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PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS
HIBKRWlAr OaAMBHRB, LOKDON BaiDOI. B.E.
PRIO'
ILLIN08 AND SIXPENCE.
PRESI0ENT R A"!
fC. SPERRINO, E. $TEF?.
AROHEH & CO,, PRINTE
/ — ^t^ '-y' — .^^O
THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological & Natural History Society
(Established 1872)
HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.
OFFICERS 8L COUNCIL
1928-29.
E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M., Rlfe-^.
H. W. ANDKEWS, F.E.S.V .^^^
T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S. ^^-j^. NATIOV;^^'''^''^
J. H. ADKIN. C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
F. B. CARR. W. RAIT-SMITH, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
A. W. DODS. C. SPERRING.
A. de B. GOODMAN, F.E.S. W. H. T. TAMS, F.E.S.
O. R. GOODMAN, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. E. E. SYMS., F.E.S.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., " Latemar," West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
^an» ^x^a&\xxzx*
A. E. TONGB, F.E.S., "Aincioft," Grammar School Hill, Reigate.
S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. {General Sec),
15, St. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3,
S. J. TURNER, F.E.S., " Latemar," West Drive, Cheam, Smrey.
THE 50UTH LONDON
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.
The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings m each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Kooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.
SUBSCRIPTION.
Twelve Shillings and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillings and Sixpence.
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., Ac,
15, St. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
PAST PRESIDENTS.
1872-4.
1875-6.
1877 .
1878 .
1879 .
1880 .
1881 .
1882 .
1883 .
1884 .
1886 .
1886-7.
1888-9,
1890
1891
1892 ,
1893
1894
1895
1896 ,
J. R. Wellman (dec).
A. B. Earn, F.E.S. (dec).
J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec).
J. T. Williams (dec).
R. Standen, F.E.S. (dec).
A. FicKLiN (dec).
V. R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec).
T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).
J. R. Wellman (dec).
W. West, L.D.S. (dec).
R. South, F.E.S.
Adkin, F.E.S.
R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).
T. Carrington, F.L.S.
(dec.)
W. H. TuGWELL, Ph.C. (dec.)
C.G.Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)
J. Weir, F.L.S. , etc (dec.)
Step, F.L.S.
W. Hall, F.E.S.
South, F.E.S.
R.
T.
J.
J.
E.
T.
R.
1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1898 . . J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec).
1899 . . A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).
1900 . . W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
1901 . . H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc
1902 . . F. NoAD Clark.
1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S.
1904 . . A. SiCH, F.E.S.
1905 .. H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1906-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. SicH, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
1912-13. A. E. Tonge, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.
1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1918-19. STANLEYEDWARDS,F.L.S.,etC
1920-21. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1922 . . E. J. BuNNETT, M.A., F.E.S.
1923-4.. N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1925-6.. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
1927 .. E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
A.M., F.E.S.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Chief subjects of Study : — h, HymenopteraJ; o, Orthoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; c, Coleoptera ; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology ; orn,
Ornithology ; r, Reptilia ; ;/t, MoUusca ; cr, Crustacea ; b, Botany ; mi. Microscopy ;
ec. ent., Economic Entomology; e, signifies Exotic forms; trich, Trichoptera.
Year of
Electiok.
1920 Abbot, S., 110, Inchmery Road, Catford, S.E. 6. I.
1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., "Trenoweth," Hope Park, Bromley,
Kent. If orn.
1922 Adkin, J. H., Hon, Lanternisty Council, " Ravenshoe," Furze
Hill, Burgh Heath, Surrey. I.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s., " Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne, l.
1901 Adkin, R. A., " Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne, m.
1925 Allder, R. C, 158, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E.6. I.
1928 Anderson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.
1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s., Vice-President, '• Woodside,"
6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E. 9. d.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., b.a., b.c. (Cantab), f.r.c.s., f.r.c.p.,
3a, Newstead Road, Lee, S.E. 12. e, L
1895 Ashby, S. R., f.e.s., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow, c, I.
1924 Atkinson, F., 4, Melrose Road, Wandsworth, S.W. 18-
1896 Barnett, T. L., "The Lodge," Crohamhurst Place, Upper
Selsdon Road, S. Croydon. I.
1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. I.
1927 Bedwell, E. C, f.e.s., 54, Brighton Rd., Coulsdon, Surrey, c
1924 Bird, Miss F. E., Willow Dene, Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Essex, oni.
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s., " Claremont," 120, Sunningfields
Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. ?i, c.
1898 Bliss, Capt., M. F., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.o.p., f.e.s., Butlin's
Hill, Braunton, near Rugby. I.
1926 Bliss, A., " Musgrove," Brighton Road, Purley.
1925 Blyth, S. F. p., " Cleveland," Chislehurst, Kent. I.
IV
Year of
Election.
1923 BoucK, Baron J. A., f.e.s., " Springfield," S. Godstone,
Surrey. I.
1909 Bowman, R. T., " Rockbourne," Keswick Road, Orpington,
Kent. I.
1919 Box, Lieut., L. A., f.e.s., 35, Gt. James Street, W.C.I, h.
1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., " Colebrook Grange," 58, Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. I.
1925 Brock, R. S., " Highclere," Oakleigh Park, Whetstone, N.20.
h.
1927 Brocklesby, S. H., " Long Lodge," Merton Park, S.W.19. I.
1928 Brooklehurst, W. S., " Grove House," Bedford. I.
1924 Brooke, Mrs. M. L., 48, Anerley Park, S.E.20. I.
1909 BuoKSTONE, A. A. W., B07a, Kingston Road, West Wimble-
don, S.W. 20. I.
1927 Bull, G. V., b.a., f.e.s., m.b., " White Gables," Sandhurst,
Kent. Z.
1916 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., 72, Colfe Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.
mi.
1922 BusHBY, L. C, F.E.S., 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent. I.
1922 Candler, H., "Broad Eaves," Ashtead, Surrey. I, orn, b.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., " Redcot," Belmont Road, Leatherhead,
Surrey. I.
1899 Carr, F. B., Council, 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E. 12. I.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., l.th., The Vicarage, Alvanley, Nr.
Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.
1924 Chapman, Miss E. F., '' Betula," Reigate.
1924 Chapman, Miss L. M., "Betula," Reigate.
1922 Cheeseman, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, S.E. 12. I.
1879 Clode. W. (Life Member.)
1916 Cockayne, E. A., m.a., m.d., f.r.c.p., f.e.s.. President,
116, Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. I.
1899 Colthrup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.
I, ool, orn.
1907 CooTE, F. D., F.E.S., 11, Pendle Road, Streatham, S.W. 16.
I, b.
1919 CoppEARD, H., 26, King's Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex. I.
1928 Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. I.
1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
S.E. 18. .l,c.
V
Year of
Election.
1922 CoucHMAN, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchmai], May Cottage,
Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. I.
1909 CouLsoN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,
S.W. 19. I.
1918 Court, T. H., f.r.g.s., " Willow Cottage, Market Raaen,
Lincolnshire. I.
1925 Cox, R. Douglas, 12, Blakemore Road, Streatham, S.W. 16.
1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, E. 11.
[Life Member.) c.
1899 Crabtree, B. H., f.e.s., "Holly Bank," Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. /.
1918 Craufurd, Clifford, " Dennys," Bishops Stortford. I.
1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, E. Bexley Heath.
/.
1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
S.W. 16. I.
1927 Danby, G. C, 33, Huron Road, Tooting Common, S.W.17.
1925 Dannatt, W., F.Z.S., " St. Lawrence," Gaibal Road, Burnt
Ash, S.E. 12. I.
1927 Davies, W. T., " Warren House," Bexley Heath, Kent.
1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. I, c.
1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.I.
I, mi, b.
1918 DixEY, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S., Wadham College,
Oxford. Hon. Member.
1901 DoDs, A. W., Council, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford Hill,
N. 16. I.
1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. I.
1912 DuNSTER, L. E., Recorder of Attend., 44, St. John's Wood
Terrace, N.W.3. I.
1927 Eagles, T. R., f.e.s., 37, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex. I,
1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Hon. Secretary, 15, St.
Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, el.
1928 Ellis, H. Willoughby, f.e.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u., " Speldhurst
Close," Sevenoaks, Kent, c, orn.
1926 Ennis, p. F., "Hillside," 22, Conway Road, Wimbledon,
S.W.20.
1915 Fagg, T. a., 55, Mt. Pleasant Road, Lewisham, S.E. 13. I.
1920 Farmer, J. B., 31, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. l.
VI
Year of
Election.
1918 Farquhar, L., " Littlecote," Field Heath Avenue, Hillingdon,
Middlesex. I.
1924 Fassnidge, Wm., m.a., f.e.s., 47, Tennyson Eoad, Portswood,
Southampton. I, n, trich, he.
1928 Fawthrop, R. W., Church Road Pharmacy, Mitcham. I.
1927 FiDGEON, J. B., 151, Romford Road, E.15. I.
1928 Fisher, R. C, b.sc, ph.d., Rothamstead, Exp. Stn., Harpenden.
1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,
Sussex. {Life Meviber.) I.
1926 Fletcher, P. Bainbrigge, b.sc, 65, Compton Road, Wimble-
don, S.W.19. c.
1889 Ford, A., "South View," 86, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. Z, c.
1920 Ford, L. T., " St. Michael's," Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. I.
1916 Foster, T. B., "Lenore," 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,
Croydon. I.
1907 Fountaine, Miss M. E., f.e.s., " The Studio," 100a, Fellows
Road, Hampstead, N.W.8. L
1921 Frampton, Rev. E. E., m.a., Halstead Rectory, Sevenoaks,
Kent. I.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s.. Government
Lymph Laboratories, The Hyde, N.W.9. I.
1919 Frisby, G. E., f.e.s., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. hym.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., f.e.s., " Essendene," Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. Z, orn.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s., m.a., " Chadsholme," Milton Road,
Harpenden, Herts. I, ec. ent.
1911 Gahan, C. J., D.sc, M.A., f.e.s., 8, Lonsdale Road, Bedford
Park, W.4. c.
1920 Gauntlett, H. L., f.e.s., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., " Van Buren,'*
De Lisle Road, Bournemouth. I.
1927 GiBBiNs, F. J. F.L.A.A., F.L.A.G., 51, Weldon Crescent, Harrow,
Middlesex. I.
1920 Goodman, A. de B., Council, 210, Goswell Road, E.C. 1. I.
1920 Goodman, 0. R., f.z.s., f.e.s. Council, 210, Goswell Road,
E.C.I, and " Hatchgate," Massetts Road, Horley, Surrey.
L
1926 Gordon, D. J., b.a., f.e.s., Craigellachie House, Strathpeffer,
N.B. coL, Up.
Vll
Year of
Election.
1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. I.
1925 Graves, P. P., f.e.s., 5, Hereford Square, S.W.7. I.
1923 Gray, C. J. V.,BM/BRWX., London, W.C.I. L
1918 Green, E. E., f.e.s., "Ways End," Camberley, Surrey, hem.
1924 Greer, T., j.p., Curglasson, Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone. I.
1926 Grey, Olive, Mrs., f.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2. ent.
1911 Grosvenor, T. H. L., Vice-President, Springvale, Linkfield
Lane, Redhill. I.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 1. I.
1926 Halton, H. C. S., Essex Museum, West Ham, E.
1891 Hamm, a. H., f.e.s., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1903 Hare, E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. I.
1926 Harmsworth, H. A. B., f.e.s., 3, Marlborough Gate, Hyde
Park, W.2. I.
1926 Harris, A. G- J., b.a., 13, Philbeach Gardens, S.W.5.
1924 Harwood, P., f.e.s., Westininster Bank, 92, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. I.
1927 Hawgood, D. A., 89, Leigham Vale, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. I.
1924 Hawkins, C. N., f.e.s., Council, 23, Dalebury Road. Upper
Tooting, S.W.17. I.
1927 Hawkins, F., 37, Benhill Road, Camberwell, S.E.5. I.
1913 Haynes, E. B., 82a, Lexham Gardens, W. 8. I.
1923 Hayward, Capt. K. J., f.e.s., Villa Ana, F.C.S.F., Argen-
tine. I.
1920 Hemming, Capt. A. F., f.z.s., f.e.s., 29, West Cromwell Road,
S.W.7. I.
1924 Henderson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey, col.
1927 Hewer, H. R., m.sc, d.i.c, Royal College of Science, S. Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.
1927 Hewitt, A. C, 83, Tavistock Avenue, Walthamstow, E.17.
1920 Hodgson, S. B., Council, 3, Bassett Road, N. Kensington,
W.IO.
1927 Howard, J. 0. T., b.a., 78, St. John's Wood Court, N.W.8.
1927 Hughes, A. W. McKenny, 22, Stanford Road, Kensington,
W. 8. ec. ent.
1914 Jackson, W. H., " Pengama," 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley. L
1923 Jacobs, S. N. A., Ditchling, Hayes Lane, Bromley. I.
1924 James, A. R., 7, Broadlands Road, Highgate, N.6. I.
1924 James, R., f.e.s., 7, Broadlands Road, Highgate, N.6. /.
viii
Year of
Election.
1927 Janson, 0. J., F.E.S., 13, Fairfax Boad, Hornsey, N. 8. mt.
1925 Jarvis, C, 12, Claylands Road, Clapham, S.W.H. c.
1922 JoBLiNG, Boris, " Neva,' Whitechurch Gardens, Edgware,
Middlesex. )iieil. ent.
1923 Johnstone, J. F., f.e.s., " Buxley Lodge," Claygate, Surrey. I.
1918 Johnstone, D. C, f.e.s., " Brooklands," Rayleigh, Essex. I.
1920 Joicey, J. J., F.L.S., F.E.S. , F.R.G.S., ctc, "The Hill," Witley,
Surrey. I.
1898 Kaye, W. J.,f.e.s., "Caracas," Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.
I, S. American I.
1910 KiDNER, A. B., " The Oaks," Station Boad, Sidcup, Kent. I,
1925 KiMMiNS, D. E., 16, Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20. l.
1925 Labouchere, Lt-CoL, F. A., 15, Draycott Avenue, S.W.3.
1924 Langham, Sir Chas., Bart., f.e.s., Tempo Manor, Co. Fer-
managh. I.
1927 Lawson, H. B., f.e.s., " Brookhill," Horsell, Woking. I.
1922 Leechman, C. B., ' Caral,' Brighton Road, S. Croydon. I.
1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.
1919 Leman, G. C, f.e.s., " Wynyard," 52, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c.
1919 Leman, G. B. C, f.e.s., "Wynyard," 52, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c.
1924 Leonhardt, Hans, 45, Redcliffe Gardens, S.W. 10. I.
1922 LiLEs, Major C. E., 6, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. 1. I.
1920 LiNDEMAN, F., c/o Rio de Janeiro Tramway Light and Power
Co., Caixa Postal 571, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I.
1922 Lock, A. K. (Miss), f.z.s., 77, Grove Hill Road, Denmark
Park, S.E. 5. l.
1926 Long, R. M., Witley, 8, Cedars Road, Beddington, Surrey. L
1924 Lowther, a. W. G., " The Old Quarry," Ashtead, Surrey, ent.
1896 Lucas, W. J., b.a., f.e.s., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit, 0., odonata, n, m, b.
1921 Lyle, G. T., f.e.s., " Briarfield," Stump Cross, Shibden,
Halifax, h.
1925 MacCallum, C, 1, Aston Road, Ealing, W.5. I.
1926 Macdonald, F. VV., 82, Trinity Street, Leytonstone, E.ll. I.
1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., f.z.s., " Almondale," 55, Buckingham
Road, S. Woodford, E. 18. I, nat. phot., col.
1922 Mann, F. G., b.sc, a.i.c, Chemical Laboratories, Pembroke
Street, Cambridge, l.
IX
Year of
Election.
1889 Mansbridge, W., f.e.s., " Monreith," Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. /, c, etc.
1922 Maples, Major S., " Monkswood," Huntingdon. I.
1922 Massee, a. M., f.e.s., East Mailing Research Station,
Kent. I.
1922 Meech, E., 17, Electric House, Bow Road, E. 3. I.
1885 Mera, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, Essex. I.
1881 Miles, W. H., f.e.s., "Grosvenor House," Calcutta. Post Box
126. mi, b.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.
I, h, d, e If e h, e d, mi.
1920 Morrison, G. D., f.e.s., Dept. Advisory Entomology, N. of
Scotland Agricultural College, Marichall, Aberdeen, ec. ent.
1926 MouNSEY, D., " lurkstone," 5, Harewood Road, S. Croydon.
Entf Ornith.
1927 Murray, Capt. K. F. M., 11, Eccleston Place, S.W.I. I.
1923 Mutch, J. P., '' May field House," Church Road, Bexley
Heath. I.
1928 Nash, T. A. M., 16, Queen's Road, Richmond, Surrey. I.
1923 Nash, W. G., f.r.c.s., " Clavering House," de Pary's Avenue,
Bedford. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1926 Newman, L. H., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. /.
1918 NiMMY, E. W., F.E.S., 15, George Street, Mansion House,
E.C.4. I.
1926 Nixon, G. E., 315b, Norwood Road, Heme Hill, S.E.24. h, I.
1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., " Bertrose," 17, Gellatly Road, New
Cross, S.E. 14. I.
1927 Palmer, D. S., " Melbourne House," Portsmouth Road,
Kingston-on-Thames.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1925 Portsmouth, J., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I. /.
1925 Portsmouth, G. B., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I.
I.
1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.g.s.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., " Wykeham House," Oxford, {tloii. Member.)
1927 Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane.
1897 Prest, E. E. B., 1 and 2, Chiswell Street, E.C. 1. I.
1919 Preston, N. C, Harper Adams Agricultural College, Newport,
Salop. I, ec, ent.
X
Yeak of
Election.
1924 Priest, C. G., 30, Princes Place, Netting Hill, W.ll. I.
1904 Priske, R. a. R., F.E.S., 136, Coldershaw Road W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, m.
1919 QuiLTER, H. J., '^ Fir Cottage," Kiln Road, Prestwood, Great
Missenden. I, c, d, mi.
1922 Rait-Smith, W., f.z.s., f.e.s., Council, " Hurstleigh,"
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. I.
1925 Ralfs, Miss E. M., f.e.s., " Montford," Kings Langley, Herts.
1922 Rattray, Col. R. H., 68, Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,
Kent. I.
1902 Rayward, A. L., f.e.s., 1, " Meadhurst," Meads Road, East-
bourne. I.
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham
Common, S.W. 4. oru.
1927 Richards, Percy R., *' Wynford," Upton Road, Bexley Heath.
l.
1920 Richardson, A. W., f.e.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex, l.
1908 Riley, Capt. N. D., f.e.s., f.z.s., 5, Brook Gardens, Beverley
Road, Barnes, S.W. 13. I.
1910 Robertson, G. S., m.d., " Bronllys," 72, Thurlow Park Road,
Dulwich, S.E.21. l.
1922 Robertson, W. J., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.z.s., 69, Bedford Road,
S.W. 4. I.
1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, f.e.s., "Worksop Manor," Notts. Z, n.
1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.,
F.E.S., Tring, Herts. Z, oni. {Life Member.)
1887 Routledge, G. B., f.e.s., " Tarn Lodge," Heads Nook, Carlisle.
I, c.
1890 Rowntree, J. H., " Scalby Nabs," Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1915 Russell, S. G.C, f.e.s., "Brockenhurst," Reading Road, Fleet,
Hants. I.
1908 StAubyn, Capt. J. S., f.e.s., " Sayescourt Hotel," 2,
Inverness Terrace, Bayswater, W. 2.
1925 Sancean, E., " The Yew," Firtree Road, Banstead. /;.
1914 ScHMASSMANN, W., F.E.S., '^Bculah Lodge," London Road
Enfield, N. I.
1910 Scorer, A. G., '' Hillcrest," Chilworth, Guildford. I.
1927 Scott, E., m.b., *' Hayesbank," Ashford, Kent. I.
XI
Ybar of
Election.
1922 Seabrook, Lieut. J. C, f.e.s., Brightholme, St. Leonard's
Road, Surbiton. I.
1923 Sevastopulo, D. G., f.e.s., c/o Ralli Bros., Calcutta. I.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., f.z.s., f.e.s., *' West Watch," Limpsfield,
Surrey. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., f.e.s., '* Grayingham," Farncombe Road,
Worthing. /.
1925 Simmons, A., 42, Loughboro Road, W.Bridgford, Nottingham. I.
1920 SiMMs, H. M., B.sc, F.E.S., " The Farlands," Stourbridge.
1927 Skelton, Hy. E., 12, Mandrake Road, Upper Tooting,
S.W. 17.
1921 Smart, Major, H. D., r.a.m.c, m.d., d.sc, f.e.s., 172, High
Road, Solway Hill, Woodford Green. I.
1922 Seth-Smith, D. W., Curator's House, Zoological Gardens,
Regents Park, N.W.8. L
1927 Smith, Capt. F. S., f.e.s., " Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1890 Smith, William, " Hollybank," 76, Oakshaw Street, Paisley. I.
1925 SoLiMAN, Hamid Salem, f.e.s., 130, Queen's Gate, S.W.7. ent.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,
Brondesbury, N.W.2. I, c.
1926 Sparrow, R. W., " Wildwood," Regents Park Road, Finchley,
N.3.
1908 Sperrino, C. W., Council, 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton,
S.E. 7. I
1920 Stafford, A. E., 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14. I.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s., 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. 19.
b, in, C7' ; Insects, all Orders.
1916 Stewart, H. M., m.a., m.d., 123, Thurloe Pk. Rd., Dulwich,
S.E. 21. I.
1922 Stokes, C. H. H., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), S.Kensington,
S.W.7. ent. hot.
1923 Stolzle, G. a. W., *' Southcote," South Street, nr. Whit-
stable, Kent. I.
1910 Stoneham, Capt. H. F., f.e.s., m.b.o.u., The E. Surrey Estate,
P.O. Kitali, Trans-Nzora, Kenya Colony I.
1924 Storey, W. H., 63, Lincolns Inn Fields, W.C.2. ent.
1911 Stowell, E. a. C.,b.a., Eggars Grammar School, Alton, Hants.
1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wanstead,E.ll. I.
Xll
Year of
Election.
1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s., " The Hill Museum," Witley. I.
1922 Tams, W. H. T., F.E.S., Council, 19, Sulivan Road, Hur-
linghara, S.W. 6. I.
1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a., The Vicarage, Fareham, Hants, i,
ool.
1913 Tatchell, L., F.E.S., Swanage, Dorset. I.
1925 Taylor, J. S., Dept. Agriculture, Div. Ent., Pretoria, Union
of S.A. I.
1926 ToMLiNsoN, Florence B., " The Anchorage," Lodge Road,
Croydon. I.
1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Ron. Treasurer ^ "Aincroft," Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. I.
1927 Tottenham, Rev. C. E., 60, Mt. Ararat Road, Richmond, c.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s., Hon. Editor, " Latemar," West Drive,
Cheam, Surrey. I, c, n, he, b.
1921 Vernon, J. A., " Lynmouth," Reigate, Surrey. I.
1923 Vredenberg, G., 38, Ashworth Mansions, Maida Vale, W.9. I.
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. I, d.
1927 Wainwright, Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.18.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 20. I.
1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.k.s., '* Aorangi," Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.
1927 Walker, W. H., *' Ranworth," Potters Bar. I.
1925 Ward, J. Davis, f.e.s., " Limehurst," Grange-over-Sands. I.
1920 Watson, D., " Proctors," Southfleet, Kent. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., "Inchiquin," Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., m.a., f.z.s., f.e.s., " Ellesmere,'
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. I.
1927 White, A. G., " Hilltop," Chaldon, Surrey.
1927 Whitting, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Catford, S.E. 6.
1920 Wightman, a. J., f.e.s., Broomfield, Pulborough, Sussex. I.
1914 Williams, B. S., " St. Genny's," 16, Kingcroft Road, Harpen-
den. I, c, hem.
1912 Williams, C. B., m.a., f.e.s.. Research Institute, Amani,
Tanga, and 20, Slatey Road, Birkenhead. I, ec. ent.
1925. Williams, H. B., ll.d., f.e.s., " Little Dene," Clairmont Lane,
Esher, Surrey. I.
1923 Windsor, F. S., " Oatlands Cottage," Horley, Surrey. I.
1923 Windsor, P. H., "Fern Hill," Horley, Surrey. I.
Xlll
Year of
Election.
1918 Wood, H., "Albert Villa," Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. I.
1926 WooTTON, W. J., F.R.H.s., Wannock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex.
I.
1927 deWorms, C. G. M., f.e.s., m.b.o.u., Milton Pk., Egham,
Surrey. I, om.
1921 WoRSLEY-WooD, H., F.E.S. , CouiicU, 37, De Freville Avenue,
Cambridge. I.
1920 Young, G. W., f.r.m.s., 20, Grange Road, Barnes, S.W. 13.
1925. ZoHEiRY, Mehammed Soliman El., f.e.s.. Entomological Sec-
tion, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt, ent.
Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.
XIV
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL 1928.
THE Council, in presenting the fifty-sixth Annual Report, is
pleased to state that the Society continues to maintain a
satisfactory condition.
There is again an increase in Membership, which now reaches
260, made up as follows, 235 Ordinary Members, 2 Honorary
Members, and 5 Life Members.
The Council regrets to report the death of five members, Messrs.
Blenkarn, G. C. Champion, D. H. Pearson, G. B. Pearson, and
G. T. Porritt.
There have been nine resignations, and seven names have been
removed from the list for non-payment of subscriptions.
The average attendance of meetings shows a large increase on
that of any previous year.
Owing to fog on several occasions having interfered with the
Annual Exhibition, your Council changed the night from the 4th
Thursday in November to the 4th Thursday in October. This
change was well justified, as in spite of a wet night, 241 members
and friends were present, the largest number attained in recent
years ; there were nearly 50 exhibitors. The same plan was
adopted as last year, of having the exhibits laid on tables, and no
formal proceedings. Light refreshments were again provided and
the thanks of the Council are given to Mr. 0. R. Goodman for
having made all the necessary arrangements, and to those other
members who assisted, and helped to make the evening a success.
The Council would like to see the Refreshment-fund much better
supported by the members generally.
Mr. J. H. Adkin, has kindly officiated as Hon. Lanternist
throughout the year.
Papers have been read before the Society by Messrs. R. Adkin,
A. de B. Goodman, 0. R. Goodman, Lucas, Main, Capt. K. J.
Hayward, and Major Hingston.
The Hon. Curator reports '* Numerous additions to the Collections
have been made during the year, and Mr. Robert Adkin has been a
very generous donor of British Lepidoptera. Messrs. A. A. W.
Buckstone, J. B. Farmer, and L. T. Ford also presented British
Lepidoptera, and Mr. F. W. MacDonald Exotic Lepidoptera. The
XV
late Mr. S. A. Blenkarn, and Messrs. E. G. Bunnett, F. J. Coulson,
H. L. Dolton, P. B. Fletcher, C. Jarvis and G. E. Nixon gave
specimens of Coleoptera."
The Hon. Librarian reports that the card index of bound volumes
is now complete, and all the " Journals " are now bound up to date.
The most important gift was from one of our members, the late Mr.
Enefer, whose daughter presented 43 volumes to the Society.
There has been a steady increase in the number of books on loan,
and many works are consulted at our meetings. The List of
additions to the Library is appended.
Field Meetings were held at Bookham, Byfleet, Clandon, Black-
heath near Guildford, White Hill, Mickleham, Princes Risborough
and Ranmore ; the attendance at these meetings showed an im-
provement on that of previous years.
Your Council appointed Mr. R. Adkin to represent the Society
at the British Association Meeting at Leeds, in August and
September, and Messrs. Step and Turner as representatives to the
Congress of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies held
at Hastings in May. Short reports from these gentlemen appear
on pp. 82 and 97.
The volume of "Proceedings" for 1926, was published in June
and consists of XIX. -156 pp., with 11 plates.
The Council, on behalf of the Society, desires to thank the
numerous donors and others who rendered assistance in many ways
during the year.
Appended is the List of Additions to the Library during the year.
List of Books Presented by Miss Enefer.
Balfour, J. H., Manual of Botany, 1875 ; Buckley, A. B., Life and
her Children, 1884 ; Bastin, H., British Insects ; Cavers, F., Plant
Biology, 1910, and Life History of Common Plants ; Carpenter,
W. B., Vegetable Physiology; Coleman, W. S., British Butterflies;
Duncan, M., Spiders and Scorpions ; Darwin, F., The Elements of
Botany, 1899 ; Darwin, C, Movement of Plants, Climbing Plants,
and Origin of Species ; Fabre, J. H., Bramble Bees and Others and
Insect Adventures ; Finn, F., Birds of the Country Side ; Fish,
D. T., Bulbs and Bulbculture : Grindon, L. H., Garden Botany ;
Hutchinson, W., Handbook of Grasses ; Henslow, G., The Uses of
British Plants, 1905 : Hall, C, Pond Life, and Peeps at Nature ;
Holmes, E. M., British Fungi, Lichens etc. ; Kirby and Spence,
Entomology ; Massee, G., Text-book of Plant Diseases, 1911 ; Rye
and Fowler, British Beetles; South, R., British Butterflies, and
XVI
British Moths vols 1 and 2 ; Samuelson, The Earthworm and
Housefly ; Sedgwick, Beetles and Spiders ; Stavely, E. F., British
Insects, and British Spiders ; Step, E., Marvels of Insect life ;
Schroter, Alpine Flowers ; Wood, J. G., Insects at Home, Insects
Abroad, and Common Objects of the Microscope ; Westwood,
Entomologist's Test-book ; Wild Flowers and how to name them ;
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries 1-100, 101-200, 201-300;
Miall, L. G., Injurious and Useful Insects, 1911 ; Lubbock, J.,
Ants Bees and Wasps.
Presented by Mr. E. Step : —
Biological Problem of To-day (Hertwig) ; Natural History Studies
(J. A. Thomson) ; Exploring England (C. S. Bayne) ; Spring
Flowers of the Wild, Summer Flowers of the Wild, and The Harvest
of the Woods (E. Step).
Books. — Marine Algae (Horniman Mus.) ; Life-history of N.
American Marsh Birds ; Catalogue of American Birds ; Cat. of
Edgar Ayer Ornithological Library.
Proceedings, Transactions, Reports of Societies, etc. (by
Exchange). — Essex Naturalist; Smithsonian Institute; Trans, and
Proc. Entomological Soc. of London (Dr. Fremlin) ; Proc. Perthshire
Soc. Natural Science ; Haslemere Museum ; Bournemouth Science
Society; Croydon N. Hist, and Sci. Society; London Naturalist;
Leicester Library and Phil. Soc. ; Connecticut Academy of Sci. ;
S. Eastern Naturalist ; British Association (Mr. R. Adkin) ;
BoUetino R. Scuol. Agric. Portici.
Periodicals and Magazines. — Entomologist ; Entomologist's
Monthly Magazine (purchase) ; Entomologist's Record : Vasculum ;
Bulletin Sooiete en torn, de France ; Philippine Journal of Science ;
Entomologische Mitteilungen ; Entomological News ; Canadian
Entomologist ; Entomologiska Tidskrift ; Natural History (Am.
N.H.Mus.).
Separates. — From Proc. U.S. National Mus. ; Smithsonian Insti-
tute; List of Birds around Haslemere ; Upsala University ; Exotic
Lepidoptera (Strand) ; Field Museum of Chicago ; Zoological
Bidrag XI. ; Ex. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ; Address to Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1928 ; also from W. G. Sheldon, and J. J. Walker.
XVll
TREASURER'S REPORT, 1927.
I am glad to be able to report another year of prosperity for our
Society, and to record a substantial increase in the balance of assets
over liabilities as compared with 1926.
The increased membership is reflected in the amount received from
subscriptions, £140 5s. Od., which is up by £14, and could be sub-
stantially increased next year if those members who are in arrears
with their contributions would make an effort to get them paid up
to date.
Our other sources of income remain as before, producing dividends
annually amounting to round about £29 12s. 6d., while the capital
value of our investments has appreciated a little.
Entrance fees have produced 27s. 6d. more than last year and
reach a total of £3 16s. Od., while the sum received from the Sales
of our Proceedings has increased by 30s. and reaches the total of
£4 19s. 4d.
These items, augmented by a few other small amounts for
deposit interest, Sales of books, fines, etc., bring up the total cash
receipts for the year to the very respectable sum of £181 10s. 8d.,
which I think you will agree is a very satisfactory figure.
On the other side of the ascount our regular expenditure for
maintenance is just about the same as usual and stands at £62 9s. Od.
We have also spent £3 Os. 6d. on bookbinding, and 15s. on new
books for the library.
£1 5s. 6d. represents subscriptions to the South Eastern Union of
Scientific Societies, and to the Commons and Footpaths Preservation
Society.
Sundry postages, etc., stand at 7s. 8d.
Printing the Proceedings has been a much heavier item this time,
and stands at £113 Is. 2d. against £89 10s. 6d. last year.
Even this does not represent the entire cost, as I have recently
heard, since I made up the accounts, that one of our contributors,
with the very laudable desire of making a donation to the Publica-
tion Fund, paid for the half tone blocks used to illustrate his paper,
and also for the printing as well, to the value of about £5 ; but as
he did not send me the receipted bill, this sum does not appear in
our accounts, both cost of printing and the sum received in donations
being lower than they really should be in consequence.
[Contimied on p. xx.
XVlll
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XX
The cost of catering for the Annual Exhibition, and hire of the
necessary tables and chairs, was £16 16s. Od. exactly.
These items together make up a total expenditure of £197 14s. 10d»
which is £16 4s. 2d. more than our receipts.
This would I fear indicate that our Society was living on ita
capital, but fortunately we have a number of good friends among
our membership, who every year come to our aid with donations to
the Publication and Tea funds. One of these good friends, who
is always a very generous supporter of the Pablication fund, paid
for all his halftone blocks and illustrations to the value of £28,
while smaller contributions to this fund amounted to another
£3 18s. Od., and donations to the Tea fund realised altogether
£14 16s. Od., including one of £5 from Mr. 0. R. Goodman.
This supplementary income of £46 14s. Od., has enabled us not
only to pay our liabilities for the year without touching our capital^
but to increase the balance carried forward by no less than
£30 9s. lOd.
The thanks of the Society are especially due to all those members
who have given donations to the funds mentioned and thus enabled
me to put a satisfactory balance sheet before you to-night for the
year just ended.
I should personally like to thank Messrs F. B. Carr and 0. R.
Goodman for auditing my figures, and the latter for allowing his
office to be used for the audit.
A Statement of Accounts and Balance Sheet are attached. (See-
pp. xviii.-xix.)
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Pi
The Land of the Sheik.
By 0. R. Goodman, F.Z.S., F.F^.S.—Read February 10th, 1927.
I trust the title of this paper will not conjure up visions of the
romantic beings portrayed by the late Mr. Valentino on the films ;
the actual is very different from the fictional, as will be seen in
the course of this narrative.
The inception of this expedition to Algeria was due to the un-
qualified success of our previous tours to Corsica and the Cevennes,
as before the latter was finished I was already asked ** Where are
we going next year?" This question was carefully considered,
and Algeria was finally decided upon, as not being too far off for a
holiday of not less than three weeks or a month.
We are greatly indebted to Lord Rothschild, for his very kind
advice, and for the valuable information contained in his Presi-
dential Address to the Entomological Society of London for 1922 ;
also to the interesting accounts of previous tours recorded by the
late Mr. A. E. Gibbs and Miss Fountaine in the "Entomologist"
for the years 1911 and 1906 respectively. The time of our visit
required most careful consideration, as the variations in the climate
are very marked ; May was finally decided upon.
Before entering upon the details of our wanderings in this
entrancing country, it will be necessary to give some general des-
cription of topography and people. Algeria comprises the central
position of the North coast of Africa, and forms part of the so-
called Palaearctic Region, whose southern limit is the Great Sahara
Desert. The insects inhabiting this country are in almost every
case of Palaearctic origin, showing that the Sahara is as impassable
a barrier as any sea or ocean ; the few exceptions had in nearly
every case entered the district from the east, spreading from the
south, by way of the fertile valley of the Nile, and not along the
Western African coast. The climate, however, is more similar to
that of the Ethiopian Region, and consequently is quite unsuitable to
many genera which exist on the shores of Europe immediately
opposite. The period of separation from Europe has also been
sufficiently long to have evolved many species and subspecies,
although very nearly related to those on the adjacent European
shores. These remarks apply not only to the msects, but also
to the mammals, birds, and doubtless also to the flora. The
climate of Algeria is exceedingly variable, speaking as from year to
year, and in consequence the chances of the naturalist obtaining
the indigenous species is much curtailed, as an insect which is
common one year may be almost absent the next ; further, a
species which occurs in early April one year may not emerge until
mid-May in the next. It may, therefore, be a land of great dis-
appointments. However, our own expedition can be congratulated
on being one of the lucky ones.
As Lord Rothschild has so ably described in the interesting
account above referred to, the country of Algeria must be divided
into three zones of distinct characteristics : —
First, the Coast Zone, consisting of a somewhat flat or undulating
plain from twenty to fifty miles wide, rising to a height of not
more than a few hundred feet above sea level, except for two or
three ranges of mountains in the east and centre. This zone, which
is called the *' Tell," consists almost entirely of arable land, as
instanced by the plain of the '* Mitidja " to the south of the town
of Algiers, which consists entirely of vineyards.
Immediately south of this zone rises the mighty range
of the North Atlas Mountains, which attain a height of
as much as 6000 feet or more ; this range runs parallel to
the coast, and is backed by the second zone called the High
Plateaux, about seventy to ninety miles wide, and separated
from the desert by various ranges of mountains, called col-
lectively the South Atlas. The High Plateaux attain an average
altitude of 2000 to 3000 feet, lying between the two ranges of the
Atlas Mountains north and south, averaging an altitude of five or
six thousand feet each. The Plateaux are broken up by various
smaller ranges, and the streams from the Atlas descend into the
cup and form large lakes called " Chotts," which disappear or are
greatly reduced, in the summer time, by the abnormal evaporation.
The High Plateaux and the Atlas Mountains, are the regions
where the indigenous fauna of Algeria is to be sought ; and it is
here that the larger mammals are to be found, such as the Barbary
Ape, the Leopard, the Caracal, the striped Hyaena, and formerly
the black-maned variety of the Lion, which was presumably
exterminated over thirty years ago ; there are also many smaller
mammals.
The third zone of the country consists of the Sahara or desert region,
which extends from the very foot of the South Atlas ranges and
stretches in endless undulating sandy wastes with dry rocky outcrops
here and there, and dotted occasionally with oases where many springs
well up from the depths. These oases are planted with date palms
(Phoenix dactylifera) and irrigated by channels from the wells ;
some are of very great extent and support many thousand inhabit-
ants ; that of Touggourt containing 170,000 trees, Biskra 150,000,
and Ghardaia 200,000, the latter having a population of 43,225
natives. A great part of the desert is below sea level and many
8
sohemes to flood it have been broached, but have been abandoned as
impracticable.
The History of Mgeria is most interesting, but must only be
touched on lightly, as it does not fall within the scope of this paper,
suffice it to say that since primitive times the Berbers, Phoenicians,
Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Iberians, and Turks, have held sway until
the final conquest of the Turkish leader Abd-el-Kader, in 1847 by
the French, under the Due D'Auraale, on which occasion the
Turkish leader parted with the celebrated blue diamond. Since
that time the French have consolidated their rule in spite of the
insurrection of 1870. The present inhabitants of Algeria consist of
the indigenous Berbers, the Arabs, and the nearly related Kabyle
race, all Mohammedans, who live the life they always have lived
since Biblical times. I have, however, spent too much time on
generalities. So to the details of our enthralling experiences.
My colleagues in the party were all well-known friends and
fellow members of our energetic Society, namely : —
Mr. Hugh Main, who was accompanied by Mrs. Main ; Major C.
