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Proceedinas 

OF 
THE     SOUTH     LONDON 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  &  NATURAL  HISTORY 

SOCIETX 


1919=20 


WITH     TWO     PLATE5 


PUBLISHED    AT    THE    SOCIETY'S    EOOMS 

HIBBRNIA    CHAMBBBB,    LONDON    BRIDGE,    8.E. 
PRICE     FIVE     SHILLINGS. 


REPORT     COMMITTEE: 

R.  ADKIN,  STANLEY  EDWARDS,  A.  E.  TONGE,  &nd  H.  J.  TURNER, 

Hon.  Editor. 


H.   R.   AROHER,   PRINTER,   35,   AVONDALE   SQUARE,    8.B. 


THE    SOUTH     LONDON 

Entomological  &  Natural  History  Society 

(Established  1872) 

HiBERNiA  Chambers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.  I. 
OFFICERS    81    COUNCIL 

1920-21. 

K.  G.  BLAIR,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 

STANLEY  EDWARDS,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S. 
E.  J.  BUNNETT,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 

©oitncil. 

E.  ADKIN,  F.E.S.  T.  W.  HALL,  F.E.S. 
R.  T.  BOWMAN.  N.  D.  RILEY,  F.E.S. 
L.  E.  DUNSTER.                                   Dr.  G.  C.  ROBERTSON. 

F.  W.  FROHAWK,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.  E.  STEP,  F.L.S. 
LACHLAN  GIBB,  F.E.S. 

W.  WEST.  A.  W.  DODS. 

^on.    CBbttov. 

H.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S.        98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  14. 

A.  E.  TONGE,  F.E.S.,  Aincroft,  Grammar  School  Hill,  Reigate. 

S.  EDWARDS,  F.L.S. ,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  etc.  (General  Sec), 

15,  St.  German's  Place,  Blackheath,  S.E.  3. 
H.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S.,  98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  14. 


THE     SOUTH     LONDON 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY, 

HIBERMA   CHAMBERS,   LONDON   BRIDGE,  S.E. 


The  Society  has  for  its  object  the  diffusion  of  Biological  Science,  by 
means  of  Papers  and  Discussions,  and  the  formation  of  Typical  Collec- 
tions. There  is  a  Library  for  the  use  of  Members.  Meetings  of  the 
Members  are  held  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursday  evenings  in  each  month, 
from  Seven  to  Ten  p.m.,  at  the  above  address.  The  Society's  Rooms  are 
easy  of  access  from  all  parts  of  London,  and  the  Council  cordially  invites 
the  co-operation  of  all  Naturalists,  especially  those  who  are  willing  to 
further  the  objects  of  the  Society  by  reading  Papers  and  exhibiting 
Specimens. 


SUBSCRIPTION. 


Ten  Shilliiiija   yer  Annitvi,  with  an  Entrance  Fee  of  Two  Slullings 
and  Sixpence. 

All  Communications  to  be  addressed  to  the  Hon.  Gen.  Secretary,    • 

STANLEY  EDWAEDS,  F.L.S.,  etc., 

15,  St.  German's  Place,  Blackheath,  S.E.  3. 


PAST     PRESIDENTS- 


1872-4. 

J.  11.  Weli.man  (dec). 

1875-6. 

A.  B.  Earn,  F.E.S. 

1877     . 

J.  P.  Barrett,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1878    . 

J.  T.  Williams  (dec). 

1879     . 

R.  Standen,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1880     . 

.   A.  FiCKLiN  (dec). 

1881     . 

Y.  R.  Perkins,  F.E.S. 

1882     . 

T.  R.  BiLLUPs,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1883     . 

.   J.  R.  Wellman  (dec). 

1884     . 

.   W.  West,  L.D.S.  (dec). 

1885     . 

.   R.  South,  F.E.S. 

1886-7. 

.   R.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 

1888-9. 

.  T.  R.  BiLLDPS,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1890     . 

.  J.    T.  Carringion,  F.L.S. 

(dec.) 

1891     . 

.  W.H.TuGWELL,PH.C.(dec) 

1892     . 

.   C.G.Barrett, F.E.S.  (dec) 

189.?     . 

.   J.  J.  WEiR,F.L.S.,etc.(dec.) 

1894     . 

.   E.  Step,  F.L.S. 

1895    . . 

T.  W.  Hall,  F.E.S. 

1896     . . 

R.  South,  F.E.S. 

1897    .. 

R.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 

1898     .. 

J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1899     .. 

A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.  (dec). 

1900    .. 

W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

1901     .. 

H.  S.  Fremlin,  F.E.S.,  etc. 

1902     .. 

F.  NoAD  Clark. 

1903     .. 

E.  Step,  F.L.S. 

1904    .. 

A.  SicH,  F.E.S. 

1905    .. 

H.  Main,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 

1906-7.. 

E.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 

1908-9.. 

A.  Sick,  F.E.S. 

1910-11. 

W.  J.  Kate,  F.E.S. 

1912-13. 

A.  E.  ToNGE,  F.E.S. 

1914-15. 

B.  H.  Smith,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

1916-17. 

Hy.  J.  Turner,   F.E.S. 

1918-19 

Stanley    Edwards,   F.L.S., 

etc. 

LIST    OF    MEMBERS. 


Chief  subjects  of  Study  : — h,  Hymenoptera  ;  o,  Orthopteni ;  he,  Hemiptera; 
n,  Neuroptera ;  c,  Coleopteia ;  d,  Diptera  ;  Z,  Lepidoptera  ;  ool,  Oology  ;  orn, 
Ornithology ;  r,  Keptilia ;  m,  Mollusca ;  cr,  Crustacea  ;  h.  Botany ;  mi,  Microscopy ; 
e,  signifies  Exotic  forms. 

Ykar  of 
Election. 
1920  Abbott,  S.,  110,  Inchmary  Road,  Catford,  Kent.     I. 

1886  Adkin,   B.    W.,   F.E.S.,    Trenowith,    Hope   Park,    Bromley, 

Kent.     I,  orn. 
1882  Adkin,  R.,  F.E.S.,  Council,  Hodeslea,  Meads,  Eastbourne.    I. 
1901  Adkin,  R.  A.,  Hodeslea,  Meads,  Eastbourne,     vt. 
1907  Andrews,  H.  W.,  F.E.S.,  Woodside,  Victoria  Road,  Eltham, 

S.E.9.    d. 
1901  Armstrong,    Capt.    R.    R.,   B.A.,   B.C.    (Cantab),    M.R.C.S., 

F.R.C.P.,  55,  Granville  Park,  Lewisham,  S.E.  13.     e,  I. 
1919  Ash,  D.  V.,  Ashleigh,  Hook  Road,  Surbiton.     I. 

1895  AsHBY,  S.  R.,  F.E.S.,  39,  Park  Lane,  Wembley,     c,  Z. 

1888  Atmore,  E.  a.,  F.E.S.,  48,  Higb  Street,  King's  Lynn,  Nor- 
folk.    L 

1896  Barnett,  T.  L.,  19,  Osmond  Gardens,  Wallington,  Surrey.  I. 

1887  Barren,  H.  E.,  78,  Lyndhurst  Road,  Peckbam,  S.E.  15.     I. 
1912  Bateson,  Dr.  W.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  Tbe  Manor  House, 

Merton,  Surrey.     (Hon.  Member.) 
1911     Blair,     K.    G.,     B.Sc,     F.E.S.,     President,     "  Claremont," 

120,  Sunningfields  Road,  Hendon,  N.W.  4.     n,  c. 
1911  Blenkarn,    S.    a.,   F.E.S.,    Burford    Lodge   Cottage,   West 

Humble,  Dorking.     I,  c,  odonata. 
1898  Bliss,  M.  F.,  Capt.,  M.C.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  P.E.S.,  130, 

Higb  Down  Road,  Luton,  Beds.     I. 
1909  Bowman,  R.  T.,  CokhcH,  68,  Mornington  Road,  Chingford.     I. 
1919  Box,  L.  A.,  Lieut.,  80,  Nortbampton  Road,  Croydon,     h. 
1887  Briggs,  T.  H.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  Rock  House,  Lynmouth,R.S.O., 

N.  Devon.     I. 
1909  Bright,  P.  M.,  F.E.S.,  Cberiton,  Porcbester  Road,  Bourne- 

moutb.     I. 
1900  Browne,  G.  B.,  Tborndene,  S.  Benfleet,  Essex,     l. 
1909  Buckstone,  a.   A.  W.,   307a,  Kingston  Road,  Merton  Park, 

Wimbledon,  SW.  19.     L 


IV 

Year  of 
Election. 

1915  BuNNETT,  E.  J.,  M.A.,  Vice-Premlent,  19,  Silverdale,  Sydenham, 

S.E.  26.     mi. 
1890  BuTLEK,  W.  E.,  F.E.S.,  Hayling  House,  Oxford  Road, Reading. 
I,  c. 

1889  Cant,  A.,  F.E.S.,  33,  Fesfcing  Road,  Putney,  S.W.  15.     I,  mi. 

1910  Cardew,  Major  P.  A.,   East  Hill  House,   Queenstown,    Co. 

Cork.     l. 
1886  Carpenter,  J.  H.,   F.E.S.,   Redcot,  Belmont  Road,  Leather- 
head,  Surrey.     I. 
1899  Cakr,  F.  B.,  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E.  12.     L 
1899  Carr,  Rev.  F.  M.  B.,  M.A.,  L.Th.,  The  Vicarage,  Alvanley, 
Nr.  Helsby,  Cheshire.     I,  n. 

1897  Chapman,  T.A.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.Z.S.,Betula,  Reigate, 

Surrey.     I. 
1879  Clode,  W.     {Life  viewber.) 

1916  Cockayne,  E.  A.^  M.D.,  F.E.S.,  1 6,  Cambridge  Square,  W.  2.    I. 
1899  Colthrup,  C.  W.,  103,  Woodvvarde  Road,  E.  Duhvich,  S.E.  22. 

I,  ool,  orn. 
1907  Coote,  F.  D.,  25,  Pendle  Road,  Streatham,  S.W.  6.     /,  h, 
1919  Coppeard,  B.,  12,  King's  Avenue,  Windmill  Lane,  Southall.   l. 

1919  Cornish,   G.   H.,   51,  Kirkham   Street,  Plumstead  Common, 

S.E.     I.e. 

1909  GouLSEN,  F.  J.,  17,  Birdhurst  Road,  Colliers  Wood,  Merton, 

S.W.  19.     I. 
1918  Court,  T.  H.,  De  Aston  Grammar  School,  Market   Rasen, 

Lincolnshire.     I. 
1902  Cowham,  F.  W.,  118,  Minard  Road,  Hither  Green,  S.E.  13.     l. 

1920  Cox,  F.  W.,  26,  Crown  Street,  Reading.     I. 

1911  CoxHEAD,  G.  W.,  36,  Linthorpe  Road,  Stamford  Hill,  N.  16. 

Life  ]\Iernber.     c. 

1899  Crabtree,    B.   H.,    F.E.S.,    Holly    Bank,    Alderley    Edge, 

Cheshire.     Z. 

1918  Craufurd,  Clifiord,  Home  Summer  Road,  E.  Molesey.  I. 

1920  Crocker,  Capt.  W\,  41,  Salisbury  Road,  Bexley,  Kent.  I. 

1898  Crow,  E.  J.,  26,  Tindal  Street,  North  Brixton,  S.VV\  9.  L 

1910  CuRWEN,  B.  S.,  9,  Lebanon  Park,  Twickenham.     I. 

1888  Dawson,  W.   G.,  F.E.S.,    The  Manor   House,    Upper   Wick, 
Worcester.     [Life  member.)     I. 

1900  Day,  F.  H.,  F.E.S.,  26,  Currock  Terrace,  Carlisle.     I,  r. 

1912  Dexter,  S.,  12,  Stiles  Way,  Beckenham. 


V 
Year  of 
Election. 
1889  Denxis,  a.   W.,  56,   Romney  Buildings,    Millbank,   S.W.  1. 

I,  1)1  i,  h. 
1918  DixEY,  F.  A.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Wadham  College,  Oxford. 

Ho)i.  Meiiiher. 
1901   DoDs,   A.   W.,    Hon.   Librarian,  88,  Alkham  Road,  Stamford 

Hill,  N.  16.     l.  . 
1912  DuNSTKR,  L.  E.,  Council,  41,  St.  John's  Wood  Terrace,  N.W. 

3.     I. 

1886  Edwards,  S.,  F.L.S.,   F.Z.S.,    F.E.S.,    Vice-in-emlent,   15,   St. 

German's  Place,  Blackheath,  S.E.  3.     I,  d. 

1915  Fag(x,  T.  a.,  55,  Mt,  Pleasant  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E.  13.     I. 

1918  Farquhak,  L.,  10,  Gray's  Inn  Square,  W.C.  1.     /. 

1887  Fletcher,  W.   H.  B.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  Aldwick  Manor,  Bognor, 

Sussex.  {Life  )neiiiber.)  I. 
1889  Ford,  A.,   South  View,  36,  Irving  Road,  West  Southbourne, 

Bournemouth,  Hants.  I,  r. 
1915  Foster,  T.  B.,  Parkview  Road,  Addiscombe,  Croydon.     L 

1907  FouNTAiNE,    Miss    M.    E.,    F.E.S.,    1727,    Wilcox    Avenue, 

Hollywood,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  U.S.A.     L 
1912  Freeman,  C.  N.,  54-5,  Coleman  Street,  E.C.  2.     L 
1886  Fremlin,   Major  H.  S.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  F.E.S.,  "  Mark- 
inch,"  Nether  Street,  N.  Finchley. 

1919  Frisby,  G.  E.,  F.E.S.,  31,  Darnley  Road,  Gravesend.     hijm. 
1912  Frohawk,   F.   W.,   M.B.O.U.,    P.E.S.,   Comiril,    "Uplands," 

Thundersley,  Rayleigh,  Essex.     I,  or)i. 
1915  Fryer,  Gordon,  L.  D.  S.,  52,  London  Road,  Twickenham.    L 
1914  Fryer,   J.   C.  F.,   Board   of   Agriculture    and    Fisheries,   4, 

Whitehall  Place,  S.W.  1.     l. 

1911  Gahan,  C.  J.,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  British  Museum  (Natural 
History),  South  Kensingtpn,  S.W.  7.     c. 

1920  Gamblett,  H.  L.,  45,  Hotham  Road,  Putney,  S.W.  15.     I. 
1920  Garrett,  H.,  33,  Bourne  Road,  Bexley,  Kent.     I. 

1917  GiBB,  E.  M.,  Harebeating  Farm,  Harebeating  Place,  Hailsham, 

Sussex.     L 
1884.  GiBB,    L.,    F.E.S.,    Council,    38,  Blackheath  Park,  S.E.  3. 

{Life  member.)     I. 
1920  Goodman,  H.  de  B.,  210,  Goswell  Road,  E.C.  1.     I. 
1920  Goodman,  0.  R.,  210,  Goswell  Road,  E.C.  1.     I. 

1908  Green,  E.  D.,  17,  Manor  Park,  Lee,  S.E.  13.     I. 


VI 

Yeab'of 
Election. 

1918  Green,  E.  E.,  F.E.S.,  Ways  Enrl,  Camberley,  Surrey.     Iiem. 
1920  Grosvexor,  T.  H.  L.,  8,  Gloucester  Eoad,  Redhill.     I. 

1888  Ha:,!.,  a.  E.,  F.E.S.,  F.R.H.S.,  Cranfielcl  House,  Southwell, 

Notts,     l. 
1884  Hall,  T.  W.,  F.E.S.,  rnmiril,  61,  West  Smithfield,  E.G.  1.    I. 
1891  Hamm,  a.  H.,  22,  Southfields  Road,  Oxford.     I. 
1906  Hammond,  L.,  Letchmere,  Alden  Lane,  Purley.     I. 
1911  Harris,  P.  F.,  15,  Crawford  Gardens,  Cliftonville,  Margate.    L 
1920  Harvey,  S.  W.,  28,  Hillmore  Grove,  Sydenham,  S.E.26.     mi. 
1903  Hare,  E.  J.,  F.E.S.,  4,  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.  2.  I. 

1918  Haynes,  E.  B.,  17,  Denmark  Avenue,  Wimbledon,  S.W.  19.    I. 

1888  Hillman,  T.  S.,  F.E.S.,  11,  Eastgate  Street,  Lewes,  Sussex.   I. 
1911  Holding,  A.,  95,  Kyverdale  Road,  Stoke  Newington,  N.  16.    I. 

1889  HoRNE,  A.,  F.E.S.,  "Bonne-na-Coille,"  Murtle,  Aberdeenshire. 

1919  Humphreys,  J.  A.,  29,  Shirlock  Road,  Hampstead,  N.W.  3.  I. 

1914  JACKsoN,W.H.,Pengama,  14,  Woodcote  Valley  Road,  Purley.  L 
1886  Jagkr,    J.,    65,    St.    Quentin's    Avenue,    North    Kensington, 
W.  10.     Z. 

1918  Johnstone,  D.  C.,  Brooklands,  Rayleigh,  Essex.     I. 

1898  Kaye,  W.  J.,  F.E.S.,  Caracas,  Ditton  Hill,  Surbiton,  Surrey. 

I,  S.  American  I. 
1900  Kemp,  S.  W.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta.     I,  e. 
1910  Kidner,  a.  R.,  The  Oaks,  Station  Road,  Sidcup,  Kent.     I. 

1914  Leeds,  H.   A.,  2,  Pendcroft  Road,  Knebworth,  Herts.     I. 

1919  Leeson,  J.  R.,  M.D.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  Clifton  House,  Twicken- 

ham, S.W.     I. 
1919  Leman,   G.   C,  F.E.S.,    Wynyard,   152,   West   Hill,    Putney 
Heath,  S.W.  15.     c 

1919  Leman,  G.  B.  C,  F.E.S.,  Wynyard,  152,   West   Hill,   Putney 

Heath,  S.W.  15.     c. 

1920  Lindeman,  F.,  7,  Rua  Dereita,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil.     L 

1896  Lucas,  W.  J.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  28,  Knight's  Park,  Kingston-on- 
Thames.      Brit.  ().,  (idnnata,  n,  )ii,  b. 

1892  Main,  H.,  B.Sc,  F.E.S.,  Almondale,  Buckingham  Road,  S. 

Woodford,  Essex.     I. 
1889  Mansbridge,  W.,  F.E.S.,  Dunraven,  Church   Rd.,  Wavertree, 

Liverpool.     I,  c,  etc. 


vu 
Year  ob' 
Election. 

1916  Mason,  G.  W.,  99,  Seaford  Road,  Ealing,  W.  5.  I. 
1885  Mera,  a.  W.,  5,  Park  Villas,  Loughton,  Essex.  L 
1881  Miles,    W.    H.,  F.E.S.,   Grosvenor  House,  Calcutta.      Post 

Box  126.     mi,  b. 
1880  MoNTiERo,  A.  A.  DE  C,  F.E.S. ,  70,  Rua  do  Alecrim,  Lisbon. 
1889  Moore,  H.,  F.E.S.,  12,  Lower  Road,  Rotherhithe,  S.E.  16. 

I,  h,  d,  e  I,  e  h,  e  <l,  )ni. 

1910  MoRFORD,  D.  R.,  16,  Spencer  Road,  Cottenham  Park,  Wimble- 

don, S.W.  19.     l. 

1911  MoRicE,  The  Rev.  F.  D.,  M. A.,  F.E.S.,  Brunswick,  Mt.  Hermon, 

Woking.      {Life  Member.)     h. 
1920  MoRRELL,  H.  A.,  Heathdene,  Wordsworth  Road,  Wallington.  I. 

1912  Neave,  B.   W.,  Lyndhurst,  95,  Queen's  Road,  Brownswood 

Park,  N.  4,     l. 
1906  Newman,  L.  W.,  F.E.S.,  Salisbury  Road,  Bexley,  Kent.     L 

1918  NiMMEY,  S.  W.,  F.E.S.,  296,  High  Holborn,  W.C.I.     I. 

1911  Page,  H.  E.,  F.E.S.,  Bertrose,  Gellatly   Road,  New  Cross, 

S.E.  14.     I. 
1915  Pearson,  G.   B.,   5,   Upper   Bedford    Place,   Russell   Square, 

W.C.  1.     I. 
1908  Pennington,  F.,  Oxford  Mansions,  Oxford  Circus,  W.  1.     I. 
1880  Perkins,  V.  R.,  F.E.S.,  Wotton-under-Edge,  Gloucestershire. 

I,  h,  (I. 
1887  PoRRiTT,  G.  T.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Hudders- 

field.     I,  11. 

1912  PouLTON,  Prof.  E.  B.,  D.Sc,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S., 

Wykeham  House,  Oxford.     (Hon.  Member.) 
1897  Prest,  E.  E.  B.,  1  and  2,  Chiswell  Street,  E.C.  1.     I. 

1919  Preston,  N.  C,  32,  Danser  Road,  Fulham,  S.W.     I. 

1903  Priske,  R.  a.  R  .,  F.E.S.,  9,  Melbourne  Avenue,  W.  Ealing, 
W.  5.     I,  m. 

1919  QuiLTER,  H.  G.,  Fir  Cottage,  Kiln  Road,  Prestwood,  Great 

Missenden.     I. 

1902  Rayward,  A.  L.,  F.E.S.,  91  &  93,  Southwark  Street, 
S.E.  1.     I. 

1887  Rice,  D.  J.,  8,  Grove  Mansions,  North  Side,  Clapham  Com- 
mon, S.W.  4.     orn. 

1920  Richardson,  A.  W.,  28,  Avenue  Road,  Southall. 


VIU 
Year  of 
Election. 
1902  Riley,  N.  D.,  Council,  94,  Drakefield  Road,  Upper  Tooting, 

S.W.  17.    I. 
1919  Roberts,  J.  G.,  1,  Segary  Villas,  Hadley  Road,  NewBarnett.  I. 

1910  Robertson,  G.  S.,  M.D.,  Council,  St.  Anne's,   101,  Thurlow 

Park  Road,  Dulwich,  S.E.  21.     I. 
1894  Robinson,  Leigh,  F.Z.S.,  4,  Queen's  Walk,  Ealing,  W.  5.     I. 

1911  Robinson,  Lady  Maud,  F.E.S.,  Worksop  Manor,  Notts.     I,  n. 
1887  RoiiTLEDGE,  G.  B,,  F.E.S.,  Tarn  Lodge,  Heads  Nook,  Carlisle. 

Z,  c. 
1904  Rowland-Brown,  H.,  F.E.S.,  Oxhey  Grove,  Harrow  Weald.    I. 
1890  Rowntree,  J.  H.,  Scalby  Nabo,  Scarborough,  Yorks.     I. 
1898  Russell,  A.,  F.E.S.,  Wilverley,  Dale  Road,  Parley.     I. 
1915  Russell,    S.    G.    C,   Monkswood,    Heathside    Park    Road, 

Woking.     I. 


1908  StAubyn,    J.    S.,    Tregothnan,    Endlesham    Road,    Balham, 

S.W.  12.     I. 
1914  ScHMAssMANN,    W.,    F.E.S.,   Beulah   Lodge,    London    Road, 

Enfield,  N.    L 

1910  Scorer,  A.  G.,  F.E.S.,  Hillcrest,  Chilworth,  Guildford.     I. 

1911  Sennett,  NoiiL   S.,  Lieut.    R.N.V.R.,  F.E.S.,  21,  De  Vera 

Gardens,  Kensington,  W.  8.     c. 
1910  Sheldon,  W.  G.,  F.E.S.,  Youlgreave,  South  Croydon.     I. 
1898  SicH,  Alf.,  F.E.S.,  Corney  House,  Chiswick,  W.  4.     I. 
1903  Smallman,    R.    S.,   F.E.S.,   Eliot   Lodge,   Albemarle   Road, 

Beckenham,  Kent.     I,  c. 
1908  Smith,  B.  H.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  Frant  Court,  Frant,  nr.  Tunbridge 

Wells,     t. 
1920  Smith,  S.  Gordon,  F.E.S.,  Estyn,  Boughton,  Chester.     I. 
1890  Smith,  William,  13,  St.  Mirren  Street,  Paisley.     I. 
1917  SoAMEs,   Rev.  H.    A.,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  "  Hazelcroft,"  Mason's 

Hill,  Bromley,  Kent.     I. 
1882  South,    R.,    F.E.S.,    4,    Mapesbury    Court,    Shoot-up-Hill, 

Brondesbury,  N.W.  2.     I,  c. 
1908  Sperring,  C.  W.,  8,  Eastcorabe  Avenue,  Charlton,  S.E.7.     L 
1872  Step,  E.,  F.L.S.,  Council,  158,  Dora  Road,  Wimbledon  Park, 

S.W.  19.     b,  m,  cr.;  Insects,  all  Orders. 
1916  Stewart,    H.    M.,    M.A.,   M.D.,   123,    Thurlow   Park   Road, 

Dulwich,  S.W.  21.     I. 
1910  Stoneham,  Lieut.  H.  F.,  F.E.S.,  Stoneleigh,  Reigate.      om,  I. 


IX 

Year  of 
Election. 
1913  Storey,  Gilbert,  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Cairo,  Egypt.       Rcon. 

Knt. 
1911  Stowell,  E.  a.  C,  B.A. 
1920  Swift,  R.,  Cilmory,  Knoll  Road,  Bexley.     I. 

1916  Syms,  E.  E.,  22,  Woodlands  Avenue,  Wanstead,  N.E.     I. 

1894  Tarbat,  Rev.  J.  E.,  M.A.,  Fareham,  Hants.     I,  ool. 
1913  Tatchell,  L.,  48,  Spratt  Hill  Road,  Wanstead,  E.  11.     I. 

1910  Tautz,  p.  H.,  Cranleigh,  Nower  Hill,  Pinner.     Z. 

1911  Todd,  R.  G.,  The  Limes,  Hadley  Green,  Barnet.     l. 

1902  ToNGE,  A.  E.,  F.E.S.,  Hon.  Treasurer,  Aincroft,     Grammar 

School  Hill,  Reigate.     I. 
1887  Turner,  H.  J.,    F.E.S.,    Hon.    Editor,    98,   Drakefell    Road, 

New   Cross,  S.E.  14.     I,  c,  n,  he,  b. 

1889  Wainwright,  C.  J.,  F.E.S.,  139,  Hamstead  Road,  Hands- 
worth,  Staffs.     I.  d. 

1911  Wakely,  L.  D.,  34,  Lancaster  Road,  Wimbledon  Common, 
S.W.  19.     I. 

1880  Walker,  Comm.  J.  J.,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  "  Aorangi," 
Lonsdale  Road,  Summertown,  Oxford.     I,  c. 

1911  Wells,  H.  0.,  Inchiquin,  Lynwood  Avenue,  Epsom.     I. 

1872  West,  W.,  Hon.  Curator,  343,  Green  Lanes,  Finsbury  Park, 
N.  4.     Z,  c,  lie. 

1911  Wheeler,  The  Rev.  G.,  M.A.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  37,  Gloucester 

Place,  W.  1.     Z. 

1887  WniyFEN,  W.  H.,  Holmwood  Lodge,  Laton  Rd.,  Hastings.     Z. 
1914  Williams,  B.  S.,  77,  Durham  Road,  E.  Finchley,  N.  7.      Z. 

1912  Williams,  C.  B.,  B.A.,  F.E.S.,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

Trinidad.     Z. 
1920  WiTHYBOMBE,    C.    L.,    12,     Pi'ospect     Hill,     Walthamstow, 

E.17.     l,h. 
1918  Wood,  H.,  Albert  Villa,  Kennington,  near  Ashford,  Kent.     Z. 

1917  WooLACOTT,   H.  R.,   Bedales  School,  Petersfield,  Hants,  and 

Hightilt  Farm,  Cranbrook,  Kent.     I. 


Members  will  greatly  oblige  by  informing  the  Hon.  Sec.  of  any  errors  in, 
additions  to   or  alterations  required  in  the  above  Addresses  and  descriptions. 


X. 


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OQW 

REPORT     OF     THE     COUNCIL,     1919. 


THE  Council  of  the  South  London  Entomological  and  Natural 
Histoiy  Society,  in  presenting  the  fort3'-eighth  Annual 
Eeport  have  pleasure  in  stating  that  fifteen  new  Members 
have  been  elected  during  the  year,  but  the  Society  has  to  deplore 
the  loss  by  death  of  six  members,  viz.,  Messrs.  Ashdown,  Wolley- 
Dod,  A.  K.  Inge,  .J.  H.  Leslie,  Sydney  Webb  and  Lord  Walsingham  ; 
and  there  have  been  four  resignations,  the  net  increase,  therefore, 
being  five,  leaving  the  present  Membership  at  3  Hon.  Members, 
6  Life  Members,  21  Country,  and  132  Ordinary  Members,  making 
a  total  of  162. 

The  strenuous  years  of  war,  now  happily  passed,  could  not  but 
have  an  adverse  effect  upon  the  finances  of  the  Society,  and  in  the 
early  months  of  the  past  year,  the  newly-elected  Hon.  Treasurer 
reported  that  to  fulfil  the  Society's  obligations,  not  only  had  current 
income  been  expended,  but  that  the  reserves  had  been  drawn  upon 
almost  to  the  extent  of  exhaustion,  and  that  it  would  be  impossible 
to  continue  the  Society's  publications  unless  further  resources  were 
forthcoming.  The  matter  was  taken  up  by  some  four  of  the  older 
members  of  the  Society,  who  formed  themselves  into  an  unofficial 
committee,  and  after  fully  considering  the  financial  position  decided 
as  a  nucleus  for  an  "  Entrance  Fee  and  Life  Membership  Eestora- 
tion  and  Publication  Fund,"  to  subscribe  among  themselves  a  sum 
of  thirty  pounds  with  a  promise  that  if  other  members  of  the 
Society  subscribed  a  similar  amount  among  them,  the  committee  of 
four  would  double  the  amount  of  their  original  subscription,  making 
a  total  of  ninety  pounds  in  all.  They  stipulated  that  out  of  this 
sum  the  amount  at  credit  of  the  Suspense  Account  (which 
represents  the  accumulated  receipts  from  Entrance  Fees  and  Life 
Membership  Compositions),  should  be  permanently  invested  in  the 
names  of  the  Trustees,  as  set  out  in  Bye-Law  chapter  8,  section  7. 
On  the  matter  being  brought  before  the  Council  at  its  meeting  on 
October  9th,  1919,  the  proposal  was  readily  accepted,  and  on  it 
being  put   before  the  general  body  of  members,  at  a  subsequent 


meeting,  the  amount  aimed  at  was  quickly  oversubscribed,  the 
grand  total  of  the  amount  subscribed  being  £95  12s.  6d.  The 
amount  at  the  credit  of  the  Suspense  Account  is  now  in  course  of 
investment  in  5%  War  Loan,  and  as  will  be  seen  by  the  duly 
audited  Balance  Sheet  printed  on  pages  x.,  xi.,  the  finances  of  the 
Society  are  again  in  a  thoroughly  satisfactory  condition.  The 
Council  desire  to  take  this  opportunity  to  express  their  appreciation 
of  the  valuable  aid  rendered  by  the  unofficial  committee  of  four, 
and  to  the  general  body  of  members  through  Avhose  timely 
assistance  this  satisfactory  state  of  affairs  has  been  brought  about. 

A  Special  Exhibition  of  Orders  other  than  Lepidoptera  was  held 
on  May  8th  with  consideraljle  success. 

The  Annual  "  Exhibition  of  Varieties  and  other  Objects  of 
Interest"  was  held  on  November  27th,  when  more  ttian  a  hundred 
members  and  friends  were  present.  Tho  aberrations  exhibited 
were  more  varied  than  on  the  previous  occasion,  and  included 
several  gynandromorphs  and  numerous  remarkable  forms  of  British 
Butterflies. 

The  Lantern  has  been  used  on  five  occasions  during  the  past 
year,  and  Mr.  Dennis  has  kindly  officiated  as  Honorary  Lanternist. 

Papers  have  been  read  before  the  Society  by  Dr.  J3oulenger, 
F.E.S.,  and  Messrs.  F.  W.  Thorrington,  B.  W.  Adkin,  E.  J. 
Bunnett,  F.  W.  Frohawk,  C.  W.  Sperring,  and  Hy.  J.  Turner,  and 
are  printed  in  full  or  as  resumes  in  the  body  of  the  Proceedings. 

During  the  year  a  very  useful  collection  of  Micro-Lepidoptera 
was  presented  to  the  Society  by  Admiral  Digby,  at  the  desire  of 
his  late  brother,  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Digby,  of  Oakley,  near  Basing- 
stoke. The  Pyralidae  and  the  greater  portion  of  the  Tineina  have 
already  been  amalgamated  with  the  Society's  series.  This  donation 
was  the  more  welcome  as  the  Tineina  have  hitherto  been  poorly 
represented  in  the  Society's  cabinets,  and  for  such  a  handsome 
donation  the  Council  desires  to  offer  its  best  thanks. 

The  Hon.  Curator  reports  that  specimens  of  Coleoptera  have 
been  presented  to  the  Society's  collections  by  Messrs.  Ashby,  Bunnett, 
Quilter,  Turner,  and  himself. 

'  The  Hon.  Librarian  reports  that,  despite  some  temporary 
difficulties  in  obtaining  access  to  parts  of  the  library,  the  number 
of  books  borrowed  by  members  for  study  have  been  approximately 
double  that  of  the  preceding  year. 

Field  Meetings  were  held  at  Box  Hill,  Effingham,  and  Ockham 


XIV. 

Common,  Chalfont  Road  and  Wimbledon  Common.  The  Fungus 
Foray  which  Dr.  Somerville  Hastings  was  to  have  led  at  Oxshott, 
unfortunately  had  to  be  abandoned  owing  to  the  railway  strike. 
Reports  of  these  meetings  will  be  found  in  the  Proceedings. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin  was  the  Society's  delegate  at  the  meeting  of  the 
British  Association  at  Bournemouth  in  September,  and  the 
President  and  the  late  Mr.  W.  J.  Ashdown  were  delegates  at  the 
meeting  of  the  S.E.U.S.S.  held  at  the  Guildhall,  London,  from 
June  11th  to  I4th  ;  their  reports  will  be  found  in  the  body  of  the 
Proceedings. 

The  Volume  of  Proceedmgs  for  1918,  published  during  the 
past  year,  consists  of  xv.  and  124  pages  with  two  plates  and  a 
diagram. 

The  additions  to  the  Library  (by  Exchange  unless  otherwise 
stated)  are  :— 

Books. 

Wood's  "Index  Entomologicus,"  1839,  from  R.  Adkin.  "  Ap- 
tera,"  by  Andrew  Murray,  from  R.  Adkin.  Rye's  "  British 
Beetles,"  Stainton's  "  Manual,"  Kirby  and  Spence's  "Entomology," 
and  Meyrick's  "  British  Lepidoptera,"  from  the  late  Rev.  C.  R. 
Digby. 

Magazines  and  Periodicals. 

"Entomologist,"  from  R.  South.  " Entomologist's  Record," 
from  H.  E.  Page.  "Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine,"  by 
purchase.  "  Irish  Naturalist,"  "  Entomological  News."  "Cana- 
dian Entomologist."  "  Entomologisk  Tidskrift."  "  Phillipine 
Journal  of  Science."  "  Bulletin  of  the  Entomological  Society  of 
France."  "Essex  Naturalist."  "  Bollet.  R.  Scuola  d'Agricol.," 
Portici,  Italy. 

Beports  and  Transactions  of  Societies. 
Hastings    and    St.    Leonards    Soc. ;     United    States   National 
Museum  :    Torquay  Natural  History  Society  :  Haslemere  N.H.S.  ; 
Meeting    of    Delegates   of    the    Corr.    Socs.  to    the    Brit.    Assn. ; 
United  States  Herbarium. 

Separata,  FainpJdets,  etc. 

"  Fossil  Plants,"  by  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  Smithsonian  Institute. 

"  Natural  Gas,"  Smithsonian  Institute.     "  Bryozoa  of  the  Panama 

Canal  Zone,"  U.S.A.  Mus.     "Fossil  Lithothannnicae,"  U.S.A.  Mus. 

"  Fossil  Echinoderms  of  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,"  U.S.A.  Mus. 


XV. 

"The  Salpidae."  "East  African  Mammals,"  U.S.A.  Mus. 
"  Economic  Resources  of  the  U.S.A.,"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "  The  Panama 
Canal  Zone,"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "  Biology  of  the  CharUla  (Pan.  Can. 
Zone),"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "The  Ht/dromedus(e.  (Pan.  Can.  Zone)," 
U.S.A.  Mus.  "  Phylogenyof  the  Orthobiente  (contind.),"  by  Prof. 
Janet.  "  28  Separata  dealing  with  Dorset  Lepidoptera,"  from  the 
late  Rev.  C.  R.  Digby,  and  from  Nelson  M.  Richardson,  B.Sc. 
"  Sarrothripus  revayana,"  ("  Ent."),  by  W.  G.  Sheldon,  from  the 
author.  "Distribution  of  British  Anophelines,"  from  the  British 
Mus.     "  Rats  and  Mice  v.  Mankind,"  from  the  British  Mus. 


TREASURER'S    REPORT. 

I  am  glad  to  tell  you  that  the  financial  position  of  the  Society 
has  greatly  improved  during  the  past  year. 

The  state  of  affairs  when  I  commenced  my  stewardship  last 
January  was  not  encouraging.  Subscriptions  had  dwindled  owing 
to  the  War,  the  reserve  funds  of  the  Society  had  been  utilised  to 
pay  for  publication  ;  and  as  we  are  all  aware,  expenses  under  this 
head  had  enormously  increased.  Actually  the  cash  balance  that 
was  handed  over  to  me  by  my  predecessor  at  31st  December,  1918, 
was  10s.  lid.,  but  in  twelve  months  this  has  been  so  far  improved, 
by  the  efforts  of  the  kind  friends  already  referred  to  in  the  Council's 
report  and  which  resulted  in  a  total  of  £95  12s.  6d.  being  raised, 
that  I  have  been  able  to  carry  forward  to  1920  the  very  satisfactory 
sum  of  £77  10s.  Id.  as  representing  the  cash  balance  in  hand,  after 
all  liabilities  have  been  met. 

Our  income  from  current  subscriptions  for  1919  was  £46  18s.  6d., 
an  increase  of  £6  10s.  Od.  over  last  year.  This  is  sufficient  to  meet 
the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  Society,  which  amounted  to 
£42  4s.  7d.,  but  not  the  cost  of  printing  the  "  Proceedings." 

Publication  in  1919  cost  us  £64  3s.  Od.  against  £40  8s.  7d.  in 
1918  ;  and  it  is  obvious  that  we  have  a  long  way  to  go  in  the 
matter  of  increased  membership  before  income  from  subscriptions 
and  investments  will  meet  all  our  needs. 

Arrears   which   were  valued  in   the  last  balance  sheet  at   £20 


produced  in  cash  £14  i!s.  Od.,  which  is  practically  the  same  as  in 
1918,  and  I  have  valued  the  arrears  at  the  end  of  1919  on  a  very- 
conservative  basis  at  £5  only,  a  sum  which  I  feel  confident  will  be 
easily  reached. 

Fourteen  Entrance  fees  and  1  Life  Membership  fee  have  been 
received,  and  added  to  the  Suspense  Account.  The  balance  to  the 
credit  of  this  account  now  reaches  a  total  of  £57  17s.  6d.,  and  this 
sum,  as  stipulated  by  the  donors  to  the  Publication  Fund  already 
alluded  to,  will  be  invested  in  the  name  of  the  Trustees  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Society. 

Sales  of  "  Proceedings  "  show  a  very  gratifying  increase,  and  I 
believe  constitute  a  record.  The  receipts  under  this  head  being 
£6  3s.  7d.  against  5s.  8d.  last  year. 

In  conclusion  I  should  like  to  thank  members  for  the  kind  way 
in  which  they  have  assisted  me  in  my  new  and  unfamiliar  duties  by 
paying  their  subscriptions  promptly,  and  to  express  the  hope  that 
they  will  continue  to  do  so.  Possibly  it  has  never  occurred  to  some 
of  them  that  75%  of  a  Treasurer's  work  is  due  to  unpaid  subscrip- 
tions ;  and  that  it  takes  up  far  less  of  his  time  to  tell  a  member  who 
is  not  quite  sure  whether  he  has  paid  or  not,  than  to  go  through  the 
list  of  members  and  send  out  applications  to  all  those  who  have 
not  paid.  It  would  also  help  considerably  if  members  whose 
addresses  are  incorrectly  given  in  the  published  membership  lists 
would  send  in  their  correct  addresses.  The  audited  Balance  Sheet 
is  attached. 


Proc.  S.L.K.  d-  N.H.  Soc. 


PliAtb  I. 


E.J.B. 


Silk  track  of  larva  of  Coleophora  nigricella.      x  30. 


The    Mode    of    Progression    of    the    Larva    of    Coleophora 
nigricella.      {Plate  I.) 

By  E.  J.   BuNNETT,  M.A.,  F.E.S.     Read  Febnianj   ISth,   1919. 

Last  sainmer  I  placed  a  number  of  hawthorn  leaves,  on  which 
were  larvae  of  this  little  moth,  in  a  glass-topped  box.  Sometime 
afterwards  several  of  the  larvfe,  no  doubt  finding  their  pabulum 
becoming  dry  and  unpalatable,  had  journeyed  to  the  lid  of  the  box 
and  could  be  seen  moving  along  the  glass. 

Since  the  greater  part  of  the  body  of  the  larva  was  enclosed  in 
its  "  case,"  and  only  the  anterior  portion  could  possibly  come  into 
contact  with  the  surface  of  the  glass,  it  was  obvious  that  motion 
could  not  be  assisted  by  means  of  pro-legs  or  suction. 

In  order  to  discover  how  they  managed  to  retain  a  hold  or  walk 
about,  hanging  downwards  from  the  smooth  surface  of  the  glass 
while  supporting  not  only  their  own  weight  but  also  that  of  their 
cases,  one  of  them  was  transferred  to  a  glass  slip.  This  was  turned 
upside  down  and  placed  under  a  low  power  objective. 

The  mode  of  procedui-e  was  then  apparent. 

In  order  to  move  along,  the  larva  protrudes  its  he.ad  and  the  true 
legs  from  its  case,  making  with  its  mouth  a  little  "  blob"  or  mound 
of  a  viscid  secretion,  from  which  it  carries  a  thread  as  far  as  it  can 
reach  with  its  mouth,  where  another  mound  is  deposited. 

The  thread  connecting  two  mounds  is  free,  saggmg  a  little,  and 
does  not  adhere  to  the  surface. 

The  moment  this  cable  is  laid  it  is  strong  enough  to  support  the 
■entire  weight,  both  of  the  little  creature  and  of  its  domicile. 

The  first  two  pairs  of  legs  are  used  for  clasping  this  silken  rope 
and  the  larva  progresses  at  a  surprising  rate,  always  supported  by 
either  the  first  or  second  pair  of  legs ;  for  while  the  second  pair 
continues  to  hold  on  to  one  loop  of  the  cable,  the  front  pair  de- 
taches itself  from  it  and  clasps  the  next  and  newest  loop,  and  so  on. 

The  larva  does  not  hang  suspended  by  a  thread  from  the  mouth 
while  in  the  act  of  walking  in  this  inverted  position,  though  no 
doubt  it  could  and  would  do  so  in  case  it  were  accidentally  com- 
pelled to  lose  its  hold  of  the  clasping  legs. 

A  remarkable  feature  of  this  curious  mode  of  locomotion  is  that, 
as  in  the  case  of  spiders,  there  is,  apparently,  more  than  one  kmd 
of  secretion  capable  of  being  simultaneously  emitted,  for  the  little 
mounds  are  viscid  enough  to  adhere  to  the  surface  with  sufficient 
tenacity  to  support  the  successive  sections,  while  on  the  contrary. 


each  sectional  thread  seems  not  viscid  at  all,  otherwise  the  thread 
would  not  hang  free  so  as  to  enable  a  pair  of  legs  to  clasp  it. 

The  accompanying  photograph  was  made  through  a  f  inch 
objective,  from  the  actual  silken  trail  left  on  the  glass  slip  (the 
magnification  being  30  diameters). 

By  careful  measurements  from  the  photograph  the  average 
"  stride  "  or  distance  between  the  mounds  appears  to  be  about  Jjj 
inch. 

I  regret  that  the  rate  of  "  walking  "  was  not  determined,  but 
under  the  f  inch  objective  the  slip  had  to  be  moved  fairly  briskly  to 
keep  the  little  caterpillar  in  view,  and  it  would  be  safe  to  say  that 
the  time  of  a  "  stride  "  did  not  usually  exceed  three  or  four  seconds, 
in  which  case  the  larva  could  travel  one  inch  in  three  or  four 
minutes. 


Acidalia    marginepunctata,   Qoze. 

By  Robert  Adkin,  F.E.S.     Read  April  lOth,  1919. 

When  we  look  at  lengthy  series  of  the  species  that  we  have  been 
accustomed  to  include  in  the  genus  Acidalia,  as  arranged  in  our 
cabinets,  we  at  once  notice  that  many  of  them  stand  out  as  abund- 
antly distinct,  but  that  some  of  the  others  have  a  strong  superficial 
resemblance  to  one  another ;  and  that  individuals  of  the  same 
species  often  vary  considerably,  making  their  differentiation  even 
more  difficult.  It  is,  therefore,  not  surprising  that  there  should 
have  been  some  confusion  in  their  nomenclature,  more  particularly 
in  regard  to  some  of  the  more  variable  and  possibly  less  widely 
known  species.  The  one  under  notice  is  no  exception  in  this  respect, 
for  which  I  fear,  as  will  be  seen  later  on,  some  of  our  British 
authors  are  not  entirely  blameless. 

Although  the  species  was  undoubtedly  known  to  some  of  the 
older  authors,  it  was  first  described  by  Goze,  and  named  margine- 
piinctata  by  him  in  1781  ("  Entomologische-Beitrage,"  iii.,  3,  p. 
385).  Borkhausen,  1794,  uses  Goze's  name,  maririitepinictata,(inot- 
ing  that  author,  and  also  referring  to  Roesel's  figure,  which  I  shall 
have  occasion  to  mention  again  later.  (Bork.  "Nat.  Europ.  Schm.," 
v.,  p.  250.) 

In  or  about  1800,  Hiibner  produced  a  very  good  figure  of  this 
species,  naming  it  imumtaria  ("  Sammlung  Europaischer  Schmet- 
terlinge,"  v.,  f.  108). 

Haworth,  in  1810,  described  it  under  the  name  of  incanata,  quot- 
ing Hiibner's  fig.  108,  but  erroneously  referring  it  also  to  Linnaeus' 
incanata,  a  species  which  does  not  occur  in  Britain  ("  Lepidoptera 
Britannica,"  p.  350).  Stephens,  1828  to  1835,  helped  further  to 
complicate  the  matter  by  using  the  name  niarf/inepiinctata,  n.  sp., 
for  specimens  that  he  tells  us  he  had  seen  in  the  Dale  and  Haworth 
collections  ("  Cat.,"  6709),  but  this  name  I  have  failed  to  find  men- 
tioned in  Haworth's  work.  He  repeated  Haworth's  errors  under 
the  name  incanata  ("  Cat.,"  6722),  while  in  his  "  Illustrations"  he 
gives  under  the  name  of  niarginepnnctata  a  description  that  cannot 
possibly  apply  to  that  species,  and  refers  to  "Cat.,"  6709  ("111. 
Haust.,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  310),  but  omits  any  mention  of  incanata. 
Wood,  1839,  under  the  name  mair/inepunctata  figures  an  insect 
which  is  certainly  not  that  species,  but  gives  a  very  fair  representa- 
tion of  it  as  incanata  ;  he  also  figures  one  of  the  bone-coloured 
south  coast  forms  under  the  name  of  contifjuaria,  and  tells  us  that 


it  occurred  near  Dover  at  the  end  of  June  ("  Ind.  Ent.,"  figs.  724, 
718-719). 

In  the  meantime  Treitschke,  1827,  had  referred  to  the  species  as 
imunitata,  but  among  his  references  further  complicated  the  matter 
by  mentioning  Hiibner's  figure  105,  contii^uaria,  a  doubtful  figure 
of  that  species,  but  not  unlike  some  pale  forms  of  nian^ineptnictata. 
Duponchel,  1830,  calls  it  iinnuitaria,  but  his  figure  is  not  a  good  one, 
although  his  references  sufficiently  indicate  the  species  he  intended 
to  portray  ("Hist.  Nat.  Lep.,"  viii.,  p.  61,  pi.  173,  f.  8).  Freyer, 
1833-6,  gives  several  figures  under  the  name  immutata,  none  of 
which  are  recognisable,  but  his  text  indicates  the  species  they  are 
intended  to  represent  ("  Neu.  Beit.,"  i.,  p.  107,  pi.  64,  figs.  4  and  5, 
ii.,  p.  186,  pi.  180,  f.  1).  Her  rich -Schafl;'er,  1847,  gives  quite  a  good 
figure,  to  which  be  applies  the  name  iiinimtaria  ("  Schm.  Eur.," 
pi.  17,  f.  101). 

Guenee,  1857,  seems  to  have  unearthed  Roesel's  figure  ("  Ins. 
Bel.,"  vol.  i.,  class  iii.,  pi.  xi.,  f.  3,  1746))  and  applied  to  it  the 
name  of  pronnttata.  Roesel's  is  a  fairly  good  figure,  and  is,  I 
believe,  the  earliest  one  known  of  this  species.  Henry  Doubleday, 
in  the  "Zoologist's  Synonymic  List,"  1859,  adopted  Guenee's  name, 
and  /iroiiiiitata  became  the  generally  recognised  name  for  the  species 
by  British  entomologists  of  that  period.  Snellen,  1867,  also  uses 
this  name  in  his  "  De  Vlinders  van  Nederland." 

Stainton,  1859,  still  further  complicated  matters  by  the  use  in 
the  "  Manual "  of  Haworth's  name  incanata  for  this  species  and 
))iar(/ine})imctata  for  some  other,  apparently  straniinata,  Tr.,  and  it 
was  not  until  the  publication  of  South's  "  Entomologist  "  list  in 
1884,  that  we  in  Britain  adopted  vi an/in e punctata,  Goze,  as  the 
correct  name  for  this  insect.  But  even  so,  Barrett,  1902,  was  not 
content  to  let  matters  rest,  and  in  "  The  Lepidoptera  of  the  British 
Islands  "  reverted  to  Guenee's  name,  profimtata,  although  Meyrick 
in  his  "  Handbook,"  published  some  years  earlier,  had  apparently 
straightened  out  the  matter. 

Joannis,  1891,  described  under  the  name  of  pastoraria  what 
appears  to  be  a  pale  form  of  this  species  from  Asia  Minor  ("  Bull. 
Soc.  Ent.  Fr.,"  1891,  p.  80). 

The  synonymy  of  the  species  therefore  appears  to  be : — 

Marffinepunctata,  Goze,  Bork.,  South,  Meyrick  (non  Steph,  non 
Wood,  non  Sta.). 

Iitnniitata,  Tr.,  Freyer  (non  L.). 

Iwmvtaria,  Hub.,  H.-S.,  Dup. 

Incanata,  Haw.,  Step.  "  Cat.,"  Wood,  Sta.  (non  L.). 

Prowntata,  Guenee  (Roesel),  Dbl.,  Snell.,  Barrett. 

Pastoiaria,  Joannis. 

Contiguaria,  Hiib.  ?,  Wood. 

The  geographical  distribution  of  the  species  appears  to  extend 
throughout  central  and  southern  Europe,  Asia  Minor  and  eastward 
through  Turkestan  and  Mongolia  to  the  borders  of  China,  and  to 


embrace  some  portions  of  northern  Africa.  Tn  Britain  it  appears 
to  be  generally  more  common  on  the  coast  than  inland,  being  taken 
freely  in  the  Scilly  Isles  and  along  the  South  Coast  generally  to 
Kent  on  the  East  Coast,  less  commonly  as  one  goes  north,  but  it  is 
met  with  in  Lancashire,  Durham,  Cumberland,  and  Northumber- 
land. In  Scotland  it  occurs  at  Ardrossan  in  the  Clyde  area,  which 
is,  I  believe,  its  northern  limit.  In  Wales  it  is  not  uncommon  ; 
and  in  Ireland  it  has  been  taken  in  some  numbers  about  Howth  and 
Malahide  in  the  Dublin  district,  Kerry  in  the  West,  and  Cork  in  the 
South  ;  also  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  the  Scilly  Isles. 

Variation  consists  largely  in  the  greater  or  less  amount  of  the 
grey  dusting  of  the  wings  and  the  intensity  of  the  clouding  between 
the  sub-terminal  transverse  line  and  the  margin,  some  specimens 
taken  in  the  Scilly  Isles  having  this  character  very  much  intensified. 
Also,  in  the  whitish  or  yellowish  (bone-coloured)  tint  of  the 
ground  colour,  and  the  intensity  or  otherwise  of  the  transverse 
lines.  Occasionally  aberrational  individuals,  possessing  characters 
not  included  in  the  above  lines  of  variation,  occur  :  to  some  of  these 
I  may  refer  later.  Speaking  generally,  the  lighter  forms,  either  by 
reason  of  the  whiteness  of  the  ground  colour  as  found  in  some  of 
the  Devon  and  Cornish  specimens,  or  the  absence  of  grey  scaling, 
are  found  on  the  south  coast,  the  darker  or  most  heavily  powdered 
in  the  north,  as  at  Ardrossan,  where  some  of  the  darkest  forms  are 
met  with,  but  no  hard  and  fast  rule  can  be  laid  down,  as  is  testified 
by  a  specimen  from  Corfe  Castle  in  the  Bankes'  collection,  which 
is  quite  of  the  bone-coloured,  unspeckled  form  which  predominates 
on  the  south-east  coast.  The  Irish,  Isle  of  Man,  and  Scilly  speci- 
mens are  generally  of  the  darker  well  speckled  form. 

Throughout  the  greater  part  of  its  range  there  appears  to  be  only 
one  brood  in  each  year,  such  continental  authors  as  I  have  been 
able  to  consult  giving  its  time  of  appearance  as  May  and  June  or 
June  and  July  ;  there  is  only  one  brood  in  the  more  northerly 
districts  in  Britain  ;  but  on  our  south  coasts  there  are  undoubtedly 
two  fairly  well  defined  emergences,  the  first  appearing  in  June  and 
extending  to  about  the  middle  of  July,  the  second  com- 
mencing about  the  middle  of  August  and  continuing  until  well 
into  September.  But  although  the  emergences  are  fairly  distinct, 
not  so  the  broods.  For  example,  ova  deposited  by  moths  of  the 
June  emergence  will  hatch  in  from  ten  days  to  a  fortnight,  and  the 
larvfe  all  grow  evenly  for  a  time;  then  some  of  them  will  grow 
rapidly  and  make  the  August  emergence,  but  others,  possibly  some 
25%. of  the  brood,  will  grow  slowly,  hibernate  as  winter  approaches, 
and  the  moths  from  them  will  not  emerge  until  the  following  June  ; 
so  that  while  a  part  of  this  brood  become  imagines  within  a  couple 
of  iBonths  from  the  time  that  the  eggs  are  laid,  the  other  part  take 
a  full  year  to  complete  their  life  cycle.  So  is  it  with  the  brood  from 
the  August  emergence  ;  the  larva;  all  hibernate,  and  the  majority  of 
them  that  survive  the  winter  produce  imagines  in  June,  but  a  few 


6 

usually  feed  slowly,  the  moths  from  them  coming  out  with  the  August 
emergence.  It  is  not  a  difficult  species  to  rear  from  the  egg,  the 
larva  feeding  naturally  on  a  large  number  of  small  plants,  such  as 
cinquefoil  [Potentilla  reptauii),  yarrow  {Aclnllea  tiiillefnlia),  and  so 
forth,  while  in  confinement  it  takes  readily  to  knotgrass  {Polijf/ouinii 
aricidare),  and  for  the  hibernating  larva?  a  useful  adjunct  to  the 
dietary  is  a  common  little  hawkweed-like  plant,  Crepis  rirena 
(See  "  Proc,"  1902,  p.  3). 

My  personal  acquaintance  with  marninepunctata  dates  from  1866, 
when,  in  July  of  that  year,  I  found  it  commonly  on  the  lamps  along 
the  roads  at  Shanklin,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  For  many  years  after 
that  I  saw  little  of  it  beyond  meeting  with  an  odd  specimen  or  two 
at  Box  Hill,  in  Surrey,  and  on  the  gas  lamps  around  Blackheath, 
in  Kent ;  but  in  1887  I  came  across  it  in  great  numbers  at  East- 
bourne, and  since  that  time  I  have  had  the  species  more  or  less 
continually  under  my  notice.  The  conversion  of  the  herbage- 
covered  slopes  from  the  clift'  to  the  beach  into  the  western  parades 
had  recently  been  completed  ("  Proc,"  1896,  p.  108),  and  the  rough 
stone  retaining  walls  along  portions  of  them  were  much  favoured 
by  the  species  as  resting  places.  It  was  in  such  situations  that  the 
majority  of  the  specimens  were  found.  For  some  few  years  the 
numbers  met  with  steadily  increased,  the  greatest  abundance  occur- 
ring round  about  1896,  in  which  year  I  see  from  a  note  in  my  diary, 
that  on  a  walk  along  the  half  mile  or  so  of  the  parade  between  the 
"  Wish  Tower  "  and  Holywell  102  specimens  were  noted,  and  it  was 
during  this  period,  when  the  insect  was  at  its  greatest  profusion, 
that  the  most  unusual  forms  were  met  with. 

Here  the  forms  usually  occurring  vary  between  a  pale  bone- 
coloured  insect,  practically  without  a  trace  of  grey  dusting,  the  usual 
transverse  lines  and  the  submarginal  tooth-marks  (clouding)  of  a 
pale  greyish  colour,  so  like  Wood's  figure  719  that  one  cannot  help 
believing  that  he  took  it  from  one  of  these  specimens,  to  a  heavily 
grey-dusted  insect  fairly  well  represented  by  his  figure  718,  and 
every  conceivable  intermediate  between  the  two.  One  would  have 
expected,  on  our  chalk  soil,  to  have  found  the  ground  colour  as 
white  as  anywhere,  but  this  is  not  so,  it,  as  a  rule,  inclining  far 
more  to  a  very  pale  buff.  Barrett  calls  it  cream-colour,  but  I  think 
the  term  I  have  used — bone-colour—  more  truly  expresses  it. 

Of  the  aberrations  outside  the  above,  perhaps  the  most  remark- 
able is  one  met  with  in  1896,  of  which  three  specimens  were  taken. 
In  this  form  the  ground  colour  appears  to  be  white,  but  the  wings 
are  so  covered  with  dark  brown-grey  dusting  that  the  ground  colour 
is  seen  only  as  an  irregular  submarginal  line,  in  the  fringes,  and  on 
the  front  of  the  thorax  ;  it  is  analogous  to  the  so-called  black  forms 
of  Tejilirasia  himuUdaria.  Barrett's  figure  ("  Lep.  Brit.  Is.,"  vol. 
viii.,  pi.  331,  f.  41')  is  taken  from  one  of  these  specimens,  and  fairly 
well  represents  it  except  in  the  matter  of  the  ground  colour,  which 
is  not  shown  white  enough.     Another  aberration,  of  which  some 


half  a  dozen  examples  were  noted,  has  a  sooty  cloud  at  the  base  of 
the  forewings  and  the  submarginal  tooth-marks  unusually  promi- 
nent, while  the  ground  colour  more  nearly  approaches  white  than 
in  the  ordinary  pale  forms. 

These  aberrations  were  all  taken  some  years  ago,  and  since  that 
time  I  have  seen  no  specimens  calling  for  special  mention  ;  indeed, 
the  species,  in  this  locality,  has  of  late  years  been  much  less  com- 
mon than  formerly,  no  doubt  owing  to  the  attentions  of  a  small 
troop  of  fossilised  gardeners,  who  spend  their  time  from  year's  end 
to  year's  end  in  "  cleaning  up  "  the  banks,  in  other  words,  rooting 
up  all  the  little  plants  that  they  can  find,  on  which  the  larvte  would 
naturally  feed.  Yet  the  species  still  persists ;  it  may  be  seen  on  the 
wing  at  dusk,  later  in  the  evening  on  the  road  lamps,  and  by  day 
one  can  hardly  take  a  walk  along  the  parades,  in  its  seasons,  without 
finding  an  example  or  two  at  rest  on  such  portions  of  the  rough 
stone  walls  as  are  still  free  from  a  covering  of  ivy,  if  they  take  the 
trouble  to  look  for  them. 

In  the  discussion  which  followed  the  general  concensus  of  opinion 
was  that  the  species  was  a  coast  insect  and  found,  as  a  rule,  only 
very  sparingly  inland.  Mr.  Mera  said  that  he  had  met  with  it  very 
commonly  at  Ipswich,  in  Suffolk,  but  had  taken  only  one  specimen 
in  the  London  area.  Mr.  Leeds  recorded  one  example  from  Bexley, 
and  another  was  mentioned  as  taken  at  Erith,  both  in  Kent.  Mr. 
Frohawk  also  had  taken  a  single  specimen  atEltham,  Kent.  Messrs. 
Pennington  and  Bowman  both  reported  it  as  common  at  Lewes,  in 
Sussex,  where  a  pale  form  occurred.  Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin  said  he  had 
met  with  it  not  uncommonly  in  the  New  Forest,  and  more  abun- 
dantly in  the  Scilly  Isles ;  in  the  latter  locality  it  was  of  the  well- 
speckled  grey  form.  Mr.  Tonge  reported  it  as  somewhat  abundant 
at  Midhurst,  in  Sussex. 


Some  Insects  Injurious  to  Forestry. 

By  B.  W.  Adkin,  F.S.I.,  F.E.S.— 7?mr/  Mai/  22wl,  1919. 

Our  President,  when  addressing  us  last  winter,  emplaasized  the 
importance  of  economic  Entomology,  and  referred  to  its  influence 
on  Forestry.  His  address  caused  me  to  think  that  a  short  paper 
upon  the  subject  I  have  chosen  might  be  welcome  to  the  members 
of  our  society.  I  propose  to  say  a  few  words  upon  Forestry  before 
dealing  with  certain  of  the  insects  which  are  injurious  thereto. 

Forestry  is  an  extensive  science.  One  of  its  most  important 
branches  is  Silviculture,  which  may  be  interpreted  as  the  culti- 
vation of  crops  of  trees  with  the  object  of  profit.  Silviculture  may 
be  compared  with  agriculture,  or  the  growing  of  farm  crops  for 
profit,  but,  in  my  opinion,  difficult  as  is  the  science  of  agriculture, 
that  of  Silviculture  is  even  more  difficult ;  for  whereas  an  agricul- 
turist may  sow  and  reap  a  crop  in  one  year,  so  that  in  an  average 
life  he  is  able  to  study  the  results  of  perhaps  fifty  crops  of  the 
same  species  of  plant  which  he  has  sown,  the  silviculturist  will  be 
lucky  if  he  sees  the  result  of  a  single  crop  which  he  has  raised 
from  seed,  for  most  of  our  trees  take  at  least  60  or  70  years  before 
they  reach  maturity.  Again,  most  of  our  common  farm  crops  were 
grown  by  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and  have  been  grown  continuously  m 
Britain  ever  since ;  whereas  most  of  the  woodland  crops  which  are 
expected  to  prove  most  successful  from  a  financial  standpoint,  con- 
sist of  trees  which  have  been  introduced  into  Britain  but  recently. 
Further,  the  method  of  growing  crops  of  trees  in  high  forest 
without  underwood  is  comparatively  new,  so  that  there  is  but  little 
experience  to  go  upon,  while  our  insular  conditions  dift'er  con- 
siderably from  those  which  prevail  in  continental  regions,  so  that 
experience  gained  upon  the  continent  should  be  applied  here  only 
with  great  caution. 

Silviculture  is  likely  to  be  a  far  more  important  industry  in 
Britain  than  it  has  been  in  the  past.  The  war  has  proved  the 
necessity  of  a  large  stock  of  growing  timber  to  the  welfare  of  the 
nation,  and  the  demands  upon  such  stock  as  there  was  have  been 
met  with  difficulty.  Many  millions  of  cubic  feet  of  timber  have 
been  required,  and  the  coniferous  trees  have  been  the  chief 
nece^^ity  ;  their  destruction  has  enabled  our  mines  to  be  worked, 
and  v.,.-it'T^  lantities  of  timber  have  been  exported  for  the  use  of  our 
armies  in  the  field.  In  the  past  about  95  per  cent,  of  our  home- 
grown timber  has  been  produced  by  private  enterprise,  without 
state   assistance,   and   usually  at  a  heavy  financial  loss  ;    in  the 


9 

future  it  is  proposed  that  the  State  forests  of  Britain  shall  be  the 
mainstay  of  our  native  timber  supplies,  and  extensive  afforestation 
schemes  are  proposed  to  be  carried  out  under  a  new  Government 
Department.  The  success  of  these  schemes  depends  to  a  large 
extent  upon  immunity  from  insect  and  fungoid  attack,  so  that  the 
importance  of  my  subject  is  apparent. 

The  woodland  crops  of  the  future  are  likely  to  consist  chiefly  of 
coniferous  trees,  of  which  our  indigenous  species  are :  Pinus 
si/lrextris,  the  Scots  Pine  ;  'ra.rHs  barciita,  the  Yew  :  and  Jioiiperus 
coiininoiig,  the  Juniper.  Of  these,  FiuKs  M//r(^s(//,s  is  the 
only  species  which  can  be  used  for  silvicultural  purposes.  The 
exotic  conifers  which  are  commonest  in  this  country,  and  can  be 
used  for  silviculture,  are  Pinns  laricio,  the  Corsican  pine,  with  its 
many  varieties  ;  Pinus  stiobiis,  the  Weymouth  pine  ;  Picea  e.rcelsa, 
the  Common  Spruce  ;  Abies  jiectinata,  the  Common  Silver  Fir  ; 
and  iMri.c  eiiropaa,  the  Common  Larch  ;  these  trees  have  been  long 
enough  in  this  country  to  become  attacked  by  many  insects  and 
fungi,  and  it  may  be  remarked  that  Pinns  strobiis  is  in  danger  of 
extermination  by  the  rust  fungus  I'erideiiiiiuiii  struhi.  None  of  the 
trees  above  named,  except,  perhaps,  the  Larch,  are  likely  to  prove 
as  valuable  for  silvicultural  purposes  as  some  more  recent  introduc- 
tions from  the  Pacific  coast  of  North  America,  such  as  Pseiifiotsiic/a 
doiii/lasii,  the  Douglas  Fir;  I'irea  sitc/ieusis,  the  Sitka  Spruce; 
Abies  (iraudis,  the  tall  Silver  Fir;  and  Tluda  plicata,  the  Giant 
Arborvitje.  These  trees  have  not  been  here  long  enough  to  enable 
us  to  form  a  true  opinion  of  their  value  or  of  their  possible 
enemies. 

The  insect  enemies  of  Silviculture  belong  to  all  orders,  their 
number  is  legion.  The  conifers,  to  which  I  propose  to  confine  my 
remarks,  are  host-plants  to  over  two-hundred  species  of  insects  in 
Britain,  though  many  of  such  insects  do  very  little  harm.  Britain 
is  blessed  by  the  absence  ot  some  of  the  worst  of  the  pests  which 
destroy  conifers  in  the  forests  of  Europe,  such  as  I 'endreliiiuts  pini, 
L.,  and  ThaioKetojioea  piti/ocanijxj,  Schitf,  while  others  which  occur 
here,  such  as  Oaierifi  dispai-,  L.,  and  IJiiaris  }iinnacha,  L.,  are  not 
found  in  sufficient  numbers  to  do  serious  injury.  We  have,  how- 
ever, plenty  of  injurious  insects,  though  most  of  them  are  far 
less   showy  than    those  named  above. 

During  my  journeys  about  the  woodlands  of  England  in  recent 
years  I  have  seen  many  cases  where  coniferous  trees  have  been 
felled,  the  trunks  of  the  trees,  in  due  course,  converted  into  pit 
prqps,  railway  sleepers,  and  the  like,  and  the  branches,  etc.,  left 
lying  about  for  a  long  time  before  they  were  burned.  These 
branches,  logs  and  bark,  form  excellent  breeding  places  for  "lany 
insects.  Hi/liiriiits  pi}iij)erda,  h.,  the  Pine  Beetle,  finds  an  aei^i  spot 
in  which  to  rear  large  families  ;  it  is  far  too  common  an  insect  for 
a  collector  to  trouble  about,  and  probably  goes  unnoticed  until 
someone  in  charge  of  the  woods  discovers  that  the  standing  Scots 


10 

pines  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  acquire  an  outline  quite 
uncharacteristic  of  such  trees,  owing  to  the  young  shoots  having  been 
bored  by  the  beetles  and  broken  off  by  the  wind,  while  fine  healthy 
young  trees  begin  to  take  the  appearance  of  mis-shapen  bushes. 
Along  with  Hi/liin/ns  piiiijwida  may  often  be  found  IJi/lastes  jialliatns, 
Gyll.,  whose  larvte  also  feed  under  the  ijark,  while  the  beetles  attack 
the  bark  or  the  stem  and  crown  of  standing  trees  and  do  a  great 
deal  of  damage,  in  some  cases  resulting  in  the  death  of  an  already 
weakened  tree. 

On  the  areas  referred  to,  after  the  trees  have  been  cut  down  and 
removed  the  old  stumps  remain  in  the  ground.  These  stumps  form 
favourable  breeding  places  for  various  species  of  Coleoptera.  If  the 
stumps  are  examined  a  year  or  two  after  the  trees  have  been  felled, 
say  in  the  month  of  May,  fine  fat  larvfe  and  a  few  pup^e  oi  Hi/lohius 
obietis,  L.,  may  be  found  just  beneath  the  bark-  not  far  from  the 
surface  of  the  ground  ;  and,  under  the  bark  of  the  smaller  roots,  in 
many  cases  at  several  feet  distance  from  the  trunk,  many  smaller 
Inrvse  may  be  found  which  will  in  due  course  develop  into  the 
elegant  little  beetle  Hylastes  ater,  Payk.  There  is  no  lack  of  these 
larvte  in  the  stumps.  I  have  taken  out  over  70  larvse  of  lii/lohiiis 
ohietis  from  a  single  stump,  and  have  found  innumerable  larv;p  of 
IJi/Uistes  (iter  in  the  roots  of  the  same  tree.  Supposing  that  the 
crop  which  was  felled  contained  400  trees  per  acre,  similarly  affected, 
there  might  be  about  28,000  H>/lohiiis  abii'tis  and  a  far  larger  num- 
ber of  Hijlastes  ater  on  the  one  acre  alone,  and  if  many  acres  are 
felled  it  may  easily  be  imagined  what  a  tremendous  number  of  these 
insects  would  be  available.  In  certain  forests  in  Scotland  some 
entomologists,  who  have  been  researching  into  the  ravages  of  these 
insects,  have  found  the  larva?  of  Hylastes  ciinicidarius,  Er.,  feeding  in 
large  numbers  on  the  roots  of  I'icca  e.cceha,  the  small  roots  at  some 
distance  from  the  trunk  being  specially  favoured  by  them.  I 
mention  this  as  I  believe  the  insect  is  considered  uncommon. 

Let  us  now  consider  the  condition  of  affairs  when  a  forester  plants 
young  conifers  upon  the  ground  which  was  recently  cleared  of 
coniferous  trees.  The  young  plants  are  just  the  food  which  Hjilo- 
hius  ahietis  and  Hylastes  ater  desire.  Both  beetles  are  breeding  in 
thousands  in  the  stumps  and  roots.  On  emerging  the  former 
devour  the  bark  on  the  stem  above  the  ground  and  frequently 
may  be  found  doing  so,  the  latter  devour  the  bark  upon 
the  roots  beneath  the  ground,  so  that  little  may  be  seen 
of  them ;  but  the  damage  they  do  is  great,  as  may  be  seen 
by  the  plants  I  am  exhibiting,  the  bark  on  the  roots  of  which 
has  been  entirely  devoured.  The  joint  attack  of  the  two 
species  named  Avill  sometimes  result  in  the  complete  destruction  of 
a  crop  of  young  trees,  and  will  always  cause  considerable  damage. 
The  forester  usually  knows  Hylobins  abietis,  and  lays  traps  for  him 
with  great  effect — probably  he  catches  thousands  and  breeds  hundreds 
of  thousands. 


11 

As  an  example  of  what  a  forester  can  do,  I  would  cite  two  cases 
which  have  come  before  my  notice.  One  of  these,  a  record  from 
Shropshire,  shows  that  in  thirty-nine  daj's,  from  April  30th  to  June 
6th,  1917,  no  fewer  than  10,386  fJi/labins  ahiftiH  were  captured;  in 
the  other  case  a  forester  in  D()rsetshire  tells  me  that  he  captured 
10,117  Hi/liibiiis  abif'tix  on  ten  acres  of  woodland  from  May  to  Sep- 
tember, 1918.  The  numbers  mentioned  are  far  from  insignificant, 
and  assuming  that  they  represent  but  a  small  proportion  of  the 
weevils  wliich  were  present,  one  feels  aghast  at  the  possible  destruc- 
tion which  might  be  wrought  by  so  vast  an  army. 

Neither  of  the  reports  mentions  Hylaxtea:  their  more  insidious 
attack  was  doubtless  unnoticed,  in  one  case  their  larvte  were  known 
to  be  abundant,  probably  in  the  other  case  they  were  equally  so. 
Possibly  they  were  likel}'  to  do  even  greater  damage,  for  a  careful 
observer  who  examined  one  hundred  dying  plants  in  a  forest  in  Scot- 
land found  that  the  damage  was  caused  in  45  cases  by  Hijlastes 
alone,  in  27  cases  by  Hi/lastes  and  Hi/lobiiis  together,  in  15  cases  by 
HylnbiiiH  alone,  and  the  remainder  bj'^  bad  planting. 

In  both  the  cases  just  mentioned  Otiorr/n/nchiis  picipex,  F.,  was 
captured  or  seen  in  numbers  even  greater  than  Hi/lohius  abietis.  I 
am  unable  to  say  what  is  the  extent  of  the  damage  they  do,  but  I 
have  caught  them  gnawing  the  bark  on  trees,  and  it  is  said  by  Gil- 
landers  that  he  found  a  supposed  case  of  rabbit  damage  to  a  quickset 
hedge  was  actually  the  work  of  this  msect.  When  they  occur  in 
such  vast  numbers  their  activities  are  certainly  worthy  of  investiga- 
tion. Stro/i/idSDiniifi  corijli,  F.,  was  also  plentiful  in  one  case,  and 
its  known  liking  for  the  foliage  of  larch  and  other  trees  made  its 
presence  undesirable. 

There  are  many  other  very  common  species  of  Coleoptera  which 
are  highly  injurious  to  forestry,  for  instance,  the  genus  Pissodes 
contains  some  well  known  enemies  of  pine  trees  and  Meloluntha 
vulgaris,  F.,  in  the  larval  state  will  make  many  bare  patches  in  a 
forest  nursery.  Even  recently  discovered  species  which  are  con- 
sidered rare  may  be  of  importance.  I  am  told  on  the  best  possible 
authority  that  Tetropuini  tjabrieli,  Weise,  which  is  quite  a  recent 
addition  to  the  British  list,  appears  to  be  spreading  all  over  the 
country,  and  killing  many  young  larch  trees  by  means  of  its  larvte, 
which  feed  in  the  soft  bast  and  cambium  under  the  bark.  Many 
other  species  of  Coleoptera  might  be  referred  to  and  far  more  detail 
could  be  given  did  time  permit,  but  some  of  the  other  orders  deserve 
attention. 

Among  Lepidoptera  the  species  most  injurious  to  young  conifers 
in  Britain  belong  to  the  genus  Retinia,  which  will  often  destroy 
leader  after  leader  of  Pinns  sylrestiis  and  quite  ruin  the  growth  of 
the  tree  ;  Culenphora  lancella,  Hb.,  which  bores  the  needles  of  Larix 
eiiropaea,  weakens  the  tree  and  makes  it  predisposed  to  disease  ;  and 
Arfjyresthia  atnwriella,  Bankes,  in  many  cases  destroys  the  leader  of 
Larix  curopaa  and  thus  spoils  the  growth  of  the  tree. 


12 

Of  Hymenoptera  Sessiliventres,  Sire.v  fjif/as,  L.,  and  Sirex  noctilio, 
F.  (often  wrongly  identified  as  Si  rex  juvencm),  bore  the  wood  of 
conifers,  but  their  attack  is  probably  limited  to  sickly  trees  and  less 
to  be  dreaded  than  that  of  the  sawflies,  ejj.^  Pteronns  pini,  L.,  and 
P.  sertifcr,  Fourc,  on  Phiiis  si/lrestna,  and  Xematiis  erichsoni,  Htg., 
and  xV.  laricis  on  Lari.r  eiiropiea.  About  ten  or  twelve  years  ago 
NeniatKs  erichsoni  caused  the  death  of  many  trees  in  the  Lake 
District. 

Of  Hymenoptera  Petiolata,  certain  species  of  the  genus  Mef/astifi- 
)iiiift  are  very  destructive  to  the  seeds  of  conifers. 

Among  the  Rhynchota  there  are  many  destructive  insects  of  the 
family  Aphidida.  Pineiis  pini,  L.,  and  Pineits  strobi,  Htg.,  on  Piniis, 
Cheniies  abietis,  Kalt.,  on  Picea,  and  iltermes  viridis,  Ratz.,  on  Picea 
and  Lari.r,  are  among  the  commonest  and  most  destructive  species. 
The  continued  destruction  of  the  foliage  of  Lari.v  eiirnpoa  by  Aphides 
does  much  to  render  that  species  difficult  to  grow  in  Britain, 
rendering  it  so  sickly  that  it  easily  falls  a  prey  to  disease. 

In  the  time  available  for  a  short  paper  it  is  impossible  to  do  more 
than  touch  lightly  upon  so  large  a  subject,  and  I  have  touched  upon 
conifers  only,  but  no  doubt  enough  has  been  said  to  show  the  im- 
portance of  Entomology  to  Forestry.  Bearing  in  mind  the  likeli- 
hood of  immediate  afforestation  upon  a  scale  hitherto  unknown  in 
Britain,  and  the  unusually  awkward  conditions  which  have  been 
induced  by  recent  fellings,  a  careful  consideration  of  insect  enemies 
becomes  an  urgent  problem. 

The  study  of  insect  pests  is  largely  in  the  hands  of  the  economic 
entomologist,  but  the  onus  is  upon  the  collector  and  the  observer  to 
help  him  in  his  work,  and  to  offer  their  knowledge  to  his  use.  The 
knowledge  of  the  members  of  this  and  other  scientific  societies  may 
prove  of  immense  value  in  combatting  insect  attack  upon  trees, 
thousands  of  pounds  may  be  saved  and  many  crops  of  trees  may  be 
made  to  flourish  which  would  otherwise  be  lost.  No  doubt  there 
is  much  to  learn,  but  a  good  deal  is  known  already,  and  the  know- 
ledge already  possessed,  if  willingly  communicated,  may  tend  to 
great  advantage,  and  will  extend  as  it  is  utilised.  I  cannot  appeal 
too  strongly  to  all  collectors  and  students  of  Entomology  to  do  all 
they  can  to  assist  the  economic  entomologist  in  waging  his  diflicult 
war  against  the  enemies  of  forestry. 


13 


British  Fern  Varieties. 

By  F,   W.  Thorrington. — Read  Septe»iber  llth,   1919. 

A  glance  through  the  latest  edition  of  Hayward's  "  Botanist's 
Pocket  Book  "  shews  that  within  the  limits  of  our  Fern  flora  are  15 
genera  of  rolypodiacea:,  the  order  comprising  the  great  mass  of  our 
modern  ferns,  in  a  geologic  sense.  In  addition  to  these  there  are 
two  genera  of  HynieiiophyUacete,  the  "  filmy  ferns,"  two  of  Ophin- 
glossace(E,  and  one  genus  of  the  Osiinindacecr,  leaving  on  one  side  the 
question  of  the  "  fern  allies,"  as  having  no  relevance  to  this  subject. 
"  Hay  ward  "  has  been  especially  quoted  as  being  the  oracle  of  the 
"  splitters,"  and  therefore  not  likely  to  underestimate  our  resources, 
and  his  estimate  of  the  above  divides  it  roughly  into  43  species. 

A  total  of  only  48  species,  it  is  true,  looks  very  poor  in  compari- 
son with  some  of  the  tropical  islands  of  similar  area  to  ours ;  where 
we  frequently  find  several  hundreds  of  species  represented.  Strangely 
enough,  however,  we  find  this  paucity  of  species  more  than  counter- 
balanced by  a  varietal  capacity  that,  so  far,  is  beyond  that  of  any 
other  part  of  the  globe.  In  fact,  it  might  almost  be  stated  that  a 
thoroughly  up-to-date  collection  of  our  varieties,  including  both 
wild  forms  and  the  strains  raised  from  them,  would  have  nothing 
to  fear  as  regards  beauty  of  form  and  texture  from  the  massed 
battalions  of  the  whole  of  exotic  ferns. 

The  main  types  of  variation  may  be  enumerated  thus  : — (1) 
"  cresting,"  including  all  forms  from  merely  "  bifid  "  tips,  through 
"  furcate,"  "  digitate,"  "  polydactylous,"  "  multifurcate,"  and 
"  corymbiferous  "  ends  to  pinnae  and  frond  tip,  until  the  process 
culminates  in  "  grandiceps  "  with  huge  balls  of  cresting  ;  (2)  dis- 
section of  fronds,  commencing  with  variously  cut  and  "  incised  " 
pinnje,  and  passing  through  a  series  of  "bipinnate,"  "  tripinnate," 
"  divisilobe,"  "  multilobe,"  "decomposite,"  etc.,  until  we  reach  the 
gems  of  the  fern  world  in  the  "  plumosums,"  where  the  division  is 
often  such  that  the  whole  surface  of  the  frond  appears  covered  with 
a  mossy  "  pile  "  of  hair-like  segments.  (3)  In  addition  to  these  two 
main  groups  there  are  a  number  of  subsidiary  variants,  such  as 
"  congesta,"  with  dense,  closely  packed  fronds  ;  branched  forms  ; 
"  tailed  "  fronds  or  pinnae;  "  revolvens,"  with  the  fronds  almost 
rolled  into  a  tube ;  "  cornutum  "  and  "  truncatum,"  similar  in 
origin,  but  "horned"  when  the  midrib  projects  beyond  the  square- 
ended  "  truncatum  " ;  variegated  and  "  proliferous  "  or  "  bulbiferous  " 
types.     The  two  latter  are  frequently  found  conjoined  with  many 


14 

of  the  other  variations,   bulbils  being  especially  common   in  the 
"  divisilobe"  shield-ferns. 

The  principal  book  giving  an  up-to-date  selection  of  these  varieties 
is  "  British  Ferns,"  by  the  late  Mr.  C.  T.  Druery.  Taking  our 
genera  and  species  alphabetically,  we  find  here  of  Maidenhair 
(AiliantiDii)  about  a  dozen  variants  ;  and  of  Allosonis,  the  Parsley 
Fern,  only  a  tasselled  form  mentioned,  afterwards  lost.  Then  come 
the  Asjileniiom  or  "  Spleenworts."  The  best  of  the  Black  Maiden- 
haii'  spleenwoit  are  aciitinn,  (irandirepa,  and  microilon  :  cetetadi  has 
several;  A.  inarimini,  plumose  and  branched  forms ;  but  little  but 
the  normal  in  the  "Wall-rue,"  A.  rnta-inuyaria,  or  in  A.  rirUle, 
fontanuiii,  nennanivuiii,  lanceolatum,  and  septentno)iale.  The  Maiden- 
hair Spleen  wort,  As^p.  tnchoinanes,  requires  separate  mention,  as  here 
we  have  many  beautifully  crested,  branched,  and  plumose  forms. 

Next  is  the  Lady  Fern,  Atlnjrinm  tiUx-f\r\iiina,  whose  hundreds  of 
varieties  would  easil}'  make  a  noteworthy  collection  by  themselves. 
The  '•  Moonwort  "  {hutrj/chiitni),  has  several  "  incised"  forms  and 
one  tripartite;  the  Hard  Fern  (i)Z<?o//»(/»(),  has  some  dozens.  The 
various  species  of  (.'//■'<?''/'f^''s,  or  "  Bladder-ferns,"  with  the  exception 
of  frof/iiis,  give  little  change,  nor  do  the  Hi/inendp/ii/lliiiii  or 
GyriniuyraDiiiui. 

The  Lastraeae,  or  Nep/irodiinn,  give  us  a  fine  selection.  First  may 
be  mentioned  the  troad  Buckler  Fern,  X.  dilatatum  (I  confess  I 
hardly  like  its  more  "correct"  name,  according  to  Hayward,  of 
Dri/opteria  aristota),  which  is  majestic  in  its  normal  form  when  we 
have  a  damp  glade,  with  its  glorious  shoulder-high  fronds  as  decora- 
tion. There  are  many  crested  and  ramose  varieties,  and  "  grandi- 
ceps  "  with  heavy  bunch  terminals.  They  are  also  fertile  in  the 
extreme. 

The  "  Male  Fern  "  has  been  divided  into  three  sub-species  by  Mr. 
G.  B.  WoUaston  ;  the  first,  A'.  ;ili.v-t)iaii,  so  common  in  our  suburban 
gardens,  is  partially  deciduous  only  ;  propincjua  is  a  quite  deciduous 
lowland  form  ;  while  pseudo-mas  is  sub-evergreen,  and  a  very  grand 
plant.  The  chart  of  these  differences,  from  a  copy  of  the  "  British 
Fern  Gazette,"  was  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Wollaston  many  years  ago. 
(Chart  exhibited.)  Of  the  many  fine  "Male  Fern"  finds,  quite 
unique  is  X.  jisendo-iuas  var.  aistata,  the  "King  of  the  Male  Ferns," 
found  near  St.  Austell,  evidently  before  1850,  as  the  plant  was  at 
Kew  in  that  year.  Skilled  culture  of  this  lovely  fern  under  glass 
has  sometimes  resulted  in  a  tree-fern  with  a  two-foot  stem  uplifting 
its  great  cluster  of  splendidly  crested  fronds.  Lastraea  montana  has 
given  a  wealth  of  beauty,  its  most  noted  form,  however,  being 
barnesli,  with  its  side  divisions  set  on  to  the  midrib  at  right  angles, 
like  the  steps  of  a  ladder.  There  is  not  much  variation  in  the  other 
LaHtra-a:,  interesting  as  they  are  in  the  Marsh  Fern,  L.  thelypteris,  in 
L.  ceiiiida,  ri(/ida,  cyistata  (so  curiously  named),  with  its  connecting 
sub-species  with  dilatata,  known  as  spinulosa  and  ulifiinosa,  and  the 
puzzling  fern  known  as  L.  rcmota. 


15 

The  finest  of  the  Royal  Fern  group  is  Osnnmda  refialu  var.  ciistata, 
brought  unsuspectingly  to  a  Fulham  nursery  in  winter-time,  over 
50  years  ago,  by  a  hawker,  who  had  gathered  a  batch  of  common 
ones.  The  nurseryman  did  not  realise  what  treasure  he. possessed 
when  its  fronds  appeared  in  the  spring,  but  Mr.  G.  B.  Wollaston 
saw  it  thpre  and  promptly  offered  £25  for  the  plant.  His  ofter  was 
refused,  the  nursery  owner  scenting  a  bargain  ;  but  the  plant  has 
been  freely  propagated  since,  and  no  garden  need  lack  a  specimen 
now.  It  is  easily  grown  in  a  damp  hollow,  or  an  earthenware  pan 
can  be  sunk  in  the  soil  to  create  a  miniature  bog  for  it ;  the  same 
treatment  also  ujakes  the  Marsh  Fern  happy. 

Pdli/pniliiiiii  calcareinii,  or  robertianion,  the  Limestone  Polypody,, 
and  the  Beech  Fern,  P.  phe(fopteris,  have  little  variation  ;  but  the 
Oak  P'ern,  P.  dnjopteris,  has  in  quite  recent  times  given  a  wonderful 
plumose  beauty  found  in  the  Lake  District,  on  Whitbarrow  Scar, 
by  an  elderly  fern-lover  known  as  "  Owd  Tom  Christopherson," 
locally.  The  many  crested  and  plumose  types  of  the  common  Poly- 
pody, P.  Dihjare,  make  this  fine  evergreen  group  of  great  importance 
to  gardeners.  To  botanists  perhaps  its  most  interesting  form  is  the 
Welsh  Polypody,  P.  v.  coiiibriciiiii,  which  was  classed  as  a  species  by 
LinnfBus,  although  we  now  know  it  to  be  a  quite  barren  plumose 
fern.  A  great  many  of  the  beautiful  "  (v/^/rt;r"  sports  have  been 
found  wild. 

It  would  be  hopeless  to  attempt  a  description,  in  a  short  lecture, 
of  the  multitude  of  fine  "  Shield  Ferns,"  Aspidium  ouf/nlaie  being 
responsible  for  most  of  these.  Fern  fanciers  rapidly  tend  to 
specialise  on  these  lovely  evergreen  gems.  Asp.  acideatmii,  though 
its  number  of  "  sports  "  or  "  mutations  "  is  less,  is  almost  as  note- 
worthy in  its  results.  The  "  Holly  Fern,"  A.  loncliitis,  has  little 
variation. 

Psei(datfn/riii)ii  alpestre,  the  Mountain  Lady  Fern,  must  be  re- 
corded, with  its  two  or  three  wild  finds,  and  then  we  reach  the 
Brackens,  which  have  given  us  seven  or  eight  good  forms.  Tricho- 
vuDU's  radicans,  the  "  Killarney  "  filmy-fern,  has  several ;  the 
Woodsiac  of  our  mountains  have  none. 

I  have  left  the  "  Harts-tongue  "  (Scolopendriiim  vtd(jare)  to  the  last, 
as  it  has  been  credited  with  anywhere  up  to  six  hundred  distinct 
variations.  Many  are  of  great  beauty  and  interest,  but  the  few 
fronds  exhibited  must  suffice  in  lieu  of  an  endless  descriptive 
account. 

Many  phases  of  the  propagation  of  our  ferns  are  of  great  botanical 
im,portance.  It  should,  therefore,  be  expected  that  observant  horti- 
culturists would  occasionally  make  discoveries  that  the  research 
worker  proper  had  missed.  This  happened  when  Mr.  C.  T.  Druery 
first  noted  the  phenomenon  known  as  "  Apospory,"  or  the  produc- 
tion of  prothalli  directly  on  the  frond  of  a  fern,  instead  of  from  a 
spore.  The  paper  on  this  subject  was  read  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Linntean   Society  on   June   19th,  1884,  and  can  be  found  in  the 


16 

^'  Linnfean  Society's  Journal— Botany,"  vol.  xxi.  Further  notes 
are  in  vols.  xxii.  and  xxix.-xxx.  These  observations  were  carried 
on  by  Prof.  T.  0.  Bower  ("  Annals  of  Botany,"  vol.  i.,  p.  300,  etc.), 
and  the  natural  result  has  been  that,  in  many  scientific  circles  he  is 
credited  with  the  discovery  of  Apospory.  He  carefully  gives  the 
credit  to  Mr.  Druery,  however,  as  may  be  seen  in  several  places, 
particularly  in  his  "  Origin  of  a  Land  Flora,"  a  book  of  overwhelm- 
ing interest  to  the  fern -lover. 

Sometimes  we  find  the  normal  archegonia  and  antheridia  absent 
from  the  underside  of  the  fern  prothallus,  and  the  "  fern-plant " 
produced  thereon  from  asexu3,l  buds,  a  sort  of  parthenogenesis,  in 
fact.  This  is  called  "  Apogamy,"  and  is  of  great  interest  in  culture 
for  several  reasons,  but  especially  when  attempts  at  "  crossing  "  are 
being  made.  To  find  a  pure  crop  of  both  species  where  hybrids  are 
reasonably  expected  is  extremely  puzzling  until  it  is  realised  that 
one  or  both  of  the  attempted  "  parents "  are  apogamous. 
This  is  the  case  with  Nephrodiidn  psei(do-)iiaft  and  its 
varieties,  and  so,  although  the  "  King  of  the  Male  Ferns,"  is  quite 
easy  to  raise  from  spores,  we  are  unable  to  blend  its  unique  beauty 
with  other  forms.  (As  the  subject  of  hybridization  has  been  raised, 
it  may  be  stated  at  once  that  there  are  several  well-authenticated 
examples  of  crossing  of  fern  varieties  and  even  species.  A  specimen 
is  shown  of  a  cross  between  two  forms  of  the  common  Polypody, 
viz.,  P.  rahiare  var.  cornubiense,  a  finely  dissected  plant  x  P.  nihiare 
var,  )itiiltifidiiiii,  a  crested  variety.  The  hybrid  has  the  undoubted 
characters  of  both  parents.  A  beautiful  fern  of  horticultural  origin 
is  Pohjpodinni  Schneider ianiiiii,  derived  from  crossing  the  same  variety 
of  our  P.  vuli/are  (cor nub ie use)  with  the  great  exotic  P.  aureinii,  and 
there  are  a  number  of  other  proved  instances,  as  well  as  many 
suspected  hybrids  of  wild  origin.)  To  finish  with  the  question  of 
"  apogamy,"  it  may  occasionally  be  found  actually  combined  with 
"  apospory,"  in  fact  the  amount  of  research  opened  up  by  this  one 
phase  of  our  fern  life  is  wonderful.  Further  information  may  be 
found  in  "Linn.  Trans.,"  vol.  ii.,  part  xiv.  (Prof.  Bower);  ".Jour. 
Linn.  Soc,"  vol.  xxxiv.,  no.  227,  p.  262-7,  a  paper  by  Dr.  F.  W. 
Stansfield  ;  and  also  in  "  Phil.  Trans.  Royal  Society,"  vol.  190 
(1898),  pp.  187-228  (W.  H.  Lang,  M.B.,  B.Sc). 

In  addition  to  the  usual  propagation  by  spores,  and  these  two 
aberrant  processes,  we  find  buds  or  "bulbils"  produced  freely  on  the 
fronds  of  many  ferns,  which  are  easily  raised  asexually  in  this 
manner.  Offsets  from  the  main  plant  afford  another  method  of 
increase,  including  cases  of  creeping  rootstocks.  Some  prothalli, 
notably  those  of  Osiintnda  rei/alis,  creep  about  like  a  Liverwort,  and 
may  cover  the  surface  of  a  pot  with  young  plants.  Finally,  a  very 
interesting  process  is  adopted,  of  especial  use  when  barren  plumose 
varieties  are  concerned,  i.e.,  by  "  induced  bulbils."  In  the  Harts- 
tongue,  frond  bases  are  carefully  pulled  away,  washed,  and  laid  on 
clean  damp  sand  in  a  covered  glass  jar,  away  from  direct  sunlight. 


17 

Small  white  growths  finally  appear  over  the  surface  of  the  frond- 
base,  and  these  develop  under  close  culture  into  young  ferns.  Shield 
ferns  are  similarly  raised  from  old  pieces  of  caudex  ;  the  Lady  Fern 
from  axils  of  frond-bases  joined  to  a  piece  of  old  caudex  ;  the  Sweet 
Mountain  Fern  very  plentifully  from  caudex  portions  ;  and  lastly, 
the  occurrence  of  dormant  frond-base  buds  in  the  Male  Fern  is  of 
very  ancient  mention  in  plant-lore. 

Several  lovely  wild  variants  appear  to  have  a  great  capacity  in  the 
way  of  mutation,  and  special  "  strains"  have  been  developed  under 
culture.  Probably  the  three  best  instances  are  (1)  AtJujiium  var. 
pliiiiioHitm-axminHtereaHc,  found  by  Mr.  J.  Trott,  in  1860,  near 
Axminster.  This  was  the  parent  of  Parsons'  '' plnniosiiiti-elefians," 
which  in  its  turn  gave  rise  to  the  unique  "  plumose"  and  "  super- 
bum  "  types  raised  by  Mr.  Druery.  (2)  Aspidimn  annulare  var. 
ilecomposituiii  ab.  s/deiKleiin,  discovered  in  1875  in  S'.  Devon,  by  Mr. 
Moly,  originated  the  extraordinary  series  of  "  plumosums  "  asso- 
ciated with  the  na  ■  es  of  Col.  Jones  and  Mr.  Fox.  (3)  A  farm 
labourer  named  Bevis,  in  1876,  found  in  a  hedge  the  fern  known 
as  Asjiidiidii  aculeatniii  var.  /ndcherriiiiuni,  and  gave  it  to  Dr.  Wills. 
Until  the  last  few  years  ^'  piilv/ierriiinini  "  was  considered  to  be  quite 
barren,  and  slowly  propagated  by  offsets  only.  The  quite  recent 
discovery  of  solitary  sporangia,  with  no  indusial  covering,  gave 
Messrs.  Druery  and  Green  the  chance  of  more  rapidly  propagating 
the  fern,  and  in  time  a  sensation  was  created  by  the  exhibition  at 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society's  shows  of  a  new  group  of  this 
species,  the  glorious  "  graiillimums  "  and  "plumosums."  From 
these  three  main  groups  of  "  mutants,"  and  from  a  multitude  of 
lesser  examples  the  student  of  British  fern  variation  must  neces- 
sarily believe  in  the  possibility  of  sudden  great  advance  in  Nature, 
as  well  as  in  the  slow  move  forward  by  innumerable  small  accretions 
of  "  character " ;  probably,  indeed,  will  tend  to  be  a  confirmed 
"  mutationist  "  lor  preference. 

