beat time once more, as this practice enables
a large company the better to keep time. It was remarked by some
good judges that St. Martin's never went better on a Commencement
occasion.

After dinner I went to Judge Fay's, to meet the fragment of the class
of 1798, of which I was formerly their particular tutor. I had been
invited with other surviving tutors to meet such as should assemble to
keep their Jubilee.

The class originally consisted of 48. Thirty have gone the way of
all the earth. Eighteen remain among the living ; and it is not a little
remarkable that of these 15 were assembled on this joyous, yet solemn
occasion, namely : 1. John Abbot, Westford ; 2. Rev. Thomas Beede;
3. Thomas Cole, Salem ; 4. Andrew Croswell ; 5. Humphrey Dever-
eux, Salem ; 6. S. P. P. Fay, Cambridge ; 7. Isaac Fiske, Weston ;
8. Ralph Hill French; 9. Rev. Jona. French, Northampton, N. H. ;
10. Henry Gardner, Dorchester; 11. Nathaniel Lord, Ipswich;
12. Rev. Abraham Randall, Stow; 13. Hon. Richard Sullivan,
Boston; 14. Dr. Robert Thaxter, Dorchester; 15. Hon. Sidney
Willard, Mayor of Cambridge.

The other surviving members of the class are Dr. Matthias Spalding,
who fully intended to meet his class, but was prevented by indisposition ;
Hon. Stephen Longfellow, of Portland, whose feeble state of health
absolutely forbade him to make the attempt ; and William Williams,

1 Here follow the memoranda about Dr. Pierce's seniors and contemporaries.

256 JIASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

who at Commencement had the second honor, but from whom no
tidings were received.

Dr. Poijkiu and myself were present, by invitation, as their former
tutors.

Judge Fay had spread his table with the choicest fruits of the season,
and, I suppose, the most celebrated wines. Some of his class joined him
in quaffing wine. On my refusal to take it, he reminded me of Paul's
language to Timothy, " Drink a little wine for thy stomach sake " ; but I
at once replied that the reason on which that direction was founded did
not apply to me, for I was not subject to " often infirmities." So easy
is it to quote and pervert Scripture in defence of a beloved indulgence.

While at the table dwelling upon our reminiscences, we sang the fol-
lowing hymn, to Hebron : —

HYMN

Fob the Meeting of the Class of 1798, at Cambridge, on theib L.
Anniversary, 1848. By Nathaniel Lord, one op the Class.

Eternal One, before whose sight

A thousand years are as the day.
And as a watch of the silent night.

Ages on ages roll away.
Before thy throne we humbly bow.

Thou ever good, thou ever just !
Thy being, one eternal Now;

Our frail foundation is the dust.

But yesterday, our cheerful band

In blithesome morn this classic ground
Perambulated, hand in hand.

While mirth and joy and hope went round.

Our daily task we here pursued;

Here we enjoyed our nightly rest ;
Nor the world's toils could here intrude,

Nor cares disturb the youthful breast.

But those bright scenes have passed away ;

Fifty short years have run their rounds;
Now we return, to take survey

Once more of these time-hallowed grounds.

But what a change ! Death's ruthless hand

Has laid our loved companions low ;
And the small remnant of our band

How small ! How soon we all must go !

Our teachers honored and beloved

Who still remain, we welcome here.
Rejoiced to be by them approved.

As erst we used their frown to fear.

1890.] COMMENCEMENTS AT HAEVAKD, 1803-1848. 257

When the great Master calls our band

To enter other worlds than this,
May we partake at his right hand

Of " perfect, ever growing bliss." *

And may our Alma Mater dear

Till time shall cease so train our youth,

As to send forth from year to year
Her children valiant for the truth.

A large and elegant bouquet, in the form of a pyramid, was pri-
vately conveyed to Judge Fay's house, with poetry, afterwards ascer-
tained to proceed from the wife of Nathaniel Silsbee, Jr., and daughter
of Mr. Humphrey Devereux.

To THE Class of 1798, at Hon. S. P. P. Fat's, Cambridge.

Just fifty years ago, good friends, a young and gallant band

Were dancing round the farewell tree, each hand in comrade's hand.

And hearts beat high, and eyes shone bright, till smiles were chased by

tears.
And we parted from our classmates dear, for life, or for long years.

The world was all a vision fair ; its trials and its strife

Had never sent its echoes to our calm, scholastic life,

And if we knew that clouds must come to turn our day to night

The bow of hope was still our own to make the darkness bright.

And so we left the pleasant shades of Harvard's classic bowers.
Where we had passed, in toil and sport, so many happy hours;
And the man returning to the home from which he went a boy
Began to weave life's mingled web of sorrow and of joy.

And sure am I, that none forget, though many a year has fled.
How proudly to our well earned homes our blushing wives we led ;
And we remember well how our hearts grew larger year by year
To hold within their inmost depths our little children dear.

Then as our boys and girls grew up to man and womanhood
How earnestly we prayed that God would keep them true and good;
And when his hand has plucked our flowers, to bloom above with him,
We still could praise his name, although our eyes with tears were dim.

Year after year our ranks were thinned, our brightest and our best
Have left this world of ours to seek the mansions of the blest ;
But in their upward flight they spread " a trailing cloud of glory "
O'er the class that boasts a Tuckerman, a Channing, and a Story.

' " See Professor Tappan's lecture to the class, in 1798, on their leaving
college."

258 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

A stalworth band around we stand ; and though among the dead
The sapling and the leafy tiee have bowed the stately head;
Yet the " brave old oaks " have weathered out full many wintry storms,
And still through shade and sunshine they rear their sturdy forms.

With heart on lip we'll pledge to all in memory enshrined,

And wreath the honored heads of those who trained each youthful mind ;

And when another fifty years are numbered with the past,

When all who meet together here have looked on earth their last,

May the great boon of Christian men to one and all be given,

A band of brothers here below, O may we love in heaven.

The foregoing lines were accompanied by a beautiful pyramid of
flowers tastefully arranged, which decorated the centre of a table spread
with the choicest fruits, & sparkling with cotemporary wine ruin ;
being the anniversaries of the class, at the hospitable mansion of the
Hon. S. P. P. Fay. Whence the flowers & the note came no one
knew; & it was concluded y' y' guardian spirit of y" occasion had
dropped y"? there in this mysterious manner w" an accidental circum-
stance betrayed yf secret of this tribute of filial piety & affection by a
daughter of y? class of 1798, who was thereon unanimously voted an
honorary member of y' class.

Before me in italics alive, alone; 2 have colleagues; preach;
11 left preaching. 13 in italics, alive before me ; 44, not in italics ; 57,
total. Dr. Popkin, the oldest in italics who was out at Commencement.

First class in which a majority are alive, 1806. Last class in which
a majority are dead, 1807. Last class in which all are dead, 1780.
Only class in which all are alive, 1848. In classes after 1767, all dead,
1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1773, 1774, 1775, 1778, 1779, 1780.

After passing a short time very pleasantly with the fragment of the
class of 1798 I went to Mrs. Everett's levee, where I found a large
collection, though not so large as I saw the week before at President
Woolsey's, New Haven.^

Comparative Expenses of three Graduates of Harvard University.

[December, 1838.]

I will here record as a matter of curiosity the expenses for a college
education at Cambridge incurred by my maternal uncle, James Blake,
who entered Harvard University, July, 1765, & was graduated July,
1769;

^ This was the last Commencement which Dr. Pierce attended. He died on
the 24tli of August, 1849, a few weeks after the Commencement of that year,
which he was too feeble to attend.

1890.] COMPAKATIVE EXPENSES OF GRADUATES. 259

Next, John Pierce's (my own), who entered July, 1789, and was
graduated July, 1793; and

Thirdly, John Tappan Pierce's (my son), who entered August, 1827,
and was graduated August, 1831.

Freshman Year.

Mr. James Blake to Jona. Hastings, College Steward, Dr.

£ s. d. q.
To the I Quarter bill from 14 June to 13 Sep., 1765
To commons & sizings from 13 Sep. to 8 Nov., 1765

Aug. 21, 1765, Credit

To the II Quarter bill from 13 Sep. to 13 Dec, 1765

To the III Quarter bill from 13 Dec. to 14 Mar., 176(
To the IV Quarter bill from 14 Mar. to 13 June, 1766

Punished for not reciting 1 / 5

4 July, 1766, rec'd by Exhibition money . . .

Sophomore Year.

Mr. James Blake to Jona. Hastings, College Steward, Dr.

£ s. d. q.
To the I Quarter bill from 13 June to 12 Sep., 1766
To the II Quarter bill from 12 Sep. to 12 Dec, 1766

To the III Quarter bill from 12 Dec to 13 Mar., 1767
To the IV Quarter bill from 13 Mar. to 12 June, 1767

1
1,

. 8.
.19.

11.2
1.0

3
1

. 8.
, 4.

0.2

2,
1.

. 4.
,17.

0.2
6

6.2

14.

2.2

14.

0.2
8

3.
5.

19.

6.2
2.2

9.0

4.
5.

2.
0.

6.1
7.2

9 July, 1767

£ s. d.
Rec'd by Exhibition money 6.14.8
Rec'd by your being Monitor 3

s. d. q.
You see there is 11.6.1 due to yon.

13
5

15.

14.

2.2

0.1

19
9

9.
14.

2.3

14.

6.3

260 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAl, SOCIETY. [Jan.

Junior Tear.

Mr. James Blake to Jona. Hastings, College Steward, Dr.

£ s. d. q.
Your account rendered to 11 Sep. 1767 . . . .
To the II Quarter bill from 11 Sep. to 11 Dec, 17G7

Credit

Your account rendered to 11 Mar., 1768 . . . . 4. 8. 1.2

To the IV Quarter bill from 10 Mar. to 10 June, 1768

Punished, absence from prayers / 2, not reciting 1 / 5.3.0.1

9. 11 . 1.3

4 July, 1768, Eec'd by Exhibition 6. 14. 8

2.16.5.3
Senior Tear.

£ 5. d. q.
Your account rendered to 9 Sep., 1768 . .'. . . 4.11.2.1
To II Quarter bill from 9 Sep. to 9 Dec, 1768 . . 5. 11 . 1.2

10. 2. 3.3
Punished ( Absence from prayers / 2, by Mr.'Wiggle3w./4

( Absence from College one night 1/6
24 December, Credit by Mr. Eliot's order .... 0. 0. 9.3

10. 1

£ s. d. q.

Accountrendered to 10 March, 1769 4. 8. 3.3

To IV Quarter bill from 10 Mar. to 9 June, 1769 . . 5.9.1

Punished, absence from prayer / 2
To Commons & sizings from 10 June to 30 June, 1769 1.2.5

Toward the Commencement dinner 0.18.

11.17. 9.3
Credit 6.14. 8

Summary of James Blake's Bills.

Billa. Credit.

$ C. m, S C. 772.

Freshman year . . 47 . 09 . 7 26 . 44 . 5

Sophomore year . . 60 . 81 . 6 32 . 44 .

Junior year ... 96.72.9 54.88.9

73.35.4 23.98.6

Senior year
Total, Bills . .
Total, Credit .
Had to pay, only

277.99.6 137.76.0

137.76.0

1890.]

COMPARATIVE EXPENSES OF GRADUATES.

2G1

John Pierce's

College Bills.
£ s. d.

Freshman year,

1789, 27 Aug.
26 Nov.

3. 6. 7
8. 1. 4

1790, 25 P^eb.

4. 5. 4

27 May

5.17. 5

Sophomore year, 26 Aug.
25 Nov.

21 .10. 8

"yriiTio"

6. 7. 7

1791, 21 Feb.

4. 2. 9

26 May

4. 2. 8

25 Aug.
24 Nov.

20. 4.10

Junior year,

5. 8. 6

6. 9. 10

1792, 23 Feb.

4. 7.10

24 May

30 Aug.
29 Nov.

6.16

23 . 1 . 4

Senior year,

3.11.11
4. 8. 3

1793, 21 Feb.

4.10. 8

30 May

8. 8. 4

21 June

1.12. 1

71, 77. J

11. 3 = 75.20.f

87. 8. 1 =291.34.7

Federal money.

Credit, Freshman year, 5 .
Sophomore year, 6 .
Junior year, 6 .
Senior year, 1 1 .

17.
15
16
, 6
^15
8
.15

.3 =

.8 =

.4 =
.9 =

19.56.9
22.54.2
22.66.7
37.77.8

£ 30,
So that from .... 87 .
Deduct credit . . . . 30 .
Leaves to be paid by

my father .... 56 .

$102.55.6
291.34.7
102.55.6

188 . 79 . 1

Total of bills.
Total of credi

Paid by my
father.

It will be perceived that I was not required to pay a single cent for
fines, though fines were very common at that period.

It has always appeared unaccountable to me, how my father man-
aged to pay the smaU sum required, as he was a shoemaker with ten

262 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

children. It afiords a striking proof of what may be accomplished
by industry, economy, and temperance, with the blessing of Almighty
God!

John Tappan Pierce's College Bills.

S c.

Freshman year. First Term bill, 19 Dec, 1827 . 69.23
Second Term bill, 20 Mar., 1828 . 64 . 30
Third Term bill, 16 July, 1828 . 55 . 40

Spending money 11 .22

Expenses of the Freshman year = 200 . 15

Sophomore year. First Term bill, 24 Dec, 1828 . 68 . 15

Second Term bill, 31 Mar., 1829 . 59 . 15

Third Term bill, 14 July, 1829 . 54.35

181 . 65

Spending money 24 . 25

Expenses of the Sophomore year = 205 . 90

Junior year, First Term Bill, 23 Dec, 1829 . 61 . 20

Second Term bill, 7 Apr., 1830 . 57 . 65
Third Term bill, 14 July, 1831 . 55 . 42

Spending money 12.50

Expenses of the Junior year = 186 . 77

Senior year. First Term bill, 22 Dec, 1830 . 70.07

Second Term bill, 6 Apr., 1831 . 53 . 96

Third Term bill 58.63

Spending money 32. 64

Expenses of the Senior year ^ 215 . 30

Summary.
$ c. $ c. Total

Freshman year Term bills 188 . 93 -f Spending money 11 . 22 = 200 . 15
Sophomore ISl.eS-j- 24. 25 -= 205 . 90

Junior 174.27 -f 12.50 = 186.77

Senior 182.66+ 32.64 = 215.30

727.51

80.61=808.12

General

Summary.

Com.

Total of Bills.

Total of Credit.

$ c. m.

James Blake, 1769,

277 . 09 . 7-

137 . 76 .

John Pierce, 1793,

291.34.7

102.56.6

John T. Pierce, 1831,

727 . 00 .

1890.] EEMAKKS BY MR. WILLIAM S. APPLETON, 263

I never asked nor received a single cent of pecuniary favor for my
son, of the Government of Harvard University, tliough I had a large
family, and my salary, besides wood and rent of my house and lands,
never amounted to more than $850 V annum.*

Mr. William S. Appleton said : —

During my absence of three years in Europe I twice passed
many days at the principal registry of probate in London,
known as Doctors' Commons, working by the side of Mr.
Waters. I wish of course not to interfere with the Genealogi-
cal Gleanings now in course of publication under his name,
but I read several wills of such curious personal interest that
I have decided to communicate some of them to the Society.

Mr. Savage says, in his " Genealogical Dictionary of New Eng-
land," under the name Ambrose, " Joshua, of wh. we gladly
would kn. the f. and date of b.," " Nehemiah, of unkn. par-
entage." Both these men were graduates of Harvard in the
class of 1653, but Mr. Sibley knew no more of their parentage
than did Mr. Savage ; and I wish they were alive to know
that Peter Ambrose, of Toxteth, Lancashire, in his will, 1653,
named his sons Joshua and Nehemiah, and as if to leave no
possible doubt also mentioned New England.

Mr. Nathaniel L Bowditch, as all remember, dedicated his
volume, " Suffolk Surnames," " to the memory of A. Shurt, ' the
father of American conveyancing,' whose name is associated
alike with my daily toilet and my daily occujjation." I think
he would have been pleased to know that George Shurt, of
Bideford, in his will, 1655, mentioned his brother " Abraham
Shurt now in newe England," and particularly desired him to
return to England and receive the property, as I believe it is
quite possible he did.

Lion Gardener, in a letter in the Winthrop Papers (4th se-
ries, vol. vii.), mentions Kempo Sybada, a sea-captain, of whom
the editors say something in a short note. He is not famous,

1 Notwithstanding the care with which Dr. Pierce made up these comparative
statements, there are two or three trifling mistakes in the items, which do not,
however, affect the General Summary. An examination of the Steward's books,
in the University Library, shows that James Blake's bill for the fourth quarter o£
his Freshman Year amounted to £5 . 16 . 2 . 2 ; and that John Pierce's bill for the
third quarter of his Junior Year was £i . 7. The aggregate of John T. Pierce's
bills in the General Summary is not exact.

264 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

but I found his will of 1659. He called himself of London,
mariner, and devised his " Lands houses and plantations in
Affrica (To witt in New England and Jameco)," and named
his friend Capt. John Wentworth, of " Barmodaes." So far as
I know, the first mention of New England in a will is that of
Thomas Marshall, of London, who in 1625 left to his father
John " all my right title and benefitt whatsoever which I have
for fishinge or other wise in Plymouth in New England."

In my "Ancestry of Priscilla Baker," printed in 1870, I was
only able to conjecture that Elizabeth, wife of Edmund Reade,
of Wickford in Essex, afterwards also of the Rev. Hugh Peter,
might have been daughter of Thomas Cooke, of Pebmarsh in
Essex. I am glad to be able to say that I was right. This
Thomas Cooke in his will, 1621, named his son-in-law Edmund
Reade with wife Elisabeth, and his grandchildren Samuel
Reade, Margaret wife of John Lake, and Martha Reade now

wife of Epps, of London. This last afterwards married

Deputy-Governor Samuel Symonds.

Katherine Oxenbridge, a widow lady, in her will, 1651, used
the words, " I give to the Plantation of New England Tenne
poundes for to buy bookes for the Indians to Learne to read."
I think this bequest can hardly have been carried out, for in-
definiteness ; but if the money were used as intended, the poor
lady would certainly be grieved to know with how little result.
Most interesting is a bequest in the wills of Anthony Abdy,
Citizen and Alderman of London, 1640, and of his sons Roger,
1641, and Nicholas, 1642. All three used the identical clause:
£120 " to be disposed and bestowed by my Executors upon
twenty poore Boyes and Girles to be taken up out of the streets
of London as vagrants for the Cloathing and transporting of
them either to Virginia New England or any other of the
Western Plantations there to be placed." I am by no means
able to say that nothing came of these bequests ; but I have
found no trace of them on this side of the ocean, and do not
know whether Puritans or Cavaliers are descended from
these "poore Boyes and Girles," vagrants from the streets of
London.

Mr. Henry F. Waters was chosen a Resident Member.
The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, on being called on by the
President, spoke of the meeting of the American Historical

1890.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 265

Association recently held in Washington, where there was a
large attendance of historical scholars from all parts of the
country, and continued substantially as follows : —

Within the last decade there has grown up among us a new
school of history which has its principal seats at the higher
universities. It is now so well known by its leading charac-
teristics that a minute description of it would seem like pre-
tending to a new discovery. Its promise is high, and even
thus early its work is more than respectable as that of young
men mainly of scholastic training, unacquainted with affairs,
and without opportunities for observing how the elementary
facts which make history are colored and even transformed
in legislative assemblies, by judicial decisions, and in the tu-
multuous proceedings of the crowd. Gibbon has recorded
that his captainship in the Hampshire grenadiers had not been
useless to the historian of the Roman Empire ; and every one
knows how much the historical insight of Clarendon, Hume,
and Macaulay was quickened, and how much their narratives
gain in closeness and verisimilitude by their participation in
government, diplomacy, and parliamentary affairs. And so
■will it be with the new school of American historians. Years
and experience will add greatly to the value of their future
work.

Their methods are the comparative of Bopp, and the critical
of the later scientists ; and these are something more than new
names for old processes. Hutchinson, Belknap, Trumbull, and
Ramsay were diligent seekers and close observers. They did
good work ; of its kind none better has been since done. But
their field of observation was no wider than the subject in
hand, of which they gave the facts very exactly, but not their
relative values; nor were they curious about remote causes,
or the origin of institutions.

The new methods have produced surprising results in his-
tory as well as in science. The historian of the new school,
distrusting second-hand authorities, resorts to original docu-
ments ; and if these are legal, as is more than likely to be the
case in American history, since our English colonies were
based on legal instruments, and their constitutional history
is mainly found in the legal interpretation of those instru-
ments, he acquaints himself with the rules of interpreting
31

266 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

such documents. The neglect of this obvious duty has often
led to deplorable mistakes. At the same time he considers
how often, and how justly, legal arguments and conclusions
are overruled by considerations of public policy. This is
especially necessary in the history of the period just before
the Revolutionary War, when the weight of purely legal argu-
ment was mostly on one side, and on the other a weightier
colonial policy. Deeper than legal principles, deeper even
than questions of public policy, and more potent, were the
instincts and traditions of the race, voiced as they often were
by wild cries of the mob unthinking and sometimes cruel, but
generally right in their main purpose. It was by his recog-
nition of these, and by his appeal to them, that Pitt, with
vague notions of constitutional law and sometimes mistaken
in his views of public policy, made his first administration
the most glorious in British annals ; and Macaulay, gathering
their varied expressions from recondite sources, added to his
narrative much which will be more valued than its brilliancy
and picturesqueness.

The methods of the new school are adapted to their sub-
jects of research; and these, judiciously chosen as yet, are
those which require neither a large canvas nor imaginative
treatment, but rather, patient investigatiop and thoughtful-
ness, — such as the origin and growth of local institutions,
municipal governments, constitutions, and social science. Nor
is this history of our institutions limited to their beginnings
and growth on American soil, but the inquiry is pushed into
the remote habitats and ages of our Anglo-Saxon race.

Nothing could be better than this, though not without its
perils in treatment. In a large view the human race is one ;
its thoughts, desires, necessities, and modes of action are simi-
lar; and so, to that extent, is its essential history. But
such generalizations are more safely used by the anthropolo-
gist than by the historian. Nevertheless, there is a certain
fascination in tracing the unity of history. It pleases the
reader not less than the historian. There are few more
effective paragraphs in any history than those in which Guizot
affirms that " neither the English revolution nor the French
revolution ever said, wished, or did anything that had not
been said, wished, done, or attempted a hundred times before
they burst forth ; . . . and that nothing will be found of

1890.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 267

which the invention originated with them, nothing which is
not equally met with, or which, at all events, did not come
into existence in periods which are called regular." ^

I have spoken of this school as new, — new in its methods
and new in its purposes; and so, doubtless, it is in this
country, but not in Eurojae. Its prototype is to be found
there, and there its most distinguished master. Dr. Edward
A. Freeman. His view of our history may be gathered from
a paragraph in which he says that " the early institutions of
Massachusetts are part of the general institutions of the Eng-
lish people, as those are again part of the general institutions
of the Teutonic race, and those are again part of the general
institutions of the whole Aryan family." And there he says
he stops; but he adds that his friends do him no wrong who
make such institutions common to all mankind.^

The new American school inclines to go no farther than
Freeman goes. But there is danger even in this. It is fre-
quently said that our emigrant ancestors brought British insti-
tutions to Massachusetts; and with this notion we seek in
English towns the prototypes of our own, and so back to
those communities in the German forests vaguely described
by Tacitus and Caesar. I think there are reasons for caution
in accepting the conclusions of some of our recent historical
writers based on the theory of Dr. Freeman.

Analogies do not constitute identities. Instincts are not
institutions ; nor does similarity of design, or adaptation of
institutions, indicate heredity, or even relationship. When
Englishmen sought new homes on American soil, they doubt-
less came with the purpose of organizing society and govern-
ment ; but they would have done so without such antecedent
purpose. With forethought they brought many things. But
there is no evidence that they brought institutions, or had
even meditated the form which they would give them. They
certainly brought with them the instincts, traditions, and
habits of their race, and these determined their action in
unwonted situations and gave shape to their institutions.
We know with some exactness what they brought with
them. We have the lading of the ships in which they came.
Besides themselves, their wives, their children and servants.

Revolution, preface.
2 Introduction to American Institutional History, p. 13.

2b8 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

they brought clergymen, physicians, surveyors, mechanics,
■with food to serve until the soil should yield it. They
brought clothing, furniture, tools, utensils, weapons offen-
sive and defensive, and animals. They brought " Ministers,
Men skilful! in making of pitch, of salt, vine Planters, Patent
Under Seal, a Seal, wheat, rye, barley, oats, a head of each in
the ear, beans, peas, stones of all sorts of fruits, as peaches,
plums, filberts, cherries, pears, apples, quince kernels, pome-
granates, woad seed, saffron heads, liquorice seed, roots sent
and madder roots, potatoes, hop roots, hemp seed, flax seed
against winter, connys, currant plants, tame turkeys, and mad-
der seed." But we nowhere find mention of Magna Charta,
the British Constitution, the Petition of Right, or English
institutions. Nor is much said about them in their books,
sermons, diaries, or correspondence. But when they needed,
they found them directly enough in the traditions and instincts
of their race.

While their general purposes were clear, there is no evi-
dence that they had any definite and fixed plans as to
their government or institutions. The evidence is all the
other way. Their charter, which was the expression and
measure of their rights, gave them no power to set up a
government save of rules for managing a land company.
If they intended to bring an English town with them, as is
so often said they did, they were singularly lacking in care ;
for when they had organized their commonwealth govern-
ment, and arranged themselves in separate communities for
which corporate town powers were necessary, no warrant was
found in their charter, and to meet the necessity they were
obliged to usurp the power of forming corporations, for
which they were afterwards called to account, and greatly
to their cost.

So our English ancestors did not bring English towns with
them, nor English churches, nor vestries, nor British insti-
tutions. But on occasion they builded for themselves, as
Englishmen always and everywhere had done and still do,
according to the exigencies of their situation, and after the
manner of their race, just as the seeds they brought with them
produced, each after its kind, but modified by differences of
soil, climate, and situation. And so doubtless was it with their
ancestors, and ours, who came from the forests of Germany to

1890.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 269

England; but it is questionable whether they brought German
towns into England. We must not be misled by analogies or
resemblances, nor assign to nationality what belongs to all races.
Wherever people are gathered in stationary communities, their
communal wants will be essentially the same, and will be
provided for essentially in the same manner. But it is quite
probable that a fully organized New England town differed
in as many particulars, and as widely, from an English town,
as that from a German town, or as that from one in the heart
of Africa.

It is not to be inferred, from what has been said, that
the new historical school have generally fallen into the
mistake indicated, though perhaps there is a tendency to
do so.

One of those who adopted the extreme view as to the origin
and powers of New England towns was the late Prof. Alex-
ander Johnston. His opinions took shape in a monograph
entitled " The Genesis of a New England State," published
in 1883, which was substantially incorporated into his history
of "Connecticut: A Study of Commonwealth Democracy,"
published in 1887. On the appearance of this work I read it
with interest ; but finding some statements and opinions, pres-
ently to be referred to, which seemed to me questionable at
least, I made memoranda which form the substance of what
I am now saying. Professor Johnston possessed many quali-
fications for writing history. He readily apprehended and
swiftly methodized the facts appertaining to his subject, and
presented them in an attractive style. His views of the origin
and development of our institutions were those of the new
school pushed beyond their extreme limits; but his way of
handling facts and drawing inferences from them was his own,
and, in my judgment, not to be commended.

His views are best set forth in his own words, as follows : —

1. "Connecticut's town system was, by a fortunate concurrence of
circumstances, even more independent of outside control than that of
Massachusetts ; the principle of local government had here a more com-
plete recognition ; and in the form in which it has done best service,
its beginning was in Connecticut.

2. "The first conscious and deliberate effort on this continent to
establish the democratic principle in control of government was the
settlement of Connecticut; and her Constitution of 1639, the first

270 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jak.

written and democratic constitution on record, was the starting-point
for the democratic development which has since gained control of all
our Commonwealths, and now makes the essential feature of our com-
monwealth government.

3. " Democratic institutions enabled the people of Connecticut to
maintain throughout their colonial history a form of government so free
from crown control that it became really the exemplar of the rights at
which all the colonies finally aimed.

4. " Connecticut, being mainly a federation of towns, with neither
so much of the centrifugal force as in Rhode Island nor so much of the
centripetal force as in other colonies, maintained for a century and a
half that union of the democratic and federative ideas which has at last
come to mark the whole United States.

5. " The Connecticut delegates, in the Convention of 1787, by another
happy concurrence of circumstances, held a position of unusual influ-
ence. The frame of their commonwealth government, with its equal
representation of towns in one branch, and its general popular represen-
tation in the other, had given them a training which enabled them to
bend the form of our national Constitution into a corresponding shape ;
and the peculiar constitution of our Congress, in the different bases of
the Senate and House of Representatives, was thus the result of Con-
necticut's long maintenance of a federative democracy."

The foregoing propositions contain several matters in respect
to which I find myself not in accord with Professor Johnston,
but I shall advert to two only ; and these are, first, his ideas
of the origin of Connecticut towns, the functions assigned to
them in the formation of that Commonwealth, and their subse-
quent relation to it ; and, secondly, the alleged influence in
the Convention of 1787 of the Connecticut sj'stem in giving
shape to the Constitution of the United States.

Before giving further extracts from Professor Johnston's
history, I will notice briefly the circumstances of the settle-
ment of the valley of the Connecticut, detailed more fully by
Palfrey.i

The most considerable emigration to Massachusetts Bay
which followed the coming of Winthrop in the summer of
1630 was a party of East England people who landed at Bos-
ton, Sept. 4, 1633. Of these the most conspicuous were John
Cotton, Thomas Hooker, Samuel Stone, and John Haynes, all
of whom, except the last, were clergymen, and all, except the

1 History of New England, vol. i. pp. 444 et seq. '

1890.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 271

first, were prominent in bringing about, three years later, the
exodus to Connecticut, and in setting up a new Common-
wealth there in 1639. Hooker and Stone were settled at
Newtown, now Cambridge, as pastor and teacher of the church
there ; and in the summer of 1636 they led many of their con-
gregation, as well as the church, to what is now Hartford,
where Haynes joined them the next year. Wareham, the Dor-
chester clergyman, also carried his church and part of the con-
gregation to Windsor. These churches emigrated as organized
bodies, thus creating vacancies in these several towns which
were filled by the formation of new churches at Cambridge,
under the charge of Shepard, and at Dorchester, under the
charge of Richard Mather, the famous progenitor of the more
famous Increase and Cotton Mather. But the emigrants from
Watertown, Boston, and Roxbury, accompanied by several
eminent men, went as groups of people unorganized either
as church or community.

Thus, after three years' residence in the Bay, these people
went away to Connecticut. Indeed, they had been settled
only a few months before they conceived and made known
their dissatisfaction with things as they found them, and began
to form plans for removal. The reasons they assigned for this
desire were as follows : —

1. " Their want of accommodation for their cattle, so as they were
not able to maintain their ministers, nor could receive any more of
their friends to help them ; and here it was alleged by Mr. Hooker, as
a fundamental error, that towns were so near to each other.

2. " The fruitfulness and commodiousness of Connecticut, and the
danger of having it possessed by others, Dutch or English.

3. " The strong bent of their spirits to remove thither." *

In the two years before the emigrants led by Hooker had
reached Connecticut, a considerable number of people must

1 Palfrey, History of New England, vol. i. p. 445. Dr. Palfrey finds other rea-
sons than those assigned for their desire to remove to Connecticut; and his views
are adopted by Charles M. Andrews, Fellow in History, 1889-1890, Johns Hopkins
University, in his monograph entitled "The Kiver Towns of Connecticut." It
Beems to me, however, that much which has not been said may with good rea-
son be said on the other side. Under three heads, Mr. Andrews has admirably
treated the Early Settlement, the Land System, and the Towns and the People
of Connecticut. Mr. Andrews does not accept Professor Johnston's peculiar
theory in respect to the Connecticut towns, and quotes judicial decisions on the
subject.

272 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

have gathered there ; for the General Court, Sept. 3, 1G35,
ordered "That every town upon the Connecticut shall have
libertj' to choose their own constable, who shall be sworn by
some magistrate of this Court " ; and March 4 of the next year
appointed a commission to order provisionally for one year the
affairs of the people there, and to call a court of the inhabi-
tants to execute the authority granted. When the powers of
the Massachusetts commissioners expired, the people of the
several towns chose their successors, and held courts until
the adoption of a constitution, Jan. 14, 1639. A material
fact to be noted is that in all of the proceedings of the
General Court of Massachusetts relating to the Connecticut
settlers, they are spoken of as "our loving friends, neighbors,
freemen, and members of Newtown, Dorchester, Watertown,
and other places, who are resolved to transport themselves
and their estates unto the River of Connecticut, and there
to reside and inhabit." No mention is made of any "mi-
grating towns."

I DOW return to Professor Johnston's narrative. He says :

" The independence of the town was a political fact which has col-
ored the whole history of the Commonwealth, and, through it, of the
United States. Even in Massachusetts, after the real beginning of
the government, the town was subordinate to the colony ; and though
the independence of the churches forced a considerable local freedom
there, it was not so fundamental a fact as in Connecticut. Here the
three original towns had in the beginning left commonwealth control
behind them when they left the parent colony. They had gone into the
wilderness, each the only organized political power within its jurisdic-
tion. Since their prototypes, the little tuns of the primeval German
forest, there had been no such examples of the perfect capacity of the
political cell — the 'town' — for self-government. In Connecticut it
was the towns that created the Commonwealth ; and the consequent
federative idea has steadily influenced the colony and State alike. In
Connecticut the governing principle, due to the original constitution of
things rather than to the policy of the Commonwealth, has been that
the town is the residuary legatee of political power ; that it is the State
which is called upon to make out a clear case for powers to which it
lays claim ; and that the towns have a prima facie case in their favor
wherever a doubt arises" (p. 61).

With these extracts before us we can state more succinctly
Professor Johnston's theory. He says, though somewhat

1890.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 273

vaguely, that towns came from the forests of Germany to
England, and from England to Massachusetts Bay ; and, more
distinctly, that three of them, — Watertown, Newtown, and
Dorchester, — as organized towns, migrated to Connecticut,
and there, in 1G39, set up a commonwealth as the result of
their joint corporate action ; — that these towns, having created
a commonwealth, became the pattern for towns in other com-
monwealths ; and so happily had their system of confederated
towns worked, and especially in relation to the common-
wealth, that the Connecticut delegation in the Convention of
1787 were able to persuade that body to form the Constitution
of the United States on the same basis, — the Senate, with
its equal and unalterable representation of sovereign States
answering to the independent Connecticut towns ; and the
House of Representatives, elected by popular vote, answer-
ing to the Connecticut Council, elected in the same manner.
Professor Johnston says : —

" And this is so like the standard theory of the relations of the States
to the federal Government that it is necessary to notice the peculiar
exactness with which the relations of Connecticut towns to the com-
monweaUh are proportioned to the relations of the commonwealth to
the United States. In other States, power runs from the State up-
wards and from the State downwards ; in Connecticut, the towns have
always been to the commonwealth as the commonwealth to the Union.
... In this respect the life principle of the American Union may be
traced straight back to the primitive union of the three little settle-
ments on the bank of the Connecticut River. ... It is hardly too
much to say that the birth of the Constitution [of the United States]
was merely the grafting of the Connecticut system on the stock of the
confederation, where it has grown into richer luxuriance than Hooker
could ever have dreamed of " (pp. 62, 322).

The fallacy of this scheme lies in his theory respect-
ing towns, — their existence independent of some sovereign
power.

This leads, then, to an examination of the nature of towns.
Three things seem necessary to constitute a town, — territory,
population, and corporate existence.

It must have definite territory with a certain permanency of
tenure. A military company, a camp-meeting, or a tourist
party — frequently more numerous than the inhabitants of

274 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

some towns — occupying territory for an indefinite time and,
it may be, observing many regulations which govern towns,
nevertheless does not constitute a town. Nor does a migra-
tory body of people such as is found in pastoral regions ; for
when the inhabitants of a town remove to another locality they
do not take their town with them, though no town remains
behind. Whether they go to a place within the same juris-
diction, or to one outside of it, in either case on removal their
corporate powers revert to the State, and they become a
voluntary organization unknown to the law and without rights
before it. They are relegated to their natural rights. Again,
the inhabitants of a town constitute a legal unit which, for
certain purposes at least, absorbs the individuality of all its
members. It is a corporation by express creation of the
State, or has become such by prescription; and one of the
tests of such a body-corporate is its power to sue, and its
liability to be sued, in its corporate name. When, there-
fore, certain inhabitants of Watertown, Cambridge, and
Dorchester migrated to Connecticut, even though they con-
stituted the major part of the inhabitants of those towns,
and even though they had carried the town records and
other evidences of their corporate existence along with them,
which they did not, they went simply as a body of unorgan-
ized people voluntarily associated for seeking a new resi-
dence. They did not take the towns along with them. After
the migration the map showed no vacancies with asterisks
referring to the margin, " Gone to Connecticut." They went,
according to the Act authorizing their going, as " divers of
our loving friends, neighbors, freemen and members of New-
town, Dorchester, Watertown, and other places " ; and they
went under the government of commissioners authorized, not
to create towns, but to exercise certain powers of state over
them for the space of a year. So little is the foundation for
Professor Johnston's assumption " that three fully organized
Massachusetts towns passed out of the jurisdiction of any
commonwealth, and proceeded to build up a commonwealth
of their own" (p. 12).

But were it possible, and were it true, that the three Mas-
sachusetts towns migrated as such, it is neither true nor is it
possible that they could have set up a commonwealth, though
their people might do so, as they did.

1890.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 275

Professor Johnston calls the town the political cell from
which the commonwealth was evolved.

But a town can be the germ of nothing but a greater town ;
never of a commonwealth. The rights and duties of towns
are communal ; and for such rights and duties they may pro-
vide ; but even then these powers are delegated, not inherent.
The State may, and often does, attend to these matters. But
the rights and duties of the State primarily concern sover-
eignty, external relations, and general laws affecting the in-
habitants of all the State. Some of these powers the State,
for convenience, may delegate to the inhabitants of towns,
such as the election of constables, who are the oificers of the
State, not of the town, and whose legal relations are to the
State, not to the town.

On the other hand, it need not be denied that a town may
be something more, and like the Hanse Towns, become
qualifiedly independent. But this is not in consequence of
the development or extension of communal functions so as
to include national functions. It is by taking on new func-
tions. Where these are exercised, it is not because they
belong to the town or city in its corporate capacity, but be-
cause they are assumed by the people, and their assumption is
allowed by neighboring States ; and even then they owe a
qualified allegiance to some sovereign, which is inconsistent
with the idea of an absolutely independent commonwealth.

If we look at the natural order of towns and common-
wealths, it will appear that the latter is first. The primary
question of government which concerns every community is
that of sovereignty. When this is not denied, the question
is in abeyance ; nor does it practically arise where communities,
under a previously settled order of i-elations to the sovereign
power, proceed at once to provide for their communal relations.

And so we find that the first act of legislative bodies is to
provide for the safety of the body politic, and later, for com-
munal affairs. They first establish the State, and then erect
towns. Nor is this order ever reversed. The genesis of the
State is not from its parts, — confederated districts, towns, or
counties, — but from the sovereign people, who arrange them-
selves into towns and counties.

The same is true of a confederacy of independent States,
whether monarchical or democratic ; for behind the resultant

276 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

form of confederation are the people, who assent to the pro-
posed relation.

The genesis of American commonwealths is historically
clear. (1 ) They originated with mere adventurers for fish-
ing, hunting, or trading, who without territorial ownership
or by State authoritj', established themselves on the coast.
Among these, though with other views, must be included the
Pilgrims driven out of their course by adverse circumstances,
as well as the first settlers of Rhode Island and Connecticut.
(2) They originated with those who had purchased lands and
obtained charters. (3) They were founded under proprietary
governments. (4) They were founded as royal governments.
In all these cases we find that people first addressed them-
selves to their foreign relations, and to the perfecting of their
autonomy. Neither towns nor town records appear until
much later. Nor does it change the order of these relations
tliat the State simultaneously took upon itself the direction
of communal as well as of general affairs. The town was not
the primordial cell which developed into a State, but the
State was the mother of her towns. Development is along
the lines of original constitutions, and seldom or never passes
over into a different genus.

In accordance with this order, while the three Massachu-
setts towns of Watertown, Cambridge, and Dorchester, with
their records and corporate powers and muniments, remain
where they were first settled, it is true that a large number of
their inhabitants, between 1634 and 1637, migrated to Con-
necticut and settled as communities in places now known as
Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. They went as unor-
ganized bodies of people, by permission of the Bay Colony,
which, for reasons stated in their commission, had assumed
jurisdiction over that part of Connecticut, — a fact recognized
by the migrating parties. It is further true that these same
people, — not in any corporate capacity, for that they lacked,
— on the expiration of the Bay Colony commission, chose
commissioners for themselves ; and in 1639, in the language
of their own constitution, " We the Inhabitants and Resi-
dents of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield ... do associate
and conform ourselves to be as one Public State or Common-
wealth." Such was the genesis of Connecticut. Towns had
absolutely nothing to do with it. They did not even exist ;

1S90.] THE NEW HISTORICAL SCHOOL. 277

and it was not before 1639 that the unorganized communities
which went from the Bay Colony were set up as corporations.
Instead of being the creators of the commonwealth they were
its offspring. From the commonwealth they derived all of
their powers. Nor is their character in anj' essential respect
changed — they are neither more nor less than towns — by
the fact that the State, for the convenience of towns more
widely separated from one another and removed from a com-
mon centre than were those in the Bay, chose to delegate a
larger share of her authority to them than Massachusetts did
to her towns. In both cases they derived all their power from
the State and conferred none upon it. Nor were they any
more " little republics," or more independent of State con-
trol than other towns in New England, because in apportion-
ing representation to the General Court town lines were used
to express the territorial unit of representation.

It would seem that Professor Johnston's theory of town
sovereignty was adopted to lay the foundation for his fifth
proposition, that in the Convention of 1787 the equal and
unchangeable representation of the States in the Senate of
the United States was based upon the Connecticut system
of town representation. So far from this being probable,
the fact is that while the representation in the Senate of
the United States was State or corporate representation, the
representation in the General Assembly was not corporate
representation, but essentially the representation of the
people determined, not by corporate powers, but by town
lines.