E. Liles, the humourist ; Mr. A. W. Richardson, whom I was able
to cajole by my honeyed tongue. My son, who regarded his inclu-
sion in the party as a matter of course, and myself, weighted down
with the burdens of the administration of the Commune.
The work of research was divided equally amongst the members :
Mr. Richardson taking charge of the Hymenoptera, Major Liles
and myself of the Lepidoptera ; Mr. Main was Nature Photographer
in chief with my son as pupil, who had the supplemental duty of
collecting everything he could lay his hands on in all orders.
We found ourselves very weak in Botany and Ornithology owing
to the unavoidable absence of our much missed colleague, Mr.
Candler.
Leaving London on the appropriate day of May 1st, 1926, we
arrived at Marseilles on a stormy dawn following a drenching
night. We embarked on the " Marchal Buguard " in trepidation,
but in the quietude of the harbour ate heartily of an excellent
lunch, with copious draughts of wine to restore our flagging spirits.
However, after about an hour's experience of the open sea, we
decided, with one or two exceptions, to retire to our bunks, there to
lie prostrate and miserable for thirty hours. The dinner-bell aroused
no enthusiasm, except in the Major who most unfeelingly spent all
the voyage in bibulous libations to Bacchus, being credited with
drinking six bottles of wine provided for our party at each meal.
However, every good thing comes to an end. The next evening
we reluctantly ascended to deck, to be immediately enchanted by the
magnificent view of the African coast looming dark along the sky-
line, over which the sun sank with the suddenness it does in these
southern latitudes, leaving a brilliant red glow along the whole
of the mountainous coast, on which the twinkling lights of
Phillipville, our destination, shone bright.
4
Darkness had fallen by the time we had finally disembarked and
trudged up to our Hotel, faint, and hungry. However, we were
much cheered by the pantomime of the Maltese luggage-portera
being ejected from the hotel by Mr. Richardson's orders on account
of their demands for baksheesh, which a kindly gendarme adjuyted
to our entire satisfaction in return for a small personal gratuity.
A dreamless night merged into a brilliant dawn, and we hurried to
inspect our new continent.
There is little but the nationality of the inhabitants to distin-
guish Phillipville from the French Rivierian towns. It is pleasantly
grouped on the low hills surrounding the lovely bay of Stora, in
which basks the little " Isle du Lion ", which is supposed to resemble
that animal- A beautiful coast road skirts the shore from the little
fishing village of Stora ; now high up along the coast on wooded
heights and dells, and now at the foot of precipitous cliffs. Our
exploration had to be somewhat hurried, as we were to leave for
Constantine in a few hours. But our unflagging energy provided
most interesting results, each devoting himself to his own speciality.
The lepidopterists were rewarded by typical African butterflies,
amongst which was the yellow orange-tip African relative of the
Rivierian "Gloire de Provence," Antltocharis enphenoides, Stgr.,
from which it differs specifically in its paucity of the green mottling
on the underside hind wings, and is named A. eupheno, L. Its
relative, Enchloe belemia, flew strongly on the shore road, whilst the
brilliant Gonepteryx cleopatra occurred occasionally, in company
with Culias croceus. Examples of Coenomjuipha arcanoides^ the Afri-
can form of C. arcania, and the indigenous brown skipper, Adopaea
hamza, were new to us, flying with our old friends A. t^ava [linea),
Schift", and Thywelicus acteon. A very distinct dark blue form of
Zygaena trifulii race rusicadica, was common on the shore, but the
commonest moth was Deiopeia pulchella, settling everywhere
amongst the grass. It was interesting to note that Pyrameis cardui
was still abundant though worn, presumably the parents of the
Vanessid larvae we found in webs on a pink mallow on the shore.
A Spanish copris beetle {Copris hispaniis) found by Mr. Main was the
solitarj Coleopteron.
Birds were fairly numerous amongst the eucalyptus trees and
date palms ; a flycatcher and a black- headed titmouse with a grey
body, being numerous, whilst nightingales trilled from the thickets,
and buzzards and gulls sailed over the cliffs.
Our evening departure by train for Constantine took us through
a district much like England in its complete cultivation ; and if it
had not been for the Kabyle women with their brilliant costumes,
and the blue yashmaks covering the faces of the married women,
with their 8" earrings and heavy anklets, one could almost
imagine oneself in Kent. The men looked very imposing and
dignified in their white flowing robes and turbans, as they galloped,
with great cracking of whips, on their fiery little Arab stallions along
the streets.
As we mounted slowly to our destination, we noted pastures
dotted with many small Jersey-like cattle and goats, with encamp-
ments of nomad gipsy-like tents, here and there on the hills.
We found our " Hotel Cirta " at Constantine all we could desire ;
and this large town is full of oriental interest, having been built at
a height of 2000 feet by the Phoenicians on a rocky plateau, and
converted into a modern town by the French.
One of the seven wonders of Algeria is the gorge formed by the
Rummel cutting its bed through the whole plateau to a depth of
three hundred feet, the town being grouped upon its very edges,
and connected by flying bridges. The entrance to the gorge is
approached through the native portion of the town, where fondooks
or caravanserai form the primitive inns or sheds visited by the
nomad Arabs, whose markets are thronged with mules, asses and
camels, tethered everywhere and anywhere, interspersed with the
natives cooking, quarrelling, or vending unfamiliar merchandise.
Many of the flat-topped houses, even those bordering the road,
are surmounted by the great flat nests of numerous storks, built on
the chimneys and guarded by one of the birds whilst its mate
wheels round and round on his striking black and white pinions
over the dustheaps, from which he retrieves delectable and tasty
morsels, or battles over some special tit-bit with a very powerful
and fierce vulture whose plumage much resembles his own, hut
whose short talons usually prove too grasping for the storks long
red legs to resist.
The entrance to the gorge is from the parade ground, and the
path is cut from the rocky sides and secured by iron railings. The
width of the chasm cannot be more than forty or fifty feet in some
places, but the sides are sheer and precipitous, the nesting places of
hundreds of all sorts of birds, who continually fly in and out the
crevices to feed their young, whilst vultures sail around high up
amongst the houses clustering on the summits. Jackdaws chatter
on the rocks, and brown swifts dart up and down, catching the
myriads of flies and other insects humming in the hot sunshine ;
whilst blue rock doves clatter from their holes, or are pursued by a
swift and brightly coloured kestrel, whose great numbers prove the
success with which their hunting efforts are attended. All these
birds can be viewed at very close quarters, and give a unique oppor-
tunity for their study. The gorge is two miles in extent, of which
half a mile is subterranean. The two exits were the favoured haunts
of many butterflies, which included, among others previously
referred to, examples of the Bath White, Pontia daplidice, and
Anthocharu cramerl [belia) fluttering amongst the rocky sides of the
hill, together with a single specimen of Melanargia ines, one of our
forlorn hopes, besides commoner species.
No further time being available, we left at mid-day for our long
journey to Biskra. Leaving the " Tell " behind, we soon mounted
through the bare mountain ranges and plateaux, to the Auras
Mountains, a portion of the Southern Atlas. The rail crossed a
pass at a height of three thousand feet, then over vast plains
of esparto grass, great bales of which were stacked at the lonely
stations for transport to Europe for the manufacture of paper. The
district was dreary in the extreme, with little life, except for great
quantities of wild fowl on several large lakes or lagoons. We
arrived at Batna at sunset ; and watched the pious Arabs spread
their little carpets upon the platform and execute their devotions to
Allah, prostrating themselves many times to the east.
After our rapid descent to Biskra in the dark, and in spite of a
stifling night at our hotel, we arose fresh and eager for a view of the
Garden of Allah and the Great Sahara Desert. The party separated
for the morning, my son and I visiting a small outlying oasis called
Beni Mora, escorted by two small Arab boys. The surface of the
desert around the oasis had been roughly sown with coarse corn,
now dried up, amongst which were large patches of a black burying
beetle, Gynniopleunin, in some cases containing more than two
hundred. The oasis was of date palms, each planted in a circular
hole to hold the moisture which is supplied by ditches running
between the palms. The shrubs were lovely pink and white
oleanders, and scarlet flowered pomegranates. The commonest
butterfly (called in Arabic bofatatu) was our old friend the Wall,
Parar(je wef/era, almost indistinguishable from our insular friend,
flying with a small form of Lycaena icanis^ and a few lovely little
blues, Azanvs lysiwon, most difficult to follow in flight. Our after-
noon excursion, in spite of the sun, and such a sun, beating down
upon our heads and creating a temperature of 116° Fahr. in the
shade, was by camel-back to the Desert sand dunes, passing through
the native village, mostly inhabited by indigenous Berbers, whose
cleanly habits compared most favourably with the dirt of the Arab
Kabyle population. The flat-topped houses and walls are all made
of mud bricks parged over with similar material. The mosques
have a tower with a serrated castellation ; and as we passed we
could hear the droning of the prayers, for all the world like the hum
of a hive of bees. The stately stride of the camels at three miles
an hour gave ample opportunity to the camel boys to collect
numerous objects for the members of the party, including white
scorpions {Bnt/ms occitaniciis), scarabaeus beetles, and numerous
smooth lizards of the skink tribe [Scincidae], by the simple
method of pulling down the mud walls in which they hid. After
leaving the oasis, the resort of a lovely little fawn turtle-dove of a
distinct species, we emerged upon the desert proper and gazed across
the endless wastes of sand stretching for miles to the horizon, but
dotted here and there with small green oases, amongst which small
spiral columns of sand gave warning of the terrible sand storms that
sometimes occur when the sirocco blows. The camel boys enlivened
the progress of the caravan by their native chants, most grotesque
and weird, all given with great *' Joie de vivre." After an excellent
tea with luscious oranges, our return by a different route took us by
the side of the little railway to the oasis of Touggourt, many miles
away in the Sahara. Our camels were by no means disturbed by
the approach of the train, but crossed the track quite leisurely, their
stately gait reminding one of the difference between the modern age
of hurry as compared with the leisurely ways of the past. On our
way back my mount proceeded to confute the quotation from the
Bible, that a camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle, by
passing through a small archway into a field, and if not prevented
would have swept me from the saddle.
A visit to Mchouneche was made by motor car, to the whole
party's relief, as camel riding has painful after-effects. The shim-
mering air of the desert played strange tricks with the eyesight ;
and oasis and palms were seen floating in the mirage on the hori-
zon, as we passed across the sandy desert hills between the oasis
of Chetma, and the Aures Mountains. The marvellous weathering
of these hills, as we wound along the banks of the oued or river
was beautiful in the extreme ; and the immense beds of white and
pink oleander bushes on their edges, displayed a wondrous wealth
of colour. On arrival at our destination, the Oasis of Mchouneche.
we were received by the whole population under the tribal Sheik.
He was thin and gaunt, with turban and bernous none too clean ;
and his satellites were of all a^es and sizes. The small boys seized
our nets, and collected such Pierids as were flying. An alfresco
feast was held, with the assistance of the entire male population as
waiters, in what was described as " une belle jardin," in the most
welcome shade of the date palms. An excursion was made by the
concealed mountain gorge into the Aures Mountains. The gorge
is clean-cut right through the yellow calcareous cliffs, the stream
twisting and turning amongst the rugged masses, and is the haunt
of many frogs of a dirty green colour with a white line down the
back, and others of a brighter green. Nearly every stone concealed
one or more ocellated toads ; big fellows, fat as butter. High on
the sides of the gorge, over the steep declivity, that rare butterfly
Teracolua nouna was lazily flitting in the most inaccessible positions.
A few were taken, mostly by the agile Arab boys with their fingers.
The only other butterflies seen, besides Pieris rapae, were that
beautiful little tailed-blue Tarucus (Azanus) theophrastus, which has
a delicately brown-pencilled grey underside, and feeds on a prickly
form of caper tree, pupatmg in ant nests, like our Lycaena avion ;
one or two specimens of a skipper, quite new to us, turned out to be
Hesperia standeri. A stroll through the village revealed the only
visible signs of progress in the number of Singer's Sewing Machines
8
in use. Our departure was heralded by an ovation from the whole
tribe.
The modern Biskra is laid out in squares, and has well-built
houses and hotels with all the amenities of life, including electric
light, main drainage and water supply, a most picturesque Casino
and Mosque. Entertainment is provided by the '* Oued Nail " or
dancing girls, and an amazingly arrayed Arab or Berber wbo much
resembled our old cockney friend, the *' one man band." The native
market displayed for sale everything from pots and pans of
Brummagem origin to Barbary Apes and Fennec Foxes, besides
the most repulsive of sweets and eatables.
Our next stop was at El Kantara, •* The Gate " to the desert, the
centre for the hunting of the Barbary Sheep or Mouflon, which is
confined to the Aures and strictly preserved. The chief industry,
however, is the exploiting of entomologists ; the train being met by
a deputation of Arab guides with such words as " Sir, charlonia is
just out, but pechi is over." A collecting expedition to the favoured
localities was thus easily arranged. Guides, mules, and donkey-
boys in ranks watched our al-fresco breakfast. The route was over
the bare rocky hills covered with alfalfa grass, the haunt of jackals
and fennec foxes, but the lower ground was roughly cultivated with
rye, etc. More " skippers " were taken, and the crests of the hills
■were frequented by that very brilliant form of Hipparchia semele
called var. algira, in company with numbers of Melanarc/ia inea,
flying amongst the alfalfa grass. The party also took about a dozen
Anthoclians charlonia, which little yellow butterfly is of considerable
rarity and of only local occurrence ; the two Pierids, A. crameri
(belia) and A. belemia were abundant, whilst the Lycaenids were
represented by T. theophrastus, Polyommatus icarus, a diminutive form,
and ScoUtantides baton of the Algerian race abencerrarfiis. It was
here that the guides found the first chameleons resting on the rocks,
upon which they seemed perfectly concealed by their sandy colour.
When handled they opened their mouths and emitted a loud hiss much
like that of a snake. Some of the geologists of the party found
masses of fossil oyster-shells with corrugated surface, and the con-
chologists a truncated bivalve. Our return to the hotel, where two
species of geckos were taken round the lights the previous night,
and our departure were accompanied by the guides in chief bartering
for the export of entomological rarities during the ensuing summer.
The two days spent at Batna were divided between archeology
and natural history. A visit to the Roman remains of Lambessa
and Timgad will be better portrayed by slides than described. These
two towns are situated on a cultivated plain at three thousand feet
high, and are in a wonderfully excellent state of preservation,
especially the latter. Amongst the ruins of the former the haunt
of the beautiful green-blue spotted lizard (Lacerta ocellata), we dis-
covered the " skipper " Hesperia onopordi and Melanargia lucasi in
9
great numbers, the latter superficially hardly distinguishable from
our own Marbled White.
The other excursion was perhaps the most memorable of our
trip, visiting the massif of Belezma, which approaches six thousand
feet in height and is crowned by the remnants of a cedar forest.
The slopes are clothed with undergrowth of genista and other
bushes, studded with many lovely orchids, squills of four species
and masses of blue pimpernel, amongst which the brilliant yellow
orange-tip (Enchlo'e enpheno) flitted in numbers. It was here that
we obtained our chief entomological prizes. As the lepidoptera of
these mountains seem distinct from any other, and may perhaps be
mentioned in detail : —
Satyr i(s ahdelkader var. lanibessana. We obtained four specimens
of this rare variety, which forms a May brood of the better known
type species, from which it differs by having several blue spots in
the forewing, resembling dryas.
Everes lorqninii, very similar to Ciipido minimus^ but larger.
Polyovntiatns hylas, unique form never before recorded from Al-
geria, and considered by Lord Rothschild as a new race.
Scolitantides faUna, one of the rarest and most beautiful of all
the palaearctic blues, until lately considered to be a variety of S.
bavins, whose nearest habitat is Lebanon in Syria ; it has, however,
now been separated from that species.
Issoria lathonia, Pararye nieyera, Colias croceus, and its var. ?
helice, besides Aporia crataeyi ; one of the two Algerian Melitaea.
M. aetherie, which only occurs in Europe at Gibraltar, and many
other species, including a belated Theclid, presumed to be Callo-
phrys ri(bi, but might possibly be C. avis.
After this delightful day, we departed by the night train for
Blida, changing trains in the early morning at Alger.
Blida is situated in the *' Tell," on the plain of the Mitidja, at
the immediate foot of the North Atlas Mountains ; and our hotel
was situated near the summit at an altitude of 4,000 feet, and was
approached by immense lacets up a projecting spur. The name of
the hotel was '* La Glaciere," nor did it belie its name, as the
temperature during our stay was never more than 5° above freezing
point and much of the time at zero, accompanied by hail and snow.
This contrast between the burning heat of the desert was trying,
but failed to depress the spirits of the company, and all sallied
forth in macs, and overcoats to explore the cedar forests in the
cloud and mist, and in the few bright intervals we found an en-
chanted land. The little glades and rippling cascades overhung
with firs and mountain ash, ferns and moss, might have persuaded
us that we were wandering in the hills of our own Lake District,
if it had not been for the unfamiliar banks of Yellow Tulips and
beds of yellow and purple Violas and Gladioli.
A visit to the Col de Chrea gave a magnificent view over the
10
country of the High Plateaux, consisting of range after range of
high mountains extending to the remote distance. The Chalet there
is the head quarters of the Alpine Club who spend the winter in ski-
ing and sleighing. On the walls is displayed the skin of a panther
shot in the vicinity. During the bright intervals some nature
photography was possible, and the nests of the Tarantula spider
(Lycosa) formed interesting subjects, whilst birds of interest were
noted, consisting of the Raven, Great Owl, Cuckoo, Partridge, Tits
and Black and White Buntings. The most interesting butterflies
taken were a form of Pieris napi, somewhat approaching the alpine
bnjoniae, and the first $ of Epinephele fortunata, the Algerian
meadow brown, and in one spot some numbers of Coeyionympha
arcanoides, and a single Lycaenopsia argiolus caught by Mr. Main.
Our departure was enlivened by a financial altercation as to cost
of transport, successfully dealt with by Mr. Richardson in his usual
effective manner, in spite of threats of gendarmes, etc.
The Baths of Allah, or Hamman Righa, our next resting spot,
was a spa situated near Bou Medfa in the " Tell," frequented by
numbers of both French and Arabs, for whom two large separate
Hotels are kept. The baths are of much value for neurasthenia and
similar complaints. The water issues from the ground at a tempera-
ture of over 67° Cent., and was in medicinal use in Roman times.
The baths are still to be seen and are in excellent preservation,
Unexcavated ruins are everywhere. The hotel is one of the most
pretentious in Algeria and is situated in most lovely gardens of sub-
tropical vegetation, including date palms, agaves, eucalyptus, pome-
granate, orange, lemon, and figs, with a central magnificent cedar.
It was here that photography commenced in earnest ; and the
party separated daily, each after his own speciality.
Hamman Righa, although considerably cultivated, is still a
prolific locality and its lower levels produced a more varied fauna,
the paths up the forest proving most productive. It was here we
first discovered the land-crabs, sitting at the mouth of their holes
in the banks at the edge of the gullies, and we think spending the
nocturnal hours in the pursuit of vast numbers of snails, which
form their diet. Reptiles were also numerous, and dark green
snakes over 5 feet long of the genus Coluber were disturbed on more
than one occasion, together with several smaller of a more danger-
ous nppearance. Slow-worms, skinks, and large green and small
brown lizards were seen ; and we were fortunate to get a beautiful
little yellow land tortoise about 2" long, and subsequently the
natives brought the black-shelled water tortoise, or terrapin, literally
by the bucketful. Coleoptera were in plenty, the most interesting
noticed being a very large oil-beetle, the ? of which had red spots
on each segment of its abdomen ; and a species of Copru^ whose
life-history will be shown by my son at the next meeting by means
of slides. A new and interesting spider was noted spinning a horn-
11
shaped web in the genista, protected by a silken trapdoor behind
which it sits in wait for such insects as enter the horn.
The butterflies were numerous and exceptional, ranging in size
from the uncatchable Charaxes jasins, " the pacha of many tails,"
to the familiar Brown Argus, Aricia medon {aatrarche). One which
demands particular attention is the Algerian representative of
Eugonia polycJdoros, which is literally as brilliant in coloration as
A(jlais iirticae and has been distinguished by the varietal name of
erythromelas. The magnificent Argynnid, Dryas pandora, was not
uncommon by an ancient shrine to an Arab Queen, a point; of pil-
grimage to native devotees. It consisted of four stones laid in the
shape of a grave and ornamented with handkerchiefs and rugs hung
around, whilst the interior was adorned with candlesticks and a
bowl of charcoal.
On the Aristolochia in the cornfields were some numbers of the
larvae of Zerynthia (Thais) ruviina, of which one or two belated
specimens were taken. Pajnlio podalirius, approaching the
Spanish form fehthameli, was not uncommon ; whilst the
previously recorded orange-tips and Pierids were very numerous.
Fine Gonepteryx cleopatra reminded us of the European
coast, whilst Melitaea aetlierie gave us a grand series. The
interesting Lycaenids included La»ipides hoeticKs, the long-tailed
blue, confined to one small spot in the fir woods, and one small
specimen of Pleheius martini, of which more later.
Hamman Righa is a noted locality for Zygaenids, and we were
fortunate in being able to find for our friend Mr. Grosvenor the
two following species, Zygaena theryi and Zygaena algira.
A motor excursion to the Gorge du Chifia, in the Atlas, intro-
duced us to the Barbary Ape, which inhabits the Gorge in tribes
of thirty or forty and descends to the Hotel, perching on the roofs
and balconies and importuning the visitors by clinging to their
clothes whilst being fed. The mother apes bear their offspring on
the breasts and backs, and thus laden, spring with the utmost
agility up walls and over roofs.
On May 27th our party was broken up and we had to take a sad
farewell of our kind friends, Mr. and Mrs, Main and Mr. Richard-
son, who returned to England with envy in their hearts.
Major Liles accompanied us on our expedition off the tourist
routes into the interior portion of the Atlas, fifty miles south of
Affreville, a market town in the " Tell." The route to our destina-
tion, Teniet-el-Haad, lay across a sweltering plain extensively
cultivated and extending far into the mountains, and then over
winding passes through the wild hills, in which were situated little
native villages, where the women either fled at our approach or hid
their faces from our masculine eyes by the simple device of throw-
ing their skirts over their heads. Arriving in the little square of
12
the town we were much discouraged and depressed by its situation,
as no signs of woods or forests were visible, but only three or four
dry, bare and sandy hills, and we retired to our modest hotel con-
templating an early departure. A welcome rest in the fresh
mountain air, however, somewhat revived our drooping spirits,
and we departed on our investigation at an early hour- We emerged
on the bare hills at the back of the cemetery and were astonished
to find them swarming with insects, and what is more, of many
species entirely new to us. Melanarf^ia lucasi was in great numbers
consorting with the swarms of Melitaea aetherie, of which the
females resembled in coloration the polymorphic forms of didytna,
ranging from straw yellow to steel grey in colour. Much time was
spent in cutting cocoons out of the genista bushes under the mis-
taken impression that they were Zygaenids, but the emergence of
small fly-like larvae in immense numbers soon undeceived us ; they
turned out to be a Psychid.
Several visits were made to "The Cascade" about two miles
from the village, which was at this time nearly devoid of water,
but the vegetation was more prolific along the stream beds, and
delightful picnics were made and the most interesting nature
photos taken. It was here that we found the two long-sought Algerian
Lycaenids, P. niartiiii and P. allardi ; these rarities being in some
abundance, especially the former. Cupido lorquinii was also in
some quantities, flying with a belated specimen of Glaucopst/che
melano})s of special form. We were here fortunate enough to come
across four specimens of H^s/jgrm ahined, a very large "skipper"
of the proto group, at present imperfectly described, together with
the Algerian Hespeiia ali, very near to the Hesperia sertorius (sao) of
Europe.
This little valley was also the haunt of land-crabs, skinks, and
scorpions, which formed ideal subjects for photography. The
scorpions were a species new to us {Scorpio maurns), which is much
browner than the desert ones and has a varnished-like surface and
thicker chelae. There was also an enormous green and pink
grasshopper, the females of which were 5" to 7" long, whilst the
males did not exceed 3" to 4". It was identified as Pachytyliis elephas
at the British Museum.
It was near this valley that we were treated to a sight rarely
enjoyed by Europeans, namely, that of an Arab Gymkana or
" Fantasia " as they call it. The crowd of about two thousand
Arabs are drawn up on each side of a course on the hillside. Small
groups of four or five Arab horsemen on their little arab horses,
all dressed in their white flowing robes and turbans bound round
with thin rope, formed in ranks and at the word of command
charged full speed up the opposite slope in close formation, vieing
with each other's horsemanship and bearing and discharging their
13
rifles whilst in full career. We were lucky to get a photo or two
of this fine sight.
The chief attraction of Teniet-el-Haad is, however, the Cedar
forest, the most extensive in Algeria, which clothes the entire
summits of the mountains above 4,000 feet high. Imagine a chain
of mountains nine or ten miles long entirely uncultivated and
covered for its whole length with immense cedars of sage green,
many rising to a height of 80 feet on the precipitous sides and
fringed by the most beautiful parklike pasturage at their foot, the
meadows being full of flowers and lovely grasses. The motor drive
through this enchanted wood beggars description, but was by no
means easy, on account of the many obstacles that had to be
removed out of the way. The flowery glades were the haunt of
more insects than we had previously met with. Dryas pandora
dashing up and down, and now and then settling on a large
Umbellifer. Melitaea in abundance. Pararge aegeria common in
the shady recesses. Colias croceus very abundant, with a large
proportion of var. helice. Three belated specimens of Z. (T.) rinnina.
Pontia daplidice in ones or twos, and Gonepteryx cleopatra even at
this height. But the catch of the day was the new Hesperia leuzeae ;
that skipper was in dozens, both $ and $ , and at once struck us
as exceptional. It is excessively rare in collections, there having
been only 6 or 7 specimens previously recorded, and it remains at
present undescribed. The Melanaryia were also most abundant,
together with many more insects.
A final visit to the bare hills to the north of the town, a most
forbidding looking locality, produced the same plethora of riches,
and in addition, a couple of AntJiocharis charhmia and a
colony of Cigaritis zohra, which little copper we feared we had
missed, flitted over the dwarf thyme amongst the alfalfa grass
which formed the resting place of Ejmiephile paaiphae Y&r. pliilUpina.
Another prize worth noting was a perfect albino specimen of Aricia
medon (astrarche).
A word about our headquarters will not be amiss for future
visitors to this favoured locality. The Hotel Moderne is managed
by a most accommodating host and wife; and although humble
in the extreme the accommodation was good and the fare well-
cooked and plentiful. The bedrooms opened on a central courtyard,
the haunt of a tame gazelle, which, when loose, held us to ransom
in the shape of a packet of cigarettes, which it consumed with great
gusto, but in the case of a non-smoker, like myself, rewarded my
stinginess by puncturing my puttees ; and when invading the
Major's bedroom was received with a flow of language reminiscent
of his military career.
It was with the greatest regret that we had to leave this natura-
lists' paradise on June 3rd, after five weeks of the most enjoyable
and varied holiday we have ever had the luck to experience.
14
There is little more to say, except that two days were passed in
Algiers itself, a fine town, but having little of natural interest.
Our voyage home to Marseilles was very different from our pre-
vious crossing, the water being without a ripple.
Lists of our captures are in course of preparation for publication,
in case they may be of use to future travellers.
Thanks are due to the British Museum authorities for their help
in naming many captures ; to the lanternist, and to Mr. Dennis for
the capital slides he has made.
15
Protective Devices in Spiders' Snares.
By Major R. W. G. Hingston, Y.^.S.—Read March 24</t, 1927.
Tropical spiders have numerous enemies, the chief being parasitic
hymenoptera and diptera. They are also preyed on by insectivorous
birds. Many of the species which weave circular snares introduce
into the network special contrivances in order to protect them when
seated in the web. The following are the most important of these
devices.
1. The String of Pellets. — Manufactured by a Himalayan species
of Cyclosa. A number of oval pellets are strung along the vertical
diameter of the snare. They are the same size, shape and colour
as the spider which sits at the centre of the web and exactly resem-
bles a pellet.
2. The Pellet and Hub Device. — Manufactured by Cyclosa centri-
faciens. Found at Akyab in Burmah. This species in addition to
oval pellets places around the pellets a tangled thread in order to
simulate the hub and its snare. The pellet with its artificial hub
is mistaken for the spider surrounded by a real hub.
3. 2'he Insect Heaps. — Manufactured by G aster acantha hrevispina.
Found in the Andaman Islands. It collects the carcasses of its
insect captures, swathes them in silk, and accumulates them in heaps.
The heaps are the same size, colour and irregular shape as the
spider at the centre. They serve as a decoy.
4. The String of Pellets with encircling ribbons. — A more elaborate
device than the string of pellets. A series of ribbons arranged in
concentric ovals are spread around the snare. They are white,
conspicuous, composed of silk. Their function is to draw the eye
from the centre, to disperse the vision from the danger point. A
dispersing device.
5. The Diametrical Cylinder. — Manufactured by Cyclosa cylindH-
faciens. A slender cylinder of silk is placed along one radius. The
spider sits at the centre where it blends with the cylinder and looks
like one end of it.
6. The Diametrical Bands. — Manufactured by Jjloborus coeni-
cnlatus. A flat silk band is placed in the diameter of the snare.
A gap is left at the centre. The spider fills this gap and by doing
BO makes itself a part of the band.
16
7. The Diametrical Bands with encircling ribbons. — More elaborate
than the diametrical bands. Ribbons made of white conspicuous
silk are placed concentrically around the bands. These serve as a
dispersing device to carry the eye outwards from the centre.
8. The Diametrical Threads. — Made by Uloborns filifaciens. Found
in the Andaman Islands. A white conspicuous thread is placed in
the vertical diameter of the snare. A gap is left at the centre.
The spider fills the gap and looks like an expanded part of the
thread.
9. The Cruciate Threads, — Made by Uloborns filifaciens. The
threads are arranged in the form of a cross. The spider sits in the
centre of the cross and looks as if part of the cruciate device.
10. The Central Shield. — Made by Uloborns scntifaciens. Found in
Burmah. A mat composed of silk with insects and debris inter-
woven is placed at the centre of the snare. The spider hides behind
the mat.
11. 2'he Central Shield irithdianietrical ribbons. — An elaboration of
the last example. The shield is prolonged into ribbons which run
along the upper vertical radius and lower vertical radius of the
snare.
12. IVie Central Shield with spiral ribbon. — A conspicuous white
spiral ribbon is wound around the central shield. Another example
of the dispersing device.
13. The Oblique Band. — Made by Uloborns crucifaciens. Found in
Burmah. A white strap is placed obliquely across the snare. The
snare is spun against the bark of a tree, and the spider hides
behind the strap.
14. llie Cruciate Bands. — Two oblique bands across one another,
the point of crossing being at the centre of the snare. The spider
hides behind the centre of the cross.
15. The Central Cushion with spiral ribbon. — A mat or cushion is
made at the centre. It is composed of silk and debris. The spider
sits on and blends with the mat. In addition a spiral ribbon is
wound around it which acts as a dispersing device.
16. The Central Zigzags. — The centre of the snare is full of a
complicated mass of zigzags made of conspicuous white silk. The
spider is concealed in the centre of the system.
17. The Diametrical Zigzags. — Made by Argyope clarki. A con-
spicuous white silvery zigzag is placed in the vertical diameter.
At the centre is a gap in which the spider sits and looks as if part
of the zigzag.
18. The Cruciate Zigzags. — Made by Argyope pulchella. The
silvery zigzags are arranged like the limbs of a St. Andrew's Cross.
A space is left at the centre. The spider sits in this space and
17
arranges its legs in pairs, each pair being continuous with a limb
of the cross.
19. The Triradiate Zigzags. — Made by Argyope catenulata. The
zigzag ribbons are arranged triradially with a space at the centre.
The spider fills this space. On its dorsal surface is a triradiate
system of silvery markings which appear continuous with and blend
with the silvery zigzags in the snare.
20. The Stick in Snare. — Made by Tetragnatha baculifaciens.
Snare is always spread around a piece of straight withered stick.
The spider, which is elongated and slender, flattens itself against
and blends with the stick.
21. The Leaf in Snare. — Made by Tetragnatha foliferens. Found
in the Nicobar Islands. A leaf is dragged into the snare then folded
into a tube and lined with silk. The spider lives inside the tube and
can escape at either end.
18
A Short Description of the Argentine Chaco.
By Kenneth J. Hayward, F.E.S.— Read July 2Sth, 1927.
The locality, about which I propose to write lies in the North
Bast corner of the Argentine, and comprises the Northern portion
of the Province of Santa Fe and the Southern portion of the
Gabernaci6n del Chaco. Nominally, the whole area is referred to
as the " Chaco," and to the average Argentine of the South it is
looked upon as a terrible region, uncivilised, and full of dangers.
Actually, it is far from being as bad as it is painted, and in spite of
the small discomforts that go with such outposts of civilisation, its
comparative loneliness, and the humid heat and mosquitoes of the
summer months, it might well be worse.
The Fokest. — To those who imagine a forest of giant trees and
dense sub-tropical undergrowth, the hardwood forest of the Chaco
must prove disappointmg. With stumpy trees, comparatively thin
undergrowth, and flower-strewn edges, resembles it very closely the
New Forest or any of the great oak woods in England. Within
and away from the woodcutter's paths and wagon tracks, they are
covered with low bushes and a tangle of brushwood and rank weeds
and grass, but are for the most part passable, though usually only
at the expense of much energy and many scratches, for nearly all
the undergrowth is thorned. Near water, where the trees exceed
the general height, and where their blanches mingling overhead
give a cavernous half-light to the place, the usual undergrowth
gives way to a few stunted bushes, and the soil is covered with deep
leaf -mould reminiscent of some favourite beech- wood. The soil of
the forest is almost entirely heavy clay, and the cart tracks are al-
ways deeply scored with wheel-ruts and the hoof-marks of bullocks.
Whilst at all times rough and difficult walking, these tracks are
knee-deep in mud and water after rains, and as they are the only
means of access to the deeper portions of the forest, one must then
make up one's mind to wade or stay outside. Branching off from
the main tracks are numerous small overgrown but fairly passable
woodmen's paths that have from time to time been cut to give
access to the trees to be felled. From the fact that most of the
undergrowth, like the trees, is of slow growth, combined with the
scoring up of roots by the dragging over the ground of heavy logs,
these paths remain open far longer than one would expect. There
19
fire patches of sandy soil to be found but with little vegetation other
than a few ground creepers and low growing plants, but these spots
are rare.
Large patches of forest have at times been consumed by fire, and
where these tragedies have taken place there now remains a ceme-
tery of jagged, blackened stumps, whilst the ground on which they
stand, cleared of all undergrowth by fire, now produces a desolate
expanse of pampas grass, which growing amidst a tangle of fallen
half-burnt branches is almost impassable. These burnt areas are
not only desolate to look upon, but are usually found to be quite un-
productive collecting grounds. Caranchos {Poh/bonis thanis) and
the Chimango [Milvaffo chimaiKjo) sit owl-like on the blackened
stumps, and an occasional forest chicken may scuttle hurriedly to
the deeper shelter of the living forest, but insects and small bird-
life are almost non-existent. Flowers seem to shun the burnt
ground and an occasional rattle proclaims the presence of a suitable
guardian of the desolation around one. In the living forest, where
one expects a dim light filtering through overhead branches, there
is actually much simlight, since the trees for the most part do not
growclose to one another. Overhead, Papillo thoas r. braniliensis may
be seen floating gracefully down some track far above the reach of
any net. Danaids and Catopsilias fly hurriedly over the low under-
growth, and one looks for brilliant Morphos, but in vain, though
M. catenarius r. an/entuius most certainly ought to occur, and even
possibly M. achiUes in one of its forms. Dlone vanillae flitting
along the tracks, settling here and there on some flower head or
bramble, takes one back to days spent after Dryas f)aphia in more
pleasant times. Many species of Thecla flutter around the bush-
tops or settle on the tall flowering weeds that have escaped the
wagon wheels, and there are places where one may watch the bril-
liant T. niamyas in dozens, flashing in the sunlight.
In the deep shadows of the bushes and in the deeper parts of the
forest, many Euptychias flit in and out of the shadows, with the
yellow Terias ileva, and more rarely the white albida. Phyciodes
ianthe is everywhere in all conditions of wear, from freshly emerged
specimens to rags. Around the damp muddy parts of the roads
where the sun has not yet succeeded in turning the soft clay into
cement-like hardness, this insect with the Euptychias and a few
stray Hesperiids rise in clouds, as do the yellow T. orobia in the
forest region near the rivers. In many places along the cart tracks,
where it has been necessary at some past time to raise the level of
the track, the earth has been taken from alongside leaving an ex-
cavation, and these and other hollows in the forest, often right in
amongst the bushes, become in wet weather and for varying periods
after, small ponds. Around these, amongst the lush weeds, Terias
and Anartia anialthea (form roeselia) are to be found, and occasionally
.an Ageronia flits moth-like farther into the shadows. Skippers are
20
common everywhere, but for the most part the Hesperiids prefer the
open land and remain outside the forest. Along the small branch
paths where often the bushes meet overhead, one walks with a feeling
of expectancy, but except for the ubiquitous Terias and Euptychias,
an occasional D. vanillae, and perhaps the here somewhat rare
Colaenis julia, one seldom brings much to net. In the more open
glades Papilio hellanichus is common. Most of the local insects
may from time to time be met with, but apart from those mentioned
above there seem to be few true forest species. After rain, when
there is much water lying about, Odonata abound, and at any time
careful search of flower-heads will produce a goodly bag of small
beetles and Rhynchota. I have turned many a poor day into quite
a successful hunt through this means.
The commonest tree is the Quebracho {Schinopsis lorentzii) but
around the factories this has been considerably thinned out.
Some of the most frequently occurring trees apart from Quebracho
are Urunday [A. astronium), Guayacan {Le(jvniinosae) of two species,
White Quebracho [Aspidospetma quebracho), Ibirapita {Pelto/ilioiiuni
vogelianuni), Espina Corona {Gleditschia auiorplwides), and various
species of Algarobo (Prosopis). The undergrowth is almost entirely
thorny by nature, and Coronillo {Sciitia biixifulia) predominates,
whilst in places tbere are thickets of Berberis. Yellow and white
laurel (L. hediondo and C. preta) and Nangapiri [A. pitanga) are also
very much in evidence. A few cacti grow amongst the undergrowth,
often towering to the tops of the neighbouring trees, and at certain
seasons there is a mass of pink or cream lily-like flowers whose
pungent scent draws many insects. "Where the soil is drier, two
species of prickly pear (Opiintia /icvs-indica and 0. vionacantha)
bear their fruit.
Wild animals in the immediate neighbourhood of the villages are
confined to an occasional " guasuncho " (a small species of deer),
foxes, and a few small forest hares. For larger and more varied
game one must go further afield or to the river region. Where the
forests have not yet been exploited quite a number of wild beasts
may be observed, especially if there is water near at hand. Game
birds abound everywhere. On the open land and especially that
near or under cultivation, partridges are very plentiful, with an oc-
casional martinetta {Bhynchotus riifescens). Near lakes and along
the forest edges two species of forest-chicken and occasionally a
wild turkey may be picked up. Duck will be found wherever there
is water, and there are at times geese along the rivers, and very
rarely a wild swan may appear. In the marshes there are many
species of snipe, and four or five species of doves and pigeon often
help the camper fill his pot. Apart from these better-known birds
there are a great number of lesser-known edible birds, many of them
very palatable.