Many  of  these  ''varieties"  of  our  ferns  might  almost  lay  claim 
to  be  called  true  "  species,"  so  readily  can  they  be  bred  "true"  in 
quantity,  as  the  trade  lists  of  our  fern  nurseries  easily  ohow.  To 
this  may  be  opposed  the  question;  "  Do  they  maintain  themselves 
in  a  wild  state  ?"  and  here,  it  must  be  admitted,  few  instances  can 
be  quoted.  One  telling  example  is  that  of  a  long-tailed  form  of  the 
Black  Maidenhair  Spleenwort  {Aspleniiuit  adiantum-mgrum  var. 
caudifoliiiin).  This  was  found  by  Mr.  Druery,  in  1888,  so  well 
established  on  a  stretch  of  stone  dyke  on  Dartmoor  as  to  have  quite 
displaced  the  normals,  which  only  survived  at  either  end  of  the 
dyke.  Its  permanence  was  attested  when  the  British  Pteridological 
Society  held  its  annual  meeting  at  Totnes,  in  August,  1913,  a  visit 
to  the  moor  enabling  the  members  to  re-identify  this  fern  "  in  pro- 
fusion." Near  Faygate,  in  Sussex,  grew  many  acres  of  a  heavily 
crested  bracken,  and  similar  great  masses  of  named  varieties  of 
Pteris  aquilina  have  been  recorded  from  the  Lake  District  and  else- 


18 

where.  Will  it  be  seriously  asserted  that  every  recognised  "  species  " 
possesses  as  good  a  case  ? 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  great  variety  of  British  ferns  is 
largely  due  to  the  sustained  searching  and  propagation  carried  on 
here  by  enthusiasts  ever  since  the  "  fern-fever  "  period  of  about  the 
"  sixties  "  of  last  century.  This  is  difficult  to  decide  upon,  but  one 
piece  of  evidence  for  the  theory  is  the  case  of  the  so-called  "  Boston 
Ferns."  These  fine  forms  of  ?\'ep/irolepis  exaltata,  the  exotic  "Sword 
Fern,"  arose  in  cultivation  in  the  United  States,  became  very  popular 
there,  and  were  afterwards  extensively  developed  in  this  country,  as 
well  as  other  species  of  the  same  genus.  The  many  crested  types 
of  Pteris  cretica  also  create  the  suspicion  that  demand  caused  by 
popularity,  resulting  in  assiduous  search  for  new^  beauties,  may  in 
time  do  for  many  exotics  what  has  been  so  well  noted  in  British 
ferns. 

In  concluding,  apology  must  be  made  for  the  inevitable  monotony 
of  the  long  list  of  names,  with  the  hope  that  the  few  fronds  exhibited 
will  lend  life-interest  to  the  matter.  If  anyone  is  desirous  of  fiu-ther 
following  up  this  fascinating  chapter  in  biology,  one  can  confidently 
recommend  joining  the  British  Pteridological  Society,  the  annual 
subscription  of  5s.  carrying  the  issues  of  the  "British  Fern  Gazette" 
with  it.  Each  addition  to  our  membership  helps  to  safeguard  our 
native  fern  flora  by  concentrating  eflbrt  in  the  culture  of  the  splendid 
varietal  forms,  instead  of,  as  in  the  case  of  the  "  unattached  "  fern- 
lover,  merely  helping  the  "  vandal  with  sack  and  trowel"  to  rob  our 
countryside  of  its  beauty. 

[Note. — The  lecture  was  "  punctuated  "  by  a  number  of  fronds 
being  exhibited,  and  especial  interest  was  manifested  in  the  "divi- 
sible" and  "plumose"  Shield-ferns,  as  is  usually  the  case.  A 
number  of  questions  was  raised,  such  as  (1)  the  problem  of  "  plumose  " 
barren  forms  being  cases  of  diverted  spore-formation  energy  ;  (2) 
why  varieties,  easily  cultivated  under  glass,  die  out  in  Nature  ;  (3) 
the  "  economic  "  uses  of  ferns.  It  was  replied  that  many  cases  of 
freely-fertile  "  plumosums  "  are  also  known  ;  (2)  that  the  ravages 
of  minute  creatures,  such  as  Fodura,  may  have  much  to  do  in 
destroying  fallen  spores,  or  prothalli  also  ;  and  much  of  the  varia- 
tion means  less  robust  "leafage,"  so  that  the  normals  prevail  by 
smothering  the  new-comer  ;  (b)  a  few  details  such  as  the  production 
of  "  capillaire  "  from  fern  fronds  ;  the  eating  of  fern  rhizomas  or 
of  young  fronds  such  as  bracken,  in  times  of  famine ;  the  uses  of 
the  fronds  as  packing  material  or  as  litter  were  instanced,  and 
reference  made  to  the  many  old  beliefs  in  medicinal  virtues  of 
ferns.] 


19 


Migration  of  Birds. 

By  F.  W.  Frohawk,   M.B.O.U.,  F.^.S.—Read  October  2th.  1919, 

The  phenomena  of  Bird  Migration  constitutes  the  greatest  mystery 
pertaining  to  the  whole  animal  kingdom,  an  enigma  which  attracted 
the  attention  of  the  ancients,  yet  to  a  great  extent  the  mysterious 
sense  by  which  birds  find  their  way  hither  and  thither  from  one  land 
to  another,  over  vast  stretches  of  ocean,  is  a  problem  which  modern 
scientists  are  as  incapable  of  explaining  as  were  the  earliest  writers. 

The  old  superstitions  and  beliefs  rogarding  the  disappearance  of 
several  birds  in  the  autumn,  such  as  the  swallow,  cuckoo,  and 
nightingale,  that  it  was  due  to  hibernation  were  mere  myths.  It  is 
not  such  a  great  while  ago  that  such  ideas  pi'evailed,  when  it  was 
thought  swallows  retired  to  the  bottoms  of  ponds  or  hid  in  crevices 
of  rocks  to  pass  the  winter  months  in  a  state  of  torpor,  and  cuckoos 
turned  into  hawks.  It  was  also  at  a  remote  time  believed  that  the 
larger  birds  conveyed  the  smaller  kinds  from  one  country  to  another, 
but  there  is  no  more  truth  in  such  notions  than  there  is  in  the  idea 
that  Bernicle  geese  were  hatched  from  barnacles,  the  Cirriped  {Lepas 
anatifera).  From  the  careful  observations  and  study  given  to 
migration  during  recent  years,  much  knowledge  has  been  acquired 
on  some  points,  especially  on  the  routes  taken  and  the  destinations 
of  certain  species. 

The  migratory  birds  may  be  classed  in  three  groups  : — 

1.  Birds  which  arrive  on  our  shores  in  the  spring  and  remain  to 
breed,  and  depart  again  in  the  autumn  to  their  winter  resorts  further 
south. 

2.  Those  which  arrive  here  in  the  autumn,  having  bred  in  the 
northern  regions,  and  spend  their  winter  with  us. 

8.  Birds-of-Passage  are  those  which  breed  in  the  arctic,  and  winter 
far  south  ;  are  only  met  with  in  this  country  for  a  short  time  in  the 
spring,  and  again  in  the  autumn  on  their  long  journeys  north 
and  south. 

The  chief  cause  of  migration  is  undoubtedly  that  of  food  supply. 
Therefore,  considering  the  difficulty  which  all  animals  are  subjected 
to  at  times  in  finding  sufficient  sustenance,  it  is  not  so  surprising 
that  birds,  possessing  such  perfect  powers  of  locomotion,  should 
avail  themselves  of  the  facilities  afforded  them  for  securing  food 
where  it  can  be  more  easily  obtained  ;  but  whether  this  is  the 
principal  cause  of  the  northern  migration  which  takes  place  in  the 
spring  appears  doubtful  ;  possibly  the  amount  of  food  would  fall 
short  in  supplying  both  parents  and  young  of  such  a  vast  assemblage 
of  birds  if  all  remained  in  the  southern  hemisphere. 


20 

The  regions  lying  north  of  the  British  Isles  throughout  Europe 
and  Asia,  including  the  Arctic,  form  the  breeding  grounds  of  large 
numbers  of  migratory  species,  many  of  which  winter  with  us  ; 
but  in  the  Antarctic  regions  there  are  no  suitable  breeding  grounds, 
except  for  Penguins  and  Petrels,  consequently  South  Africa  receives 
no  migrants  from  the  far  south  as  it  does  from  the  northern 
countries.  Many  of  our  summer  migrants,  when  they  leave  this 
country  in  the  autumn  on  their  southward  journey,  cross  the  tropics 
to  winter  in  South  Africa,  where  insect  food  is  freely  obtainable, 

There  are  certain  facts  regarding  migration  which  are  both 
remarkable  and  perplexing  to  our  minds.  What  sense  is  it  which 
guides  birds  so  unerringly  for  such  distances  ?  Many  species  travel 
for  several  thousands  of  miles,  while  some  of  the  waders,  such  as 
the  knot  and  sanderling,  migrate  so  far  south  from  their  northern 
breeding  haunts  in  the  arctic  that  the  journeys  undertaken  by  these 
birds  extend  for  eight,  nine,  or  even  ten  thousand  miles.  The 
autumnal  migratory  period  for  each  species  occupies  about  a  month. 
Astonishing  as  it  may  appear,  it  is  a  well  recognised  fact  that,  as  a 
rule,  it  is  the  young  birds — or  birds  of  the  year — which  are  the 
first  to  migrate  (but  there  are  exceptions  to  this  rule,  such  as  the 
cuckoo).  After  a  few  days  the  adult  males,  having  completed  their 
autumnal  moult,  take  their  departure,  and  the  adult  females  follow. 
In  the  return  spring  migration  the  order  is  somewhat  reversed. 
The  first  to  arrive  are  adult  males,  followed  by  the  adult  females, 
and  the  birds  of  the  year  arrive  last.  At  each  season  the  stragglers 
eti  mute  are  found  to  be  crippled  birds,  which  arrive  last  of  all. 

That  many  birds  lose  their  way,  or,  rather,  are  driven  out  of 
their  course  by  violent  storms,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  for,  from 
time  to  time,  at  a  certain  season,  both  American  and  Asiatic  species 
arrive  on  the  British  shores  ;  these  are  classed  as  accidental  visitors. 
As  regards  the '  North  American  birds  which  occasionally  arrive 
here,  there  are  those  which  breed  in  the  Arctic,  and,  passing  on 
south  to  winter  quarters,  meet  with  westerly  gales  and  are  driven 
across  the  north  Atlantic,  and  usually  reach  the  Norwegian  coast, 
wheia  they  then  make  their  way  southward,  and  arrive  on  the 
eastern  shores  of  Britain,  and,  following  the  seaboard,  reach  the 
southern  and  south-western  limits  of  England. 

When  migrating  there  is  little  doubt  that  birds  are  capable  of 
flying,  and  do  fly,  at  a  much  greater  elevation  than  is  generally 
supposed.  There  are  many  authentic  instances  placed  on  record. 
For  example  :  An  observer  (Mr.  J.  Tennant)  states  that  at  Eoorkee, 
on  September  23rd,  1875,  while  looking  at  the  sun  through  a 
telescope,  he  frequently  saw  birds,  apparently  kites,  pass  over  its 
face,  some  of  which  were  in  focus  with  the  sun  itself,  and  therefore 
must  have  been  several  miles  high,  while  the  nearest  must  have 
been  quite  a  mile  above  the  earth's  surface;  but  these  birds  were 
only  soaring  on  the  lookout  for  prey,  and  not  migrating.  A  still 
more  interesting  observation   is   that  recorded  by  Mr.   W.  E.   D. 


21 

Scott,  for  on  the  night  of  October  19th,  1880,  he  saw  through  an 
astronomical  telescope  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  great  numbers  of 
birds  passing  across  the  face  of  the  moon,  mostly  the  smaller  land 
birds.  Several  were  plainly  recognised,  such  as  Finches,  Warblers, 
Woodpeckers  and  Blackbirds,  which  were  on  their  autumnal 
migration.  It  was  estimated  these  birds  must  have  been  travelling 
at  heights  varying  from  one  to  two  miles.  Again,  on  April  16th, 
1881,  he  made  further  observations  at  the  same  place,  where  he  saw 
swallows  passing  on  their  journey  northward,  which  were  flying 
comparatively  low.  They  were  few  in  numbers :  only  thirteen 
passed  in  45  mmutes,  whereas  on  the  former  occasion  the  birds 
averaged  4-5  per  minute.  Mr.  F.  M.  Chapman,  in  New  Jersey,  on 
the  evening  of  September  3rd,  1887,  while  watching  for  nearly 
three  hours,  saw  262  birds  cross  the  moon's  face.  Of  these,  233 
were  computed  to  be  flying  at  a  height  of  from  1,500  to  15,000  feet, 
but  the  lowest  birds  were  flying  upward  as  if  they  had  risen  from 
the  immediate  neighbourhood,  and  were  making  for  the  right 
elevation  at  which  to  continue  their  flight.  Among  the  birds  were 
five  Carolina  Rails,  of  which  three  were  computed  at  an  elevation 
between  1,900  and  10,200  feet,  one  between  2,000  and  11,000,  and 
one  between  2,600  and  13,500  feet. 

Respecting  the  speed  attained  by  birds  during  their  migratory 
flight  there  appears  to  be  some  doubt,  but  there  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  they  then  travel  at  their  fastest,  and  the  rate  accom- 
plished by  a  large  number  of  species,  especially  the  waders  (Plovers, 
Snipes,  Sandpipers],  is  very  great,  and  the  ordinary  speed  of  such 
birds  as  Godwits,  Golden  Plovers,  and  other  allied  species,  is 
astonishing.  For  instance,  a  Whimbrel,  which  was  timed  while 
leisurely  flying  along  the  seashore,  travelled  at  70  miles  an  hour. 
The  writer  shot  a  Bar-tailed  Godwit  while  it  was  flying  at  a 
tremendous  speed,  which  was  carefully  estimated  (the  conditions 
being  very  suitable  for  the  purpose),  and  found  to  be  just  150 
miles  an  hour.  But  the  most  amazing  speed  recorded  is  an  obser- 
vation made  by  Herr  Gatke  regarding  Curlews,  Godwits,  and 
Plovers,  which  he  watched  through  glasses  crossing  from  the  main- 
land of  Heligoland  to  .an  oyster-bed  to  the  eastward,  a  distance  of 
22,000  ft.,  or  rather  more  than  four  miles,  which  they  accomplished 
in  one  minute,  or  at  the  rate  of  240  miles  an  hour.  Knowing  the 
accuracy  and  care  of  such  an  experienced  observer,  we  have  no 
reason  to  doubt  his  statement.  On  several  occasions  Teal  have 
been  timed  during  flight,  which  has  proved  to  be  at  the  speed  of 
150  miles  an  hour,  when  simply  flying  from  one  island  to  another 
just  One  mile  apart.  Therefore,  taking  all  into  account,  there  is 
cause  for  belief  that  during  migration  many  birds  fly  at  an  extra- 
ordinary velocity. 

There  are  many  routes  taken  by  migratory  birds,  and  many 
places  where  observations  have  been  made,  but  there  is  no  place  in 
Europe  where  so  much   has   been  seen   and   recorded  relating  to 


22 

migration  as  the  island  of  Heligoland,  which  is  little  more  than 
a  bare  rock  of  some  200  acres  in  extent,  and  rises  about  150  feet 
above  the  sea.  The  sides  are  perpendicular,  and  the  fiat  surface  is 
treeless  ;  it  is  situated  about  20  miles  off  the  German  coast.  About 
one  mile  away  is  Sandy  Isle,  composed  of  sandhills  and  beach  at 
low  water,  then  exposing  about  50  acres,  which  at  high  water  is 
reduced  to  about  half.  This,  combined  with  Heligoland,  is  the 
resting-place  of  myriads  of  migratory  birds,  in  fact,  more  species 
have  been  recorded  from  this  place  than  from  any  other  in  the 
whole  world.  To  the  celebrated  and  venerable  Herr  Gatke  ornitho- 
logists owe  much  for  the  enormous  amount  of  information  he 
amassed  during  a  period  of  over  50  years'  observation  on  the  bird 
life  of  Heligoland.  The  following  few  brief  notes  from  his  diary 
will  convey  some  idea  of  the  number  of  migrants  tbat  pass  across 
the  island  : — 

October,  1870 :  Thousands  of  Great  Tits.  February,  1876 : 
Tens  of  thousands  of  Skylarks.  January,  1878 :  Countless 
numbers  of  Fieldfares.  December,  1879  :  Millions  of  Red-throated 
Divers.  September,  1880:  Thousands  of  Siskins.  November, 
1880 :  Thousands  of  Shore-larks.  September,  1881  :  Immense 
flights  of  common  Buzzards.  October,  1881  :  Thousands  of  Snow- 
buntings.  October,  1882  :  Countless  numbers  of  Hedge  Sparrows, 
thousands  of  Jays,  myriads  of  Goldcrests.  September,  1883 : 
Enormous  numbers  of  Redstarts.  On  November  8th,  1868,  the 
islanders  caught  15,000  Skylarks.  Herr  Giitke  also  records  :  From 
10  o'clock  on  the  night  of  October  28th,  1882,  to  the  next  morning, 
Goldcrests  eddied  thick  as  flakes  in  a  heavy  snow-fall  round  the 
lighthouse,  and  on  the  follov/ing  day  they  literally  swarmed  on 
every  square  foot  of  the  island,  and  in  October  of  the  following 
5'ear  myriads  of  Skylarks  thronged  in  the  brilliant  beams  of  light 
for  four  nights  in  succession,  accompanied  by  Starlings  in  almost 
equal  numbers.  It  has  long  been  known  that  many  birds  migrate 
at  night,  but  not  on  clear,  bright  nights  as  might  be  supposed  ; 
they  select  for  the  purpose  dark  misty  nights,  especially  those  when 
fine  rain  is  falling.  It  is  during  such  conditions  of  weather  that 
multitudes  of  birds  swarm  round  lighthouses  and  pass  on  to  their 
destinations. 


23 


British  Batrachians. 

By  G.  A.  BouLENGER,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 
EemI   December  12f//,  1919. 

I  have  been  asked  to  tell  you  something  to-night  about  our 
Batrachians,  a  class  of  Vertebrates  connecting  the  Fishes  with  the 
Reptiles.  They  are  poorly  represented  with  us,  but  the  few  species 
have  always  found  favour  in  the  aquarium  and  the  terrarium,  and 
they  lend  themselves  particularly  well  to  observations  on  the  life- 
histories.  Their  breeding  habits  and  their  metamorphoses  can  be 
easily  observed  in  captivity  and  in  a  comparatively  short  time,  thus 
affording  an  excellent  introduction  to  the  study  of  Natural  History, 
whilst  some  of  them  are  of  constant  use  in  the  laboratory  for 
the  first  exercises  in  anatomy,  as  well  as  for  experiments  in 
physiology. 

They  are  popularly  known  as  Newts,  Frogs,  and  Toads. 

The  first  of  these  belong  to  the  order  Caudata,  or  Urodeles,  in 
which  the  tail  persists  throughout  life,  and  in  which  the  meta- 
morphoses are  more  gradual  and  far  less  striking  than  in  the  order 
Ecaiidata,  or  Anures,  embracing  the  two  other  types,  which  are 
tailless  in  the  perfect  state,  after  having  passed  through  the  tadpole 
condition,  which  is  known  to  all  of  you. 

There  are  three  species  of  Newts  {Mohje  or  Triton)  in  the  British 
Isles,  elegant  creatures  when  in  the  water,  which  is  their  element 
during  the  breeding  season,  lasting  through  spring  and  early 
summer.  The  males  then  assume  ornamental  appendages  in  the 
form  of  dorsal  and  caudal  crests,  or  of  membranes  bordering  the 
toes,  and  with  them  m  that  condition  it  is  very  easy  to  distinguish 
the  species  ;  the  females  lack  these  appendages,  and  differ  much 
from  the  males  in  form,  and  sometimes  also  in  coloration. 

The  largest  is  the  Crested  Newt  [Mohje  cristata),  growing  to  six 
inches,  of  a  dark  grey  or  brown,  often  blackish  colour  above  and 
bright  yellow  or  orange  beneath,  spotted  or  marbled  with  black. 
The  male's  crest  is  very  high,  deeply  serrated,  and  interrupted  over 
the  lumbar  region,  and  a  silvery  band  adorns  the  side  of  the  tail; 
the  female  is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  these  characters  and 
by  the  presence  of  a  yellow  or  orange  streak  along  the  lower  edge 
of  the  tail. 

Next  comes  the  Common  Newt  {M.  vnh/aris),  up  to  four  inches 
long,  of  a  paler  brown,  with  dark  brown  or  black  markings,  and 
dark  streaks  along  the  head,  the  lateral  of  which  passes  through 
the  golden  iris  of  the  eye.     The  male's  crest  is  also  high,  but  unin- 


24 

terrupted  and  festooned  instead  of  serrated,  and  other  sexual  and 
nuptial  characters  reside  in  the  presence  of  lobes  bordering  the  toes 
and  of  a  beautiful  pale  blue  band  with  black  bais  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  tail ;  the  belly  is  orange  or  vermilion  red  in  the  middle,  with 
round  black  spots. 

The  third,  and  smallest  species,  hardly  exceeding  three  inches  in 
length,  the  Palmated  Newt  {M.  pahnata),  is  very  near  the  preceding, 
but  the  male  m  nuptial  attire  is  easily  distinguished  by  the  sub- 
quadrangular  shape  of  the  body,  each  side  limited  above  by  a  low 
dermal  fold,  by  the  feebly  developed  dorsal  crest  with  entire  edge,  by 
the  presence  of  a  filament  at  the  abruptly  truncate  extremity  of  the 
tail,  and  by  the  black  web  between  the  toes,  the  foot  being  com- 
parable to  a  duck's,  whilst  that  of  the  Common  Newt  resembles  a 
coot's.  The  belly,  in  both  sexes,  is  paler  than  usual  in  the 
Common  Newt,  yellow  or  pale  orange  in  the  middle,  never'red,  and 
the  black  spots  are  smaller,  or  even  absent.    . 

Although  the  males  of  these  two  Newts  are  so  strikingly  different  in 
their  water  costume,  the  females  at  all  times,  and  the  males  also  when 
the  breeding  season  is  over,  are  not  so  easy  to  distinguish  froni  the 
common  species,  and  it  requires  a  close  examination,  in  which  the 
skull  may  have  to  be  resorted  to,  before  one  can  be  quite  certain  of 
the  determination  ;  this  close  examination  will  usually  reveal  in  the 
female  a  mere  rudivnent  of  the  filament  at  the  end  of  the  tail, 
passed  on  in  a  reduced  form  from  the  other  sex  like  so  many  secondary 
sexual  characters  in  the  animal  kingdom.  There  is,  however,  a  far 
safer  criterion  to  resort  to  in  order  never  to  make  a  mistake,  what- 
ever the  sex  or  state  of  the  specimen,  and  which  is  very  striking  in 
fresh  examples:  whereas  the  throat  of  the  Common  Newt  is  always  of 
an  opaque  white  or  yellow,  very  rarely  without  black  spots  or  dots, 
that  of  the  Paln:(ated  Newt  is  absolutely  devoid  of  pigment,  flesh- 
coloured  and  immaculate.  I  have  examined  hundreds,  perhaps 
thousands,  of  specimens  without  ever  finding  an  exception  to  this 
character,  until  last  spring,  when,  catching  Palmated  Newts  at 
Han-sur-Lesse,  in  Belgium,  in  company  with  my  friend  M.  G.  F.  de 
Witte,  I  was  greatly  surprised  at  finding  one,  a  male,  with  the 
throat  dotted  over  with  black  specks.  The  specimen  is  now  pre- 
served in  the  Natural  History  Museum,  and  I  doubt  whether 
another  such  will  soon  be  found  again.  This  shows  that  hardly 
any  single  character  is  ever  absolutely  constant ;  exceptions  will 
turn  up  whenever  very  large  numbers  of  specimens  are  carefully 
examined  and  that  is  why  extensive  series  are  required  in  order  to 
properly  understand  specific  chai'acters,  or,  rather,  combinations  of 
characters,  any  single  one  of  which  may  fail.  All  zoologists  know 
this — the  days  of  the  Noah's  Ark  collection  of  "  species  "  are  over — 
and  yet  I  am  often  surprised  and  shocked  when  reading  systematic 
descriptions  or  diagnoses,  to  find  how  individual  variation  is  over- 
looked or  deliberately  ignored,  with  the  object  evidently  of 
emphasising  distinctions. 


25 

I  have  been  very  careful  to  note  individual  exceptions  in  my 
writings,  and  I  have  subjected  large  series  of  many  species  to  a  close 
scrutiny.  I  have  now  in  the  press  a  Monograph  of  the  Lizards,  in 
which  the  record  of  such  details  is  carried  to  a  point  that  has  not, 
I  think,  been  reached  before  in  the  case  of  any  large  group ;  in  thus 
dealing  with  the  subject  I  am  encouraged  by  the  opinion  of  a  great 
French  biologist  (Alfred  Giard),  that  the  detailed  and  conscientious 
observations  of  facts,  apparently  futile,  must  lead  to  conceptions  of 
a  high  philosophical  bearing.  I  would  advise  all  who  have  the 
taste  and  the  leisure  to  minutely  compare  large  series  of  specimens 
of  common  forms,  whether  animals  or  plants,  with  the  latest  and 
best  descriptions  they  can  get  hold  of ;  they  will  be  surprised  to 
find  how  many  little  discoveries  they  will  make. 

To  return  to  the  Newts  :  after  this  digression,  a  few  words  as  to 
their  distril)ution,  a  subject  which  I  also  recommend  to  your  atten- 
tion, as  it  is  desirable  to  obtain  further  records  of  localities  for  a  more 
exact  m;ipping  out  of  their  range  in  Britain. 

The  Crested  Newt  is  found  in  England  only  as  far  west  as  Devon- 
shire, where  it  appears  to  be  very  local  and  .scarce,  and  in  Scotland 
as  far  north  as  Perthshire  ;  it  is  absent  in  the  west.  The  Common 
Mewt  has  apparently  the  same  distribution  here,  as  on  the  continent; 
it  is  quite  a  mistake  to  think  that  it  is  generally  distributed,  for,  on 
the  contrary,  the  Paluiated  Newt,  which  is  local  in  the  south-east  of 
England,  occupies  a  far  more  extensive  territory,  being  the  only 
species  found  over  the  whole  of  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland. 
On  the  continent  the  Common  Newt  is  more  an  eastern  species,  the 
Palmated  Newt  being  the  reverse  ;  it  is  the  same  in  England.  How 
verjr  curious  then  to  find  that,  passing  over  to  Ireland,  the  Common 
Newt  is  the  only  one  occurring  there.  Had  I  been  asked  to  predict 
I  should  have  had  no  hesitation  in  suggesting  the  Palmated  Newt 
as  the  representative  of  the  genus  in  that  island. 

I  have  one  more  recommendation  to  make  to  collectors  of  Newts. 
There  is  a  remarkable  phenomenon,  known  as  iieot^nn.  the  abnormal 
prolongation  of  the  larval  state,  or  the  retention  of  certain  attributes 
of  that  state,  of  which  we  have  a  classical  example  in  the  Axolotl 
of  Mexico,  which  is  the  permanent,  sexually  mature,  branchiate, 
larval  form  of  a  Salamander  [Auibbjstovio  ti(/riniiiii).  Only  some 
individuals  assume  the  perfect  form  under  certain  conditions,  and 
you  may  see  an  example  of  this  Salamander  at  the  Zoological 
Gardens  in  Kegent's  Park,  the  only  survivor  of  a  number  reared  by 
my  son  a  few  years  ago.  It  is  less  known  that  there  are  some 
localities  in  the  Alps  of  Italy  which  possess  in  comparative  abund- 
ance Axolotl  forms  of  Mohje  alpestris :  elsewhere,  branchiate  adults 
of  M.  ctistata  and  j\].  vidj/aris  have  been  found  as  isolated  indi- 
viduals only.  Twenty  years  ago  I  made  an  appeal  to  those  who 
might  be  so  lucky  as  to  come  across  specimens  of  any  of  our  Newts 
in  that  condition,  to  preserve  them  alive  and,  considering  the  facility 
with  which  these  creatures  breed  in  captivity,  to  attempt  to  raise  a 


26 

race  of  permanent  gill -breathers,  which  would  prove  an  interesting 
addition  to  our  list  of  aquarium  animals.     I  now  renew  the  appeal. 

Passing  on  to  our  Tailless  Batrachians  (FJcaitdata),  we  have  four 
to  deal  with,  one  of  which  is  doubtfully  indigenous. 

The  two  Toads,  the  Common  [Bufo  vnlnaris),  and  the  Natterjack 
{B.  calamita)  are  easily  distinguished  in  form,  in  coloration,  and  in 
gait  as  well  as  in  habits.  The  second  differs  from  the  first,  which 
is  too  familiar  to  need  definition,  in  the  shorter  hind  limbs,  so  short 
that  the  toad  is  unable  to  hop  and  progresses,  when  pursued,  by 
running,  the  body  raised  from  the  ground,  but  stopping  every  few 
seconds,  )iniris  uistar  as  expressed  by  its  discoverer,  the  illustrious 
Rosel  von  Eosenhof ;  in  the  presence  of  a  large  porous  gland  on  the 
calf ;  in  the  greenish-yellow  colour  of  the  eye,  instead  of  reddish- 
golden  or  copper  colour ;  in  the  presence  of  a  yellow  line  along  the 
spine,  never  absent  in  any  of  the  British  specimens ;  and  in  the 
large  vocal  sac  of  the  male,  the  throat  swelling  to  the  size  of  a 
walnut  in  the  act  of  croaking,  in  which  this  creature  rivals  the 
green  Tree-frog,  the  Common  Toad,  on  the  other  hand,  being 
deprived  of  a  vocal  sac  and  uttering  only  a  feeble  note. 

The  Common  Toad  is  found  all  over  England  and  Scotland,  but 
is  absent  from  Ireland  ;  it  has  never  existed  on  that  island,  as 
otherwise  its  remains  would  certainly  have  been  found  with  the 
bones  of  so  many  small  animals  collected  in  great  numbers  in  the 
Pleistocene  later  deposits  and  studied  with  much  care.  The 
Natterjack,  on  the  other  hand,  is  local  in  England,  has  only  been 
found  at  one  place  in  Scotland,  on  the  Moray  Firth,  but  occurs 
plentifully  in  Ireland  around  Castlemaine  and  Valentia  harbours, 
Co.  Kerry.  Colonies  of  Natterjacks  are  usually  found  in  sandy 
localities  only,  and  come  and  go  in  a  mysterious  fashion.  In 
Thomas  Bell's  time  this  Toad  occurred  in  abundance  in  Gilbert 
White's  garden  at  Selborne,  but,  and  this  is  most  surprismg  when 
we  think  of  its  remarkably  garrulous  nature,  it  appears  to 
have  entirely  escaped  the  notice  of  the  great  naturalist,  which  can 
only  be  explained  by  supposing  that  it  did  not  exist  at  or  near 
Selborne  in  those  days.  In  his  edition  of  White's  "  Selborne,"  Bell 
remarks  that  the  Natterjack,  once  so  common,  had  abandoned  his 
garden,  without  any  cause  ever  having  ever  suggested  itself  for  its 
disappearance.  A  similar  mstance  is  known  from  Dorsetshire, 
where  the  toad  is  stated  by  the  Rev.  0.  P.  Cambridge  to  have  been 
very  plentiful  on  Bloxworth  Heath  some  70  years  ago,  whilst  it 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  seen  or  heard  in  that  vicinity  for  many 
years  past. 

The  Common  Frog  {Rana  temporaria)  is  distributed  over  the 
whole  of  the  British  Isles,  though  more  local  in  Ireland  ;  it  reaches 
the  extreme  north  of  Scotland,  where  remarkably  large  specimens 
(up  to  nearly  four  inches  without  the  limbs)  are  found.  Its  scien- 
tific name,  temporaria,  is  due  to  the  dark  brown  or  black  spot  cover- 
ing the  temple,  a  character  which  is,  however,  not  to  be  trusted,  as 


27 

■it  may  be  absent  in  some  specimens,  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  it 
may  be  present  in  the  othei'  species,  the  Edible  Frog  {B.  escidenta). 
This  second  frog  used  to  be  common  in  the  Cambridgeshire  Fens, 
and  is  still  found  in  a  few  localities  in  Norfolk  ;  it  has  certainly 
been  in  existence  in  these  places  for  a  great  number  of  years,  but 
whether  it  is  indigenous  or  introduced  from  the  continent,  no  one 
can  say.  Such  as  it  occurs  in  this  country  (var.  lessoncr)  it  is  easily 
distinguished  from  the  Common  Frog  by  the  presence  of  a  yellow 
or  green  stripe  along  the  back,  the  bright  yellow  and  black  marblings 
on  the  groin  and  buttocks,  the  large,  hard,  compressed  tubercle  at 
the  base  of  the  inner  toe,  and  the  presence  in  the  male  sex  of  an 
•external  vocal  sac  on  each  side  of  the  head,  protruding,  when  in- 
flated, through  a  slit  below  the  ear ;  this  bladder-like  vesicle  is  of 
the  size  of  a  small  cherry  in  full-grown  individuals.  The  croak  is 
very  loud,  but  quite  different  from  that  of  the  Natterjack,  consisting 
of  a  variety  of  notes,  and,  unlike  the  toad's,  is  produced  in  the  day- 
time as  well  as  at  night. 

The  eggs  of  the  Common  Frog  are  very  conspicuous  in  late  winter 
or  early  spring  as  large  masses  of  jelly  enclosing  small  black  spheres 
(the  ovum  proper)  in  countless  numbers,  floating  on  the  surface  of 
'the  water;  those  of  the  Edible  Frog  are  never  seen,  as  they  sink  to 
ihe  bottom,  and  they  are  not  laid  until  June.  The  eggs  of  toads  are 
very  different,  forming  long  strings,  comparable,  rigidity  apart,  to 
glass  tubes,  containing  small  black  beads  in  single  or  double  file.  A 
few  years  ago,  on  the  occasion  of  a  communication  on  distant 
orientation  in  Batrachians  by  that  highly  promising  young  zoologist, 
B.  F.  Cummings,  whose  recent  loss  we  deplore,  I  made  some  remarks 
on  the  habits  of  our  Frogs  and  Toads,  which  I  will  here  reproduce 
from  the  Zoological  Society's  "  Proceedings,"  by  permission  of  the 
Society. 

"  There  is  great  diversity  among  Tailless  Batrachians  in  the  pos- 
session, lack,  or  degree  of  instinctive  foresight  in  selecting  places 
for  the  deposition  of  their  eggs.  Leaving  out  the  thoroughly 
aquatic  Edible  Frog,  which  has  only  doubtful  claims  to  be  regarded 
as  British,  two  of  our  species,  the  Common  Frog  and  the  Natterjack 
Toad,  belong  to  the  category  of  the  least  gifted  in  this  respect, 
whilst  the  third,  the  Common  Toad,  behaves  differently,  and  is 
besides  possessed  of  an  instinct  for  orientation  which  appears  to  be 
highly  developed.  The  fact  that,  after  the  perfect  condition  is 
attained.  Tailless  Batrachians,  unlike  the  Tailed,  do  not  regenerate 
lost  parts,  would  render  the  Common  Toad  further  suitable  for 
experiments  on  migrations,  after  the  amputation  of  a  finger  or  toe, 
as  a  distinctive  mark.  The  Natterjack  is,  with  us,  a  very  local 
species,  but  the  Common  Toad  and  the  Common  Frog  are  ubiquitous 
and,  as  young  or  outside  the  breeding-season,  are  often  found  far 
from  water,  to  which  they  have,  of  course,  to  resort  for  oviposition. 
How  the  three  species  behave  in  connexion  with  this  function  I  will 
tell  briefly  from  my  own  observations. 


28 

"The  Common  Frog  exercises  little  discrimination  in  the  choice  of 
water  in  which  to  deposit  its  ego's,  provided  it  be  not  brackish,  often 
spawning  in  temporary  winter  pools  which  are  sure  to  dry  up  before 
the  time  at  which  the  larvcis  have  completed  their  metamorphosis, 
or  on  the  edge  of  a  pond  where,  the  level  of  the  water  falling  after 
dry  weather,  the  egg-clumps  remain  stranded.  No  doubt  the  frogs 
are  attracted  to  the  shallow,  slanting  borders  in  preference  to  the 
deeper  parts  with  abrupt  banks  by  the  comparative  warmth  of  the 
water  under  the  sun-rays  of  late  winter  or  early  spring,  with  the 
unfortunate  result  which  may  be  witnessed  almost  year  after  year 
in  some  places,  when,  following  a  spell  of  dry  weather,  the  borders 
of  ponds  are  covered  with  the  stranded  jelly-like  masses  of  frog- 
spawn  drying  away  in  the  sun  before  the  liberation  of  the  larvse. 
On  my  country  rambles  in  the  end  of  March  or  the  beginning  of 
April,  I  have  often  rescued  the  progeny  of  many  frogs  by  removing 
such  doomed  egg-masses  from  these  fatal  beaches  to  deeper  water 
close  by,  which  the  mother  would  have  chosen  had  she  been  gifted 
with  the  instinct  possessed  by  the  Common  Toad. 

"  The  migrations  of  the  Common  Frog  towards  the  water  must 
take  place,  to  a  great  extent,  in  the  autumn,  as  many,  perhaps  the 
majority  of  individuals,  hibernate  bui'ied  deep  in  the  mud  at  the 
bottom  of  ponds,  sluggish  but  not  dormant  as  in  some  higher 
animals.  Some  years  ago,  just  before  Christmas,  after  a  period  of 
severe  frost,  which  had  lasted  more  than  a  week,  I  was  walking  on 
the  ice  of  a  small  and  shallow  pond  in  Belgium,  when  my  attention 
was  drawn  to  a  bright  red  creature,  first  taken  for  a  gold-fish, 
moving  under  the  ice,  which  very  nearly  extended  to  the  bottom  of 
the  pond  ;  this  was  a  Common  Frog,  and  on  looking  closer,  I  dis- 
covered hundreds  of  others,  less  conspicuous  owing  to  their  yellowish, 
brown,  or  olive  colour.  Some  were  very  handsome  specimens, 
which  I  wished' to  secure.  A  pick-axe  was  fetched  from  a  neigh- 
bouring farm  and  a  hole  made  in  the  ice,  through  which  I  could 
introduce  my  arm  and  reach  the  bottom  ;  but  the  frogs  were  so 
active  that  they  swam  away  and  not  one  could  be  caught.  I  decided 
to  return  to  the  pond  after  the  thaw,  which  I  did,  but  no  more  frogs 
were  to  be  seen  ;  they  had  evidently  retired  to  their  hibernating- 
qaarters  in  the  mud  and  in  holes  under  water.  The  reason  why 
they  came  out  when  the  pond  was  frozen  nearly  to  the  bottom, 
must  be  attributed  to  the  reduced  oxygen  in  the  water,  which  made 
the  frogs,  breathing  as  they  do  under  such  conditions  chiefly  by  the 
skin,  feel  uncomfortable  and  desire  to  escape. 

"The  Counnon  Frog  is  the  earliest  breeder  among  European 
Batrachians,  spawning  taking  place  in  the  South  of  England  from 
between  the  end  of  January  and  the  end  of  March,  the  date  depend- 
ing almost  entirely  on  the  temperature  and  therefore  varying 
considerably  from  year  to  year.  Should  the  winter  be  a  mild  one, 
the  breeding  may  be  over  by  the  middle  of  February  ;  recurrence  of 
cold  weather  after  the  frogs  have  begun  spawning  may  cause  them 


29 

to  return  to  their  winter-quarters,  with  the  result  that  the  breeding- 
season  is  broken  up  into  two  or  three  periods  within  a  couple  of 
months.  When  the  first  appearance  of  mild  weather  is  much 
retarded,  the  spawning  takes  place  for  all  individuals  within  a  very- 
few  days,  with  an  enseiiMe  which  is  not  customary  for  the  species  in 
our  uncertain  climate. 

"  The  Natterjack  Toad  does  not  undertake  lengthy  migrations  for 
the  purpose  of  depositing  its  eggs.  It  usually  lives  in  colonies  in 
sandy  localitie.'s,  such  as  dunes  on  the  sea-coast,  sand-quarries, 
heath-land,  etc.,  which  must  be  in  close  proximity  to  at  least  some 
sort  of  shallow  pool,  even  of  an  intermittent  kind.  This  toad  shows 
not  the  slightest  discrimination  in  the  choice  of  water,  and  will  not 
move  any  distance  in  search  of  better  conditions  if  only  it  can  find 
close  b)'  a  little  water  in  side  ditches  or  even  in  cart-ruts  of  a  road, 
whilst  an  excellent  pond  may  be  available  a  hundred  yards  oft'.  The 
development  of  the  eggs  and  larvae,  it  is  true,  is  much  more  rapid 
than  that  of  earlier  breeders  like  the  Common  Frog  and  the  Common 
Toad,  but  nevertheless,  in  some  places,  a  great  many  broods  are 
destroyed  through  want  of  foresight  on  the  part  of  the  mother. 
Should,  however,  the  pools  or  ponds  in  which  the  Natterjack  is 
accustomed  to  breed,  and  around  which  it  has  settled,  disappear  for 
good,  by  the  agency  of  man  or  otherwise,  the  whole  colony  will 
move  off  after  a  time  to  a  more  suitable  locality.  This  I  have 
observed  in  sand-quarries  in  Belgium  and  France,  some  of  which 
are  provided  with  stagnant  water  whilst  others  are  not ;  those  which 
have  no  water  or  from  which  the  water  has  disappeared  for  a  year 
or  two,  are  without  Natterjacks  at  all  times  of  the  year,  thus  show- 
ing that  this  gregarious  Batrachian  only  settles  down  in  such  places 
as  will  afibrd  a  site  for  spawning  within  a  few  yards,  whilst  half  a 
mile's  journey  is  nothing  to  a  Common  Toad.  It  may  also  be 
mentioned  that  the  Natterjack,  in  common  with  the  Palmated 
Newt,  has  no  objection  to  brackish  water  and  is  therefore  often 
found  in  great  abundance  in  close  proximity  to  the  sea.  The 
greatest  number  I  have  ever  seen  was  on  the  little  He  de  Bast, 
opposite  Roscoff,  on  which,  for  the  reason  that  the  pools  are 
brackish,  neither  frogs  nor  the  common  toad  exist. 

"  The  Natterjack  has  no  such  restricted  breeding-season  as  our 
other  Tailless  Batrachians.  The  females  do  not  go  to  the  water 
until  ready  to  spawn,  and  the  time  at  which  the  ova  descend  into 
the  oviducts  varies  according  to  individuals,  from  between  the 
middle  of  April  to  the  beginning  of  July,  sometimes  even  later. 

','  The  Common  Toad,  on  the  other  hand,  is  remarkable  for  the 
fixity  in  the  time  at  which  it  seeks  the  water  for  the  purpose  of 
reproduction  and  for  the  shortness  of  the  period  within  which  all 
the  females  get  rid  of  their  eggs.  Exceptions  of  later  breeders, 
which  have  been  observed,  are  so  rare  they  may  well  be  said  to 
confirm  the  rule.  The  same  may  be  said  of  isolated  pairs  occasionally 
found  in  places  to  which  toads  are  not  in  the  habit  of  resorting  to 
breed. 


30 

"  The  breeding-season  in  the  South  of  England,  the  North  of 
France,  and  Belgium,  falls  within  the  last  days  of  March  and  the- 
first  days  of  April,  and,  with  the  exception  of  severe  frosty  weather, 
which  rarely  occurs  at  that  season,  irrespective  of  the  temperature. 
Then  certain  ponds  or  deep  flooded  quarries  will  be  found  alive  with 
hundreds  or  thousands  of  toads  which  have  congregated  from  the 
neighbourhood,  often  from  a  radius  of  half  a  mile  or  more.  Thither 
all  the  toads  have  travelled  with  remarkable  directness,  passing 
other  ponds  or  ditches  of  which  they  might  avail  themselves  were  it 
not  for  the  instinct  which  leads  them  to  select  a  place  offering  all 
guarantees  for  the  successful  rearing  of  their  progeny.  If  a  male 
meets  a  female  en  route,  he  vigorously  clasps  her  under  the  axils 
and  accomplishes  the  rest  of  the  journey  on  her  back.  Much  of  the- 
travelling  takes  place  at  night,  but  individuals  are  also  met  with  in 
the  daytime,  hopping  along  towards  the  meeting-place.  If  a  high 
road  should  run  not  far  from  the  pond  which  is  the  rendezvous, 
numbers  of  crushed  corpses  of  toads,  run  over  by  motor-cars  or 
other  vehicles,  will  be  found  for  a  distance  of  perhaps  two  or  three 
hundred  yards,  the  crushed  toads  being  more  and  more  numerous 
as  the  road  nears  the  pond. 

"  It  pairing  toads  are  taken  from  the  place  selected  by  them  for 
spawning,  and  removed  to  a  neighbouring  garden  with  a  small 
artificial  pond  in  which,  we  should  think,  they  might  comfortably 
conclude  their  breeding-operations,  they  will  often  leave  and  start 
oft"  in  the  direction  whence  they  were  brought.  It  does  not  matter 
to  them  whether  this  be  up  or  down  hill. 

"  Some  years  ago  I  made  an  experiment  on  the  instinct  of  orienta- 
tion in  this  toad.  I  took  a  number  of  pairing  individuals  out  of  a 
pond  frequented  by  the  species,  which  was  only  a  short  distance 
from  another  in  which  frogs  spawn  but  to  which  toads  never  resort. 
I  turned  them  loose  on  a  monticule  midway  between  the  two  ponds, 
from  which  neither  could  be  seen,  and  watched  their  movements. 
All,  after  a  little  hesitation  or  after  a  few  hops  in  the  opposite 
direction,  took  the  right  orientation  and  made  their  way  straight 
towards  the  pond  whence  they  had  been  taken.  I  experimented  on 
single  individuals,  on  pairs,  and  groups  of  individuals,  with  the 
same  result.  In  this  case,  it  was  evident  that  the  toads  were  not 
influenced  by  hygroscopic  sensations,  since  there  was  water  in  both 
directions.  Whether  the  sounds  uttered  by  their  fellows  in  the 
pond  were  a  guidance  to  them,  seems  to  me  doubtful,  considering 
the  very  feeble  voice  of  the  Common  Toad,  the  males  of  which  as  is 
well  known,  are  devoid  of  vocal  sacs  ;  if  so,  it  would  denote  a  very 
acute  sense  of  hearing  in  toads.  I  am,  however,  convinced,  from 
other  observations,  that  even  at  a  greater  distance,  from  which  no 
such  sounds  could  be  heard,  the  toads  would  have  taken  the  right 
direction." 

In  addition  to  the  four  members  of  the  order  Ecamlata  witl>- 
which   I   have   dealt,    two   more   must   be    mentioned   as    having 


81 

thoroughly  established  themselves  in  this  country  :  the  green  Tree- 
frog  {H>/la  arborea)  and  the  Midwife  Toad  {Abjtea  obfitetricaus'j  both 
from  the  other  side  of  the  Channel. 

The  Tree-frog,  remarkable  for  its  bright  green  colour  and  climb- 
ing habits,  has  been  introduced  from  France  in  some  parts  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  where  it  has  multiplied  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be  a 
nuisance  to  many  people,  who,  however  much  they  may  admire  its 
graceful  shape  and  attractive  coloration,  are  disturbed  at  night  by 
its  very  loud  croaking  from  April  to  July. 

The  Midwife  Toad,  a  small  nocturnal  Batrachian  with  large  eye 
and  cat-like  erect  pupil,  unquestionably  the  most  interesting 
European  representative  of  the  whole  class,  has  established  itself, 
no  one  knows  how,  in  a  former  nursery  garden  in  Bedford  ;  it  has 
been  there  for  many  years,  and  a  friend  of  mine  found  it  still  in 
plenty  last  summer.  Its  presence  is  revealed  by  its  whistling  note, 
which  suggests  the  sound'of  a  small  bell,  or  a  chime  when  uttered, 
as  is  usually  the  case,  by  a  number  of  individuals,  and  is  produced 
chiefly  in  the  evening  and  at  night.  This  so-called  Toad,  a  member 
of  the  very  distinct  family  Di^coi/loxsidae,  furnishes  an  interesting 
example  of  parental  solicitude,  the  male  taking  charge  of  the  eggs, 
which  are  large  and  few  and  strung  together  like  a  rosary,  im- 
mediately after  oviposition  on  land,  not  in  the  water  as  in  most 
other  Batrachians.  After  extraordinary  contortions,  which  it  has 
been  my  good  fortune  to  witness  on  several  occasions,  the  male 
fastens  the  string  of  eggs  round  its  hind  limbs  and  carries  them  for 
a  period  of  about  six  weeks,  when  he  betakes  himself  to  the  water 
for  the  purpose  of  releasing  his  progeny,  which  escapes  from  the 
egg-capsules  in  the  tadpole  condition. 


32 


Note  on  the  Pupation  of  Aglais  urticae  and  Vanessa  io. 

(Plate  II.) 

By  E.  J.   BuNNETT,  M.A.,  F.E.^.—Read  Jannanj  8tli,  1920. 

In  the  summer  of  1901  I  came  across  a  single  brood  of  larvje  of 
1'.  io,  about  five  days  old,  on  the  summit  of  a  nettle. 

Of  this  brood  I  bred  through  124  imagines,  making  notes  and 
photographs  during  the  successive  stages.  The  larvae  being  all  of 
the  same  brood,  their  transformations  vi^ere  nearly  contemporaneous. 
My  notes  on  this  occasion  state  that,  wheij  it  is  all  but  free  from  its 
larval  skin,  "  the  pupa  hangs  on  to  the  larval  slough  merely  by 
pinching  it  between  its  own  posterior  segments."  A  few  yeai's  later 
I  was  able  to  supplement  the  notes  referred  to  by  an  observation  on 
the  final  act  in  the  pupation  of  Af/lois  nrticce. 

At  the  anal  extremity  of  the  pupa  of  the  Nymphalids  ma\'  be  seen 
a  pair  of  finger-like  organs,  having  their  ends  more  or  less  curved 
towards  one  another.     fPl.  ii.,  Figs.  8,  4). 

In  the  empty  pupa  case,  or  in  a  live  pupa  shortly  after  pupation 
is  complete,  these  "  fingers  "  lie  flat  upon,  and,  to  some  extent, 
embedded  in  the  last  one  or  two  anal  segments. 

But  in  the  act  of  pupation,  and  in  the  supremel}^  critical  moment 
when  the  chrysalis  body  is  dependent  from  the  larval  skin,  these 
finger-like  processes  are  free  and  can  be  erected  or  lowered  at  will. 

They  act  as  a  kind  of  ratchet.  The  creature  raises  the  "  fingers," 
thrusts  them  into  or  upon  the  crumpled  larval  integument,  and 
then  the  act  of  closing  them  down  again  is  sufficient  to  raise  the 
chrysalis  body. 

A  short  succession  of  such  movements  produces  the  desired  effect 
of  enabling  the  anal  extremity  (cremaster)  of  the  chrysalis  to  reach 
the  silken  mat  on  the  leaf-stem,  or  other  support,  to  which  the 
anal  claspers  of  the  larva  are  already  hooked. 

The  mystery  of  the  complete  withdrawal  of  the  pupal  body  from 
the  suspended  larval  envelope  is  thus  explained.  The  fact  of  the 
complete  withdrawal  is  demonstrated  in  two  of  the  subjoined 
photographs  (of  io  pupa)  (PL  ii.,  figs.  1-2.),  which  were  taken  by 
nie  in  1901,  as  well  as  by  frequent  observations  of  the  phenomenal 
manoeuvre,  but  it  was  not,  as  I  have  said,  until  later  that  I 
witnessed  the  use  made  of  the  external  processes. 

The  two  actions,  the  pinching  of  the  larval  skin  between  the 
pupal  segments  and  the  ratchet  motion  of  the  finger-like  processes, 
are  performed  simultaneously. 

This  final  act  of  the  process  of  pupation  evidently  requires 
prodigious  effort  and   the   straining  of  every  muscle  in  the  pupal 


Proc.  S.L.E.  d-  N.H.  Soc. 


Plate  II. 


1  and  2.     ¥vvm  of  Vanessa  io.     5  minutes  after  commencement  of  pupation. 
Photo.  E.J.B. 


3  and  4.     Anal  segments  of  Pup^  of  Vanessa  io. 
(Ventral  surface  and  side  view.) 


Frovi  a  Drawing. 


33 

body.  It  is  "neck  or  nothing"  at  this  moment,  and  not  infre- 
quently the  insect's  strength  gives  out  before  the  cremastral  hooks 
have  caught  hold  of  the  silken  strands,  and  down  it  falls,  a  little 
mangled  heap  of  creamy  jelly  with  all  the  life  crushed  out  of  it. 

Exhausted  though  the  pupa  must  be,  it  has  yet  one  further  task 
to  perform,  and  that  is  to  detach  the  now  useless  larval  skin  from 
its  connection  with  the  silken  mat. 

The  soft  and  sensitive  body  of  the  immature  pupa  finds  contact 
with  the  larval  skin  extremely  irritating. 

It  whirls  round  first  in  one  direction,  then  in  the  other,  violently 
contorting  its  body,  and  all  the  time,  little  by  little,  it  breaks  the 
silken  threads  that  hold  the  offending  skin,  and  at  last  succeeds  in 
causing  it  to  fall  to  the  ground.  This  process  frequently  occupies 
several  hours,  and  when,  as  on  some  occasions,  I  have  removed 
with  my  forceps  the  offending  empty  skin,  the  pupa  immediately 
ceased  its  gyrations,  and  was  at  last  able  to  enjoy  well-earned  and 
much  needed  repose. 

A  short  exposure  to  the  air  of  the  moist  surface  of  the  newly 
transformed  pupa  is  sufficient  to  harden  the  gluey  surface  ;  the 
finger-like  processes  now  lie  flatly  pressed  upon  the  body  and  on 
drying  become  soldered  to  it,  the  gluey  exterior  hardening  into  the 
pupal  integument  from  which  the  imago  subsequently  emerges. 


34 


ANNUAL     ADDRESS     TO    THE     MEMBERS 

OF    THE 

South  ITonbon  (Entomological  unti  |laturul   f  istori| 

Sntktg. 

Read  January  22th,  1920, 
By  Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S.,  FZ.S.,  F.E.S. 


LADIES  and  GENTLEMEN,  the  Reports  of  the  Hon.  Treasurer 
and  the  Council,  that  have  been  read,  have  given  you,  I 
think,  all  necessary  information  respecting  the  present  status 
of  the  Society.  I  will,  therefore,  proceed  to  matters  not  included 
in  those  reports. 

Unfortunately,  we  have  suffered  heavy  losses  of  personnel  during 
the  past  year,  owing  to  deaths : — 

Lord  Walsingham,  who  had  been  an  Honorary  Member  since 
1886,  was  born  in  1843.  He  specialized  in  the  Micro-lepidoptera, 
of  which  he  amassed  a  fine  collection,  Avhich  was  presented  to  the 
Natural  History  Museum  in  1910,  together  with  his  library.  The 
majority  of  the  specimens  had  been  collected  by  himself,  but  these 
were  reinforced  by  those  of  Zeller,  Hofmann,  and  Christoph.  He 
was  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  and  High  Steward 
of  Cambridge  University.  He  contributed  numerous  papers  on  the 
Tineina  to  the  "  Trans.  Entom.  Soc,"  London  ;  and  wrote  on  the 
Pterophoriihr  of  California  and  the  North  American  Toitricidae. 
With  Col.  Swinhoe  he  was  joint-author  of  the  catalogue  of  Eastern 
and  Australian  Heterocera.  His  fine  collection  of  larvae  on  their 
natural  food  plants  was  also  presented  to  the  nation.  He  died  of 
pleurisy. 

W.  J.  Ashdown,  who  joined  the  Society  in  1895,  was  born  in 
1855.  Though  collecting  Coleoptera  chiefly,  he  was  interested  in 
most  of  the  other  Orders,  as  shown  by  the  collections  bequeathed  to 


35 

the  Society.  Until  the  outbreak  of  war,  he  had  been  in  the  habit 
of  spending  several  weeks  abroad  each  year,  so  that  a  large  number 
of  Swiss  and  French  insects  are  included.  His  extensive  library 
reflected  the  wide  range  of  his  interests ;  he  generously  left  the 
natural  history  portion  of  it  to  the  Society.  At  the  date  of  his 
decease,  in  November,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Council  and  Recorder 
of  Attendances. 

Lieut.  W.  F.  Wolley  Dod,  who  had  joined  the  Society  but  recently, 
died  of  enteric,  in  Macedonia.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  come  to 
England  from  Canada,  where  he  was  an  authority  upon  the 
indigenous  Xoctuida'.. 

E.  K.  Inge's  membership  was  even  more  brief:  he  had  been 
elected  only  a  month  when  he  contracted  double-pneumonia  and 
died  three  days  later.     He  was  a  lepidopterist. 

Sydney  Webb,  who  died  in  his  83rd  year,  became  a  member  in 
1888,  and  continued  to  take  great  interest  in  the  Society,  although 
age  and  distance  had  prevented  him  attending  our  meetings  in 
recent  years.  Unlike  the  majority  of  entomologists,  he  began  his 
study  of  insects  with  the  Tineina.  Ultimately,  there  was  probably 
no  finer  private  collection  of  British  Lepidoptera  than  his,  which 
contained  magnificent  series  of  varieties  and  aberrations,  and 
included  the  collections  of  Bond  and  Gregson. 

T.  R.  Billups,  though  not  a  member  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
was  a  past-president,  having  filled  the  chair  in  1882  and  again  in 
the  years  1888  and  1889.  He  joined  the  Society  in  1877,  and  was 
for  many  years  one  of  its  most  active  members,  frequently  serving 
on  the  Council.  He  was  a  keen  collector  of  Coleoptera,  the  parasitic 
Hymenoptera,  and  Tenthredinida . 

Death  has  also  claimed  some  notable  entomologists  outside  our 
Society  whose  work  will  be  greatly  missed  by  all. 

A  few  of  the  year's  contributions  to  biological  knowledge  may  be 
noted : — 

Mr.  W.  R.  McConnell,  in  the  "  American  Journal  of  Economic 
Entomology,"  reports  the  discovery  of  another  parasite  of  the 
Hessian  Fly,  viz.,  Miris  (or  Eupehninus)  saltator,  a  hymenopteron 
of  the  family  Rncyrtidw,  which  attacks  both  larval  and  pupal 
stages  of  its  host. 

Our  new  President,  Mr.  K.  G.  Blair,  describes  a  beetle  {Abax 
parallelus)  new  to  Britain.  It  is  closely  allied  to  Abax  ater,  and  was 
found  on  St.  Mary's  Island,  Scilly,  in  .July,  1913. 

Mr.  F.  V.  Theobald  ("  Entom.,"   July,   1919)  describes  several 


36 

Aphides  new  to  Bi-ifcain  :  Myzus  yei,  from  Hythe,  Kent ;  M.  tnercu- 
rialis,  from  Ventnor,  I.W. ;  M.  f/aliifoliuin,  from  Stouting  and  Wye, 
Kent,  and  Yarmouth,  I.W. ;  and  Aphis  abrutaniella,  from  Great 
Salkield,  Cumberland. 

The  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  ("  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,"  March,  1919)  has 
described  a  new  British  Sawfly,  Allantits  perkinsi,  from  Devonshire, 
Surrey,  and  Lancashire;  no  doubt  previously  confused  with  A. 
arcnatus. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Edwards  ("Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,"  1919)  reports  a 
new  British  Heteropezine  fly,  Leptomjna  setipennis,  from  Letchworth; 
and  G)iophoiin/ia  triptidians,  from  Mildenhall,  Suffolk. 

Mr.  J.  W.  Alien  announces  a  beetle,  Epttraea  distincta,  as  new  to 
Britain,  from  Oxwich  Bay,  Glamorgan. 

Mr.  F.  Laing  reports  as  new  to  Britain  the  Aphis  trifolii,  which 
Mr.  K.  G.  Blair  found  on  Aster  tripoliiun  at  Shoeburyness. 

Mr.  R.  A.  Cooley  ("  Journ.  Economic  Entom.")  estimates  the 
damage  to  animal  and  vegetable  products  by  insect  pests,  in  the 
United  States,  at  1,400  million  dollars  a  year.  Writers  on  this 
subject  agree  that  these  losses  represent  10  per  cent,  of  the  total 
value  of  the  crops ;  and  Mr.  Cooley  asks  whether,  by  special 
emergency  efforts  and  organisation,  this  huge  waste  cannot  be 
materially  reduced  ? 

Mr.  E.  W.  Sanford,  in  "  The  Journal  of  Experimental  Zoology," 
writes  on  the  physiology  of  digestion  in  Blattidae,  the  results  of 
observations  on  more  than  600  cockroaches.  To  the  same  journal 
Messrs.  C.  R.  Stockard  and  G.  N.  Papanicolaou  contribute  further 
studies  on  modification  of  the  germ-cells  in  mammals,  and  on  the 
effects  of  alcohol  on  treated  guinea-pigs  and  their  descendants. 

In  the  "  Annals  of  Tropical  Medicine  and  Parasitology  "  there 
are  interesting  articles  on  "  Tsetse-Flies  and  Fly-belts,"  "  Malaria 
associated  Oedema,"  and  the  "  Treatment  of  Leprosy  in  Nigeria." 

Mr.  F.  W.  Edwards  has  a  note  in  the  "  Annals  and  Mag.  of  Nat. 
Hist."  on  the  egg-burster  of  Encephalous  Fly-larv£B,  in  which  he 
says  that  the  young  larva  of  Bolitophila  pseiido-hybrida  has  been 
observed  moving  its  head  up  and  down,  cutting  or  scratching  a 
slit  in  the  eggshell. 

Mr.  G.  J.  Arrow  describes  a  remarkable  new  ball-rolling  beetle, 
Mne)natum  cancer,  possibly  from  the  Bihe  district  of  Angola, 
collected  by  the  late  B.  G.  Nevinson.  The  insect  is  a  striking 
example  of  specialisation  by  successive  atrophy  of  its  members.    The 


37 

front  tarsi  have  disappeared  from  all  the  ball-rolling  Scarabmida ; 
the  wings  also  have  gone  in  Mneniatunt,  which  seems  to  be 
advancing  towards  a  reduction  in  the  legs  from  six  to  four. 

Mr.  Stanley  Hirst  describes  two  parasitic  mites  new  to  science : 
Myocoptex  hintoni,  from  the  squirrel,  and  Psoroptes  natalensis,  found 
on  cattle  at  Richmond,  Natal. 

In  an  article  on  the  selection  of  Helix  nemoralis  by  the  song- 
thrush,  Miss  Maud  D.  Haviland  says  there  seems  to  be  no  ground 
for  supposing  that  the  banded  shells  were  taken  less  frequently 
than  the  unhanded. 

Messrs.  Eltringham  and  Kaye  have  pointed  out  that,  amongst 
the  Heliconine  butterflies,  several  that  were  formerly  regarded  as 
distinct  species,  now  turn  out  to  be  local  races  of  Heliconius  mel- 
pomene.  Probably  many  other  forms  which  we  now  call  species 
will  be  found  to  be  of  lower  rank.  I  should  imagine  that  similar 
results  will  be  discovered  with  a  number  of  the  South  American 
Papilios. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Butler  describes  a  Capsid  Hemipteron,  Megacoehnn 
beckeri,  as  new  to  Britain  ;  it  was  captured  at  Wey bridge  and 
Oxshott  by  Mr.  Donisthorpe. 

Mr.  F.  G.  Whittle,  at  Camaughran,  near  Rannoch,  obtained  a 
Tortrix  [Ancylis  tineana)  new  to  Britain. 

Messrs.  R.  E.  Turner  and  James  Waterston  have  described  a  new 
parasite  {Prola;liis  //Zoxn/juf),  bred  from  Glossina  inorsitans,  in 
Nyasaland. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Edwards  (in  "  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.")  has 
recorded  several  fresh  instances  of  Parthenogenesis  in  the  dipterous 
genera  Tnni/tarsus  and  L'orynoncura.  In  the  same  periodical,  Mr. 
W.  H.  Leigh- Sharpe  reports  the  discovery  of  the  gregarine  parasite 
Fleiirocy^tis  citenoti  (diploid  stage)  in  the  worm  Helcdrilus  [Allolo- 
bopJinra)  hmf/ns. 

Larvae  of  Caradrina  cubicidaris,  hitherto  found  only  on  wheat 
stacks  and  pea-haulm,  have  been  found  feeding  on  flax  at  Silver- 
burn,  near  Leven,  Scotland. 

The  Pink  Bollworm  [Gelechia  yossypidla)  has  been  introduced  to 
Egypt  from  India  in  badly-ginned  cotton  lint. 

At  several  of  our  meetings  during  the  year  one  has  been  struck 
by  the  remarkable  varieties  of  Dryas  paphia  and  Linienitis  sibilla, 
obtained  in  the  New  Forest.  Those  who  worked  the  Forest  in  the 
"  eighties  "  did  not  obtain  the  varieties  and  gynandromorphs  that 
now  fall  to  the  fortunate  collectors  ;  and  one  is  inclined  to  ask :  Is 


38 

this  a  sudden  departure  from  normal  conditions,  or  has  develop- 
ment been  going  on  gradually  for  years,  culminating  in  the  fine 
forms  now  shown  ? 

Now  that  the  war  is  well  ended,  one  wonders  what  effect  its 
lessons  will  have  upon  our  governments ;  will  they  realise  the 
necessity  for  helping  Science  by  more  liberally  endowing  colleges 
and  institutions  for  research  ?  There  has  been  some  talk  of 
appointing  an  Economic  Entomologist  in  each  county  to  deal  with 
both  noxious  and  beneficial  insects  ;  improving  our  knowledge  of 
their  life-histories,  and  their  effect  on  agriculture  and  fruit-growing. 
These  things  are  as  important  in  this  country  as  in  those  other 
parts  of  the  Empire  where  local  governments  have  already  made 
advances  in  this  direction. 

The  war  has  taught  us  much  with  regard  to  the  external  parasites 
of  man  and  their  influence  in  the  spread  of  disease,  and  numerous 
books  have  already  appeared,  embodying  the  knowledge  gained  in 
the  war  hospitals.  When  our  troops  were  occupying  Thasos,  one 
of  the  ^gean  islands,  the  Anopheline  gnats  were  very  troublesome, 
as  the  Greeks*,  instead  of  trying  to  combat  them,  accepted  the 
malarial  conditions,  with  consequent  lowering  of  their  vitality. 
Aerodromes  had  to  be  built  in  low-lying,  flat  country,  and  the  sick 
rate  was  very  high.  In  one  case  a  military  guard  of  84  men  was, 
in  a  few  weeks,  reduced  to  14  ;  but  by  draining  the  marsh  and 
clearing  the  bushes  from  around  the  camp,  the  place  was  rendered 
more  habitable.  In  such  a  place  the  presence  of  olive  trees  has  a 
marked  influence  on  malaria,  the  flowers  attracting  the  mosquitoes  and 
aftbrding  them  food  they  would  otherwise  seek  from  human  victims- 
Mr.  L.  M.  Morris  considers  that  two  years  of  Government  activity 
would  eradicate  malaria  from  Thasos. 

In  not  a  few  instances  the  control  of  disease  is  determined  by  the 
solution  of  the  insect  problem,  and  this  is  notably  true  of  bubonic 
plague  and  fleas,  typhus  and  lice,  yellow-fever  and  malaria  and 
mosquitos.  The  intimate  relation  between  insects  and  disease, 
though  known  to  be  very  real,  is  less  evident  in  the  case  of  flies  and 
such  affections  as  cholera,  typhoid  fever,  dysentery,  and  probably 
tuberculosis,  for  we  know  that  insects  may  be  carriers  of  all  these 
diseases. 

It  has  always  been  somewhat  of  a  puzzle  to  know  what  becomes 

•  The  degenerate  character  of  the  Greek  is  said  to  be  largely  due  to 
repeated  attacks  of  malaria,  which  lower  the  mental,  moral  and  physical  con- 
ditions of  the  people. 


39 

of  the  house-fly  in  winter.  Does  it  hibernate  ?  Dr.  Gahan  thinks 
the  larvas  feed  on  snails  in  the  winter ;  but  this  cannot  be  true  of 
all  districts,  as  there  are  some  where  flies  are  plentiful,  but  there 
are  no  snails,  so  that  this  theory  is  limited  to  certain  localities.  I 
should  rather  suppose  that  the  larvse  spend  the  winter  in  the  refuse 
heaps  which  are  found  in  most  gardens. 

The  very  rapid  spread  of  the  Gipsy-moth  in  the  United  States 
has  somewhat  puzzled  the  naturalists  of  that  country,  but  probably 
some  light  has  been  cast  on  it  by  the  experiments  of  two  Austrian 
investigators,  Messrs.  Wachtl  and  Kornauth,  who  have  described 
some  peculiar  hairs  found  on  the  larvre  of  Psilura  moiiacha  in  their 
first  stage.  Similar  hairs,  they  state,  are  present  on  the  first  stage 
larvfe  of  Li/mantria  [Portltetria)  liispar.  Such  hairs  are  furnished 
with  globular  enlargements  near  their  base,  supposed  to  be  dis- 
tended by  air  or  gas.  These  hairs  are  distinguished  as  "  prostatic 
hairs,"  and  the  globules  as  "  ferophores."  Experiments  conducted  in 
the  Austrian  forests  showed  that  P.  )iioiiacha  larvae  were  carried 
long  distances  by  the  wind,  and  by  analogy  it  was  assumed  that  L. 
(lispar  larvfe,  being  similarly  endowed,  would  also  take  aerial  voyages. 
Microscopical  examination  of  a  first-stage  larva  revealed  two  kinds 
of  hairs  arising  from  each  of  the  tubercles  which  are  found  along 
the  body.  A  few  of  these  hairs  are  slender,  and  nearly  half  the 
length  of  the  larva,  whilst  a  considerable  number  of  shorter  hairs 
are  furnished  with  globular  swellings  near  their  base.  Whether 
these  aerophores  assist  the  young  larvfe  in  their  distribution  by 
making  them  more  buoyant  is  not  actually  known,  but  experiments 
in  America  show  that  the  larvfe  can  be  carried  by  the  wind  for  a 
third  of  a  mile,  from  a  point  less  than  six  feet  above  the  ground, 
and  that  the  most  favourable  time  for  the  dispersion  is  when  the 
temperature  is  above  65°,  and  the  wind  velocity  is  over  fifteen  miles 
an  hour.  These  experiments  appear  to  offer  an  explanation  of  the 
otherwise  unaccountable  spread  of  L.  ilispar  to  new  territory.  The 
larvje  have  been  known  to  be  carried  in  this  manner  to  a  maximum 
distance  of  twenty-six  miles. 

In  connection  with  the  above,  it  may  be  recalled  that  in  1906 
the  Tachinid  fly  Compsilura  concinnata  was  imported  into  the  United 
States  with  a  view  to  controlling  the  ravages  of  L.  dhpar  and 
Nyijinia  ph(Borrhea,  those  of  the  brown-tail  moth  ;  the  introduction 
was  attended  by  great  success. 

It  was  reported  in  the  press,  a  short  time  since,  that  a  Dutch 
queen  bee,  considered  to  be  immune  from  the  attacks  of  the  "  Isle 


40 

of  Wight  disease,"  was  about  to  be  imported.  If  this  introduction 
should  prove  successful  it  would  be  a  great  boon  to  bee-keepers. 
The  disease  is  supposed  to  be  carried  by  a  parasite,  Nosima  apis  : 
but  there  appears  to  be  some  uncertainty  whether  Nosiuia  is  always 
the  agent.  More  accurate  observation  is  needed  as  to  the  effects 
caused  by  unsuitable  winter  feeding,  such  as  the  use  of  variously 
adulterated  syrups  and  sugars.  May  not  the  artificial  methods  of 
modern  apiculture  have  some  effects  in  lowering  the  vitality  of  the 
stocks,  thus  rendering  the  bees  more  susceptible  to  the  disease  ?  May 
not  the  artificial  syrups  lack  a  vitamme  that  may  be  peculiar  to  pure 
honey  ? 

As  the  result  of  observations  upon  the  effect  of  destructive 
bacteria  and  muscardine  fungi  on  the  larvae  of  Cnethocampo  pitijo- 
campa,  the  most  virulent  attacks  were  found  to  have  been  made  by 
species  of  Beaitveria.  After  contact  with  the  culture  spores,  the 
larvjB  of  C.  vityocampa  and  the  adults  and  eggs  of  Melolontlia  vid- 
(/aris  were  mummified  in  a  few  days,  but  the  larvae  of  Cunsus- 
lifiniperda  remained  alive  for  three  weeks. 

The  number  of  insects  that  have  served,  and  are  serving,  as  food 
or  medicine  for  the  human  race  is  surprising.  The  Israelites  were 
enjoined  by  Moses  to  eat  locusts.  John  the  Baptist  for  a  time  lived 
on  them  and  wild  honey  ;  and  locusts  are  still  esteemed  highly  in 
Africa  and  Persia,  where  they  are  bought  and  sold  as  an  everyday 
article  of  commerce.  The  Parthians  and  Nasamones  are  said  ta 
have  relished  locusts  as  food  ;  whilst,  when  fried  in  butter,  they 
form  a  staple  and  favourite  dish  amongst  the  modern  Moors.  Many 
of  the  N.  American  Indians  ate  large  numbers  of  the  Eocky  Moun- 
tain locust,  an  insect  of  considerable  economic  importance.  When 
the  red-man  was  at  his  zenith,  this  locust  was  innocuous ;  since  his 
subjugation  it  has  increased  and  spread  to  such  an  extent  that  it  has 
become  a  serious  pest. 

Bushmen  eat  quantities  of  the  Bugong-moth,  Agrutia  infum. 
According  to  Kunze,  the  bodies  of  these  moths  abound  in  oil  and 
taste  like  nuts.  When  first  eaten  they  produce  violent  vomiting, 
but  this  effect  soon  passes,  and  the  eaters  thrive  on  them.  The 
larvjB  of  Kiiploea  hiiwata  also  are  a  favourite  food.  Dr.  Howard  and 
Prof.  Riley  experimented  with  these  insects  as  food,  making  a  thick 
milk  stew  of  them  ;  but  although  it  had  no  unpleasant  flavour,  it 
lacked  substance.  When  fried  in  butter,  the  larvas  reminded  them 
of  shrimps  ;  but  they  are  not  likely  to  be  considered  a  delicacy. 
Such  examples  of  insects  as  food  might  be  multiplied. 


41 

Ladybirds  were  formerly  in  repute  as  a  remedy  for  colic  and 
measles  ;  and  a  squashed  ladybird  inserted  in  the  cavit}'  of  a  decayed 
and  aching  tooth  is  stated  by  old  authorities  to  give  instant  relief, 
Pliny  recommends  a  decoction  of  skipjack  beetles  for  ulcers  and 
malignant  growths ;  and  Lawiii/ris  nnctiliica  is  said  to  be  an  efficient 
remedy  for  stone.  The  medicinal  virtues  attributed  to  the  dung- 
beetles  are  many  and  varied  ;  and,  according  to  Schroeder,  a  prepara- 
tion of  B;/rr/nts  pilula  is  an  efficient  remedy  for  haemorrhoids  and 
certain  diseases  of  the  eye.  Crickets,  in  ancient  days  were  ad- 
ministered in  disorders  of  the  ears  and  throat,  and  in  more  recent 
times  the  ashes  of  (rnjllKs  ilo)iiesticiis  have  been  used  in  the  cure  of 
weak  sight  and  enlarged  tonsils.  In  Sweden,  Tettii/onia  rernicinyra 
is  much  prized  by  peasants  who  suffer  from  warts,  the  insects  being 
encouraged  to  bite  the  excrescence,  a  black  fluid  from  the  insect's 
mouth  during  the  operation  being  considered  to  burn  away  the  wart. 
The  exuvife  of  a  grasshopper  are  used  in  medicine  in  China  and 
Japan. 

Both  Dioscorides  H.nd  Galen  recommended  roasted  cicadas  for 
bladder  troubles,  whilst  for  colic  the  latter  writer  advised  from  five 
to  seven  cicadas  to  be  eaten  with  pepper.  The  Apldthc  are  used  by 
homceopathists,  a  tincture  being  prepared  from  Aphis  chennpodii  and 
A.  (ilaiici,  both  found  on  goosefoot. 

Females  of  the  Scale-insects  {(Joccidcti)  have  been  used  from  the 
earliest  times,  in  medicine  and  art.  Kerines  ilicis,  from  the  ever- 
green oak,  when  acted  upon  by  mordants  of  tin  and  other  salts, 
furnishes  a  blood-red  dye.  The  Arabs  received  it  from  Armenia  and 
Persia  as  Kernies  or  Alkermes,  and  the  Greeks  knew  it  as  Coccus. 
At  a  later  date  this  dye  was  supplanted  by  another,  prepared  from 
Dactylopius  coccuii,  found  on  the  prickly  pear.  Cochineal,  as  this 
dye  is  called,  once  formed  a  staple  article  of  commerce.  Pliny  says 
the  bed-bug  is  a  neutraliser  of  the  venom  of  serpents,  and  that  the 
heads  of  flies  applied  fresh  to  bare  places  is  a  remedy  for  baldness. 
Another  authority  says  the  same  end  is  reached  by  rubbing  the 
naked  head  with  gnats. 

Scale-insects  as  a  family  are  regarded  with  great  disfavour  by 
economic  entomologists  ;  but  one  species  at  least,  by  its  general 
utility  does  much  to  retrieve  the  reputation  of  its  relations.  This  is 
the  Lac-insect  {Tachardia  larca),  which  in  a  single  year  has  been 
exported  from  India  to  the  value  of  33,000,000  rupees.  Commercial 
lac  is  the  resinous  secretion  of  the  insect.  Pelavvax  is  an  important 
commodity  produced  by  another  Scale-insect,  Ericentf:  pela.  Accord- 


42 

ing  to  ancient  Chinese  records,  its  use  dates  back  to  the  13th 
century;  for  about  that  time  Chinese  candles  were  first  made  of 
pela-wax.  A  remari^ably  accurate  native  description  of  the  insect 
appeared  in  1610.  It  feeds  on  Froxinns  c/unensis,  LignstrniH  tflab- 
niiii,  L.  Incidioii,  and  Hibiscus  syriaciis.  Richthofen  estimates  the 
value  of  a  j^ear's  harvest  of  pela-wax  in  Sze-tchouen  at  11,000,000 
francs. 

In  the  words  of  a  celebrated  American  entomologist : — "  Man  is  but 
one  of  the  forms  of  life  struggling  for  existence,  at  continued  war- 
fare with  surrounding  forces,  but  by  virtue  of  his  surpi-ising  intelli- 
gence he  has  over-run  the  earth,  has  accommodated  himself  to  the 
most  unnatural  environments  ;  he  has  dominated  all  other  species, 
he  has  turned  to  his  own  uses  and  encouraged  or  hastened  the 
evolution  of  species  useful  to  him  or  of  useful  qualities  in  such 
species ;  he  has  wiped  out  of  existence  certain  inimical  forms,  and 
is  gaining  the  control  of  others.  He  is  the  dominant  type,  and 
types  whose  existence  or  methods  of  life  are  opposed  to  his  interests 
are  being  pushed  to  the  wall.  It  is  the  culmination  of  a  history 
which  has  many  times  repeated  itself  in  past  ages.  The  struggle  of 
other  forms  of  life  to  accommodate  themselves  to  the  conditions 
brought  about  by  the  rapid  development  of  the  dominant  type  is  one 
of  the  interesting  fields  of  study  open  to  the  biologist  to-day.  It 
would  seem  as  if,  in  man's  effort  to  make  the  face  of  the  earth  his 
own,  all  the  complicated  elements  of  life  were  arrayed  against  him, 
and  the  great  and  ultimate  result  of  the  labour  of  the  biologist  in 
his  study  of  the  relations  of  the  different  forms  of  life,  and  the  laws 
which  govern  their  development,  will  be  to  bring  about  the  absolute 
control  of  all  other  life  by  man.  Thus,  it  is  not  only  the  economic 
worker  who  looks  for  results  of  a  practical  kind  from  his  labour — 
the  scientific  agriculturist,  the  horticulturist,  the  economic  zoologist, 
the  medical  bacteriologist,  who  should  command  the  respect  of  even 
the  practical-minded  man — but  the  biologist  in  whatever  field, 
whether  he  is  working  towards  the  understanding  of  broad  principles 
and  general  laws,  or  in  some  narrow  corner  of  research  he  is  accu- 
mulating material  which  will  help  ultimately  to  lead  to  wider 
understandings — all  are  working  helpfully  and  practically  towards 
the  perfect  well-being  of  the  human  race." 

I  should  say  that  for  many  of  the  facts  included  above  I  am  in- 
debted to  that  admirable  book  by  C.  A.  Ealand,  "  Insects  and 
Man." 

In  conclusion,  I  desire  to  thank  the  Council  and  Members  of  the 


43 

Society,  for  the  kind  way  in  which  they  have  treated  me  during  my 
two  years  as  President,  and  especially  Mr.  H.  J.  Turner,  my  co- 
secretary,  who  has  helped  me  on  many  occasions.  In  your  choice 
of  my  successor,  Mr.  K.  G.  Blair,  you  have  chosen  a  Coleopterist 
who  is  well  knoAvn,  and  I  believe  he  is  the  first  Coleopterist-President 
in  the  annals  of  the  Society.  I  am  sure  the  Society  will  prosper 
under  his  Qfuidance. 


44 


ABSTRACT    OF    PROCEEDINGS. 

FEBRUARY,  Uth,  1919. 
The  President  in  the  chair. 

Mr,  Ashdown  exhibited  some  of  the  Coleoptera  referred  to  iu  the 
"  Ent.  Record,"  December,  1918,  namely,  Mordella  aciileata  and 
AijriluH  sinuatus,  both  new  to  the  Surrey  County  List.  Also  the 
streaked  ab.  hebrcm  of  Anatis  ocellata  from  Oxshott,  apparently  the 
second  recorded  British  specimen. 

Mr.  Tatchell  exhibited  an  aberration  of  Vanessa  io,  in  which  the 
ocelli  on  hindwings  were  replaced  by  tiny  spots,  and  the  black 
markings  on  costa  coalescent.  Bred  from  a  larva  taken  in  the  New 
Forest,  July,  1912.  Also  a  specimen  of  the  Fossorial  Hymenopteron 
Mutilla  enroiHva,  taken  in  the  New  Forest  in  1912  ;  the  species  is 
supposed  to  be  parasitic,  and  is  frequently  found  in  the  nests  of 
Boiubus. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Loueia  {Chnjsophaniis) 
alciphron  from  various  continental  localities,  including  (1)  the  type 
form  from  Buda  Pesth,  in  which  the  beautiful  violet  gloss  was 
present  over  the  dark  suffusion  of  all  the  wings  in  the  male  ;  this 
occurs  throughout  Central  Europe  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Alps  ; 
further  east  the  violet  gloss  is  still  more  developed  in  brilliancy, 
making  the  species  one  of  the  most  brilliantly  beautiful  insects 
known  :  (2)  race  (jordius,  the  form  common  in  the  Alps  and  further 
south,  in  which  there  is  but  little  suffusion  and  gloss  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  male ;  the  two  sexes  approximate  in  depth  of  ground 
colour  on  all  wings  ;  the  specimens  were  larger  than  the  type  form 
in  both  sexes  ;  (3)  race  (jranadensis  from  Spain,  smaller  than  the 
type  in  both  sexes ;  (4)  ab.  inteyniedia,  forms  which  were  between 
the  typical  form  and  (jordiiis  occurring  in  many  places  ;  those 
exhibited  were  from  Bologna,  Italy  ;  (5)  ab.  vidnata,  examples  in 
which  there  was  a  paucity  of  markings  on  the  upper  surface,  not  as 
in  the  type,  where  the  markings  are  only  obscured  by  the  suffusion  ; 
(6)  race  ineliboens  from  S.E.  Europe,  in  which  the  ground  colour  is 
less  pure  and  rich  than  in  tjordius :  it  is  less  in  size  ;  (7)  ab.  sub- 


45 

fasciata,  in  which  the  spots  of  the  submarginal  row  are  emphasised 
sufficiently  to  join  together  into  an  irregular  band;  (8)  ab.  infnlvata, 
a  form  of  female  occurring  in  Germany  and  the  Alps,  in  which  the 
whole  of  the  wings  are  suffused  with  a  black-brown  coloration, 
only  showing  the  spots  somewhat  darker,  and  a  few  light  marginal 
markings,  or  none  at  all.  An  aberration  of  the  male  from  Vernayez 
was  exhibited  in  which  all  the  spots  on  the  underside  are  con- 
siderably enlarged. 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  captured  and  bred  specimens  of 
Dioryctria  abietella  from  Forres.  He  said  that  although  this  was  a 
very  generally  distributed  species  wherever  the  Scots  pine  {Finns 
sylvestris)  grew,  our  knowledge  of  its  complete  life-history  was  very 
imperfect.  This  was  no  doubt  largely  due  to  confusion  between 
this  species  and  its  near  ally  D.  splendidella.  In  1886  Duponchel 
published  a  very  full  account  of  a  larva  under  the  name  of  D. 
abietella,  but  it  is  quite  evident  that  his  larva  was  that  of  the  other 
species.  D.  abietella  has  frequently  been  bred  from  second  year 
'twigs  or  ripe  cones  of  P.  sijlcestris,  frequently  those  that  have  been 
tenanted  by  some  other  larva,  such  as  Retinia  resinella  or  R.  buo- 
liana,  and  there  appears  to  be  good  reason  to  believe  that  it  is  only 
in  the  spring  of  the  year  in  which  the  imago  emerges  that  the  larva 
takes  to  such  positions.  It  is  known  that  it  completes  its  feeding 
in  them,  apparently  eating  the  inner  bark,  but  it  is  unlikely  that  its 
earlier  life  is  passed  there,  and  from  such  evidence  as  is  available  it 
appears  probable  that  the  first  part  of  its  existence  is  passed  in  the 
green  cones  of  the  pine.  There  is  also  some  evidence  that  it  leaves 
them  in  autumn  and  hibernates  in  a  cocoon  on  the  ground  or 
among  rubbish.  He  appealed  to  those  who  may  be  working  among 
the  Scots  pines  in  the  autumn  to  collect  any  branches  that  may 
have  green  cones  that  appear  to  contain  larvte  in  them  in  the  hope 
of  settling  this  much  vexed  question. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Vanesm  io,  bred 
from  larvfe  taken  near  Reigate,  Surrey  in  .lune  last.  With  one 
exception,  all  the  two  hundred  or  so  butterflies  which  resulted  from 
these  larvae  are  of  the  form  in  which  the  blue  of  the  "  eyes  "  on  the 
forewings  is  more  or  less  broken  up  into  spots  and  lines,  and  rather 
inclines  to  purple,  as  compared  with  the  greenish  blue  of  specimens 
from  other  localities. 

The  majority  have  an  extra  blue  spot  on  each  hindwing=::£'^arto- 
stista.  Many  of  the  remainder  approach  cyanostista  to  the  extent  of 
possessing  the  dark  patches  of  scales  on  which  the  extra  blue  spots 
are  seated,  but  the  spots  themselves  are  wanting. 


46 

It  was  noticed  that  many  of  these  Reigate  specimens  have 
dark  spots  immediately  within  the  outer  marginal  border  of  the 
forewings,  but  which  do  not  form  part  of  this  border,  as  they  appear 
to  do  when  viewed  by  the  naked  eye ;  for  when  examined  under  a 
lens  they  are  found  to  be  composed  of  scales  similar  to  those  which 
form  the  black  blotches  on  the  costa,  and  differ  distinctly  from  the 
metallic  brown  scales  of  the  marginal  border. 

Mr.  Buckstone  also  exhibited  drawings  by  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N. 
Burrows  of  the  genitalia  of  the  dwarf  race  of  Agriades  coridon,  and 
of  the  larger  race  found  at  the  base  of  the  Downs  upon  which  the 
former  race  occurs,  and  read  the  following  note  received  regarding- 
them  : — 

"  I  have  examined  your  coridon,  and  enclose  drawings  thereof,  to 
which  I  have  added  a  drawing,  all  exactly  the  same  scale,  of  the 
ordinary  J  coridon  of  the  Kentish  hills.  (See  "  Ent.  Rec,"  1919, 
pi.  iv.,  p.  89.) 

"  You  will  at  once  recognise  the  difference  in  size.  To  me  it  is  a 
revelation.  I  thought  I  had  heard  that  whatever  the  size  of  the 
imago,  the  genital  organs  were  always  the  same  size.  It  is,  it 
appears,  not  so  by  any  manner  of  means. 

"  I  have  added  in  figures  the  nearest  measurement  I  can  arrive 
at  of  the  butterflies  themselves.  You  see  the  hill-top  race  is  just 
over  half  the  size  of  the  normal  insect.  It  appears  to  be  much  the 
same  with  the  genitalia. 

"  Of  course,  the  drawings  are  but  rough,  but  I  think  they  are 
worth  publication,  accompanied  by  photos  of  the  butterflies  them- 
selves. There  is  just  the  possibility  that  you  have  dropped  upon  a 
different  species,  as  yet  unknown,  but  I  do  not  think  the  genitalia 
support  this  idea,  nor  does  there  appear  to  be  a  Pal^arctic  species 
other  than  coridon."     (See  "Ent.  Rec,"  1919,  p.  89,  pi.  iv.) 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  details  of  the  life-history  of  Coleophora 
nigricdla,  and  read  a  short  paper  on  the  mode  of  progression  of  the 
larva  bearing  its  case.  He  showed  photographs  of  the  "  tracks  "' 
made  by  the  larva  on  a  glass  microscopic  slide.     (See  page  32.) 

FEBRUARY  27th,  1919. 

Mr.  Bowman  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  black  form  of  Hibernia 
leucopluearia  in  which  the  fringes  were  conspicuously  white.  It 
was  taken  in  Epping  Forest  in  1909. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  series  of  Ca»iptograt)viia  hilineata 
from    the   Island  of  Cyprus,   including  the   form  ab.    testaceolata^ 


47 

Stgi'.,  in  which  the  wings  are  brownish  suffused.  The  ground 
colour  was  nowhere  of  the  yellow  of  the  type,  but  of  a  rich  orange 
yellow,  especially  on  the  lower  wings.  In  all  the  specimens  the 
duplicated  lines  were  much  emphasised  into  narrow  irregular  trans- 
verse bands  differing  in  number  in  different  specimens,  from  the 
greater  or  lesser  suppression  of  the  rippled  lines.  The  fine  trans- 
verse lines  themselves  were  frequently  very  dark  brown,  almost 
black.  For  comparison  were  shown  ordinary  typical  forms  from 
the  French  Alps,  with  a  set  of  somewhat  dark  London  forms  and 
examples  of  (?)  ab.  infuscata,  Gump.,  in  which  the  central  trans- 
verse band  is  margined  with  fuscous  more  or  less  uniting  to  a 
complete  dark  band  in  some  specimens,  which  last  form  is  figured  in 
South's  "Moths  of  Brit.  Isles,"  Ser.  2,  pi.  85,  fig.  6. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  also  exhibited  a  short  series  of  Pontia  chloridice 
from  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  where  it  had  been  rediscovered  by  his 
valued  correspondent  Mr.  G.  T.  Wilson,  after  not  being  met  with  for 
many  years.  They  were  taken  in  July,  1918,  a  late  date  for  the 
species,  hence  their  imperfect  condition.  The  species  is  distributed 
from  Bulgaria,  Turkey,  S.E.  Russia,  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  S.  Siberia, 
and  Central  Asia.  For  comparison  the  two  other  species  of  the 
genus  Pontia  were  exhibited,  viz.,  P.  dajdidice  and  P.collidice.  The 
specimens  of  P.  daplidice  were  from  the  same  island.  This  is  a 
generally  distributed  species  throughout  the  Palaearctic  Region, 
except  in  the  extreme  north  and  in  the  British  Isles.  P.  callidice 
is  the  Alpine  species  found  in  the  high  mountains  of  the  region 
from  the  Pyrenees,  Alps,  to  the  Western  Himalayas,  Altai,  Pamir, 
and  Thian  Chan.  The  specimens  shown  were  taken  in  the 
Engadine  by  our  late  member  Mr.  A.  E.  Gibbs.  These  species 
have  always  been  closely  associated  together  by  our  authorities,  but, 
strange  to  say,  in  Seitz'  "  Palaearctic  Butterflies  "  they  are  distri- 
buted in  three  different  genera. 

The  remainder  of  the  evening  was  devoted  to  au  exhibition  of 
lantern  slides,  the  following  members  showing  :  — Messrs.  W.  J. 
Lucas,  A.  E.  Tonge,  A.  W.  Dennis,  and  E.  J.  Bunnett. 


•    .  MAECR  13th,  1919. 

The  decease  of  Mr.  A.  K.  Ing  was  announced. 

Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  a  very  rare  book,  Borelli's  "  De  Motu 
Animalium,"  dated  1685,  with  some  curious  plates  showing  the 
mechanical  principles  involved  in  the  flight  of  birds  and  the  founda- 


48 

tion  of  modern  aviation.  He  said  it  was  one  of  the  oldest  works 
dealing  with  the  subject. 

Capt.  B.  S.  Curwen  exhibited  short  series  or  examples  of  Coscinia 
striata  and  ab.  inelanoptera  in  which  the  hindwing  has  the  cilia  only 
orange;  Coficinia  cribnini  and  ab.  Candida, in  which  theforewings  have 
only  a  few  spots,  both  forms  from  Switzerland;  Utetheixa  pnlchella, 
from  Gibraltar;  Pat  asetnia  jilantaginis  with  ab.  hospita,  with  ground 
colour  of  hindwings  white,  and  ab.  niatronalis,  with  hindwings 
black,  and  orange  markings  confined  to  the  terminal  area  ;  and 
Orodeinnias  (Apantesis)  quemelii,  from  Zermatt. 

Mr.  Sperring  exhibited  an  example  of  Pieris  napi,  in  which  the 
underside  of  the  hindwings  had  unusually  pale  markings  for  a 
British  specimen. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  series  of  Melanatt/ia  pheiKsa  from 
near  Palermo,  Sicily,  including  several  specimens  of  the  rare  ab, 
plesaura,  in  which  eye-spots  on  both  upper  and  undersides  of  the 
hindwings  were  either  completely  wanting,  or  only  represented  by 
very  slight  traces,  together  with  a  short  series  of  the  closely-allied 
M.  syllins  from  Hyeres,  of  which  some  authors  considered  M. 
pherusa  to  be  only  a  local  race.  Although  the  two  are  very  similar, 
the  distinctions  seem  to  be  definite.  In  3/.  pherasa  the  discoidal 
cell  of  the  forewings  is  divided  by  a  black  tongue-shaped 
blotch,  which  in  M.  syllins  was  nearer  the  discoidal  spot. 
The  eye-spots  (upperside)  were  always  less  expressed  in  the  hind- 
wings of  J/,  pherusa,  and  in  the  male  unpupilled.  The  outer 
margin  of  the  hindwings  was  always  distinctly  less  marked  with 
black.  On  the  underside  of  the  forewing  the  discoidal  spot  is  a 
circle  with  a  tail  like  a  capital  Q  in  J\L  pherusa.  The  buff  colour 
of  the  veining  is  much  paler,  and  much  narrower,  and  not  divided 
by  a  narrow  thread  line  of  light  ground,  which  is  almost  invariably 
present  in  M.  syllins.  The  female  of  2f.  pherusa  has  larger  eye- 
spots,  often  pupilled.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  late  Mr.  J. 
Piatt  Barrett  on  several  occasions  sought  M.  pherusa,  but  with  scant 
success.  He  agreed  with  M.  Oberthiir's  opinion  that  there  was  only 
one  species.     As  to  their  genitalia  he  knew  nothing. 

Mr.  Turner  also  exhibited  a  few  species  of  butterflies  sent  to  him 
in  a  letter  from  Palestme  by  our  member  Mr.  H.  W.  Andrews.  It 
included  Colias  editsa  and  Anthocharis  helemia  from  near  Jaft'a,  and 
from  the  Jordan  valley  ;  Teracolus  fausta,  with  its  ab.  imuiaculata,  a 
non-European  Pierid  of  a  genus  whose  dominance  is  in  Africa  ; 
Zizera  yalba,  a  very  small  Lycaenid  abundant  in  many  parts  of  the 
near   east;      Polyommatus   icarus    (?),     Chrysophanus    thersatiion,    a 


49 

"copper"  very  widely  spread  in  the  east;  and  the  "skipper" 
Oeiienes  nostrodmn  its. 

At  the  time  Mr.  Andrews  wrote  he  was  "  in  the  Jordan  valley  in 
a  broken  chaos  of  limestone  hills  very  glaring  in  the  sun."  He 
went  on  to  say,  "  I  have  been  right  down  to  the  Jordan,  which  is 
bordered  by  a  narrow  belt  of  vegetation  for  about  half  a  mile  on 
either  side,  with  tamarisks,  bamboo-like  reeds,  and  some  big  trees, 
poplars,  and  a  kind  of  larch  and  shrubs  unknown  to  me.  It  was 
in  that  belt  I  took  the  two  or  three  specimens  labelled  '  Jordan 
Valley  '  ;  the  yellow  butterfly  {'IWacolus  fausta)  was  common.  I 
also  saw  a  lot  in  the  Jordan  Hills  we  crossed,  but  I  saw  none  in 
the  Jaffa  district."  He  further  says,  "  As  far  as  my  experience 
goes,  Palestine  is  not  prolific  in  butterflies.  Hymenoptera  are  most 
abundant,  also  Orthoptera,  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  water, 
Neuroptera.  Certain  groups  of  Diptera  are  also  abundant,  but 
Hymenoptera  are  easily  first ;  bees,  wasps,  and  ants." 