We find nothing in the debates of the Convention of 1787
which warrants the view of Professor Johnston. Theories of
government were discussed, constitutions of the several States
were referred to, and some of their provisions, notably those
of Massachusetts, were adopted ; but the main features of
the Constitution were determined by the necessities of the
situation and the intei-ests of sections and of States, — as
large or small, agricultural or commercial, slaveholding or
non-slaveholding.

The Connecticut delegation had great influence in the Con-
vention, first, because Sherman, Johnson, and Ellsworth were
very able men, and the only three very able men from any
State who worked together ; and secondly, because Connect!-

2(8 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

cut, being neither one of the largest nor one of the smallest
States, held a position of great influence as mediator between
the two classes of States.

Mr. H. E. ScuDDER spoke of the sketch of the history of
Connecticut, by Professor Johnston, printed in the first vol-
ume of the "Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical
and Political Science," and said that the ability shown in that
essay had led to his being selected to write the History of
Connecticut in the Commonwealth Series.

Mr. Heney W. Haynes said : —

I wish to return for a moment to Judge Chamberlain's
statements in regard to certain theories as to the origin of
English institutions. The opinion maintained by Freeman,
Green, and others — -that most of the legal and social usages
of England have been derived from the Anglo-Saxons, or as
they prefer to call them the Early English — has been combated
by Mr. H. C. Coote, in a brief treatise entitled " A Neglected
Fact in English History," which he subsequently expanded
into a considerable volume called "The Romans in Britain."
In this he claimed that the land-laws and social organization
of England are more Roman than Germanic, but that the
majority of the population of eastern England is descended
from ancestors who were settled there long before the Anglo-
Saxon conquest. At the time of the invasion of the Romans
they found the country occupied bj^ a population of the Belgse,
who belonged to a Teutonic stock. From them were derived
such German customs as have been attributed to the Anglo-
Saxons. The Romans colonized the countr}', allotting its area
to landholders by boundaries laid down by agri/nensores, as-
signing the native population to them as serfs. Roman muni-
cipalities were also largely disseminated throughout the island.
The Saxon Conquest left the descendants of these Roman
coloni in possession of their lands and rights ; while the old
Belgic population remained as the laboring class, and the
victorious Saxons constituted a military aristocracy, which
was afterwards almost exterminated by the Danes.

These and other positions assumed by Mr. Coote, which it
would take too much time to cite, are sustained by a wealth of
learning and illustration, which cannot be neglected by the

1890.] EEMAEKS BY MR. R. C. WINTHEOP, JR. 279

careful student of history, even if they fail to carry conviction
from their failure to explain all the known conditions.

Mr. R. C. WiNTHROP, Jr., said : —

It occurs to me to mention that not long after Professor
Johnston's " Counecticut " appeared in the American Com-
monwealth Series, I wrote to liim that I had read the book
with a great deal of interest and pleasure, but that I thought
it only right to point out to him that he had been careless
about some of his facts. For instance, on page 110, he had
stated that John Winthrop the younger did not arrive in New
England till October, 1635, more than five years after his
father, and that on his way to Boston he was " diverted into
an interest in Connecticut." I need hardly say that writers
upon the early colonial period are supposed to be aware that
John Winthrop the younger reached Boston in November,
1631, but little more than a year after his father; that he was
immediately made an Assistant of the Massachusetts Colony,
and soon after took the leading part in founding the town of
Ipswich. His arrival here in October, 1635, which Professor
Johnston hastily assumed to have been his first coming, was
merely his return from a visit to England ; and the commission
he then brought with him to be governor at the mouth of the
Connecticut River was only a temporary employment which
did not oblige him to retire from the Massachusetts magistracy.
In point of fact, in spite of repeated absences, he continued a
Massachusetts Assistant until 1650, in which year he first
became a freeman of Connecticut.

In reply to this and other criticisms, I received a very polite
letter from Professor Johnston, promising that proper correc-
tions should be made if a second edition was called for, and
entering into some brief explanation of his motives in writ-
ing the book. The following passages in his letter are of
interest : —

"Not a New Englander by birth or blood, I felt indebted to Connec-
ticut for home, family, and much more than I could say. . . . But
though not a New England historian, and never looking to be consid-
ered an authority in that department, yet I felt that I had special
training enough to contribute my quota of judicial opinion upon some
points of Connecticut history and her influence on our country's his-

280 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Jan.

tory and development, which had not been treated altogether to sat>-
isfy me. It seemed to me that there was more than had been brought
out. I can thus claim nothing more than a place in the skirmish-line,
covering only one small part of it, for the possible guidance of the com-
ing historian of Connecticut. My work, imperfect as it may be, has
done me good. To me, actions and results have always seemed of far
more importance than words, however fine ; and it would not be easy
for me to say how much I have found to admire in the typical Connecti-
cut man, — the silent, logical, inexorable success of Winthrop, Hooker,
Allyn, and others of the Connecticut founders. The smallness of
their field does not alter the case : Nature works on the same principle,
without regard to scale. They seem to me to have exhibited the very
essence of individual, quiet self-reliance, trebly beautiful in these days,
when no ten men can do or begin anything unless they form a ' union '
of some kind, to give them courage to attempt it ! "

A new serial, comprising the proceedings at the meetings in
October and November last, was placed on the table at this
meeting.

KEMAEKS BY THE PRESIDENT. 281

FEBRUARY MEETING, 1890.

The stated meeting was held on Thursday, the 13th in-
stant, at three o'clock, p. M. ; the President, Dr. George E.
Ellis, in the chair.

The record of the January meeting was read and approved ;
and the monthly Ust of accessions to the Library was also
read.

The President then said : —

We are brought very near to, if we have not already
reached, the date in time which will mark the completion
of a century of the existence and activity of this Society, —
the first in our country to lead the succession of the numerous
and generally efEcient and prosperous societies of like pur-
poses in our States, cities, counties, districts, towns, and vil-
lages. An interesting question at once presents itself as to
the precise date of our nativity from which we are to begin
our reckoning. Usage and recognized precedents have estab-
lished the rule that the life of a chartered or incoi-porated
Society intended for perpetuity begins with its authoj'itative
official sanction. Yet it is a well-known fact that very many
schemes have been in active existence, and many associations
and fellowships for a great variety of purposes have had organi-
zations and meetings of members before charter and seal gave
them incorporation. The Royal Society of London received
its charter from Charles II. in 1661. But for at least a score
of years previously the scholars, savants, and philosophers who
asked for and obtained tliat charter, with seal and mace, had
held their meetings and conferences, and had been gathering
materials to promote in the same way the same objects which
received the royal sanction. Our own now venerable and
honored University — still poor and suppliant with its flood of
wealth — dates its life from September, 1636, because the Gen-
eral Court of the Colony then recorded its purpose to plant
and foster a college among the stumps in a patch of the wil-
derness in a new town. The Court also made a promise of

282 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

money for the object, and designated a committee to take
order for it. But none the less the Memorial Statue on the
Delta is inscribed, " John Harvard, Founder, 1638." This
earliest and most munificent benefactor was the founder of
'■'■ Harvard College." But the date of two years preceding fitly
marks the inception of the seminary.

Following so honored a precedent, this Society might claim
that this year will complete a full century of its existence.
Curiously enough, the first book plate in some of its earliest
volumes bears the inscription, " Established in 1790." There
was then something "established," which, soon after, it was
thought best to have "incorporated." Those are the premises
which we have before us for fixing the year of our nativity.
And what is the significance of that word " established " ? It
means something that is in being, not only in purpose, but in
fact. The new-born infant is a reality in a household, for
watching over and for nutriment, perhaps before its name is
decided upon ; and that name may have been adopted in the
household before it has been formally conferred in a sacred
rite. It is, however, noteworthy that the faithful scribes of
church and parish records in the mother country and in our
early colony times, while very scrupulous in entering the date
of baptism, fail to give the date of birth ; as if a child's life
began on the day when, as the phrase is, it was " christened."
About many of onr own worthies in whose biography we are
interested, as for instance of John Harvard, we know the date
of baptism, but not of birth.

The titlepage of the first published volume of the Society
reads, " Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society for
the Year 1792. Vol. I." It was printed and pubUshed in that
year. The edition was a small one, and soon exhausted. The
volume was reprinted in 1806.

Our records satisfactorily explain to us what was meant by
the words " Established in 1790." The books in which the
legend was stamped were not private property, did not belong
to individuals, but had passed into the ownership of associates,
a fellowship formed of a few gentlemen brought intimately
together to advance a common object. They were the same
men who afterward sought and obtained a charter for their
Society. They had been holding meetings, gathering and
contributing materials for a common purpose. Later on, one

1890.] EEMARKS BY THE PRESIDENT. 283

of this series of meetings was held at the house of an associate,
Judge Tudor, on Jan. 24, 1791. Eight persons were pres-
ent. They agreed to regard this as tlieir " First Meeting."
It was not because it was the first meeting, but because they
then first gave organic form to their association by voting on
"Articles for its Constitution and Government." Continuing
their " Regular " and " Special " Meetings, at one of them, on
Jan. 10, 1794, a Committee was directed to apply to the
Legislature for a Charter. This was granted under an Act of
Incorporation passed on February 19. Here again the date
of baptism, so to speak, is given more definitely than the date
of birth.

In any recognition, therefore, which we might see fit to
make of the completion of our first Centennial, we have an
alternative for choice of date. Honoring the memory of that
little group of cultivated and zealous gentlemen who had
found a joint attraction in intelligent historical interests and
aims, we may find the origin of our Society in their meetings
held in 1790 ; or we may date from the grant of our formal
charter. It is for the members of the Society, if the matter
has interest for them, and if any view should be entertained
of recognizing our Centennial, to discuss and to dispose of the
question.

Intimately related, because so near in date and observance,
with this matter of special concern to us, is another Centen-
nial now engaging the interest of our whole nation, that of
the completion of the fourth century of the disclosure of this
Continent as a New World to the people of the Old World.
This Society, before it was incorporated, was alive and active
enough to take a very prominent part in the celebration of the
close of the third Centennial of that event. It is the generous
and uniform judgment of all the original members of this
Societ}', that Dr. Jeremy Belknap was tlie first to devise, and
the most earnest and efficient agent in, the work of this Society.
He was a pioneer in the improved modern method of historical
study. He had written an approved History of New Hamp-
shire in three volumes before his work began here. He was
zealous in collecting and discriminating in the use and im-
provement of important papers. He accomplished very much
of value in his comparatively limited life of fifty-four years.
It will gratify you to know that the Publishing Committee

284 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

have in view to provide you with a volume wholly or largely
occupied with Belknap Papers now in our Cabinet.

At a meeting with his associates, Dec. 23, 1791, Dr. Bel-
knap proposed that the centenary of the discovery of America
by Columbus, as of date Oct. V2, 1492, be celebrated by the
Society. Tlie members at a meeting, March 30, 1792, ap-
proved the proposition, and appointed Dr. Belknap to deliver
a Public Discourse on the occasion, with his associates, Drs.
Thacher and Eliot, to take part in it. The celebration accord-
ingly took place in Brattle Street Church on Tuesday, Oct. 28,
1792, — the date being mischosen for October 21, nine days
only instead of eleven being needed for adjustment of style in
the calendar. I hold in my hand tlie original printed pam-
phlet of the proceedings, — itself time-stained and antique. The
speaker, with some professional formality, addressed himself
to his " respectable auditors," and started from an appropriate
Scripture-text about the running to and fro througli the earth,
and the promised increase of knowledge or science. The ad-
dress well befitted the occasion, — the materials which in more
recent years have illustrated and enriched the subject, dealing
with controverted details, not then being at hand. It re-
hearsed with sympathy and dignity the personal experience
and qualities and the troubled career of Columbus, and as-
signed to him the unqualified renown of first opening com-
munication between the ocean-parted continents. An appended
dissertation to the Address disposed of the pretensions set up
for Martin Behaim as liaving preceded Columbus by eight
years. Only a passing reference was made to an alleged visit
of " Normans to Vinland," centuries before. After the exer-
cises in the church, tlie Society dined at the liouse of its
President, Governor Sullivan. In a course of public lectures
by the Society in the Athenaeum in 1833, Mr. A. H. Everett
delivered one on the Life of Columbus.

The approach of the fourth Centennial of the signal event
finds our citizens discussing three leading questions : (1)
Whether the event shall be adequately recognized and
celebrated ? (2) Where the locality or central site for such
celebration shall be ? (3) What shall be the manner and
method of it ?

The first question has needed no discussion, the general
assumption being that the event must be duly recognized.

1890.] KEPOET ON THE LIBRARY. 285

The answer to the second query, as to place, has been found
largely to depend for its decision upon the disposal of the
third query, as to method and concomitants. The alterna-
tive to be settled is, as tersely put by our associate General
Walker, in his admirable article in the " Forum " for this
month, whether we wish to have a " Peddlers' Fair," or an
august and dignified observance at our National Capital, ou
a continental scale, with munificent and lavish outlay, for
grandeur and ceremonial, from our public treasury.

The date of the event comes midway between the centen-
nial of the formation of this Society and that of its incorpora-
tion. This fact may be entertained by us in considering the
question of our own recognition of either incident.

I do not propose that any action shall be taken by the
Society at this time, and make these suggestions now that the
matter may be considered at our next meeting.

Mr. Charles C. Smith said that among the Belknap Papers
referred to by the President is a letter from John Pintard,
Secretary of the Tammany Society, of New York, written in
1791, in which it is stated that that Society proposes to cel-
ebrate the completion of the third century since the discov-
ery of America by a procession and an oration ; and the writer
asks for the dimensions and cost of the monument on Beacon
Hill, with a view to the erection in New York of a column to
the memory of Columbus.

The Committee to examine the Library and Cabinet, which
was authorized to make certain alterations and improvements,
submitted the following report : —

The Committee on the Library would report that soon after
the meeting of the Society in June last it obtained from Mr.
Harris a plan for stacks or cases, and has had six made accord-
ing to the pattern, and placed in the Library-room above.

It has had a large stack for pamphlets placed in the pam-
phlet-room, and a series of bins in the room reserved for
storing the publications of the Society.

It has had a new staircase built connecting the second and
third stories above this, so that access can be obtained to the
upper story without passing through the entry, thus making
it possible at some time to convert the landings into rooms.

286 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

A portion of the cases in the upper room have been cut
down, thus giving wall space for hanging the portraits belong-
ing to the Society ; and most of those formerly on the stairway
have been transferred there.

The walls and ceiling of this room have been painted, the
color of the walls being such as to furnish a good background
for the portraits.

The cost of all this work has been $691.17, — not quite two
thirds of what the Committee was authorized to expend.

Places have been found for the books removed in making
these changes in the new stacks, which will also accommodate
the probable accessions of the next year or two, when addi-
tional stacks must be provided, unless the weeding-out pro-
cess shall by that time be decided upon.

The suggestions made by the Committee in regard to bind-
ing the newspapers have not been carried out, as the work is
more than can be done in the remainder of the year. The
Committee would refer this subject to the consideration of
the Committee which is to succeed it.

Now that the pictures have been removed, the walls of the
staircase ought to be repainted ; but the Committee thought it
not really a part of its duty to have this done.

The Committee has not done all it proposed to the Society,
but thinks best to make this report to-day and ask to be dis-
charged, because by the By-Laws a new committee is to be
appointed at the next meeting of the Society, to which com-
mittee what has been left unfinished may well be referred.

The Committee feels that the thanks of the Society are
especially due to our associate Mr. Harris for his labors to
facilitate and expedite its work.

Respectfully submitted for the Committee,

Henry F. Jenks, Chairman.

The report was unanimously accepted.

Communications from the Third Section having been called
for, Mr. R. C. Winthrop, Jr., said : —

For the convenience of committees of this Society who may
hereafter be called upon to edit papers of the Colonial period,
and for the information of any other persons who may be in-
terested in the subject,- 1 desire to communicate a list of about

1S90.] REMARKS BY MR. E. C. WINTHROP, JR. 287

four hundred manuscripts which, with my father's consent, I
have separated from the main body of his collection of Win-
throp Papers, and have given to cerrain libraries hereinafter
named, on the ground that the local interest attaching to
them renders it desirable that they should find their perma-
nent resting-places elsewhere than in Boston. The greater
part of these manuscripts have been given to the State of Con-
necticut for its archives, to be preserved in the State Library
at Hartford, and consist largely of official papers, of varying
degrees of importance, which were accumulated by John Win-
throp, Jr., and Fitz-John Winthrop during their long terms of
office as Governors of Connecticut.

I am aware that an idea prevails, in many quarters, that
when a Society or an individual has come into possession of
a mass of miscellaneous original material for history, it should
be kept intact at all hazards ; but, to my mind, a much broader
view to take is to consider how far it may be appropriate, in
the interest of historical research, to transfer portions of such
material to institutions immediately connected with the sub-
jects to which they relate. In other words, the duty of pro-
viding the various classes of historical manuscripts with the
fittest, the safest, and the most convenient permanent homes
ought, in my judgment, to be paramount to any selfish con-
siderations. For instance, I have never been disposed to
echo the lamentations which pervaded this building when the
State of Massachusetts finally obliged us to surrender the
Hutchinson Papers so long in our keeping. I incline to be-
lieve the State had the better claim to them, and I think they
are appropriately quartered in the State House. Nor should
I have shed many tears if Connecticut had similarly succeeded
in recovering for its archives some of the papers given us, in
1794, by the heirs of Governor Trumbull.

It must not be supposed, however, that the scattering sub-
tractions I have made from the main body of my father's col-
lection in any way impair the interest and value of those
sequences of public and private correspondence which it would
not be wise to disturb, and upon which successive committees
of this Society have labored, at intervals, for at least half a
century, and seem likely to labor, at similar intervals, for at
least half a century to come. On the contrary, the removal
of many miscellaneous papers of local irfterest tends to facil-

288 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

itate a much needed rearrangement of the correspondence, a
good deal of which is not iu its proper order.

It is not improbable that some further selections will one
day go to Connecticut or elsewhere ; but in view of the delay
and uncertainty attending such a disposition, I have thought
it convenient to communicate what has thus far been accom-
plished, as the lists, when printed, may be useful to students.
They are made out, so far as practicable, in chronological
order ; and where the word " copy " occurs, an ancient copy is
invariably meant, although not always one of the same year
as the original. 1

Given to the State Library of Connecticut, at Hartford.

163^, March 19. The old patent of Connecticut, or Warwick grant.
Copy, indorsed by John Winthrop, Jr.

1647, July-. Testimony of three Niantick Indians that Sassacus had
granted his country to John Winthrop, Jr., before the Pequot War. See
Plym. Col. Rec, vol. ix. p. 103.

1647, Oct. 27. Commission of Edward Hopkins, Governor of Con-
necticut, to John Winthrop, Jr., to be magistrate at Nameocke (New
London). It is in the handwriting of Hopkins, and has on it the
oldest known impression of the seal of Connecticut Colony. Win-
throp was then a Massachusetts Assistant, as he had been since 1631,
and as he continued to be till 1650. This Commission was given him
in order that he might exercise authority at New London, Massachu-
setts having relinquished her claim to the Pequot country. He did not
become a freeman of Connecticut till 1650.

1650, Nov. 15. George Chappell's acknowledgment of indebtedness
to Thomas Sweetman.

1651, Nov. 18. Agreement between Pequot townsmen and Cassasina-
mon, alias Robin, Chief of the Nameaug Indians.

1651-1665. Copies of grants of land at New London to John Win-
throp, Jr. Eight pieces.

1652, Dec. 22. Agreement of New London with John Elderkin
about a meeting-house.

1653, April 23. Depositions about certain grants of land in New
London.

1653, June 17. Indenture of Henry Sawmon as apprentice to John
Chester.

1 In assigning dates to copies, it has been thought preferable to give the date,
or probable date, of the original document.

1890.J WINTHROP PAPERS. 289

1 653, August 2. Paper relating to case of Edward Hull and Kempe
Sybada, tried in Rhode Island.

1653, Nov. 2. Original deed of Pawtuxett, by James, Sachem of
Quinebaug, to John Winthrop, Jr.

1654, Oct. 16. Names of captive Pequots who consent to re-
move.

1654, Oct. 24. Order of Committee of Commissioners of the United
Colonies, about settling Pequots, etc.

1655, May 22. Richard Harvie, and others, to John Winthrop, Jr.,
about iron ore at Stratford.

1655, Sept. 15. Royal Commissioners to Magistrates of Rhode Island,
about Narragansett. Copy.

1655, Nov. 29. Copy of New Haven town-record about the Iron-
Works.

1655, J^D- 1- Instructions of Connecticut Magistrates to John Gilbert
and John Griffin, with regard to Uncas. See Conn. Col. Rec, vol. i.
p. 307 ; and Plym. Col. Rec, vol. x. p. 196.

1658, May 26. Return of John Gilbert and others, sent to Farming-
ton to inquire why Indians passed through Hartford bounds in a hostile
manner.

1658, August 19. Original deed of Massapeag, by Uncas, Sachem of
the Mohegans, to Richard Haughton.

1658, Oct. 19. Massachusetts grant to Southertown (Stonington).
Copy attested by Secretary Willard.

1658. Copies of deeds to Robert Park, of New London. Three
pieces.

1658-1659. Unsigned paper, in the handwriting of John Winthrop.
Jr., relative to interpretation of an order of the Commissioners of the
United Colonies about Mistick.

1659, Feb. 23. Copy of the order of the General Court of Connecti-
cut with reference to the bargain with Mr. Fenwick. This, though a
certified copy, varies somewhat from the record.

1659, March 2. Copy of a survey of Southertown (Stonington).

1659, April 28. Copy of a deed of Allumps and Haquountouses
(Indians), of land at Quinebaug.

1659, May 14. Original deed of Allumps and Agimtus, granting
Quinabaug lands to John Winthrop, Jr., John Endicott, and Amos
Richardson. On parchment, torn.

1659, Sept. 12. Original deed of Waweequa, brother of Uncas, to
John Winthrop, Jr., of a mine in the Shetucket country.

1659, Dec. 12. Saybrook men to Governor and Magistrates of Con-
necticut. Greater part of the Church and some of the Town, with
Minister, are removing. They (the signers) intend to stay.

1660, May 5. Draft, in handwriting of Secretary Clark^ releasing

290 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

Capt. John Cullick from restraint. A similar draft, unsigned. Two
pieces.

1660, May 7. Draft of letter from John Winthrop, Jr., to Nathaniel
Willet, to let fall his action against Captain Cullick. This paper and
the preceding one have reference to the purchase from Fenwick.

1660, Sept. 14. Commissioners' letter about Mr. Sylvester and his
island.

1660, Sept. 29. Copy of the Narragansett Mortgage. Handwriting
of John Winthrop, Jr.

1660. Copy of a complaint by Englishmen at Nameaug against Uncas.

No date. Paper, in handwriting of John Winthrop, Jr., about juris-
diction over Pequot lands, and about union of Connecticut and New
Haven.

No date. Pleas to the Commissioners about Mistick. Handwriting
of John Winthrop, Jr.

No date. Argument as to Connecticut's title to Mistick. Hand-
writing of John Winthrop, Jr.

No date. Intended order of the Commissioners about Southertown
(Stonington). On the back, copy of part of a letter from General Court
of Rhode Island.

No date. Paper indorsed by John Winthrop, Jr. : " Names of the
Pequots taken by Major Mason and myself at Pakatuck."

166!f, Jan. 14. Nathan Gold and others, of Fairfield, to Gov. John
Winthrop, Jr., about taxes.

166f, Feb. 4. Copy of a deed of land at Nawayunk (Noank), from
Robin and other Pequots, to William Thompson.

166J, Feb. 14. Result of the consultation of Magistrates and Depu-
ties, about addressing King Charles II. Handwriting of John Win-
throp, Jr.

166f, March 14. Order for proclaiming King Charles II. in Con-
necticut.

1661, May 6. Certain inhabitants of Fairfield to Gov. John Win-
throp, Jr., about Indian land between Fairfield and Stratford.

[1661, May-?] Petition of John Stebbins, of New London, to
General Court of Connecticut for remission of payment of money.

1661, June - . Attestation of Magistrates that John Talcott is Treas-
urer of Connecticut, etc.

1661. Letter of credit for £500, in favor of Gov. John Winthrop,
Jr., Agent of Connecticut in London, signed by Treasurer Talcott.

166^, Feb. 26. Order for the appearance of Col. Thomas Temple
and Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., before the Privy Council in London, with
reference to the Connecticut Charter.

1662, May 3. Draft of Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., on Treasurer
Talcott, for expenses relating to Charter, etc. Copy.

1890.] WINTHEOP PAPEKS. 291

1662, May 3. Agreement of Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., for 2,000
bushels of wheat, at 3s. Gd. per bushel, and 1,200 bushels of pease, at
2s. 6d. per bushel, to be delivered by Treasurer Talcott to Messrs. Cowes,
Maskelyne, & Sylvester, merchants of London, in repayment of cash
advanced by them.

1662, May 8. Deposition of John Stebbins, of New London, as to
words spoken by Goody Waterhouse.

1662, Oct. 13. Gov. Peter Stuyvesant to Gov. John Winthrop, Jr.
Copy. See N. Y. Col. Docs.

1662, Oct. 13. Copy of Summons to inhabitants of Westchester,
New York, to send deputies to General Court at Hartford in May
following.

1662, Oct. 15. Copy of Secretary Clark's letter to Governor Stuy-
vesant, thanking him for attentions to Governor Winthrop, etc.

1662, Oct. 27. Copy of John Y''oung's letter to Sergeant Hubbard;
notification of claim of Connecticut to jurisdiction over Long Island.

1662. Copies of depositions about Good wife Waterhouse's treasonable
speech.

1 662. Draft of letter sent by Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., to certain
gentlemen of New Haven. See New Haven Col. Rec, vol. ii. pp.
522, 523, from which it varies.

1662 ? Draft of acquittance for Goodwin's legacy.

1662-3. Copy of declaration by Commissioners of Connecticut,
claiming jurisdiction over Long Island.

166 1, Jan. 4. Temporary agreement of John Scott and John Young
with Secretary Van Ruyven, etc., as to status of English and Dutch
in sundry towns.

166|, Feb. -. Instructions to deputies to Connecticut General Court
from CrafEord (Jamaica) ; desire to unite with Connecticut if other
Long Island towns do.

1663, July -. Docket, as to granting Rhode Island Charter.

1663, Sept. 3. Testimony about oath of William Wells, of Southold.

1663, Sept. 9. Return of committee of Commissioners of the United
Colonies, concerning lands claimed by Pequots, and by Uncas. Copy
by Secretary Kimberly.

1663? Copy, in handwriting of Daniel Clark, of undirected letter
about Address to the King.

1664, April 26. Copy of the commission to Col. Richard Nicolls et al.
for settling differences in New England.

1664, May 1. Paper relating to the preference of the inhabitants of
Newark (Flushing) to remain under the Dutch.

1664, June 14. Paper relating to the appointment of deputies from
Oyster Bay to Hempstead, and elsewhere ; to vindicate their lawful
liberties against any pretended jurisdiction over them.

292 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

1664, June 17. Paper relating to desire of the inhabitants of Flush-
ing to abide by the agreement between Governor Stuyvesant and John
Scott.

1664, July 16. Richard Smith to Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., about
interference of Rhode Island men at Narragansett.

1664, Sept. 24. Copy of Colonel Cartwright's agreement with Mo-
hawks and Senecas.

1664, Oct. 14. Petition of William Cheesbrough to General Court of
Connecticut, as to Stonington bounds.

1664? Copy of the petition of Anne Phillips to Governor Nicolls, of
New York, concerning a fine laid on her son by Connecticut.

166f, Jan. 28. Copy of letter from King Charles II. to Colonel
Nicolls; precautions against the Dutch.

166|, Feb. 1. Secretary Allyn to "William Jones; arms of soldiers
in New Haven, Guilford, etc., to be viewed, there being a reported
gathering of Indians at Albany.

166-*-, March 17. Deed of Robert Burrows to Edward Culver.
Original and copy. Two pieces.

1665, July 15, Draft of letter from General Court of Connecticut to
Governor Nicolls of New York, apologizing for not affording aid.

1665, Sept. 15. Royal Commissioners to Rhode Island magistrates,
about Narragansett. Copy.

1665. Draft of Address of Connecticut General Assembly to the
King.

1666, June 13. Jonas Houldsworth to Gov. John "Winthrop, Jr. ;
claim of Deborah Scott transferred to John Cooper.

1666, August 28. King Charles II. to Governor and Council of
Connecticut about war with French and Dutch.

1 666, Oct. 2. Deposition of Thwayt Strickland and wife, about Rhode
Island boundary.

1666, Nov. 16. Copy of a Coroner's verdict : death of child of
Samuel Browne.

1666, Nov. 23. Copies of lay-out of land in Stonington.

166f, March -. Remonstrance of Milford against paying Mr.
Rossiter.

1667, April 1. Order of CouncU of Connecticut for precautions
against small-pox.

1668, Sept. 19. Propositions made by Maqua Indians at Albany.
Copy.

1668-1704. Copies of New London town votes. Three pieces.
166|, Jan. 21. Letter of Middletown Church to Rev. Samuel Stow.

1669, May 5. Petition of Cassasinomon to Connecticut General
Court.

1669. Testimony of an Indian about land given to Jeremy Adams.

1890.] WINTHROP PAPERS. 293

No date. Draft, or copy, of a letter to Massachusetts Commissioners,
about a misunderstanding, not specified.

No date. Agreement witli Indians at Quaquetauge. Copy.

1670, May 9. John Lay, senior and junior, to Gov. John Winthrop,
Jr., about a justice for Lyme.

1G70, June 21. Copy of a letter from John Allyn et al. to Samuel
"Wilson, as to molestation of Connecticut men by Rhode Islanders in
Narragansett country.

1670? Petition of Cassasinomon for land.

167J-, Jan. 3. Secretary Allyn to Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., about a
special Court of Assistants.

1672, March 26. Petition of Narragansett men to Connecticut Gen-
eral Court for protection.

1672, Oct. 8. Secretary Rawson to Gov. John "Winthrop, Jr., about
land in Stonington held under Massachusetts grants.

1673, May 8. Copy of lay-out of eastern bounds of Stonington.
1673, August 7. Southampton, L. I., asks advice of Gov. John "Win-
throp, Jr. ; Dutch have taken New York.

1673, August 7. Southampton, L. I., asks advice of Gov. John "Win-
throp, Jr., about Dutch summons to surrender.

1673, August 7. Easthampton, L. I., asks advice of Gov. John
"Winthrop, Jr., or the Council at Hartford, concerning the Dutch
invasion.

1673, August 7. "W. Rider to , asking advice about surrender

of Setauk to the Dutch.

1673, August 15. Deputies of five towns on east end of Long Island
thank Connecticut for care, etc., but have been compelled to submit to
Dutch ; ask liberty of egress and regress, as formerly. Two copies.

1673, August 29. Copy of Southampton's declaration that she has
been compelled to submit to the Dutch.

1 673, August 29. Copy of a letter from Southampton to the Governor
of Massachusetts. It has been wet, and is difficult to decipher.

1673, Oct. 20. Henry Pierson, Thomas James, and others inform
Gov. John "Winthrop, Jr., that a Dutch attack is imminent, and ask for
aid.

1 673, Oct. 30. Address of Southampton, Southold, and Easthampton,
to Governor and Council, or General Assembly, of Connecticut, asking
that Capt. Fitz-John "Winthrop may be sent as Major in command of
the three plantations for their joint defence.

1673, Oct. 30. Southampton and Easthampton to Samuel "Willis
and Fitz-John "Winthrop, asking authority to prevent mutiny and
disorder.

1 673, Dec. 4. Southampton to Fitz-John "Winthrop, about need of
ammunition.

294 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETy. [Feb.

1673, Dec. 9. Fitz-John Winthrop's certificate that he had pressed
several men as soldiers.

1 673, . Certain men of the new Church at Windsor complain

against the old Church.

No date. Copy of agreement between a Dutch captain and John
Clark.

1674, April 10. Copy of order from Council of Connecticut releasing
soldiers on Long Island on arrival of Massachusetts ships.

1674, April 16. John Howell and others, of Southold, communicate
to Governor and Council of Connecticut their satisfaction with the
course pursued by Major Fitz-John Wiuthrop.

1674, Oct. 30. Southampton asks advice of Gov. John Winthrop, Jr.,
or his Council, on learning the reported arrival of Governor Andros at
New York.

1674, Nov. 1. Agreement between Fitz-John "Winthrop and John
Lamb, of New London, about Mystic Mill.

1675, May 27. Settlement of line between Gov. John Winthrop, Jr.,
and W. Parks at Quaquabag.

1675, Sept. 8. Fitz-John Winthrop's warrant to press a horse, on his
way to Hartford.

1679, May 6. Original deed (of land at Stonington?) by Cattapesett
to Mrs. Anna Stanton. It is witnessed by " Wonkow, gentleman," and
by " Mugwomp."

1680, March 29. Governor Andros to Fitz-John Winthrop, about a
wreck on Fisher's Island.

1681, May 18. Treaty of Uncas with Connecticut. Original, and
copy of counterpart. Two pieces. See Conn. Col. Eec, vol. iii. p. 309.

1683, May 10. Copy by Secretary Allyn about Mohegan East
bounds.

1 683, Oct. 20. Copy of the report to the King about Narragansett,
by Edward Cranfield and others.

1683, Nov. 20. Townsmen of New London to Rev. Increase Mather,
about a minister.

1683, Nov. 28. Articles of agreement between Governor Dongan of
New York, and Governor Treat of Connecticut. Copy.

1684, July 5. Copy of an Act about Pirates, with a memorandum of
the Sheriff of Fairfield County that it had been proclaimed.

1684, . Copy of several records concerning Mohegan bounds.

1685, August 3. Agreement of New London about Rev. Thomas
Barnerd for minister.

1686, May 7. Deed by James Fitch, Jr., of Norwich, to William
Stoughton, Samuel Shrimpton, and Wait Winthrop, of a large tract of
land in the northern part of Windham County, Connecticut. Indenture
on parchment.

1890.] WINTHKOP PAPERS. 295

1686, May 10. Original deed, on parchment, of part of the Nipmuck,
and the whole of the Wabaquasset country, by Owaneco and Josiah to
William Stoughton, Samuel Shrimpton, and Wait Winthrop. See Col.
Keo. Deeds, vol. ii. pp. 195-197.

1686, Feb. 14. Dedimus of Sir E. Andros to Walter Clark, Fitz-
John Winthrop, and John Coggeshall, to administer oath of allegiance
to inhabitants of Rhode Island, King's Province, etc.

1687, April 6. Roll of military company at Feversham (Westerly),
R. I. ; Stonington names.

1688? Copy of a petition to Deputy-Governor Nicholson, of Massa-
chusetts, about Narragausett.

1690, June 30. Blank commission of Ensign, in Connecticut service,
with seal.

1690, July 11. A commission similar to preceding, for service against
French and Indians.

1 690, July 25. Commission of Daniel Wetherell to be captain of
New London train-band.

1690, Sept. 4. Substance of propositions made at Albany by Sachems
of the Five Nations.

1691, May 27. Secretary Allyn to Fitz-John Winthrop and Daniel
Wetherell, about pirates.

1692, Sept. 16. Address of Freeholders of Connecticut to their
Majesties. See N. Y. Col. Docs., vol. iii. p. 849.

1692. Memorandum about Quinabaug bounds.

1693? Queries about Connecticut Charter, command of militia,
etc.

1693. Copy of Acts of New York and New England Commis-
sioners.

1693, Sept. 28. Acknowledgment from the authorities of Hampshire
County, Massachusetts, of assistance rendered by Connecticut.

1 693, Oct. -. " Theses to be debated with his Exc. at New York," as
to aid in defence of New York. Handwriting of William Pitkin.

1693, Oct. 28. Account of Caleb Stanley, Commissary, of charges
borne by Connecticut in war against French and Indians. Two
pieces.

1693, Oct. -. Copies of correspondence with Governor Fletcher, of
New York, about command of Connecticut militia. All but one of these
are printed in Conn. Col. Rec, vol. iv. pp. 111-115.

1693. Drafts of answers to Governor Fletcher's claim to command
Connecticut militia. Three sheets.

1693, Nov. 16. Agreement of sundry persons with Fitz-John and
Wait Winthrop, as to settlements at Quinabaug.

169|,' Jan. -. Copy of a petition from Gershom Bulkeley, and others,
to Governor Fletcher, of New York, acknowledging him as Commander-
in-chief

296 MASSACHXrSETTS HISTORICAIi SOCIETY: [Feb.

1694, Oct. 19. Governor Treat to Lords Commissioners of Trade;
observations about Acts of Trade, etc.

1 695. Attorney-General Sir Thomas Trevor to Lords Commissioners
of Trade ; opinion as to Narragansett. Copy.

1695 ? Petition to the King by Fitz-John Winthrop, Agent of Con-
necticut, about arms and ammunition.

1 695, Oct. 25. Draft of Address to the King for supply of ammunition.

1696, March 30. William Cowper's opinion on Governor Fletcher's
claim.

1696, April - Oct. Copies of correspondence with Governor Fletcher
about aid to New York. Ten pages.

1696, Oct. 8. Address of Connecticut Assembly to King William on
discovery of a plot to assassinate him.

1696, Oct. 28. William Popple, Secretary of Board of Trade, to
Fitz-John Winthrop ; asks for copy of Connecticut Charter.

1696, Dec. 12. Same to same; returns copy of Charter, and alludes
to Governor Fletcher's complaints.

1697, April 13. Draft of memorial to Lords Commissioners of
Trade, about command of militia.

1697, April 23. William Popple to Fitz-John Winthrop, enclosing
copy of Duchess of Hamilton's petition.

1697, April or May. Council of Connecticut to Lord Bellomont,
congratulating him on his arrival. Copy.

1697, May. Copy of petition of Z. Roberts on behalf of Bedford
(now in New York).

1697, July 22. Orders and Instructions from England, to be observed
by Governor of Connecticut, respecting Trade. Ten pages.

1697, Sept. 21. Copy of letter from Board of Trade to Lord Bello-
mont, about revolt of Rye and Bedford to Connecticut.

1697, Oct. 8. Complaint of Settlers of Quinabaug to Wait Winthrop
that they cannot get a minister, etc., on account of Fitch and Tracy,
who monopolize land.

1697. Copy of Sir Francis Pemberton's opinion on the Duke of
Hamilton's claim.

1697. Copy of .John Post's testimony about Mohegan bounds.

1697. Copy of Act of Rhode Island forbidding settlement in Narra-

1697? Account of charges expended by Connecticut in defence of
New York since 1688.

169 J, Jan. 27. Copy of letter from General Assembly of Connec-
ticut to Duke of Shrewsbury, about observance of Laws of Trade.

169f. Duplicate of letter from Governor and Council of Connecticut
to the Lords Commissioners of Trade.

169 J, March 21. Complaints of settlers of Quinabaug to Fitz-John
Winthrop about Fitch and Tracy.

1890.] -WINTHKOP PAPERS. 297

1698, April. List of vessels registered at the port of New Haven.
Seven pages.

1698, June 13. Copy of unsigned letter to Secretary AUyn, desiring
copies of records.

1698, June 17. Instructions to Connecticut Commissioners appointed
to treat with Lord Bellomout about boundary lines.

1698, June 17. Private instructions to the same on the same subject.

Probably same date. A paper unsigned and undated, but in hand-
writing of Robert Treat, on the same subject.

1698, June 28. Samuel Mason to Fitz-John Winthrop, about Con-
necticut and Rhode Island bounds.

1698, June 29. Memorial of Connecticut Commissioners to those of
Rhode Island, about boundaries.

1698, June 30. Reply of Connecticut Commissioners to those of
Rhode Island.

1 698, June 30. Letter from Connecticut Commissioners to Gov. Fitz-
John Winthrop, reporting their proceedings.

1698, July 26. Commission of Daniel Wetherell to be Judge of New-
London County Court.

1698, July 27. Copy of Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop's proclamation to
Judges, etc., about suppression of vice.

1698, August 9. Draft of Daniel Taylor's commission to be naval
officer at Saybrook.

1 698, August 1 7. Copy of Hue and Cry for apprehension of deserters,
issued by Lord Bellomont, and endorsed by Fitz-John Winthrop.

1698, Oct. 13. Petition of ministers of Fairfield County to General
Court of Connecticut, about their support.

1698, October 26. B. Fayerweather's bond as ganger, deputy -sur-
veyor, and excise-man in Fairfield County.

1698, Nov. 30. Copy of Owaneco's protest, set on sign-post at Wind-
ham, about land claimed by him and by Abimeleck.

1698, Dec. 8. Proposals of Samuel Mason et al. to Rhode Island
Commissioners, about boundaries.

1698? Copy of a declaration of Daniel Clark and Samuel Willis
against James Fitch.

169|, Jan. 21. Proclamation of Governor and Council of Connecticut
prohibiting entry on lands claimed by Owaneco and Abimeleck.

169|. Copy of R. Fenton's declaration about counterfeiting.

1699, March 31. Summons for witnesses against pirates.

1699, March 31. Copy of the examination of John Pierce, Thomas
Edgehill, Edward Plumbe, and John Parrott, about pirates.

1699, April 3. Memorandum of cash taken from pirates.

1699, April 3. Proclamation of Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop about
pirates.

298 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

1699, April 13. A second proclamation on the same subject.

1699, April 26. Complaint of Haddam men to Governor and Coun-
cil of Connecticut.

1699, May 9. Proclamation of Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop about
Scotch Darien Expedition.

1699, May 29. Summons to Elisha Cheesbrough about money of
pirates.

1699, May 30. Complaint of Lieut. Thomas Clark and Ensign John
Arnold concerning Serjeant Spencer's behavior.

1699, May? Bill for incorporating Quinebaug by the name of Kent.
Handwriting of Major James Fitch.

1699, July 14. Earl of Jersey to Governor and Council of Connec-
ticut about pirates.

1699, July 17. Summons to Edward Allen about money of pirates.

1699, August 18. Copy of warrant to B. Fayerweather of Fairfield
to search for goods brought from on board Captain Kid.

1699, Sept. 18. Copy of protest by Selectmen of Stonington against
Owaneco's encroachments.