Along the forest edges are isolated clumps of bushes and small
21
trees, mainly mimosa, or Le(jiuninosae, and the small frait-bearing
" nangapiri " is very plentiful. It is seldom that the pampas grass
fails to give way to a riot of flowering weeds about fifty yards from
the edge of the trees, and this strip is the best collecting ground we
have. Practically every species of butterfly is to be found fairly
commonly, with perhaps the exception of Pieris monnste and Collar
lesbia, and some of the water-loving species. It is no unusual thing
for an hour's stroll along a suitable strip, where there are plenty of
sun -traps, to produce up to and often over thirty species. When
the mauve Composite, Vernonia chamaedrys, is in flower, this plant
which grows sparsely and in clumps, must be visited as often as
possible, as it has a very great attraction for all species of Grypocera
except possibly the Hesperiids, but even species of this group are at
times taken at its flowers. I have stood by a single clump and
taken nearly a dozen species in probably as many minutes. Many
species visit this plant in numbers that are never seen during the
remainder of the year. Where they then go is a mystery. The
plant flowers for a few days only at the end of January or the
beginning of February, and one must remember from year to year
where the clumps are situated, and be ready at the exact moment,
for the insects visit the flowers only in their first freshness. Moths
of certain Bombycid genera swarm over it, and the careful working
of a bush will often produce unexpected rarities amongst the moths.
There are several flowering bushes that for some reason never
produce an insect, whilst others with crude and almost colourless
flowers are always full of insect life. Only experience shows which
will repay a visit, and at first much time is wasted searching
unsuitable plants, and missing out the attractive ones which out-
wardly have nothing to recommend them.
Beating for larvae has proved most disappointing. One or two
plants such as Sctttia, Berberis, and some creepers such as Snrilax
and the Paasifiorae, are always worth searching, as thsy are the
foodplants of several species ; bat indiscriminate beating, in which
one must indulge in a land where the foodplant and larvae of most
species are little known, brings very little grist to the mill. Most
of the larvae I have had the fortune to find have been obtained
either accidentally or by close and ccyntinued observation of the
imagines, which have been watched till chance has revealed a female
ovipositing. In many cases the finding of stray larvae leads no
further, as without definite indication of the foodplant there is
nothing to guide one in making a choice from the vast number
available. This is especially the case with numerous larvae brought
me from time to time by friends and natives, the former usually
being delightfully vague, and the latter quite without ideas, on the
subject of the foodplant. When the larva is full-fed all goes well,
but only too often I have had reluctantly to file away a carefully
typed, but quite useless, description in the somewhat faint hope that
22
some day the larva will turn up again under happier circumstances.
Searching trunks is almost useless. For two years I have spent
much time in the forests at this occupation, with great expectations,
but with sad results ; and 1 believe the only moth ever found was a
specimen of a common Geometer that quite possibly had but just
settled on the trunk, being a day-flier. 1 put this lack of tree-trunk
life down to the prevalence of ants, which would assuredly carry off
any insect foolish enough to attempt to spend its da,y in such a
position. One occasionally comes across cocoons and pupae on
certain trees, but they hardly warrant the time one is inclined to
waste over this method of searching. Nowadays, except as a means
of resting, I have given it up.
Pupa-digging is also rather of the nature of a '* lucky dip." I
have on one or two occasions obtained a few pupae this way, but
usually from trees on which I have had previous evidence of larvae
feeding. One can do much more good with one's time searching
for imagines amongst the flowers and foliage than attempting to add
to the bag by the more specialised means of obtaining specimens.
There is plenty of time to resort to these methods when the fauna is
better known.
Ants, which I have just mentioned, are one of the plagues of the
country. They abound everywhere and are most difflcuU to eradicate.
Agriculture suffers severely from their ravages, but being on a
large scale survives, whilst the gardener with his small patch of
flowers and vegetables has to wage incessant war against the hordes
that nightly strip bed after bed of every vestige of leaf, or burrowing
destroy the roots. Not only must he destroy with poison and fire
the nests located in and immediately around the garden, but must
watch the boundaries of his land for signs of the narrow ant-path
which indicates the arrival of some foraging party from a distant
nest. Where they have grown and multiplied undisturbed their
nests have reached vast proportions. Often the low sandy mounds
are five or six yards in diameter and one can count upwards of fifty
or more entrance tunnels, from which radiate to all sides a network
of ant-paths varying from less than an inch to over two inches in
width according to their age. These paths are cleared in a day of
all vestige of vegetation ; obstructions such as small twigs, etc., are all
removed, and along them proceeds a double line of ants, going out
unburdened and returning laden with grass or leaves. A procession
that commences shortly after sunrise to continue till sunset. These
paths lead often to patches of vegetation four hundred or more yards
from the nest, and the labourers bring back leaves and grass of
species that often grow on the nest itself, or which at worst could
have been obtained a few yards from the ant-heap. It is a problem
that has given me much thought, this ranging so far afield for nest
material obtainable so close at hand and at the expense of so much
less labour. I can only think that it is instinct that warns them to
23
avoid exposing the sight of their nest, or interfering with root-borne
drainage by utilising and eventually killing the vegetation
immediately on the site of their nest. But even then — why go so far
afield ?
The River Region. — ^Lying some 35 miles to the East of Villa
Ana, and at this point flowing due South, is the great Rio Parana,
here, and for some hundreds of miles further North a waterway for
river traffic. More or less parallel to this river to the West, and at
a distance that varies from ten to twenty miles, runs the Paranamini
or Little Parana, whilst between these rivers is a network of inter-
mingling streams and lakes of depth and size that have direct relation
to the amount of water being carried by the parent stream, the
Parana. The land here is low-lying, and at times during the later
summer months the whole area is submerged, and in one of my
camps in that neighbourhood where the tent was pitched some 18 to
20 feet above the level of the Rio Pindo, the trees bore traces five
feet up their trunks of the previous year's " cresciente." This area
is reached from Villa Ana along the small railway to Puerto Ocampo
on the Parana. Leaving Villa Ana one passes through a wide belt
of partially cleared forest devoid of water and in consequence lacking
the usual birdlife. Coming out on the other side, the railway twists
and turns its way through some thirty miles of agricultural land —
full of partridges— with the village of Ocampo in its centre. In
the spring this land is blue with flowering flax, and here and there
numerous lapacho trees with their masses of pink flowers brighten
the landscape. At a point called San Vincente the railway crosses
the Rio Paranamini on a long wooden trestle-bridge, and the
agricultural land gives way to low-lying ground covered with pampas
grass and reeds, and dotted with woodland and large shallow lakes,
which during the summer are a mass of colour from the yellow,
white, pink, and blue water flowers that grow so luxuriantly on them.
It is m the deeper of these lakes that one may occasionally find th6
great Victoria regia with its tray-like leaves and enormous white
flowers. Whenever possible, we visit these parts to fish or shoot
or collect.
It was here that I spent fifteen days camping during the spring of
last year. During this time I and a friend lived entirely on our guns
and rods, having left civilisation behind us with only a few indis-
pensable dry goods. And we lived well. Leaving the railway at
Pindo, where it crosses the Rio Pindo over a smaller trestle bridge,
we loaded our camp kit on a canoe, and sent it North, whilst we
followed along the banks shooting for the day's pot as we went.
This walk up to the junction of the Rios Pindo and Paranamini,
where we had decided to make our first camp, was a revelation to us
both. Only in Southern Europe have I seen such a medley of
flowers as met our gaze in some of the small clearings we crossed.
24
and it was in one of these clearings that I first made the acquaintance
of Papilio perrhebus which was afterwards to prove so common. It
was delightful lying in camp to watch this beautiful Papilio flying
all around one over some low growing flowers that covered the ground
around the tent. We camped on the West bank of the Pindo right
opposite the point at which the Paranamini cuts into it, and remained
here for six days, afterwards moving back through Pindo to a site
further South. This proved better hunting-grouud, camping this
time on the far bank, but at a spot where it was possible to cross the
river without a canoe, thus having access to both banks. The rivers
here are sandy and for the most part running in deep troughs,
though in places the banks are low and bare of vegetation other than
coarse grass. Where the banks are high they are almost invariably
covered with a fringe of woodland, varying in depth from a few yards
to several hundred. Usually on the immediate edge of the bank
there is a thick cane-brake, mingling with, or replacing, the trees and
usual undergrowth. This bamboo is the favourite haunt of a
Lymnas (probably a form of aegates), an insect I took here for the
first time, and which though common is far from plentiful.
It has a well marked habit of settling on the underside of leaves
where it is not easily detected. Amongst these canes there are one
or two other somewhat uncommon species, but so local that hard
work will usually yield a good series, once they have been located.
Very common also amongst this type of forest is Phyciodes orobia,
which replaces the P. ianthe, that is so common in the drier forest.
As in the case of P. ianthe, T. orobia loves to sit on damp patches
of earth, and one day especially many thousands must have been
settled in a dip where several shallow mud-holes were rapidly drying
up. Along the edge of these pools sat dozens of Caranchos (Poly-
bonis thariis) waiting for the luckless fish that were jumping ashore
in their efforts to find deeper water, whilst several Storks (Ardea
cocoi) waded solemnly about eating their fill. Backing on this
woodland border to the rivers is flat land covered with shoulder-high
pampas grass, progress through which tires one's body and temper.
This grass produces little of interest except an occasional partridge,
but quick handling of the gun is dijfficult owing to the tangle, and
many a shot bird is never picked up. Dotted about amongst this
wilderness are small clumps of trees and larger patches of forest,
sure sign of lakes, and at times the pampas grass thins out and one
finds oneself on slightly higher ground of fine turf, often graced
with the beautiful yellow iris, Cypella herberti. Walking over
this country is far from pleasant, since the surface of the ground
is so rough that I doubt if one in three steps finds the foot bearing
evenly on the ground. During my stay in this district I averaged
nine and a half hours walking per day, and for the first few days
suffered severely from bruised feet. The lakes — or lagunas as they
are called locally — and water holes with which the whole district
25
is dotted receive their water from the periodical floods augmented
by rain, and perhaps in a few cases by back filtration from the
rivers. They may be divided into three types. The permanent
laguna, the semi-permanent, and the simple mud-hole. These latter
are just depressions in the ground filled by some previous flood, and
being shallow last but a limited period. They have no trees or
special vegetation around them, and one usually comes upon them
unexpectedly amongst the pampas grass. They are invariably well-
stocked with palometta and small dorado and often with one or two
small alligators {Caiman sclerops) in attendance, varying in length
up to about four feet. The semi-permanent lakes are either deeper,
or so placed that they receive surface-drainage from a large area,
and so last longer than the mud-holes, which they resemble onlv in
the fact that their presence is seldom indicated by surrounding trees
or tall vegetation. As one approaches they sometimes appear like a
large green lawn, an appearance given by a fine trefoil water-weed,
with which they are often covered, its surface brightened here and
there by coloured water flowers, especially the creamy Sagittaria
moiitevideenfiis and several Fontedeiiaceae,oi which the commonest are
probably the purple P. cordata and the bluish P. aznrea. On its
weedy cover stalk the gaily coloured Gallito de Agua — Jacana
jacana — whose wings bear a terrible pointed spur, and whose plumage
appears at one moment green, the next red, as they change their
position in the sun. An occasional ducks wims on the open patches
of water, snipe of many species rise from the reedy edge, and where
the bank is clear one often sees the forest chicken [Aratuides ypacaha),
which being but poorly equipped for flight, is correspondingly keen
of eye and fleet of foot, betrayed time and again by its innate inquis-
itiveness. Wading across these shallow lakes, as I have often had
to do to retrieve birds shot for the pot, is far from pleasant. The
thick weed growth tangles around one's legs whilst hiding, if only
in one's thoughts, alligator and anaconda, and the soft mud at the
bottom continually threatens to suck one down as efiectually as a
Dartmoor bog. At dusk thousands of dragon-flies take toll of the
small diptera that such places harbour, but otherwise these pools
are of small interest to the entomologist.
The deep permanent lakes take two forms. Those that in times of
flood link up to form a waterway are usually of little interest, being
no more than large expanses often many acres in extent, enclosed by
more or less steep banks six to twelve feet high v/ith a narrow sandy
strand. Home of many fish that often run up to considerable
weight, they are the happy fishing ground for a large black cormorant-
like bird — Phalacrocorax vigiia — and for many species of kingfishers.
It was alongside one of these lakes that one early morning I stumbled
on a fairly large alligator back in the pampas grass some twenty
yards from the beach. Which of us got the worst shock I cannot
say. Finally there are the tree-girt permanent lagoons, home of
26
numerous alligators that in these pools reach a length of nine or
ten feet, and of the giant water snake, the anaconda. Whether the
species that makes its home in the Chaco pools is con-specific with
the Boa anaconda of Brazil I cannot say, but its habits are the same.
Unfortunately, this snake does not confine itself to the water, but
loves to come out and sun itself on the bank, or climb into the
branches of some nearby tree. The only specimen I have personally
encountered alive was sunning itself in my path several yards from the
bank, and was probably ten to twelve feet long, not a large specimen
as they go. In my sudden shock I unfortunately allowed it to escape.
The trees that surround these lakes are large since they never fail
for moisture, and the undergrowth is luxuriant. The lakes them-
selves are usually fringed with reeds and their surface covered with
leaves of water lilies and other water plants. When in flower these
lilies with their yellow, blue, and pink flowers make a wonderful
show. Some of the pools have large clumps of the effective Bjchino-
dorns (jrandifiorum^ which rises far out of the water with its masses
of whitish flower-heads. More rarely, the red Victoria cruziana, or
the white ('. ?e?//m may reward the searcher, but both these plants
are far from common. The water is deep, dark, and forbidding, and
few waterfowl venture on its surface, preferring the safer shallow
and more open lakes where the alligator is less numerous. Should
a shot bird fall on one of these pools there is a slow swirl, a sudden
breaking of the surface, a splash, and the water closes silently over
again, and the incident is forgotten by the wild, though it will linger
for many a day in the sportman's mind. Around these lakes float
Danaids resting on the water flowers. Anartia aniaWiea with ita
brilliant crimson patch flies lazily amongst the tall green weeds,
forming a brilliant contrast to the bright blue Flower of St. Luciar
{Connnelina sulcata), whilst yellow Terias amongst the low growing
vegetation, and Catopsilias flying higher or seeking out the red flowers
they so love, add yet another colour to the scene.'-'
The forest m this region differs somewhat from that on the
higher ground. The undergrowth is more scanty, probably due to
constant inundations, and is mostly of faster growing vegetation,
many of the trees being of the softer species of timber, quebracho
being noticeably absent. For the most part the trees are taller
than those having to depend solely on rainfall for their moisture,
and the eftect of the proximity of water is noticeable everywhere.
Where there is any real tangle of undergrowth it is usually due to
bamboo, which has sprung up amongst the existing bushes. In
the open there are patches of scarlet-flowered algarobo (Prosopis
alba) with its twisted oak-like trunks ; and a little to the West of
the Paranamini at San Vincente, and running North and South
* Whether Catopsilias have a preference for red flowers or whether it is
that the local red flowers contain most honey the fact remains that — locally at
any rate— they are more often seen at red flowers than at any others.
27
for about a hundred miles, there is a narrow, well-defined belt of
the red-flowered Ceho that is so well marked out, as to be noticed
immediately one enters it. Within this belt the vegetation changes
from that one has been passing through, and is constant throughout
its length. Probably it is due to some fault that has thrown up a
different soil, but I have never verified this. Parasitical growths
are common in the river forest. Lianas droop over the rivers, and
in the spring great masses of purple and pink convolvuli cover in
places the shorter trees and the bushes. A little later the Biijnonia,
B. inujuiK-cati, often covers the largest of the forest trees with
its masses of yellow blossom. Lichens are everywhere, hanging in
swaying beard-like masses from the trees. In places along the
rivers Pindo and Paranamini there grows a species of mistletoe, but
coarser, broader-leaved than that which graces the English apple-
orchards. This mistletoe is beloved by the small green parrots who
build their clumps of nests amongst it, screaming hate and defiance
at anyone who dares approach. To add to the colour of the forest
in spring, an occasional lapacho tree, still leafless, throws out its
covering of pink flowers, or the jacaranda {Jacaranda ovalifolia) its
mantle of deep blue. Shooting in the early hours, whilst the
ground is still wet with dew, a sweet citrus-like smell often attracts
one's attention, and will be traced to a small white flowering bush,
but this sweet scent fades as the sun rises.
In the forest proper the insect-hunter finds little to interest him.
An occasional A(jeronia persistently returns to its appointed
tree, and may at times be found in numbers on the lower
sides of rotting fallen timber. Everywhere there are numbers of
the shade-loving Euptychias, and at times Terias. The main
wealth of insect-life lies on the borders of this woodland and in its
flower-strewn glades. Here in well-watered suntraps one finds a
fairyland of scent and colour. Purple and white petunias, red,
purple, and white verbenas, tall pink delphiniums, red-berried
solan ums, pavonias of various colours, white and yellow daisies,
heliotrope, tobacco, vetches, and countless other lesser known
flowers, a wonderful riot of colour. Under the midday sun the
scent from this medley of flowers becomes almost unbearable,
especially that of the petunias which predominate. Nearly every
species of butterfly will be found in these spots. Many skippers
and all the species of Kiidamua that occur in this district, four or
five Papilios with the black and red perrhebyis everywhere. The
Danaids (jilippus and erippiis, t\ larinia, K. hortensia, and other
prairie-loving species. An occasional Terias or Colias, Pyrantels
brasilieiiau and P. carye in numbers, whilst around the edges fly
Catopsilias. On low bushes and flying around isolated mimosa
bushes will be four or five species of small blues and Theclas,
prominent amongst them the beautiful metallic-blue T. viarKyast.
The commonest of the Theclas, T. aryoua, is best taken at sunset,
28
when at times many hundreds may be seen flying around the
bushes, twisting and turning in their marriage flight. A single
sweep of the net will entrap quite a respectable series, but mostly
males. By day this species flies in and out of the thorny branches,
and its capture is a matter of difficulty, and often damage to the
net. A. jatropltae flies equally in the river and the drier forests,
and is never common, unless it be on the purple V. cliatnaedn/s.
Apart from the species mentioned, there are many that may be
classed amongst the rarer species, rare in most cases because they
are either very local, or because they are easily overlooked. I
believe the latter reason accounts for the very small number of
Theclas I have taken compared with the large number of species
the American fauna contains.
Camping in this region was a delightful change from the routine
of everyday life. Time had no place in our arrangements, we had
no watch between us and depended on the sun as a guide to the
hour. That and our hunger gave quite a good enough indication of
meal times. Both our camps were pitched on the river's bank at
the edge of a forest glade, where both wood and water were close at
hand, and our breakfast could be caught without the bother of
dressing.
After a few days we automatically fell into a sort of routine,
which we followed without break till the end of the trip. Dawn
saw the writer already on his way to some lake or wood to shoot
the day's dinner, to return to camp four hours later, sometimes
earlier if sport had been good and found near at hand, ready to
make short work of a dish of fried fish that under ordinary cir-
cumstances would have done a family well. Times were when the
camp guard had no luck, and but for the aid of the butterfly-net
worked cunningly under some unsuspecting shoal, we should have
gone hungry. The mornings were devoted to entomology or shoot-
ing, and usually we returned to camp at midday for a light meal,
but on those days when we visited the further portions of the
forest we contented ourselves with a few scraps carried in the pocket.
Luckily the water of the Pindo, though slightly brackish, is good
to drink, so we avoided the trouble of having to boil or chlorinate
our supply, and were able to get a drink more or less whenever we
wanted one, as we seldom went far from water. On the days when
we carried our midday meal, we seldom got back till dusk ; but on
the other days the afternoon was always treated more or less lightly.
We never failed to go out fishing, shooting, or collecting, but except
on a few days when the larder was low, it was more of a pleasure
than a business trip. At dusk came the great event of the day, the
cooking and eating of the evening meal. Cooked in the half-light
of the dusk, or more often by the light of the stars and the camp
fire, with the tang of the wood smoke in it, and with the hunger
one can only cultivate in the open, food never tasted better. And
29
one rested with the feeling that one had earned it. After dinner we
would sit on the river's bank and watch the fire-flies, and at times
the distant lightning, smoking, and discussing the day's adventures
and making arrangements for the morrow. Then bed, and almost
before one had properly wriggled into the blankets the greying of
the canvas of the tent walls showed that another day was dawning
and it was time to be up and out again. Times were when we
were soaked by tropical downpours and violent storms, and we had
to build fires to dry out again ; and daily almost, I was soaked from
the waist down on my early morning shooting trip by the heavy
dews, but walking and the sun dried everything before camp was
reached again. We took a peon with us to look after the camp
whilst we were away from it, but another time, if possible, we shall
add a third member instead, and take turn about in camp, and so
get at least one easy day in three.
Sugaring was tried at both camps with absolutely no results.
Not an insect came to the sugar-patches, and the only insects taken
at night were a few common Noctuids that came to the camp lights.
Another year it is hoped to try both light and sugar on a bigger
scale, and probably dusking would yield results, but I must admit
that last year I felt very little like night-work after the long days
we bad, which commenced at four and included at times up
to eleven or twelve hours walking over rough country. Apart
from the rough surface of the ground which tired one's feet, the
continual forcing one's way through undergrowth, and long
treks through the pampas grass were in themselves very tiring.
One of our very great regrets during the trip was the absence of
an ornithologist. The bird-life was marvellous, birds of almost
every size and colour, from humming-birds to toucan, storks,
and geese. It would be no difficult task a get a hundred
species in a short trip, but one would need a skinner, at any rate
till the commoner species had been brought in. My game- book
shows that I shot for the pot some seventy birds of thirteen species,
and there were at least another five or six species of edible birds
fairly common, that for various reasons went free. One of the
interesting sights of this river region is the work of a black and red
spider, that builds a giant communal web stretching for many yards
across some forest ride or clearing. By day these spiders ball up in
a huge football-like mass that may be mistaken for a wasp's nest.
About sundown this ball dissolves itself and each pair of spiders
rushes off to its own particular part of the web. Immediately, there
is great activity in repairing any damage suffered during the day
and as the prey commence to arrive they are duly dealt with.
Towards dawn the spiders return to their sleeping place and once
more ball up for the day. To see the real beauty of these huge
webs, it is necessary to find one wet with dew, with the pink rays of
the rising sun slanting across it. Woe betide anyone who unsus-
30
pectingly walks into one of these webs in the dark. He spends
some considerable time afterwards in removing spiders from every
part of his anatomy. They are apparently quite harmless, and do
not attempt to bite, being as eager to get back to their fellows as
you are to get rid of them. We had one of these webs across one
side of oar camp, the short cut to the fire, and one or other of us
found it moat nights 1 It was with great regret and very pleasant
memories that we returned to our normal mode of living, to look
forward to the next camping trip in the Chaco forests.
Open Area>s. — Cultivated land covers but a small portion of the
total forest area, and yields little to the entomologist that he cannot
equally well obtain in the woods. Very little alfalfa is grown in
this district, but wherever it appears Colias lesbia flies in great
numbers, and one can spend a pleasant hour variety hunting.
Lesbia varies in much the same manner as the better-known C.
croceus {ediiso) and all the small variations of the latter, which have
received— in some cases perhaps unfortunately — varietal names, can
be also found in lesbia. The white female form heliceoides appears
more frequently than the yellow form in this district, and all the
usual intergrades of colour may be found. Round Ocampo and in
the district between this village and the villages of La Isleta and
Las Toscas the pretty little Terias elathea flies abundantly. But
both lesbia and elathea may be taken — if sparsely — away from
cultivation. I'ieris niojinste favours the neighbourhood of gardens,
but is never common hereabouts. I don't suppose I see more than
fifteen or twenty specimens in a year, and these almost invariably
when I am about on business.
Where the land is not cultivated, yet cannot be classed as forest
proper, it consists either of " esterro " or somewhat higher waste-
land. The latter is usually covered more or less thickly with
pampas grass with large patches of tall coarse flowering weeds,
especially the yellow LSolida(/o niicruylossa and another tall Composite
(probably a Senecio), which two flowers give the whole area a
brilliant yellow hue ; or a white Compuestas that grows freely in
certain parts. Amongst the pampas grass, and wherever it can
obtain a foothold, the pink Composite, Eupatoriuni hecatanthum
struggles for existence. Scattered about these weedy patches are
stray mimosas, and several leguminous bushes and small trees,
chiefly Prosopis^ often covered with some species of passion-flowers,
with their sweet scent and large orange fruits. Through the tall
grass cattle turned out to graze have beaten narrow tracks, and it
pays to follow them instead of struggling through the grass,
stumbling over roots and ant-hills (which abound), especially as the
tracks lead to water or to good grazing and incidentally open ground.
The gras.s is often too high to see over, and contains nothing of
much interest to the collector, and although many birds nest in the
clumps, it is usually only by chance flushing of the parent bird that
the nest is located. Partridges rise at intervals, but usually the
height of the grass prevents a shot being taken, or if taken the bird
is many times lost without a good retriever. There is one small
and rare butterfly, that I have not identified, only to be found
amongst this grass, but apart from this insect I shall always
associate the country with the picture of Danais floating lazily
overhead.
The esterros are low-lying land that in times of rain becomes
huge swamps, often being covered with water to a considerable
depth. They are the home of many wildfowl, both water-fowl and
land-birds, and where adjacent to forest will usually contain a con-
siderable number of other species of game. The nature of the
^sterro, waterlogged and productive of little of value, and usually
impassable except on horseback, causes man to avoid its neighbour-
hood as much as possible, and it therefore becomes automatically a
game sanctuary, where wild life is seldom disturbed. Only in the
driest periods are these swamps open to investigation by the
collector, and then apart from Odonata and certain water-loving
insects they produce little of interest to the entomologist, but to the
collector of birds they are rich in prizes. One must be prepared to
be half-eaten alive by mosquitoes whenever one ventures into any
of these swamps, be they never so dry. The most ardent of dipter-
ists would after one trip be prepared to seek his mosquitoes, where
they were less numerous. I have not previously mentioned
mosquitoes, probably because they do not worry me very much,
their singing and constant buzzing around annoying me far more
than their bite, which in my case gives but a few minutes' irrita-
tion. They are to be expected everywhere and one must go
prepared. Lying up for game when the use of strongly smelling
preventatives (such as citronella which is one of the best of these
preparations) is barred, and movement must be reduced as much as
possible, one suffers severely. There are times after rain when even
the most hardened cannot with comfort venture into the forest,
and there have been one or two occasions on which I have been
obliged to give the mosquito best and go home. There are many
species and I regret that up to the present I have not collected them
seriously, although a few I sent home some time ago gave interest-
ing results. Apart from the mosquitoes there are few bloodsucking
flies. One Tabanid is fairly common, but by no means a nuisance,
though one evening when I was out dusking this insect was swarm-
ing ever}'where around the forest, and only my thick clothing and
use of the net saved me from its attentions, and it was such a
nuisance that I had to give the forest a wide berth for two or three
days.
The countryside abounds in frogs. There is the little green tree-
frog, Hyla raddiana, that one comes across amongst the bushes, the
82
edible Leptoilactylns ocellatns, and the beautiful coloured escuerzo
{Ceratophrys ornata) so dreaded by the natives. They fear it more
than any snake, as being supplied with teeth and an enormous yellow
mouth that appears to stretch " from ear to ear " it is able to bite,
and once it has taken hold nothing will make it let »o again. They
say it injects a deadly poison, but I myself think that this is more
superstition than fact, although I have no intention of testing my
theory. I imagine that the cases one hears of, where limbs are lost
through its bite, are probably due to septic-poisoning rather than
venom. It lives in holes in the ground and emits a shrill hissing
sound when annoyed. There are many other commoner frogs, and
during the summer months a party always assembles on my
verandah under the light. They are five to six inches long, and it
is a somewhat strange sight to see often as many as a dozen sitting
solemnly in a row facing the wall on which the insects settle
attracted by the light. They become very tame, and one gets to
know each individual by some little colour difference. One with a
crushed leg has been a constant visitor for over two years. A
solitary specimen of the toad, Bnfo inannnn, accompanies them, and
although his skin exudes a somewhat poisonous fluid, I have never
suffered any effects from handling him. There are two frog cries
that I shall never forget amongst the medley that greets the ear in
the evenings. One is that of a kitten in distress, long and plaintive,
and the other one hears all day in the forest and so like to the
cooing of the doves is it, that many times when shooting I have
gone out of my way in hopes of getting a shot, only to hear the
sound again coming vaguely from somewhere near me, but untrace-
able. Although I have searched long and often, I have not yet
succeeded in tracing these noises to their makers.
Snakes are very common, but are mostly found in the open spaces
away from the forest. Woe betide the snake that shows himself
by day along the woodland edge, for every dead tree has its carancho
waiting to pounce down on so easily obtained a meal, and there are
many other snake-eating birds only too ready to destroy. In the
cultivated and open land aw^ay from trees the snake has more of a
chance. The rattle-snake, [Crotalus terrificus), Vibora de la cruz
{Lochesis alteniatus), two or three species of coral snakes {FJlaps spp.)
and a species of yarara [J a vara), are the commonest of the poison-
ous snakes. There are numerous " grass-" snakes including one
{(Xvijrhopus claelis) that feeds almost exclusively on other snakes,
including the poisonous species. As already mentioned, the giant
anaconda frequents certain lagunas.
Scorpions are rare, but there are many species of poisonous spiders
of the genera Actinopus and Avicnlaria, often attaining large size,
and geneally found in conjunction with fallen or rotting timber.
The jigger, here known as the " pique " (Deruiatopldlus penetrans),
gives trouble at times, being especially prevalent in dusty places.
33
Animals suffer somewhat severely from many blood-sucking and
parasitical insects, from several of which man himself is not
immune.
Locusts are for the most part migratory, though there are seasons
when they leave their eggs and large areas are eaten up by the
larval hoppers before they become mature and take to flight.
Both river and land snails are conspicuous from their large shells,
empty ones being picked up all over the place. Some of the larger
shells reach a height of two to three inches. There appear to be
several species. Mussels up to six or seven inches in length are
found in certain parts of the rivers, and there are both fresh-water
and land-crabs, although both are uncommon in this district. One
of the racoons is known as the crab-eating racoon, and is found
along the streams where crabs occur.
Centipedes and millipedes are common and many are very poison-
ous, but except in certain places one need not worry about them.
34
Notes on the British Snakeflies (Raphidia).
By W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.8.— Read November 24:th, 1927.
In general the more recently evolved insects fall into the Endop-
terygote division of the Insecta, that is to say, their wings are
developed within the body during the feeding stage of their life-
cycle, as is the case with the Lepidoptera. One of the oldest of the
Endopterygote^ orders is the Neuroptera ; the oldest of all perhaps
being the Mecoptera (Scorpionflies, etc.), onee included in that
order. In the Neuroptera there are two rather clearly defined
groups — the Megaloptera (Alderflies and Snakeflies amongst British
insects), and what are sometimes called the Planipennia^ (Dusty-
wings and Lacewings, as far as Britain is concerned). The Megal-
optera are occasionally given ordinal rank ; but if the Dusty-wings
(Coniopterygidae), as some think, shew relationship with them, this
does not seem to be a convenient arrangement. The Megaloptera
are not numerous in species, and, as far as British insects are
concerned, contain but two families — the Sialidae or alderflies, of
which we have two species,^ and the Raphidiidae or snakeflies, of
which we have four.
Table I.
ORDER NEUROPTERA.
Larva with ^
biting mouth
Pupa not in
I Megaloptera ■<
/ Prothorax quadrate
No exserted ovipositor
No definite pterostigma
Larva aquatic
Sialoidea.
;
a cocoon
Prothorax forming a " neck "'
An exserted ovipositor
Pterostigma present
Larva terrestrial
- Raphidiodea.
Larva with
sucking mouth
Pupa in a
cocoon
Rest of the Neuroptera.
1 See the Society's " Proceedings,** 1925, pp. 5, 6.
2 McLachlan used Planipennia for the whole of the Neuroptera, including
Megaloptera and Mecoptera ('* Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.," 145, 1868).
' For the distinction between the two alderflies see " Entomologist," 1926,
pp. 289, 290.
t
4-
K»
Plate III.
1. Eggs of R. notata ( X 20).
2. Larva of Eaphidia (xabt. 2).
3. Pupa of R. macuUcollis (xabt. 3|^).
4. Imago of R. notata ( x abt. 2^).
5. Imago of R. macidicollis (xabt. 3).
Plate IV.
1. Wings of Raphidia notata, Fabr. ( x abt. 7*5j.
2. Tip of forewing of R. macidicollis, Steph. ( x abt. 8).
3. do. R. xanthosti(jma, Schu. ( x abt. 8).
4. do. R. coijnata, Ramb. ( x abt. 8).
5. Head and neck of R. xanthostigma (xabt. 9).
6. do. R. cognata ( x abt. 9).
Figures are somewhat generalised as Raphidiae vary a little.
Proc. S.L.E. 4. N.H.Soc, 1927
Del: W. J. Lucfu
85
So distinct in appearance are the Raplddiidae from other insects
that we need not perhaps be surprised at j&nding the Spanish ento-
mologist, L. Navas, wishing to give them ordinal rank as Rhaph-
idioptera.^ The formation of a new order for them is, however,
quite unnecessary. As with the rest of the Endopterygota — the
Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, etc. — there are in the Neurop-
tera, after emergence from the Qgg, three distinct stages, larva,
pupa, and imago. Consequently the snakeflies have those three
stages. The Raphidioidea include the most specialised members of
the Megaloptera. They seem to be almost confined to the Palae-
arctic and Nearctic regions. Tillyard tells us that they are not
present in New Zealand or Australia.
Two points are particularly noticeable in the imagines of the
snakeflies — the much elongated prothorax in both sexes, which,
together with the narrowed base of the head, forms what looks like
ft " neck " ; and the long and slender ovipositor of the female. Of
some seventy to eighty species that are known four only, as already
mentioned, are British, and all are placed in the genus Raphidia,
Linn., as usually understood. Of the only other genus, Inocellia^
Schneider, the members may be known by the absence of a cross-
nervure from the pterostigma and of the ocelli from the top of the
head, all three of the ocelli being present in Rapkidia.
Snakeflies should be looked for in wooded districts, where their
feeble movements on the wing tend lo betray them as they flit about
the rough herbage. By means of the ovipositor the female places
her eggs in chinks of the bark of trees, frequently conifers. C. G.
Nurse once found a small larva of Raphidia in a spruce-fir cone.
The long banana-shaped Qgg (pi. III., fig. 1), having a small
appendage (or pedicel) at one extremity, is laid in dead wood,
especially under the loose bark of conifers, where the larvae and
ultimately the pupae may be found. The former, using their biting
mandibles, feed on insects and other small animals that live in
such situations. The larvae (pi. III., fig. 2) are long and
slender with moderately long legs, and mouth parts of the same
type as those of the imago. Their antennae have but three
segments. The pupa (pi. III., fig. 3), which is of a primitive
type, bears a close resemblance to the imago ; but the wings are
enclosed in rather small cases, and the ovipositor is turned back and
lies close to the dorsal surface of the abdomen. After a time the
pupa becomes active and leaves the cavity within which that state
was assumed. Having found a spot to its liking it there remains
till the imago emerges. This metamorphosis often takes place on
a tree-trunk, and near the new born imago the ethereal empty skin
may frequently be found.
* According to the usual method of transliterating Greek into Latin or
English, Rhaphidioptera is no doubt the better spelling.
86
As with other animals this consummation of its existence is not
always achieved. On 6 Sept. 1902 one or two larvae (probably of
B. notata, Fabr.) were found on a tree trunk in the fir woods on
Esher Common in Surrey with abdomen very much distended, and
pale in colour where the integument was soft enough to distend.
One was placed in a glass tube, on the surface of which a number
of spores were afterwards found, some of them evidently germina-
ting. These were derived from the fungus, Entpiisa laivpyridaiiim,
Rol., which had proved fatal to the larva. It is very similar to the
fungus, EnipKHci niuRcae, Cohn, which so frequently destroys house-
flies in the autumn. On 23 Sept. 1922 one dead larva at least was
found on Ockham Common in Surrey, attacked presumably by the
same species of fungus. On the latter occasion a larva, probably
of H. viaculicollis, Steph., had been " stung " by a parasite whose
cocoon was by its side.
Snakeflies are on the wing in late spring and early summer,
usually in May and June, but sometimes a little earlier or a little
later. Their imaginal life is probably not a long one. They rest
lacewing fashion with the wings folded roof-like over the back, the
" neck " being arched and the head deflected. This gives the fore
part of the insect a very snake-like appearance and accounts readily
for its popular name. It is sometimes found at rest with head
downwards, and this may be its usual attitude. Examination of
the imago shews that the antennae are moderately short. The eyes
and ocelli are conspicuous. The maxillary palpi have five segments,
the labial palpi three, the tarsi five, and the abdomen ten. There
are two pairs of thoracic spiracles and eight pairs of abdominal
ones.
In the south of England — in Surrey and Hants for instance —
the species met with at the present day seem almost always to be R^
ritacidicoUh and B. notata, the former perhaps the more frequently.
A few notes on experiences in the "field " in connection with these
two insects should be of more interest than the preceding general
remarks, and may give some confirmation of them.
On 20 May 1903 with the late G. T. Porritt a systematic
search was made near the Black Pond on Esher Common for
Haphidia maculicollia. As a result of some two hours' beating
about 28 were taken, both sexes being represented. Most, if not
all, were but recently out, as evidenced by the glossy appearance of
the wings. One that had recently emerged was near its pupa case,
which was holding on by the legs to the trunk of a tree. The
empty skin, which was not far above the ground, was extremely
thin and fragile, and pale yellowish brown in colour. The wings
of the freshly disclosed imago were yellowish and clouded, like
those of a dragon-fly which has recently left its naiad skin. The
joints of the body were pale brown, the rest of the insect being
dark. One imago, placed in a box with some specimens of Hewer-
37
obius ham nil, Linn., judging by the results observed, attacked two
of the latter and ate part of their body. On 24 May 1908 three
specimens were found on Esher Common — two that had just
emerged, with wings clouded and not completely expanded, the
other, judging by the glossiness of its wings, also recently out. A
male and a female of the larger species, E. iiotata, both freshly
disclosed and near the empty pupa skins, were found on tree trunks
by the Black Pond on 7 June 1903 ; and on 10 June 1906 three
females were taken from tree trunks near the same pond, when
again apparently the species had but lately commenced to appear.
Several empty pupa skins, no doubt of this species, were found on
the tree trunks. G. T. Lyle bred a female (presumably from a
New Forest larva) in 1916 at the abnormally early date of 27 April;
but possibly the conditions under which it was bred may have
forced it a little.
On 9 April 1909 the naturalist just mentioned found in the
New Forest a snakefly pupa alive in a piece of decaying wood about
8 inches in diameter ; but not in a very advanced state of decay.
The pupa (figured in pi. IIL, fig. 3) had free limbs and was quite
active. Nothing could be seen in the nature of a cocoon. It was
in general pale yellowish in colour; but the abdomen was adorned
with large brown spots symmetrically arranged. The eyes were
dark, the jaws brownish. The pupa was about 1 cm. long, and the
wing cases were about 8 mm.^ Later it became much darker than
when caught, at any rate dorsally, and in particular anteriorly. It
rested on its side with its body curved. It was kept amongst
loose pieces of decaying wood in a small glass-topped box. In the
evening of 29 April the pupa had crawled up the side of the box,
and so was using its legs in the normal manner for walking. By
the next morning the imago — a male of R. maculicollis — had
appeared and the pupal skin was on the side of the box. Emer-
gence had probably taken place quite recently, for the imago seemed
to be rather teneral and its colouring became darker during the
day. Towards evening it was running about the box in a very
lively manner. Though apparently somewhat afraid of a gnat
(perhaps Chironomm dorsalis, Mg.) placed in the box, it at length
seized and appeared to be eating it. The gnat was, however, soon
set free and was but partly crippled.