Ahuphila  aescidaria  was  reported  common  at  AVest  Wickham,  but 
only  a  few  had  been  seen  in  Epping  Forest,  where  Apochehna 
hispidan'a  had  been  fairly  common. 

Mr.  Frohawk  asked  if  the  rose-beetle,  Cetonia  aiirota,  and  the 
musk-beetle,  Aro)nia  nionchata,  had  been  observed  of  late  years  in 
the  suburbs  of  London,  where  some  twenty -five  years  ago  they  were 
much  in  evidence.  It  appeared  from  the  remarks  of  various 
members  that  these  beetles  had  very  largely  disappeared  from  that 
neighbourhood,  although  occasionally  observed  in  a  few  areas. 

MARCH  21  til,  1919. 

Mr.  D.  V.  Ash,  of  Surbiton,  was  elected  a  member. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  a  long  and  varied  series  of 
Lycia  hirtaria  bred  by  the  late  Mr.  L.  H.  Archer  from  a  female 
taken  at  Wimbledon.  The  upper  wings  of  many  of  the  males  were 
deep  black,  and  but  slightly  relieved  by  yellow  markings.  The 
larvffi  fed  up  rapidly,  being  kept  in  a  hothouse.  Last  year  Mr. 
Buckstone  bred  ten  examples  of  this  species,  which  had  spent  three 
winters  in  the  pupal  state. 

Mi'.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  (1)  a  series  of  the  beautiful  Zi/(/aena 
rhadamanthua  from  Hyeres,  S.  France,  including  the  ab.  ciin/idata, 
in  which  the  abdomen  has  a  red  girdle  ;  (2)  a  series  of  Abraxas 
fiantaria,  a  species  closely  resembling  the  British  A.  sylvata  [uhnata), 
also  from  Hyeres. 


50 

Mr.  Hugh  Main  exhibited  Badhamia  ntricnlaris  (Mtjcetozoa),  from 
Epping  Forest,  where  he  had  met  with  it  on  decaying  sticks. 

Mr.  ]>ownian  exhibited  a  fine  melanic  specimen  of  Hihernia 
defnliaria  from  Epping  Forest,  with  the  ciUa  pure  white. 

Mr.  Barnett  exhibited  a  bred  example  of  Heniaris  fucifonnis 
from  Horsley  with  all  the  wings  much  narrower  than  in  normal 
specimens,  the  marginal  borders  much  wider  and  somewhat  trans- 
parent, except  on  the  inner  side,  which  was  quite  black  ;  the  costa 
of  the  forewings  was  more  widely  dark,  the  antennas  had  the  club 
less  developed,  and  the  disc  of  the  wings  was  covered  with  scales. 

Mr.  Priske  exhibited  shells  of  Helix  Iwrtensis,  showing  the  range 
of  marking,  and  including  unhanded  white  examples. 

Mr.  Tatchell  exhibited  an  example  of  Vijraineis  atalanta  with  a 
large  blue  patch  on  the  disc  of  the  left  hindwing  above,  and  a 
gynandromorphous  specimen  of  Poli/onniiatns  n'a;/(.s  taken  near 
Shrewsbury  in  1916;  the  R  side  was  male  and  the  L  side  female. 

Lieut.  L.  A.  Box  exhibited  various  species  of  Hymenoptera,  and 
contributed  the  following  note  : — 

"  1.  Cerceris  arenaria,  L.,  and  a  Dipteron  found  in  association 
with  it  having  striking  structural  and  chromatic  resemblance, 

"2.  A  female  and  a  male  of  IVx/^a  norrenica,  Fab. 

"  3.  A  series  of  Crabro  capito.sus,  Shuck.,  reared  from  ash  twigs, 
as  described  by  me  in  the  "  Ent.  Mo.  Mag."  for  January  last,  and 
which  I  have  since  discovered  to  be  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Surrey, 
Kent,  and  Sussex. 

"  4.  Specimens  of  Mellinus  arvenais,  L.,  with  Dipterous  prey. 

"  5.  The  Chalcid  Syntomaspu  cyanea,  reared  from  galls  of  iJnjo- 
phanta  divima  from  Co.  Kerry.  This  is  a  new  record  for  Ireland,  and 
possibly  for  the  British  Isles.  Also,  for  comparison,  Sijntoniaspis 
littoralis,  common  in  oak-apple  galls  from  Hayes  Common. 

"  6.  The  Chalcid,  Diomorus  armatus,  Sch.,  reared  from  cocoons  of 
Crabro  clavipes,  L.,  in  bramble  sticks.  The  economy  of  this  species 
has  hitherto  been  unknown,  but  the  two  other  Continental  species 
of  the  genus  D.  kollari  and  L>.  calcaratus  have  been  bred  from 
bramble  sticks  containing  respectively  the  wasps  Crabro  rubricola 
and  iSti(/iiiiis  pendnlus." 

Poli/ploca  jiavicornu  was  reported  as  abundant  at  Wimbledon  on 
March  11th,  and  Apochebna  hispidaria  was  also  reported  as  being  in 
numbers.  In  Tyrone  the  larvae  of  Melitaa  anrinia  were  only  just 
awakening  from  hibernation  on  the  hill  slopes,  while  those  on  the 
lower  ground  were  still  quiescent. 


51 

APRIL  10th,  1919. 

Mr.  Leeds  exhibited  an  example  of  L'olias  ednm  from  Heme  Bay, 
showing  a  curious  discoloration  of  the  apex  of  the  forewing. 

The  remainder  of  the  exhibits  were  of  Acidalia  manjinepunctata, 
brought  by  members  in  anticipation  of  the  paper  to  be  read  by  Mr. 
R.  Adkin. 

Mr.  Buckstone  showed  the  species  from  Paignton  and  East- 
bourne. 

Mr.  Tonge  exhibited  short  series  from  Sussex,  taken  at  Midhurst, 
Uckfield,  Chichester,  Bolney,  Eastbourne,  Lewes,  and  Brighton, 
and  single  examples  from  Kent — Deal;  Suffolk — Southwold;  Hants. 
— Sandown,  I.  of  W. 

Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  a  Swiss  specimen  (Jura)  for  comparison. 

Mr.  Mera  exhibited  his  series,  including  specimens  from  many 
localities  on  the  coast  from  Suffolk  to  Cornwall. 

Mr.  Bowman  referred  to  the  Lewes  examples  in  his  series  as 
having  noticeably  paler  ground  colour. 

Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin  exhibited  a  large  number  of  specimens,  includ- 
ing a  long  series  from  the  Scilly  Isles,  among  them  being  some  very 
beautifully  marked  forms  and  several  melanic  examples  ;  others  had 
a  dark  basal  mark. 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  long  series  from  the  Sussex  coast, 
with  specimens  from  the  Isle  of  Man  and  other  localities,  and  read 
a  short  paper  on  the  synonymy,  life-history,  and  variation  of  the 
species.     (See  page  3.) 

Several  members  remarked  on  the  season.  It  was  considered  to 
be  late,  although  some  species  were  quite  up  to  their  usual  period  of 
emergence.  Anticlea  badiata,  Pac/iys  strataria  {prodromaria),  and 
Tephrosia  histortata  had  been  met  with.  Celastrina  aryiolns  was  out, 
and  at  the  end  of  March  Vanessa  io,  Aylais  urtica,  and  Gonepteryx 
rhamni  were  out  of  hibernation.  Brephos  parthenias  had  been  abun- 
dant at  Wimbledon  Common  at  the  end  of  March,  and  G.  rhamni 
was  abundant  m  places.  Mr.  Frohawk  said  that  frogs  were  still  in 
their  winter  quarters,  and  that  larvfe  had  not  yet  begun  to  move. 
He  called  attention  to  a  peculiar  habit  of  the  green  woodpecker 
which  during  a  shower  had  attached  itself  to  a  tree-trunk,  but  when 
the  drops  of  rain  came  on  it,  it  slipped  down  the  bark  and  subse- 
quently changed  its  position  by  springing  off  and  on  again  repeatedly. 
Mr.  Step  said  that  vegetation  generally  was  very  backward. 


52 
APRIL  2ith,  1919. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  a  living  female  of  Xijlomiges  conqncillaris 
bred  from  a  Worcester  larva,  and  also  an  example  of  Cassida  viridis 
(Col.)  found  on  sorrel. 

Mr.  Buckstone  reported  that  he  had  met  with  a  number  of  females 
of  Tephrosia  hintortata  at  Horsley,  on  trunks  of  pine  and  beech,  all 
practically  dead  with  their  ovipositors  extended  ;  this  was  on  a  day 
following  a  very  cold  night.  He  stated  that  the  ova  of  this  species 
were  only  slightly  attached  and  appeared  to  be  largely  kept  in 
position  by  the  down. 

Numerous  remarks  on  the  season  were  made  by  members.  Mr, 
Leeds  said  that  both  Vanessa  io  and  Gonepteryx  rhamni  were 
numerous  at  Horning,  where  in  two  evenings  the  sallows  only  pro- 
duced six  imagines.  The  Bittern  was  again  in  the  Fen.  Mr. 
Newman  said  that  spring  larvaB  were  scarce  generally,  but  Arctia 
caja  larvae  were  abundant.  Of  Noctuid  larvae  he  had  found  about  a 
dozen,  those  of  Cosmotriche  potatoria  were  abundant.  Arctia  villica, 
Eutricha  quercifolia,  and  Lasiocampa  querciis  larvae  were  all  scarce. 
In  one  wood  not  a  larva  was  to  be  found,  but  a  dusty  hedge  near 
produced  numerous  caterpillars.  Mr.  Buckstone  had  seen  a  number 
of  EiKjonia  polychloros  in  Surrey,  as  well  as  Acjlais  urtica,  and  T'.  io. 
Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  had  found  Lycia  hirtaria  very  sparingly,  and 
larvae  generally  scarce.  The  cuckoo  was  reported  on  the  19th  at 
Leith  Hill. 


MAY  8th,  1919. 
Lieut.  F.  H.  Wolley  Dod,  F.E.S.,  was  elected  a  member. 
Annual  Exhibition  of  Orders  other  than  Lepidoptera. 

Mr.  Frisby  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Vesi)a  dorylloides,  Sauss.  This 
particular  specimen  was  from  N.  China,  but  it  also  occurs  in  India, 
Burma,  Sumatra,  and  Java.  The  peculiarity  of  its  habits  is  that  it 
is  nocturnal  in  its  flight,  being  much  distressed  when  disturbed  by 
daylight,  flying  awkwardly  and  colliding  with  different  objects.  It 
lives  in  dense  forest,  and  comes  to  light  at  night.  The  nest  is  con- 
structed in  a  hollow  tree  and  consists  of  about  half  a  dozen  circular 
tiers  of  papery  material,  connected  by  pillars  of  the  same  substance. 
It  stings  severely. 

Mr.   Frisby  also  exhibited  two  workers   of   PolyrhacJa's  striata, 


53 

Mayr.  The  genus  of  ants  to  which  this  species  belongs  is  con- 
spicuously armed  with  spines,  sometimes  having  them  very  long  and 
curved.  These  two  specimens  have  also  a  growth  from  the  top  of 
the  head,  which  appears  to  be  of  a  fungoid  nature.  The 
species  is  distributed  from  India  to  Java  and  Borneo. 

Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  a  large  number  of  Diptera,  set  to  show 
the  wing-markings,  and  pointed  out  that  the  pattern  of  these  mark- 
ings frequently  showed  no  connection  with  the  lines  of  the  venation. 
He  also  showed  Cassida  nobilis  from  Oxshott. 

Dr.  Chapman  exhibited  living  bred  specimens  of  Pliymatocera 
aterriina,  the  Solomon  Seal  Sawfly,  referred  to  by  the  Eev.  F.  D. 
Morice  in  his  presidential  address  to  the  Entomological  Society  in 
1911,  and  by  the  exhibitor  in  the  "  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,"  1915  and 
1917. 

It  makes  a  fairly  solid  cocoon  under  ground,  from  which  it 
escapes  by  gnawing  away  a  portion  to  make  an  opening,  not  by  cutting 
off  a  lid. 

Also  a  bred  living  example  of  Hoplocampa  testudinea,  the  apple 
boring  sawfly,  which  must  be  fairly  common,  in  view  of  the  apples 
it  destroys  whilst  they  are  still  small,  but  is  apparently  rarely  seen. 
To  breed  it,  the  apple  must  be  found  as  soon  as  it  falls  and  before 
the  larva  leaves  it.  To  escape  from  its  underground  cocoon  it  cuts 
off  a  lid. 

Mr.  Dods  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  "  false  scorpion,"  Chelifer 
cancroides,  found  among  books  in  a  tobacco  warehouse. 

Mr.  R.  South  exhibited  a  selection  of  insects  belonging  to  orders 
other  than  Lepidoptera,  met  with  in  the  New  Forest  during  the 
month  of  June,  from  1914-1918. 

CoLEOPTERA. — Aseiiiniii  .striatum,  L.,  two  specimens,  1917.  Calli- 
diiiiii  variabile,  L.,  a  number  of  specimens  in  1915.  Lepttira 
scittellata,  F.,  common  on  an  old  beech  tree,  1918.  Clytns  niysticus, 
L.,  one  or  two  from  hawthorn  blossom  each  year.  Pachyta  .scj;- 
maculata,  L.,  two  only  in  1917.  Anophulera  sexi/iittata,  F.,  one  or 
two  each  year,  1916-1918.  Grainnioptera  analis,  Panz.,  one  only, 
1916.  (t.  praeuxfa,  F.,  one  in  1915  and  two  in  1916.  Hhayimii. 
bifasciatioii,  F.,  common  each  year,  variable.  Elater  scou/iiinolejitus, 
Sch.;  common  each  year,  a  few  yellow  forms.  E.  ponionae,  Stephens, 
two  specimens  in  1918.  Corynibites  tessellatus,  L.,  one  or  two  each 
year.  Lytta  vesicatoria,  L.,  one  on  Hants  coast,  1918.  Pyroc/iroa 
cocanea,  L.,  one  on  a  beechlog,  1918.  Iscluwmera  xanynmicoUis,  F., 
1916  and  1917,  one  each  year.     Antha.via  nitidula,  L.,  one  beaten 


64 

from  oak,  1918.  P/ii/llopertha  horticola,  L.,  a  black  var.,  1916,  on 
heather.  To»>o.ria  bitjuttata,  Gyll.,  one  on  beechlog,  1918.  Cleonns 
nebidosns,  L.,  one  in  1918.  Caiabus  nitcus,  L.,  a  specimen  or  two 
on  heath  at  Matley  each  year. 

Neuroptera. —  (hniylus  chrysops,  L.,  a  few  seen  each  year,  com- 
mon in  1918.  Sialis  fidiyinosa,  Pict.,  several  each  year.  iSotlio- 
chrysa  fidviceps,  Steph.,  one  at  Stanhope,  Durham,  1917.  N, 
capitata,  F.,  1916,  '17,  and  '18,  one  each  year.  Hemerobins  coiicinnus, 
Steph.,  sometimes  common.  H.  (jiiadrifasciatiis,  Rent.,  1916,  one 
only. 

Odonata. — Gomphns  viili/atifisiiiia,  L.,  several  seen,  only  one  netted, 
1915. 

Hymenoptera. — MtitiUa  europim,  L.,  six  specimens  in  the  five 
years. 

Dii^TKRA.—EchinoDiyia  ynissa,  L.,  one  specimen  in  August,  1914. 
Tijndidd,  six  species  unnamed. 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  the  original  edition  of  Gerarde's 
"  Herbal  or  General  History  of  Plants,"  "  imprinted  in  London  by 
John  Norton,  1597."  He  said  these  old  Herbals,  published  some 
centuries  ago,  of  which  the  one  exhibited  was  a  very  good 
example,  were  of  great  interest,  and  appeared  to  have  been  written 
as  much  for  the  benefit  of  the  physicians  as  the  botanists.  Not 
only  was  each  species  figured,  described,  and  given  both  an  English 
and  a  Latin  name,  many  of  these  same  names  being  in  general  use 
at  the  present  day,  but  a  great  deal  of  further  information  was  given. 
Thus,  under  "The  place  "  we  are  told  of  situations  where  the  plant 
would  be  likely  to  be  found  ;  under  "  The  time,"  the  months  of  the 
year  when  it  would  be  in  blossom  ;  "  The  names  "  by  which  it  was 
known  to  earlier  authors  and  in  other  countries  ;  "  The  tempera- 
ture "  apparently  referring  to  the  sensation  caused  when  tasted ; 
and  finally,  under  "  The  virtues,"  we  are  given  a  list  of  its  medi- 
cinal properties,  some  of  them  no  doubt  fantastic,  yet  we  shall  all 
agree  that  mustard  "  is  mixed  with  good  success  with  drawing 
plaisters,"  even  to  the  present  day. 

Mr.  Stanley  Edwards  exhibited  a  number  of  large  species  of 
Exotic  Coleoptera,  Orthoptera  (Mantids  and  Phasmids),  Bees,  with 
Pseudoscorpions,  and  the  curious  Spider  Gasterocantha  species. 

Mr.  L.  A.  Box  exhibited  the  following  species  of  Hymenoptera. 
Nomacia  roberjectiana,  a  rare  bee  from  Leicestershire.  Nomada 
lathhuriana _  local,  from  Warwickshire.  Crabro  intemiptits,  a  rare 
wasp   from    Leicestershire.      Pempkredon    wurio,    also   rare,    from 


55 

Leicestershire.  Elampns  (ineiis,  an  uncommon  species  of  Ttibtili- 
fera  bred  from  bramble  stem,  from  Leicestershire.  Ehi/asa  persua- 
soria,  the  largest  British  Ichneumon,  a  parasite  of  Sirex  iiigas; 
local  and  rather  rare.  This  specimen  was  caught  in  June  last  year 
at  Hook  Hill,  Surrey,  boring  into  the  posts  of  a  verandah.  Andrena 
darh-i'Ila,  showing  the  rare  pale  variety.  Dug  up  in  the  mature  state 
in  October  last  year,  the  pale  var.  occurring  as  a  single  example 
with  a  number  of  the  type.  Andrena  cin<nilata,  a  midsummer  bee, 
but  the  whole  series  was  dug  out  of  the  ground  in  Warwickshire,  in 
October,  last  year.  As  Andrenas  are  supposed  to  hibernate  in  the 
larval  state  this  is  particularly  interesting. 

Mr.  H.  Moore  exhibited  several  large  species  of  exotic  Centipedes, 
including  Sculopendra  fiubapinijies  and  Foh/deainiis;  sp.  from  Victoria 
Island,  Burmah  ;  also  Pidi/dcsnius  ciniinlata  from  Sicily,  taken  by 
the  late  J.  Platt-Barrett. 

Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin  exhibited  portions  of  oak  branches  showing  the 
ravages  of  the  bark  beetle,  Sccdi/t.ns  intricatnu.  He  also  showed  the 
"small  stag  beetle,"  Dorcns  iiarallelopipidnH,  which  he  had  found 
hibernating  in  large  numbers  in  damaged  ash  trees. 

Mr.  West  exhibited  four  drawers  of  Hemiptera,  including  the 
local  and  rare  Pi/i/olanipin  hidentata  :  also  the  following  Hymen- 
o^tevd^-Andrtna  fnlra  from  Box  Hill,  where  it  was  common  on 
April  12th,  1912.  Osmia  .ranthonwlas,  from  Darenth  Wood.  Encera 
lomjicornis,  taken  at  By  fleet  in  190G,  and  various  species  of 
ClirysididiT. 

Mr.  Leeds  exhibited  .Eaclina  ci/anea,  taken  on  April  27th,  at 
Letchworth. 

I\Ir.  Priske  exhibited  a  very  variable  series  of  the  shells  of  the 
mollusc,  Helix  aspersn,  including  two  of  the  rare  white  form,  e.ralhida, 
from  the  inland  Downs,  near  Eastbourne. 

i\lr.  Tonge  exhibited  the  predaceous  fly,  Adlna  crabroniforwis, 
taken  in  Cornwall ;  also  a  specimen  of  the  bee,  AnthopJiora  acerro- 
rim,  from  Deal,  and  remarked  upon  its  habit  of  cl^asing  other  bees. 

Mr.  Buckstone  exhibited  a  curious  chain  made  of  the  vertebrte  of 
rattlesnakes  from  America. 

Mr.  Bunnelt  exhibited  an  example  of  the  Queen  Bee  with  workers 
for  comparison. 


56 


MAY  22nd,  1919. 

Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  the  beetle,  Ptinus  sexpinictatus,  which  he 
occasionally  found  on  his  windows  ;  also  Attagenus  pdlio,  with  sup- 
plementary spots,  and  two  specimens  of  Hijlobiiia  abietis,  showing 
difference  in  size,  which  was  not  necessarily  sexual. 

Dr.  Chapman  exhibited  two  living  female  specimens  of  Tnjpo- 
dendron  domesticum,  taken  on  21st  inst.,  at  Netley  Heath.  They 
were  burrowing  perpendicularly  for  oviposition,  into  a  large  branch 
of  ash  from  six  to  twelve  inches  through,  that  had  fallen  last 
winter.  The  females  alone  burrow.  Most  of  them  had  gone  not 
only  through  the  bark,  but  some  distance  into  the  wood,  and  in  the 
absence  of  proper  weapons  were  out  of  reach.  Those  shown  had 
only  reached  the  wood,  and  so  were  captured  more  easily.  The 
species  is  reputed  to  be  found  in  rotten  W'Ood,  but  like  practically  all 
these  Scuhjtiihv  they  really  live  on  wood  still  containing  sap,  or  more 
likely  on  the  fungus  material  it  supports ;  and  so  there  is  no  rotten 
wood  until  the  young  beetles  have  left. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  the  nut  weevils  Balanin-.is  vennsHu,  B. 
turbatns,  and  grey  varieties  of  both  species,  from  Keston.  Also 
jSlegatoma  undata,  a  rather  rare  beetle,  from  Catford. 

Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  female  specimen  of  Culias  ediisa, 
from  Cyprus,  in  which  there  were  at  the  base  of  each  forewing  two 
blob-like  dusky  patches  extending  about  one-third  along  the  wing. 
He  also  showed  undersides  of  Pontia  daplidice.  1.  Having  wholly 
green  markings  on  the  hindwing,  Catania,  March.  2.  Green  mark- 
ings edged  with  yellow,  Catania,  May.  Ji.  Very  yellow  markings, 
Cyprus,  May.  4.  Markings  faint  and  obsolescent  towards  inner 
margin  and  base,  Cyprus,  June.  5.  Markings  green,  yellow,  and 
rich  orange. 

Messrs.  R.  Adkin  and  W.  West  exhibited  a  number  of  the  insects 
mentioned  in  Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin's  paper  as  being  injurious  to  trees. 

Mr.  Edwards  exhibited  a  large  diagram  illustrating  the  structure 
and  life-history  of  the  beetle  Hi/lesimts  piniperda. 

Mr.  Main  exhibited  lantern  slides  showing  details  of  various 
insects  destructive  to  timber,  including  Prionns  coriarius,  Liuanns 
cervKS,  Aroniia  )iioschata,  XeinatKs  ericlisoni,  etc. 

Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin  then  read  his  paper  on  "  Insects  Injurious  to 
Forestry."     (See  page  8.) 

In  the  discussion  which  took  place  several  members  referred  to 
the  gross  negligence  of  the  authorities,  during  the  recent  extensive 


57 

felling  of  timber  for  war  purposes,  in  allowing  such  enormous 
masses  of  debris  to  lie  rotting  on  the  ground,  thus  forming  a  con- 
venient harbour  for  most  of  those  insects  which  cause  the  greatest 
amount  of  damage  to  forest  trees  ;  and  to  the  absence  of  any 
beginning  to  reafforestation. 


MAY  3\st,  1919. 

Field  Meeting — Box  Hill,. 

Conducted  by  (the  late)  W.  J.  Ashdown  and  Hy.  J.  Turner. 

The  meeting  was  a  whole  day  one  and  only  a  small  contingent 
of  the  twenty-five  members  and  friends  who  attended  came  for  the 
afternoon.  The  day  was  fine  and  very  pleasant,  and  although 
nothing  unusual  at  this  date  was  reported,  most  of  those  present 
obtained  useful  specimens  or  made  notes  of  spots  for  future  visits. 
Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  took  a  specimen  of  the  delavierensu  form  of 
Tephrosia  cri'piiscidaria  from  a  tree-trunk  alongside  the  Roman  Road, 
and  found  the  larvae  of  Triphosa  dnhitata  and  Scotosia  rhaiiniata 
common  on  buckthorn.  The  females  of  Brenthis  enpJirosyne  were 
plentiful,  and  a  few  Paranje  iiwi/era  were  seen.  Probably  the  com- 
monest species  noted  was  Venilia  tiiacularia.  The  members  were 
pleased  to  note  that  the  felling  of  tvees  in  the  neighbourhood  was 
by  no  means  extensive.  Tea  at  the  Fort  house  was  much  enjoyed 
after  the  day's  ramble,  and  most  of  those  present  descended  the 
southern  face  of  the  hill  to  the  new  path  recently  opened  through 
the  luxuriant  growth  along  the  escarpment  above  the  Mole,  and 
thence  to  the  station  for  London.  Owing  to  the  much  regretted 
decease  of  my  colleague,  who  had  intended  to  report  this  meeting, 
I  have  nothing  to  add  as  to  the  Coleoptera  and  other  orders. 
Mr.  W.  .J,  Lucas  has  contributed  the  following  notes:  — 
"  Owing  perhaps  to  the  continuous  fine  weather  flowers  were  a 
little  disappointing.  The  hawthorn  was  well  out  and  so  were  the 
strawberries;  but  the  dominant  flowers  seemed  to  be  the  bugle 
[AjiKja  reptaus,  Linn.),  usually  of  a  brilliant  blue  colour,  though 
pink'  spikes  were  found  occasionally,  and  in  one  place  in  Juniper 
Bottom  there  was  a  patch  of  plants  of  Forget-me-not ;  the  Ger- 
mander Speedwell  (Veronica  chanupdri/s,  Linn.),  the  Deadly  Night- 
shade [Atropa  belladonna,  Linn.),  several  times  seen,  and  sometimes 
commencing  to   flower;  the  orchids,   (Jephalanthera  pollens,   Rich., 


58 

Q^ndAci'iaaant/tidixijiliora,  Br.;  Rock-rose  {Heliantlieiiiiiin  cIiaDmecistiis, 
Mill.),  commencing  to  flower  ;  the  Greater  Celandine  {('Iwli (Ionium 
viajiis,  Linn.),  and  tbe  wood   Sanicle  {Saiiicida  eitropua,  Linn.). 

"Insects,  however,  were  more  in  demand,  and  of  these  the 
following  were  noted  : — 

"  (hthoptera. — A  large  female  Tetri.r  bipnnctatiifi,  Linn.,  was  taken 
— dark,  with  some  whitish  markings  on  the  hind  femora.  A  con- 
siderable number  of  Fnr/iciila  aiiricidaria,  Linn.,  were  obtained  by 
sweeping  or  beating.  They  were  chiefly  females,  but  there  were  at 
least  two  male-! ;  no  doubt  all  had  hibernated.  Of  some  the  wing- 
tips  bore  a  small  pale  spot,  so  distinctive  a  mark  of  var.  consi'icua, 
here.     1  saw  one  young  nymph. 

"  K])l(eiiiernjitera. — Specimens  of  the  large  May-fly,  Kiheniera 
danica,  Miill.,  were  very  numerous,  their  pale  abdomens  showing  up 
conspicuously  as  they  flew. 

"  'hloiiota. — Two  specimens  only  were  seen — Aiirion  piiella,  Linn., 
female,  and  Kncdlanma  (■i/atliii/cniiii,  Charp.,  female,  the  latter  quite 
teneral.     Both  were  taken  in  Juniper  Bottom. 

"  Xi'itrojitera. — Both  sexes  of  the  Alder-fly  {Sialis  lutaria,  Linn.) 
were  taken  at  the  Mill  Pond,  Leatherhead,  while  we  were  waiting 
for  the  train  conveying  the  rest  of  the  party.  The  Snake-fly 
{lia]dndia  inacidiroUis,  Steph.),  male  and  female,  were  obtained  by 
beating  on  Box  Hill.  One  Hfinerobiiis  oroti/inis,  Walleng.,  was 
captured,  and  two  Hemerobiid  cocoons  were  found  on  Box  Hill ; 
both  produced  imagines  later.  In  each  case  the  active  pupa  left  the 
cocoon  before  disclosing  the  imago.  One  cocoon  was  elliptical  in 
shape,  about  5mm.  long  and  2-5mm.  wide,  and  was  constructed  in 
the  axil  of  a  twig  on  a  small  branch  of  dead  wood.  The  material 
was  a  very  thin  lace-work,  within  a  still  flner  lace-like  web.  The 
pupa  escaped  from  one  end,  and  the  imago  was  disclosed  about  June 
Gth.  The  species  turned  out  to  be  Heiin'i-dbimi  huiindi,  Linn.  '  The 
other  cocoon,  though  made  of  a  somewhat  open  lace-work  of 
yellowish  silk,  was  not  so  transparent  as  that  of  H.  huiindi.  It  was 
also  elliptical,  about  7mm.  long  and  3-5mm.  wide,  and  was  spun  on 
a  needle  of  a  conifer,  probably  the  Scotch-fir.  The  imago  in  this 
case  appeared  about  June  8th,  and  promised  to  be  our  largest  species 
of  the  genus — Hemerabiiis  co)ici)i)n(s,  Steph.  The  blue-green  Lace- 
wing,  Chnjsojia  perla,  Linn.,  was  taken,  and  the  Scorpion-fly 
[PiuiDrfia  ijeruianica,  Linn.) — a  male  and  a  female,  the  latter  being 
teneral. 

"  Lepidoptera.- — Butterflies    noticed    were  :    Whites    (species    not 


59 

ascertained)  ;  Gonejitenjx  rhamni,  Linn.;  Kitchlae  car<lai)ii}ies,  Linn, 
(many  males,  no  females  noticed  for  certain)  ;  BrentJiis  enphrosyne, 
Linn,  (fairly  numerous)  ;  C(f)ti)m/iii/i/ia  fiampliilus,  Linn.;  Celastrina 
ariiioliiH,  Linn.  ;  perhaps  ( 'hri/xophnnuti  /ilihras,  Linn.  ;  Callophrijs 
rtibi,  Linn. ;  Hespen'o  iiialcd'.,  Linn.  ;  Xisuniailes  tatjes,  Linn.  One 
narrow- bordered  Bee-hawk  Moth  (Macroi/lossa  bu>iibijlifuriiiis)  was 
taken  at  Bugle  flowers  in  Juniper  Bottom." 


JUNE  12th,  1919. 

Mr.  J.  A.  Humphreys,  of  Hampstead,  was  elected  a  member. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Mera  exhibited  a  series  of  melanic  Hibernia  defoliaria 
with  black  females,  from  Epping  Forest,  bred  in  1918-1919,  from  a 
melanic  female  taken  in  1917 ;  and  living  larvfe  of  Tephrosia  biun- 
didaria  ^  crossed  with  T.  creptiscidaria  $  ,  with  larvae  of  T.  biiin- 
dularia  for  comparison. 

Mr.  W.  West  exhibited  the  rare  beetles  Anthijcrninm  tenniuatiisand 
Geon/ssiis  pijffiiK/iis,  both  from  Wicken  Fen  ;  also  a  female  Mef/atoma 
undata. 

Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  Monlellistena  abdomiiialis  J  ,  and  several 
specimens  of  Tetrojntim  gabrieli,  all  taken  on  the  occasion  of  the 
Society's  Field  Meeting  at  Box  Hill,  on  May  31st. 

Mr.  Tatchell  exhibited  several  hrBdi>  Melitaa  ci)ixia,  one  specimen 
having  the  central  area  of  the  forewing  quite  destitute  of  markings, 
which  were  concentrated  into  two  parallel  transverse  lines  near  the 
base,  and  two  close  to  and  parallel  with  the  hind  margin  ;  also  a 
very  white  Papilio  machaon. 

Mr.  Gadge  exhibited  a  large  plant  of  Solaiunn  didcanuira,  the 
"Woody  Nightshade,  grown  in  a  pot  in  the  open.  Leaves  pale  green 
bordered  with  cream,  or  all  golden,  smaller  than  normal  form.  It 
had  been  grown  in  a  pot  for  the  last  five  years,  and  it  flowers  and 
fruits  regularly.  He  also  exhibited  an  abnormal  form  of  a  cabbage 
leaf  in  which  there  was  an  inverted  cone  about  an  inch  in  diameter, 
on  a  three  to  four  inch  stalk  growing  from  the  midrib  of  the  leaf. 
Subsequently  it  was  found  to  be  a  not  infrequent  occurrence. 

Mr',  Edwards  exhibited,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Dods,  a  fasciated  stem 
of  asparagus  from  Christchurch. 

Mr.  Sperring  exhibited  a  series  of  Parari/e  af/eria  race  eiien'dcK,  from 
Peterborough,  and  pointed  out  the  unusual  development  of  a  large 
blotch  of  colour  in  the  usually  vacant  space  in  the  marginal  chain 


60 

of  blotches  a  little  below  the  apex.  No  one  had  seen  this  form 
before,  and  it  was  stated  that  no  continental  race  had  this 
peculiarity. 

In  the  remarks  on  the  season  it  was  generally  noted  that  the  male 
of  Euchliii'  raidaiinnes  was  very  abundant  in  the  London  District, 
but  that  few  or  no  females  had  been  observed.  Mr.  West,  however, 
said  the  female  was  quite  abundant  at  Wicken.  The  devastation  of 
the  oak  by  Toitrix  viridana  was  everywhere  very  noticeable. 
Callophrys  rubi  had  been  very  common  this  spring.  Several  mem- 
bers remarked  that  both  BrentJiis  eiiphrosyne  and  B.  selene  were  now 
gaining  ground  in  outer  London. 


JUNE  2Ut,   1919. 

Field  Meeting — Effingham  and  Ockham  Common. 

Conducted  by  (the  late)  W.  J.  Ashdown  and  Stanley  Edwards. 

This  was  also  a  whole  day  meeting.  The  weather  was  somewhat 
showery,  and  only  about  ten  members  were  present.  The  morning 
party  tried  Hook  Wood,  near  the  station,  but  with  little  success.  It 
was  a  somewhat  early  date  for  the  BnjopJiila  perla,  which  was  taken. 
Tea  was  obtained  quite  reasonably  at  the  "  Hut  "  Hotel,  Wisley. 
Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  has  supplied  the  following  notes  : — 

"  After  Friday's  rain  the  country  was  very  fresh  and  pleasant, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two  short  showers  in  the  morning, 
the  weather  was- fine  and  rather  bright.  Some  Epinephele  jitrtina, 
Linn.,  were  on  the  wing,  bat  butterflies  were  remarkably  few;  nor, 
except  Tortri.r  riridana,  Linn.,  were  moths  at  all  plentiful.  Larvae 
of  Gonepten/.v  r/iainni,  Linn.,  were  found  of  various  ages,  as  well  as 
the  cocoons  of  the  ichneumon  Anilasta  placiila,  which  are 
parasites  of  them.  Dragonflies,  on  the  other  hand,  were  numerous, 
those  noted  including  at  least — Libelhda  qnaihimacidata,  Linn.,  with 
a  nice  var.  }>r(r,niihila,  Newm.;  Cordidia  anea,  Linn.;  Anax  iinperatnr, 
Leach;  one  very  teneral  fjestfs  spnnsa,  Hans.;  Pi/rrhoftnma  )i!/uip/um, 
Sulz. ;  Apioii  puella,  Linn. ;  and  Enallaipiia  ci/athiijenon,  Charp. 
Of  the  Nemoptera  the  two  common  scorpion-flies,  Panorpa  cmn- 
munis,  Linn.,  and  P.  ijernianica,  Linn.,  were  taken.  Amongst  the 
Orthoptera  a  male  Chorthippitu  parallelns,  Zett.,  and  a  very  small 
dark  male  Tetrix  bipimctati^s,  Linn.,  were  captured  mature,  while 
very  young  nymphs  of  Mecnnema  t/talassiniiui,  T)e  Geer,  were  beaten 


61 

by  Mr.  Can-  from  rhododendrons.  Many  grasshopper  nymphs  were 
jumping  about  on  the  ground.  Contrary  to  what  was  the  case  at 
Box  Hill,  on  May  31st,  no  earwigs  seem  to  have  been  taken  at  all. 
Honeysuckle  appeared  to  be  the  dominant  flower.  The  white  Rosa 
arrensiti,  Huds.,  was  coming  into  bloom,  while  the  Enchanter's 
Nightshade  and  the  Gout-weed  [.H^gojiodinm  podagraria,  Linn.), 
were  noticed  in  blossom.  Some  ripe  strawberries  were  gathered. 
At  the  head  of  the  smaller  "  Hut-pond  "  was  a  bed  of  Ragged  Robin 
and  Spotted  Orchid,  the  blooms  of  the  latter  being  some  of  the 
finest  I  have  seen.  Calla  paliistris,  Wild.,  was  abundant  and 
luxuriant  in  one  corner  of  Boldermere,  but  scarcely  any  blossoms 
could  be  seen." 


JUNE  26i/i,  1919. 
Exhibition  of  Living  Objects  of  Natural  History. 

Mr.  K.  G.  Blair  exhibited  living  specimens  of  Chrysomela  distin- 
guenda,  a  beetle  found  with  ova  and  young  hairy  larv?e  on  toadflax, 
on  May  oth.  On  behalf  of  Mr.  Campbell  Smith  he  exhibited 
Cetonia  aitrata,  taken  in  roses  at  Swallowfield,  Berks,  on  June 
22nd,  and  on  behalf  of  Mr.  G.  Wright,  Lgtta  vesicatoria,  taken  on 
June  16th,  at  Feltwell,  Norfolk.  He  stated  that  the  life- history  of 
this  last  is  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  Melo'e.  The  young  larvae 
burrow  in  the  earth  and  seek  the  nests  of  bees,  generally  CoUetes. 
They  do  not  attack  the  larvae  and  eggs  first,  but  eat  the  pollen  food. 

Mr.  Hugh  Main  exhibited  the  beetle  Necrophonis  vespillo  and 
larvae  of  the  same  just  hatched,  the  ova  were  deposited  by  the 
female  in  the  earth  below  a  dead  cat  in  a  flowerpot  full  of  earth 
about  a  week  before,  not  in  or  on  the  carcass. 

He  also  showed  a  batch  of  24  ova  deposited  by  2IelolontJta  nilgaris. 
The  female  buried  herself  about  six  inches  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  The  eggs  were  found  separated  from  each  other  by  loose 
earth  in  a  small  cavity  in  the  hard  soil. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Ashdown  exhibited  a  living  specimen  of  Hylo}i]iUa 
bicolorana,  found  on  oak  in  Surrey  ;  also  larvae  of  Diaphora  mendica, 
and  a- larva  of  Drepana  binaria  (haiinda),  both  species  from  Surrey. 

Mr.  Barnett,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  Coppeard,  exhibited  Si  living  Viper 
{Vipera  berus),  from  Lincolnshire. 

He  also  showed  larvae  of  Cerura  furctda,  from  Limpsfield,  and  a 
lizard  {Zootoca  vivipara). 


62 

Mr.  Prisk  exhibited  a  large  specimen  of  the  Slug,  Lima.v  flavus, 
from  Ealing,  and  the  spider  F^peira  nmbratica. 

Mr.  Step  exhibited  larvae  of  Goneptenjx  rhamni  from  Wisley,  and 
two  cocoons  of  a  Dipterous  parasite  of  the  species,  and  pointed  out 
that  the  pupa  of  the  parasite  was  enclosed  by  the  skin  of  the  rhamni 
larva. 

Mr.  Dennis  reported  from  Llanberis  that  BrentliU  selene  was  very 
abundant  "  when  the  sun  shines,"  an  1  that  he  had  seen  one  each  of 
Aiijijnnis  cijdippe  (^adippe),  Callophri/s  rnbi,  and  Ccenonyinpha  pant- 
philits.  Of  the  moths  (Jdezia  atrata  (ch(erophi/llata)  was  verv  com- 
mon Hying  in  the  sunshine,  one  Plusia  (lainnia,  one  Sjiilosonia 
lubiicipeda  and  sundry  small  Geometers  were  all  he  identified. 
Dragonflies  were  plentiful,  and  he  noticed  on  more  than  one 
occasion  a  curious  habit,  in  one  large  species,  of  clinging  to  the 
wet  overhanging  rocks,  their  wings  being  wet  with  the  dripping 
water.  The  only  beetle  he  had  noticed  was  Phyllopertha  horticola  in 
abundance.     Of  Diptera,  the  "  cleg  "  was  much  too  obtrusive. 


JULY   lOth,  1919. 

Mr.  H.  Moore  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Pijrameh  atalanta  taken  at 
Dunedin,  Florida,  U.S.A.,  lacking  the  end  white  spot  of  the  sub- 
marginal  series  before  the  orange  band  of  the  forewing. 

Mr.  Sperring  exhibited  a  short  series  of  BrentJds  enphrosyne  from 
Lincolnshire,  which  were  heavily  suffused  by  the  spots  running 
together  transversely.  One  male  specimen  had  a  square  pale 
yellowish  discal  spot  on  the  forewings. 

He  also  showed  a  fine  bred  series  of  MUnaa  tilice  from  Blackheath, 
including  ab.  centripimcta  (eight  specimens),  ab.  su^usa,  which  he 
stated  always  had  green  forewings,  one  specimen  left  wing  ab. 
obsoleta  and  right  wing  ab.  centripunctata,  the  spot  being  minute, 
one  asymmetrical  in  marking,  and  one  asymmetrical  in  colour. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  male  example  of  Pieris  rapn  with 
■the  apical  blotch  obsolete,  and  another  male  wanting  the  discal  spot. 
He  also  showed  a  male  of  the  spring  brood  exactly  agreeing  with  a 
normal  male  of  the  second  brood. 

Mr.  Humphreys  exhibited  living  larvae  of  Lymantria  dispar  from 
Holland,  and  the  larva  of  the  sawfly  of  the  Solomon's  Seal,  Phyma- 
tucera  aterrinia,  from  Hampstead.  He  also  showed  an  aberration 
of  Aylais  uiticie  in  which  the  orange  coloration  was  quite  suppressed, 


63 

it  was  bred  from  a  found  chrysalis;  and  a  Vanesfia  in  of  a  dull  leaden 
greasy  coloration. 

Dr.  Robertson  exhibited  the  following  species  of  New  Forest 
EupitJtecia  taken  or  bred  : — E.  valerianata,  E.  albi punctata,  E. 
pimpinellata,  E.  venosata,  E.  jasioneata,  E.  toi/ata,  and  E.  irriiiiiata, 
with  a  fine  series  of  Cleora  juhata  (glabraria),  bred  from  New  Forest 
larvfe,  and  pointed  out  a  striking  aberration  in  which  the  discal  and 
costal  markings  were  completely  wanting.  This  example  was  bred 
from  the  aberrant  larva  exhibited  at  the  meeting  June  22nd,  1916, 
a  larva  that  was  practically  devoid  of  light  markings  and  appeared 
wholly  black. 

In  the  remarks  on  the  season  it  was  generally  remarked  that  there 
was  a  scarcity  of  butterflies. 


JULY  12th,  1919. 
Field  Meeting — Chalfont. 
Conductor,  Mr.  F.   B.   Cark. 

On  rising  in  the  morning  I  found  a  steady  refreshing  rain  falling 
with  every  appearance  of  continuing  for  some  time,  and  I  felt 
doubtful  whether  anyone  but  our  indefatigable  President  would  turn 
up  at  Marylebone  for  the  early  train.  However,  five  of  us  went 
down  by  it,  and  arrived  at  Chalfont  about  11.  It  continued  to  rain 
till  mid-day,  after  which  the  weather  was  delightful,  and  Mrs. 
Robertson  was  able  to  take  some  good  snap-shots  of  some  of  the 
party.  Other  members  joined  the  party  in  the  afternoon.  The 
object  of  the  visit  was  to  take  Abraxas  sijlvata  (ubnata)  and  Asthena 
blonieri.  The  former  was  nearly  over,  but  blomeri  was  abundant 
and  in  good  condition,  and  everyone  took  a  good  series.  A  few 
Pararc/e  (Kjeria  were  taken,  and  Mesoleuca  albicillata  was  fairly 
common  on  the  tree  trunks. 

Larvae  taken  were  Demas  coryli  and  Ennovios  quercinaria.  About 
five  o'clock  we  started  to  walk  through  the  woods  to  the  oldfashioned 
village  of  Chenies,  and  thence  through  the  pleasant  lanes  and  fields 
to  Chorley  Wood,  where  we  were  sumptuously  entertained  by  Mr. 
T.  W.  Hall,  our  late  Hon.  Treasurer,  and  Mrs.  Hall,  and  thus 
ended  a  most  enjoyable  outing. 


64 

JULY   2ith,  1919. 

Mr.  N.  C.  Preston  of  Fulham  was  elected  a  Member. 

Mr.  Sperring  exhibited  aberrations  of  the  following  species : — 

1.  Brenthis  eiiphroayne. — A  remarkable  assymetrical  variety  cap- 
tured in  Lincoln,  June,  1919,  in  which  the  spots  had  coalesced  and 
formed  solid  transverse  lines. 

2.  Pararge  cE<jeria. — Two  underside  varieties,  bred  April,  1919 
(Peterborough),  one  with  primrose  markings  and  extended  central 
blotch,  similar  to  those  exhibited  on  June  12th,  and  with  cinereous 
ground  colour,  the  other  an  exceedingly  dark  suffused  specimen. 

3.  Pararge  niegera. — Two,  captured  Lincoln,  June,  1919,  with 
extra  large  ocelli. 

4.  Smerinthus  populi. — An  exceedingly  dark  unicolorous  speci- 
men, almost  melanic,  bred  May,  1919,  from  Bradford,  Yorks.  Also 
a  series  bred,  S.E.  London,  1917-1918,  covering  a  wide  range  of 
variation  in  coloration  and  banding. 

Mr.  W.  West  exhibited  specimens  of  the  beetle  OnthophajiuA  tauriis 
from  Malta  and  Gibraltar,  with  Onthophagus  nutans  from  Epping 
Forest,  and  pointed  out  that  the  former  had  two  frontal  horns,  the 
latter  having  only  one.  The  O.  to  urns  is  very  rare  in  this  country, 
probably  an  introduced  species. 

Mr.  Main  exhibited  living  specimens  of  the  glowworm  from 
Delamere  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  pointed  out  that  the  former 
were  only  half  the  size  of  the  latter.  He  also  showed  bred  examples 
from  the  latter  locality. 

Mr.  Ash  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Sirex  gigas  taken  in  the  Strand. 

Mr.  Carr  exhibited  the  pupa  cases  of  Chattendenia  ir-album 
on  the  undersides  of  the  leaves  of  the  Wych  Elm,  from  Chalfont 
Road. 


AUGUST  Uth,  1919. 

The  death  of  a  member,  Lieut.  F.  H.  Wolley-Dod,  of  enteric, 
fever,  at  Lharnak,  in  the  Dardanelles,  on  July  24th,  was  announced. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  series  of  Epinephele  juttina  race 
hispidla,  taken  in  May,  on  the  plains  of  Catania,  Sicily.  All  were 
much  larger  than  the  ordinary  British  forms.  The  males  had  from 
two  to  five  intercellular  spots  on  the  underside  of  the  hindwings,  the 
third  interspace  being  invariably  vacant,  and  the  second  and  fifth 
spots  being  always  the  more  emphasised  and  the  last  to  disappear. 


65 

The  females  were  extremely  rich  in  coloration  both  on  the  upper 
and  undersides.  The  spots  on  the  underside  of  the  hindwings  were 
only  faintly  present  in  two  examples.  The  apical  spot  of  the  fore- 
wings  was  bipupillate  in  two  uppersides  and  in  three  undersides. 
In  one  of  the  latter  on  that  side  only. 

He  also  showed  a  long  series  of  Adscifa  f/eri/on,  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Tring,  where  it  had  been  exceedingly  common  this 
year. 

Mr.  K.  G.  Blair  exhibited  two  specimens  of  a  black  aberration  of 
Ct'tonia  aurata,  from  St.  Mary's,  Scilly,  where  it  had  been  met  with 
on  thrift,  blackberry,  wild  carrot,  etc.  The  males  were  noted  as 
being-  very  scarce,  while  the  females  were  abundant.  He  was 
unaware  of  the  species  being  recorded  previously  from  Scilly. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Butcher  exhibited  Aclopmx  flava  {thainnas),  dark  female, 
taken  freshly  emerged  at  BoxHill,  August  18th,  1918  and  Aphantopus 
Inijicrantus,  undersides  showing  considerable  variation  in  ground 
colour  and  spots.  They  were  from  Oxshott,  Hythe,  Clandon,  Byfleet 
and  Hayton  Moss,  and  included  ab.  arete  and  intermediates.  He 
remarked  that  in  July  last  he  had  41  pup^e  of  Cosi/nthia  [Flplujra) 
jiendularia.  Thirty-five  emerged,  the  remaining  pupfe,  which  are 
alive,  showed  no  signs  of  the  moth  developing,  and  will  probably 
not  do  so  until  next  spring.  Also  that  of  ten  pupse  of  Tephroda 
luridata,  three  moths  emerged  last  June,  the  remainder  showing  no 
signs  of  emergence,  though  they  were  ascertained  to  be  alive.  He 
had  not  heard  of  this  species  going  over  a  second  winter  in  pupa. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  specimens  of  Acronicta  leporina  and  Hijlo- 
pliila  prasinana  (bred),  from  Chiselhurat. 

In  a  discussion  on  the  present  season  it  was  stated  that  Xoctiuc 
were  very  scarce,  that  sugaring  in  the  New  Forest  was  a  failure,  and 
el sewhero  had  produced  little  result,  that  the  quantity  of  honeydew 
was  detrimental  to  larvte,  most  of  them  dying  of  constipation,  that 
cuckoo-spit  was  also  a  cause  of  death  to  larvte.  In  many  parts  the 
white  butterflies  had  been  very  scarce,  and  there  had  also  been  a 
scarcity  of  Pubjoiinnatus  icarus.  Mr.  Buckstone  stated  that  Af/riades 
coridon  had  been  extremely  scarce  ;  no  doubt  the  sharp  frost,  which 
occurred  in  early  July,  had  been  very  destructive  to  insects  ;  by  the 
end  of  July  but  few  had  emerged.  Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  reported 
taking  A.  coridon  in  a  salt-marsh  among  rushes,  near  Hengistbury 
Head,  Hants. 


66 

AUGUST  25th,  1919. 

The  decease  of  a  member,  Mr.  J.  H.  Leslie,  of  Tooting,  was 
announced. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  severalseries  of  yi/i^T/r/rt  mari/inaria 
{itnxjeiiDiiaria),  including  type  forms  and  the  var.  fiiscata  (from 
Finchley  and  St.  Anne's-on-Sea),  with  intermediate  forms  of  which 
one  specimen  had  no  transverse  line  on  the  hindwing. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  a  fine  bred  specimen  of  ab.  walkeri  of 
Sinlosouia  menthastri,  from  Bexley. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Hijdmecia  cri)iane)tsis 
received  from  Mr.  T.  Greer,  Co.  Tyrone,  Ireland.  They  were 
captured  at  honeydew  on  thistles,  Cniciis  paliistris,  no  Iris  pseiidaconis 
being  found  in  the  locality ;  none  frequented  the  ragwort  growing 
with  the  thistles.  He  also  showed  a  fine  pair  of  the  ab.  addenda  of 
Epinephele  jurtina,  from  the  same  place,  where  this  aberration  tends 
to  form  a  local  race  in  an  old  cut-out  bog. 

Mr.  Ashdown  exhibited  the  rare  beetle,  (ii)ilo  mollis .-  also  Gracilia 
minitta,  and  stated  that  one  of  the  specimens  was  the  smallest 
Longicorn  he  had  ever  seen.     All  were  from  Surrey,  1919. 

Mr.  JSperring  exhibited  Boarmia  repandata,  five  beautiful,  soft 
grey  specimens  from  Oyne,  Scotland,  July,  1919.  Agriades  coridon. 
— Two  males  (Cuxton,  August,  1919)  considerably  suffused  with 
black  scaling  and  with  extremely  heavy  dark  margins.  A  male 
underside  (Cuxton,  August,  1919) ;  forewings  striated,  hindwings 
near  ab.  nbwleta.  Aijlais  nrticct. — Fifteen  bred  specimens  from 
Paisley  (July;  1919),  showing  much  variation  in  depth  of  colouring 
and  size  of  markings. 

Mr.  Johnston  exhibited  the  following  aberrations  he  had  taken  in 
the  New  Forest  during  a  short  holiday  this  season : — 1.  Limenitis 
sibilla,  several  specimens  with  the  white  markings  of  the  upperside 
reduced  to  small  irregular  blotches,  and  in  two  specimens  to  mere 
traces,  with  undersides  in  which  the  markings  were  very  divergent 
from  the  normal,  with  much  suppression  of  the  white  markings. 
2.  Dnjas  papliia,  showing  irregular  xanthic  markings,  others  show- 
ing considerable  coalescence  and  elongation  of  the  usual  markings 
on  the  upper  surface. 

Mr.  Bennett  exhibited  a  larva  of  Acnmicta  leporina  feeding  on 
oak,  from  West  Wickham. 

Mr.  Edwards  exhibited  the  following  species  of  S.  American 
Papilios  : — P.  protodavias   {liyperion),  from   Brazil ;    P.  phaon   ab. 


67 

iilopos  (Brazil),  in  which  the  white  markings  are  represented  by 
mere  indications  ;  P  philenor  ab.  acauda  (Mexico),  in  which  the 
tails  are  wanting. 

Mr.  Newman  reported  that  Agriadea  coridon,  in  its  usual  habitat 
on  the  Chiltern  Hills,  was  this  year  practically  extinct,  and  that 
although  collectors  in  abundance  had  frequented  the  locality  in 
recent  seasons,  he  did  not  consider  the  scarcity  was  due  to  over- 
collecting.  In  his  opinion  this  was  due  to  the  attacks  of  ichneu- 
mons, for  out  of  a  large  number  of  larvae  of  A.  coridon  collected  in 
the  spring  more  than  90%  were  attacked.  His  experience  of  Koyston 
had  been  much  the  same  ;  he  scarcely  saw  50  in  the  course  of  a 
mile.  In  some  parts  of  the  district,  however,  the  species  was  more 
abundant  than  he  had  ever  seen  it ;  quite  a  hundred  pairs  could  be 
counted  at  a  time.  He  remarked  that  in  Kent  there  had  been  an 
abnormal  scarcity  of  Polyommatns  icanis  in  both  broods,  whereas 
Plebeiiis  (.egon,  which  last  year  had  been  abnormally  common,  this 
year  had  been  absolutely  abundant ;  Agriades  thetis  was  now  abun- 
dant, but  the  earlier  brood  had  been  scarce  ;  Argynnis  aglaia  was  in 
great  abundance.  All  the  Puiralidic  [Thedida)  had  been  abundant 
also,  especially  Strymon  pruni.  The  sawfly  of  the  "  black  "  poplar, 
which  last  year  had  practically  stripped  his  trees  of  leaves,  was  this 
year  curiously  conspicuous  by  its  complete  absence. 

Mr.  Barnett  said  that  P.  icariis  had  been  very  scarce  in  Surrey. 

Mr.  F.  M.  B.  Carr  reported  that  larvte  were  very  scarce  this  year. 

Mr.  Sperring's  experience  had  been  contrary  to  that  of  many 
members,  he  having  met  with  hundreds  of  Pieris  since  the  Jast 
meeting. 


SEPTEMBER  Qth,  1919. 

Field    Meeting — Wimbledon. 

Conductor,  Mr.  E.  Step,  F.L.S. 

The  route  taken  lay  between  Cjesar's  Camp  and  Farm  Bog  to 
Warren  Farm,  thence  through  the  woods  to  Beverley  Plain,  and  by 
Stag  Ride  and  Queensmere  to  Windmill  Road. 

Beating  did  not  yield  anything  like  so  good  results  as  on  the 
previous  visit,  which  was  a  month  later  in  the  year.  .Lists  of 
captures  have  not  yet  come  in,  but  the  insects  obtained  included 
larvae  of  Snierinthus  ocellatus  on  sallow,  Dasychira  pndibunda  and 
Cabera  pnsaria. 


68 

A  few  flowers  were  still  in  evidence,  among  them  Purple  Loose- 
strife {Lythrum  salicaria),  Sneezewort  {Achillea  ptarmica),  Heather 
{Calluna  vulgaris),  and  Devil's-bit  Scabious  {Scabiosa  succisa).  The 
early  fungi  noted  were  Amanita  virosa,  Amanitopsis  fulva,  Psaliota 
campestris,  Russula  citrina,  Psathyra  data,  and  Scleroderma 
verrucosinu. 

Tea,  to  which  thirteen  sat  down,  was  served  at  Boilings  in  the 
old  village. 


SEPTEMBER  Uth,  1919. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Thorrington  gave  a  lecture  on  "  Variation  in  the 
British  Ferns,"  and  exhibited  a  large  number  of  aberrant  fronds. 
(See  p.  13.) 

Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  exhibited  drawings  of  the  very  local  orchid,  the 
Summer  Ladies-tresses,  and  read  the  following  note  : — 

"  Spirant/ies  astivaUs,  Eich.,  from  the  New  Forest.  There  seems 
to  be  some  40  plants  in  the  two  localities  I  know  (possibly  there  is 
one  other).  If  the  species  has  disappeared  from  Wyre  Forest,  and 
the  numbers  are  decreasing  in  the  New  Forest  (as  appears  to  be  the 
case),  it  seems  clear  that  this  orchid  is  on  the  highway  to  extinction 
as  a  British  plant." 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  fine  female  specimen  of  the  clear 
lemon-coloured  aberration  of  Colias  edusa  known  as  ab.  helicina, 
from  Cyprus  ;  also  three  bred  specimens  of  the  local  and  rare 
Noctuid  Glottula  (Brithi/s)  encaustm,  from  Catania,  in  Sicily.  His 
correspondent  had  written  him  as  to  finding  a  black  larva  covered 
with  large  white  spots,  feeding  on  a  plant  only  growing  in  the  sea- 
side marshes  a  short  distance  north  of  Catania.  From  Spuler's  book 
("  Schm.  Eur.,"  vol.  i.,  p.  166,  and  supp.  pi.  3,  fig.  3),  the  larva  was 
suspected  to  be  that  of  Glnttitla  pancratii,  a  species  attached  to  the 
liliaceous  plant.  Pancratium  maritimum ,  which  grows  only  on  the 
shores  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Red  Seas,  and  down  the  E.  African 
coast.  In  due  course  the  larvae  pupated,  and  his  correspondent 
forwarded  the  ten  resulting  pupse.  Their  emergence  was  not  ex- 
pected until  April  or  May  of  1920,  but  strange  to  say  on  July  18th 
a  specimen  emerged  not  of  the  expected  G.  pancratii,  but  of  the 
very  rare  G.  encaustus.  Two  others  emerged  on  the  21st  and  24th 
respectively,  both  of  the  same  species.  Whether  G.  encaustus  be 
only  a  constant  local  form  of  G.  pancratii  remains  to  be  proved.  It 
has  only  been  taken  in  Sicily,  Corsica,  and  the  Italian  Riviera.    The 


69 

remaining  pup^e  are  apparently  going  over.  The  species  is  not 
known  to  be  double-brooded,  and  these  three  specimens  are  probably 
"  precocious  "  individuals  of  the  normal  brood  due  in  April  and  May 
next. 


SEPTEMBER  25th,  1919. 

Mr.  H.  J.  Quilter,  of  Wood  Green  Road,  was  elected  a  member. 

Exhibition  of  Lantern  Slides. 

Mr.  Lucas  exhibited  slides  showing  the  Yeast  plant,  the  fungus 
of  the  holly  leaf,  species  of  the  Myxomycetes,  and  various  fungi 
found  at  Oxshott  and  in  the  New  Forest. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  slides  of  the  parasitic  plants,  Orohanche 
sps.,  and  Lathrfa  ;  the  henbane,  Baplenrum,  Centanrea  calcitrapa, 
Plii/teniiia  spicata  (Coulsdon),  and  Veronica  spicata. 

Mr.  Dennis  exhibited  slides  of  Peltigera  canina,  Hymennphi/llitm 
unilaterale,  Lycopodiiun  selagu,  and  L.clavatum  :  Veronica  buxbaumii, 
Sedimi  ani/licuin,  etc. 

Mr.  Step,  for  Mr.  W.  H.  Miles,  exhibited  the  large  Atlas  Moth 
{Attacus  edwardsi),  from  Arcuttipore,  Cachar. 

Mr.  Turner  exhibited  several  species  of  Hesperiida  sent  to  him 
from  Cordoba,  in  the  Argentine,  including  Hesperia  americana, 
together  with  specimens  of  Colias  lesbia  var.  heliceoides,  and 
Meaanostotna  ccBsonia,  the  "  dog-face "  butterfly  from  the  same 
place. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  short  series  of  Boarmia  repandata, 
bred  from  wild  larvte  taken  at  Finchley,  showing  strong  melanic 
tendency,  one  male  being  exceptionally  dark. 

OCTOBER  dth,  1919. 

Mr.  J.  R.  Leeson,  M.D.,  J. P.,  F.L.S.,  of  Twickenham,  was  elected 
a  member. 

Mr.  Cornish  exhibited  a  weasel  which  had  been  found  dead  in  an 
empty  rabbit-hutch  at  Plumstead. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Curwen  exhibited  the  following  species  of  Zyi/cena  from 
South  Italy  :  Z.  ruhicundus,  Z,  eri/thrns,  Z.  stcechadis,  with  ab. 
dtd)ia,  and  Z.  oxytropis  :  two  aberrations  of  Z.  /ilipendala  from  Deal 
cocoons,  one  of  which  shows  curious  yellow  scaling  on  the  black 


70 

background,  with  the  red  spots  run  into  splashes  ;  a  specimen  of  Z. 
trifolii  ab.  minoides,  from  Swinley  Woods  ;  and  a  cocoon  of  Z. 
meliloti  from  the  New  Forest. 

Mr.  H.  Moore  exhibited  a  beetle,  Monoluninnus  tittilator,  taken  in 
Eotherhithe,  probably  an  immigrant  from  a  ship  in  the  Surrey 
Docks. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  short  series  of  the  Nymphalid 
Dione  vanillm  var.  maculom,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  upon  various 
species  of  Passiflora  in  the  Neotropical  Eegion  ;  the  species  ranges 
from  the  Southern  States  to  Argentina ;  also  the  "  skipper,"  Cal- 
podes  etJdiits,  a  robust  species  occurring  commonly  over  the  same 
area  ;  the  larva  feeds  upon  (Janna  :  a  pair  of  the  large  and  beauti- 
ful moth,  Badlona  imjierialis,  whose  caterpillar  is  one  of  the 
"  horned  devils."  All  three  species  were  taken  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Cordoba,  Argentina. 

The  President  read  a  Paper  he  had  received  from  Mr.  F.  W. 
Frohawk,  "  The  Migration  of  Birds."     (See  page  10.) 


OCTOBER  23rd,  1919. 

The  President  introduced  the  discussion  on  the  "  Variation  shown 
in  Ai/lais  urtictc,"  stating  that  in  Seitz'  "  Gross-schm. "  at  least  24 
names  of  various  forms  are  used,  and  that  its  area  of  distribution 
is  very  extensive,  reaching  Japan,  where  a  most  remarkable  form 
known  as  connexa  occurs,  and  India,  where  it  is  met  with  up  to  an 
elevation  of  14,000  ft.  He  pointed  out  that  Hiibner,  "  Yerz.," 
placed  it  in  the  genus  Kiir/onia,  but  that,  as  pointed  out  by  Scudder, 
"  Sys.  Eevision  Gen.  of  Am.  Butt.,"  Dalman,  "  Vet.  Ac.  Hand.," 
xxxvii.,  56,  64,  had  previously,  1818,  established  the  genus  Ai/lais 
for  this  species  alone. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  then  read  the  following: — 

Notes  on  the  "  Variation  in  Aglais  urtic^." 

Placing  an  ordinary  specimen  of  A(/lai>t  urtuuc  before  us,  what  are 
the  elementary  features  which  are  available  for  circumstances  to 
work  upon  ?  and  what  are  the  lines  which  the  variation  takes  ? 
These  appear  to  me  to  be  (1)  the  ground  colour,  which  may  become 
darker  or  lighter;  (2)  the  development  of  melanism,  either  by  a 
general  darkening  of  all  the  component  colours  of  the  coloration,  or 
by  an  extension  of  the  area  of  the  darker  markings ;  (3)  joining  up 


71 

of  the  spots  and  blotches,  either  along  the  costa  or  transversely  to 
the  wing ;  (4)  reduction  in  size  of  spots  and  blotches ;  (5)  absence 
of  discal  spots;  (6)  variation  in  size,  colour,  shape,  and  presence  of 
marginal  spots  ;  (7)  size ;  (8)  shape. 

Taking  these  groups  in  detail  as  thus  outlined,  I  have  made- an 
attempt  to  fit  in  the  various  named  forms,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able 
to  trace  them.  This,  however,  is  somewhat  of  a  difficulty,  as  time 
has  not  permitted  me  to  trace  the  names  to  their  original  descrip- 
tion, and  the  characteristic  features  of  some  of  the  forms  in  different 
authors  do  not  agree. 

Ground  Colour. — The  intensity  of  the  orange  red  varies  in 
depth  and  richness,  and  by  the  diminution  of  the  yellow  clouding 
to  absence  causes  it  to  become  more  effective  as  a  colour,  ab. 
(lismlor,  Heine,  has  ochreous  yellow  ground  ;  ab.  herrmanni,  Herrm., 
has  pale  ochreous  yellow  ground  ;  ab.  einbryonalis,  Solow.,  has 
greyish  yellow  ground  ;  ab.  conKentanea,  Jachont.,  has  a  lighter 
greyish  yellow  ground  ;  race  iclmusa,  Stgr.,  has  a  deep  red  ground  ; 
ab.  turcica,  Stgr.,  has  a  uniform  bright  red,  as  also  has  the  dwarf 
tiircicoides,  Stgr. ;  ab.  mlmonicolor,  Rayn.,  has  a  salmon-coloured 
ground  ;  ab.  alba,  Rayn.,  has  a  white,  or  very  pale  ground. ;  ab. 
ioformis,  Reuss,  io-coloured  ;  ab.  hrunneo-violacea,  Rayn.,  brown- 
violet  ;  ab.  darinifa,  Rayn.,  bright  rufous ;  ab.  fulva,  Rayn.,  reddish 
fulvous;  ab.  ii/iiea,  Rayn.,  fiery  red;  ah.  latericolor,  Hayn.,  hv'ick- 
coloured;  ab.  Intea,  Rayn.,  buff;  ab.  riibmchrea,  Rayn.,  reddish- 
ochreous ;  ab.  ohsciira,  Rayn.,  dull,  dusky  red  ;  ab.  jiolijcJdnn'den, 
Rayn.,  colour  of  pob/chloros  ;  ab.  teatudlnea,  Rayn.,  deep  rich 
tortoishell. 

Fore-wings. — Ab.  flarotessellata,  Rayn.,  pale  yellow  central  area, 
extending  from  costa  to  inner  margin  ;  ab.  radiatata,  Rayn.,  with 
veins  in  central  reddish  area  much  blackened ;  ab.  fitrii/ata,  Rayn., 
with  black  horizontal  streak  between  2nd  costal  spot  and  inner 
marginal  spot ;  ab.  caertdapicata,  Rayn.,  with  pale  chalky-blue 
apex  ;  ab.  ftdvoinanjinata,  Rayn.,  outer  margins  edged  with  fulvous  ; 
ab.  ;irinei)iiiart/inata,  Rayn.,  outer  margins  edged  with  grey ;  ab. 
fasciato,  Reuss,  a  light  band  across  the  wing. 

Melanic  Forms. — These  may  be  produced  either  by  a  general 
darkening  of  the  whole  colour  scheme,  or  by  an  increase  of  the 
area  covered  by  the  black  markings.  (1)  Of  the  first :  ab.  .teli/sii, 
Donck.,  has  all  markings  dulled,  no  yellow  tints,  hindwing  shaded 
black ;  ab.  infnscata,  Rayn.,  with  all  the  dark  markings  much 
intensified.     (2)  Of  the  second  :    ah.  urncttii,  Corcelle  ;  ah.  polaris, 


72 

Stgr.,  has  deeper,  enlarged  markings,  partly  united  ;  ab.  ladalwmis, 
Moore,  is  a  mountain  dark  form  from  the  Himalayas  ;  ab.  )iiaiini- 
])t(ncta,  Rayn.,  enlarged  discal  spots  ;  ab.  xKKjninntata,  Rayn.,  with 
large  inner  marginal  spot;  ab.  trijmnctata,  Rayn.,  three  discal 
spots. 

Union  or  Spots. — These  unions  are  either  longitudinal  along 
the  costa,  or  transverse  across  the  discal  area.  (1)  Ab.  atrehatenstN, 
Bdv.,  has  enlarged  costal  spots,  2nd  and  3rd  united  ;  ab.  ni;iricaria, 
Hav.,  has  enlarged  costal  spots,  two  outer  united;  ab.  nii/rita, Fick., 
is  similar,  but  more  advanced,  two  discal  spots  and  costal  united  ; 
ab.  conjnncta,  Neubg.,  has  all  three  costal  spots  united  ;  ab.  oahorni, 
Donck.,  has  two  or  three  costal  spots  united  and  edged  yellow  ochre  ; 
ab.  ichnutioides,  Selys.,  2nd  and  3rd  united  ;  ab.  niijricostata,  with 
narrow  black  margin  to  costa.  (2)  Ab.  connexa,  Btlr.,  has  the 
costal  and  inner  marginal  spots  united  by  a  wide  black  band  ; 
&h.  ja/xtnica,  Fisch.,  and  ab.  jessoensix,  Weism.,  are  similar ;  ab. 
polaris,  Stgr.,  has  them  partly  united  ;  ab.  nubilata,  Rayn.,  has  them 
with  black,  cloudy  area  between  ;  ab.  punctijuncta,  Rayn.,  two 
discal  spots  united. 

Reduction  of  Spots. — This  may  be  either  in  number  or  in  size. 
Ab.  turcica,  Stgr.,  has  the  discal  spots  very  small,  or  even  absent; 
ab.  turcicoides,  Stgr.,  is  similar  in  this  respect ;  ab.  embii/onalis, 
Solow.,  has  costal  spots  reduced ;  ab.  comentanea,  Jachont.,  is 
similar  in  this  respect ;  ab.  pari-ij>nncta,  Rayn.,  small  spots  ;  ab. 
imipuncta,  Rayn.,  one  spot ;  ab.  jiarvinotata,  Rayn.,  with  small 
inner  marginal  spot;  ab.  nigridoisaia,  Rayn.,  with  black  streak 
running  from  inner  marginal  spot  to  anal  anal. 

Absence  of  Discal  Spots.— This  takes  place  in  ab.  ichnusa, 
Stgr.,  ab.  seh/sii,  Donck.  ;  ab.  embyyonalis,  Solow.  ;  ab.  otrebatensis, 
Bdv. ;  ab.  nigricaria,  Haw.  ;  and  icJuiKsoidi's,  Selys. ;  ab.  ioproto- 
foriiiis,  Reuss,  has  discal  and  inner  marginal  spots  absent. 

Marginal  Spots. — Ab.  riolesreufi,  Slev.,  has  a  violet  sheen  on  the 
blue  marginal  lunules  ;  ab.  cunsentanea,  Jachont.,  has  the  blue  spots 
enlarged  ;  ab.  holandii,  Lamb.,  has  the  blue  markings  extended  to 
streaks ;  ab.  dannenbergi,  Neubg.,  has  straw-coloured  marginal 
spots;  ab.  niva,  Gr.-Gr.,  has  the  blue  spots  obsolescent,  with  a 
broad  black  margin  ;  ab.  atrebutends,  Bdv.,  has  the  blue  spots 
wanting ;  ab.  nigricaria,  Hav.,  marginal  blue  spots  completely 
absent;  oh.  parrilHnulata,'Rd.yx\.,  hindwing  small  black  spots ;  ab. 
magnilumdata,  Rayn.,  hindwing  large  blue  spots;  ab.  luna,  Reuss, 
ocalescence  of  blue  crescents  at  anal  angle  to  form  a  large  blue 


73 

crescent ;  ab.  cKueatii/uttata,  Eaya.,  with  wedgeshaped  blue  lunules  ; 
ab.  ichnusa,  Stgr.,  ab.  caschviirensis,  Kill.,  and  ab.  ladakensis,  are 
also  devoid  of  blue  spots,  the  latter  yellow  margins ;  ab.  chinemis, 
Leach,  and  ab.  thibetana,  Aust.,  have  these  spots  much  enlarged  ; 
ab.  lutcoynarf/inata,  Larabl.,  has  yellow  margins,  not  black  ;  ab, 
panir/iitta,  Eayn.,  with  small  lunules  ;  ab.  Diai/iiii/uttata,  Rayn., 
with  large  lunules. 

Size. — Ab.  m-ticoide!<,  F.  d.  Wald.  and  ab.  pi/i/maea,  Heyne,  are 
both  dwarf ;  ab.  turcicoides,  Stgr.,  is  a  dwarf  of  ab.  turcica,  Stgr. ; 
ab.  chinemis.  Leach,  and  ab.  thibetana,  Aust.,  are  both  large  forms. 

Shape. — Ab.  ladakensis,  Moore,  a  mountain  form,  is  less  angular. 

Seasonal  Forms. — Ab.  nixa,  Gr.-Gr.,  is  a  dry  season  form,  with 
very  dark  undersides  ;  ab.  rizana,  Moore,  is  a  wet  season  form,  with 
sharply  defined  markings. 

The  Mountain  Forms. —  Ab.  ladakensis,  Moore,  and  ab.  cash' 
mirensix,  both  with  ill-defined  markings. 

HiNDwiNGs. — Ab.  nif/vicaria,  Hav.,  black,  yellow  marginal 
traces  :  ab.  nixa,  Grmm.,  broad  outer  margins  ;  ab.  atrebatensis, 
Bdv.,  entirely  fuscous ;  ab.  osbnnii,  Donck.,  brown ;  ab.  adiiinbrata, 
Eayn.,  black  cloud  at  top  of  band;  ab.  infraradiata,  ^a,yn.,' \eins 
much  blackened;  ab,  ani/nstibalteata,  Eayn.,  narrow  band;  ab. 
latibalteata,  Eayn.,  wide  band. 

Underside. — Ab.  snbtns-lactea,  Eayn.,  pale  area  creamy ;  ab. 
s((6?/(.s-r(//rt,  Eayn.,  pale  area  rufous;  ah.  ichnusoides,  Eayn.,  more 
dusky  than  usual ;  ab.  dannenbergi,  Eayn.,  unicolorous  black. 

Less  Frequent  Forms,  not  Included  in  this  Scheme. — (1) 
With  the  discal  spots  coalescent.  (2)  Smoky  or  greasy-looking 
forms,  said  to  be  produced  by  feeding  on  withered  leaves.  (3) 
With  the  hindwings  blue-rayed.  (4)  Short  band  in  hindwing.  (5) 
With  edges  of  the  markings  "  woolly "  in  outline.  (6)  Dark 
chocolate  suffusion  over  the  ground.  (7)  Orange  ground  colour. 
(8)  All  colours  subdued  as  if  washed  out. 

Unique  or  Extremely  Rare  Aberrations. — (1)  Outer  half  of 
forewings  white.  (2)  Streaks  on  disc  of  forewing.  (3)  Uniform 
golden  brown.  (4)  Broad  black  apex  to  forewing.  (5)  Forewings 
blue-rayed.  (6)  Black  rays  in  hindwing  iviii.  (7)  Eed  streaks 
on  hindwing  in  place  of  band.  (8)  Black  markings  except  on  costa 
and  apex  of  forewing  nearly  obsolete.  (9)  Buff  rays  on  hindwings. 
(10)  Suppression  of  black  band,  blue  wedges  surrounded  by  black 
rim  only.  (11)  Twin  discal  spot  removed  to  touch  the  margin. 
(12)  Dark  chocolate  ground.       (13)  Various  extraordinary  forma 


74 

produced  in  the  temperatui'e  experiments  of  Standfuss,  Merritield, 
and  others. 

Refekknces  to  Original  Descriptions. —  Pajiilio  iirticif,  L., 
"  Sys.  N.,"  X.  ed.,  477  (1758). — Var.  ichmisa,  Bon.,  "Mem,  Ac. 
Tor.,"  p.  3,  2  (1824)  ;  ab.  iclmus^nides,  Selys.  L.,  "  Cat.  Lep.  Belg.," 
18  (1837)  ;  var.  caxrhnn'rensifi,  KolL,  "  Hagl.  Kaschm.,"  442,  pi.  9, 
3-4  (1848)  ;  var.  nrticnides,  F.  de  W.,  "  Ent.  Imp.  Ross.,"  v.,  123 
(1851)  ;  var.  turcica,  Stgr.,  "  Cat.,"  ii.  ed.,  lb  (1871)  ;  var.  /'idaris, 
Stgr.,  "Cat.,"  ii.,  16  (1871)  ;  ab.  unietii,  Corcelle.,  "  Feuille.  jeim. 
Nat.,"  ii.,  99  (1871);  var.  rizmia,  Moore,  "  Proc.  Zool.  S.,"  559 
(1872)  ;  ab.  atrchafcnsis,  Bdv.,  "  Rev.  and  Mg.  Zool.."  409,  pi.  17, 
1  (1873)  ;  var.  la<lakensi.s,  Moore,  "  Ann.  and  Mag.  N.H."  (5),  i.,  227, 
(1878);  ab.  .s<v.s/,  Donck.,  "Feuille  jn.  Nat.,  xi.,  33  (1880);  ab. 
osbitnii,  Donck.,  "  Feuille.  jeun.  Nat.,"  xi.,  33  (1880)  ;  var.  cmnie.ra, 
Btlr.,  "Proc.  Zool.  S.,"  851  (1881);  ab.  nixa,  Gr.  Gr.,  "Mem. 
Rom.,"  iv.,  426  (1890);  var.  nrticoiile^,  Alph.,  "Iris.,"  vii.,  303 
(1892)  ;  var.  chinensU,  Leech.,  "  Butt.  Chin.,"  258,  pi.  25,  1  (1892); 
ab.  discolor,  Heyne.,  "  Ins.  Borse.,"  xi.,  131  (1894) ;  ab.  Jicminnini, 
Herrm.;  ab.  pi/nnuea,  Heyne.  (Ruhl),  778  (1895);  oh.  pallida,  Mosley, 
"  Nat.  Jrn.,"  Sup.,  p.  14(1896);  yav.  thibetana,  Aust.,  "  Natur.," 
201  (1898);  vav.  tnrcicoides,  8tgv.,  "Cat.,"  iii.  ed.,  25  (1901) ;  ab. 
ri(dcscens,  Slev.,  "  Hor.  Ross.,"  xxxiv.,  530(1901);  var.  ja/'oiiica, 
Fisch.,  "Bed.  ent.  Z.,"  S.-B.,  6  (1902)  ;  var. ,;V.s.s()(?».s/.s,  Weism.;  ab. 
fentoni ;  ab.  ni(/ricaria,  Hav.,  "  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,"  xlviii.,  186 
(1904)  ;  ab.  nii/rita,  Fick  ;  ab.  dannenbenji,  Neuberg.,  "  Soc.  Ent.," 
xix.,  170(1904);  ab.  eonjimcta,  Neuberg.,  "Soc.  Ent.,"  xix.  170 
(1904);  ah.  endji'ijoitaUs,  Solowjew.,  "  Hor.  Ross.,"  xxxviii.,  143  (1905); 
ab.  saliiiojiic(dor,  Rayn.,  "  Ent.  Rec,"  298  (1906)  ;  ab.  con^entanea, 
Jacbontow.,  "Rev.  Russ.  d'Ent.,"  vi.,  10  (1906);  ab.  hiten- 
warginata,  Lambln.,  "Rev.  Men.  Namur.,"  p.  47  (1906)  ;  ab.  cnrn- 
lajdcata,  Rayn.,  "Ent.  Rec,"  p.  298  (1906)  ;  ab.  bolandii.  Lamb., 
"Rev.  Mens.  Namur.,"  vii.,  42  (1907);  ab.  alba,  Rayn.,  "Ent 
Rec,"  7  (1909) ;  ab.  hma,  Reuss,  "Ent.  Rec,"  p.  211  (1909). 

The  following  two  papers  in  the  "Ent.  Rec"  are  useful  as 
summarising  much  of  the  variation  : — Raynor,  vol.  xxi.,  p.  7,  etc.  ; 
Reuss,  vol.  xxi.  p.  83.,  etc. 

Mr.  Sperring  exhibited  a  large  number  of  Ai/lais  urticir,  and  read 
the  following  notes  : 

"  The  insects  which  I  am  exhibiting  were  mainly  bred  from 
larvffi  collected  in  a  number  of  localities,  i.e.,  S.E.  London, 
Cambridge,  Essex,  Lincoln,  Tyrone,  Inverness,  Kincardine,  Paisley 


75 

and  AiTan,  and  show  a  very  considerable  difference  in  coloration. 

In  the  first  place,  I  would  like  to  call  attention  to  the  manner 
in  which  this  insect  will  vary,  even  from  the  same  locality.  The 
first  two  columns  of  insects  shown  from  S.E.  London  were  bred 
from  larvae  taken  from  the  same  spot  in  the  years  1912  and 
1917.  There  is  not  only  an  entire  difference  in  coloration,  but 
also  in  the  shape  of  the  wings;  those  of  the  1917  series  are 
perfectly  normal,  but  the  1912  specimens  are  much  more  elongate. 
In  one  case  you  have  the  insect  with  a  red  brick  coloration,  in 
the  other  it  is  strongly  suffused  with  yellow. 

The  specimens  from  Cambridge  follow  very  closely  the  S.E. 
London  specimens,  as  likewise  *do  those  from  Essex,  the  climatic 
conditions  at  these  distances  apart  not  being  of  sufficient  variation 
to  affect  the  insects. 

The  Lincoln  specimens  call  for  no  particular  comment.  The 
series  is  not  sufficiently  long  to  enable  one  to  say  much  about 
them,  more  particularly  as  they  are  captured  specimens,  and  the 
ground  colour  is  likely  to  have  been  somewhat  affected. 

The  series  of  Irish  specimens  from  Tyrone  are  best  looked  at 
in  comparison  with  those  from  Scotland.  They  are  of  a  richer 
coloration,  and  the  first  specimen  is  very  similar  to  the  first 
specimen  from  Scotland,  inclining  more  to  the  salmon  yellow 
ground. 

The  richest  coloration  is  undoubtedly  found  in  the  Scottish 
specimens,  which  at  the  same  time  are  much  darker,  doubtless 
due  to  the  colder  climatic  conditions  and  moisture. 

You  will  note  how  closely  the  specimens  from  Kincardine  and 
Paisley  follow  in  ground  colour  the  salmon-yellow  of  the  specimens 
from  Inverness,  which  were  taken  by  our  late  member,  Mr. 
McArthur. 

Referring  to  the  underside  of  the  insect,  I  show  three  series  of 
these,  i.e.,  from  S.E.  London,  from  Arran,  and  from  Paisley 
respectively. 

All  the  specimens  from  S.E.  London  are  exclusively  light,  with 
a  greater  or  lesser  amount  of  cream  ground  colour  in  the  hind- 
wings,  between  the  basal  patch  and  the  outer  margin. 

Specimens  from  Arran  are  perfectly  uniform  in  regard  to  the 
space  referred  to,  showing  no  cream  ground  whatsoever,  the  whole 
space  being  filled  up  with  light  chocolate  coloui. 

The  Paisley  specimens,  again,  are  entirely  dissimilar,  showing 
extremely  black  scaling   (several  cases  are  of  the  variety  pularia), 


76 

but  varying  in    regard  to    the    marginal    band    to  a  considerable 
extent. 

One  would  have  expected  that  inasmuch  as  Arran  and  Paisley 
are  so  nearly  in  the  same  latitude,  that  specimens  from  the  two 
localities  in  question  would  have  been  practically  identical.  Such, 
however,  is  not  the  case. 

Apart  from  variation  due  to  climatic  conditions,  i.e.,  Scotch,  as 
compared,  for  instance,  with  southern  specimens,  etc.,  there  is  also 
another  phase  to  be  considered,  i.e.,  recurrent  variations  which 
crop  up,  no  matter  from  what  locality  the  insects  are  obtained, 
such  as,  for  instance,  ab.  sahiionicolur,  of  distinct  pink  coloration, 
and  various  ab.  discolor,  i.e.,  darkochreous  yellow. 

Apart  from  these,  the  insect  runs  through  a  whole  gamut  of 
coloration,  from  white  to  deep  rich  tortoiseshell,  represented  by  ab. 
alba  at  one  end  and  ab.  testiidinea  at  the  other.  The  latter  form 
appears  to  be  more  commonly  found  amongst  the  Scottish  specimens 
than  in  the  south. 

I  would  like  to  refer  particularly  to  variety  ic/ninsa.  While  this 
does  occasionally  occur  from  insects  bred  under  normal  conditions 
from  wild  larvae,  it  appears  to  be,  like  ab.  ichnusoides,  largely  the 
result  of  temperature  experiments.  As  showing  what  can  be  done 
in  the  latter  direction,  it  is  on  record  by  T.  Reuss  that  in  experi- 
menting with  some  100  larvfe  from  two  wild  broods,  he  obtained  65 
aberrations,  of  which  39  are  amongst  those  named  by  Raynor,  as 
mentioned  previously,  and  which  were  largely  the  result  of  exposing 
the  pupae  to  the  direct  and  intensified  sun's  rays. 

As  showing  to  what  a  considerable  extent  heat  will  affect  this 
insect  (prior  to  emergence),  I  was  examining  some  specimens  in 
the  Bond  collection  this  week,  in  which  there  were  two  short  series 
of  iirtiar  from  the  same  brood,  one  lot  showing  emergence  before  a 
thunderstorm  and  the  other  after  it.  One  takes  it  that  this 
difference  in  coloration,  i.e.,  one  series  being  considerably  lighter  in 
colour  than  the  other,  would  be  due  to  the  considerable  difference 
in  the  temperature  in  the  period  before  and  after  the  thunder- 
storm in  question. 

Chemical  Action. — On  September  13th,  1917,  I  exhibited  a 
specimen  of  this  insect  suffused  with  a  dull  plum  colour.  This 
specimen  was  given  me  as  having  been  taken  wild  of  the  particular 
coloration  in  question,  and  at  that  time  I  had  no  doubt  as  to  its 
ho7id-jides.  At  a  later  date,  however,  I  had  an  opportunity  of 
examining  a  very  considerable  collection  of   Vanessa   nrticcr,  taken 


at  the  same  time,  which  showed  a  most  remarkable  variety  of 
coloration,  and  elicited  the  fact  that  they  had  been  killed  with  lump 
ammonia,  and  that  some  of  the  insects  had  remained  in  the  killing 
chamber  for  varying  periods.  As  a  result,  I  have  endeavoured  to 
obtain  the  same  coloration,  in  which  I  have  been  successful.  The 
original  specimen  exhibited  is  marked  "  A,"  and  underneath  it  you 
will  see  three  more  specimens  which  have  been  subjected  to  pure 
ammonia  by  removing  the  pins  and  letting  the  insects  float  on  the 
ammonia  without  the  wings  coming  into  contact  with  the  liquid. 

I  thought  that  it  might  also  be  of  interest  to  ascertain  what  is 
the  result  of  prolonged  exposure  to  cyanide  of  potassium  ;  and  now 
show  some  ten  specimens  in  exhibit  marked  "  B,"  which  have  been 
placed  in  cyanide  for  thirty-one  days.  Except  where  the  wings 
were  pushed  into  the  damp  mixture  of  plaster  and  cyanide,  there  is 
no  extreme  change  of  coloration,  only  a  slight  dimming  of  the 
same." 

Mr.  A.  W.  Mera  exhibited  a  bred  series  of  A.  Hrticw  from  various 
English  and  Scotch  counties,  those  from  Eastbourne  being  some- 
what lighter,  otherwise  there  were  no  striking  aberrations,  except 
in  the  undersides,  which  showed  a  wide  range  of  coloration. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Curwen  exhibited  three  ab.  polarU  from  Bossekop,  a 
dark  dwarf  from  Dover,  two  showing  the  discal  spots  on  a  cream 
ground  from  Colchester  ;  three  icJaiusa  forms  from  Colchester  and 
Dover,  one  brown  specimen  bred  from  Newport,  one  suffused  under- 
side from  Swinley  Woods,  etc. 

Messrs.  Tonge,  C.  H.  Williams,  Barnett,  and  Nicholson  also 
exhibited  various  forms,  races,  and  aberrations  of  this  species. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin  exhibited  long  series  from  many  parts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  including  examples  of  many  of  the  forms 
referred  to  by  Messrs.  Turner  and  Sperring,  and  one  from  Coventry 
with  pale  straw  ground  colour.  He  agreed  in  the  main  with  the 
latter  gentleman's  remarks  as  to  the  generally  richer  ground  colour 
of  the  Scotch  as  compared  with  the  South  English  examples. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Williams  exhibited  Af^lais  urtica  :  four  specimens  of  a 
pale  ground  colour,  part  of  a  brood  bred  from  Haslemere  larvfe  in 
1915  ;  four  specimens  with  2nd  costal  blotch  extended  to  a  point 
reaching  the  3rd  blotch,  part  of  a  brood  from  Norwich  bred  in 
1913 ;  four  specimens  from  Warminster,  Salisbury  Plain,  1917, 
including  ab.  ichnnsa  and  a  specimen  with  traces  of  a  dark  band 
across  the  forewings  involving  the  twin  spots;  ab.  pan-inotata,  Rayn., 
from  Finchley  ;  two  specimens  from  the  "  Webb  "  coll.,  one  having 


78 

no  "  twin  spots,"  but  dark  hindwings  and  very  large  cuneate  blue 
lunules  on  all  wings  ;  ab.  cinieatii/iittata,  Rayn.,  from  Chalfont,  1912; 
ah.  atrebati'iisis  (crippled),  from  Holniwood,  1907;  ab.  ni(iii(i(>rsata, 
Rayn. ;  and  six  specimens  from  N.  Ireland,  1918,  in  one  of  which  the 
yellow  markings  are  largely  replaced  by  the  ground  colour.  Also 
photographs  of  the  life  history. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  a  photograph  of  the  chrysalis  of  A.  iirticte 
just  previous  to  the  act  of  attaching  itself  to  the  silken  pad,  after 
withdrawal  from  the  larval  skin,  which  was  still  being  held  by  a 
fold  of  the  pupal  integuments. 

Mr.  Riches  exhibited  a  form  from  Aberdeen  which  was  so  strongly 
marked  a  polaris  form  as  to  be  practically  the  Japaese  connexa  form; 
a  very  light  red-ochreous  form  of  ab.  pan-ipnncta,  bred  in  a  hot- 
house ;  and  two  series  bred  in  hothouse  conditions,  one  near  East- 
bourne, where  the  whole  brood  was  uniform  in  ground  colour  and 
dark,  the  other  near  London,  where  the  whole  brood  was  markedly 
variegated  with  more  light  areas. 

Mr.  Kaye  exhibited  several  pathological  specimens. 

Mr.  B.  H,  Curwen  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Sirex  (jii/as,  found  on 
a  lady's  skirt,  much  to  her  alarm,  in  Twickenham,  in  July  last. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  series  of  Charceas  (iraminis,  from 
Finchley,  1919,  showing  ground  colour  grey,  dark  grey,  rufous, 
light  grey,  and  an  aberration  in  which  the  longitudinal  markings 
were  coalesced  into  one  pale  streak. 

Mr.  Tonge  exhibited  a  series  of  Oporabia  autiDiinaria,  from  Preston 
and  Langridge  Fell,  including  a  strongly  melanic  specimen. 

Mr.  Frohawk  exhibited  a  living  larva  of  Nona(/ria  t ijph a;  v/hich 
was  still  small,  although  it  had  been  feeding  fourteen  months. 
From  the  New  Forest,  this  year,  he  exhibited  a  series  of  aberrant 
Lititenitis  sibilla  :  (1)  the  first  step  towards  ab.  nitjrina,  (2)  a  more 
suffused  specimen,  (3  and  4)  still  further  obliteration,  and  (5)  com- 
plete ab.  n'Kjrina,  (6)  ab.  nujrina,  underside  asymmetrical,  left  wing 
with  a  plain  band,  right  wing  with  the  band  nearly  obliterated  ; 
Drijas  pap/iia  with  hindwing  partly  radiated  with  several  elongated 
and  united  spots  in  both  male  and  female,  and  two  specimens  with 
much  suffusion  of  both  fore-  and  hindwings  from  the  enlargement 
of  and  union  of  some  of  the  black  spots  ;  and  Anjynnis  ci/dippe 
(adippe),  a  series  showing  gradation  in  the  extension  of  the  spotting, 
and  one  with  only  three  spots  in  the  submarginal  row  of  the 
hindwino-. 


79 

NOVEMBER  IZth,  1919. 

The  decease  of  Mr.  W.  J.  Ashdown  (1895),  a  member  of  the 
Council,  was  announced. 

On  behalf  of  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows,  the  Secretary  presented 
a  series  of  larval  cases  of  various  species  of  British  Psychides. 

Series  of  Noctiia  xantJuxiyaiiha  were  exhibited  by  Messrs.  R.  Adkin,. 
A.  E.  Tonge,  B.  S.  Williams,  Hy.  J.  Turner,  etc.,  and  a  discussion 
took  place  after  the  following  summary  of  the  variation  had  been 
submitted  by  the  last  named. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  short  series  of  NoctKci  .nuithotirapha^ 
from  Brockley,  Shirley,  Strood,  Scotland,  etc.,  and  gave  a  list  of  the 
named  forms  with  short  diagnoses,  as  follows  :— 

Nuctiia  xanthoiirapha,  Schiff.,  "  Verz.,"  83  (1776),  dark  greyish 
iw'&wii  =  tetraguyia,  Haw.,  "  Lep.  Brit.,"  205  (1809);  ab.  bndfiisis, 
Frr.,  "Neu.  Beitr.,"  pi.  282  (1889),  very  aberrant  and  confused 
markings  ;  var.  cnhasa,  H.-S.,  "  Sys.  Bearb.,"  ii.,  209,  figs.  95-7 
(1815),  pale  grey  ;  var.  elatior,  Alph.,  "  Rom.  Mem.,"  v.,  129,  pi.  6, 
3  (1889),  larger,  forewing  cinnamon  or  yellow-grey  ;  var.  riifescen!<, 
Tutt,  '•  Br,  Noct.,"  ii.,  126  (1892),  pale  reddish-grey  or  pale  reddish; 
var.  nifa,  Tutt,  I.e.,  bright  red  ;  ab.  dbsuleta-rnfa,  Tutt,  I.e.,  mark- 
ings obsolete ;  var.  ubscura,  Tutt,  I.e.,  dark  reddish-black ;  ab. 
obsoleta-ubscura,  Tutt,  I.e.,  markings  obsolete;  var.  nii/ra,  Tutt,  I.e., 
blackish-grey;  ab.  obsoleta-nvira,  Tutt,  I.e.,  markings  obsolete;  var. 
palastinemis,  Kalschb.,  "Iris.,"  x.,  168  (1897),  paler,  all  markings 
on  the  hindwing  more  distinct. 

He  then  noted  that  Guenee  stated  ("  Noetuelles,"  v.,  337)  with 
regard  to  the  variation  that  "  all  the  varieties  are  linked  together, 
and  are  not  able  to  be  separated  into  races."  The  characters  which 
were  available  for  the  action  of  variation  seemed  to  be  the  ground, 
the  stigmata,  the  transverse  markings,  and  the  scale  textures.  The 
ground  is  either  grey,  brown,  red,  or  nearly  black  with  all  inter- 
mediate shades  and  combinations.  The  stigmata  were  either 
distinct,  obscured  or  obsolescent,  one  or  both.  The  transverse  lines 
were  also  distinct,  obscured  or  obsolescent,  including  the  sub- 
marginal  dots.  The  texture  of  the  scaling  was  said  to  be  coarse  in 
one  or  two  continental  races.  The  space  between  the  stigmata  was 
sometimes  emphasised  in  distinctive  coloration. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin's  long  series  contained  many  local  sets,  including 
very  dark  from  northern  areas,  Scotland,  etc.,  some  very  red  forms, 
and  representatives  from  the  Seilly  and  Scottish  Islands.  It  was 
noted  that  some  specimens  had  much  emphasised  venation. 


80 

Mr.  Tonge  on  one  occasion,  at  Deal,  counted  over  seventy  A'. 
.vaut/toi/rajiha  on  one  sugar  patch,  in  company  with  a  solitary 
Leiiconia  alhipuncta,  and  stated  that  larvae  that  he  had  had  fed  on 
from  April  to  June. 

Mr.  Newman  said  that  his  larvae  had  all  gone  down  by  February. 