1699, Sept. 30. Thomas Gullock to Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop;
thanks for securing pirates.

1699, Oct. 3. Copy of survey of Quinabaug.

1699, Oct. 11. Testimony of Joseph Arnold and others as to Serjeant
Spencer's mutinous conduct.

1699, Oct. 15. Draft of letter to Lords Commissioners of Trade, in
handwriting of Gurdon Saltonstall.

1699, Oct. 22. Draft of letter from Governor and Council of Con-
necticut to Lords Commissioners of Trade.

1699? Oct. Copy of Address to the King about admitting appeals
from Connecticut Courts.

1699. Capt. Thomas Gullock protests to Governor and Council of
Connecticut that the pirates who robbed him of the ship Adventure,
and who are now in New London gaol, should not be so well treated.

1699, Nov. 4. Captain Gullock's receipt for £620. 15, recovered
from pirates.

1699, Nov. 7. Captain Gullock's order for delivery of a horse.

1699, Dec. 14. Draft of a letter from Council of Connecticut about
Narragansett.

1699, Dec. 20. Petition of Joseph Pemberton et al. to Lord Bello-
mont, about Narragansett.

1699, Dec, Bill of Sheriff Prentts for support of pirate prisoners,
£124. 13.

1699. Another bill of Sheriff Prentts for the same object, £10. 3. 6.

1699? A petition from pirates confined in New London gaol,
unsigned.

WINTHKOP PAPERS.

Ifg-g, Jan. 18. Copy of Owaneco's deed of land in Quinabaug to
Thomas Williams.

Ifg-;, Jan. 22. Copy of Owaneco's information to Governor and
Council of Connecticut of a league of Indians against the English.

If |g, Feb. 19. Summons to John Hallam and S. Allen to answer
about harboring pirates.

Ifgg, Feb. 20. Extract of letter from Lieutenant-Governor of New
York to Lord Bellomont about pirates.

lf§§, Feb. 23. Summons to Nathaniel Niles and Daniel Reed to
answer about money and goods of pirates.

lf§g, Feb. 24. Letter from Selectmen of Stonington about town-
recorder.

lf§g, Feb. 26. Copy of a warrant from Governor and CouncQ of
Connecticut about a wreck at Fisher's Island.

Ifgg, March 18. Account of what the Indians have received of
James Corbin, supposed to relate to purchase of land in Windham
County.

1700, June 25. Instructions from the Commissioners of Customs as
to issue of Algerine passes.

1700, July 18. Daniel Wetherell to Andrew Belcher about a bill on
London for Connecticut Council.

1700, July 29. Letter from John Tracy to Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop
about scouts.

1700, Oct. 7. Copy of message and proposal of the Onnagongue
Indians to the Five Nations.

170J, Jan. 18. Commissioners of the Treasury to Connecticut Col-
lector about Algerine passes.

170J, March 4. Mr. Secretary Vernon to Governor and Council of
Connecticut notifying them of fitting out of a French squadron.

170^, March 21. Instructions to Richard Edwards in case of George
Denison at Rhode Island.

1701, April 22. Council of New York to Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop
about deserters. Two pieces.

1701, July 18. Writ of Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop to arrest tres-
passers at Plainfield.

1701, Dec. 18. Order of Privy Council with regard to appeals from
Colonial Courts of Admiralty.

1701. Copy of proposed Act for re-uniting to the Crown the govern-
ment of several New England colonies.

1701. Copy of Sir H. Ashurst's memorial about Narragansett.

1701 ? Heads of articles against the Governor and Company of Con-
necticut.

170^, March 19. Unsigned petition of Pequot Indians to Gov. Fitz-
John Winthrop for a sachem.

300 JIASSACHTJSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

[Feb.

1702, March 27. Deputy- Governor Treat and Council of Connecti-
cut to Lieutenant-Governor Nanfan, of New York, urging delay in the
execution of Colonel Bayard.

1702, April 2. Bond for appearance of J. Rayner (supposed pirate)
before Governor and Council of Connecticut.

1702, April IG. Daniel Wetherell to Secretary Addington of Mas-
sachusetts about running boundary lines.

1702, July 20. Daniel Taylor and John Clark to Gov. Fitz-Jobn
Wiuthrop about shot for Saybrook Fort.

1702, July 29. Record of Connecticut Council meeting at Saybrook;
King's death, Massachusetts boundary line, etc.

170|, Feb. 20. Complaint of Thomas Richards to Council of Con-
necticut about a fugitive slave.

170§, Feb. 24. Record of Connecticut Council meeting at Saybrook ;
letters from England, orders for defence, etc. Two pieces.

170§. Secretary Kimberly to Gov. Joseph Dudley about boundaries.

I7O5, March 20. Secretary Addington to Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop
about a convoy.

1703, April 6. Return from Lyme of ammunition on hand.

1703, May 8. "Warrant to impress seven Greenwich men as sol-
diers.

1703, May 26. Copy of Massachusetts Act about boundary, attested
by Secretary Addington.

1703, May 28. Robert Treat's testimony about Mohegan bounds.

1703, August 28. Names of Potatuck, Wyantenuck, and New Haven
Indians.

No date. Names of Paquannuck and Derby Indians.

1703, August 31. Instructions to Capt. James Avery about scouting.

1703, Sept. 24. Order for Owaneco et al. to appear before Connec-
ticut General Court in explanation of any wrongs alleged to have been
done them.

1703, Sept. 27. Copy of commission as lieutenant to Manasseh
Minor, of New London.

1703, Oct. 29. General Assembly of Rhode Island to Gov. Fitz-
John Winthrop about Indians taken by their scouts.

1703, Nov. 7. Letter from Josiah Rosseter et al. to Robert Treat
about representations to be made in England on behalf of Connecticut.
See 6 Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. iii. pp. 162, 163.

1703, Dec. 17. Order of Privy Council as to appeal of Edward
Palmes.

1703. Petition of Colchester to have a military officer, etc.

1703-4? Return from Stamford of ammunition on hand.

]70|, March 3. Assistants at Hartford to Gov. Fitz-John TVinthrop
about sending Indians against the enemy.

1390.] WINTHROP PAPERS. 301

1704, April 3. Major Burr's return of sixteen men impressed as
soldiers in Fairfield County.

1704, April 4. Instructions to Capt. James Avery to go to Dun-
stable, etc.

1704, April 17. Nathaniel Stanley to Fitz-John "Winthrop proposing
expedition against Canada.

1704, April 24. Copy of information given to New York Commis-
sioners of Indian affairs.

1704, May 13. General Assembly of Connecticut to Lord Cornbury,
declining to grant money for fort at Albany.

1704, May 17. Samuel Partridge and William Whiting, about dis-
missing forces at Hatfield.

1704, June 10. Caleb and Nathaniel Stanley to Gov. Fitz-John
Winthrop, transmitting letters.

1704, June 29. Richard Christophers and Gurdon Saltonstall
to Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop about a watch to be kept at New
London.

1704, Oct. 24. Plea of Joseph Johnson, defendant, against Fitz-John
Winthrop, plaintiff.

1704. Copy of order to Richard Bushnell to warn Owaneco to attend
General Court.

1 704. Copy of paper about houses burned at Deerfield.
1704? Minutes of instructions to Major Whiting. Two pieces.
1704? Instructions to Connecticut Commissioners in the Mohegan

case.

1704? Names of Pequots who went scouting with Captain Avery.

No date. Memorandum, in handwriting of Gurdon Saltonstall, about
Narragansett papers.

170*, Jan. 9. Capt. Abraham Fowler to Committee of War at
Hartford.

170*, March 24. Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop to naval officer at Say-
brook about French privateers.

1705, April 12. Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop to naval officer at New
Haven about French privateers.

1705, August 24. Copy of protest of Connecticut agents against
proceedings of Court of Commissioners at Stonington. See " Mohegan
Case," printed in 1769, pp. 32, 33.

1705 ? Original brief of Governor and Council of Connecticut in
their appeal to the Privy Council on the Mohegan Case, with notes
of counsel in London.

170f, Feb. 14. Lords Commissioners of Trade to Governor of
Connecticut, instructing aid to Colonel Quary.

1706, June 13. Daniel Wetherell and Richard Christophers to
Timothy Mather about Saybrook ferry.

302 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

1706, June 17. Copy of a letter from Johannes Schuyler et al. to
Col. Samuel Partridge about movements of French and Indians.

1706, June 19. Orders of Connecticut Council about minute-men
and beacons.

1706, August 13. Ebenezer Johnson to Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop,
naming soldiers in New Haven County to be relied on in any
emergency.

1706. Similar list of soldiers in Fairfield County, unsigned.

1706. Unexecuted marriage license for Isaac Arnold of Nassau
Island, and Elizabeth Blackleach of Wethersfield, drawn up according
to law of New York.

1706-1714. Copies of town votes of Groton. Five pieces.

170f , Jan. 20. John Southmayd et al. of Waterbury, to Committee
of War at Hartford.

170f , Jan. 27. Copies of Quakers' memorial to Privy Council against
Connecticut laws. Two pieces.

1707, August 14. Deputy-Governor Treat to New Haven constables
about collection of rates.

1707, August 18. New Haven selectmen about collection of rates.
1712, Nov. 21. Protest of Wait Winthrop et al. about lands at
Nawayanck.

1712, Nov. 21. A similar protest with more signatures.

1713, May 14. Complaint of Pequots to Connecticut General Court
about lands at Nawayonk.

1713, June 11. Copy of summons to witnesses in case of trespass at
Nawayonk.

172f, Feb. Letter and Address of Episcopalians of New London to
the London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Two pieces.

Manuscripts of which the State Library of Connecticut already pos-
sessed either the originals or duplicates, and which were therefore
given to the Library of the Connecticut Historical Society at the desire
of that Society.

163^, March 19. The Warwick Patent of Connecticut. A copy by
Secretary Kimberly.

1644, Dec. The agreement with Colonel Fenwick for the purchase
of Saybrook Fort. A copy by Caleb Stanley, Jr., certified by Secretary
Kimberly.

1654. Copy of an Act of Commissioners of United Colonies. See
Plym. Col. Rec, vol. x. p. 130.

1659, Sept. Several Acts of Commissioners of United Colonies.
Copied by Daniel Clark, certified by John Mason. See Plym. Col. Rec,
vol. X. pp. 232-234.

1890.] WINTHROP PAPEKS. 303

1663-1665. Copies of four short Acts of Connecticut General Court
on one paper. Handwriting of Gov. John Winthrop, Jr. See Conn.
Col. Rec, vol. i. pp. 419, 420, 433, 440.

166f, Feb. 22. Duplicate of letter from King Charles II. to Governor
and Council of Connecticut.

1666, April 10. Copy by Secretary Allyn of a letter from King
Charles II. to Governor and Council of Connecticut. See Conn. Col.
Rec, vol. ii. p. 514.

Another copy of the preceding by Secretary Kimberly.

1666, May. Act concerning the bounds of Nameaug and Monheag.
A copy by George Denison from Secretary Allyn's copy. See Conn.
Col. Rec, vol. ii. p. 42.

1666, 1670. Two Connecticut Acts about Stonington, copied by
Secretary George Wyllys. See Col. Rec, vol. ii. pp. 36, 43.

1671, Oct. Order of court for plantation at Quinebaug. George
Denison's copy of Secretary Allyn's copy. See Col. Rec, vol. ii.
p. 165.

1674, May. Act of Connecticut General Court about Mistick and
Paucatuck. Certified copy by Secretary Wyllys. See Col. Rec,
vol. ii. p. 227.

1674, 1693. Two short Acts about Stonington. Certified copy by
Secretary Wyllys. See Col. Rec, vol. ii. p. 241, and vol. iv.
p. 96.

1679. Imperfect copy of Acts of Commissioners of United Colonies.
See Plym. Col. Rec, vol. x. p. 409.

1691, March. Copies of Records of New London County Court;
Liveen estate. Two pieces.

1693, Sept. Several Acts of Assembly, copied by Secretary Allyn.
See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 102.

1693, Oct. Proceedings of Commissioners at New York relative to
aid to New York. Copy by Caleb Stanley, Jr., certified by Secretary
Allyn.

169f, Jan. 29. Copy of order of reference to Lords Commissioners
of Trade of complaint of Connecticut against Governor Fletcher.

1694, June 21. Copy of Queen Mary's letter to Connecticut about
defence of New York. Handwriting of Fitz-John Winthrop.

1694. Duplicate account of Connecticut charges in aid of New
York.

169f, Feb. 9. Order of Lords Commissioners of Trade about aid to
New York.

169^, Feb. 23. Copy of letter from Lords Commissioners of Trade ;
prohibition to enter service of Foreign States.

1698, May. Copies of Acts of Assembly, certified by Secretary
Kimberly.

304 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

1 698, Oct. Copy of Connecticut Act about Pequots. Handwriting
of Fitz-John Winthrop. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 280.

1698, Oct. Order of Connecticut General Court to send printed
law-book to England. Copy by Secretary Kimberly. See Col. Rec,
vol. iv. p. 442.

1699, April 24. Duplicate of letter from Lords Commissioners of
Trade to Governor and Company of Connecticut.

1699, Oct. Governor and Council of Connecticut about appeals to
England. Copy by Secretary Kimberly. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 300.

1699, Oct. Act of Connecticut Assembly about Massachusetts en-
croachments on Windsor lands. Copy by Secretary Kimberly. See
Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 301.

1700, May. Act of Connecticut Assembly about boundaries. Copy
by Secretary Kimberly. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 319.

1700, Oct. Copy of vote of Connecticut Assembly about sending
letter to England. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 337.

1701, May. Several Acts of Connecticut Assembly, copied by Secre-
tary Kimberly. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 348.

1703, Oct. Vote of Connecticut Assembly declining to comply with
Governor Dudley's request for men. Copy by Secretary Kimberly. See
Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 444.

1703, Oct. Copy, by Secretary Kimberly, of Act of Assembly estab-
lishing Council of War. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 442.

1703, Dec. 17. Copy of order of reference to Privy Council of
appeal of Edward Palmes.

170J, Jan. 7. Duplicate of preceding order, and another copy of it
certified by Secretary Kimberly. Two pieces.

170|, March. Copy of Acts of Assembly, by Secretary Kimberly.
See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 445, etc.

1705, Oct. Copy, by Secretary Kimberly, of Act of Assembly about
naval stores. See Col. Rec, vol. iv. p. 532.

1707, April. Copy, by Secretary Kimberly, of vote of Assembly
declining to aid in Governor Dudley's expedition against Nova Scotia.
See Col. Rec, vol. v. p. 18.

1708, May. Copy, by Secretary Kimberly, of proposals about Sto-
nington train-band. See Col. Rec, vol. v. p. 23.

1713, Oct. Copy of Act of Connecticut General Assembly about
Pequots. See Col. Rec, vol. v. p. 398.

Manuscripts immediately relating to Essex County, Massachusetts, and
given to the Library of the Essex Institute, at Salem.

1637, June 21. A petition to the Governor and Council of Massa-
chusetts from Richard Saltonstall and fifty-five others of the principal

1S90.] WIXTHROP PAPERS. 305

inhabitants of Ipswich, Massachusetts, remonstrating against the re-
porled intention of the Governor and Council to appoint John Win-
throp, Jr., to be Captain of the Castle at Boston, thereby necessitating
liis removal from Ipswich. Printed in 2 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc, vol.
iii. pp. 198, 199. Valuable for its autograph signatures, some of which
are very rare, if not unique.

1637, Oct. 18. An agreement, about pasturing cattle at Ipswich,
between John Winthrop, Jr., and his brother-in-law. Rev. Samuel
Dudley.

1638, June 28. Original quit-claim deed by Masconomet, Saga-
more of Agawam, to John Winthrop, Jr., of all his lands in and about
Ispwich and Chebacco. This deed is certified by Secretary Edward
Rawson, Feb. 15, 1682, to have been then compared word for word
with the original record, at the request of Wait Winthrop. It is printed
in Felt's History of Ipswich, p. 8.

1 638-9. Original acknowledgment of Masconomet, Sagamore of
Agawam, that he had received of John Winthrop, Jr., full satisfac-
tion '■ in wampam peage and other things " for the land between " La-
bour in vaine creeke " and " Cliybacko creeke," and that for the sum of
£20 he relinquishes all his rights in the town of Ipswich. The body of
this acknowledgment is in the handwriting of John Winthrop, Jr., and
it is witnessed by Giles Firmin, Deane Winthrop, and others, but it is
not dated. It is, however, mentioned in the proceedings of a General
Court at Boston, March 13, 163|. See Records of Mass., vol. i. p. 252.

1666, March 28 Copy, or duplicate, of articles of complaint against
the Rev. Thomas Gilbert, of Topsfield.

1684. Original deed of Pine Island, Ipswich; on parchment, with
some interesting signatures.

Given to the Library of the Long Island Historical Society, at Brooklyn,

1664, June 10. Original deed of Tabacus, Sachem of Unquachang,
to Gov. John Winthrop, Jr., of a large tract of land ou Long Island.
Dated at Brookhaven and witnessed by Samuel Willys and Richard
Howell.

1 664, June 9. A certified copy of the preceding, taken from " the
Record booke of Brookehaven " by " John Tooker, Recorder," dated
" Setawkett, June 9, 1664." There is apparently a mistake in the day
of the month, as it is one day earlier than the date of the deed.

1680, March 2. A paper certified as having been examined by Sec-
retary Mathias Nicolls of New York and endorsed " a copy extracted
out of the records of Seatalcott," containing a copy of the preceding
certificate of John Tooker," together with a copy of an agreement be-
tween the Sachem Tabacus and the inhabitants of Brookhaven, dated

306 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

June 10, 1664, and witnessed by Richard Howell and John Cooper.
To this agreement is appended the copy of an affidavit of said Tabacus,
witnessed by John Howell and John Young, that he never sold any
land to John Scott.

1680, JNIarch 30. The original patent of Edmund Andros, Governor
of New York, confirming to Fitz-John Winthrop the estate on Long
Island conveyed by Tabacus to his father. Countersigned by Secretary
Mathias Nicolls.

1701, Dec. 23. Letter from Secretary Clarkson of New York to
Gov. Fitz-John Winthrop concerning the fees for passing a patent
for the manor of " Groton Hall " upon Long Island. See 5 Mass.
Hist. Coll., vol. viii. pp. 378, 379.

No date. A large map entitled " Plan of the Manor of Groton Hall
on Nassau, alias Long, Island in the Province of New York in Amer-
ica." Probably prepared for John Winthrop, F.R.S., nephew of
Fitz-John Winthrop, during his residence in England, as there ex-
ists a power of attorney from him dated in London, Oct. 25, 1746,
empowering his wife and sons-in-law, Joseph Wanton and Gurdon
Saltonstall, to sell the estate, then estimated to consist of a tract about
ten miles square.

Mr. Justin Winsor made the following statement respect-
ing the early editions of the first letter of Columbus. There
are several varieties of the original Spanish text known in
manuscript ; but not one of them is in Columbus's hand, or
shows certainly his own language. It was not till 1852 that
any contemporary printed edition of the Spanish text was
known. In that year the library of an Italian nobleman
was left to the Ciblioteca Ambrosiana at Milan, and in it
was found a Spanish edition ; and this remained the only one
known till within a year or so, when almost simultaneously
two other editions were discovered. These are now, or were
lately, in the hands of dealers respectively in London and
Paris, — one inviting offers but naming no price, and the other
asking 65,000 francs, or $13,000 !

The letter was put into Latin in Spain, and the version was
carried to Italy, and within twelve months eight different
editions were issued in the shape of thin quartos or octavos in
black-letter type, — five in Rome, two in Paris, and one in Ant-
werp. Bibliographers have not been able to agree upon their
order of publication. The copy recently bought by the Bos-
ton Public Library has been claimed by Harrisse and others

1800.] KEMARKS BY THE HON. E. C. WINTHROP. 307

to be the earliest of all ; but the weight of testimony is not in
its favor. Of these eight editions, the one printed at Antwerp
is only known in a copy discovered not long since in the Royal
Library at Brussels. A copy in the library at Turin is also
unique. The British Museum has two copies each of two
editions and an imperfect one of a third, of which the Lenox
Library has the only complete copy. The Lenox Library has
three editions. The libiary of the late John Carter Brown,
at Providence, has four editions, and stands at the head of all
collections for its variety of these issues. The Huth Collec-
tion, in London, which was formed by a rich banker, now-
deceased, has two editions. The great libraries at Paris, Got-
tingen, and Munich have one each. Two copies of the same
edition as that recently sold are in the British Museum, and
are the only other copies known. The library of the late
Henry C. Murph}-- had two editions, according to the Cata-
logue, but one proved to be a fac-simile. They were bought
by Mr. Charles H. Kalbfleisch, of New York. As many as ten
copies are known of the Roman edition, which is, in the opin-
ion of most bibliographers, the first ; and two of these copies
are respectively in the collection of the Due d'Aumale, at
Twickenham, and in the Public Library at Hamburg. A copy
of this edition was bought at the sale of the Dr. Court librarj'
in Paris a few years ago by one of the Rothschilds for 7,000
francs. Quaritch, of London, held a copy two years ago at
X280. Another edition has changed hands of late years at
5,000 francs. There may be, then, about thirty copies of these
eight editions known ; and of these not more than five or six
are ever likely to come on the market.

The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop then rose, and spoke in
substance as follows : —

I have no formal communication for this afternoon, Mr.
President. But before presenting what I have in my hand,
I may be pardoned for an off-hand word or two, suggested by
your excellent introductory address. I desire to express at
once my cordial concurrence in all you have said in regard to
our Centennial Anniversary. You alluded incidentally, how-
ever, to our Alma Mater at Cambridge, — to the statue of John
Harvard near the Memorial Hall. A beautiful statue it cer-
tainly is, and one which does great credit to the artist as

308 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

well as to the generous friend to whom we owe it ; but I
cannot help saying that I have always thought it unfortu-
nate, to say the least, that the only statue on the grounds
of an institution whose motto is Veritas should present a
figure which is wholly fictitious, and an inscription which
is historicallj'' false.

The College was certainly not founded, as that inscription
states, in 1638. The Constitution of Massachusetts, adopted
in 1780, expressly declares that it was founded as early as
the year 1636. Accordingly we celebrated its Two hun-
dredth Anniversary in 1836, and its Two hundred and fifti-
eth Anniversary iu 1886. The College was founded by the
Massachusetts Bay Colony, and ought always to be recog-
nized as the child of the State. Young Henry Vane was
Governor of Massachusetts at that time, having succeeded
Winthrop in the Chief Magistracy for that single year. Win-
throp was serving under Vane as Deputy-Governor; and
Edward Everett, in presiding at our Two hundredth Anni-
versar}^ — as he did with inimitable felicity, — puts into
AVinthrop's mouth the motion for the foundation and en-
dowment of the College, and an eloquent speech in its favor.
But Henry Vane was the Chief Magistrate on the occasion.

I have never been so great an admirer of that interesting
young man as some of our recent orators and biographers.
But an unjust and cruel death has given him a halo of mar-
tyrdom, and an exquisite sonnet of Milton has embalmed his
memory for all ages. The history of our University should
not be deprived of such a name ; nor, let me add, ought the
somewhat checkered career of Vane to be shorn of the glory
of having presided at the foundation of what is now the
great universitj'' of our country. Meantime the name of John
Harvard needs no borrowed honors. It has been given irre-
vocably to the whole institution of which he was the earliest
benefactor. His bequest of eight hundred pounds in 1688
enabled our wise and pious ancestors, as the Constitution
calls them, to carry on the infant College successfully, and
we cannot hold his name in too much honor. But we can
never forget that Harvard could not have left eight hundred
pounds to the College as the contemporary records tell us,
unless there had been a college already founded to be the
subject of his memorable endowment. It was the known

1890] KEMAEKS BY THE HON. E. C. WINTHEOP. 309

existence of the College which led to the bequest, and qot
the bequest which founded the College.

Let me now proceed, without further delay, to the brief
communication which I had contemplated making this after-
noon. In the last Annual Report of the Council of this
Society, which has been but recently printed in the latest
volume of our Proceedings, an allusion was justly made to
the long, long delay which has occurred in the preparation
of a memoir of one of our most accomplished and valuable
Resident Members, the late Hon. Francis C. Gray. There
seems to have been a fatality in regard to this memoir.
Assigned originally to his intimate friend, Mr. Ticknor, and
since the death of Mr. Ticknor to Dr. Lothrop, and, I believe,
to more than one other of our members, it has long been ex-
pected, often been promised, but never been forthcoming.
Mr. Gray died, lamented by all who knew him, in January,
1857. A man so accomplished, so quick-witted, so genial,
with sucli a marvellous memory and such an exhaustless
fund of information and anecdote, has rarely lived among
us. I was then President of the Society, and paid a tribute
to his memory in announcing his death. Mr. Savage fol-
lowed me in a most impressive account of his great abilities
and accomplishments. By some accident the remarks of Mr.
Savage as well as my own tribute were overlooked in making
up our first printed volume of Proceedings. I have found,
however, among my old papers, a cutting from a newspaper
in which they were printed at the time, and I now present it
m memoriam rei, and for such use as the Publishing Com-
mittee may see fit to make of it. It may at least serve to
show that we were not unmindful at the time of the great
loss which the Society sustained in the death of Mr. Gray ;
and possibly it may be instrumental in bringing forth the
promised memoir.

Let me proceed in the next place to fulfil the request con-
tained in the following note : —

Lexington, Mass., Feb. 6, 1890.
Hon. R. C. WiNTHROP, Boston, Mass.

Dear Sir, — To-day is the sixty-fifth anniversary of the death
of Gov. Wilham Eiistis ; and his niece, Mrs. Elizabeth Eustis Lang-
don Porter, desires me to offer through yoa, for the acceptance of the

310 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETy. [Feb.

Massachusetts Historical Society, the enclosed photographic likeness
of Governor Eustis, copied from an origiual portrait painted by
Stuart. Similar copies have been presented to the New England
Genealogical and Historical Society in Boston, and to the Historical
Society of Lexington. Mrs. Porter and myself trust that it is not
putting you to inconvenience to hand the enclosed to the Society.

With our best wishes for your continued good health, I remain, with
sentiments of respect and high regard,

Dear Sir, very truly yours, G. W. Porter.

William Eustis — a photograph of whose portrait, with his
autograph signature, is thus sent to us by his niece — was
no ordinary man. A surgeon in the army of the Ameri-
can Revolution, a member of the House of Representatives
of the United States, a Secretary of War in the cabinet of
James Madison, a Minister Plenipotentiary to Holland, and
finally dying as Governor of Massachusetts, — his official
career was certainly most notable. He was the last of
our Revolutionary Governors, — Hancock, Bowdoin, Samuel
Adams, John Brooks, and others having preceded him. Levi
Lincoln and Marcus Morton and George N. Briggs followed
him. I recall his election as Governor in 1824. There was
no Australian method then. There was no separate voting
in wards or districts. The whole voting of the city of Boston
was in Faneuil Hall ; and I remember well standing at the
doors of the old Cradle of Liberty, with other boys of the
Latin School, and distributing votes for William Eustis,
though it was six years before I was old enough to have a
vote of my own. I recall his fine appearance as Commander-
in-chief, in the old Revolutionary buff and blue uniform, on
state occasions, and particularly during the visit of Lafayette
to Massachusetts. He was then more than seventy years old.
I recall his death and funeral. His body was brought in from
the old Governor Shirley mansion in Roxbury, where he had
resided, and laid in the State House, where the Cadets did
guard duty around it by night and by day. My father, then
a member of the Massachusetts State Senate, was chairman
of the committee for the funeral ceremonies, so that I was
in the way of taking note of the arrangements. The militia
of the Commonwealth were summoned from long distances
to escort the procession, under the command of Gen. Theo-
dore Lyman ; and many of them were encamped on Boston

1S90.] EEMARKS BY THE HON. R. C. WINTHROP. 311

Coiumou, then covered with snow, on the night before the
funeral. The next day there was one of the earliest of those
multitudinous military funeral pageants which have become
so common in later years. All these details, I doubt not,
and many more, will be found in the old " Columbian Cen-
tinel" and other journals of February, 1825, and I present
the photograph without trespassing longer on the attention
of the Society.

The report of the meeting held immediately after the death
of Mr. Gray, to which reference is made in the foregoing re-
marks, appeared in the " Boston Post," Jan. 9, 1857. The
part relating to Mr. Gray is as follows : —

" Massachusetts Historical Society. — At the regular monthly
meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the President, Hon.
Robert C. Winthrop, after the usual reading of the record, an-
nounced the death of Hon. Francis C. Gray substantially in the
following terms : —

'"The opening year, gentlemen, finds us with a freshly created
vacancy in our little number, which, though not unexpected for many
weeks or even months past, cannot fail to be the subject of sincere
regret to us all. We are called on to remember, this morning, that
death has deprived us of one of those who have been longest and
most actively associated with us. The name of Francis C. Gray
stood third on the catalogue of our living Resident Members, as re-
cently revised and published in our last volume. He was elected on
the 21st day of January, 1818, and had thus nearly completed the
thirty-ninth year of his membership. I need not remind you that
during this period he had rendered many and most valuable services
to this Society, as a member both of the Standing Committee and of
the Publishing Committee, and as a contributor of interesting and
important matter to our Collections.

" ' His discovery of a manuscript copy of the early laws of Massa-
chusetts Bay, called " The Body of Liberties," and the elaborate and
thorough elucidation of its history with which he accompanied its pub-
lication in the eighth volume of our third series, have hardly been sur-
passed in interest or in value by anything which our volumes have ever
contained. His zeal and vigilance in vindicating the title of our Society
to manuscript papers which had long been among our most cherished
treasures, — as he most successfully and conclusively did on more than
one occasion, — have created a claim upon our grateful remembrance,
by no means less strong and enduring because the service at the time
was the subject of no public record. Nor would we forget our obliga-

312 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

tions for the interest with which he entered into the recent purchase
and improvement of our hall, and for his efforts and his example in
raising the necessary funds for that purpose.

" ' But it is not my province, on this occasion, to attempt any formal
enumeration of Mr. Gray's services to this Society, or of his larger and
more important benefactions to the community in which he lived. His
numerous and generous contributions of time, of money, and of his own
great abilities, in so many ways, to the cause of literature, learning, and
science, will form the appropriate theme of those who shall be called
to treat of him more deliberately hereafter. I may add only, in a single
word, that as a man of elegant accomplishments, of vast and varied
acquisition, of thorough, exact, and well-digested iuformation, ready
at all times to be communicated in private conversation or in public
discourse, he has left no superior, and few equals, in this or any other
community.

" ' He died on the 29th of December last, at the age of sixty-six years.
The Standing Committee would at once have issued a notice for the
attendance of the Society at his funeral, had they not ascertained on
inquiry that such a course would be in contravention to his own ex-
pressed wishes. The event proved, however, that no notice was neces-
sary, and a large proportion of our number was found among the throng
of friends who were present on that melancholy occasion. An oppor-
tunity is now presented for the Society to manifest their sense of the
loss which they have sustained, and to provide for a suitable memoir
of so accomplished and valued an associate.'

" Hon. James Savage rose and said, that in looking round the Soci-
ety, it seemed to him we might not be able to designate so promptly
a member to perform the usual service of preparing a suitable memoir
of our late associate, as we certainly must be to adopt the vote he would
first offer, — that this Society deeply feel the loss sustained, since our
last meeting, by the death of Hon. Francis C. Gray. After the meeting
had adopted the vote, he proceeded : —

" ' Sir, we may well lament the deprivation of such a companion, to
whose various acquirements in science, of whatever section, in art,
whether useful or polite, hardly an equal could be found in any two
of our remaining members. 1 have not heard of one in our country
to be regarded as his superior in the aggregate of these riches, nor
ever known any so distinguished in the universality of his studies.
This distinction arose not solely from the number of degrees in the
circumference of his knowledge, but equally from penetration towards
the centre.

" ' It just now occurs to my mind, that among the companions of
Dr. Johnson, as in his biography by Boswell we learn, one scholar was
by them frequently called omniscient Jackson ; but the great moralist

1S90.] THE ASPINWALL-BAELOW LIBKAEY. 313

put in the ready objection to that epithet, for the Governor of the Uni-
verse only could thus be honored. Yet even he would acquiesce in the
phrase all knowing ; and I may not seem presumptuous, perhaps, when,
with highest esteem for one and another of our associates, no hesitation
is felt in saying that, to a question in philosophy, law, history, political
economy, letters, or any topic in which human society takes great inter-
est, would an- answer from Mr. Gray more surely satisfy an intimate
acquaintance than one from any other gentleman. It would be received
without appeal.

" ' With these views, Mr. President, I submit what may appear a
reasonable proposition, though diverse from our usual course; and I
move that the nomination of one of our members, to write a just
memorial for our Collections upon the late lion. Francis C. Gray, be
made by the President at some future meeting of the Society.' "

The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain was called on by the
President to give some account of the recent sale of the Aspin-
wall-Barlow library, and spoke in substance as follows: —

The sale of the Aspinwall-Barlow collection of books and
manuscripts in New York City, on the afternoons and evenings
of February 3-8, attracted attention on both sides of the
Atlantic ; and more particularly' here in Boston, as the City
Council had made a special appropriation of $20,000 for
the purchase of books on American history not found in the
Public Library. I attended this sale on behalf of the Li-
brary, and the President has asked me to give a running
account of it.

Colonel Aspinwall, the projector of the library, Correspond-
ing and afterward Resident Member of the Historical Society,
was well known to its older members. He frequently visited
our rooms, where I was introduced to him by Dr. Deane, — not
long before his death, I think, — but nothing passed between us
save the salutations customary on such occasions. As I desire
to give some account of his library and its dispersion, it is a
matter of regret that his memoir, successively assigned to three
of our members whose death has prevented its preparation,
remains uncompleted ; nor from other sources have I been
able to add much to what is already in print.

The larger part of Colonel Aspinwall's collection was made
while he was consul at London, between 1816 and 1854, and
remained in his possession until September, 1864, when that
40

314 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

wliicli was most valuable, exclusive of duplicates, was sold to
Samuel L. M. Barlow, of New York City. The part retained
by Colouel Aspinwall was sold, after his death, at the auction-
rooms of Leonard & Co., June 3 and 4, 1879.

The manuscript catalogue of the books sold to Mr. Barlow,
now in the Public Library, contains 2,788 volumes, exclusive
of maps and manuscripts ; and the auction catalogue, 3,849, —
from which it appears that Colonel Aspin wall's whole library,
including duplicates, contained 6,637 volumes.

Mr. Barlow's purchase, wholly of Americana, was removed
to New York City, — "two hundred or more of the choicest
works " in the personal custody of his agent, and the bulk of
the collection forwarded as freight. These last were deposited
in the book- rooms of C. B. Richardson, on Broadway, to await
the preparation of Mr. Barlow's house to receive them, and
during the night of the 18th of September, 1864, were entirely
destroyed by fire.

I have taken some pains, but not with entire success, to
learn what particular books escaped destruction, and especially
which of them have now become the property of the Public
Library. There appeared, without date or imprint, a catalogue
of Colonel Aspinwall's library arranged chronologically ; and
as the last entry is Irving's " Voyages and Discoveries of Co-
lumbus," published in 1831, it may be fairl}^ inferred that the
catalogue appeared not much later.

A comparison of titles, dates, imprints, and sizes found in
this early catalogue with those appearing in the auction cata-
logue affords ground for conjecture, where they are the same,
that they describe identical volumes. Of course it is possible
that volumes appearing in the later catalogue are replacements
of those in the first destroyed by fire ; but this test gives at
least approximate results. From such a comparison it appears
that of the 771 titles in the printed catalogue, 229 escaped fire,
and 642 were burned ; and of those which escaped 2 were of
the fifteenth century, 17 of the sixteenth, 114 of the seven-
teenth, 65 of the eighteentli, and 31 of the nineteenth cen-
tury. Thirty-two of these, chiefly those printed before 1700,
and by far the most valuable, were purchased for the Public
Library.

When Colonel Aspinwall sold his library to Mr. Barlow,
it contained 2,788 volumes, of which 2 titles were of the

ISOO.] THE ASPINWALL-BARLOW LIBRARY. 315

fifteenth centuiy, 42 of the sixteenth, 324 of the seventeenth,
11G9 of the eighteenth, and 671 of the nineteenth century.

Had these catalogues been arranged in the same way, it
would not be difficult to learn approximately the volumes
burned ; but the sale catalogue is chronological, and the auc-
tion catalogue alphabetical, which makes the labor of compar-
ison disproportionate to the value of the results.

I have made considerable, but vain search for a contempo-
raneous account of the fire, and of the volumes consumed.
There must have been such an account at the time, for I
remember specially regretting the loss of the Boston edition
of Jefferson's writings with marginalia by Coleridge. This
would interest us now, as showing the opinions of the great-
est English philosophical idealist who acknowledged the sin-
cerity of phenomena, respecting the opinions and conduct of
the greatest political ideahst of any age who administered the
affairs of an empire.

The portion of Colonel Aspiuwall's library — chiefly foreign
works and duplicate Americana — which was not included in
the Barlow purchase was sold, as I have said, by Leonard &
Co. in June, 1879. The time of the year was most unfortu-
nate, — a time when many who usually purchased at such sales
were either out of town or busily engaged in preparations to
go. The sale was a sacrifice. I never witnessed a worse.
The impression must have gone abroad that the catalogue
contained the refuse, odds and ends, of Colonel Aspinwall's
library. On the contrary, it was a rather choice collection
of uncommonly well bound books in many departments of
literature, and especially rich in seventeenth and eighteenth
century colonial monographs and manuscripts.

Among the Americana, with the prices at which they sold,
were Hakluyt's West Indies, 1555, $16 ; AVard's Simple Cob-
ler, two copies at $13 each ; Good Speed to Virginia, 1609,
815 ; Josselyn's New England Rarities, 1672, $16 ; Josselyn's
Two Voyages, 1674, -115 ; Pynchon's Meritorious Price, $42
(sold at the Barlow sale for $480) ; Morton's New English
Canaan, f63, another copy, $26 ; Lechford's Plain Dealing,
three copies respectively at $41, $37, $32.75 ; Wood's New
England's Prospect, $31 ; Hennepin's New Discovery, 1699,
$23.50, another copy, $16.50 ; Savage's Account of the Late
Action, 1691, $25.50 ; Mayhew's Experience, $3 ; Massachu-

316 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

setts Historical Society Collections, complete set, $75 ; Almon's
Remembrancer, complete set, $64 ; Massacre of 5th March,
the rare Boston edition, 1770, $4.38; Stith's Historj^ of
Virginia, 1753, $13; Peters's History of Connecticut, $24.50;
Beverley's History of Virginia, 1722, $9.50 ; Keith's History
of the British Plantations, 1733, $11.25; De Quesne's Expedi-
tion to Ohio, 1683, $1 ; Cotton's Bloudy Tenant, $6 ; Whit-
bourne's Discourse and Discovery of New Found Land, $4.50.

The above are only a few of similar rarities which might be
mentioned, and I am at loss to understand why some of them
-were not included in the Barlow purchase. The prices given
above, though low, were not ridiculously low, — a fact owing
to the presence of Sabin, tlie dealer in books from New York.
The other books sold, in many cases, at half the cost of their
bindings, or even less.

I attended on behalf of the Librar}', and bought 305 lots ;
but as it was not the policy of the Trustees at that time to
purchase originals when they had reprints, none of those men-
tioned above went to its shelves.

For my own library I secured about a dozen volumes, among
which was a copy of Scaliger's Poetics which had belonged to
Pope, and contained two of his autographs. The price of this
was $1.87. I also bought at thirty cents the joint venture of
Coleridge, Lamb, and Lloyd in poetiy, Bristol, 1797, usually
quoted at a guinea. But this copy contained an original son-
net and other writing by Charles Lamb, though unknown to
me at the time. It was a shot in the dark.

When it became known that the Barlow library was to be
sold at public auction, the Trustees of the Public Library
thought best to secure some portion of it, if possible. As
a whole, the Public Library is one of the most symmetrical
of large libraries. Its foundations were laid by men of wide
erudition and sound judgment, and removed as far as possible
from lopsidedness or provincialism. Their selections were
supplemented from time to time by the Barton, Ticknor,
Bowditch, Parker, Hunt, Thayer, and Congressional collec-
tions, which make the Library uncommonly strong in those
departments. It is also a good working library for American
history, but mainly in reprints. It bears no comparison with
the Harvard College Library in original authorities ; and aside
from the Prince collection, which is only a deposit, it is weak.

1890.] THE ASPINWALL-BARLOW LIBRARY. 317

This state of things does not reflect upon the earlier Trustees.
On the otlier hand, it is greatly to their credit that they never
applied the income of the trust funds, or the annual appro-
priation of the city, to any purpose which would divide the
judgments of the people ; and the exceptional richness of the
Library in the departments above mentioned is due to the fact
that all of tliem save the Barton collection were gifts, and that
was purchased by a special appropriation.

To supply the deficiency in original Americana, for which
neither the income of the trust funds nor the annual appro-
priation could be used consistently with good trusteeship, the
Trustees asked of the City Council a special appropriation of
$20,000. That sum was granted with a distinct understand-
ing of its intended use, — the purchase of rare and costly
works on America.

The desirableness of possessing such works in their original
editions, I think I need not trouble myself to discuss in this
presence. Making no account of the prestige given to a great
library by the possession of the original sources of the history
of the country in which it is established, and merely adverting
to the encouragement given to historical research by access to
original authorities, I think that no one who writes and that
no one who reads history fails to observe how much more
vital, stimulating, and satisfactory in many ways is an original
authority than a copy or reprint. Its age makes it a part of
the history which it recoi'ds. For certain purposes the latest
edition of an historical work, with its accumulated wealth of
notes adding or correcting facts from new light, may be indis-
pensable. And since history is always seeking and never
coming to the truth, it is also doubtless true that the earliest
history is more correctly read in the light of the latest history.
But no eyes other than our own eyes can adequately trace for
us tlie development of institutions from their germs ; through
no other eyes than our own can we recognize the signs of vital
truth or the seeds of fatal error.

With these views the Trustees for some years past have
sought to put the Library on a respectable footing in original
authorities relating to American history. But this is becom-
ing more and more difficult. Formerly when they ordered
from foreign catalogues they obtained, on an average, five of
every seven numbers ; of late years, not two, and those the
least desirable, — so great is the demand for them.