In the New Forest on 20 April 1913, with G. T. Lyle, a long
search was made for larvae and pupae of snakeflies in Irons Hill
Inclosure. At length it was found that a favourite habitation was
the base of branches left on the trunks of Scotch firs after the
remainder of the branch had been broken off. Though decayed
these were more or less dry inside ; so apparently larvae and pupae
do not need much moisture. Two larvae were under bark of a
1 Figured in •• Entomologist," June 1909.
88
dead, but standing, Scotch fir.^ Judging by size alone the larvae
and pupae found — a dozen or more — belonged to both R. notata and
R, maculicollis. Pupae were sometimes noticed to be in a distinct
chamber ; but whether they were occupying one ready made by a
beetle, or whether they had made it themselves was not clear.
Usually the pupae seemed to be nearer the edge of the wood, where
more sunshine reached them, while those examples still in the larval
stage were deeper in the shade of the trees.
With C. B. Williams a special search was made on 15 March
1914 for larvae and pupae of Raphviia on Esher Common. A good
number of each were found. For the information of those who
know the Common a good locality seemed to be at the head of the
Black Pond. Some of the larvae were quite small. They were
found chiefly in the layers of bark on the decaying stumps of Scotch
firs left in the ground when the trees were cut down. Unlike those
found in Irons Hill, these seemed to be living under quite damp
conditions. All appeared to be R. macnUcollis.
On 21 Aug. 1922 a larva of RaphiiUa (species undetermined) was
found near Lyndhurst in the New Forest. In captivity it was fed
on freshly killed house-flies, which it seemed to like. Its method
of procedure was to clean out the contents of the abdomen, leaving
the dorsal skin intact. On a flat surface the larva " progressed
backwards " with fair rapidity by a series of "steps" something
like those made by a looper caterpillar. It was still a lively larva
on 27 April 1923. On 9 May it looked as if it might be preparing
to pupate, but unfortunately it met with its death soon after that
date.
During an excursion of this Society to Ockham Common on 23
Sept. 1922 a number of larvae of Rophidia were found under the
bark of Scotch firs, especially on stumps left in the ground after
the trees had been cut down. The larvae clearly belonged to both
of the known Surrey species, R. uiacnlicollis and R. notata, the
former appearing ready to pupate. The following description was
made of a larva of R. maculicollis : — Length about 12 mm. Head
and prothorax rectangular, chestnut coloured above and below :
antennae pale with three dark rings; mandibles dark chocolate;
eyes black ; meso- and meta-thorax yellowish blotched with brown ;
legs pale with slightly darker claws. Abdomen scantily hairy,
pale yellow above, with dark chocolate blotches arranged so as to
give the appearance of four dark lines separated by three fine yellow
ones, all however interrupted, undersurface pale yellow with pale
brown blotches in most segments arranged four in a segment, edges
of abdomen also pale brown. The larva of R. notata is larger, but,
1 At Esher Common on 7 Aug. 1920 a larva (species undetermined) was
found some five or six feet above the ground, also under the bark of a dead, but
standing, Scotch fir on which the bark was dry.
39
though of the same general colour, is more uniformly tinted, and
so has a less ornamental appearance than its congener.
It now remains to distinguish the four British species, and an
attempt is here made to do so as far as possible by means of points
easily examined, and without going into details of the genitalia.
It is assumed that all entomologists worthy of the name have at
the present day made themselves acquainted with the primitive
type of wing nervuration,^ and of the particular modifications that
have occurred in the order of insects they have ma<ie their own.
As might be expected in a somewhat ancestral group, the nervura-
tion in the case of the snakeflies has not been greatly modified,
though the arrangement of cubitus and anals may seem a little
confusing till the pupal wings have been examined.'* It so happens,
however, that we are not concerned with the base of the wing. R.
notata is considerably larger than the rest and has a dark brown
pterostigma ; but superficially the other three look very much alike.
The figures of the four species in Plate IV. explain themselves, and
reveal the points of difference, especially when examined in con-
nection with Table II.
British species : —
1. Raphidia notata, Fabricius (J. C), " Species Insectorum,'*
I., p. 402, No. 1 (1781).
This species has a wide range in northern and central Europe.
In Britain, judging by records that have come to hand casually, it
is confined to the southern part of England, but these records are
so few that no reliable conclusion as regards distribution can be
drawn from them.' E. notata has been taken in or found recorded
from Surrey (many places), Hants (especially in the New Forest),
Middlesex, Berks, Oxon, Dorset (Dale), Wilts, and Notts. It has
been met with on the wing from 16 May till 14 July ; but June
seems to be the best month for it. Probably it winters as a larva
(but may-be as a pupa also).
2. Raphidia maculicollis, Stephens (J.F.), ♦• Illustrations of
British Entomology, Mandibulata," Vol. VI, p. 131 (1836).
According to Albarda^ it occurs in the British Isles, Holland,
Belgium, Spain, and Portugal : to these Switzerland may be added.
In Britain, if the casual records to hand are any criterion, the dis-
tribution is a strange one — Surrey (many places). New Forest
(frequently) and other parts of Hants, Dorset, Devon, Kent, Berks,
and Oxon, with Braemar and Morayshire in Scotland ! Records
1 Comstock, " The Wings of Insects," 1918.
2 Withycombe, "Wing venation of Raphidia maculicollis,*' ("Entomologist,"
1923, p. 33).
3 No attempt has been made to work out the distribution in this or the other
species.
4 "Revision des Raphidides " (" Tijdschrift voor Entomologie ") 1891.
40
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41
of time of flight extend from the second part of April or earlier
(D. Sharp, New Forest, 1914) till 30 June ; but May seems to be
the best month for this species. It probably always hibernates as
a larva.
3. Raphidia xanthostigma, Schummel (T.E.), " Versuch
etc.," p. 12, fig. 2 a and 6 (1832).
This snakefly is well distributed throughout Europe ; but records
for Britain point to its distribution being chiefly in northern and
central England, Cumberland, Yorks (frequently), Warwickshire,
Notts, Cambridge, Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, and Dorset (Dale),
having furnished examples. It has been taken in May and June.
4. Raphidia COgnata, Ram bur (J. P.), " Histoire Naturelle
des Insectes Nevropteres," p. 483, No. 3 (1842).
Of this species I possess but one specimen, apparently a contin-
ental one, given me by R. McLachlan. I have not seen a living
example. Albarda gives as its distribution the British Isles,
Holland, Belgium, France, Alsace, Nassau, Spain, Corsica, Italy,
Carinthia, and Dalmatia. F. H. Haines stated (in litt.) that several
years ago it used to be quite common in a copse near the River Eden
at Hever, Kent, frequenting brushwood in June. It was so active
as to be difficult to catch without a net. K. J. Morton refers to it
in West Suffolk ('' Ent. Mo. Mag.", 1911). McLachlan mentions a
large female which was taken by H. J. Thouless on 14 June 1886
in Foxley Wood, Norfolk, and given to J. Edwards. Obviously R.
cognata is awaiting a rediscoverer and historian.
It is probably well known that the Neuroptera are of considerable
economic importance. They all prey on insects and other small
animals, many, such as the Aphides, being very noxious creatures.
No doubt occasionally their prey are as useful to us as they them-
selves are ; but this of course cannot be helped : we can scarcely
expect them to discriminate in our favour !
From these discursive notes it must be obvious that our know-
ledge of the life story and economy of the snakeflies is indefinite,
and that these insects have not received the attention they deserve.
Of their British distribution we are especially ignorant. The
localities here given are just those I happened to have, and, you will
admit, are ludicrously inadequate for the purpose of drawing definite
conclusions. By making inquiries I could no doubt have added to
them to some extent ; but probably even then the result would not
have been much more satisfactory.
42
Observations on the Life ° history of 5carabeus sacer.
By A. DE B. Goodman, F.C.S., F.E.S.— Read December 8th, 1927.
Three years have passed since the following observations were
made, but to me it seems only yesterday that Mr. Mam introduced
me to this interesting coleopteron. I date my interest in that vast
field of study, often casually dismissed as " other orders," from the
day when he brought to my notice the home of this insect. I take
this opportunity of thanking him for his kindness in instructing me
in the use of the camera for field work, and the scientific value of
recording observations on living examples and their mode of life.
Our observations in the field lasted for five days, in June, 1924,
during our stay in the village of Evisa, North Corsica. The breed-
ing ground of the Scarab-beetles was a plateau of sandy soil,
situated at the N.E. end of the village.
The Scarab-beetles are true dung-feeders, and are of especial
interest since they model their food into the shape of a ball, which
they bury beneath the ground to protect it from the heat of the sun.
This process is carried out in order to keep the food moist and
palatable, for the sun is so strong by mid-day that it evaporates all
the moisture from the dung patches, leaving them as small heaps of
crumbling dust, useless to beetles as food.
Our observations were carried out in the early morning (6 to 8
o'clock), when the food was in abundance and unacted upon by the
heat ; by eleven o'clock the plateau was unbearably hot, and most of
the Scarabs were below in their burrows, enjoying the morning's
spoil.
The burrows.
The burrows were irregular in shape, but always of the same
general structure, consisting of a sloping passage about nine inches
long, filled with loose earth and leading to a hollowed chamber
about three inches high and two inches square, situated at a depth
of four to six inches below the soil surface. They were easily found
owing to the small heaps of loose dust, which are necessarily pushed
out from the mouths of the passages during the formation of the
chambers. In no case did we find the burrows in close proximity
to dung patches, which seems to indicate that generally the dung
balls, whether intended for feasting or for the food of the larvae
are rolled by the beetle to a convenient spot and buried.
48
The dung halls.
The dung balls were of two kinds :— (1) Those made of mule-
dung, which were used as food by the imagines. (2) Those made of
goat-dung, which were used for the preparation of the " egg-pear,"
and destined as food for the young larvae when they hatch out. We
had the good fortune to observe one specimen preparing a food ball
from a mule-dung patch ; and as I can find no previous record of
the procedure, I take this opportunity of giving a detailed account.
lite formation of a dung hall.
The individual under observation sat on the top of a portion of
mule-dung, clinging to it by means of its hind legs, and cut away
pieces of the dung from the main portion by means of its serrated
frontlet, at the same time patting down the rough uneven edges by
means of its broad fore-legs. It frequently shifted its position bv
sharp jerky movements, and by continuing its labours gradually
shaped the crude mass into a rough sphere. It ascended from time
to time to the top of the mass and, turning about surveying its
workmanship, set about perfecting those parts which did not meet
with its approval. It next seized the ball in its hind-legs, and with
a sharp jerk of its fore-legs, pushed the partially formed ball over
into a new position and recommenced its labours.
We then had an example of the fact that greed is not entirely
restricted to the higher orders of the animal kingdom. The insect
suddenly decided that it had under-estimated its capacity, and set
the matter right by scraping up on the ball some of the material
which it had previously discarded. The sphere formed, the beetle
seized it with its hind-legs and propelled it away by sharp jerks of
its fore-legs. Its movements were necessarily erratic, owing to the
unevenness of the ground, but finally it pushed the ball against a
stone.
The burial of the dung hall.
This appeared to be considered a favourable spot, and the beetle
started the process of the burial. The ball rested firmly against
the stone, and the beetle scratched away on the left-hand side of the
ball, loosening the earth until the digger disappeared head-foremost
below the ball ; it reappeared a few seconds later, head-foremost,
shovelling out the earth with its serrated frontlet. In executing
this movement it necessarily turns completely around underground.
It next dug in exactly the same way on the right-hand side, thus
hollowing out a cavity below the ball. The beetle then descended
below the ball which began to rotate, gradually sliding into the
cavity which had been formed below it. The scratching, shovelling,
and rotating continued until finally the ball disappeared below the
mass of loose dust.
44
The egg-pear.
Unfortunately no direct observation was made of the formation
of a ball intended as material for the egg-pear. Fabre states that,
in captivity, the beetle when supplied with dung and loose earth,
makes the burrow first, and then takes down the raw material in
armfuls, the ball and pear being formed entirely below the surface.
In certain cases, he states, the beetles make the balls on the soil
surface, then break them up, finally remaking them and dragging
them underground. He explains that the reason the ball is
destroyed is that the parent thus eliminates all small foreign larvae
present, which may prove injurious to its offspring.
It seems to me that the above cases are exceptional, and probably
due to unnatural conditions of captivity. It appears more reason-
able to assume that under natural conditions the burial of a dung-
ball intended for the formation of an egg-pear should be the same
as that of a ball intended for food.
As regards the elimination of foreign larvae, Fabre himself, later
in his account, remarks on the numbers of Aphodii and other larvae
in the egg-pears which do considerable damage ; further, Mr. Main
on several occasions found dipterous larvae in the egg-pears.
The ball when buried in a normal manner has a rough crust of
earth, which is taken up during the rolling, but the balls and egg-
pears found " in situ" are always immaculate. The food-ball (the
formation and burial of which has been described), was dug up the
following day, and all traces of dust and earth had been removed.
The old view was that the Qgg was laid in the ball which the
beetle trundles along, but it is now known that the Qgg is contained
in the apex of a pear-like body which the beetle forms from the ball.
The Egyptian Horus Apollo wrote in Hieroglyphica : — "the scar-
abeus deposits this ball in the earth for the space of twenty-eight
days (for in so many days the moon passes through the twelve
signs of the Zodiac). By thus remaining under the moon the race
of scarabaei is endowed with life ; and upon the twenty-ninth day,
after having opened the ball, it casts it into the water, for it is
aware that upon that day the conjunction of the moon and the sun
takes place, as well as the generation of the world. From the ball
thus opened, the animals, that is the Scarabaei, issue forth."
According to the ancients the Sacred Beetle had no parents (the
sexes being indistinguishable), but was born of the ordure which
formed the ball ; the " birth " being the appearance of the adult
Scarab.
Fabre, by means of an ingenious device, was enabled to surprise
a specimen, from time to time, at work forming an egg-pear. A
synopsis of his description is as follows : —
The beetle forms a depression at the top of the ball, and by
application of pressure the walls of the crater are gradually raised
45
making the depression deeper and deeper until finally it resembles
the neck of a bottle. In this cavity the egg is laid, and the opening
at the top is carefully closed by means of fibres.
We found one specimen which had just begun the formation of
the neck; it had formed the depression at the top just as Fabre
describes. The formation of the egg-pear from the goat-dung ball
is carried out by the female in the darkness of her underground
chamber. Fabre states that the female quits the cavern on the
completion of the egg-pear ; we, however, found the beetles in com-
pany with their pears, and in one or two isolated cases two beetles
were present in one chamber (presumably the two parents).
The height of the egg-pear from the apex to the base is approx-
imately 2 inches, the height of the apex being about half an inch ;
thus, the body of the pear (the larva's food store) consists of a
sphere 1| inches in diameter. The inside surface of the apex is
polished, and the mouth plugged with fibres. The yellowish, drawn-
out egg is situated vertically in the apex, and occupies nearly the
whole of the space within the apex. The fibre plug enables the free
access of air to the egg, and protects it from the intrusion of
strangers.
Illustrations of the egg-pear always show it lying horizontally.
The natural position, however, is vertical, since the apex is formed
at the top of the ball. In the examination of a large number of egg-
pears we found that, day by day, the proportion of vertical pears
" in situ " varied between 80 and 50 per cent. ; in every case the
pear occupied the centre of the underground cavern. We came to
the conclusion that the horizontal position is purely one of chance,
or perhaps it may be the parent which dislodges the pear from its
unstable position.
The larva.
The period of incubation of the egg varies from five to twelve
days, the young larvae hatching out in June and July. Immedi-
ately on hatching, the small grub eats away at the base of the apex,
downwards towards the centre of the egg-pear. It deposits its
droppings behind it so that the apex becomes completely filled up,
and the upper portion of the egg-pear retains its compactness, while
the main portion of the egg-pear is gradually absorbed as food. The
larva attains the full-fed condition in three to four weeks. The fat,
full-fed larva, curves its body double within the egg-pear, occupying
nearly the whole of the available space. It is transparent ivory
white, with dark coloured reflections due to its digestive organs.
The most striking feature of this larva is the large swollen lump
formed by the 3rd, 4th, or 5th segment of the abdomen, which is
said to be due to the presence of a large pocket distended by food.
The head is small and reddish, and the legs are fairly long and
strong. The last segment is cut ofif slantwise, carrying on its dorsal
surface an inclined plane surrounded by a fleshy pad, in the centre
of which is a slit. This last is used for cementing, the larva excret-
ing a black fluid from the slit which is used to fill up any holes
which may appear in the egg-pear. The fleshy pad is used to press
the cement smooth.
The pupa.
The larva before pupation strengthens the now frail walls of the
egg-pear by applying fluid on the inner surface, and polishing
the layers by means of the fleshy pad. The larva then sheds its
skin, and becomes a yellow transparent pupa, in which all the
characteristic features of the adult are visible. A curious feature
of this pupa is that the tarsi of the fore-legs, i.e., the five jointed
appendages at the tips of the legs, are missing. This is also the
case with the imago.
The iviayo.
Unfortunately, we have not seen the early stages of the imago,
but Fabre states that at first it has a dull red head, legs of the same
hue, and a white abdomen. It is said to rest within the egg-pear
for four weeks, during which time it gradually develops the familiar
horny black armour of the adult.
The imagines usually emerge from the earth in September,
during the first autumnal showers. It is stated that, to enable
them to escape from the egg-pears which have become very hard
during two months dessication in the underground cavern, moisture
is needed. This seems extremely likely, as some egg-pears which
I brought home were not kept moist, and I found the utmost
difficulty in breaking them open with a pocket knife. Fabre says
that numbers of Scarabei perish annually through being unable to
release themslves. The new generation hibernates in the ground
during winter and emerges in the following May and June for the
breeding season.
In conclusion, I think it will not be out of place if I make a few
remarks upon the misunderstandings of Fabre's original descrip-
tions. These last few years I have had the opportunity for observing
several of the life-histories which he has described, and have found
him to be extremely accurate. However, in his accounts of them he
uses his vivid Southern imagination for enlarging upon simple facts,
BO that often the truth is obscured from the casual reader. The
result being that many English translations fail to do him
justice. An example of this is found in Fabre's account of the first
appearance of the Scarab imago, which he describes as having dull
red head and legs, and a white abdomen. This state he likens to
the " scarlet of a cardinal's cassock," etc., with the lamentable
Jesuit that I have seen an English translation describing the above
47
as bright scarlet and white. This I imagine is the last thing that
the author wished to convey
The people of South France, especially those of the Departments
adjacent to Provence, have been ably described by Alphonse
Daudet, who rightly or wrongly, leads one to suppose that they do
not mean half of what they say. This, in my opinion, is too strong
a view ; but I am perhaps biased, for to be perfectly candid, one of
my grandparents hailed from Nimes, a town adjacent to Tarascon.
You will perceive the gravity of this statement, and 1 trust deduce
by means of a simple arithmetical calculation that if you discount
all I have said to-night by 12^ per cent, you will then be in posses-
sion of the crystal truth.
We must thank Mr. Main for the excellent slides, which he has
lent me for the purpose of illustrating this paper.
48
Notes on the Genus Hyponomeuta.
With Special Reference to H. cognatellus, H.,
H. padellus, L., and H. malinellus, F.
By Robert Ae^cin, F.E.S. — Bead January 12th, 1928.
In June 1924 I noticed that an apple tree in my garden at East-
bourne was badly infested by the larvae of a Hyponomeuta, and be-
lieving them to be those of H. padellns I, without paying any parti-
cular attention to them, told my gardener to collect the webs and
destroy them. Fortunately, he did not do his work too well, and in
1925 a few nests were again noticed on some of the other apple
trees. These nests on a closer examination did not agree with my
recollection of those of H. padellus that I had, from time to time,
found on whitethorn bushes ; they appeared to be smaller and of a
different shape. I therefore took a couple, and from them reared
seventeen moths which were certainly much whiter than any H,
padellus that I had ever reared from larvae found on whitethorn,
and it occurred to me that they might possibly be H. malinellus, Z.
However, on consulting some of my friends who had had more
experience of the genus, I was assured that they were probably
only a pale form of H. padellus, and that if H. vialinellus did occur
in this country it was to be found only on old wild crab-apple trees
as it was not a garden species.
It was many years since I had reared any Hyponomeuta ; my
specimens were consequently somewhat aged and my recollection of
the earlier stages of the species rather rusty. So I determined to
keep a sharp look out for larvae in the hope of being able to renew
my acquaintance with at any rate, the commoner species of the
genus ; and in this I have been fairly successful.
In 1926, I found larvae on blackthorn at Mersea in Essex and at
Oxford, and was fortunate in also obtaining a few on crab-apple
growing in the woods near Eastbourne, as well as a further supply
on cultivated apple, all of which produced imagines.
Then in 1927, with the assistance of my friend Mr. A. L.
Rayward, we obtained larvae on blackthorn from bushes growing
on the Downs ; on whitethorn and on crab-apple from the woods ;
on cultivated apple in my garden ; and from spindle {Euonymus
europaeus) growing in the hedges bordering the country lanes, from
which we reared the two commoner spindle-feeding species. Mr.
is
<
O
Z
o
Oh
h^
1=^
1;^
Proc. S.L.E. c$- N.H.SOC., 1927.
Plate VI.
Photo: A. W. Dennis.
Pupal Cocoons of Hyponomeuta
Top, CoGNATELLUs, h; Loivcr, Padellus, l.
Proc, S.L.E. 4'- N.H.Soc, 1927
Plate VII.
Photo: A. W. Dennis.
Pupal Cocoons of Hyponomeuta Malinellus
Top, Crab ; Loicer, Garden Apple
49
W. H. Thorpe sent me larvae on whitethorn from Cambridge and
Mr. T. Greer a nest on bird-cherry {Priim(,!i padus) from Co. Tyrone.
We thus accumulated a considerable amount of material, which
gave us the opportunity for observing the various batches of larvae
as they fed up side by side ; and eventually we reared fairly long
series of imagines from each of them, which, with material
previously accumulated, gave us a serviceable stock to work on.
A brief description of these broods here may not be out of place.
The H. evonymellna reared from the bird-cherry and the ff. plum-
belliis from the spindle need no comment, they were both true to
type ; as were also the H. cognatellns from the same plant, which
also agreed perfectly with a series reared from FJnnnymns japonicus
some twenty years ago. The various broods reared from the crab-
apple and from the cultivated apple, each lot consisting of a hundred
or more specimens, were just alike and might be described as white,
although in each series there were a few specimens showing a faint
greyish suffusion. The whole of the broods from whitethorn,
whether from Cambridge or from the woods near Eastbourne, were
distinctly grey (lead colour), not one of them could be called white ;
and it is perhaps interesting to note that the whitethorn bush from
which the Eastbourne larvae were obtained was actually growing
under one of the crab-apple trees from which some of the crab-
feeding larvae were taken. The blackthorn larvae from the clay
soils of both Essex and Oxford, like those from the whitethorn,
produced nothing but grey insects, but the brood from the chalk
soil of the Downs had a small percentage almost white, otherwise it
agreed with the other blackthorn and whitethorn series.
The genus Hj/pononieiita as we know it in Britain includes some
eight or nine species. They are for the most part grey or white
insects with small black spots, and some of them are attached to
special food plants. The majority of them are easily separable by
their superficial characters : thus, H. stannellus, Thursby, a recent
addition to the British list, is a grey species and the only one that
is devoid of spots ; H. vigintipimctatus, Ratz., which is perhaps the
most like it, has three rows of black spots ; both probably feed on
Sedidii telephiiitn. H. rorella, Hb., another recent addition, has
white forewings with a light greyish suffusion towards the costa,
and four rows of few very small black dots : it is said to feed on
willow {Salix alha). H. plnmhellus, Schiff., one of the three
E uoni/nius-f eeders, has a black cloud at the apex of the wing and a
large black spot near the inner margin which at once distinguishes
it from all the other members of the genus. H. irrorellus, Hb., and
H. evonymellns, L., both have a very large number of very small
black dots ; but the former is a grey insect while the latter is pearly
white, moreover irrorellus is a Euonymns-ieeder while evonymellus
appears to be restricted to Prunus padns (bird -cherry).
The remaining three species (if there be three) are by no means
50
so easily separable. My present object is to see whether our apple-
feeding insect is the same as that described by Zeller under the
name of H. malinelliis, and if so whether malinellus is specifically
separable from cognatellus, H., and padelliis, L. The first part of
the question I have no hesitation in answering in the affirmative:
the series that we have reared agrees exactly with that in the Zeller
collection, and the notes that he gives of the earlier stages might
well have been taken from the larvae that we have reared. I am
also convinced that the crab-apple and cultivated apple insects are
alike. The latter part of the question is, however, by no means so
easily settled.
But before considering the insects themselves it may be well to
deal with their synonymy. Linnaeus, '* Syst. Nat." Ed. X. p. 534,
No. 239, described a species under the name of evojiyiiiella{us) aa
having white fore-wings with 50 black spots, and as occurring on
Evonymo, Pado, Sorbo, etc. He gives a number of references to
both figures and decriptions by earlier authors, most of which are
too crude to be of any value, and those that are recognisable are
certainly referrable to more than one species. I have, however, by
the courtesy of the officials of the Linnean Society, been able to
examine the specimens in the Linnean collection. The series
consists of four specimens all exactly alike, one of which bears
Linnaeus's own label, and they are without doubt the bird-cherry
species. I fear, therefore, that, however inconvenient it may be,
we have no alternative but to ase the name evony melius, L., for that
species and to call the common euonyun,s-ieeding species by the
name of coynatelliis, Hb.
Linnaeus, " Syst Nat." Ed. X. p. 535, No. 240, described under
the nsime ot 2)adeUa{us) a species having lead-coloured fore-winga
with 20 black spots, and occurring among fruit-trees {in Arboribns
povionae). Here, again, his references are of little help ; and on
referring to his series of seven specimens, most of which are unfor-
tunately in rather poor condition, one finds insects varying from
white to distinctly grey and evidently including more than one
species. Apparently he recognised only two species, one with a
large number of small black spots and one with a lesser number of
larger black spots, and those specimens that did not conform to the
former he put into the latter series.
In the " Ids " for 1844, p. 214,, Zeller proposed the name
variabilis for admittedly the same species as Linnaeus had named
padellus, on the ground that " Of all food-plants which have been
ascribed to the larva of this species, that is the least suitable of
which Linnaeus has borrowed the name. The name padellus has
also been erroneously ascribed to other species. It is chiefly on the
first ground that I have considered myself entitled to dispense with
this name which is liable to give rise to perpetual confusion, and
51
to create a new one." But we cannot overlook the fact that
Linnaeus described his insect as lead-coloured with black spots, and
that there are in his series specimens which agree with his descrip-
tion. We must, therefore, I think, retam the name padellusyh.y for
the common whitethorn and blackthorn-feeding species.
Zeller, Isis, 1844 p. 220., described under the name of malinellus
a species having white forewings, with three rows of black dots ;
the fringes of the inner angle light grey on the under surface, and
he tells us that it feeds on apple trees. Referring again to Zeller's
series now in the British Museum collection, although the description
*' white " applies very well to the series taken as a whole, some of
the individual specimens show a very decided tinge of grey shading.
The synonymy of the species that we have now to consider there-
fore runs thus : —
H. cognatellus, Hb. 891-2 (misspelt cagnayella). Evonymi, Zell,
''Isis,'' 1844 p. 223, = the common i<;//o/i?///iu5-feeding species.
H. padellus, " L.S.N." ed. X.p. 535. Variabilis, Zell, " ists," 1844
p. 214.= the still commoner whitethorn, blackthorn, etc., feeder.
H. inalineUus, Zell, *'/sis," 1844, p. 220,= the apple feeder.
When Zeller lirst suggested the name of malinellus for the apple-
feeding species in a " Critical Determination of the Lepidoptera
appearing in Keaumur's Memoirs" which he pubHshedin the "isis"
1838, p. 670, he says, after quotations irom Reaumur, •* We have here
a moth which judging according to Treitschke, IX. 1, p. 221, should
be held to be cognatellus, but which is certainly different therefrom,
and which I name malinellus. For, cognatellus has a snow-white
upper surface of the fore- wings and on both sides of the same, snow-
white fringes ; ma/mgZ^<s has barely white, and towards the centre
grey (which however becomes whiter a few months after emergence)
fore- wings, the fringes of which are distinctly grey on the under-
side." He then goes on to say " It is much more easy to confuse
malinellus with padellus, H. {fadella) hg. 393-95. Both have a grey
shade in the middle of the fore-wings, and on both sides of these
wings grey fringes. Only with padellus is the shade in almost every
case very distinct and dark, and this, so far as I am able to say at
present, is the sole difference between the moths." He also deals
with differences in the earlier stages of the species. But when,
some five years later, he came to the formal description of )iialinellus
("isu." 1844. p. 220), he says, "As a moth it approaches most
nearly to the following one (cognatellus). I find only the following
distinctions : H. malinellus is small ; there is usually a row of small
dots on the inner margin passing on to the margin of the inner
angle. The fringes on the inner angle are coloured on the under
side outwards very hght blue and the fringes on the hind wing are
darker and remain evenly coloured to the wing-tip. (The other
distinctions which I stated in the Isis were given in error.)" This
52
last remark is unfortunate, for he had really given a very good
description of his new species {malinellns), but one gathers that the
further he went into the matter the greater he found the difficulty
of differentiating between the three species by means of their super-
ficial characters. Indeed, he seems to contradict himself, for a little
further on he says of malinelhis, *' The fringes are white, on the
under surface to the inner angle mostly very light and sometimes
only becoming grey at the tip of the hairs ; more seldom also are
they grey at the apex of the fore-wing on the root-half of the hair."
There is no doubt that the three insects are very closely allied to
one another, but when series are placed side by side there are differ-
ences which are easily apparent which must be of some significance.
Thus, cotjiiatelliis is invariably brilliant white ; vjalinellus also is
white, but the white is of a duller tone, and may occasionally be
partially replaced by a greyish suffusion ; padelhts is generally
distinctly leaden grey, occasionally with a lighter tinge, seldom
whitish. On the underside, the fore-wings of all three are dark
grey ; those of cognatellua with white fringes ; of vtalinellvs with
grey, lighter than the wings ; and padellus with the same colour as
the wings, except in the whitish specimens which have fringes
slightly paler.
Venation, a useful generic character is seldom of much use as
between species, and as Kosminsky tells us that of a large number
of wah'nellHs that he examined he found anomalies in nearly 50%,
further examination in that direction seems to be useless. The
genitalia, however, often furnish a good specific character and we
have examined a large number of preparations very kindly made by
Mr. Rayward. There is a strong similarity in those of the Hyjwvo-
tneuta as a whole, and they are peculiar in having a very great
prolongation of the saccus, the shape of which appears to vary. In
cofpiatelliis this is stout and strongly bulbous towards the tip ; in
molinellvsitis by comparison slender and almost straight throughout,
and in both species appears to be fairly constant. In padellus
normally there is a gradual thickening throughout its length, but
occasionally a specimen is found that is even more bulbous at the
tiip than \n cognatdhis, or almost as straight as in vialinellvs: in
poddlvs therefore this character is evidently liable to considerable
variation.
Although, as we have already seen, the distinctions between the
imagines are slight, there are very considerable differences in the
methods of the larvae. In appearance, like the imagines, they
have much in common. They all have black heads and rows of
black spots along their sides, and are all more or less greyish in
colour, but the larva of coipiatellns is pale yellowish grey, that of
padellus dark leaden -grey, so dark in its final stage that the black
markings are not very conspicuous, while that of vwlinellns, almost
63
orange-coloured when young, refcains a yellowish tinge in its grey-
ness throughout its life. Both co(jnatellns and padellns spin large,
loose webs embracing in them several twigs of the food-plant, and
on these being consumed, increase the web to take in others.
Malinelliis, whether feeding on crab in the woods or on cultivated
apple in our gardens, spins a somewhat compact web, at first draw-
ing a single leaf towards the twig and devours only the cuticle ;
when this is consumed, it spins a narrow gallery up the twig to the
next leaf or pair of leaves which it treats in the same way, and so
continues until the whole of the leaves on the twig are consumed.
If the first twig is not sufficient for the needs of the larvae they
move to another and continue their operations, so that one may
often find a twig webbed throughout its whole length but not a
larva on it, these being on another twig, possibly at some little
distance from the first, in a comparatively inconspicuous new web.
When full-fed they all spin their pupal cocoons within the web.
Those of both cognatellus and nialinellns are dense, white, spindle-
shaped structures placed symmetrically side by side in a compact
bundle and further, those of malinellus are almost invariably
attached to a leaf. Padellns spins loose, transparent, grey cocoons,
placed in no particular order, some often being at right-angles to
others and not infrequently scattered over a considerable portion of
the web. Thus it would appear that malinellus differs from cogna-
tellus in the colour of its larva and method of feeding, and from
pailellns, not only in its larval habits but algo in the pupal cocoons
that it constructs and the manner in which it places them.
it is perhaps not well to rely too much on food-plants, but in my
experience cognatellus is confined to species of Ruonymus ; malinellus
to apple ; but that padellus is equally well at home on white-thorn
and black-thorn, and I have little doubt that it also at times attacks
apple. I have specimens, given to me some years ago, that were
reared from larvae found on apple in a London garden, which I
have no hesitation in referring to that species.
I understand that Mr. W. H. Thorpe has been carrying on
investigations, at Cambridge, on somewhat different lines from those
which we have followed, and we shall await his results when
complete, with interest. In the meantime, to summarise our own
observations, we have three insects superficially resembling one
another in some of their forms very closely, but in which certain
details, which are fairly constant, appear to be sufficiently definite
to distinguish one from the others. The genitalia in two of
them, cognatellus and malinellus, show fairly constant differences ;
sufficient to separate them, but in the third, padellns, they vary
considerably in the one differing organ, but it is doubtful whether
it ever agrees very closely with either of the other two. Their
habits in the earlier stages, as has already been shown, vary very
54
widely from one another. The conclusion that I come to, there-
fore, is that Zeller was right in giving specific rank to malinelbiSf
and that as to the occurrence of that species in Britain there is no
doubt. Further, I think there is no question that it is malinellusy
that usually attacks our cultivated apple-trees, but there is some
evidence that padellus may also at times feed on them.
[Mr. Thorpe's paper on " Biological Races in Hyponouieuta
padella, L.", was communicated to the Linnean Society on April
19th, 1928.]
55
ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS
OF THE
Soutlj ^ouboii (Entomological anb |Iatuvat PistovD
SocutD.
Read January 26th, 1928.
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., A.M., F.E.S., F.R.C.P.
LADIES and GENTLEMEN. Once more the reports of the
Council and of the Hon. Treasurer show an improvement in
the affairs of the Society. The average attendance at the
meetings has increased again, and affords one of the best indications
of its vitality. Those field meetings with which the unusually wet
summer did not interfere, were well supported and successful. A
small innovation was made by printing on the notice of one meet-
ing the names of a few insects likely to be encountered, and with a
view to stimulating interest in the field meetings the Council has
decided to mention in future some of the more local fauna and flora
of the district to be visited. The decision of the Council to hold
the Annual Exhibition at an earlier date was amply justified by the
record number of 241 members and visitors, who came from far
and near to see the finest exhibition of its kind in the country and
to renew old friendships and form new ones.
The balance-sheet shows a balance on the right side, but it must
be remembered that we are not yet self-supporting. Our Proceed-
ings, well illustrated and full of valuable papers, are a legitimate
source of pride ; but were it not for the continued generosity of one
of our members we could not publish them in their present form.
We have also undertaken a further financial burden by providing
refreshments at the Annual Exhibition, and the cost this year was
not entirely defrayed by voluntary subscriptions. Until these
expenses can be met out of our ordinary annual income, we cannot
be wholly satisfied with our financial position.
To do this we require more than sixty new members. So large
56
an increase in our numbers can only be obtained by determined and
sustained efforts, and I hope every member will make it one of his
New Year's resolutions to introduce a new member during the cur-
rent year.
We have lost by death during the past year five members.
My brief account of their attainments and of work they have done
within the Society and outside is, I feel, sadly inadequate to the
occasion.
George Charles Champion who died at the age of 76 was the
last survivor of the founders of our Society, and was made an
honorary member in 1922, when its fiftieth anniversary was celeb-
rated. By his contributions to our knowledge of the Coleoptera and
Rhynchota he made a world-wide reputation ; and that unrivalled
work, the " Biolo(/ia Centrali-Anien'caiia,'' owing much to his un-
tiring labours as a collector of material, and as a contributor of his
own work and a sub-editor of the work of others, will stand as a
lasting monument of his fame.
Stanley A. Blenkarn was cut off in the prime of life by a tragic
accident. He joined the Society in 1911, and soon making his
presence felt was rewarded by a seat on the Council. A man
of modest but charming personality, he was a regular attendant at
our meetings, an exhibitor, and a donor of Coleoptera to our col-
lection. His untimely death has ended a life full of promise and
left a gap in our ranks, which will be felt for years to come.
Douglas H. Pearson of Nottingham became a member less than
a year ago, but for years he had shown his interest in the Society
by coming to the Annual Exhibition and showing choice aberrations
of British and continental Lepidoptera. He made frequent visits
to the Alps and Pyrenees and was well acquainted with both the
fauna and flora of these regions.
G. B. Pearson, who joined the Society in 1915, lived in Florida and
was known personally to few of us, but he kept in touch with us by
sending to our Secretary, Mr. H. J. Turner, notes on the local fauna
and specimens of Lepidoptera which were exhibited from time to
time.
George T. Porritt was a member for forty years, and in former
days attended many of the meetings. He did much to encourage
the study of the fauna of his native county, Yorkshire, by support-
ing the local societies and by founding and editing " Th« Naturalist."
Living in Huddersfield, one of the centres of industrial melanism
in the Lepidoptera, he became greatly interested in the subject, and
67
created interest in others by the facts he published and by his
explanation of the origin of melanism which was founded upon them*
He contributed numerous notes and papers to the " Entomologist s
Monthly Magazine,'' of which he was an editor for many years, and
published a list of the Lepidoptera of Yorkshire ; but his most
valuable contribution to science was embodied in the " Larvae of
the British Batter files and Moths " published by the Ray Society,
which he edited after the death of William Buckler.
I have taken as the subject of my address this evening certain
aspects of Larval Variation, and I have chosen it, because in com-
parison with variation in the imago it has been much neglected,
though as a study it is in some respects even more interesting and
more likely to repay the investigator.
The most extensive series of experiments on the colour of lepi-
dopterous larvae are those which were carried out by Professor
Poulton. He experimented with a large number of Geometrid larvae
and found that they were very sensitive to their surroundings.
The most striking results were obtained with Opisthoyraptis Inteolata
and Atnphidasis hetnlaria. In the case of the former species he
found that the larvae reared amongst green leaves produced the
green form with a red hump and red head, whereas those reared
amongst brown twigs produced brown forms. Mottled forms
resembling lichen were never bred in these experiments, though —
as my exhibit to-night demonstrates — there is a wonderful range
of lichen-like forms in this species. In A. hetnlaria the results
were similar; and here again no mottled form appeared, though a
very rare mottled form occurs in nature. In addition to green and
brown forms an opaque white form, which does not appear to have
been taken wild, was bred by keeping the larvae in a cage with
spills of white paper amongst the leaves. Larvae of other species,
which have a series of brown forms but no green ones, were found
to be susceptible to their environment in the same way, the depth
of the ground colour depending on the darkness of the twigs they
rested on. Of the Geometridae, Crocallis elinguaria, Ennotnosangu-
laria, Selenia lioiaria, and Melanippe nio)danata, and of the Noctuidae
various species of Catocala, were found to be sensitive. The experi-
mental results agree well with observations made in the field.
Most of us must have noticed the difference in the larvae of the
same species beaten from trees of different kinds or even from trees
of the same kind, from young bushes with green stems or from
58
old trees with dark branches and few leaves. Betularia is a good
example of this. Larvae from herbaceous plants, hops, and lime,
are generally green, those from blackthorn and birch are dark brown,
those from oak may be either green or brown, and those from sallow
are pntty- coloured. Strataria on the other hand feeds almost ex-
clusively on oak and is almost always brown ; but there is a dark
green larva in my box beaten from a young oak, and Mr. Hawkins
beat one from the sallow; so that it would most likely prove to be
sensitive like its ally, though to a lesser degree.