Mr.  Curwen  remarked  on  the  extremely  large  numbers  he  had  met 
with  on  sugar  at  Merton  on  one  occasion.  There  were  quite  80  or 
90  on  each  of  some  30  trees  sugared,  and  nothing  else. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  a  large  example  of  Cirrhccdia  xeraDijielina, 
from  Sligo,  having  a  very  dark  band  ;  and  males  of  Ennomos  aivjn- 
laria,  from  Regent's  Park,  with  much  contrast  between  the  darker 
outer  marginal  area  and  the  lighter  transverse  band. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  the  egg-cocoons  of  the  spider  Af/rceca 
brminea,  both  freshly  made  and  as  subsequently  daubed  with  mud. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  the  larval  cases  of  the  following 
species  of  the  Psychides  which  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  was 
presenting  to  the  Society. 

Xan/cia  monilifera,  Mucking;  Viplodoma  herniuiata,  Wellington; 
3  sps.  of  Solenobia,  Mucking,  Barnes  Common,  and  Wellington  ; 
Solenobia  lu-henella  C?),  Wellington  ;  Solenobia  triqiietrella  (?),  Muck- 
ing, 4  joints  to  tarsi ;  S.  triquetrella  (?),  Mucking,  5  joints  to  tarsi ; 
Solenobia  sp.  ?,  Rannoch ;  Taleporia  tubulosa,  Wellington;  Lii[fia 
lapidella,  Guernsey  ;  L.  ferchaidtella,  Mucking  ;  Fuiiiea  casta  ?, 
Mucking  ;  and  Kpichnopterix  pulla,  Mucking  ;  and  stated  that  very 
little  was  known  of  this  family,  some  species,  so  called,  may  be 
several  such  as  F.  casta,  S.  triquetrella,  etc.,  of  some  no  males  were 
known,  of  others,  although  their  habitats  were  quite  different,  yet 
so  far  no  points  of  distinction  had  been  made  out.  It  was  thought 
that  the  forelegs  might  offer  some  characters  which  would  be  avail- 
able for  differentiating  the  species. 


NOVEMBER  29th,  1919. 
Annual  Exhibition   of  Varieties. 

Mr.  S.  G.  Castle  Russell  exhibited  the  following  aberrations  of 
British  Lepidoptera : — 

Dryas  papJiia. — New  Forest.  Rayed  and  suffused  females  and  rayed 
male ;  a  series  of  var.  valesina  forms,  including  an  intermediate  between 
typical  paphia  and  valesina,  an  exceptionally  well  marked  underside, 
the  silver  marking  being  accentuated,  and  an  almost  completely 


81 

spotless  black  form,  the  underside  being  of  black,  green,  and  silver 
colouring ;  bleached  forms  of  D.  paphia,  including  a  rare  type  with 
three-quarters  of  the  upper  wings  white  ;  a  female  with  patches  of 
valesina  colouring  on  the  hindwings  ;  an  underside  in  which  the 
ordinary  green  shade"  is  partly  replaced  by  bright  blue  ;  and  another 
from  which  the  green  coloration  is  entirely  absent. 

Limenitis  sibilla. — Underside  of  the  black  form,  ab.  nigrina. 

Euchlo'e  cardaiaines. — A  yellow  tipped  specimen,  Hants. 

Leptosia  sinapu. — With  all  the  black  coloration  replaced  by  light 
brown,  Hereford. 

Brenthis  eiiphrosyne. — Nine  aberrations,  including  a  cream 
coloured  and  a  rayed  example. 

B.  selene. — ^Four  aberrations,  including  a  rayed  underside,  Sussex 
and  Hants. 

C(enony)iipha  pauipJdUis. — Four  light  coloured  examples,  Hants 
and  Surrey. 

Aphantopus  InjperantKs. — From  Hants,  etc.  Twenty-five  male  and 
female  examples  of  ab.  lanceolata,  also  very  large  spotted  and  other 
aberrations,  including  a  rare  form  in  which  the  spots  on  the  upper 
wings  are  reversed  in  size  to  the  usual  formation,  the  first  spot 
being  the  smallest. 

C.  tiphon. — Thirty-eight  aberrations  from  Scotland,  Wales, 
Cheshire,  and  Shropshire,  including  pale  specimens,  extra  large 
spotted,  and  nine  examples  of  ab.  lanceolata. 

Celastrina  arpinlns. — A  series  of  six  colour  aberrations,  including 
a  perfect  gynandromorph  taken  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 

Agriades  coridon. — Six  aberrations,  including  striata  and  obsoleta 
undersides,  a  very  light  female  with  one  hindwing  shot  with  blue, 
two  forms  of  ab.  ayngrapJia  showing  extreme  colour  variations,  and 
a  perfect  gynandromorph  from  Blandford. 

Plebeius  agon. — From  Surrey,  Hants,  Cheshire,  and  Lanes. 
Eighty  aberrations,  including  various  shades  of  blue  males  and 
females,  striata  and  obs(deta,  and  other  undersides,  and  several 
heavily  marked  red  and  yellow  margined  females.  Also  forty 
gynandromorphs,  each  with  one  wing  shot  with  blue  male  colora- 
tion, several  being  almost  completely  blue,  but  undersides  in  all 
cases  being  female  in  form.  In  each  instance  the  wing  with  male 
coloration  is  considerably  smaller  than  the  wing  entirely  of  female 
coloration. 

The  whole  of  the  insects  exhibited,  with  the  exception  of  the 
gynandromorph  of  C.  argiohis,  were  taken  or  bred  by  the  exhibitor 
or  his  wife  during  the  last  two  or  three  seasons. 


82 

Mr.  Frohawk  called  attention  to  a  few  of  the  most  noteworthy 
specimens  in  this  exhibit,  including  the  aberrations  of  D.  paphia; 
(1)  the  specimen  with  the  basal  half  white,  which  he  thought  was 
unique  ;  (2)  the  extremel}-  rare,  if  not  unique,  intermediate  between 
typical  form  and  ab.  ralesina  ;  and  (3)  the  black  vales.i)ia,  which  was 
the  blackest  he  had  ever  seen. 

Mr.  T.  H.  GroSiVenor  exhibited  male  and  female  Attaciis  edwardd, 
from  the  Khasia  Hills,  and  a  large  number  of  Scorpions  taken  by 
himself  in  Bangalore,  on  the  Afghan  Border,  Waziristan,  the 
Punjaub,  the  N.W.  Frontier  Provinces,  and  the  Murree  Hills. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  series  of  Loinaspilis  viariiinata, 
from  Finchley,  showing  a  good  range  of  variations,  including  one 
with  white  fringes  and  another  with  yellowish-cream  ground 
colour. 

Mr.  E.  E.  Green  exhibited  the  Japanese  Swallow-tail  {Pa/)ilio 
hianur),  caught  in  his  garden  at  Camberley,  on  September  17th  last. 
Many  of  these  fine  butterflies  have  been  seen  in  the  neighbourhood, 
resulting  from  the  breeding  experiments  of  Mr.  Cecil  Floorsheim  at 
Bagshot.  It  seems  possible  that  they  may  become  established  in 
this  country,  to  a  certain  extent.  Mr.  Green  has  been  informed  by 
Messrs.  Waterer  and  Sons,  of  Bagshot,  that  the  larvae  have  been 
found  on  Skhinnia  bushes  in  their  nursery  gardens. 

A  series  of  Parascotia  [Boletobia)  fnlu/inaria,  a  rare  Hypenid, 
caught  at  light,  in  Mr.  Green's  house  at  Camberley.  The  larvs  are 
said  to  feed  upon  certain  fungus  growths  in  cellars  and  old  wooden 
buildings.  Though  extremely  scarce  in  the  British  Isles,  the  species 
is  widely  distributed  in  Europe. 

Ai/rotis  (?)  saKcia  var.  Diarrfaritosa,  taken  at  sugar,  at  Camberley, 
with  the  apex  of  the  forewings  markedly  rounded. 

Typical  Luperina  testacea,  from  Camberley,  with  a  smaller,  more 
unicolorous  form  from  the  south  of  Scotland. 

A  form  of  Hniiera  pennaria,  with  orange  veins  on  the  forewings, 
and  the  area  between  them  covered  with  plumbeous  scales. 

The  Rhododendron  Tingid  {Stejikaniti><  rluxindendri),  a,n  introduced 
pest  of  Rhododendrons.  Its  presence  may  be  detected  by  a  rusty- 
brown  tinge  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves.  The  insects  rest 
and  feed  on  the  undersurface. 

Four  examples  of  ('orizini  inacidatHs,  beaten  from  birch.  The 
species  described  by  Saunders  ("  Hemipt.  Heteropt.  of  the  British 
Islands,"  p.  57)  as  "  very  rare." 

Mr.   Green  also  showed  a  convenient  contrivance   for  covering 


83 

circular  breeding-cages — such  as  glass  cylinders  or  flower  pots.  The 
cover  consists  of  an  iron  ring  with  muslin  or  netting  stretched  over 
it  and  sewn  in  place.  The  weight  of  the  ring — which  should  be 
larger  than  the  cylinder  for  which  it  is  intended — keeps  the  cover 
firmly  in  place  and  ensures  a  close  fit.  Lead  piping,  bent  to  shape, 
may  be  substituted  for  the  iron  ring. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Tonge  exhibited  an  aberration  of  Amor/iha  pnpHli,  bred 
from  Reigate  ova  in  June,  1919.  It  was  almost  entirely  devoid  of 
markings,  the  wings  being  plain  greyish  all  over,  and  the  usual  red 
blotch  was  reduced  to  a  very  small  area.  He  also  showed  the  very 
rare  Noctuid  Cloantha  polyodon  (^perspicillaris),  taken  on  palings  at 
Worthing,  May  15th,  1919. 

Mr.  Leonard  Tatchell  exhibited  two  aberrant  forms  oiArctia  caja, 
bred  from  fullgrown  larvae  collected  near  Bedford,  one  showing 
great  encroachment  of  the  dark  on  to  the  light  in  fore  wings,  with 
confluent  spots,  and  the  red  tone  replaced  with  pinkish-orange  in 
hindwings.  The  other  was  a  remarkable  melanic  specimen  with 
almost  all  traces  of  the  cream  ground  colour  obliterated  in  fore- 


84 

■  wings ;  spots  of  smoky  hue  coalesced  and  much  extended,  and 
showing  a  slight  amount  of  red  underneath  in  hindwings ;  body 
segments  distinctly  darker, 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  series  of  the  British  species  of  the 
Nolida,  including  Kola  fentonalis,  from  Deal,  both  captured  and 
bred  specimens,  the  latter  being  considerably  the  larger  ;  the  varia- 
tion in  the  whole  series  ranging  from  a  pure  white  insect  to  dark, 
heavily  banded  forms,  and  in  one  specimen  the  central  fascia  is 
much  constricted  on  the  inner  margin,  y.  albtdalis,  from  both  its 
Kent  and  Surrey  localities,  the  latter  producing  several  very  white 
specimens,  in  which  the  usual  dark  central  cloud  is  reduced  to  a 
narrow  stripe.  Also  N.  cucuUatella,  N.  strinula,  and  N.  confusalis 
from  various  localities. 

He  also  exhibited  species  of  Nycteolida,  including  Sarrotkripus 
revayana  {undulanxs),  chiefly  from  the  New  Forest,  including  many 
well-marked  forms  ;  Earias  chlorana,  from  Eastbourne,  where  some 
years  ago  it  was  very  common,  and  from  Wicken  ;  Hylophila  bicolo- 
rana  and  H.  jjrasinana,  the  latter  series  including  a  second  brood 
specimen  in  which  only  the  two  inner  of  the  three  transverse  lines 
appeared,  and  these  much  less  strongly  marked  than  in  the  normal 
form. 

Mr.  L.  A.  Box  exhibited  a  few  specimens  of  Chalcids,  in  the  hope 
that  a  little  interest  may  some  day  be  aroused  in  this  fascinating 
family.  These  included  Snticra  sispes,  a  parasite  of  Stratiomys ; 
Perilampus  itolictts  and  P.  mgricornis,  external  parasites  of  Tachinid 
and  Ichneinnonid  parasites  of  various  moths,  and  having  an  active 
initial  larval  state,  like  Melo'e  ;  Carato7iu(s  meyacephalus  ;  Monodonto- 
mevHs  nitidiis,  a  parasite  of  Anthophora  bees  ;  Torymus  hede(juaris, 
the  common  parasite  of  Ehodites  roste,  which  causes  the  bedeguar 
gall ;  Orymns  punctiyer,  parasite  of  'Aidax  papaveris,  which  galls 
poppy  heads ;  Syntomaspis  littoralis,  the  common  parasite  of  Tcras 
terininalis,  which  causes  the  oak  apple. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Sperring  exhibited  asymmetrical  Brenthis  euphrosyne, 
from  Lines.  Pararye  ayeria,  var.,  from  Peterborough.  Ayrindes 
coridon,  underside  var.  from  Cuxton,  Kent,  with  forewings  striated ; 
hindwings,  near  obsoleta.  Plebeiiis  agon,  male  of  brilliant  blue  ;  and 
an  underside  male  var.  with  outer  margin  of  forewings  heavily 
clouded,  the  orange  lunules  of  hindwings  greatly  enlarged,  and  the 
whole  of  the  underside  black  spotting  greatly  reduced  ;  both  taken 
at  Oxshott,  July,  1919. 

Mr.  Percy  M.  Bright  exhibited  (1)  Brenthis  euphrosyne  aberrations, 


85 

including  many  extreme  melanic  and  several  silvery  forms  ;  (2)  B. 
selene  aberrations,  including  a  superb  black  variet}'  ;  (3)  Chryso- 
phaniis  dispor,  including  one  with  a  partly  xanthic  right  forewing; 
and  (4)  Runiicia  p/tloias,  with  many  remarkable  aberrations,  includ- 
ing the  very  rare  ab.  alba. 

Mr.  K.  G.  Blair  exhibited  the  black  form  ab.  }ii<jra  of  Cetonia 
aurata,  the  rosechafer,  from  Scilly.  Though  not  uncommon  on  the 
continent  (Corsica,  Tuscany,  Armenia,  etc.)  this  form  does  not  seem 
to  have  been  detected  hitherto  in  Britain.  ("  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.," 
September,  1919.) 

Mr.  H.  A.  Leeds  exhibited  aberrations  of  British  Lepidoptera,  all 
captured  during  1919,  and  including  Aphantopus  hyperantiis.  1. 
Very  dark  with  strong  silky  sheen  ;  ocelli  on  hindwings  only,  and 
indistinct,  one  on  left  and  two  on  right  side.  3  upperside.  2.  Paler 
than  type,  some  spots  elongated.  J  underside.  3.  Bright  brown 
ground,  black  rings  of  ocellated  spots  narrow.  5  underside.  All 
Chiltern  Hills,  July. 

Epinejihele  jiirtina  [iaiiira).  1.  Fulvous  patch  on  forewings 
similar  to  female,  black  spot  large  but  without  white  centre  on  each 
forewing.  S'  upperside.  Monks  Wood,  Hunts,  July  7th.  2.  Some- 
what paler  ground,  and  speckled  with  small  darker  dots  on  fore- 
wings.      2   upperside.     Chiltern  Hills,  July  20th. 

Hesperia  tualca'.  Dark  ground  enhancing  white  markings.  ? 
underside.     Monks  Wood,  Hunts,  May  18th. 

L'linioinjinplia  pamphihis.  Very  pale  and  much  suffused  with  straw 
colour.      (J   upperside.     Chiltern  Hills,  August  4th. 

I'olyoniniatiis  icartis.  Silky  sufiused  silver-grey  ground  colour, 
lunules  of  all  wings  golden  olive-green  instead  of  orange,  g  under- 
side.    Monks  Wood,  Hunts,  June  7th. 

Aricia  medon  {astrarche).  Small  and  deep  black-brown  colour  = 
ab.  alpina,  and  white  circled  black  spot  within  centre  of  border,  and 
touching  orange  lunules  on  the  left  forewing.  $  upperside.  Herts, 
September  4th. 

Aijnades  coridon  from  the  Chiltern  Hills,  including  ab.  fnwleri,  ab. 
obsiileta,  and  many  other  interesting  forms. 

Stryntun  prnni.  1.  Band  and  ground  colour  paler  and  appearance 
very  smooth.  J  underside.  2.  Very  dark  brown  ground  with  bright 
red  band.  S'  underside.  3.  Fulvous  patches  united  and  crossing 
all  wings  divided  only  by  nervures  =  ab.  ptursas.  J  upperside. 
All  Monks  Wood,  Hunts,  June  last. 

Mr.  R.  South  exhibited  the  following  aberrations  of  British  Lepi- 
doptera : — 


86 

Brentim  selene,  New  Forest,  June  1919.  Male  with  lower  marks 
of  forewing  confluent ;  female  with  central  third  thinly  powdered 
with  black.  Ca'iinni/niiilia  painphilus.  a.  Forewings  with  pale 
splashes  between  veins,  Middlesex,  b.  Underside  of  bindwings  un- 
usually pale,  Surrey,  c.  Forewings  with  pale  splashes  between 
veins,  Surrey,  d.  Underside  of  hindwing  unusually  dark,  Essex, 
e.  Forewings  pale  clouds  above  dorsum  and  tornus,  Surrey. 
Caccecia  (Tortrix)  crattrijana,  with  silvery-grey  ground  colour,  Hants. 
C.  (T.)  xylosteana,  a  dark  suffused  form,  Hants. 

Captain  B.  S.  Curwen  exhibited  a  collection  of  Zygaenids,  made 
by  Signor  Querci,  chiefly  in  Italy,  including  Zi/i/aena  eri/thius,  Z. 
rubicundu^t,  Z.  punctuiii,  Z.  achille(C,  Z.  stoechadis,  Z.  transalpina,  Z. 
ephialtes,  Z.  lonicerce,  Z.  oxi/troph,  and  Z.  carniolicn.  There  were 
varietal  and  intermediate  forms  and  local  races  of  considerable 
interest. 

Mr.  Cliftbrd  Craufurd  exhibited  two  Limeuitis  sibilla  ab.  semi- 
ni(irina,  and  a  male  aberration  of  Dnjas  papJiia,  from  New  Forest, 
July  nth,  1919. 

Mr.  W,  Bateson  exhibited  drawings  of  flowers  borne  by  plants 
produced  as  root-cuttings,  which  differed  from  those  of  the  parent 
plants  from  which  they  had  been  raised.  The  first  case,  a  Bnurardia, 
was  published  in  "  Jour.  Genetics,"  vi.,  and  subsequently  two 
examples  in  Pelargonium  had  been  found.  These  occurrences  can 
be  interpreted  as  shewing  that  the  parent  plants  are  really  composed 
of  an  outer  periclinal  layer  of  one  variety  covering  over  an  inner 
core  of  a  different  variety.  In  illustration  a  wholly  green  plant  of 
Hoya  carnosa  was  shown  still  attached  to  the  petiole  of  a  white- 
skinned  variegated  leaf  from  which  it  had  been  raised.  Whether 
formed  on  roots,  petioles,  or  elsewhere,  an  adventitious  bud  may 
thus  bring  up  to  the  surface  the  characters  borne  by  the  inner  core 
of  the  plant.  It  was  remarkable  that  of  the  few  plants  which  had 
as  yet  been  tested  successfully,  three  should  have  given  root-cuttings 
unlike  the  parent  plants. 

Mr.  H.  Moore  exhibited  the  various  forms  of  Danais  chyi/sippns, 
Lin.,  and  Hypolbmias  nimippuH,  Lin.,  and  contributed  the  following 
notes : — 

"  The  association  of  these  two  species  is  well  known  to  every 
entomologist,  but  perhaps  there  may  be  others  here  to  whom  an 
explanation  would  be  acceptable.  />.  chrysippus  is  considered  the 
commonest  butterfly  in  the  world :  the  sexes  are  alike,  tawny  to 
deep  reddish-brown,  with  black  tips  to  the  forewings,  crossed  by  a 


87 

row  of  white  spots.     It  is  distasteful,  and  birds  and  lizards  do  not 
eat  it.     It  is  found  throughout  the  greater  part  of  Asia  and  Africa. 

"  H.  uiisippus,  male,  is  black  with  large  white  spots,  and  totally 
unlike  its  mate,  which  very  closely  resembles  D.  chnjsii)fius  in  colour 
and  markings,  and  in  whose  company  it  usually  flies.  Being  edible 
H.  )iiui/ijiHs  thereby  escapes  its  natural  enemies.  The  male,  being 
a  fast  flier,  can  take  care  of  itself.  Its  range  is  more  extensive  than 
D.  chn/sippus,  and  includes  America — but  only  in  its  type  forms. 

"Elsewhere  both  species,  1).  chri/aippim,  males  and  females,  and 
H.  uiisipjiiis  females  vary  along  parallel  lines,  (1)  the  black  tips  with 
white  spots  disappear  and  produce  the  ilorippiis  form  of  chri/xiiipns, 
and  the  inaria  form  of  iiiisippus.  (2)  The  hindwings  become  white 
and  produce  the  alcippiix  form  of  ehrysippus  and  the  aleijipoides  form 
of  iiiisippii<t.     Intermediate  forms  also  occur. 

"  Of  course,  to  complete  the  theory  of  protective  resemblance  the 
several  forms  of  each  should  accompany  one  another  ;  generally 
speaking  this  does  not  appear  to  happen.  In  a  large  collection  from 
W.  Africa  (Ashanti),  where  all  the  c/iri/sij>pi(s  were  of  the  alriji/ias 
form,  the  few  females  of  misijipiiK  were  all  typical,  while  the  only 
specimen  I  have  of  the  alcippoides  form  of  uiisipjHis  was  found  in  a 
collection  from  E.  Africa  (Nairobi),  where  all  the  chryaippus  were  of 
the  (lorippits  form. 

■'  The  inaria  form  of  niisippus  I  show  are  (1)  from  N.  Nigeria, 
where  the  form  of  chrysijipas  was  alcippiis,  and  (2)  from  S.  Africa, 
where  chiysippKs  is  usually  darker  in  colouring  than  anywhere  else." 

Mr.  A.  W.  Mera  exhibited  (1)  a  short  series  Tephrosia  crcpiiticn- 
laiia,  bred  during  March  and  April,  1919,  from  a  female  taken  at 
Cranley  Down,  Essex,  July  6th,  1918. 

(2)  A  varied  series  of  T.  biundidaria,  bred  during  April  and  May, 
1919,  from  a  somewhat  melanic  female  taken  in  Epping  Forest, 
May,  1918.  A  large  number  of  the  specimens  showed  a  decided 
melanic  tendency,  which  as  far  as  he  knew  is  of  quite  recent 
development  in  the  Epping  Forest  district. 

(8)  Hybrids  from  a  melanic  male  T.  biundidaria,  and  a  typical 
female  T.  crepuscnlaria.  One  or  two  of  them  emerged  early  in  July, 
a  few  more  in  August  and  September,  increasing  in  numbers  in 
October  and  November,  the  last  date  being  the  23rd  of  this  month, 
so  that  probably  there  are  still  more  to  come.  The  striking  feature 
is  that  most  of  them  are  more  melanic  than  the  male  parent,  and 
that  the  later  emergences  are  larger  and  darker  than  the  earlier 
ones. 


Mr.  A.  A.  W,  Biickstone  exhibited  Colias  ediisa,  with  the  gi'ound 
colour  of  a  very  dark  yellow  ;  another  with  the  ground  very  pale, 
inclining  to  greenish,  and  the  border  of  the  forewings  slightly 
diffused.     Both  were  males  taken  at  Dorking,  August,  1895. 

Pien's  napi,  with  all  four  wings  rounded,  from  Horsley,  Surrey, 
May,  1918. 

Calloji/injfi  riibi,  with  all  the  wings  blotched  with  yellow,  from 
Horsley,  May,  1919. 

P/Vr/.s  hrassictt',  with  green  lines  on  all  wings,  Clandon,  August, 
1919. 

Tri/i/ucna  fhiibria,  bred  from  full-fed  larvje  taken  at  Wimbledon, 
including  one  with  mahogany  forewings,  two  with  the  yellow  of  the 
hindwings  partly  obscured  by  numerous  black  hairs  and  scales;  and 
a  dwarf  of  faded  appearance,  with  narrow  forewings,  bred  June,  1915. 

T.  comes,  bred  from  larvre  taken  in  S.W.  London,  including  two 
specimens  with  smoky  hindwings,  and  one  with  hindwings  pale 
straw  colour  ;  also  an  extremely  pale  specimen  from  Leeds. 

Aiiatda  (Acronicta)  aceris,  with  the  forewings  dark  slate  colour 
and  hindwings  smoky  ;  bred  from  a  larva  taken  in  S.E.  London. 

'I't'ji/intsia  crepiiscularia,  a  ver}^  dark  specimen  (var.  delanierends .') 
taken  at  Mickleham,  May  31st,  1919. 

Semiotldsa  litKvata,  series  from  Oxshott,  and  specimens  of  var. 
nijfrofiilrata  from  Delamere. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Colthrup  exhibited— 

PacJn/f/astria  tn'folii. — Pale  forms  of  male,  bred  1919,  from  Rom- 
ney  Marsh  larvae,  including  one  specimen  in  which  the  whole  of  the 
forewings  were-  pale  fawn,  the  dark  band  being  missing,  only  the 
cream  discal  spot  remaining,  without  the  brown  ring  encircling  it. 
Also  dark  chocolate  males  from  Eastbourne,  taken  this  year  by 
assembling. 

Ajiriades  coridon,  from  Swanage,  including  males  ab.  foideri,  and 
three  males  showing  red  spots  on  margin  of  hindwings.  Also  a 
female  with  nearly  all  the  spots  missing  from  the  undersides  of 
hindwings ;  and  a  female  from  Eastbourne,  with  blue  scaling  very 
near  .sc/// i-si/ni/rcqiJia. 

Ar<i!/H)iis  aqlaia,  male  with  a  white  patch  on  forewing,  and  a 
female  with  dark  suffusion  over  the  forewings ;  both  taken  at 
Eastbourne. 

Ephu'pliele  jtirtbia  (janira). — Female  with  two  apical  eyespots  on 
forewings,  one  with  dark  chocolate  underside;  a  female  with  a  black 
spot  below  the  two  eyespots  ;    a  female  with  a  similar  yellow  spot 


89 

with  dark  centre  at  anal  angle  of  right  wing,  and  a  male  with  a 
similar  spot  to  the  right  of  the  eyespot  on  right  forewing  ;  a  male 
with  bleached  left  hind  wing,  and  another  male  with  a  large  area 
orange  colour  on  the  forewings. 

Zii<iana  /ilipendnh/',  with  the  red  colour  replaced  by  pink. 

Euchlo'e  cardaiiiines,  male,  with  orange  on  forewings  replaced  by 
pale  lemon-yellow. 

Buuiicia  phlccas,  males  with  large  spots  on  forewings,  and  another 
with  minute  spots ;  a  male  of  a  pale  bronze  colour ;  a  female  with 
red  band  on  hindwings  reduced  to  spots,  and  another  female  with 
the  red  colour  almost  absent  from  the  hindwings  ;  also  male  with 
spots  on  undersides  of  forewings  radiated. 

Hespeiia  niolnr. — One  male  with  black  ground  colour,  spots  very 
much  reduced,  and  some  absent  altogether. 

Pohjoinmatus  icarus. — Male  with  aborted  hindwing  from  which 
most  of  the  spots  are  absent  on  the  underside. 

Aijlais  urticcc,  in  which  the  spots  on  the  forewing  tend  to  coalesce, 
and  another  in  which  the  whole  ground  colour  of  brick  red  covers 
up  the  yellow  blotches  on  the  costal  margin  and  other  parts  of  the 
wings ;  a  specimen  with  the  yellow  blotches  replaced  by  white ; 
another  with  the  discoidal  spots  on  forewings  much  reduced,  one 
almost  absent. 

hii'parchia  seiiiele,  with  an  extra  spot  between  the  two  usual  spots 
on  the  forewings ;  and  a  male  in  which  the  pale  orange  colour  is  so 
increased  as  to  remind  one  of  a  female. 

Kjiinephele  titlinniis. — Two  females  with  two  extra  spots  on  each 
forewing  and  an  extra  spot  on  both  hindwings  ;  and  a  female  with 
eyespot  missing  from  anal  angle  of  hindwing. 

Brenthis  eiiphrosyne. — Male  with  black  spots  on  centres  of  all  the 
wings  much  increased  in  size. 

Coliaa  I'tlum. — Two  females  with  the  j^ellow  spots  on  outer  black 
bands  of  all  the  wings  almost  absent,  and  a  male  underside  in  which 
the  two  discoidal  spots  on  hindwings  are  radiated. 

Mr.  L.  W.  Newman  exhibited  Spilosovia  nunthaiitri  ab.  tcalkeri, 
bred  ;  ['iaphora  mendica,  female,  with  black  costa  and  fringes ;  a 
bred  series  of  Zygana  JiUpendidie,  including  the  yellow  and  salmon 
coloured,  aberrations  ;  Z.  acldllecc  from  Morven  ;  Lasiocaxipa  (juentis 
race  calluncB,  from  Yorkshire,  including  a  female  with  male  colora- 
tion, and  a  dark  specimen  with  the  band  on  the  hindwing  obscured. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Williams  exhibited  aberrations  of  A;iriade>i  coridon, 
including   a    dark    brown    male   taken    at   Princes   Eisborough  in 


90 

August,  1918  ;  many  fine  forms,  light,  dark,  and  yellow,  of  Ahraxas 
firossiilariata,  including  ab.  nv/ricostata,  ah.  fnlvapicata,  ab.  semiliitea, 
ab.  lacticdlor,  ab.  iachalcea,  ab,  ruhrolutea,  ab.  chrijmstrata- 
711(11  i'dstata,  ab.  hazleii/hoisis,  ab.  nif/risparsata,  ab.  radiota,  ab. 
chri/sostrata,  etc. 

j\Ir.  H.  0.  Wells  exhibited  two  perfect  gynandromorphs  of 
Plebeiiis  tKjon,  taken  in  Berkshire,  July  26th,  1919. 

Mr.  Edwards  exhibited  numerous  species  of  the  genus  I'a/iilio. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Garrett  exhibited  Oclit/ria  designata  [iiroinninata)  with 
very  dark  and  curiously  mingled  markings  ;  Epinejiliele  jnrti)ia  with 
the  right  forewing  partially  suffused  with  black. 

Mr.  PI.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  collection  of  Lepidoptera  mainly 
from  the  Argentine  Republic  near  Cordoba,  a  few  coming  from  the 
remote  locality  Tucuman.  There  were  included  two  specimens  of 
the  rare  and  local  Ceratocampid  Citheronia  vuqleri  (with  a  photo- 
graph of  the  hitherto  unknown  larva),  a  local  form  of  Piepona 
chraiiiKs,  from  which  the  orange  marks  on  the  hindwings  were 
missing,  from  Tucuman  ;  Attaciis  maurus  from  the  same  place  ;  the 
rare  Pnitojiarce  benji,  and  other  hawkmoths,  including  1'.  Uchenea, 
P.  jiL'tiinia-  race  difi'nm,  and  P.  sccta  race  paphiis  ;  Pijiameis  caii/ae, 
Atidsid  arcliijijiiis  (L.),  Xyleutes  sp.,  Papilio  thoas  form  thoaniiades, 
]\Jei/a}tostuiiia  cus<))da  ("  dog-face  butterfly  ") ;  a  long  series  of  Colias 
letshia,  the  snout  butterfly  Libythea  carinenta,  the  Pierid  Tatachile 
autodice ;  Hes/icria  americana,  hi.  notata,  H.  doiiiicella,  the  long- 
tailed  Kudaiinia  pruteus,  Ecpantheria  indecua,  a  Syntomid,  and 
several  species  of  the  groups  formerly  united  under  the  term 
Bonibyces. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Frohawk  exhibited  Vane>>sa  to  var.  with  ground  colour 
pale  fleshy-buff,  margins  rufous-brown,  blue  of  eye-spots  silvery- 
blue  in  primaries,  brilliant  blue  in  secondaries.  Bred  1901, 
Monmouth. 

IJiiioiiti^  sibilla  from  New  Forest,  series  of  nine,  showing- 
gradation  of  obliteration  of  white  on  both  surfaces  from  partial  to 
almost  complete  absence  of  markings.  The  intermediate  form 
between  normal  and  extreme  melanism  is  the  usual  type  occurring 
in  the  Forest,  being  much  more  frequent  than  true  ab.  niijrina. 

Pryaa  puphia,  captured  in  the  New  Forest,  July,  1919.  Four 
exhibiting  great  variation,  four  with  confluent  spots  forming  streaks, 
and  two  remarkably  melanic  females  having  the  greater  portion  of 
the  wings  richly  clouded  with  black.  The  undersides  are  equally 
beautiful,    the    primaries    with    the    whole   central  portion   black, 


91 

secondaries  base  broadly  silver  and  silver  marginal  band,  remainder 
of  wing  rich  metallic  green. 

An/ijnnis  ci/dippe  [adijqie)  :  partially  albinistic,  of  very  pale  (straw) 
ground  colour  and  leaden  coloured  spots.  Also  a  male  with 
silvery-leaden  median  nervures  instead  of  the  normal  black 
androconial  scales.  Other  specimens  showing  variation  of  markings. 
All  from  New  Forest,  July,  1919. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Kaye  exhibited  a  very  varied  series  of  Mclitaa  riuxia 
from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  an  equally  varied  series  of  Mditua 
athalia.  In  the  former  the  uppersides  varied  from  great  reduction 
of  the  black  spots  to  extra  heavy  markings.  On  the  undersides,  the  . 
most  striking  was  a  form  with  hardly  a  trace  of  black  on  the 
forewing  and  with  a  very  heavy  double  row  of  black  spotting  across 
the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  reverse  of  this  form  with  a  great 
reduction  of  the  black  on  the  underside  and  with  the  inner  edge  of 
the  first  discal  band  entirely  wanting.  A  minor  form  of  variation 
in  the  forewing  beneath  was  the  heavy  mark  near  the  inner 
margin.  The  most  extreme  example  of  M.  athalia  was  a  very  fine 
var.  with  the  whole  of  the  disc  of  forewing  having  the  tawny  orange 
marks  coalesced.  In  the  hindwing  the  only  tawny  spots  were 
a  single  row  before  the  margin.  Otherwise,  the  whole  wing  was 
black.  One  of  the  undersides  was  a  parallel  form  to  the  ciu.ria 
with  pale  markings,  and  the  inner  edge  of  subtermimal  band  in  the 
hindwing  obliterated.  One  other  form  had  the  underside  of  the 
hindwing  with  very  white-looking  spots. 


DECEMBER  ilth,  1919. 

There  were  no  exhibits. 

Dr.  Boulanger,   B\R.S.,  read    a    Paper   on  "  Batrachians,"  and 
illustrated  his  remarks  by  a  number  of  lantern  slides.  (See  page  23.) 
A  considerable  discussion  followed. 


JANUARY  8th,   1920. 

Messrs.  T.  H.  Grosvenor,  of  Redhill,  F.  W.  Cocks,  of  Reading, 
C.  R.  Goodman  and  H.  de  B.  Goodman,  of  Goswell  Road,  H.  L. 
Gauntlett,  of  Putney,  R.  Swift  and  H.  Garrett,  of  Bexley,  were 
elected  members. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Lister  exhibited  his  local  races  of  I'lebeins  uijun,  and 


92 

gave  an  account  of  his  observations  on  the  mosses  of  Witherslack, 
where  the  race  wansei/i  is  the  dominant  form,  illustrating  his  remarks 
by  a  map  of  the  areas  referred  to.  (See  "  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Lon.," 
1919,  p.  Ixiv.) 

Mr.  Buckstone  exhibited  his  series  of  P.  ici/on  as  follows :  —Chalk 
Hills,  above  Otford,  Shoreham,  etc.,  a  large  pale  form  ;  Oxshott, 
the  type  with  several  dwarfs  and  two  females  with  blue  scales,  the 
undersides  of  both  sexes  showing  a  fair  amount  of  variation  both  in 
spots  and  general  coloration;  Wisley,  including  a  deep  black  female; 
Aldershot,  fairly  typical ;  Swannington,  Norfolk,  a  male  with  the 
spots  on  the  underside  very  small  or  missing  ;  Witherslack,  var. 
masseyi. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Mera  exhibited  his  series,  including  var.  inosseiji,  and 
also  a  female  from  Ipswich  with  the  bases  of  all  the  wings  blue. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  long  series  from  Eynsford  and  other 
localities.  He  noted  that  the  form  with  yellow  lanules  averaged 
about  two  per  1000,  and  rather  in  the  males  than  the  females.  On 
the  Kent  hills  the  species  had  all  but  disappeared  three  times  in  the 
course  of  the  last  thirty  years,  with  periods  of  wax  and  wane. 
Extremely  blue  females  were  about  one  in  500.  In  good  years  10% 
would  be  shot  with  blue.  He  had  noticed  that  the  hotter  the  sunny 
period  the  more  blue  the  females.  The  imagines  were  frequently 
observed  to  be  attended  by  ants  when  drying  their  wings. 

Mr.  Sperring  exhibited  the  Oxshott  form,  and  a  short  series  with 
orange  lunules. 

Messrs.  B.  S.  Williams,  A.  E.  Tonge,  and  B.  Swift  exhibited  series 
from  Eynesford,'  Holt  Norfolk,  and  Newton  Abbot  respectively  ;  the 
last  named  showed  an  extremely  dark  female. 

Mr.  Buckstone,  referring  to  the  periodical  scarcity  of  butterflies, 
said  that  at  Shere  A(jriades  coiidon  had  been  very  scarce  this  year 
and  quite  three  weeks  late  in  appearance. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin  remarked  on  the  proneness  of  the  Li/cce)iid(F  to  run 
into  local  forms,  and  also  to  remain  on  a  very  restricted  space.  For 
instance,  he  had  noted  a  specimen  of  Aijriades  tlietis,  easilv  recog- 
nisable by  a  damaged  wing,  day  after  day  frequenting  the  same 
small  space.  He  had  similar  experience  with  Pob/oiiniiatits  icants 
and  A.  coridon.  Such  a  habit  would  tend  to  produce  distinctive 
local  races. 

Mr.  Lister,  in  his  further  remarks,  asked  what  was  the  actual 
cause  of  the  peculiar  mafiseiji  form  ?  There  were  numbers  of  Gulls 
nesting  on  the  ground.     Would  their  presence  be  a  cause  indirectly 


93 

by  affecting  the  plant  growth  ?  No  doubt  there  were  many  factors 
in  the  environment,  but  what  were  they  ?  There  was  much  varia- 
tion in  the  forms  of  viassei/i,  both  in  the  character  of  the  blue  and 
in  the  ground  colour  of  the  underside,  but  although  some  approached 
none  were  as  white  as  the  well-known  var.  hypocMona  form  from  the 
Pyrenees. 

Mr.  Turner  exhibited  a  number  of  further  species  from  the  Digby 
collection  of  Tineidcc,  which  were  about  to  be  placed  in  the  Society's 
cabinet. 

Mr.  Tonge  exhibited  an  underside  of  Pairalh  hetuhp,  with  a  curious 
perfect  circle  beside  the  narrow  silvery  band,  apparently  not  in 
accord  with  the  marking  of  any  Ruralid  species. 

Mr.  Moore  showed  the  very  rare  Popilio  nobilis,  from  the  E. 
African  plains  near  Nairobi. 

Mr.  Bunnett  read  a  short  paper,  "  Notes  on  the  Pupation  of  the 
Nymphalids."     (See  page  32.) 


JANUARY  22nd,  1920. 

The  President  in  the  Chair. 

Annual  Meeting. 

The  Balance  Sheet  was  read  by  the  Hon.  Treasurer,  Mr.  A.  E. 
Tonge,  and  on  its  adoption  presented  an  explanatory  financial 
statement.     (See  pages  x,  xi,  xv.) 

The  Report  of  the  Council  was  read  by  the  Secretary  and  was 
adopted.     (See  page  xii.) 

The  President  announced  the  Officers  and  Council  elected  for  the 
ensuing  year  as  follows  : — 

President.— K.  G.  Blair,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 

Vice-Presidents.— El.  J.  Bunnett,  M.A.,  F.E.S. ,  S.  Edwards, 
F.L.S.,  etc. 

Treasurer.— k.  E.  Tonge,  F.E.S. 

Librarian. — A.  W.  Dods. 

Curator. — W.  West. 

Assistant  Curator. — S.  R.  Ashby,  F.E.S. 

Editor  of  Proceedings. — H.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S. 

Hon.  Secretaries. — Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S.,  etc.  (Corresponding), 
H.  J.  Turner,  F.E.S.  (Report). 

Recorder  of  Attendances. — B.  S.  Williams. 


94 

Hon.  Lanternist. — A.  W.  Dennis. 

Council. — R.  Adkin,  F.E.S.,  R.  T.  Bowman,  L.  E.  Dunstei', 
F.  W.  Frohawk,  F.E.S.,  M.B.O.U.,  Lachlan  Gibb,  F.E.S., 
T.  W.  Hall,  F.E.S.,  N.  D.  Riley,  F.E.S.,  Dr.  G.  C.  Robertson, 
E.  Step,  F.L.S. 

The  President  then  read  the  Annual  Address.     (See  page  34.) 

The  new  President,  Mr.  K.  G.  Blair,  B.Sc,  F.E.S.,  took  the  chair. 

Votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  the  retiring  President,  Treasurer, 
Officers  and  Council,  and  the  Auditors  for  their  services  during  the 
past  year. 


Ordinary  Meeting. 

Messrs.  H.  Morell,  of  Wallington,  and  S.  W.  Harvey,  of 
Sydenham,  were  elected  members. 

Mr.  Garrett  exhibited  an  extremely  dark  suffused  specimen  of 
Aiu/iades  si/hroiim  from  Bexley,  Kent,  very  similar  to  those  from  the 
higher  Swiss  altitudes. 

Mr.  Blair  exhibited  a  living  specimen  of  the  wasp-beetle,  Cb/tiis 
arietift,  just  emerged  from  a  branch  sent  to  the  British  Museum. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  Melitaea  aurinia  from  various 
British  and  continental  localities,  including  a  fine  series  of  the 
variegated  praedara  form  from  Co.  Tyrone,  Ireland,  a  series  of  the 
darker  scota  form  from  the  same  locality,  a  pair  of  the  hibeinica 
form  in  which  the  outer  margins  are  black  and  almost  devoid  of 
lighter  markings,  from  Ireland,  a  series  of  the  sir/nifera  form, 
reddish  fulvous  ground  with  slight  straw  coloured  band  from 
Penarth,  a  series  of  the  large  Llanbedr  form  much  more  variegated 
than  in  si(jiiifera,  Kentish  forms  which  approach  the  provincialis 
race  of  South  France,  which  was  also  shown,  the  somewhat  paler 
forms  of  the  Irish  races  from  Enniskillen  and  Mullingar,  small 
variegated  forms  from  Basingstoke  and  Carlisle  {artemis  ?),  the 
Corsican  form  comparable  to  the  provincialis  form,  but  with  darker, 
more  decided  black  markings,  a  very  large  specimen  from 
Montserrat,  the  dwarf  mountain  form  inerope  from  the  Heuthal, 
Davos,  Albula  Pass,  Campolungo  Pass,  Furka  Pass,  Rift'el  Alp,  a 
brighter  small  form  from  the  Italian  Alps,  and  a  curious  small 
black  and  reddish  form  from  Bavaria.  Heuthal  specimens  were 
extremely  dark,  almost  black,  with  a  minimum  of  straw-coloured 
markings  only.     There  were  also  two  of  the  bright  Oban  specimens. 


95 

A  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  G.  B.  Pearson,  who  had  spent  a  three 
weeks  collecting  trip  in  Jamaica  in  the  latter  part  of  1919, 
communicated  by  Mr.  Sperring. 

Reports  of  the  Field  Meetings  were  read.  (See  pages  57,  GO,  G3,  67.) 
Mr.  R.  Adkin  communicated  the  Report  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion FOR  THB  Advancement  of  Science  :  Conference  of  Delegates- 
of  Corresponding  Societies,  1919. — I  have  to  report  that  I  attended 
the  meetings  of  the  above  Conference  on  Thursday,  September  11th, 
and  Friday,  12th,  at  the  Municipal  College,  Bournemouth,  as  your 
delegate.  The  President  of  the  Conference,  Lord  Montagu  of 
Beaulieu,  read  an  address  on  "  Roads  and  the  History  of  Locomo- 
tion," in  which  he  demonstrated  beyond  question  the  vital 
importance  of  maintaining  the  roads  of  this  country  in  good  going 
order  as  a  means  of  communication  between  town  and  town  and 
village,  and  so  forth.  Questions  brought  forward  for  discussion 
were  "  Atmospheric  Pollution  of  Towns,"  introduced  by  Dr.  J.  S. 
Owens  ;  "  The  Measurement  of  Rain,"  by  Mr.  de  Carle  Salter  ;  and 
"  The  Importance  of  including  Geography  in  the  Curriculum  of 
Higher  Education,"  by  Mr.  T.  W,  F.  Parkinson  :  three  very  diverse 
and  interesting  subjects,  but  I  fear  that  none  of  them  come  within 
the  activities  of  the  majority  of  our  members.  I  apprehend  that  of 
more  interest  to  them  will  be  the  work  of  Section  D,  Zoology, 
where  many  papers  of  the  utmost  importance  were  read,  and  which 
I  hope  to  bring  to  the  notice  of  our  members,  in  detail,  so  soon  as 
the  annual  volume  of  the  Association  is  published. 


INDEX. 


Aberrations,  Special,  of  V.  io,  44 
45,  63,  90  ;  L.  alciphron,  45 
H.  leucophsearia,  46  ;  P.  napi 
48;  L.  hirtaria,  49;  H.  defoli 
aria,  50 ;  H.  fuciformis,  50 
P  atalanta,  50,  62;  C.  edusa 
56,  88,  89 ;  P.  daplidice,  56 
M.  einxia,  59  ;  S.  dulcamara 
59 ;  Cabbage,  59 ;  P.  sageria 
59,  64  ;  B.  eupbrosyne,  62  ;  P 
rapae,  62 ;  A.  urticae,  62 ;  C 
jubata,  63  ;  B.  eupbrosyne,  64 
81  ;  P.  megera,  64  ;  S.  populi 
64 ;  E.  jurtina,  64,  88 ;  M 
tiliae,  62;  C.  aurata,  65;  H 
marginaria,  66;  Z.  filipendulra 
69 ;  C.  graminis,  78  ;  C 
xerampelina,  80;  E.  angularia 
80;  E.  cardamines,  81,  89  ;  H 
byperantus,  81;  D.  papbia,  81 
82 ;  L.  marginaria,  82 ;  A 
populi,  83 ;  A.  caja,  83 ;  H 
prasinana,  84 ;  P.  asgon,  84 
C.  dispar,  85  ;  P.  icarus,  85 
C.  rubi,  88;  T.  fimbria,  88 
T.  comes,  88 ;  T.  crepuscularia 
88;  P.  trifolii,  88;  A.  coridon 
88;  A.  aglaia,  88;  H.  semele 
89  ;  E.  titbonus,  89  ;  0.  desig 
nata,  90;  P.  cbromus,  90;  A 
cydippe,  91  ;  M.  atbalia,  91 
R.  betulse,  93  ;  A.  sylvanus    . . 

Aberrant  larva  producing  aberrant 
imago  ot  C.  jiihata  {glabraria) 

Abundance  of  N.  xanthograpba. . 

"  Acidalia  marginepunctata,"  by 
R.  Adkin  . .       '  . . 

Additions  to  tbe.  Library,  xii ; 
Collections         ..  ..79,  80, 

Annual  Address,  34 ;  Balance 
Sheet,  xiv,  xv ;  Exhibition  of 
"  Other  Orders,"  52  ;    Meeting 

Apogamy  in  British  Ferns 

Apospory  in  British  Ferns 

Asymmetrical  B.  eupbrosyne 

Books,  Hare  and  Old        . .        47, 

Breeding  contrivance 

Breeding  of  D.  abietella  . . 

British  Association 


94 


63 
80 


3 
93 


93 
16 
15 

84 
54 
83 
45 
95 


"British  Batrachians,"  paper  /)_;/ 
G.  A.  Boulenger,  . .        23, 

Brood  of,  C.  pendularia,  65 ;  A. 
urticse 

Bulbil  propagation  in  Ferns 

Chemical  fiction  on  A.  urticse     . . 

Cocoons  of,  H.  humuli  (Neur.)  . . 

Continental    insects,     Palaearctic 
44,  46,  47,  48,  49,  64,  68   69, 

Damage  by  insects,  S.  intricatus, 
55  ;  D.  parallelop:pidus,  55  ; 
Coleoptera  species,  56  ;  T.  viri- 
dana 

Deferred  emergence,  G.  encaustus, 
69  ;    N.  typbas,  78,  A.  coridon 

Disappearance  of,  C.  aurata,  49; 
A,  moschata 

Discovery  of,  A  summary  of  the, 
items  of  biological  interest 
during  tbe  year. . 

Discussion  on,  A.  marginepunc- 
tata, 7  ;  Fern  Variation 

Disease,  Insects  and         . .  . , 

Dispersion  of  insects 

Distinction  between,  M.  pherusa 
and  M.  syllius   . . 

Distribution  Area  of  A.  margine- 
punctata.. 

Donations  . .  cover,  79,  80, 

Dwarf,  A.  coridon,  46;  G.  minuta 

Early  appearance  of,  Cassida 
viridis,  52  ;  Ae.  cyanea 

Economic  Entomology,  Insect 
Forestry,  10 ;  Summary  of 
damage,  36;  Insects  destructive 
to  Forests 

Exhibition  of,  "  Other  Orders," 
52  ;  Living  Objects,  61  ;  Lan 
tern  slides  . .  . .        47, 

"  Fern  Varieties,  British,"  Paper 
by  F.  W.  Thorrington  . . 

Field  Meetings,  Box  Hill,  May 
31st,  57 ;  Effingham  and  Ock- 
ham,  June  21st,  60  ;  Chalfont, 
July  12th,  63  ;  Wimbledon, 
September  6th  . . 

Food,  Insects  as    . . 

Forestry,  Neglect  of 

Frogs,  British 


91 

77 
16 
76 
58 

86 


60 

92 


49 


37 

18 
38 
38 

48 

4 
93 
66 

55 


7,     69 


13 


67 
40 
56 
26 


97 


PAGE 

Genitalia  of,  A.  coridon  ..  ..46 

Genus,  The,  Poutia         . .  . .     47 

Gynandromorphs,  P.  icarus,  50  ; 

C.  argiolus,  81 ;  A.  coridon,  81 ; 

P.  segoii 81,     90 

Habit,  Peculiar,  of  Woodpecker, 

51 ;  of  oviposition  in  T.  bistor- 

tata,  52  ;  var.  dorylloides,  52  ; 

P.  striata,  53  ;  A.  acervorum . .     55 
Honeydew  . .  . .  . .  . .     66 

Hyraenoptera    50,  52,  53,  54,  55,     84 
Ichneumon,  Attacks  by   ..  ..67 

Immigrants,  M.  tittilator,  70  ;   S. 

rhododendri        . .  . .  . .     82 

"  Insects    injurious    to  Forestry, 

Some,"  b}/  B.  W.  Adkin         ..       8 
Lantern  Slides       ..  ..  ..47 

Larvae,   Scarcity  of,  50,   52,   67  ; 

cause  of  death  ot  . .  . .     65 

Life-History  of,  P.  aterrima,  53  ; 

H.   testudinea,  53  ;  T.  domes- 

ticum,  56 ;  M.  vulgaris,  61  ;  L. 

vesicatoria,  61  ;  N.  vespillo  ..  61 
Lines  of  variation  in  A.  urticae  . .  71 
List   of   Members,    iii.  ;    Officers 

and  Council        . .  . .  i,     93 

Local  race  of  E.  jurtina,  66  ;  P. 
aegon       . .  . .  . .  . .     92 

Localities  :     Argentina,    69,    70, 

90;    Box    Hill,    57;    Chalfont, 

63  ;  Cyprus,  46,  47  ;  Effingham, 
60;  Llanberis,  62  ;  New  Forest, 
53  ;  Palestine,    48  ;  Sicily,    48, 

64  ;  Wimbledon,  67  ;  Wisley  . .  60 
Melanic,    H.    leucophsearia,    46  ; 

H.  defoliaria,  50,  59  ;  B.  repan- 

data,   69 ;    A.   urticte,    71  ;    0. 

autumnaria,    78 ;    race    of    T. 

biundularia        . .  . .  . .     87 

"Migration  of  Birds,"  by  F.   W. 

Frohaivk 19,     70 

Mimicry  of  D.  chrysippus  . .     86 

"  Mode     of    Progression    of    the 

Larva  of  C.  nigricella,"  by  E. 

J.  Bunnett  . .  . .  . .        1 

Newts,  British        . .  . .  . .     23 

Nomenclature,    of     A.    margine- 

punctata  . .  . .  . .       3 

Obituary,  34  ;  Lord  Walsingham, 

34;    W.   J.  Ashdown,  34,  79; 

Lieut.  W-  F.  Wolley-Dod,  35, 

64 ;  E.  K.  Inge,  35, 47  ;  Sydney 

Webb,  35  ;  T.  R.  Billups,  35  ; 

J.H.Leslie        66 

Objects  of  the  Society      . .  . .       ii 

Orientation  Instinct  in  Toad  . .  30 
Original  descriptions  of,  A.  urticto 

and  its  aberrations  (references)     74 


PAGE 

Oviposition  of,   M.  vulgaris,  61 ; 

N.  vespillo,  61 ;   L.  vesicatoria     61 
Papers,  List  of      . .  . ,  . .      xi 

Parasites   of,  Bombus,    44 ;    Hy- 
menoptera  . .  . .  . .     84 

Past  Presidents      . .  . .  . .       ii 

Pattern,  Wing,  in  Diptera  . .     53 

Psychides 79,     80 

Publications,  Notable,  of  the  year     35 
Pupation  of,  A.  urticce,  32  ;  V.  io     32 
Races  of,  V.  io,  45  ;  A.  coridon  . .     46 
Rare,  Book,  47,  54  ;  Species,   H. 
conspicillaris,  52  ;  P.  bidentata, 
55  ;    M.    undata,    56,    59  ;    A. 
terminatus,  59  ;   G.  pygmaeus, 
59 ;    C.    aurata,    61,    85  ;    O. 
taurus,   64;  0.   mollis,   66;  S. 
aestivalis,    68 ;    G.    encaustus, 
68  ;  forms  of  A.  urticae,  73  ;  A. 
edwardsi,    82  ;  P.   bianor,    82  ; 
P.    fuliginaria,    82 ;    C.    macu- 
lata,   82;  C.  polyodon,  83;  P. 

nobilis 93 

Report   of   Council,   x,   93 ;  Con- 
ference of  Delegates  of  Corres- 
ponding Societies  of  the  British 
Association         . .  . .  . .     95 

Root   cuttings.  Flowers  borne  by. 
Note  by  W.  Bateson     ..  . .     86 

Scarcity  of,  larvra,  52  ;   P.  icarus, 

65  ;  Butterflies,  65  ;  P.  ffigon  . .     67 
Seasonal  Notes         49,  50,  51,  52, 

60,  63,  65,     67 
Second  brood  of  A.  flava,  65  ;  H. 
prasinana  ..  ..  ..84 

Trees,  Forest         . .  . .  . .       9 

Types  of  Fern  Variation  . .  . .     13 

Variation  in,  A.  marginepunctata, 
6;  British  Ferns,  13,  68;  L. 
aleiphron,  44;  C.  bilineata,  46; 
A  marginepunctata,  57  ;  P. 
daplidice,  56 ;  M.  tili^,  62;  E. 
jurtina,  64 ;  L.  sibilla,  66,  78, 
90  ;  A.  urticae,  70,  89  ;  N. 
xanthographa,  79  ;  D.  paphia, 
80,  90;  N.  centonalis,  84;  A. 
hyperantus,  85  ;  S.  pruni,  85  ; 
C.pamphilus,86;  D. chrysippus 
and  H.  missippus,  87  ;  R. 
phlaeas,  89 ;  A.  coridon,  89  ; 
M.  athalia,  91 ;  P.  aagon,  92  ; 
M.  aurinia  . .  .  •  . .     94 

"  Variation  shown  in  A.  urticre," 
Papers  by  Hy.  J.  Turner,  70 ; 
and  C.  W.  Sperring      . .  . .     74 

ACAEINA. 

bintoni,  Myocoptes  ..  ..37 


98 


PAGE 

natalensis,  Psoioptes 

37 

Amphibia. 

alpestris,  Molge     . . 

25 

arborea,  Hyla 

31 

calamita,  Bufo 

26 

Caudata 

23 

cristixta,  Molge 

23, 

25 

Discoglossidse 

31 

E caudata    . . 

23* 

26 

esculenta,  Eana     . . 

27 

lessonas  (esculenta  var,),  Eana  . . 

27 

Molge  (Triton) 

23 

obstetrieans,  Alytes 

31 

palmata,  Molge 

24 

temporaria,  Eana.. 

26 

tigrinum,  Amblystoma     . . 

25 

vulgaris,  Bufo 

26 

vuJgaris,  Molge     . . 

23, 

25 

Arachnid  A. 

brunnea,  Agroeca . . 

80 

Gasteracantha 

54 

umbratica,  Epeira 

62 

COLEOPTERA. 

abdominalis,  Mordellistena 

59 

abietis,  Hylobius  ..          ..10 

11, 

56 

aculeata,  Mordella 

44 

analis,  Granimoptera 

53 

arietis,  Clytus 

94 

ater,  Abax  . . 

35 

ater,  Hylastes 

10 

aurata,  Cetonia      . .       49,  61 

65, 

85 

bifasciatum,  Ehagium 

53 

biguttata,  Tomoxia 

54 

cancer,  Mnematujii 

36 

cervus,  Lucanus    . . 

56 

coccinea,  Pyrocbroa 

53 

coriarius,  Prionus 

56 

coryli,  Strophosomus 

11 

cunicularius,  Hylastes      . . 

10 

distincta,  Epursea 

36 

distinguenda,  Chrysomela 

61 

domesticum,  Trypodendron 

56 

gabrieli,  Tetropium 

11, 

59 

hebraea  (oeellata  var.),  Anatis 

44 

horticola,  Phyllopertba    . . 

54, 

62 

Hylastes     . . 

11 

Hylobius     . . 

11 

intricatus,  Scolytus 

55 

Meloe          

61", 

84 

minuta,  Gracilia   . . 

66 

Mneniatum 

37 

mollis,  Opilo 

66 

moschata,  Aromia 

49, 

56 

mysticus,  Clytus    . . 

53 

nebulosa,  Cleonus 

54 

nigra  (aurata  var.),  Cetonia 

85 

PAGE 

nitens,  Carabus     . . 

..     54 

nitidula,  Anthaxia 

..     53 

nobilis,  Cassida     . . 

..     53 

noctiluca,  Lampyris 

..     41 

nutans,  Onthophagus 

..     64 

oeellata,  Anatis 

..     44 

palliatus,  Hylastes 

..     10 

parallelopipidus,  Dorcus.. 

..     55 

parallelus,  Abax    . . 

..     35 

pellio,  Attagenu.^  . . 

..     56 

picipes,  Otiorrhynchus     . . 

..      11 

pilula,  Byrrhus 

..     41 

piniperda,  Hylesinus 

..     56 

piniperda,  Hylurgus 

9,     10 

Pissodes 

..     11 

pomonEe,  Elater     . . 

..     53 

prseusta,  Gramnioptera    .. 

..     53 

pygmaeus,  Georyssus 

..     59 

sanguinocoUis,  Ischnomera 

..     53 

sanguinolentus,  Elater     . . 

..     53 

Scarabreidie 

..     37 

Seolytidse    . . 

..     56 

scuteliata,  Leptura 

..     53 

•  sexguttata,  Anoplodera    . . 

..     53 

sexniaculata,  Pachyta 

..     53 

sexpunctatus,  Ptinus 

..     56 

sinuatus,  Agrilus   . . 

..     44 

striatum,  Asemum 

..     53 

taurus,  Onthophagus 

..     64 

terminatus,  Anthocomus. . 

..     59 

tessellatus,  Corymbites     . . 

..     53 

tittilator,  Monohammus  . . 

..     70 

turbatus,  Balaninus 

..     56 

undata,  Megatoma 

56,     59 

variabile,  Callidium 

..     53 

venosus,  Balaninus 

..     56 

vesicatoria,  Lytta 

53,     61 

vespillo,  Necrophorus 

..     61 

viridis,  Cassida 

..     52 

vulgaris,  Melolontha         ..11, 

40,     61 

DiPTERA. 

concinnata,  Compsilura  . . 

..     39 

Corynoneura 

..     37 

crabroniforniis,  Asilus 

..     55 

grossa,  Echinomyia 

..     54 

morsitans,  Glossina 

..     37 

pseudo-hybrida,  Bolitophila 

..     36 

setipennis,  Leptosyna 

..     36 

Stratiomys 

..     84 

Tanytarsus . . 

..     37 

Tipulidie     . . 

..     54 

tripudians,  Gnophomyia.. 

..     36 

Fungi. 

campestris,  Psaliota 

..     68 

citrina,  Eussula     . . 

..     68 

elata,  Psathyra 

..     68 

fulva,  Amanitopsis 

..     68 

99 


PAGE 

strobi,  Peridermium 

..       9 

verrucosum,  Scleroderma 

..     68 

virosa,  Amanita     . . 

..     68 

Hymenoptera. 

acervorum,  Anthophora  . . 

..     55 

oeneus,  Elampus    . . 

..     55 

Anthophora 

..     84 

arenaria,  Cerceris 

..     50 

arcuatus,  Allantus 

..     36 

armatuR,  Diomorus 

..     50 

arvensis,  Mellinns 

..     50 

aterrima,  Phymatocera    . . 

53,     62 

bedeguaris,  Torymus 

..      84 

Bombus 

..      44 

calcaratus,  Diomorus 

..      50 

capitosus,  Crabro  . . 

..     50 

ChrysididiE. . 

..     55 

cingulata,  Andrena 

..     55 

clariiella,  Andrena 

..     55 

clavipes,  Crabro     . . 

..     50 

Colletes 

..     61 

cyanea,  Syntomaspis 

..     50 

divisa,  Dryophanta 

..     50 

dorylloides,  Vespa 

..     52 

EncyrtidiB  . . 

..     35 

erichsoni,  Nematus     .. 

12,     56 

europa>a,  IVIutilla  . . 

44,     54 

fulva,  Andrena 

..     55 

gigas,  Sirex            . .       12,  55, 

64,     78 

glossinse,  Prolselus 

..     37 

interruptus,  Crabro 

..     54 

italicus,  Perilampus 

..     84 

juvencus  =  noctilio 

,.     12 

kollari,  Diomorus. . 

..     50 

larieis,  Nematus    .. 

..     12 

latbburiana,  Nomada 

..     54 

littoralis,  Syntomaspis     .. 

50,     84 

longicornis,    Eucera 

..     55 

megacephalus,  Ceratomus 

..      84 

Megastigmus 

..     12 

morio,  Pemphredon 

..     54 

nigricornis,  Perilampus    . . 

..     84 

noctilio  (juvencus),  Sirex 

..      12 

nitidus,  Monodontomerus 

..      84 

norvegica,  Vespa   . . 

..     50 

papaveris,  Aulax   . . 

..     84 

pendulus,  Stigmus 

..     50 

perkinsoni,  Allantus 

..     36 

persuasoria,  Khyssa 

..     55 

pini,  Pteronus 

..     12 

placida,  Anilasta  . . 

..     60 

punctiger,  Oryiims 

..     84 

roberjectiana,  Nomada     . . 

..     54 

rosee,  Rhodites 

..     84 

rubricola,  Crabro  . . 

..     50 

saltator,  Miris 

..     35 

sertifer,  Pteronus  . . 

..     14 

sispis,  Smicra 

..     84 

striata,  Polyrhachis 
Tenthredinidfe 
terminalis,  Teras  . . 
testudinea,  Hoplocampa  . 
Tubulit'era  . . 
xanthomelas,  Osmia 

Lepidoptera. 
abietella,  Dioryctria 
acauda  (philenor  ab.),  Papilio    . . 
aceris,  Apatela 

achilleje,  Zygsena..  ..        86, 

Acidalia 

addenda  (jurtina  ab),  Epinephele 
adippe  =  cydippe    ..  ..62,78, 

aegeria,  Pararge     . .       59,  63,  64, 
jegon,  Plebeius  67,  81,  84,  90,  91, 
92, 
sescularia,  Alsophila 
aglaia,  Argynnis    . .  . .        67, 

Aglais 

alba  (phlaeas  ab.),  Rumicia 
albicillata,  Mesoleuca 
albipuncta,  Leucania 
albipunctata,  Eupithecia 
albula(lis),  Nola     . . 
aleiphron,  Loweia 
alcippoides  (misippus  ab.),  Hypo- 

limnas     . . 
alcippus  (chrysippus  <(&.), Danaida 
alpina  (medon  race),  Aricia 
araericana,  Hesperia         . .        69, 
angularia,  Ennomos 
archippus,  Danaicla,  Anosia 
arete    (hyperantus    ab.),    Aphan- 

topus 
argiolus,  Celastrina  51,  59, 

artemis  (aurinia  ab.),  Melitsea    .. 
astrarche  =  medon 
atalanta,  Pyrameis  . .        50, 

athalia,  Melitsea    .. 
atmoriella,  Argyresthia    . . 
atrata  (chserophyllata),  Odezia 


page 
52 
35 
84 
53 
55 
55 


aurmia,  Melitsea   . . 
autodice,  Tatochila 
autumnaria,  Oporabia 
badiata,  Anticlea  . . 
belemia,  Anthocharis 
bergi,  Protoparce  .. 
betulae,  Ruralis 
bianor,  Papilio 
bicolorana,  Hylophila 
bilineata,  Camptogramma 
binaria  (hamula),  Drepana 
bistortata,  Tephrosia 
biundularia,  Tephrosia    . . 
bombyliformis,  Hemaris  . . 
brassicae,  Pieris 
blomeri,  Asthena  . . 


50, 


61, 


51, 

6,  59, 


45 

67 
88 
89 
3 
66 
91 
84 

93 
49 
88 
70 
85 
63 
80 
63 
84 
44 

87 
87 
85 
90 
80 
90 

65 
81 
94 
85 
62 
91 
11 
62 
94 
90 
78 
51 
48 
90 
93 
82 
84 
46 
61 
52 
87 
59 
88 
63 


100 


PAOE 

buoliana,  Retinia  . .          . .          . .  45 

ctesonia,  Meganostoma    . .        69,  90 

caja,  Arctia            ..          ..        52,  83 

callidice,  Pontia    . .          . .          . .  47 

callunae    (querciis    var.),    Lasio- 

campa      . .          . .          . .          . .  89 

Candida  (striata  ah.),  Coscinia    ..  48 

cardamines,  Euchloe     59,  60,  81,  89 
carinenta,  Libythea          ..          ..90 

carniolica,  Zygfena           . .          . .  86 

caryee,  Pyrameis    . .          . .          . .  90 

casta,  Fumea         . .          . .          . .  80 

eentonalis,  Nola    . .          . .          . .  84 

centripuncta  (tilise  ah.),  Mimas  ..  62 
eh8erophyllata  =  atrata      ..          ..62 

chlorana,  Erias     . .          . .          . .  84 

chloiidice,  Pontia  . .          . .          . .  47 

cbromus,  Prepona             . .          . .  90 

chrysippus,  Danaida         . .        86,  87 
cingulata     (rhadamanthus     ah.), 

Zygaena  . .          . .          . .          . .  49 

cinxia,  Melitffia      ..          ..        59,  91 

comes,  Triphoena  . .          . .          . .  88 

confusalis,  Nola     . .          . .          . .  84 

conspicillaris,  Xylomiges. .          ..  52 

contiguaria  =  marginepunetata   3,  4 
coridon,  Agriades    46,  65,  66,  67, 

81,  84,  85,  88,  89,  92 

coryli,  Demas        . .          •  •          . .  63 

cratasgana,  Caccecia          . .         . .  86 

erepuscularia,  Tephrosia     57,  87,  88 

erinanensis,  Hydrfecia     . .          . .  66 

cubicnlaris,  Caradrina     . .          . .  37 

cucullatella,  Nola..  ..  ..84 

cyanosticta  (io  ah.),  Vanessa      ..  45 
cydippe  (adippe),  Argynnis        62, 

78,  91 

daplidice,  Pontia  . .         . .        47,  56 

defoliaria,  Hybernia         . .        50,  59 
delanierensis  (erepuscularia  race), 

Tephrosia           ..          ..        57,  88 

designata   (propugnata),   Ochyria  90 

diffusa,  Protoparce            . .          . .  90 

dispar,  Chrysopbanus      . .          . .  85 

dispar,  Ocneria,  Lymantria  9,  39,  62 

domicella,  Hesperia          . .          . .  90 

dorippus    (chrysippus    ah.),    Da- 
naida      . .          . .          . .          . .  87 

dubia  (stcechadis  ab.),  Zygeena  ..  69 

dubitata,  Tryphysa'           . .          . .  57 

edusa,  Colias     48,  51,  56,  68,  88,  89 

edwardsi,  Attaeus  . .          . .  69,  82,  89 

egerides  (segeria  race),  Pararge  . .  59 

encaustus,  Glottula  (Britbys)     . .  68 

epbialtes,  Zygaina             . .          . .  86 

erythrus,  Zygaena. .          ..        69,  86 

etblius,  Calpodes  . .          . .          . .  70 

Eugonia  =  Aglais  . .         ..         ..  70 


PAGE 

Eupithecia . .          . .          . .          . .  63 

euphrosyne,  Brenthis   57,  59,  60, 

62,  64,  81,  84,  89 

fausta,  Teracolus  . .          . .        48,  49 

fercbaultella,  Luffia          . .          . .  80 

filipendulffi,  Zygsena         . .        69,  89 

limbria,  Tripbsena            . .          . .  88 

flava  (thaunias),  Adopsea             ..  65 

flavicornis,  Polyploca       . .          . .  50 

fowleri  (coridon  «/;.),  Agriades  85,  88 
fuciformis,  Hemaris         ..          ..50 

fuliginaria,  Parascotia     . .          . .  82 

furcula,  Cerura      . .          . .          . .  61 

fuscata  (marginaria  ab.),  Hyber- 
nia          . .          . .          . .          . .  66 

galba,  Zizera                     . .          . .  48 

gamma,  Plusia      . .          . .          . .  62 

geryon,  Adscita     ..  ..  ..65 

glabraria  =  jubata . .  ..  ..63 

gordius,  (alcipbron  race),  Loweia  44 

gossypiella,  Gelechia        . .          . .  37 

graminis,  Charasas            . .          . .  78 

granadensis      (alcipbron      race), 

Loweia    . .          . .          . .          . .  44 

grossulariata,  Abraxas     . .          . .  90 

hamata,  Euplcea  . .          . .          . .  40 

hamula  =  binaria  . .  ..  ..61 

heliceoides  (lesbia  rtb.),  Colias    ..  69 

helicina  (edusa  ah.),  Colias         . .  68 

berminata,  Diplodoma     . .          . .  80 

Hesperiidffi  ..  ..  ..69 

bibernica  (aurinia  race),  Melitsa  94 

hirtaria,  Lycia      ..          ..        49,  52 

hispidaria,  Apocbeima     . .        49,  50 

hispulla  (jurtina  race),  Epinephele  64 
bospita   (plantaginis  race),  Para- 

semia      . .          . .          . .          . .  48 

hyperantus,  Aphantopus     65,  81,  85 

hypocbiona  (ajgon  race),  Plebeius  93 
hyperion  =  protodamas     ..          ..66 

icarus,  Polyommatus    48,  50,  65, 

67,  85,  89,  92 
immaculata    (fausta   ah.),    Tera- 
colus          48     \ 

immutaria  =  marginepunctata    3,  4 

immutata  =  marginepunctata     ..  4 

imperialis,  Basilona         . .          . .  70 

intiria    (misippus     race),     Hypo- 
limiias     ..  ..  ..  ..87 

ineanata  =  marginepunctata       3,  4 

indecisa,  Ecpantberia      . .          . .  90 

infulvata  (alcipbron  ab.),  Loweia  45 
infusa,  Agrotis      ..          ..          .,40 

infuscata     (bilineata),     Campto- 

gramma  . .          .            . .          . .  47 

intermedia  (alcipbron  ab.),  Loweia  44 
io,  Vanessa        32,  44,  45,  51,  52, 

63,  90 


101 


Cceno- 


65, 
69, 


irriguata,  Eupithecia 
jasioneata,  Eupithecia  . . 
jubata  (glabiaiia),  Cleora 
jurtina,  Epinephele  60,  64,  66, 
85,  88, 
lanceolata        (byperantus       ab.), 

Aphantopus 
lanceolata    (tiphon    tih. 

nympha  . . 
lapidella,  Luffia     . . 
laricella,  Coleopbora 
leporina,  Acronicta 
lesbia,  Colias 
leucopba3aria,  Hybernia 
lichenea,  Protoparce 
licbenella,  Solenobia 
ligniperda,  Cossus 
liturata,  Semiotbisa 
lonicerse,  Zygsena.. 
lubricipeda,  Spilosoma     . . 
iuridata,  Tepbrosia 
Lycsenidffi  .. 
machaon,  Papilio  . . 
maculaiia,  Venilia 
maculosa  (vanillfe  race),  Dione  . . 
pialviB,  Hesperia   ..  ..59,85, 

margaritosa  (saucia  ah.),  Agrotis 
inarginaria(progemmaria),Hiber- 

nia 
maiginata,  Lomaspilis     . . 
niaiginepunctata,  Acidalia  3,  4,  6, 
masseyi  (ffigon  race),  Plebeius  92, 
matronalis      (plantaginis       ah.), 

Paiasemia 
mauius,  Attacus    . . 
medon  (astrarche),  Aricia 
megera,  Pararge   . . 
meliboeus  (alcipbron  race),  Loweia 
meliloti,  Zjgsena  .. 
melpomene,  Heliconius    . . 
mendica,  Diaphora  ..        61, 

mentbastii,  Spilosoma  . .  66, 
merope  (aurinia  race),  Melitasa  . . 
minioides  (trlfolii  ah.),  Zygcena 


PAGE 

63 
63 
63 


57, 


misippus,  Bypolimnas 
monacba,  Psiluia  . . 
monilifera,  Narycia 
napi,  Pieiis 
nigricella,  Coleopbora 
nigrina    (sibilla    ah.). 


86, 
9, 


48, 

1, 

Limenitis 

78,  81, 

nigrofulvata  (liturata  ah.),  Semio- 
tbisa 
nobilis,  Papilio 
Noctua; 
Noctuidse    . . 
Noiidse 
notata,  Hesperia   . . 


90 

81 

81 
80 
11 
66 
90 
46 
90 
80 
40 
88 
86 
62 
65 
92 
59 
57 
70 
89 
82 

66 

82 
51 
93 

48 
90 
85 
64 
44 
70 
37 
89 
89 
94 
70 
87 
39 
80 
88 
46 

90 


93 
65 
35 
84 
90 


nostrodamus,  Gegenes     . . 
Nycteolidce 

obsoleta  (jegon  ab.),  Plebeius 
obsoleta  (coridon    ab.),   Agriades 
66,  81,  84, 
obsoleta  (tilia?  ab.),  Mimas 
ocellatus,  Smerintbus 
oxytropis,  Zygrena  . .        69, 

pamphilus,  Coenonympba  59,  62, 

81,  85, 
pancratii,  Glottula 

pantaria.  Abraxas 

papbia,  Dryas    37,  66,  78,  80,  81, 

82,  86, 
paphus  (sextus  race),  Protoparce 
partbenias,  Brepbos 
pastoraria  (marginepunctata  ah.), 

Acidalia  .  .■ 

pendularia,  Cosymbia 

pennaria,  Himera.. 

perla,  Bryopbila    . . 

perspicillaris  =  polyodon 

petunise,  Protoparce 

phaon,  Papilio       . .  . .        66, 

pberusa,  Melanargia 

pbilenor,  Papilio  . . 

pblffias,  Rumicia  ..  ..59,85, 

pbcEorrbea,  Nygmia 

Pieris 

pimpinellata,  Eupitbecia 

pini,  Dendrolinius 

pityocampa,  Tbaumatopcea      9, 

plantaginis,  Paiasemia 

plesaura  (pberusa  ah.),  Melan- 
argia 

polycbloros,  Eugonia 

polyodon  (perspicillaris),  Cbloan- 
tba 

Pontia 

populi,  Smerintbus  ..        64, 

potatoria,  Cosmotriche 

praeclara  (aurinia  ab.),    Melitasa 

prasinana,  Hylopbila       ..        65, 

prodromaria  =  strataria 

progemmaria  =  marginaria 

promutata  =  marginepunctata    .. 

propugnata  =  designata    .. 

prorsas  (pruni  ab.),  Strymon 

proteus,  Eudamus 

protodamas  (hyperion),  Papilio., 

provincialis  (aurinia  race),  Meli 
tsea 


PAGE 

49 

84 
81 


pruni,  Strymon     . . 
Pteropboridse 
pudibunda,  Dasychira 
pulcbella,  Utetbeisa 
pulla,  Epicbnopterix 
punctum,  Zygsena. . 


67, 


85 
62 
67 

86 

86 
68 
49 

90 
90 
51 

4 
65 
82 
60 
83 
90 
67 
48 
67 
89 
39 
67 
63 

9 
40 
48 

48 
52 

83 
47 
83 
52 
94 
84 
51 
66 
4 
90 
85 
90 
6C 

94 

85 
34 
67 
48 
80 
86 


102 


I'AGE 

pusaiiii,  Cabera     . .  . .  . .     67 

quenselii,  Oiodemnias     ..  ..48 

quereifolia,  Eutricha        . .  . .     52 

quercinavia,  Ennomos     . .  . .     63 

quercus,  Lasiocampa       . .        52,     89 
rapas,  Pieris  . .  . .  . .     62 

repandata,  Boarmia         . .        66,     69 
resinella,  Retinia  . .  . .  . .     45 

lletinia        . .  . .  . .  . .     11 

revayaiia,  Sarrothripus    . .  . .     84 

rliadanianthus,  Zygasna  . .  . .     49 

I'hamnata,  Scotosia  . .  . .     57 

rhamni,  Gonepteryx     51,  52,  59, 

60,     62 
rubi,  Callophi-ys  59,  GO,  62,     88 

rubicundus,  Zygcena         . .        69,     86 
Ruralidffi  (Theclidfe)         . .  . .     67 

saucia.  Agrotis       . .  . .  . .     82 

scota  (aurinia  rare),  Melitsea      . .      94 
selene,  Brenthis      60,  62,  81,  85,     86 
semele,  Hipparchia  . .  . .     89 

seminigi'ina  (sibilla  ah.),  Limen- 

itis  86 

semisyngrapha      (coiidon      "''•), 

Agriades..  ..  ..  ..88 

sexta,  I'lotoparee  . .         . .         . .     90 

sibilla,  Limenitis     37,  66,  78,  81, 

86,     90 
signifera  (aurinia  race),  Melitsea     94 
sinapis,  Leptosia  . .         . .         . .     81 

Solenobia    . .  . .  . .  . .     80 

splendidella,  Dioryctria  . .  . .     45 

stbecbadis,  Zygsena 

straminata,  Acidalia 

strataiia    (prodromaria),    Pachys 

striata,  Coscinia    . . 

striata  (segon  «6.),  Plebeius 

striata  (coridon  ah.),  Agriades    .. 

strigula,  Nola 

subfasciata(alciphronrt7).),Loweia 

suffusa  (tiliffi  ah.),  Mimas 

syllius,  Melanargia 

sylvanus,  Augiades 

sylvata  (ulniata).  Abraxas         49, 

syngrapba  (coridon  ah.),  Agriades 

tages,  Nisoniades  . . 

testacea,  Liiperina 

testaeeolata       (bilineata       race), 

Camptogramma 
thauniiis  =  flava 
Tbeelida3  =  Ruralidffi 
tbersamon,  Cbrysopbanus 
tbetis,  Agriades     . .  . .        67, 

tlioanliades  (tboas  race),  Papilio 
tboas,  I'apilio 
tilite,  Mimas 
tineana,  Ancylis    . . 
Tineidse 


69,  86 
4 
51 

48 
81 
81 
84 
44 
62 
48 
94 
63 
81 
59 
82 

46 
65 
67 
48 
92 
90 
90 
62 
37 
93 


PAGE 

tiphon,  Ccenonympba       . .  . .  81 

tithoiius,  Epinepbele        . .  . .  89 

togata,  Eupitbecia            . .  . .  63 

Tortricidte  . .          . .          . .  . .  34 

trifolii,  Pacbygastria        . .  . .  88 

trifolii,  Zygrena     . .          . .  . .  70 

transalpina,  Zygajna        . .  . .  86 

triquetrella,  Solenobia      ..  ..80 

tubulosa,  Taleporia           . .  . .  80 

typhas,  Nonagria   . .          . .  . .  78 

ulinata  =  sylvata    ..          ..  ..49 

ulopos  (pbaon  «/j.),  Papilio  ..  07 

undulanus  =  revayana      ..  ..  84 

urticfB,  Aglais    32,  51,  52,  59,  62, 

66,  70,  71,  72,  73,  74,  75,  76, 

77,  78,  89 

valerianata,  Eupitbecia  . .  . .  63 

valesina  (papbia  var.),  Dryas  80, 

81,  82 

vanillre,  Dione        . .          . .  . .  70 

venosata,  Eupitbecia        . .  . .  63 

viduata  (alcipbron  nh.),  Loweia  44 

villica,  Arctia          . .          . .  . .  52 

viridana,  Torfcrix  . .          . .  . .  60 

vogleri,  Citberonia            . .  . .  90 

w-album,  Chattendenia   . .  . .  64 

walkeri  (mentbastri   ah. 

soma 
xantbographa,  Noetua 
xerampelina,  Cirrboedia  . . 
Xyleutes 

xylosteana,  Caccecia 
Zygfena 

MOLLUSCA. 

aspersa.  Helix 

exalbida  (aspersa  ah.).  Helix 

flavus,  Limax 

bortensis,  Helix     . . 

nemoralis.  Helix  . . 

Myriapoda. 

cingulata,  Polydesmus     . . 
Polydesmus 
subspinipes,  Scolopendra 

Mycetozoa. 
utricularis,  Badbamia 

Neoroptera. 

capitata,  Notbocbrysa  . .  . .  54 

ebrysops,  Osmylus  . .  . .  54 

communis,  Panorpa  . .  . .  60 

concinnus,  Hemerobius  . .  54,  58 


Spilo- 
66, 
79, 


80 
80 
90 
86 
69 


55 
55 
62 
50 

37 


55 
55 
55 


50 


103 


PAGE 

PAGE 

danica,  Ephemera            . .          . .     58 

europsEa,  Larix      ..          ..9,11 

,     12 

fuligiiiosus,  Sialis. . 

. .     54 

europaea,  Sanicula 

.      58 

fulviceps,  Nothochrysa 

. .      54 

excelsa,  Picea        . .          . .          9 

,     10 

Sermanica,  Panoipa 

58,     60 

glabrum,  Ligustrum 

.      42 

Iniinuli,  Hemerobius 

..    ■58 

grandis,  Abies 

9 

lutavia,  Sialis 

.       ...      58 

laricio,  Pinus 

.       9 

maculicollis,  Rhaphidia 

..      58 

Larix 

.      12 

orotypus,  Hemerobius 

. .      58 

Lathrasa 

.     69 

perla,  Chrysopa     . . 

..      58 

lucidum,  Ligustrum 

.     42 

quadrifasciatus,  Hemerobius      . .     54 

majus,  Cbelidonium 

.     58 

maritimum,  Pancratium   . 

.     68 

Odonata. 

millefolia,  Achillea 

6 

Orobancbe  . . 

.     69 

ffinea,  Cordulia      . .          . .          . .     60 

pallens,  Cephalanthera    .. 

.     57 

cyanea,  Aeschna   . .          . .          . .     55 

palustris,  Calla 

.     (il 

cyathigerum,  Enallagma           58,     60 

palustris,  Cnicus   . . 

.     66 

imperator,  Anax   . .          . .          . .     60 

Passi flora    .. 

.     70 

nympbrea,  Pyrrhosomus. .          ..     60 

pectinata,  Abies     . . 

.       9 

pritnubila    (quadrimaculata),  Li- 

Pelargonium 

.      86 

bellula 60 

Picea 

.      12 

puella,  Agrion       . .          . .        58,     60 

Pinus 

.      12 

quadrimaculata,  Libellula           . .     60 

plicata,  Thuia 

.       9 

sponsa,  Lestes       . .          . .          . .     60 

podagraria,  Aegopodium.. 

.     61 

vulgatissimus,  Gompbus             . .     54 

pseudacorus,  Iris  . . 

.     66 

ptarmica,  Achillea 

.     60 

Okthopteka. 

reptans,  Ajuga 

.     57 

reptans,  Potentilla 

.       6 

auricularia,  Forficula       . .          . .     55 

salicaria,  Lythrum 

.     68 

bipunctatus,  Tetrix           . .        58,     60 

sitehensis,  Picea    . . 

.       9 

Blattidaa 36 

Skimmia     .. 

.      82 

conspicua  (auricularia  ah.),  For- 

spicata, Phyteuma 

.      (•)9 

ficula 

.      58 

spicata,  Veronica  . . 

.     69 

domesticus,  Gryllus 

.      41 

strobus,  Pinus 

.       9 

paralleius,  Cborthippus   .. 

.     60 

succisa,  Scabiosa  . . 

.     68 

thalassinum,  Meconema.. 

.     60 

sylvestris,  Pinus    ..         9,  11,  1'- 

,     45 

verrucivora,  Tettigonia    . . 

.     41 

syriacus.  Hibiscus 

.      42 

tripolium.  Aster     . . 

.     36 

Phanerogams. 

virens,  Crepis         . .          . . 

6 

vulgaris,  Calluna  .. 

.     68 

ffistivalis,  Spiranthes 

.     ()8 

anglicum,  Sedum.. 
antbropoiAora,  Aceras    . . 

.     69 

.     58 

Pteeidophyta. 

arvensis,  Rosa 

.     61 

aculeatum,  Aspidium       ..        1' 

),     17 

aviculare,  Polygonum 

.       6 

Adiantum   . . 

.     14 

belladona,  Atropa. . 

.     57 

adiantum-nigrum,  Asplenium    . 

.     17 

Bouvardia  . . 

.     86 

Allosorus     . . 

.      14 

baccata,  Taxus 

'J 

alpestre,  Pseudathyrium. . 

.      15 

Bupleurum 

.     69 

angulare,  Aspidium          ..        1. 

h     17 

buxbaumii,  Veronica 

.     69 

aquilina,  Pteris     . .          . .        r 

7,     18 

calcitrapa,  Centaurea 

.     69 

aristata,  Dryopteris 

.     14 

Canna         . .           : 

.     70 

Asplenium  . . 

.     14 

carnosa,  Hoya 

.     86 

Blechnum  . . 

.     14 

cbamtecistus,  Helianthemum     . 

.     58 

Botrychium 

.      14 

chaniffidrys,  Veronica 

.     57 

calcareum,  Polypodium   . . 

.      15 

chinensis,  Fraxinus 

.     42 

Ceterach 

.      14 

communis,  Juniperus 

.       9 

clavatum,  Lycopodium     . . 

.     69 

(louglasii,  Pseudotsuga     . . 

.       9 

cretica,  Pteris 

.     18 

dulcamara,  Solanum 

.     59 

Cystopteris. . 

.     14 

104 


PAGE 

PAGE,  > 

.     41    '. 

dilatatum,  Nephrodium  .. 

..     14 

Coccus 

dryopteris,  Polypodium    . . 

..     15 

coccus,  Dactylopius 

exaltata,  Nephrolepsis 

..      18 

galliifolium,  Myzus 

.     36     ' 

felix-femina,  Athyrium    . . 

..      14 

gei,  Myzus  . . 

.     36 

felix-mas,  Nephrodium    . . 

..     14 

glauei,  Aphis 

.     41 

Hymenophyllacea; 

..     13 

ilicis,  Chermes 

.     41  ' 

lonchites,  Aspidium 

..      15 

lacca,  Tachardia   . . 

.     41 

marinum,  Asplenium 

..     14 

maculatus,  Corizus 

.     82 

montana,  Lastrjea 

..     14 

mercurialis,  Myzus 

.     36 

Nephrodium 

..     14 

pela,  Ericeras 

.     41 

Ophioglossacese 

..     13 

pini,  Pineus 

.     12 

Osmundaceae 

..      13 

rhododendri,  Stephanitis 

.     82 

phegopteris,  Polypodium.. 

..     15 

strobi,  Pineus 

.     12 

Polypodiaceffi 

..     13 

trifolii,  Aphis 

.     36 

pseudo-mas,  Nephrodium 

..      16 

viridis,  Chermes   . . 

.     12 

radicans,  Trichomanes    . . 

..     15 

regalis,  Osmunda  . . 

15,     16 

Thallophvtes. 

ruta-muraria,  Asplenium 

..     14 

selago,  Lycopodium 

..     69 

canina,  Peltigera  . . 

.     69 

thelypteris,  Lastrsea 
trichomanes,  Asplenium.. 

..      14 
..     14 

Not  Classified. 

unilaterale,  Hymenophyllun- 

..     69 

anatifera,  Lepas    . . 

.     19 

viride,  Asplenium. . 

..      11 

apis,  Nosima 

.     40 

vuigare,  Polypodium 

15,     64 

Beauveria   . . 

.     40 

vulgare,  Scolopendrium   . . 

..     11 

berus,  Vipera 

.     61 

Woodsia 

..      15 

cancroides,  Chelifer 

.     53 

cuenoti,  Pleurocystis 

.     37 

Rhynchota. 

longus,  Helodrilus 

.     37 

Nosima 

.     40 

abietis,  Chermes    . . 

..     12 

Podura 

.      18 

abrotaniella,  Aphis 

..     36 

vivipera,  Zootoca  . . 

.     61 

Aphididas    . . 

..     12 

Aphis 

..     41 

beekeri,  Megaccelum 

..     37 

The  varietal  and  aberrational  names 

bidentata,  Pygolampis     . . 

..     55 

of   British   Ferns    (13),   of  A. 

irtica; 

chenopodii.  Aphis 

..     41 

(70),    of  N.  xanthrographa   (80) 

,  and 

Chermes  (Kermes) 

..     41 

of  A.  gros&ulariata  (90),  are   oi 

nitted 

Coccidae 

..     41 

in  the  Index. 

THE    ABSTRACT    OF    PROCEEDINGS 

For   1886,   1887,    1888^9  (1   Vol.), 

1890^|i   (I    Vol.),    1892^3    (I    Vol.), 

1894,    1895,    1896,    1897,    1898,    1899,    1900,    1901, 

1902,    1903,    1904,    1905,    1906,    1907,    1908,    1909, 

1910,    1911,    1912,    1913,   J914,     1915,    1916,    1917 

and  1918 

Are  still  in  print,  and  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Librarian. 

1886,  price  1/6;   1887,  price  2/6;    1888-9  and 

1890-91,  price  3/6  each;    1892-3,  price  8/-; 

1894,  price  2/6 ;  1895,  price  2/- ;  1896,  price  2/6 ; 

1897,  Part  1,  price  2/-;    Part  2,  price  2/-; 

1898,  Part  1,  price  1/-;   Part  2,  price  2/-; 
1899,  price  2/6 ;  1900,  price  2/6 ;   1901,  price  2/- ; 
1902,  price  2/6;   1903,  price^2/-;   1904,  price  2/- ; 
190S,  price  2/6;  1906,  price  2/6;  1907,  price  2/6; 
1908,  price  2/6;  1909,  price  5/-;  1910,  price  4/6; 

1911,  price  4/6;  1912,  price  8/-;  1913,  price  4/-;    - 
1914,  price  4/-;  1915,  price  5/-.;  1916,  price  8/6; 
1917,  price  3/6;  and  1918,  price  4/-. 


N.B.— MEMBERS  are  allowed  a  discount   of  one   third   off  the  above 

prices. 


CONTENTS. 

Officers  and  Council 

Objects  of  the  Society     . . 

Past  Presidents     . . 

List  of  Members  . . 

Balance-sheet        .... 

Report  of  the  Council     . . 

^ode  of  progression  of   the  larvffi  of  Coleophora  nigricella  (Pli 

By  E.  J.  Bunnett,  M.A.,  F.E.S.   ..      -..         ..         .. 

Acidaiia  marginepuncta,  Goze.     By  Robert  Adkin,  F.E.S. . . 
Some  Insects  injurious  to  Forestry.     By  B.  W.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 
British  Fern  Varieties.    By  F.  W.  Thorringfcon 
Migration  of  Birds.    By  F.  W.  Frohawk,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S. 
British  Batraoliiaiis.    By  G.  A.  Boulenf^er,  LL.D.,  D.Sc,  F.E.S. 
Note  on  the  Pupation  of  Agkiis  urtiose  and  Vanessa  io  (Plate  II 

E.  J.  Bunnett,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 
Annual  Address.     By  Stanley  Kdwards,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.a. 
Abstract  of  Proceedings  ..         .. 
Annual  Exhibition  of  "  Other  Orders." 
Exhibition  of  Living  Objects  of  Natural  History 
Variation  in  Aglais  urticse.     By  H.  J.  Turner  and  C.  W.  Sperrin 

Annual  Exhibition   . . 

Annual  Meeting 

Index  . . 


ate  I.). 


By 


MEETINGS    OF    THE    SOCIETY.  \ 

HIBERNIA    CHAMBERS,    LONDON    BRDGE,    SE  ' 

1920.1921.  ■* 

1920  :— August  26th  ;  September  9th,  23rd ;  October   14th,  28tb  ;  ; 

November  nth,  26th;  December  9th.  ' 

1921: — January   18th,  27th  (Annual,  at  7  p.m.);  February  ;; 

loth,  24th;   March  10th,  24th;  April  14th,  28th ;  May  12th,  26tb  ;  i 

June  9th,  24th  ;  July  14th,  28tb.  ^ 

LIBRARY  OPEN  AT  6.30  p.m.,  CHAIR  TAKEN  AT  7  p.m.  j 


Mkmbehs  exhibiting  speciuiens  at  th^  Meetings  of  the  Society 
are  requested  to  be  good  enough  to  hand  to  the  Secretary,  at  tho  u 
Meeting,  a  note  in  -writing  of  tho  generic  and  specific  names  of  all  ' 
specimens  exhibited,  together  with  the  nrmes  of  the  localities  in 
which  such  specimens  were  obtained,  and  any  remarks  thereon 
which  the  exhibitors  hnve  to  make]  In  the  absence  of  such  a  note 
in  writing  the  Secretary  cannot  be  responsible  for  any  errors  in 
connection  with  his  report  of  such  exhibits,  or  for  the  omission  of 
any  reference  thereto  in  the  Proceedings, 


^ 


Proceedind$ 

OF 

THE    SOUTH     LONDON 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  &  NATURAL  HISTORY 

SOCIETY 


I03O*^l 


2  TS  o^U 


PUBLISHED    AT    THE    SOCIETY'S    BOOMS 

HIBBRItIA    OBAMBKRS,   LONDON    BBIDQB,    S.i;. 

•■'••'  ■         ■  ■'  ""  '  -  '■- i'    ■' 

PRICE     FIVE     SHILLINQS. 


|;  Published  by  the  Society ^  with  ^the   assistance  of  the 

REPORT     COMMITTEE: 

)KIN,  K.  G.  BLAIR,  STANLEY  EDWARDS,  E.  STEP  A.  E.  TONCE, 
and  H.  J.  TURNER    Hon.   Editor. 


R.  R.  A.ROHBR,  PRINTEH,  hr,   AVONDALB  SQUARE,    S.K. 


THE    SOUTH     LONDON 

Entomological  &  Natural  History  Society 

(Established  1872) 

HiBERNiA  Chambers,  London  Bridge,  S.E.  1. 
OFFICERS    81    COUNCU.^/..^^^ 

^v,Mt>M   AUG  22  1921     ^^ 

G.  BLAIR,  B.S^F.E.S.    O   5"  3   O  9  !^ 


K. 


STANLEY  EDWARDS,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,   F.E.S 
E.  J.  BUNNETT,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 


R.  ADKIN,  F.E.S. 
T.  L.  BARN'ETT. 
R.  T.  BOWMAN. 
L.  E.  DUNSTER. 
LACHLAN  GIBB,  F.E.S. 


H.  A.  LEEDS. 
N.  D.  RILEY,  F.E.S. 
Dr.  G.  C.  ROBERTSON. 
E.  STEP,  F.L.S. 


S.  R.  ASHBY,  F.E.S. 


A.  W.  DODS. 


H.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S.        98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  14. 

A.  E.  TONGE,  F.E.S.,  Aincioft,  Grammar  School  Hill,  Reigate. 

S.  EDWARDS,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  etc.  {General  Sec), 

15,  St.  German's  Place,  Blackbeath,  S.E.  3. 
H.  J.  TURNER,  F.E.S.,  98,  Drakefell  Road,  New  Cross,  S.E.  14. 


THE     SOUTH     LONDON 

ENTOMOLOGICAL  AND  NATURAL  HISTORY  SOCIETY, 

HIBERNIA   CHAMBERS,   LONDON    BRIDGE,   S.E. 