318 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

At the Barlow sale, however, were the needed books, and
in the city treasury was the money needed for their purchase.
This was put at the disposal of the Trustees. Such a con-
junction of desirable circumstances was not to be overlooked.
Of course tlie Trustees were aware that other parties were
similarly desirous and equally able to make purchases, and
that these facts would undoubtedly considerably appreciate
prices. And if they could have carried forward the appro-
priation indefinitely and waited, say a hundred years, for such
books as they lacked to appear from time to time in the
market, perhaps they might have wisely waited. But all ex-
perience was against such a course, and no second conjunction
of circumstances so favorable as those above mentioned could
be reasonably expected.

Prices would rule high, and all that the Trustees could
reasonably expect was that they would not be made so by
fictitious bids. Of this there were no suspicions. Their pur-
chases amounted to $20,274.

They endeavored to secure a fair share, — for to have se-
cured all was impossible, — first, of books relating to the dis-
coveries of America ; secondly, of its settlements ; and thirdly,
of its growth and history, giving the preference to Massachu-
setts and New England history. Among other purchases was
the Latin translation of the first document published con-
cerning the discovery of the New World, and printed in 1493.
This was the Columbus letter, for which they gave $2,900 ;
and this, as I learn from the public journals, has given rise to
two questions, — first, whether the book is very rare ; and
secondly, whether the price was not excessive. Those ques-
tions were duly considered by the Trustees. The pedigree of
this copy is well known. It belonged to Colonel Aspinwall,
and was in his possession as early as 1831. It is therefore
presumably a genuine copy. It does not claim to be unique.
The Trustees were aware, generally, of the number of known
copies, and of their likelihood of coming upon the market.
They also knew that the letter had been printed earlier in
Spanish, and that other copies claimed priority of publication.
Much of this the catalogue ver}^ frankly informed them ; but
they also knew these facts from other sources. They thus de-
liberately made the purchase at a price higher by a little than
that at which they hoped to acquire it. This was on Tues-
day. On Friday they were given to understand that they

1890.] THE ASPINWALL-BAELOW LIBRARY. 319

could re-sell it at a very considerable advance ; but they were
in New York to buy books, not to sell them. They paid
nearly $3,000 for the first Latin copy. They might have
waited to purchase the first Spanish copj'^ since offered to
them at the Library at $10,000 as its lowest price. But they
did not wait.

Besides the Columbus letter, the following are some of the
principal works purchased for the Public Library: Appolo-
nius, De Peruvise inventione, 1567 ; Bergomas, Novissime His-
toriarum repercussiones, 1506 ; Caheca de Vaca, La relacion y
comentarios, 1555 ; Champlain, Les Voyages, 1613 ; Cieca de
Leon, La Chronica del Peru, 1554 ; Creuxius, Historic Cana-
densis libri decern, 1664 ; Donck, Beschry vinge van Nieuw-Ned-
erlant, 1655 ; Sir Francis Drake's The World Encompassed,
1653 ; Frobisher, Narratio historica, 1580 ; Garcilaso de la Vega,
La Florida del Inca, 1605 ; Gardyner's Description of the New
World, 1631 ; Gomara's Historia General de las Indias, 1553 ;
Grynseus, Novvs Orbis, 1532 ; Hakluyt's Principal Naviga-
tions, 1589 ; Hawkins' Observations, 1622 ; Hernandez, His-
toria del Peru, 1571 ; Herrara, Novus Orbis, 1622 ; Las Casas,
Original Tracts, 1552 ; Le Clercq, Nouvelle Relation, 1691 ;
Pomponius Mela, Cosmographia, 1511 ; Monardes, Joyfull
Newes, 1580 ; Carta del Padre Pedro de Morales, Mexico,
1579; Relation de la Lev^e du Siege de Quebec, 1691;
Sagard, Le Grand Voyage du Pays, 1632 ; Strabo. Geographia,
1512 ; Vespucius, Paesi Nouamente Retrouati, 1507 ; Xeres,
Conquista del Peru, 1547, and Zarate, Historia del Peru,
1577 ; Anne Bradstreet, The Tenth Muse, 1650 ; Almon's
Remembrancer, long sought for as complete ; Child's New
England's .lonas cast up, 1647 ; Clark's 111 News from New
England, 1651 ; various rare tracts of John Cotton ; Sir
George Downing's Verscheyde Brieven Antwoorden, 1662 ;
Eliot's Glorious Progress of the Gospel amongst the Indians
of New England, 1649 ; Eliot's Tears of Repentance, 1653 ;
Eliot's Christian Commonwealth, 1659; Eliot's Farther Ac-
count, 1660 ; Eliot's Brief Narrative, 1671 ; Eliot's Harmony
of the Gospels, 1678; Gorges Tracts, 1658-9; Gorton's
Simplicities Defence, 1646 ; Gorton's Saltmarsh Returned
from the dead, 1655; Higginson's New England Plantations,
second and third editions, 1630 ; Hooke's New England's
Tears, 1641 ; The Massachusetj;s Psalter, Indian and English,

320 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

1709 ; Mourt's Relation, 1622 ; New England's Faction dis-
covered, 1690 ; Pynchon's The Jewes Sj'iiagogue, 1652 ;
Savage's Account of the late Action of the New Englanders
under Sir Wm. Phips, 1691 ; Shepard's New Englands Lam-
entation, 1645, and the Day Breaking, 1617 ; Capt. John
Smith's True Relation, 1608, and Description of New Eng-
land, 1616 ; Strength out of Weakness . . . Progress of the
Gosjjel among the Indians in New England, 1652 ; Capt. John
Underhill's Newes from America, 1638 ; White's Planters'
Plea, 1680 ; Roger Williams's Key into the language of Amer-
ica, 1648 ; Bloody Tenent yet more Bloody, 1652 ; Ex-
periment of Spiritual Life and Health, 1652 ; Winslow's
Hypocrisie Unmasked, 1646, and the Danger of Tolerating
Levellers, 1649 ; Wood's New England's Prospect, both edi-
tions, 1634, 1685.

The Trustees bid for other desirable works ; but others
were in attendance equally desirous of obtaining, and willing
to pay more for them. Besides, no one party will be allowed
to sweep the board with impunity. Moreover, the Trustees
were obliged to carry forward to near the end of the sale a
large but indefinite amount if they intended, as they certainly
did, to bring home with them the volume of the Colony
Records. Doubtless it would have been agreeable to them
had the State found it convenient to relieve them from that
necessity, and tlius allowed them to purchase more books.
But they fully appreciated the position of the State in the
matter. There were three parties in the field for this volume ;
but before the bidding began the Lenox Library gracefully
retired in the interest of the Public Library, which, as is well
known, took the volume at $6,500.

Mr. Abner C. Goodell, Jr., read a paper, as follows, on
the .origin of the towns in Massachusetts, in support of the
views presented by the Hon. Mellen Ciiamberlain at the
January meeting.

At our last meeting I was gratified to hear Judge Cham-
berlain's criticism of the late Professor Johnston's theory
of the emigration of towns from Massachusetts to Connec-
ticut. Had not the subject been thus favorably introduced, I
should have hesitated to express my views upon it here, from

1890.] ORIGIN OF TOWNS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 321

a doubt I have as to how far it is proper for us at our meet-
ings to enter upon the field of criticism ; but since we have
gone thus far, I ask your attention to some opinions on the
general subject of the development of the town and State
formed in the course of my researches into the legal and po-
litical history of our Commonwealth. I shall include some
reference to the views of others which I deem unsound. Tliis
I have felt I could do more conveniently by incorporating in
this essay the substance of a letter that I wrote a few years
ago to a gentleman in Maryland who was investigating the
subject of the relation of the Massachusetts town to the State,
and who subsequently expressed his concurrence in the con-
clusions to which my studies had led me.

Among students, at home and abroad, of American history
and politics, the opinion has generally been received without
demur, that the towns were the foundation of our political
system. The consideration of some prominent events which
occurred just previous to the Revolution undoubtedly con-
firmed, if it did not beget, this opinion, which seems to have
developed during the present century. The municipal ma-
chinery, which even during the colonial period had assumed
substantially its present form, was devised gradually to meet
the necessities or to suit the convenience of the people in the
several plantations. Early in the provincial period this sys-
tem was revised and adopted, without any material change,
by the Province Act of 4 and 5 William and Mary, " for es-
tablishing townships, choice of town officers, and setting forth
their power," ^ which survived the adoption of the Constitution,
and which is the basis of our existing laws on the subject.

The town-meeting, which was the most interesting and
important feature of this system, had been found convenient
for the initiation and concert of political measures. During
the earlier progress of the Revolution it had afforded admirable
facilities for uniting and inciting the people, both by resolutions
and by the election and encouragement of representatives to
the General Assembly, who availed themselves of their parlia-
mentary privileges to resist unpopular measures with the ut-
most courage and vigor. Any attempt therefore to undermine
or destroy this system would inflict a severe wound not soon

1 Province Laws, 1C92-3, chap. 28.
41

322 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

forgotten. But the Act of Pailiament, 14 George III., chap.
45, by the seventh section of which selectmen in Massachusetts
were absolutely prohibited from calling town-meetings, except
by leave of a governor appointed by the Crown, deprived the
town government of the one feature which in the popular
mind had made it most sacred. This blow was not only soon
resented on the battle-field, but was long remembered as the
most damaging assault, short of armed coercion, that could
possibly be made on the liberties of the people. Undoubtedly,
too, this parliamentary interference revived the memories of
those earlier measures of tyranny under Andros, when by the
abolition of the House of Representatives the people were de-
prived of the highest privilege which could be exercised in the
town-meeting, — the choice of deputies to the General Court.

The sons of Revolutionary sires would be very likely to im-
press the receptive minds of strangers eager to understand the
theory of our government, with the importance of the town sys-
tem, under which the management of all local and prudential
affairs was conducted bj' such simple methods that the average
citizen might hope to make an acceptable town officer, and all
citizens were permitted to have an equal voice in the town-
meeting, — that school of politics and of declamation. Hence
I suspect De Tocqueville, who was a faitliful disciple of the
American political philosophers, returned from the United
States to his native Paris so impressed with the political
importance of this fundamental institution of the New World
that he declared " The township seems to come from the hand
of God." This is one of his discoveries in political science
which led him to abandon his profession, in order to devote
himself to the work of disseminating his views of American
Democracy in the treatise which is still his conspicuous monu-
ment. He informs us that " political life had its origin in the
townships ; and it may almost be said that each of them origi-
nally formed an independent nation. When the kings of
England afterwards asserted their supremacy, they were con-
tent to assume the central power of the State. They left the
townships where they were before ; and although they are
now subject to the State, they were not at first, or were
hardly so. They did not receive their powers from the cen-
tral authority, but, on the contrary, they gave up a portion
of their independence to the State."

1890.] ORIGIN OF TOWNS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 323

To-day we have the school of historical students to which
Judge Chamberlain has alluded with appropriate words of
commendation, who, having adopted the theory of De Tocque-
ville, are endeavoring, with no little ingenuity and with unspar-
ing labor and admirable enthusiasm, to trace tliis idea of the
township back to our remotest ancestry. The Johns Hopkins
University appears to be the centre of this enterprise, and
Professor Johnston belonged to that school. Nearly nine
years ago Dr. Adams, of Johns Hopkins University, read a
paper before the Harvard Historical Society, on the " Ger-
manic Origin of New England Towns," in which he affirmed
that, " in New England especially, towns were the primordial
ceils of the body politic." It was about a year later that Pro-
fessor Johnston gave to the world his "Genesis of a New Eng-
land State," in which he applied the same idea to the case
of the Connecticut colonists, and expressed the views, subse-
quently incorporated in his contribution to the series of histo-
ries of American Commonwealths, which were criticised at our
last meeting. Judge Chamberlain, no doubt correctly, traces
this school to Dr. Edward A. Freeman as its founder ; but
there can be little question, I think, that the cisatlantic dis-
ciples of this school are indebted to Dr. Adams for direction in
their lines of investigation and in their methods of treatment.

I shrink from uttering a word in disparagement of these der
voted and accomplished workers in the field of history. Yet
I cannot but feel that until the American student has mastered
the historical data which our own records and literature afford,
his time will be less profitably employed in the remoter lines
they are pursuing than in recovering, analyzing, and compar-
ing these data with a view to explaining coeval and subsequent
events and institutions, or in revising the work of earlier
writers of American history. I am not unmindful of the
recondite researches in local and general repositories (not
arranged or indexed, and otherwise more or less difficult of
access) which these scholars have made, but it seems to me
that their prepossession of a theory detracts from the value of
their conclusions. It has certainly misled them in their inter-
pretation of some simple events. In history as in other sci-
ences, plausible theories, and assumptions more or less rash
can never supersede the unprejudiced study and exposition of
plain facts, drawn from sources whose trustworthiness is exactly

324 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAIi SOCIETY. [Feb.

proportioned to their nearness and notoriety. While I defer
to opinions derived from the exhaustive and critical study of
materials which generally are not accessible at first hand to
students in America, and am willing to accept them for all
their probable value in view of the fact that the scattered
sources of this fragmentary and uncertain information furnish
at best but slight foundation for anything more positive than
conjecture, I do so without the sense of satisfaction which
attends absolute conviction.

Notwithstanding the high authority on which the contrary
opinion rests, I am obliged to confess that I have not been
able to find that a town, as a fundamental, fixed, political
entity, was ever anything but a figment. Neither is it clear
to me that the township is a complete integral constituent
of the State. Indeed, in the Legislature of Massachusetts,
which of all the departments of government comes nearest to
the full proportions of the State, the town no longer enjoys a
distinct recognition by representation. For several 3'ears past
both branches of the General Court have been composed of
representatives or senators elected from districts not cotermi-
nous with the old political divisions, and no one seems to have
discovered that we have undergone a radical revolution in
the change. Now, since the towns, as such, never had any
control of the executive and judicial branches of the gov-
ernment, they bear to-day no more potential or necessary
relations to the State than do other corporations or persons.
Yet the State survives this change, seemingly unimpaired in
its essential constitution.

Let me trespass upon your time "by a brief review of the
steps by which our town system has reached its present state.

The Charter of Charles I. (1628) contemplated, first, the
establishment of a company of merchant adventurers to pro-
mote the settlement of this colony, and thereby to increase
the trade of the realm ; and, second, a local government,
under the corporation, for regulating the civil affairs of the
colonists.

At the head of the corporation was Matthew Cradock,
" Governor of the Company " ; which, in turn, appointed Capt.
John Endicott as chief manager or governor of the " planta-
tion," or actual settlers, — in other words, the colony.

At first Endicott seems to have held a position analogous to

1890.] OKIGIN OF TOWNS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 325

that of master of a ship over his crew and passengers ; but
in the spring of 1629 he was regularly appointed governor,
with twelve councillors or assistants, one of whom was to be
appointed deputy-governor ; and these thirteen, constituting
" the Governor and Council of London's Plantation in the
Massachusetts Bay in New England," were required to choose
a secretary for the colony, who, with them, was to be duly
sworn to the faithful performance of duty. To this body was
formally intrusted the sole ordering and management of the
colony ; and they were authorized " to make, ordain, and es-
tablish all manner of wholesome and reasonable laws, orders,
ordinances, and constitutions " not repugnant to the laws of
England, " for the administering of justice upon malefactors,
and inflicting condign punishment upon all other offenders,
and for the furtherance and propagating of the said planta-
tion, and the more decent and orderly government of the
inhabitants there." The seal of the company and a copy of
the charter were sent to them ; and they proceeded with the
work of legislation and all the functions of government.

Such were the conditions under which Endicott organized
his little band of pioneers at Salem into a body politic ; and
under the regime thus established, the local governments
would have continued, doubtless, had not the whole scheme
been changed by transferring the charter and the seat of the
corporation from London to New England. By this event
the double government contemplated in the charter, and ad-
hered to up to the time of Winthrop's arrival, ceased, and the
company took the exclusive and sole management of affairs
here,^ instead of controlling it in London. This change had
probably been determined upon from the outset; and Win-
throp was chosen governor with the express purpose of com-
ing hither and assuming the immediate government of the
colony in accordance with this determination. Whatever nice
questions may be, or may have been, raised as to the legality
of this proceeding, the stubborn fact remains that the thing
was practically accomplished, with the acquiescence of the
local administration already in being here ; and no serious
objection seems to have been made, by any of the parties con-
cerned, to the soundness of the theory according to which
this change appears to have been made, — -that the government
of the plantation, under Endicott, was in the nature of an
1 See note on p. 329, post.

326 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

agency, liable to be superseded, ipso facto, whenever the prin-
cipal (the corporation) should choose to remove hither and
take the immediate direction of affairs.

The colonial establishment under which, after his new ap-
pointment, Endicott and his council acted without a legislature
chosen by the people, was not dissimilar to the system followed
in the government of other English colonies at that time, and
was substantially identical with the system under which Dud-
ley and Andros managed the affairs of the colony nearly sixty
years later. The governor and council made all the laws, and
exercised at the same time complete judicial and executive
functions.

When, however, the whole corporation was removed hither,
the /reemen — tliat is, such of the original corporators as came
over, as well as others subsequent]}- chosen to membership under
the charter — exercised the right of suffrage given to them by
the charter, and by the common law applicable to corporations.
On this narrow foundation the fabric of our popular civil gov-
ernment was reared.

The determination of what should constitute qualification
for membership of the corporation devolved upon the corpo-
rators, in the absence of an express provision to the contrary
in the charter. This permitted the introduction of a religious
test in the admission of freemen. Some years later the in-
convenience of assembling all the freemen at the meetings of
the General Court of the Company suggested the plan of
sending j^roxies or deputies ; and from this, in turn, sprang
our sj-stem of representation.

Hence it will be seen that there was no need of a com-
pact of government, such as the Plymouth exiles entered into.
The Massachusetts colonists were members of the Church of
England, although Puritans or low-churchmen. They were
entitled, as their unforfeited birthright as well as by the ex-
press words of the charter, to all the rights, privileges, and
immunities of Englishmen, — in short, to the protection of
the common law wherever they went ; while the Pilgrims, on
the other hand, were refugees, expatriated abjurers, and liable
to the terrible consequences of a prcemunire if found in Eng-
land. The emigrants from Holland, as individuals, could as
well claim protection from the Stadtholder as from the Eng-
lish Crown, though certain to be denied it by both. In this

1890.] OEIGIN OF TOWNS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 327

dilemma they furnished the world with that remarkable pre-
cedent of an original, written, social compact.

Englishmen, I have said, in theory carry with them the
common law wherever they go. The shipmaster on the high
seas maintains discipline, rightfully, among his crew and passen-
gers ; nor is that authority lost by the accident of shipwreck,
unless he is thus thrown within the limits of an established
government. If the castaways are outside of any settled juris-
diction, the master has a right to prevent anarchy ; and if
there were no appointed head, each individual would have the
right of self-protection, and of combining with his associates
for the purpose of securing that end even by the taking of life
if necessary. It follows too that people thus situated may law-
fully constitute a proper forum for deciding disputes and for
ascertaining guilt, and may appoint agents for executing judg-
ment. This applies as well to the little communities which
were the foundation of the Connecticut commonwealth as to
the Pilgrims, whenever new exigencies in their respective sit-
uations required the exercise of autonomic power.

No such extremity, however, was presented in the case of
Massachusetts ; for as we have seen, its form of government
was authorized by the Royal Charter, conformably to the rule
under which the Crown has ever claimed authority over its
foreign dominions. The Connecticut towns in turn were held
in leading-strings by Massachusetts until she recognized their
ability to go alone.

As new exigencies arose in the government of the Massa-
chusetts Colony, they had to be met by new expedients, until
at length the government here became complex, and nearly
resembled, in its machinery for making, interpreting, and exe-
cuting the laws, for raising revenue, and for subduing its
enemies, etc., the government of the kingdom from which it
sprang.

In a certain sense what is commonly said about the towns
antedating the county and the State is true, since the body of
planters who settled at Salem, and those who removed thence
to Charlestown formed the nucleus of the quasi-corporate com-
munities to which those town names were afterward given ;
and it may be added that the government of Salem was insti-
tuted before Endicott was formally appointed governor, and
that of Charlestown before Winthrop held his first General

328 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

Court, and that both of these plantations were in being before
the establishment of counties. But in the sense in which the
statement is generally made and understood, I think it cannot
be said that the municipal antedated the general government.

We have seen that Endicott was at first virtually autocrat
of the Salem Colony ; next he was appointed governor, with
a council or board of assistants. His authority in each of
these positions was co-extensive with the territorj^ of the col-
ony. For Maverick at Winnisimet, for Walford at Mishawum,
for Blaxton at Shawmut, and for Wollaston and Morton in
their settlements, he prescribed rules of discipline as well as
for his company at Naumkeag ; and from them all he exacted
deference and required obedience.

There were then no town-meetings ; indeed, the name
"town," although the word appears in our records even be-
fore 1630, was not affixed to either of these plantations until
some years later ; and though Salem is said to have been in-
corporated July 24, 1629, this is only because the name
" Salem " is supposed to have been then substituted for the
original Indian name "Naumkeag," — a change which, when
made in the case of other plantations by the General Court
in subsequent years, has been regarded as the date of
incorporation.

Under Winthrop and the charter, the freemen of the colony
met to choose deputies, after it had been agreed that they
should be represented in the General Court by deputies ; but
this, and the procuring and keeping of arms and ammunition
and of sealed weights and measures, and a few other unimpor-
tant matters were all the duties that the several plantations
were required to perform ; and for even these there was no
provision as to assembling the freemen.

It was not until March, 1635-6, that towns were directed
and empowered, by an ordinance of the General Court, to
manage their local affairs and to choose town officers therefor.
This was the beginning of the town-meeting proper. Up to
that time the General Court had legislated on all local as well
as general affairs ; and even the constables who were the town
executives (for at that time selectmen were not chosen) were
appointed by the General Court.

Now, since the settlement of Wethersfield began in the
winter of 1634-5, and that of Windsor and Hartford respec-

1890.] ORIGIN OF TOWNS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 329

tively iu the summer and autumn following, what sort of a
political organization under the name of a town could Profes-
sor Johnston have imagined the founders of Connecticut to
have transported through the wilderness? A political quasi-
corporation, whose organization is so imperfect that it does not
choose even a constable, affords a very slim foundation for the
theory that the State came into existence by assuming the
exercise of powers derived from it, or rather of which it di-
vested itself in order to endue the new sovereign with life and
form ; and what a meagre, helpless abortion must have been
the State thus dependent for existence !

Gradually in Massachusetts, as in other colonies, new town
officers were designated by the Legislature, and new powers
were given to, and new duties required of them and of the
town, or rather of the body of freemen in the towns. In the
management of town affairs the General Court also began to
remove the barriers which from 1631 had excluded all but
freemen from participation in all affairs of government ; and
before the Colony Charter had been superseded by the Charter
of William and Marj^ towns had become organized substan-
tially upon the system to which they conformed up to the
time of the adoption of the State Constitution ; so that we see
the town was really the creature and not the parent of the
General Assembly.

The so-called incorporation of Boston is contained in the
following legislative _^rt« of Sept. 7, 1630: "It is ordered that
Trimountaiue shall be called Boston ; Mattapan, Dorchester ;
and the towne upon Charles River, Watertown." I do not
know that any one contends that this ordinance conferred any
new functions on the plantations named therein, or affected
their relations to the whole colony. It simply gave each of
them a new name, and it was long after this before they
began to exercise the powers of corporations even in the
management of their internal affairs.'

In like manner the date of the supersedure of Endicott's
government by Winthrop, August 23, 1630, ^ would seem more
properly to mark the date of incorporation of Salem than the
date usually given, since the former was the date of the first
appearance of separation between the general government of

1 There is reason for believing that Winthrop's Council did not wholly super-
sede Endicott's, until the new board of Assistants held their first recorded meet-
ing. See Mass. Hist. Coll. vol. iii. p. 75.

d30 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

the colony and the local government of the plantation, though
really no change in the management of local affairs was then
effected. This was really the first act of differentiation in
the process of development of the town. From the beginning
the town was absolutely the creature of the State, which
could at any time change its name and its boundaries, alter
its constitution, or abolish it altogether by a simple act of
legislation.

The support of particular ministers in the plantations or
towns was at first the business of the whole corporation at
home. Then the colonial assembly here began to pass ordi-
nances from time to time for that purpose as soon as the con-
tributions of the church members (who were the freemen)
appeared too burdensome, and it was thought equitable to
apportion the charge on more than one plantation, or upon
persons not church members.

But, as a rule, from the first the churches supported the
ministers. After a while the rates for this charge were
ordered to be assessed upon the towns by the county courts.
Then a similar provision was made for building dwelling-
houses for the respective ministers ; and finalh^, except in the
town of Boston, the support of an "able, learned, and ortho-
dox " ministry became a town or parish charge, and so re-
mained through all the vicissitudes of government until, in
1833, by the adoption of Article XI. of the Amendments to the
Constitution, the third article of the Declaration of Rights
was so modified as to secure exemption from this burden, to
all who might choose to avail themselves of that privilege ;
and thus, after more than two centuries, the people were for
the first time freed from enforced support of public worship,
and the present voluntary system began.

Again, Professor Johnston's theory as to the peculiar influ-
ence of Connecticut in shaping our Federal system seems
purely imaginary. The adoption of the Federal Constitution
was the establishment of a perpetual independent State or sov-
ereignty which the exigencies of our interstate and international
relations rendered indispensable. The previous confederation
had not only proved insufficient, but it could no longer exist
without constant danger of dissolution which would expose the
several States to destruction by external enemies. This was
the central and prevailing idea of the framers. The idea of

1890.] REMARKS BY DR. SAMUEL A. GREEN. 331

federation was not new, neither was it derived from the pe-
culiar constitution of Connecticut or of any other colony; and
nothing is clearer than that the separation of the national legis-
lature into two chambers was but an implicit acquiescence in
the course which had been adopted in the legislative system
of several States. This was a feature which by a natural and
gradual process had developed into greater perfection by long
experience under the analogous division into Council and Rep-
resentatives or Burgesses, which runs back through provincial
into remote colonial times.

Dr. Samuel A. Green then made the following re-
marks : —

In the early days of our colonial history burials were con-
ducted with severe simplicity. A body was taken from the
house to the grave, and interred without ceremony ; and no
praj-er was made or other religious service held. Our pious
forefathers were opposed to all ecclesiastical rites, and any
custom that reminded them of the English Church met with
stern disapproval. And, furthermore, prayers over a corpse
were very suggestive of those offered up for the dead by the
Roman Church ; and to their minds such ceremonies savored
strongly of heresy and superstition.

In " A Topographical and Historical Description of Boston,"
by our late associate, Dr. Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, it is stated
on page 263 : " The first prayer made at a funeral in Boston
is said, on good authority, to have been offered by Rev. Dr.
Chauncy, at the interment of Rev. Dr. Jonathan Mayhew,
pastor of the West Church, who died on the ninth of July,
1766."

More than ten 3'ears ago,^ as will be recalled by some of the
members now present, Mr. Winthrop, at that time the Presi-
dent of the Society, quoted with considerable incredulity the
statement given above, and expressed the opinion that "in
some old diary, or in some old church record, or in some old
newspaper, if not on the cover of some old sermon, there
would be discovered earlier dates for sermons or religious
exercises of some sort at funerals." Mr. Winthrop's fore-

1 See Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc, vol. xvii. p. 167.

332 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

sight in this matter is clearly shown by the following extract
from "The Boston Weekly News-Letter," Dec. 31, 1730,
which gives a much earlier date for such exercises than is
mentioned by Dr. Shurtleff: —

" Yesterday were Buried here the Remains of that truly honourable
& devout Gentlewoman, Mrs. SARAH BYFIELD, amidst the affec-
tionate Respects & Lamentations of a numerous Concourse. — Before
carrying out the Corpse a Funeral Prayer was made, by one of the
Pastors of the Old Church, to whose Communion she belong'd : Which,
tho' a Custom in the Country-Towns, is a singular Instance in this
place, but it's wish'd may prove a leading Example to the general
Practice of so christian & decent a Custom."

Dr. Green also stated that, in the absence of the Cabinet-
keeper, he had received from Mr, Richard C. Humphre3's,
executor of the will of the late William T. Carlton, of
Dorchester, the articles bequeathed to the Society by Mr.
Carlton, and read a clause from the will, dated March 11,
1886, as follows : —

" Seventeenth. I give and bequeath to the Massachusetts Historical
Society of said Boston my Halberd given to me by Saml. Blake Pierce,
brother of the Rev. John Pierce, Jr., of Brookline, dec"*. The Sen.
John was accustomed to carry said Halberd officially on 'training days';
it has been but a few rods from where I am now writing (my residence)
for more than One hundred (100) years, and there can be no doubt
of its authenticity ; I also give to said Society a small pocket compass
owned and carried by the old surveyor Blake of said Dorchester
dist'."

Mr. Henry W. Haynes read a paper as follows on

The Historical Character of the Norse Sagas.
The subject of the erection of a statue in this city to Leif,
the son of Erik, as the discoverer of America, has twice been
made the occasion of comments before this Society within a few
years. ^ I should not therefore have referred again to so trite
an affair, if the motives that inspired such comments on our
part had not recently been made the occasion of such remarkable
criticism as I do not remember to have ever seen passed upon
any body of men whose function it is to discover and to record
the truths of history.

1 Proc. Mass. Bist. Soc, vol. xviii. p. 79 ; 2d series, vol. It. pp. 12, 42.

1890.] HISTORICAL CHARACTER OP THE NOESE SAGAS. 663

Rev. Dr. B. F. De Costa has just published a second edition
of a work entitled " The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America
by the Northmen." In that portion of his general introduc-
tion designated " The Present State of the Discussion," he has
seen fit to quote certain words used by me in stating the con-
clusions reached by a committee appointed by this Society " to
consider the question of the alleged discovery of America by
the Norsemen." My language was : " There is the same sort
of reason for believing in the existence of Leif Ericson that
there is for believing in the existence of Agamemnon ; they
are both traditions accepted by later writers." Dr. De Costa
goes on to remark upon this, that " it is sufficiently evident
that local feeling, which often vitiates the studies of the most
accomplished men, enters into this singular declaration. It
serves no special purpose beyond proving a feeling of irrita-
tion on the part of men accustomed to have every utterance
received with deference, but who have discovered a certain
inability to control public opinion in connection with histori-
cal monuments. The people have moved on and left them
behind" (pp. 58, 59).

Now, as I wrote the offensive paragraph I must beg leave to
disclaim personally any " feeling of irritation," as well as to
deny " the soft impeachment" of being " accustomed to have
[my] every utterance received with deference." I can assure
my critic I have found the contrary quite as likely to happen.
As I read this charitable imputing of motives, I could not help
wondering why the advocacy of the discovery of America by
the Norsemen should generate such an excess of heat as it
does in certain quarters. I was entirely innocent of any in-
tentional disrespect when I ventured upon the unlucky com-
parison of Leif Ericson with Agamemnon, All my life long
I have been a believer in the existence of Agamemnon, and I
have even felt a good deal of admiration for " the king of men,
the godlike son of Atreus." But I seem to have done some-
thing wrong, for in the judgment of my critic " the notion that
any one of these Icelandic characters is to be viewed as myth-
ical or in the category with that of ' Agamemnon ' appears
simply preposterous" (p. 151). However, as I turned the
pages I found I was not the only one who has fallen under
the reverend gentleman's condemnation, for I read : " This is
another passage upon which Bancroft absurdly depended to

334 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOBICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

prove that the locality of Vinland was unknown " (p. 185).
Bona verba quceso ! I suppose I must endeavor to put up
with being called preposterous, when the veteran historian of
the United States is written down as absurd.

We are informed in Dr. De Costa's preface that the -work
was prepared more than twenty years ago, and that " time
has only served to strengthen his belief in the historical
character of the Sagas" (p. 6). I cannot help wondering
whether the learned author has ever heard, during all this
long period, of the new science of prehistoric archfeology,
which has come to be recognized as having somewhat to say
upon precisely such a question as whether there is any actual
proof that the statements in the Sagas that the Norsemen dis-
covered America possess any historical character whatsoever,
or whether they only afford a presumption of such discovery ;
whether, in fact, any archseological evidence has ever been dis-
covered to confirm the truth of the details regarding such al-
leged discovery as are found in the Sagas. It seems somewhat
strange for such an argument as the following to make its
appearance at this day in what purports to be serious histori-
cal discussion : " It is not improbable that such remains may
yet be discovered on Mount Hope Baj-, or in regions on the
Massachusetts and Maine coasts" (p. 148). One would sup-
pose the neighborhood of Newport and Bar Harbor to be a
sort of terra incognita, if he did not know that our learned
author once compiled a guide-book to the latter unexplored
country. But I find even more about the supposititious kind
of evidence looked for : " We have a right to expect some
relic, a coin or amulet, perhaps, that chance may yet throw in
the antiquary's way ; or some excavation, it may be a trench,
conduit, cellar, or incipient fortress" (pp. 70, 71). Evi-
dently our author has no faith in the neighboring city of
Norumbega, although he refers elsewhere, apparently with
approval, to the ancient fish-pits discovered by Professor
Horsford on the banks of Charles River (p. 128). But in all
soberness we would ask what sort of reasoning is this which
argues not from what has been, but what may be discovered ?

It is plain that Dr. De Costa feels the need of some archseo-
logical evidence to reinforce the poetical fictions of the Sagas,
for he rehashes the exploded tales about " Dighton Rock" and
" The Old Stone MiU at Newport." Of the one he says, " The

1800.] HISTOKICAL CHARACTER OF THE NORSE SAGAS. 3do

old rock is a riddle " ; and of the other, " That structure [that
is, the mill at Chesterton, in England, the prototj-pe of the one
at Newport] also might have belonged to the class of towers of
which one at least was built by Northmen in Greenland. All
is, therefore, in a measure, doubtful." It is true he professes
not to attach great importance to these as pieces of evidence;
but why then devote five long pages to discussing them ? Is
it because he desires to befog his readers ; or is he unable
to comprehend the point at issue, and understand what
is meant by the weigiit of evidence and the sufBciency of
proof ? He would seem to belong to the class of writers by
whom numerantur sententice, non ponderantur, when we find
him gravely referring to Abner Morse's " Traces of the North-
men in America" (p. 71). In the judgment of Dr. De Costa,
" marvellous statements and occasional contradictions in norvise
detract from the historic value of the documents themselves" (p.
64). Accordingly, he explains away the familiar story about
Tyrker, the foster-father of Leif, having found grapes in Mount
Hope Bajs upon which he became " quite merry," in the follow-
ing literal fashion: "There is nothing in this to indicate that
Tyrker was intoxicated, as some have absurdly supposed. In
this far-off land he found grapes, which powerfully reminded him
of his native country, and the association of ideas is so strong
that when he first meets Leif, he breaks out in the language
of his childhood, and, like ordinary epicures, expresses his joy"
(p. 102). After such a piece of special pleading as this we are
quite prepared to find our learned author standing up stoutly
for the Uniped, in such words as these : " We do not say how
far the Saga-writer employs his fancy on the Uniped, yet he is
quite excusable, considering the weakness of modern writers"
(p. 133). There is an old maxim often quoted in regard to wit-
nesses to matters of fact, Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus;
but evidently this would not give Dr. De Costa any trouble.

I will quote a few of the additions to knowledge with which
he has enriched his latest notes, premising with the statement
that he appears to have given ready acceptance to Du Chail-
lu's theory about what he calls " the Viking Age," and the
pretended Scandinavian origin of the English, with which
Freeman has made such effectual and amusing work in tlie
last number of the " Contemporary Review." Dr. De Costa is
pleased to prepare us for what is to come by the information

336 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

that " in reality we fable in a great measure when we speak
of our ' Saxon inheritance.' It is rather from the Northmen
that we have derived our vital energy, our freedom of thought,
and, in a measure that we do not suspect, our strength of
speech" (p. 8). Let me begin with his instruction in geol-
ogy. It seems that critics have cavilled at certain statements
to be found in the Sagas, that their heroes were mounted on
horseback in Greenland. In reply our author first puts in
pleas in abatement, — that in "modern times there has been
nothing to prevent the people from keeping such animals "
(p. 91) ; or " they probably had at least diminutive horses, or
ponies, in Greenland, like those of Iceland to-daj^ " (p. 113).
Btft apparently these do not quite satisfy him, for he goes on
to enlarge in this wise : " Horses could be kept in Greenland
now, only with much expense. It appears that anciently it
was not so. Undoubtedly there has been more or less of
change in climate during the last thousand years by the
procession of the equinox. Geologists find evidence that
at one period a highly tropical climate must have existed in
the northern regions " (p. 93). This is the only time I have
ever seen geological evidence of the climate in the tertiary
ages invoked to substantiate an alleged change of climate
within the comparative yesterday of a thousand years ago,
except by our author in a subsequent passage. There is a
statement in one of the Sagas that certain persons " saw a
great number of men riding toward them " ; upon which Dr.
De Costa has this comment: " The language may indicate that
they were horseback, though it is not conclusive. At the
period referred to there may have been no horses in America.
They were introduced by the Spaniards after the discovery by
Columbus. At least, such is the common opinion. This
statement is made without reference to the proofs offered of
the existence of the horse at an earlier period, the remains of
which are said to be found " (p. 175). Unless Dr. De Costa
means to imply by this the possibility that tertiary animals
may have been in existence at the time of the Sagas, we are at
a loss to understand why he should have made any reference
at all to them ; and we wonder whether he imagines that the
Scandinavian or Irish heroes may have been after all riding
upon bisons. But natural history does not seem to be our
author's strong point. He makes the assertion that " only

1890.] HISTORICAL CHAKACTEE OF THE NOKSE SAGAS. 337

two quadrupeds, the fox and the moose, are indigenous " in-
Iceland (p. 20) ; whereas the fact is that there are no moose
in Iceland at all, and the reindeer has only been introduced
from Norway within about a hundred years. In his botany
also he seems to be equally out of the way, for he quotes with
approval the remarkable statement that " at Pittston, Me.,
trees three feet in diameter and with six hundred annular
rings were found associated with brick-work which, so far as
appearances went, antedated the trees " (p. 71). I think a
botanist would have told him that the rings are not a safe
criterion by which to determine the age of trees, and that the
trees of Maine, such as the pine and the spruce, do not live to
the age of six hundred years. I find another remarkable
statement of our author, that "the self-sown wheat," or
" corn," often mentioned in the Sagas as having been met
with in Vinland, does not mean Indian corn, or maize
(p. 123). But it is perfectly well known that v^heat is not in-
digenous in America ; and if there is any truth at all in such
stories, nothing but maize could have been intended. Upon
another vexed problem in botany, raised by the Sagas, he dif-
fers entirely from the leading champion of Leif's discovery in
this community. I refer to the often quoted husa-snotru,
made of massur-wood. Dr. De Costa thinks that it was " a
bar for securing the house-door " (p. 155) ; but Professor
Horsford glories in his discovery that the word signifies
" house-scales," and that " mosur-wood " means the burrs or
excrescences occasionally found growing upon certain trees,
and he bursts out in the exultant pisan, "I have not only
reached the heart of the problem, but I can feel its beat." ^

I have, however, reserved for the last Dr. De Costa's most
startling discovery, which is nothing less than that " we have
in the Sagas four words which may be the oldest known words
of human speech," or as he supposes, the speech of the glacial
man. To substantiate this notion he quotes from a private
note of Prof. Max Miiller : " There is nothing in the lan-
guage of the Esquimaux to prevent lis from assigning it to an
antiquity as high as that of the supposed glacial man " (p.
135). Now, as some very learned and distinguished anthro-

1 The Discovery of the Ancient City of Norumbega, by Eben Norton Horsford
p. 24.

338 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

pologists have endeavored to demonstrate from certain ana-
tomical peculiarities in the oldest known type of human skull
that the glacial man liad not developed the organs of speech,
we are naturally led to scrutinize closely the grounds upon
which Dr. De Costa bases his grand discovery. According to
the story in the Sagas, Thorwald, Leif's brother, and his party
had an encounter with some Skraellings, who killed Thorwald
with their arrows. Dr. De Costa argues that this people were
Esquimaux and not Indians, because " Abbott's researches
show, beyond question, that the Indian was preceded by a
people like the Esquimaux, whose stone implements are
found in the Trenton gravel" (p. 132) ; and that inasmuch as
" the Skraellings were still in the stone age " they must be
regarded as the descendants of that glacial man whose stone
implements have been found by Dr. Abbott. Now, as Dr.
Abbott's conclusions are disputed bj^ many prehistoric ar-
chaeologists who find no proof whatever of the Esquimaux
having been descended from the race whose palaeolithic imple-
ments are found in the gravels at Trenton, and as every one
knows that the Indians used stone arrow-points when first
discovered by Europeans, even if we admit the truth of
the story that the Northmen actually had such an encounter,
there is nothing to show that the Skraellings differed in
respect to their weapons from other natives ; much less that
they were the representatives of the glacial man, who, if he
lived at all, it is agreed must have lived many thousand
years ago, and v^ho is not believed to have been sufSciently
advanced to have invented so complicated an implement as
the bow and arrow. Yet such flimsy arguments as these,
grounded only upon an unproved supposition of Dr. Abbott,
are suiScient for Dr. De Costa to lay claim to the most
wonderful discovery in philology of our day.

But while thus taking exception to Dr. De Costa's excur-
sions into the domain of science, I do not feel quite satisfied
with his conclusions in his chosen field of history. In fact I
feel somewhat inclined to question whether he can have actu-
ally studied the authoiities he purports to quote, when I find
him asserting that Olaus Magnus — archbishop of Upsala,
in Sweden, and a well-known antiquary, whose " Historia de
Gentibus Septentrionalibus " was published in 1.555, — "wrote
in 1075 " (p. 104) ; or when I notice that he says of the two

1S90.] HISTORICAL CHARACTER OF THE NORSE SAGAS. 339

well-known examples of Viking vessels that have been dis-
covered in burial-mounds in Norway, where they had been
used as coffins for the chieftains over whom the mound had
been heaped, that " they were scuttled and sunk. The
changes in the coast finally left them imbedded in the sand "
(p. 38). Then he makes the assertion that Runes existed
among the Northmen in the seventh century (Ihid.y, while
Prof. George Stephens, of Copenhagen, the recognized au-
thority upon Runic inscriptions, has shown that the oldest
written Icelandic dates from about A. D. 1200. But of all
the remarkable statements to be found within the compass
of Dr. De Costa's little volume, the following is the most
novel : " The Irish, doubtless, mingled with the Carthagini-
ans in mercantile transactions, and from them they not un-
likely received the rites of Druidism " (p. 17). It certainly
will astonish ethnologists to be informed of this wonder-
ful transmission of a Celtic institution through a Semitic
source.