Later on, Poulton produced lichen-marked larvae by keeping them
in cages with bits of white paper mixed with their food. He was most
successful with G. hidentata and Eutrielia quercifolia. Observa-
tions on larvae in their natural surroundings confirm these experi-
ments in a most convincing way. In the New Forest I found
large numbers of beautifully mottled larvae of Miselia o.ryacanthae
on blackthorn covered with lichens, and the more lichen there was
the higher the proportion of lichen-marked larvae ; whereas in the
London area I have never met with this form at all, nor have I
seen it near Sheffield nor in Lincolnshire, where lichens are absent
or scarce. Last year, in Scotland, I found the same correspondence
between the colour of the larvae and the character of the trees from
which they were beaten. In the low part of the wood at Gight
nearly all the mountain-ash trees are dying and covered with lichen
even on the small twigs, and here there was a high proportion of
green larvae of liiteolata, many mottled ones and very few brown
ones. In the higher part of the wood where the trees were healthier,
more leafy and much less lichen-covered, green larvae of luteolata
were still the preponderant form, but there were very few mottled ones
and many more brown ones. In the case of huJentata lichen-marked
larvae were common in the low part of the wood and brown ones rare,
but higher up all were brown. Unfortunately, betularia was scarce
and I did not get a lichen-marked one amongst the eight or ten I
succeeded in beating. In the London area I have never beaten a
mottled larva of these species. Metrocaynpa maytjaritaria has a
lichen-marked form, but I have never been fortunate enough to get one.
Other Geometers have larvae mottled in a less striking manner, and
to illustrate this I show a larva of B. hirtaria beaten from an ash at
Horsley, though the light parts are darker than they were when it
was alive; and two Boarmia consortaria from an oak with mottled
branches at Limpsfield.
Two questions at once arise. At what period are these larvae
59
sensitive and how is the change in ooloiir brought about? Poulton
found that the larvae be experimented on were quite insensitive in
their first instar, and pointed out that at this stage they rest on the
leaves and that, if they were sensitive at this stage, nearly all would
produce the green forms. He showed that they became sensitive
in the second instar, but were most easily influenced by their
surroundings in the third. After that very little change could be
induced, though some could he influenced to a small extent even in
the last instar. The effect was a cumulative one, and there was no
particularly critical period, during an ecdysis for instance, but the
longer they were exposed to a special environment the more definite
was the effect produced by it.
The difference in colour is produced by the difference in the
character of the light reflected from their immediate surroundings
on their skin. Whether it is a direct effect on the skin itself or
whether the action is an indirect one through the nervous system is, I
believe, unsettled. I think it is true that in all the larvae Poulton
used in this series of experiments the blood and fat in both the green
and brown forms are an equally deep green, the green colour being
due to a chlorophyll-derivative, and the only difference is in the
degree of pigmentation of the epidermis or in its distribution. The
distribution of the pigment is interesting, because in the mottled
forms of all these larvae the same areas tend to be either light or
dark. The mottling is by no means haphazard, though all parts of
the skin must be subjected equally, at one time to light reflected
from lichens and at another to light from tw'gs. Some parts of the
epidermis are more sensitive than others, and even in the wholly
brown forms there is a deeper pigmentation in them, though it is not
as conspicuous as one would expect.
A number of other Geometers have larvae, brown and green,
differing only in the pigmentation, and these would probably prove
to be sensitive in the same way. Cobeia }>usaria and C. exanthetvaria,
Hybernia ri(/)icaiirana, Tephroaia extersaria, and Macario alterriata,
for example, have green blood in all their forms. J^nftaria is par-
ticularly interesting because, in addition to green and brown forms,
it has a white form on aspen, like that produced artificially in
betularia.
Dimorphic forms of larvae, green and brown, are even commoner
Amongst the Noctuidae ; often, as in Hadeua pisi, both forms are
equally numerous, but in some cases, as in F.iiplexia lucipara and
Calocawpa vetusta, the brown form is scarce, and in others, for
60
instance in Stilbia anouiala, Triphaena proniiba, and Kpiinda lichenea,
the green is the scarce one. In the majority of cases the blood and
fat in both forms are green and the difference is merely pigmentary.
Fid is a good example of this. The experiments on the sensitive-
ness of these Noctuid larvae were iew and inconclusive : neither
Miss Gould nor Professor Poulton found any indication that they
were influenced by their surroundings. Observations in the field
support this. Most of the larvae of this group hide in the day-
time as far from the light as possible. Both the need and the
opportunity for acquiring colours like those of their environment are
much less than is the case in Geometers. Pid, however, rests
fully exposed on its food-plant during the day ; and at Achnasheen
I noticed that there were rather more brown than green ones on
the bracken, though the plant is much more green than brown.
The effect of feeding larvae in closed tins is interesting, as any
of the influence exerted by the environment is avoided. In a large
brood of strataria, bred from eggs, all the larvae were brown, but
in a large brood of consurtaria both forms were numerous. The
explanation seems to be that in the former species all had strong
bias towards a pigmented state, and in the latter some had a bias
in one direction and some in the other. Poulton found that some
of his larvae were much more easily influenced than others and
some were quite refractory. Here is a question that requires
further investigation. I suspect that even in Geometers there is a
hereditary difference, though it can to a large extent be over-
come by environment. In the case of Noctuids, a large brood of
vetiista kept in the dark gave all green larvae, but Anchocelis litiira
gave both forms, green being in the majority. Unfortunately, no
exact count was made, but I think it was about two green to one
brown. In Noctuid larvae the difference is, perhaps, due solely to
heredity, but nothing short of careful experiment will show the
truth or falsity of this hypothesis.
The larvae mentioned so far have green blood and green fat, and
in many the skin too is green, but this is by no means the case in
ail larvae. Some have no green substance either in the blood or fat :
for example, Perizoina affinitata, most species of Dianthoecia, and of
Ta})inostola, and Nonaijria typhae and A', iieurica. Nonagria cannae, on
the other hand, has deep emerald green blood, but there is no green
substance either in the the fat or skin. The yellow pigments of the
blood are derived from carotinoids and the green substance is derived
from chlorophyll, but there must be several different compounds formed
61
from the latter. 1 have noticed that in some cases, as in the genns
Thera, very slight warmth turns it yellow, whereas in others, as in
Colzas ediisa, it remains green at a much higher temperature. Only
a difference in chemical constitution would account for this. The
identification of this group of chlorophyll-derivatives and the deter-
mination of their relationship to one another awaits a chemist skilled
in microspectroscopy.
A very interesting proof of the existence of more than one green
compound in a single larva is afforded by the blue-green mutant of
Colias philodice bred by Gerould. He showed that in ordinary
larvae two substances, which he calls chlorophyll and xanthophyll,
with different spectra, were present, but in the blue-green recessives
only the former was found.
This long discussion is in part preparatory to the consideration of
green and brown dimorphic larvae different from those already
mentioned. In the genus Cnaytnbia [Epliyra) the green form of
larva with a green skin always changes into a green pupa, but the
brown form gives rise to a brown pupa and there is no green sub-
stance in the blood of either. Thus there is a metabolic differ-
ence as well as a difference in epidermal pigmentation. Both green
and brown forms are quite common in pendularia and linearia. In
annulata the brown form is very rare, though a figure of a
pupa in the Trans. Knt. Soc. for 1884, proves that it exists ; in
orbicularia the green form is the rare one. In porata a,nd pioictaria
the green seems to be less common than the brown form. Poulton
experimented with annulata and failed to obtain a brown larva,
however brown the surroundings ; and pendularia also showed no
response to environment. In a case of this kind, where there is a
profound metabolic difference, the dimorphism is most likely here-
ditary. A simple breeding experiment with larvae kept in the dark
would settle the question, and for this pendularia would be the
most suitable species.
Other species show a metabolic dimorphism of the same kind. It is
met with in some of the Eupithecia species. E. expallidata for instance,
has a form with a white ground colour and colourless blood and fat
and a less common form with green ground and green blood and
fat. Here, too, I expect the difference is hereditary, and the forms
are probably simple dominant and recessive.
I will now" turn to another form of variation. Almost all
Geometrid larvae with protuberances of the epidermis show con-
siderable variation in this character. I have noticed this in species
62
in which the larva is invariably brown, such as Aspitates strigillaria,
Numeria pulveraria, and Ennomos erosaria, but it is most interesting
in those which have both brown and green larvae. In A. betularia
the warts on the fifth abdominal somite are smaller in the green
than in the browner larvae, and in the green larvae of Boarmia
consul tar ia there is only one pair of dorsal humps, that on the
second abdominal somite, whereas in the brown larvae large lateral
humps are present on the third, and smaller ones on the fourth and
fifth abdominal somites m addition to the dorsal ones. Tephrosia
extersaria hais a green form of larva with two tiny raised dots on
the eighth abdommai somite, and commoner green and brown or
brown forms with pairs of raised knobs on the fourth and eighth,
and in some cases an additional pair on the ninth.
Ennomos anyidaria has a unicolorous yellowish green form of larva
without humps or projections, and various brown forms with pairs
of dorsal knobs on the second, third, and fifth abdominal somites,
pointed projections on the eighth, and lateral prominences on the
second and third. In Ennomus fuscantaria there is a green form of
larva either perfectly smooth or with a pair of pointed projections on
the eighth abdominal somite ; and a grey form with a row of red
warts on the dorsum of the second thoracic somite, and on the abdom-
inal somites pairs of large red humps on the dorsum of the second and
fifth, and small ones on the fourth, pointed projections on the
eighth, lateral red prominences on the first, second, and third, and
a ventral one on the third, intermediate forms occur and they are
usually intermediate both in colour and in the degree of development
of prominences. Are these differences hereditary or are they the
result of environment? There are several points in favour of the
latter hypothesis. There is no clean-cut division into two forms in
these larvae, but various intermediates are found. The observation
that the greener the larva the fewer and smaller the humps, if it is
borne out by more ample material than I have at my disposal, is a
still stronger argument. We know that the green colour is retained
by larvae that rest on leaves, which are smooth, and that the brown
colour is acquired by those that rest on twigs, which have excres-
cences. It is difficult to resist the conclusion that the smoothness of
the green larvae and the excrescences on the brown ones are as much
a response to surroundings as the colour; but, if this be so, it seems
to me far more wonderful that a structural change can be called forth
in this way than a pigmentary one. It would be most interesting
to have the matter solved by experiment, for, until suitable experi-
68
merits have been carried out;, no certain answer can be given to my
question.
Though the following facts give no real help, they are perhaps
worth mentioning. Amongst larvae of the hybrid Philosamia ricini,
male, and P. cynthia^ female, some had no tubercles and some had
the tubercles reduced in size. The latter proved to be recessive to
the normal. In Bouihijx j/fo/Harvae with knobs, raised evaginations
of skin, in the subdorsal line, appeared as a mutation, and were
found by Tanaka to obey the Mendelian Law. These cases show
that structural variations may be hereditary, but throw no light on
the variations of this kind that are found wild and are, in conse-
quence, so much more interesting.
In other families dimorphism as conspicuous as any in Geome-
trids or Noctuids occurs, but little is known about it. The larva of
Satiirnia pavonia has tubercles either pink or orange. Poulton
found three with pmk tubercles amongst eighty larvae bred from
one batch of eggs, a ratio not at all like a simple Mendelian one.
Moths bred from two of these gave a ratio of about three larvae
with pink to one with orange tubercles, which would be expected,
if the parents were heterozygous for pink and orange and pink were a
dominant. Neither the colour of the tubercles, nor the ground
colour, nor the extent of the black markmgs in the larva of this
species were affected by the food-plant or surroundings. Polymor-
phism in pavonia seems to be governed entirely by hereditary fac-
tors, but further experiments are needed to confirm it.
In the Notodonts, Dicranura vinula has as a rule a larva with a
green saddle on aspen and with a red saddle on other trees, a differ-
ence attributable to environment. Fhaeosia tremulae has both green
and brown larvae, but its close relative dictaeoides has only a brown
form. Notodoiita dromedarina has both green and brown larvae,
but ziczac, though closely allied, has no green form, but possesses
in addition to the brown form of larva, a purplish one almost con-
fined to aspen and a white one to sallow. Lophoptenjx cawelina
has an uncommon pink variety of larva, which I found on both
beech and birch, as well as the common green one. Amongst
the Liparidae^ Dasychira pudibunda has yellow, pink, and blackish
larvae, and Oryyia yonostiynia has in both sexes one form of larvae
with white hair and another with yellow hair. Amongst the Lasio-
canipidae, Trichiura cvataegi is polymorphic, having more than live
very different forms, but the account given by Tutt of Briggs' ex
periments with three of them is too brief to be of value. One may
64
venture to guess that in the Notodonts the variation is environ-
mental and in the others hereditary, but evidence derived from ex-
periments and not guesses are required.
Reverting to the Noctuae, Acronicta leporina has a white form of
larva and a yellow one with a dark head and other dark markings,
supposed to feed on alder and birch respectively, but Chapman has
shown that the food is not the cause of the difference and believes
them to be inherited characters. Demas coryli has white, chestnut,
and black larvae which are probably due to hereditary factors,
though evidence on the point is lacking.
Some work has been done on the Sphingidae. The difference in
ground colour in larvae of Aworpha popiili and Smei'inthns ocellatns
is due to environment. Both develop a pale grey or bluish green
on aspen, and a deeper brighter green on other species of Fopidus
and on Salix. Exceptions occur under natural conditions, though
in captivity the relation between ground colour and food-plant was
very definite. In Smerinthus the green pigment, unlike that of
most geometers, is confined to the skin, the blood being colourless
and the fat white. Much less, however, is known about the lines
of red spots that may be present in either species. Red-spotted
forms of ocellatns have been bred from moths derived from
red-spotted larvae ; but this is inconclusive, whereas the observation
of Mr. Newman that red-spotted larvae of populi are obtained
commonly by breeding from the egg on aspen and rarely on other
trees suggests that they are an effect of environment.
Reference to Piepers' paper on polymorphic Sphingid larvae shows
that Sesia utellatarHm has a green and a blackish form, and that Heme
coficolrtili, Chaerocampa elpenor and (\ porcellus all have a common
brown form and a rare green form of larva. Elpenor has been
carefully studied by Federley, who found that all the larvae were
green at first, but that in one brood 103 suddenly became dark brown
at the third ecdysis and 37 at the fourth, and in another 9 became
brown at the third ecdysis and 64 at the fourth. Had he been dealing
with a larger number no doubt a few would have become brown even
as early as the second ecdysis, though at this change of skin the great
majority remain green. In this respect the larva oielpenor is like those
of many Noctuae, in which the change from green to brown is equally
sudden and complete, and equally variable in the period at which it
occurs. Argument by analogy is notoriously dangerous, but the
similarity suggests that a similar cause is at work. Federley start-
ing with a brood in which there were 42 brown larvae and 10 green
65
ones believed that green would prove to be recessive to brown, but
he obtained the following results in the next generation : green x
green gave 73 brown larvae, green male x brown female gave 14Q
brown larvae, brown male x green female gave 18 brown larvae, and
brown x brown gave 56 brown larvae. Not a single green larva
was bred. He concludes that the brown and green larvae of elpenor
are genetically identical ; and one must assume that the difference
is due to environment. The result is most unexpected, because the
larger larvae hide by day like noctuid larvae and are not exposed
like geometrid larvae to their surroundings. There must be a simple
explanation. Perhaps there is a comparatively short period during
which these larvae, and possibly those of some of the Noctiddae too^
are sensitive to reflected light instead of the long sensitive period
found in Geometridae. If so, it may occur when they are beginning
to form the habit of leaving the food-plant to conceal themselves in
the day-time on or near the ground, and those that acquire the new
habit unusually late are the ones that retain the green coloration,
or there may be a critical period during or just after an ecdysis.
Mr. L. W. Newman has supplied me with some interesting facts
about elpenor. He tells me that of larvae collected wild in their last
instar, 30 to 40 per cent are green; but that when he breeds them
from the egg, as he does almost every year, in large open-air cages
with an ample supply of growing food-plant, a green larva is a great
rarity. Last year he had one amongst about three thousand brown
ones, and the usual proportion is approximately one green to ten
thousand brown. This is very puzzling, because the conditions in
his cages are so similar to those of the natural habitat, but by
means of a carefully planned experiment it should be possible to
discover the reason for the apparent anomaly. These facts indicate
too, that, if the dimorphic noctuid larvae really do respond to their
surroundings, any experiment with them to show the effect of envir-
onment would have to be carefully designed and carried out, and to
be conclusive would have to be checked by a breeding experiment
like that of Federley with elpenor.
Thus, there is overwhelming proof that some larvae are influenced
by their surroundings, though the difference in susceptibility of
members of the same brood suggests that even in these species there
are inherited differences. In other larvae it is probable that heredity
is the sole factor accounting for the various forms. The black larvae
of Abraxas (^rossnlariata, for instance, may be a mutation; and there
is little doubt that this is so in the case of the velvety black larva of
66
Miselia oxyacanthae. In the domesticated silkworm many forms
are known that stand in Mendelian relationship with one another ;
but in the case of our native larvae, though we may surmise that
such relationships are common, actual proof is almost completely
lacking. lean think of only two cases, in which it is forthcoming.
Professor Poulton has discovered that in grossulariata the form of
larva with a black head and no other black markings, that appeared
in his and in Raynor's cultures, is a recessive ; and the rare recessive
aberration of Lasiocampa giiercus Sih. olivaceofasciata, CklL, has a larva
with very dark fur and hair, which is distinguishable at a glance from
the ordinary form. The latter is especially interesting because it is
an example of a mutant larva giving rise to a mutant imago, though
as a rule mutations in the one stage are quite independent of those
in the other. At least one similar case is known. Gerould has shown
that the olive-green larva of Colias philodice is recessive to the normal
grass-green larva and gives rise to a butterfly with olive-green eyes
and a peculiar pigmentation on the underside, orange in the yellow
form and buff in the white female. Standfuss states that an
albinistic larva of Arctia caia and another of Dendroliuius pini
produced albino imagines, and these, also, may have been comparable
mutations.
I know of no seasonal variation in British species, but the larvae
of the North American Colias eiirythenie shows in certain strains
bred in the autumn and winter two dorso-lateral rows of black
spots near the posterior margin of each somite, which are never
present in the summer generation. Nothing is known about the
inheritance of this winter pattern.
Geographical variation occurs in the larva as in the imago. L,
quercus has two races in France, meridionalis with white fur and
white hair, and vihurni with chestnut fur and white hair, both diff-
erent from our native race with both fur and hair brown ; and
auricoma race alpina, Frr., has bluish white warts on the fifth to
the tenth somites instead of the rusty red ones of other races. These
examples will suffice. I mention geographical variation, because,
if dimorphism in the larva of a species is due to heredity, one would
expect the proportions of the different forms to vary in different
localities even on the same food-plants. This is certainly true of
oxyacanthae, grossulariata and queicns, in which the melanic forms are
confined to definite areas, and Chapman hints that the yellow larvae
of leporina predominate in some districts in the North, the white
in others and in the South. Acherontia atropos has a green form
I
67
of larva and a black one differing in markings as well as in colour;
the black one is very rare in Northern and Central Europe, but in
Spain is as common as the green one, and in North Africa is actual-
ly the commoner. The usual food-plant, however, is not the same
throughout this wide area, and Federley's experiments with elpenor
make one doubt whether it is a true example of geographical var-
iation. Records indicate that the distribution and percentage of
the various forms of T. crataegi differ according to locality, but
they are too imperfect to be of real value. Data of this kind con-
cerning the forms of cratae(ji and the species of Cosymbia might
give interesting results. It is, however, in the cases in which the
cause of the difference in colour is most uncertain, as in the brown
and green forms of the noctuid larvae, that imformation is most
needed and most difficult to obtain.
I will end my review by thanking you for the patience with which
you have listened. I am only too well aware of its deficiencies,
and realise that I have raised many questions only to leave them
unanswered ; but, if some of you by observations in the field or by
experiment will supply the answers later, this part of my address
will not have proved altogether valueless.
Bibliography.
Chapman, T. A. " The genus Acronicta and its Allies, London."
1893, p. 115.
Federley, H. *' Ofversigt af Finska Vetenkaps-Societatens
Forhandingar." 1916, 58, 1-13.
Gerould, J. H. " Journ. Exper. Zool." 1921, 34, 385-412.
Ibid 1926, 43, 413-425.
Gould, L. J, " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond." 1892, p. 215.
Hawkes. "Journ. Genetics." 1918, 7, 135-154.
Piepers, M. C. " Tijdschrift v. Ent." 1897, 40, 27-105.
Poulton, E. B. ** Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond." 1884, p. 51, PI. L,
fig. 10.
Ibid 1892, p. 293.
'* Proc. Roy. Soc." 1885, no. 257, pp. 269, 306.
Ibid 1886, no. 243, p. 135.
68
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
FEBRUARY 10th, 1927.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.E.S., F.R.C.P., in the Chair.
The decease of a member, Mr. J. J. Lister, F.R.S., F.E.S., wag
reported.
Mr. J. B. Fidgen of Romford Rd., E., was elected a member.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a flower-head of the sweet coltsfoot
{Tiissilaijo fragtana), which he said, although not a native of this
country, had established itself on some of the rougher parts of the
banks along the Parades at Eastbourne, where it had spread out
into great patches many yards square, whose fragrant blossoms
were to be found from Christmas time until the end of February.
The President remarked that it was very abundant in the east of
Scotland, and was also found at West Marina, St. Leonards. Mr.
Step said that it was common on the London Rd. near Mickleham ;
he had seen half an acre of it along a roadside in South Cornwall.
It was often called the " Winter Heliotrope." Mr. Gosvernor re-
ported it from near the Suspension Bridge, Reigate Hill ; and Mr.
Sperring, near Lee Station, S.E.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited Erannis defoliaria from Epping Forest,
including some very fine melanic forms and one example with the
bands of the fore-wing united behind the discoidal spot ; also an
aberration of E. maryinaria with much displaced and distorted
median lines, from Wimbledon.
On behalf of Mr. Pierce of Oundle, he exhibited an earthworm
with the posterior end duplicated, a by no means common occur-
rence.
Mr. 0. R. Goodman read a paper illustrated with many lantern
slides, " The Land of the Sheik," (see p. 1) giving an account of
the holiday of several members of the Society in Algeria.
I
69
FEBRUARY 24th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. A. C. Hewitt, 83, Tavistock Avenue, Walthamstow, E. 17,
was elected a member.
Mr. Blenkarn exhibited two cabinet drawers of British Chnjso-
melidae and Carabidae ; and pointed out a nice series of the very
local Chnjaomela cerealis, from Snowdon.
Mr. E. Step exhibited a living patch of the Hepatic, Madotheca
plati/phi/lla, Duiuort., from Headley Lane, Micklehara, where it is
abundant on banks and tree-stumps, in large colonies. It is one
of the more substantial members of the group ; and the stems lie
over one another in a pleasing manner. The deep green opaque
leaves are arranged in two rows on the stems and alternating
branches, which are hidden by the close overlapping of the leaves.
There were no fruits on the specimen, as these do not appear until
a month or so later in the year.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited an aberration of Psetidopan-
iliera [Venilia) macnlaria in which the black markings were all
much enlarged and some fused together ; an example of Zijgaena
filipendidae in which the hind wings only were salmon-coloured,
another in which the salmon-colour was on the forewings as well ;
and a Z. trifolii, also of salmon-colour on all the wings.
Captain Crocker exhibited a Melitaea athalia showing l(0)iweods ;
the left fore-wing having connected streaks and spots of a lighter
colour, similar to that of the undersurface.
A large number of lantern slides were exhibited by Mr. A. de B.
Goodman illustrating the natural history of the visit to Algeria
described by Mr. 0. R. Goodman, at the previous meeting.
Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited a series of slides of eggs of Lepidop-
tera, mostly of species whose ova are somewhat rarely met with.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a series of slides on the life-history of
the stag-beetle Lucanns cervna, showing how well adapted for the
study of the subterranean activities of the larvae of Coleoptera,
were his special forms of terrarium, which he also exhibited. He
read a short paper on his exhibit.
Mr. Robert Adkin showed slides illustrating the life-history of
Aleitrodes vaporariorum, commonly known as the " White fly,"
*' Snowy fly," or " Mealy wings," which he said had been only too
common in his conservatory at Eastbourne during the previous
autumn. The eggs, larvae, pupae and imagines were shown in situ
70
on the leaves of a Primula ; also a larva of the Coccus, Psendococcns
comstocki, to which the Aleurodidae were not very distantly related ;
and of a white moth resting on a leaf. The superficial resemblance
between the Aleurodes and the moth was such as to make it no
great wonder that some of the older naturalists regarded the former
as a Lepidopteron.
MARCH 10th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
The decease of a member, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., of Hudders-
field, was announced.
Mr. D. A. Hawgood, 89, Leigham Vale, S.W.2., was elected a
member.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited larvae of the Jilig ram maria form of Opor'
inia autiimnata from Achnaskeen, Ross-shire, which were fed on
Glastonbury thorn. The dark green colour, which matches the
natural food-plant (heather), had not been affected by the pale green
substitute. He pointed out that the larvae of this form were more
striped than those of the typical form of antiiumata, and he had
never seen such well-marked stripes and so dark a ground colour in
the latter, of which he had 150 one year all faintly marked.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a series of Theria {Hybeniia) rupicaprariaj
bred between the 2nd and 22nd of February last, the progeny of a
female taken at Eastbourne in February of the previous year. No
males emerged after February 12th, on which date the females
began to appear. He bad often found the species wild before the
middle of January.
It was generally considered that this species was to be taken
during the first mild weather after the middle of January, and was
soon over. Stainton once recorded the species for January 1st.
Mr. E. 8tep, on behalf of Mrs. Grey, exhibited a portion of
sycamore branch showing fasciation by a combination of three stems.
A section of the stem at the point where fasciation began revealed
no abnormality which would account for the aberration.
Mr. Bliss exhibited a bred example of Sphinx limistri, from
Cornwall, in which the pink flush was replaced by bulT.
Mr. Harris exhibited a bred example of Satnrnia pavonia^ from
Hampshire, with a small inverted wing on the upper side of the
71
hindwing. The pupa case showed an extra wing fold. The
probable cause was thought to be a larval injury.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited a series of Pieria nnpi\ bred
from ova laid by one ? obtained in Surrey, including the following
aberrational forms.
1. Forewings angular. 2. Forewings rounded. 3. Forewings
very narrow. 4. Males with extra spot on the fore-wing. 5.
Females with upper discal spot very much reduced in size.
6. Females with upper discal spot absent. 7. Females with mark-
ings of a grey colour and very faint. 8. Females with the
ground colour greenish. 9. Male underside with spots united by
black scales. All these were of the spring emergence.
Of the summer emergence he exhibited the following aberrational
forms. 1. Both sexes very heavily marked, large specimens of both
sexes. 2. Females with yellow ground colour. 3. Females with
spots on fore-wings united by black scales. 4. Females with the
upper discal spot so reduced that it was scarcely visible.
Two pupae went over two winters and produced imagines which
were of the spring form. During the heat-wave in July, 1926, he
had two l\ napi pair in the cage, which was in a room from which
the sun was excluded.
He also showed aberrations of Fseudoterpna jiruinata. 1 . Blackish-
banded form. 2. A male with reddish bands. Both were from
Wimbledon larvae.
Mr. Hugh Main made some remarks on the Shore Earwig, Labi-
dura rifiaria. He had noticed that the eggs were carried about by
the female, who also carried the young in her mouth, and in his
observation-cages would hurriedly place them under a sheet of glass at
the approach of danger. He had recently found three nests of the
common earwig in Epping Forest. The first had eg^s with the
mother : the other two had eggs only : the mothers probably had
been killed. He took all three nests and placed them in a cage,
when the remaining mother- earwig collected the other two layings
and placed them with her own.
Mr. Sperring sent for exhibition, a further series of Polyomnmtus
icarna from Ireland, and subsequently communicated the following
notes : —
In connection with the exhibit of Irish PolymmatuH icarus on
my behalf by Mr. Turner on March 10th, a point was raised as to
whether this insect is double- or treble-brooded. From further
enquiries made among Irish collectors, it appears that, so far as
72
the West Coast of Ireland is concerned, this insect is only single-
brooded as far as Co. Clare, and on the eastern side, as far south as
Dublin.
The various specimens from Sligo, Galway and Clare were taken
in June and July of 1926 ; but it is very interesting to point out
that the icanis taken in Co. Down, also in July, 1926, although
single-brooded are — with three exceptions amongst the insects ex-
hibited — all of the smaller double- brooded form, and the females
could readily be confused with the ordinary type of double-brooded
female taken in the South of England.
At what point on the West of Ireland the single-brooded form
ceases, and is replaced by the double-brood race, cannot at the
moment be definitely ascertained. It is quite evident that the
point is either in Co. Kerry or the North of Co. Cork, Kerry forming
a barrier between Sligo and Cork. On the East-coast, the single-
brooded form commences in Co. Dublin. It is quite possible that
during 1927 further information will be available as to whether
icarns is single- or double-brooded in Kerry. In connection with
this question, the following extracts from answers to my enquiries
will probably be of interest :
Co. Down. — " In regard to your queries about icaruH, I think
there is but one brood here. It is fairly common all round thig
district, and I do not think it appears until July : in the months of
July and August it is in full flight. I cannot remember having seen
it earlier."
Dublin. — " I have collected chiefly in the South of Ireland, and
mostly to the South and West of Cork City. I have not been there
all the season, but have been there in most months, from time to
time. I have found icarns in early June, and have not noticed it
in July. Last year I was in Cork from July 15th to August 15.
During July I saw no icarns, but in August it came out plentifully to-
wards the middle of the month. Round Dublin I have taken it
in early June and again in August. I should say it is double-
brooded round Cork and Dublin. The species is of the typical kind,
i.e., small and of the usual colour. Cork and Dublin females are
nearly always of the blue form with large orange spots, the brown
form hardly ever occurring — at least, that is my experience."
Tyrone. — "With regard to icarns race clara, as a whole, is single-
brooded appearing from about the middle of June (in early seasons)
to the middle of August. A very partial second-brood may occur in
a very favourable year."
73
" I met with icarus in the first week of June in Co. Wicklow, 10-
12 miles south of Dublin, and from the very small size and early
appearance, these were probably the spring brood. I have no ex-
perience, on the species of the West Coast between Clare and Cork."
MARCH 24th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. E. J. Bunnetfc exhibited a form of Acronicta leporina, bred
from a Chiselhurst larva, in which much of the usually white
ground was slightly flushed with grey scaling, as if the black of the
lines and spots had run off on their outer sides ; an aberration of
Hipocrita jacohaeae, in which the two main features of the fore-
wings were united, from Micklehara, April 4th, 1926 ; a specimen
of the rare Aventia fjexnla, from Mickleham ; and a form of Euclidia
mi, from Box Hill, in which the ground-colour was pure white in
place of the usual fawn-colour.
Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited an extremely large example of the
fungus PolypovHS betnliuKfi from Chiselhurst, measuring 14 inches
by 9 inches in area, and of a flat growth instead of the hoof-shaped
bracket which this species usually assumes. Mr. Step said that these
large, flat specimens from beech, oak or ash, were regarded as
another species, Ganodenna applanation, distinguished by its
coloured flesh, tubes and spores ; this, however, from its white in-
terior appeared to be P. betulinua.
Major Kingston, a member of the recent Mt. Everest Expedition,
gave an account of " Curious Protective Devices in Spider Snares,"
illustrated by a number of diagrammatic lantern-slides of the
various snares and their devices, as observed by him in the Hima-
layas and in Burma. (See page 15).
Dr. Cockayne expressed his pleasure with the address, and said
the Society considered it a privilege to hear the fascinating ac-
count of these small creatures just given by Major Hingston. He
did not agree that the account strengthened the view that these
devices were protective, and wished for further observation on the
results accruing from them. He noted that most of these spiders
were rare as well as small, which was contrary to expectation if the
protection was in any degree effective. The expenditure of so
much energy in the production of silk was a great drain on the
system, and the rebuilding of an elaborate device would be well
74
«nigh impossible. The ordinary snare of a spider is practically in-
visible and one would think much more effective than one with
such conspicuous devices, which would be readily seen by ap-
proaching prey.
Mr. Main remarked that the British spiders lacked the powers
of invention and of artistry, which were so much in evidence in
these tropical spiders. He instanced the famous " signature "
• spider of Fabre, of which numerous specimens have been kept in the
Zoological Society's Gardens, but very few of them had made
any attempt to ornament their webs with the device. He wished
to know if Major Hingston had met with cells of hymenoptera
stored with large spiders ; and had he made observations of the
attacks on spiders ? He was anxious to get records of attacks on big
spiders. His view of the use of these bands of conspicuous silvery-
white was that they could be easily seen at night. He had much
pleasure in proposing a vote of thanks to Major Hingston for his
most interesting account of these neglected creatures.
Mr. Bristowe said that the spiders of Britain did not make
"devices" in the way that some tropical species did. Some, how-
ever, made a platform, which whs probably the beginning of a
•' device." He noted that there were members of various groups included
in Major Hingston's exhibit, not all of which were orb-web spinners,
naturally ; and called attention to the remarkable convergence of
evolution of the devices and orb-making. Some wasps only put a
single spider in each cell, whereas the Pompilids often had 20 to 80
Epeirids in each of their cells. The hard outer skin of the body,
which some spiders had, did not prevent their being victims of
their hymenopterous foes. He had observed that various Brazilian
wasps placed foreign matter in their webs, and in one special case
he met with a species which used crumpled leaves. It was re-
markable that many Epeirids devoured the whole of their webs
every evening ; and he asked if any of the species referred to did
this, consuming their bands as well ? He had much pleasure in
seconding the vote of thanks.
In reply Major Hingston called attention to the usually accepted
opinion that the sight of insects is very limited, and that they do
not see the snares but tumble into them. However, this does not
apply to hymenoptera, which must have very efficient sight, for
their hunting is done by sight ; and in his opinion these devices
were particularly protective as delusions turning off the attacks of
hymenoptera. He had not met with large spiders in a hymenop-
75
teron's cell, but always small spiders. Many observations had been'
made of Diptera picking spiders from their webs. The protective
shape, colour, devices, and markings would not be seen at night,
but in moonlight would be equally as effective as in the daylight.
He saw no reason why these spiders should not eat their snares
and devices, which were formed of silk and insect remains, although
he had not observed such a habit.
APRIL 14th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited three short series of Zyijaena
/ilipe)idiilae: —
(1) Specimens from Chattenden, taken by the late J. W. Tutt,
and forming part of the series which he called hippocrepiJis. These
were taken in May and June. He considered them an offshoot of
Z. trifoiii.
(2) Normal Z. tilipenilnlae taken at Felbridge, Surrey, in May
and June, 1921-22 & 24.
(3) Small race of Z. filipendidae, which corresponds very closely
with series No. 1, taken at Felbridge, Surrey, in 1923. These
small specimens are the direct descendants and parents of series 2.
In all of these years the species was very abundant in this marsh,
but it was only in 1928 that these small specimens occurred : in
that year every example taken was much below normal. It may
be mentioned that these were in no way selected, as the small size
was not noted until the insects were taken oif the boards and put
alongside specimens taken in previous years. The small form did
not occur in 1924, as a special search was made for it without
success. In 1925-6 the species was rare in this locality, so that no
adequate comparison could be made, but the few seen were of
normal expanse.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited examples of the galls made by the
clear wing- moth, Synanthedon forniicaeforniu, in the shoots of sallow,
Salix capraea, from S. Hampshire ; and called attention to the
remains of the burrow made by the young larva encircling the
shoot. He said that, later on, a fracture often occurred from the
decay of the upper portion. He referred also to the ravages by
birds, most of the shoots above the ground growth of sedge and rush
being torn open as a rule.
76
• Mr. Edwards exhibited a slab of coal showing fossil impressions
of Siffillaria and Pheimpteris.
APRIL 28th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited a halved gynandromorph of Tricldnra
crataetfl, bred in 1920 from an Essex larva. The left side was ^
and the right side $ . Small and deficiently scaled examples of
Saturnia pavonia, bred from Yorkshire larvae in 1923 ; a perfectly
white empty cocoon of the same species, the pupa belonging to it
being found outside ; and a cocoon of the same species with round-
ed, instead of pointed, exit end — which appeared to be due to the
smallness of the space chosen for pupation.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited — (1) A melanic Selenia bilimariaf
bred from Witherslack larva by Mr. Wni. Mansbridge. The ground
colour is very dark, and all the normal markings are visible. A
melanic S. hilnnaria ; melanism in the ancestor was produced by
manganese ; bred by J. W. H. Harrison. Except for two thin
pale transverse lines across the forewings, it is entirely dark brown
but of quite a different tone of colour to that of the former.
(Shown on behalf of Mr. Wm. Mansbridge.)
(2) Two melanic S. hilnnaria treated similarly to Harrison's,
bred from Yorkshire, 1915, by A. S. Tetley, of Scarborough, with
a pale specimen for comparison.
(3) Larva of Senta uiaritima, and frass, etc., to show that the
food in spring is the lining of dead reeds.
(4) Larvae of Amathes litura and of Cleora lichenaria, from
Surrey.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited examples of Anticlea badiata,
showing considerable difference from each other in depth and shade
of markings, as well as divergence in position and direction of the
transverse lines. In one specimen the paired transverse lines near
the base of the forewings make an acute angle near the costa,
instead of an obtuse one, thus causing the short upper portion
to meet the costa at an acute angle instead of a right angle as
normally. The lower portions of these transverse lines also show
a slightly altered slope.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited larvae of Acidalia immorata. He
said that from moths taken at the end of May last year he obtained
77
a large number of eggs. In due course these hatched, and the
young larvae appeared to thrive on knotgrass, dandelion and so
forth ; but it was doubtful whether they ate the heather with
which they were kept supplied also. The larvae were kept out of
doors in a well-ventilated cage ; and with the approach of autumn
the mortality became very great, some 75% dying ; they were
therefore brought into a cool vine-house, and very soon settled
down for hibernation. As soon as the warm, sunny days of spring
came round, they began to stir and to feed, eating partially with-
ered dandelion and CrepiH, and possibly Potent ilia. As soon as
fresh young heather was obtainable, they ate this also, and were at
the present time practically full fed. Mortality during the winter
was small, and this he attributed to the larvae having been protected
from the cold weather. He thought that the behaviour of these
larvae threw some light on the reason for the species being so ex-
tremely local in this country, in that it suggested that it was only
in very specially situated, well sheltered spots, that it could with-
stand the climate of our winters.
Mr. Cox, a visitor, read notes received from a relation in Rhodesia
on the death of a chamaeleon. He said that a female chamaeleon
that had been captured, laid about two dozen eggs after it had
been placed on a piece of chintz ; then shortly rolled over and died.
No native will touch one of these reptiles ; and when his friend did
so they screamed. The local legend was that the chamaeleon was
sent from heaven to overtake death, but was too slow and death got
to earth first. As a punishment the chamaeleon was allowed to lay
twenty or so eggs, and then to die.
Mr. Step remarked that the legend here was, that if placed on a
Scotch plaid the chamaeleon burst open and died, feeling the im-
possibility of changing colour to match the hues of the tartan !
MAY 12th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Farmer exhibited living larvae of Miselia oxyacanthae and
Crocallis eUmjuaria.
The President exhibited a short series of Cosymbia (Zonosovia)
pendularia, including two ab. decoraria, Newm. (subroseata) bred in
April from Worth Forest larvae.
78
. Mr. Dennis exhibited a flower-spike of the early spider orchis,
Ophrys apkeijodes (a rani f era), from the neighbourhood of Maidstone.
Mr. Step said that Mr. Rayward had kindly sent him specimens
from near Eastbourne, bat that the spikes were smaller than that
exhibited, bearing only three flowers. He pointed out that 0.
sphegodea was quite clearly distinct from the commoner bee orchis,
O. apifera, in the markings and colour of its petals. Mr. R. Adkin
had met with it at Eastbourne, and Mr. Grosvenor at Wye.