The  Society  has  for  its  object  the  diffusion  of  Biological  Science,  by 
means  of  Papers  and  Discussions,  and  the  formation  of  Typical  Collec- 
tions. There  is  a  Library  for  the  use  of  Members.  Meetings  of  the 
Members  are  held  on  the  2nd  and  4th  Thursday  evenings  \n  each  month, 
from  Seven  to  Ten  p.m.,  at  the  above  address.  The  Society's  Rooms  are 
easy  of  access  from  all  parts  of  London,  and  the  Council  cordially  invites 
the  co-operation  of  all  Naturalists,  especially  those  who  are  willing  to 
further  the  objects  of  the  Society  by  reading  Papers  and  exhibiting 
Specimens. 


SUBSCRIPTION. 

2'e)i    Sliilliii(is    per  Annuui,   witJi   coi   K)itiaiire    Fee  of   'iim   S/n'llings 

and   Si.v/ience. 

All  Communications  to  be  addressed  to  the  Hon.   Gen.   Secretary, 

STANLEY  EDWARDS,  F.L.S.,  c^c, 

15,  St.  German's  Place,  Blackheath,  S.E.  3. 


PAST     PRESIDENTS. 


1872-4. .   J.  R.  Wellman  (dec). 
1875-6..   A.  B.  Earn,  F.E.S. 

1877  ..   J.  P.  Baekett,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1878  ..   J.  T.  Williams  (dec). 

1879  . .   R.  Standen,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1880  ..   A.  FicKLiN  (dec). 

1881  ..   V.  R.  Perkins,  F.E.S. 

1882  ..   T.  R.  BiLLUPS,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1883  . .   J.  R.  Wellman  (dec). 

1884  ..   W.  West,  L.D.S.  (dec). 

1885  ..  R.  South,  F.E.S. 
1886-7..  R.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 
1888-9..   T.  R.  BiLLUPS,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1890  ..   J.    T.  Carrington,   F.L.S. 

(dec.) 

1891  ..  W.H.TuG\VELL,PH.C.(dec.) 

1892  ..   C.G.  Barrett, F.E.S.  (dec) 

1893  ..   J.  J.  WEiR,F.L.S.,etc.(dec) 

1894  ..   E.  Step,  F.L.S. 


1895     . .   T.  W.  Hall,  F.E.S. 
189(5     ..   R.  SoDTH,  F.E.S. 

1897  ..   R.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 

1898  . .   J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  (dec). 

1899  ..   A.  Harrison,  F.L.S.  (dec). 

1900  . .   W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 

1901  ..   H.  S.  Fremlin,  F.E.S.,  etc 

1902  . .   F.  NoAD  Clark. 

1903  ..   E.  Step,  F.L.S. 

1904  ..   A.  Sigh,  F.E.S. 

1905  ..   H.  Main,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 
190(>7.  .   R.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 
1908-9..   A.  SicH,  F.E.S. 
1910-11.    W.  J.  Kaye,  F.E.S. 
1912  13.    A.  E.  ToNGE,  F.E.S. 
1914-15.  B.  H.  Smith,  B.A.,  F.E.S. 
1916-17.  Hy.  J.  Turner,    F.E.S. 
1918-19.  St.\nleyEd\vards, F.L.S., etc 
1920    . .   K.  G.  Blair,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 


LIST    OF    MEMBERS. 


Chief  subjects  of  Study  : — /;,  Hymenoptera  ;  o,  Orthoptera  ;  ]ie,  Hemiptera; 
n,  Neuroptera ;  c,  Coleopteia ;  (/,  Diptera  ;  Z,  Lepidoptera  ;  ool,  Oology  ;  orn. 
Ornithology ;  r,  Reptilia ;  )ii.  MoUusca ;  cr,  Ciustacea  ;  h,  Botany  ;  mi.  Microscopy 
e,  signifies  Exotic  forms. 

Year  of 
Election. 

1920  Abbot,  S.,  110,  Inchmary  Road,  Catford,  S.E.  6.     L 

1886  Adkin,  B.  W.,  F.E.S.,  Trenowith,   Hope  Park,  Bromley,  Kent. 

I,  orn. 
1882  Adkin,  R.,  f.e.s..  Council,  Hodeslea,  Meads,  Eastbourne.     I. 
1901  Adkin,  R.  A.,  Hodeslea,  Meads,  Eastbourne.     >ii. 
1907  Andrews,  H.  W.,  f.e.s.,  Woodside,  Victoria  Road,  Eltham, 

S.E.  9.     d. 
1901   Armstrong,  Capt,  R.  R.,  b.a.,  b.c.  (Cantab),  m.r.c.s.,  f.r.c.p., 

6,  Castelnau  Gardens,  Barnes,  S.W.  13.     e,  I. 
1919  Ash,  D.  V.,  Asbleigh,  Hook  Road,  Surbiton.     I. 

1895  AsHBY,  S.  R.,  F.E.S.,  37,  Hide  Road,  Harrow,     c,  I. 

1888  Atmore,  E.  a.,  f.e.s'.,  48,  High  Street,  King's  Lynn,  Norfolk.  I. 

1921  Baker,  G.   S.,  7,   Fawcett  Street,    W.    Brompton,    London, 

S.W.  10.     I. 

1896  Barnett,  T.  L.,  19,  Osmond  Gardens,  Wallington,  Surrey,   I. 

1887  Barren,  H.  E.,  78,  Lyndhurst  Road,  Peckham,  S.E.  15.     I. 
1921  Bates,  John,  81,  Birkbeck  Mansions,  Hornsey,  N.  8. 

1912  Bateson,  Dr.   W.,  f.r.s.,  f.l.s.,    f.e.s.,   The   Manor   House, 

Merton,  Surrey.      {Hon.  Member.) 
1911   Blair,    K.    G.,    b.sc,    f.e.s..     President,    "  Claremont,"     120, 

Sunningfieids  Road,  Hendon,  N.W.  4.     n,  c. 
1911  Blenkarn,  S.  a.,  f.e.s.,  Burford  Lodge  Cottage,  West  Humble, 

Doiking.     I,  c,  odonata. 
1898  Bliss,  M.  F.,  Capt.,  m.c,  m.r.c.s.,  l.r.c.p.,  f.e.s.,  130,  High 

Down  Road,  Luton,  Beds.     I. 
1909  Bowman,  R.  T.,  Council,  68,  Mornington  Road,  Chingford.     I. 
1919  Box,  L.  A.,  Lieut.,  f.e.s.,  80,  Northampton  Road,  Croydon,  h. 
1909  Bright,  P.   M.,   f.e.s.,   Coiebrook   Grange,  58,  Christchurch 

Road,  Bournemouth.     Z. 
1921  Bristowe,  W.  S.,  Ashford  House,  Cobham,  Surrey. 
1909  Buckstone,  A.  A.  W.,  807a,  Kingston    Road,  Merton   Park, 

Wimbledon,  S.W.  19.     l. 


Year  of 
Election. 

1915  BuNNETT,  E.   J.,   w.A.,  I'.E.s.,    \' ice- Pic'sidefit,    19,   Silverdale, 

Sydenham,  S.E.  26.     mi. 
1890  BuTLEK,  W.  E.,  F.E.S.,  Hayling  House,  Oxford  Road,  Reading. 

I,  c. 
1889  Cant,  A.,  f.e.s.,  33,  Fasting  Road,  Putney,  S.W.  15.     I,  mi. 

1910  Gardew,  Major  P.  A., 

1886  Cabpentkr,    J.    H.,    Redcofc,    Belmont    Road,    Leatherhead, 

Surrey.     I. 
1899  Carr,  F.  B.,  46,  Handen  Road,  Lee,  S.E.  VI.     I. 
1899  Carr,  Rev.  F.  M.  B.,  ma.,  l.th.,  The  Vicarage,  Alvanley,  Nr. 

Helsby,  Cheshire.     I,  n. 

1897  Chapman,  T.  A.,   m.d.,   f.r.s.,   f.e.s.,  f.z.s.,   Betula,   Reigate, 

Surrey.     I. 
1879   Clode,  W.      {Life  Memher.) 
1915  Cockayne,  E.  A.,  m.d.,  f.e.s.,  65,  Westbourne  Terrace,  W.  2.  I. 

1920  CoLHouN,  W.  P.,  Magilligan,  Co.  Derry,  Ireland. 

1899  CoLTHRUP,  C.  W.,  68,  Dovercourt  Road,  E.  Dulwich,  S.E.  22. 

I,  ool,  orn. 
1907  CooTE,  F.  D.,  25,  Pendle  Road,  Streatham,  S.W.  6.     I,  h. 
1919  CoppEARD,  B.,  13,  King's  .\ venue,  Windmill  Lane,  Southall.  I. 

1919  Cornish,  G.  H.,   141,  Kirkham  Street,  Plumstead  Common, 

S.E.  18.     I,  c. 

1921  Cottam,  Major  T.  AL,  13,  Waldegrave  Park,  Twickenham.     I. 

1909  GouLsoN,  F.  J.,   17,  Birdhurst  Road,  Colliers  Wood,  Merton, 

S.W.  19.     l. 
1918  Court,   T.  H.,   De   Aston  Grammar   School,  Market  Rasen, 

Lincolnshire.     I. 
1902  CowHAM,  F.  W.,  118,  Minard  Road,  Hither  Green,  S.E.  13.   l. 

1920  Cocks,  F.  W.,  26,  Crown  Street,  Reading.     I. 

1911  CoxHEAD,  G.   W.,  36,  Linthorpe  Road,  Stamford  Hill,  N.  16. 

Life  Member,      c. 

1899  Crabtree,  B.  H.,  F.E.S.,  Holly  Bank,  Alderley  Edge,  Cheshire.  I. 
1918  Craufurd,  Clifford,  Home  Summer  Road,  E.  Molesey.     Z. 
1920  Crocker,  Capt.  VJ.,  41,  Salisbury  Road,  Bexley,  Kent.     I. 

1898  Crow,  E.  J.,  26,  Tindal  Street,  North  Brixton,  S.W.  9.     I. 

1910  CuRWEN,  B.  S.,  9,  Lebanon  Park,  Twickenham.     I. 

1888  Dawson,  W.  G.,  f.e.s.,  12,  Bromley  Grove,  Shrublands,  Kent. 
(Life  Member.)     I. 

1900  Day,  F.  H.,  f.e.s.,  26,  Currock  Terrace,  Carlisle.     I,  c. 

1912  Dexter,  S.,  12,  Stiles  Way,  Beckenham.     Z. 


V 
Year  of 
Election. 
1889  Dennis,  A.   W.,   56,  Romney  Buildings,  Millbank,  S.W.   1. 

I,  )iii,  h. 
1918  DixEY,  F,   A.,   M.A.,    M.D.,  F.R.S.,    Wadham  College,   Oxford. 

Hon.  Member. 
1901   DoDs,  A.  W.,   Hon.  Librarian,  88,  Alkham  Road,   Stamford 

Hill,  N.  16.     I. 
1921  DoLTON,  H.  L.,  36,  Chester  Street,  Oxford  Road,  Reading. 
1912  DuNSTER,  L.  E.,  Coiinril,  44,  St.  John's  Wood  Terrace,  N.W. 

8.     I. 

1886  Edwards,     S.,     f.l.s.,     f.z.s.,    f.e.s.,    Vice-President,    15,    St. 

German's  Place,  Blackheath,  S.E.  3.     I,  el. 
1920  Enefer,  F.  W.,  2,  Blackheath  Vale,  S.E.  3. 
1915  Fagg,  T.  a.,  55,  Mt.  Pleasant  Road,  Lewisham,  S.E.  13.     I. 
1920  Farmer,  J.  B.,  81,  Crowhurst  Road,  Brixton,  S.W.  9.     l. 

1918  Farquhar,  L.,  10,  Gray's  Inn  Square,  W.C.  1.     I. 

1887  Fletcher,   W.  H.  B.,  m.a.,  f.e.s.,  Aldwick  Manor,   Bognor, 

Sussex.     {Life  Member.)     I. 
1889  Ford,  A.,  South  View,  36,  Irving  Road,  West  Southbourne, 

,  Bournemouth,  Hants.     I,  c. 
1920  Ford,  L.  T.,  St.  Michael's,  Park  Hill,  Bexley,  Kent.     L 
1915  Foster,  T.  B.,  14,  Parkview  Road,  Addiscombe,  Croydon.     L 
1907  Fountains,  Miss  M.  E.,  f.e.s.,  1727,  Wilcox  Avenue,  Holly- 
wood, Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  U.S.A.     L 
1912  Freeman,   C.  N.,  54-5,  Coleman  Street,  E.G.  2.     Z. 
1886  Fremlin,  Major  H.  S.,  m.r.c.s.,  l.r.c.p.,  f.e.s.,  "  Markinch," 
Nether  Street,  N.  Finchley. 

1919  Frisby,  G.  E.,  f.e.s.,  79,  Darnley  Road,  Gravesend.     hyni. 
1912  Frohawk,  F.   W.,  M.B.O.U.,  F.E.S.,  Council,  "  Uplands,"  Thun- 

dersley,  Rayleigh,  Essex.     I,  or)i. 
1915  Fryer,  Gordon,  L.  D.  S.,  52,  London  Road,  Twickenham.     I. 
1914  Fryer,  J.  C.  F.,  f.e.s..  Board  of  Agriculture  and  Fisheries,  4, 

Whitehall  Place,  S.W.  1.     /. 
1911  Gahan,  C.   J.,   D.se.,  M.A.,  F.E.S.,  British    Museum    (Natural 

History),  South  Kensington,  S.W.  7.     c. 

1920  Gauntlett,  H.  L.,  45,  Hotham  Road,  Putney,  S.W.  15.     I.    ■ 
1920  Garrett,  H.,  83,  Bourne  Road,  Bexley,  Kent.     I. 

1917  GiBB,  E.  M.,  c/o  L.  Gibb,  38,  Blackheath  Park,  S.E.  3. 
1884  Gibb,  L.,  f.e.s..  Council,  38,  Blackheath  Park,  S.E.  3.     (Life 

Member.)      I, 
1920  Goodman,  A.  de  B.,  210,  Goswell  Road,  E.G.  1.     I. 


VI 
Year  of 
Election. 

3  920  Goodman,  0.  R.,  210,  Goswell  Road,  E.C.  1.     I. 
190H  Green,  E.  D.,  17,  Manor  Park,  Lee,  S.E.  13.     I. 

1918  Green,  E.  E.,  f.e.s..  Ways  End,  Camberley,  Surrey,     hem. 
1920  Grosvenor,  T.  H.  L.,  f.e.s.,  8,  Gloucester  Road,  Redhill.     I. 

1888  Hall,    A.    E.,   f.e.s.,    f.r.h.s.,    Cranfield    House,    Southwell, 

Notts.     I. 
1884  Hall,  T.  W.,  f.e.s.,  Council,  61,  West  Smithfield,  E.C.  1.     I. 

1891  Hamm,  a.  H.,  f.e.s.,  22,  Southfields  Road,  Oxford.     I. 

1911  Harris,  P.  P.,  13,  Crawford  Gardens,  Gliftonville,  Margate.  I. 
1920  Harvey,  S.  W.,  28,  Hillmore  Grove,  Sydenham,  S.E.  26.  mi. 
1903  Hare,  E.  J.,  f.e.s.,  4,  New  Square,  Lincoln's  Inn,  W.C.  2.     I. 

1913  Haynes,  E.  B.,  17,  Denmark  Avenue,  Wimbledon,  S.W.  19.  I. 
1920  Hemming,  A.  F.,  f.z.s.,  f.e.s..  Treasury  Chambers,  Whitehall, 

S.W.  1.     I. 
1920  Hodgson,  S.  B.,  3,  Bassett  Road,  N.  Kensington,  W.  10. 
1911  Holding,  A.,  95,  Kyverdale  Road,  Stoke  Newington,  N.  16.     I. 

1889  Horne,  a.,  f.e.s.,  "  Bonnena-Coille,"  Murtle,  Aberdeenshire. 

1919  Humphreys,  J.  A.,  39,  Shirlock  Road,  Hampstead,  N.W.  3.  I. 

1914  Jackson,  W.  H.,  Pengama,  14,  Woodcote  Valley  Road,  Purley.  I. 
1886  Jager,  J.,  65,  St.  Quentin's  Avenue,  North  Kensington,  W. 

10.     I. 

1918  Johnstone,  D.  C,  Brooklands,  Rayleigh,  Essex.     I. 

1920  Joicey,  J.   J.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  F.R.G.S.,  etc.   The  Hill,  Witley, 

Surrey,     I. 
1920  Jump,  k.C,  108,  Trinity  Road,  Wandsworth  Common,  S.W.17. 
1898  Kaye,  W.  J.,  F.E.S.,  Caracas,  Ditton  Hill,  Surbiton,  Surrey. 

I,  S.  American  I. 
1900  Kemp,  S.  W.,  b.a.,  Indian  Museum,  Calcutta.     I,  c. 
1910  Kidner,  a.  R.,  The  Oaks,  Station  Road,  Sidcup,  Kent.     I. 
1914  Leeds,  H.  A.,  2,  Pendcroft  Road,  Knebworth,  Herts.     I. 

1919  Leman,    G.    C,   f.e.s.,    Wynyard,    152,    West   Hill,    Putney 

Heath,  S.W.  15.     c 

1919  Leman,  G.  B.   C,  f.e.s.,   Wynyard,   152,   West   Hill,  Putney 

Heath,  S.W.  15.     c. 

1920  Lindeman,  F.,  7,  Rua  Dereita,  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil.     I. 

1896  Lucas,  W.  J.,   b.a.,  f.e.s.,  28,  Knight's  Park,   Kingston-on- 
Thames.      Brit,  o.,  odunata,  n,  )ii,  b. 

1921  Lyle,    G.     T.,     f.e.s.,     Sunthorpe,     St.     George's    Road, 

Wallington. 

1892  Main,   H.,  b.sc,  f.e.s.,    Almondale,    Buckingham    Road,    S. 

Woodford,  E.  18.     I. 


Vll 

Year  of 
Election. 

1921  Mann,  G.  B.  H.,  The  Ingle  Nook,  Ashtead,  Surrey. 
1889  Mansbridge,  W.,  F.E.S.,   Dunraven,  Church  Rd.,  Wavertree, 

Liverpool.     I,  c,  etc. 
1916  Mason,  G.  W.,  99,  Seaford  Road,  Ealing,  W.5.     I. 
1885  Meka,  a.  W.,  5,  Park  Villas,  Loughton,  E.ssex.     I. 
1881  Miles,  W.  H.,  f.e.s.,  Grosvenor  House,  Calcutta.      Post  Box 

]  26.     mi,  b. 
1889  Moore,  H.,   f.e.s.,    12,   Lower    Road,   Rotherhithe,   S.E.16. 

I,  li,  d,  f  I,  e  h,  e  d,  mi. 

1910  MoRFORD,    D.    R.,     16,     Spencer    Road,    Cottenham     Park, 

Wimbledon,  S.W.  19.     I. 

1911  MoRicE,  The  Rev.  F.  D.,  m.a.,  f.e.s.,  Brunswick,  Mt.  Hermon, 

Woking.      (Life  Member.)      h. 
1920  MoRisoN,  G.  D.,  100,  Fielding  Road,  Bedford  Park,  W.  4. 
1920  MoRRELL,  H.  A.,  Heathdene,  Wordsworth  Rd,  Wallington.    I. 

1912  Neave,  B.    W.,  Lyndhurst,  95,   Queen's  Road,  Brownswood 

Park,  N.  4.     I. 
1906  Newman,  L.  W.,  f.e.s.,  Salisbury  Road,  Bexley,  Kent.     I. 

1918  NiMMY,  E.  W.,  F.E.S.,  296,  High  Holborn,  W.C.I.     I. 

1911  Page,    H.    E.,    f.e.s.,    Bertrose,   Gellatly  Road,  New  Cross, 

S.E.14.     I. 
1915  Pearson,  G.  B.,  812,  Stevenson  Avenue,  Pasadena,  California, 

U.S.A.     I. 
1908  Pennington,  F.,  Oxford  Mansions,  Oxford  Circus,  W.  1.     I. 
1880  Perkins,  V.  R.,   f.e.s.,  Wotton-under-Edge,  Gloucestershire. 

I,  h,  d. 
1887  Porritt,  G.  T.,  F.L.S.,  f.e.s.,  Elm  Lea,  Dalton,  Huddersfield. 

I,  n. 

1912  PouLTON,    Prof.    E.     B.,    d.sc,    m.a.,    f.r.s.,    f.l.s.,    f.e.s., 

Wykeham  House,  Oxford.      {Hon.  2Iember.) 
1897  Brest,  E.  E.  B.,  1  and  2,  Chiswell  Street,  E.C.  1.     I. 

1919  Preston,  N.  C,  32,  Danfcer  Road,  Fulham,  S.W.  6.     I. 

1904  Priske,  R.   a.  R.,  f.e.s.,  9-,  Melbourne  Avenue,  W.  Ealing, 
W.  5.     I,  m. 

1919  QuiLTER,   H.   J.,   Fir  Cottage,   Kiln  Road,  Prestwood,  Great 

Missenden.     I. 
1902  Rayward,  a.  L.,  f.e.s.,  52,  Addiscombe  Road,  Croydon. 
1887  Rice,    D.    J.,    8,    Grove    Mansions,    North    Side,    Clapham 

Common,  S.W.  4.     orn. 

1920  Richardson,  A.  W.,  28,  Avenue  Road,  Southall. 


Vlll 
Year  of 
Election. 

1902  RiLKY,  N.   D.,   F.E.S.,  Council,    5,   Brook  Gardens,  Beverley 

Road,  Barnes,  S.W.  13. 

1919  Roberts,  J.  G.,  1,  Segary  Villas,  Hadley  Road,  New  Barnet. 

1910  Robertson,   G.   S.,   m.d.,    Conncil,    St.   Anne's,   72,   Thurlow 

Park  Road,  Dalwich,  S.E.  21.     I. 
1894  Robinson,  Leigh,  f.z.s. 

1911  Robinson,  Lady  Maud,  f.e.s.,  Worksop  Manor,  Notts.     I,  n. 

1920  Rothschild,  The  Right  Hon.  Lord,  d.sc,  f.r.s.,  f.l.s.,  f.z.s., 

f.e.s. ,  Tring,  Herts.     I.      {Life  Member.) 
1887  RouTLEDGE,  G.  B.,  F.E.S.,  Tarn  Lodge,  Heads  Nook,  Carlisle. 

I,  c. 
1904  Rowland-Brown,  H.,  f.e.s.,  Oxhey  Grove,  Harrow  Weald.     I. 
1890  RowNTREE,  J.  H.,  Scalby  Nabs,  Scarborough,  Yorks.     l. 

1921  RuGGLEs,  Hy.,  146a,  Southfield  Road,  Bedford  Park,  W.  4. 
1898  Russell,  A.,  Wilverley,  Dale  Road,  Parley.     I. 

1915  Russell,   S.  G.  C,  f.e.s.,  Roedean,   The  Avenue,  Andover 

Junction,  Hants. 
1908  StAubyn,     J.    S.,    F.E.S.,     Sayescourt    Hotel,    2,    Inverness 

Terrace,  Bayswater,  W.  2. 
1914  ScHMAssMANN,     W.,    F.F,.s.,    Beuhih    LodgB,    London    Road, 

Enfield,  N.     l. 

1910  Scorer,  A.  G.,  f.e.s.,  Hillcrest,  Chilworth,  Guildford.     I. 

1911  Sennett,   Noel    S.,    Lieut.    R.N.V.R.,   f.e.s.,    24,    De    Vere 

Gardens,  Kensington,  W.  8.     c. 
1910  Sheldon,  W.  G.,  f.e.s.,  Youlgreave,  South  Croydon.     I. 
1898  SicH,  Alf.,  f.e.s.,  Corney  House,  Chiswick,  W.  4.     I. 
1920  SiMMs,  F.  H.,  The  Farlands,  Stourbridge. 
1920  SiMMS,  H.  M.,  B.sc,  The  Farlands,  Stourbridge. 

1903  Smallman,    R.    S.,    f.e.s.,    Eliot    Lodge,    Albemarle    Road, 

Beckenham,  Kent.     I,  c. 
1908  Smith,  B.  H,,  b.a.,   f.e.s.,  Frant  Court,  Frant,  nr.  Tuubridge 

Wells.     /. 
1920  Smith,  S.  Gordon,  f.e.s.,  li^styn,  Boughton,  Chester.     I. 
1890  Smith,  William,  13,  St.  Mirren  Street,  Paisley,     l. 
1882  South,    R.,     f.e.s.,     4,     Mapesbury    Court,     Shoot-up-Hill, 

Brondesbury,  N.W.2.     I,  c. 
1908  Sperring,  C.  W.,  8,  Eastcombe  Avenue,  Charlton,  S.E.  7.      l. 

1920  Stafford,  A.  E.,  98,  Cowley  Road,  Mortlake,  S.W.  14. 

1921  Staniland,  L.  N.,  f.e.s.,  Trevvint,  Coppett's   Road,  Muswell 

Hill,  N.  10. 
1872  Step,  E.,  f.l.s.,  Conncil,  158,  Dora  Road,  Wimbledon  Park, 
S.W.  19.     b,  ni,  cr ;  Insects,  all  OnlerL 


Year  of 
Election. 

1916  Stewart,     H.     M.,     m.a.,    m.d.,    123,    Thurlow    Park    Road, 
Dulwich,  S.W.  21.     I. 

1910  Stoneham,  Capt.  H.  F.,  f.e.s.,  Stoneleigh,  Keigate.     orn,  I. 
1913  Storey,  Gilbert,  f.e.s.,  Depfc.  of  Agriculture,  Cairo,  Egypt. 

Econ.  Knt. 

1911  Stowell,  E.  a.  C.,b.a.,  Eggars  Grammar  School,  Alton,  Hants. 
1920  Swift,  K.,  Cilmory,  Knoll  Road,  Bexley.     I. 

1916  Syms,  E.  E.,  f.e.s.,  22,  Woodlands  Avenue,  Wanstead,  N.E.  l. 
1920  Talbot,  G.,  f.e.s.,  The  Hill  Museum,  Witley.     I. 

1894  Tarbat,  Rev.  J.  E.,  m.a..  The  Vicarage,  Fareham,  Hants.     I, 

Ool. 

1913  Tatchell,  L,,  f.e.s.,  43,  Spratt  Hill  Road,  Wanstead.  E.  11.  I. 

1910  Towle,  p.  H.,  f.e.s.,  Cranleigh,  Nower  Hill,  Pinner.     I. 

1911  Todd,  R.  G.,  f.e.s.,  54,  Hornsey  Lane,  Highgate,  N.  6.     I. 
1902  ToNGE,    A.    E.,    F.E.S.,    Hon.    Treasurer,    Aincroft,   Grammar 

School  Hill,  Reigate.     I. 
1887  Turner,  H.  J.,  f.e.s,,  Bon.  Editor,  98,  Drakefell  Road,  New 

Cross,  S.E.  14.     I,  c,  n,  he,  b. 
1889  Wainwright,  C.  J.,  f.e.s.,  139,  Hamstead  Road,  Handsworth, 

Staffs.     I,  d. 
1911  Wakely,   L.   D.,  11,  Crescent  Road,   Wimbledon    Common, 

S.W.  19.     I. 
1880   Walker,  Comm.  J.  J.,  m.a.,  f.l.s.,  f.e.s.,  "  Aorangi,"  Lonsdale 

Road,  Summertown,  Oxford.     I,  c. 
1920  Watson,  D.,  12,  Park  Place,  Gravesend. 
1911  Wells,  H.  0.,  Inchiquin,  Lynwood  Avenue,  Epsom.     I. 
1920  West,  W.,  29,  Cranfield  Road,  Brockley,  S.E. 

1911  Wheeler,  The  Rev,  G.,  m.a.,  f.z.s.,  f.e.s.,  28,  Gordon  Square, 

W.C.  1.     l. 
1887  Whiffen,  W,  H.,  Holmwood  Lodge,  Laton  Rd.,  Hastings.     I. 

1914  Williams,  B.  S.,  77,  Durham  Road,  E.  Finchley,  N,  7,     I. 

1912  Williams,    C,    B.,    b,a.,    f.e.s.,    Department    of    Agriculture, 

Trinidad.     I. 
1920  Wightman,  a,  J,,  35,  Talbot  Terrace,  Lewes,  Sussex,     I. 
1920  Withycombe,  C,  L,,  12,  Prospect  Hill,  Walthamstow,  E.  17, 

I,  b. 
1918  Wood,   H,,  Albert  Villa,  Kenningbon,  near  Ashford,  Kent.     I. 

1917  Woolacott,  H,  R,,  Hightilt  Farm,  Cranbrook,  Kent,     I. 
1920  Young,   G,   W.,  f.e.s.,  f.r.m.s.,   20,    Grange   Road,   Barnes, 

S.W.  13. 

Members  will  greatly  oblige  by  informing  the  Hon.  Sec.  of  any  errors  in, 
additions  to  or  alterations  required  in  the  above  Addresses  and  descriptions. 


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REPORT    OF    THE-   COUNCIL,     1920. 

-H-S^ 

THE  Council  in  presenting  the  forty-ninth  Annual  Report 
desire  to  state  that  the  Society  has  had  a  successful  year. 
Its  finances,  owing  to  the  efforts  of  the  "  unofficial 
Committee  "  of  last  year  and  the  assiduous  work  of  the  Treasurer, 
are  once  more  in  a  healthy  condition,  while  the  Membership  has 
increased  from  162  to  184.  Twenty-seven  new  Members  have  been 
elected,  only  two  have  died  (Messrs.  W.  West  and  G.  B.  Browne), 
and  five  have  resigned.  In  Mr.  W.  West,  the  oldest  Member, 
the  Society's  Curator  from  the  inception  of  that  office  in 
1872,  we  have  sustained  a  great  loss.  Although  he  had  reached  the 
age  of  84,  ho  was  active  until  the  last,  being  present  in  his  usual 
health  at  the  meeting  of  the  Society,  eight  days  before  he  passed 
away. 

Mr.  G.  B.  Browne  had  been  a  regular  attendant  until  he  moved 
away  from  London  on  his  retirement  from  business. 

A  Special  Exhibition  of  "Orders  other  than  Lepidoptera  "  was 
held  on  May  13th,  with  considerable  success.  The  Annual 
"  Exhibition  6i  Varieties  and  other  Objects  of  Interest,"  was  held 
on  November  25th,  and  constituted  a  "  record,"  143  members  and 
friends  being  present.  Many  series  of  remarkable  varieties  were 
exhibited,  among  them  being  some  1277  specimens  of  the  extra- 
ordinary forms  of  Abra.rati  (jrossnlariata  shown  by  Lord  Rothschild, 
Mr.  Sheldon's  complete  collection  of  the  forms  of  Peronea  ciistana 
with  many  types,  Mr.  C.  P.  Pickett's  recently  taken  forms  of  Agriade» 
coridon,  Mr.  Bowman's  recently  obtained  new  forms  of  Cosymbia 
2)endtilaria,  with  exhibits  of  many  noteworthy  individual  aberrations. 

The  Lantern  has  been  used  on  several  occasions  during  the  past 
year;  Mr.  Dennis  has  kindly  officiated  as  Honorary  Lanternist. 

Papers  have  been  read  before  the  Society  by  Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey, 
F.R.S.,  G.  E.  Frisby,  and  S.  Edwards,  and  Discussions  introduced 
by  R.  T.  Bowman  and  H.  J.  Turner. 

After  the  decease  of  the  Curator,  Mr.  W.  West,  your  Council 
appointed   pro    tem.,    Mr.    S.    R.    Ashby,    as    Hon.  Curator,   and 


Mr.  T.  L.  Barnetfc  as  Assistant  Hon.  Curator.  The  Hon.  Curator 
reports  as  follows,  "  During  the  past  year  the  Society's  Collections 
have  been  increased  bj?^  the  valuable  bequest  of  our  late  member, 
Mr.  W.  J.  Ashdown,  who  left  his  collections  to  the  Society. 

"  Most  of  the  series  in  the  micro  families  of  British  Lepidoptera  have 
been  added  to  or  renewed  from  the  late  Rev.  C.  R.  Digby's  collection. 

"  Mr.  F.  C.  S.  Bramwell,  of  Dyke  Road  Drive,  Brighton,  presented 
series  of  Ino  (jlnhulariae  and  Acidalia  immorata.  Mr.  J.  B.  Farmer 
gave  the  Society  two  store  boxes  of  specimens  of  various  Orders, 
chiefly  Odonata,  Diptera  and  Hymenoptera.  Mr.  Bunnett  placed 
various  specimens  of  Coleoptera  in  the  collection.  The  Lepidoptera 
are  well  consulted  by  the  Members  for  naming  their  specimens,  and 
I  hope  when  Mr.  Ashdown's  apecimens  are  in  position,  that  the 
'  Other  Orders  '  will  be  very  useful  for  the  same  purpose." 

The  Honorary  Librarian  reports  that  the  Library  has  again  been 
very  largely  consulted  by  the  Members.  The  late  Mr.  W.  J. 
Ashdown  having  by  his  Will  bequeathed  "  such  of  his  books  on 
Natural  History  as  the  Society  would  like  to  have,"  a  small 
committee  consisting  of  the  President,  and  Messrs.  Dods,  Edwards, 
Dr.  Robertson  and  Step,  appointed  by  the  Council,  went  to 
Leatherhead  and  were  met  by  Mr.  Ashdown's  brother,  who  with 
them  chose  a  large  number  of  suitable  volumes.  This  makes  a 
welcome  addition  to  the  Society's  Library. 

Pleasant  Field  Meetings  were  held  at  Otford,  Horsley  and 
Byfleet,  but  the  impossibility  of  obtaining  reduced  fares  militated 
against  large  attendances  and  additional  meeting?. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin  was  the  Society's  Delegate  at  the  meeting  of  the 
Representatives  of  the  Corresponding  Societies  of  the  British 
Association  at  Cardiff  in  August ;  his  Report  will  be  found  on 
page  87. 

Messrs.  Edwards  and  Turner  were  your  Delegates  at  the  meeting 
of  the  S.E.  Union  of  Scientific  Societies  held  at  Eastbourne  in  June. 

The  Volume  of  Proceedings  for  3  919,  published  during  the  past 
year,  consists  of  xvi.  and  104  pages  with  two  plates. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  additions  to  the  Library  during  the 
year,  mainly  by  exchange  and  donation. 

Books. 

"  Starfishes  of  the  Philippine  Islands,"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "  Birds  of 
N.    America,"    U.S.A.    Mus.      "  Devonian   Fossils  of  Tennessee," 


U.S.A.  Mus.  "British  Orthoptera,"  Lucas,  Kay  Society  (pur- 
chased). "  British  Coleoptera,"  Fowler,  6  vols.  (West  bequest). 
"British  Hemiptera,"  Saunders  (West  bequest).  "Osteology  of 
the  Dinosaurs  of  N.  America,"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "  Trees  and  Shrubs 
of  Mexico,"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "  Eastern  American  Molluscs,"  U.S.A. 
Mus.     "  Macruroid  Fishes  of  the  Philippines." 

Mojiazijicfi  and  Periodicals. 
"  Entomological  News."  "  Entomologist  "  (R.  South).  "Irish 
Naturalist."  "Bulletin  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Prance." 
'•'  Canadian  Entomologist."  "  Entomologist's  Monthly  Magazine." 
"  Entomologisk  Tidskrift.':  "Essex  Naturalist."  "  Entomolo- 
gische  Mitteilungen."     "  Insecta  "  (H.  Rowland-Brown). 

Reports  and  Traiinactinis  of  Societies. 
Bolletino  Lab.  Zool.  Portici.  Italy  ;  Contributions  to  the  U.S.A. 
Herbarium  ;  Field  Sanitation  (Major  Fremlin)  ;  Trans.  Ent.  Soc. 
of  London,  1890-1919  (Major  Fremlin)  ;  Smithsonian  Report,  2 
years  ;  Chicago  Field  Mus.  N.H. ;  Upsala  Society  ;  S.  Eastern 
Naturalist ;  Report  of  the  Brit.  Assn.  (R.  Adkin)  ;  Ann.  Rep.  of  the 
U.S.A.  National  Mus. ;  Haslemere  Society  ;  Hampshire  Field  Club  ; 
Torquay  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  ;  La  Escuela  Modena ;  Bournemouth  Nat. 
Science  Soc.  ;  London  Entomological  and  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  ; 
Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  ;  Columbia  Entomo- 
logical Society ;    Chicago  Field  Museum. 

Separata  and  ['ainphletx. 
"  Birds  Beneficial  to  Agriculture,"  Frohawk,  Brit.  Mus. 
"  Boring  Animals,"  Brit.  Mus.  "  Insects  and  Disease  "  Brit. 
Mus.  "  Insecta,"  Illinois  Review.  "  American  Species  of 
Marc/iantia,"  U.S.A.  Mus.  "  Lepidoptera  of  Glamorgan,"  H. 
Moore.  "  The  Louse  in  Relation  to  Disease,"  Brit.  Mus.  "  Ascent 
of  Man,"  Horniman's  Mus.  "List  of  Lepidoptera,  Haslemere," 
Oldaker.  "  The  Furniture  Beetle,"  Brit.  Mus.  "  The  House-Fly," 
Brit.  Mus.  "  The  B.M.  (Nat.  Hist.)  Guide,"  Brit.  Mus.  "  Butter- 
flies of  Cyprus,"  Hy.  J.  Turner.  "  Krebia  epiphron,'"  4  pts.,  H. 
Rowland-Brown.  "  Butterflies  of  Macedonia,"  H.  Rowland- 
Brown.     "  Further  Studies  of  the  < hthohionte,"  Jeannet. 


TREASURER'S   REPORT,    1920. 

It  is  again  my  pleasant  duty  to  report  a  very  successful  year 
financially,  the  cash  balance  to  be  carried  forward  being  practically 
the  same  as  in  1919,  after  allowing  for  the  amount  which  has 
been  invested  in  the  names  of  Trustees  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Society,  as  I  foreshadowed  in  my  last  report.  The  fact  that  sub- 
scriptions paid  in  advance  total  this  year  £5  more  than  last, 
must  however  not  be  overlooked. 

Our  income  from  current  subscriptions  was  £9  6s.  6d.  in  excess 
of  last  year's  receipts,  amounting  to  a  total  of  £56  5s.,  and  will 
with  the  advent  of  so  many  new  members  be  substantially 
greater  again  next  year. 

Publication  of  proceedings  cost  us  rather  less  than  in  1919,  but 
this  was  not  due  to  any  cheapening  of  the  price  of  printing, 
which  still  tends  to  rise,  but  to  the  very  careful  editing  of  the 
Publication  Committee. 

Arrears  which  were  estimated  to  produce  £5  in  the  last  Balance 
Sheet  actually  amounted  in  cash  payments  to  £7  2s.  6d.,  and 
this  year  I  am  glad  to  say  the  defaulters  are  much  fewer  in 
number  as  some  of  the  very  old  names  have  been  removed  from 
the  roll  of  membership.  Only  twelve  out  of  our  large  member- 
ship have  failed  so  far  to  come  up  to  scratch  for  1920,  and  I 
hope  that,  should  this  reminder  succeed  in  reaching  any  of  them, 
it  will  have  the  desired  effect  of  making  their  consciences  prick 
them  into  action.  I  have  valued  arrears  in  the  present  balance 
sheet  at  £7,  and  may  say  that  30s.  of  this  has  already  reached  me. 

No  fewer  than  27  entrance  fees  were  paid  during  1920,  nearly 
half  of  which  were  from  members  who  joined  us  towards  the  end 
of  the  year,  and  whose  first  subscription  therefore  covers  14  months. 
The  balance  standing  to  the  credit  of  Suspense  Account  is  this 
time  £3  5s.  lOd.  as  the  £60,  5%  National  War  Bonds  purchased 
cost  a  few  shillings  more  than  the  exact  balance  brought  forward 
from  1919. 

Sales  of  Proceedings  total  £5  8s.  of  which  rather  more  than 
half  was  for  Surplus  Copies  sold  to  the  paper  makers.  This  item 
is  lower  than  the  record  figure  reached  in  1919,  but  is  still  quite 
good. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  remarks  that  we  are  still 
far  from  being  in  a  position  to  run    the    Society   on    its   annual 


income  from  regular  sources.  Allowing  £60  for  the  cost  of  pub- 
lishing Proceedings  our  standing  Expenses  are  rather  over  £100  a 
year,  while  the  income  from  subscriptions  is  barely  £70  and  from 
all  other  sources  less  than  another  £10. 

We  must  therefore  continue  to  depend  on  the  generosity  of  our 
friends  to  the  extent  of  something  like  £20  annually  to  keep  us 
sound  from  a  financial  standpoint,  and  my  warmest  thanks  are 
due  to  those  who  so  nobly  came  to  my  assistance  in  1920  with 
donations  to  the  Publication  Fund  totalling  £19  5s. 

In  conclusion  I  must  again  thank  all  the  members  for  the 
very  kind  help  they  have  given  me  and  for  their  forbearance  and 
patience  with  my  many  shortcomings. 

I  will  now  with  your  permission  read  the  figures  as  passed  by  the 
aulitors. 


The  Aculeate  Hymenoptera  of  the  British  Isles. 

By  G.  E.  Frisby,  F.E.S.—Read   Octoher  2Qth,   1920. 

The  Aculeata,  or  stinging  Hymenoptera,  consist  of  four  main 
divisions  : — The  Ants  ;  the  Fossorial  Hymenoptera,  which  include 
the  many  species  popularly  known  as  Sand  Wasps  and  Wood 
Wasps ;  the  true  Wasps ;  and  the  Bees.  Many  authorities  also 
include  the  Chrysids,  or  Firetails.  With  the  Chrysids,  however, 
and  the  Ants,  I  shall  have  nothing  to  do  to-night,  but  shall  confine 
myself  to  the  three  other  divisions.  I  am  not  qualified  to  give  a 
descriptive  account  of  each  British  species,  though  there  are  com- 
paratively few  that  I  have  not  met  with,  but  I  think  that  some 
remarks  on  the  habits,  distribution,  and  occurrence  of  a  number  of 
them  will  perhaps  be  of  interest. 

Taking  them  in  their  usual  order  of  arrangement,  we  will  first 
speak  of  the  Fossorial  group,  many  of  which  our  American  cousins 
call  "  Huntress  Wasps."  The  greater  number  of  these  construct 
burrows  in  wood,  sandy  banks,  bramble  stems,  etc.,  in  which  they 
make  their  cells  and  then  provide  a  store  of  sustenance  for  their 
larvae  by  capturing  other  insects,  or  m  some  cases  spiders,  which 
are  either  paralysed  by  stinging,  or  killed  outright.  These  are  then 
placed  in  the  cell  provided,  and  an  egg  placed  on  the  body.  In 
this  the  females  only  are  engaged,  which  accounts  for  the  name  of 
"  Huntress  "  Wasps.  The  first  family,  the  Midillidae,  appears  to 
be  parasitic,  the  largest  British  species,  Mutilla  enropaea,  having 
been  found  fairly  often  in  the  nests  of  Humble  Bees,  though  it 
has  also  been  dug  out  of  a  sandy  bank  from  amongst  a  quantity 
of  wings  of  Diptera.  It  is  not  a  very  common  insect,  though  it 
apparently  occurs  over  the  whole  of  our  southern  counties,  as  do 
the  rest  of  the  family.  I  have  only  met  with  it  on  the  sandy  hills 
near  Rye  Harbour,  where  it  can  sometimes  be  found  endeavouring 
to  climb  up  the  loose  sand  in  hot  weather,  or  induced  to  show 
itself  by  agitating  the  tufts  of  marram  grass  above  the  sandy 
slopes.  The  winged  male  occurs  occasionally  on  bramble  flowers. 
The  closely  allied  Mutilla  rK/i/iea  is  smaller,  and  very  much  more 
abundant,  being  found  in  most  sandy  localities.  I  have  found  it 
in  considerable  numbers  on  the  clift's  at  Sandown  Bay,  in  the  Isle 
of  Wight,  running  up  and  down  where  a  large  colony  of  the  bee 
ColU'ti's  (lavifmna  occurred.  It  occasionally  entered  the  burrows  of 
the  bee,  but  as  it  seems  to  search  every  crevice  it  meets  with,  I  could 
not  say  that  there  was  any  connection  between  it  and  the  bee.     The 


commonest  member  of  the  family  is  the  little  j\Jyrwosa  melano- 
cepJtala,  which  is  almost  sure  to  be  met  with,  given  a  sandy  patch 
and  hot  sunshine.  The  rarest  is  Methoca  irJineiniinnides,  which 
inhabits  similar  localities.  I  have,  so  far  only  met  with  it  in  the 
New  Forest.  These  species  of  Mutillidaf  are  often  spoken  of  as 
Solitary  Ants.  They  have  no  close  affinity,  however,  with  the 
true  ants. 

Of  the  next  genus,  TipMa,  I  know  nothing  of  the  habits  of  the 
two  species.  The  larger  one,  T.  femorata,  is  said  to  be  very  partial 
to  the  flowers  of  the  wild  carrot,  but  I  have  always  taken  it  when 
constructing  its  burrows.  It  is  fairly  abundant  on  the  southern 
slopes  of  Redhill  Common,  but  I  have  never  been  able  to  capture  a 
specimen  when  loaded  with  its  prey.  Of  the  genus  Sa/ii/ya  there 
are  also  two  British  species,  recorded  as  burrowing  into  banks  and 
also  into  decaying  wood.  Smith  says  that  he  has  seen  the  female 
of  the  commoner  iS.  quinqitepunctata  carrying  a  green  caterpillar  to 
its  burrow,  which  was  found  to  contain  four  cells  filled  with  small 
green  caterpillars,  from  which  he  reared  specimens  of  the  Sapyna. 
Shuckard  says  that  he  has  caught  it  entering  the  cells  of  a  bee, 
Osniia  riifa.  I  have  never  yet  detected  it  carrying  its  prey,  having 
taken  it  flying  up  and  down  old  posts  that  were  riddled  with 
burrows,  both  of  beetles  and  bees,  or  sometimes  flying  in  the  same 
way  at  perforated  sandy  banks.  The  second  species,  S.  clavicornis, 
is  recorded  from  only  three  or  four  British  localities. 

We  next  come  to  that  very  puzzling  family  the  Fompiluiae, 
consisting  of  several  genera  and  a  large  number  of  species.  They 
are  all  of  very  similar  habits,  exceedingly  active,  running  rapidly 
on  the  ground  or  on  old  posts,  with  very  short  flights,  so  that  at 
times  it  is  not  easy  to  decide  where  the  flight  ends  and  the  run 
begins.  They  are  very  quick,  too,  to  take  cover  under  a  dead  leaf, 
twig,  or  blade  of  grass.  This  makes  them  very  difiicult  of  capture. 
Most  of  them  nest  in  sandy  banks,  a  few  in  old  posts,  and  all,  or 
nearly  all,  provision  their  nests  with  spiders.  They  vary  very 
much  as  to  their  comparative  rarity  or  abundance,  though  even  the 
rarer  species  are  sometimes  to  be  found  in  some  numbers.  Aporus 
unicolor,  which  at  one  time  was  considered  to  be  an  extremelj^  rare 
species,  suddenly  occurred  in  quite  a  number  of  localities.  I  found 
several  near  Ventnor  in  1898,  and  met  with  it  again  two  or  three 
years  later  at  Bexhill,  where  it  was  fairly  common  on  the  wild 
carrot  at  the  edge  of  the  low  cliffs.  Faiiipihiii  mfipes,  a  very  showy 
species  ;  P.  pltimhetis,  a  black  insect  with  grej^  pubescence,  and  P. 
chalybeatiis,  which  is  red  and  black,  are  all  very  partial  to  sandhills 
such  as  occur  on  the  coast.  The  first  and  second  species  are 
abundant  usually  at  St.  Helen's,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight;  the  second 
and  third  are  common  at  Camber,  near  Rye.  Powpilus  niyer,  a 
bold-looking  black  insect,  is  more  abundant  westerly,  though 
occurring  elsewhere.  The  largest  is  Pompilus  viaticxs,  which  is 
fairly  common,  especially  on  heaths.     Several  of  the  Pompilidae  are 


3 

to  be  found  on  umbelliferous  flowers.  Some  of  the  species  are 
very  little  known,  and  there  is  a  great  likelihood  of  two  or  three 
fresh  species  being  discovered.  The  largest  known  species  of  any 
of  the  Hymenoptera  are  some  of  the  tropical  members  of  this 
family,  which  are  able  to  overpower  the  very  largest  spiders. 
Though  of  very  similar  habits  in  general,  one  species  at  least,  P. 
niijer,  occasionally  preys  on  caterpillars,  and  the  two  species  of  the 
genus  Af/euict  frequently  nest  in  old  posts. 

Of  the  two  species  of  Aatatuit,  the  larger  one,  A.  hoops,  is  by  far 
the  commoner.  Both,  however,  occur  where  there  are  good-sized 
patches  of  bare  sand.  The  smaller,  A.  stirnna,  I  have  only  taken 
on  the  sandhills  at  the  mouth  of  Brading  Harbour.  Both  species 
rest  on  the  sand  in  the  hottest  sunshine,  and  it  requires  a  very 
quick  stroke  of  the  net  and  a  fully  average  amount  of  patience  to 
effect  a  capture.  The  males  of  both  species  have  exceptionally 
large  eyes,  which  meet  on  the  vertex  of  the  head,  and  they  certainly 
make  good  use  of  them.  The  prey  of  A.  stiguia  is  as  yet  unknown, 
as  far  as  I  am  aware.  A.  hoops  usual  prey  appears  to  be  the  larva 
of  one  of  the  larger  plant  bugs  belonging  to  the  genus  Pentatoma, 
though,  according  to  Smith's  observations,  it  also  preys  on  another 
kind  of  Sand-wasp,  O.ri/belits  nny/ltniiis.  The  closely-allied  genus 
Tach]/tes  comprises  three  species,  two  of  which  are  very  rare  in  this 
country.  The  third,  2'arhiftes  pectinijies,  is  abundant  almost  every- 
where. The  usual  prey  on  the  continent  is  believed  to  be  larvae  of 
Orthoptera,  and  Smith  took  it  at  Weybridge  with  a  small  grass- 
hopper. Shuckard,  however,  says  that  he  has  frequently  taken  it 
with  a  small,  sandy-coloured  caterpillar,  and  this  entirely  accords 
with  my  own  experience.  Another  very  closely-allied  insect  is 
Dinctiis  pictiia,  which,  I  believe,  rests  only  on  old  records  from 
Ascot  and  Windsor,  in  the  early  part  of  last  century.  The  small 
species  of  Miscophns  occur  on  sandy  commons  and  prey  on  spiders, 
one  of  them  ili.  luaritimiis,  being  found  only  on  the  sandhills  at 
Deal.  Now  we  come  to  the  three  species  of  Trjipoxyhn,  with  their 
long  slender  bodies,  which  put  one  in  mind  of  Anuiiophila.  The 
neuration  of  the  wings  at  first  sight  resembles  that  of  the  genus 
Crabro,  but  on  closer  inspection,  extra  cells  are  seen,  though 
enclosed  by  such  very  fine  nervures  as  to  easily  escape  observation. 
They  are  all  fairly  common,  and  nest  either  in  the  ground,  in  old 
posts  or  palings,  or  in  bramble  stems,  preying  on  spiders.  The 
least  common  of  the  three,  T.  attenuatiiiii,  I  have  several  times  bred 
from  perforated  bramble  stems. 

The  very  widely  distributed  genus  Aiiiiaophila  is  represented  in 
this  country  by  four  species.  The  most  abundant  is  A.  sabnlosa, 
which  is  to  be  found  in  most  sandy  localities  in  the  south  of 
England,  its  long  legs  and  long  slender  body  putting  one  somewhat 
in  mind  of  a  Crane-iiy.  The  petiole  of  the  abdomen  is  so  slender 
as  to  give  the  rest  of  the  abdomen  quite  a  detached  appearance.  A 
very  similar  species,  but  with  a  stalk  or  petiole  to  the  second  sub- 


marginal  cell,  is  A.  campeHtrh.  It  has  rather  a  darker  appearance 
when  flying,  which  is  especially  noticeable  where  both  species  are 
flying  together,  as  they  do  on  Matley  Heath,  where  1  have  repeatedly 
had  both  in  the  net  at  one  stroke.  A.  cavipestns  is  a  very  local 
species,  and  like  its  relative  A.  sabiilosa,  it  provisions  its  nest  with 
caterpillars.  Another  common  species,  A.  huxiita,  makes  use  of 
spiders.  It  is  a  large,  bold-looking  insect,  with  none  of  the  fragile 
appearance  of  the  other  two  I  have  mentioned.  The  fourth,  A. 
Intan'a,  is  veiy  like  the  last  named,  but  is  very  much  rarer.  The 
only  locality  where  I  have  seen  it  is  Deal. 

Next  we  come  to  several  genera  of  very  small  l)lack  wasps  that 
nest  mostly  in  decaying  wood,  or  perforated  bramble  stems,  though 
sometimes  in  sandy  banks,  or  in  the  mortar  of  old  walls.  They 
mostly  provision  their  nests  with  Aphiden.  The  connnonest  of  the 
number  can  be  bred  in  hundreds  from  perforated  brambles  collected 
in  the  winter,  and  amongst  the  many  insects  that  can  be  obtained 
in  this  way  I  think  1  may  venture  to  say  that  90  per  cent,  will 
prove  to  be  Pemjihri'don  letldfer.  A  large  number,  however,  will 
have  been  destroyed  by  the  Ichneumon  Perithoiifi  viediatnr,  which 
also  will  be  bred  in  considerable  numbers.  Many  of  these  species 
of  I'iniiphredon,  Passaloecia^,  Stiij)iitis,  and  DiodontiiR  can  be  found 
basking  in  the  sun  on  almost  any  wide  leaves.  A  very  large  per- 
centage of  ray  captures  of  these  little  animals  was  made  at  Maid- 
stone about  30  years  ago  on  the  leaves  of  a  Morello  Cherry  that 
was  trained  against  a  wall  just  outside  of  my  window.  The  doubt 
has  been  raised  whether  the  species  of  Stii/iiius  provision  their  own 
nests  or  are  parasitic  on  others. 

Of  very  similar  habits  are  the  species  of  Mimesa.  I  have  always 
found  them  nesting  in  the  ground  in  large  colonies,  but  they  are 
also  said  to  nest  in  holes  in  wood  and  in  the  straws  of  thatch. 
Where  they  are  abundant,  as  I  have  sometimes  found  them  at 
Darenth  Wood  and  in  the  New  Forest,  quite  a  number  can  be  taken 
at  one  stroke  of  the  net.  Mwwsa  bicolor  is  by  far  the  commonest 
species,  the  other  four  or  five  being  only  occasionally  met  with. 
They  usually  appear  to  prey  on  Aphides.  Very  closely  allied  to 
]\linu'sa,  and  of  similar  habits,  is  the  very  common  I'sen 
jiallijies.  It  is,  however,  often  found  basking  in  the  sun  on  bramble 
and  other  leaves. 

We  now  come  to  three  genera  that  are  sometimes  united  as  one. 
As  far  as  our  British  species  are  concerned  they  are  abundantly  dis- 
tinct. Especially  is  this  the  case  with  the  first  one  Gmi/tes 
tiimidiis,  or  as  I  prefer  to  call  it,  Harpactiis  tuiiridiis.  It  is  fairly 
common  in  sandy  situations  and  is  very  active,  more  resembling  a 
Poiii/iiliis  in  its  habits  and  in  its  black  and  red  colour.  I  have  never 
found  it  with  its  prey.  The  two  species  of  Gorytes  proper  are  very 
much  alike  in  appearance,  and  are  rather  striking  black  and  yellow 
insects.  The  common  one,  G.  vii/staceiis,  is  pretty  widely  dis- 
tributed, and  can  often  be  found  on  the  flowers  of  the  cow-parsnip. 


Heracleiun.  It  preys  on  the  larva  of  PJdlaenits  fipuiiiarii(x,  the  com- 
mon Cuckoo-spit,  which  is  found  in  the  masses  of  froth  that  are  so 
frequent  on  plants,  (j-ori/tes  cainpestriti  has  the  same  habits,  but  is 
very  much  more  local  in  its  distribution.  The  third  genus,  or  sub- 
genus, HnplUns,  contains  three  British  species,  of  which  one  is 
exceedingly  rare,  resting  apparently  on  Shuckard's  record  from  the 
New  Forest,  hi.  qnadvifasciatiia  is  occasionally  fairly  common,  and 
H.  bicinctns  is  distinctly  rare.  I  have  two  specimens  that  I  caught 
on  raspberry  leaves  at  Redhill,  and  a  third  taken  by  Dr.  Chapman 
at  Reigate.  I  know  nothing  of  the  prey  of  either  species.  Of  the 
four  species  of  Ni/sson  practically  nothing  is  known  of  their  habits, 
though  two  of  the  four  are  fairly  common.  lY.  iiiterrnptiix  has  been 
bred  from  decayed  wood  by  Mr.  Bignell.  I  have  always  taken  N. 
iliiiiiiliatiis  in  very  warm  grassy  places  near  bushes,  and  have  known 
it  to  feign  death  ;  a  habit  that  is  recorded  also  of  xV.  triniacitlatna. 

The  two  British  species  of  MdliniiH  provision  their  nests  with 
Diptera,  and  Smith,  in  his  catalogue  of  Brit.  Foas.  Hi/m.,  says  that 
the  method  of  capture  is  for  the  Mellinun  to  run  slowly  past  the 
fiy  in  an  apparently  unconcerned  manner  until  near  enough  to 
pounce  suddenly  on  its  victim.  M.  arvensis  is  one  of  the 
commonest  of  the  Sand-wasps,  being  abundant  in  almost  every 
sandy  locality  in  which  I  have  collected.  M.  sabidosits  is  much 
more  local,  though  sometimes  occurring  in  considerable  numbers. 
The  single  species  of  Philanthus  is  a  very  bold-looking  insect, 
though  rarely  met  with  of  late  years.  At  one  time  it  used  to  be 
abundant  at  Sandown  Bay,  but  I  searched  there  for  it  during  four 
successive  seasons,  from  1895  till  1898,  and  on  two  occasions  since, 
without  finding  a  single  specimen.  I  know  of  only  one  recent 
record,  an  example  being  taken  at  Folkestone  in  1898  by  Mr.  Freke. 
This  tine  insect  preys  on  bees,  provisioning  its  nest  not  only  with 
species  of  I lalictns  and  Andrena,  but  also  with  Hive  Bees.  I  have 
put  a  continental  specimen  into  my  box  to  show  what  it  is  like.  It 
is  common  in  the  Channel  Islands  and  also  in  Brittany. 

Cerceris  is  a  somewhat  similar  genus,  the  species,  especially  the 
common  C.  arenaria,  being  fairly  large,  and  conspicuously  marked 
with  black  and  yellow.  There  are,  however,  deep  constrictions 
between  the  segments  of  the  abdomen,  which  are  wanting  in 
PhilantliHH,  and  the  second  of  the  submarginal  cells  is  petiolated, 
the  nervures  separating  it  from  the  first  and  third  submarginals 
uniting  above  it,  so  that  those  cells  approxmiate  above  and  prevent 
contact  with  the  marginal.  C.  armaria  captures  weevils,  usually 
species  of  Stroph(»<oiiiiis,  with  which  I  have  frequently  taken  it  at 
Hastings.  C.  ornata  I  have  taken  with  Halirti.  The  other  species 
I  have  never  taken,  but  Smith  records  C  labiata  as  preying  on 
Haltica  tabiila  and  C.  5-fasciata  as  taking  Apion  rufirostre. 

The  genus  O.vj/beliis  has  four  pretty  little  variegated  species  on 
the  British  list.  One  is  very  common,  two  rare,  and  one  is  of  doubtful 
occurrence.     They  resemble  Astatns  in  their  quick  movements  on 


6 

sandy  places  in  the  very  hottest  sunshine.  They  capture  Diptera 
with  which  to  provision  their  cells.  The  thirty  or  more  species  of 
Crahro  also  make  use  of  Diptera  in  providing  sustenance  for  their 
larvae.  Many  of  the  smaller  species  of  this  large  genus,  such  as 
C.  tibialis,  C.  clavipes;  and  C.  capitotiiis  nest  usually  in  perforated 
bramble  stems.  Others  burrow  into  decaying  wood.  An  old 
decaying  trunk  of  a  tree  on  a  bright  day  in  June  is  almost  certain 
to  produce  a  number  of  species.  Others,  again,  like  the  common 
C.  cribrarius,  C.  peltarius,  and  one  or  two  rarer  species,  prefer  to 
burrow  in  the  ground.  C.  dhiiidiatus  is  very  fond  of  holes  in  old 
brick  or  stone  walls,  and  I  have  found  a  number  of  this  species 
going  into  one  hole.  At  one  house,  where  I  lived  for  a  short  time, 
I  noticed  this  species  going  into  a  hole  between  two  large  blocks  of 
stone,  and  counted  as  many  as  six  going  in  before  one  came  out 
again.  As  I  was  not  able  to  mark  any  of  the  individuals,  I  could 
not  be  certain  how  many  made  use  of  this  hole,  but  the  number 
could  not  have  been  less  than  six,  and  I  feel  pretty  certain  that 
there  were  many  more.  Possibly  the  hole  led  to  a  large  cavity,  in 
the  sides  of  which  each  individual  had  its  burrow.  Most  of  the 
Crabros  can  oe  found  sunning  themselves  on  leaves,  and  they  are 
very  fond  of  umbelliferous  flowers,  especially  Heraclenm. 

The  true  Wasps  consist  of  two  British  families,  the  Vespidae 
and  the  Knwenidae.  The  first  contains  the  Social  Wasps,  which, 
seven  in  number,  are  all  placed  in  the  genus  Vespa.  At  least,  they 
are  usually  so  placed,  though  the  rare  and  aberrant  V.  aiixtriaca  is 
sometimes  separated  as  Pseiidovespa.  The  Social  Wasps  are  most 
numerous  at  the  end  of  the  summer,  the  males  and  workers  dying 
off  rapidly  with  the  approach  of  cold  weather,  the  females,  or 
queens  only,  hibernating.  These  emerge  in  the  spring,  sometimes 
even  making  their  appearance  on  a  fine  warm  day  in  January, 
About  March  or  April,  according  to  the  weather,  the  banks  and 
hedgerows  are  explored  for  suitable  nesting  sites.  A  small  hole  in 
a  bank  being  approved  of,  a  few  cells  are  constructed  and  eggs  laid. 
These  soon  hatch,  and  the  queen  feeds  the  larvae,  constructs  new 
cells,  and  does  all  the  general  housework.  In  about  a  month  the 
earliest  of  the  workers  emerge  and  take  on  the  work  of  cleaning 
and  feeding.  As  the  population  increases,  more  and  more  cells  are 
constructed  until  the  approach  of  autumn.  I  do  not  know  whether 
the  eggs  are  lajd  in  the  cell,  or  first  laid  and  then  carried  to  the 
cell,  but  I  fancy  the  latter  method  is,  at  all  events,  the  more  usual. 
The  largest  species,  T',  crabro,  known  as  the  Hornet,  is  said  to  nest 
usually  in  hollow  trees.  I  have  never  yet  found  their  nests,  though 
I  have  taken  Hornets  at  Hastings,  Maidstone,  and,  more  abun- 
dantly, in  the  New  Forest.  V.  vubjaris,  V.  (/erniaiiica,  and  I',  riifa 
always  nest  in  the  ground,  as  far  as  my  own  experience  goes.  V. 
sylvefitris,  although  sometimes  building  in  bushes,  very  frequently 
nests  in  the  ground,  T'.  norve/jica  I  have  seldom  met  with,  but 
always  in  a  hedgerow.     I  remember  one  nest  so  placed  in  the  Comp 


Woods,  between  Wrotham  and  Wateringbury.  It  was  the  first  nest 
of  I',  nnrveiiica  I  had  met  witb,  and  I  was  anxious  to  secure  it.  I 
held  my  net  beneath  it,  and  a  companion  with  his  stick  hooked  it 
so  that  it  fell  into  the  net.  We  then  ran  a  distance  to  be  clear  of 
any  home-coming  wasps,  bottled  all  that  emerged  from  the  nest, 
and  wrapped  the  nest  up  and  took  it  with  us.  Veapa  austriaca 
appears  to  dift'er  entirely  in  habits  from  all  its  fellows.  I  have 
never  met  with  it,  but,  according  to  those  who  have,  it  never 
constructs  a  nest,  being  more  or  less  parasitic  on  V.  riifa,  to 
which  it  seems  closely  allied.  It  has,  however,  been  seen  collecting 
nesting  material  and  food,  so  that  probably  it  will  prove  to  be  one 
of  those  insects  that  have  not  quite  lost  their  industrious  habits,  though 
largely  dependent  on  a  fellow  species.  All  the  wasps  are  quite 
omnivorous,  feeding  on  flesh,  fruit,  vegetables,  flowers,  cheese, 
sugar,  and  many  other  substances.  I  have  seen  them  attack  pears 
outside  my  window,  gradually  eating  deeper  and  deeper  until  quite 
lost  to  view,  and  I  have  also  seen  them  rapidly  remove  the  flesh 
from  a  dead  young  bird  until  nothing  but  a  clean  skeleton  was  left. 
I  have  not  observed  any  particular  association  with  flowers  except 
in  the  case  of  V.  sylvestris,  which  species  is  particularly  attached  to 
tansy  and  to  figwort.  The  other  species  apparently  visit  a  very 
great  number  of  flowers.  Ivy  blossom  is  always  a  great  attraction 
at  the  end  of  the  season. 

The  family  Eiimenidae  consists  of  two  British  genera  of  Solitary 
Wasps,  F.iiiiieneii  and  Odi/ncrus,  the  former  containing  but  one 
species  and  the  latter  eighteen.  The  pretty  little  Eiunenes  coarctata 
is  found  on  open  heaths,  though  it  is  very  local  in  its  distribution, 
and  I  have  never  yet  been  fortunate  enough  to  find  it.  It  makes 
small  clay  nests  attached  to  heath  and  ling,  and  stores  small 
lepidopterous  larvse.  Of  the  numerous  species  of  Otbjneras,  a  few 
are  very  rare,  O.basalis  being  known  only  from  Dorset,  0.  reniformis 
from  Surrey,  O.  herrichianiis  from  Essex,  and  O.  ciassiconiix  from 
two  or  three  widely  separated  localities.  Most  of  the  others  are 
more  or  less  common,  three  or  four  being  quite  abundant.  Many 
of  them  nest  in  holes  in  walls  and  posts,  making  use  of  mud  in 
constructing  their  cells,  or  in  modifying  the  size  of  the  cavity 
chosen.  Two  or  three,  at  least,  make  use  of  bramble-stems,  and 
another  three  or  four  burrow  into  the  ground.  One  of  these 
burrowers,  (>.  spinipes,  makes  beautiful  curved  tubular  entrances  to 
its  burrows,  and  the  same  habit  is  recorded  of  0.  renifortiih.  They 
all  provision  their  cells  with  caterpillars. 

The  British  Bees  are  not  so  varied  in  their  choice  of  provision 
for  their  progeny,  mostly  storing  pollen,  a  mixture  of  honey  and 
pollen,  or  honey  only.  They  are  very  unequally  divided  into 
"  Solitary  "  and  "  Social  "  species,  the  latter  containing  only  the 
Humble  Bees  and  the  Hive  Bee.  They  are  much  more  varied  in 
their  choice  of  a  nesting  site  and  in  the  structure  of  their  cells,  as 
well  as  in  their  selection  of  flowers  from  which  to  collect  their  food. 


The  species  of  Colletes  are  mostly  prettily  banded  with  white 
pubescence,  and  construct  their  cells  in  sandy  banks,  of  a  very  thin 
membrane,  through  which  the  pollen  is  readily  seen.  C.  daviemna 
is  usually  the  commonest  species,  though  others  are  frequently 
abundant.  C.  fodiens,  on  thistle  ;  C.  piciatifinta,  on  yarrow  and 
tansy;  and  C.  succincta,  on  heath.  C.  marninata  I  have  only  taken 
at  St.  Helens,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  on  thistles.  C.  ciniicidaria, 
which  differs  very  widely  from  the  others  in  appearance,  is  only 
found  on  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  coasts.  It  is  more  like  a 
large  brown  Andrena.  The  species  of  Prosopis  are  all  small,  black 
and  shining.  Many  of  them  nest  in  perforated  bramble-stems, 
though  almost  anything  with  a  hole  in  it  will  suit  them.  Five  or 
six  of  the  species  are  fairly  common,  and  are  very  partial  to  flowers 
of  the  bramble  and  mignonette.  The  genus  Sphecodes  contains  a 
number  of  red  and  black  bees  with  very  scanty  pubescence.  They 
appear  always  to  be  associated  with  certain  species  of  Halicfus,  on 
which  they  are  parasitic.  At  one  time  it  was  thought  that  they  con- 
structed their  own  burrows,  but  I  have  satisfied  myself,  at  any  rate, 
that  though  they  may  be  seen  scratching  at  a  burrow,  they  do  not 
really  construct  one.  On  one  occasion,  on  Redhill  Common,  I  saw 
a  Sphecodes  apparently  digging,  but  closer  observation  showed  that 
it  was  only  scratching  away  the  loose  earth  that  was  being  pushed 
out  by  a   ?   Halictiis. 

The  members  of  the  genus  Halictus  often  form  large  colonies  in 
banks  and  pathways,  many  of  the  smaller  species  being  very 
abundant.  The  females  hibernate  after  pairing,  reappearing  with 
the  first  warm  days  of  spring.  A  few  of  them  are  quite  rare,  and 
two  or  three  species  have  not  been  met  with  for  many  years. 

Andrena  contains  more  species  than  any  other  British  genus. 
They  burrow  in  much  the  same  kind  of  situation  as  Hallctnti,  espe- 
cially the  early  species,  many  sandy  banks  being  quite  riddled  with 
their  burrows.  The  later  summer  species  are,  many  of  them,  more 
solitary  in  their  habits.  Among  the  early  species,  A.  albicans,  with 
red  thorax  and  red  apex  to  the  abdomen,  is  sure  to  be  found  on 
dandelions,  and  frequenting  the  same  flower,  the  more  local  white- 
banded  A.  faftciata.  A.  clarkella,  with  fulvous  thorax  and  fulvous 
hairs  at  the  base  of  a  dark  abdomen,  is  a  very  early  species,  which  I 
have  taken  on  February  19th.  It  visits  the  sallow  blossom.  A. 
apicata  is  another  very  early  insect,  usually  being  over  ere  March  is 
out.  A.  fnlra  is  as  beautiful  as  it  is  common,  thorax  and  abdomen 
being  covered  with  rich  fulvous  pubescence.  It  rapidly  fades  in 
sunny  weather.  Many  of  the  Andrenae  assume  the  perfect  state  in 
the  autumn  and  pass  the  whole  winter  in  waiting  for  suitable 
weather  to  make  their  appearance.  The  three  species  of  CiUsm  are 
very  like  Andrena  in  appearance  and  habits.  C.  haeniorrhoidalis 
visits  the  common  harebell,  C.  leponna  the  white  dutch  clover, 
and  C.  vuianura  frequents  the  red  bartsia.  Macrajiis  labiata  is  a 
very  local  insect,  which   I  have  taken   only  at  Matley  Bog  on  the 


9 

yellow  loosestrife.  It  is  recorded  from  a  few  other  localities,  and 
is  also  known  to  visit  thistles  and  the  water  plantain.  The  single 
species  of  Dasypoda,  1).  hirtipes,  is  like  a  large  showy  Andrena,  and 
is  somewhat  local,  preferring  sandy  localities  on  the  coast.  PiDiuri/Ks 
has  two  representatives,  both  black,  and  both  rather  local.  They 
occur  in  summer,  and  are  partial  to  yellow  Comjnmtae,  such  as 
hawkweed,  hawkbit,  and  cats-ear. 

The  next  genus  of  importance  is  'Somada,  with  a  large  number 
of  yellow  and  black  or  yellow  and  brown  species.  They  are  all 
parasitic,  mostly  on  Andrena,  though  N.  sexfasciata  is  recorded  as 
occurring  with  Ei(cera,  and  I  have  taken  Noiiiada  farva  apparently 
associated  with  one  of  the  smaller  Halkti.  A  few,  such  as  A'. 
succincta,  N.  lineola,  and  N.  alternata  are  very  common,  and  appa- 
rently associated  with  several  species  of  Andrena.  Others  occur 
only  with  one  or  two  species.  A\  borealu  associates  with  Andrena 
clarkella,  and  also  with  A.  apkata  ;  A.  fncata  with  A.  fiilricnis  ;  A'. 
solidaiiinis  I  have  taken  with  A.  furcipes,  and  it  has  been  found  with 
other  species.  The  largest,  N.  arinata,  appears  to  be  exclusively 
attached  to  A.  hattorfiana;  N.  latld^nriana  to  A.  cineraria,  and 
N.  albiii/itttata  to  A.  ar<ientata.  The  striking  coloration  and  weak 
stinging  powers  of  Notnada  would  appear  to  be  disadvantageous  to 
its  success  as  a  parasite,  but  I  cannot  say  that  any  such  idea  is  con- 
firmed by  observation.  Another  parasitic  genus  is  A'/)t;y/».s,  contain- 
ing two  species,  which  are  associated  with  CoUetes.  K.  prodnctiis 
has  always  been  regarded  as  parasitic  on  C.  dariesana,  but  recent 
observations  by  Dr.  Perkins  make  further  investigation  desirable. 
Although  I  have  bred  large  numbers  of  CoUetes  I  have  never 
obtained  E/ieoliis  in  that  way.  I  am  getting  more  cells  this  winter 
to  breed  from,  in  the  hope  of  throwing  some  light  on  the  matter. 
Ciielio.cyfi  is  another  genus  of  parasites  of  very  _distinctive  appear- 
ance. They  are  all  black,  with  spots  and  bands  of  white  pubescence, 
large  head  and  thorax,  and  with  abdomen  tapering  very  rapidly  to 
a  point.  I  have  always  found  them  with  the  leaf -cutter  bees, 
^leyac'hile,  but  they  are  known  to  be  parasitic  also  on  Antlioidiara 
and  Sarojioda.  The  two  rather  bulky-looking  species  of  Melecta  are 
parasitic  on  Antho/ihora,  the  rarer  M.  Incttiuxa  attaching  itself  to  A. 
retusa,  whilst  the  much  conniioner  M.  annata  associates  with  both 
A.  retusa  and  ^.  acerruruin.  The  last  parasitic  genus  of  the  solitary 
bees  is  Stelis,  with  three  species,  which  in  this  country  always 
select  one  or  other  of  the  genus  Osmia  as  a  host.  The  two  com- 
monest species  associate  with  Osuiia  leaiana  ;  the  rare  S.  8-iiiaculata 
selecting  ().  leiicomelana. 

Coming  back  for  a  few  minutes  to  the  industrious  bees;  we 
notice  first  the  single  species  of  L'eratinu,  a  very  showy  little  blue 
bee,  which  I  have  bred  from  bramble  stems.  The  two  species  of 
Clielostoina  are  wood-borers.  The  larger  one  I  usually  take  on  old 
posts,  the  smaller  in  hare- bells,  canterbury  bells,  or  the  nettle- 
leaved  bellflower.     Kriades  is  closely  allied,  but  its  single  species  is 


10 

very  rare.  It  appears  to  collect  resin  for  use  in  the  construction  of 
its  cells.  The  leaf-cutter  Bees,  j\lef/achile,  are  true  summer  inseets, 
and  are  most  of  them  fairly  common  and  widely  distributed.  They 
burrow  into  banks,  walls,  and  posts,  or  sometimes  make  use  of  an 
existing  hollow.  They  line  their  burrows  with  pieces  of  leaves, 
frequently  rose-leaves,  but  a  number  of  kinds  are  used,  even  those 
of  Virginia  creeper  [Anipdopsis).  Oval-shaped  pieces  are  used  at 
the  sides,  the  different  pieces  overlapping  ;  circular  pieces  are  used 
at  the  ends  of  the  cells.  The  segments  are  cut  from  the  leaves  very 
rapidly,  and  the  bees  are  quite  conspicuous  objects  when  flying  with 
their  loads.  Two  species  are  found  more  especially  at  the  sea-side, 
M.  niaritiiiia  and  M.  anfentata,  though  they  sometimes  occur  inland. 
I  have  taken  them  both  on  Redhill  Common,  and  the  former  alsa 
on  Dartford  Heath. 

Osinia  is  another  of  the  interesting  genera  that  make  their  nests 
almost  anywhere.  Very  few  of  them,  however,  appear  to  line  their 
burrows  with  leaves.  The  larvae  spin  very  tough  cocoons  when 
full-fed.  0.  riifa  is  the  species  that  often  nests  in  an  old  lock, 
entering  by  the  key- hole.  0.  hicolor  and  0.  aiintlenta  are  well 
known  from  their  frequent  use  of  snail-shells.  Mr.  V.  R.  Perkins 
has  seen  the  former  species  cover  the  used  snail  shell  with  a  little 
pile  of  bents  from  two  to  three  inches  in  height.  An  interesting 
northern  species  is  U.  parietina,  which  attaches  its  cells  to  the 
underside  of  stones.  These  have  been  known  to  hatch  out  at 
intervals  during  a  period  of  three  years. 

The  single  species  of  AnthiJiiiin,  a  very  handsome  and  common 
insect,  makes  use  of  any  suitable  hole  it  can  find,  lining  it  with  fibres 
scraped  from  the  stems  of  plants.  It  is  the  only  British  bee  in 
which  the  male  is  larger  than  the  female. 

Another  conspicuous  bee  is  Eucera  lontiicornis,  the  male  only 
having  the  exceedingly  long  antennaa,  from  which  it  gets  its  specific 
name.     It  is  very  partial  to  the  vetches,  especially  Viria  sepiinit. 

The  genus  AitthoiiJtora  contains  four  species,  of  which  two,  A. 
velum  and  A.  acervoriini,  are  Mason  Bees,  constructing  smoothly 
polished  clay  cells  in  walls  and  banks.  The  first  named  species  is- 
the  more  local,  the  other  is  one  of  our  commonest  spring  bees,, 
often  appearing  at  the  end  of  February.  The  other  two  species  of 
the  genus  are  summer  bees,  not  appearing  till  July.  A.  fnrcata 
burrows  in  old  wood,  and  A.  'i-inaculata  in  banks  and  walls.  Both 
are  very  partial  to  the  black  horehound,  Ballota  ni(pa.  Scarcely 
separable  generically  is  Saropoda  bimactdata,  very  similar  in  appear- 
ance and  habits  to  A.  A-maciilata,  It  is  most  abundant  at  the  sea- 
side.    I  have  seen  it  in  very  great  numbers  at  Sandown  Bay. 

The  only  bees  remaining  to  be  mentioned  now  are  the  Humble 
Bees,  the  genus  Bomhiis  and  their  very  similar  parasites,  Pait/u/riis, 
the  latter  only  differing  slightly  in  structure  from  the  true  Boiiibi.. 
The  females,  or  queens,  of  both  genera,  pass  the  winter  in  an 
impregnated  state,  and  emerge  in  the  early  spring.     The  Bumbus 


11 

then  proceeds  to  construct  a  nest,  in  a  hole  in  the  ground  in  some 
species,  amongst  heritage  in  others,  often  appropriating  an  old  nest 
of  a  field-mouse.  A  mass  of  pollen  is  provided  for  the  larvae  and 
added  to  when  necessary,  and  a  cell  containing  a  nuiTiber  of  eggs 
placed  on  it.  These  are  kept  warm  by  the  brooding  queen.  When 
hatched  they  feed  on  the  pollen  and  also  on  a  liquid  honey  and 
pollen,  on  which  they  are  fed  by  the  queen.  A  few  workers  are 
soon  produced  who  help  in  the  labours  of  the  nest.  As  the  nesfc 
becomes  more  populous  the  Queen  devotes  all  her  time  to  egg- 
laying  and  various  indoor  duties,  the  workers  collecting  the  honey 
and  pollen  and  doing  most  of  the  work  of  the  nest,  such  as  cell 
construction,  feeding  the  larvje,  and  clearing  away  debris.  The 
young  queens  emerging  late  in  the  season  help  in  the  home  for  a 
little  while,  but  after  pairing  seek  out  their  winter  quarters  ;  the 
males  do  not  return  to  the  nest  but  continue  a  life  of  pleasure  at 
flowers,  etc.,  until  killed  off  by  inclement  weather.  The  parasitic 
queen,  Psitlu/rus,  makes  its  appearance  later  in  the  spring  than 
Bomb  Its,  and  searches  for  a  nest  of  the  latter  that  already  contains 
a  small  number  of  workers.  It  puts  the  queen  Bombits  to  death, 
and  persuades  the  workers  to  rear  a  Psit/ujrns  family.  This  genus 
contains  males  and  females  only,  no  workers  being  required.  They 
are  very  similar  to  Jyombits  in  appearance,  and  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  the  red-tailed  P.  nipestris  is  parasitic  on  the  red-tailed 
Bonibus  lapidariKs.  P.  vestalis  also  is  very  like  its  host,  B, 
terre:<tris. 

This  brings  my  few  notes  to  an  end.  I  think  enough  has  been 
said  to  prove  that  the  Aculeate  Hymenoptera  are  an  exceedingly 
interesting  order,  or  sub-order,  of  insects.  There  is  room  for  any 
amount  of  research,  and  it  is  impossible  for  a  few  workers  to  do 
it  all.  In  many  cases  I  have  had  to  depend  on  the  observations 
of  others  ;  but  where  possible  I  have  relied  on  my  own  experiences. 


12 


Sexual    Dimorphism. 

By  Dr.   F.  A.   Dixey,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.^.S.—Eead   November   dt/i, 

1920. 

Those  of  us  who  are  familiar  with  the  oak  woods  of  the  south- 
eastern parts  of  Great  Britain,  the  counties  for  instance  of  Essex 
and  Sufltblk,  have  very  likely  had  opportunities  of  watching  the 
splendid  "  Purple  Emperor  "  butterfly,  as  it  glides  about  among  the 
breezy  tree-tops  and  settles  from  time  to  time  upon  a  lofty  twig,  the 
glossy  metallic  purple  of  its  wings  flashing  and  glowing  in  the  sum- 
mer sunshine.  We  may  also,  though  this  is  less,  likely,  have 
encountered,  in  the  same  places  a  somewhat  larger  butterfly  with 
similar  markings,  but  with  a  ground-colour  of  sober  brown  ;  the 
brilliant  purple  showing  no  trace  of  its  presence.  The  difference 
between  these  two  forms  of  butterfl}^  is  one  of  sex  ;  the  one  with 
wings  of  glowing  purple  being  the  male,  and  the  larger,  quieter- 
coloured  insect,  the  female.  We  have  here,  then,  dimorphism  of 
another  kind  than  that  with  which  we  dealt  on  a  former  occasion, 
the  two  different  aspects  being  borne,  not  by  separate  generations 
according  to  season,  but  by  separate  individuals  of  the  same 
generation. 

There  are  many  more  mstances  of  this  sexual  dimorphism 
among  our  common  butterflies ;  the  female,  for  instance,  of  the 
well-known  "'Orange-tip,"  is  entirely  destitute  of  the  bright  patch 
of  colour  that  ornaments  the  wings  of  the  male.  In  many  species 
of  blue  butterfly  the  two  sexes  are  so  dissimilar  in  aspect,  that  they 
might  easily  be  taken  for  different  species. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  are  plenty  of  cases  where  the  sexes 
hardly  differ.  So  far  as  the  wing-patterns  are  concerned,  the  sexes 
of  the  tortoiseshells,  the  peacock,  the  painted  lady,  and  the  red 
admiral  are  nearly  identical.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  swal- 
lowtail, the  wood  white,  the  pale  clouded-yellow,  the  small  heath, 
and  several  others.  In  another  set  of  instances,  the  sexes  although 
very  similar  are  yet  distmguishable  at  a  glance.  Hence  we  see  that, 
as  in  the  case  of  seasonal  dimorphism,  every  kind  of  transition 
exists  between  a  difference  so  slight  as  to  be  scarcely  distinguishable, 
and  a  divergence  so  great  that  without  direct  proof  no  one  would 
believe  that  the  two  forms  could  belong  to  the  same  species. 

As  in  the  dimorphism  which  we  were  considering  when  I  last 
addressed  you,  the  question  at  once  suggests  itself,  can  we  do  any- 
thing towards  explainmg  this  curious  phenomenon  of  sexual  diver- 
gence ?     Must  we  regard  it  as  an  ultimate  fact  of  nature,  or  can  we 


13 

find  any  principle,  teleological  or  otherwise,  which  will  help  us  to 
get  at  the  meaning  of  the  facts  presented  to  our  observation  ?  The 
answer  in  this  case  is  very  much  like  that  given  to  the  former 
enquiry.  There  is  a  residue  of  facts  which  we  cannot  at  present 
explain  ;  but  in  many  instances  we  are  able,  with  a  high  degree  of 
probability,  to  assign  a  definite  reason,  founded  on  utility,  for  the 
difierent  aspects  assumed  by  the  male  and  female  respectively.  In 
order  to  get  some  further  light  upon  this,  let  us  examine  the  matter 
a  little  more  closely. 

It  is  probably  well   known  to  most  of  my  hearers  that  of  the 

three  kinds  of  common  white  butterfly  that  haunt  our  lanes  and 

gardens  throughout  the  summer,  some  individuals    are    furnished 

with  black  spots  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  wings,  and  some  not. 

Speaking  generally,  the  heavily  spotted  individuals  are  females,  and 

those  with  few  or  no  spots  are  males.   So  far  then,  as  this  particular 

group  of  butterflies  is  concerned,  the  females  tend  to  exhibit  a  larger 

amount  of  dark  pigment  than  the  males.     If  we  take  into  view  not 

only  the  white  butterflies  of  our  own  country  but  also  those  of  other 

regions,  we  find  the  same  tendency  often  carried  to  a  higher  pitch. 

There  is  a  genus  of  w^hite  butterflies,  named  Belenois,  some  species 

of   which    are    not    unlike    our    common    whites,   though   there  is 

generally  somewhat  more  black  about  them  than  in  our  native  kinds. 

These    J>ele)wis   butterflies   belong  mostly   to  Africa,   but  they  are 

also   found   in   southern   Asia,   and   south-eastwards   as  far  as  the 

Australian  continent  and  some  of  the  Pacific  islands.     The  females 

in  nearly   every  instance  show  a  strong  accentuation  of  the  dark 

markings  of  the  males.     This  may  go  on  to  such  a  degree  that  the 

female   might   almost   be  called   a   "black"  butterfly  instead  of  a 

white  one.     In  some  females  of  Belenois  severina  from  the  shores  of 

the  Victoria  Nyanza,  the  white  of  the  upper  surface  is  reduced  to  a 

dusky  basal  patch  on  each  of  the  four  wings,  next  to  the  body,  the 

remainder  of  the  wing-surface  being  of  a  smoky  black.     The  cor- 

respondmg  male  has  a  black  apex  and  border  ;  but  these  are  spotted 

with  white,  and  occupy  far  less  space  than  the  dark  areas  of  the 

female.     So  too,  the  male  of   Belenois  peristhene,  one  of  the  Pacific 

island  forms,  has  a  deep  black  apical  patch  and  marginal  band ;  but 

in    the  female    the    apical    and    marginal    black    have    overspread 

perhaps  two-thirds  of  the  whole  wing-space.     Good  examples  of  the 

same  state  of  things  may  be  seen  in  the  genus  Delias.     The  male  of 

Delias  descoiiibesi,  from  the  Eastern  Himalayas  and  the  Indo-Chinese 

peumsula,  is  on  the  upper  surface  a  white  butterfly  with  a  narrow 

fuscous  edging.     On  tiae  corresponding  surface  in  the  female  the 

forewings  are  black  with   some  white  spots  and  streaks,  and  the 

hindwings,  though  mainly  white,  have  a  broad  black  margin.     In 

Delias  inferna  from  New  Guinea,  the  male  is  orange  coloured  with 

black  apex  and  border  ;  the  female  is  black  with  an  area  of  dusky 

orange  at  the  bases  of  the  wings,  occupying  perhaps  a  third  of  the 

whole  surface.     Many  species  of  the  genus  Teracolns  are  character- 


14 

ised  in  the  male  by  the  possession  of  a  bright  patch  of  orange  at  the 
tip  of  the  forewing.  This  is  often  reduced  in  the  female;  or  may 
be  entirely  absent,  the  two  sexes  then  looking  quite  dissimilar  ;  as 
may  be  seen  in  Teracohix  casta,  a  species  from  East  Africa.  Here 
the  male,  except  for  the  apical  patch  of  orange,  is  mainly  a  white 
butterfly;  the  female  is  without  the  orange  tip,  and  is  almost  com- 
pletely suffused  on  the  upper  surface  with  dark  fuscous,  the  white 
only  appearing  in  isolated  patches.  The  same  kind  of  description 
applies  to  many  species  of  the  genus  Liias  :  the  large  form  known 
as  I.rias  t'fippe,  for  example,  being  in  the  male  a  bright  yellow 
butterfly  with  a  conspicuous  orange  tip,  while  a  common  form  of 
the  female  is  a  dark  smokj'-brown  insect  with  a  few  whitish  patches, 
and  often  with  no  trace  of  the  apical  orange.  Cases  of  this  kind 
are  numerous,  and  even  where  the  difference  between  the  sexes  is 
very  much  less  than  in  the  examples  we  have  just  had  under  notice, 
the  tendency  in  the  female  to  assume  a  duller  or  darker  appearance 
than  the  male  is  very  frequently  to  be  recognised.  I  suppose  that 
most  of  us  are  familiar  with  the  tawny  butterflies  spotted  with  black 
on  the  upper  surface,  and  showing  streaks  or  patches  of  silvery 
lustre  on  the  hindwing  beneath,  that  frequent  our  woods  and  clear- 
ings in  July  and  August.  In  Dri/as  (Anii/nnis)  paphia,  one  of  the 
handsomest  of  these  Fritillaries,  as  they  are  called,  the  ground  colour 
of  the  female  is  always  duller,  and  the  black  spots  larger,  than  in 
the  male.  But  besides  the  ordinary  form  of  the  female,  in  which 
the  difference  from  the  male  is  not  markedly  conspicuous,  there  is 
another  form,  in  this  country  perhaps  most  often  met  with  in  the 
New  Forest,  in  which  the  ground  colour  is  of  a  deep  olive-brown, 
contrasting  strongly  with  the  bright  fulvous  hue  of  the  male.  In 
another  species  of  Fritillary,  An/yunis  saijana,  which  is  a  native  of 
•China  and  Japan,  the  ground  colour  of  the  female  is  of  a  sage-green 
so  deep  that  the  black  spots  are  scarcely  visible  upon  it,  while  a  few 
patches  upon  the  forewings  are  of  a  creamy  white,  which  tells  out 
conspicuously  against  the  dark  green  background.  The  male,  both 
in  markings  and  colour,  is  verj^  like  that  of  our  British  Dryas 
{Anjyjinis)  paphia,  and  of  course  very  unlike  its  own  female.  With- 
out going  further  in  search  of  instances,  we  can  say  then,  that  the 
difference  between  the  sexes,  in  at  any  rate  a  large  number  of  cases, 
manifests  itself  by  an  increase  of  dark  pigment  in  the  female.  This 
may  prevail  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  may  have  the  general 
effect  of  rendering  the  female  comparatively  dull  and  inconspicuous, 
or  in  some  instances  (as  in  the  female  of  Arqijitnis  sa(fo)ia  just 
spoken  of)  may  constitute  a  feature  in  a  pattern  which  becomes 
conspicuous  by  virtue  of  its  contrasts  of  colour. 

The  kind  of  sexual  dimorphism  that  we  have  been  considering  is 
chiefly  concerned  with  the  colouring  of  the  upper  surface  ;  we  will 
now  turn  to  another  type  of  difference,  in  which  it  is  the  under  and 
not  the  upper  side  at  which  we  must  look  for  the  marks  of  sexual 
differentiation. 


15 

There  is  an  interesting  group  of  butterflies,  comprised  in  the 
genera  Catopsilia  and  Callidri/as,  not  very  far  removed  in  point  of 
relationship  from  our  own  "  brimstone  butterfly,"  members  of 
which  group  are  to  be  found  in  the  tropics  of  both  Eastern  and 
Western  Hemispheres.  These  butterflies  vary  much  on  the  under 
surface,  but  many  of  them  present,  when  their  wings  are  closed  over 
their  back  in  the  ordinary  position  of  rest,  an  appearance  which  is 
strongly  suggestive  of  a  dead  and  partly  decayed  leaf.  The  usual 
coloration  in  these  specimens  is  yellow,  with  irregular  spots  and 
blotches  of  brownish  crimson  ;  and  in  the  midst  of  one  or  more  of 
these  blotches  are  generally  to  be  seen  a  few  pale  spots,  which  look  like 
the  holes  or  "  windows  "  that  are  apt  to  occur  in  withered  leaves. 
These  spots  are  not  really  transparent,  but  are  formed  by  glistening 
white  scales  which  produce  the  effect  of  transparence.  There  is  little 
doubt  that  a  butterfly  showing  these  features,  when  settled  with 
closed  wings  among  withered  leaves,  would  escape  detection  from  all 
but  the  very  sharpest-sighted  enemies.  They  form  a  good  example 
of  what  is  called  "  protective  resemblance." 

Now  the  point  to  be  observed  is  that  those  individuals  which 
show  the  protective  resemblance  in  greatest  perfection  are  females. 
The  males  under  certain  circumstances  exhibit  the  same  kind  of 
likeness  to  dead  leaves,  but  always  to  a  far  less  degree  than  their 
mates.  Here  then  we  have  a  group  of  cases  in  which  the  females 
are  better  protected  than  the  males,  the  protection  coming  into  play 
not  during  the  flight  of  the  insect,  but  when  the  butterfly  is  settled 
and  at  rest. 

We  may  now  take  into  consideration  a  form  of  dimorphism 
which  is  of  a  specially  interesting  character,  and  which  throws 
fresh  light  on  the  bionomic  significance  of  this  divergence  between 
the  sexes. 

There  is  a  group  of  butterflies  called  Xepherouia,  the  males  of 
which  are  of  a  pale  glossy  blue,  bordered  and  streaked  with  black. 
In  the  females  the  blue  is  replaced  by  a  creamy  white,  which  may 
sometimes  in  places  become  yellow  ;  the  streakiness  is  greatly 
enhanced,  and  a  submarginal  row  of  dark  spots  usually  makes 
itself  visible.  All  these  features  render  the  aspect  of  the  females 
ver}'^  dissimilar  from  that  of  the  males  ;  but  in  proportion  as  the 
females  depart  in  appearance  from  the  males  of  their  own  species, 
they  approach  the  characteristic  aspect  of  an  entirely  different  group 
of  butterflies,  found  in  the  same  regions,  viz.,  India,  Burma,  and 
the  islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago.  These  latter  butterflies 
belong  to  the  sub-family  of  Danaines,  with  which  Pierines  like  the 
Nepheronia  have  nothing  but  a  remote  affinity.  We  have  here 
what  is  evidently  a  case  of  mimicry.  There  is  a  strong  presumption 
that  the  Danaines  are  avoided  by  insect-eating  birds,  and  there  is 
every  reason  to  think  that  the  Nepheronia  females  derive  benefit 
from  the  protection  afl'orded  by  the  characteristic  aspect  which  they 
share  with  the  Danaines. 


16 

Closely  allied  with  the  Eastern  Xejihernnia,  are  the  [jeucerouia 
of  Africa.  In  two  of  these  Leucemnia  we  find  forms  of  the  female 
differing  widely  from  the  male,  and  bearing  a  close  resemblance  to 
other  butterflies  which  are  believed  on  good  grounds  to  be  distaste- 
ful.    I  shall  return  to  these  later. 

In  the  New  World  we  have  other  instances  of  the  kind. 
Perciite  c/iarnps,  a  Pierine  from  Central  and  South  America,  the 
male  of  which  is  on  the  upper  side  a  black  butterfly  with  a  powdering 
of  bluish  grey,  has  a  female  whose  upper  side  is  dark  brown  with 
no  grey  powdering,  but  crossed  on  the  forewing  by  a  diagonal  band 
of  bright  scarlet.  This  brings  it  into  mimetic  relation  with  a  large 
assemblage  of  butterflies,  all  characterised  by  the  same  general  type 
of  coloration,  including  many  members  believed  on  good  evidence 
to  be  immune.  Other  examples  are  plentiful ;  tlius  we  have  in 
Central  America  Pieris  viarJi,  the  male  of  which  is  a  w^hite  butter- 
fly of  quite  ordinary  aspect,  while  the  female  is  furnished  with  black 
and  yellow  streaks  which  assimilate  it  in  aspect  to  the  very 
conspicuous  insect  Heliconiiis  r/iaritonia. 

There  is  a  curious  set  of  instances  belonging  to  the  mimetic 
category,  but  differing  in  one  respect  from  those  that  we  have  just 
been  considering.  In  these,  though  dimorphism  still  obtains  as 
between  the  sexes,  both  sexes  are  mimetic,  but  in  unequal  degree. 
In  Verrhyhris  pyrrha,  for  example,  a  Pierme  from  Brazil,  the  female 
belongs,  by  its  coloration  on  both  surfaces,  to  a  group  of 
protected  insects  which  includes  a  large  number  of  members  from 
different  subfamilies  of  butterflies  and  even  of  moths.  The  male 
on  the  other  hand  is  on  its  upper  surface  simply  a  white  butterfly 
with  a  black  apex  to  the  forewings.  The  same  applies  to  the  under 
surface  of  the  forewings  ;  but  on  the  under  surface  of  the  hindwings 
there  is  displayed  a  mimetic  pattern  like  that  of  the  female,  though 
a  less  perfect  copy  of  the  original.  In  another  case,  that  of  Dis- 
viorphia  praxino'e  from  Central  America,  which  is  also  one  of  the 
Pierinoi  or  "  white  "  butterflies,  the  female  is  completely  mimetic 
on  both  surfaces  ;  while  the  male  though  for  the  most  part  exhibit- 
ing an  imitative  pattern  like  that  of  the  female,  retains,  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  forewing  and  upper  surface  of  the  hindwing,  a  con- 
siderable area  of  the  original  white. 