These will be, I think, quite sufficient examples of the man-
ner in which " the truths divine" of the Sagas have "come
mended from the pen " of Rev. Dr. De Costa. If he had not
stopped short in his quotation of my language, and had added
what immediately follows, " There is no more reason for regard-
ing as true the details related about Leif's discoveries than
there is for accepting as historic truths the narratives con-
tained in the Homeric poems," I should have had more rea-
son for understanding the motive of his assault upon the
report made to this Society. The little clique devoted to the
cult of The Norse Discovery of America, which they are striving
by every means, legitimate or otherwise, to impose upon the
minds of the rising generation, on the ground that •' Boston is
a singularly appropriate place for a monument to the North-
men " (p. 109), cannot forget or forgive the sober, weighty
words with which our late lamented member Dr. Deane ex-
pressed what I believe to be the judgment of this Society upon
the question of the historical character of the Norse Sagas:
" It might, perhaps, be over-bold to contend that these half-
poetical recitations of a story-teller are fictions, like the poems
of Ossian ; yet to elevate them to the dignity of historical
relations in all their details, and to place implicit reliance on
the data given as to time and place, seem to me un warrant-

340 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

able. They are shadowy and mythical in form, and often
uncertain in meaning." ^

Mr. Edwin Lassetter Bynner was elected a Resident Member.

A new serial containing the proceedings at the Special Meet-
ing in commemoration of our late associate, Charles Deane,
LL.D., and at the regular meetings in December and January,
was ready for distribution at this meeting.

Dr. Samuel A. Greex, in behalf of Mr. Augustus T.
Perkins, who was absent, communicated a memoir of the late
Thomas CofSn Amory.

1 Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc, voL xviii. p. 81.

MEMOIR OF THOMAS COFFIN AMOKT. 341

MEMOIR

THOMAS COFFIN AMORY, A.M.

BY AUGUSTUS T. PERKINS.

Mr. Thomas Coffin Amory, a counsellor-at-la-w, and a
member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, came from
a family very well known in Ireland as the Amorys of Bun-
ratty, whose records extend far into the past. For our pres-
ent purpose, however, we need go no farther back than to the
father of the emigrant, thereby establishing a point dii3acult
to fix in many American families.

Thomas Amory, the ancestor of whom we speak, was born
in Limerick in Ireland in the year 1682. He was taken by
his father, Jonathan Amory, first to Antigua, and thence to
Charleston, South Carolina. He was sent back to be educated
in England, and was put under the care of his cousin Thomas
Amory of Bunratty. He returned in 1719 to Boston, and
there married Rebeckah Holmes in 1721, and died in 1728.

He came from a younger branch of the family of Amory of
Bunratty, whose principal seat was the fine old castle of that
name, which, although built in the time of Henry VIII., is still
standing in good preservation, on tlie west side of the river
Shannon, at the end of the bridge leading to Limerick, that
city being only a few miles away.

There was to be seen in the year 1865, in a small room in
the lower part of Bunratty Castle, the arms of the family done
in stucco. Although much defaced, the coat was still dis-
cernible, showing a Barry of six ; on a chief of the first, a
Lion passant. No crest was visible at that time.

Thomas Amory (2), son of Thomas (1) and Rebeckah
Holmes, was born in Boston in 1722. He graduated from

342 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

Harvard College in the class of 1741. He maiTied Elizabeth,
daughter of William CofBu, and died in 1784.

Jonathan Amory, son of Thomas (2) and Elizabeth Coffin,
was born in Boston in 1770. He married Mehitable Sullivan,
daughter of Gov. James Sullivan, and died in 1828.

Thomas Colfiu Amory, son of Jonathan and Mehitable
Sullivan, was born in Boston Oct. 16, 1812, in his father's fine
old mansion, still standing on the corner of Park and Beacon
Streets ; and he continued to reside there with his family,
until the year 1835, when they removed first to Temple Place,
and finally to Commonwealth Avenue, where he died Au-
gust 20, 1889.

The homes of his childhood were certainly luxurious;
and his summers were passed either at his father's place at
Nahant or at Brookline, or on the beautiful estate of Mr.
Nathaniel Amory in that part of Watertown which is now
included in Belmont, lately the residence of Mr. John Perkins
Gushing.

At the age of ten years he was sent to the famous school at
Round Hill, Northampton, then under the care of the learned
Dr. Cogswell ; and there he remained until he was fourteen
years of age. Thence he returned to his father's house in
Park Street, where he was prepared for Harvard College by
those two most accomplished gentlemen, Charles Chauncy
Emerson and Louis Stackpole ; and he graduated from Cam-
bridge in the class of 1830.

About this time, in the company of our formerly well-known
member, Mr. Francis C. Gray, he made his first visit to Eng-
land, where, from their excellent letters of introduction, they
had the pleasure of visiting Wordsworth, Southey, and Sir
Walter Scott in their own homes, — always delightful remi-
niscences to the young Bostonian.

Upon his return from Europe, he began the stud}^ of the
law, under his uncle the Hon. William Sullivan, and joined
with him in the care of the property of the family ; and
his journals at this time show how much interest he had
in his profession, in society, in general literature, and to a
certain extent in the politics of the day. He was in
Washington at the time of the inauguration of President
Van Buren.

In 1843 he made a voyage to Cuba, returning by the way

1890.] MEMOIR OF THOMAS COFFIN AMORT. 343

of Charleston, South Carolina, where he had the pleasure of
meeting some of his distant relatives, who treated him most
courteously.

In 1832, finding among his father's papers certain old wills
and letters giving almost all the facts of the emigration of
his ancestor to this country, he began to take that especial
interest in his family history which ever retained so strong a
hold upon him.

In the year 1853, in company with his two sisters, he made
a second visit to Europe. I had the good fortune to be a fel-
low-passenger with them, and his sisters were delightful com-
panions. There were on board with us Mr. William Appleton,
Jr., JMr. Charles Thorndike, and Mr. Charles H. Appleton, also
my friend Mr. William Amory Prescott. The steamer was the
" America," Captain Lang, of twelve hundred tons' burden,
then considered a vessel of wonderful size. There were also
a number of English army officers on board, together with a
very clever Fellow of Oxford, a Mr. Turner, whom I made a
friend of by presenting him, at the end of the voyage, with
my copy of tiie poems of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, — a
gentleman of whom he had never heard before, but whom he
afterward very much admired.

One day Mr. Amory and this Mr. Turner entered into a
discussion on our Revolutionary War, of which Mr. Turner
knew somewhat. The Engiis^h officers — all well-educated
men, but quite ignorant of the history of that war — gathered
about, evidently anxious to learn. Mr. Amory was then about
forty years of age, quick and alert. He answered all ques-
tions and cross-questions with such promptitude and good
temper, and delivered to us so interesting a lecture on the
outbreak of the Revolution, that all present were greatly in-
terested ; and at the request of the English officers he con-
tinued from time to time to instruct us, so that by the end of
our pleasant voyage of twelve days we all felt and said that
it was good fortune to have been thrown into the society
of so able and so agreeable a gentleman. The Englishmen
were evidently surprised at his knowledge of his subject, and
his tact in handling it.

It must have been before this, however, that he had studied
hai-d on the biography of his grandfather, a very noted man in
his time, the Hon. James Sullivan. This work was published

344 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

in the year 1858, and Mr. Amory was thereupon elected a
member of the Massachusetts Historical Societ}'.

In tlie same year he was chosen an Alderman of the city of
Boston ; and in the year 1859 he was elected a member of tlie
Legislature of the State of Massachusetts. In a very well
considered article on Mr. Amory, the author of which I can-
not discover, tlie writer says ; " During the war he rendered
magnificent service to the city in his position on the Board
of Aldermen." He gave great assistance in the building
of our City Hospital. He was President of its first Board
of Trustees, and he delivered the oration at its dedication.
He was strenuous in his endeavors to oblige the City of Bos-
ton to purchase the ferries ; and this he finally accomplished.
His reports on county relations, ordinances, primary meetings,
weights and measures, street widening, city charities. State
aid to volunteers, the police force, and the methods of sup-
plying soldiers for Massachusetts were published, and remain
a monument to his love for the honor of our city and of our
State.

The prompt and determined action of Mr. Amory during
the draft riots of the j'ear 1863 did much toward quelling
the turbulence of the mob. Indeed he risked his life in order
to prevent an outbreak, for wliich he was violently assaulted.
His admirable physical courage stood him in good stead on
this trying occasion, and he escaped without serious injury.

He took great interest in the erection of the Charity Build-
ing in Chardon Street, and rendered all possible assistance
in thus enlarging the usefulness of an admirable department
of our City Government.

As a student of history he was unwearied, and spared
neither pains nor hard work in his efforts to publish the truth
as he saw it.

His family for generations in this town have produced men
well known for honor, probity, courage, and good conduct, as
well as for unusually sound judgment in the affairs of life ;
and I think those who knew Mr. Thomas Coffin Amory well,
will acknowledge that he was inferior to none of his kin in
any respect. Without possessing the remarkable elegance of
deportment and charm of manner which was so marked a
characteristic of his elder brother, Mr. James Sullivan Amory,
he still had about him all the signs of a well-bred man of the

1890.] MEMOIR OF THOMAS COFFIN AMOEY. 345

world, — self-poised and confident, wherever he was. No one
who ever met him could mistake him for anything but a well-
read, well-nurtured gentleman, with just a lingering suggestion
of what is now called old times about him, not unpleasant to
many of those of a younger generation.

He took great interest in all that was connected with our
Trinity Church, and as an officer and a member gave of his
time and means with the greatest liberality.

To sum up the character of Mr. Amory, I think I may say,
without fear of contradiction, that he was a brave, honest,
liberal, patriotic, well-educated Christian gentleman ; and can
we say anything much better of any man ?

Mr. Amory's publications are : —

The Life of James Sullivan, with Selections from his Writings.
Boston, 1859.

The Military Services and Public Life of Maj.-Gen. John Sullivan of
the American Revolutionary Army. Albany and Boston, 1868.

The Transfer of Erin, or the Acquisition of Ireland by England.
Philadelphia, 1877.

The Life of Admiral Coffin. Boston, 1886.

The Siege of Newport. Cambriilge, 1888.

Charles River: A Poem. Cambridge, 1888.

Miscellaneous Poems. Cambridge, 1888.

Also the following pamphlets : —

Gen. John Sullivan : A Vindication of his Character as a Soldier and
a Patriot. From the Historical Magazine for December, 1866. Mor-
risania, N. Y., 1867.

The Military Services of Maj.-Gen. John Sullivan in the American
Revolution vindicated from recent Historic.il Criticism. Read at a
meeting of the Massachusetts Historical Society, December, 1866.
With additions and documents. Cambridge, 1868.

Master Sullivan of Berwick, his Ancestors and Descendants. No
date.

Old Cambridge and New. Reprinted from the New England His-
torical and Genealogical Register for July, 1871. With additions.
Boston, 1871.

Our English Ancestors. Boston, 1872.

A Home of the Olden Time. Boston, 1872.

General Sullivan not a Pensioner of Luzerne (Minister of France at
Philadelphia, 1778-1783). With the Report of the New Hampshire
Historical Society vindicating him from the charge made.
44

346 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Feb.

Blackstone, Boston's first Inhabitant. Boston, 1877.

Memoir of John Wingate Thornton, A. M., LL.B., with a list of
his publications. Printed for private distribution. Boston, 1879.

Memoir of Hon. WUliam Sullivan, prepared for early diary of
Massachusetts Historical Proceedings. Cambridge, 1879.

Centennial Memoir of Maj.-Gen. John Sullivan, 1740-1795, pre-
sented at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, July 2, 1876. Reprinted
from the Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Phila-
delphia, 1879.

Was Gov. John Leverett a Knight? Eeprint from the New Eng-
land Historical and Genealogical Register for July and October, 1881.
Boston, 1881.

The Siege of Newport, August, 1778. Reprinted from the Rhode
Island Historical Magazine for October, 1884. Newport, 1884.

Daniel Sullivan's Visits, May and June, 1771, to Gen. John Sullivan.
Reprinted from a paper read to the Massachusetts Historical Society,
March, 1884. With additional comments. Cambridge, 1884.

Memoir of Hon. Richard Sullivan. Reprinted from Vol. IV. of the
Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Soci-
ety. Cambridge, 1885.

William Blaxton. Collections of the Bostonian Society, Vol. I.
No. 1. Boston, 1886.

Class Memoir of George Washington Warren, with English and
American Ancestry, together with Letters, Valedictory Poem, Ode, etc.
Boston, 1886.

Address at the Dedication of the City Hospital. (City Document.)
Boston, 1865.

Report of the School Committee of the City of Boston, 1867. (City
Document). Boston, 1868.

Also a paper on the Amory Family in the New England Genealogi-
cal and Historical Register, 1856.

KEMAEKS BY THE PRESIDENT. 34:7

MARCH MEETING, 1890.

The stated meeting was held on the 13th instant, at the
usual hour; the President, Dr. Geokge E. Ellis, in the
chair.

After the reading of the record of the last meeting and of
the list of donations to the Library, the President announced
the appointment of the following committees : To prepare
and publish a selection from the Belknap Papers, Mr. Charles
C. Smith, Mr. Josiah P. Quincy, Rev. Dr. Edward J. Young,
and Rev. Octavius B. Frothingham ; to examine the Treas-
urer's accounts, Mr. Samuel F. McCleary and Mr. Thornton
K. Lothrop ; to examine the Library and Cabinet, Rev. Ed-
mund F. Slafter, Mr. Arthur Lord, and Mr. Edward Bangs ;
to nominate oflScers for the ensuing year, Hon. John Lowell,
Mr. Abbott Lawrence, and Mr. James M. Bugbee.

The President then said : —

At our last meeting I made reference to the fact that our
Society had come very near to, if it had not already reached,
the close of a century of its existence and activity. What was
then said was prompted with a view to suggesting the ques-
tion whether the Society was disposed to make any formal rec-
ognition of that fact. I would now offer the whole question
to the debate, the decision, and the action of the members.

The facts as regards the origin and its date of the Society
for guiding our view of its birth and its age, as already stated,
are these : The five and afterward the eight lovers and labor-
ers engaged in the study of our history who procured the
incorporation and obtained the charter of the Society in the
opening of the year 1794, had previously been associated for
the object, holding meetings and gathering materials for their
work. The volumes making the beginnings of our Library,
which had thus passed from individual to associated ownership,
contain on a book plate the words " Established in 1790."
Circulars and appeals preceded the publication of the first
volume of the Collections of the Society, which bears on its

348 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Map..

titlepage the date 1792. In December of the preceding year
measures were instituted by the Society for the celebration
by it of the fourth centennial of the Discovery of America,
in October, 1792. These were all prior to our incorporation.
Among the series of meetings noted on our records was one,
Jan. 21, 1791, attended by the eight faithful associates, whicli,
for reasons not given, it was agreed should be regarded as their
" First Meeting." May we not, therefore, take that as the
date of our birth, and as beginning the existence which is now
so near to rounding a century ?

The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop said that he fully con-
curred with the President in regarding the 24th of January,
1791, as the proper date to be commemorated in any centen-
nial celebration of the formation of the Society ; but in view
of the uncertainty of the weather in January, he did not think
it important that any observances of that event should be held
on that precise day ; and on his motion, it was voted to refer
the whole subject to the Council, with a request that they
should report at the next meeting.

Mr. William S. Appleton then submitted the following
paper on

Avgiistin Dupre, and his Work for America.

While in Paris in the early months of 1888, I had the good
fortune to be of some use in securing for the Boston Public
Library a group of objects which may be called the Dupri^
collection. They had come from the family of the great med-
allist Augustin Dupr^, and relate wholly to his work done for
America or Americans, especially Franklin. I have been
allowed to have some of the most interesting and most port-
able for exhibition here to-day, and will give some description
of the collection, with a short account of the artist.

Augustin Dupr^ was born at St. Etienne near Lyons, Oct. 6,
1748, the son of a shoemaker. St. Etienne was the seat of
the royal factory of arms ; and as Dupr^ entered in youth the
employ of a gunmaker, this turned his artistic tastes and facul-
ties in the direction of engraving on metal. At the age of
twenty he walked to Paris, where he found the same employ-
ment, and soon distinguished himself by his beautiful work on
sword-hilts, gradually becoming also an engraver of dies for

1890.] DUPEE, AND HIS WOKK FOR AMERICA. 3-19

medals. He lived at Auteuil, not far from Franklin at Passy ;
and his French biographer says that his acquaintance with
Franklin began in their morning walks to Paris, which one
can readily accept as probable. The diplomatic philosopher
undoubtedly drew from the artist's lips an account of his labors
and aspirations, and was easily convinced of his ability as
already shown in his works. Duvivier was at that time the
principal engraver of the royal mint, and as such was employed
to design the medal voted by Congress to Washington for the
evacuation of Boston, — a medal of admirable workmanship,
but without the least suggestion of imagination or genius.
Dupr(i undoubtedly felt he could do better, and Franklin
gave him the opportunity.

I shall speak more particularly of Dupr^'s American medals
later ; but his merit had made him Medallist of the Royal
Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and an assistant engraver
for the mint, when a decree of the National Assembly of
April 9, 1791, ordered a competition for designs for a new
coinage. Dupr^ came out victorious over all other contestants,
among whom were Duvivier, the artist of the medals of Wash-
ington, De Fleurj', William Washington, and Howard, Gat-
teaux, the artist of the medals of Gates, Wayne, and Stewart,
Andrieu and Droz, also medallists of repute. Jul}' 11, 1791,
Duprd was named principal engraver of the mint ; and so con-
tinued till displaced by Bonaparte in 1803. Dupr^'s beau
tiful designs of 1791 for the pieces of twenty francs and five
francs were again adopted by the short-lived Republic of
1848-1852, and are familiar to all on the coinage of France of
the last twenty years, — a remarkable instance of national ap-
preciation and popularity. Dupr<j did not receive the cross
of the Legion of Honor till 1830. He died at Armentieres,
Jan. 31, 1833.

His work for America and Americans comprises seven med-
als, — the Libertas Americana, 1783 ; the Greene medal, 1787 ;
the Morgan and Jones medals, 1789 ; the Diplomatic medal,
1792, and two medals of Franklin of 1784 and 1786. The
collection now in the Public Library contains something relat-
ing to nearly all of these. The Libertas Americana has been
the object of unbounded admiration ever since it first appeared.
Some extracts from Franklin's letters concerning it may be
read in Vol. XL of the Proceedings of this Society, page 301.

350 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Mak.

The conception of the young American Republic as the infant
Hercules, whom France in the armor of Pallas covers with her
shield, the legend being " NON sine diis animosus infans,"
of course took immensely in France ; and the genius of Dupr^
wrought out this idea in shape so beautiful that the medal
must always rank among the choicest productions in its own
department of modern art. In the Dupre collection are jDroofs
of both sides in gold on a white ground.

Of the medal to Gen. Nathanael Greene there is nothing in
the collection, and but little relating to that of Paul Jones.
Of the medal to Gen. Daniel Morgan there are the hubs for
both dies, and Dupr^'s study in wax of the battle of the Cow-
pens for the reverse. This design excited the special enthu-
siasm of Dupr^'s French biographer, M. Charles Blanc of the
Institute, who wrote thus of it : " Le combat de Cowpens,
livr^ en Am^rique par Daniel Morgan, a ^te le sujet d'une
m^daille qui semble fremir sous le mouvement des cavaliers
qui bondissent et des fantassins qui fuient dans nn fond, creuse
par les plis imperceptibles du m^tal, et oil la fum^e du canon
va s'^vanouir." Nothing moi-e need be said.

The Diplomatic medal, with its legend, " to peace and
COMMERCE," was till a few j'ears ago a numismatic myster}',
which was however wholly cleared up in the " American Jour-
nal of Numismatics " for 1875. Thomas Jefferson ordered the
medal in 1790 in a letter to William Short, then Charg^
d' Affaires of the United States to France, in which he also
suggested the design, which was afterwards canied out by
Dupre. The dies were finished in 1792, and two medals were
struck in gold, — one for the Marquis de la Luzerne, and one
for the Comte de Moustier ; six impressions were also struck in
bronze, some of which are confidently believed to have been
destroyed in the great fire set by the Communists of Paris in
1871. One specimen in bronze is in this country. In the Du-
pre collection are the original dies of both sides, — one slightly
cracked, the other so badly broken as to be useless. There is
also Dupr^'s model of the reverse in clay, one of the two
most precious gems of the collection, carrying out Jefferson's
idea of "Columbia (a fine female figure) delivering the em-
blems of Peace and Commerce to a Mercury." We must
admire the inspiration of Jefferson as perpetuated by the
graver of Dupr^, when we see the beautiful Columbia in the

1890.] DUPE^, AND HIS WORK FOR AMERICA. 351

guise of an Indian Queen, placing in the hands of Mercury
for universal distribution a horn, filled with grain as a token
of the crops to feed the world, crowned by the olive-branch as
an offer of the principles of peaceful arbitration.

Concerning the medals of Franklin facts are few. I do not
find that Franklin makes any mention of them in his letters,
nor is it known who ordered them. Certainly Franklin himself
did not. Duprc^ designed two large medals with the same head
of Franklin, — both well known to collectors, and evidently
ordered by some enthusiastic admirer. In the Duprd collec-
tion are the obverse die and two proofs of a small medal of
Franklin, not known, I think, in finished state. There is also
a proof from an oval die with the arms of a family of Franklin,
■which it is possible was ordered by the old philosopher turned
diplomat, though one must regret that he should appear to
have asserted a claim to bear them ; but such weakness may
almost be called a national failing. The two large medals
have the same head, the reverse of the medal of 1786 being
simply a wreath, while that of 1784 has the beautiful figure of
a Genius, each bearing the well-known inscription, " eripuit

CCELO FULMEN SCEPTRUMQUE TYRANNIS." The Dupr^ collec-
tion also contains what to Bostonians must be its most precious
object, — Duprd's sketches in pencil, dated 1783, with the first
ideas of the medal with the Genius. The obverse is to all
intents an original portrait of Franklin, with the legend " benj.

FRANKLIN MINIS. PLEN. DES ^TATS UNIS DE L'AMEEIQUB

MDCCLXXXiii.," which was changed on the medal to " benj.
FRANKLIN NATUS BOSTON. XVII JAN. MDCCVi." The reverse
differs slightly from the medal as struck ; but the inscription
is far inferior, being " je vole k L'lMMORTALiTfi," for which
the Latin was substituted, as just mentioned.

Most of the objects I have described are strictly unique in
the full meaning of that often misused word, since tliere was
no occasion ever to make a duplicate or repetition of them,
except in the case of the broken dies. It is possible that this
was done, though the statements in the published correspond-
ence relating to them are somewhat confusing. There are other
objects of less interest in the collection, as the engraving of the
fight between the "Bon Homme Richard" and the "Serapis,"
evidently sent to Duprd to guide him in drawing the ships for
the reverse of the medal of Paul Jones ; and a head pf Jones

352 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

in bronze too large for the medal as struck, as if Dupr^ had
originally designed a larger medal. There are also proofs of
both sides of the medal to Washington for the evacuation of
Boston, by Duvivier, which we may agreeably suppose to
have been presented by the senior artist to Dupri^. The
authorities of the city of Paris were desirous to secure the
collection ; but M. Hoffmann, the dealer from whom it was
bought, preferred that it should come to this country, where
there can be no more proper place for it as a whole than Bos-
ton. And I think that we may rejoice that it is securely
placed in the Public Library, which is indebted for it to the
patriotic interest and liberal views of our own librarian.

The Rev. Heney F. Jenks communicated a diary kept in
1760, during the French and Indian War, by his great-grand-
father, Capt. Samuel Jenks, which covers the same period
as the diary of Sergeant David Holden, already printed by the
Society. 1

Samuel Jenks was born in Lynn, Mass., March 12, 1732.
He learned his trade (that of a blacksmith) from his father,
and wrought at it successively in Chelsea (on Point Shirley), —
where the journal following shows that he was residing in
1760, when lie started on the campaign which it records, —
and in Medford, Newton, — where his son William (H. C.
1797, and member of our Society for many years) was born, —
and in Boston. In the " Boston Directory " of 1789, the first
published, his name appears, — " Jenks, Samuel and Son, black-
smiths and bellows makers, at the sign of the bellows, Gard-
ner's Wharf, Ann Street" ; and in that of 1796, which appears
to have been the next one published, his residence is given on
Cross Street, where he was known to have been living in
1787, when the same son entered the Boston Latin School.
He died at Cambridge, June 8, 1801.

" He was twice," says his son,^ " engaged in military expe-
ditions, being in the Canadian campaigns of 1758 and 1760,
in the latter of which he was the youngest captain in the
provincial army; and the late Governor Brooks assured me
that the instruction which he derived at Medford from my

1 See 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. pp. 384-409.

2 N. E. Hist. Gen. Keg , vol. ix., July, 1855.

1890.] JOtJKNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 353

father's experience and military knowledge was of essential
service to himself at the opening of the Revolutionary contest."
In the " Mercury and New-England Palladium," of Friday,
June 12, 1801, was published the following obituary : —

*' Died at Cambridge, on Monday, Samuel Jenks, Esq., aged 70, late
of this town, a captain of the provincial service of 1760, and an active
officer in the campaign of 1758. In the character of this upright and
worthy man were combined those qualities which render piety amiable
and virtue engaging. His mind was enlightened and candid. The
leisure of a laborious and useful life was employed in furnishing it with
various information. Convinced of the truth and importance of the
Gospel, he was a rational, sincere, and practical Christian, and experi-
enced in the closing scenes of life that peace of mind and hope of
future happiness which it alone can confer. — As a friend, a brother,
a husband, and a father, he was tender and affectionate. As a citizen,
he was blameless, and governed his whole conduct by the strictest rules
of equity. He was a lover of order and good government, and an
ardent friend to his country. To society he has bequeathed an exem-
plary pattern of honesty, integrity, and Christian meekness ; to his
children a rich legacy, — the inestimable treasure of an unblemished
reputation."

I have added a few foot-notes referring to parallel
in Sergeant Holden's journal.

Samuel Jenks, his Joitrnall of the Campaign in 1760.

Point Shirley, May the 22", 1760. Then set out on a campaign for
the total reduction of Canada.

Wednsday, 28"" of May. Arivd at Albany to the camp ; found my
company iucamping in good health.

Thirsday, 29. Sent a letter home by the post. Eec"' orders to be
ready for command up the river & to leave my tent standing.

Fryday, 30'" of May. Rec'd orders from Genrall Amherst to pro-
ceed to Fort Miller with a number of battoes loaded with provisions
& a com'd of 50 men.

Monday, June 2"*, 1760. Onloade the battoes at the rifts above half
moon, & proceed with emty battoes to Still Water.

Tuseday, 3* June. Rec* 240 barrells flour & drew 2 days allow-
ance to carry to Fort Miller.

Wednsday, 4"' June. Ariv* at Fort Miller at night & landed the
provisions, & am here stationed for the transportation of provisions
from hence to Fort Edward.

354 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

[Mar.

Tliirsday, 5*. Drew five days allowance to bring my men up to the
time of others on station draw.

Fryday, 6* of June. Cap' Smith ariv'' to releive me & for me to
proceed forward with my own company. This day prou'' wet, & a
sorry party of the Massachusetts troops ariv"? We were hurried in
transporting the provisions & battoes across the carrying place.

Saturday, T"". Continued at y° station in giting over battoes &
provisions.

Sunday, 8*. Orders for my company to proceed with the party that
is ready for Fort Edward ; myself to tary till Col" Th™ arives for my
orders to proceed. This day my company put of in battoes for Fort
Edward, & I have rec'^ orders to follow them in the first boats.

Monday, June 9*. Imbarqu** on board Capt. Dunbars battoe for
Fort Edward ; ariv"* there before night ; found my company incamp' on
the plain : went to view the fort, which I think is well built, but not
well sictuated for to stand a seige.

Tuseday, 1 0"". Rec'' orders to march to Lake George, & march' of
about 10 oclock a.m. in one colum. Ariv" at Lake George, & in-
camp' before night.

Wednsday, 1 1 June. Remaind incamp! ; went to view the works ;
drew 2 days allowance to carry us to Ticondaroga.

Thirsday, 12 June. Sent a letter home by M' Dix. . . . This
morning struck our tents, & decamp' at revaloe beating, then march'
down to ye battoes & imbarqu* for Ticondaroga. The wind blowing
hard a head, we put a shore at a small distance from y' fort on y^ east
side y* lake ; the wind abateing, we set off & came to the first narrows
on a small island & stopt to cook, haveing come 12 miles. The land on
each side is exceeding mountainous, & abounds with vast number of
rattlesnakes ; our people kilF 6 or 8 on this small island. Then put
of, as soon as the rear came up & refresh' themselves, to another island
near Sabbath Day Point, & campt.

Fryday. 13"" June. We got our breakfasts ; then the Col? gave orders
to put off for Ticondaroga. Got there about three oclock p.m. &
landed, & the Col° went with a small escort to the fort & return'' ;
gave orders for the troops to march & incamp at the saw mill about a
mile from y' landing, which was accordingly done ; here all the officers
that had never been on this land had to pay their entrance.

Saturday, H"" June. Remaind incampt at the mills. Here great
numbers of the camp ladys came down from Crown Point on their
way to Albany ; sum of them interceding to be taken back. Here we
are like to draw arms, haveing marcht all the way hither without.
Expect to march for Crown Point to morrow, having detacht Lieut.
Pope & 12 men to tarry at Ticondaroga with L\ Col° Miller, who has
a detachment of 300 men to stop there.

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 355

Sunday, 15"" June. This morning we drew our arms & six
cartriges a man. After delivering out the arms & ammunitisioa
we imbarqu"" on board battoes, 32 in each, for Crownpoint ; set off,
& pas'* by the fort at Ticondaroga, which is very pleasantly scituated
on y" Lake Charaplain, & commands the Narrows and the entrance of
South Bay. Here lay the Great Reddoe & 2 sloops waiting for a wind
to proceed to Crown-point. It being late in the day, we could not
reach Crownpoint. The Col° ordered the regiment to incamp near a
block house, which is 2 miles from the main fort. The land on each
side this lake is level, & looks like good land, & all looks pleasant &
agreable.

Monday, 1 6* June. Decamp' early this morning, & arivd at Crown-
point ; landed above the fort, & incannpt. This day it raiud & thun-
dred prety much in y' forenoon. Went to view the works, which I
think, when finished, may be justly stil"* the strongest place the English
has on the continent. Here, I bleive, is our station for this campeign,
for there is an immense sight of work to be done before these forts are
compleated.

Tuseday, 17"" June. This morning I was ordred off with 200 men
across the lake in order to git sum spruce. Cap' Brewer of the
Rangers went to pilot us; when we got a shore we march' with front,
rear, & flank guards. Return'' without any molestation from y" enemy ;
brought a fine quantity of spruce. The commanding officer on the
station gave us his thanks for the service we had done.

Wednsday, 18"" June. This day I was off" duty. At the evening we
espy? a fire ' made on the west side the lake about 6 miles down. Ime-
diately a party & sum of our pequit gaurd was sent in 2 battoes &
a whale boat for to discover who they be. As Rogers is out with a
large party tis supposed it is sum of his returning.

T7ursday, 1 9 June. This day, Major Skeen, who went out to se wat
the fire was made for, returned about 9 oclock a. m., & brought in 2 of
our men tliat run away from the French ; they had been without pro-
visions 6 day, living on strawberrys & roots. About noon we discover*
several boats coming up the lake from toward St Johns, which proves
to be sum of our people that have been in captivity; there is about 130
in all. Tliey bring us the agreable news of the French being obliged
to raise the seige of Quebeck in the greatest confusion, with the loss
of 3,500 men, & all their arteliry, & all their camp equipage, & that the
country is all in confusion.

Fryday, 20 June. This day the train are carying the shott & shells
in great numbers out of the fort down to the wharfe, in order to ship
on board the vessels ; & great numbers are at work in preparing car-

1 See Sergeant Holden's Journal, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 392.

356 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

triges «& other necessarys for the expedition which I bleive will be
form'' her against the fortifyed island & St. Johns. This day I wrote
sev^al letters to be ready to send by sum of the prisioners that are
going home to New England. This after noou a whale boat was sent
off with dispatches to Major Rogers, &c.

Saturday, 21 June. This day pvou'* rainy. We spent the day in
our tent writeing letters & disputeing sum points of concequence. At
evening we drank to our wives & sweethearts, &c.

Sunday, 22'' June. This day prov" very pleaseant. I was of duty.
Should be glad to have some news from home to amuse my self. No
regard is paid in general here to sacred time. This day I heard a band
of musick at the commanding officers tent while they were dineing,
which was very delightful], tho in my opinion not so seasonable on such
days of sacred appointment.

Monday, 23 June. This day was very rainy & wet. I kept in
my tent most of the day. Toward night it cleard of. Sum of Major
Rogers party arivd from a scout. At nine oclock in y' evening the
Major came in himself, & 26 French prisioners with him, taken about
3 miles from St. John's Fort. He has destroy'' a small pequited fort
& several houses, & a great quantity of provisions. This was effected
without any blood shed or fireing a gun.

Tvseday. 24. This day fair & pleasant. I had the care of a 100
men to work in the King's Garden, which is the finest garden I ever
saw in my life, having at least 10 acres inclosed, & mostly sow'' & im-
prou'^. This day one of our pretenders to a commission was whipt —
a 1 00 lashes at post for disobeying orders & insolent language.^

Wednsday. 25 June. This morning Cap' Harris's company came
up to y^ incampment ; brings no news or letters. This day, about
9 oclock A. M., a flag of truce arivd from Canada. There is a general
officer in the flag of truce, & they was sent down directly to Genl Am-
herst, who we hear set of 3 days agon from Shenaetada.^ I hear, by
Cap' Harris, that Mr. Sam' Berry is stationed at Fort Edward ; is
got so far promoted as to have a second lievtenancy with Cap' Henry
Brown.

Thirsday, 26 June. This day I took a quantity of stores of Mr,
Forsey in order to supply my men. I rec'' a letter from Boston with
Liev' Richardsons commission in it. Went directly to the sutlers to
wett it. so it might wear well withou cracking. Several battoes ariv''
here with provision from Ticondaroga. The weather clear & pleasant.

Fryday, 27 June. Today Col"! Ingersoll & Major Willard & 4
cap? & 300 men, were sent up the lake in order to cut timber to finish

1 Sergeant Holden's Journal gives the name of John Bunker. 2 Proceedings,
vol. iv. p. 393.

2 Probably Sclienectadv.

1390.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 357

the works.* To day I am of duty ; went to see the detachment im-
barque. This day the prisioner that were sent hear by the enemy
went off for New Enghuid & N. York.

Saturday, 28 June. To day I detacht 7 men of my company to go in
the artelery under the command of Cap' Jones. Went out to walk round
to see the land ; could see where the Indians used to carry our people in
order to burn. I am told great numbers of them have been caried
there to sutter to satisfie their insatiate loue of blood & cruelty. At
night we followed the old custom of drinking to wives & swetthearts.

Sunday, 29 June. To day the weather is quite pleasant, — a rare
thing in this part of the word. I see no regard paid to this day, with-
out it is to put more men on duty. Can hear no news from home at
all, no way.

Monday, 30 June, 1760. This day I have the pequit guard. Sent
the Liev! & 36 men across the lake to git sum bark for the hospitall.
The weather showrey. I wrote a letter home, having an oppertnnity
to send it directly to Boston. To day 2 men belonging to our troops
was caryed to the hospital, being taken with the small pox.^ I am in
hopes it wont spread, for all possible care is taken to prevent it, the
hospitall being 2 miles off" the incampment ; & our colonels have not
had it ; so they will, I trust, take the more care that it dont spread.

Tuseday, 1" July, 1760. This day am off duty. This morning the
brigg came up the lake from a cruize. She is a fine looking vessell,
& it seem much as if I were at home, seeing a brig come in & come to
anchor. We are mending the battoes, & every thing looks likely
we shall move forward in about 20 days. To day my First Lev? &
Serg' Martin & 3 privates my company went down the lake to relivee
the regular troops stationd down there in the sloops. There went
about 60 of the Provincials & Rhoad Island troops in the party. To
day Ens" Newhall of my company is on duty at drawing timber in to
the fort. He has command of 80 men.

Wednsday, 2"" .My. To day I have the care of 280 men to work
in the fort. To day .Joseph Eaton of Cap' Harts company died sense-
less, & in the evening one of Cap' Jackson's men at roll calling answerd
to his name, but before they had done he was dead. Col". Willard
came to camp to day from New England. . . .

Thirsday, 8^ July. To day I am off duty ; went to view the works.
There is a setler here has not obey"* the genr' orders, but sold his liqours
to the soldiers, & several of the regulars got drunk, & one of them
broke open a markee & was whipt one thousand lashes. His liquors

• Col. Joseph IngersoU and Major Caleb Willard. Holden's Journal makes
a trifling difference in the numbers sent. See 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 893.

358 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

were seized & taken out of his store, to the number of one pipe of
Bristoll beer & 3 quarter casks of wine, & stove to peices, & all the
liquor lost ; & another sutler for the like offence had 5 or 6 casks of
liquors stove in like maner. So we have wine & strong beer running
down our street.^ In the evening we had very sharp thunder &
lightning. The clouds run very low. I was never so sensible of the
thunder being so nigli in my life. We have rain here almost every
other day, otherwise there would nothing grow, for the ground is almost
all clay, & in two days time if it be clear sunshine, it will bake so hard
that no grass can grow.

Fry day, 4* July, 1760. To day I was ordred to hold a court
martial at my tent, my self president, for the tryall of Peter Jones a
private in Cap' Martin's company, confin"^ by Cap' Abial Peirce for
denying his duty & insolent language. The members, being 4 liev",
were assembled. The prisiouer was brought, & the crime read. He
pleaded ignorance of the facts aledged against him, as also his being in
liquor & knew not what he did. Capf Peirce was then caP, who prou'?
the fact by Cap! Hart, who was present & heard him deny & abuse
Cap' Peirce. The prisoner's own officer then came & said that the said
Jones was very apt to be depriv"* of his reason by the smallest quantity
of spiritous liquor. The prisoner was then sent back to the guard
house. The court after having debated and considred on the nature
of the crime & the mans constitution, they resolv"* he should receive 50
stripes on his naked back with a cat nine tails. The result being
carry'' to the commanding officer, he approu"! of it as just & right.
There was myself & 2 other of the court had never been on court
martials ; we went & was shod according to custom. This evening
at releiving the pequit the s"* Jones rec" his punishment. To day
Brigadier General Ruggles ariv'' here from New England.

Saturday, 5"" July. Tiiis day was very sultry, hot. I took a walk
round the incampment. There came in 6 Oneida Indians,'' & brought
in one scalp. There is a rumer in camp that there is 300 Canada Indians
a comeing to joyn us, being discouraged with the bad luck the Monsiuers
have. I hear like wise that our General Murry at Quebeck hangs all
without distinction who were in the capitulation last year at the sur-
ender of Quebeck, & that have assisted the French at the late attempt
on that fortress. To day I heard that Col" Montgomery has had a
skirmish with the Cherokee Indians, & kill* 100 of them, & burnt 3
towns. At night we concluded by drinking to wives and sweet hearts,
which is as duly obseru'' here as any of our duty. There is one more

' See Sergeant Holden's Journal of the same date. One of the sutlers
named George Morris. 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. .394.

'^ These Indians are mentioned by Sergeant Holden, Ibid.

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 359

of Cap' Harts men dead to day. Through God's goodness, I hant lost
one man of my company yet, nor is any of them sick ; it is a general
time of health in camp. Can hear no news from home. Yesterday
was in company with the Gentlemen Commissioners from old York,
who are well acquainted with my relations there, who were all well
when they set off.

Sunday, 6 July. To-day it is extreame hot. I took a walk about
2 miles in the wood to see the carpenters ; returned & wrote 2 let-
ters to send home. We have no appearance of any divine worship
in our camp, & I can see no defirence in regard to the day. I spent
most of the day in my tent writeing & reading. Ens" Newhall is on
duty drawing timber. I hear 2 of our New England men are dead of
the small pox at the hospitall, & I hear that the French will give up
Montreal without fighting any more. The news about Col' Montgomery
is confirm''.

Monday, 7"" July. Took a walk down to the landing. Return* to
breackfast, & rec'' a letter from my brother Jenks, dated 9 June, 1760,
with the agreable news of their being all in health at that time. To
day I begun to build me a booth, but before it was finished I had
orders to move to the right of the incampment, being in the first bat-
tallion of Brigadier Genrael Ruggles's reg', & so must move my booth
or loose all my leabour. There is eleven companys in the first battal-
lion, & 10 in the second. Colonell Richard Saltonstall comands the
first battallion under the Brigadier.

Tiiseday, 8 July, 1760. This morning we were alarm* about 6 oclock
by the enemy, who fell upon a party of Major Rogers' rangers, just by
their incampment on the other side the lake, all in sight of our incamp-
ment, & they have kill* one on the spot & wounded six more, who
are brought over to the hospitall. I have been down to see them, &
4 of them are mortally woundid, — 2 shot through their bodys, & 1
shot through his head, the other through both thighs; the 2 others
may, with good care, git well. It was a very affecting sight to see the
poor creatures lay weltering in their blood & fainting with death in
their countenance.^ Immediately Major Rogers with his rangers ran
out of their breast work & pursued the enemy, who are almost all
French, but very few Indians among the party. Ti.s suppos* there was
300 in their party, & the regular light infantry & severall large partys
of regulars to intercept them ; & a sub of our troops & 2.5 men was
sent down to the sloops to give them inteligeuce. It was a bold
action, right in plain view of our forts & camps, & but a little way
from Major Rogers incampment, & on the same side the lake ; we
have seen part of the rangers return, but what news I cannot learn.
The same day we were setled & regimented, & I am in Col" Salton-
1 See Holdeu's Journal of the same date, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 394.