Mr. 0. R. Goodman exhibited long series of Satyrus ahdelkadeVj
Teracaltis voiina and TanicHu theophrastns, received from Algeria ;
also a specimen of the ab. tanifi of Hesperia maLvae.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited preserved larvae of lYofocfonta stV^ac,
L., and called attention to the eversible glands beneath the head
in front of the first pair of thoracic legs ; also of Xanthorhoe mon-
tanata, Hj/drioniena furcata (elutata), Pseudoterpna pndnata, Ourap-
teryx ftambncaria, Xylophasia ritrea, Triphaena fimbria^ FjUplexia
lucipara and Phalera biwepJiala.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a number of colour aberrations of
Colias Ifsbia, sent to him by our fellow-member Captain Kenneth
Hay ward, from the Argentine. There was included a very curious
gynandromorph in which the ^ and ? colours and markings
were extremely mixed. (See Rnt, Record, xxxix. 97.)
MAY 14th, 1927.
Field Meeting — Bookham.
Conductorn — E. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.E.S., and
H. WORSLEY-WOOD, F.E.S.
The weather was quite favourable for a nature ramble and a
good number turned up making the gathering one of the most success-
ful of the year. Most of those present obtained something of
interest although only the lepidopterists sent in reports of their
doings. The imagines reported were Gonepteryx rhamni, Pieru
napiy Euchlo'e cardamines, Vanessa io, Aylais urticae, Rumicia phlaeas,
Coeno7iy}npha painpldlus, Euclidia yni, Lithinn chlorosata {petraria)^
Bapta teinerata, Xanthorhoe ferruyata, Ectropis pimctulata, and
Epirrhoe alternata {sociata). Ova of Dicranura viniila. Larvae of
Liynsnitis sibilla, Ruralis quercus^ Porthesia slndlis, Nola cucullatella,
Hylophila qaercana, Cleoceris vhnhialis, Aniathes lota, Miselia
79
oxyacanthae, Taeniocanipa miiwia, T. cruda, T. ininiom, Cali/uiiua
trapezina, Dysehorista fixsipuncta, Amphipyra pyramidea^ Agriopls
aprilina, Diloba caendeocephala, Polyploca flavicornis, Krannia
defoliaria, K.aurantiaria, E. marginaria, E. leucopheana, Operophtera
fayata (horeata), 0. brumata, Opon'nia dilntata, Colotoia pennariaj
PhigaUa pedaria, Cidaria fulvata, EnropJdla badiata, Acidalia
virgularia {strigaria), Tlieria riipicaprarla, Onrapteryx sambucaria,
Apocheinia hispidaria, Paendoterpna prninata, Comibaenn pustttlatay
and Hydriomena furcata (dntata). Also Coleophora genutae on
Genista anglica.
Mr. Step reported that a Myriapod, the Bristly Millipede, Polyxenus
lagurns, was turned out of decayed wood in a dead tree-stump, and
thought on a casual inspection to be a species of Woodlouse. It re-
sembles greatly one of the Isopod Crustaceans, the eleven body-seg-
ments being broad and furnished at their sides with tufts of scale-like
hairs. Each segment is also fringed across the back with similar
but shorter hairs. A longer tuft spreads on each side, flanking
the two shining plates that constitute the tail ; and above and be-
tween these plates is a spreading plume of long hairs. The animal
has thirteen pairs of legs, but is not very active. It is yellowish-
grey in colour, spotted with brown.
[See "Proc. S. Lond. Ent. S., etc.," 1902, 1904, 1910.]
MAY 26th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. T. H. Brocklesby, Long Lodge, Merton Park, S.W.19, was
elected a member.
Mr. Blair exhibited larvae of Pachygastria trifolii, from the
Scilly Islands, where a more or less isolated colony exists on the
extreme western boundary of the distribution of the species.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited the living larvae of Grannnesia trigraui-
mica {trilinea), Nudaria senex and Odezia atrata ; with that of a
sawfly, Brachiiea rufescens.
Mr. Farmer exhibited the larvae of Boarmia rhotnboidaria [gem-
maria)y Theria rupicapraria^ and Acidalia virgularia {strigaria),
Mr. H. Moore exhibited an example of the New Zealand geometer,
Declana atronivea from Wellington : a beautiful, stoutly built, black
and white species, whose larva feeds on Panax arboreum, its only
foodplant, and known as Five-fingers.
80
MAY 28th, 1927.
Field Meeting. — Byflket.
Co«(///rfor— Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
This was another successful meeting, not only was there a large
number of species of Lepidoptera reported, but a number of records
were sent in of other orders. In the lepidoptera the imagines taken
were Pieris hrassicae, P. rapae, Gonepteryx rhamni, Polyowmatus
icarus, Dipterygia scahrinscnla, Hadena genistae, Phytometra viridaria,
Acronicta nieyacep/iala, Boarmia panctinalis {consortarid) a melanic
form, Ectropis pnnctulatay Lithina chloroaata [petrariajf Ochyria desig-
nata, EpirrJioe alteniata (sociata), Xanthorhoe viontmiata, Cabera exan-
themata, C. piisaria, Ematarya atomaria, Pseudoterpna macnlariaj
Perizonia albidata, Euchoeca nebidata [obliterata) and Cosynibia porata.
Ova of Gonepteryx rhavini, Ei(chloe cardamines, Thyatira batis and
Pterostoma palpina were found.
Larvae of the following were reported, Cosmotriche potatoriay
Malacosotna iienstria, Porthesia shniliSj Dyschoriata fissipiincta,
AmatJies lota, Taeniocampa munda, T. popideti, Cleoceris viimnalis,
Hylopliora quercana, Gonoptera libatrix, Oporinia dihitata, Crocallis
elinguaria, Colotois petuiaria, Erannis anrantiaria, E. defoliaria and
P hi g alia pedaria.
In Coleoptera, Donacia versicolorea, D. simplex^ Zeugophora sub-
spinosa (on aspen).
In Hymenoptera, Crabro cephalutea (cocoons in rotten willow),
Poecilosouia Inteolum, BUnnocantpa tenidcornis, Monophadnus genicu-
latiis and Pachyneumtus apicalis.
In Diptera, Pacyrrhina crocata, Beris chalybeata, Dioctria atrica-
pilla, Scatophaga maculipes and numerous others.
In Trichoptera, Molamia angustata, JMystacides nigra^ Leptocerns
aterrimus and GlypJiotaelius pellucidns.
In Neuroptera, Chrysopa perla, C. vittata and Henierobius lutescens.
In Odonata, Brachytrun pratense, Calopteryx splendens, Ischnura
elegans and i\ nife^cens and Platycnemis pemiipes (a new locality).
[See"Proc. S.L.E. & N.H.S.," 1901, 1902, 1904, 1907, 1908,
1912, 1914, 1920, 1925.]
JUlSlE 9th, 1927.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Tonge exhibited stereoscopic slides of the wild-laid ova of
Dasycliira pudibtiuda, Pygaera curtula and Selenia bilunaria.
81
On behalf of Mrs. Brooks, Mr. Dennis exhibited a very large
fasciated plant of the Meadow Buttercup, Ranunculus acris ; the
compound stems were over an inch in breadth, and the fruit
heads were also fasciated.
Mr. F. B. Carr exhibited the ova of Stauropus fagi, and remarked
on the comparatively large size of the ovum in this species.
Mr. A. de B. Goodman exhibited series of Triphaena pronuha^
T. orbona, Huf. {subsequa^ Hb.) and T. interjecta, showing similar
lines of variation from light forms to dark ; also light and dark
forms of T. litnbria and dark forms of T. jantldna, one specimen of
the last being of reddish coloration.
He also showed MeUtaea aurinia, from various localities on the
continent to show the geographical variation, including the numer-
ous forms of the small alpine races of merope^ the proviiicialis form
from S. France, race iberica from Spain and the aniasina race from
Amasia.
Mr. Mera exhibited his series of British M. aurinia and of 2\
pronuba, selected from the results of many years breeding and
collecting.
Mr. Goodman reported that he had seen Pyrameis atalanta, AyiQg
in bis garden at Horley, on June 9th. It was apparently a very
fresh example. He also reported that in his aviary he had obtained
a hybrid between the sparrows Passer mnntanus ^ and Passer
douiesticus $
Mrs. Olive Grey exhibited a number of Australian Cicads, and
contributed the following notes : —
The native name for the Cicadas in Australia is "Loki," and
locally the various species receive a characteristic name.
The " Greengrocer " varies from pea-green, emerald, and darker
greens to yellow and buff shades and light brown ; these last are
also called " Yellow Monday." The " Whiskey Drinker," so called
from his red nose, varies in size and colour from jet black to a small
grey fellow. Their song is deeper than that of the " Greengrocer."
The " Union Jack " is a double-drummer, but, owing to the fact
that he prefers the trunks of very lofty trees like the " Black-Butt,"
he is very difficult to get, and is also more active than the others.
He is the largest of the Cicadas, and his wings are set more like
those of a fly.
The Cicadas start their song on an instant and stop just as
abruptly as if on a given signal. There are dozens of other colours
and sizes from the " Union Jack " down to one the size of a
82
"March Fly," but they all belong to one or other of these
varieties.
Mr. Step exhibited the tubular web of the so-called British Trap-
door Spider (Atypus affi,nis), from Guestling Wood, Sussex, where
he had found it present in numbers. It was a medium-sized ex-
ample, six and a half inches in length, of which the lower two-
thirds had been buried in the sandy bank. This portion has a
diameter of half an inch ; the exposed upper part being a third less
in width. It was untenanted.
He also exhibited the longicorn beetle, Macrotoma crenata, from
Calcutta.
A long discussion took place on the partial disappearance of
various species of Lepidoptera in Britain within recent years. Natural
causes, vicissitudes of climate, abundance of bird-life, prevalence of
parasites, unusually mild and damp winters, and the encroachments
of intensive cultivation with the spread of population, were put for-
ward as causes. It was recognised that it was only with the
utmost difficulty that a species could be planted in a new area, or
even restablished in an old one ; and some considered that all efforts
at " protection " would be more or less futile.
Mr. E. Step then read the following Report.
South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies. — Congress at
Hastings.
As your junior delegate, it is my duty to give you a brief account
of the proceedings at the Congress, which was held in the ancient
town of Hastings and its western extension, St. Leonards, from May
25th to May 28th.
The early arrivals on the first day (Wednesday) made a tour of the
Old Town and its venerable churches ; but I was content to join them
later in the ruins of the castle, where tea was served, and the Rev.
C. C. Dobson gave a summary of the Castle's varied history. At the
same time, Mr. Lewis Abbott, in his shop at St. Leonards, was giving
an account of recent geological research and discoveries in the district,
in which for many years he has played an important part. In the
evening, we were welcomed to the town by the Mayor (Councillor T.
S. Dymond, an old Essex Field Club member) and representatives
of the Hastings Natural History Society. Dr. A. B. Rendle was
inducted as President, and delivered an address on " The Flora of
Sussex, Past and Present."
83
. At 9 on Thursday morning the delegates met for business, which
included the consideration and acceptance of an invitation from
Rochester to hold the Congress there in 1928. Sir Martin Conway
was chosen as the President-elect. Later, the Botanical Section
transacted its business, and then listened to addresses by Dr. E. J.
Salisbury on " The Waning Flora of England," and by Councillor
Dymond on *' The weeds of a St. Leonards Garden " — his own.
After lunch, there was an excursion of archaeological and geological
interest to Winchelsea and Rye, and another for botanical purposes to
Pevensey Marshes. In the evening, the Mayor and Mayoress held a
reception in the fine, new White Rock Pavilion, which was a very
enjoyable function, as it enabled representatives to renew ancient
acquaintances.
On Friday morning, both Zoological and Geological Sections had
their innings ; but, as it was difficult to be in two places simulta-
neously, I naturally selected the zoological, of which Mr. Turner is
Secretary. Here we listened to a succession of three admirable
addresses : by Prof. MacBride on " The Nature and Origin of
Mutations ; " by Mr. W. H. Thorpe on " The Fauna of Brackish
Pools on the Sussex Coast," and by Prof. Lloyd Morgan on " Territory
in Bird-life," founded on the theory of Mr. Elliot Howard, with
extensions and interpretations of his own.
The geologists, at the same time, were listening to addresses on
the Submarine Geology of the English Channel by Mr. H. B. Milner,
and on '' Fossil Vertebrates from the Weald " by Dr. W. F.
Whittard.
There were three excursions in the afternoon, but the day was our
only wet one ; and having got pretty damp in the morning I thought
it inadvisable to occupy the seat I booked for Cliff End and Fairlight.
Mr. and Mrs. Turner, being more resolute, went and were rewarded
by a much finer afternoon than the portents indicated. In the
evening, the Union Secretary, Mr. E. A. Martin, gave a lantern lecture
on " The Amenities of the South Downs."
On Saturday morning, we had a clear-up business-meeting, and
expressed our thanks to all concerned for a most enjoyable and
successful Congress ; and later, the Regional Survey Section listened
to addresses by Prof. Patrick Geddes on " The Movement towards
Synthetic Studies," and by Councillor Morgan on " The Town-plan-
ning of Hastings m the Future." I attended a cinematograph lecture
to children, by Dr- Clarence Tierney on *' Some Secrets of Nature."
84
In the afternoon, Mr. E. J. Bedford gave a lecture to the youngsters
on " Wild-flowers."
There was a final charabanc excursion over a considerable slice of
Sussex, including the Rother Valley ; but I had a greater desire to
use my feet, and in company with Mr. Stanley Austin, the President
of the London Natural History Society, I walked over the Fire-hills to
Pett and Guestling, where we paid a respectful visit to the tomb of
our old friend, the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, the former rector.
JUNE 11th, 1927,
Field Meeting — Whitb Hill, Miokleham.
Conductor — E. Step, F.L.S.
This was another very fine day and a number of members were
present, but owing to the extent of the areas visited the party was
never collected together and even tea, usually a reunion, was not so
on this occasion.
The following records were sent in —
In Lepidoptera, Laverna (Mowpha) raschkiella (mines in the
leaves of Epilohium anguttifolia), a local species.
In Coleoptera, Thsctura cuspidata, Phloeocharis suhtilitsima^ Stenus
solutus, Pria dulcamarae^ Clems forwicarius, Lema cyanella, Psylliodes
dulcamarae, P. affinis, Epiihrix atropae, Longitarsxis exoUtut, Mor-
dellistena ne\iwaldeggiana {hrunnea) and Xyloterus {Trypodsndron)
domesticus.
In Hymenoptera, Cephus pygmaeiis, a corn sawfly, beside the R.
Mole and an Ichneumon, Collyria calcitrator, parasitic upon it ; a
Braconid, Colastes braconius, reared from blotches of Laverna
raschkiella.
In Trichoptera, Hydropsyche angi(stipenni$. Near the R. Mole.
In Neuroptera, Sisy7'a fuscata. Near the R. Mole.
In Ephemera, H abrophlebia fusca, Ephemerella ignita and Baetix
rhodani. All near the R. Mole.
[See " Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and N.H,S." 1901.]
JUNE 23rd, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited numerous items obtained on his
holiday in Spain near Barcelona, including the nymph of the
85
m.&ntid, Empusapauperata] antlions; the Scorpion, Buthusoccitanus ;
Clotho durandi and other spiders ; the larva of a large glowworm ;
several other species of Coleoptera, including Scarites gigci»
(buparius), Scarabaeus laticollis, S. semipunctatus, and species of
Blaps.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a series of Acidalia immorata, reared
from the larvae of which he exhibited examples on April 26th,
together with some of the cocoons from which they had emerged.
He said that of twenty-four larvae that reached maturity three
only spun their cocoons among heather ; one in a withered dande-
lion leaf on the surface of the moss with which the bottom of the
cage was lined, and the remaining twenty just beneath the surface
of the moss and usually against the side of the cage. This, he
thought, suggested that under natural conditions the species
probably pupated among the rubbish, moss, etc., collected around
the roots of the heather.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited a series of bred Spilosoma urticae from
Pevensey, of the same "one-spotted" form as those bred by Mr.
Adkin and Mr. Rayward from the same locality.
On behalf of Mr. Sharp of Eastbourne he exhibited pupae of Leu-
cania straminea, in a very useful device used by him for the pupa-
tion of this species : a piece of corrugated wrapping paper, the folds
of which the larvae readily occupied when about to change. No
superposition of individuals was possible.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner on behalf of Capt. K. J. Hayward exhibited
the nesfc of a Weaver-bird (species not definitely indentified), from
the Argentine Chaco forests, in the neighbourhood of the rivers
Pindo and Paranamini. This bird uses only horsehair for its
building, and every hair is black. The natives call the bird the
" Boyero " or " oxherd " ; but this name is also applied to other
species, the local bird and insect names being very loosely used.
Taken in the spring (October) of 1926.
Dr. Bull exhibited the larvae of Tkera obeliscata. Some of the
specimens were so parasitised as to be only skins full of the grubs, or
of the pupae, of the parasite. He also showed a suffused Brenthh
euphrosyne, Alncita galactodaciyla, and examples of an early form of
Zyyaena filipendulae to which the name of hippocrepidis had been
attached by many writers.
Mr. A. W. Dennis exhibited photographs of the adder's-tongue
fern [Ophioglossuni vulyatutn) with the fructification in two spikes,
which were coiled spirally ; from Loughton, Epping Forest. Mr.
86
Step remarked on the exhibit, and said that such forked and twisted
specimens were rarely met with ; though Sowerby says the barren
frond is often forked at its extremity, and that the fertile spike may
be duplicated or even triplicated.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins reported that he had been in Devon during
early June, and had noted Z. filipendulae as being quite common
in certain dry fields. In the discussion that followed Mr. Adkin
stated that the species occurred at Eynsford in June in quite a dry
locality.
JUNE 26th, 1927.
Field Meeting — Princes Risborough.
Conductor — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
This was a very wet and unfavourable day. A few lepidoptera
were noted with larvae of Gonepteryx rhanmi, Aglais urticae, and
imagines of Polyommatus icai'us, Epinephele jurtina, Coenonyntpha
pamphihis and Plebevis medon (agestis). A large number of cocoons
of a Zygaena were collected and several members subsequently
bred a series of a local form of Z. lonicerae much resembling Z»
trifolii in size and facies.
[See "Proc, etc." 1923.]
JULY 14th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
It was announced that the daughter of the late Mr. Enefer, a
member, had presented to the Library of the Society a large number
of books on Natural History subjects. A special vote of thanks
was passed.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited the nest of a small spider from East-
bourne, spun on a current year's leaf of dewberry, together with
the wingless hymenopterous parasites which had been bred from it.
It was stated that probably the parasite was a species of
Pezomachus.
Mr. Step said that a species of Pezomachus^ very similar to that
exhibited, had been bred from the egg-capsules of a spider (Zelotes)
attached to the undersides of blocks of chalk. (See Proc. S.L.E. S
N.H.S. 1926-7, p. 113.)
87
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a small sprig of honeysuckle, which
had an empty pupa-skin and living pupa of Limeniiu sihilla attached
to it. These were found by Mr. Rayward on the previous afternoon
in Abbot's Wood, where the species had become increasingly
common during the past few years. In was, he said, very unusual
for two larvae to pupate so close together.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited: —
]. Three distinct forms of Ematnrga atomaria, from Surrey and
Essex ; 2. An asymmetrically marked <? of Aspitates ochrearia
from the Isle of Wight ; 3. Angerona prunaria : $ parent from
Chattenden Woods and 2 ^ ^ ab. corylaria, bred in June and
July, 1927, from eggs laid ; 4. A pale teratological specimen of
H ipocrita jacobaeae, of which the forewings and body were pale
grey, and the anal angle of the left hindwing was excised. From Box
Hill. 5. A teratological example of Acronicta aceiis, bred in June
last from an Isle of Wight larva, with a transparent patch in the
central area of the left forewing below the stigmata. No scales
were developed. 6. Living larvae of Palimpsestis ocularis [octoge-
sivia) and of Hamearis lucina.
Mr. Main exhibited a device he was using to induce the South of
France spider, Clotho durandi, to spin its web. In the wild, the
spider spins under overhanging stones ; and he had made a card-
board "cornice," in an angle of which the spider had made its
cocoon.
Mr. Worsley-Wood exhibited a very long series of Perizoma
taeniata showing the two main forms : the banded ab. latefasciata,
and the mottled ab. angHstifasciata, with one example in which most
of the markings were largely suppressed.
Dr. Fremlin exhibited a number of extreme aberrations of Aglais
urticae, bred by him some years ago and previously exhibited by him.
He wished to express the opinion that these forms were possibly
due to premature development and consequent emergence resulting
in poorly developed wings ; suffused dull, unicolorous brown, instead
of bright yellow, warm red and blue ; absence of down on thorax
and inner wing-margins ; early death, which occurred within a
day or two of emergence.
He wished to know if insect colours were developed from dull
and unicolorous tints to bright and varied ones ?
Mr. Sims exhibited a Hymenopteron embedded in a piece of
Kauri gum from New Zealand. The insect was beautifully pre-
served.
88
Mr. Carr exhibited the pupa of Gonepteryx rhanmi from a larva
taken during the field meeting at Mickleham. He stated that the
^ larva was green and the 2 larva white.
JULY 24th, 1927.
Field Meeting — Blackheath, nr. Guildford.
Conductor— 0. R. Goodman, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
In spite of dull and showery weather ten members attended
this whole day meeting, the party separated at the Heath and
followed their respective pursuits.
The coleopterists found much to interest them amongst the
rotting silver birch trees which are abundant over the Heath. The
following species were reported : Amara spreta, Nitidula 4-pitstulataf
N. ru/ipea on an old bone, Necrophonis ruspator, Hister snccicola^
Cercyon lateralis and Meyarthrns depresses in a rotten Polyporns,
Elater halteatus and Orc/tesia undidata in birch stumps larvae and
imago, Aiioinala aenea the green form, CUonns nehidosns and
Criocephaliis ferns.
In Hymenoptera Aculeata, Myrniosa melanocephala , Psaunnochares
pln))ibei(s and Crabro iresniaeli.
In Hymenoptera Phytophaga, Phyllototna nemorata.
In Diptera, Sicus ferrnyineus.
In Neuroptera, Raphidia notata (/) larva.
In Orthoptera, Go\nphocerus macidatns.
In Psocoptera, Amphiyerontia bifasciata and Mesopsocus luiipunc^
tatiis.
Several nightjars (Caprimnlytis europaens), were distributed
amongst the heather, and an example of the common lizard {Lacerta
vivipara) was procured.
During the bright intervals butterflies were in evidence on the
outskirts of the wood on the south side of the Heath.
One Liwenitis sibilla, the worse for wear, was seen, and two
specimens of Aphantopus Jiyperantus var. arete taken.
Tea was served at the " Volunteer Arms " in the middle of the
Heath and was certainly appreciated ; and in spite of the generally
inclement weather the meeting was much enjoyed.
89
JULY 28th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
The President exhibited a species of PezomacIiKs (Hymenoptera)
taken on a wall at Erith, but not the same species as that exhibited
at the last meeting.
Mr. Tonge exhibited ova of Apamea ophiogrannna and a photo-
graph of the parent at rest, pointing out the curious facial resem-
blance of the pattern on the wings in that position ; Dipterygia
scab rinse tf la {pinastri) at rest and explained why the insect is called
the "bird's wing" from the pattern of the marking ; and a living
Pyropteron chrysidiforniis, bred from a larva taken in Folkestone
Warren.
Mr. Farmer, on behalf of a lady visitor, exhibited a large number
of insects of all orders collected in East Africa, including Papilio
nireus form lyyaeiis, Hypolunnas misippiiSj 2 species of Teracolus, 8
species of Pieris, Eronia cleodora, Catopsilia fiorella, etc., in the
Lepidoptera.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited theHymenopteron, Amuiophila sabidosa,
in order to illustrate the folding of the long abdomen in the cocoon ;
also the egg of the same species attached to the larva of Lithuia
chlorosata [Panagra petratia). The Aminophila was observed digging
its burrow on July 13th, 1927, and on the evening of the 26th of
the same month, the larva resulting from its Qgg had finished
feeding and was spinning its cocoon.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited the dolichopid dipteron, Camp-
dcnemus viagiiis, Lw., a (^ , with extraordinarily formed front feet.
It was taken near Abbey Wood on July 19th, 1927.
The President exhibited the larvae of Kupit/tecia plnmbeolataj
feeding on cow- wheat {Melampynim).
Mr. Kobert Adkin exhibited pupae of Callophrys rnbi in situ. He
said that from eggs found by Mr. A. L. Ray ward, on Genista tinctoria^
he had reared four larvae to maturity on that plant. When appar-
ently full-fed they were supplied with moss, just under the surface
of which they pupated. Although, in the case of two of them, he
had been able to remove the overlying portion of the moss without
disturbing the pupae, he had failed to find any semblance of cocoons,
or indeed any trace of silken threads. This did not, however, pre-
clude the possibility that the larva may draw the moss together by
a few strands of silk and that these may have been destroyed in
parting the moss.
90
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited a short series of an early- appearing
form of a sixspotted burnet from Sidmouth, taken in the third
week in June.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a specimen of the burying beetle, Necro-
phorus huniatoiy bred from ova deposited in May last, with very
small larvae of the same species from North Spain.
Mr. Step exhibited living examples of early stages in the develop-
ment of the Bracken [Pteru aquilina). He said that early in the
present year he had the curiosity to examine a small flower-pot that had
passed the winter out of doors, and whose soil appeared to be coated
with a dense growth of one of the smaller Liverworts. A closer
inspection revealed that these were really a congested company of the
prothalli of some fern. From the proximity of the pot to a very fine
Male-fern, it was at first assumed that the prothalli were of that
species. Later development showed that they were those of Ptern
aquilina, with the exception of one in the centre, which proved to be
Pterin serriilata, a greenhouse fern. There were no mature plants of
Bracken in the garden or the immediate vicinity ; it is probable that
a small cloud of spores blown down from Wimbledon Common, only
a mile away, left a number sufficient to coat the soil of this small
pot. Here they germinated and gave rise to the very crowded
growth of prothalli that attracted attention.
It was soon evident that, on the under-surface, the sexual organs —
the antheridia and archegonia — had been produced, and that in many
cases fertilisation had been successful : for the clubbed heads of the
unexpanded first fronds began to push up between the overlapping
prothalli. A striking fact is shown by the exhibit : that there is
considerable variation in the rate of development of the young plants,
for this small community, agreeing in age, represents several stages
of growth. Here you may see the first minute leaf unrolling to an
oval shape that tapers downwards to the leaf-stalk ; the second leaf
shows a tendency to lobing, and later, larger leaves are progressively
more distinctly lobed and then broken into trefoils. One vigorous
plant has so far out-distanced the others that, whilst some of these
are only now putting up their first leaves, it has already so far
developed several that they show the characters of the mature plant.
There are several points here that are worthy of notice : the very
young plant begins to produce its leaves in a circular tuft like most
of our Ferns ; and each leaf at first has its lobes or leaflets rolled
into a ball. If you will look into the circlet of leaves in this more
precocious example, you will see that already the rootstock of the plant
91
is elongating, and that it has two growing points, advancing in contrary
directions. Before late autumn these will have turned downwards,
so that further growth may proceed underground, where we always
find the rootstock of the adult Bracken. Next year, the new leaves
will have to push up though the soil, and to meet this opposition
the divided leaflets will not be rolled into a ball, but will be folded
into a more slender hook-shape that can pierce the earth more easily.
It will no longer arrange its leaves in a tuft, but in a line with
considerable intervals between them. Its underground habit is
necessitated by its tenderness. Bracken, which the layman regards
as the hardiest and coarsest of our Ferns, is more liable than any
other native species to have its vegetation destroyed by late spring
frosts.
Later, the two branches of the rootstock become long and stout,
and fork repeatedly. Prof. F. 0. Bower, one of our great authorities
on the Ferns, is of opinion that the special efficiency of the Bracken
in covering great tracts of land is due largely to its underground
habit, and that it relies more upon this vegetative method of increase
than upon reproduction by spores and sexuality. In his absorbing
little book, Plant Life on Land, he states that many an observant
botanist has never seen what I am showing you this evening : and
continues *' we can only conclude that in Nature the completion of
the life-story by sexuality is a comparatively rare event."
That has always struck me as rather an extraordinary statement ;
for during at least fifty years I have always had good reason for
regarding spore-produced plants as sufficiently plentiful to attract
attention, even in situations where there could be no possibility of
their becomming adult — such as about damp walls and the brick-
work of railway stations where I have had occasion to wait for trains.
On the sides of hollows on our heaths and commons and the trenches
cut for surface drainage, I have been able, usually, to find it when I
wanted specimens.
[It was discovered, later, that one of the same batch of spores had
settled and developed in the jointing of the bath-room outflow
pipe !]
Mr. Goodman exhibited the black-bellied tarantula spider from
St. Baume, S. France, which his son obtained by introducing long
straws into the deep burrows. He also showed the balls of ova
made by the spider.
A paper communicated by Captain K. J. Hayward, entitled " A
92
short Account of the Argentine Chaco," was read by the Secretary.
(See p. 18.)
In the discussion which ensued it was noted that sugaring at low
elevations in the tropics was practically impossible on account of
the ants.
AUGUST 11th, 1927.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The death of Mr. G. C. Champion, A.L.S., F.E.S., one of the
orginal members of the Society, and for many years Hon. Librarian
of the Entomological Society of London, was reported.
Mr. A. de B. Goodman exhibited a series of drawings showing the
life-history of the S. of France spider, Lycosa iiarboneiisis.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited a small collection of butterflies made at
Rueglio in N. Italy, including an unusually large and finely marked
Lycaena avion, the form cleodoxa of Argynnis adippe, an ab. fracta
of Fyrameis atalanta, summer forms of Pieris napi, etc.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited and explained some further new adjust-
ments and adaptions in his subterraria for observing the transform-
ation of those insect?, whose life is spent largely below the surface
of the earth.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited larvae of a Zygaenid from
Blanco, near Barcelona. These hatched on June 27th, from ova
laid by a female sent to him by Mr. Hugh Main. There were 78
larvae, and of these 58 have rapidly fed up, while the remainder
have started for hibernation in the normal fashion.
He also showed the larva of Amata [Syntomis) phegea, and called
attention to the Arctiid characters exhibited.
Mr. Carr exhibited larvae of Xanthorho'e montanata feeding on
willow-herb.
Mr. J. H. Adkin exhibited sprays of sweet peas, one consisting of
eight flowers. The stem was fasciated. In the short discussion
that took place, Mr. Step suggested an attempt to grow the aber-
ration from seed. Mr. Grosvenor said that in his experience
blooms so produced fell off without setting seed ; but that the
blooms below the fasciation produced pods and ripened seeds.
93
AUGUST 25th, 1927.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Sperring exhibited two very fine aberrations of Polyommatns
icarus from Londonderry : one an obsoleta form, and the other a
beautiful striata.
Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a long series of a Zygaenid,.bred from
pupae taken at Prince's Risborough during the Field Meeting in
June. They were said to be Z. lonicerae, of a race peculiar to the
Chiltern Hills, but in size and facies more resembled Z. trifolii.
The Chairman said that he had attempted to induce pairing between
this race and both lonicerae and trifolii. This took place freely
with the former, but not at all with the latter.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited a parasitic larva found in an entirely
cleaned out pupa of Catncala mipta at Upper Tooting.
Mr. H. Moore reported that a visit to Royston on August 14th,
produced but very few Polyo)iniiati(s coridon. Polyommatns icarus
also was extremely rare ; a collector on the ground was reported
to have obtained a form striated on all four wings.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited developing catkins on a apray of sallow.
Mr. Step thought this was probably due to the influence of the
wet season.
Mr. H. Main exhibited Scarites cfigas (buparius), a large Carabid
beetle, from Barcelona ; and remarked on its apparent timidity. When
picked up and placed on its back, it would often remain a long time in
that position without moving even in the close proximity of food. He
read a long extract from Fabre on this shamming of death.
Mr. Step exhibited the Orchid, Spiranthes spiralis, from the North
Downs where he had found it in some numbers, though incon-
spicuous among low vegetation. The new growth, a rosette, of
leaves took place a little later. There were frequently three tubers
to a plant, last year's old one, the present year's and next year's.
Mr. Dennis exhibited the gall of Cystiphora [Cecidomyia) sonchi :
said to be somewhat rare, and confined to the S. of England. The
plant (Sow-thistle) was found with several others similarly affected
in a bean-field at Colne, in Essex.
Mr. Ashby exhibited the curious dipteron from the New Forest,
which from its remarkable resemblance to a plant-bug, was named
Alophora hemiptera.
94
SEPTEMBER 3rd, 1927.
Field Meeting — Ranmore Common.
Conductor — C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S.
This was a whole-day meeting, members leaving Waterloo for Box
Hill station by the 10-25 a.m., train, intended mainly for larva-beat-
ing. Besides myself, the following 15 members of the Society attended:
— Messrs. Ashby, Brocklesby, Candler, Carr, Cheeseman, Edwards,
Jarvis, Macdonald, Moore, Murray, Nixon, Step, Vredenberg and
Worsley-Wood : also one visitor Mr. J. J. F. X. King of Glasgow.
Of Lepidoptera larvae proved to be fairly plentiful and amongst
others the following were taken or noted : — Stauropus fagi^ Lophop-
teryx camelina, Demas coryli, Craniophora [Acronicta) ligiistri, lodis
lactearittj Cosytnbia linearia, Kuphyia corylata^ Eupithecia centatireata
[oblongata), El. tripunctaria {albipnnctata)^ E. absinthiata, E.
trisiynaria, Anayoga pulveraria, Gonodontis bident.ata^ Plagodis
dolabt aria and Sarrothripiis revayana.
The weather was dull and cloudy with very rare gleams of sun-
shine, but in spite of this, Polyotnmatus thetis (bellargus), on its
special ground, was reported by those who looked for it, as being
fairly plentiful, and in addition, the following imagines were seen or
taken : — Colias crocexs (one only), Pieris napi, Hipparchia semele,
Pararge uiegera, Coenonympha pamphilits^ Rnmicia [Chrysophanus)
phlaeas, Plebeius (Aricia) )nedon, P. (Agriades) coridon^ P. icarus
and, amongst a few other Heterocera, Sarrothripus revayana [c.f.
list of larvae).
Mr. Jarvis reported the following Coleoptera : — Aphodtus subter-
raneus, A. finietarius, A. foetens, A. contaminatus, Onthophagus
ovatuSy Dromius 4-maculatus and Calathus cisteloides.
Mr. Nixon reported the Hymenoptera, Mellijim arvensis and
Bontbiis helferanus and the Dipteron Asilus crabroniformis.
Messrs. Step and Edwards gave the annexed list of Fungi dis-
covered during the day : — Amanita rubescens^ A. pantherina^ Lepiota
cristata, Arm.illaria muciday Tricholoma terreum, T. sordidum, Clito-
cybe phyllu})hila, Collybia radicata, 0. maculata, Hygrop)horus cossus,
H. piiniceiis, Lactarius qtdetus, Russula emetica, B. fellea, R. hetero-
phylla, Cantharellns cibarins, Panus stypticns, Psalliota campestris,
Polystictns versicolor, Clavaria crispida, C. formosa, C. pistillaris,
Scleroderma vidgare, Coprinns micacens, Boletus scaber.
The meeting closed with a very well set out and much appreciated
95
tea at the Railway Arms, near Boxhill Station, at which 13 mem-
bers of the party were present, the other 3 having returned home
earlier. It was decided to catch the 7.19 train to London, and on
the way to the station considerable interest was aroused by enor-
mous numbers of starlings congregated in the trees near by. Many
of these subsequently passed over the station in great flocks, pre-
sumably on their way to the fields for their evening meal.
[See "Proc. S.L.E. and N.H.S." 1902, 1906, 1914, 1922, 1923,
1926.]
SEPTEMBER 8th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. D. S. Palmer, of Kingston-on-Thames, was elected a member.
The President exhibited Malacosotna castrensis bred from Sussex
larvae. Most of the larvae he had failed to pupate. Those bred
belonged to a dark, well-marked form. He showed also a very
variegated, purplish form of Hadena jmi, and in contrast a female
of very uniform brown coloration ; very pale and very dark examples
of Acronicta psi, including one with very decided dark striation of the
hindwings ; and the larvae of Ptychopoda inornata, from Limpsfield,
and of Maniestra nana [dentina).
Mr. 0. R, Goodman exhibited ab. arete of ApJiantopus hyperantus,
taken during the Field Meeting, at Blackheath, near Guildford.
Mr. Ashby exhibited a male of the remarkable Chilian lamellicorn
beetle, Chiasofpiathus granti, from Valdivia. The mandibles are
developed to a length equal to, or exceeding, that of the entire body.
These organs, which are of unequal length, have the tips curved, so
that they cross when closed ; and the inner margins are armed with
numerous small, sharp spines. The head, coming between these
" horns " and the broad, triangular thorax, appears to be much
smaller than it is. The legs are long and slender, the first pair
longer and stouter than the others and armed with spines. Another
noticeable feature is the spreading tuft of fine hairs that terminates
the basal joint of the antenna. As in the case of our Lucanus cerviis,
the female is without the exaggerated development of the mandibles
— hers are short and stout — and the antennae lack the hair-tufts ;
the legs, also, are shorter.
Mr. Hawkins exhibited numerous larvae, both living and pre-
served, including those of Orgyia gonostigma, Eupithecia trisignata
96
and Cosymbia orhicularia among the latter, and CochlUHon avellana
[limacodes) and Ectropis extersaria {luridata) among living forms.
He showed, also, " double " flowers of the sweet-pea.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the larva of a dipteron, Vermilio sp.,
which makes pits in the sand to capture ants and wandering insects ;
also a Lampromyia sp. (Diptera) bred from a larva, which made
pit-traps similar to those of Vermilio.
SEPTEMBER 22nd, 1927.
The President in the Chair
Mr. Barnett exhibited a long series of varied captured examples
of Spilusoma metithaatri, from Crohamhurst.
Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited three specimens of Brenthis euphrofiyne^
taken in August, presumably 2nd brood ; pink and green coloured
larvae of Cidaria (Euphyia) corylata, larvae of Acronicta rtonicis, a
green larva of Biston betnlaria, etc.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited the following Lepidoptera from
the Moray coast. Agrotis tritici, a series with ground colour varying
from dark red- brown to black ; Agrotis cursoria, a variable series
including ab. caendea and ab. hrunnea ; Agrotis nigricans^ a black
form; Agrotis vestigialis, A. praecox, and A. lucernea \ Noctua
depuncta, X. xa)ithographa (melanic), and xY. umbrosa; Leiicania
pallevs ab. riifa, and L. conigera ; Triphaena suhsequa {orbona), T.
pronnba, buff, light and darker red, greyish, dark brown and
mottled forms ; Miatia literosa ; Apaniea secalis ab. secalina, with
straw coloured, light brown, and light and dark red-brown ground,
ab. ocidea with straw coloured and red-brown ground, ab. nigra,
also an aberration with white reniform and a white splash running
from the reniform to the second line ; Xanthia fulvago ab. flaves-
cens ; Enargia (Cosmia) paleacea.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited specimens of Carpocapsa pomoneUa,
bred in July last, from larvae taken in his garden at Eastbourne in
the previous autumn : and read the following note : —
If we take up a book on economic entomology, we are likely to
find statements with regard to this species similar to the following :
*' The method of infestation is for the moths to come out about
the time of the opening of the apple-blossoms, and when the petals
have fallen and the embryo fruit is beginning to form, the females
lay their eggs," etc. ; or " The moths emerge from the caterpillar
97
cocoons at the fall of the blossom, and fly from fruit to fruit, laying
one egg on each." These quotations, taken from what are generally
regarded as Standard British works on the subject, seem to imply
that the fall of the apple blossom and the emergence of the moth
take place at the same time. This, in my experience is very far
from the fact. The apple blossoms somewhere about the end of
April to the middle of May. I have reared C. pomonella many
times, and the dates of eiuergence have invariably been between
the 10th and 24th of July ; that is, from six to eight weeks after
the apple blossom has fallen, and at a time when the apples are
not only fully formed but have attained considerable growth.