We  have  added  then  to  our  stock  of  data  this  further  fact  ;  that 
even  when  both  sexes  are  mimetic  in  some  degree,  the  female 
frequently  displays  a  far  more  perfect  imitation  of  the  distasteful 
model  than  does  the  male. 

Let  us  now  turn  back  for  a  time  to  those  cases  where  the  female 
is  mimetic  and  the  male  shows  no  trace  of  imitative  assimilation. 
The  instances  that  we  have  examined  hitherto  belong  to  the  sub- 
family of  Pierince,  of  which  our  common  whites,  brimstones  and 
clouded  yellows  are  members.  But  the  phenomenon  is  by  no  means 
confined  to  butterflies  of  this  group.  Many  probably  of  my  hearers 
are    acquainted    with    the    common    tropical    butterfly    Daiiaida 


17 

chri/sippiiH,  a  brovvn  insect  with  a  black  apical  patch  crossed  by  a 
band  of  white.  This  butterfly  is  mimicked  by  other  butterflies 
belonginfT  to  many  difterent  groups,  and  among  others  by  the 
female  of  hypolimnax  inixippKs,  a  Nymphaline  butterfly  related  to 
our  Fritillaries  and  Vanessas.  The  male  Hi/polininas  inisippns  is 
black  with  a  bluish  iridescence,  and  is  made  conspicuous  by  the 
presence  of  large  blotches  of  dead  white.  The  male  is  thus 
completely  dissimilar  from  the  female  in  aspect,  and  shows  no  trace 
of  the  resemblance  to  Danaida  chri/sippns  which  is  so  noteworthy  in 
the  latter  sex.  In  other  species  of  Hyfiolimnas  the  male  is  equally 
non-mimetic,  while  the  female  presents  a  close  resemblance  to 
species  of  the  distasteful  genus  Enploea. 

In  several  of  the  instances  that  have  come  before  us,  you  may 
have  noticed  that  I  have  avoided  making  statements  about  the 
females  as  a  whole,  speaking  rather  of  "  a  form  of  the  female,"  or 
"  some  of  the  females,"  thus  implying  that  not  all  of  the  females  of 
a  given  species  will  fall  under  the  description  that  is  being  given. 
Thus,  in  the  case  of  Ixias  evippe,  some  of  the  females  are  furnished 
with  an  apical  orange  patch,  and  some  not.  In  all  cases,  however, 
the  female  ecippe  is  a  duller  and  less  conspicuous  insect  than  the 
male.  It  can  hardly  have  escaped  the  notice  of  any  observer 
interested  in  butterflies  that  the  females  generally  have  a  greater 
tendency  to  variation  than  the  males  ;  and  this  tendency 
occasionally  undergoes  a  very  striking  development.  Not  only  may 
we  get  two  or  more  forms  of  the  female  of  a  given  species  differing 
in  comparatively  small  particulars  such  as  the  presence  or  absence 
of  an  orange-coloured  patch  at  the  apex,  but  we  may  find  the  females 
of  one  and  the  same  species  falling  apart  into  separate  groups  whir-h 
are  absolutely  different  in  appearance  ;  so  different,  indeed,  that  no 
one  in  the  absence  of  direct  proof  would  believe  them  to  be  of  the 
same  species.  Let  us  take  for  example  the  very  remarkable  Papilio 
daidaniis,  one  of  the  swallowtail  butterflies  of  South  Africa,  and  not 
very  far  removed  from  our  own  British  swallowtail.  This  butterfly 
has  three  or  four  different  forms  of  female,  all  quite  unlike  each 
other,  but  each  of  them  bearing  a  close  resemblance  to  a  butterfly 
belonging  to  an  entirely  different  family.  The  brown  form  with  a 
black  and  white  apical  patch  mimics  Danaida  chn/sippns  ;  the  black 
and  white  form  is  a  copy  of  Amanris  doiiiinicanns,  and  the  dark 
form  with  white  spots  on  the  forewing  and  an  ochreous  band  on  the 
hindwing  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  Amanris  echeria. 

In  the  instance  of  Papilio  dardanus  all  three  models  are 
Danaines,  and  are  quite  remote  in  affinity  from  the  Swallowtail 
butterflies  that  imitate  them.  But  there  are  cases,  almost  equally 
striking,  where  the  female  is  similarly  polymorphic,  each  form 
resembling  a  butterfly,  not  of  another  family,  but  belonging  to  the 
same  group,  viz.,  the  Pierinae,  as  the  mimic  itself.  A  good 
example  of  this  state  of  things  is  afforded  by  Leuceronia  aryia,  a 
butterfly    found   under   various  slightly   different  forms  over  the 


18 

greater  part  of  the  African  continent  south  of  the  Sahara.  The 
male  is  a  white  butterfly  not  unlike  our  large  cabbage  white.  It 
has,  like  that  insect,  a  black  apex  to  the  forewing,  with  a  gradually 
narrowing  prolongation  along  the  outer  border.  The  general 
ground-colour  is  white,  often  with  a  tinge  of  pale  bluish-green. 
These  males  are  all  very  much  alike,  though  slight  differences  may 
be  seen  in  the  dark  apical  patch,  according  to  the  locality  from 
which  the  specimen  comes.  But  when  we  turn  to  the  female,  we 
find  at  least  eight  different  kinds,  each  with  a  pattern  on  the  upper 
surface  that  makes  it  easily  distinguishable  from  all  the  rest. 
And  each  of  these  different  forms  bears  a  more  or  less  close 
resemblance  to  another  Pierine  butterfly  ;  four  Pierine  genera  being 
represented  among  the  models.  There  is  first  of  all  the  white, 
black- bordered  form  which  may  be  considered  typical.  This  is  like 
a  member  of  the  genus  Belenois,  B.  theuszi.  The  addition  oi  an 
orange  basal  flush  to  this  form  with  the  heavy  dark  border  gives  us 
a  form  which  recalls  at  once  the  male  of  Mylothris  ruppellii,  a 
conspicuous  member  of  a  Avell-known  distasteful  genus.  In 
another  kind  of  the  female,  the  black  border  is  somewhat  less 
pronounced,  and  in  place  of  the  brilliant  orange  flush  on  the  upper 
surface,  a  pale  pinkish  tinge  just  shows  through  on  the  upper 
surface  at  the  base  of  the  forewings.  This  brings  it  near  in  aspect 
to  the  male  of  another  Mylothris,  viz.,  the  well-known  and  widely- 
distributed  Mi/hitJiris  aiiathina.  The  female  Leuceronia  art/ia  may 
also  have  a  border  of  conspicuous  and  isolated  dark  spots,  while  the 
basal  flush  is  very  large  in  extent,  and  vermilion  instead  of  orange. 
In  this  case  the  resemblance  is  still  to  Mylothris  riippellii,  but  to  the 
female  rather  than  to  the  male.  This  last,  which  is  the  form  of 
the  female  most  often  met  with  in  Natal,  is  often  accounted, 
together  with  its  male,  as  a  separate  species,  under  the  name  of  L. 
varia,  Trim.  There  is  also  a  form  of  the  female  which  is  like  the 
typical  form,  except  that  the  ground-colour  is  bright  yellow  instead 
of  white.  This  resembles  the  West-African  Belenois  ianthe.  The 
addition,  in  some  specimens  of  this  last,  of  a  basal  orange  flush,  gives 
the  appearance  of  a  yellow  form  of  Mylothris  riippellii  known  as  f- 
erlauyeri.  The  form  with  slightly-marked  spotty  border  and  orange 
basal  flush  may  have  the  hindwings  yellowish,  in  which  case  it  falls 
intoline  with  the  upperside  of  the  female  of  Phrissiira  pJicebe, a,n  African 
member  of  the  group  which  includes  the  splendid  sharp-winged 
Appias  or  Tachyris  of  India  and  the  Malayan  Archipelago,  and  also 
with  the  underside  of  a  large  colour-combination  of  white  butterflies, 
consisting  of  many  genera,  the  central  type  of  which  is  probably 
again  the  widely-distributed  form  Mylothris  ayathina.  From  this 
variety  of  the  female  the  basal  flush  may  be  omitted  ;  it  then 
resembles  certain  females  of  Pinacopteryx  piyea.  Lastly,  there  are 
females  of  Leuceronia  aryia  with  brown  forewings  and  white 
hindwings.  These  are  strikingly  similar  to  the  females  of 
Mylothris  spica. 


19 

Another  species  of  Leuceronia,  L.  thalaasnia,  has  a.lso  several 
kinds  of  female,  thoagh  not  so  manj^  as  L.  ar<iia.  Each  of  these 
also  resemhles  a  species  belonging  to  one  or  other  genus  not  at  all 
closely  related  to  Leuceronia. 

I  ought  here  to  mention  that  though  in  speaking  of  these  females 
of  Leuceionia  I  have  given  the  name  of  the  butterfly  which  each 
form  on  the  Avhole  most  resembles,  it  would  in  many  instances  have 
been  easy  to  adduce  other  species  to  which  the  resemblance  is  almost 
equally  close.  The  fact  is  that  these  homoeochromatic  assemblages, 
as  they  have  been  called,  that  is  to  say  associations  characterised  by 
similarity  of  colour  and  pattern,  are  often  very  extensive,  compris- 
ing many  species  of  diverse  genera ;  and  it  may  sometimes  be 
difficult  to  say  that  a  form  which  clearly  belongs  to  a  given  associa- 
tion (or  as  Weismann  has  called  it,  a  "mimicry  ring")  is  more 
closely  assimilated  to  one  constituent  member  of  that  association 
than  to  another.  Some  species  of  Mi/lothris  is  generally  considered, 
with  good  reason,  to  be  the  central  model  controlling,  so  to  speak, 
the  general  aspect  of  each  of  these  Pierino  assemblages  ;  but  it  will 
often  happen  that  a  Lenceronia  female  for  instance,  which  is  a  mem- 
ber of  one  of  these  assemblages,  will  show  a  greater  likeness  to 
another  subordinate  member  than  to  the  central  Mi^lothria. 
Further  consideration  of  these  mat^^ters  would  lead  us  into  the  great 
question  of  Mimicry,  which  is  not  our  primary  subject  on  the 
present  occasion  ;  and  we  must  be  content  to  note  that  these 
divergent  members  of  the  female  sex  are  not  simply  partners  in 
mimetic  pairs,  each  pair  consistmg  only  of  mimic  and  model,  but 
are  constituents,  in  several  cases  somewhat  outlying  ones,  of  more 
or  less  extensive  "  mimicry  rings,"  or,  to  use  again  a  term  perhaps 
less  open  to  objection,  "  homoeochromatic  associations." 

Let  us  now  consider  what  light  these  various  facts  are  able  to 
throw  upon  the  use  and  significance  of  sexual  dimorphism.  We 
have  seen  that  in  many  cases  of  sexual  diversity  the  female  is 
characterised  by  a  greater  prevalence  of  dark  pigment,  resulting 
frequently  in  a  comparative  dulness  of  colouring.  In  other 
instances  the  female  may  show  a  specially  close  resemblance  to 
certain  inanimate  objects,  such  as  dead  leaves.  Or  again  the 
female  may  depart  in  great  measure  from  the  ordinary  standard  of 
the  species,  and  may  become  a  more  or  less  exact  copy  of  a  butterfly 
of  another  species,  sometimes  far  removed  in  point  of  affinity. 

Now  the  one  common  element  in  these  difterent  manifestations 
of  female  divergence  is  the  protection  afibrded  thereby  to  the 
individual  against  the  attacks  of  its  enemies.  It  is  true  that  the 
subject  of  mimicry  gives  rise  to  some  difference  of  opinion  among 
naturalists;  but  without  going  into  matters  of  dispute,  it  will  be 
quite  safe  for  us  to  say  that  there  is  a  very  considerable  measure  of 
agreement  that  many  conspicuous  forms  of  insect  life  are  relatively 
immune  from  attack  ;  and  that  other  insects  which  resemble  the 
immune  forms  are  enabled  by  their  resemblance  to  enjoy  at  least 


20 

some  share  in  that  immunity.  This  may  be  granted  without  any 
prejudice  to  the  question  of  how  the  resemblance  or  the  immunity 
arose. 

So  too,  in  the  case  of  the  resemblance  to  inanimate  objects, 
and  particularly  to  dead  leaves.  The  protective  effect  of  such 
resemblance  is  obvious.  When,  however,  we  come  back  to  the 
instances  where  the  female  is  simply  duller  or  darker  than  the  male, 
the  significance  of  the  sexual  character  is  not  so  plain.  The  case  is 
no  doubt  analogous  to  that  of  many  birds,  for  instance  those  of  the 
group  of  pheasants,  where  we  so  often  find  a  male  of  splendid 
plumage  associated  with  a  female  of  comparatively  dull  and 
inconspicuous  colouring.  Selection  by  the  females  of  brilliantly- 
coloured  or  peculiarly  ornamental  mates  has,  as  is  well  known,  been 
thought  to  be  answerable  for  the  specially  masculine  attractions  of 
both  birds  and  beasts.  It  is  conceivable  that  the  same  principle 
may  operate  among  insects,  and  certain  facts  are  known  which  lend 
this  view  some  support.  But  even  so,  some  positive  reason  seems  to 
be  required  for  the  comparative  dowdiness  of  the  females. 

There  is,  I  think,  little  doubt  that  the  ruling  principle  here  is 
the  same  as  in  the  cases  of  the  mimicry  of  other  insects  and  of  the 
resemblance  to  dead  leaves,  viz.,  the  demand  for  protection.  With 
the  birds  that  have  been  mentioned,  the  protection  is  afforded  by 
way  of  concealment.  The  feujale  while  on  the  nest  is  comparatively 
safe  from  observation  on  account  of  the  sober  colouring  of  her 
plumage,  which  harmonizes  more  or  less  perfectly  with  her 
surroundings.  The  same  will  hold  good  to  some  extent  in  regard 
to  insects  at  rest  ;  but  it  may  also  be  the  case  that  inconspicuous- 
ness,  short  of  actual  concealment,  may  favour  the  escape  of  the 
dull-coloured  females  from  the  attentions  of  insect-eating  foes.  I  have 
often  been  struck  by  the  fact  that  when  the  two  sexes  of  a  dimorphic 
butterfly  are  flying  together  in  some  number,  the  eye  readily  picks  out 
the  males  as  the  more  conspicuous,  the  females  though  perhaps  equally 
numerous,  tending  by  comparison  to  escape  observation.  This  was 
particularly  noticeable  in  South  Africa ;  the  butterfly  I  have 
specially  in  view  being  Bdenols  sevemia,  where  the  extra  allowance 
of  dark  pigment  on  the  wings  of  the  females  certainly  tended  to 
diminish  the  conspicuousness  of  that  sex  as  compared  with  the 
male ;  and  where  also  the  broad  dark  border  to  the  wings,  almost 
invisible  during  flight,  caused  the  females  to  appear  appreciably 
smaller  than  their  mates  ;  and,  therefore,  presumably  less  tempting 
as  objects  of  pursuit  and  capture.  All  this  gives  reason  for  thinking 
that  generally  in  these  cases  the  aim  of  nature  is  to  pay  exceptional 
attention  to  the  preservation  of  the  life  of  the  female. 

The  reason  for  this  preferential  dealing  on  the  part  of  nature 
has  been  pointed  out  by  Alfred  Russel  Wallace.  From  the 
point  of  view  of  the  individual,  no  doubt  the  life  of  the  male  is  as 
important  to  Itini  as  that  of  the  female  is  to  /ler.  But  when  we 
regard  the  welfare  of  the  species,  it  is  plain  that  the  life  of  the 


21 

female  is  the  more  important  of  the  two.  The  female  is  the 
guardian  of  the  future  brood,  and  her  destruction  at  any  time 
before  her  eggs  are  properly  disposed  of  with  a  view  to  the  welfare 
of  the  next  generation,  means  depriving  that  next  generation  of  a 
large  mass  of  recruits.  When  the  eggs  are  once  laid,  the  after-care 
of  the  family  does  not  concern  the  butterfly  as  it  does  the  bird,  but 
still  the  eggs  are  carried  by  the  butterfly  for  a  sufficiently  long 
period  before  laying  to  make  it  highly  necessary  to  run  as  few  risks 
as  may  be.  Hence,  I  think,  the  special  provisions  for  guarding  the 
life  of  the  female.  The  safety  of  the  female  is  called  for  in  the 
interest  of  the  race. 

It  seems  to  be  the  case,  as  we  have  already  noticed,  that  females 
generally  have  a  greater  tendency  to  vary  than  their  corresponding 
males.  "  Varium  et  mutabile  semper  Femina  "  has  a  wider  applica- 
tion than  was  originally  intended.  This  fact,  as  has  been  pointed 
out  by  Professor  Poulton,  has  no  doubt  contributed  to  the  bringing 
about  of  the  phenomena  with  which  we  have  just  now  had  to  deal. 
In  the  diversity  of  material  presented  for  operation  by  the  compara- 
tive instability  of  the  female  sex,  Natural  Selection  has  found  its 
opportunity  for  specially  safeguarding  the  interests  of  that  sex,  and 
through  it  those  of  the  race  at  large. 

We  may  claim  then  to  have  found  a  basis  of  utility  for  many  of 
the  manifestations  of  sexual  dimorphism  which  have  presented 
themselves  to  our  notice.  It  must  nevertheless  be  admitted  that 
our  present  knowledge  does  not  permit  us  to  assign  such  a  signifi- 
cance to  every  cafe  that  exists.  We  must  be  content  for  the 
present  to  acknowledge  that  there  are  certain  features  associated,  if 
we  may  use  the  expression,  with  femaleness ;  beyond  which 
recognition  we  cannot  go.  This  is  the  case,  for  example,  with  dark 
spots  on  the  wings  which  characterise  the  females  of  our  common 
whites. 

One  more  question  may  be  asked  and  answered  in  conclusion. 
What  bearing  have  the  facts  of  seasonal  dimorphism,  discussed  in 
my  former  lecture,  on  the  sexual  dimorphism  which  has  been  our 
subject  to-day  ?  We  have  obtained  some  insight  into  the  principles 
which  underlie  the  two  sets  of  phenomena  considered  separately  ; 
what  results  are  found  to  follow  from  the  two  in  combination  ? 
The  answer  is  an  interesting  one  ;  but  in  order  to  arrive  at  its  full 
value,  it  will  be  necessary  to  recall  some  of  the  conclusions  arrived 
at  on  the  former  occasion.  It  will  be  remembered  that  we  found 
reason  for  thinking  that  in  tropical  regions  the  dry  season  was  a 
time  of  greater  stress  and  competition  than  the  wet ;  and  that  the 
method  of  concealment  was  probably  a  more  efficient  means  of 
protection  than  the  method  of  display.  In  accordance  with  this 
we  found  that  many  species  which  alternated  between  a  cryptic  and 
an  aposematic  or  "  warning  "  coloration,  reserved  the  former,  being 
the  more  efficacious  mode,  for  the  period  of  drought.  In  view  of 
the  facts  adduced  during  the  present  lecture,  it  is   interesting  to 


22 

observe  that  the  incidence  of  seasonal  dimorphism  is  often  different 
as  between  the  sexes  ;  the  cryptic  coloration,  usually  more  perfect 
in  the  female  than  in  the  male,  being  in  the  case  of  the  former  sex 
frequently  prolonged  into  the  wet  season,  at  which  time  the  latter 
sex  has  lost  it  completely. 

Let  me  give  a  few  examples.  There  are  two  pretty  species  of 
the  genus  Teracoliis,  known  as  I.  i)iiellaris  and  T.  phimdia 
respectively.  In  both  of  these,  vv^hich  inhabit  dry  and  sandy 
localities  in  north-eastern  Africa  and  western  Asia,  the  female 
retains  at  all  seasons  a  reddish,  sand-coloured  underside.  The 
underside  of  the  male  of  T.  pnellaris  in  the  dry  season  is  similarly 
coloured  ;  in  the  w^et  season  it  is  bright  yellow.  The  male  of  T. 
phisadia  is  similarly  bright  yellow  beneath  in  the  wet  season  ;  in 
the  dry  season  it  may  either  retain  its  bright  yellow  hue,  or  maj' 
become  sand-coloured  like  the  female.  The  underside  in  both  sexes 
of  'Uevacohix,  aK.ro,  a  well-known  butterfly  in  South  Africa,  is  in  the 
dry  season  coloured  like  a  dead  leaf  ;  the  resemblance  being 
increased  by  a  leaf-like  modification  of  shape,  best  marked,  be  it 
observed,  in  the  female.  In  the  wet  season,  though  the  leaf-like 
contour  is  lost  in  both  sexes,  the  female  retains  some  of  the  cryptic 
coloration  which  is  at  that  period  quite  absent  from  the  male.  A 
similar  description  will  apply  to  an  interesting  butterfly  from  the 
New  World  ;  I'l/risitia  jnoterpia  of  Central  and  South  America. 
Here  the  leaf-like  "  uncination  "  or  "  hooking  "  of  the  wings,  in 
what  appears  to  be  the  dry-season  form,  is  carried  to  a  still  greater 
extent,  and  in  the  female  is  especially  remarkable.  In  addition  to 
the  uncination  of  the  forewing,  the  hindwing  is  in  this  sex  pro- 
longed into  tails  which  may  stand  either  for  the  stalk,  or,  as  is 
perhaps  more  probable,  for  the  sharp  apex  of  the  leaf  to  which  the 
colouring  of  the  underside  affords  so  close  a  resemblance.  The  male 
shows  a  tendency  in  the  same  direction,  but  to  a  considerably  less 
extent.  In  the  wet  season  neither  sex  exhibits  uncination  or  is 
furnished  with  tails,  but  the  female  is  duller  in  hue  beneath,  and 
less  conspicuous  than  the  male. 

Finally,  as  exemplifying  the  same  principle  of  superior  advan- 
tage to  the  female  manifesting  itself  in  a  diflerent  way,  we  may 
take  the  curious  instance  of  Bdenois  tlujsa,  an  African  butterfly 
which  mimics  the  well  known  and  prevalent  Mi/lot/tri.'>  of/atliina. 
In  the  dry  season  the  mimicry  is  extremely  good,  the  resemblance 
being,  as  Mr.  Trimen  says,  "deceptively  close  in  both  sexes,"  the 
male  copying  the  male  Mi/lot/tris,  and  the  female  the  female.  In 
the  wet  season  the  mimicry  is  a  good  deal  less  exact,  and  the 
female  Belenois  often  loses  her  special  resemblance  to  the  female 
Mi/lothru  altogether ;  becoming  merely,  like  her  mate,  a  rather 
rough  copy  of  the  male  I\Iylot/iris  ai/athina. 

Putting  all  these  facts  together,  we  may,  I  think,  consider  that 
we  have  gained,  not  indeed  a  complete  explanation,  but  some  light 
on  the  facts  of  butterfly  Dimorphism,  whether  seasonal  or  sexual. 


23 

The  dry  season  as  compared  with  the  wet  makes  greater  demands 
on  the  provisions  for  individual  safety  from  enemies,  and  the  dry- 
season  broods  become  modified  accordingly.  The  female  sex 
demands  a  higher  degree  of  protection  than  the  male,  and  so 
we  see  that  when  the  same  means  of  protection  are  employed 
in  common  by  both  sexes,  the  female  enjoys  them  in  greater 
measure.  When  the  methods  employed  are  different,  the  more 
efficacious  contrivance  is  appropriated  by  the  female.  When  the 
mode  changes  in  correspondence  with  the  change  of  season,  we 
often  find  the  female  still  clinging  in  the  time  of  plenty,  to  the 
means  of  defence  which  enabled  her  to  tide  successfully  over  the 
hazardous  time  of  stress  and  adversity. 

This  finishes  what  I  have  to  say  on  the  present  occasion  about 
Dimorphism  as  exemplified  in  Butterflies.  We  may  consider,  I 
think,  that  we  have  not  only  been  able  to  pa=s  in  review  a  series  of 
facts  which  in  themselves  are  both  curious  and  interesting  ;  but, 
what  is  of  more  importance,  that  we  have  been  able  in  the  case 
both  of  seasonal  and  of  sexual  dimorphism  to  gain  some  insight 
into  the  bionomic  significance  of  this  remarkable  phenomenon. 


24 


ANNUAL     ADDRESS     TO    THE     MEMBERS 

OF    THE 

Sowtb  ITonbon   d-ntomologital   anb  l^atitral   ^Sistorg 

Bead  January  21th,  1921, 
By  K.  G.  Blair,  B.Sc,  F.E.S. 


LADIES  and  GENTLEMEN,  from  the  Reports  of  the  Treasurer 
and  the  Council  that  you  have  heard  read  you  will  have 
learned  that  in  spite  of  the  present  hard  times  the  position 
of  the  Society  is  a  flourishing  one,  your  membership  continues  to 
increase,  attendance  at  the  meetings  remains  at  a  high  level,  and 
the  number  and  interest  of  the  exhibits  maintains  a  very  satisfactory 
standard.  In  particular  at  our  last  Annual  Exhibition  of  Varieties 
the  attendance  was  a  record  one,  falling  very  little  short  of  150. 
The  exhibits  on  this  occasion,  while  numerous  and  of  great  interest, 
were  perhaps  to  a  greater  extent  than  usual  confined  to  the  Lepi- 
doptera,  and  we  missed  completely  the  botanical  exhibits  that 
usually  add  a  welcome  note  of  variety  to  these  occasions. 

The  Field  Meetings  have  perhaps  been  less  successful  than  any 
other  feature  of  our  programme,  but  in  view  of  the  unsettled  state 
of  the  weather  that  persisted  almost  throughout  the  summer,  we 
can  regard  this  comparative  failure  as  our  misfortune,  rather  than 
our  fault.  The  soaking  with  which  the  keenness  of  those  of  us  who 
attended  the  Horsley  meeting  was  rewarded,  was  certainly  enough 
to  damp  any  ardour  for  future  meetings,  but  came  too  late  in  the 
day  seriously  to  interfere  with  the  success  of  that  meeting. 

We  have  lost  only  two  members  by  death  in  the  course  of  the 
year,  but  the  loss  of  one  of  these  was  a  very  heavy  blow  to  the 
Society. 

Wm.  West,  for  so  many  years  of  Greenwich,  was  born  in  1836. 


25 

For  nearly  50  years  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the  engineering  firm 
of  John  Penn  and  Son,  from  which  he  retired  in  1899.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Society,  and  was  appointed  the  first 
curator  of  our  collections,  an  office  which  he  held  up  to  the  time  of 
his  death.  Most  regular  in  his  attendance  at  our  meetings,  he  was 
known  to  all  of  us  as  an  indefatigable  collector  of  the  Coleoptera 
and  Hemiptera.  His  collection  of  the  Hemiptera-Homoptera  which 
was  exceptionally  fine,  was  presented  by  him  to  the  Natural  History 
Museum  only  a  few  months  before  his  death.  Though  his  know- 
ledge of  these  and  other  orders  was  great,  and  always  readily  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  any  one  desiring  information,  he  seldom  wrote 
more  than  short  notices  of  captures.  The  articles  on  Coleoptera 
and  Hemiptera  for  the  Survey  and  Record  of  Woolwich  and  West 
Kent  (1909)  are  from  his  pen,  a  large  proportion  of  the  records 
being  of  his  own  captures. 

George  B.  Browne,  born  in  1851,  joined  our  Society  in  1900, 
but  since  his  removal  to  Benfleet,  about  six  years  ago,  was  seldom 
seen  at  our  meetings.  A  banker  by  profession,  his  interests  in 
■entomology  were  confined  to  the  Lepidoptera.  He  was  a  frequent 
visitor  to  Wicken  Fen,  a  portion  of  which  he  purchased  and  eventu- 
ally transferred  to  the  National  Trust. 

Mr,  W.  Chittenden,  though  at  the  time  of  his  death,  at  the  age 
of  72,  in  April  last,  not  a  member  of  our  Society,  was  numbered  in 
our  ranks  from  1888  to  1912.  He  was  a  keen  collector  of  British 
Lepidoptera,  devoting  his  attention  mainly  to  the  Noctuida. 

Outside  our  ranks  a  number  of  prominent  entomologists  have 
passed  away. 

The  death  of  Dr.  Charles  Gordon  Hewitt  at  the  early  age  of  35, 
is  a  serious  loss  to  the  economic  branch  of  biological  science.  He 
was  appointed  the  first  lecturer  in  economic  zoology  at  the 
University  of  Manchester ;  and  in  1909  he  went  to  Canada  as 
Entomologist  to  the  Dominion  ;  in  1917  he  was  appointed  Consulting 
Zoologist  to  the  Canadian  Commission  of  Conservation.  In 
addition  to  much  valuable  laboratory  and  research  work  he  had 
devoted  a  great  deal  of  attention  to  the  improvement  of  legislation 
to  deal  with  agricultural  pests. 

Frank  Milburn  Howlett  was  another  of  our  foremost  imperial 
economic  entomologists,  being  at  the  time  of  his  death  Imperial 
Pathological  Entomologist  at  the  Agricultural  Research  Institute 
at  Pusa,  India. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Stephen  Gorham,  who  died  in  March  last  at 


26 

the  age  of  81,  had  long  retired  from  active  entomology.  His 
most  important  contributions  to  literature  were  the  volumes  on  the 
Malacoderms,  and  on  the  Emtj/liihE,  Endomi/cJiidfE  and  Coccinellithe 
for  the  "Biologia  Centrali-Americana "  (1880-1889).  He  had 
formed  large  collections  of  these  families  of  beetles,  and  it  is  to 
be  regretted  that  a  large  proportion  of  these  have  been  allowed 
to  pass  into  the  possession  of  continental  collectors  and  Museums. 

Mr.  Alfred  E.  Hudd  died  at  the  age  of  75  years.  Though 
perhaps  personally  unknown  to  many  of  us,  he  was  an  authority  on 
the  Lepidoptera  of  the  Bristol  district,  and  assisted  in  working 
out  the  life  history  of  many  species  for  Buckler's  work  on  the 
"  Larvffi  of  British  Lepidoptera."  More  recently  he  had  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  Diptera  of  that  district. 

Of  Continental  Entomologists  the  most  noted  who  have  passed 
away  during  the  year  are  perhaps  : — 

Edmund  Keitter,  a  prolific  writer  on  Pal^earctic  Coleoptera. 
To  British  Coleopterists  his  best  known  works  are  his  "  Catologues 
of  the  Coleoptera  "  of  Europe,  his  "  Bestimmungs-tabellen  "  of 
very  many  of  the  families,  and  his  volumes  on  the  Coleoptera  of 
the  ''Fauna  Germanica."  The  'key '-method  of  treatment  so 
greatly  adopted  by  him  is  a  model  of  conciseness  combined  with 
scientific  accuracy. 

,  Professor  J.  R.  Sahlberg  is  known  chiefly  for  his  work  on  the 
Northern  Palaearctic  Coleoptera  and  Hemiptera. 

On  these  occasions,  in  addition  to  a  brief  survey  of  the  position 
of  our  Society  during  the  year  just  closing  it  is  usual  for  the 
President  to  offer  a  paper  on  some  subject  connected  with  the  work 
of  the  Society,  the  subject  chosen  being  as  a  rule  either  of  general 
interest,  or  on  some  branch  of  the  work  which  he  has  made 
especially  his  own.  For  this  part  of  my  address  to-night  I  have 
chosen  one  which  I  hope  will  be  of  general  interest  to  the  members, 

viz.  : — 

Insects  in   Winter. 

It  is  a  little  startling  to  reflect  that  even  in  the  depth  of 
winter,  when  there  seems  to  be  an  almost  complete  absence  of 
insect  life,  the  insects  are  nevertheless  present ;  in  individuals 
indeed  somewhat  less  numerous  than  when  in  full  summer  they 
are  in  countless  thousands  everywhere  around  us,  yet  every  species 
that  we  find  in  summer  is  with  us  also  in  winter — if  only  we 
know  where  and  how  to  look  for  it.  Indeed,  if  we  consider  the 
general  statement  that  for  each  pair  of  the  parents,  however  great 


27 

their  immediate  progeny,  only  one  pair  arrives  at  ti^e  stage  in 
their  turn  of  laying  eggs,  it  is  evident  that  in  the  case  of  those 
species  which  pass  the  winter  in  one  of  the  early  stages,  the 
number  of  individuals  extant  during  the  winter  must  be  actually 
greater  than  the  number  of  the  parent  generation,  at  any  rate 
than  of  such  of  them  as  succeed  in  reproducing  their  species. 

The  reaction  of  winter  upon  insect  life  is  felt  both  directly  and 
indirectly.  Directly  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  energising  influence 
of  sunshine,  while  the  low  temperatures  induce  lethargy  and 
torpidity  ;  (these  influences  can  be  observed  in  a  minor  degree  on 
any  cold,  dull  day  in  summer)  ;  indirectly  by  the  cessation  of 
vegetable  growth  and  the  dying  down  of  many  of  the  herbaceous 
plants,  which  means  the  cutting  off  of  the  food  supply  of  a  large 
part  of  the  insect  host.  These  consequences  of  winter  are  not 
equally  felt  by  all  insects.  Certain  lepidopterous  larvse,  for  instance, 
whose  food  supply  is  not  seriously  interfered  with,  are  very  much 
more  aflected  by  winter  than  others  in  similar  circumstances,  some 
seeming  to  wake  up  and  be  ready  to  feed  during  any  warm  spell 
throughout  the  winter,  while  others  will  commence  hibernation 
comparatively  early  in  the  autumn  and  not  wake  until  spring  is 
well  advanced.  Those  insects  whose  food  supply  is  completely  cut 
off  must  perforce  find  some  means  of  tiding  over  the  barren  months 
of  winter  until  the  fresh  spring  growth  enables  them  to  feed  again. 

Now  of  the  four  main  stages  of  an  insect's  life  two,  the  egg  and 
the  pupa,  are  in  any  case  periods  of  more  or  less  prolonged  fasting, 
and  very  naturally,  as  may  be  thought,  a  large  number  of  insects 
take  advantage  of  one  or  other  of  them  as  a  convenient  stage  in 
which  to  tide  over  the  winter  months. 

■  In  spite,  however,  of  apparent  quiescence,  both  these  stages  are 
in  reality  periods  of  histological  activity  and  reorganisation  ;  in  the 
egg  the  cellular  tissue  is  dividing  and  differentiating  to  form  the 
parts  and  organs  of  the  young  larva,  while  in  the  pupa  these  organs, 
having  reached  their  full  size,  are  being  altered,  or  even  broken  up 
and  reformed  as  the  organs  of  the  perfect  insect,  often  very  different, 
and  required  to  perform  very  different  functions  from  those  of  the 
larva.  ■  It  is  not  then  altogether  surprising  that  many  insects  have 
adopted  one  of  the  physically  more  active  though  physiologically 
comparatively  quiescent  stages,  i.e.,  the  larva  or  the  imago,  as  that 
in  which  to  pass  the  winter. 

In  this  case  the  insect  is  said  to  hibernate,  by  which  term  is 
meant  to  enter  into  a  torpid  condition  during  which  no  food  is  taken, 


28 

no  energy  expended  in  movement,  and  respiration  and  all  other 
vital  functions  are  reduced  to  a  minimum.  This  phenomenon  of 
hibernation  is,  as  already  indicated,  very  much  more  complete  in 
some  insects  than  in  others  ;  it  may  indeed  be  considered  as  an 
attempt  to  reassume,  temporarily,  the  resting  stage  of  the  egg  or 
pupa.  The  very  attitude  taken  up  by  a  hibernating  wasp  for 
instance,  with  the  legs  folded  ventrally,  the  tarsi  directed  backwards, 
and  the  wings  also  folded  ventrally,  between  the  second  and  third 
pair  of  legs,  recalls  exactly  that  of  the  pupa  ;  the  insects  only  grip 
being  by  means  of  the  jaws  firmly  closed  and  grasping  some  stem 
or  fibre.  This  attitude  is  quite  different  from  the  ordinary  resting 
attitude  of  the  wasp,  when  the  wings  aie  folded  down  the  back,  and 
the  grip  maintained  by  the  feet,  and  is  never  assumed  except  for 
purposes  of  hibernation. 

In  this  case  the  insect  is  said  to  hibernate,  by  which  term  is 
meant  to  enter  into  a  torpid  condition,  during  which  no  food  is 
taken,  no  energy  expended  in  movement,  so  that  respiration  and  all 
other  vital  functions  are  reduced  to  a  minimum.  This  phenomenon 
of  hibernation  is,  as  already  indicated,  very  much  more  complete 
in  some  insects  than  in  others  ;  it  may,  indeed,  be  considered  as  an 
attempt  to  reassume  temporarily  the  resting  state  of  the  egg  or 
pupa.  The  very  attitude  taken  up  by  a  hibernating  wasp,  for 
instance,  with  the  legs  folded  ventrally,  the  tarsi  directed  back- 
wards, and  the  wings  also  folded  ventrally  between  the  second  and 
third  pair  of  legs,  recalls  exactly  that  of  the  pupa,  the  insect's  only 
grip  being  by  means  of  the  jaws  firmly  closed  and  grasping  some 
stem  or  fibre.  This  attitude  is  quite  dift'erent  from  the  ordinary 
resting  attitude  of  the  wasp,  when  the  wings  are  folded  down  the 
back,  and  the  grip  maintained  by  the  feet,  and  is  never  assumed 
except  for  purposes  of  hibernation. 

What  are  the  precise  factors  that  bring  about  hibernation  has 
puzzled  many  investigators.  That  it  is  not  cold  alone  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  many  hibernating  insects  take  up  their  winter 
quarters  long  before  cold  weather  sets  in.  Also,  exposure  to  cold 
artificially  produced  does  not  necessarily  induce  hibernation. 
Similarly,  it  is  not  lack  of  food  that  induces  hibernation,  since 
many  insects,  both  larvae  and  adults,  commence  hibernating  many 
weeks  before  there  is  any  scarcity  of  food.  Nevertheless,  it  appears 
that  the  absence  of  food  at  the  end  of  the  period  may  conduce  to 
a  considerable  prolongation  of  the  hibernating  state.  Dr.  Chapman 
records  observations  on  the  larvae  of  Leioptiltis  tephradactijla  (6).    The 


29 

larvae  were  kept  in  two  cages  with  plants  of  golden  rod.  In  one 
cage,  as  soon  as  the  new  growth  appeared  in  the  spring,  the  larvae 
commenced  to  feed  upon  it,  but  the  plant  being  unable  to  maintain 
headway  against  their  attacks,  when  the  cage  was  examined  the 
larva?  were  found  to  be  all  dead  of  starvation.  In  the  other  cage 
the  plant  died  during  the  winter,  but  when  this  cage  was  examined 
at  the  same  time  as  the  other,  the  larvae  were  found  to  be  alive  and 
healthy.  Not  having  been  able  to  break  their  winter's  fast,  they 
had  been  able  to  prolong  it  for  some  weeks,  while  the  others  having 
once  recommenced  feeding  were  not  able  to  survive  subsequent 
starvation. 

Dr.  Chapman  concludes  that  the  constancy  of  the  occurrence  of 
the  habit  in  any  species  of  insect,  and  the  persistency  of  attempts 
to  hibernate  under  abnormal  conditions,  prove  that  it  is  a  matter 
of  instinct  and  inherited  habit  rather  than  the  immediate  conse- 
quence of  definite  physical  conditions.  For  the  origin  of  the 
habit  he  suggests  that  we  must  look  to  the  quiescence  of  protoplasm 
at  a  low  temperature  and  under  starvation,  and  that  hibernation 
should  be  considered  a  function  of  the  protoplasm  rather  than  of 
the  organism  as  a  whole.  It  would  thus  be  seen  in  its  simplest 
form  in  the  case  of  those  species  that  pass  the  Aviuter  as  an  egg  or 
pupa. 

Not  only  may  any  one  of  the  four  main  stages  of  an  insect's 
life  be  selected  by  a  species  as  that  best  adapted  for  the  purpose  of 
hibernation,  but  usually  each  species  remains  quite  constant  in  this 
respect.  It  seems,  indeed,  as  though  the  capacity  for  hibernation 
were  limited,  as  regards  any  particular  species,  to  the  one  stage  in 
its  life.  Experiment  (17)  seems  to  show  that  if,  by  any  means,  an 
insect  can  be  induced  to  pass  beyond  its  normal  hibernating  stage 
before  winter  overtakes  it,  it  has  then  passed  beyond  its  capacity  for 
hibernating,  and  will  perish  if  not  fed  frequently  (17).  In  a  few 
cases  this  capacity  for  hibernating  is  more  elastic ;  Netneophila 
planta/iinis,  for  example,  will  hibernate  almost  as  readily  in  the 
pupal  as  in  the  larval  state,  while  a  few  species  such  as  Arctia  raja 
and  Pliisia  (/aiiinia  can  hibernate  in  practically  any  stage.  With 
most  insects  the  capacity  for  hibernation  is  limited  not  only  to  one 
of  the  four  chief  stages,  but  usually  to  a  definite  period  in  that 
stage.  An  insect  that  wmters  as  an  egg,  for  example,  may  do  so 
while  the  egg  is  "  fresh,"  so  to  speak,  before  the  development  of 
the  contained  embryo  has  commenced,  or  development  may  be 
already  complete,  and   the  young  larva  ready  formed  within  the 


30 

shell,  but  waiting  for  the  spring  before  it  bursts  its  bonds.  The 
eggs  of  Lijmantria  monacha,  for  example,  may  be  seen  to  contain 
the  fully-formed  larvas  in  September,  yet  they  do  not  emerge  until 
the  following  March  or  April.  From  this  it  is  but  a  step  to  the 
state  of  things  exhibited  by  certain  Fritillary  Butterflies,  the  young 
larva  of  Vnjaa  [Aigynnifi)  paphia  (20),  for  example,  emerging  from  the 
egg  in  July,  enters  at  once  into  hibernation  after  devouring  the  empty 
egg-shell  from  which  it  has  hatched.  Many  other  larvae  pass  the 
winter  while  still  young,  e.i/.,  Liinenitis  ^ibilla,  Abraxas  ipossulcuiata, 
etc.,  others  when  half  or  nearly  full  grown,  until  finally,  as  in  the 
case  of  Macrot/ii/lacia  riibi,  they  hibernate  as  fully-fed  larvae  that  do 
not  feed  again  after  waking  from  their  long  winter  sleep,  though 
they  drink  greedily,  and  take  full  advantage  of  whatever  sunshine 
there  may  be,  before  spinning  up  to  pupate.  I  am  not  aware  of 
any  lepidopterous  larvae,  at  any  rate  in  this  country,  that  pass  the 
winter  in  a  prepupal  state  within  their  cocoons,  waiting  until  the 
spring  before  the  moult  takes  place,  but  such  is  commonly  the  case 
m  the  Hymenoptera,  at  least  in  the  aculeate  and  the  phytophagous 
divisions  of  the  order. 

In  certain  Zyijaena  larvas  Burgeft'  (3)  has  shown  that  the  3rd  or 
4th  moult  produces  a  special  hibernating  instar  in  which  the  larva 
takes  no  food,  its  colours  are  dull,  the  size  of  the  head  is  even 
smaller  than  that  of  the  previous  stage,  the  contents  of  the  body 
are  viscous,  and  particularly  resistent  to  drought,  and  the  larva 
enters  at  once  into  hibernation.  When  it  wakes  up  in  the  spring 
it  drinks  greedily,  increasing  in  size,  and  soon  moults  again, 
resuming  its  normal  colours  before  commencing  to  feed  again.  In 
these  larv*  there  is  therefore  a  special  hibernating  stage  during 
which  no  food  is  taken,  and  showing  definite  structural  characters, 
sharply  defined  by  a  moult  before  and  after  hibernation.  This 
special  stage  appears  to  be  intercalated  between  the  normal  larval 
instars  rather  than  to  be  a  normal  instar  completely  given  up  to  the 
purpose  of  hibernation. 

The  larva  of  the  beetle  Driliis  flavescenn,  which  feeds  upon 
snails,  also  assumes  a  special  form  for  hibernating  purposes  very 
different  from  the  active  predatory  form.  Some  Zi/ffaenidae  show 
a  further  interesting  phenomenon  in  that  some  larvfe,  after  hiber- 
nation, will  feed  up  rapidly,  and  produce  moths  in  the  ensuing 
summer,  while  others  of  the  same  brood  will  remain  small,  and 
eventually  hibernate  a  second  time  before  attaining  the  perfect 
state.     In  this  latter  case  Burgeff  was  unable  to  recognise  a  definite 


31 

hibernating  stage  comparable  to  that  referred  to  above  assumed 
during  the  first  winter. 

Then  we  have  the  large  number  of  insects  that  hibernate  in 
the  pupal  state.  As  in  the  case  of  those  hibernating  in  the  egg, 
development  may  be  delayed  by  the  winter  until  the  following 
spring,  or  it  may  be  already  complete  before  winter  supervenes.  It 
is  well  known,  for  instance,  that  the  moths  of  the  Small  Eggar  are 
ready  formed  within  the  pupa;  in  the  autumn,  but  they  do  not 
emerge  until  the  February  following.  This  same  species  is  a  good 
example  of  a  similar  phenomenon  to  that  we  saw  in  the  Zyijaena 
larvae,  viz.,  what  is  Imown  to  lepidopterists  as  "  lying  over."  Not 
all  the  moths  of  a  brood  will  emerge  when  their  time  is  due,  but 
many  of  them  will  remain  over  for  another  year,  or  even  two  or 
more  years  before  emergence.  This  behaviour  is  not  dependent 
upon  the  meteorological  conditions  at  the  time  of  year  the  species 
is  due  to  emerge.  If  the  pupas  of  a  brood  that  have  been  reared 
all  together  under  precisely  similar  conditions  be  examined  in  the 
autumn,  some  of  them  will  be  found  to  be  dark  coloured,  with  the 
markings  of  the  moth  plainly  discernible  through  the  pupal  sheath. 
Others  will  be  seen  to  be  pale,  greenish-amber  coloured,  and  evidently 
quite  undeveloped.  From  the  former  the  moths  will  emerge  the 
following  spring,  or  if,  for  any  reason,  such  as  unfavourable 
weather  at  the  time,  they  fail  to  do  so,  they  will  perish  without 
producing  moths."  The  undeveloped  pupae  remain  without  change 
until  the  following  summer,  when  in  some  or  all  of  them  develop- 
ment will  take  place,  and  the  moths  emerge  the  February  following. 
Probably,  however,  some  will  still  remain  unchanged  to  produce 
moths  the  third  or  fourth  February  after  their  larval  period.  What 
are  the  factors  that  determine  whether  development  shall  proceed 
or  be  postponed  is  a  complete  mystery,  but  obviously  this  "lying 
over  "  IS  a  means  of  providing  against  the  extinction  of  the  species 
in  case  of  unfavourable  conditions  supervening  at  the  time  of  year, 
in  any  case  very  undependable,  when  the  species  is  due  to  emerge. 

Finally,  we  have  those  insects  that  pass  the  winter  in  the 
perfect  state.  Disregarding  for  the  moment  those  truly  winter 
insects  that  only  attain  the  perfect  state,  and  pair,  oviposit  and  die 
all  within  the  winter  months,  which  for  the  present  purpose  may 
be  regarded  as  divided   between  the  late  autumn  insects  that  pass 


*  South  tajs  that  it  is  the  moth  ready  formed  within  the  pupa  that  lies 
over  until  the  following  year,  but  in  my  experience  this  is  not  so. 


32 

the  winter  in  the  egg  stage  and  the  early  spring  insects  that 
hibernate  as  pupae,  we  will  consider  only  those  that  truly  hibernate 
in  the  perfect  state.  Here,  again,  we  find  that  this  period  of 
hibernation  can  intervene  early  or  late  in  the  stage  of  the  insect's 
life,  I.e.,  the  insect  may  hibernate  comparatively  soon  after  emerging 
from  the  pupa,  in  any  case  before  the  great  business  of  life — mating 
and  reproduction — has  begun,  or  mating  may  take  place  before 
hibernation.  In  the  former  case,  of  course,  both  sexes  hibernate, 
and  mating  takes  place  in  the  spring.  This  is  the  case  with  most, 
if  not  all,  of  our  hibernating  butterflies.  In  the  latter  case,  there 
being  no  further  need  for  the  (J  J  ,  these  die  off  before  winter,  and 
only  the  impregnated  ?  $  survive.  Probably  the  best  known 
instance  of  this  is  found  in  the  Hymenoptera,  in  the  Wasps  and 
Bumble  Bees. 

There  is,  as  mentioned  before,  great  diversity  also  in  the  depth 
of  this  winter  sleep.  Some  species,  Aijlais  iirticae,  for  example, 
very  early  take  up  their  winter  quarters,  and  though  restless  for  a 
while,  and  apt  to  move  about  in  bright  warm  weather,  usually  sleep 
undisturbed  until  the  arrival  of  spring.  Other  species  are  much 
more  restless,  and  easily  waked  by  a  warm  day.  Pi/rameis  atalanta 
is  on  the  wing  very  much  later  than  most  of  the  Vanessids  (it  was 
exhibited  at  our  meeting  on  November  11th  last,  and  probably 
remained  lively  for  some  time  later  than  that)  and  is  notoriously  a 
bad  hibernator.  Mr.  Newman  has  told  us  that  it  is  easy  enough  to 
keep  the  species  alive  through  the  winter  by  keeping  it  warm  and 
feeding  it  at  intervals,  but  in  natural  conditions  there  is  some  doubt 
as  to  whether  it  ever  really  succeeds  in  surviving  the  winter,  except 
perhaps  in  Cornwall  and  the  Scilly  Islands,  where  the  climate  is 
sufficiently  mild  to  allow  of  it  finding  food  throughout  the  winter. 
Possibly  it  is  so  exceptionally  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  but 
on  the  other  hand  Mr.  Newman  suggests  that  the  individuals  occa- 
sionally seen  during  the  winter  are  in  reality  only  very  late  emer- 
gences. The  species  certainly  belongs  to  more  southern  climes  than 
our  own,  where  the  winters  are  sufficiently  bright  and  mild  to  allow 
of  its  survival  without  entering  upon  a  true  period  of  hibernation, 
so  that  when  it  migrates  to  our  latitudes  it  has  not  acquired  the 
capacity  of  standing  prolonged  cold  and  fasting.  Pytameis  c.ardid 
in  Egypt  is  said  to  be  on  the  wing  throughout  the  year  with  a  con- 
tinuous succession  of  broods. 

Quite  a  number  of  tbese  insects  that  hibernate  in   the  perfect 
state  show  a  marked  partiality  for  human  habitations  as  a  place  of 


33 

retreat.  This  is  scarcely  surprising,  as  the  most  pressing  require- 
ments for  their  purpose  are  absence  of  damp  and  shelter  from  the 
wind.  That  dwelling  houses  are  warm  in  addition  to  being  dry  and 
sheltered,  is  probably  a  misfortune  from  the  insect's  point  of  view, 
as  the  artificial  warmth  tends  to  interfere  with  the  winter  slumber. 
Probably  outhouses,  hollow  trees,  timber  stacks,  etc.,  are  much  more 
Batisfactory  as  hibernacula.  The  Vanessid  butterflies,  and  many  of 
the  hibernating  moths,  are  frequently  found  in  these  situations. 
Caves  also  are  sometimes  much  frequented  by  certain  species,  on 
one  occasion,  for  example,  I  found  considerable  numbers  of  Sroli- 
opteryx  libatn'.v  and  Triphosa  diibitata  on  the  walls  and  roofs  of  caves, 
which  habitat  they  shared  with  numerous  gnats  and  Long-eared 
Bats,  but  the  Vanessid  butterflies  Avere  altogether  wanting  from  the 
association.  Gonepteri/x  rliaiiDii  frequently  shows  a  marked  prefer- 
ence for  the  interior  of  a  thick  holly  bush  as  a  winter  resort,  though 
it  will  sometimes  pass  the  winter  on  an  exposed  stem. 

A  peculiarfeatureabout  these  hibernating  insects  is  the  tendency 
many  of  them  show  to  congregating  in  large  numbers.  Amongst 
the  Diptera  several  species  exhibit  this  habit,  frequently  forming 
mixed  swarms.  Thus  Ashworth  notes  a  case  of  the  Anthomyiid 
Liiiniop/iora  septemnotata  forming  the  bulk  of  the  swarm,  though  the 
JMiisci'la,  Pijriilia  eriophthahiia,  ]\]uscina  stabnlans,  L'lotocallipJiora 
ijrcexlanilica,  and  Pollenia  rinUs  were  present  in  smaller  numbers. 
Further,  the  Chalcid  parasite,  Pteroinaliis  (SteiKnnobis)  mnscanim  is 
usually  found  mingled  with  these  swarms  of  Diptera.  Another 
Chalcid,  l'teru))ictliis  deplanatus  (20),  is  also  found  sometimes  in  in- 
credible numbers,  and  is  almost  uncanny  in  its  ability  to  creep  into 
minute  crevices,  getting  into  picture  frames,  frequently  between  the 
pictures  and  the  glass,  into  drawers,  books,  etc.  It  is  of  interest  to 
note  that  of  both  species  of  Chalcididce  mentioned  the  swarms  consist 
entirely  of  females,  at  any  rate  of  many  thousands  examined  I  have 
never  found  a  male  amongst  them.  Of  some  of  the  flies,  too,  only 
females  are  found  in  the  swarms.  Those  of  Liwnophora  septeni- 
notata  and  Mnacina  stabidans,  on  dissection,  have  been  found  to 
have  their  receptacula  seminis  full  of  spermatozoa,  though  the 
ovarian  tubes  are  immature.  Evidently  then  these  flies  are  impreg- 
nated before  hibernation,  and  on  resuming  activity  in  the  spring  will 
feed  up  and  develop  their  ovaries  and  soon  be  ready  to  lay  fertile 
eggs.  Of  other  species  such  as  Pyrellia  erioplithalma ,  Pollenia  VKdin, 
and  AphiucJiccta  nifipes,  both  sexes  have  been  found  in  the  swarms. 

The  Vanessid  butterflies  sometimes  show  a  tendency  to  congre- 


34 

gate  for  hibernation.  Very  often,  it  is  true,  they  are  found  singly, 
but  it  is  by  no  means  unusual  to  find  three  or  four,  or  more,  in  the 
same  corner  of  the  room.  Mr.  Frohawk  tells  me  of  one  case 
observed  by  him  of  nine  Aijlah.  urticcf,  all  close  together,  practically 
touching  one  another.  In  September,  1918,  I  went  into  an  empty 
house  in  which  almost  every  room  had  half  a  dozen  or  more  butter- 
flies on  the  ceiling,  while  the  window  sills  were  littered  with  dead 
ones,  V.  io,  A.  intinc,  and  Euiionia  pnlychloms. 

Of  Melitita  ciu.da  the  larvae  hibernate  gregariously  when  young 
beneath  the  shelter  of  leaves  spun  together  close  to  the  ground, 
while  the  winter  nests  of  Kiiproctis  c]injsorrhcca  =  i>]iae(itliaea  and 
Apuria  crat(r<ji  are  well  known. 

Some  of  the  Ladybird  beetles  show  a  marked  partiality  for 
window  frames,  and  the  sash-cord  boxes  at  the  sides  ;  hundreds  of 
the  Two-spot  Ladybirds  may  often  be  found  in  such  a  situation, 
with  the  Seven-spot  Ladybird  usually  in  smaller  numbers.  Certain 
Carabid  Beetles  also,  Anchjuieiiits  (lo)-saiLs,  Calatlms  )iiclanocephalus, 
etc.,  frequently  congregate  in  large  numbers  under  stones,  etc., 
during  the  winter,  though  they  are  scarcely  true  hibernators. 

Other  instances  of  insects  that  hibernate  in  colonies  are  of  course 
the  Ants  and  the  Honey  Bee,  but  these  must  be  placed  in  a  different 
category  from  those  just  noted.  In  both  these  cases  the  impreg- 
nated ?  5  survive  for  a  number  of  years,  living  in  protected  colonies 
or  nests  with  a  large  number  of  workers.  The  insects,  however,  do 
not  become  torpid,  but  require  frequent  feeding  throughout  the 
winter. 

To  return  to  those  insects  that  only  attain  the  perfect  state  and 
pass  their  brief  lives,  mating  and  reproducing  their  kind,  all  within 
the  winter  months.  These  belong  to  various  orders,  <?.//.,  Lepi- 
doptera  {Cheimatobia,  Hybeniia,  Nyssia,  Pcecilocanipa,  etc.),  Neu- 
roptera  [Boreua),  Diptera  {(Jhionea,  Tridiocera,  etc.),  and  CoUembola. 

A  noteworthy  feature  about  those  species  of  moths  that  emerge 
during  the  winter  months  is  the  large  proportion  of  them  that  have 
only  rudimentary  wings  in  the  female  sex.  Examples  of  this 
phenomenon  are  found  in  different  families,  in  the  Amphiiladd<£ 
{Pldyalia  and  Xyasia,  but  not  in  Bistun  and  Ainphiilasis),  in  all  the 
Uyberniidai,  in  the  Larentiidce  (one  genus  only,  Chimatohia),  in 
Diurnea  fa<jella,  etc.,  so  that  it  is  not  due  to  origin  from  a  common 
ancestor  with  a  wingless  $  .  There  are  also  a  few  groups  with 
wingless  ?  $  that  emerge  during  the  summer,  ^.//.,  the  genus '^/y/y/a 
and  the  Psyclddce,  etc.    Nevertheless,  from  the  fact  that  this  feature 


35 

is  so  characteristic  of  winter-emerging  moths  we  must  conclude 
that  it  serves  some  definite  purpose  in  connection  with  the  time  of 
year  at  which  they  appear.  That  these  species  ate  descended  from 
ancestors  having  normally  winged  females  is  evidenced  by  their 
belonging  to  families  quite  normal  in  this  respect,  and  by  the  fact 
that  the  pup^e  possess  well  developed,  almost  normal,  wing  cases. 
So  we  must  conclude  that  the  possession  of  wings,  at  least  by  the 
?  ,  must  have  been  of  some  definite  disadvantage  to  the  species, 
and  that  in  the  course  of  evolution  they  have  been  lost.  The  ^  J  are 
of  course  fully  winged  ;  as  they  have  to  seek  out  the  comparatively 
stationary  females  the  possession  of  full  powers  of  flight  would 
appear  to  be  even  more  necessary  to  them  than  to  most  species  ; 
evidently  they  are  uninfluenced  by  the  factors  that  led  to  the  loss  of 
wings  in  the  female.  What  then  can  have  been  the  danger  of  wings 
to  the  female,  and  to  the  female  alone  ?  The  most  obvious  sugges- 
tion is,  that  by  the  possession  of  wings  they  might  wander  from  a 
situation  suitable  for  depositing  their  eggs.  A  moth  when  it 
emerges  from  the  chrysalis  at  the  foot  of  the  tree  upon  which  the 
caterpillar  fed,  will  usually  climb  up  the  stem  of  the  tree  to  develop 
and  dry  its  wings,  and  very  frequently  the  female  will  wait  here  to 
be  impregnated  before  attempting  flight.  In  the  case  of  these 
winter  emerging  moths  it  was  presumably  dangerous  to  the  species 
for  her  to  fly  after  impregnation,  probably  because  of  the  unlikeli- 
hood of  her  finding  another  tree  suitable  for  depositing  her  ova. 
But  why  should  this  danger  be  greater  in  winter  than  for  the  vast 
majority  of  moths  at  other  times  of  the  year  ?  This  question  has 
puzzled  many  entomologists,  and  various  attempts  at  a  solution 
have  been  put  forward.  It  has  been  suggested  that  owing  to  the 
likelihood  of  rough  weather  the  females  might  be  blown  away  from 
their  foodplants  with  the  risk  of  not  being  able  to  find  them  again, 
or  that  her  wing  expanse  is  liable  to  damage  in  high  winds,  possibly 
to  such  an  extent  as  to  prevent  her  attaining  the  food  plant  proper 
to  her  species. 

Mr.  Hudson  (13)  has  drawn  attention  to  a  very  similar  condition 
of  things  amongst  the  winter-emerging  moths  in  New  Zealand,  and 
advances  the  theory  that  the  numbing  effect  of  cold  may  be  the 
particular  danger  threatening  the  female,  rendering  her  perhaps  unable 
to  move  and  seek  out  the  foodplant,  though  retaining  sufficient 
vitality  to  deposit  her  eggs  wherever  she  may  happen  to  be ;  it 
would  therefore  be  important  for  her  that  she  should  not  be  able  to 
leave  the  foodplant  in  case  of  being  overtaken  by  cold.     In  any  case 


36 

it  is  evident  that  the  <?  would  be  equally  subject  to  injury  ;  but  for 
the  propagation  of  the  race  this  would  be  of  comparatively  little 
consequence ;  from  that  standpoint  it  is  much  more  essential  that 
he  should  retain  his  mobility  in  searching  for  the  $  . 

Another  theory  advocated  by  our  esteemed  member,  Dr.  T.  A. 
Chapman  (5),  postulates  that  the  dominating  factor  is  the  dormant 
state  of  vegetation  at  the  time  of  year  when  these  moths  are  ovi- 
positing. According  to  this  investigator  moths  recognise  the  food- 
plant  suitable  for  their  progeny,  not  by  sight  or  touch,  but  by  smell ; 
he  assumes  that  all  vegetation  during  active  growth  emits  charac- 
teristic odours  or  scents,  but  that  when  dormant  these  emanations 
are  no  longer  given  off,  or  at  any  rate  to  a  very  small  degree,  and 
the  winter  moths  are  consequently  unable  to  search  them  out. 
Hence  it  is  important  that  the  female  moths  should  not  leave  the 
tree  or  shrub  up  which  they  have  climbed  on  emerging  from  the 
pupa. 

This  theory  does  not  account  for  the  loss  of  her  wings  by  the  $ 
Vapourer  Moth,  or  for  the  yet  further  degeneration  of  the  $  $  of  the 
family  Paydiidd,  in  which  cases  some  other  factor  must  be  looked 
for ;  neither  does  it  explain  why  certain  other  winter-emerging 
moths,  such  as  Hitnera  iiennaria,  Pcecilocampa  popiili,  Krio(jaster 
lanestru,  etc.,  should  have  retained  their  wings  in  both  sexes ;  but 
it  does,  I  think,  offer  a  very  valuable  suggestion  as  to  the  connection 
between  this  phenomenon  of  aborted  wings  in  the  2  sex  and  the 
dormant  state  of  vegetation  in  winter.  That  the  l&rvse  of  the 
moths  in  question  are  all  very  general  feeders  on  trees  and  shrubs, 
which  frequently  grow  more  or  less  densely  upon  the  ground,  would 
seem  to  lend  additional  support  to  this  theory. 

Certain  TipulidcE  that  appear  in  winter  are  also  apterous  or 
semi-apterous  in  the  $  .  In  this  country  we  have  Tipula  paiiana 
which,  though  not  truly  a  winter  insect,  appears  in  October,  i.e., 
very  much  later  than  any  other  of  our  Tipulida,  while  in  New 
Zealand  several  species  appear  in  the  winter  months,  the  ?  $  of 
which,  where  known  and  probably  in  a  good  many  species  where 
unknown,  have  aborted  wings. 

In  this  connection  mention  may  also  be  made  of  the  little  wing- 
less Panorpid,  Boreas  liie;)iali>i.  This  case,  however,  differs  from 
that  of  the  Moths  and  Tipuliila  previously  considered  in  that  here 
we  find  the  wings  aborted  in  both  sexes.  These  insects,  too,  are 
completely  terrestrial,  running  and  hopping  on  the  ground  over  the 
moss  in  which  the  larvae  have  developed,  and  probably  afford  a 


87 

more  normal  case  of  the  atrophy  of  organs  that  are  no  longer 
required. 

The  mode  of  dispersal  of  these  species  of  moths  with  wingless 
females  has  been  the  subject  of  discussion.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  they  are  carried  about  by  the  males  when  paired,  but  positive 
confirmation  of  this  theory  by  actual  observation  is  strangely 
lacking.  Indeed  I  know  of  only  one  case  (22)  in  which  it  has 
been  observed,  and  then  only  when  the  insects  were  disturbed. 
Alternative  modes  would  be  presumably  (i.)  by  the  wandering  of 
the  5  after  emergence  before  finding  a  suitable  tree  or  shrub  to 
climb  up  ;  in  view  of  the  active  way  in  which  they  can  run  they 
might  be  expected  to  cover  very  considerable  distances  ;  (ii.)  by 
the  wandering  of  the  larvae  either  when  seeking  a  suitable  spot  for 
pupation  or  earlier.  Considering  the  readiness  with  which  they  drop 
from  the  taller  vegetation  and  the  frequency  with  which  some  of 
them  may  be  found  crawling  about  on  low-growing  plants,  it 
seems  likely  that  this  method  forms  no  inconsiderable  factor  in  the 
dispersal  of  these  species. 

We  have  already  seen  that  one  of  the  principal  directions  in 
which  insect  life  is  affected  by  the  conditions  of  winter  is  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fall  of  the  leaf  and  the  dying  down  of  many  of  the 
summer  plants.  But  in  the  almost  infinite  variety  of  insect  life 
there  are,  of  course,  a  large  number  of  insects  whose  food  supply  is 
not  thus  cut  off,  so  that  among  these  we  may  look  for  species  which 
feed  through  the  winter,  or  at  any  rate  during  the  large  portion  of 
it  when  the  weather  remains  mild  and  open. 

Many  predaceous  insects,  such  as  beetles  of  the  families 
Carabiihe,  Staj>liyliniihc,  etc.,  remain  more  or  less  active  throughout 
the  winter,  subsisting  upon  hibernating  insects,  larvae,  eggs,  and 
so  forth. 

Aquatic  insects  are  in  this  respect  perhaps  more  highly  favoured 
than  most.  In  anything  but  the  smallest  pools  the  temperature 
practically  never  falls  below  freezing  point,  so  that  the  denizens  of 
our  ponds  and  rivers  are  favoured  with  a  much  more  equable 
temperature  all  the  year  round  than  have  the  aerial  insects,  and 
pond  life  continues,  at  a  somewhat  slower  speed  it  is  true,  but 
otherwise  scarcely  altered,  throughout  the  winter.  Many  of  the 
aquatic  insects  are,  of  course,  air  breathers,  obtaining  their  air 
supplies  direct  from  the  atmosphere  at  the  surface  of  the  water. 
This  is  to  some  extent  interfered  with  when  the  ponds  are  frozen 
over,  but  sufficient  oxygen  for  their  reduced  needs  is  usually  held  in 


38 

bubbles  beneath  the  ice,  or  accumulates  from  the  aquatic  plants. 
For  those  creatures  that  breathe  the  air  dissolved  in  the  water,  e.g., 
larvae  of  (hhmata  and  of  many  Diptera,  breathing  presents  scarcely 
more  difficulty  than  obtains  when  the  ^yater  is  open.  As  regards 
the  food  supply,  too,  aquatic  insects  are  well  situated  ;  the  larger 
ones  are  mostly  predatory  upon  the  smaller,  while  the  latter  feed 
mostly  upon  minute  forms  of  vegetable  growth,  or  upon  decomposing 
vegetable  tissues. 

But  even  amongst  the  aquatic  insects  there  are  a  few  that 
appear  to  have  a  true  period  of  hibernation  either  as  larvae  in  the 
mud  at  the  bottom,  or  as  the  perfect  insect  which  may  hibernate 
away  from  the  water.  To  the  former  class  seem  to  belong  some  of 
the  mosquitoes,  e.f/.,  Anopheles  bifurcatiis  and  A.  pluinheiis,  while  of 
other  mosquitoes  such  as  Anopheles  viacidipennis,  Culex  pipiens, 
Theobaldia  annulata,  etc.,  the  adult   $   hibernates. 

It  might  be  expected  that  Lepidoptera  whose  larvse  feed  on  ever- 
greens, would  show  a  proportionately  large  number  of  over- 
wintering caterpillars,  but  a  little  consideration  seems  to  show  that 
this  is  not  so.  If  we  take  the  case  of  our  pine-feeding  larvae,  for 
instance,  the  only  ones  that  hibernate  in  the  larval  state  are  Ellopia 
fasciaria,  and  the  different  spp.  of  Thera,  which  hibernate  as  young 
larvae.  The  majority.  Sphinx  pinastri.  Trachea  piniperda,  Macaria 
Uturata,  Fidonia  piniaria,  and  the  pine-feeding  Eupitheciae  pass  the 
winter  in  the  pupal  stage  (I  do  not  include  numerous  other  species, 
such  as  Lyinantria  monacha  that  sometimes  feed  upon  pine,  but  more 
usually  upon  deciduous  trees). 

Of  ivy  feeders  the  proportion  of  hibernating  larvae  is  greater ; 
thus  we  have  Vrapteryx  saiiibncaria,  Boar»iia  re}iandata,  and  B. 
rhovibnidaria,  Triplucna  spp.,  Mania  spp.  (but  all  of  these  also  feed 
on  deciduous  plants  and  for  the  most  part  have  a  period  of  true 
hibernation).  Celastrina  aryioltis,  (hlontopera  bidentata,  etc.,  pass  the 
winter  as  pupae. 

Other  lepidopterous  larvfe  whose  food  is  obtainable  throughout 
the  winter,  and  which  probably  feed  more  or  less  daring  mild 
spells  may  be  grouped  in  the  following  classes  : — 

i.   Stem-borers  ;    e.ij.,   Cossns,  Zenzera,  the  Sesiidae,  etc.,  all 
of  which   grow  but  slowly  and  spend  more  than  one 
winter  in  the  larval  state. 
(N.B. — Not    borers    in    the    stalks    of    annuals,    such    as 
Gortyna  flavayo,  etc.) 


39 

ii.  Root  feeders  ;    Hepialns,  Xi/lophasia  monoiilypha,    certain 

Agrotids,  etc. 
iii.  Lichen    feeders  ;    Litliodidae,   and  the  genera  Bri/ophila, 

Cleova,  etc. 
iv.  Many  grass  feeders  ;  Satyridae,  tlesperiidae,  many  Lencan- 

iidae,  etc. 
V.  Many    polyphagous   species   feeding   on    low    plants  that 
remain  green  throughout  the  winter. 
Pictet  (17)  has  shown  that  of  Lepidopterous  larvae  those  that 
feed  more  or  less  throughout  the  winter  respond  very  much  more 
readily    to    artificial    warmth    than    do  those    that    feed    only    on 
deciduous  plants,  and  into  whose  life-cycle  there  necessarily  enters 
at  some  period  of  their  existence  a  prolonged  period  of  rest.     In 
the  case  of  Lasiocamjia  quercm  for  example  he  found  that  even  if 
the  larvtie    were    kept    at    a    warm    temperature  they    nevertheless 
hibernated  as  under  normal  conditions. 

It  was  possible  to  shorten  this  resting  period  to  a  certain 
degree,  but  in  this  case  the  pupal  resting  period  was  correspond- 
ingly prolonged,  so  that  the  time  of  emergence  of  the  resulting 
imago  was  not  altered.  So  also  in  the  case  of  species  that 
hibernate  in  the  egg  stage,  if  they  could  be  induced  to  hatch 
before  their  time  the  subsequent  larval  period  was  correspondingly 
prolonged.  Possibly  Mr.  Newman  or  other  of  our  members  who 
have  experience  in  forcing  pup^e  to  any  extent  would  give  us 
their  conclusions  as  to  how  far  the  species  that  respond  readily  to 
forcing  are  feeders  upon  foliage  that  persists  throughout  the 
winter,  and  how  far  those  that  do  not  so  respond  are  feeders  upon 
deciduous  foliage. 

If  we  consider  briefly  the  different  orders  of  insects  as  regards 
the  way  in  which  they  pass  the  winter,  we  at  once  find  ourselves 
handicapped  by  lack  of  data  concerning  almost  all  the  orders  except 
Lepidoptera.  At  any  rate  the  Odonata  (15)  would  appear  to  be  one 
in  which  in  this  country  we  can  find  no  hibernating  imagines,* 
probably  all  over-wintering  as  nymphs.  As,  however,  these  are 
aquatic,  long-lived,  and  predaceous,  that  the  nymph  should 
hibernate  is  almost  a  foregone  conclusion.  They  are,  however, 
sluggish,  and  feed  very  little  if  at  all  during  the  winter. 

The  grasshoppers  (14)  are  predominantly  summer  or  autumn 
insects,  yet  at  least  one  genus  [Tetrix)  is  known  to  hibernate  in  the 

*  Mr.  Lucas  informs  me  that  on  the  Continent  Sympyaia  fusca  legularly 
hibernates. 


40 

adulfc  stage,  the  majority  with  little  doubt  in  the  egg  stage.  The 
wood  cricket  almost  certainly  hibernates  sometimes  as  a  nymph, 
sometimes  as  an  adult.  Of  our  wild  cockroaches  little  is  known  as 
to  their  winter  habits,  probably  they  hibernate  either  in  the  egg  or 
in  the  adult  stage.  Our  British  earwigs  probably  all  hibernate  as 
adults,  though  possibly  of  some  of  them  it  is  only  the  ?  $  that  do 
so.  Of  the  Neuroptera  again  I  know  of  none  that  hibernate  as 
the  adult." 

Of  the  more  highly  developed  orders  one  can  find  numerous 
examples  of  species  that  hibernate  in  either  of  the  principal  stages, 
though  the  Hymenoptera  and  Coleoptera  appear  to  shew  a  marked 
disinclination  to  hibernating  as  pupa?,  many  species  delaying  the 
pupal  ecdysis  until  the  spring,  while  of  others  the  adult  stage  is 
reached  in  the  autumn  though  the  insect  does  not  emerge  from  its 
pupal  retreat  until  the  advent  of  spring. 

I  have  endeavoured  m  these  somewhat  random  notes  to  put 
before  you  a  few  of  the  many  interesting  points  in  insect  biology 
that  confront  us  when  we  consider  the  effects  upon  insect  life  of  the 
annual  periods  of  rigour  and  stress  due  to  the  winters  of  our  own 
country,  but  I  have  not  attempted  to  follow  the  gradual  adaptations 
evolved  to  meet  the  increasing  severity  of  winter  as  we  pass  from 
subtropical  conditions  to  the  yet  more  rigorous  winters  of  the  arctic 
regions  ;  neither  have  I  referred  to  acclimatisation  experiments, 
attempts  either  to  establish  in  our  latitudes  species  belonging  to 
countries  which  enjoy  milder  and  brighter  winters  than  our  own,  or 
to  establish  in  such  countries  certain  of  our  species  that  are 
accustomed  to  winters  of  greater  seventy. 

In  conclusion  I  should  like  to  thank  you  for  the  patience 
with  which  you  have  received  this  somewhat  prolonged  and  ram- 
bling dissertation.  I  wish  also  to  express  my  appreciation  for  the 
honour  you  have  done  me  in  again  electing  me  as  your  President. 
And  in  doing  so  I  wish  very  heartily  to  thank  the  Officers  and 
Council  of  the  Society  for  their  continuous  kindness  and  encourage- 
ment in  the  performance  of  my  duties  during  the  past  year. 
With  such  able  and  experienced  lieutenants  to  advise  in  time  of 
doubt  or  difficulty,  the  position  of  President  becomes  that  most 
delightful  one  of  receiving  all  the  /nnlos  while  somebody  else  does 
the  work. 

*  Mr.  Lucas  reports  Hemerohius  stigma  in  January,  but  whether  the  species 
hibernates  is  not  certain.     H.  nitidulus  emerges  very  little  later. 


41 

List  of  Works  to  which  reference  is  made. 

1.  Andres,    A.—"  La   Phase   d'engourdissement   ou    Hibernation 

en  Egypte  chez  quelques  Lepidopteres."      Bull.    Soc.   Ent. 
Egypt,  iii..  1911,  pp.  89-96. 

2.  Ashworth,  J.  H. — "  Note  on  hibernation  of  Flies."      Scottish 

Naturalist,   1916,  pp.  81-84. 

3.  Burgeff,  H. — Beitrilge  zur  Biologie  der  Gattung  Zi/ijaena.     Zs. 

f.  u-iss.  Insektenhioloiiie,  vi.,  1910,  pp.  39-44  and  97-98. 

4.  Baumberger,    J.    P. — Hibernation    a   periodical    Phenomenon, 

Ann.  Ent.  Sue.  Aiuer.,  x.,  1917,  pp.  179-186. 

5.  Chapman,  T.  A. — On  Winglessness  in  Winter  Moths.      F^nt. 

hec,   XV.,   1903,  pp.  43-46. 

6.  Chapman,  T.  A. — A    Note   on    Hibernation    in    Lepidoptera. 

Ent.  Bee,  xxii.,  1910,  pp.  168-170. 

7.  Chapman,  T.  A. — Apterous    Females   of   certain  Lepidoptera. 

Eiit.  Mo.  Ma,).,  1913,  pp.  8-10. 

8.  Chapman,  T.  A. — Apterous   Females  of  Winter  Moths.      I.e., 

pp.  81  and  82. 

9.  Chapman,  T.   A. — Apterousness  in  Lepidoptera.     Trans.  Land. 

Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  1916,  pp.  49-76. 

10.  Dupont,  A. — Note  sur  quelques  particularites  d'hiveruage  chez 

les  Insectes.      Bull.  Sac.  Sci.  Nat.  Rouen,  xlv.,  1910,  pp. 
29-31. 

11.  Frey,    R. — Beitrag    zur    Kenntnis    der    Arthropodenfauna    in 

Winter.     Meddel.    Sac.    Eauna    et    Elora    Fenn.,    1913,    pp. 
106-121. 

12.  Graham-Smith. — Hibernation  of  Flies  in  a  Lincolnshire  House. 

Parasitology,  xi.,  1918,  pp.  81-82. 

13.  Hudson,   G.  V. — Notes  on  semi-apterous  Females  in  certain 

species  of  Lepidoptera.     Ent.  Mo.  May.,  1912,   pp.  269-275. 

14.  Lucas,  W.  J. — Mo)ioyraph  of  the  British  Orthoptera. 

15.  Lucas,  W.  J. — JSLonoyrapli  of  the  British  Drayonfii.es. 

16.  Newman,    L.    W. — The    Hibernation    of    Va)iessa    atalanta     in 

Captivity.      Trans.  Ent.  Soc,  1911,  pp.  173-174. 

17.  Pictet,   A. — Le   Role   joue    par   la    Selection    Naturelle    dans 

I'Hibernation  des  Lepidopteres.     Proc.  IX."  (Joyiyres  Internat. 
de  Zooloyie  a  Monaco,  1913,  pp.  774-788. 

18.  Porritt,  G.  T. — Apterous  or  semi-apterous  females  of   certain 

Lepidoptera.     Ent.  Mo.  Mag.,  1913,  pp.  63. 

19.  Porritt,  G.  T.— The  Wingless  Geometer.     I.e.,  pp.  79-81. 


42 

20.  Scott,  H.—Pteromalus  deplanatus,  Nees,  in  buildings.     Ent.  Mo. 

Ma<j.,  1919,  p.  13. 

21.  South,  R. — Butterflies  and  Moths  of  the  British  Isles. 

22.  Stenton,  R. — Conveyance  of  a  semi-apterous  female  moth  by  a 

male.     Knt.  Mo.  Ma<j.,  1913,  p.  89. 

23.  Wood,    J.    H.— The    Wingless    Geometer.     Ent.    Mo.    Mcuj., 

1913,  p.  59. 


43 


ABSTRACT    OF    PROCEEDINGS. 


FEBRUARY  Uth,  1920. 
Mr.  K.  G.  Blaik,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Mr.  C.  L.  Withycombe,  of  Walthamstow,  and  Capt.  Crocker,  of 
Bexley,  were  elected  members. 

The  Rev.  F.  M.  B.  Carr  exhibited  long  series  of  Hibeniia  defol- 
iaria  and  its  variations,  and  introduced  a  discussion  on  the  species 
of  the  genus  Hibernia.  He  contributed  the  following  note  of  his 
remarlis-: — 

Notes  on  the  Hibernias. 

"  The  five  species  under  consideration  are  all  of  the  commonest. 
One  has  seen  oak-woods  stripped  of  their  foliage  by  the  larvae  of  H. 
defoliaria,  and  I  well  remember  a  day  in  Dimminsdale,  Stafford- 
shire, when  the  birds  flew  off  the  stripped  oak-trees,  literally  in 
thousands,  where  they  had  been  enjoying  a  diet  chiefly  composed  of 
the  larvae  of  this  moth.  Yet,  if  one  does  not  care  to  turn  out  on  a 
winter  evening,  it  is  quite  easy  to  collect  for  years  without  getting 
a  decent  series  of  this  common  species.  The  same  holds  good  of 
H.  aurantiaria  and  H.  rupicapraiia,  so  far  as  my  experience  goes. 

"  Of  H.  lencophaearia,  resting  on  the  tree-trunks,  and  H.  viar- 
qinaria,  which  seems  to  prefer  palings,  one  can  pick  up  quite  a  fair 
number  in  the  daytime  ;  but,  considering  how  common  they  are, 
the  other  three  species  are  met  with  very  sparingly  in  this  way. 
And  again,  one  can  take  hundreds  of  larvae  of  these  species  and 
hardly  breed  an  imago  from  the  lot.  Perhaps  others  have  dis- 
covered the  secret  of  bringing  them  through — I  must  confess  I, 
personally,  have  had  but  little  luck  with  them. 

"  If  one  is  to  get  a  series,  one  must  resort  to  night-work ;  and 
until  I  went  to  live  in  Cheshire,  I  had  had  little  opportunity  of 
working  any  of  the  species  by  night.  However,  in  the  spring  of 
1917,  I  went  round  the  hawthorn  hedges  just  outside  my  garden  at 
Alvanley,  and  by  the  aid  of  a  '  dim,  religious  light'  (all  that  one 
dared  show  in  those  days)  I  made  my  first  acquaintance  with  H. 
marciinaria  var.   fiiscata.      The    type,   with    which   we    are  all    so 


44 

familiar  in  the  south,  seems  to  form  a  comparatively  small  propor- 
tion of  the  individuals  one  meets  with  in  the  Delamere  Forest 
district,  where  the  insect  is  very  variable,  and  forms  intermediate 
between  the  type  and  var.  fuscata  probably  predominate.  I  have 
had  no  opportunity  of  working  this  species  since  1917,  but  hope  to 
do  so  again  this  spring. 

"  I  have  with  me  a  short  series  of  intermediate  forms,  and  of 
var.  fiiscata  from  Cheshire,  and  a  typical  male  from  the  New  Forest 
for  comparison. 

"  I  have  already  seen  var.  fu^cata  this  year,  on  January  20th, 
which  seems  an  early  date,  especially  for  so  far  north  as  Cheshire. 

"  H.  leucophaearia  I  have  not  worked  at  night.  It  is  quite 
common  in  Delamere  Forest,  and  as  variable,  T  think,  as  in  most 
localities,  some  examples  showing  a  tendency  to  melanism. 

"  I  worked  hard  at  H.  defuliaria  last  October  and  November, 
It  does  not  appear  to  be  at  all  common  round  our  Alvanley  lanes, 
though  there  are  oaks  in  all  the  hedgerows.  I  first  noted  it  last 
year  (1919),  on  October  17th.  By  October  25th  it  was  in 
countless  hundreds  in  Delamere  Forest,  and  abounded  to  the  time 
of  my  last  visit  to  the  forest,  on  November  24th,  being  particu- 
larly abundant  during  the  earlier  part  of  that  period. 

"  Before  dark  the  males  were  to  be  found  resting  on  the  bracken, 
sometimes  on  the  top,  and  sometimes  underneath  the  fronds,  but 
the  few  dozen  to  be  picked  up  in  this  way  were  as  nothing  compared 
with  the  myriads  that  appeared  after  dark.  At  first  they  were  to 
be  found  flattering  in  the  grass,  which  seemed  to  show  that  the 
great  majority  had  been  at  rest  on  the  ground,  perhaps  many  of 
them  under  the  dead  leaves.  Then,  as  the  evening  wore  on,  they 
flew  and  settled  on  the  twigs,  especially  of  the  birches,  and  on  grass 
stems,  and  sometimes  one  found  oak-trunks  fairly  plastered  with 
them.  I  shall  never  forget  the  sight.  With  them  were  mingled 
countless  Cheiviatobia  brtdiiata  and  ('.  horeata,  including  many  very 
dwarf  examples,  and  Himera  peiDiaria ;  the  last-named  species 
varying  from  a  dull,  creamy  shade  to  apricot  or  brilliant  rose- 
colour,  with  very  occasionally  an  example  largely  suft'used  with 
leaden-coloured  scales. 

"  I  have  a  series  of  H.  detoUaria  from  Delamere  Forest,  the 
forms  of  which  are  somewhat  difficult  to  classify,  but  which  might, 
perhaps,  be  roughly  divided  as  follows  :  —  (1)  The  type.  (2)  Forms 
differing  from  the  type  in  having  part,  or  the  whole,  of  the  median 
area  of   a  nhite  ground  colour.      (3)  Forms    with  cream  ground 


45 

colour  and  very  dark  brown  to  black  transverse  bars.  (4)  Forms 
with  red-brown  ground  colour  and  black  transverse  bars.  (5) 
Forms  with  red-brown  ground  colour  and  darker  hind-marginal 
area.  (6)  Forms  devoid,  or  almost  devoid,  of  markings,  ranging 
in  ground  colour  from  smoky  dark  brown  to  orange-brown,  and 
including  one  very  pale  cream-coloured  example  (Mr.  S.  Gordon- 
Smith,  who  was  collecting  with  me,  took  two  or  three  more  of  these 
very  pale  forms).  (7)  Pale  forms,  with  orange  or  yellow  transverse 
bars. 

"  The  females  shown  are  typical,  and  I  have  for  comparison 
four  of  ]\Ir.  Bowman's  smoky  forms  from  Epping  Forest.  I  think 
I  am  pretty  safe  in  saying  that  this  particular  form  does  not  occur 
in  the  part  of  Delamere  Forest  worked  by  Mr.  Smith  and  myself. 
Our  darkest  form  appears  to  be  found  in  the  darker  unicolorous 
examples,  and  this  has  no  dark  suffusion  of  the  hindwings  such  as 
is  seen  in  the  Epping  Forest  dark  form. 

"  Lastly,  I  come  to  //.  aHmntiaria.  This  is,  perhaps,  less  often 
met  with  than  any  other  members  of  the  genus  in  the  daytime.  It 
was  a  good  deal  later  than  H.  defoUaria  with  us,  being  at  its 
commonest  towards  the  end  of  November,  when  H.  defoUaria 
was  falling  oft"  in  numbers.  When  it  did  come  out  fully  it  was, 
if  anything,  even  more  abundant  than  its  relative.  I  remember 
one  cold  night,  November  10th,  just  as  we  were  getting  along 
nicely,  every  moth  suddenly  disappeared — not  one  to  be  seen  any- 
where. We  then  discovered  we  were  slipping  about  on  ice.  One 
wondered  what  became  of  all  the  moths.  On  another  occasion 
I  found  a  small  patch  of  grass  alive  with  males  of  H.  aiiran- 
tiaria.  After  searching  for  the  cause  of  this  assemblage,  a  female 
was  discovered  sitting  on  a  grass-stem.  A  few  minutes  later,  on 
coming  back  to  the  spot,  I  found  the  successful  suitor  in 
possession. 

"  One  was  pleased  to  find  H.  aurantiaria  in  such  numbers,  as 
Day's  List  for  Cheshire  says  :  '  Local  and  apparently  rather  scarce 
.     .     .     .     Delamere  Forest,  local  and  not  common.' 

"  The  series  I  have  with  me  from  Delamere  shows ;  (1)  Forms 
almost  without  markings  ;  (2)  Forms  with  heavily-marked  trans- 
verse lines  ;  (3)  Form  largely  suffused  with  leaden  scales  ;  (4)  Forms 
with  darker  hind-marginal  area. 

"  The  ground  colour  varies  considerably,  some  being  of  a  rich 
orange.  The  size  is  variable  also,  one  specimen  in  my  box  being 
exceptionally  large." 


46 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  series  of,  and  contributed  the 
following  notes  on  the  genus  : — • 

1.  Hibernia  defoliaria  from  West  Wickham,  Bexley,  Wimbledon, 
and  Epping  Forest.  One  specimen  of  those  shown  is  particularly- 
interesting.  It  has  the  bands  on  forewings  of  a  purplish  hue.  I 
have  taken  this  species  as  early  as  late  September  and  as  late  as  mid- 
April.  From  1887  to  1913  I  paid  considerable  attention  to  the  perfect 
insect,  and  during  that  period  must  have  captured  some  thousands, 
of  which  the  two  hundred  and  fifty  specimens  here  before  you  are 
a  fair  example.  Judging  from  my  experience,  I  should  say  this 
species  is  more  variable,  both  as  regards  markings  and  size,  than  it 
was  a  few  years  ago.  The  non-banded  form  ab.  obscnrata  is 
greatly  on  the  increase  at  West  Wickham  and  Wimbledon,  and 
collectors  inform  me  that  it  appears  to  be  more  common  than 
formerly  in  Epping  Forest,  where  it  is  becoming  darker  in  colour. 
This  variety  appears  to  be  subject  to  "  crippling "  of  the  wings 
more  than  any  other.  The  females  of  this  species  are  not  so 
sensitive  to  severe  weather  as  are  those  of  the  other  members  of  the 
genus,  and  will  emerge  from  the  pupa  even  when  the  grass  has 
frost  upon  it. 

2.  H.  aiirantiaiia,  from  Wimbledon,  Epping  Forest,  and  West 
Wickham,  including  very  pale  (almost  white)  specimens. 

3.  H.  wan/inaria,  from  Wimbledon,  Richmond  Park,  and 
Oxshott ;  var.  fnscata  from  Anerley,  Surrey,  and  Leeds,  also  a  series  of  a 
form  of  this  species  about  intermediate  between  fnscata  and  the 
type.  These  lastrmentioned  were  bred  from  a  female  fnscata  taken 
near  Oldham,  in  a  wood  where  the  typical  form  is  supposed  not  to 
occur.  The  ova  were  forwarded  to  me  at  Wimbledon,  and  the  larvae 
were  bred  in  that  district,  the  food  given  them  being  birch. 

4.  H.  rxpicaptaria,  from  Wimbledon  and  Epping  Forest.  The 
males  from  the  last-mentioned  locality  are  slightly  darker  than 
those  taken  in  the  former.  On  exceptionally  mild  and  moist 
evenings  the  females  have  been  seen  to  jump  considerable  distances. 
Possibly  the  light  of  the  lamp  causes  this  skittishness. 

6.   H.  leacuphaearia,  from  Wimbledon  and  Richmond  Park. 

6.  H.  aurantiaria  and  H.  defoliaria  might  be  considered  early 
spring  insects,  as  there  is  no  considerable  emergence  of  either 
species  until  after  a  touch  of  winter. 

Messrs.  R.  Adkin,  R.  T.  Bowman,  A.  E.  Tonge,  H.  A.  Leeds, 
P.  S.  Williams,  Edwards  and  Turner  exhibited  the  same  species. 

Mr.  Bowman's  series  of  tl.  defoliaria  were  taken  in  Epping 


47 

Forest  during  the  past  few  years,  and  only  one  had  been  met  with 
in  the  daytime.  He  contributed  the  following  notes  on  the  varia- 
tion and  the  aberration  he  exhibited  : — 

General  classification  of  )nales. — I.  F.W.  of  uniform  colour, 
ranging  from  yellow  to  dark  brown,  speckled  with  black;  H.W. 
white,  faintly  speckled.  II.  F.W.  pale  or  dark  brown,  with  sub- 
marginal  band  and  faint  discal  spot ;  H.W.  white,  speckled,  with  a 
faint  central  spot.  III.  F.W.  of  whitish  or  yellowish  ground 
colour,  with  orange-brown  submarginal  band  and  a  distinct  discal 
spot ;  H.W.  white,  faintly  speckled,  with  black  central  spot.  IV. 
F.W.  of  pale  to  deep  yellowish  ground  colour,  with  chocolate  brown 
submarginal  band  and  a  large  discal  spot ;  H.W,  white,  faintly 
speckled,  with  black  central  spot,  some  showing  a  slight  indication 
of  a  submarginal  line.  V.  F.W.,  ground  colour  rich  brown  of 
varying  depth,  with  deep  chocolate  submarginal  band  and  discal 
spot ;  H.W.  more  faintly  speckled  than  any  of  the  former,  many 
showing  development  of  a  submarginal  band,  VI.  F.W.  heavily 
suffused  with  black  of  varying  intensity,  the  submarginal  bands  and 
discal  spots  being  obliterated  in  those  with  the  darkest  scaling ; 
H.W.  suffused  with  black  of  varying  intensity,  the  body  is  also 
noticeably  affected  by  melanism,  the  black  scaling  of  the  wings 
extending  over  the  body. 

General  classificatum  of  females. — I.   to   V,  inclusive.    The    ? 
has  a  body  of  a  mottled  appearance,  both  on  the  upper-  and  under- 
sides, the  mottling  also  extends  over  the  legs.      VI,  The  ?   has  a 
black  body,   both   upper-   and    undersides,  only  the  thorax   being 
mottled  ;  the  legs  have  the  least  traces  of  white  at  the  joints  only, 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  showed  a  few  specimens  of  H.  aurantiaria, 
one  being  rather  remarkable  in  having  a  suffused  and  purplish 
colour  with  nervures  prominent  from  their  orange  red  coloration. 
The  Finchley  H,  defoliaria  this  season  had  been  somewhat  smaller 
than  usual. 

The  President  remarked  on  the  three  areas  where  the  melanism 
of  these  species  appears  to  predominate,  Epping,  Delamere,  and 
Yorkshire. 

Mr.  Porritt  reported  that  he  had  found  Phigalia  pedaria  fully  out 
near  Huddersfield,  on  January  17th  of  this  year,  and  had  seen  one 
specimen  as  early  as  December  4th  in  1919,  Mr.  Tonge  reported 
the  species  on  January  16th,  at  Redhill,  Surrey. 


48 

FEBRUARY   26th,  1920. 

Mr.  F.  Lindeman,  of  Sao  Paulo,  and  Mr.  S,  Abbott,  of  Catford, 
were  elected  members  of  the  Society. 

There  was  an  exhibition  of  Lantern  Slides. 

Mr.  Lucas  showed  a  series  of  views  of  the  woods  at  Oxshott  as 
they  were,  contrasted  with  the  same  portions  as  they  are  now  ;  and 
called  attention  to  the  new  vegetation  which  has  become  predomi- 
nant sinoe  the  cutting  down  of  the  pine  trees,  such  as  the  large  area 
of  Moor-grass,  Molinia  atrulea,  and  the  new  crops  of  young 
birches. 

Mr.  Main  exhibited  slides  illustrative  of  the  development  of  the 
"  blister  beetle,"  Lytta  vedcatoria,  and  "rose-chafer,"  Cetonia  anrata, 
comparing  them  with  corresponding  details  of  Melo'e ;  the  larvae  of 
Kuchloris  smaraydaria,  and  parts  of  the  life-histories  of  the  beetles 
DorcHS  paralldopipidus,  Lucaniis  cervus,  Necrnphurxs  humator,  Nebria 
brevicollis,  Pternstichus  uiadidiis,  and  Rhagiinn  inquisitor. 

Mr.  E.  J.  Bunnett's  series  included  the  eggs  of  C/iri/sopa  fiava 
with  the  footstalks  combined,  and  twisted  together  into  a  com- 
pound stem  ;  compared  with  those  of  C.  vuhjaris,  each  on  a  separate 
footstalk;  cocoons  of  Pine  Saw-fly,  Pteronns  pint,  L.  (?)  ;  the 
perching  attitudes  of  VanenRa  urticce  on  flowers  of  cow-parsnip  ; 
cocoons  and  imagines  of  Yponoinettta  cagnagellits  :  resting  attitude  of 
Abroxax  ithiiata.  Also  the  larva  of  Acronicta  leporina  ;  eggs,  egg- 
breaker,  and  newly  hatched  larvae  of  Stenopsoctts  crnciatns. 

Mr.  Dennis's  slides  were  of  plants  photographed  in  the  Snowdon 
district,  among  them  the  cotton-grass,  sundew,  various  saxifrages, 
wild  thyme,  mosses  and  lichens,  including  Cladonia  ftircata. 

Mr.  G.  Roberts  exhibited  slides  of  several  species  of  birds,  and 
views  of  Selborne  and  Folkestone  Warren. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.Buckstone  exhibited  a  long  series  of  bred  and  captured 
Hiwera  pennaria  from  Wimbledon  Common,  West  Wickhani  (a 
dwarf  male),  Bexley  (a  pale  yellow  female),  and  Oxshott  (a  male 
with  all  wings  freely  sprinkled  with  minute  black  dots,  giving  the 
insect  a  smoky  appearance),  and  made  the  following  remarks. 
"  The  W^imbledon  specimens  vary  in  colour  through  various  shades 
of  yellow  to  grey  and  red.  A  male  has  the  cross  lines  on  forewings 
close  together,  the  inner  lines  being  elbowed  outwards  near  the 
inner  margin,  so  as  to  unite  with  the  outer  lines. 