360 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mak.

stons battalion, which is the first in the regiment, commanded by
Brigadier General Ruggles. We then struck our tents & iucampt on
the right of all the Massachusetts troops. Both the brigadiers battal-
lions, — Col° Tho" regiment on the left & Col° Willard in the center.
Those captains belonging to the first battallion, after our being rank",
all went to the sutlers & drank to our better acquaintance, & then
returnd, mutually satisfyed with our lots ; & I am e.xceedingly rejoyc"
that it was my lot to fall amongst such agreable officers.

Wednsday, 9 July. This day am off duty, & have built us a fine
booth. At the door of my tent, the weather extreame hot. Took
a walk after dinner. Can hear no news in camp, only disputeing of
rank amongst officers, & whiping sutlers & soldiers. At evening had
a letter from L' Richardson, who is well, but not content with
his station. Major Rogers is return* without overtakeing the enemy ;
the wounded men are all alive yet, but I dont think they can live
long.

Thirsday, Idth July. This day is very sultry, hot. I am off duty,
building me another booth. Ens° Newhall is on a court martial. I let
the president hold his court at my tent, because his had no booth
finish* for his conveniency. I find this climate vastly hotter than I
ever expected. I think it has been much hotter this 6 or 7 days than I
ever knew so many together in New England. Two of the wounded
men of the rangers is dead ; & Jacob Hallowell, that was wounded in
Rogers' fight before, is also dead of his wounds.

Fryday, 11 July, 1760. Continues very hot & dry. I am on duty, &
Ens" Newhall with me ; we were drawing timber out in the wood ; have
100 men ; & we all cary our arms out since the enemy fell on Rogers's
working party. To day I rec'^ a letter from my own partner, the only
one I have rec'' from her since I left home, dated 8 June, & one from
Brother Nathan, dated 9 June, with the most agreable news of their
being in health. L' Pope came up from Ticondaroga, & brought these
letters & a number of others from New England. Expect soon to
move forward.

Saturday, 12 July, 1760. Continues extreame hot & dry. To day I
found that James Casey & Wra Delarue had got orders on the sutler &
forged my name to them & taken a considerable up. I immediately
sent them under guard, & acquainted Col° Saltonstal of their crime,
who advised me not to send their crime in as forgery, because then they
must come to a general court martial & be try* for their lives, & it is
death by the martial law for a soldier to counterfit his officers hand ;
but told me to send in their crime as ill behaviour & insolent treatment,
which I accordingly did, & by that means hope their lives will be
saved by trying them by a regimental court martial. To day Mr. Fur-
nance, our brigade major, ariv* from New England. I sent 2 letters

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 361

for home by Serg' Fullinton, of Cap! Harris's company, who has orders
to go to Albany. At uight we drank to wives & sweethearts, & so
concluded the day. More news of going forward.

Sunday, 13 July. This morning I went to the sutlers & searched all
my orders, & found that Henry Bony & Jacob Hasey had orders on
him that was counterfit. I immediately sent the gent" under guard, &
the Brigadier ordred a court martiall on them ; but I got him to put it
off uutill to morrow. To day L' Richmond confind a regular to our
guard for abusive language, & just as our pequit was releivd & gone to
their tent, there came about 40 of the granadiers with clubs & forced
our quarter guard & took away the prisoner. The guard pursued as
fast as possible, & pequit was turnd out, & all pursud, & recovered 2
of the mob ; they fird 2 guns at the granadiers ; I beleive wounded
sum. This affair put the whole of the line in commotion ; all the reg-
ular regiments were turnd out in an instant & drawn up in order, sup-
poseing it was an enemy ; how ever, we were soon in quiet. 2 of the
offenders was securd, & will no doubt meet with a punishment ade-
quate to their crimes. I can see no distintion paid to the day except
the flags flying & more men put on duty, & almost always sum develish
pranek playd, &c.

3IoHday, July 14"". This day, about 7 o'clock a. m., there was a
regimental court martial held at the presidents tent, who was Cap'
Chadbourn ; after the prisoners was brought & examl, Casey & Delaru
confesed they were guilty of the facts, but the other 2 pleaded not
guilty; but Hasey owu'^ he saw Delarue sign his order, but it appeard
Bony knew nothing of his signing his. The court sentenced Casey 250
stripes, Delarue 150, & Hasey 50; which the Brigadier approu'' off as
just. At releiving the quarter guard, these fellows was brought forth &
rec* their punishment.* I ordred the serjants to turn out all my com-
pany to see them go through the opperation, to deter any from such vile
practises. I had rather lost 20 dollers than such affairs should a hap-
ned in my company. Ens? Newhall has been on com'^ up to Ticon-
daroga today. L' Richardson sent of for stores which I sent him.
Heard a rumor of Esq Goldthwaits comeing up pay master of our
troops ; I fear too good news to be true.

Tuseday, July 15. The weather continues extreame hot & dry. I
have the care of a 100 men for to make fachines & gabions & erecting
a fachine batery in ordf to practise the men as Lord Louden did at
Halifax. I had an easy tour, for I went out at 5 o'clock in the morn-
ing & return'' @ 8, & then went out again at 5 in tlie afternoon &
return in at gun firing. We have continual whiping of sum or other in

1 The record of this and the preceding two days amplifies the account of
Sergeant Holden, under date of July 14, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 304.

dbZ MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mab.

the line. To day Col° Saltonston told me my friend Esqr Goldthwait
was certainly coming up to pay of our troops.

Wednsday, 1 6 July. To day am of duty. Got sundry of stores of
Mr. Hobbey for my company. We had news in camp that there was
12,000 French comeing up the lake, & that they had taken our 3 sloops
that are cruizeing down the lake, — camp news, I beleive. To day I read
a New York paper of the 30 June, & find the news exactly true that
ye prisones brought in here the 19"' of June conserning the raising the
seige of Quebeck. In the after noon went to se the train practise in
throwing shells. They hove 12 in all; it was a pleasant sight to see
them flying in the air. Our people has caught two fawns alive in the
lake, & there is plenty of them in these parts.

Thirsday, 17* July. To day am off duty. The weather continues
hot & dry. I spent most part of the day in my tent a overhawling
orders & settling accounts, & seeing that my companys tents well barked
over the bottom, according to Brigadier General Euggles order. In
the afternoon walkd round the camp to pass away time & to divert
our selves. Hear that Gen' Amherst set off from Oneida Lake the 9 in-
stant for Oswago, & expect to move forward in about 12 days from here.
To day Ens° Newhall is on pequit.

Fryday, 18"" July, 1760. Very hot & no signs of rain, which is very
much wanted here, for if it continues such weather a few days longer,
all the fine gardens we have here will be intirely dry" up, & all the
fruits perish. This morning Cap' Hart & I went to view the fachine
battery, which is a most finished & looks very beautifull. Returnd &
have been calculating how far we are from home, & find it by the best
judges 190 miles to Boston by No. 4. So then I am nearer home than
when I was at Albany, altho I have traveled a 100 miles from Albany.
To day the train are practiseing their mortars in throwing shells, &
our troops have drawn 6 rounds pr man in order to fire at a mark. In
the afternoon we had a fine refreshing shower. Cleard up & quite
cool & pleasant. There was two of the regular officers fought a duel
with pistols. They made 2 tryalls, but did not wound neither. This
evening we was drawn up on the parade & had prayers perform'' by
a chaplain ' from New England. He is the only one of that cloath that
has joynd us yet.

Saturday, lO"" Jidy, 1760. This morning went to see the train
practise throwing of shells. They made several very good shotts. Re-
turnd & went to view the fachine battery. This day about 500 troops
went across the lake to git spruse ; nothing meterial hapned. This day
there is a post arive* from Oswago. At night we concluded by drink-
ing to wives & sweethearts, which is as constantly observ* as any duty
we have in camp. Pleasant weather to day.

1 See Sergeant Holden's Journal, 2 Proceedings, vol. \v. p. 396.

JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 363

Sunday, 20 July. To day am off duty. It has been my luck as yet
not to be ou any duty of a Suuday. To day I wrote a letter to send
home, & spent most of the day in my tent writeing & reading. The
weather very hot; much hotter than is used to be in New England.
At night we had prayers in the camp. No news from home, which is
the scarcest of any thing in camp ; for we have ladys enough in town, &
they are walking out with the regular officers to take y' evening air
every night.

Monday, 21" July. To day I have the care of a party of men to
work in the fort drawing the timber up ou the walls. Was very agre-
ably entertaind on the works by the company of a regular officer who
lately came from captivaty iu Montreal, & reading the Spectator.
Towards night the brigg ' came down from Ticondaroga, haveing been
up to clean & grave. The weathr prety pleasant. I have a bad boil
on my right wrist, which is very troublesome.

Tmeday, 22"^ July. The large English sloop has come down last
night, & all things preparing to proceed down the lake. Went this
morning with Cap' Hart & Ens° Newhall down to the wharfe to see
the shiping & the preparations going on. In returning to camp Ens"
Newhall is taken very ill with a vomiting. I immediately by his
desire got the doctor to come to him, & he has gave him sumthing
which I hope by Gods blessing will cary off his illness. Went after
diner to view the fachine battery. Rogers's men are practiseing at
shooting at marks. We have very hot dry weather, the days much
hotter than in New England, but the nights are as cold as we have in
September, for I can not lay warm in my blanket towards day, but in
the day can hardly bear any cloaths on. By the best information I can
git we shall move forward in first week in August. We are preparing
all things necessary to forward the opperatious. This evening Ens"
Newhall is much better.

Wednsday, 23'' JuJy, 1760. This morning there is a general court
martial, held at Brigadier General Ruggles tent, himself presedent, for
the tryall of all prisoners that are brouglit before them. L! Richmond
of Col? Thomas's reg! is brought on tryall, confind by the com'' officer
Col" Havertin for disobedience of orders. Tliis morning Ens° Newhall
is got prety comfortable again ; he has had a very sharp turn, but hope
is out of danger of being sick. In the afternoon had a letter from Leu-
tenant Richardson from on board one of the sloops that are down the
lake, with news of their being all well that belong to me I prepared a
quantity of stores to send them down, but am inform"* they are ordred
up ; so I defer** sending them. The biigg has been firing 2 rounds
to clear her guns. The train & rangers & all the troops except the
provincials are practiseing.

' See Sergeant Holden's Journal, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 395.

364 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

TIdrsday, 24"" July, 1760. To day am off duty. Went to see where
they have been throwiug bombs. They have measurd out a 1000
yards, & set stakes at every 50 yards with the number ou them.
Here is one of my men that was stationed at Ticondaroga, come up
with a seller who has brought up a very fine mistress with him. On
their passage they fell into disputes. At length he struck her, which
inraged hir so that alter several fits & efforts jumpt over board.
This cool'' her courage, lor her sweetheart held her under water untill
she was amost expiring. They then took her in, stript ofi' her cloaths
& drest anew, & so the fray ended. I wish it were the fate of all
these sort of ladys that follow the army. She apeard prety likely &
was very well drest This day proues rainy, which is very much wanted
in this dark corner of the earth. At night 2 of our sloops came up
from a cruize. I hear L' Richardson is on board one of them.

Fryday, July 25*, 1760. Went this morning on board the sloop
where Liev' Richardson & part of my company is. Found them all in
good health. Brought the lievtenant ou shore. The news in camp is
that Gen' Amherst, attempting to go down a falls, was attact by the
enemy & lost 1000 men & is now comeing back to go this way. I lik-
wise heard the French had blown up the fortifyd island & gone, & that
Geu! Murry had laid seige to Montreal, & that it is a establisht peace
at home, &c.

Saturday, July 26*, 1760. This day off duty; the weather rainy.
I kept cheifly in my tent. Ens" Newhall remains ill. L' Richardson
on shore, wee all practiseing drinking to wives & sweethearts, & I am
warnd this evening to go on command to Ticondarofra to morrow for
provisions. A regular captain commands the whole detachment. Noth-
ing occourd to day remarkable.

Sunday, 27* Jtdy, 1760. This morning was on the parade at reva-
loes beating for go with the detachment to the mill for provision. It
raind prety much, but the wind is fair. We set off about 7 oclock
A. M. ; had a fine gale all the way, but much rain. Got there about
noon. There was about 500 in the party. We could not git boats
enough for the whole, so came back 10 in battoe. We rendavousd at
Ticondaroga fort. I went to view the fortifications. They are advan-
tageously built & very strong & pleasantly scituated. We all set of
again about 5 oclock p. m. The weather is clear'' up quite pleasant &
calm. We all made the best of our way for our station. I arivd
about nine oclock at night at my tent. This is the first Sunday I have
been on duty up here. There was divine service performd in camp to
day. But I have not had the luck of hearing one sermon since I left
home. I hear to day that the recruits raised in our provinc are on
their march. Query, will they arive before December.

Monday, 28'" July. This morning went down to the landing for to

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 365

see the boats vnloaded. The weather is fair, serene, cool, & pleasant,
with a fine breeze to the westward. I spent most of the day in walk-
ing rouud the fort landing & places ajacant. The fleet is fiting out with
all expedition & makes a very fine appearance. I hope we shall soon
pay Monsiuers a vissit at the He aux Noix. No extraordinaries hapned
to day.

Tuseday, 29* July, 1760. To day am off duty. L? Kichardson has
saild again down the lake on a cruize to releive the other sloop. To
day there was a large pekerell found on the shore. It measurd 4 feet
5 inches in length & waid, as is reported, 35 lb. Towards night the
sloop that was stationed down the lake came up. Most part of this day
I spent in walking round the camp & forts. There is a party sent to
carry provisions to the Hamshire troops.

Wednsday, 30* July. To day am off duty. Spent most of the day
in the tent in writeing and posting of my accounts. This after noon a
droue of cattle came from No. 4. At the evening wrote a letter to send
home by the drovers. Ens° Xewhall is got quite well again. No news
from home, altho there comes plenty of letters in camp, yet none for me.

Thirsday, 3 P' July. To day wrote letters & made up 2 packquets
for my men to send home to New England. Have spent part of the
day with Cap' Hart in his tent & several other gentlemen disputeing on
the carrage & deferent disposition of the fair sex. This afternoon the
Hamshire troops are ariv'^. They were obliged to quit the road & come
forward because the could not git a supply of provisions that way.

Fryday, V- of August, 1760. This morning I awoke & found my tent
all flood with water, — about 4 inches over the floor. I got a number of
my men to dig a trench to drean of the water. To day have y" care
of a party of men to take the number of battoes that are assin'' to our
battallion. "We rec? 80 battoes for all the Massachusetts troops, & brought
them to a convenient place & sunk them for to keep them tight, & set
a guard over them.

Saturday, 2* August. To day am off duty. There is about 120
seamen draughted out to go on board the brig ^ & sloops ; they are this
day sail"" on a cruize down the lake. Its said they are to take post at an
island 7 miles a this side He aux Noix, & a rumor prevails that we shall
send a 1,000 men down there to incamp till the whole arives. S. evening
we followed the delightful custom of remembering wives & sweat-
hearts.

Sunday, 3* Au^., 1760. I find tis the Lords Day by the flags
flying, as its the only visible sign of the day amongst us. Went to view
the Hamshire incampment & the mark that is made to fire cannon shott
at. The weather very hot to day. Cap' Aaron Willard ariv* from No.

1 The name of the brig was " Duke Cumberland." See Sergeant Holden'a
Journal, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 395.

366 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAIi SOCIETY. [Mar.

4. I hear the recruits are on their way up here a this side Albany.
To day divine service was perform'' at our perrade by one of our
chaplains.

Monday, 4"' Aug', 1760. This morning lowery & rainy. I am of
duty to day ; spent my time in tent writeing & reading & posting of ac-
counts. I have 1 2 of my men detacht this morning to go over the lake
to cut timber. In the after noon it cleard up quite pleasant. As I walk''
out to amuse my self down to the landing & round the incampment, I
heard of the approach of the recruits ; hope to have news from home by
them. I expect them here this week.

Tuseday, 5"" August. I understand that Mr. Farrington has agreed
to ride as post to New England, to carry letters at six pence, Yorke
currency, a peice ; be purposses to make 2 trips this campeign. I wrote
several letters to send by him. I went over the lake to see Rogers's
incampment which is very pleasant. There is a fine hospatall rais** to
day for our troops. The afternoon spent in walking out, & riteing in my
tent. Have nothing extraordinary to day.

Wednsday, 6 Aug'., 1760. To day am off duty ; went to see the ar-
telery practise at fireing shott. To day, about noon Esq' Goldthwait ariv'*
from New England ; he is, as I understand, pay master gen' of our troops.
He brought me the most aereable news I have heard in camp ; that is,
I mean the news of my wife & freind being in health. I rec"" 3 letters,
— one from her, one from brother Jenks, & one from brother Nathan
Sergant.

Thirsday, T"". To day am off duty ; spent most of the day in camp.
I hear the recriuts are all on ttheir way up here ; sum of the officers are
arived all ready. We have orders to be ready to imbarque a Sunday
next for St. Johns. I hope to be able in short time to give a good ac-
count of sum part of Canada if its the will of God, & my Col° orders me
to move on with the troops. No extraordinaries to day. Shipiug shott
& shells.

Fryday, 8* Aug'. To day wrote a letter, & sent it in Mrs. Goldth waifs
by Mr. Farrington, who set of to day for Boston, & is to return imme-
diately after his business is done. Mr. Goldthwait intends to begin pay-
ing the soldiers tomorrow morning. This evening all the detachments
are comeing in, except those all ready gone forward, in order to prepare
them selves for to imbarque.

Saturday, 9'" August, 1760. This morning all my men rec'' one dollar
a peice that desir'' it, to git them sum necessarys to carry with them
down the lake. I have been packing up mine & giting sum stores for
me on the lake, if I am ordred. It is not known who goes or stays as
yet. At night we drank to wives & sweethearts. I hear L' Col" Hawkes
is to tarry behind.

Sunday, Aug'. 10"", 1760. Orders to be ready to imbarque tomorrow

JOUKNAL, OF CAPTAIN JENKS.

morning. I spent most of the day in packing up my things. I left my
coat & jackett & all my writeings with P^sq' Goldthwait & one johauuas
in cash, to be kept till I return ; or if I am not to return, to be sent home.
I lost 2 of my best shirts to day by a washer woman.

Monday, 11* August. This morning at 10 oclock a.m., we struck
our tents & marcht down to the battoes, in order to imbarque for Sf Johns.
The Brigadier led the whole of the Massachusetts troops. At noon we
sett of in three colums ; the wind blood prety fresh a head. We rowd
till about sunsett when the signall was made to form to the left, or west,
shore, & then we landed and the pequit made the guard. We have
come about 6 miles.

Tuseday, 12 Aug' The morning very calm, only a small breeze to ye
southward. We set off in order about sunrise ; I had very hard lodg-
ing on the barrells in the battoe last night. After roweing about 3 or 4
miles, the wind came right ahead, so tlmt the Ligoneir was obliged to
anchor the rest of the fleet. Kept along until the wind blood jjrety
fresh ; orders came to cross the lake to the east side, where we all
came to land in a bay called Button Mold Bay, where we are to tarry
all night. Here Cap' Shores ^ got his dismission from his Majesties
service to return to New England.

Wednsday, Aug'. 13*, 1760. We tarry" in the morning a while for, the
Ligoneir to come up ; set of about 8 oclock a.m. Haveing come about
18 miles from Crown Point, we passed through the Narrows, which is
very mountainous on the west side, but very plain, flat land on the east.
We proceeded forward till about noon, when the wind sprung up quite
fresh ahead ; we kept on untill about 4 oclock p.m., when we landed
on the west side the lake. W^e are now about 28 miles from Crown
Point. Here we have news from the brigg & sloops ; they have had a
brush with the Monseiurs, & droue them back to the island. I lodged
much better last night than y' night before.

Tlursday. 14* Aug' This morning the wind came fare & the Ligoneir
came up. AVe put of about sunrise, & stood along down the lake with all
sail spread, & made a fine appearance. We kept on till about 11 oclock
A.M., when the wind blood quite hard, & raind very much. We were
obliged every one to shift for themselves ; a prodigeous sea & liard wind
obliged us to make a harbour on y» north side of an island called Scuy-
lers Island. We have lost 7 rangers '^ by the cannoe spliting, & 2 of the
recruits fell over & was drownd ; one kill* by accident, & there is sev-
eral battoes missing, I fear in bad circumstances. We came to day about
45 miles.

Fryday, 15* Aug'. This morning is lowrey, & the wind prety fresh,

1 See Sergeant Holden's Journal under date of August 13, 2 Proceedings, vol.
iv. p. 397.

2 Ibid.

368 MASSACHCSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

but fair ; we set off about sunrise and made all sail, as much as we
could suffer, a prodigeous sea going. The land is all flat & level, hardly
any hills or mountains to be seen, & what is at a great distance. Ex-
pect to be amongst bad neighbours before night. God grant we may
behave ourselves like men, & play the man for the city & people of our
God, & let him do as seamest him best. I lodged these two nights past
very comfortablely in my battoe ; most of the troop lodged on shore by
large fires.

Saturday, W^ Au^. We set of from an island called He a mot; ' it
is about 18 miles to the fortifyd island from here. I lodg in the bat-
toe very comfortable. It was about the dawning of the day when we
put of; after rowing across a large bay we form'^ the line, 2 boats abrest.
I beleive the whole reachd 4 miles, & made a very beautifull appear-
ance. The weather quite pleasant with a small breze in our feavour.
Thus Providence seems to smile on our proceedings. After entering
the Narrows, which is not more than a musket shott across, & very intri-
cate, the enemy's schooner & reddow came out to meet us, but was
droue back. We formed for landing in about a mile & \ from the
enemy's fort, with all our battoes a brest, to land on the east shore. Aa
soon as the signall for landing was made, we all rowd right to shore, &
landed iu extreme good order without any molestation at all. The
Ligoueir redows - & prows kept a fire on the enemys fort & ves-
sells, to feavour our landing ; after which we marcht up & formd a
line, & set out our pequits. The land we marcht through exceeding wett
& mirey. I went sum times almost up to my middle in mud & water,
& obliged to run most of the way to keep up with the front. We then
set about makeing a breast work which was compleated in a little time,
as the men are in high spirits. The vessell keeps fireing on the French ;
but Monsiuers are not so complesant as to answer them, which we im-
pute to their want of men or ammunition. We haveing a little rum, we
made sum toddy to keep up the custom of Saturday night health.

Sunday, 17*^ Aug'. I lodged last night on the ground without my
blanket, only a few bushes to cover me, & as wett as could well be, but
through Divine goodness rested very well. No enemy to molest us in
our breastwork, which was kept well man'^ all ni;;ht. One of our re-
dows going to reconitre the forts was fired on by the enemy, & Capt.
Glaye ^ of the Royall Artelery was killd, & 5 or six more lost their legs.
One of these unfortunate men belongs to my company, & has his leg
cut off; I hear he is like to recover. The rest of the day spent in fixing
a shed to lodg under. I have not had my cloaths of since I left Crown

1 He a mot is Isle La Motte. See Sergeant Holden's Journal, 2 Proceedings,
vol. iv. p. 397.

^ Probably radeau, mentioned Ibid.

^ Clagg, according to Sergeant Holden's Journal, Ibid.

1890.] JOTJKNAL OP CAPTAIN JENKS. dby

Point; am obliged to lay with my arms and. ammunition all on, to be
ready in case of need.

Monday, IS"" Aug'., 1760. Last night I had the pequit, & kept one
quarter of it standing Gentry at a time all night. I had 2 subs who took
care of the pequit, & I lay in my bovver till break of day, & slept com-
fortablely ; in the morning was ordred out to cover a party of fasshine
makers in the woods, about J mile from the breast work. The enemy
have fired several cannon to day at our people, but done no execution.
AVe have taken possission of a point of land right opposite the island, &
within muskett shott of the fort where we are erecting batterys. At
night was releivd by Capt' Barnard.

Tuseday, lO"" Aug'. Last night I had my tent set up, & lay like a
minister all night ; this morning we had orders to pack up every thing
for to moue on to the Point to cover the batterys. Marcht off about
11 oclock A. M., through extream bad way, to the Point, & built a fine
breastwork in front, & begun one in the rear. The enemy heard us in-
camping, & they kept firing cannon at us, but hurt none of the men,
tlio our camp is not half cannon shot from the enemys fort, & nothing
to hinder but only the trees, & them not very thick.

Wednsdai/, 20^'' Aug', 1760. Last night raind sum. I lay in my
tent all night without any molestation. The enemy have not fired a
gun all night. This morning there came one of the enemy to our peo-
ple, & what storey he tells I can not learn, I hear it so many deflrent
ways ; but by all I think the enemy very scant of men on the island. In
the afternoon they fired very briskly on our men, but did no great dam-
mage, — oly wounded one man with a grape shot slightly. We go on
briskly with our batterys, & hope in a few days to give Monsiuers a
salute ; for they begin to grow very quarelsome of late, & wont let us
live in peace by y".^

T/iirsday, 21" Aug'. Last night it rained prety much. However, it
did not hinder our people from working on the battery. To day I am
ordred to assist the engineer; I have a party of 150 men, 2 subs, 4
serg" in carrying timber to the batterys ; there is 800 of the provincials
of us on fatigue in building batterys to day, under the care of Col"
Saltonstall. The enemy kept a constant fire on us most part of the day,
firing 12, 9, & six pound shot & langrege ; they wounded 10 men, 5 of
which, I beleive, mortally, the other not bad. I escaped my self very
narrowly several times. I think it very remarkable that the enemy
have not killd great numbers, when we are so much exposed. Our
redows have fired several shott on them to day.

Fryday, 22* Last night just as I had got to bed, being much fa-
tigued, the whole army was ordred to arms immidiately, haveing dis-

1 Compare tlie entries for 19tli and 20th August with those of Sergeant Hol-
den's Journal for tlie same date. 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 398.
47

370 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

coverJ a large party of the enemy set oiF from the island in battoes &
putting over towards us. After we had put out all fires in camp &
man'' the breast work, there came orders to return to our teuts, except
the pequit; for the enemy, finding they were discovered, ruturn back
without fireing a gun. However, we lay in readiness to receive them
if they should attempt it again ; & about an hour before day, a regular
ct-ntry, supposeing he heard sum of them, fired his peice, as did 3 or 4
more, which alarmd us again, & all turnd out and man'' the breast work,
waiting for them. In a few minutes, the cap' of the pequit, thinking he
saw a man without the lines, challenged it 3 times, & nothing answer-
ing, fired his peice : & sum body at the same time gave the word to fire,
when the whole of our battallion mostly discharged their peices, whicli
spread almost the line, it being impossible to stop our men from fireing,
altho there was no enemy near us. We soon found our mistake, & re-
turnd to our tents. We have got a fine breast work, both in front &
rear, & have cut all the trees & cleard them out of our camp to prevent
our being hurt by the limbs falling that are shot of by y' enemys cannon.
This morning we are clearing a road through our camp to draw can-
non across below the enemys fort, to erect a battery on a point of land in
order to cut off all communication between them & St. Johns. We have
landed all our morters & got them up to the bomb-battery, & are git-
ting the cannon on shore & drawing them to the batterys, & hope to
have three batterys opened by night. I hear a scout of our rangers
have taken 4 prisoners this morning. Nothing meteral has hapned
to day ; the enemy have been prety quiet, & hant fired abowe 5 or six-
cannon to day & a few small armes, & done no damage, as I can hear.
There was a man of Cap' Ilarriss taken up for dead, — hurt by a tree
falling on him.

Saturday, 23'^ Aug', 1760. Last night we had no molestation from
the enemy. Our batterys are almost compleat, & the brig has sent on
shore to git fasshines to hang over on her sides, so as to atteck the fort
at the same time the batterys are opened. The enemy have kill'' &
scalp' one of our men last night where we first landed ; a party of our
rangers fired across to the island last night & kill'' 4 of the French. I
hear the batterys opening will be preceeded first by all the drums
beating a point of war, next by a band of musick, followd by all the
provincials singing psalmes. About 3 oclock P. M., all our batterys
was opened & gave the French a fine salute, which Monsiuers did not
return ; the artelery kept playing constantly, & did great execution. A
little while after, one of our soldiers fired his peice ; Col" Saltonstall
immediatly ordred a court martial on him, which fell to be my tour of
duty. I, immediately after the members was assembled, held it at my
tent. I ordred the prisoner to be brought, who pleaded ignorance of
the guns being charg'' ; on j° whole the court sentenced him 40 stripes,

1890,] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 371

which was approud of by CoP Saltonstall. But when he was stript
& brought to y° post, the Col" was so good as to forgive his pua-
ishment.

Sunday, 24* Augt. This morning I wrote a letter & sent it to
Crowwn Point to Esq' Goldthwait, to acquaint him I was well, & de-
sireing him to wrile that I was so in his letter. I had no sleep last
night, for our people was cutiug away the boom, & the enemy would
fire volleys of small arms on them, & then our battery would return it
with grape shott, & the mortars was kept going all night, which made
it seem that the elements was all fire & smoak. Our people has almost
efected cutting away the boom. The French has not tired a cannon
since our batterys was opened this morning. 9 of the French battoes
was seen going off towards St. Johns, & 2 more went last night, so I
believe the enemy will all leave y° island shortly.

Monday, 25'.'' Aug', 1760. Last night I had the pequit. In the
evening Ensn. Warren of Cap' Jones company was shot in his back by
a muskett ball ; the ball lodg* in his body. A serj of y' Massachusetts
had both his hands shot away at the same time, & several more
wounded. One of my company has rec'* a ball in his arm ; the ball was
cut out, the bone is not hurt. I kept up all night walking round our
battallion to keep the centry right ; for if any disorder happens, the
blame would lay on me. The night quite pleasant & bright moon
shine ; the battery would fire a round about once an hour & throw
shells about as often. In the morning I sent a serjj & 8 men to carry
Ens" Warren to y" hospitall, who I dont think will live 24 hours longer ;
he has been a very good officer & bhaved well. About 9 oclock we
heard a great number of small arms fireing down along the lake side, &
sum cannon. Immediately all the pequits was turnd out to assist
Miijor Rogers, who it seems had engaged the French vessels. We all
marcht out, our Provincial pequits serv'^ as front, rear, & flank guards
to the regulars. I went with my pequit in the advance guard. Just as
we had joynd the party already out, the fire ceased ; & we halted and set
out centry, for we suspected the enemy had a large party on the land
sumwhere near us. In a few minutes a regular "officer larought us the
joyfull news that the French great redow.^ thir brigs, & "sloop had
struck to us ; we then marcht down to the point of land where the can-
non was, & saw the vessells al layins there under English conlonrs. We
have not lost a man in this affair, altho the action was very sharp & no
batery for the cannon to play behind. Monsuirs has no vessell now on
the lake except a row galley & battoes. We have killd a feild officer
of theirs who was on board, & have taken their commodore & about 20

1 Sergeant Holden's Journal says, " one rideau, one topsail schooner, and a
sloop."

372 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOBICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

men prisoners. These prisoners inform us that we kill'' 180 of their
men that day. We opened our batterys beside the wounded. They are
very short of provision & ammunition, & can git no releif, now we have
got their fleet ; for we cut of all communication between them & S!
Johns. In our marching into camp we met our comodore & a large
party of sailors going down to man our new fleet. In the evening sum
whale boats was carryed across to cut off the enemys retreat ; & this
night sum of the brigs cannon was carry across to put into the French
vessells.

Tusdny, 26"" August, 1760. This morning we have news by an ex-
press from Gen' Murrey,' who writes that he has been joyned by 2
regiments from England & by the garisson of Louisbourg, & that he
intends the first fair wind to sail & invest Montreal, & desires us not to
think hard if he reaps the glory of takeing Montreal, & that he has
provisions enough for all three of the armys. We likewise hear that
Gen! Amherst was 3 days agon within 30 miles of Montreal, & we
have heard cannon fired several times at a distance that way. Gen'
Murry was incampt at a place caH Sir Ells,' & the express was 9
days a comeing here ; so by all curcumstances I beleive Montreal ac-
tually invested by Gen' Murrey. We are makeing up a party of the
best men for the woods to go with Major Rogers; where they are
destin* I cannot yet tell. This afternoon a party of the provincials
was ordrd on board the French prizes ; Cap' Hart went out of our bat-
tallion & 3 of my men. Just at night we opened a new battery down
by the lower end of the island.

Wediisday, 27"". Last night nothing worth notice hapned. This
morning we had smart firing on both sides. The enemy have playd
their cannon brisker to day than they have done anj' time before, but
done no execution of any valve. A soldier of mine going with a dollar
in his hand to the sutlers & a nine pound shot strake his hand, which only
grazed the skin, but lost his dollar, & one of y" Hamshire men wounded,
which is all they have done, as I hear. About 3 oclock p. m. we was
alarm* by a sudden explosion.^ At first we thought that the enemy
had opened a larg battery, but we was soon inform" that a number of
our shells & sum powder at the 12 gun battery took fire by sum ac-
cident unknown ; about 30 shells burst by this means, & 3 men kill" out
right & several others wounded. The enemy have kept a very smart
fire all day, but done us no damage worth notice. All this we take as
their last words.

Thirsday, 28* August, 1760, IF. This morning we found that the
enemy had deserted & left y'^ island. Immediately the granadiers &
light infantry went over & took possession of that fortress. I hear

1 Perhaps Sorel.

2 See Sergeant Holden's Journal of the same date, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 399.

1800] ■ JODKNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 373

that the French commander has left orders that no provincial, ranger,
or Indian be allow"! to go on the island ; which orders I think is going
to be follow'!, for several of our officers endeavouring to go across, have-
ing got liberty of the Brigadier, were prevented by the regulars, which
is look"" upon a very high affair, when we have done most part of the
fatigue dureing the seige, & our men have been more exposed than they,
must now be denyd the liberty to go & se what they have fought for.
This day I have tlie care of a 100 men in order to draw the cannon out
of our battery s down to wharfe & git them on board the vessel! s, in
order to follow the enemy, who ran away to Saint Johns ; we have got
all of them down except one hoit & all the shott & shells & platforms ;
& this day our brigg & sloop passed by the island, haveing cut away the
French boom that lay across. I hope soon to be able to give an ac-
count of Saint Johns. There is sum gent! officers that are very breif
about to day to see the batterys & island that was poorly all the while
the siege lasted.

Friday, 29''' August. This morning lay in my tent till eight oclock,
being very much fatigued last night with my days work. I hapned to hear
of a gent! going to New England. I immediately wrote a letter to my
partner at home, & sent it in one inclosed to Esq'' Goldthwait, who told
me that if I sent so he would inclose it in his & so send it home,
which is the surest way I have to send. In the afternoon had all my
things pact up in order to imbarque for St Johns. I hear Gen' Am-
herst is got nigh to Montreal, & we shall soon be there, if the enemy
dont hinder us.

Saturday, 30''' Auy', 1760. This morning about day break I got up
to git my baggage on board in order to imbarque for S' Johns, & struck
our tents ^ an hour after revaloes beating, & marcht down to y" bat-
toes, & set of about 10 oclock a. m., & passed by the French island we
have taken. There was their grand dival & row galley, & our small red-
dows & prows went with us ; we carry none of our heavy artilery nor
any of our 13 inch mortars, only the feild peices & royals & sum holts.
When we were got about half way down, sum of our leading boats
discovered sum enemy on the shore. Immediately the light infantry
row'' right to shore & landed against them, but they fled & got clear.
When we turnd a point of land near St Johns, we espyed a great smoak
at a great distance & one not so large prety nigh us, which proues to
be St. Johns, which the enemy have abandon"!, after seting fire to t!ie
fort & buildings ; ' the other is thought to be Shamble,^ six miles further
down the river. We landed & form"! without any opposition. This

1 See Sergeant Holden's Journal of the same date, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 400.

2 Probably Fort Chambly, mentioned by Sergeant Holden, Ibid. See also
his Journal under date of September 7, Ibid., p. 401.

874 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. • [Mak.

place look pleasanter than y islaud. Just before night we were or-
dered to pilch all our tents, & all to lay on our arms with our ammu-
nition all on, being now in our euemys country amongst them where
they live. This evening the rangers brought in three prisoners, who
informs that they have had a battle 8 days since with Gen! Amherst, but
in whose feavour it turnd could not tell. Major Rogers has lost 2 of his
men to day & one officer wounded, & the enemy are gone to Montreal ;
thus Heaven aparantly fights for us, & therefore it is our duty to ac-
knowledge its the hand of Divine Providence, & not done by any force
of ours or arm of flesh.

Sunday, 31" August. This morning its loury & rainy, but we are
all at work & throwing up intrenchments & forming lines ; we have a
battery every convenient distance along the lines which, when finish', I
dont think 10,000 men could force. We have got 16 prisoners^ this
morning. Just now orders came for us to leave off intrenching, as the
army is going to march very quick. I then went to see the recruts,
where 1 was well entertained ; but what I most prize is, I there found a
letter from my brother Jenks, which was to me as cold water to a thirsty
soul in this howling & enemys country. To day one of our sloops
came down from Isle-aux-Noix, & the row galley taken there & several
other boats. We got the cheif of the artelery on shoer. By the best
information I can git we took about 60 peices of cannon on the island
& sum morters, a great number of shott & shells, & 500 barrells of pow-
der & 100 barrells of pork & 200 of flower, & 30 head of cattle, &
other warlike stores. So we may see what is to be depended on about
the Frenche not haveing any ammunition or provisions. Had the enemy
behaved like men, they could a stood out a month longer, but it plainly
api)ears they are intimidated & Heaven is against them.

Monday, the 1" of September, 1760. This morning we struck our
tents at a quarter of an hour after revaloes beating in order to imbarque
for Shamble. We did not let off' till 3 oclock p. m. ; we took up all that
time in giting the artelery & camp equippage on board. We then put
oft" & went down, & prety bad falls about a mile long ; we got to the
place where Rogers took his prisoners last spring, calW S! Thesis, where
we stoop' & incamp' close by the fort, haveing come about 6 miles from
S' Johns without any molestation from the enemy. There is a small
village of the French here ; & their women & children are here, but the
men are gone.

Tvseday, 2^ Sep', 1760. This morning we are intrenching. Col"
Ingersolls & Col° Whitcombs regt. are come up; they could not git
over the fall last night. I went to view the fort,^ which was a very

1 Holden says 17. 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 401.

2 See Sergeant Holden's Journal under date of September 2, Ibid., p. 400.

1890.] JOURNAL OP CAPTAIN JENKS. 375

prety peice of work as any of the French works I have yet seen, but
Monseirs have set fire to it since Rogers left it. I hear that 10 of our
men drove a 100 French before them & took 5 prisoners & kill" one ;
it plainly appears they are struck with a panick. Just now we are or-
dred to leave off intrenching till further orders, for tis supposd we are
going to march further. To day, I am ordred to take the pequit at
night.

Wednsday, Z^ Sep', 1760. Last night I lay out with the picquit
to keep them alert, now we are in an euemys country. I lay down
under the breast work to git a little sleep. I could not help thinking
what lodging I have exchanged for this, which is not half so good or
convenient as we generally provide for our swine at home ; however, I
rested a little. Who would not be a gentleman soldier to lay thus
abroad «fe venture their lives, & when they are at home to be slighted
by the generality of mankind. Our rangers keep bringing in the best
of the inhabitants, as they take their choice of them ; they also inform
us the ladys are very kind in the neighbourhood, which seems we shall
fare better when wee git into the thick setled parts of the country.
By all I can learn the Indians are all left the French, & will not fight
at all, & the inhabitants seem inclined to come in t& give up their arms
& submit to the Crown of Great Brittaiu. We are preparing a party
to go & take Shamble, which is about 6 miles below us on this river.

Thirsday, 4* Sep*. Last night I had my tent pitcht & fixed so that I
lay quite well. This morning about revaloes beating the party going to
Shamble set off, consisting of about 1,000 men & several peices of can-
non & royals, the whole under the command of Col° Derby. We are at
work at compleating our breastworks, which is almost compleated. The
French about here are busy in giting in their harvest, & sum of our
men are helping them ; so we are very good neighbours at present.
Major Rogers says he heard cannon & plattoons firing yesterday for
an hour or two very brisk & smart, so we may expect soon to know
the fate of Canada, or our army ; & to day sum of our officers being
out to se the village, heard a constant firing of cannon toward Montreal,
so would fain hope Gen' Murry has got the better of the French, which
if he has, we shall soon, I hope, be moueing homeward, for it begins to
be cold nights, & our oznabrig tabernacles is but poor shelter for this
cold climate.

Fry day, 5* Sep*, 1760. Last evening we had the agreable news of
the surender of the fort at Shamble prisoners of war. There was about
60 French regulars in garison there. Our people took sum of the
inhabitants, — women & children, — & placed them before their royall,
& so fired over their heads, which answerd instead of faschine bat-
terys. After fireing 2 or 3 shells, they hoisted English colours & sub-
mited, but wanted the honnors of war, which Col? Derby would not

376 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

comply with, threatening them that if they delay* any longer he would
put all to y" sword. We also have news that Gen' Murry has had a
feild battle with the enemy 3 days agon, near Montreal, & has given
Monsiers a worse dressing than they have yet had in America, & there
is an express come from Gen! Amhersf, who was got below all the falls,
& has good water now all the way to Montreal ; so we are waiting
impatiently for news from these aimys. About 80 of the French was
brought in to camp last night from Shamble. This morning we heard
a haavy peice of cannon fired a defirent way from those we have com-
monly heard, which is suppos* to be the morning gun fired at Gen'
Amhersts army. We also learn that Mons' Levy came over to Lapa-
ree ^ with a battallion of regulars, & orders to take the army we had
driveiug before us, & to assemble the Canadians a this side the river,
& give us battle ; but on the aproach of the other army he was ordred
back, & the rest we had before us to joyn against Gen' Murry, who is
able now to give a good account of them, if we are not misinform''.
O, how aparently does Divine Providence interpose in our feavour !
Altho I bleive if he had come it would a have been to their own cost.
God be praised, we are in a condition to receive them. Our men are
animated & in high spirits, & fine lines thrown up & redoubts with
cannon in front ; & above all, I trust God on our side ; therefore we
fear them not. Altho an host incamp around us, we will not fear.