Again, we are told that the egg is laid in the eye of the apple ; also
that the larvae feed only on the seeds. Both these statements seem to
be open to doubt, for there appears to be good reason for believing
that the moth will lay either on the fruit or elsewhere, even on the
branches ; and as to feeding only on the seeds, numbers of infested
apples that I have opened suggest that seeds and flesh are eaten
indiscriminately. The fact is, our knowledge of the details of the
life-history of even so common a pest as the codlin moth is very
incomplete, and tends to confirm what Dr. Morris told us at the
recent meeting of the British Association, viz., that the great need
of economic entomology is an accurate knowledge of the life-
histories of the pests that are to be dealt with.
Mr. Colthrup exhibited long and varied series of Bryophila petia
and of B. mnraliH {(jlandifera) with some examples of the Cambridge
race, ini/iar. Among the B. innralis were two very white specimens
^ and 2 , for which he proposed the varietal name of (dhida.
The series was a selection from 20 years' collecting.
Mr. Step exhibited a young plant of Alder {Ahms i/lntiuosa) with
the roots freed from soil and in water, to show their investment by
Mycorr/iiza and the presence of nodules inhabited by nitrifying
bacteria {Bacillus radicicola). He explained that though most of our
forest trees are known to have mycorrhiza on their roots, the only
other of our non-leguminous woody plants to possess bacteria-nodules
is the Sweet Gale or Bog-myrtle {Myrica gale). In both cases the
nodules are modified lateral roots.
Mr. Coulson exhibited a specimen of Philonthus fiuietariiis that
had an additional tarsus on the left fore-leg.
Mr. Ad kin read the following report.
98
British Association. — Report of the Society's Delegate to the
Conference of Corresponding Societies.
The 1927 Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement
of Science was held in Leeds, from August 31st to September 7th;
the Conference of Corresponding Societies being fixed for the
afternoons of September 1st and 6th. I attended the Conference as
delegate on both occasions and beg to report as follows: —
At the opening session the President of the Conference, Sir Francis
Ogilvie, gave an address dealing largely with Regional Surveys, but
approached his subject from a somewhat different angle from that
of his predecessors in the chair, who it will be remembered, dealt
largely with the agricultural side ; while on the present occasion
wild-life held the chief place. The Local Society he urged should
undertake such work ; they should deal with some well defined area,
not necessarily a large one; a river basin ; sometimes, even a single
field if thoroughly worked might be a useful one. Plotting on a
large-scale map was a good method of keeping the records, and he
instanced a case where a well arranged map, hung in an elementary
school, had been of considerable assistance in getting the attention of
the scholars, first to local matters with which they were more or
less familiar, thus rendering them more susceptible to their general
studies. Often such records are the work of one man who, having
read or shown them to his society, retains them in his own possession :
he dies and they are lost : or it may be that he hands them to the
Secretary, who possibly having no proper means for their preserva-
tion, they meet with a similar fate.
He appreciated the difficulty of keeping permanent records, whether
in the form of reports or of maps, as Local Societies seldom had the
funds necessary to cope with the present high cost of printing ; the
manuscripts, however, might be deposited in some local institution,
or some other adequate means taken for their preservation.
It was reported : —
[a) That the Circular sent some five years ago to the whole
of the Corresponding Societies, some hundred and odd
in number, calling their attention to the necessity for
sending delegates to the Conference, had been acted upon
by only some thirty or forty of such Societies, and that
the others would therefore automatically cease to be
regarded as Corresponding Societies of the Association.
[b] That the Association's application to have cinematograph-
99
films of scientific value imported free of duty met with
no favourable response.
(c) That the present position of the question of the remission
of Income Tax on societies' invested funds was that the
two test cases had been before the Commissioners, whose
decision was adverse to the societies and that they were
now being taken to the High Court.
It was suggested that the agenda of the Conference might be
circulated to delegates in advance, so that they might have an
opportunity of consulting their respective societies, and receiving
their instructions on the various points raised, before attending the
meetings. It was pointed out that there were several difficulties
in the way of such an arrangement ; the matter would, however,
receive the careful attention of the authorities, and, if possible the
suggestion would be complied with.
Sir George Fordham in a long and eloquent address, founded
largely on a series of suggestions made at a meeting of the
Berkhamstead Citizen Association in connection with the Herts
Natural History Society, at a Conference held in July 5th, 1927,
introduced the question of the protection of wild-flowers ; and after
considerable discussion he proposed resolutions to the following
effect :
(a) That the Home Office be approached with a view to ascer-
taining what bye-laws referring to the protection of
wild-flowers were at present in existence, and what, if
any, prosecutions had taken place under them. This
was carried and will therefore go to the Committee of
Recommendations for their approval or otherwise.
(6) That a list of wild-flowers needing protection, with descrip-
tions that would render them easily recognisable, be
prepared and circulated to Local Societies, Schools, etc.
This was hotly debated, and on being put to the vote
was lost by an overwhelming majority.
A further resolution : — That it is desirable that education and
other authorities be approached with a view to calling their attention
to the damage that is continually, though often thoughtlessly, being
done to wild-flowers in general, — was carried.
The second session was occupied chiefly by two papers on Nature
Reserves. The first by Mr. T. Sheppard, of Hull, dealt with those
of Yorkshire, which included Spurn Point, Hornsea Mere and
Flamborough Head ; while Professor Oliver, a member of the
100
Committee of the National Trust, referred to those of Norfolk, viz.,
Scolt Head, Blakeney Point and Cley Marshes. Both authors referred
to the success which had attended these reserves, many species of
birds which had forsaken them, or had become very scarce before
they were taken over, had, since they had been properly looked after,
returned to or improved their status in them ; they also referred to
the assistance rendered by liberal-minded land-owners in many parts
of both counties in assisting in the preservation of the local faunas
and floras.
Professor Oliver said with regard to Cley Marshes, there were
certain matters in connection with their acquisition that made it
difficult for the National Trust to take them over; a Norfolk Trust
was therefore constituted to acquire and manage them, and he
thought the time was not far distant when it might be desirable
that properly constituted County Trusts might be set up to assist
the National Trust in the management of such Nature Reserves, in
which the Local Societies might take part. Such Reserves could
not, however, be left to themselves — they needed careful attention
and reliable watchers if they were to be of any real value, and their
proper management must necessarily entail a certain amount of
expenditure.
As to the general proceedings of the Association, little need be
said here. The more important papers read have been so widely
reported in the Press that most of you will already be familar with
their contents. The *' Advancement of Science," that I have the
pleasure to present to you with this report, will enable you to peruse
the whole of the Presidents' Addresses in detail ; and I hope later on
to be able to supply you with the " Report," where, no doubt, abstracts
of the papers read before the various sections will be found. But
there is just one paper that was read before Section D., the only one
bearing directly upon entomology, to which I wish to call your
attention now. I refer to the paper by Dr. J. W. Munro on *' The
Needs of Economic Entomology." Unfortunately, it was the last
paper to be read to the Section, and the time-table had so far been
exceeded that he had barely a quarter of his alloted time in which to
deliver it. However, this did not prevent him stressing one point,
namely, to use his own words, " In the solving of many insect
problems progress depends on a fuller knowledge of insect morphology
and physiology." It is a lamentable fact that there are points in the
life-histories of many of our worst insect pests of which we are
profoundly ignorant, and it is possible that, if such matters were
101
fully understood, much simpler and less costly means than those
now in vogue might be found for combating some of our insect
enemies. The unravelling of the obscure habits of some of these
creatures is a most fascinating subject ; it is one in wbich we all can
help in one way or another ; and I trust that it is not too much
to hope that some of our younger members, who have their lives
before them, may be willing to lend a hand. If in doubt as to where
to make a beginning, I have not the slightest doubt that any of our
economic entomologists will be only too glad to set them on the
road.
It is proposed to hold next year's Meeting of the Association in
Glasgow under the presidency of Sir William Bragg. — R. Adkin.
OCTOBER 13th, 1927.
The Pjresidknt in the Chair.
Mr. Grosvenor exhibited a series of a Zytjaena, bred from two
2 s sent to him from near Barcelona by Mr. Main, as a second
brood. Out of some 70 larvae obtained, 41 emerged as a 2nd brood,
18 were hibernating normally, 4 were killed and preserved, and 4
died in the pupal stage. This was most unusual, as normally not
more than about 1°/q of the larvae can be induced to feed up for
a second brood. The larvae were very close to those of Z. trifolii
in habits and in their appearance, but the imagines were a mixture
of trifolii, stuechadis and lonicerae. Those which were hibernating
now fed only for about a month. One changed its skin, and after
feeding for 2 weeks changed its skin again, and then went into
hibernation. Of this second brood he obtained three pairings, of
which some commenced to hibernate, while others are continuing to
feed, preparing for a third brood.
Mr. Newman exhibited a drawer of Colias croceus [edusa) typifying
a very large number bred from a spring-caught f. helice, m June
last. Dr. Cockayne pointed out that the proportion of typical
individuals to those showing variation was Mendelian ; and that
f. helice was the Mendelian Dominant.
Mr. Henderson exhibited an example of the coleopteron, Silpha
subrotioidata, Steph., from the Isle of Man, in which the antennae
were shortened, the normally three-jointed club becoming a small
conical joint. The maxillary palpi were also shortened.
Mr. Cheeseman exhibited his captures at the Ranmore Common
102
Field Meeting on Sept. 8rd, including: Polyowmatus {Agriades) thetiSy
which was common in its usual haunts.
Mr. Bunnett exhibited a bred example of Cucxdlia ffnaphalii, and
the curious cocoons and pupae of Sarrothripus revayana and of
Hylophila hicolorana.
Mr. Stanley Blenkarn exhibited a lar^^e example of the common
snake {Tropidonotna imtrix) from the Isle of Wight.
Mr. Tonga exhibited a short series of y-ygmia phacorrhoea, from
Eastbourne, of an unusual form with black spots.
Mr. E. J. Bedford gave a lecture on " Nature Photography,"
exhibiting a large number of lantern slides, coloured from nature
by himself.
OCTOBER 27th, 1927.
The Annual Exhibition.
There was no formal business, and as last year the exhibits
were placed on tables. Although the evening was exceptionally
wet and stormy, the attendance was a record, nearly 250 mem-
bers and friends being present, of whom, some 50 brought exhibits.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited representative series of a number of
mongrel broods, obtained by crossing Diacrisia viendica with its race
rustica, namely : —
1. Ri(stica ^ (King's Co.) xniendica $ (Suffolk), emerged 1926.
The males were in colour more or less intermediate between the two
races ; their chief feature being a broad, pale streak along the costa
and a pale line from the base to the middle of the wing.
2. A second generation of the above, emerged 1927. The males
showed a strong tendency to segregate out into light and dark forms,
about one-third being as light as the King's County male, one-third
as dark as the males of the Suffolk mendica, and the remaining
third about intermediate between the two. The proportion of sexes
was almost exactly one male to two females.
3. A re-cross between a mongrel <? (King's Co. ^ x Suffolk 2 )
Xrustica $ (King's Co. J x Cork ?), emerged 1927. The males
showed practically equal proportions of as light as rustica and
intermediate, none being so dark as typical mendica. The females
showed a tendency towards black fringes in several of the specimens,
probably derived from the original Suffolk stock.
4. A re-cross between rustica J (Cork) x mongrel $ (Cork ^ ,
103
Suffolk ? ), emerged 1927. Of the males, about one-third were
quite as light as the parent rnstica, and two-thirds intermediate ;
the latter were again divisable into light and dark intermediates in
equal proportions. The females were chiefly of the lightly-spotted
Cork form.
5. A re-cross between rustica J (King's Co. ^ x Cork $ ) X
mongrel $ (Cork <^ x Suffolk ? ), emerged 1927. The males
were about half of them as light as rustica, the other half rather
light-intermediate. The females call for no remark.
None of the broods were complete, disease having caused
numerous deaths among the larvae, but in no case did less than
one hundred imagines emerge.
Mr. Adkin also exhibited specimens of Aijriades tlietis {hdlarijus)^
viz., typical male; "grey" male; "black" male; and typical
female, together with enlarged photographs of the wing scales.
The brilliant colour of the male bellaryus wing is probably derived
from the refraction of light by numerous minute striae on the scale
surface, not from blue pigment. The photograph showed that in
the " grey " form the edges of the scales are curled up, thus inter-
fering with the refraction of the light and giving the wing its grey
appearance. In the " black " form, the photograph showed the
scales to be in shape as in the normal male wing, its dark colour
presumably being due to melanic pigment ; the female scales were
shown to be of quite a different shape from those of any of the
males.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited a collection of Diptera he had
taken in the North Kent District.
Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited long varied series of Callimorplia
quadripinictaria {herd) and of C. dominula^ most of them bred.
Mr. T. L. Barnett exhibited 75 Kctropis {'rephroaia) crepiiscularia,
ta,ken in South Croydon in May-June, 1927. One example was
almost white with light grey markings, and another very dark grey,
similar to ab. delamerensia.
Mr. Percy M. Bright exhibited two long series: 1, of Brenthis
eiiphrosijne showing many extreme aberrations ; 2, of Melanargia
galathea, including a wholly black aberration and a wholly white
one.
]\Ir. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited two cases, containing a
number of teratological examples of various species of Lepidoptera.
Mrs. and Miss Brooke exhibited Swiss wild-flowers of various
species from the Upper Rhme Valley and its neighbouring moun-
104
tains. These were dried in sand in 1908 and 1909, and kept their
forms and colours until accidentally exposed to damp conditions,
when the colours of many disappeared and the firmness of their
shapes subsided.
Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited several aberrations of Abraxaa grosstt'
lasiata, bred from wild larvae taken in East Herts and Regent's
Park.
Mr. Stanley Blenkarn exhibited three drawers of his collection of
Coleoptera.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited two cases containing preserved
larvae, showing variable forms of each species.
Mr. H. L. Dolton exhibited 12 specimens of the rare and local
Coleopteron Phywatndes {CaUidinni) lividus including 3 specimens
which the late W. E. Butler, F.E.S., exhibited at the Society's
Rooms on March 10th, 1906. These were afterwards presented to
the Society's collection.
Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited : — ^
1. Various rush and reed stems and photographs to show the
early stages of some of the British Fen moths.
2. DiantJioecia luteago and subsp. barrettii arranged to show the
difference between the two.
8. Series of the British species of Chilidae, Chilo phragmitellns,
Srh()e}wbu(s forficellns, S. Dnicronellua, S. (jigantellus, the recent
addition to the British list, S. dodatellns, and the Crambid Calavio-
troplia palndella.
Mr. L. C. Bushby exhibited living specimens of the Giant
Sc&vites [Searites bi(parit(K = gigas), trom Algeria; Spotted Ground
Beetle {Authia sexmaciilata), Algeria; Giant Millipedes [Scidopendra
sp.), Portuguese East Africa; Praying Mantis [M. religiosa), Portu-
guese East Africa, and from Algeria; Crested Mantis [bUnpnaa
eqina)y South France; Fat-tailed Scorpion {Andyoctonuns^.), Algeria;
Locusts {AnacriditiiH aegyptinm)^ South France ; and a Bird-eating
<5pider {Mijgale), probably West Indian.
Mr. L. E. Dunster exhibited aberrations, of Kpiuephele jnrtina^
upper and underside ; of Plebeius aegon, from Eynsford, varying in
ground colour of underside and in spotting ; of Rumicia pidaeasy
with L. forewing approaching ab. schniidtii, Chipstead ; of Plebeius
medon [astrarche), with cream underside, and hind wings nearly
obsolete in spotting, Chipstead ; 4 ? Aphantopiifi hgperantus ab.
arete ; 4 $ yellow forms of Pieris rapae, 1 of spring brood, 3 of
summer brood.
105
Mr. Hy. J. Turner, on behalf of Mr. William Fassnidge, exhibited a
twig of a willow containing the living larva of Synanthedon iiavivejitris,
Stdgr., found near Southampton ; and communicated the following
note from him. " When I found it, the dead portion containing
the larva was hanging, but still attached. It broke off in my
pocket. Another exactly similar mine on the same bush broke as
I tried to cut below it. Note the green leaves on tbe living wood
and the withered or dead leaves on the dead portion. The height
of the mine from the ground was about five feet, but this is very
little to go by, for the height is very variable." He adds : " So
far, 1 have turned up quite a dozen larvae of fiaviventris, and only
one larva of the longicorn, Saperda ]>opulnea. I have found a mine
already pecked out by a bird."
Miss M. E. Fountaine and Signor C. Neimy exhibited series of
eight species of the genus Hi/iwlimnas, from Africa, the Philippines
and the Fiji islands : including H. anomala, H. alimena (from N.
Queensland), H. viisippus, H. anthedon, H. dinarcha, H. wahlberai,
H. bolina (from India and Burma, as well as from N. Queensland
and the before mentioned Islands), H. salmacis.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenorexhibited short series of various species of the
genus Zyt^nena, arranged to show how the typical forms, and also
in some cases aberrational forms, tend to form groups with very
little visible difference between the various species. Also series of
the same species showing the wide range of variation, both aberra-
tional and racial, which renders these forms very distinct from the
typical. It appears that we have here a very plain case of evolution.
There is a tendency in this group to form these races, which by
isolation will doubtless, in course of time, become distinct species.
I'urpmalis Group. — In this group, the variation, both racial and
aberrational, is limited, the confluent character of the species
giving little assistance in this direction. Colour varieties occur,
such as black or yellow forms, but cannot be shown owing to lack
of material.
Trifolil Group. — In this group, the variation, both aberrational
and racial, is excessive, the spotted character of the typical forms
allowing reduction and enhancement of the spots, in addition to
the variation in colour. Black and yellow forms recorded.
Aclulleae Group. — This group, which is a connecting link between
the 5- and 6-spotted forms, shows a considerable racial and aberra-
tional variation in the confluence and reduction of spots, also in
colour. Black and yellow forms have been recorded.
106
Carniolica Group. — In this group, variation is more excessive
than in the foregoing. The crescent spot, outlining of spots with
white, and presence or absence of red belt, add three more factors
for the possibility of variation. Colour variation as before, but
with the addition that nearly white forms occur. Adequate material
to show this excessive variation is difficult to obtain, as the majority
of the species and races live in countries, such as Asia Minor and
Russian Turkestan, difficult of access to entomologists from Western
Europe.
Mr. Grosvenor also exhibited a series of Zi/i/aena lonicerae (?), of the
2nd brood, bred August-September, 1927, «6 otv>, from females taken
at Blances, nr. Barcelona, by Mr. Hugh Main, F.E.S., in June, 1927.
The following are the figures for this most abnormal race : —
Larvae living (72), ex two females ; the large majority died en
route.
Imagines bred : — Males 19, Females 22 Total 41
Larvae hibernating normally ... ... ... 18
Larvae killed and preserved (2 full-fed, 2 hibernating) 4
2 imagines (males, emerged deformed) ... ... 2
4 died as pupae ... ... ... ... ... 4
8 died as larvae ... ... ... ... ... 3
72
Percentac^e of Second Brood 68*3%.
Mr. F. T. Grant and Mr. Douglas Watson exhibited short series
of Noingria dhsoluta and var. arundineta, and of Senta maritima
and var. icismariejuiis, from North Kent Marshes.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited a series of varieties of Avwrpha
populi from Upper Tooting ; with a number of preserved larvae of
lepidoptera.
Capt. K. F. M. Murray exhibited a gynandromorph of each of the
two species, Kctropis [Tephrosia) piinctulata and Hi/drilla paliistris ^ .
Mr. H. Moore exhibited several species of polj^morphic butterflies,
and some large and conspicuous Orthoptera.
Mr. J. Forsyth Johnstone exhibited Melitaea athalia var. niijra-
thalia ; Pohjonunatus thetis {bellanius), ^, all four wings striated,
one ^ and two 2 ab. obsoleta, J with a black spot in centre of
each forewing (upperside), $ with red patch on left forewing;
Euchlo'e cardanriiies, orange replaced by red ; Coenonymplia pamphiliiSf
black spot in centre of right hindwing ; two ab. obsoleta of P.
coridon: Kpinephele tithonns, specimens with extra spots below the
107
apical and one with four spots on hindwings ; Agrotis exclamationis,
with the spots united.
Mr. D. E. Kimrains exhibited photographs of insects.
Mr. R. M. Long exhibited the following aberrations of Lepidop-
tevsL-. — rapilio machaou, var., with black markings suffused;
bred from Wicken larvae, found in 1922. Pieris napi, S , with
female markings on right side ; Mitcham, May, 1927. Brmthis
eiiphrusi/ve, heavily marked with black ; Box Hill. May, 1925.
Fuli/o)innati(s icariis, blue $ and 5 underside vars. 3 Spiloaoina
menthastri, pale forms. Agmtis corticea, melanic var. ; S. Croydon,
1924. 7 Erannu (Hybernia) warginaria, dark forms from the
Croydon district. Hhtoji (Pachys) betidaria, intermediate forms
from the Croydon district. 4 Zygaena /ilipendiilae, ranging from
red to yellow.
Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited coloured drawings of insects and
plants : — Gryllohlatta campodeifornm, Walk., 9 (Orthoptera) ; hop-
teryx torrentiion, Pictet (Plecoptera) ; Merostethim grosmis^ Linn., ^
and $ (Orthoptera) ; Naiad of Aeachna jiincea, Linn. (Paraneurop-
tera) ; Naiad of Leucorrhinia duhia, Linn. (Paraneuroptera) ; Naiad
of Libellida quadrimaculata, Linn. (Paraneuroptera) ; Botrgchiiim
lunaria, Sw. (Moonwort) ; Spiranthea aestivalis, Rich. (Summer
Lady's Tresses).
Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited series of British butterflies showing the
range of variation, all captured in 1927, including : — Kucldo'e car da-
mines, $ upperside, extraordinary large discoidals. Pieris rapae^
? upperside, creamy yellow. P. napi, ^ upperside, blackish, well
defined neuration. Aphantopus hyperantus, 2 caeca, and a pale $
underside. Epinephele jiirtina, a series showing whitish patches and
streaks; whitish, straw and bright tawny grounds, and several with
extra spotting. Epinephele tithmus^ dark (^ s ; $ upperside with
two very large additional ocellated spots on forewings, and a $
underside with extremely large apical spots and extra spots beneath
1 on left forewing and 2 on right forewings. Polyouimatus thetis, ^
undersides, paler ground, and ab. atrescens ; ? upperside, nigrescens-
aiitico-senriceronus. Coejiojiyinpha paniphilus, a remarkable right fore-
wing, showing partial duplication of the brown costal marking, the
ordinary darker costa well above this. Riunicia phlaeas, ignita-
subradiata, juncta approaching nigro-apicata, intermedia. Plebeius
medon, g underside with chalky- white ground, discoidals present,
and 2 spots on left hindwing, otherwise basal submedian and border
black spots absent. A number of named aberrations of Plebeius
argils, Polyonnnatus icariis and P. coridon.
108
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited living insects, scorpions and spiders^
mainly from the S. of France.
Mr. C. H. Williams exhibited long series of Ahtaxaa ffrossulariata
and of Poli/oniniatus coridon.
Mr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited both sexes of the impar form of
Metachrostis [Bryophila] \n nr alls (glandif era ) ; and a cream-coloured
aberration of Cosmotriche potatoria, lent by H. F. Gammon, Esq.
Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited his collection of British Hemiptera.
Mr. H. Worsley-Wood exhibited (1) a selection of larvae of
British Lepidoptera ; (2) a collection of the same preserved and
mounted on food-plants and hand-coloured, from the collection of
A. E. Hodge ; (3) Larvae of British Sawflies ; (4) Ortholitha
chenopmiiata [llniitata) with white marginal border.
Mr. Leonard T. Ford exhibited a series of Peronea literana, from
the Isle of Wight.
Mr. 0. R. Goodman and Mr. A de B. Goodman exhibited a large
collection of the butterflies collected by them at St. Martin Vesubie,
Digne and St. Baume, in S. France, during June and July, 1927.
Mr. C. G. Priest exhibited his captures of Lepidoptera d'lring the
year, including a very pink tinted form of Amorpha popidi.
Mr. Percy Richards exhibited a large number of aberrations of
Acjlaia urticae and of Epinephele jnrtina [janira).
Dr. E. Scott exhibited a drawer containing various species of the
genus Erehia, which he had obtamed at Gavarnie, Pyrenees, in July,
1927.
Mr. G. Talbot, on behalf of J. J. Joicey, Esq., examples of the
species of butterflies collected in the Great Atlas Mountains of
Morocco, and of the species obtained in a trip to the Republic of
Andorra, in the Eastern Pyrenees.
The Rev. J. E. Tarbat exhibited three examples of the July form
of l^ultjifonia c-albiiiii, form hutchinsoni ; and three including a
banded one, of the September (second brood) form.
Dr. H. B. Williams exhibited a series of Lobophora halterata,
from Oxshott district, 1927, sbowing considerable variation, par-
ticularl}^ in the females ; short series of iKotodonta ziczac, N.
dromeddrins, and of Taeniocainpa gotldca from the Aberdeen district,
with southern forms for comparison.
Mr. F. W. McDonald exhibited a number of butterflies from
Milne Bay, the extreme S.E. corner of New Guinea ; a case of
insects of different orders from South America, and a large number
of Fossils.
05"
o
109
Mr. L. VV. Newman exhibited : — 1. Series of Colim crocens, bred
from the form helicf, captured in June, 1927. The $ laid about
280 ova. The following specimens were bred : ^ s 112, ? s 49,
helice 47 ; total 208 specimens. 49 died in larval state, 18 died in
pupa, leaving about 5 which were lost.
2. Long series of Abraxas f/rossidariata, including abs. varleyattty
exquisita, lacticolor, iochalcea, crocea, nigrocretacea, pidchra, etc.
3. Long series of Cosmotriche potatoria, very varied, from Sussex
with 2 2 of <y (^ colour.
4. Long series of CalUmorpha (loniimda of considerable variation,
including specimens with all usual white spots very deep orange.
5. Long series of Polygonia c-albuut, var. hidch'uuoni^ etc.
6. Long and very varied series of Polyommatna thetis with abs.
obsoleta, striata, etc.
7. Series of Aphantopns hyperantus with abs. caeca.
8. And of Melitaea athalia with melanic and extreme pale forms.
9. A pair of fine melanic BrentJds enphrosyne ; and other species.
Mr. S. G. Castle-Russell exhibited Lepidoptera captured or bred
during the season by himself, including: — Papdio fnachaon, a black
male with the usual markings absent, except faint blue spots on
hind wings ; bred from a wild larva found by the exhibitor, July
25th, 1926, Norfolk, emerged May 8th, 1927- Pieris napi, a short
series of unusually heavily marked females, including a gynandro-
morphic specimen : left wangs male, right wings partly female ; all
bred from Co. Fermanagh parents. Aglau urticae, a series of
aberrational forms from Basingstoke larvae, including one with
completely black hind wings except for faint blue streaks. Pararge
vieyera, a male aberration, Basingstoke. Hipparchia seinele, excep-
tionally dark male upperside, and a light- bordered female. Polyom-
matus (Agriades) coridon, females with yellow spots, one with left
wings typical and right wings sevii-syngrapha. Plebeiiis aegon {argtis),
gynandromorphic specimen, predominantly female in colour, but
with male blue colouring on both upper and undersides.
Mr. A. de B. Goodman a living specimen of Lycoaa narbonemisy
the S. France hunting-spider, with drawings illustrating its life-
history (pit. VIIL), and communicated the following notes.
The Black-bellied Tarantula Spider (Lycosa narbonensis.)
The rough sketches were made during the oviposition by a female
taken at La Sainte Baume, S. France, and are intended to shew
the various positions assumed during the process. Whether the
no
oviposition takes place naturally within the spidei-'s pit, or not, was
not ascertained. The specimen under observation was confined in
a circular jar partly filled with earth, and no pit was made.
Figs. 1 and la. — Dorsal (1) : lateral (la), views of process when
first observed. A circular silken pad, 1" to 1^" in diameter, was
attached by silken threads from its perimeter to surrounding small
objects, e.g., pieces of earth, etc. There was a large concavity in
the centre of the pad, which the spider was making by laying on
silk at the outer edge, by means of a three pronged protuberance at
the tip of the abdomen. The silk was applied by a tapping move-
ment of the abdomen, and the spider moved one way around and
then the other with its legs on the extreme outer edge of the pad,
thus completely covering the concavity with its body.
Fig. 2. — Lateral view shewing mass of eggs tilling the cavity.
These were discharged en viasse in a bright yellow yolk, in which
they were just discernible as whitish specks. The egg-mass seemed
to come from below the black portion of the abdomen beneath and
a certain amount of yolk adhered to it. The body of the female
shrunk to half its size after oviposition.
Fig. 3. — Lateral view shewing the covering in of the egg- mass
by further additions of silk. The spider drew the silken walls of
the cavity towards the centre, smoothing it and adding more silk
by the gentle tapping movement of the abdomen as before. The
silken pad thus finally had a convex upper surface covering the
egg-mass lying in the centre of the pad.
Fig. 4. — Lateral view shewing detachment of the pad from its
various anchorages. The spider seized the edges of the pad in its
jaws and tore away the silken anchorage threads from their attach-
ments.
Fig. 5. — Lateral view of egg-mass detached and gathered up
beneath the spider. Note that the abdomen is not attached to the
egg- mass.
Fig. 6. — Lateral view of spider attaching its abdomen to the
egg-mass.
Fig. 7. — Spider with egg-mass free and attached only to the
abdomen by silken threads. Note that the egg-mass is not com-
pletely spherical but flattened at opposite poles.
It might be stated that Fabre describes his observation of the
silken pad, but makes no mention of how the egg mass is formed.
Several authorities have expressed doubt as regards Fabre's
description that the mother-spider holds the egg-sac to the sun
Ill
rays ; this however in the main is true, for on Aug. 13th, 1927, and
on subsequent occasions, female spiders have been observed re.^ting
head downwards at the mouth of the pits with the egg-masses
exposed to the sunshine on the edge of the pit, between the two
hindmost legs. It should be noted however that the egg balls were
certainly not /teld to the sun by the hindmost legs. The photograph
given by Fabre is undoubtedly incorrect and was probably obtained
by the use of a dead specimen.
On Sept. 27th, 1927, an egg-mass was opened. The eggs were
yellow, soft and separate ; all trace of the yellow yolk previously
observed had disappeared ; 811 eggs were counted and 11 young
spiders emerged. The eggs are approximately "07" in diameter.
The egg-shell is sloughed oflf towards the abdomen.
The young spiders have a globular yellow abdomen with faint
segmental lines, and the head and legs are ivory white. The jaws are
completely developed. Later, the young spiders became yellow in
colour with darker markings corresponding to those of the adult.
NOVEMBER 10th, 1927.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. T. R. Eagles, F.E.S., of Enfield; Capt. F. S. Smith, of
Middlebourne, Farnham ; Mr. W. T. Davies, of Bexley Heath ;
Mr. W. H. Walker of Potter's Bar ; and Mr. A. N. Witting, of
Catford, were elected members.
The President exhibited a long series of Celaena hawort/iii, males
and females, from E. Aberdeenshire, taken this season on heather,
and not on scabious as usually recorded. He showed also living
larvae of Ftychopoda riisticata, F. biselata (bisetata), and Tiiphaena
subssqiia [orbona), all reared from ova.
Mr. Turner, on behalf of Mr. Wm. Fassnidge, exhil)ited a specimen
of Myelois cirriyerella, a Phycid first taken in this country by Mr.
Edward Meyrick at Marlborough in 1874, and never since recorded.
The present exhibit was taken at Winchester, and was in excellent
condition. The species is distributed over Central Europe, but only
occurs in any locality quite sporadically. Nothing is known of its
life-history.
Capt. Crocker spoke of the habit of Synanthedon and lenaeforuiu
to hop from one spot to another, a habit begun soon after emergence
from the pupa, but he had never observed it at flowers. It "was
112
remarked how few species of " Clearwing " were ever observed at
rest.
Mr. A. de B. Goodnaan exhibited a fine example of the ab. Jionoratii
of Zenintliia [Thais) riiniina, a form with considerable extension of
the beautiful, rich rose-coloured patches, which occurs but rarely
among the race medesicaste of the South of France.
He showed also four species of the neuropterous genus Ascalaphus
and read the following notes : —
A. hynijicornis, L., an orange and bronze insect, which is fairly
well distributed throughout the S. of France : I have met with it
at St. Martin Vesubie, La Sainte Baume and in the Cevennes, in
June and July.
A. ictericiis, Cph., a very rare, bronze-tinted species, native of
Algeria. It was found singly, in May and June, at Hamman Righa
and Teniet-el-Had.
A. llbeUidoiiles, a yellow and black species, common locally
throughout South France in June and July. I have met with it at
St. Martin Vesubie, Digne, and Mont Aigoual, Cevennes.
A. ottnniaiius. In July, 1921, 1 sent several examples of Ascalaphua
from St. Martin Vesubie, to the late Dr. C. L. Withycombe.
These he identified as A. ottoniajtiis, and expressed surprise at their
occurrence in S. France, as their previously known range was from
Dalinatia to the Black Sea. A few years later St. Martin was
visited in July by Mr. H. Main, who told me he had seen Ascalaphus
in great numbers. These, I have no doubt, were the same species,
for this year, in late June, I found A. ottoman us very abun* int in
the valley of the Madone des Tenetres, St. Martin Vesubie. while
only one or two specimens of A. longiannis and of A. WieVuhndes
were seen. I have compared these St. Martin Vesubie sp( imens
with A. ottoiiianits from Asia Minor in the B.M. Collections, and
undoubtedly these specimens are correctly identified.
NOVEMBER 24th, 1927.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., Vice-President in the Cht*ir.
Messrs. J. 0. T. Howard, B.A., of St. John's Wood ; Rev E. E.
Tottenham, of Richmond ; H. R. Hewer, of S. Kensington; H. E.
Skelton, of Upper Tooting ; and A. W. McKenny-Hughes, of the
Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton, were elected members.
Mr. Lucas, in illustration of his paper, exhibited specimens of
113
the four British species of snake-flies {Rhaphidia), with a series of
drawings of their structural details.
On behalf of Mr. Hammond, Mr. Lucas exhibited an example of
the rare dragonfly, Souiatochlnra inetallica, taken along the Byfleet
Canal ; hitherto believed to be almost confined to the north of
Scotland.
Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited two specimens of Cowiotriche Rotatoria ^
which emerged in October, 1927. They were part of a large brood,
of which four fed up and pupated ; the remainder hibernating as
larvae in the usual manner. The brood was obtained from a female
bred in July from a wild larva, and they had been reared entirely
out of doors. He remarked that this was his first experience of a
second emergence of this species; and he would be interested to learn
of any similar instances.
Mr. W. J. Lucas, B.A., read a paper, "Notes on the British
Snake-flies (RhapJiidia).'" (See page 34.)
DECEMBER Sth, 1927.
The Prksident in the Chair.
Mr. Barnett exhibited a long series of Phirjalia pedaria, males,
taken on street lamps near Crohamhurst, showing considerable
variation.
Mr. Turner exhibited two specimens of the very large Lamel-
licorn jeetle, Goliathns giganttuSy from the Cameroons.
JA'NUAUY 12th, 1928.
The Presidknt in the Chair.
Mr. 0. E. Janson, 13, Fairfax Road, Hornsey, was elected a
member.
Mr. Sperring exhibited a specimen of Brenthis eiiphrosyne, taken
in Gaiway ; the second record of the occurrence of the species in
Irelan^i. The previous record was made by Mr. Sabine, from Co.
Clare.
Dr. H. B. Williams exhibited a number of abnormal cocoons of
Saturnia pavonia, made in captivity by larvae bred from the egg.
Such abnormality is exhibited when parasitation has taken place ;
but in this instance no such reason was possible. The cocoons
114
were respectively, without the usual exit ; two exits, one at each
end, and one pupa ; one cocoon with double exit and two pupae ;
two pupae in one cocoon with no exit, each larva apparently
closed the exit made by the other : cocoons of unusual colouring ;
etc.
Mr. Thos. Greer exhibited the following Lepidoptera from Co.
Tyrone and N. Ireland: — Pieris jiapi, a series of J s, showing
gradual increase of discal markings on forewings ; (^ with dot in
posterior wings. Pieris rapae, $ s yellowish, banded, and ab.
nigropuiicta. Euchlo'e cardatHines, g s with marginal dots strongly
emphasised, especially on posterior wings; $ with dark costa.
Epinephele jurtina, a series (July, 1927) showing extended fulvous
colour on forewings of (^ s : ? s with fulvous bands on hindwings ;
and a series of form addenda J and J . Poli/ounnatns icarus, series
of undersides, illustrating variation in spotting and range of colour ;
2 s with two shades of blue on base of posterior wings underside.
Lycaenopsis {Celaatriiia) aryioLus, $ , an almost spotless example. A
number of teratological specimens including E. carda)irines, M.
aurinia, C. paniphiliis^ P. icarus, N. baja, H. crinanensis and Z.
lonicerae. Also Lepidoptera from Lough Neagb district. Cosmo-
triche potatoria and examples from Eastbourne, Sussex, for com-
parison. Acronicta iiienyanthidia, a large pale form; and A. rionicis,
a dark form. Helotropha lencosti(/nia and var. fibrosa, reddish form.
Arpotis agathina, varying from light to dark. Celaena liaworthii, a
lowland marsh form, and a moorland one for comparison. Dian-
thoecia conspersa, Co. Tyrone ; and D. caesia from West Donegal.
Zygaena lonicerae, Z. iMipendnlae, and an intermediate form, six-
spotted with broad margins to hindwings.
Mr. Robert Adkin read a paper entitled " Notes on the Genus
Hyponomeuta with special reference to H. cognatellus, Hb., H.
padellns, L., and H.malinellus, Zell." (page 48). In illustration he
exhibited long series of imagines, together with examples of their
pupal cocoons.
JANUARY 26th, 1928.
Annual Meeting.
The President in the Chair.
The Reports of the Council and Treasurer with the Balance Sheet
were read and adopted (see pages xiv xx) ; and the President, Dr.
115
E. A. Cockayne, read the Annual Address (see page 55). Votes of
Thanks were passed to the Officers, congratulating the Society on
the year's work. The following is a list of those declared elected as
Officers and Council for the ensuing twelve months : —
President, E. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. Vice-
Prendents, H. W. Andrews, F.E.S. , T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
Treasurer, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. Librarian, E. E. Syms, F.E.S.
Curator^ S. R. Ashby, F.E.S. Hon. Editor of Proceedings, H. J.
Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., etc.
(Corresponding), H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Lanternist, J. H.
Adkin. Council, J. H. Adkin, F. B. Carr, A. W. Dods, A. de B.
Goodman, F.E.S., 0. R. Goodman, F.E.S., F.Z.S., C. N. Hawkins,
F.E.S., W. Rait-Smith, F.E.S., F.Z.S., C. Sperring, and W. H. T.
Tams, F.E.S.
Ordinary Meeting.
The President, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.,
in the Chair.
Mr. Jarvis exhibited an example of the phytophagous coleopteron,
Tiviarcha violaceo-niger, with a bifid tarsus. The beetle was taken
May 22nd, 1915, at Royston, by the late Mr. E. A. Butler, and
differs from normal type, in that the second joint on the left medial
leg IS dilated at its base, to about 3 times its normal width. The
base is curved upwards towards the centre and to its angles are
appended 2 complete 4-jointed tarsi (with claws) ; the first tarsus
being nearly normal and the second developed to about half normal
size. In all other respects the beetle appears to tally with type, in
fact, the dilated joint is of normal length, and the two tarsi are
pubescent on the underside (as usual).