"  The  larvaB  of  this  species  are  found  commonly  most  seasons  at 
Wimbledon,  on  oak  and  birch,  but  I  have  not  found  it  in  any  great 
quantity  on  other  trees  and  shrubs.     It  is  stated  by  some  authori- 


49 

ties  to  be  a  cannibal,  but  I  have  not  found  it  so,  although  I  have 
bred  it  in  considerable  numbers." 

Mr.    Garrett   showed   an    extremely    pale   xanthic    example  of 
Cmionyinpha  pamphilus  taken  at  Wicken. 


MABCR  nth,  1920. 

Mr.  A.  C.  Jump,  of  Wandsworth  Common,  was  elected  a 
member. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Pyrameis  atalanta  in 
which  the  usual  red  coloration  had  become  yellow,  and  the  spots  of 
the  marginal  bands  of  the  hindwings  were  absent,  taken  in  1876  at 
Folkestone ;  an  aberration  of  Vanei^m  io,  in  which  the  eyespots  of 
the  hindwings  were  represented  by  large  black  patches  set  in  a  pale 
ring,  and  another  in  which  the  eyespots  of  the  hindwings  were  quite 
light  in  colour  with  two  pupils  ;  they  were  taken  at  Wimbledon  and 
Southport  respectively  many  years  ago. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Grosvenor  exhibited  a  series  of  eggs  of  the  Indian 
kite,  Milviis  ;iovinda,  taken  during  the  breeding  seasons  of  1917- 
1919,  in  the  Jallandhar  district  of  the  Punjab.  The  clutches 
exhibited  varied  in  number.  A  single  egg  was  not  common,  and 
was  usually  abnormal.  The  prevailing  and  apparently  typical 
number  is  two,  for  at  least  75  per  cent,  of  the  nests  examined  con- 
tained two.  Three  was  not  uncommon,  and  four  was  observed  only 
once.  The  number  of  nests  examined  was,  in  1917,  206  nests  ;  in 
1918,  174  nests  ;  and  in  1919,  168  nests;  total,  548  nests. 

The  exhibit  was  the  result  of  careful  selection  for  variation.  The 
nests  are  always  placed  in  a  tree  at  least  forty  feet  from  the  ground, 
and  measure  about  three  feet  across  and  at  least  one  foot  thick. 
They  are  for  a  carrion  bird,  very  clean,  being  built  on  a  foundation 
of  sticks,  and  lined  throughout  with  dried  grass  ;  in  one  instance 
with  cotton  procured  from  a  neighbouring  cotton  field. 

Mr.  Barnett  exhibited  a  series  of  Satt/nia  semele  from  S.  Devon, 
showing  much  variation  in  the  second  spot  on  the  underside  of  the 
forewings;  in  some  cases  this  was  large  and  pupilled,  in  others  very 
small  and  unpupilled  ;  a  series  of  Flebeins  ciyun,  with  much  varia- 
tion in  the  underside  spotting,  and  a  striated  form ;  a  Polyommatus 
icarus,  with  very  large  black  spots  on  the  underside  of  the  forewings, 
and  an  ab.  icarinns. 

Mr.     A.     A.      W.     Buckstone     exhibited     three      forms      of 


50 

Agriades  coridon  occurring  at  Shere,  Surrey,  vh.:  —  (1)  A  dwarf 
form  found  at  the  top  of  the  downs  ;  (2)  a  somewhat  larger  one  at 
the  foot;  and  (3)  a  still  larger  one,  which  does  not  appear  until  the 
two  smaller  forms  are  about  over,  and  then  is  found  over  the  entire 
hillside.  He  also  showed  a  series  from  Royston,  Herts,  for  com- 
parison. 

On  the  12th  of  July,  1917,  and  on  the  15th  of  the  same  month 
in  1918,  this  species  was  very  abundant  at  Shere,  a  large  number 
being  worn.  As  most  species  of  insects  appeared  to  be  as  forward 
in  1919  as  they  were  in  the  two  previous  years,  he  fully  expected  to 
find  A.  coridon  when  he  visited  the  locality  on  July  9th  last.  But 
not  a  single  specimen  was  observed,  although  it  was  a  cloudless  day. 
However,  on  visiting  the  spot  on  August  2nd,  the  species  was  found 
to  be  out,  though  not  in  any  great  numbers.  About  two  dozen 
specimens  only  of  the  dwarf  form  were  observed,  but,  with  the 
exception  of  two,  all  were  in  poor  condition.  The  larger  form  was 
fresh,  but  scarce  as  compared  with  the  two  previous  years.  Two 
specimens  only  of  the  largest  form  were  seen. 

On  the  19th  of  August,  when  the  downs  were  again  visited,  the 
males  of  the  larger  form  were  found  to  be  few  in  number,  and 
mostly  in  poor  condition.  The  females  were  plentiful  but  not  in 
much  better  condition  than  the  males.  No  dwarf  was  observed, 
neither  was  a  specimen  of  the  largest  form  seen. 

Messrs.  Blair  and  Main  exhibited  living  aquatic  larvse  of 
Coretlira  sp.,  MochlonijA'  sp.,  Cchlerohatus  neiiiorosus,  and  Ano])heles 
bifitrcatns.  He  ?aid  that  the  Coretlira  were  eating  each  other  in 
default  of  Entomostraca,  their  usual  food  ;  and  the  Mocldonyx 
swallowed  the  Ochlerobatus  larvae  whole,  tail  first,  subsequently 
casting  up  the  skin  and  other  undigested  matter. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  bred  series  of  the  melanic  form 
of  Dysstroiiia  triincata  from  Finchley  ;  although  of  the  second  brood, 
they  equalled  the  first  brood  specimens  in  size. 


MARCH  25th,  1920. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  short  series  of  Brephos  par- 
thenias  from  Wimbledon,  Oxshott,  Darenth  Wood,  and  West  Wick- 
ham,  and  stated  that  the  Wimbledon  examples  were,  speaking 
generally,  larger  and  darker  than  those  from  the  other  districts. 
One  of  the  former  series  has  greasy-looking  forewings,  due  to  an 


51 

abnoi'mal  amount  of  blue  scaling.  These  blue  scales  are  freely 
sprinkled  over  the  wings.  Both  the  Oxshott  and  the  Darenth  series 
contain  a  specimen  with  the  hindwings  considerably  paler  than 
usual.  Of  two  undersized  specimens  from  West  Wickham,  one  is 
exceptionally  dark,  and  the  other  has  the  orange  of  the  hindwings 
very  pale  ;  the  forewings  of  both  are  very  narrow.  The  species  was 
on  the  wing  by  the  middle  of  March,  1920. 

He  also  exhibited  ova  of  Apocheima  hifipidaria,  and  stated  that 
they  were  always  laid  in  crevices  in  even  rows  and  bunches,  and  the 
larvffi  from  the  lower  eggs  eat  their  way  through  those  above. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  two  males  and  six  females  of  a 
very  striking  form  of  CUlaria  {Dysstroma)  triincata  from  Finchley 
(bred),  in  which  the  basal  third  was  black,  margined  by  a  lighter 
line,  the  central  area  being  solidly  black  succeeded  by  an  empha- 
sised white  line,  and  the  outer  margin  lighter  and  not  uniform  in 
coloration.  This  form  does  not  appear  to  have  been  recorded 
hitherto. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  three  species  of  the  genus  Vtetheisa 
(Deiopcia). 

(1)  U.  piilchella  from  several  localities,  and  including  ab.  Candida 
with  pure  white  ground,  from  Natal  ;  ab.  lotriv  with  crimson  spots 
more  developed  and  conjoined,  from  Assam  and  New  Ireland  ;  and 
ab.  thyter  (?)  from  Cyprus,  with  the  black  spots  becoming  more  or 
less  obsolete  and  the  markings  generally  paler. 

(2)  U.  ornatrix,  from  the  warmer  parts  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, with  forewings  suffused  with  pink  and  tinged  brown. 

(3)  The  very  beautiful  sub-species  renusta  of  U.  bella,  from 
Jamaica,  in  which  the  thorax  and  forewings  have  the  orange  mark- 
ings of  the  type  form  replaced  by  brilliant  crimson. 

Mr.  K.  G.  Blair  exhibited  the  galls  made  in  the  stems  and  twigs 
of  aspen  by  larvae  of  the  Longicorn  Saperda  popnlnea. 

Mr.  Barnett  reported  taking  the  following  species  on  March  21st, 
at  Oxshott  : — Brephos  pait/wnias  in  numbers,  Xijlocampa  areola, 
TephroHia  crepascidaria,  T.  pnnctularia,  IVichopti'ry.r  caipiiiata,  and 
Gonepteryx  rhauini ;  and  in  Ashtead  Woods,  Kiiyonia  polychloros. 

Spring  larvffi  were,  speaking  generally,  reported  to  be  very  scarce, 
such  as  Arctia  villica,  Lasiocanipa  qiiercits,  Cosinotriclie pntatoria,  etc., 
and  those  that  were  met  with  were  very  small.  Arctia  caia  larvffi 
were  in  fair  number.  Imagines  of  Euchloe  cardcwtines  and  K. 
polycldoros  had  been  met  with  in  several  localities,  while  B.  par- 
thenias  had  swarmed,  and  Hibernia  leucnphccaria  had  been  scarce. 


52 
APRIL  8th,  1920. 

Mr.  S.  Gordon-Smith,  of  Boughton,  Cheshire,  was  elected  a 
member. 

On  a  communication  from  the  Essex  Field  Club,  a  resolution 
was  passed  strongly  opposing  the  proposed  enclosure  of  portions  of 
Wanstead  Plats  and  Epping  Forest. 

The  special  feature  of  the  meeting  was  an  exhibition  and  discus- 
sion of  Ih/sstroiiut  [Cidaria)  trnncata,  introduced  by  Mr.  R.  T. 
Bowman,  in  which  Messrs.  Turner,  Newman,  Mera,  Tonge,  and 
others  took  part. 

Mr.  Bowman  dealt  with  the  great  resemblance  between  the 
imagines  of  LK  tnuu-ata  and  D.  iniinanata.  Seeing  that  practically 
all  our  examples  of  immanata  are  caiti/ht  specimens,  it  is  important 
that  we  should  find  a  conclusive  method  of  differentiating  between 
these  two  species  in  the  imofio  stage.  He  found  that  the  second  line 
from  the  thorax  has  a  very  sharp  and  well-detined  projection  in  all 
examples  of  iiiimanata,  whereas  this  line  assumes  the  shape  of  an 
irregular  zigzag  line  without  a  definite  projection,  and  is  very 
indefinite,  often  invisible,  in  the  case  of  tnuicata.  It  was  subse- 
quently found  that  this  distinction  held  good  throughout  the  large 
number  of  both  species  exhibited  by  Mr.  Newman. 

Mr.  Bowman  stated  that  there  are  normally  two  broods  of  tnui- 
cata in  May,  June,  and  August,  but  in  the  year  1917  he  reared  four 
broods,  the  third  emerging  in  October  and  the  fourth  in  December. 
He  paired  examples  in  August,  1919,  but  they  failed  to  produce  a 
third  brood,  the  larvae  hibernating  instead,  with  the  result  that  he 
was  obtaining  an  early  spring  brood. 

The  secnitd  brood  often  produces  var.  coiniiia-votata,  the  yellow 
form,  but  he  did  not  know  whether  this  variety  was  general  through- 
out the  country.  He  had  bred  this  yellow  form  from  a  ?  taken  at 
Horsley,  in  June,  and  had  caught  it  wild  in  Epping  Forest  in 
August.  Last  year  he  bred  about  fifty  imagines  from  a  $  taken  at 
Witley,  Surrey,  but  they  did  not  include  any  yellow  forms,  all  being 
identical  with  the  wild- caught  $  .  He  had  also  bred  a  long  series 
of  the  smoked  form,  from  Finchley,  without  the  yellow  form  result- 
ing. It  would  almost  appear,  therefore,  that  the  yellow  form  var. 
coiinna-notata  is  restricted  to  certain  districts. 

The  typical  form  from  Finchley  is  a  dark  smoky  form  ;  but  Mr. 
B.  S.  Williams  last  year  captured  a  very  beautiful  form  with  adark, 
well-defined,  broad  central  band,  this  band  standing  out  very  promi- 
nently owing  to  the  adjacent  areas  being  very  light,  almost  white. 
The  central  band  reminds  one  of  saffuDiata  or  picata. 


53 

Mr.  Williams  had  very  kindly  shared  the  resulting  ova  with  him  ; 
both  had  bred  a  number  of  examples  of  this  new  aberration.  He 
found  that  about  one-third  of  the  resultant  imagines  were  of  this 
new  form  and  two-thirds  of  the  typical  smoked  form. 

When  obtaining  four  broods  in  1917,  probably  as  the  result  of  a 
warm  summer,  he  found  that  the  second  brood  examples  were  on  the 
average,  slightly  smaller  than  the  captured  (first  brood)  females  ; 
the  third  brood  were,  however,  quite  up  to  normal  size,  and  the 
fourth  brood  examples  proved  to  be  the  largest.  Neither  third  nor 
fourth  brood  from  the  race  produced  the  form  coiiiina-nutnta. 

Owing  to  the  succulent  nature  of  the  leaves,  he  found  that  the 
larvre  thrive  best  on  sallow,  but  this  is  not  obtainable  after  October 
or  November.  This  winter,  he  had  hibernated  the  larvae  on  bramble, 
giving  them  the  young  leaves  as  soon  as  they  appeared  in  February, 
and  as  a  result,  the  imagines  that  are  now  emerging  are  very  large 
examples.  Honeysuckle  is  also  an  excellent  food  plant  as  soon  as 
obtainable  in  the  early  spring. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  contributed  the  following  notes  on  l>>jsstro))ia 
trnncata,  Hufn. : — 

"This  species  and  its  variation  is  exhaustively  dealt  with  by  Mr. 
L.  B.  Prout  in  the  I'rans.  (Jit!/  "f  /^'■'"'/-  i'^'it.  Soc,  p.  46,  etc.,  1901, 
and  p.  33,  1908,  where  he  has  unravelled  all  the  early  references 
which  may  relate  either  to  this  species  or  to  D.  citrata  [iuinianata), 
with  which  it  was  confused  until  the  middle  of  last  century,  when 
Hellins,  in  1861  and  1864,  effectively  separated  them  by  breeding, 
showing  that  D.  tnincata  was  double-brooded,  while  Z).  citrata  was 
single-brooded  in  nature. 

"  Subsequent  writers  have  shown  the  characters  by  which  the 
very  similar  imagines  can  be  separated,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
summary: — - 

"  Cidaria  [Di/sstroiiia)  trnncata  :  Forewings  broad,  blunt,  some- 
what elongate;  brown,  grey-brown,  or  smoky-brown,  sienna  shades 
black  or  weak:  central  band  blacker,  or  browner,  or  ochreous, 
or  white  with  grey  marking,  outer  edge  jagged  with  long  blunt 
teeth.  Hindwing.s  darker,  with  an  obscure,  transverse,  slender 
central  line,  curved  or  bluntly  and  squarely  angulated ;  basal  mark- 
ings blurred  ;  subterminal  line  uninterrupted  ;  costal  patch  very 
small ;  discoidal  spot  large;  midwing  darker. 

"  aidaria  (Di/sstroiiia)  citrata  :  Forewings  pointed,  rather  ovate; 
grey-brown  or  tawny-brown,  sienna  shades  brighter  ;  central  band 
broad,  black,  pale  ochreous,  or  white  with  fine  dark  lines,  second 


54 

line  long  points  from  the  band.  Hindwings  light,  with  a  slender, 
transverse,  obscure,  or  rather  sharply  angulated  line  in  the  middle; 
basal  markings  sharp;  subterminal  line  well  interrupted;  costal 
patch  boldly  white  ;  discoidal  spot  often  small. 

"  To  the  above  must  now  be  added  the  difference  of  the  sub- 
basal  line,  as  shown  by  Mr.  Bowman. 

"  The  various  named  forms  are  as  follows  : — 

"  Vyaiitiinna  trnncata,  Hfn.,  1767.  Central  area  grey  (through 
strong  freckling  on  white  ground)  ;  rust  colour  in  outer  area 
normal. 

"  ab.  ce)  tiiiii-notato,  Schultz,  1775.  The  central  band  is  broadly 
white  or  greyish-white.     Wood,  Index,  578.     Newman,  var.  1. 

"ab.  rmutta,  Schiff.,  IITG  {perfiiscata,  Raw.,  atriniilata,  Feih.). 
The  central  band  is  black  or  nearly  so.  Wood,  Index,  580.  Hub., 
445,  Geom. 

"  ab.  rufescens,  Strom.,  1783  {coiiima-notata,  Haw.,  mediorufaria, 
Fuchs.,  nchrearia,  Schultz.).  The  middle  of  the  wing  is  tawny- 
yellow.      Wood,  Index,  577.     Newman,  var.  2. 

"  ab.  i^atiirata,  Steph.,  1831.  The  central  band  is  dusky  grey- 
brown,  and  the  brown  colour  has  spread  over  the  outer  tawny  band. 
Basal  and  marginal  area  rather  dark  and  dull.  Central  area  as  in 
type.     Wood,  Index,  579. 

"  ab.  infiiscata,  Tengstr.,  1869.  Marginal  area  bluish-ashy, 
almost  without  markings;  hindwings  mfuscated. 

"  ab.  schneideri,  Sandb.,  1885  {nii/erriiiiata,  Fuchs).  Almost 
unicolorous  smoky  black,  or  very  dark  grey. 

"  ab.  tiiixtd,  Prout,  1908.  Central  area  tawny,  basal  and  mar- 
ginal areas  and  costa  dark  fuscous. 

"  ab.  olixaceo,  Prout,  1908.  Olivaceous  in  tone,  no  bright 
colouring,  central  area  the  palest,  inner  sienna  band  wanting,  outer 
dull." 

Mr.  Kobert  Adkin  exhibited  the  specimen  of  Salebria  ohdiicteUa 
that  was  taken  by  Mr.  Sydney  Webb,  on  August  31st,  1888,  near 
Dover  ;  together  with  others  said  to  have  been  taken  by  a  Mr. 
Button,  near  Gravesend,  subsequently.  He  said  there  was  no  doubt 
as  to  the  authenticity  of  Mr.  Webb's  capture,  or  as  to  that  of  one 
taken  by  Mr.  Purdy  in  the  Warren  at  Folkestone,  but  that  the 
Gravesend  captures  needed  confirmation. 

He  also  exhibited  specimens  of  Cdteremna  tevehreUa,  a  species 
that  was  first  recorded  in  this  country  in  1886,  by  Lord  Walsing- 
ham,   who   reared  it  from  larvfe  found   in   aborted  cones  of  Ahies 


55 

douijlasii,  near  Thetford,  Norfolk.  Mr.  J.  H.  Durrant  also  bred  the 
species  from  cones  of  Abies  cephalonica,  from  the  same  neighbour- 
hood, and  Mr.  Tugwell  reared  one  from  a  shrivelled  cone  found 
under  spruce  trees  in  Surrey.  It  would  therefore  appear  that  this 
species  has  obtained  a  footing  in  this  country,  and  should  be  more 
frequently  met  with  than  appears  to  have  been  the  case  of  late  years. 
i5.  obductella,  on  the  other  hand,  appears  to  have  failed  to  do  so, 
and  is  likely  to  be  again  found  only  should  a  future  immigration 
bring  stragglers  to  our  shores. 

Mr.  L.  W.  Newman  exhibited  a  curious  gynandromorph  of 
Hibernia  marginaria,  right  side  $  ,  left  forewing  $  ,  left  hindwing 
about  half  normal  size  <?  ,  both  antenna3  ^  ,  and  body  the  appear- 
ance of  c?  ,  from  Chaily,  Sussex.  He  reported  that  he  knew  of 
one  oak  in  Bexley  Woods  which  was  already  in  leaf,  and  parts  of 
the  tree  had  leaves  well  out  on  March  31st. 

Mr.  Harding  exhibited  a  number  of  aberrations  of  Aglais  tntic(B, 
which  he  had  met  with  during  the  past  40  years  experience  of 
breeding,  including  ab.  bolandii  with  much  increased  blue,  ab.  atra- 
batoiHia,  ab.  latahensis,  and  many  forms  of  ab.  connexa.  He  had 
never  succeeded  in  getting  a  very  pale  form.  He  also  showed  a 
F)/raiiieis  atalanta  with  a  chrome  yellow  band  on  the  forewings  ; 
and  a  Hipocrita  jacobcBm  in  which  the  red  was  also  changed  to  a 
chrome  yellow. 

Mr.  Tatchell  exhibited  a  fine  xanthic  form  of  F^jiinephele  tithonus 
taken  by  Mr.  Rippon,  in  Doi'set,  in  1893,  and  a  living  arva  of 
Trocldlinm  crabronifoniiis  {bewbeciformis)  in  a  stem  of  willow. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  imagines  and  cases  of  the  Psychid  Tale- 
pnria  titbulosa  {bo nihy cello),  from  Farnborough,  Kent;  a  bred  speci- 
men of  Pijraitsta  ostrinaUs,  and  the  beetle  Dort/tomiifi  tortri.v,  bred 
from  poplar  catkins. 


APRIL  22n'l,  1920. 

Mr.  Stanley  Edwards  exhibited  'ienuris  honrathi,  from  Java,  T. 
selene,  from  New  Guinea,  iJijiiasUir  napoleon,  from  S.  America, 
species  of  OpsipJianes,  and  Dasi/opJit/iahiia  creiiaa. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  fine  varied  series  of  the  following  species  : 
Gonodontis  bidentata,  including  the  pale  Cheltenham  form  ;  Xan- 
thorlio'e  rivata,  X.  montanata,  Hijdnoiiiena  iiii/iliiviata,  H.  fiircata 
(elutata),  Tephrosia  Ittridata  {extersaria)  with  unusually  large  forms  ; 


56 

Boannia  cinctaria,  and  some  curiously  radiated  forms  of  the  first 
brood  of  Tep/irosia  histortata. 

Mr.  H}'.  J.  Turner  showed  a  number  of  species  of  the  genus 
Pliisia,  allied,  more  or  less  closel}',  to  the  common  Plnsia  iianniia. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  few  specimens  of  Rumicia 
fhlcma  from  Finchley,  showing  forms  with  ill-developed  spotting, 
one  ab.  kochi  with  pear-shaped  spots,  a  heavily  spotted  form,  and 
dusky  forms  with  dark  nervures  and  wide  borders,  chiefly  collected 
in  the  hot  season  of  1911,  when  the  species  was  abnormally 
abundant. 

Captain  Crocker  exhibited  a  collection  of  Lepidoptera  repre- 
sentative of  what  he  had  met  with  in  the  battle-fields  of  the  N.  of 
France,  chiefly  taken  in  1919.  Included  were  Inwria  lathonia, 
MelitfEa  cinxia  collected  on  ground  which  during  the  winter,  when 
the  larvse  were  hibernating,  would  often  be  under  water,  A/>atiira 
iris  (common),  Nordmannia  ilicis,  Colias  hyale,  etc.  Among  the 
moths  were  A;/laia  tau,  Li/mantria  dispar,  Xotodojita  tritop/ms,  Cos- 
viotriche  pntatoria  including  a  number  of  males  with  female  colora- 
tion, and  some  unusually  dark,  the  range  of  colour  aberration  being 
large  ;  Sciopteron  tabaniformis,  bred  from  poplar  stumps  where  the 
wood  had  been  cut  for  fencing,  and  Senta  waritima,  a  fine  series  in 
much  variety. 

In  the  notes  on  the  season  Dn/monia  chaonia  was  reported  as 
occurring  in  mid  April;  the  larvse  of  Arctia  villica  was  very  scarce 
in  W.  Kent,  where  it  was  usually  abundant  at  this  time  of  year. 
Lasiocampa  quercus  larvae  had  been  found  in  abundance  feeding  on 
sea-buckthorn,  and  was  reported  to  feed  readily  on  viburnum.  The 
Kev.  E.  Tarbat  reported  that  in  E.  Hants  he  had  as  yet  seen  no 
Celastrina  arrfioliis,  and  no  "  whites,"  that  the  sallows  were  excep- 
tionall}^  early,  and  that  daring  the  fine  weather  of  February  and 
March  nothing  had  come  to  sugar. 

At  the  Special  Meeting  held  subsequently  for  the  purpose,  Mr. 
A.  E.  Tonge  was  elected  to  be  co-trustee  with  Mr.  R.  Adkin,  Mr.  E. 
Step  having  resigned. 


MAY  Uth,  1920. 

Mr.  Stanley  Edwards  exhibited  a  number  of  exotic  species  of 
Coleoptera,  including  an  extremely  large  specimen  of  the  Goliath 
beetle  Gnliatlnis  druryi,  and  of  Orthoptera,  including  some  of  the 
larger  Phasmids,  etc. 


57 

Mr,  S.  R.  Ashby  exhibited  four  drawers  of  his  British  Coleoptera  : 
the  ground  beetles  of  the  genera  Anchunieuiis,  Benibidiitin,  and 
TrecliHS  ;  the  Laiiiellicornes,  including  the  genera  Lucanns,  Ontho- 
ipha<i)is,  and  Aiihodins  ;  the  Bi(/ire.stuUe  and  ElateridcB,  and  the 
Weevils  of  the  genera  Bhynchites  and  Apion. 

Mr.  Barnett  exhibited  a  portion  of  a  decayed  gatepost  which  had 
been  appropriated  and  excavated  by  a  leaf-cutter  bee,  Metjar/iile,  one 
cavity  containing  fifteen  cells,  which  was  considered  an  abnormal 
number.  He  also  showed  a  brilliantly  marked  young  viper,  with 
intense  black  markings  on  a  whitish  ground,  and  the  trunk  of  a 
lizard,  measuring  seven  and  a  half  inches,  taken  from  the  body  of 
another  viper, 

Mr.  F.  W.  Cocks  exhibited  the  following  Coleoptera  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Wellington  College,  Berks.,  being  the  species 
which  were  the  more  strikingly  characteristic  of  the  district  : — 
Pterostichiis  aiii/iistatas,  Dufts.,  Aiiclioiiieiius  sexpiiuctatus,  L.,  A. 
qHad)-ipiinctati(s,  de  G.,  Ciiurejihaltm  /'crNs,  Kraatz,  Aseiinini  striatain 
var.  ayreste,  F.,  < 'orticaria  fenestralis,  L.,  Sjihindiis  diibitis,  Gyll., 
and  Melano])Idla  acminnata,  de  G.  The  Mehoio/iliild  had  been  quite 
abundant  since  the  felling  of  trees  had  been  in  progress. 

On  behalf  of  Mr.  Carr,  Mr.  Step  exhibited  the  Coral-wort, 
Dentaria  [Cardaiiiine)  bulhifera,  from  near  Chalfont  Road,  Bucks, 
where  it  grows  in  abundance. 

Mr,  H,  Moore  exhibited  a  collection  of  Indian  Orthoptera,  and 
,read  the  following  notes  : — 

"  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Groavenor  I  am  able  to  exhibit 
the  Orthoptera  he  collected  when  stationed  at  Bangalore,  S.  India, 
from  May  to  October,  1916.  They  are  an  interesting  lot,  and 
though  one  is  assured  this  and  that  are  common,  the  pleasure  of 
possession  is  none  the  less  when  one  handles  his  first  specimens. 
But  when  they  are  some  of  the  curiosities  of  insect  life,  what  one 
has  wished  for  and  never  expected  to  get,  one  feels  very  kindly  to 
the  donor,  and  satisfied  with  himself.  Happily  I  am  not  called 
upon  for  remarks,  but  I  would  like  to  point  out  a  few  of  those  of 
special  interest.  Of  the  MantidcB  perhaps  that  of  the  grass  I  found 
most  attractive,  though  the  prettily  coloured  Creoboter  nrbana,  Fab., 
might  appeal  to  others.  The  grass  mantis,  Schizocep/talns  bicomis, 
L.,  when  unset,  with  its  legs  and  body  all  of  a  tangle,  was  like  a 
wisp  of  hay,  and  with  antennae  and  cerci  so  much  alike,  one  had  to 
look  closer  than  usual  when  pinning  to  discriminate  the  head 
irom     the    tail.       The    curious     Ci/iiiatuinera    ru<iosa,    L.,    is    one 


58 

of  the  rarer  inset^ts  of  the  plains,  which  must  require  most 
careful  searching  for  when  at  rest  on  the  truniis  of  trees. 
Amongst  the  AcridiidcB,  the  great  green  arboreal  locust,  Acri- 
d  III  in  sp.,  is  another  uncommon  species  of  the  plains,  but  the 
most  important,  economically,  is  A.  pereiiriiiiun,  01.,  the  migratory 
locust,  and  A.  snccinctiiin,  Lin.,  the  Bombay  locust,  also  a  migra- 
tory species.  The  most  impressive  is  surelj^  Teratodns  nionticollis, 
Gray,  a  very  buffalo  of  grasshoppers,  with  its  great  thorax  and 
jaunty  air.  The  so-called  Cofiee  locust,  Aidarches  inilioiis,  Fab., 
and  the  painted  grasshopper  Puecilocera  picta,  Fab.,  though  of  nO' 
economic  importance,  furnish  examples  of  warning  colours,  not  being 
good  to  eat  and  consequently  having  no  natural  enemies.  Amongst 
the  Lnciistidw  is  the  great  Mecopoda  elomjata,  L.,  another  rare 
insect  of  the  plains,  though  common  in  the  hills.  One  of  the 
greatest  curiosities  of  Indian  insect  life  is  Schizodacti/liis  iinmstniosiis, 
Don.,  still  of  uncertain  systematic  position.  In  the  Mole-cricket, 
Grijllotalpa  africaiia,  Beauv.,  a  species  found  in  Africa,  Asia,  Aus- 
tralia, and  elsewhere,  we  have  an  instance  of  the  disadvantage  of 
giving  a  geographical  name  to  anything  before  its  geographical 
distribution  is  known.  Brachijtnipen  achatiiiiis,  Stoll,  the  common 
brown  cricket,  is  notable  as  being  the  noisiest. 

"  I  would  like  to  record  my  appreciation  of  the  self-denial  and 
unexpected  generosity  of  Mr.  Grosvenor,  which  adds  another  happy 
memory  to  many  others  associated  with  members  of  this  Society." 

Mr.  W.  West  exhibited  four  drawers  of  British  Hemiptera,. 
including  a  specimen  of  the  extremely  rare  European  Eeduviid 
species,  Pyyohwipis  bidentata,  which  he  had  taken  in  May,  1914,  in 
the  New  Forest,  the  second  recorded  British  specimen. 

Mr.  H.  W.  Andrews  exhibited  a  number  of  species  of  British 
Diptera  to  illustrate  wing-patterns  and  coloration,  and  contributed 
the  following  note  :  — 

"The  Diptera  are  well  known  as  one  of  the  '  clear-winged  ' 
orders  of  insects.  The  typical  dipterous  wing  consists  of  two  layers 
of  transparent  membrane  of  a  more  or  less  vitreous  nature,  and  the 
only  colouring  is  the  iridescence  caused  by  structural  modification^ 
of  the  surface.  Yet,  on  looking  over  a  large  number  of  species 
there  is  a  considerable  amount  of  colour  and  pattern  to  be  found. 
I  have  selected  from  my  collection  various  species  of  the  different 
families  illustrating  the  extent  and  character  of  wing-pattern  and 
coloration  obtaining  in  the  order.  This  exhibit  by  no  means 
pretends  to  be  a  complete  one,  as  I  have  not  nearly  enough  material 


59 

at  my  disposal  for  that  purpose,  and  one  of  the  important  sub- 
divisions of  the  order — Nemocera  (mosquitoes,  craneflies,  etc.) — is 
hardly  represented  at  all.  In  addition  to  the  examples  shown,  I 
have  made  an  attempt  to  group  together  specimens  illustrating 
various  types  of  colour  and  pattern,  ranging  from  the  simple  tinged 
or  darkened  wing  to  the  completely  patterned  surface  of  the  Trypetid 
group.  It  will  be  seen  that  these  types  vary  and  combine  among 
themselves,  and  it  is  also  to  be  noticed  that  it  is  the  excepti.m  rather 
than  the  rule  for  one  particular  form  of  pattern  to  be  confined  to 
one  family.  In  consequence  but  little  use  can  be  made  of  wing 
pattern  in  classification  of  the  various  genera,  except  in  the  case  of 
the  Try/n'tida,  where  all  the  species  have  more  or  less  definitely 
patterned  wings.  These  wing  patterns  and  colours  seem  all  to  be 
of  a  pigmental  character,  and  I  believe  the  only  case  of  scale  pat- 
terning occurs  in  certain  species  of  mosquitoes,  and  that  these  get 
rubbed  off  soon  after  emergence.  The  colours  seem  confined  to 
black,  brown,  and  yellow,  and  in  one  family  {Dolichnpodidtc)  the 
extreme  tip  of  the  otherwise  darkened  outer  margin  of  the  wing  is 
white.  Certain  flies  mimic  species  of  other  orders,  notably  Hymen- 
optera,  but  in  these  cases  the  wing  pattern  usually  plays  a  secondary 
part  to  the  shape  and  coloration  of  the  body  of  the  insect.  Sexual 
variation  in  wing  colour  seems  very  scarce,  and  is  usually  confined 
to  a  darkening  or  tinting  of  the  wings  of  the  males,  while  the 
females  have  the  typical  clear  wings.  A  comparison  of  the  wing 
markings  of  Diptera  with  those  of  other  normally  clear-winged 
Orders  should  form  an  interesting  subject  for  study." 

Mr.  Coppeard  exhibited  livmg  specimens  of  the  Palmated  Newt, 
Mohje  jHihnata,  and  its  eggs.  This  was  said  to  be  a  more  widely 
distributed  species  than  was  commonly  supposed,  and  was  really 
the  "  common  "  newt ;  Moh/e  vidijaris,  the  so-called  Common  Newt, 
being  more  restricted  to  the  south-eastern  area  of  Britain. 

Mr.  Priske  exhibited  series  of  the  shell  of  Helix  vin/ata  from 
various  localities,  including  Deal,  Box  Hill,  Torquay,  Tenby,  etc. 
From  the  last  place  he  showed  white  examples  ab.  fnihaperta.  He 
also  showed  the  red  form  (ab.  rnfa)  of  the  slug  Arinn  ater. 

Mr.  With}Combe  exhibited  a  cultivated  plant  of  the  Butterwort, 
PiiitjKicHla  (inuuUflora,  and  pointed  out  one  leaf  with  the  margin 
curled  over  an  insect.  He  stated  that  insects  were  captured  by  the 
plant  by  means  of  a  viscous  fluid  secreted  by  mushroom-shaped 
glands  developed  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves.  The  presence 
of  an  insect  causes  the  leaf  margin  to  curl  gradually  inwards  and 


60 

over  the  insect.  The  soluble  matter  is  then  absorbed  by  the 
plant,  the  leaf  uncurls,  and  the  debris,  wing  parts,  chitin,  etc., 
blow  away.  The  plant  is  easily  grown  from  seed.  He  also  showed 
the  Common  Butterwort,  /-•.  nihian's,  with  a  very  pale  flower,  from 
Beeston   Bog,  Cromer. 

Mr.  Main  exhibited  various  species  of  Mosquitoes,  includ- 
ing Anojihelcs  bifiircatiin,  T/ienbaldia  annnlata  and  T.  viorsitans', 
Oclderobatiis  dorsalis,  <>.  nenKirosKH  and  0.  lateralis,  with  a  series  of 
preserved  larvie.  He  also  showed  a  cage  he  had  used  successfully 
for  the  experimental  breeding  of  mosquitoes. 

Mr.  Dennis,  on  behalf  of  Mr.  R.  S.  Bagnall,  exhibited  several 
microscopical  preparations  of  Protura,  including  two  species  of 
Aceroitouiou,  A.  doderoi,  Silv.,  from  Kent,  and  A.  affinis,  Bagn., 
from  County  Durham.  A  collection  of  Symphyla  made  by  Mr.  W. 
Ruskin  Butterfield,  including  Scntiyerella  iiinintciilata,  Newp.,  S. 
hiscutata,  Bagn.,  S.  i^pinipes,  Bagn.,  Scnlopendrellupis  siibuiida,  Hans., 
Syiiiplnjlelia  vitl(/aiu,  Jians.,  S.  jacksnui,  Bagn.,  S.  horrida,  Bagn., 
S.  viiniitissiiiia,  Bagn.,  iS.  delicatida,  Bagn.  Also  Sijinplii/ldla  diinel- 
vieufiis,  Bagn.,  taken  in  Durham  County. 


MAY  27th,  1920. 
Exhibition  of  Living  Objects. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Richardson,  of  Southall,  was  elected  a  member. 

Mr.  Hugh  Main  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  Californian  Hes- 
periid  Epan/i/reHs  titi/nts  bred  from  a  pupa  sent  to  him  by  Miss 
Fountaine.  He  also  showed  Adscita  statices,  the  larvas  of  a  species 
of  oil-beetle  f  Melo'e),  and  imagines  andlarvse  of  GalenicdUi  Uneola 
(Col.),  all  from  Eastbourne. 

Mr.  Blair  exhibited  the  wasp  (>di/)iertis  pictiis,  males  and  females, 
with  the  cells  from  which  they  had  emerged.  The  cells  were 
affixed  to  the  sides  of  a  large  stone  at  Shanklin,  I.  of  Wight.  This 
Hymenopteron  stocks  its  nest  with  larvae  of  beetles.  He  also  showed 
!Siphlt(nis  aiiiuitiis,  Eaton,  J  and  J  and  larva?,  a  rare  Ephemerid 
described  by  the  Rev.  A.  E.  Eaton  in  1870  on  ^  examples  from 
Killarney  and  Hampstead,  the  ?  being  then  unknown.  Its  redis- 
covery not  far  from  the  original  Middlesex  locality  is  interesting. 
Also  Cassida  eqiicstrix,  F.,  beetles  and  egg-clusters  on  water-mint, 
from   the  canal  side  near  Denham. 

Mr.    L.    W.    Newman    exhibited    ab.    radiata-lutea    of    Abraxas 


61 

grossidariafa  and  an  almost  black  aberration  of  form  varlojata; 
lavvx  of  Calymnia  /n/ralina  feeding  on  elm  ;  four  forms  of  the  larvae 
of  Satiiniia  rarpini,  all  of  one  brood,  sleeved  on  plum  ;  a  Calli- 
iiior/iJia  iloiiiinula  just  emerged  out  of  doors ;  several  larvae  of 
Tricliiura  cratuj/i,  all  different  forms  ;  and  two  females  Pheosia 
dictdoides;  and  remarked  that  he  had  obtained  ova  from  a  female 
to  which  a  male  P.  tremida  [dictmt)  had  assembled. 

Mr.  Alfred  Sich  exhibited  living  imagines  of  Nepticula  aeptem- 
brella,  Stt.,  bred  from  pupae  found  in  leaves  of  Hupericnw  at  Hind- 
head,  Surrey;  larva  of  Salehna  hetida:,  Goeze,  oft"  birch,  Richmond, 
Surre,y ;  and  a  raceme  of  Foxglove,  Diiritalis  jmrpitrea,  L.,  showing 
abnormal  growth,  the  flowers  of  the  lower  part  growing  irregularly 
around  the  stem.  At  the  apex  is  a  confused  growth  of  sepals  with 
coloured  points,  below  this  a  ring  of  about  twent}'  stamens,  and 
below  the  stamens  a  large  flat  spreading  disc  with  a  diameter  of  3J 
inches.  The  ordinary  flowers  are  of  the  usual  purple.  The  disc 
appears  to  be  formed  of  half-a-dozen  flowers,  or  rather  the  lower 
spotted  portions  of  these,  the  central  portion  is  whitish  and  there 
is  a  broad  margin  of  deep  purple.  The  disc  is  continuous  except 
in  the  upper  portion  where  it  is  divided  down  to  the  growth  of 
sepals.  The  specimen  is  from  a  garden  at  Chiswick,  and  is  the 
monstrosity  known  as  "peloria." 

Mr.  Newman  reported  that  he  saw  no  fewer  than  eighteen  species 
of  butterflies  on  the  railway  banks  at  Bexley,  12  miles  from  Charing 
Cross,  on  May  16th.,  viz.,  Pier  is  braxfiicae,  P.  rapae,  P.  napi, 
Eiiddd'e  cardaiiiineH,  Gonepterux  rhainni,  Brent/ds  euphrosyne, 
Pijraineis  cardni,  P.  ataianta,  Aylais  nrticac,  Vanessa  io,  Callojdirys 
riibi,  Biiiiiicia  phlaeas,  Polyoiiiiiiattts  icariis,  Celastrina  an/ioliiSj 
Coe)ioiiyiiipha  painpliiliis,  Pararye  Mieyera,  Nisnniades  tayes,  and 
Hesperia  iitalvae. 

It  was  also  reported  that  the  famous  Monkswood,  the  home  of 
Stry)iion  priini,  was  to  be  cut  down  and  ploughed  to  grow  wheat. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Frohawk  communicated  a  note  that  he  had  in  the 
course  of  a  few  days  in  early  May  obtained  three  good  aberrations 
of  butterflies: — Aylais  nrticae,  "  dark,  no  blue  spots,  and  one  costal 
yellow  spot  almost  gone,  suffused  with  brown,  and  other  noticeable 
difi'ere'nces."  Pieris  napi,  "  with  a  large  spot  on  the  left  primary 
and  barely  any  spot  on  right — quite  striking.  Kuchluc  cardamines, 
of  the  only  two  pupae  he  had  one  male  emerged,  •'  with  a  con- 
spicuous black  dot  in  the  centre  of  the  secondaries." 

There  were  numerous  other  exhibits  of  common  species- 
obtainable  at  the  time. 


62 

MAY  29th,  1920. 

Field  Meeting — Shoreham  and  Oxford,  Kent. 

Conihtctor,  B.   W.  Adkin,  F.E.S. 

An  enjoyable  outing  was  held  in  this  beautiful  neighbourhood. 
The  route  taken  was  over  the  Downs  from  Shoreham  Station, 
through  the  woods,  and  road,  wood  and  footpath  to  the  summit  of 
Otford  Mount,  and  thence  by  footpath  to  Otford  Village. 

The  meeting  was  well  attended,  and  all  expressed  pleasure  with 
the  scenery,  though  the  insects  were  somewhat  disappointing,  only 
common  species  being  observed. 

Tea  was  served  at  the  Bull  Hotel,  Otford,  the  party  walking 
back  to  Shoreham  Station. 


JUNE  lOth,  1920. 

There  was  a  special  exhibition  of  Calymnia  trapezina,  Messrs. 
E.  Adkin,  B.  Adkin,  Stanley  Edwards,  A.  E.  Tonge,  and  Hy.  J. 
Turner  taking  part. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  read  the  following  notes  on  the  lines  of 
variation  of  the  species,  and  gave  a  summary  of  the  various  named 
forms. 

Lines  of  Variation. 

Shape  :  ^  shorter,  more  angular  wings.  $  broader  and  long 
wings. 

FoREwiNGs,.  Ground :  ochreous  irrorated  with  brown.  Basal 
and  postmedial  areas  suffused  with  whitish,  the  medial  and  terminal 
areas  suffused  with  rufous — typical  form.  Bright  rufous  ;  pale 
yellow  tinged  with  rufous ;  ochreous  white  suffused  with  brown  ; 
ochreous  white  irrorated  with  brown  ;  grey  brown  ;  whitish  grey  ; 
bright  ochreous  slightly  reddish  ;  dark  grey  ;  black  central  band  on 
white-ochreous ;  wholly  black.  Margins  :  {Cilia)  rufous  tinged 
brown  ;  same  colour  as  ground.  Base  :  often  a  shade  lighter  than 
discal  area.  Disc  :  often  darker  than  base  and  outer  area.  Trans- 
verse lines  :  (1)  Short  basal  line  from  costa  dark,  sometimes  absent. 
,(2)  First  line  dark,  very  oblique  and  straight,  usually  very  distinct, 
white  edged  on  side,  rarely  defective.  (3)  Second  line  dark, 
elbowed  bluntly  outward  towards  the  costal  area,  white-edged 
towards  outer  margin  ;  these  two  lines  nearer  together  in  the  male 
than  in  the  female,     (4)  The  area   between  these  lines  usually  of  a 


68 

■deeper  shade,  more  or  less,  is  often  traversed  by  a  partial  or  com- 
plete cloudy,  ill-defined  narrow,  still  darker  band.  (5)  The  sub- 
terminal  line  ill-defined,  narrow,  cloudy,  sometimes  scarcely 
traceable,  sometimes  emphasised  by  dark  spots,  and  margined  a 
lighter  shade  outwardly.  (6)  Just  before  the  base  of  the  cilia  a  row 
of  minute  deep  black  dots,  usually  present.  (7)  Small  pinky, 
flesh-coloured  clouds  sometimes  present  on  different  parts  of  the 
wing.  Stigmata  :  1.  Keniform,  outlined  faintly,  same  colour  as 
ground,  but  a  blackish  large  dot  almost  invariably  present.  2. 
Orbicular  present,  but  scarcely  outlined  usually. 

HiNDwiNGs. — Ground  :  Ochreous  suffused  with  brown,  especially 
towards  terminal  margin.  Smoky-white  or  smoky-brown  with  a 
yellow  gloss.  Costal  region  pearly  pale  yellow.  Hind  margin 
widely  pale  yellow  in  all  lighter  specimens.  Cilia  yellowish-white, 
darker  somewhat  in  darker  specimens.  Transverse  line  :  Some- 
times an  ill-defined  dusky  line  across  the  disc,  beyond  the  middle; 
smoky  discal  spot  present  in  the  lighter  examples. 

Named  forms. — Whitish  or  ochreous  grey :  f.  pallida,  Tutt, 
transverse  lines  nearly  obsolete  ;  f.  trapezina,  L.,  transverse  lines 
distinct ;  ab.  rnfo- pallida,  Tutt,  red  central  band  ;  ab.  niifvo-viri/ata, 
Tutt,  black  central  band  (very  rare) ;  ab.  obsvura,  Aur.  ;  ab.  badio- 
fasciata,  Teich.  Brightly  ochreous,  slightly  reddish  :  ab.  obsoleta- 
uchrea,  Tutt,  transverse  lines  nearly  obsolete  ;  f.  uchiea,  Tutt,  and  f. 
carnea,  Warr.,  transverse  lines  distinct.  Bright  red  :  f.  rufa,  Tutt, 
transverse  lines  distinct;  ab.  obsoleta -ni fa,  Tutt,  transverse  lines 
almost  obsolete ;  f.  (jrisea,  Tutt,  pale  dark  grey  dusted  (greenish), 
transverse  lines  darker;  ab.  nii/ra,  Tutt,  black,  with  paler  trans- 
verse lines  (very  rare)  ;  i.saturata,  Stgr.  [exujtia,  Butlr.),  brownish, 
hindwing  blackish,  forewing  grey  brown ;  ab.  conspersa,  Warr., 
extra  dark  nrisea. 

In  Mr.  R.  Adkin's  exhibit  was  a  very  fine  example  of  the  rare 
ab.  nii/ra,  in  which  the  pale  lines  showed  plainly,  consisting  of  the 
pale  shade  bordering  the  usual  dark  lines  of  the  species,  they 
seemed  somewhat  farther  apart  than  the  black  lines  in  normal 
specimens. 

In  Mr.  B.  Adkin's  exhibit  was  an  extremely  fine  dark  banded 
form, 'ab.  nigro-virtiata,  Tutt=(?)  ab.  obscura,  Aur.  =  ?  &h.  badio- 
fasciata,  Teich.  He  also  showed  a  specimen  with  a  clear,  slate- 
coloured  ground. 

Mr.  Step  exhibited  a  living  plant  of  the  small  yellow 
balsam  {Impatiens  parvifiora,  D.C.),  from  a  large  colony  in  a  green 


64 

lane  at  Wimbledon  Purk.  An  annual  herb,  native  of  Siberia,  it  is- 
of  rare  occurrence  in  this  country,  and  is  set  down  by  Hooker  as  an 
escape  from  gardens.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  suppose  that  a 
plant  with  such  small  flowers  in  proportion  to  its  large  leaves,  with 
no  economic  value,  would  have  been  introduced  deliberately  into 
gardens.  Loudon  gives  the  year  of  its  introduction  as  1820,  so  this 
is  its  centenary. 

Mr.  Withycombe  exhibited  an  immature  form  of  the  Homopteron 
Ledra  aurita,  beaten  from  oak. 

Mr.  Main  exhibited  sycamore  leaves  showing  tracks  of  the  larva 
of  the  saw-fly,  Pliyllotoma  acerix,  and  referred  to  the  difficulty  in 
breeding  these  insects. 

Mr.  Tonge  remarked  that  he  had  been  told  by  Mr.  Coppeard  that 
Micro-Lepidoptera  were  easily  bred  if  enclosed  with  their  food  in 
paper  bags  placed  on  the  damp  floor  of  a  disused  greenhouse,  and 
suggested  that  possibly  other  orders  of  insects  could  be  so  bred  out 
successfully. 


JUNE  Uth,  1920. 

Field  Meeting — Horsley. 

Conducted  bij  Stanley  Edwards  and  Hy.  J.  Turner. 

This  was  a  whole  day  field-meeting  and  about  a  dozen  members 
were  present.  The  route  taken  was  by  the  footpath  near  the  rail- 
way, through  the  fields  of  West  Horsley  Place  to  the  church,  and 
thence  by  the  path  for  the  sheep  leas  and  Netley  Heath,  returning 
by  the  chalk  lane  to  the  "  Duke  of  Wellington  "  Hotel  for  tea. 

The  morning  was  somewhat  threatening,  but  although  thunder 
and  rain  seemed  to  be  present  all  around  the  party  were  in  no  way 
inconvenienced  until  the  mid-afternoon,  when  the  immunity  of  the 
morning  was  broken  and  the  storm  passed  immediately  over,  and 
most  of  the  party  being  more  rather  than  less  unprotected  got  fairly 
wet  through.  However,  all  arrived  safely  at  the  tea,  and  did  such 
ample  justice  to  the  fare  there  provided  that  the  proprietress 
insisted  upon  an  increase  in  the  charge  for  our  meal. 

The  ground  has  been  visited  by  the  Society  on  numerous 
previous  occasions,  of  which  reports  have  already  appeared,  so  that 
no  detailed  list  of  captures  has  been  appended.  Most  of  those 
present  were  quite  satisfied  with  the  results  of  the  day's  collecting, 
although  nothing  not  previously  recorded  turned  up. 


65 

JUNE   2ith,  1920. 

Mr.  Ply.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  varied  series  of  Hythiomena 
f areata,  Thun.  [Hi/psipetefi  eliitata,  Ilh.  =  sordidata,  Fab.),  and  also 
a  copy  of  Thunberg's  "Dlssertationes"  (1784),  in  which  the  species 
was  first  described  and  figured.  He  said  that  the  species  had  been 
dealt  with  from  most  points  of  view  by  Mr.  Prout,  in  1906,  in  a 
paper  read  at  the  North  London  Nat.  Hist.  Soc,  and  published  in 
the  "  Ent,  Record,"  vol.  ix.,  p.  84,  et  seq.  He  gave  the  following 
summary  of  the  variation  and  tabulation  of  the  named  forms. 

Lines  of  Variation. — I.  Size. — Considerable  variation.  Bil- 
berry and  heath  fed  larvte  invariably  produce  small  imagines ; 
sallow  fed  larvfe  in  moist  situations  usually  produce  full-sized  speci- 
mens. Bred  specimens  are  often  small  unless  the  larvae  be  sleeved, 
possibly  owing  to  the  larval  habit  of  spinning  leaves  together. 
IL  Cohnir. — Very  variable.  The  small  moorland  forms  are,  as  a 
rule,  the  more  varied,  often  very  prettily  tinged  with  red  or  yellowish 
brown.  The  lowland  forms  are  more  frequently  dirty  greenish. 
The  ground  may  be  light  green,  yellowish  green,  darl<;  green,  brown 
green,  purplish  green,  cinerous,  fuscous,  or  nearly  black.  This  is 
crossed  transversely  from  the  costa  by  about  half  a  dozen  irregular 
dark  lines,  often  interrupted  and  abbreviated,  almost  always  strongly 
marked  on  the  costa,  but  dwindling  to  complete  absence  on  the 
inner  margin  in  many  cases.  These  lines  are  not  apparent,  of  course, 
on  the  dark  ground  specimens  which  are  practically  uniform  in 
coloration.  In  detail  these  lines  are  (1)  basal,  slender,  angled, 
abbreviated,  l)lack.  (2)  The  first  line,  often  obscure  or  broken  up 
into  parts,  rather  broad,  purple-black.  (3)  Similar  line  close  fol- 
lowing, (i.)  Stripe  of  pale  clouding,  broken  into  blotches.  (5)  The 
"second  line,"  incomplete,  sinuous,  black.  (6)  Similar  to  the  last, 
expands  to  a  broad  blotch,  sharply  angled,  which  angle  has  a  black 
dash  going  to  apex,  then  ill-defined  and  almost  absorbed  by  a 
roundish  whitish  blotch  about  the  middle  of  the  hind  margin,  a 
very  constant  feature  of  the  species,  then  continuing  in  a  slender 
line.  Between  lines  4  and  6,  which  vary  in  relative  position,  there 
is  a  tendency  to  have  a  wide  clear  band  of  the  ground  colour,  which 
often  becomes  light  in  shade,  the  form  albofasciata.  The  hind 
margin  has  numerous  fine  black  dots  in  pairs. 

Named  forms. — This  very  variable,  generall}'  distributed  and 
common  species  has  received  a  number  of  names  from  various 
authors,  especially  the  older  ones,  some  still  perhaps  only  in  the 
position  of  probability,  such  as  miata,  Hufn.,  reclaitf/idata,  Fab.,  and 


66 

riiyata,  Fourc.  The  other  names  can  be  allotted  to  the  varioua 
forms  which  were  formerly  considered  as  separate  species.  la 
addition  there  is  either  the  same  or  a  practically  identical  species  in 
N.  America,  with  named  forms,  which  probably  should  be  treated 
as  a  race  of  oar  European  fnrcatn. 

Mr.  Barnett  exhibited  a  long  series  of  hi.  fmrata,  mainly  from 
Darenth,  most  of  the  specimens  being  large,  and  one  a  tine  example 
of  the  Difitscata  form,  with  no  trace  of  marking. 

Mr.  S.  Ashby  exhibited  eight  specimens  of  the  rare  beetle  f.enia 
crirhsnm  swept  near  U,ye,  Sussex,  in  April  last,  by  Mrs.  Asbl)y  and 
himself. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  a  series  of  the  Rhyncophorous  beetle 
Attelahiis  nitena  {nn-ciili(i)ii)i(leii)  with  examples  of  the  topmost  leaves 
of  oak  twigs  rolled  by  the  larvffi.  He  also  showed  larvfe  and  pupae 
of  the  Homopteron,  Ledra  aiin'ta. 


JULY  8th,  1920. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  living  larvae  of  Phry.nis  liromica, 
from  eggs  laid  by  a  female  captured  in  Dorsetshire,  in  May  of  the 
present  year.  The  ova  hatched  on  May  31st,  and  by  July  7th 
twelve  of  the  larvae  were  full  fed.  Their  habit  was  to  rest  in  the 
glaring  sun  and  to  feed  only  on  the  blossoms  of  Lraliiint  lenmi  and 
of  G.  molliKjo,  with  which  they  were  supplied.  Fuchsia  they  abso- 
lutely refused,  and  much  preferred  growing  (Jaliitui  to  cut  sprays. 
Some  of  the  larvae  were  still  quite  small.  They  were  apt  to  attack 
each  other  if  confined  in  close  quarters. 

Mr.  Withycombe  exhibited  a  half-grown  larva  of  Satumia  pyri, 
from  a  batch  of  ova  sent  to  him  from  France.  He  also  showed  the 
Liverwort,  Marchantia  pob/iiKirpha,  calling  attention  to  the  peculiar 
stalked  female  organs  (carphocephala)  developed  on  the  thallus  ; 
also  the  rare  Roman  nettle,  Urtica  piltilifera,  from  his  garden  at 
Walthamstow  where  it  appeared  as  a  weed. 

Mr.  L.  E.  Dunster  exhibited  a  series  of  Melitaea  aininia,  taken 
in  May,  in  Somerset  ;  and  a  series  of  Epinephele  tithonns,  taken  in 
August,  1919,  showing  additional  spots  on  the  forewings. 

Mr.  Carr  showed  a  series  of  Btenthu  euphrosyne,  taken  at 
Crockham  Hill,  Kent,  including  a  somewhat  suffused  example. 

The  President  exhibited  the  solitary  bee,  Calletes  liaviesana,  bred 
from  cells  found  at  Shanklin,  together  with  various  parasites  and 


67 

inquilines  bred  from  the  same  cells,  including: — Pmsopis  com- 
viiinis,  Nyl.,  Bombi/liiis  minor,  L.,  Hpeolns  productua.  Thorns.,  Milto- 
gramma  punctata,  Mg.,  Hemiteles,  sp.  Also  living  specimens  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight  "  Tiger  Beetle,"  Cicimlfla  rprmanica,  bred  from  larvaa 
found  on  May  4th  last. 


JULY  22nd,  1920. 

The  President  exhibited  Cimex  pipii^trellns,  the  Hemipteron 
which  infests  the  bat,  and  contributed  the  following  note: — 

"  Cimex  pipisti'elliis  closely  resembles  C.  lectiilaritts,  but  has 
wider  flat  margins  to  the  prothorax  and  is  clothed  with  longer 
hairs.  The  species  is,  as  its  name  implies,  panisitic  on  bats.  This 
specimen  with  others  was  found  in  a  bathroom,  but  it  was  found 
that  bats  were  breeding  immediately  above.  That  it  can  and^vill 
draw  blood  from  a  human  host  is  established,  but  that  it  will  thrive 
on  such  diet  is  rather  doubtful.  At  any  rate  a  ?  that  was  given 
such  a  meal  on  31st  May  last  was  dead  a  few  days  later.  A 
freshly  developed  ^  was  fed  on  the  same  day  and  on  July  21st 
was  also  dead.  On  the  other  hand  the  3'  exhibited  had 
developed  after  feeding  as  a  nearly  mature  nymph,  as  also  has 
the  $  now  exhibited.  Some  young  nymphs  hatched  from 
the  egg  have  fed,  but  have  not  yet  reached  the  second  instar. 
When  feeding,  either  nymphs  or  adults,  no  sensation  is  noticeable 
and  no  inflammation  or  irritation  follows,  a  very  different  result 
from  that  following  the  bite  of  (J.  lectularins." 

Mr.  Pririke  recorded  a  remarkable  occurrence  which  befell  some 
traps  for  Coleoptera  which  he  had  set  in  Richmond  Park.  Five 
out  of  six  traps  set  contained  a  distinct  species  of  Necrophorus,  viz.^ 
N.  iiiortHornin,  N.  humator,  N.  vespillo,  N.  ruspator,  and  N'.  inter- 
ruptus,  whilst  in  the  sixth  trap  were  two  species  of  Silpha. 

Mr.  Newman  reported  that  he  had  bad  luck  with  his  larvae 
of  Phryxtts  livornica,  the  whole  batch  having  died  when  full-fed, 
and  he  had  heard  that  those  retained  by  Mr.  Hedges  had  also 
perished,  whereas  Mr.  Bright,  who  only  had  about  a  dozen,  had 
successfully  got  them  into  the  pupal  stage. 

He  reported  that  he  had  found  Atgynnis  aylaia  abundant,  and 
Plebeiiis  aeijon  in  fair  numbers  ;  that  Melananjia  yalatliea  had  appa- 
rently gone  from  W.  Kent,  whilst  Pyrameis  atalanta  had  again 
appeared;  that  the  2nd  brood  of  Rumicia  phlaeas  was  out;  and 
that  nearly  everything  he  had  in  captivity  was  making  a  second 
brood. 


68 

JULY    24th,    1920. 

Field  Meeting — Byfleet. 

Conducted  bij  Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S. 

There  was  only  a  small  attendance,  possibly  owing  to  the 
previous  night  having  been  very  wet,  as  was  the  early  morning. 
However,  the  weather  clearecf  up,  and  a  most  enjoyable,  sunny 
afternoon  was  spent  along  the  canal  bank  and  the  adjoining  low 
ground.  Insects  were  decidedly  scarce,  but  many  useful  species 
were  obtained  by  the  members,  and  a  pleasant  tea  was  obtained  at 
the  "  Green  Room,"  a  private  restaurant  near  the  station. 

Mr.  Lucas  reported  :  "  It  was  hoped  to  get  Pancrjia  cognata, 
Eamb.,  which  was  captured  (one  female)  on  a  previous  excursion 
(July  23rd,  1904).  The  date  was  correct,  but  the  only  specimens 
captured  were  two  females  of  Paiiorpa  coiiiwiinis,  Linn.  Dragonflies, 
which  were  not  so  much  in  evidence  as  they  should  have  been, 
were:  FnaUafiuia  ci/athijicyiDii,  Charp.  (common);  lachnitra  elecjans, 
Lind.  (rather  common)  ;  Ai/rion  imella,  Linn,  (a  few)  ;  Calopteriix 
^plemlens,  Harris  (one  female)  ;  Aesclma  (jrandis,  Linn,  (only  one 
captured,  but  apparently  others  seen)  :  A.juncea,  Linn,  (one  teneral 
female).  Amongst  the  plants  :  A  few  examples  of  Inipatiens  fulva, 
Nuttall,  were  found  bearing  the  brilHant  orange  blossoms  (in  the 
usual  .way,  practically  all  the  flowers  are  cleistogamous)  ;  Erio- 
phoiiDii  vaf/inatiiin,  Linn.,  was  obtained  in  fruit  in  boggy  ground 
near  the  cana,!  ;  PotanioijetoH  hetero/Jn/lliis,  Schreb.,  was  found  in 
flower,  as  well  as  in  fruit,  in  the  canal.  The  three  plants  named 
are  not  of  the  commonest." 

Messrs.  G.  S.  Robertson  and  Alfred  Sich  reported  the  occurrence 
of  Pieris  iiapi,  P.  brassicae,  hlpuieiiJuie  tithoniis,  P.  jnrtina,  Plebeius 
ae(i(>n,  Aridalia  inornata,  Pseudotrnpna  prninata,  Cosymbia  pendu- 
laria,  and  larv;e  of  Cernra  vinula,  Orgijia  antiqua,  Loniaspilis 
marijinata,  Cabera  pusaria,  and  Teplirosia  piincttilaria,  among  the 
Macros.  Among  the  Pyrales  were  Cranibna  idiginosellus  (common 
in  the  heathery  bog),  C  pascuelliis,  C.  tristellns,  C.  cuhnellns,  C. 
inqiiinatellus,  Scoparia  o)ii})ii/i(aiis,  Scopula  ferruf/alis,  and  Hydro- 
cawpa  stagnata  (a  few).  The  more  notable  micros  reported  were 
ColeopJiora  anatipennella,  Tjtlmcolletis  alnifoliella,  Cerostonia  liicella  ; 
mines  and  larvse  of  Buccnlatrix  frangidella  on  Rhamnus  franyula, 
and  Elachista  cerusella  larvae  mining  in  leaves  of  Phraymites 
coiiniiimis. 


69 


AUGUST    I2th,    1920. 

It  was  announced  that  Mr.  W.  West,  an  ofiginal  member  of  the 
Society,  had  died  on  July  30th.  Mr.  West  had  been  Hon.  Curator 
from  the  establishment  of  that  office  in  1872. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Pipameift  atalanta 
having  the  lowest  (third)  subapical  spot  absent,  and  agreeing  with 
an  example  described  in  Mr.  Woodford's  account  of  the  butterflies 
in  Oxford  University  Museum  [Knt.,  Aug.,  1920).  It  was  the  only 
variety  bred  out  of  400-500  larvae  in  1912. 

Mr.  E.  Step  exhibited  living  specimens  of  Dnrcus  parallelnpi- 
pediis  which  he  had  found  on  the  side-walk  of  a  road  in  Wimbledon 
Park. 

He  also  reported  the  Mountain  'Po\y]}ody  {Poly podium  i)Iier)op- 
teris)  as  plentiful  in  a  locality  to  the  west  of  Lyndhurst,  New 
Forest.  "  Although  one  station  for  it  is  given  in  Townsend's  Flora 
of  Hawpshire,  it  is  not  in  this  part  of  the  county  ;  so  that  I  was 
pleased  a  year  ago  to  receive  a  letter  from  Miss  M.  G.  Tennant, 
enclosing  a  specimen  of  the  Fern,  and  asking  if  I  knew  of  this 
locality  she  had  discovered  eight  years  previously.  At  ni}'-  sugges- 
tion she  reported  the  find  to  the  Rev.  E.  F.  Linton,  F.L.S.,  who  is 
recording  the  Flora  of  the  district.  Last  week  Miss  Tennant  again 
wrote  to  say  that  she  finds  her  phegopteris  station  much  more 
extensive  than  she  had  realised  last  year,  the  plant  forming  dense 
clumps  in  the  moist  alder-thickets  for  half  a  mile  along  a  certain 
stream  ;  one  tuft  seen  was  over  four  feet  across.  From  the  parti- 
culars my  correspondent  has  furnished,!  should  imagine  the  species 
is  not  newly  established,  and  one  wonders  how  it  has  escaped  the 
observation  of  the  numerous  botanists  who  have  made  the  Forest 
their  hunting  ground.  For  reasons  that  will  be  obvious,  I  refrain 
from  giving  precise  details  of  the  locality,  though  for  my  personal 
guidance  the  lady  has  kindly  mapped  the  spot." 

Mr.  Alfred  Sich  exhibited  pupal  cases  of  Aphelosetia  {Elachista) 
cenisella,  Hb.,  and  the  larval  mines  in  a  leaf  of  Phragmites  com- 
munis, which  had  contained  four  larvae,  and  three  pup»  spun  up  on 
other  leaves.  The  four  larvae  all  produced  imagines.  The  mine 
was  gathered  at  Byfleet  on  the  occasion  of  the  Society's  excursion 
this  year. 

He  also  showed  the  three  British  species  included  in  the  genus 
Ochsenheimeria,  viz.,  O.  mediopectinella  {hirdella),  0.  bisontella,  and 
0.  vacculella. 


70 

,  AUGUST  26th,   1920. 

Mr.  Hugh  Main  exhibited  a  living  nymph  of  Mantis  relifjiosa 
from  S.  France,  and  referred  to  its  habit  of  hanging  from  a  twig 
when  at  rest.  It  was  usually  very  sluggish.  Mr,  Grosvenor  con- 
firmed Mr.  Main  as  to  the  hanging  habit  from  his  own  observation 
of  Indian  species  of  Mantis.  Mr.  Main  also  exhibited  a  large 
spider,  Lycosa  sp.,  referred  to  by  Fabre,  which  lives  in  holes  in  the 
ground,  and  prefers  butterflies  and  moths  as  food,  but  if  par- 
ticularly hungry  will  eat  larvae  and  flies.  I'abre  states  that  the 
female  sits  on  the  raised  edge  of  its  hole  holding  up  its  egg  cluster 
to  the  sun,  but  Mr.  Main  saw  neither  the  female  acting  thus  nor 
the  raised  edge.  He  showed  a  second  species  which  fed  readily  on 
flies  and  the  fat  larvae  of  Rhariinm  inquisitor. 

Mr.  Bowman  exhibited  a  male  Parasewia  plantafiinia  in  which 
the  hindwing  on  the  right  side  was  duskily  suffused.  It  was  bred 
from  Portsmouth  larvae.  From  60  pupae  55  imagines  emerged  in 
the  course  of  four  days.  He  noted  that  the  apical  fascia  vary  from 
being  entire  to  much  interrupted. 

Mr.  Barnett  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Hudriomena  fnrcata  from 
Coomb  Pyne,  S.  Devon,  in  which  the  all  green,  the  light  banded, 
the  much  variegated  and  the  very  dark  forms  with  intermediates 
were  all  present ;  a  short  series  of  Ewaturi/a  atomaria,  those  from 
Limpsfield  being  small  and  very  yellow,  comparable  to  the  prevalent 
continental  form  in  colour,  while  those  from  Oxshott  were  very 
variable,  some  being  much  suffused  with  very  small  lighter  areas  ; 
also  a  Plehiiis  cei/on.  from  Oxshott,  with  a  brilliant  white  submarginal 
band  on  the  underside. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  number  of  Fungi  collected  at 
Finchley  that  day,  including  Rnssula  ciuetica,  B.  integra,  R.  citrina, 
Paxillns  involittus,  Laccaria  laccata,  Lactarius  quietus,  Hypholoma 
fasciculare  and  Clavaria  cristata. 

Mr.  Sich  remarked  that  he  had  discovered  that  the  newly 
hatched  larva  of  Coleophora  ibipennella,  after  mining  for  about  two 
days  in  the  birch  leaf  upon  which  the  eggs  had  been  laid,  con- 
structed its  first  case  by  uniting  the  frass  extruded  from  its  mine 
with  silk.     Before  leaving  the  mine  it  cast  its  first  skin. 

Mr.  Edwards  reported  Celastrina  an/iolns  on  August  16th,  but 
so  far  had  only  seen  an  odd  specimen  of  Catocala  nupta,  which 
usually  was  fairly  common  around  Blackheath. 

Mr.  Edwards  and  Mr,  Grosvenor  exhibited  a  number  of  forms 


71 

of  the  polymorphic  Papilio  memnon  from  the  Indo-Malay  region,  and 
the  former  read  a  paper  on  the  species,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
summary  :  — 

"  The  Group,  of  which  P.  memnon  is  the  chief  member,  has 
about  fourteen  species  to  which  the  subdivisional  (or  subgeneric) 
name  of  Iliades  has  been  applied.  It  is  one  of  the  most  typical 
and  interesting  groups  in  the  Malay  Papilioninae,  and  is  distributed 
from  continental  India  and  the  Malay  Peninsula  throughout  the 
Malay  Archipelago.  It  was  in  relation  to  the  species  of  this  group 
that  Wallace  first  formulated  his  celebrated  conclusions  as 
to  the  dimorphism,  trimorphism  and  polymorphism  of  the 
female  sex,  conclusions  that  were  subsequently  accepted  and 
corroborated  by  Trimen,  who  made  similar  observations  in  South 
Africa,  and  since  supported  by  W.  H.  Edwards  in  N.  America,  who 
has  shown  similar  variation  in  species  belonging  to  that  fauna. 

"  The  form  known  as  P.  a<ienor,  L.,  often  indistinguishable 
from  typical  P.  laeiinKui,  was  considered  by  Linne  to  be  a  distinct 
species,  because  he  described  P.  iiieiimon  from  the  male  and  P. 
agenor  from  the  female,  and  at  the  same  time  considered  the  male 
of  the  latter  to  be  a  mere  aberration  of  P.  memnon  of  which  he  did 
not  know  the  other  sex.  In  1776  Cramer  figured  and  named  the 
male  P.  agenor  as  P.  androgeos.  Subsequently  Hiibner,  aware  that 
Cramer  had  described  and  figured  in  1775  another  Papilio  under 
the  name  P.  androijens,  gave  the  name  of  Iliades  mentor  to  Cramer's 
figure  ((?  of  P.  agenor,  L.). 

"  If  we  treat  the  various  "  species  "  erected  by  Butler,  Distant, 
Eothschild,  and  others  as  local  forms,  there  stand  out  (teste  Dr. 
Jordan  in  Seitz)  four  or  five  main  subspecies  with  several  sub- 
sidiary ones,  each  of  the  former  having  a  considerable  number  of 
local  female  forms  attached  to  it.  These  are  with  their  localities 
as  follows — 

A.  Main  subspecies  :  (1)  /'.  mciinioit,  L.,  from  Java,  Borneo, 
Banka,  etc.,  with  5  f  laomednu,  Cr.,  ?  f  achates,  Sulz.,  etc.  ;  (2)  P. 
agenor,  L.,  from  Continental  India,  Burmah,  Sikkim,  Malacca, 
China,  etc.,  with    5  f  esjieri,  ]3tlr.,    J  f  alcanor,  Cr.,    ?  f  cilix,  Dist., 

?  f  achates,  Cr.,  etc.  ;  (3)  P.  anccns,  Cr.,  from  Sumatra,  Nias,  etc., 
witla  ?f  eribinus,  Haase,  etc.;  (4)  P.  pryeri.  Roths.,  from  Loo 
Choo  Isles  ;  (5)  P.  merapu,  Dohr.,  from  Sumba. 

B.  Subsidiary  subspecies:  (6)  P.  oceani,  Dohr.,  from  Engano ; 
(7)  P.  perlncidiis,  Friih.,  from  Lombok,  etc. 

C.  Aberrational  and  seasonal  forms. 


72 

"  The  males  of  all  these  local  races  differ  but  little  in  their 
markings  and  form,  in  some  races  a  red  spot  occurs  in  the  base  of 
the  cell  in  one  of  the  seasonal  forms,  in  other  races  it  never  appears, 
while  the  amount  of  the  red  area  at  the  base  of  the  wings  is  also 
variable. 

"  The  females  however  are  dimorphic  in  the  shape  of  their 
hindwings,  the  latter  occurring  both  tailed  and  tailless  ;  in  colour 
and  pattern  they  are  very  polymorphic,  not  only  forming 
local  forms  but  seasonal  as  well.  Local  forms  which  occur  pre- 
dominenfcly  in  one  area  occur  aberrationally  in  other  areas. 

"  In  Sumatra  at  least  four  distinct  forms  of  the  female  have 
been  named,  three  of  them  tailless  and  one  tailed.  Dr.  Martin  has 
frequently  bred  the  species  from  larv*,  which  fed  on  Citrus  limetta 
and  C.  (leciiiiiaiui,  and  on  one  occasion  he  bred  all  four  forms 
of  female  from  eggs  laid  by  one  female,  while  on  another  occasion 
eggs  laid  by  a  tailed  female  did  not  produce  a  single  tailed  descen- 
dant like  herself. 

"  There  is  but  little  suggestion  of  mimicry  in  the  species,  but 
Wallace  says  that  the  $  f  acliatea  of  P.  iiiemuon  mimics  the  form 
doHhledani  oi  P.  coon  (Trans.  Linn.   Soc,   J865)." 

Professor  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  who  was  present  as  a  visitor, 
gave  a  short  account  of  the  entomological  national  collection  in  the 
United  States  of  America. 


SEPTEMBER  9th,  1920. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Farmer,  of  Brixton,  was  elected  a  member. 

Mr.  Bowman  exhibited  a  brood  of  PJpIu/ra  porata  bred  from  ova 
laid  b}'  a  female  captured  at  Witley,  which  had  emerged  in  two 
distinct  series  :  about  one  half  of  the  brood  in  August  and  the  other 
half  the  following  spring  ;  and  called  attention  to  the  curiously 
close  resemblance  of  the  spring  series  to  the  allied  species  E. 
piiuctaria. 

Mr.  H.  Main  exhibited  the  larvae  of  three  species  of  hymen- 
opterous  parasites,  which  were  feeding  on  larvsis  of  the  Longicorn 
beetle,  li/ioi/ium  inquisitor,  common  in  Epping  Forest  in  recent 
years. 

Mr.  Turner  exhibited  about  forty  species  of  moths  taken  by  Mr. 
Grosvenor  in  India,  chief!}'  at  Bangalore,  including  a  fine  example 
of  AttacKS  etlwardsi,  a  series  of  Trabala  vislinit  with  female  colour 


CO 

lO 

dimorphism  and  extremely  large  anal  tuft ;  a  bred  Crishna  niacrops, 
several  Hypsids,  a  few  Zyjiania  caaJuirirensis,  the  conspicuous 
"  Cossus,"  Diiometiia  leuconotiiH,  with  clean  white  tufted  thorax. 

Mr.  H.  Moore  exhibited  the  hymenopteron  Mutilla  europaa, 
taken  near  the  pier  at  Bournemouth,  with  other  species  of  the  genus 
from  Egypt,  the  Ionian  Islands,  the  Upper  Amazons,  and  Indiana. 

Mr.  Bunnet  exhibited  C'dcciiwlla  hieroj/lypliica,  from  Keston,  with 
its  black  aberration. 

Mr.  Grosvenor  said  that  Ayriades  thetis  was  absent,  and  only  a 
few  A.  cnridon  were  to  be  seen  at  Ueigate  this  autumn.  Mr. 
Farmer  reported  A.  coridon  common  at  Riddlesdown.  Pyiameis 
atalanta  was  in  plenty. 


SEPTEMBER  23rd,  1920. 

Exhibition  of  Lantern  Slides. 

Mr.  Adkin  exhibited  views  of  Selborne  from  old  engravings. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Tonge's  exhibit  illustrated  the  resting  positions  of 
Geoiiictridcc. 

Mr.  Main  showed  the  seasonal  forms  of  I'ifiia  napi  f.  btyoniae; 
the  stages  and  pupal  chamber  of  Tiinarcha  coriaria  (Col.)  ;  the 
metamorphoses  of  Donacia  sp.  (Col.),  the  larva  feeding  on  the  roots 
and  underwater  stems  of  aquatic  plants. 

Mr.  Bedford  (of  Lewes)  exhibited  slides  of  rare  insects  captured 
in  Sussex,  PapUio  macliaon,  Kiivanessa  antiopa,  OnJiodia  erythro- 
cephala,  etc. ;  local  birds  ;  rare  and  local  orchids,  etc. 

Mr.  Withycombe  exhibited  slides  of  Clitysopa,  Heiiieioblits, 
Syrpliiis,  and  Stratioiiiys  sp.  ;  also  flowers  of  frogbit,  Hydrorharis 
inonms-raiiie,  etc. 

Mr.  Colthrup's  series  showed  chiefly  the  resting  positions  of 
butterflies  and  moths. 

Mr.  Dennis  illustrated  Windermere  and  its  flora,  and  showed  a 
series  of  ferns. 

Mr.  Grosvenor  exhibited  a  number  of  Indian  Terias,  many  of 
them  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Col.  Bingham  ;  and  referred  to 
the  difficulty  of  recognising  many  of  the  species  which  had  been 
erected  by  different  authors. 

Mr.  Bowman  exhibited  a  short  series  of  Tn'coptery.c  (Lobophora) 
carpinata,  bred  from  a  female  captured  at  Oxshott,  of  which  20  per 
cent,  had  very  dark,  well-emphasised  transverse  lines  on  the  fore- 


74 

wings.     He  pointed  out  that   the   lobe  on   the  hindwing  of  this 
species  was  very  small. 

Mr.  Hy.  J,  Turner  exhibited  three  species  of  the  genus  Eacles 
from  the  New  World.  K.  hnperialis,  the  well-known  N.  American 
species,  K.  (jranditi,  the  closely  allied  species  from  Sao  Paulo,  S. 
Brazil,  and  a  further  species  sent  to  him  by  Mr.  Lmdeman  from 
Cordoba,  Argentine.  He  also  showed  coloured  photographs  of  the 
larvae  of  the  two  last  named  showmg  that  they  were  distinct  species. 


OCTOBER    Uth,   1920. 

Mr.  J.  B.  Farmer  exhibited  a  storebox  filled  with  British 
Odonata,  etc.,  which  he  was  presenting  to  the  Society. 

Mr.  Riley  exhibited,  for  Mr.  R.  South  and  on  behalf  of  Mr. 
Dolton  of  Reading,  some  aberrations  of  British  Lepidoptera  taken 
during  the  past  season  in  the  Reading  district,  including  A;iria(les 
coridon,  male,  intermediate  between  the  form  albicans,  H.-S., 
(Spain)  and  the  form  apennina,  Zell.  (Italy).  Its  appearance  in 
Britain  is  very  unusual,  and  the  two  specimens  in  the  British 
Museum  are  both  labelled  "  Hungary."  There  was  also  a  very 
unusual  form  of  Hibernia  leucnphaaria,  the  marking  forming  very 
conspicuous  wavy  transverse  bands  on  an  almost  clear  grey  ground. 
In  addition  there  were  two  dark  grey- brown  females  of  Bnpaltis 
piniaria,  a  form  which  occurs  at  Oxshott  occasionally. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  series  of  ZijijcEiia  tilipendul<£  taken 
on  the  eastern  portion  of  the  southern  slope  of  Box  Hill.  Practi- 
cally the  whole  of  the  large  number  examined,  of  which  those 
exhibited  were  a  sample,  had  the  sixth-spot  more  or  less  feebly 
developed,  and  in  some  worn  specimens  it  was  almost  obliterated. 
The  specimens  were  generally  small.  There  were  several  ab.  ctjtisi 
in  which  the  pairs  of  spots  were  united  to  form  three  separate 
blotches,  as  well  as  various  modifications  of  spotting,  including  an 
example  in  which  a  streak  of  scarlet  united  the  5th  and  6th  blotches 
with  the  joined  3rd  and  4th  blotches. 

Mr.  Newman  exhibited  a  living  larva  of  Hi/loiciis  pinafttri  from 
Suffolk,  the  last  of  a  small  brood,  the  others  having  pupated. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  three  female  examples  of  I'leris 
rajKC  from  Finchley,  showing  a  small  dusky  spot  in  the  disc  of  the 
hindwing;  also  an  abnormal  Rionicia  phUias  with  the  spots  on  the 
left  forewing  somewhat  striate. 


75 

Mr.  Johnson  exhibited  a  short  series  of  Pieris  napi  bred  from 
■ova  from  an  Irish  female.  All  the  female  specimens  were  banded, 
one  also  suffused  somewhat  with  yellow.  He  showed  in  addition 
a  gynandromorph  of  Pieris  ra/ue,,  and  a  varied  series  of  confluent 
forms  of  Zyiiana  trifolii  from  Folkestone,  where  the  species  had 
been  very  common. 

Mr.  Blenkarn  exhibited  the  very  rare  Carahiia  nitens  and  other 
■Coleoptera,  taken  near  Poole  this  year. 

The  Secretary  referred  to  a  pamphlet  on  Mosquitoes  issued  by 
the  S.E.  Union  of  Scientific  Societies,  and  a  short  discussion  took 
place  on  the  breeding  habitats  of  the  group. 

Numerous  reports  on  the  season  were  given.  Mr.  Newman  had 
spent  seven  weeks  at  Folkestone,  where  the  larvae  of  Pi/rameia 
atalanta  were  extremely  abundant.  /'.  cardiii  larvae  were  very 
scarce  and  not  seen  on  nettles.  Pieris  brassicce  larvas  were  very 
scarce  also.  Worn  specimens  of  Colias  ednsa  occurred  sparingly. 
Folyonniiatus  icarus  always  seemed  worn,  although  a  few  fresh  ones 
appeared  daily ;  one  was  quite  fresh  on  October  2nd.  Three  worn 
C.  hi/ale  were  taken.  Aricia  niedon  was  frequent.  Aryyimis  ai/laia 
was  in  fair  numbers  and  fresh  in  September.  Melanaryia  (jalathea 
was  seen  in  September,  as  also  was  Hipparcliia  semele.  Fresh  and 
worn  Riuiricia  phUeas  were  seen  all  the  time.  Ayriades  t/ietis  was 
scarcer  than  he  had  ever  known  it  at  Folkestone.  It  continued  to 
•emerge  till  October  8th.  A.  coridon,  usually  scarce  on  the  hills, 
was  this  year  very  much  commoner,  up  to  September  20th.  Man- 
duca  atrnpos  was  taken  on  a  lamp.  Lencania  extranea  had  been 
taken  in  both  Devon  and  Cornwall.  L.  vitellina  had  occurred  in 
Devon,  while  Heiiotliis  peltigera  had  been  frequently  captured.  Mr. 
,Sich  reported  Tortrix  promibana  from  N.  London. 


OCTOBER    28th,   1920. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Stafford,  of  Mortlake,  Mr.  S.  B.  Hodgson,  of  N. 
Kensington,  and  Mr.  W.  P.  Colhoun,  of  Co.  Derry,  were  elected 
members  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  Hugh  Main  exhibited  the  living  larvie  of  the  Mosquito 
Anoplteles  pliniibeiis,  which  he  had  found  in  plenty  in  the  rot  holes 
of  trees  in  Epping  Forest  during  a  walk  on  October  24th.  The 
holes  were  both  high  up  and  among  the  roots  raised  above  the 
ground.     The  larvie  of  Orlderostethtts  was  also  present. 


76 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  number  of  species  of  Ophuhres 
(Nocfc.)  from  the  Indo-Malay  Region,  including  one  froni  New 
Guinea.  He  also  showed  the  extremely  young  curved  black  case 
of  Culeoplioia  Intipennella  found  on  oak  at  Chiselhurst  and  pointed 
out  on  some  of  the  oak  twigs  a  very  small  Coccid  which  had  sunk 
itself  into  the  young  bark  ;  and  small  specimens  of  the  beautiful 
orange  cup-fungus  Otidea  aurantia. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  a  very  dark  female  specimen 
of  Buarniia  consortaria  taken  at  Oxshott  in  June,  1920,  and  said 
that  he  had  taken  a  similar  one  at  Wimbledon  about  the  same 
date.  He  also  showed  hybrids  of  Pmicvra  cnrtida  <?  and  P.  reclusa 
?  ,  with  typical  specimens  of  the  two  species  for  comparison. 

Mr.  Garrett  exhibited  a  blue  female  of  Pulycninnatiis  icanis  from 
Bexley,  in  which  the  red  marginal  blotches  were  well  developed  on 
the  forewings,  with  hindwings  much  suffused  with  bluish-white. 

Mr.  Blenkarn  exhibited  Coleoptera,  including  Chri/soniela  (jraminis 
from  Wicken  Fen,  September,  1920,  Klater  elongatidns  from  the 
New  Forest,  August,  1920,  and  Ac/abiis  briinnens  from  Hants,  August, 
1920,  where  the  species  was  oiiginally  discovered. 

Mr.  Barnett,  for  Mr.  Cornish,  exhibited  a  portion  of  a  decayed 
window  frame  in  which  a  leaf-cutter  bee,  Megachile  maritiuia,  had 
made  a  string  of  ten  cells  fashioned  of  cut  pieces  of  rose-leaf. 

Mr.  Frisby  exhibited  a  complete  series  of  British  Aculeate 
Hymenoptera,  and  read  a  paper,  "  The  British  Aculeates."  (See 
page  1.) 

There  was  a  considerable  discussion. 


NOVEMBER  Uth,  1920. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Hemming,  F.Z.S.,  F.E.S.,  Whitehall,  was  elected  a 
member. 

Mr.  T.  H.  L.  Grosvenor  exhibited  a  number  of  species  of 
Liiiienitix,  Atlnjma,  and  Nepth  from  the  Thibetan  and  Hindo- 
Malayan  Region,  and  called  attention  to  the  close  similarity  of 
Atht/iiia  punctata  to  Hypolinnma  misippns. 

Mr.  L.  W.  Newman  exhibited  a  short  series  of  Polyplnca  flavi- 
cornis,  including  gradations  from  the  very  dark  Rannoch  form 
through  variegated  specimens  to  the  very  light  south  form. 

Mr.  Bunnett  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Mimas  tilice  in  which  the 
usual  transverse  bar  was  reduced  to  a  small  triangular  discal  spot. 


77 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  two  aberrations  of  Rumicia  pldceas 
of  the  autumn  brood,  1920,  from  North  Finchley.  One  was  the  ab. 
snhradiata,  Tutt ;  the  other  was  the  same  form  with  a  series  of 
copper  patches  between  copper-marked  nervures  on  the  hiudwings 
of  the  same  shape  and  size  as  the  blue  patches  in  ab.  camleo- 
punctata. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  several  series  of  Hi/(/)ochroa 
si/ringaria,  one  consisting  of  fairly  large  and  brightly  coloured 
specimens  bred  from  larvae  taken  at  Wimbledon  in  March  last. 
Emergence  took  place  in  June.  There  was  a  fair  amount  of  varia- 
tion in  breadth  of  wing.  Another  series,  bred  from  two  pairings  of 
the  above,  consisted  of  smaller  insects  which  emerged  in  August. 
They  were  more  uniform  in  breadth  of  wing,  but  the  colour  was 
dull,  and  the  pale  blotch  on  outer  margin  of  forewing  was  reduced 
in  size. 

A  third  series  was  bred  from  larvae  taken  at  Wimbledon  in  1913 
and  1915,  the  large,  brightly  coloured  moths  emerging  in  June 
each  year.  The  ground  colour  of  the  wings  of  the  females  was 
yellow  as  compared  with  the  greenish  tinge  of  the  wings  of  that  sex 
in  the  previous  two  series.  Two  of  the  males  had  the  centre  line  of 
the  forewings  duplicated.  There  were  in  addition  specimens 
captured  at  Wimbledon,  June,  1913,  which  were  pale  in  colour  and 
of  small  size  as  compared  wibh  the  foregoing. 

The  larvffi  of  the  first  series  were  beaten  from  honeysuckle,  but 
fed  on  privet,  as  were  their  descendants. 

Of  263  ova  obtained  from  these  pairings  233  eventually  became 
imagines,  five  larvae  hibernating  after  their  second  moult,  the 
remaining  larvae  dying  from  accidental  injuries. 

Mr.  Bujckstone  also  exhibited  living  pupae  and  imagines  of 
Pyraniein  atalanta,  from  larvae  taken  at  Merton  Park,  and  full-fed 
larvfe  of  Abraxas  (jroasulariata  (one  spinning  up)  taken  in  the  same 
locality  where  a  considerable  number  were  found  equally  precocious. 

In  the  ensuing  discussion  it  appeared  that  several  members  were 
obtaining  a  second  emergence  of  P.  atalanta,  and  it  was  claimed 
that  they  might  be  hibernated  as  pupae  if  protected  from  frost.  It 
was  stated  that  a  second  brood  of  A.  grussiilan'ata  could  always  be 
bred  even  out  of  doors.  There  were  a  few  records  of  P.  atalanta 
being  seen  wild  in  winter,  but  in  the  Scilly  islands  it  appeared  to 
hibernate  regularly.  If  imagines  were  wintered  indoors  and  fed 
regularly  it  was  always  possible  to  get  them  to  pair  in  the  spring. 

Dr.   Dixey,  F.R.S.,   read  a   paper  on    "  Sexual  Dimorphism," 


78 

illustrating  his  remarks  with  a  large  number  of  coloured  diagrams- 
and  a  series  of  lantern  slides.     (See  page  12.) 


NOVEMBER  25th,  1920. 
Annual  Exhibition   of  Varieties. 

Mr.  G.  D.  Morison,  Bedford  Pk.,  W.  4  ;  Mr.  D.  Watson,  Graves- 
end ;  Mr.  G.  W.  Young,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S.,  Barnes,  S.W. ;  Mr.  W, 
West,  Brockley,  S.E.;  Mr.  F.  H.  Simms,  Stourbridge ;  and  Mr.  H. 
M.  Simms,  Stourbridge,  were  elected  members. 

Short  series  of  Acidalia  [Leptomeris)  itinnorata  and  Ino  {Rha- 
gades)  (jlohidaricc  from  Sussex,  were  presented  to  the  Society's  col- 
lection by  Mr.  F.  G.  S.  Brarawell,  of  Brighton,  They  were  from 
Lewes  and  Falmer  respectively.  The  donor  in  his  letter  referred  to 
the  bad  season  of  the  past  summer  for  the  rearing  of  larvae,  although 
there  were  plenty  of  imagines  to  be  obtained,  including  Colias  edusa 
with  var.  helice,  Theretra  porcelliis,  etc.  Of  400  larvse  of  Sphinx 
lirjutitri  quite  half  went  oflf  when  full  fed,  while  last  year  (1919) 
practical lly  all  pupated  and  produced  imagines. 

Lord  Rothschild  exhibited  the  series  of  1,277  specimens  of 
Abraxas  grossiilariata,  Linn.,  from  the  British  collection  of  the 
Tring  Museum.  They  consisted  of  the  series  from  the  Bright  and 
Gibbs  collection  and  those  collected  by  himself.  The  larger  number 
of  the  more  extreme  varieties,  as  will  be  well  known  to  the  members 
present,  have  been  bred  by  the  Rev.  Gilbert  Raynor.  Most  of  the 
named  forms  were  included,  and  some  unnamed  ones  were  indicated. 

Mr.  C.  H.  Williams  exhibited  a  drawer  of  varieties  of  the  sasme 
species,  including  ab.  lacticolor,  ab.  fidvapicata,  ab.  liitea,  and  ab. 
seinilntea. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  several  store-boxes  containing 
lepidoptera  from  all  parts  of  the  Pahisarctic  Region  outside  of  the 
strictly  European  area.  The  insects  exhibited  were  either  extra- 
European  forms  of  well-known  species  or  were  species  closely 
allied  to  those  in  the  European  area,  and  were  from  Asia  Minor, 
Transcaspia,  Turkestan,  The  Altai,  S.  Siberia,  Mongolia,  The  Amur, 
Palestine,  Algeria,  &c. 

Mr.  H.  S.  Leeds  exhibited  aberrations  captured  during  the 
present  year  of  the  following  species  : — Melanargia  ijalathea,  heavily 
marked  with  black,  rich  cream-coloured  ground  and  others  ;  Cneno- 
nyinplui  jiamp/iiliifi,  pale  and  dark  bordered  forms  ;  Ruviicia  p/daeas 


79 

var.  eleiis;  Polyommatus  icarus  var.  striata  and  others;  Aricia 
medon  and  Ag Hades  bellari/us,  with  the  orange  hinules  unusually 
heavily  marked  ;  many  interesting  forms  of  Plebeiiis  aegon  and 
Atp-iades  coridon  ;  a  specimen  of  Stryinon  pruni,  in  which  the 
markings  of  the  underside  of  the  right  wings  approached  those  of 
the  female,  and  those  of  the  left  wings  followed  those  of  the  male ; 
also  a  remarkable  form  of  Kpinephelejitrtina  heavily  scaled  with  white 
(not  bleached)  on  costa. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Sheldon  exhibited  his  collection  of  about  1,400 
specimens  of  Peronea  cristana,  Fab.,  including  the  series  of  the  late 
Sydney  Webb,  examples  of  all  the  72  named  forms,  and  the 
original  type  specimens  of  39  of  them.  He  also  showed  about  250 
specimens  of  Leptof/raiiniia  literaita,  L.,  including  ab.  r<iiiia)iaiia, 
Fab.,  tricolorana.  Haw.,  irrorana,  Hub.,  sqitamaiia,  Fab.,  and  several 
unnamed  forms. 

Mr.  Percy  M.  Bright  exhibited  a  long  series  of  Epinephele 
tithoiins  containing  some  remarkable  varieties,  many  with  addi- 
tional eye-spots  of  varied  development,  one  without  spots  on  the 
forewings  above,  white  suffused  forms,  and  a  gjnandromorph  taken 
at  Swanage  this  year  ;  also  a  very  varied  series  of  Annjiuiis  o(ilaia, 
including  several  magnificent  melanic  varieties,  and  one  extra- 
ordinary scaleless  aberration  with  the  fringes  perfectly  developed  on 
all  four  wings.  Mr.  Bright  called  attention  to  the  almost  complete 
destruction  of  the  famous  Monk's  Wood,  the  home  of  Stn/'iion 
priini. 

Mr.  B.  W.  Adkin  exhibited  ten  aberrations  of  Sati/nis  semele, 
including  a  male  specimen  with  four  spots  on  the  forewings,  taken 
in  North  Kent  in  1920. 

Mr.  T.  H.  Grosvenor  exhibited  British  species  of  Rhopalocera 
which  occur  in  India  and  Thibet,  including  :  —  Papilio  niachaun, 
race  sphyms  from  the  N.W.  Himalaya,  and  race  sikkiniensis  from 
Thibet  ;  Pieris  brassicae  and  Pontia  daplidire  from  the  Punjab 
Plains;  P.  rapae  horn  the  N.W.  Himalayas;  Gonepteryx  rlia\i)ni, 
I'&ce  nepaleiisis,  from  the  Nilgiri  Hills;  C.  Jieldii  irom  the  Punjab 
hills  and  plains  ;  Aryymiis  lathonia,  race  issoria,  from  the  Punjab 
Hills;  Apatura  iris  from  Thibet;  Vanessa  cashmirensis  from  the 
Punjab  Hills ;  Pyrameis  cardni  from  India,  generally ;  Polyom- 
matiis  icarus,  race  persica,  from  the  N.W.  Himalayas ;  Aricia 
medon  from  the  Punjab  Hills ;  and  Riiniicia  phlaeas  from  the 
N.W.  Himalayas  ;  and  a  series  of  Sarbaria  polyctor  showing  slight 
variation  in  the  amount  of  green  scaling,  those  from  the  Kulu- 
district  being  greenest. 


80 

Mr.  Pickett  exhibited  long  series  of  aberrations  of  Ai/riaihs 
coridon  talien  in  1918,   1919  and  1920. 

Mr.  L.  W.  Newman  exhibited  series  of  the  variation  shown 
in  the  races  of  Melitaea  anrinia  from  Ireland,  Cornwall,  Wales, 
Hants,  etc. ;  a  hybrid  of  Selenia  biliinaria  (illiniaria)  and  S.  tetra- 
Innaria  (illiistraria)  ;  extreme  light  and  dark  forms  of  Melitaea 
chiivia  from  the  Isle  of  Wight;  yellow  forms  of  Gonndontis 
huJentata  from  Cheltenham  ;  a  suffused  Arifi/miis  aijlaia  ;  a  Colias 
edusa  with  one  wing  bleached  ;  raelanic  examples  of  Zijuaena- 
tn'folii;  a  series  of  the  extreme  development  of  the  ab.  varleyata 
of  Ahraxati  (/rossiilciHata,  including  specimens  with  forewings 
almost  entirely  black  ;  and  an  extremely  varied  series  of  Mimas 
tiliae. 