Saturday, G* September,'' 1760. Last evening sum of the militia
officers of the French came in, & a party of rangers belonging to
Gen' Murry. The French came to submit to the Brittish septere, as all
have now on the south side of the river St. Lawrence. We have orders
to prepare all things to be in readiness to march, I suppose to joyn
Gen' Murry. I hear this morning that Gen' Amherst & Murry joyns
armys to day. I am in hopes to see English coulours flying on Montreal
yet, for expect soon to march there. To day I have been out about a
mile out of camp to git sum blackberrys, & got as many as I could or
dare eat. I saw sum of the French women, & they are drest much as
those brought from Nova-Scotia. They have sum very prety children
as ever I saw any where in my life. I can not find iu my heart that
I could kill such innocents, altho they have done it many a time on
our fronteirs. The country men come in daly with their waggons to
carry our provisions & camp equippage to Shamble. This I look on
as a forced obedience to us.

Sunday, 7* Sep'., 1760. This morning have news of Gen' Amherst
langing on the island of Montreal. We had an express from him last
night. There is about a hundi-ed of the French waggons come in this

1 Probably La Prairie.

2 Birthday of my father's first son, Samuel. — Note bi/ William Jenks.

1890.] JOURNAL OP CAPTAIN JENKS. 377

morning to carj' our baggage & provisions to Montreal. It looks quite
strange to see these Cauidians helping our army along to destroy the
only place of refuge the miserable creatures have left in their country,
which must according to human reason soon fall into our hands. ^ We
have got horses to draw our artelery which con?ists of about 20 as
fine brass peices as ever was brought into the feild. There is 60 of
the ablest of the invaleads put out to garison Shamble, & the rest we
leave here on an island right opposite of our now incampment, under
care of Major Emery of the Hainshire troops. The provincials begin
to be very sickly. 2 of our battallion died yesterday, & several officers
& soldiers are very sick in our reg'. I desire to bless God I am
enabled to go forward with the army, & have not mised 1 tour of duty
yet. This afternoon we marched of for Montreal, & got as far as
Shamble, & halted a while. The fort look quite beautifuU out side.
I ded not go in because it was contrary to orders. There is a fine
church just below the fort, the first I have seen in this country. There

is great numbers of the inhabitants come takeiug their oaths of ,

& they are very helpfull in carrying our stores, artellery, & baggege.
There is near a 100 waggons of them, & the finest horses for draught
that I ever saw in my life any where.

Monday, 8*. Last evening we set out from Shamble, & marcht on
through a fine, pleasant country, thick of inhabitants ; sum of them
look'' very easey & chearfull, others lamenting the fate of their coun-
try. Our army marcht in as sevill a manner to the inhabitants as if
they had been in our own country. We kept on our march till near
midnight in the dark, & waded over 2 rivers & got to an old shed. It
rain* very hard, & we put in here, & I set up all night, for had not
room to lay down & got no rest, being wett & very tired. This
morning we set out again before sunrise, & it was extreme bad walking
occasioned by the rain last night. Our baggege is not come up. I
could git no refreshment of no kind, altho never more wanted, I being
very ill & weak by a continual fiux following this several days. We
marched on very fast & waded over another river, & kept on without
any sort of sustenance of any kind, vntill about noon, when we arived to
a village opposite Montreal, I went into a French house determined
(o git sum refreshment or stay till the waggons come up. I got sum
sower milk, & drank very hearty of it, & then the master of the house
came in & asked if we would eat any soup, which I told him we would.
They then set before us a fine dish of it ; & sum pegions stew"! heads &
all on, I here made a fine feast. Had not I met with this nourish-
ment, I could not a held out to march ^ mile further. I then set out
for the reg!, who had got about 2 miles start. We have marcht about
14 miles to day through a fine country for land but not for improve-
' See Sergeant Holden's Journal of the same date, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 401.
48

378 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY, [Mar.

ments. We liave passed by a great many crosses on the way. Just as
I joyu* the regf I saw Col Vaverlaud ^ put of to go over to Gen' Am-
herst in a whale boat who call!' to shore & told us that the city had sur-
reudred this morning, & that we had done fighting. It seems Gen^
Amherst had 3 skirmages with the enemy yesterday & beat them out
of their iutrenchments. Had they held out a little longer all three of
the armys would a laid seige to them, but I desire to bless God we have
all Canada now under our command without any more blood shed.^

Tuseday, 9"' Sep', 17G0. Last night we set up our tents, & I lay very
comfortable. Have got such refreshment as made me feel much better.
I have joyn!" with Cap' Bailey, who tents with me. This morning I
got up about an hour by sun, & went to view the city & country. Could
see Gen' Amhersts camp about 2 miles above the city. This city makes
a very beautifull appearance & very fine buildings & beautifull improve-
ments. They look so at a distance. The river is about 2 miles across,
& we right opposite the city. I then took a walk after breakfast, with
several geni officers of our battallion down along the river about 4 miles.
We went below Gen! Murrys incampment, which is about a mile below
the city. Could se great part of the fleet comeiug up the river. We
went below 1 frigate. This river lies about N. N. E. & S. S. W. &
the city lies along by the waters edge & a large mountain on the back.
There is no sort of fruit in none of tliese towns but thorns. They have
fine land, but live mesirable to my view. This moment one of Cap'
Baileys men was found almost dead. Before they could call the docter
he died. He had not complaind before, but had eat very freely of pork
& cabbage, which kill'' him. This afternoon L. Richardson ariv'' with
an express to Gen! Haverland, & brought me three letters, — 1 from
my wife, one from brother Sergant, & one from Esq' Goldthwait with
the agreable news of their being in health, &c.

Wednsday, 10"" Sept. Last night I got me a quart of milk & boyl* it
for my supper ; then went to cabbiu & lay very comfortable till morn-
ing, when we had orders to strike our tents, in order to march for
Crown point, which was accordingly done, but we did not march till
noon, when all the provincials marcht off under com"! of Brigadier Gen!
Ruggles. All the regulars stays bhind. It was extreme hot, & we
marcht very fast. I thought I could not hold out, but through good
Providence I was enabled to stant it till we came to incamp.

Thirsday, 11'" Sep' Last night I lay without any tent, or any thing
to cover me with, except a few bushes ; & it rain'' very hard in the
night, & we were as wet as water could make us. I slept but little. In
the morning marcht off for Chamble through very bad way. I got a

1 Gen. Sir William Haviland.

2 See Sergeant Holden's Journal of the same date, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv.
p. 401.

1890.] JOURNAL OP OAPTAIlSr JENKS. 379

little milk on the way. We ariv'' about noon, & halted here. I found
that a Rhod Island officer had taken a tent from my men ; I made ap-
plication to the field officers for redress, but could get none. I then made
a regular complaint to the Brigd' for the tent, & likewise for satisfaction
of him <& another officer of same reg' Immediately the tent was re-
turnd, tho with regret, & what other satisfaction I am to have I know
not yet.

Fryday, 12"' Sep*, 1760. Last night lay on the ground without any
tent; a great dew & very cold in tlie night; however past the night
prety comfortably. I have been in to veiw the fort, which is very neat
& beautifully built, tho not strong. I hear one of my men are dead
that I left at Sf Therese, Benj? VVentworth ; he died the ll'" instant.
The ladys come very thick to market, — some with one commodity, &
sum with other ; however I can not fancy them at no rate. They bring
cheifly squashes & turnips & sum cabbage & carrots. I went with a
number of gent'men to view the church. We got the sexton &
leave to go in ; which was very curious to see their immages & other
instrum'' of worship. Returning, went into a French house & got sum
bread & milk, which they took no pay for. This part of the coun-
try is very pleasant & delightsome. I could fancy to live here had I
my partner & friends here. I went in the afternoon to the sutlers,
where I saw mankind in their proper hue, when they give a loose to
their appetites. To see men, yea such as is stil'' gent', git drunk, &
then they are stout & must go to fighting.

Saturday, IS"" Sep', 1760. Last night was prety cold. I lay but
poorly, & I am in a poor state of health, which dont agree so well to-
gether. This morning I went out to git sum breakfast. Return? ; could
git none, which still added to my affliction. This morning our boats
ariv"*. I had sum refreshment. About 2 oclock p.m. marched of for
S' Therese ; arived by sunset, & incampt on the ground we formerly
had done. Got sum tea for supper. Id no stomack to eat.

Sunday, 14"' Sept., 1760. Last night I lay very comfortable, & slept
well. About daybreak struck our tents to imbarque on board battoes
for St. Johns. Our men break out very fast with the small pox. I am
greatly afraid it will spread in the army, altho al the care we have taken
to prevent it. We set off about 8 oclock A.M., wind ahead ; ariv'' at
8' Johns about noon. Here I got sum refreshment, set off again about
3 oclock P.M. for Isle aux Noix, the wind blowing hard against us, &
rough waterr.

Monday, IS"" Sept., 1760. Last night got to He aux Noix about 8
oclock. I lay on board the boat. About day break I went in to the fort
to se after the sick I left beiiind. Found them all alive. English is
very ill ; but took all the sick with me. This fort I will not attempt to
discribe for desire it may be erased out of memory for ever, for its not

380 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

fit for any person to live in, or even to behold. After we had drawn
provisions for i days to cary us to Crown Point, set of about 9 oclock
A.M., the weather rainy & wind ahead. However, we are pressing
forward for Crown Point, in hopes to live better & cheaper ; pass'ed by
a floating battery built on 2 battoes by the French. We put forward
until about sun set, when we went ashore opposite Isle a Mott, haveing
come about 30 miles to day. I am sumthiug better than I have beeu
this several days. We are cooking all our provisions in order to keep
forward without any stop.

Tuseday, 16* Sep', 1760. Last night I lay very comfortablely. We
set off as soon as we could discover any appearance of day. The wind
is now favourable at last ; we made as much sail as we could, & to keep
in order, which was in 3 colums, 2 battoes a breast. The wind freshen''
up ; we run at a great rate, the weather prety cold & clear. We kept
forward till about 1 1 oclock at night, when we halted on the east shore
about 5 miles from Crown Poiut, haveing run by computation about
ninty miles to day.

Wednsday, \lth Sep'., 1760. Last night I lay very well on board the
battoe. We set off this morning about day break, & was obliged to
keep in sight of the shore, it being very foggy & cold withal. We ariv*
about 7 oclock in the morning, & landed & got the sick into the hospi-
tal ; went up & was kindly rec*' by the officers we left behind here. I
got a good breakfast, better than I have had since we imbarqed from
here. I found M' Goldthwait well, who reed me gladly, & informed me
he had a line from home, dated 2'* Sep', with news of all being iu health.

Thirsday, 1 8"'. To day have been about to see what has been done
since we have been gone. It looks as if I had got most home again,
haveing come further since I left Montreal than it is to go home from
here. To day Esq' G. is paying off sum men part of their wages. I
wrote 3 letters to send home, — 1 for my girl, 1 for brother John, «fe 1 for
brother Nathan, &c. Directed them to brother Jenks, at Medford. I
hear now that Allen Newhall is going home.

Fryday, 1 9<A Sep', 1 760. Last uight was very cold. I lay but pooly.
This morning Ens" Newhall undertook to make us a cabbin to lodg both
together in. This day I wrote several letters more to send home, & had
a mans things prized by L' Knolton, L! Foster, Ens" Hankerson.
They valued them at 7/6 L. M. He died at 8' Therese. I have been
out to walk, in order to git clear of the smell of the camps. I went into
the hospital to see the sick, which was a very affecting sight, being about
40 poor creatures.

Saturday, 20* Sep', 1760. Last night it was reported that the Ham-
shire ' and Rhoad Island regiments intended to desert. Immediately a

1 Sergeant Holden refers to this episode under date of the 19*. 2 Proceedings,
vol. V. p. 403.

1S90.]

JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 381

guard of 1 capt., 1 sub, & 60 sergants of the Massachusetts, & sum reg-
ulars, to prevent their escape was peraded. They was kept on watch
all night. Those brave fellows did not attempt to desert, but expect they
will soon do it if they are so inclined, & fine character for soldiers. This
morning M' Newhall set oft' for Lynn by the way of Albany. At even-
ing we came to the former custome of drinking to wives & sweethearts,
& so concluded y" day.

Sunday, 21'', 1760. To day am off" duty. I spent most of the day
at L' Burrells house ; it rained for the most part of the day. No sign
of Sunday, except the flags being hoisted. Our chaplains haveing given
us one sermon & prayd 2 or three evenings, which is all we have for
about 20.£ L.M., paid by the province per month to chaplains for preach-
ing. A very ill use I think is made of that money ; & l/S** cut out of
every doUer paid to the soldiers. Who would not fight for such a
court ?

Monday, 22* Sept., 1760. This mornlg I have a 100 men vnder my
care to work in the trench. Carry stones. I am in a poor state of health,
& were I at home I should keep house. To day about 80 battoes set out
for St. Johns to bring Gen' Amherst & sum of his troops that are come-
ing this way. I have 2 or three men I am afraid have deserted, as I
cannot find them. This day rainy in the forenoon, but pleasant in the
afterpart of the day.

Tuseday, Sep* 23*. This day am off duty, & I am determined not to
go on again till I am better in health, for a great many ofiicers in camp
have refused that were more able than I am at present. However feel
sumthing better this morning than I did yesterday, & am in hopes to git
well so as not to miss any tour of duty when its my turn. To day I
walked about 5 or 6 miles, in order to keep out of the smell of y" camp.

Wednsday, 24* Sept., 1760. This morning I lay in bed till eight
oclock, being not for duty, & not so bright as I could wfsh. The most
that is going forward in camp is confining, & holding court martials.
To day its showrey. Just before night L' Richardson arived here from
Isle Noir with several of my men with him. To day Jacob Hasey of
my comp^ was taken ill w"' y° small pox. I hear all the artelery is
just got here. Sum of the Royal Scotch arived her last night from
Lapararee ^ on their way to Hallifax.

Thirsday, 25* Sep' This day lowery & rainy. I am off" duty. In
the morning the Ligoneir & Grand Dival ^ arived from Isle Noir, &
most part of the artelery & several companys of regulars. I & Cap'
Hart have bought us a horse that was taken prisoner at Isle Noir, for to

1 La Prairie.

'•' Sergeant HoUen gives the name " Grand Deoble." 2 Proceedings, vol. iv.
p. 403.

382 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

carry our packs through to N° 4. I have a cow sum of my men
brought me from Isle Noir ; they give me her milk till we move from
heuce. To clay Wm. Deiismore of my company was carryed to y" hos-
pital, being ill with y* small pox.

Fryday, 26* Sep', 1760. To day am off duty. Joseph Tucker of
my company is carryed to the hospital, being ill with the small pox.
This is y° 4"' I have sick with the small pox, & am afraid it will not be
all, for one or 2 more complain. The men in camp begin to die very
fast, & its very sickly ; there is about 1,200 men of the provincials now
returnd unfit for duty, & great many more taken sick almost every day.
This evening L. R. W. o"'" v"" a*^'

Saturday, 27* Sep', 17 GO. This day is prety pleasant for the season.
I went with Cap' Hart to find our horse, which we fear"" had got lost.
After traveling about 2 or 3 miles, found him. To day Corp' Bradford
of my company came from Ticondaroga, & brings news of L' Pope be-
ing sick, & that Tho' Hoole of my comp'' is dead ; but the time when
he died he cannot tell. Just before night arived a regiment of High-
landers from Montreal on their way to their winter quarters, which is to
be at Hallifax, as I hear.

Sunday, 28"' Sep'., 1760. This day is very rainy & stormy. I spent
most of the day in my tent. In the afternoon went down to y" landing
to see the Highland Reg! & the Royall Scotch Reg' embarque for Ticon-
daroga, & they are to make the best of their way to winter quarters.
Our camps be now very sickly ; there is not above'a third part of the
men now in camp that are fit for duty, & there dies more or less every
day.

Monday, 29* Sep'. This day very rainy & cold. I am off duty, &
spent most part of the day in tent, for it was exceeding bad walking out,
being nothing but mud & water, & very stormy. Joshua Chever has
come into our mess. Nath' Henderson is come up the lake sick with a
flux. Seven men died last night in the provincials, & they will most
all die if this weather holds, & they fare no better. I spent most part
of the afternoon in L' Burrills house, as he has a fine fire place.

Tuseday, 30th Sept., 1760. Last night Timothy Townsend of my
comp. died in hospital, & this morning was buryed. I have care of 80
men to git the cannon out of the Ligoneir, & bawl up the battoes &
boards, that was drove and houe on the shore last night in the storme.
About 2 oclock was dismissed. I returnd to camp & made report to the
Brigadier of my days work. It now comes on rainy & stormy, & I
fear will be bad again to night. About 4 oclock p.ji. a gent! brought
me a number of letters, wherein I found 4 for me, — 2 from my spouse,
one from brother Nathan, «fe one from brother John, — all dated in
Aug', with the agreable news of their being in health, & a small peice
from brother Jenks with news, &c., which is as cold waters to a thirsty

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 383

land. After perusing them I went to cabbin ; we lodg well a nights, &
thats all.

Wednsday, the 1"' of October, 1760. This day I am off duty; the
weather wett & lowrey. The most part of the day we are obliged to
set iu the cabbins with our feet wrapt in our blanketts to keep them
warm ; & here we sett talking & disputing of maters in love & matri-
mony & other diversion to pass away such tedious weather, & to bring
our campeign to an end, as all we have now to do is only fatigue &
nothing to be got nor nothing more to be fought for in America ; so I
don't tliink any ways out of character to wish an end to our fatigues,
for no honnour is to be got at fatigueing.

Thirsday, i'^ October, 1760. To day its sumthing more pleasant than
has been for these several days, altho it looks angry & lowery yet. I
have been out to look for our horse & cow, which were missing ; the
latter is found, but the former I fear is lost or stole. I have had several
walks with Cap' Hart & Ensn Newhall, to find our horse, but they were
all fruitless. Almost all the artelery is got on shore & drawn up on the
bank, which I beleive will be vseless in this country for y* future.

Frydny, 3 October, 1760. The weather is quite pleasant «fe agreable.
I have been out to walk to find our horse, & found him. Returnd I
heard that Jacob Hasey of ray company is dead of the small pox, & one
more not like to live. To day Gen! Johnson arived here from Montreal,
on his way home. Genl Whitmore's reg' is arived, & they are to
garison this place this winter.

Saturday, 4* October, 1760. To day am off duty. The weather
quite pleasant & warm. I took great satisfaction in walking round the
incampment & fort to see the works. Several vessels came up the
lake. Col? Havaland is arived, & a lord that commands Whitmores
reg! I am in hopes that we shall have good weather now, so that the
fort may be got forward before cold weather, that we may git forward
to our province before winter.

Sunday, S"" October, 1760. This is a very fine day; I am apt to
think its a weather breeder. I spent most of the day in walking to
take the air & helping Cap' Harris, who has been sick aboue a fortnight,
& to day has got out to ride a little in order to git strength. Ater
sunsett we had a sermon preacht on the parade by one of our chap-
lains from Psalms 63-3. This is the only one I have heard from our
chaplains. He stood 8 minutes by the watch.

Monday, 6"" October, 1760. Yesterday 3 of my men deserted, viz.,
Wm. Critchett, Benj" Hallowell, & Michal Conoly, & Eben' Osgood
& Wm. Dinsmore is dead. My company begins to grow small by death
& desertion. I have been out this morning, & there is vast numbers of
pegions flying & geese. To day Joseph Hasey & Jn° Conore arived
here from Isle Noir in a very bad state of health. I fear Hasey will
not recover. This day spent in visiting.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

7'" Octob% 17G0. To day I am off duty. Fine plesant
weather. I went out to walk as usual in order to git a better air than
we have in camp, which is almost infectious ; such numbers of sick &
dead men allways in camp. I bear that the Ehoad Island reg' has got
the spotted fever amongst them, which is as bad in an army as the
plague, as the regular docter says. Great numbers desert every night.

Wednsday, 8"" Octo^', 1760. To day I have care of a party to work
in the fort. At noon Joseph Hasey of my company died. He is the
7'" man I have lost in six weeks past, & I fear he is not the last, for
have several dangerously sick now. To day the prize row galley came
up the lake with men that are discharged, as I hear, as did y" Grand
Dioble.^ To day the sick are mustered, in order to send sum home for
New England.

Thirsday, 9'^ Octoh". To day am of duty. I wrote several letters
home, — one to my wife, one to brother Jenks, — as I hear several of my
men are to be sent home as invaleads. Last night I heard a number of
wolues on the other side the lake. To day 2 of Col° Tho° men were
brought in, haveiug deserted, to take the event of their folley.

Fryday, 10 Octob% 1760. This day Ezra Pratt & Nath° Winn of my
company set off for New England, haveiug got their dismission, & W°
Pratt went to help the sick home. To day I rec? a letter from Point
Shirley with the coufirmatiou of good news. Ens" Newhall of my com-
pany is quite ill. I have taken a great satisfaction to day in walking
out without the camp to take the air. I hear Gen' Amherst is expected
here soon.

Saturday, 11'" October . To day am off duty. The weather quite
agreable & pleasant, which is a great feavour to the sick that set of
yesterday in perticular & to the whole army in general. In the after-
noon I heard that the putrid fever is brook out at the old fort, & all men
are forbid going into it on any account. The evening I went & spent
in Cap' Baylys tent, where we concluded by drinking to wives.

Sunday, 1 2'" Octob", 1 760. To day morning great numbers of brants
was seen flying over the camp. The weather quite pleasant & agre-
able. I walked out to gain a good air. Return'' & read over all my
letters. Ens" Newhall remains very ill. No regard to sacred time is
paid here except a flags flying on y" fort, altho this moment I bear we
are to have a sermon, so I must dress to go to meeting. — a rarity up
here.

Monday, 13"^ OcloJf, 1760. To day am off duty. It looks like a
storm ; I fear a long one. I have taken several walks about to
divert myself. Last evening I spent very agreably with Esq' Gold-
thwait, who inform? me of Mrs. Hoole's death. I am almost impatiently
wishing the arival of Gen' Amherst, for I understand that all y' inva-
leads will be sent home on his arival.

I The Dival of 25 September.

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 885

Tuseday, 14* Octo'"', 1760. To day it is very raiuy. Tliere is no
men on fatigue. The weather is so bad I have kept in my tent almost
the day iu disputeing & other diversions to pass away such dull weather,
as its very vncomforiable in camp. I hear a number of letters is coma
from New England, but cannot find any for me. I hope soon to live
without this desire of letters.

Wednsday, IS"" Octo'"', 1760. This morning I hear Gen! Amherst
is arived, which I find true. Last evening was in very agreable com-
pany. To day is cleard up & is fine weather. I am off duty. I spent
the day in walking with several gentlemen whose company & con-
versation was quite agreable. At evening I had sum things prized that
blonged to one of my soldiers that is dead, & I assisted other gent' on y°
like ocasioa.

Thirsday, 16'" OctolT, 1760. I hear that all the inveleads are to be
sent home immediately, which rejoyces me much, & that we all are to
follow in about a fortnight, so hope by God's blessing soon to injoy my
friends again in New England. To day I have been settleing about my
soldiers things that are dead. I have lost 8 this campeign, but am in
great hopes that I shall lose no more, as it now begins to be more
healthy in camp.

Fry day, 17 th Octo'", 1760. To day I have care of 112 men to work
on fort. I had a smart dispute with the cheif engineer. To day I saw
M' Baldwin from New England. I have had a very pleasant tour of
duty to day. I dont expect to have aboue 2 or 3 at furthest more this
campeign. I hear there is great numbers of letters on the way ; may I
have the pleasure of receiveing sum.

Saturday, 18* Octo'", 1760. To day am off duty. I spent the [day]
writeing & walking out round the camp to pass away the time, altho I
confess that time is the most precious of all things when a person has the
injoyment of his friends company & conversation ; altho I have the so-
ciety of social gentlemen, yet that is not so satisfactory here as else
where.

Sunday, \^th Octo''!', 1760. This day is very stormy & cold. I have
wrote several letters home & intend them to be the last this campeign
without sum extraordinary happens. I spent most all of the day in
Cap- Bailey's tent reading Milton. Y° evening I spent very agreably
with Esqt Goldthwait, who tells me he soon intends for New England.

Monday, 20th Oct% 1760. To day am off duty. The weather clear,
but now begins to be cold. I have been a walk to take the air out of
camp. I hear that the invaleads are to be reviewd tomorrow by Doc-
ter Monro.' No news from home since 23'' Sep'. I heare also that the
rangers are to be dismised directly.

1 Sergeant Holden gives his name " Mun Row." 2 Proceedings, vol. iv.
p. 404.

686 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

Tuseday, 2P? Octo^ 1760. To day the weather cloudy & cold ; likely
for snow. I am off duty & have been to see the sick reviewed by D'
Monro, who 1 think is indued with much more patience than I should
have ; altho they are my countrymen, yet great numbers of them are a
scandall to y' protission of a soldier.

Wednsday, 22'' Octo''r, 1760. Last night it snow'', for this morning
the ground looks white, which makes me think of home to git a better
house to lodg in than this, which is made of oznabrigs, — a very poor
habitation for the inclemency of the season. Ens" Newhall has D'
Monrof approbation to go home. I hope soon to follow, for am tired
with this campeign.

Thirsday, 23'' Octo^, 1760. To day am off duty. Its a very cold
frosty morning, & the invaleads are prepareing to pass the lake to go
home by No. 4,^ the whole vnder command of Major Gerrish. I
bleive the party consists of 500, sum so bad that I think they will never
reach New England. There 2 or 3 broke out with the small pox in
camp, & it keeps breaking out every full & change of the moon & not
above 1 in 3 that has it lives.

Fry day, 24'" Octob\ 1760. To day I have care of a party to work
in the fort. I marcht them into the fort & stay'' a while, but found my
self so ill that I could not stand it. I gave charge of the parly to 2
subbs that was with me & returnd to camp. I fear I am going to have
a fit of sickness, for am very bad seized with a cold. To day En!
Newhall set out for home.

Saturday, 25th Octo'", 1760. This morning, blessed be God, I find
myself much better. I hope it will go off without a setled fever, which
I much fear* yesterday. I have return'' my self sick, the only time I
have been returnd so this campeign. I am not very zealous now for
duty time. I think we ought to be dismised to git home before
winter.

Sunday, 26* Octob', 1760. This day I am sum better, but not so
well as to be fit for duty. Esq' Goldthwait I hear has rec'' instructions
from home to [stay] till the camp breaks up, so am like to have his com-
pany a while longer. I can hear no news at all from home. It seems
they have forgot me.

Monday, 27"' Octob'', 1760. This day we have built us a chimney to
our tent, for we can no longer stand to live without a fire. To day
Gen' Amherst set off for Albany, & now I fear we shall be kept till y^
last of November, for y" command is left to Haverland, & I know he
delights to fatigue y^ provincials.

Tuseday, 28"' Octob', 1760. To day am much better of my cold.
The weather now looks winter like, & it is constantly snowing on the
mountains to the N. W. of us. I spend most of my time in gossopping
' See note, 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 404.

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIK JENKS. 387

from one neighbour to another to pass away the tedious hours till we
can be set at liberty, &c.

Wediisday, 29* Octo'", 1760. This is a pleasant, altho a frosty morn-
ing. Our lads has been bringing a house for them to cook in. Can see
the snow on the mountains. Loolis as if it wer 3 or 4 feet deep. I
beleive we shall soon have a share of snow here, for it has got to be a
nigh neighbour.

Thirsday, 30'" Octo', 1760. To day prety pleasant for the season.
Col° Thomas is arived from Isle Noir, after demolishing all the works
& fortifications on that almost infernal island. I pray it may never
have any inhabants on there any more forever, without its owls &
satyrs or dragons of the deserts, but be bloted out of memory to all
ages.

Fryday, 31" OctT, 1760. To day its very pleasant weather, & the
commanding officer keeps all the troops on fatigue, so eager are they
to git all they possibly can out of us before they dismis us. I think
this parallell with y' devils rage, when he knew his time was short to
plague mankind in ; so I know their time is short like their masters.
To day Esq' Goldthwait set off for Albany.

Saturday, 1" November, 1760. Last evening I saw Phineas Doug-
las, & he tells me his brother Joseph is gone home lame, & that his
friends was all well lately. To day I have care of 100 men to work
in the fort ; the weather blustring & cold. I kept with the party
about half y° day, & the other officers the rest. At evening it rain*
prety much.

Sunday, 2* Nov'", 1760. This morning the weather quite clear &
pleasant. I understand that we shall tarry till y" 20* instant, without
we should git the barracks done before, & that we shall all be gone off
by then whether they are done or not. To day I spent in my tent in
reading & writeing. No sign at all of Sunday now, for the flag is not
hoisted at all.

Monday, 3* Nov'", 1760. To day the weather pleasant for the sea-
son ; can see the tops of the mountains all covered with snow all
round. I beleive we are in a warm climate compared with those
mountains. I have been all round the fort twice to see how the bar-
rack goes on. I am in hopes they will be done by y' 10th or 12th
of this month ; so hope to have our freedom again in short time.

Tuseday, 4th November, 1760. To day am off duty; the weather
pleasant for the season. To day Col" Hawk & a party with him set
out for N? 4 : they are to make a bridge over Otter Creek. I hear
Major Gerrish got through to No 4 with the loss of but one or 2 of his
party. The party of 80 sent by Major Hobble to Albany, I hear 70 of
them are dead ; & another small party sent that way since, I hear 18 of
them are gone the way of all flesh. So frail a creature is man !

6o8 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

Wednsday, 5th Novemher, 17G0, Powder Plot. This Jay all the
carpenters that can work on the barrocks was ordred to assist those
already on that work ; & the masons will have done their barrock fit
for the carpenters in 2 days more. I have been round the fort to see
the works, and they go on quite briskly, for the provincials are of the
mind that we shall be discharg'* as soon as the barrocks are covered ;
so by that rule we shall march for home by the 10th or 12th instant.

Tkirsday, 6th November, 1760. Last evening the provincials, as it
was Pope Night, kept fireing all over the camps. Altho all possible care
was taken to detect them & suppress the fire, yet they kept a constant
fireing & squibing in defirent parts of the incampments till bed time.
This day I am off duty ; the weather quite warm for the season. Have
had several walks round the fort to see the works, & they will be so far
compleated as to admit of our dismission in about a week at furthest.

Fry day, 1th November, 1760. To day I am on duty at drawing
timber into the fort. I had a task which I finished before noon ; this
is the only task I have had on the works this campeign. In the after-
noon I spent my time very agreably in walking out with several gentle-
men to git a better air than can be injoyd in camp. Last night 2 of
Cap' Butterfields men died suddenly.

Saturday, Sth November, 1760. This morning rainy & lowry ; looks
quite like for bad weather, which has kept off for a great while. How-
ever, the working party kept at work till night. To day the brigg was
sent to Ticondaroga to be hawled up for to winter. The camp ladya
now, like the swallows, are seeking a more convenient climate to winter
in, for they are packing off.

Sunday, 9'" Nov}n., 1760. To day exceeding stormy, haveing rain*
& snowd all night. I lay a bed till ten oclock. In the afternoon re-
turned all my arms into the ship stores, as its orders tor the first &
second battell, to return all their arms in. I hope now soon to be on
my march for home, for certainly they dont intend us for any more
fighting. Just at night it cleard up, but too late for the working party
to turn out.

3Ionday, lOth iVbr", 1760. To day the weather quite pleasant, con-
sidering the climate & season. To day Rufus Hayward of my com-
pany was carry'' to the hospitall sick with the small pox ; I fear it will
go hard with him. To day I gave warrents to sum of my serjants to
clear them from the melitious officers at home, for I think to good to be
hawl'' out by them.

Tuseday, 11th Noi^, 1760. To day am off duty. The weather
cold & churlish. Last night John Connore of my company died in the
hospitall; he is the 10th man I have lost, & I fear that is not all.
We continue working on the fort & barracks to compleat them, so
that the troops that winter here may be comfortable.

1890.] JOURNAL OF CAPTAIN JENKS. 6ii\)

Wednsday, f 12ih Nov"^, 1760. To day a large party of invaleads
waa sent home by No. 4, under the care of Col° Whitcomb ; & another
party that are not able to go by No. 4, is going by Albany under the
care of Col° Saltonstall, so that we shall not have any sick left in camp
I hope when these are gone.

Thirsday, 13th November, 1760. To day I have care of 100 men
in drawing up the cannon brought from y" Island Noir, & drew up 33
before the working partys left otF. To day Col° Saltonstall set out
with his party of sick for Albany. The weather is very cold, & looks
now like snow ; its the coldest day we have had this fall.

Frijday, lith Nov'^, 1760. Last night it snowd best part of the
night, & this morning the snow is about 6 inches deep on a levell, &
extreame cold & windey. Yet our good friends the regulars turnd
out the proventials on fatigue sooner than usual, & kept their own men
off of the works. To day Cap' Hart & my self had our horse shod, &
frowed to cary our packs to No. 4.

Saturday, 15th November, 1760. Last night was an extreame cold
cue ; however I lay comfortably, considering I had no covering for a
house but a Oznbrigg tabernakle. To day there is no drum beat for
the works, & we have orders to make a return of all invaleads able &
unable for march, & I beleive that we shall soon be on our march for
the pumkin country. I almost dread our passage to No. 4 ; its about
a 100 miles & now its bad traveling. To day Cap' Bayley was car-
ried to the hospitall, being ill with the small pox, & L! Putnam is ille
of y" same.

Sunday, IQtA Nov"", 1760. To day Cap' Page of our batt" was sent
off with a party of 60 well men to No. 4. Yesterday a stage on the
barrock gave way, by which means 3 men fell from the roof that were
shingleing, & hurt themselves so much that their lives are dispaired
of. To day a party of provincials was sent to Ticondaroga for pro-
visions. After we haue work* on the fort till j° cold drove us off, now
we have provisions to bring here for all the garisson, under j° pretence
of bringing it for us to carry us to No. 4. I perceive that its Sunday to
day, for y' flag is flying. I hear this morning that several of the regulars
cows are dead, — froze to death last night ; but I had rather think sum
of our rouges helped them because they are almost outragious at being
kept here in camp at this season. I heard that Col"! Haverland, going
round the fort, fell down & broke his leg. Poor man ! I am sorry it
was his leg. To day orders came for all the tools to [be] return*^ in, &
all the arteficers to be paid off tomorrow.

Monday, 17"" November, 1760. To day a party was sent up to
Ticondaroga with our baker to bake bread to carry us to No 4, our
oven here being fell in & rendred useless. In the afternoon we had
orders to march to Ticondaroga, & take 8 days provisions to cary us to

390 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

No. 4. The weather is so bad that the carpenters cannot work, or we
should tarry 3 days longer.

Tuseday, 18lh Nov'"., 1760, This morning about day break we
struck our tents & dliverd them in, & march oflF about 8 oclock a. m.
I am rejoyced to be on a march again. We arived at Ticondaroga
about 3 oclock p. m., and were till 10 oclock at night gitting over the
lake. The weather tedious cold. I have a bad pain in my right knee
that I can hardly march with y*' regiment.

Wednsday, \^th Nov'", 1760. This morning we tarry here waiting
for our bread to be baked. The weather extreame cold. I lay very
comfortably by a large fire without any hut or tent, & now it looks
homish. as the man said by his barn, altho we are but just seting out.
My knee so lame, I fear I shall have a bad time through y' woods,
but desire to put my trust in Him that can do all things according to
his pleasure, & go as well & far as I can. Set off about 10 oclock, &
marcht till about 3 oclock & campt.

Thirsday, 20th Nov'"., 1760. Last night lay very well by a large
fire ; the weather extream cold, & the way exceeding bad. We have
come about 14 miles. We marcht off this morning about sunrise,
& march on through extreame bad way about 15 miles, & passd by
a man left on the road burnt by falling in the fire. He was left
with 2 others to take care of, who, when the poor creature fell into
a sleep, took all the provisions & marcht of & left him, first cover-
ing him over with hemlock boughs, & reported that he was dead, &
they had buried him. These villians were whipt — one 500 lashes,
y' other 250 — for their inhumanity, by order of a court martial g;
No 4.

Fryday, 21'' Nov'", 1760. Last night lay by a fire ; it snowd sum in
the night. Set off this morning by day, & marcht on in exceeding bad
way & came to Otter Creek, & campt just by a wolfe killd by sum of
our men & laid by the way.

Saturday, 22"' Nov':, 1760. Set of early, & past Otter Creek, & kept
on over the height of land. ]\Iet Col Whitcomb & several horses
going for sum sick.

Sunday, 23* iVor", 1760. Set off early throug vast mountains, &
went over sum reacht almost to the clouds, & got into the road hard
by y" Hamshire troops.

ilonday, 2ith Nov'"., 1760. Set off about 4 oclock. Raind steady
all day. Have 16 mile to N° 4.

Tuseday, 2oth Nov"", 1760. Continued at No 4. Mustred my men
& sent them off. To day 2 provincial was whipt for '

1 Sergeant Holden's Journal supplies the blank under the same date. " Two
men that was Confin'd for Burying a man alive in N° 4 woods Hec' their punish-
ment, one Keel 500 Lashes, the other 100." Though perhaps there is some con-

1890.] DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 391

Wednsday, 26 Nov"', 1760. I waited here last night for Cap' Hart,
&c. Set off about 7 odock A. M. Have now none to take care off but
my self, as all my company are dismissed & gone home before me.

The Rev. Dr. Lucius R. Paige communicated a copy of a
part of a diary of a British officer, kept during the Revolu-
tionary War, and said : —

Several of our associates well remember the late Samuel
Batchelder, Sr., of Cambridge, who wrote some history,
and by his inventions and labors furnished materials for
other historians. One of his granddaughters, Mrs. Frances B.
Troup (nee James), now residing at Rockbeare, near Exeter,
England, is an enthusiastic student and explorer. Among
other treasures, she has found what she describes as an un-
published " Diary kept by a British officer during our Revo-
lution. . . . This officer was Lieutenant (afterward, I think,
Colonel) Mackenzie, who was in the Twenty-third Regiment,
otherwise called the Royal Welsh Fusileers." She obtained
permission of the owners that her husband, Mr. John Rose
Troup, might copy that portion of the Diary which describes
the expedition to Lexington on the 19th of April, 1775.
This copy she sent to me about four months ago ; and at my
suggestion she subsequently procured authority for me to
communicate it to this Society. I think a description of that
memorable " passage of arms," as seen through English eyes,
by one who was personally engaged in it, cannot be devoid
of interest ; and therefore, as I have seldom trespassed on
your patience heretofore, and in all probability shall trespass
less frequently, if at all, hereafter, I bespeak your indulgence
while I read a portion or pei'haps the whole of it.

Description of the Battle of Lexington, hy Lieutenant Mackenzie of
the Royal Welsh Fusileers.

19* April, 1775. At 7 o'clock this morning a Brigade order was
received by our Regiment, dated at 6 o'clock, for the l'> Brigade to
assemble at h past 7 on the Grand Parade. We accordingly assembled
the Regiment with the utmost expedition, and with the 4- and 47'-^
were on the parade at the hour appointed, with one day's provisions.
By some mistake the Marines did not receive the order until the other

fusion of dates, and his reference is to the incident above under date of Novem-
ber 20. 2 Proceedings, vol. iv. p. 406.

392 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

Eegiments of the Brigade were assembled, by which meaus it was half
past 8 o'clock before the Brigade was ready to march. Here we un-
derstood that we were to march out of towu to support the troops that
went out last night. — A quarter before nine, we marched in the follow-
ing order, Advanced Guard of a Captain and 50 men, 2 Six pounders,
4'^ Reg!., 47'J! Reg!., 1!! BattS of Marines, 23'i Reg', or Royal Welsh
Fusileers. Rear Guard, of a Captain & 50 men. The whole under
the Command of Brigadier General, Earl Percy.

We went out of Boston by the Neck, and marched through Roxbury,
Cambridge and Menotomy, towards Lexington. In all the places we
marched thruugh, and in the houses on the road, few or no people
were to be seen ; and the houses were in general shut up. When we
arrived near Lexington, some persons who came from Concord, in-
formed that the Grenadiers & Light Infantry were at that place,
and that some persons had been killed and wounded by them early
in the morning at Lexington. As we pursued our march, about 2
o'clock we heard some straggling shots fired about a mile in our front;
as we advanced we heard the firing plainer and more frequent, and at
half after 2, being near the Church at Lexington, and the fire increas-
ing, we were ordered to form the Line, which was immediately done
by extending on each side of the road, but by reason of the Stonewalls
and other obstructions, it was not formed in so regular a manner as it
should have been.

The Grenadiers & Light Infantry were at this time retiring towards
Lexington, fired upon by the Rebels, who took every advantage the
face of the country aflTorded them. As soon as the Grenadiers & Light
Infantry perceived the 1- Brigade drawn up for their support, they
shouted repeatedly, and the firing ceased for a short time. — The ground
we first formed upon was something elevated, and commanded a view
of that before us for about a mile, where it was terminated by some
pretty high grounds covered with wood. The village of Lexington
lay between both parties. — We could observe a considerable number
of the Rebels, but they were much scattered and not above 50 of them
to be seen in a body in any place. Many lay concealed behind the
Stone wall & fences. They appeared most numerous in the road near
the Church, and in a wood in the front and on the left flank of the line
where our Regiment was posted. A few Cannonshot were fired at those
on & near the road, which dispersed them. The flank Companies
now retired and formed behind the brigade, which was soon fired upon
by the Rebels most advanced. A brisk fire was returned, but without
much effect. As there was a piece of open morassy ground in front of
the left of our Regiment, it would have been difficult to have passed it
under the fire of the Rebels from behind the trees and walls on the
other side. Indeed no part of the Brigade was ordered to advance ; we

1890.] DESCKLPTION OF THE BATTLE OP LEXINGTON. rfUd

therefore drew up near the morass, in expectation of orders how to
act, sending an officer for one of the 6 pounders. During this time
the Rebels endeavoured to gain our flanks, and crept into the covered
ground on either side, and as close as they could in front, firing now
& then in perfect security. We also advanced a few of our best
marksmen who fired at those who shewed themselves.

About I past 3, Earl Percy having come to a resolution of return,
ing to Boston, and having made his disposition for that purpose, our
Regiment received orders to form the Rear Guard. We immediately
lined the walls and other cover in our front with some marksmen, and
retired from the right of Companies by files to the high ground a small
distance in our rear, where we again formed in line, and remained in
that position for near half an hour, during which time the flank com-
panies & the other Regiments of the Brigade, began their march in
one column on the road towards Cambridge. — As the country for many
miles round Boston & in the neighbourhood of Lexington & Con-
cord, had by this time had notice of what was doing, as well by the
firing as from expresses which had been from Boston & the adjacent
places in all directions, numbers of armed men on foot & on horse-
back, were continually coming from all parts, guided by the fire,
and before the Column had advanced a mile on the road, we were
fired at from all quarters, but particularly from the houses on the road-
side & the adjacent stone walls. Several of the troops were killed
& wounded in this way, and the soldiers were so enraged at suffering
from an unseen enemy, that they forced open many of the houses from
which the fire proceeded & put to death all those found in them.
These houses would certainly have been burnt had any fire been found
in them, or had there been time to kindle any, but only three or four
near where we first formed suffered in this way. — As the troops drew
nearer to Cambridge the number & fire of the Rebels increased, &
although they did not shew themselves openly in a body in any part,
except on the road in our rear, our men threw away their fire very in-
considerately, and without being certain of its effect ; this emboldened
them & induced them to draw nearer, but whenever a Cannonshot was
fired at any considerable number, they instantly dispersed. Our Regi-
ment having formed the Rear Guard for near 7 miles, & expended a
great part of its ammunition, was then relieved by the Marines, which
was the next Battalion in the Column. — Lord Percy judging that the
returning to Boston by way of Cambridge (where there was a bridge
over Charles river, which mio:ht either be broken down or require to
be forced) and Roxbury, might be attended with some difficulties &
many inconveniences, took the resolution of returning by way of
Charlestown, which was the shortest road and which could be de-
fended against any number of Rebels. Accordingly where the roads
50

394 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

separate, the Column took that to the left, & passing over Charlestown
Neck, drew up on the heights just above, & which command it. This
was about 7 o'clock in the evening. — During the march the Marines
had been relieved in the duty of forming the Rear Guard by the 47*
Eegiment, and that Corps by the 411'. — The Grenadiers and Light In-
fantry being exceedingly fatigued by their long march, kept at the
head of the Column, where indeed, latterly the tire was nearly as
severe as in the rear. During the whole of the march from Lexing-
ton the Eebels kept an incessant irregular fire from all points at the
Column, which was the more galling as our flanking parties, which at
first were placed at sufficient distances to cover the march of it, were at
last, from the difTereut obstructions they occasionally met with, obliged
to keep almost close to it. Our men had very few opportunities of
getting good shots at the Rebels, as they hardly ever fired but under
cover of a stone wall, from behind a tree, or out of a house ; and the
moment they had fired they lay down out of sight until they had
loaded again, or the Column had passed. In the road indeed in our
rear, they were not numerous and came on pretty close, frequently
calling out, " King Hancock forever " ! — Many of them were killed in
the houses on the road side from whence they fired ; in some of them
7 or 8 men were destroyed. Some houses were forced open in which
no person could be discovered, but when the Column had passed, num-
bers sallied out from some place in which they had lain concealed, fired
at the rear Guard, and augmented the numbers which followed us. — If
we had had time to set fire to these houses many Rebels must have
perished in them, but as night drew on Lord Percy thought it best to
continue the march. Many houses were plundered by the soldiers,
notwithstanding the efforts of the officers to prevent it. I have no
doubt this influenced the Rebels, & many of them followed us further
than they would otherwise have done. By all accounts some soldiers
who stayed too long in the houses were killed in the very act of plun-
dering by those who lay concealed in them. We brought in about ten
prisoners, some of whom were taken in arms. One or two more were
killed on the march while prisoners by the fire of their own people. —
Few or no women or children were to be seen throughout the day. As
the country had undoubted intelligence that some troops were to march
out, and the Rebels were probably determined to attack them, it is gen-
erally supposed that they had previously removed their families from
the neighbourhood. — As soon as the troops had passed Charlestown"
Neck the Rebels ceased firing. A negro (the only one [who] was seen
to fire at the King's troops) was wounded near the houses close to the
Neck, out of which the Rebels fired to the last. — When the troops
had drawn up on the heights above Charlestown Neck, & had remained .
there about half an hour, Lord Percy ordered the Grenadiers & Light

1890.] DESCRIPTION OF THE BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 395

Infantry to march down into Charlestown ; tliey were followed by the
Brigade, which marched off by the right, the 4- Regiment leading &
the 23- being in the rear. Boats being ready to receive them, the
wounded men were first embarked then the flank companies of the 45
& 47*?. The boats returned with the picquets of the 2;' & 3'^ brigades,
the 10* Reg'- & 200 of the 64* who had been brought up from Fort
William. These troops were under the Command of Brigadier Gen-
eral Pigot, & were ordered to take possession of Charlestown & the
heights commanding the Neck. As these movements took up a con-
siderable time, the 23- & the Marines were ordered into the Town-
house. Here we remained for two hours, when the boats being ready
we marched out & embarked, but it was past 12 at night before the
whole of our Regiment was landed at the North end, Boston, from
whence we marched to our Barracks. Lieut Rooke of the 4- Regi-
ment, aide de camp to General Gage, marched out in the morning with
the first Brigade, and just as the firing began he was sent back by Lord
Percy to inform the General of the situation of affairs, but as he was
obliged to cross the country & keep out of the road in order to avoid
the numerous parties of Rebels who were coming from all parts to join
those who had attacked us, he did not arrive in Boston, by way of
Charlestown till past 4 o'clock. Lord Percy behaved with great spirit
throughout this affair & at the same time with great coolness. His de-
termination to return by way of Charlestown prevented the loss of
many men.

Return of the Killed, Wounded, Sj- mhsing in the action of the
IQ'* April, 1775.

4* 7 2.5 8

S* 5 1.5 1

10"> 1 13 1

18* 1 4 1

23"! .... . 4 26 6

aS"- 4 12 -

43rf 4 5 2

47"' 5 22 -

52°'' 3 2 1

Marines .... 3

Artillery . . . —

Total . . 6!

Officers not included.

Names of Officers Wounded.

. Lieut : Knight . . . Died 20* April.
. Lieut : Gould .... In the foot.
. Lieut. T. Baker . . . Hand.

MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

[Mar.

S'" .

. Lieut : Hawksham

. Cheek.

. Lieut : Cox . .

. Arm.

10* . .

. Lt : Col : Smith .

• Leg.

" . .

. Capt ParsoDs . .

. Arm. Contusion.

" . .

. L' Kelly ....

. Arm.

" . .

. Ensign Lister . .

. Arm.

23«i .

. Lt : Col : Bernard

. Thigh.

38* .

. Lt : Sutherland .

. Breast. Slight.

43"i .

. Lieut : Hull . .

. Body. Died 2°* May

47* .

. Lt : McLeod . .

. Breast.

" . .

. Lt : Baldwin . .

. Throat.

Marines

. Capt : Souter . .

• Leg.

. Lt: McDonald . .

. Slight.

. Lt : Potter . . .

. SUght.

Beturn of the Rank Sf file of the Royal Welsh Fusileers, under arms in the
action of Lexington, 19"* April, 1775.
Grenadier Company ... 29 ... . Rank & file.
Light Infantry Company . 35 . . . . do.

Light Battalion Co' . . . 218
Total 282

The loss of the King's Troops is stated as above. It is almost im-
possible to ascertain the loss of the Rebels, but in the opinion of most
persons, they must have lost above 300 men, most of whom were killed.
It is extremely difficult to say what number of men they had opposed
to us, as their numbers were continually increasing, but I imagine that
there was not less than 4,000 actually assembled towards the latter
part of the day. The whole of the King's troops did not exceed 1,500
men.

Prof. Albert Bushxell Hart then read the following
paper on the relations between Harvard College and the
First Church in Cambridge : —

After the laborious and scholarly researches of the three
learned historians of Harvard College, — Peirce, Quincy, and
Eliot, — and the numerous monographs and publications con-
taining obscure sources, there seems little left for any inves-
tigator to discover or for any essayist to say upon the early
history of that venerable institution. The planting and the
growth of the First Church in Cambridge have also been
treated by Dr. McKenzie in his careful and graphic lectures,
delivered from 1870 to 1872 and published in 1873. It has
nevertheless occurred to me to search out and to correlate
the more important facts regarding the relations between the

1890.] HARVARD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 397

two organizations which for two centuries and a half have
been neighbors, friends, and coadjutors, and to supplement
them by an examination of a portion of the unpublished
church and college records. The paper is by uo means
exhaustive, and I shall be grateful for any suggestions or
corrections from members of the Society. The substance of
the paper was read Feb. 10, 1890, at a meeting of the
Shepard Historical Society of Cambridge.

The relations between Harvard College and the First
Church in Cambridge go back to the foundation of both in
1636. On February 1 of that year was gathered the little
church which has since so wonderfully prospered ; on October
28 of the same year the General Court took the first steps
toward the foundation of the college. " For place," says a
contemporary ,1 " they fix their eye upon Neiv-Totvn, which to
tell their Posterity whence they came, is now named Qamhridg,
and withal to make the whole world understand, that spiritual
learning was the thing they chiefly desired, to sanctifie the
other, and make the whole lump holy, and that learning being
set upon its right object, might not contend for error instead
of truth ; they chose this place, being then under the Orthodox,
and soul-flourishing Ministery of Mr. Thomas Shepheard, of
whom it may be said, without any wrong to others, the Lord by
his Ministery hath saved many a hundred soul." " This Town
is compact closely within it selfe, ... it hath well ordered
streets and comly pompleated with the faire building of Harver
. Colledge . . . the people of this Church and Towne have hitherto
had the chiefest share in spirituall blessings, tiie Ministry of
the Word." 2 Johnson's favorable opinion of Cambridge, as a
college town, has never been seriously disputed ; and a similar
thought was more mellifluously stated in 1801 by Dr. Holmes,
then a minister of the church : " It is generally conceded that
this town eminently combines the tranquillity of philosophic
solitude, with the choicest pleasures and advantages of refined
society."^ So close is the relation of site between church
and college, that the present college yard includes the site
of the second, third, and fourth meeting-houses of the First
Church, and of the house which was for many years the par-
sonage and the property of the parish. The college, thus

1 Johnson's Wonder- Working Providence (Poole's reprint), p. 16-t.

2 Ibid., pp. 61, 62. 8 Holmes's Cambridge, p. 6.

398 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETy. [Mar.

attracted by the church, became in turn the centre near whicli
the successive church-buildings were placed.

The erection, the alteration, and the repair of those buildings
again closely connect the church and the college. The first
edifice, near the present corner of Mt. Auburn and Dunster
streets, was constructed before the college ; but the second
building was set on "Watch-House Hill," not far from the
present site of Dane Hall. I have not been able to find anv state-
ment that the college contributed to the building of this church ;
but in " An Inventory of the whole estate of Harv'' Colledge,
taken by the President & Felows as they find the same to be
Decemb. 10, 1654," one item is : " The East Gallery in Cambr.
meeting house for the use of the Students, vallued at 30'^" i
It is altogether probable, therefore, that the college bore its
part in the expense of that building. In December, 1691, the
Corporation ordered, " That £5 be allowed towards y° repair-
ing of y meeting-house in Cambr. Provided y' this present
allowance shall not be drawn into a precedent for y» future and
y' the select men shall renounce all expectation of such a
thing for y" future." ^ With more liberality than consistency,
■we find a vote in 1703, "that the Sum of Sixty pounds be
allowed out of the Colledg Treasury tow'*' the building a new
meeting house in Cambridg."^ Three years later, they
voted to " take care for the building of a pew for the Presi-
dent's family in the meeting house now a building, and
about the students' seats in said meeting-house," — the third
used by the church.* In 1717 the Corporation agreed to
pay one seventh of the cost of enlarging the meeting-house,
"Provided the frontier gallery that now is, w'" the two
wings, shal, as of right it ought to be, and as their necessity
calls for it, be surrendered to the use of the scholars."^
A similar promise to pay one seventh the expense of repairs
was made in 1716.^ When the fourth meeting-house was built,

^ College Book, No. 3, p. 42. This entry was overlooked by the parish commit-
tee of ]850 in their laborious " Eeport on tlie Connection at various Times existing
between the First Parish in Cambridge and Harvard College," wliich is tlie basis
of much of this part of the paper.

2 Eeport on the Connection, etc., p. 5. The citation in the Eeport is incorrect,
and I have been unable to find the passage.

3 Eeport, etc., p. 5 ; College Book, Nos. 4, 5, p. 23.
* Eeport, etc., p. 5 ; College Book, Nos. 4, 5, p. 26.

« Report, etc., pp. 5, 6; College Book, Nos. 4, 5, p. 60.
« Eeport, etc., pp. 6, 7 ; College Book, Nos. 4, 5, p. 268.

1800.] HABVAKD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHUECH. 399

in 1756, the college agreed to bear one seventh of the cost and
to surrender a strip of land, provided " that there be a Liberty,
for the Pres'*' of the College to Cart into his back yard, viz. at
the back side of the s* New-Meeting-house, wood, hay, boards,
»S;c., for his own, or the College's use, as there shall be occa-
sion for it." ' The aesthetic influence so often exercised by
the college was shown when the Corporation proposed to give
up a piece of land from the President's orchard, so that the
house might be set fartlier back, " which situation also . . . will
render the appearance of it, much more beautiful"; it also con-
sented to a change in the interior of the proposed building on
the double ground that the original plan was " considerably dis-
pleasing, to the People," and that the new one " will add to the
Beauty of the House." ^ The President was allowed his choice
from the first four pews.^ A cunning parish committee, how-
ever, was appointed " to measure the New Meeting house and
to see if the Coolege have not, according to the settlement made
■with them, . . . more than a seventh part of the room in the
House, and if they have to desire the Corporation to reduce
it to that proportion." * From 1753 to 1833 most of the Com-
mencements and inaugurations were held in this building.

In 1814 the college began to hold Sabbath services in
the new chapel in University Hall,^ and relinquished the
use of the front gallery in the meeting-house. After the
division of the church from the parish in 1829, the Cor-
poration took no part in the construction of the modern
building put up on Mount Auburn Street in 1831 by the
Orthodox Sliepard Congregational Society, which was formed
about the church ; nor in the construction of the present Shepard
Church, on Garden Street. The First Parish Society con-
tinued in the occupation of the old meeting-house. After the
settlement of Mr. Newell in 1830 over the Unitarian church
formed in connection with the parish, negotiations were en-
tered upon between the college and the parish for the acquire-
ment by the college of the site of the meeting-house and nearly

1 Report, etc., pp. 9-13 ; College Book, No. 7, pp. 29, 5-3. This generosity is
somewhat tempered by the accompanying vote, " That tliere shall be a Petition
put in to tlie General Court ... to giue us such Help in that affair, as to their
Wisdom & Goodness shall seem meet."

2 Report, etc., p. 13 ; College Book, No. 7, p. 55.

8 Report, etc., p. 24. ■* Ibid., p. 14.

5 Harvard Book, vol. i. p. 91 (on Dr. Palfrey's authority).

400 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mak.

adjacent parsonage. On May 9, 1832, the parish voted to
accept the proposition of the Corporation, to furnish a lot next
south of the burying-ground, and to put up a building thereon
to cost ten thousand dollars, in exchange for which the old site
went to the college.^ The bargain, considered at the time an
excellent one for both sides, inured to the great benefit of the
college, which thus completed its front upon Harvard Street,
and its exclusive possession of the college yard. The old
building, which had received within its walls most of the
great men of New England and many eminent foreign visitors,
was torn down in 1833, and hardly a trace remains.^ The in-
fluence of the college on the new building was not confined to
its construction. President Quincy subscribed one hundred
dollars toward a steeple, and half the expense of a vane. In
1835 the Corporation subscribed five hundred dollars toward a
clock, and assumed the care of it.^ The college was assured
the occupancy of the northern gallery and of a President's pew,
and the use of the building on four public occasions j'early,
and to continue the "gallery money"* of seventy dollars a
year, and in 1847 agreed to bear one seventh of the expense
of repairs.^

Of the use of the old meeting-house from 1756 to 1833,
many quaint reminiscences are preserved. It was customary
for the disputants at Commencement to place themselves in
opposite galleries, and to exchange arguments across the
assembly below. Dr. John Pierce in his journal complains of
the " theatrical musick" " of the Commencement of 1806. A
procession was formed which included General Lafayette in
1824, and "which proceeded to the meeting-house amid con-
tinual shouts of assembled throngs." " In 1828 " the meet-
inghouse was less crowded than usual." ^ In 1833 he tells us
that " the concluding oration of the Bachelors, bj' Bowen, was
a sober, chaste performance. The manner of his bidding
adieu to the old meetinghouse, as this was to be the last Com-

^ Eeport, etc., pp. 16-31, 51. The college actually spent on the building
$12,500.

2 It brought 8.362.76. Some of the old pillars supporting the gallery in 1790
still supported the roof of a piazza on Mt. Auburn Street in 1890.

8 Report, etc., pp. 21, 31, B3, 39.

* Ibid., p. 50. 6 iv,id., p. 51.

» Ante, p. 171. ' Ante, p. 191.

8 Ante, p. 198.

1S90.] HAKVAKD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 401

mencemeut observed in it, was peculiarly touching to those
whose associations with it were the strongest." ^ A member
of the Historical Society who was present on that day and
himself had the second English oration, informs me that Mr.
Andrews thus addressed the walls about him: " Tibi gratias •
damns, quod non in capiti nostri ruisti/'

Not only did the college aid the parish in its meeting-houses,
but the church has many times generously contributed to the
college. When, in 1672, a subscription was taken up through-
out the Colony for the construction of the new building, Cam-
bridge liberally subscribed £199, or nearly one tenth of the
total amount.^ It is impossible, in most cases, to separate the
benefactions of the church and its members from those of
the other people of the Colony ; but the building-committee
appointed in 1672 consisted of "Deacon John Cooper and M'
William Manning, of Cambridge." ^ The first two ministers of
the church had each an elaborate plan for the support of the col-
lege. Thomas Shepard submitted a memorial to the Commis-
sioners of the United Colonies, asking a collection throughout
New England for the poor scholars ; * and that collection was
duly made and gratefully received. Jonathan Mitchell pro-
posed " A Model for the Education of Hopeful Students at the
Colledge in Cambridge." Cotton Mather tells us that it was
a scheme for subscriptions for a term of years out of which
scholars were to be supported " until they had either performed
such profitable services as were imposed on them in the Colledge
it self, or prepared themselves for other services abroad in the
world." 5 In its essential features, therefore, it was not unlike
the present " Price Greenleaf Aid," the most recent and wisest
form of assistance to students. William Brattle, minister of
the church in 1717, willed £250 to the college ;« and his suc-
cessor, Nathaniel Appleton, willed £26 in addition to previous
direct gifts.^ It is impossible to assemble or to estimate the
benefactions in money from the members of this church, con-
tinued as they have been from 1636 to 1890.

1 Ante, p 211.

••* " Cambridge & tl)e village " subscribed £199.01.08 to the " new edi
College Book, No. 3, p. 57.

8 College Book, No. .3, p 55. * Text in Hazard, vol. ii. p. 17.

5 Cotton Mather's Magnalia, book iv., Life of Mitchell, § 13.
' McKenzie's First Church, p. 135. ' Ibid., p. 1.58.

402 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

The college in its turn has, throughout its history, assisted
in the support of public worship in the First Church. Among
the disbursements of President Dunster appear : " To 6 stu-
dents for writing for y' churches 002 07 06|." ^ Dr. Mc-
Kenzie, who has made some investigation on this subject,
says that " at one time the scholars made their contribution,
which was entered by itself, and appropriated according to
their wish for the benefit of the minister"; and that the fee
for a supply " seems to have been increased by the gifts of the
students." ^

■ March 19, 1750, a committee was appointed by the parish
" To treat with y° Governors of y' College, in order to their
being assisting of said precinct in y^ support of Mr. Appleton."^
The collections from the scholars' gallery were so scanty that
in 1760 the Corporation agreed that the box should not be
passed in their gallery, but that the students should each be
taxed in their quarterly bills " ninepence lawful money." The
sum thus obtained, called "gallery money," was paid toward
the support of the minister ; and in 1814, when the college
began to hold its own Sunday services, had reached about
seventy dollars ; that sum, seventy dollars, continued to be
paid annually down to the division of the churches in 1829.*
The Shepard Congregational Society received, in 1850, sixty
dollars annually from the college, which has ever since pro-
vided pews for the accommodation of those students who
have preferred the Shepard Church, and is now paying five
hundred dollars a year for that purpose. From 1831 to 1850
the University paid seventy dollars a year to the First Parish
Society, and still keeps up pew-rents in the Unitarian church.
These sums have constantly been increased by the voluntary
offerings of students worshipping with the congregations.

I have several times alluded to the fact that down to 1814
the First Church was the only place for Sabbath worship.
Here, in the persons of the ministers of the church and of their
exchanges, the students and officers of the college have always
enjoyed the opportunity of hearing the most notable preachers
of New England. Increase Mather, the President, says in his

1 College Book, No. 3, p. 11.

2 McKenzie, Lectures on the History of the First Church in Cambridge, pp.
130, 133.

8 Report, etc., p. 9. * Ibid., pp. 15, 16.

1800.] HARVARD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 403

diary in 1693 : " As I was riding to preach at Cambridge, I
prayed to God, — begged tliat my labors migiit be blessed to
the souls of the students ; at the which I was much melted." ^
Cotton Mather describes the daily prayers in the hall " besides
what sermons he [the President] saw cause to preach in pub-
lick Assemblies on the Lord's Day at Cambridge, where the
Students have a particular Gallery allotted unto them." ^ And
elsewhere he says of his father: " By Preaching often at Cam-
bridge, he made his visits yet more profitable unto them." ^ The
first Commencement of Harvard College, in 1642, was held in
the first edifice of this church. " They were young men of good
hope," says John Winthrop, " and performed their acts so as
gave good proof of their proficiency in the tongues and arts." *
Down to 1833 the successive Commencements were held in
the meeting-houses of this church. In 1756 the Corporation
agreed to make good all the damage that should be done to
said house by their use of it on Commencement Day, and other
public occasions when they make use of the same.^ This
agreement was renewed in 1815, and again in 1833.® The
Unitarian church was employed for these purposes from its
construction in 1833 to the completion of Memorial Hall in
1874 ; and in 1846 the parish complained bitterly of the dam-
age done on muddy Commencement days.^

The part of the college in the maintenance of Sabbath ser-
vices was to insure the attendance of the students. " On the
Sabbath," says Quincy, " public worship was attended in the
parish church, where the undergraduates occupied the front
gallery ; and none were excused on account of difference in
religious sentiment." ^ Many of the college laws and many
curious cases of discipline relate to this requirement. The
first collection of college regulations, which dates from 1646,
contains the following rule : " 5. In the publike church as-
sembly they shall carefully shunne all gestures that shew
any contpt or neglect of Gods ordinances and bee ready
to give an account to their tutours of their profiting and
to use y° helpes of storing themselves with knowledge, as
their tutours shall direct them & all Sophisters & Bachillors

^ Quincy's History, vol. i. p. 475. 2 Magnalia, book iv. part i. § 4.

3 Ibid., § 6. * Winthrop, rol. il. p. 87.

5 Report, etc., p. 15. 5 Ibid., p. 15.

' Ibid., pp. 45-47. « Quincy, vol. i. p. 440.

404 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [MaK.

(until themselves make common place shall publiquely re-
peats Sermons in y° Hall whenever they are called forth." i
In 1723 the Overseers instituted a visitation b}' a commit-
tee of which Judge Sewall was chairman. One of the duties
of that committee was to discover " how the Lord's day is
observed and the public duties taught of it by that society."
On this head the committee reported, " that there are prayers,
and a psalm sung, in the Hall on the Lord's day mornings ; and
repetition of the sermons by one of the scholars ; and a psalm
and prayers in the evening ; and that the scholars do generally
attend the public worship ; and that the scholars do generally
spend too much of the Saturday evenings in one another's
chambers ; and that the Freshmen, as well as others, are seen,
in great numbers, going into Town on Sabbath mornings to pro-
vide breakfasts."^ In the Faculty record for 1731, I find the
following two cases of discipline : " Agreed that Hale be fined
three shillings for his frequent absence from God's publick Wor-
ship " ; 3 and the following : " Voted y' Holbrook & Collier, for
cutting off M' Flynt's Mare's ears & y° Hair of her Main &
Tail, and, on their examination relating to that affair, persist-
ing in their denial of it, offering to clear themselves of it by
oath ; and for reiterated lying in their Indeavours to clear
tliemselves of all which (together with their absenting them-
selves from y' publick worship under pretence of illness, and
then concocting the Scheme, and committing y" Fact upon
y" same Lord's Day evening) they have been convicted by
Testimony, & their own confession, after so solemn a denial
of it, be forthwith expelled from y° CoUdge." * New college
laws of 1784 ^ contain a sterner enactment upon this impor-
tant subject. Absence brought with it the penalty of a fine
of three shillings, " and whoever shall come tardy to y" publick
worship shall be punished Six pence, or Otherwise at the dis-
cretion of yo President or one of the Tutors " ; also, " whoever
shall be guilty of vaine or loose behavior, or of playing or sleep-
ing at the Publick worship, or shall go out of the meeting

' College Book, No. 1, p. 43; Latin version, p. 45. Another slightly different
English version is in College Book, No. 3, p. 19.

2 Quincy, vol. i. pp. 318, 320.

8 Faculty Records, vol. i. p. 33.

* Ibid., p. 39.

^ College Book, No. 1, pp. 183, 184; reprinted also in Peirce, Appendix,
No. XX.

18!)0.] HARVARD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 405

house before y" Publick worship is ended, shall be punished
from one to five shillings . . ." The next regulation is evi-
dently aimed at one of the few pleasures which young men and
maidens might enjoy together in that time of strictness, and con-
tinued in force until about the beginning of the present cen-
tury. It reads : " Inasmuch as complaints have been made of
disorders in y" meeting house, by Scliolars going thither before
the ringing of the Second bell ; it is therefore ordered, y' no
undergraduates shall go to y" meeting House on the Lords
day, before y° ringing of the Second bell. And whoever shall
transgress this Law, shall be punished by the President or one
of the Tutors, not exceeding Two shiUings." The attention
and the memory of the students was stimulated by a further
rule: "Undergraduates shall in their course repeat at Least
the heads of the forenoon and afternoon Sermons on the Lords
day evenings in y° Hall, and such as are delinquent, shall be
punished by the President, or one of the Tutors, not exceeding
three shillings." Notwithstanding the severity of these enact-
ments, tradition informs us that sudden illness, the unexpected
visit of a parent, an unavoidable absence from Cambridge were
calamities which fell upon Sunday morning with much the
same frequency as in later days of required attendance on
religious services ; and an awful example is preserved in the
record of Tutor Prince, who was dismissed for various of-
fences, among which was, " speaking out in time of public
worship so as to excite laughter." i One other service the
college rendered to the congregation of which the students
were a part. The Bay Psalm-book, revised by Pi'esident Dun-
ster and printed on the college press, was for many years used
in the service of the First Church in Cambridge.^

In November, 1814, by vote of the Overseers, the attendance
of students was required at the Sunday services in University
Hall'. Later, they were allowed to occupy seats for which the
college paid, — in Christ Church, the Baptist Church, the Shep-
ard Church, and the First Parish Church. Dr. McKenzie
speaks of " the college students massed in one corner of the
[Shepard] Church, where they had the imposed benefit of the
services on the Sabbath. One of these was afterwards com-
muted for attendance at the sabbath school, and by this means

1 Quincy, vol. ii. p. .33.

" McKenzie's History of the First Church, p. 43.

406 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETr. [Mar.

the school was immediately increased." ^ While officers and
students of tiie college by their attendance helped to assist the
services of the church, on the other hand the church was the
religious home of members of the college. In the earliest list
of members of the First Church in Cambridge whicli has come
down to us, dated 16-58, we find: "Mr. Charles Chaunc}-,
President of the Colledge, and Catherine his wife." ^ The first
President, Dunster, was a member of this church ; and so was
the first treasurer, Pelham ; the first steward or bursar, Mat-
thew Day ; and members of the first Board of Overseers and of
the first Corporation. Most of the presidents, treasurers,
tutors, and professors were members of this church down to
1815, when the College Church was formed. One of the most
interesting of all is Judah Monis, "a Jew by birth and educa-
tion," who was solemnly baptized in 1722, and fifteen years
later, " was publici<ly declared to be a member of the Chh. &
entitled to all privilidges with y' other Brethren." ^ For forty
years he was instructor in Hebrew to all the collegians.

The church records contain many interesting references to
the student members of the cluirch. Almost on the first page
we find " John Holmes a student & servaunt to Mr Chauncy
in full commun with us, adult."* Nathaniel Gookin, later
the fourth minister, is recorded as "Borne & baptized here."^
From 1701 to 1731 I find the names of ninety-six students,
admitted as members ; among them is that of " M' Holyoke,"
admitted in 1710, doubtless the later president ; S' Apple-
ton, who lived to be one of the most renowned of the great
ministers of the church, Jonatlian Belcher, first A.M. of
Harvard College, later Governor of Massachusetts Bay ;
"Dearly How"; Walter Hastings, a name now familiar to
every attendant on tlie church ; " John Hancock, stud',"
and Librarian, 172.3-1726. Dec. 30, 1789, " Oxenbridge
Thacher B.A." was admitted ; Dec. 18, 1757, " Mr. William
Kneeland, tutor att Col." ^ A large number of the college
members of the church afterward became ministers, as quaint

1 McKenzie's The College and the Church, p. 24.

2 Church Records (transcript), p. 2.

3 Ibid., pp. 61, 100. Monis was driven out of college by the persecution of
students. At his death he left a fund for the widows of ministers, administered
in part by the First Church in Cambridge.

« Ibid., p. 2. 6 iijid.

6 Ibid., pp. 42-46, 86-101, 146-166.

1890.] HARVARD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 407

old Jolmsou says : " This Colledg hath brought forth, and nurst
up very hopeful plants, to the supplying some Churches
here." ^ Elsewhere the same wi-iter records that when the
people of Maiden first began their Sunday services, " they
were supplied at times with some young Students from the
Colledg." 2

Many other services did the church perform for college
ofiScers. In 1696 Mr. Brattle, then minister, records that he
married " the Rev'* M' Benj. Wadsworth & Mrs. Ruth Bord-
man."^ This was the later President, who built and occupied
the present " Wadsworth House." The marriage of the Rev*
M' Edward Wigglesworth is recorded in 1729.* This was
the first titular professor of the college. A stranger record
is that of the slaves among those " Persons adult w° owned
y' Covenant & were Baptized." Here are some examples:
" Titus, Presid' Wadsworth's manservant who was also ad-
mitted to full Communion," elsewhere in the records described
as " an Indian man servant " ; " Hannibal, man servant of D'
Wigglesworth " ; " Cuffy, serv' of M' Judah Monis" ; " Cuffy,
Negro Serv' of Lieut. Governor Phipps " ; and " Venus, Negro
Serv' of Mad"" Wadsworth." ^

The interest of officers and students in the church was more
than reciprocated by the interest and the influence of the min-
isters of this church in the college government. The first
board of government, the Overseers, instituted in 1642, con-
tained, besides the magistrates of the Colony, teaching elders of
the six next adjoining towns, — • Cambridge, Watertown, New-
ton, Boston, Roxbury, and Dorchester. Of these the minister
of the church in Cambridge, by his residence, was always one
of the most active. At the separation of the churches in 1829,
Dr. Holmes was the representative of the church ; he retained
his privilege to the time of his resignation in 1831 ; thereafter
the right of membership in the Overseers no longer pertained
to the ministers of the six towns, and neither the Shepard
Church nor the First Parish had a representative.

In 1866 the graduates of the college obtained the right to
elect Overseers. Six years later they chose Alexander Mc-
Kenzie to be one of their representatives, and during twelve

1 Wonder- Working Providence (Poole's reprint), p. 165.

■•' Ibid., p. 211. ' Church Records (transcript), p. 71.

1 Ibid., p. 107. 6 Ibid., pp. 108, 109.

408 MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. [Mar.

years he gave most useful and honorable service. In 1875 he
■was chosen to the dignified position of Secretary to the Board of
Overseers, and has continued to liold that office since his retire-
ment from more active membership in 1884. Francis G. Pea-
body, at the time of his choice minister of the First Parish,
served as Overseer from 1877 to 1882.

In the Overseers the Cambridge minister was but one of
six ; and the six were but part of a larger body including the
Council of the Colony, and later other State officials. It is in
the Corporation that the ministers of the First Church have
exercised the strongest influence over the development of the
college. Tliat body received a charter in 1650; and one of
the seven original members was Jonathan Mitchell,'pastor of the
First Churcli. We have already noticed his scheme for provid-
ing scholarship funds. To his death in 1668, he continued one
of the most influential members of tlie Corporation.

It is remarkable that of the first six pastors of this church,
— none of them belligerent men, — every one became involved
in some controversy with a college officer or with one of the
governing boards. To Shepard fell the ungracious task of aid-
ing in that investigation of the beliavior of Nathaniel Eaton,
the first head of the school, which resulted in Eaton's excom-
munication from the church. Mitchell was obliged to enter tlie
lists against a man of the highest character, and of the greatest
services to the college and the Colony, Henry Dunster, the
first President of Harvard College. On July 30, 1654, Presi-
dent Dunster, a member of the church, appeared at the services
of the Lord's Supper, and, according to testimony given by
witnesses then present, " he spake to the congregation in the
time of the publique ordinance to the interruption thereof
without leave, which was also aggravated in that he, being
desired by the elder [Mitchell] to forbeare, and not to inter-
rupt an ordinance of Christ, yet notwithstanding he proceeded
in way of complaint, to the congregation, saying I am for-
bidden to speake that in Christ's name which I would have
testified." ^ As a minister and as a member of the Corporation,
Mitchell thought that he was deeply concerned in the Presi-
dent's unauthorized doctrine as to infant baptism. At first
he was somewhat affected by Dunster's argument. Later, he

1 College Book, No. 3, p. 11.

^ Records of County Court, quoted in McKenzie's First Cliurch, p. 108.

1890.J HARVARD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 409

preached " more than half a score ungaiiisayable sermons " ou
the subject.! Dunster was publicly admonished, and shortly
afterward was forced to resign his presidency.

Dunster's successor, Chauncy, had occasion to disagree with
Mitchell on questions of church government ; but " the dis-
sent," says Mather, was from " causing the reverend old man to
handle his antagonist in any measure as the angry Dioscorus
did the dissenting Flavian.'''"^ When he entered on his o£6ce he
was especially enjoined by the Board of Overseers, of whom
Mitchell was one, " that it is expected and desired that he for-
beare to disseminate or publish any tenets concerning the ne-
cessity of emersion in baptism & celebration of the Lord's
supper at evening, or to oppose the received Doctrine
therein." ^

The third minister of the church, Urian Oakes, and the third
president of the college, Leonard Hoar, found themselves so
far opposed that Oakes resigned his place as a member of the
Corporation, and refused to accept it again until the day on
which the resignation of the President was finally accepted.
The merits of that controversy it is now impossible to ascer-
tain.* The high value which the authorities of the college
placed upon Mr. Oakes is, however, sufBciently shown by the
fact that he was thrice chosen president of the college, and that
after two declinations and five years of service as temporary
president, he " was at last called to the Head of the Sons of
the prophets in this New English Israil, as Samuel was Presi-
dent of the College at Naioth." ^ The close connection be-
tween the college and the church is shown in several votes
relative to Oakes's appointment. On April 7, 1675, " he de-
clared a deep sense of his unfitness for the work ; yet consid-
ering the p'sent Exigency the Society was now in, & confiding
in the Overseers seasonably to endeavor the settling a fitt p'son
for y' work, manifesting his willingness to accept of that place
for a time, God enabling, by health & strength, & so far as his
church consented." ^ At his final election on Feb. 9, 1680,

1 Magnalia, book iv., Life of Mitchell, § 10.

2 Ibid., § 14.

8 College Book, No. 3, p. 39.

< It is discussed in Quincy, vol. i. pp. 31-38 ; Sibley's Harvard Graduates, vol. i.
pp. 178, 179.

5 Increase Mather, quoted by Holmes in the " History of Cambridge," p. 50.

6 College Book, No. 3, p. 66.

410 MASSACHUSETTS HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. [Mak.

the Overseers appointed a committee " to p'sent their desires
to Mr. Oakes & the Church at Cambridge for his acceptance of
a^ trust and their concurrance therein.'' ^ Five da3's earlier the
house of representatives of the Colony had voted "for the bet-
ter encouragement of himself and also of the church for pro-
viding help for carrying on that work, which hereby he may be
in part diverted from, or need of assistance in, this court doth
order that J 50 per annum in country pay be allowed the Rev.
Mr. Oakes on the consideration aforesaid, over and above the
£100 in money already settled, provided he accept the Presi-
dentship." 2 For the remaining two years of his life, Oakes
acceptably filled the two offices of pastor of this church and
President of Harvard College. Nathaniel Gookin — his as-
sistant, and his successor in the church — was also chosen into
the Corporation in 1690, and continued in that body to his
death in 1692.

Of all the later ministers of the church perhaps the man
most active in college affairs was William Brattle, the next
minister.^ As a tutor, as a fellow, as treasurer, and as a stout
opponent of Increase Mather, he added to his great eminence
and influence as minister of the First Church in Cambridge.
Together with John Leverett, he was appointed tutor in 1686,
and during the ensuing ten years these two young men were
the virtual heads of the college. President Mather persist-
ently declined to reside in Cambridge, and was four years
absent in England. During their tutorship a small-pox epi-
demic broke out, and Brattle heroically held his place and
nursed the sick. In 1696 he was ordained pastor of the
church, and at the same time was appointed Fellow in the
college. Within a year President Mather took occasion to
issue a solemn address, " To the church in Cambridge and to
the students in the College there," in which he especially
warned them against "the tutors"; the reference to Brattle
and Leverett was unmistakable. Three years later, in 1700,
through ^Mather's influence, the college was reorganized by the
General Court ; and William Brattle and his brother Thomas
were distinguished by being left out of the Corporation. In
1703 the political combination was overcome, and Brattle was

1 College Book, No. 3, p. 71. ^ Sibley, vol. i. pp. 179, 180.^

3 Quincy, in his " History of Harvard University," dwells upon Brattle's ser-
vices. See vol. i. pp. 58, 106, 137-140, 156, 201-208, 414-417.

HARVARD COLLEGE AND FIRST CHURCH. 411

reinstated as a Fellow. When, in 1707, his friend John
Leveiett was chosen president, Brattle did manful service in
resisting the Mathers, and furtheiing a spirit of Liberal Chris-
tianity. His brother Thomas, the treasurer of the college,
died in 1713; and at the request of the Corporation, Rev.
William Brattle took possession of the funds, and, as Quincy
says, " managed the pecuniary concerns of the institution with
the intelligence and tidelity for which his conduct and that of
his brother were distinguished." ^ Of him and his colleagues in
the Corporation, Pemberton, a contemporary, said: " They were
stars of the first magnitude. Pi-ovidence set them at the head
of the country for learning and usefulness. They were singu-
lar ornaments of it, pillars in the church of Christ, and among
the fathers of the College."

In the choice of the sixth pastor of the church, — Nathaniel
Appleton, — the Corporation of the college had a great influ-
ence. It was a time of intense strife between the old Puritanic
spirit represented by the Mathers, and the broader and more
humane theology of Colman, of Brattle, and of Leverett. It was
held exceedingljf desirable that the pastor to be chosen in 1717
should represent in the Overseers, and perhaps in the Corpora-
tion, the more liberal element. Hence President Leverett, as
a member of the church, took an active part in the meeting at
which Appleton was cliosen, and ends his account of it in his
diary with Laus Deo? Without waiting for his ordination,
the Corporation chose Appleton to fill the vacancy created by
the death of Brattle. Four years later, in 1721, began a per-
sistent attempt through the courts and through the legis-
lature to unseat Appleton and his two friends Colman and
Wadsworth. It was proposed to declare by law that the
tutors in the college were members of the Corporation. To
this vote Governor Shute consented, " provided that Rev.
Benjamin Wadsworth and Rev. Mr. Benjamin Colman and
Rev. Mr. Appleton were not removed by said orders, and still
remained Fellows of the Corporation." To the renewed at-
tempts of the Legislature, the Corporation offered a dignified
remonstrance. " Those of us," they said, " whose Ejectm' is
so earnestly sought for, neither seek nor find any reward for
all that time we spend, or pains we take as members of the

1 Quincy, vol. i. p. 208. 2 Ibid., p. 210.

412 MASSACHUSETTS HlSTOEICAIi SOCIETY. [Mak.

Corporation. If we have serv'' the College in any kind or
Degree, we desire to thank God for the time & assist"." '

In 1740 Whitefield came to Cambridge, and preached his
famous sermon on the text, " We are not as mauj' who corrupt
the word of God." Mr. Appleton "was more close and
effective in his preaching after Mr. Whitefield's being here."^
Through his long life, which ended in 1784, the Rev. Nathaniel
Appleton was one of the most able of the governors of the
college, and supported the administrations of his personal
friends, — Presidents Wadsworth and Holjoke. Since his re-
tirement no minister of the church has been a member of the
Corporation, but several members of the two churches have
occupied that honorable position, — among them Prof. J. H.
Thayer, now of the Divinity School.

The ministers of the church, then, have rendered good ser-
vice to the college. Upon the other hand, the college has
reridered good service to the ministers. Except Thomas
Shepard, who was one of the founders of the college. Dr.
Holmes, who graduated at Yale, and Dr. Albro, every pastor
of the church down to 1829 was a graduate of Harvard College,
and many had received benefactions from the college. One of
the very earliest entries in the college books is as follows:
" Josiah Winslow, his study let to Jonathan Michil, April,
1646." 3 March 25, 1651, £2 and 17 shilhngs was allowed to
Urian Oakes for his scholarship.* Nathaniel Gookin appears
on the college records in the account of eleemosynary revenues
under Mr. Webb's gift as the recipient of four pounds.^ Five
of the eleven ministers — Mitcliell, Oakes, Gookin, Brattle,
and Hilliard — were tutors or instructors in the college.

It is not through gifts of mone}^ or of service, or in their
share in the college government that the ministers o