On  behalf  of  Mr.  L.  A.  E.  Sabine,  Mr.  Newman  exhibited  a 
long  and  very  varied  series  of  Poh/diiiuiatiis  icarim  from  Co.  Sligo, 
including  females  of  intense  blue  coloration  and  very  large, 
brilliant  red  lunules  ;  series  of  Epineplwle  jnrtiua  from  Co.  Kerry, 
including  aberrations  with  very  large  ocelli,  with  bipupillate 
apical  spots,  and  great  variation  in  the  amount  of  fulvous  colour 
on  the  upperside ;  Runiicia  phlaeas  from  the  same  county,  one 
having  the  right  forewing  almost  wholly  silvery  white  (alba)  ; 
short  series  of  lA'ptoua  sinapis,  I'^pinepltele  tithoniis,  and  rarar<ie 
tneijera,  with  Sesia  furmicaefurinis,  all  taken  in  Co.  Kerry  in  1920, 
the  last-named  being  new  to  the  Irish  fauna. 

Mr.  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone  exhibited  aberrations  of  HippaicJtia 
seinele,  including  small,  richly-coloured  undersides  from  Sidmouth, 
small  dark  forms  from  Purbrook,  and  others  from  the  N.  Downs. 

The  Rev.  Geo.  W.  Wheeler  exhibited  a  box  of  Melitaea  piiaehe, 
mostly  from  Central  Europe,  showing  a  wide  range  of  variation 
over  a  limited  area.  He  drew  special  attention  to  the  extremely 
variegated  form  from  the  Pfynwald  in  the  Rhone  Valley  and  the 
varied  series  of  the  ab.  ciuxioides. 

Mr.  Riches  exhibited  a  short  series  of  Cossiis  Ugniperda,  in 
which  the  lower  wings  were  considerably  suffused  with  dark 
scaling. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Sperring  exhibited  Colias  ediisa  and  var.  ?  helice 
from  Eastbourne,  August,  1920,  minus  the  usual  yellow  blotches 
in  border  of  the  bindwings  ;  IJrentJiis  eiipliros;/)ie,  with  heavily 
suffused  hindwing  and  curiously-banded  forewing,  upperside, 
Chislehurst,  May,  1920,  and  a  specimen  with  striated  upperside 
hindwing,    Lincoln,    June,    1920;      Vanessa    io,    with    the    yellow 


81 

ground  of  ocelli  on  forewing  replaced  with  dark  bafF  and  blue- 
grey  instead  of  the  usual  metallic  blue,  Folkestone,  August,  1914  ; 
Pyraiih'is  atalanta,  female,  pale  underside  hindwing  variety,  bred 
S.E.  London,  August,  1920 ;  P.  ranhd,  female,  bred  ex-Bexley 
pupae,  August,  1920,  in  which  the  usual  underside  fulvous  colora- 
tion is  replaced  with  deep  olive  brown,  and  an  underside  female, 
aberration  ex-Besley  pupas,  August,  1920,  similar  to  that  illus- 
trated in  Simth's  British  Butterflies;  Paranje  aeneria,  hved  ex  New 
Forest  larvte,  April,  1920,  with  central  spot  enlarged  and  extended 
to  outer  margin  ;  Aijriaiiex  cor i don,  male,  upperside  of  extremely 
dull  leaden  appearance,  Portsmouth,  August,  1920  ;  tfamaearis 
larina,  pale  yellow-buff  ground  coloration  with  all  the  usual  black 
markings  almost  suppressed,  Hants.,  May,  1920;  Amor pha  pop ali, 
an  almost  unicolorous  melanic  example,  bred  ex  Bradford  larvae, 
1919  ;  and  Ajikantoinis  ki/jierantiix,  from  brood  of  which  50%  had 
sandy-coloured  underside,  and  30-107o  were  assymmetrical  in 
shape  and  number  and  size  in  the  spotting. 

Mr.  H.  M.  Edelsten  exhibited  the  yellow  form  of  Cybosia 
niewiriella  and  the  black  and  grey  form  of  Nisoiiiailes  taijea,  both 
taken  in  Chippenham  Fen  by  Mr.  Bowles. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  a  series  of  Dijsntronia  (Cidaria) 
trmirata  from  Finchley,  including  the  usual  black  form  of  the 
district,  the  new  form  which  had  more  recently  appeared  and  the 
cross  between  the  two  forms. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Mera  exhibited  the  following  species  of  the  genus 
Oporaliiii  {Kpirrita)  with  various  hybrids  which  he  had  obtained: — - 
0.  /ilii/i-<iiiiiiii(ria,  0.  autunmaria,  ().  diliitata  and  its  pale  race 
cliriatiji :  hybrids  (A)  of  filii/raniiiiaria  g  from  Bolton  x  aiitaiHiiaria 
2  from  Enniskillen  ;  and  further  hybrids  obtained  as  follows  : 
(1)  hybrid  A  x  autnuniaria,  (2)  rhristi/i  g  and  hybrid  {dilntata  x 
cliristi/i)  5  ,  (;3j  dilntata  J  Enniskillen  x  christi/i  2  ,  (4)  chrifiti/i 
$■  Enniskillen  x  dilntata  J  ,  (5)  christyi  $  Enniskillen  x  dilntata 
2  Lancashire,  and  (6)  |-  antnmnaria   $    Y.  \  /ilif/raniniaria  2  ■ 

Dr.  Leonard  Hopper  exhibited  a  specimen  of  the  rare  Lencania 
extranea  {n)iipnncta)  taken  at  Penryn,  Cornwall,  in  September, 
1920. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Tonga  exhibited  a  series  of  the  Royston  fornis  of 
Ayriadi's  coridon  ;  aberrations  of  Cuenoni/nipha  pampliilns  from 
Reigate  and  Deal,  including  a  female  without  apical  spot  on  the 
underside  ;  Rnniicia  jildams,  a  female  from  Delamere  with  the 
left  side   normal    and    the    right  side    bleached  ;    Hesperia  nialrac, 


82 

with  confiaent  spots  ;  a  P<)hjo)nmatii!i  icanis  male  without  oi-ange 
lunuies  beneath,  Deal ;  Ai/riades  thetin  male  with  extra  orange 
lunules  on  the  right  hindwings,  Deal ;  Epinepliele  jurtina,  a  $ 
with  bipupiUate  apical  spots,  a  <?  uniformly  bleached  all  over,  and 
a  ^  with  additional  spots  on  the  hindwing ;  a  rose  pink  form  of 
Mimas  tiUae ;  an  Airtia  caja  with  very  small  black  spots  on  the 
hindwings ;  a  J  Cofniiotriche  potatoria  dark  banded  on  the  outer 
half  of  all  wings  ;  a  melanic  ^  of  Boarmia  consortaria  from  Crow- 
thorne,  Berks  ;  Hibevnia  inarifinftria  var.  fuacata  from  Cheshire,  and 
a  cross  between  var.  fnscata  5  and  a  Lleigate  g  ;  Zyiicvua  tn'folii, 
(1)  with  heavy  marginal  hindwing  band,  (2)  with  scalelesa  area  on 
right  of  the  forewing,  (3)  with  forewing  spots  entirely  confluent. 

Mr.  L.  E.  Dunster  exhibited  hlpineplwle  jiirtlna,  bleached  forms, 
from  Chipstead,  Lyme  Regis,  Princes  Risboro',  and  Ranmore;  and 
undersides  with  large  eye  spots,  from  Crewkerne.  Ari^ynnis  (u/laia, 
with  all  marginal  spots  white  and  rather  pale  ground  colour,  from 
Mickleham.  Kiichlo'e  fardaiiiines,  male  with  small  discal  spots,  from 
Crewkerne.  Ap/tantopus  hijpera)itiis  ab.  caxa,  ab.  arete,  and  minor 
vars.,  all  undersides,  from  Mickleham.  Ai/riail/is  cnrkion,  male 
varieties  in  ground  colour  from  greyish  blue  to  the  bright  blue 
approaching  adonis  ;  females,  a,h..  seini-sj/iK/rapha;  male,  ab.  obsoleta; 
males,  minor  vars.,  all  from  Royston  ;  male,  ab.  Kcmi-obsdleta,  from 
Princes  Risboro' ;  and  males  with  the  extra  large  spots  on  under- 
side, from  Cerne  Abbas,  Dorset.  Aricia  iiiedan  [astrarchc),  male, 
without  orange  markings  on  the  upper  wing. 

Mr.  Johnson  exhibited  aberrations  of  Dri/as  paphia  and  Linieni' 
tis  aibilla,  taken  this  season  in  the  New  Forest. 

Captain  Riley  exhibited  the  KpinepJuie  jurtina  ho  had  obtained 
in  the  Scilly  Isles,  and  pointed  out  how  much  they  resembled  the 
southern  form,  race  hispalla,  in  the  coloration  of  the  females.  Mr. 
B.  Adkin  said  that  the  race  appeared  to  have  similar  characteristics 
on  all  the  islands  of  the  Scilly  group. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Garrett  exhibited  Enchlo'e  cardamines  with  unusually 
dark  hind  margins  to  forewings,  Joyden's  Wood,  Bexley,  May, 
1920  ;  Epinepliele  jurtina  with  left  hindwing  white,  same  place  in 
July ;  an  unusually  dark  underside  of  Coenonyiupha  painphilus, 
Bexley,  June,  1920;  P>/raiiieis  atalanta  with  pale  marks  in  the  red 
band  of  forewings,  bred  from  Bexley,  1920  ;  and  Ruinicia  pidaeas 
with  the  row  of  black  spots  on  the  forewings  confluent  and  almost 
uniting  with  the  marginal  border,  Joyden's  Wood,  August,  1920. 

Mr.   Hy.   J.   Turner  exhibited    two   folio-coloured    plates   with 


88 

figures  of  the  various  forms  of  the  larvtie  of  Eupitheda  assimi- 
lata  and  E.  abbreviata. 

Islv.  C.  Talbot,  on  bfthalf  of  Mr.  J.  J.  Joicey,  exhibited  lopi- 
dopcera  from  the  iiioiintains  of  Cenr,i-,i,l  Cefaiii,  Dutch  New  Guinea, 
French  Guiana  and  Hainan  ;  also  the  foUovviui;  aberrations  of 
British  Lepidoptera  : — PierU  napi,  gynandromorph  ;  Colia  edusa, 
?  ,  with  left  forewing  helice  ;  Fyranieiii  cardiii,  rayed  form,  Margate  ; 
Aglais  iirticae,  pale  form,  Chilterns,  taken  by  G.  B.  Oliver,  1918; 
Anjijnni^  paphia,  very  dark,  New  Forest,  taken  by  Ford,  1915  ;  A. 
cydippe  (adippe),  very  dark,  Burnt  Wood,  ex.  Coll.  Webb. ;  A.  aglaia, 
Brockenhurst,  taken  by  Rev.  Wolseley,  1888;  Melitaea  enphrosyne, 
form  with  obsolete  markings,  Abbots  Wood,  ex.  Madison  Coll. ;  M. 
enplirosyve,  very  dark,  asymmetrical  form,  ex.  Coll.  Noakes,  1905  ; 
Arctia  caja,  forewing  entirely  brown,  hindwing  black,  bred  by  Batty, 
Manchester;  A.  caja,  asymmetrical  aberration,  York,  bred  by 
Jackson;  A.  caja,  very  light  form,  ex.  Gibbs  Coll.;  A.  vilUca, 
asymmetrical  dark  aberration,  Bexley  ;  Paraaemia  plantai/inu,  very 
dark  form,  bred  by  Jackson  from  larvae  found  in  Wales  ;  P.  fnli- 
(jinnsa,  large  form  with  unusual  colouring  on  hindwing,  Kent ; 
Diap/iora  niendica,  streaked  form,  New  Forest;  D.  meudica,  iorm. 
with  marginal  lines,  bred  by  Tutt ;  B.  qtiercns,  dark  ^  form, 
Aberdeen  :  B.  quercus,  unicolorous   J   form,  ex.  Capper  Coll. 

Professor  E.  B.  Poulton,  F.R.S.,  exhibited  a  series  of  batterfiies 
{Delias  :  Pieiinae)  which  had  been  captured  migrating  from  one 
valley  in  Selangor,  F.M.S.,  to  another  in  the  evening  and  back 
again  next  morning,  accompanied  by  moth  mimics  {Dysphania  — 
Eiischeiiia  :  Geometridae),  and  these  again  by  their  mimics  {Psaphis 
=  Canerkes  :  Chalcomnae  :  Zyyaenidae).  They  were  observed  and 
captured  during  March,  1920,  by  A.  R.  Sanderson,  (See 
"  Proceed.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.,"  1920). 

Messrs.  0.  R.  and  A.  de  B.  Goodman  exhibited  the  following 
British  species  showing  graduation  in  coloration  and  markings  : — 
Papiliii  iiiachaon  from  Wicken,  showing  increase  in  markings,  in- 
cluding presence  of  orange  in  lunules  of  lower  wings,  with  ova, 
larva  and  pupa ;  Eiichlo'e  cardainines,  showing  variation  in  size  of 
discoidal  spot  on  forewing  ;  Colias  edusa  var.  helice  ;  Pa)  urge  aegeria, 
showmg  increase  in  pale  areas  ;  Pyrameis  cardni,  a  dark  var.  ; 
Aglain  iirticae,  a  diminution  in  dark  areas  :  Melitaea  aurinia,  forms 
from  Carlisle  and  Dorset ;  Bithya  quercus,  male,  showing  female 
coloration  ;  Ituinicia  phlaeas  ab.  semi-schmidtii ;  Plebeius  aegoii 
and  Polyuiiiiiiatus  icarus,  females,  with  blue  scales  ;  Ayriades  coridon 


84 

var.  fowleri  from  Swana,ge  ;  Nuojiiades  ta<ies  and  Hesperia  iiwlvae, 
light  and  dai'k  forms,  and  a  Hesperiid  taken  in  Surrey  on  June  1st, 
1919,  which  could  not  be  placed  under  any  British  species  (but  was 
subsequently  identified  by  Mr.  Eiley  as  H.  si/richtits,  an  American 
species)  ;  Dnjaa  paphia,  showing  intermediate  forms  between  type 
female  and  ab.  valesina  ;  Anti/nnia  oiflaia,  showing  graduation  in 
colouring  to  ab.  Hiiff'n)>a,  both  female  and  male;  A.  cijdipiie,  showing 
absence  of  spots ;  Brenthis  selene  and  J3.  eirphrosyne,  showing 
increase  in  black  in  basal  areas.  They  also  showed  the  following 
series  taken  in  July,  1920,  m  the  Rhone  Valley,  Switzerland,  and 
in  the  Italian  Alps,  containing: — ■Paruassiiis  apollo,  a  series  showing 
variation  in  the  size  of  the  red  spots ;  Melitaea  didi/ina,  M.  triria, 
M.  phoebe,  M.  cijntJua,  Brenthis  aiiuit/iufiia,  I),  ino,  B.  dapJine, 
Issoria  lathonia,  Argipinis  niohe  and  var.  <;r/.s,  Satynis  alcyone, 
Syittoinix  phet/ea,  and  Zyyaena  carniol'u-a. 

Mr.  Stanley  Edwards  exhibited  some  mimetic  species  of  Papilio 
and  several  species  of  Parthenos. 

Mr.  Douglas  H.  Pearson  exhibited  Rhopalocera  from  Biar'itz, 
Gavarnie,  Luchon,  etc.: — Paniafisiits  apollo,  showing  very  fine  red 
spots;  Pararye  niaera,  race  adfcista  ;  Coenoiiytii/iha  oedipus,  a  var., 
upper  wing  without  ocelli  ;  Pycaena  avion,  one  unspotted,  with  var. 
obscura  ;  Melitaea  did y nut,  J  J  ,  strongly  bordered  with  black  ; 
2  2  ,  var.  alpina,  or  nearer  to  ineridionalis  ?  ;  two  ?  ?  ,  very  dark, 
nearly  black,  forewings  of  most  of  them  grey-green,  with  no  sign 
of  the  normal  ground  colour;  two  light  specimens  from  J!^orthern 
France  for  comparison  ;  P<nc('ia  (Chrysup/tanns)  dorilis  var.  caeruleo- 
punctata  ;  An/yniiia  cydi]>pe  [adijtpe)  strongly  spotted,  with  one  var. 
cleoduxa  ;  A.  aylaia,  large  $  ,  one  pale  hindwings  (Dorset)  ;  A.  niobe, 
large  and  strongly  marked ;  Palyonnnatns  liylas  and  J^.  escheri, 
small ;  C  aryiolns,  dwarf  ;  Lanipides  bueticns  ;  A.  coridon,  pale 
undersides,  and  vars. ;  M.  dictxjnna,  very  pale  forms,  etc. 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  an  aberration  of  Melitaea  cinxia,  in 
which  on  the  upperside  of  all  the  wings  the  black  markings  of  the 
basal  area  were  much  intensified,  and  the  margins  of  the  hindwings 
clouded  with  black.  On  the  underside  the  central  portion  of  the 
hindwings  was  occupied  by  a  row  of  strongly-defined  black  streaks, 
and  the  black  submarginal  line  was  considerably  broader  than  in 
typical  forms.  The  specimen  was  bred  in  June  last  from  an  Isle  of 
Wight  larva.  He  also  exhibited  a  black  form  of  Zyyaena  filipen- 
dulae  =  a,h.  chrysantltemi,  bred  in  August  last  from  a  Lancashire 
larva. 


85 

Mr.  Leonard  Tatchell  exhibited  a  photograph  of  a  gynandro- 
morph  of  Aworpha  popiili,  bred  June  -ith,  1920,  from  a  Wanstead 
larva.  Right  side  male  left  side  female,  fore  and  hindwings  of 
male  pair  larger  than  the  female  pair,  rufous  tornal  markings  on  the 
male  side  much  suffused,  all  the  margins  strongly  crenulate.  The 
outstanding  feature  is  the  precision  with  which  the  sexes  are 
arranged  on  either  side  of  the  median  line.  The  antennae  and  legs 
retain  their  respective  sexual  characters.  Also  larvae  of  Dysstrotiia 
{Cidaiia)  trnncata  from  Devon  ;  a  male  Sphinx  ligtistri,  which  had 
paired  with  a  female  Smerinthus  ocellata,  with  a  batch  of  resulting 
unfertile  ova. 

Mr.  K.  G.  Blair,  on  behalf  of  Dr.  C.  J.  Gahan,  exhibited  a  larva 
of  a  Neiiioptera  sp.  from  Syria  (near  Rehoboth),   "  Always  found  in 
dens,  on  sand,  together  with   grey  ticks  called  in  Arabic  '  Delm 
(J.  Aharon i). 

Mr.  F.  D.  J.  Jackson  exhibited  a  curious  gynandromorph  of 
Coxnwtriche  potatoria,  bred  in  1911  from  an  Oxford  larva.  The 
body  was  ^  ,  the  antennae  2  ,  the  general  coloration  5  with  streaks 
of  ^  colour  on  the  upperside  left  forewing,  the  underside  being 
wholly  (J   in  colour. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Edwards  exhibited  a  male  and  a  female  of  the  rare 
British  gnat  Oithopodonn/ia  pitlrhripal/)is,  reared  from  larva3  found 
in  water  in  a  hollow  beech  in  Epping  Forest,  July,  1920. 

Mr.  R.  J.  Bowman  exhibited  a  series  of  the  forms  of  Cosy)iibia 
pendularia  and  C.  pendularia  var.  sitbroseata,  extreme  forms,  several 
showing  distinct  white  spots  along  outer  edge  of  marginal  bands. 
Also  C.  pendularia  var.  niuro-siibroseata  in  varied  series  :  (a) 
examples  with  heavy  white  striation  in  marginal  bands;  (b)  examples 
heavily  suffused  with  white  over  whole  wing  areas  ;  (r)  purple  black 
examples  with  very  definite  white  lines  and  broad  white  fringes; 
{d)  an  example  in  which  the  inner  white  lines  are  deleted  ;  («)  an 
example  in  which  the  inner  and  outer  white  lines  are  deleted  and 
the  wing  areas  suffused;  (/")  a  unique  aberration,  in  which  all 
markings  are  completely  missing,  with  the  exception  of  faint  white 
spots  in  the  central  areas  of  the  wings — all  wings  entirely  covered 
with  black  scaling — black  fringes  ;  ((/)  two  examples  with  bleached 
hindwings. 


86 

DECEMBER  VM,  1920. 

Mr.  J.  J.  Joicey,  F.E.S.,  Witley,  Surrey  ;  Mr.  G.  Talbofc,  F.E.S., 
Witley  ;  Mr,  A.  J.  Wightman,  Lewes  ;  and  Mr.  L.  Ford,  Bexley, 
were  elected  members  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  Sparring  exhibited  a  Cassid  beetle  of  the  genus  Aspido- 
morplia  from  Central  Uganda,  said  to  be  very  rare  in  that  locality. 
It  was  of  a  brilliant  golden  hue  when  alive. 

Mr.  Main  made  a  series  of  remarks  on  the  life-history  of  ants, 
and  illustrated  the  methods  and  difficulties  met  with  in  keeping 
them  in  artificial  formicaria.  For  food  he  gave  hone}',  flies,  cater- 
pillars, stick-insects,  etc. 

Mr.  Buckstone  exhibited  further  series  of  dwarf  Agriades  cori.iion 
from  the  Surrey  locality  in  1920,  also  examples  of  a  second  brood 
of   Eiiphi/ia  [Ci(laria)  picata  bred  in  captivity. 

Mr.  Bowman  exhibited  aberrations  of  Pobjinnuiatus  icariis  from 
Folkestone,  one  specimen  having  exceptionally  heavy  spots,  and 
spots  united  into  an  arc  on  the  inner  margin. 

Mr.  B.  S.  Williams  exhibited  two  specimens  of  Bithys  qiterciis 
ab.  major  from  Cornwall,  and  an  asymmetrical  example  of  Coeno- 
nyinpha  paiiiphiliit;. 

Mr.  Goodman  exhibited  a  pupa  of  Hyles  eitphorlnae  from  a  full- 
fed  larva  taken  on  July  27th,  1920,  in  the  Val  Ferret,  Courmayeur, 
N.  Italy. 

Mr.  K.  G.  Blair  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Ilniiiicia  phlacas  with 
the  outer  row  of  spots  on  the  forewings  much  reduced  in  size  ;  it 
had  been  named  ab.  parvipiiucta. 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  a  series  of  PUjckopmla  [Acvhdia) 
dimiiliata  {sciitidata),  together  with  the  cocoons  from  which  they 
had  emerged,  and  contributed  the  following  note  : — "  On  July  9th, 
1919,  I  happened  to  box  a  female  of  this  species  on  the  Parade  at 
Eastbourne,  and  she  deposited  some  two  dozen  eggs  ;  these  hatched 
on  the  23rd,  and  the  larva?  fed  on  dandelion  and  knotgrass,  etc., 
until  the  end  of  September,  when  22  were  counted  on  the  more  or 
less  dried-up  food-plants,  on  which  they  were  left  in  an  airy  cage 
for  the  winter,  a  dandelion  leaf  or  a  little  piece  of  Crepu  being 
added  occasionally.  On  March  20th,  1920,  the  whole  22  larvae 
being  found  to  be  alive,  they  were  removed  to  a  clean  cage  and 
supplied  with  dandelion,  Galiinn,  and  hawthorn,  the  buds  of  which 
were  just  expanding.  For  a  time,  at  any  rate,  they  appeared  to 
prefer  the  hawthorn.  They  were  full  fed  by  the  beginning  of  May, 
and  all  pupated  between  the  2nd  and  30th  of  that  month. 


87  '^" ' 

"  Such  authors  as  deign  to  mention  the  subject  appear  to  regard 
the  pupa  as  subterranean,  but  in  this  case  they  were  certain!)'  not  so. 
Of  the  22  compact  little  cocoons  that  were  spun  ten  were  among  the 
rubbish  tijat  had  collected  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  at  the  bottom 
of  the  cage,  seven  were  formed  on  the  sides  of  the  cage,  just  at  or 
above  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  all  these  had  particles  of  earth 
liberally  worked  into  them;  two  were  constructed  on  the  sides  of 
the  cage,  from  three  to  four  inches  above  r.he  earth,  and  the  remain- 
ing three  on  the  stems  of  the  food  plant.  In  confineujent  larvfe  do 
not  always  follow  their  natural  habits  in  regard  to  the  positions 
selected  for  pupation,  but  the  foregoing  appears  to  suggest  that  in 
this  species  the  natural  position  would  be  among  rubbish  on  or  near 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  as  is  the  case  with  many  nearly  related 
species. 

"  Between  June  16th  and  18th,  21  perfect  imagines  came  forth, 
all  of  them  richly  coloured,  heavily  marked  msects,  m  that  respect 
contrasting  favourably  with  series  bred  from  the  similarly  chalky 
districts  of  Folkestone  and  a  former  Eastbourne  brood." 

Mr.  H.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  number  of  species  of  butterflies 
from  W.  Java,  among  them  being  a  finely  marked  form  of  Pajiilio 
meinnoii  g  and  several  species  of  brilliantly  marked  Vieris  and 
Elyiiniias. 

Mr.  R.  Adkin,  the  Society's  Delegate  to  the  Conference  of 
the  Delegates  of  the  Corresponding  Societies  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion, read  the  following  Report: — 

"  I  attended  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  at  Cardiff 
from  23rd  to  28th  of  August,  and  the  meetings  of  the  Delegates  of 
Corresponding  Societies,  as  your  delegate,  on  the  2oth  and  27th. 
The  President  of  the  Conference,  IMr.  T.  Sheppard,  gave  an  address 
on  'The  Evolution  of  Topographical  and  Geological  Maps,'  and 
illustrated  his  remarks  by  the  exhibit  of  a  large  number  of  rare  and 
early  dated  maps.  A  '  Dit^cussion  on  the  Status  of  Local  Societies 
— The  Means  of  Developing  their  Objects,  of  getting  New  Members, 
of  Making  Announcements  and  Publishing  Papers,'  was  introduced 
by  Mr.  William  Whitaker,  and  many  of  the  delegates  present  took 
part,  but  without,  so  far  as  1  was  able  to  gather  from  their  remarks, 
elucidating  anything  very  fresh  or  helpful. 

'*'  Section  D.,  Zoology,  presided  over  by  Prof.  J.  Stanley 
Gardiner,  and  with  Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey  as  Vice-President,  had  a  very 
full  programme,  and  discussed  various  subjects  that  will  be  of  interest 
to  many  of  our  members,  and  as  I  hope  to  present  the  official  report 


88 

of  them  to  the  Society  in  tine  course  it  will  be  unnecessary  i"or  rae 
to  touch  upon  them  now." 


JANUARY  \3th,  1921. 

Lord  Rothschild,  F.R.S.,  of  Tring,  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Enefer,  of 
Blackbeath,  were  elected  members. 

Mr.  Robert  Adkin  exhibited  a  specimen  of  Maiujarodes  unionalis, 
taken  in  October  last  at  sugar,  in  a  garden  at  Arlington,  a  village 
on  the  borders  of  Abbott's  Wood,  Sussex,  about  seven  miles  inland 
from  the  coast.  He  said  this  was  a  very  interesting  species,  and  an 
undoubted  migrant.  It  was  apparently  not  an  inhabitant  of  central 
and  Western  Europe,  but  bred  freely  in  Turkey,  Syria,  Northern 
Africa,  and  occurred  also  in  Southern  Europe  and  at  Gibraltar. 
When  it  was  taken  in  Britain,  as  was  occasionally  the  case,  and 
then  usually  at  an  interval  of  several  years,  more  than  single  speci- 
mens were  generally  met  with,  and  it  was  therefore  not  surprising 
that  two  others  were  taken  in  October  last  on  the  South  Devon 
coast,  thus  suggesting  that,  although  the  migration  may  have  been 
a  sparse  one,  it  was  wide-spread,  and  having  regard  to  the  natural 
habitat  of  the  species  tended  to  confirm  the  route  of  migration  via 
Ushant  already  suggested  at  page  26  of  Proceedings  for  1914-16. 

Mr.  S.  A.  Blenkarn  exhibited  the  following  Coleoptera : — 
Henotictis  (jerDianiciix,  Moet  and  Chandon's  cellars.  Craven  House, 
Strand,  February,  1913  ;  Ih/tisciis  dhiiidiatits,  Wicken  Fen,  Sep- 
tember, 19'iO,  one  of  the  two  localities  where  it  has  been  found  ; 
Hydrof'oriia  tristis,  October,  1912,  id.  iiielanannti,  February,  1913, 
H.  iiiorio,  October,  1912,  and  H.  /ernu/ineini,  July,  1918,  all  at 
Coatbridge,  ISi.B.;  il/unitus  tmtatiis,  Steventon,  Ayrshire,  July,  1913; 
Necrnphnrns  hiternipttis,  Box  Hill,  September,  1920;  Casaida  hemi- 
spharica,  Chiswick,  September,  1920  (the  specimens  of  these  two 
species  are  usually  found  singly)  ;  and  a  JUa])s  sp.,  from  Salonica, 
which  he  believed  was  common  there. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  exhibited  a  small  collection  of  butterflies  from 
California,  sent  to  Mr.  E.  W.  Sperring  by  our  member  Mr.  G.  B. 
Pearson,  who  is  in  Pasadena.  They  included  Pa/dlio  rittilns,^  the 
western  representative  of  the  well  known  eastern  P.  tiimus  ;  Pi''ris 
piuitodice,  a  long  series;  Antlioclioris  aara,  an  "  orange  tip  "  of  the 
Pacific  coast,  with  its  form  ab.  julia,  in  which  the  black  margin  of 
the  orange  spot  is  incomplete;  jMeiianosto^ia  eitri/dice,  a  "  dog-face" 


89 

butterfly  peculiar  to  the  Pacific  coast,  of  which  the  female  does  not 
have  the  intense  large  black  area  which  the  male  has  ;  Colias  enry- 
thevie,  one  of  the  summer  forms  of  eriplnjle,  and  a  series  of  the 
beautiful  race  ariaihie;  Cmnonyrnplia  cnlifnrnica,  the  spring  gen. 
(/alartiuHfi  of  an  almost  white  colour,  another  purely  western  species; 
a  long  varied  series  of  the  richl}^  coloured  Melitaa  cJialcedoii,  abun- 
dant in  parts  of  California ;  IHone  vanillm,  a  species  occurring 
throughout  almost  the  whole  of  the  United  States,  the  West  Indies, 
and  South  America  to  the  Argentine,  its  silvered  underside  making 
it  very  conspicuous  ;  Pi/raineis  canje,  a  "  painted  lady  "  with  a  very 
extended  range,  like  its  eastern  ally  P.  cardui;  Leinonios  rirgnlti 
an  Erycinid;  Brephidiuin  e.rilis,  one  of  the  smallest  species  of 
butterfly  in  the  world,  and  much  used  for  enclosing  in  jewellery  in 
America ;  the  very  widely  spread  Jnnonia  ccenia,  another  species 
with  close  allies  in  the  West  Indies  and  the  Argentine  ;  a  rare 
"blue"  [Lycana)  avahm,  from  the  island  of  Santa  Caterhina  in 
Southern  California  ;  Ritsti'cns  [Lycmna)  acmon,  a  species  occurring 
right  across  the  States  ;  I'hanaos  finwralis,  a  black  "  skipper"  with 
white  fringes  ;  Painphila  brettus  and  Atrytone  inclane,  two  other 
species  of  Hesperiidic  ;  with  a  pair  of  Phryxiis  livornica  race  Uncatay 
also  a  very  widely  spread  species. 

He  also  showed  the  specimen  of  P^iinvicKsa  antiojia,  bred  from  a 
pupa  exhibited  by  Mr.  Hugh  Main  at  a  previous  meeting,  from  the 
south  of  France. 

Mr.  Turner  then  read  a  letter  of  which  the  following  is  an 
extract : — 

"  812,  Stevenson  Avenue,  Pasadena,  California. 
"  oth  Oct.,  20. 

"  I  am  sending  you  a  few  of  the  common  Californian  butterflies 
it)  a  cigar  box.  I  have  been  unfortunate  in  many  cases  in  not  being 
on  the  spot  when  the  insects  first  appeared,  hence  many  of  them  are 
worn,  but  they  give  you  a  fair  idea  of  what  we  have  here.  The 
most  fruitful  place  for  them  is  the  mountains,  but  my  health  pro- 
hibits me  from  going  up  there,  as  they  are  from  2,000  to  10,000  ft. 
high,  exceedingly  rugged,  and  I  have  to  trust  to  occasional  visits  in 
a  friend's  car,  to  be  able  to  get  there.  There  are  a  few  good 
trails  that  are  accessible  by  car,  but  too  far  to  walk.  My  doctor  has 
prohibited  me  from  either  going  up  the  mountains  or  the  glorious 
canyons,  which  are  the  great  spots  for  collecting.  One  accustomed 
to  our  English  moist  climate  can  hardly  understand  the  dryness  of 
this — until  the  24  Sept.  we  had  not  a  drop  of  rain  since  about  the 


90 

6th  of  May,  and  that  consisted  of  a  light  shower  at  night— J  of  an 
inch  of  rain.  In  consequence  the  herbage  on  the  phiins  is  as  dry 
and  burnt  up  as  possible,  a  scorching  sun  every  day  and  all  day,  for 
months,  and  the  thermometer  touching  90°  nearly  every  day.  It  is 
a  bearable  heat  very  much  more  pleasant  than  the  West  Indies.  I 
have  been  wondering  how  successful  you  were  with  the  cocoons  last 
spring.  I  hope  you  were  able  to  raise  some  of  them,  it  would  have 
been  interesting.  I  understand  that  this  last  summer  has  been  a 
very  wet  one  with  you,  my  brother  assures  me  so.  I  suppose  there 
would  not  be  much  doing  in  the  insect  way  that  being  so. 

"  I  have  joined  a  Society  here.  The  Lorquim  Club  of  Nat.  Hist. 
Dr.  Comstock  is  the  leading  spirit,  he  is  F.E.S.,  and  a  very  fine 
fellow.  I  have  handed  over  my  English  collection  to  them,  as  they 
had  not  any  European  species,  their  collection  being  nearly  all 
Asiatic  or  South  American.  I  have  only  retained  a  few  duplicates 
for  old  times  sake.  I  have  travelled  many  thousands  of  miles  in 
friends'  cars  in  pursuit  of  "  bugs,"  and  have  slept  many  nights  under 
the  stars  in  the  great  Mohave  Desert,  as  well  as  on  the  mountains,  until 
m}^  doctor  put  his  foot  down.  1  am  sending  you  some  of  what  is  known 
as  the  smallest  butterflies  in  the  world,  Brcphidinin  [Li/aeua)  e.cilis. 
They  are  much  used  for  jewellery,  being  small ;  they  are  put  into 
rings  and  tie  pins.  1  am  also  sending  the  only  specimen  I  have  left 
of  Lyccina  avalou.  They  are  entirely  confined  to  the  Island  of 
Catalina,  off  the  coast  of  Southern  California.  The  only  place  in 
the  world  where  they  are  found  I  believe.  My  friend  went  there  in 
July  and  got  about  200  of  them,  and  he  gave  me  a  few  to  give 
away.  I  caught  a  lot  of  tkalrednn.  It  was  a  little  late  for  them, 
and  I  kept  on  catching  them  in  the  hope  of  getting  some  good  ones. 
But  you  can  perhaps  pick  out  a  few  of  those  I  send.  V.  carycc  is 
a  smaller  species  than  canini,  but  very  much  like  it.  It  is  entirely 
a  western  species,  and  not  uncommon.  We  had  a  migration  of 
cardni  last  April  that  lasted  nearly  a  month.  I  counted  m  five 
minutes  848  specimens  that  passed  within  50  feet  of  each  side  of 
me.  A  very  curious  sight,  and  all  going  the  same  way  home,  N. 
West. 

"  There  are  over  400  species  (on  the  books)  that  are  supposed  to 
be  found  here.  But  one  would  have  to  have  an  aeroplane  to  get 
them.  One  of  our  members,  Mr.  Malcolm,  recently  discovered  a 
new  Ar;fynnis,  which  has  been  named  after  him.  He  got  over  200 
Bpecimens,  so  it  is  a  well  recognised  species.  He  found  them  in  a 
kind  of  pocket  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Sierra  Mudros  range, 
2,500  feet  up,  850  miles  from  here. — G.  B.  Pearson." 


91 

Mr.  T.  H.  Gi'osvenor  exhibited  Pa}nlio  (jlycerion  from  Sikifim 
and  Thibet,  with  its  races  and  allied  forms,  including  iiiamlarinns, 
eureus,  and  toiiifrlaiiiis. 

Mr.  Tonge  exhibited  a  number  of  photographs  of  the  ova  of 
Lepidoptera  for  which  he  had  i-eceived  the  medal  of  the  Royal 
Photographic  Society. 


JANUARY  27th,  1921. 
Annual  Meeting. 

A  large  number  of  members  assembled  to  hear  the  Council's 
Report  (see  page  xii.),  the  Treasurer's  Report  (see  page  xv.),  the 
Balance  Sheet  (see  page  x.),  and  the  Annual  Address  by  the 
President  (see  page  24). 

The  President  declared  that  the  following  members  were 
elected  Officers  and  Council  of  the  Society  for  the  ensuing 
twelve  months : — President,  K.  G.  Blair,  b.sc,  f.k.s.  ;  Vice- 
PreudenU,  E.  J.  Bunnett,  m.a.,  f.e.s.,  S.  Edwards,  f.l.s.,  etc.  ; 
Treasurer,  A.  E.  Tonge,  f.e.s.;  Librarian,  A.  W.  Bods;  (Jurator, 
S.  R.  Ashby,  f.e.s.  ;  Assista)it  Ci(rator,  T.  L.  Barnett ;  Editor  of 
Proceed irq/s,  H.  J.  Turner,  f.e.s.  ;  Ho7i.  Secretaries,  Stanley  Edwards, 
F.L.S. ,  etc.  {('orrespondini/),  H.  J.  Turner,  f.e.s.  ;  Recorder  of  Attend- 
ances, B.  S.  Williams  ;  Hon.  Lanternist,  A.  W.  Dennis  ;  Council, 
R.  Adkin,  f.e.s.,  T.  L.  Barnett,  R.  T.  Bowman,  L.  E.  Bunster, 
Lachlan  Gibb,  f.e.s.,  H.  A.  Leeds,  Capt.  N.  D.  Riley,  f.e.s.,  Dr. 
G.  C.  Robertson,  E.  Step,  f.l.s. 

The  Reports  and  Balance  Sheet  were  adopted,  and  votes  of 
thanks  were  passed  to  the  Officers  and  Council  for  their  services 
during  the  past  year,  and  to  the  President  for  his  address. 

Ordinary  Meeting. 

Mr.  E.  Step  exhibited  a  living  locust  [Acridimn  ce/iyptiiun),  found 
straying  in  Covent  Garden  with  a  small  crowd  of  timorous  watchers 
around  it.  He  ascertained  that  it  had  emerged  from  a  box  of 
Mimosa  imported  from  S.  France. 

Mr.  Coppeard  exhibited  several  species  of  Donacia,  including  a 
long  series  of  colour  forms  of  Donacia  sericea. 

Mr.  Hy.  J.  Turner  showed  a  box  of  Rhopalocera  from  near  Port 
Elizabeth,  S.  Africa,  including  the  cosmopolitan  Lanipides  Imticus, 
another  fine  tailed  Lyctenid,  />.  caff'rarice,  a  nice  series  of  the  Satyrid 


92 

Leptoneura  clytiis,  species  of  Terias,  Teracolus,  Pieris,  Mycalesis,  and 
Pamphila. 

Mr.  W,  J.  Lucas  exhibited  the  Neuropteron,  He»ierobiiis  stic/ma, 
which  he  reported  to  be  then  very  plentiful  on  Esher  Common. 

Mr.  Leeds  exhibited  a  series  of  male  forms  of  t'ohjnDiniatiis  icaruSj 
named  from  the  descriptions  given  in  J.  W.  Tutt's  "British  Lepi- 
doptera."     The  series  included  some  177  different  forms. 


INDEX. 


Aberrations,  Special,  of  H.  auran- 
tiaria,  47  ;  P.  atalanta,  49,  69, 

81  ;  R.  phlseas,  56,  77,  80,  82, 
86;  A.  urticffi,  61,  83  ;  P.  napi, 
61  ;  E.  cardamines,  61  ;  E. 
tithonus,  66 ;  P.  plantaginis, 
70;  A.  coridon,  74,  82;  H. 
leucophasaria,  74 ;  Z.  filipen- 
dulse,  74  ;  P.  rapas,  74  ;  B.  con- 
sortaria,  76 ;  P.  icarus,  76,  80, 
81,  86  ;  M.  tilise,  76  ;  A.  thetis, 
79,  82;  S.  pruai,  79:  E.  jur- 
tina,  79,  80,  82 ;  A.  aglaia,  79, 

82  ;  S.  semele,  79,  80  ;  C. 
croceus  (edusa),  80  ;  B.  euphro- 
syne,  80,  83 ;  V.  io,  80 ;  P. 
cardui,  81 ;  H.  lucina,  81 ; 
A.  populi,  81 ;  A.  hyperantus, 
81;  C.  pamphilus,  81,  86;  C. 
potatoria,  82  ;  Z.  trifolii,  82 ; 
A.  medon,    82 ;    P.  fuliginosa, 

83  ;  A.  caja,  83  ;  P.  machaon, 
83;  M.  cinxia 84 

Abbreviation  of  resting  period    . .     39 
Abstract  of  Proceedings  . .  . .     43 
Abnormal  no.   of  cells  of  Mega- 
chile        57,     76 

"  Aculeate   Hymenoptera    of  the 
British  Isles."  hi/  G.  E.  Frisbij 

1,     76 
Additions  to    the.  Library,    xiii ; 
Collections       ..  ..  ..      xiii 

Annual,  Address,  by  K.  G.  Blair, 
24 ;      Meeting,     91  ;      Balance 
Sheet,  X  ;  Exhibitions  . .       60,     78 
Aquatic,  insects  and  hibernation, 

37 ;  larvEB  50 

Assemblages,  Homa3oehromatic. .      19 
Bibliography      of     "  insects     in 
winter  "  . .  . .  . .  . .     41 

Bramble  Bees        . .  . .  . .       4 

Breeding  of  Micros,  Method  of  . .     64 
British,    Species    of.    Butterflies 
occurring  in  India  and  Thibet, 
79  ;  Association  . .  . .     87 

Broods  of,  four,  D.  truncata,  22 ; 
H.  syringaria,  77 ;  second,  of 
P.  atalanta,  77  ;  of  A.  grossu- 
lariata     . .  . .  . .  ..11 


PAGE 

Caterpillars  wintering      . .  . .     38 

Congregation  of  hibernators        . .      33 
Conspicuousness  of  males.  Greater     20 
Differentiation     of      D.      citrata 

(immanata)  and  D.  truncata  . .     52 
Discussion,  on  H.  defoliaria,  43  ; 
on  D.  truncata,  52;    C.  trape- 
zina,  62  ;  H.  furcata    . .  . .     65 

Dispersal  of  moths  with  wingless 
females   . .  . .  . .  . .     37 

Donations  . .  . .  . .  . .     74 

Dwarf,  A.  coridon  . .        51,     86 

Early  season  . .  . .  . .     55 

Exhibition,     other     orders,     56 ; 
living  objects,  60;  lantern  slides, 

48,     73 
Field   Meetings,   24 ;    Shoreham, 

62;  Horsley,  64;  Byfleet        ,.     68 
Foodplant  of  D.  truncata  . .     53 

Genus,  The,  Hibeinia,  43 ;    Ute- 
theisa  (Deiopeia)  . .  . .      51 

Going  over  of  E.  porata  . .  . .      72 

Graduate    variation     in     British 

butterflies  88 

Gregarious  habit  of  hibernators. .     33 
Gynandromorph    of    H.    margin- 
aria,  55  ;  P.  rapte,  75  ;  S.  pruni, 
79  ;  E.  tithonus.  79  ;    P.  napi, 
8:V,  A.  populi,  85 ;  C.  potatoria     85 
Habits    of,    Pompilids,    2  ;    true 
Wasps,    6  ;    Humble-bees,    11  ; 
hibernators,  20  ;  H.   defoliaria, 
43  ;  larva  of  P.  livornica,  66  ; 
C.  pipistrellus,  67;  M.  religiosa, 
70 ;    Lycosa,    70 ;    larva   of   C. 
ibipennella,  70;  P.  dimidiata..     86 
Hibernation,  27  ;  Origin,  of  habit 
of,   29  ;  as  ova,   29  ;  as   larva, 
30 ;    as  pupa,    31  ;    as   imago, 
31  ;    positions    of,    33 ;    of    ivy 
feeders,    . .  . .  . .  . .     38 

Huntress  Wasps    . .  . .  . .        1 

Hybrid,    P.    curtulaxP.   reclusa, 
76;    S.    bilunariaxS.    tetralu- 
naria,  80  ;  Oporabia  species   . .     81 
Immigrant,    H.    syrichtus,    84  ; 
A.  aegyptium     . .  . .  . .     91 

Insect  eating  plants  . .  . .     59 

Insects  in  Winter,  hij  K.  G.  Blair     26 


94 


Lantern  slides  shown       . .        48, 
Lines  of  variation  in,   C.    trape- 

zina,  62  ;   H.  furcata    . . 
List  of,  Officers  and  Council,   91 ; 
Members  . .  . .  i, 

Local  Coleoptera   . . 

Localities :  Bangalore,  57,  72 ; 
Bexley,  61  ;  Bytleet,  68  ; 
California,  «8;  Delaniere  Forest, 
43  ;  Finchley,  70  ;  Gavarnie, 
84  ;  Horsley,  64  ;  Italian  Alps, 
84  ;  Java,  87  !  N.  France,  56 ; 
Oxshott,  48,  51  ;  Port  Eliza- 
beth, 91  ;  Rhone  Valley,  84 ; 
Shoreham,  62  ;  Wellington 
College,  near 

Melanism  in,  H.  defoliaria,  44  ; 
increase  in  Epping  Forest,  4(3 ; 
predominance  of,  47  ;  D.  trun- 
cata 

Microscopic  slides  of  Protura,  hi/ 
A.  W.  Dennis 

Migration,  and  return  of  butterflies 
at  Selangor  F.M.S.,  /-//  Prof. 
Foultoii,  83  ;  of  P.  cardui 

Mimicry,  in  Pierids,  15  ;  unequal 
in  sexes,  16:  I',  memnon,  72; 
Atbymu  and  Hypolimnas,  76  ; 
C.  ligniperda,  80  ;  in  Kelangor 
F.M.S 

Mosquitoes,  breil  by  H.  Main,  60; 
rare 

Nests  of  kite 

New  form  of  D.  truncata. .        51, 

"  Notes  on  the  Hibernias,"  by 
Rev.  F.  M.  B.  Carr,  43"; 
"Indian  Orthoptera,"  by  H. 
Moore,  57;  "Collecting  in 
California,"   by  G.  B.  Pearson 

Obituary,  24,  69 ;  Wm.  West, 
24 ;  a.  B.  Browne,  25 ;  W. 
Chittenden,  25 ;  Dr.  C.  G. 
Hewett,  25 ;  F.  M.  Howlett, 
25 ;  Rev.  Hy.  Steph.  Gorham, 
25;  A.E.  Hudd,26;  E.  Reitter, 
26  ;  J.  R.  Sahlberg       . . 

Objects  of  the  Society 

Ovipi)Sition,  in  A.  hispidaria 

Papers,  List  of 

"  Papilio  memnon  and  its  poly- 
morphism," hy  S.  Edwards    . . 

Parasites,  on  C.  daviesana,  66  ; 
on  bats,  67  ;  R.  inquisitor 

Parasitic  Bees 

Past  Presidents,  List  of   . . 

"Pattern  in  Diptera,  Wing,"  by 
H.  ir.  Andrews. . 


PAGE 

73 
65 

91 

88 


57 

50 
60 

90 


75 
49 
52 


26 


51 

xii 


71 


72 
9 


58 


Peloria    in    D.     purpurea    (Fox- 
glove)      . .  . .  . .  . .     61 

Polymorphism  in  females  . .      17 

Protective  Resemblance,  in  Calli- 
dryas    and    Catopsilia,    15 ;    in 
sexual  dimorphism        . .  . .      19 

Pupation  habit  of  P.  dimidiata  . .     86 
Reaction  of  winter  on  insects     . .     27 
Races    of,    A.    coridon,    50;    P. 
memnon,  70  ;  Scilly,  E.  jurtina, 
82  ;   P.  glycerion    "        . .  . .      91 

Radiation,  in  T.  bistortata  . .  56 
Rare  species,  S.  abductella,  54  ; 
C.  terrebrella,  54;  P.  bidentata 
(Hera.),  58;  8.  armatus  (Eph.), 
(50  ;  C.  trapezina  forms,  63  ;  L. 
erichsoni,  66  ;  P.  phegopteris, 
69;  in  Sussex,  72;  A.  plum- 
beus,  75  ;  E.  elongatulus,  76  ; 
■  Agabus  brunneus,  76 ;  L.  ex- 
tranea,  81  ;  H.  syrichtus,  84  ; 
O.  pulchripalpis,  85  ;  M.  union- 

alis  88 

Report      of,      the      Meeting     of 
Delegates  of  the  Corresponding 
Societies  of  the  British  Associa- 
tion  at   Cardiff,    by  li.   Adkiii, 
87 ;  Council       . .  . .  . .     xii 

Sand  Wasps  . .  . .  . .       5 

Scarcity  of  Insects  . .  . .     51 

Seasonal    reports,    early   appear- 
ances,  47,  51,  55,  56  ;  general, 

67,  73,     75 
Second  broods        . .  . .  . .     67 

Segregation  of  Necrophorus  species 
in  traps   . .  . .  . .  . .     67 

"  Sexual  Dimorphism,"  by  F.  A. 

Dixey,  12,  77;  Signification  of     19 
Special  Meeting  (trustee)  . .      56 

Variation,  greater  tendency  to,  in 
females,  17  ;    in  H.  defoliaria, 
43,  45,  46  ;  in  H.  pennaria,  48  ; 
in  eggs  of  Milvus  govinda  (bird), 
49  ;    in    S.    semele,    49  ;  in  B. 
parthenias,  50  ;  in  D.  truncata, 
53 ;    in     A.     urticas,     55  ;    C. 
trapezina,  62  :    H.   furcata,  65, 
70  ;  T.  carpinata,  73  ;  P.  flavi- 
cornis,  76;  P.  cristana,  79  ;  L. 
literana,  79;  E.  tithonus,  79; 
C.  pendularia     . .  . .  . .     85 

Wingless  females  . .  ..  ..34 

Winter  sleep.  Depth  of     . .        32,     34 
Xanthic  forms  of  E.  tithonus     . .     55 

Coleoptera. 
acuminata,  Melanophila. .  ..     67 

agreste  (striatum  var.),  Asemum     57 


95 


PAGE 

Anchoraenus          . .          . .  . .  57 

angustatus,  Pterostichus. .  ..  57 

Aphodius    . .          . .          . .  . .  57 

Apion          . .          . .          . .  . .  57 

Aspidoniorpha        . .          . .  . .  85 

aurata,  Cetonia     . .          . .  . .  48 

Bembidiuni            . .          . .  . .  57 

Blaps           ..          ..          ..  ..88 

brevicollis,  Nebria             . .  . .  48 

brunneus,  Agabus. .          ..  ..76 

Buprestidffi             . .          . .  . .  57 

CarabidiB    . .          . .          . .  . .  37 

cervus,  Lucanus    . .          . .  . .  48 

Coccinellidffi           . .          . .  . .  26 

coriaria,  Timarcha            . .  . .  73 

cui'Culionide3  =  nitens       ..  ..  (3G 

dimidiatus,  Dytiscus         . .  . .  88 

Donacia 73,  91 

dorsalis,  Anchomenus     . .  . .  34 

druryi,  Goliathus..          ..  ..56 

dubius,  Sphindus..          ..  ..57 

Elateridaj 57 

elongatula,  Elater             . .  . .  76 

Endoinychidte        . .          . .  . .  26 

equestris,  Cassida. .          ..  ..60 

erichsoni,  Lema    ..          ..  ..66 

Erotylidre 26 

fenestralis,  Corticaria      . .  . .  57 

ferrugineus,  Hydroporus. .  ..  88 

ferus,  Criocephalus           . .  . .  57 

flavescens,  Drilus  . .          . .  . .  30 

germanicus,  Cicindela      . .  . .  67 

germanicus,  Henoticas    . .  . .  88 

graiuinis,  Chrysomela      . .  . .  76 

hemispbiBi-ica,  Cassida    . .  . .  88 

hiei'oglypbica,  Coccinella  ..  73 

humator,  Necrophorus     . .  48,  67 

inquisitor,  Ehagium         ..48,70,  72 

inten-uptus,  Necrophorus  67,  88 

Lamellicornes        . .          . .  . .  57 

lineola,  Galerucella          . .  . .  60 

Lucanus      . .          . .          . .  . .  57 

madidus,  Pterostiohus      . .  . .  48 

melanarius,  Hydroporus. .  ..  88 

melanoeephalus,  Calathus  . .  34 

Melanophila           57 

Meloe          48,  60 

morio,  Hydroporus           . .  . .  88 

mortuorum,  Necrophorus  . .  67 

Necrophorus           . .          . .  . .  67 

nitens    (curculionides),   Attelabus  66 

nitens,  Carabus     . .          . .  . .  75 

notatus,  Rhantus  . .          . .  . .  88 

Onthophagus         . .          . .  . .  57 

paralellopipedus,  Dorcus. .  48,  69 

populnea,  Saperda            . .  . .  51 

quadripunctatus,  Anchomenus  . .  57 

Bhynchites             ..          ..  ..57 


rufirostre,  Apion    .  . 
ruspator,  Necrophorus 
sericea,  Donacia    . . 
sexpunctatus,  Anchoraenus 

Silpha         

Staphylinidee 
striatum,  Asemum 
Strophosomus 
tortrix,  Dorytoma. . 
Trechus 

tristis,  Hydroporus 
vesicntoria,  Lytta.. 
vespillo,  Necrophorus 

DiPTERA. 

annulata,  Theobaldia 

bifurcatus,  Anopheles 

Chionea 

Corethra 

Dolichopodidft^ 

dorsalis,  Ochlerobatus 

eriophthahna.  Pyrellia     .. 

grifuiaiidica,  Protocalliphora 

lateralis,  Ochlerobatus     . . 

maeulipennis,  Anopheles 

minor,  Bombyliua 

Mochlonyx 

morsitans,  Theobaldia 

Muscidse 

nemorosus,  Ochlerobatus 

Ochlerobatus 

pagana,  Tipula 

pipiens,  Culex 

plumbeus,  Anopheles 

pulchripalpis,  Orthopodomyia 

rudis,  Pollenia 

rufipes,  Aphioch^ta 

septemnotata,  Limnophora 

stabulans,  Muscina 

Stratiomys.. 

Syrphus 

Tipulidie 

Trichocera  . . 

Trypetidas  . . 

Fungi. 

aurantia,  Otidea  . . 
citrina,  Russula  . . 
cristata,  Clavaria.. 
emetica,  Russula  . . 
fasciculare,  Hypholoma  . . 
integra,  Russula  . . 
involutus,  Paxillus 
laccata,  Laccaria  . . 
quietus,  Lactarius 

Hemiptera. 

Aphides 


PAGE 

5 

67 
91 
57 
67 
37 
57 
5 
55 
57 
88 
48 
67 


38, 
38,  50, 


38 


96 


PAGE 

auvita,  Ledra 

64,     66 

bidentata,  Pygolampis 

..      58 

lectularins,  Cimex 

..     67 

Pentatoiiia 

3 

pipistrellu^,  Cimex 

..     67 

spumarius,  Philusnus 

..       5 

Hymenoptera. 

aceris,  Phyllotoma 

..     64 

acervorutn,  Atithopbora  . . 

9,     10 

Agenia 

3 

albicans,  Andrena 

8 

alboguttata.  Nomada 

..       9 

alternata,  Nomada 

9 

Ammopbila 

..       3 

Andrena 

5,  8,       9 

Antbidium 

..     10 

Anthopbora 

9,     10 

apicata,  Androna  . . 

8,       9 

avenaria,  Cerceris. . 

..       5 

argentata,  Andrena 

..       9 

argentata,  Megacbile 

..     10 

arniata,   Meleeta    . . 

..       9 

armata,  Nomada  . . 

..       9 

arvensis,  Meliinus 

5 

Astatus 

3,       5 

attenuatum,  Trypoxylon . . 

..       3 

aunilenta,  Osiiiia  . . 

..     10 

austriaca,  Vespa   . . 

6,       7 

basalis,  Odynenis.. 

7 

bicinctus,  Hoplisus 

..        5 

bicolor,  Mimesa     .  . 

4 

bicolor,  Osmia 

..      10 

bimaculata,  Saropoda 

..      10 

Bomhus 

10,     11 

boops,  Astatiis 

..       3 

borealis,  Nomada  . . 

..       9 

campestiis,  Ammopbila  . . 

..        4 

campestris,  Goryteg 

..       5 

capitosus,  Crabro  . . 

6 

Ceiatina 

..       9 

Cerceris 

5 

Cbaleididae. . 

. .     33 

cbalybeatus,  Pompilus 

2 

Cbelostoma 

..       9 

Cilissa 

8 

cineraria,  Andrena 

..       9 

clarkella,  Andrena 

8,       9 

clavicornis,  Sapyga 

2 

clavipes,  Crabro    . . 

(■) 

coarctata,    li^umenes 

7 

Cojlioxys     . . 

9 

CoUetes 

8,       9 

communis,  Prosopis 

..     67 

Crabro 

3,       6 

crabro,  Vespa 

6 

crasiicornis.  Odynerus     . 

7 

cribrarius,  Crabro.. 

6 

cunicularia,  CoUetes 
daviesana,  CoUetes 
Dasypoda    . . 

deplanatus,  Pteromalus   . . 
dimidiatus,  Crabro 
dimidiatus,  Nysson 
Diodontus  . . 
Epeolus 
Eriades 
Eucsra 
Eumenes     . . 
Eumenidas  . . 
europaja,  Mutilla  . . 
fasciata,  Andrena.. 
femorata,  Tipbia  .. 
fodiens,  CoUetes    . . 
fucata,  Nomada     . . 
fulva,  Andrena 
fulvicrus,  Andrena 
furcata,  Antbopbora 
furcipes,  Andrena.. 
furva,  Nomada 
gernianica,  Vespa.. 
Gorytes 

bainiorrboidalia,  Cilissa  . , 
Hal  ictus 

battorfiana,  Andrena 
Hemiteles  . . 
berrichianus,  Odynerus   . 
birsuta,  Ammopbila 
birtipes,  Dasypoda 
Hoplisus 

icbneumonides,  iVIetboea. 
interruptus,  Nysson 
labiata,  Cerceris    . . 
labiata,  Macropis  . . 
lapidarius,  Bonibus 
lathburiana,  Nomada 
leaiana,  Cilissa 
leporina,  Cilissa     . . 
lethifer,  Pempbredon 
leucomelana,  Osmia 
lineola,  Nomada    . . 
longicornis,  Eueera 
luctuosa,  Meleeta  . . 
lutaria,  Ammopbila 
marginata.  CoUetes 
maritima,  Megacbile 
maritimus,  Miscopbus 
mediator,  Peritbous 
Megacbile   . . 
I   melanura,   Cilissa.. 
melanoeepbala,  Myrmosa 
Meleeta 
Meliinus 
Mimesa 
Miscopbus  . . 
muscarum,  Pteromalus   . 


PAGE 

8 

1,  8,  9,     66 

9 

42 

•5 


33, 


4 
..       9 

..       9 

..       9 

..       7 

6,       7 

1,     73 

8 

2 

8 

..       9 

8 

..       9 

..     10 

..       9 

9 

..       6 

4 

8 

,  8,       9 

..       9 

..     67 

..       7 

4 

..       9 

5 


5 

8 

11 

9 

9 

8 

4 

9 

9 

10 

9 

4 

8 

76 

3 

4 

9,  10,     57 


10, 


2 
9 
5 
4 
3 
33 


97 


Mutillidas 

1, 

2 

mystaceus,  Gorytes 

4 

niger,  Pompilus     . . 

•         2, 

3 

Nomada 

9 

norvegica,  Vespa  . . 

'         6, 

7 

Nysson 

5 

octomaculata,  Stelis 

9 

Odynerus    . . 

7 

oinata,  Cereeris     . . 

5 

Osmia 

9', 

10 

Oxybelus     . . 

5 

pallipes,  Psen 

4 

Panurgus    . . 

9 

parietina,  Osmia  . . 

10 

Passaloecus 

4 

pectinipes,  Tachytes 

3 

peltarius,  Crabro  . . 

6 

Pemphredon 

4 

Philanthus.. 

5 

picistigma,  CoUetes 

8 

pictus,  Dinetus 

3 

pictus,  Odynerus  . . 

60 

pini,  Pteronus 

48 

plumbeus,  Pompilus 

2 

Pompilidae  . . 

2 

Pompilus    . . 

4 

Prosopis 

8 

productus,  Epeolus 

'.         9, 

67 

Pseudovespa 

6 

Psithyrus    . . 

'.        10, 

11 

punctata,  Miltogramma  . 

67 

quadrifasciatus,  Hoplisus 

5 

quadrimaculata,  Anthopl 

ora     . . 

10 

quinquefasciata,  Cereeris 

5 

quinquepunctata,  Sapyga 

2 

reniformis,  Odynerus 

7 

retusa,  Anthophora 

9, 

10 

rufa,  Osmia 

2, 

10 

rufa,  Vespa 

6, 

7 

rufipes,  Mutilia      . . 

1 

rufipes,  Pompilus.. 

2 

rupestris,  Psithyrus 

11 

sabulosa,  Ammophila 

3", 

4 

sabulosus,  Mellinus 

5 

Sapyga        

2 

Saropoda    . . 

9 

sexfasciata,  Nomada 

9 

solidaginis,  Nomada 

9 

Sphecodes  . . 

8 

spinipes,  Odynerus 

7 

Stdis           

9 

stigma,  Astatus     . . 

3 

Stigmus 

4 

succincta,  Colletes 

8 

suceincta,  Nomada 

9 

sylvestris,  Vespa   . . 

6, 

7 

tabida,  Cereeris     . . 

5 

Tachytes    ,. 

3 

PAGE 

terrestris,  Bombus            . .         . .  11 

tibialis,  Crabro      . .         . .         . .  6 

Tiphia         2 

trimaeulatus,  Nysson       . .          . .  5 

Trypoxylon            . .          . .          . .  3 

turaidus,  Gorytes  (Harpactus)   . .  4 

unicolor,  Aporus  . .          . .          . .  2 

uniglumis,  Oxybelus        . .          . .  3 

Vespa          . .          . .          . .          . .  6 

Vespidse      ..          ..          ..          .,  6 

vestalis,  Psithyrus            . .          . .  11 

viaticus,  Pompilus            . .          . .  2 

vulgaris,  Vespa      . .          . .          . .  6 

Lepidoptera. 

abbreviata,  Eupithecia     . .          . .  83 

abductella,  Salebria         . .        54,  55 

achates  (agenor  var.),  Papilio  71,  72 

achates  (memnon  var.),  Papilio  71 
acmon,  Busticus    ..          ..          ..89 

adippe  =  cydippe    ..          ..        83,  84 

adonis  =  thetis        ..  ..  ..82 

adrasta  (masra  7'ace),  Pararge     ..  84 

ffigeria,  Pararge     ..          ..        81,  83 

segon,  Plebeius  49,  67,  68,  70,  79,  83 

agathina,  Mylothris         . .        18,  22 

agenor,  Papilio      . .          . .          . .  71 

aglaia,  Argynnis      67,  75,  79,  80, 

82,  83,  84 

alba  (phlasas  ab.),  Rumicia         . .  80 

albicans  (coridon  race),  Agriades  74 

aleanor  (agenor  t;a7-.),  Papilio    ..  71 

alcyone,  Satyrus    . .          . .          . .  84 

alnifoliella,  Lithocolletis. .          ..  68 

alpina  (didyma  race),  Melitsea    ..  84 

amatbusia,  Brenthis        . .          . .  84 

ambigualis,  Scoparia        . .          . .  68 

Amphidasidffi         . .          . .          . .  34 

Amphidasis            . .          . .          . .  34 

anatipennella,  Coleophora          . .  68 

anceus,  Papilio      . .          . .          . .  71 

androgeos,  Papilio            . .          . .  71 

androgeus,  Papilio            . .          . .  71 

antiopa,  Euvanessa           . .        73,  89 

antiqua,  Orgyia     . .          . .          . .  68 

apennina  (coridon  race),  Agriades  74 

apoUo,  Parnassius            . .          . .  84 

Appias         . .          . .          . .          . .  18 

areola,  Xylocampa            . .          . .  51 

arete  (hyperantusaft.),  Aphantopus  82 

argia,  Leuceronia..          ..17,18,  19 

argiolus,  Celastrina  38,  5(i,  61,  70,  84 

Argynnis     . .          . .          . .          . .  90 

ariadne  (eury theme  race),  Colias  89 
arion,  Lycsena       ..          ..          ..84 

assimilata,  Eupithecia     . .         . .  83 

astrarche  =  medon  ..         ..82 


98 


atalanta,  Pyrameis        32,  41,  49, 

55,  61,  67,  69,  73,  75,  77,  81, 
Athyma 

atomaria,  Ematurga 
atrebatensis  (urticce  race),  Aglais 
atropos,  Manduca.. 
aurantiaria,  Hibernia   43,  45,  46, 
aurinia,  Melitffia    ..  ..66,80, 

autumnaria,   Epirrita  (Oporabia) 
auxo,  Teracolus     . . 
avalon,  Lycsena     ..  ..        89, 

badiofasciata  =  nigrovirgata 
bella,  Utetheisa     . . 
bellargus  =  thetis  .. 

Belenois 13,18, 

bembecifonnis  =  crabroniformis . . 
betuJae,  Salebria    . . 
bidentata,  Odontopera     ..38,55, 
bilunaria  (illiinaria),  Selenia 
birdelia  =  mediopectinella 
bisontella,  Ochsenheimeria 
Biston 

bistortata,  Tephrobia 
boeticus,  Lampides  ..        81, 

bolandii  (urticse  oh.),  Aglais 
bonibycella  =  tubulosa 
boreata,  Cheimatobia 
brassieae,  Pieric     ..       61,68,75, 
brettus,  Pamphila 
brumata,  Cheimatobia     . . 
bryonise  (napi  race),  Pieris 
B)yophi]a   .. 
caeca    (hyperantus 
topus 


ab.),  Aphan- 
(dorilis  ab.), 
(phlaeas 


ab.). 


cseruleopunctata 

Loweia    . . 
cseruleopunctata 

Eumieia  . . 
caffrarisB,  (Lycsena) 
cagnagellus,  Hyponomeuta 
caja,  Arctia  ..       29,51,82, 

califoinica,  Coenonympha 
Callidryas  . . 

Candida  (piilchella  ti^.),  Utetheisa 
Canerkes  =  Psapbis 
caidamines,  Euchloc  51,  61,  82, 
caidui,  Pyrameis  32,  61,  75,  79, 
81,  83,  89, 
carnea  (trapezina  var.),  Calymnia 
carniolica,  Zyga^na 
carpinata,  Triehopteryx. 
carpini,  Saturnia  . . 
earyse,  Pyrameis  . . 
cashmirensis,  Vanessa 
cashmirensis,  Zygaena 
casta,  Teracolus  . . 
Catopsilia  . . 


51, 
89, 


82 
76 
70 
55 
75 
47 
83 
81 
22 
90 
63 
51 
79 
22 
55 
61 
80 
80 
69 
69 
34 
56 
91 
55 
55 
44 
79 
89 
44 
73 
39 

82 

84 

77 
91 
48 
83 
89 
15 
51 
83 
83 

90 
63 
84 
73 
61 
90 
79 
78 
14 
15 


centumnotata  (truncata  ab.),  Dys- 

stroma     . .          . .          . .          . .  54 

cerusella,  Elachista,  Amphelosetia 

68,  69 

chalcedon,  Melitsea          . .        89,  90 

Cbalcosiinas            . .          . .          . .  83 

cliaonia,  Drymonia           . .          . .  56 

charitonia,  Heliconius      . .          . .  16 

ebarops,  Pereute   ..  ..  ..16 

Cheimatobia          . .          . .          . .  34 

christyi  (dilutata  var.),  Oporabia, 

Epirrita  . .          . .          . .          . .  81 

chrysanthenii    (tilipenduls     ab.), 

Zygaena  . .          . .          . .          . .  84 

chrysippus,  Danaida         . .          . .  17 

chrysorrhoea     (pbiBorrhcea),    Eu- 

proctis     . .          . .          . .          . .  34 

cilix  (agenor  t'rtr.),  Papilio         ..  71 

cinctaria,  Boarmia            . .          . .  56 

cinxia,  Melita-a      . .       34,  56,  80,  84 

cinxioides  (phgebe  ab.),  Melitasa. .  80 
eitrata     (immanata),    Dysstroma 

52,  53 

cleodoxa  (cydippe  ah.),  Argynnis  84 

Cleora          39 

clytus,  Leptoneura            . .          . .  92 

coenia,  Junonia      . .          . .          . .  89 

comma-notata      (truncata      ab.), 

Dysstroma          . .          . .        52,  53 

comma-notata  =  rufescens           ..  54 
connexa  (urticfe  ah.),  Aglais        ..  55 
consortaria,  Boarmia       . .        76,  82 
conspersa  (trapezina  var.),  Calym- 
nia          . .         . .          . .         . .  63 

coon,  Papilio         . .          . .          . .  72 

coridon,  Agriades    xii,  50,  73,  74, 

75,  79,  80,  81,  82,  83,  84,  86 

Cossus         . .         . .         . .         . .  38 

crabroniformis     (bembeciformis), 

Trochilium         . .          . .          . .  55 

cratffigi,  Aporia     ..         ..         ..34 

cratsegijTrichiura. .  ..  ..61 

crepuscularia,  Tephrosia             . .  51 

creusa,  Dasyophtbalma   . .          . .  55 

cristana,  Peroirea  . .          ..       xii,  79 

culmellus,  Crambus          . .          . .  68 

curtula,  Pygffira     . .          . .          . .  76 

cydippe  (ad ippe),  Argynnis        83,  84 

cynthia,  Melitaa    . .          . .          . .  84 

cytisi  (filipendula3  ah.),  Zygaena..  74 
daphne   Brenthis  . .          ..          ..84 

daplidice,  Pontia  . .          . .          . .  79 

dardanus,  Papilio. .  ..  ..17 

defoliaria,  Hibernia      43,  44,  45, 

46,  47 
Deiopeia  =  Utetheisa        ..         ..51 

Delias         13,  83 

descombesi,  Delias          . .         . .  13 


99 


PAGE 

dictsBoides,  Pheosia           . .          . .  61 

dictynna,  Melitasa. .  ..  ..84 

didyma,  Melitaea    . .          . .          . .  84 

diliitata,  Oporabia,  Epirrita        . .  81 

dimidiata  (scutulata),  Ptychopoda  86 

dispar,  Lyuiantria             . .          . .  56 

doininicanus,  Amauris     . .          . .  17 

dominula,  Callimorpha    . .          . .  61 

dorilis,  Loweia       ..  ..  ..84 

doubledayi  (coon  var.),  Papilio  ..  72 

dubitata,   Triphosia          . .          . .  H3 

Dysphania  (Euscbema)    . .          . .  83 

Eacles         74 

ecberia,  Amauris  . .          . .          . .  17 

edusa,  Colias           . .       75,  77,  80,  83 
edwardsi,  Attacus.  .          ..          ..72 

eleus  (phheas  «6.),  Rumicia        ..  79 

elut,ata  =  fui'cata    ..          ..        55,  65 

Epirrita  (Opovabia)                       ..  81 

eribinus  (anceus  var.),  Papilio    . .  71 

eriphyle  (eurytheme  race),  Colias  89 

eris  (niobe  var.),  Argynnis          . .  84 

erlangeri  (riipellii  yar.),  Mylothris  18 

erytbrocephala,  Orrhodia             ..  73 

esciheri,  Polyomniatus       .  .          . .  84 

esperi  (agenor  var.),  Papilio        ..  71 
Eupitheoia . .          ..          ..          ..38 

euphorbia;,  Hyles  . .          . .          . .  86 

euphrosyne,  Brenthis    61,  66,  80, 

83,  84 

Euploea 17 

eureus  (glycerion  rar.),  Pap'lio..  91 

eurydice,  Meganostoma    . .          . .  88 

eurytheme,  Colias  . .  . .  89 
Euschema  =  Dysphania    ..          ..83 

evippe,  Ixias          . .          . .        14,  17 

exigua  =  saturata    (trapeziua  ab.)  63 

esilis,  Brephidium  . .  89,  90 
extersaria  =  luridata  ..  ..55 
extranea    (unipuncta),    Leucania 

75,  81 

fagella,  Dinrnea    . .          . .          . .  31 

fasciaria,  Ellopia  . .          . .          . .  38 

ferrugalis,  Scopula            . .          . .  68 

fieldii,  Colias         79 

filigrammaria,  Epirrita,  Oporabia  81 

tilipendulffi,  Zygcena         . .        74,  84 

flavago,  Gortyna   . .          . .          . .  38 

fiavicornis,  Polyploca       . .          . .  76 

formiceeformis,  Sesia        . .          . .  80 

fowleri  (coridon  ah),  Agriades  ..  84 

frangulella,  Bucculatrix  . .          , .  68 

fuliginosa,  Phragmatobia            . .  83 

funeralis,  Tbanaos            . .          . .  89 

fulvapicta      (grossulariata      ab.). 

Abraxas  . .          . .          . .          . .  78 

furcata  (elufcata),  Hydriomena  55, 

65,  66,  70 


fuscata  (marginaria«&.),  Hibernia 

43,  44,  46, 

galactinus       (calii'ornica       race), 

Cffinonympha    . . 
galatbea,  Melanargia  67,  75, 


29, 
73, 


gamma,  Plusia 
Geometridfe 
grandis,  Eacles 
globulariffi,  Ino,  Rhagades  xiii, 
glycerion,  Papilio.. 
grisea  (trapeziua  ab.),  Calymnia 
grossulariata.  Abraxas  xii,  30, 
61,  77,  78, 
helice  (edusa  var.),  Colias  78,  80, 
Hepialus 
Hesperiidfe . . 
Hibernia 
Hiberniidaj.. 
hispidaria,  Apocheima 
hispuUa    (jurtina    race) 

phele 
honrathi,  Tenaris 
hyale,  Colias 
hylas,  Polyomniatus 
hyperantus,  Aphantopus 
Hypolimnas 
ianthe,  Belenois    . . 
ibipennella,  Coleophora 
icarinus    (icarus    ab.), 

matus 
icarus,  Polyomniatus    49 
75,  79,  80,  82 
Iliades 

ilicis,  Nordmannia 
illunaria  =  bilunaria 
illustraria  =  tetralunaria 
immanata  =  citrata 
immorata,  Acidalia 
imperialis,  Eacles . . 
impluviata,  Hydriomena 
inferna,  Delias 
infuscata    (truncata    ((7). 

troma 
ino,  Brenthis 
inornata,  Acidalia 
inquioatellus,  Crambus 
io,  Vanessa  . .     34 

iris,  Apatura 
irrorana    (literana   var.) 

gramma  . . 
issoria  (lathonia  race 
Ixias  . . 

jacobsesB,  Hipocrita 
Julia  (sara  var.),  Antbocbaris     . . 
jurtina,  Epinephele       68,  79,  80, 
kochi  (phlffias  ab.),  Rumicia 
lactieolor       (grossulariata      ab.), 

Abraxas  . . 


39, 
34, 


Epine- 

56, 

81, 

Polyom- 

61,  66, 

83,  86, 


Dyss- 


49,  61, 

56, 

Lepto- 

Argynnis 


82 

89 
78 
56 
83 
74 
78 
91 
63 

80 
•83 
39 
89 
43 
34 
51 

82 
55 
75 

84 
82 
17 
18 
70 

49 

92 
71 
56 

80 
80 
53 
78 
74 
55 
13 

54 

84 
68 
68 
80 
79 

79 
79 
14 
55 

88 
82 
56 

78 


100 


ladakensis  (urticae  race),  Aglais 

lanestris,  Eriogaster 

laomedon  (memnon  var.),  Papilio 

LarentiidsB 

lathonia,  Issovia,  Argynnis  56,  79, 

leporina,  Acronicta 

Leucaniidffi 

Leuceronia. .  ..  ..        16, 

leuconotus,  Duometus 
leueophftaria,  Hibernia       43,  44, 
46,  51, 


PAGE 
55 

36 
71 
34 
84 
48 
39 
19 
73 

74 
33 
80 
85 
76 
Phryxus  89 
79 
39 
38 
89 
51 
68 
81 
55 
78 
73 
83 
73 
84 
86 
84 


78, 


.66,  67, 


libatrix,  Scoliopteryx 

ligniperda,  Cossus 

ligustri.  Sphinx     . . 

Limenitis    . . 

lineata   (livornica  rare), 

literana,  Leptogramma 

Lithosiidae  . . 

liturata,  Macaria  . . 

livornica,  Phryxus 

lotrix   (pulchella   ab.),   Utetheisa 

lucella,  Cerostonia,  Abebsea 

Incina,  Hamearis  . . 

luridata  (extersaria),  Tephrosia.. 

lutea  (grossulariata  var.),  Abraxas 

lutipennella,  Coleophora.. 

machaon,  Papilio..  ..73,79, 

macrops,  Crishna 

maera,  Pararge 

major  (querclis  ab.),  Bithys 

malvse,  Hesperia   ..  ..61,81, 

mandarinus      (glycerion       race), 

Papilio 91 

Mania         . .  . .  . .  . .     38 

marginaria,  Hibernia   43,  46,  55,     82 
marginata,  Lomaspilis    . .  . .     68 

maritima,  Senta    . .  . .  . .     56 

mediopectinella    (birdelia),    Och- 
senheimeria        . .  . .  . .     69 

mediorufata  =  rufescens   ..  ..54 

medon  (astrarche),  Aricia  75,  79,     82 
megera,  Pararge    ..  ..        61,     80 

melane,  Atrytone..  ..  ..89 

memnon,  Papilio  ..  ..71,  72,     87 

mendica,  Diaphora  . .  . .     83 

merapu,  Papilio     . .  . .  . .     71 

meridionalis  (didyma  race),  Mali- 
tea  . .  . .  . .  . .     84 

mesomella,  Cybosia         . .  . .     81 

mestor  =  agenor     ..  ..  ..71 

miata  =  furcata      ..  ..  ..65 

misippus,  Hypolimnas     . .        17,     76 
mixta  (truneata  ab.),  Dysstronia       54 
monacha,  Lymantria       . .        30,     38 
monoglypha,  Xylophasia. .  ..     39 

montanata,  Xanthorhoe  . .  . .     55 

Mycalesis    . .  . .  . .  . .     92 

Mylothris 18,  19,     22 


napi,  Pieri.s..  61,68,73,75, 

napoleon,  Dynastor 

nepalensis  (rhamni  race),  Gonep- 
teryx 

Nepheronia  . .  . .        15, 

Neptis 

nigerrimata  (truneata  ab.),  Dyss- 
troma 

nigra   (trapezina  ab.),    Calymnia 

nigrosubroseata  (pendularia  ab.), 
Cosymbia  . . 

nigro-virgata  (trapezina  ab.),  Ca- 
lymnia    . . 

niobe,  Argynnis     . . 

Noctuidae    •  • 

nupta,  Catocala     . . 

Nyssia 

obscura  (arion  race),  Lycsna 

obscura  =  nigro-virgata    .. 

obscurata  (defoliaria  ah.),  Hi- 
bernia 

obsoleta  (coridon  «?*.),  Agriades. . 

obsoieta-ochrea  (trapezina  ab.), 
Calymnia 

obsoleta-rufa  (trapezina  ab.), 
Calymnia 

oceani,  Papilio 

ocellatus,   Smerinthus 

ochrea  (trapezina  ab.),  Calymnia 

ochrearia  =  rufescens 

Ochsenheimeria    . . 

Oedipus,  Ccenonympha 

olivacea (truneata  ab.),  Dysstron)a 

Ophideres  . . 

Oporabia  =  Epirrita 

Opsiphanes 

Oigyia         

ornatrix,  Utetheisa 

ostrinalis,  Pyrausta 

pallida  (trapezina  ab.),  Calymnia 

Pamphila    . . 

pamphilus,  Ccenonympha  49, 
61,  78,  81,  82, 

paphia,  Dryas  14,  30,  82,  83, 


Papilio 
parthenias,  Brephos 
Parthenos  . . 
parvipuncta    (phlasas 

micia 
pascuellus,  Crambus 
pedaria,  Phigalia  . . 
peltigera,  Heliothis 
pendularia,  Cosymbia 
pennaria,  Himera. . 
perfuscata  =  russata 
perlucidus,  Papilio 
peristhene,  Belenois 


71, 
50, 

ab.),    llu- 


.xii,  68, 
.36,  44, 


83 
55 

79 
16 
76 

54 
63 

85 

63 

84 
25 
70 
34 
84 
63 

46 

82 

63 

63 
71 
85 
63 
54 
69 
84 
54 
76 
81 
55 
34 
51 
55 
63 
92 

86 

84 
84 
51 
84 

86 
68 
47 
75 
85 
48 
54 
71 
13 


101 


persiea    ficarus     race),    Polyom- 

matus 
pbegea,  Syntomis.. 
phlfeas,  Kumicia     55,  61,  67,  74, 

75,  77.  78,  79,  80,  8] 
pbisadia,  Teracolus 
phcBbe,  Phrissura.. 
phcBbe,  Melitffia     . . 
Fbigalia 

picata,  Eupbyia     . . 
Pierinse 
Pieris 

pigea,  Pinacopteryx 
pinastri,  Hyloicus. . 
pinastri,  Spbinx  . . 
piniaiia,  Bupalus  . . 
piniperda,  Tracbea 
plantaginis,    Parasemia 

pbila) 
Plusia 

Poecilocampa 
polychloros,  Euvanessa 
polyctor,  Sarbaria 
populi,  Amorpha  . . 
populi,  Pcecilocampa 
porata,  Ephyra 
poicellus,  Thereti'a 
poiatoria,  Cosmotricbe  51 
praxinoe,  Dismorphia 
protuibaii!!,  Tortrix 
proterpia,  Pyrisitia 
protodice,  Pieris    . . 
piuinata,  Pseudoterpna 
pruni,  Strymon 
ptyeri,  Papilio 
Psaphis  (Canei'kes) 
PsychidaJ    . . 
puellaiis,  Teracolus 
pulehella,  Utetheisa 
punctaiia,  Epbyra 
punctata,  Atbyma 
punctularia,  Tephrosia 
pusaria,  Cabera 
pyrabna,  Calymnia 
pyii,  Haturnia 
pyrrha,  Perrbybris 
quercus,  Bithys 
querciis,  Lasiocampa 
radiata-lutea    (grossularii 

Abraxas  . . 
rapffi,  Pieris 
reclusa,  Pygsera     . . 
rectangulata  =  f  iircata 
repandata,  Boarmia 
rhamni,  Goiiepteryx      Si 
rhomboidaria,  Boarmia 
rivata,  Xanthorboe 


79 


1,  82,  83, 

86 

22 

18 

'. '.        80, 

84 

34 

." .'    52', 

86 

..16,  17, 

83 

87, 

92 

18 

74 

38 

■68, 

74 

38 

(Nemeo- 

..29,  70, 

83 

56 

34 

34, 

51 

79 

81, 

85 

36 

72 

78 

1,  56,  82, 

85 

16 

75 

22 

88 

68 

61', 

79 

71 

83 

'.'.        34, 

36 

22 

51 

72 

76 

51, 

68 

68 

61 

66 

16 

83, 

86 

..39,  51, 

56 

lata  ab.). 

60 

1,  74,  75', 

79 

76 

65 

38 

3,  51,  61, 

79 

38 

55 

79 
61 
30 
63 


romanana  (literana   ah.),  Lepto- 

gramma  . . 
rulji,  Callopbrys    . . 
rubi,  Macrotbylacia 
rufa  (trapezina  ah.),  Calymnia  . . 
rufescens    (truncata    ab.),    Dyss- 

troma      . .          . .          •  •          . .  54 

rufo-pallida  (trapezina  ah.),  Caly- 
mnia       . .          . .          .  •          . .  63 

rupicapraria,  Hibernia     . .        43,  46 

riippellii,  Mylothris          . .          . .  18 

russata    (perfuscata)    (strigulata) 

(truncata  n?).),  Dysstroma       ..  54 

rutilus,  Papilio      . .          . .          . .  88 

sagana,  Argynnis  . .          . .          . .  14 

sambucaria,  Ourapteryx..          ..  38 

sara,  Antbocharis . .          • .          . .  88 
saturata  (trapezina  ab.),  Calym- 
nia             63 

saturata  (truncata  ah.),  Dysstroma  54 

Satyridse     . .          . .          •  •          . .  39 

schneideri    (truncata   ah.),   Dyss- 
troma     . .          . .          . .          . .  54 

scutulata  =  dimidata         ..  ..86 

selene,  Tenaris      ..  ••  ..55 

selene,  Brenthis    . .          . .          . .  84 

semele,  Hipparcbia       49,  75,  79,  80 
semilutea      (grossulariata      ah.), 

Abraxas  . .           . .          • .          *.•  '^^ 

semiobsoleta  (coridon  ah).,  Agri- 

ades         . .          . .          . .          . .  82 

semi-sebmidtii       (pblaeas       ab.), 

Rumicia  . .          . .          ■  •          . .  83 

semisyngrapha      (coridon      ah.), 

Agriades              . .          .  •          . .  82 

septembrella,  Nepticula    . .          •  •  61 

Sesiidfe        . .          . .          . .          . .  38 

severina,  Belenois             . .        13,  20 

sibilla,  Liraenitis  . .          . .        30,  82 

sikbimensis(machaon  «?).),  Papilio  79 

sinapis,  Leptosia  . .          . .          . .  80 

smaragdaria,  Eucbloris   . .          . .  48 

sordidata  =  furcata  ..  ..65 

spica,  Mylothris    . .          . .          . .  18 

spbyrus  (maehaon  ah.),  Papilio. .  79 
squamana  (literana  ab.),   Lepto- 

gramma  . .          . .          . .          . .  79 

stagnata,  Hydrocampa     . .          . .  68 

statices,  Adscita    . .          . .          . .  60 

striata  (icarus  ab.),  Polyommatus  79 
strigularia  =  russata          ..          ..54 

subradiata  (phlasas  ab.),  Rumicia  77 
subroseata    (penduiaria  ah.),  Co- 

symbia    . .          . .          . .          . .  85 

suffumata,  Larapropteryx           . .  52 

suffusa  (aglaia  ab.),  Argynnis     ..  84 

sylvata  (ulmata),  Abraxas           ..  48 

syrichtus,  Hesperia          . .          . .  84 


102 


syringaria,  Hygroehroa   . .  . .  77 

tabaniformis,  Sciopteron. .  ..  56 

Tachyris     . .  . .  . .  . .  18 

tages,  Nisoniades  ..  ..01,  81,  84 

tamerlanus  (glycerion  race),  Pap- 

ilio  ..  91 

tau,  Aglaia. .  . .  . .  . .  56 

tephradactyla,  Leioptiliis  . .  28 

Teracolus 13,  22,  91 

terebrella,  Cateiemna      . .  . .  54 

Terias  73,  92 

tetralunaria  (illustraria),  Selenia  80 

thalassina,  Leuceronia     . .  . .  19 

Thera  38 

tlietis,  Agriades     ..       78,75,79,  82 

theuszi,  Belenois  . .  . .  . .  18 

thysa,  Belenois      . .  . .  . .  22 

tbyter  (pulchella  ah.),   Utetheisa  51 

tiliffi,  Mimas  ..  ..76,80,  82 

tithonus,  Epinephele    55,  66,  68, 

79,  80 

tityius,  Epargyreus  . .  . .  60 

trapezina,  Calymnia         . .        62,  63 

tremuia  (dictaea),  Pbeosia  . .  61 

tricolorana  (literana  ah).,  Lepto- 

granima  . .  . .  . .  . .  79 

trifolii,  Zygasna     ..  ..75,80,  82 

Tripbasna 38 

tristellus,  Crambus  . .  . .  68 

tritopbus,  Notodonta        . .  . .  56 

trivia,  Melitffia       . .  . .  . .  84 

truncata,  Dysstroma     50,  51,  52, 

53,  54,  81,  85 

tubulosa   (bombycella),  Taleporia  55 


turnus,  Papilio 

88 

uliginosellus,  Crambus     . . 

68 

uhnata  =  sylvata    ., 

48 

unionalis,  Margarodes 

88 

unipuneta  =  extranea 

75", 

81 

urticffi,  Aglais    32,  34,  48,  55 

61, 

83 

Utetbeisa  (Deiopeia) 

51 

vaculella,  Ocbsenbeimeria 

69 

valesina  (papbia  ah.),  Dryas 

84 

vanillas,  Dione 

89 

varia,  Leuceronia.. 

18 

varleyata  (grossulariata  ah.), 

Ab- 

raxas 

61, 

80 

venusta  (bella  ah.),  Utetheisa 

51 

viardi,  Pieris 

16 

villica,  Arctia         . .          .  .51 

56, 

83 

vinula,  Dicranura. . 

68 

virgata  =  furcata    . . 

66 

virgulti,  Lemonias 

89 

vishnu,  Trabala    . . 

72 

vitellina,  Leucania 

75 

Zeuzera 

38 

Zygajna 30, 

31, 

41 

.. 

30, 

83 

40, 


MOLLUSCA. 

ater,  Arion . .  . .  . .  . .     59 

rufa  (ater  «((?•.),  Arion     ..  ..59 

subaperta  (virgata  ah.),  Helix  ..     59 

virgata,  Helix        . .  . .  . .     59 


Neuroptera 
arniatus,  Siphlurus 
Boreus 
Chrysopa    .  . 
cognata,  Panorpa.. 
communis,  Panorpa 
fiava,  Cbrysopa 
Hemerobius 
biemalis,  Boreus  . . 
Nemoptera 

nitidulus,  Hemerobius 
stigma,  Hemerobius 
vulgaris,  Chrysopa 

Odonata. 
eyatbigerum,  Enallagma . 
elegans,  Iscbuura. 
fusca,  Sympycna  . 
grandis,  Aeschna  . 
juncea,  Aeschna 
puella,  Agrion 
splendens,  Calopteryx 

Orthoptera. 
achatinus,  Brachytrypes. 
Acridiidie    . . 
Acridium    . . 
aegyptium,  Acridium 
africana,  Gryllotalpa 
bicornis,  Schizocephalus. 
elongata,  Mecopoda 
Locustidffi  . . 
Mantidae 

monstruosus,  Scbizodactyl 
monticollis,  Teratodus 
miliaris,  Aularcbes 
peregrinum,  Acridium 
picta,  Poecilocera.. 
religiosa.  Mantis   . . 
rugosa,  Cymatomera 
succinctum,  Acridium 
Tetrix 
urbana,  Creoboter. . 


Phanerogajis 
Ampelopsis 
bulbifera,  Dentiiria 
cserulea,  Molinia   . . 
cephalonica,  Abies 
communis,  Phragmites 
Compositte 
Crepis 


68, 


103 


decumana,  Citrus., 
douglasi,  Abies 
fulva,  Impatiens    . . 
frangula,  Rhamnus 
Galium 

grandiflora,  Pinguicula    . . 
Heracleum . . 

heterophyllus,  Potamogeton 
Hypericum 
limonetta,  Citrus  . . 
mollugo,  Galium  . . 
morsus-rante,  Hydrocharis 
nigra,  Ballota 
parviflora,  Impatiens 
pilulifei'a,  Urtica  . . 
purpurea,  Digitalis 
sepium,  Vicia 
vaginatum,  Eriophorum.. 
verum,  Galium 
vulgaris,  Pinguicula 

Protuka. 
Acerentomon 
affinis,  Acerentomon 
doderoi,  Acerentomon 


66, 


PAGE 
.       72 

.     55 

.  68 
.  68 
80 
59 
6 
68 
61 
72 
66 
73 
10 
63 
66 
61 
10 
68 
66 
60 


60 
60 
60 


Eeptilia, 

palmata,  Molge     . . 
vulgaris,  Molge 


Etc. 


Symphyla. 

biscutata,  Scutigerella 
delicatula,  Scutigerella     . . 
dunelmensis,  Symphylella 
horrida,  Symphylella 
immaculata,  Scutigerella 
jacksoni,  Symphylella     .. 
minutissima,  Symphylella 
spinipes,  Scutigerella 
subnuda,  Scolopendrellopsis 
vulgaris,  Symphylella 

Not  Classified. 


cruciatus,  Stenopsocus  (Proc.)  .. 
furcata,  Cladonia  (Lieh.) 
govinda,  Milvus  (Aves)    . . 
Lycosa  (Aran.) 

phegopteris,  Polypodium  (Filices) 
polymorpha,  Marchantia(Thallo.) 


59 
59 


60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 


48 
48 
49 
70 
69 
66 


Corrections  and  Errata. 
1912-13,  page  132,  line  19.     for  "  ciiixia  "  read  '' cinctaria." 
1918-19,  page  8,  line  21.     for  G.  Brooks  read  C.  W.  Colthrop. 
1919-20,  page  65,  line  14.     for  A.  W.  Butcher  read  A.  A.  W.  Buckstone. 
1920-21,  page  44  ante,  line  11.     delete  "  especially  so  far  north  as  Cheshire." 

["  I  have  found  that  these  winter  species  are  considerably  earlier  here  than  in 
the  South."— F.  M.  B.  Carr.] 


THE  ABSTRACT  OF  PROCEEDINGS 

For  1886,  1887.  1888^9  (1  Vol.), 

1890^91  (1  Vol.),  1892^3  (1  Vol.), 

1894,  1895,  1896,  1897,  1898,  1899,  1900,  1901, 

1902,  1903,  1904,  1905,  1906,  1907,  1908,  1909, 

1910,  1911,  1912,  1913,  1914,  1915,  1916,  1917, 

1918  and  1919 


Are  still  in  print,  and  may  be  had  on  application  to  the  Librarian. 

1886,  price  1/6 ;    1887,  price  2/6 ;   1888-9  and 

1890-91,  price  8/6  each;    1892-3,  price  3/-; 

1894,  price  2/6;  1898,  price  2/-;  1896,  price  2/6; 

1897,  Part  1,  price  2/-;    Part  2,  price  2/-; 

1898,  Part  1,  price  1/-;   Part  2,  price  2/-; 
1899,  price  2/6;   1900,  price  2/6;   1901,  price  2/- 
1902,  price  2/6;   1903,  price  2/-;   1904,  price  2/- 
1908,  price  2/6 ;  1906,  price  2/6 ;   1907,  price  2/6 
1908,  price  2/6 ;   1909,  price  6/-;  1910,  price  4/6; 

1911,  price  4/6;  1912,  price  4/-;  1913,  price  4/-; 

1914,  price  4/-;  1913,  price  5/-.;   1916,  price  3/6; 

1917,  price  3/6;  1918,  price  4/-  and  1919,  price  5/-. 


M.B«— HEMBER6  are  allowed  a  disooont  of  one  third  off  the  above 
prices,  and  some  years  at  half  price. 


CONTENTS 

Officer's  and  Council  

Objects  of  the  Society  .... 

Past  Presidonts     . . 

List  of  Members  . . 

Balance-.sheet       . 

Report  of  the  Cbum 

The  Acnleate  Hymenoptera  of  the  British  Isles. 

Sexual  Dimorphism.    By  Dr.  F.  A.  Dixey,  M.A 

Annual  Address.     By  Stanley  Edwards,  F.L.S. 

Abstract  of  Proceedings  .  . 

Annual  Exbibitiou    ,  . 

Annual  Meeting 

Index  . . 


'i^^^^^Hr  ' 

SMt 

'^^^K' 

I 

ii 

ii 

iii 

X,  xi 

xii 

By  G.  E.Frisby,  F.E.S. 

1 

F.R.S.,  F.E.S. 

12 

F.Z.S,,  F.E.S 

24 

43 

80 

93 

96 

MEETINGS    OF    THE    SOCIETY. 
HIBERNIA    CHAMBERS,    LONDON    BRIDGE,    S.E. 

1921-1922. 

1921:— July  14th,  28th;  August  11th,  25th;  September  8th, 
22nd ;  October  13th,  27th  ;  November  10th,  24th  ;  December  8th. 

1922:— January  12th,  26th ;  February  9th,  23rd;  March  9th, 
28rd;  April  13th,  27th ;  May  11th,  25tb  ;  Juue  8th,  22nd. 

LIBRARY  OPEN  AT  6.30  p.m.,  CHAIR  TAI^EN  AT  7  p.m. 

Mfmbkks  exn;puini^  specimen.s  ai  ilie  Meeiings  of  ibe  bocieiy 
are  requested  to  be  good  enough  to  hand  to  the  Secretary,  at  the 
Meeting,  a  note  in  writing  of  the  generic  and  specific  names  of  all 
specimens  exhibited,  together  with  the  names  of  the  localities  in 
which  such  specimens  were  obtained,  and  any  remarks  thereon 
which  the  exhibitors  have  to  make.  In  the  absence  of  such  a  note 
in  writing  the  Secretary  cannot  be  responsible  for  any  errors  in 
connection  with  his  report  of  such  exhibits,  or  for  the  omission  of 
any  reference  thereto  in  the  Proceedings^ 


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