Mr. Tonge exhibited a very varied bred series of Peronea hastianay
bred from larvae obtained at Deal.
Mr. White exhibited an apple, on the rind of which was a batch
of ova, supposed from their shape and closely ranged position, to be
those of Himera (Colotois) pennaria.
116
Correction. — [The following paragraph arrived too late for sub-
stitution for that printed on page 74.]
Mr. Bristowe said that British spiders did not make " devices"
in the ordinary way, but Epeira adianta makes a white platform in
the centre of its web and Cyclosa coniea does occasionally construct
a small *' stabilimentum." He called attention to the remarkable
convergence of evolution in the families JJloboridae and E})eiridae ;
both make orb-webs and "devices" are found in some species of
each. He stated that Pompilid wasps usually capture one large
spider, whilst Sphegids often have 20 or 30 small ones. The thorny
bodies of some spiders found abroad do not prevent their being
victims of wasps. He had observed a Brazilian Theridiid, which
put a crumpled leaf in its web and in which it lived. He asked
whether those spiders which construct " stabilimenta " eat their
webs, according to the usual practice of Epeirids every night. He
had much pleasure in seconding the vote of thanks.
117
INDEX.
PAGE
Aberrations, Notable, of — E. mar-
giiiaria, 68; P. macularia, 69 ;
Z. tilipendulae, 69; Z. trifolii,
69 ; S. ligustri, 70 ; P. pruinata,
71 ; A. leporina, 73 ; H. jaco-
baeae, 73 ; E. mi, 73 ; A. badi-
aia, 76 ; (J. lesbia, 78 ; H. pisi,
95 ; A. psi, 95; A. tritici, 96
T. subsequa, 96 ; A. secalis, 96
M. muralis, 97 ; E. crepuscu
laria, 103 ; M. galathea, 103
P. medon, 104, 107 ; E. carda
mines, 106, 107, 114; C. pam
philus, 106, 107 ; P. machaon
107, 109; P. napi, 107, 109
114; E. jurtina, 107 ; C. pota
toria, 109 ; C. dominula, 109
A. urtiuae, i09 ; P. coridon
109 ; P. argas (aegon;, 109
P. rapae, 114 ; Irish lepidop
tera . . . , . . . . 114
Abnormal, spike of adders-tongue
fern, 85 ; catlsins of sallow, 93
cocoons of S. pavonia . . . . 113
Additions to the Library. . . . 86
Affairs of the Society . , . . 55
Alder, Development of young . . 97
Annual, Address, Dr. E. A
Cockayne, 55 ; Exhibition, 102
Meeting, 114 ; Keport . . . . xiv
Apple Hyponomeuta, The . . 49
Argentine Chaco, A short descrip-
tion of the, Gapt. K. J. Hay ward 18
Ascalaphus species, Distribution
of 112
Balance sheet . . . . xviii.-xix
Bibliograpby of larval variation. . 67
Bracken, Development in the early
stages of the, E. Step . . . . 90
Brenthis euphrosyne in Ireland . . 113
Bristly Millepede, The . . . . 79
British Hyponomeuta, The . . 49
Broods of, P. napi, 71 ; A. im-
morata, 77, 85 ; Zygaena, 101 ;
Mendelian C. croceus, 101 ;
Mongrel, D. mendica, 103 ;
Z. lonicerae . . . . . . 106
Camping and Collecting in the
PAGE
Argentine .. ., ..28
Chameleon, Colour change in the, 77
Cicads, Australian . . . . 81
Colour change. Period of, in
larvae . . . . . . . . 59
Device to induce a spider to spin 87
Dimorphic colour forms of larvae,
in Geometers, 57 ; in Noctuidae 59
Disappearance of species. . .. 82
Discussion on Spiders' Devices
73, 115
Distribution, increase of, S. sibilla 87
Donations . . . . . . . . 104
Doublebrooded P. icarus in Ire-
land . . . . . . . . 72
Drawings of insects . . . . 107
Duplication of wing of S. pavonia 70
Earthworm, Abnormal develop-
ment of an . . . . . . 68
Early emergence of, T. rupica-
praria, 70 ; Z. filipendulae . . 86
Earwigs' nests ,. .. ..71
Evolution in Zygaena, T. H. L.
Grosvenor . . . . . . 105
Fasciation of, stems of sycamore,
70 ; R. acris, 81 ; sprays of
sweet pea . . . . . . 92
Feet, Extraordinary, of a Dolich-
opid fly C. magius . . . . 89
Fen moths, Early stages of some
British 104
Field Meetings, Bookham, 78 ;
Byfleet, 80 ; Mickleham, 84 ;
Princes Risborough, 86 ; Black-
heath, (Guildford), 88; Ran-
more . , . . . . . . 94
Food of S. maritima . . . . 76
Forest region of the Argentine,
The 18
Galls of, S. formicaeformis in
sallow, 75 ; C. sonchi, 93 ; S.
flaviventris . . . . . . 105
Geographical variation in, larvae,
66; M. aurinia.. .. ..81
Glands of larva of N. ziczac .. 78
Green pigment of larvae.. .. 60
Gynandromorph of, T. crataegi,
76 ; C. lesbia, 78 ; E. punctu-
118
PAGE
lata, 106 ; H. palustris, 106 ;
P. napi 107
Habits of a Carabid, S. gigas, 93 ;
S. andrenaeformis .. .. Ill
History of Algiers. . .. .. 3
Homoeosis, in M, athalia . . 69
Hybrid sparrow P. montanus x
P. domesticus . . . . . . 81
Immigrant, P. atalanta . . . . 81
Influence of surroundings on
larval forms . . . . . . 65
Land of the Sheik, The, 0. R.
Goodman . . . . 1
Lantern slides shown . . 69, 102
Larval Variation, Dr. E. A.
Cockayne . . . . . . 57
Lichen-marked larvae . . . . 58
Life-history, of Scarabaeus sacer.
Observations on the, A. de B.
Goodman, 42 ; of Aleurodes, 69 ;
Ammophila, 89 ; C. pomonella,
96 ; L. narbonensis . . . . 109
Localities, Algeria, 2 ; Argentine,
18 ; Atlas Mts., 2, 11 ; Aures
Mts., 9 ; Barcelona, 84 ; Batna,
8 ; Biskra, 6 ; Blackheath, 88 ;
Blida, 9 ; Bookham, 78 ; Bur-
mah, 15 ; Byfleet, 80 ; Chaco
Forest, 18 ; Constantine, 5 ;
Corsica, 42 ; East Africa, 89 ;
El Kantara, 8 ; Hamman Righa,
10 ; Himalaya Mts., 15 ; Ire-
land, 72 ; Mchoun^che Oasis,
7 ; Mickleham, 84 ; Phillipville,
4 ; Princes Risborough, 86 ;
Ranmore, 94 ; Kueglio, 92 ;
Sahara, 2, 6 ; Teniet el Haad,
11 ; Tyrone 114
Mediterranean Region, The South 1
Melanic, E. defoliaria, 68; S.
bilunaria, 76 ; N. xantho-
grapha, 96 ; M. galathea . . 103
Members, List of . . . . . . iii
Membership . . . . xiv, 55
Naturalisation of Tussilago frag-
rans . . . . , . . . 68
Notes on the genus Hyponomeuta,
R. Adkin . . . , . . 48
Obituary. — G. C. Champion, 56;
S. A. Blenkarn, 56; D. H.
Pearson, 56 ; G. B. Pearson,
56 ; G. T. Porritt . . . . 56
Objects of the Society . . . . ii
Officers and Council, List of i, 115
Open areas of the Argentine, The 30
Ova, of S. fagi 81
Oviposition of L. narbonensis . . 109
Parasites, on spider . . . . 86
PAGE
Pattern on wing of, A. ophio-
gramma, 89 ; D. scabriuscula 89
Pear balls of Scarabaeus.. .. 44
Polymorphic Sphingid larvae . . 64
Protective Devices in Spiders'
Snares, Major Kingston . . 15
Protuberances on larvae, Con-
sideration of the . . . . 61
Pupation of, L. straminea, §5 ;
C. rubi 89
Race, A small, of Z. filipendulae,
75 ; Z. lonicerae .. 86, 93
Rare or local Species, Occurrence
of, Z. trifolii r. rusicadica, 4;
H. stauderi, 7; T. nouna, 7;
S. abdelkader r. lambessana, 9 ;
S. fatma, 9 ; M. aetherie, 11 ;
Z. theryi, 11 ; P. martini, 12 ;
P. allardi, 12 ; H. ahmed, 12 ;
H. leuzeae, 13 ; H. ali, 12 ; C.
zohra, 13; C. cerealis (Col.),
69 ; A. flexula, 73 ; A. immor-
ata, 76 ; 0. sphegodes (arani-
fera), 78; A. affinis, 82; S.
urticae, 85 ; P. chrysidiformis,
89 ; S. spiralis (orchid), 93 ; P.
lividus, 104 ; S. dodatellus,
104 ; S. flaviventris, 105 ; M.
cirrigerella. 111 ; S. metallica 113
Remarkable beetle from Chili . . 95
Report of, S.E.U.S.S. Congress
at Hastings, E. Step, 82 ; Con-
ference of Corresponding Socie-
ties to British Association, R.
Adkin, 98 ; Treasurer, xvii ;
Council . . . . , , . . xiv
Raphidia in Surrey and the New
Forest 37
Relationship of the Raphidia . . 34
Results of premature development
in breeding . . . . . . 87
River region of the Argentine,
The 23
Scales of P. thetis aberrations . . 103
Second brood of C. potatoria . . 113
Single- brooded P. icarus in Ireland 72
Snake-flies (Raphidia), Notes on
the British, W. J. Lucas . . 34
Tarantula Spider, The black-
bellied (L. narbonensis), ii. de B.
Goodman . . . , . . 109
Teratological, H. jacobaeae, 87 ;
A. aceris, 87 ; P. fimetarius,
97 ; S. pavonia, 70 ; S. subro-
tundata, 101 ; T. violaceo-niger 115
Trap-door spider. The . . . . 82
Variation in, colour of larvae, of
Notodonts, 63 ; Sphingids, 64 ;
119
PAGE
larvae of 0. tiligrammaria, 70 ;
Irish P. icarus, 71 ; Triphaena
sps. . . . . . . . . 81
Weaver-bird, Nest of . . . . 85
Zonal regions of N. Africa . . 2
Arachnida.
Actinopus . .
.. 32
affinis, Atypus
.. 82
Avicularia
. . 32
baculifaciens, Tetragnath
a ..17
brevispina, Gasteracanth
a ..15
catenulatus, Argyope
.. 17
centrifaciens, Cyclosa
.. 15
clarki, ArgyOpe
.. 16
coeniculatus, Uloborus
.. 15
crucifaciens, Uloborus
.. 16
Cyclosa
.. 15
cylindrifaclens, Cyclosa
.. 15
duraudi, Clotho . .
85, 87
filifaciens, Uloborus
.. 16
folifeieiis, Tetragnatba
.. 17
Lycosa
. . 10
Mygale
..104
narbonensis, Lycosa
92, 109
pulchella, Argyope
..16
scutifaciens, Uloborus
.. 16
Zelotes
. . 86
AVES.
chimango, Milvago
. . 19
cocoi, Ardea
. . 24
domesticus, Passer
.. 81
rufescens, Rhynchotus
. . 20
europaeus, Capriraulgo
..88
jacana, Jacana
. . 25
montanus, Passer. .
.. 81
tharus, Polyborus. .
19, 24
vigua, Phalacrocorax
. . 25
ypacaha, Aramides
. . 25
Batrachians and R
EPTILES,
alternatus, Lachesis
. . 32
anaconda, Boa
. . 26
claelis, Oxyrhopus
.. 32
Coluber
.. 10
Elaps
.. 32
Jarara
.. 32
marinus, Bufo
.. 32
natrix, Tropidonotus
.. 102
ocellata, Lacerta . .
.. 8
ocellatas, Leptodactylus .
.. 32
ornata, Ceratophrys
.. 32
raddiana, Hyla
.. 31
Scincidae . .
.. 6
sclerops. Caiman . .
. . 25
terrificus, Crotalus
.. 32
vivipara, Lacerta
.. 88
PAGE
COLEOPTERA
C. at Blackbeath . .
.. 88
C. at Byfleet
.. 80
C. at Mickleham ..
.. 84
C. at Ranraore
.. 94
Aphodius . .
.. 44
buparius (gigas), Scarites 85
, 93, 104
Blaps
.. 85
Carabidae . .
.. 69
cervus, Lucanus . .
69, 95
Chrysomelidae
.. 69
Copris
.. 10
cerealis, Chrysomela
.. 69
crenata, Macrotouia
.. 82
fimetarius, Philonthus . .
.. 97
giganteus, Goliathus
.. 113
gigas =^ buparius
granti, Chiasognathus
.. 95
Gymnopleurus
.. 6
hispanus, Copris . .
4
humator, Brachmia
.. 79
laticollis, Scarabaeus
.. 85
lividus, Phymatodes
.. 104
populuea, Saperda
.. 105
sacer, Scarabaeus..
.. 42
Scarabaeus
.. 42
seiiiipuiictatus
.. 85
sexniaculata, Anthia
.. 104
subrotundata, Silpha
.. 101
violaceo-niger, Timarcha
.. 115
DiPTERA.
D. at Bytleet
.. 80
crabroniformis, Asilus
.. 94
dorsalis, Chironomus
.. 37
ferrugineus, Sicus
.. 88
Lainpromyia
.. 96
magius, Cauipaicueinus . .
.. 89
sonchi, Cystiphora (gall)
.. 93
Vermilio
.. 96
Fungi.
F. at Raiimore
.. 94
applanatum, Ganoderma
.. 73
betulinus, Polyporus
.. 73
lampyridarum, Empusa . .
.. 36
muscae, Empusa . .
.. 36
Hymenoptera.
H. at Blackbeath (Chilwortb
) .. 88
H. at Byfleet
.. 80
H. at Mickleham . .
.. 84
H. at Ranmore
.. 94
Ammophila
.. 89
Pezomachus
86, 89
sabulosa, Ammophila
.. 89
120
PAGE
Lepidoptera.
abdelkader, Satyrus . . 9, 78
abencerragus (baton r.), Scolitan-
tides . . . . . . . . 8
aceris, Acronicta . . . . . . 87
achilleae, Zygaena . . . . 105
achilles, Morpho . . . . . . 19
Acronicta . . . . . . . . 67
acteon, Thymelicus .. .. 4
addenda (jurtina«6.), Epinephele 114
adippe = cydippe
aegates, Lymnas . . . . . . 24
aegeria, Pararge . . . . . . 13
aegon = argus
aetherie, Melitaea .. 9, 11, 12
affinitata, Perizoma . . . . 60
agatbina, Agrotis . - . . . . 114
Ageronia 19, 27
ahmed, Hesperia . . . . . . 12
albula, Terias . . . . . 19
aigira, Zygaena . . . . . . 11
algira (error) =algirica (semeler.),
Hipparchia . . . . . . 8
ali, Hesperia . . . . . . 12
alimena, Hypolimnas . . . . 105
allardi, Plebeius . . . . . . 12
alpina (auricoma r.), Acronicta.. 06
alternaria (ata), Semiothisa .. 59
amalthea, Anartia . . . . 19
amasina (aurinia r.), Melitaea .. 81
andrenaeformis, Synanthedon .. Ill
angularia, Ennomos . . 57, 62
angustifasciata (taeniata ab.),
Perizoma . . . . . . 87
annulata, Cosymbia . . . . 61
anomala, Hypolimnas . . . . 105
anomala, Stilbia . . . . . . 60
anthedon, Hypolimnas . . . . 105
arcania, Coenonympha . . : 4
arcanioides, Coenonympha 4, 10
arete (hyperantus ab.), Aphanto-
pus 88, 95, 104
argentinus (catenarius r.), Morpho 19
argiolus, Lycaenopsis . . 10, 114
argona, Thecla . . . . . . 27
argus (aegon), Plebeius 104, 107, 109
arion, Lycaena . . . . 7, 92
arundineta (dissoluta /".), Non-
agria . . . . . . . . 106
astrarche = medon
atalanta, Pyrameis .. 81, 92
athalia, Melitaea . . 69, 106, 109
atomaria, Ematurga . . . . 87
atrata, Odezia . . . . . . 79
atrescens (thetis ab.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 107
atropos, Acherontia . . . . 66
auricoma, Acronicta . . . . 66
PAGE
81, 114
. . 70
. . 96
.. 9
. . 76
..114
Dianthoecia 104
aurinia, Melitaea . .
autumnata, Oporinia
avellana, Cochlidion
avis, Callophrys . .
badiata, Earophila
baja, Noctua
barrettii (luteago r.),
baton, Scolitantides . . . . 8
bavius, Scolitantides . . . . 9
belemia, Anthocharis . . 4,8
belia = crameri
bellargus = thetis .. .. 103, 106
betularia, Biston, Amphidasis 57,
58, 62, 96, 107
bicolorana (quercana), Hylophila 102
Aphan-
. 107,
108,
106, 107,
bidentata, Gonodonta
bilunaria, Selenia.. .. 76,
biselata (bisetata), Ptychopoda . .
boetieus, Lampides
bolina, Hypolimnas
braziliensis (huntera subsp.),
Pyrameis
brasiliensis (thoas r.), Papilio ..
brunnea (cursoria, /".), Agrotis ..
bryoniae (napi r.), Pieris. .
bucephala, Phalera
caeca (hyperantus ab.
topus
caesia, Dianthoecia
caia, Arctia
c-album, Polygonia
camelina, Lophopteryx
cannae, Nonagria. .
cardamines, Euchloe
cardui, Pyrameis . .
carniolica, Zygaena
carye, Pyrameis . .
castrensis, Malacosoma . .
Catocala
catenarius, Morpho
charlonia, Anthocharis . . 8,
chenopodiata, Ortholitha
Chilidae
chlorosata (petraria), Lithina
chrysidiformis, Pyroptera
cirrigerella, Myelois
clara (icarus ?•.), Polyommatus . .
cleodora, Eronia . .
cleodoxa (cydippe /.), Argynnis. .
cleopatra, Gonepteryx . . 4, 11,
coerulea (cursoria ab.), Agrotis ..
cognatellus, Hyponomeuta 49, 50,
51, 52, 53,
Colias
conigera, Leucania
consortaria, Boarmia ..58, 60,
conspersa, Dianthoecia
convolvuli, Herse..
58
80
111
11
105
27
19
96
10
78
109
114
66
109
63
60
114
4
106
27
95
57
19
13
108
104
89
89
111
72
89
92
13
96
114
27
96
62
114
64
121
PAGE
coridon, Polyommatus 93, 106,
107, 108, 109
corticea, Agrotis . . . . . . 107
corylata, Euphyia. . .. ..96
corylaria (prunaria ab.), Anger-
ona 87
coryli, Demas .. .. ..64
Cosymbia(Epbyra) .. 61, 07
crataegi, Aporia .. .. .. 9
crataegi, Trichiura ..63,67, 76
erameri (belia), Anthocharis 5, 8
crepuscularia, Ectropis . . . . 103
crinanensis, Hydroecia .. .. 114
croceus (edusa), Colias 4, 9, 13,
30, 61, 101, 109
curtula, Pygaera . . . . . . 80
cursoria, Agrotis . . . . . . 96
cydippe (adippej, Argynnis .. 92
cynthia, Philosamia . . . . 63
Danais . . . . . . . . 31
daplidice, Pontia . . . . 5,13
decoraria = subroseata (pendularia
a&.), Cosymbia . . .. ..77
defoliai ia, Erannis . . . . 68
delamerensis (crepuscularia /.),
Ectropis 103
depuncta, Noctua.. .. .. 96
deva, Terias . . . . . . 19
Dianthoecia .. .. ..60
dictaeoides, Phaeosia . . . . 63
didyma, Melitaea . . . . . . 12
dinarcba, Hypolimnas . . . . 105
dissoluta, Nonagria . . . . 106
dodatellus, Schoenobius . . . . 104
dorainula, Callimorpha . . 103, 109
dromedarius, Notodonta.. 63, 108
dryas, Satyrus . . . . . . 9
edusa = croceus
elatbea, Terias . . . . . . 30
elinguaria, Crocallis . . 57, 77
elpenor, Eumorpba ..G4, 65, 67
eiLitata = furcatji
Epbyra = Cosymbia
Erebia 108
erippus, Danais .. .. ..27
erosaria, Ennomos .. .. t)2
erytbromelas, Eugonia .. .. 11
Eudamus 27
eupheno, Anthocharis . . 4, 9
euphenoides, Anthocharis . . 4
euphrosyne, Brenthis 85, 96, 103,
107, 109, 113
Eupithecia..
eurytbeme, Colias
evonymellus, Hyponomeuta
exanthemaria, Cabera
exclamationis, Agrotis . .
expallidata, Eupithecia . .
49,
61
66
50
59
107
61
PAGE
extersaria, Ectropis (Tephrosia)
59, 62, 96
fagi, Stauropus .. .. ..81
fatma, Scolitantides .. .. 9
feisthameli (podalirius r.), Papilio 11
fibrosa (leucostigma /.), Helotro-
pha 114
filigrammaria (autuinnata race),
Oporinia .. .. ..70
filipendulae, Zygaena 69, 75, 85,
86, 107, 114
fimbria, Triphaena . . 78, 81
flava (linea), Adopaea .. .. 4
flavescens (fulvago ab.), Xanthia 96
flaviventris, Synanthedon . . 105
flexula, Aventia . . . . . . 73
florella, Catopsilia . . . . 89
forficellus, Schoenobius . . . . 104
formicaeformis, Synanthedon . . 75
fortunata (jurtina r.), Epinepbele 10
fracta (atalanta ah.), Pyrameis .. 92
fulvago, Xanthia . . . . . . 96
furcata (elutata), Hydriomena .. 78
fuscantaria, Ennomos . . . . 62
galactodactylus, Alucita . . . . 85
galathea, Melanargia . . . . 103
Geometridae . . . . . . 65
gigantellus, Schoenobius.. .. 104
gilippus, Danais .. .. ..27
glandif era = mural is
gnaphalii, CucuUia .. .. 102
gonostigma, Orgyia . . 63, 95
gothica, Taeniocampa . . . . 108
grossulariata. Abraxas 65, 66, 104,
108, 109
halterata, Lobophora . . . . 108
hamza, Adopaea . . . . . . 4
hastiana, Peronea .. .. 115
haworthii, Celaena .. Ill, 114
belice (croceus /.), Colias 9, 13,
101, 109
heliceoides (lesbia /'.), Colias .. 30
hellanichus, Papilio . . . . 20
hera = quadripunctiiria
hippocrepidis, Zygaena . . 75, 85
hirtaria (Lycia), Biston .. ..58
honoratii (rumina ab.), Zeryn-
thia 112
hortensia, Euptoieta . . . . 27
huntera = braziliensis
hutchinsonii (c-album ab.), Poly-
gonia 108, 109
hylas, Polyommatus . . . . 9
hyperantus, Aphantopus 88, 95,
104, 107, 109
Hypolimnas . . . . . . 105
Hyponomeuta .. ..48,49, 52
iberica (aurinia r.), Melitaea . . 81
122
73,
19,
PAGE
icarus, Polyommatus 6, 8, 71, 93,
114, 107
ignita (phlaeas ab.), Rumieia . . 107
immorata, Acidalia . . 76, 85
impar (mnralis v.), Metachrostis
97, 108
ines, Melanargia . .
inornata, Ptychopoda
interjecta, Triphaena
irrorellus, Hyponomeuta
jacobaeae, Hipocrita
janthe, Phyciodes..
janthina. Triphaena
janira = jurtina
jasius, Charaxes . .
jatropbae, Anartia
Julia, Colaenis
jurtina (janira), Epinepbele 104,
107, 108, 114
lambessana (abdelkader ah.), Sa
tyrus
Lasiocampidae
latefasciata (taeniata ah
zoma
latbonia, Issoria . .
lavinia, Precis
leporina, Acronicta
lesbia, Colias
leucostigma, Helotropba
leuzeae, Hesperia. .
licbenaria, Cleora. .
licbenea, Epunda. .
ligu&tri, Spbinx . .
Iinea = flava
linearia (trilinearia), Cosymbia ..
Liparidae . .
literana, Peronea . .
literosa, Miana
litura, Amatbes (Anchocelis) 60,
Peri-
64, 66,
21, 30,
5, 8
95
81
49
87
24
81
11
28
20
9
63
87
9
27
73
78
114
13
76
60
70
61
63
108
96
76
lonicerae, Zygaena 93, 101, 106, 114
lorquinii, Cupido . .
lucasi, Melanargia
lucernea, Agrotis . .
lucina, Hamearis . .
lucipara, Euplexia
lunaria, Selenia . .
luteago, Dinntboecia
luteolata, Opistbograpta
lygaeus (nireus r.), Papilio
lysimon, Azanus, Zizeeria
L. at Bookbam (im., ova, lar
L. at Byfleet (im., lar.) . .
L. at Micklebam . .
L. at Princes Eisborougb
L. at Eanmore
macbaon, Papilio..
macularia, Pseudopanthera
9,
8,
59,
57,
12
12
96
87
78
57
104
58
89
4
78
80
.. 84
.. 86
.. 94
107, 109
.. 69
; ;;
1 1-'
58
'. 68,
107
76,
106
19,
27
11,
12
112
PAGE
malinellus, Hyponomeuta 48. 50,
51, 52, 53, 114
malvae, Hesperia . . . . . . 78
margaritata, Campaea
marginaria, Erannis
maritima, Senta . .
marsyap, Thecla . .
martini, Plebeius . .
medesicaste (rumina suhsp.), Zer-
ynthia . .
medon (astrarche), Plebeius 11,
13, 104, 107
megera, Pararge . . . . 6, 9, 109
Melanargia . . . . . . 13
melanops, Glaucopsyche. . .. 12
Melitaea . . . . . . 9, 13
mendica, Diacrisia .. 102, 103
menthastri, Spilosoma 96, 107, 114
menyantbidis, Acronicta. . .. 114
meridionalis (quercus r.), Lasio-
campa
merope (aurinia suhsp.), Melitaea
mi, Euclidia
minimus, Cupido . .
misippus, Hypolimnas .. 89, 105
montanata, Xanthorhoe, Melan-
ippe 57, 78,
monuste, Pieris .. .. 21,
mori, Bombyx
mucronellus, Scboenobius
muralis (glandifera), Metacbrostis
97, 108
nana (dentina), Mamestra .. 95
napi, Pieris 10, 71, 92, 107, 109, 114
neurica, Nonagria. . .. .. 60
nigra (secalis ah.), Apamea .. 96
nigratbalia (atbalia a/>.), Melitaea 106
nigricans, Agrotis. . .. ..96
nigropuncta (rapae ah.), Pieris .. 114
nireus, Papilio . . . . . . 89
66
81
73
9
92
30
63
104
Noctuidae .. .. ..51,59, 65
nouna, Teracolus.. .. 7, 78
nupta, Catocala . . . . . . 93
obeliscata. Tbera . . .. ..85
obsoleta (coridon ah.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 106
obsoleta (icarusab.), Polyommatus 93
obsoleta (tbetis «6.), Polyommatus 106
ocellatus, Smerinthus . . . . 64
ocbrearia, Aspitates .. .. 87
ocularis (octogesima ao.), Palimp-
sestis . . . . . . . . 87
oculea = secalis
ophiogramma, Apamea . . . . 89
olivaceofasciata (quercus ah.),
Lasiocampa . . . . . . 66
onopordi, Hesperia . . . . 8
orbieularia, Cosymbia .. 61, 96
123
PAGE
orbona (subsequa), Triphaena 81,
96, 111
orobia, Phyciodes. . .. 19, 24
oxyacanthae, Miselia ..58,66, 77
padellus, Hyponomeuta 48, 50,
51, 52, 53, 54, 114
paleacea, Enargia (Cusmiii)
palleiis, Leucania. .
paludella, Calaiuatropha. .
palustris, Hydiilla
paniphilus, Coenonympha
.. 96
.. 96
.. 104
.. 106
106,
107, 114
11,
113
77
115
97
27
102
92
pandora, Dryas .. .. 11, 13
paphia, Dryas . . . . . . 19
Papilio . . . . . . . . 24
pasiphae, Epinephele . . . . 13
pavonia, Saturnia. . 63,70,76, 113
pechi, Anthocharis .. .. 8
pedaria, Phigalia . .
pendularia, Cosymbia . . 61,
pennaria, Colotois (Himera)
perla, Metachrostis
perrhebus, Papilio . . 24,
petraria = chlorosata
phaeorrhoea, Nygmia
phegea, Amata
philiipina (pasiphae r.), Epine-
phele 13
philodice, Colias .. .. 61, 66
phlaeas, Kumicia.. .. 104, 107
phragmitellus, Chile . . . . 104
Pieris 89
pinastri = scabriuscula
pini, Dendrolimus
pisi, Hadena
plumbellus, Hyponomeuta
plumbeolata, Eupithecia. .
podalirius, Papilio
polychloros, Eugenia
pomonella, Cydia (Carpocapsa)96,
59, 60,
populi, Amorpha
porata, Cosymbia..
porcellus, Theretra
potatoria, Cosmoiriche
66
95
49
89
11
11
97
64, 106, 108
..61
..64
108, 109,
113, 114
praecox, Agrotis . . . . . . 96
pronuba, Triphaena ..60,81, 96
proto, Hesperia . . . . . . 12
provincialis (aurinia r.), Melitaea 81
pruinata, Pseudopterpna. . 71, 78
prunaria, Angerona . . . . 87
psi, Acronicta .. .. ..95
pudibunda, Dasychira . . 63, 80
pulcbella, Deiopeia . . . . 4
pulveraria, Anagoga, Numeria .. 62
punctaria, Cosymbia . . . . 61
punctulata, Ectropis . . . . 106
purpuralis, Zygaena . . . . 105
PAOE
pusaria, Cabera . . . . . . 59
quadripunctaria (hera), Callim-
orpha . . . . . . . ]03
quercus, Lasiocampa . . . . 66
quercifolia, Eutricha . . . . 58
rapae, Pieris .. 7, 104, 107, 114
revayana, Sarrotliripus . . . . 102
rhamni, Gonepteryx .. .. 88
rhoniboidaria, Boarmia . . . . 79
ricini, Philosamia .. .. 63
roeselia (amaltheasuftsp.), Anartia 19
rorella, Hyponomeuta . . . . 49
rubi, Callophrys .. .. 9, 89
rufa (pallens ab.), Leucania .. 96
rumicis, Acronicta . . 96, 114
rumina, Zerynthia ..11, 13, 112
rupicapraria, Thevia, Hybernia
59, 70, 79
rurea, Xylophasia. . .. ..78
rusicadica (trifolii race), Zygaena 4
rustica (mendica stihsp.), Diacrisia
102, 103
rusticata, Plychopoda . . . . HI
salmacis, Hypolininas .. .. 105
sambucaria, Ourapteryx . . . . 78
sao = sertorius
scabriuscula (pinastri), Dipterygia 89
schmidtii (phlaeas ah.), Rumicia 104
secalina (secalis ab.), Apamea . .
secalis (oculea), Apamea..
semele, Hipparchia . . 8,
semi-syngrapha (coridon ab.),
Polyommatus . .
senex, Comacla (Nudaria)
sertorius (sao), Hesperia..
sibilla, Limenitis . . .. 87,
Smerinthus
Sphingidae
stannellus, Hyponomeuta
stauderi, Hesperia
stellatarum, Sesia (Macroglossum)
stoechadis, Zygaena
straminea, Leucania
strataria, Biston (Ampbidasis) 58,
striata (iearus ah.), Polyommatus
strigillaria, Aspitates
subsequa (orbona), Triphaena 81,
96,
taeniata, Perizoma
Tapinostola
taras (malvae ab.), Hesperia
Teracolus . .
Terias . . . . 19, 20, 26,
Thecla
theophrastus, Tarucus, Azanus 7,
Thera
theryi, Zygaena
96
96
109
109
79
12
88
64
64
49
7
64
101
85
60
93
62
111
87
60
78
89
27
19
78
61
11
124
PAGE
thetis (bellargus), Polyommatus
102, 103, 106, 107, 109
thoas, Papilio
titbonus, Epinephele
tremulae, Phaeosia
trifolii, Pachygastria
trifolii, Zygaena 4,
. . 19
.. 106, 107
. . 63
. . 79
69, 75, 93,
101, 105
Gram-
.. 79
.. 96
.. 95
.. 60
. . 96
11, 87, 108, 109
. . 85
19, 20
. . 50
trigrarrtmica (trilinea),
mesia
trili nea = trigrammica
tritici, Agrotis
trisignaria, Eupithecia
typbae, Nonagria..
umbrosa, Noctua . .
urticae, Aglais
urticae, Spilosoma
vanillae, Dione
variabilis = pade]lus
varleyata (grossulaiiata ab.), Ab-
raxas . . . . . . . . 109
vestigialis, Agrotis . . . . 96
vetusta, Calocampa . . 59, 60
viburni (quercus race), Lasio-
campa . . . , , . . . 66
vigintipunctatus, Hyponomeuta 49
vinula, Dicranura. . .. ..63
virgularia, Ptycbopoda . . . . 79
wahlbergi, Hypolininas . . . . 105
wismariensis (maritima /'.j.Senta 106
xantbograpba, Noctua .. ..96
ziczac, Notodonta.. ..63,78, 108
zohra, Cigaritis . . . . . . 13
Zygaena 101, 105
Neuroptera.
Ascalaphus
cognata, Kaphidia
Coniopterygidae . .
fuscata, Sisyra
bumuli, Hemerobius
ictericus, Ascalapbus
Inocellia . .
libelluloides, Ascalapbus..
longicornis, Ascalaphus . .
lutescens, Hemerobius
maculicollis, Kaphidia 36, 37,
notata, Kaphidia 36, 37, 39,
ottomanus, Ascalapbus . .
perla, Chrysopa . .
Planipennia
Kaphidia (idae) . . 34, 35,
Sialidae
vittata, Chrysopa..
xanthostigma, Kaphidia..
112
40,
41
34
84
37
112
35
112
112
80
38,
39,
40
40,
88
. .
112
, .
80
. .
34
38,
113
, ,
34
, ,
80
40,
41
PAGE
Orthoptera.
aegyptium, Anacridium . . . . 104
campodiiformis, Grylloblatta
.. 107
egina, Empusa
. 104
elephas, Pacbytbelia
.. 12
grossus, Mecostethus
.. 107
maculatus, Gompbocerus
. 88
pauperata, Empusa
. 85
religiosa, Mantis . .
. 104
riparia, Labidura..
. 71
Paraneuroptera.
P. at Byfleet 80
dubia, Leucorrhinia
. 107
juncea, Aeschna . .
. 107
metallica, Somatochlora. .
. 113
quadrimaculata, Libellula
. 107
Phanerogams.
acris, Kanunculus . . . . 81
aestivalis, Spiranthes . . . . 107
alba, Prosopis . . . . . . 26
alba, Salix. . . . . . . . 49
amorphoides, Gleditschia . . 20
anglica, Genista . . . . . . 79
apifera, Ophrys . . . . . . 78
aranifera = sphegodes
arboreum, Panax . . . . . . 79
astronium, Aspidospermum . . 20
azurea, Pontederia . . . . 25
Berberis 20, 21
Bignonia . , . . . . . . 27
buxifolia, Sculia . . . . . . 20
capraea, Salix . . . . . . 75
Cebo 27
chamaedrys, Vernonia . . 21, 28
cordata, Pontederia . . . . 25
Crepis 77
cruziana, Victoria. . .. ..26
dectylit'era, Phoenix . . . . 2
Euonymus . . .. ..49,50, 53
europaeus, Euonymus .. ..48
ficus indica, Opuntia .. ..20
fragrans, Tussilago . . . . 68
gale, Myrica . . . . . . 97
glutinosa, Alnus . . . . . . 97
grandiflorum, Echinodorus .. 26
hecatanthum, Eupatoriuni . . 30
hediondo, Laurus..
.. 20
herberti, Cypella . .
.. 24
japonicus, Euonymus
.. 49
Leguminosae
20, 21
lorentzii, Schinopsis
.. 20
Melampyrum
.. 89
microglossa, Solidago
.. 30
monacantha, Opuntia
.. 20
ovalifolia, Jacaranda
.. 27
padus, Prunus
•
. 49
I
125
PAGS
Passiflorae . .
. 21
pitanza, A.
. 20
Populus
. 64
Potentilla
. 77
Primula
. 70
preta, Laurus
. 20
quebracho, Aspidospermum
. 20
regia, Victoria . . . . 2
3, 26
montevideensis, Sagittaria
. 25
Salix
. 64
Senecio
. 30
Sentias
. 21
Smilax
. 21
sphegodes (aranifera), Ophrys
. 78
spiralis, Spiranthes
. 93
sulcata, Commelina
. 26
telephium, Sedum
. 49
tinctoria, Genista..
.. 89
unguiscati, Bignonia
.. 27
vogelianum, Peltophorum
.. 20
Rhynchota.
Aleurodes (idae) . .
.. 70
comstocki, Pseudococcus. .
.. 70
idae, Aleurodes . .
.. 70
vaporariorum, Aleurodes. .
.. 69
SCORPIONES.
Androctonus
maurus, Scorpio . .
occitanus, Buthus
PAGE
.. 104
.. 12
6, 85
Not Classified.
aquilina, Pteris (Fern) ..
bifasciata, Ampbigerontia (Pso
coptera) . .
Ephemera at Box Hill
lagurus, Polyxena (Myriapod)
lunaria, Botrychium (Fern)
penetrans, Dermatophilus ("jig
ger")
Phenopteris (Fossil)
platyphylla, Madotheca (Hepatic)
radicicola. Bacillus (Mycorrhiza)
Scolopendra (Milleped) . .
serratula, Pteris (Fern) . .
Sigillaria (Fossil) . .
torrentium, Isopteryx (Plecop-
tera)
Trichoptera at Byfleet
Tiichoptera at Box Hill . .
unipunctatus, Mesopsocus (Pso-
coptera) . .
vulgatum, Ophioglossum (Fern) . .
90
84
79
107
32
76
69
97
104
90
76
107
80
84
88
85
Are still in ]3riut, and
■jPBOGEEDINOS
IftVol.),
^■VolJMK__
1906,
199||^^^^H
1914,
1915,^^^^H
1922,
1923, l^^^H
1926.
^m ^^
d ou dl
^^^^^^Bie Librarian.
^191^'^ke 4 -; IdlS, pri<j|
il8, price 5/-. ; 1916, price
)rice 4/»; 1919, price
J22, price 1(
price
ii^r^?.
CONTENTS. ^ ^
. -^ i". ,- ■ 'A
Offiotri &nd Gouneil .* .. .. .^ .* .i
Bii^^^^K* Council
ni .. -
^Sbeik. By O. R. Goodman, F.l
PrSM^^^^Hfes in Spidtr^' Snares. By Maji
A Shorl'Det^f^tioa of th« Argentine Chaco. By Ca]
F.E.S.
Notes on (be British Snakefliet (Bapbidia). By W. J. Lucatr
Observations on the Life-bi|ijl|iMi|lE Soarabaeus sacer. By''
Goodman, F.E.S. a^^^^^^L* ••
Notes en the Genus Hjd|^^^^^HkDbert Adkin, F.E.S.
Annual Addre&s. — LarvSPHHPHHHPfe!. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.E.2
F.R.C.P. .. .. ^7~»«^ _ _ ._
Abetraot of Proceedings . . ..
Irish P.i^am^. By C. W. Sperring
Beporl^^Hngicss S.E.U.S.S. at Hastings. By E. Step, F.L.S. . ,
EujiH^^^^^Bjll^evelopment of Pteris aquilina. By E. Step, F.L.S.
BiH^^^^^^^^K]^^ of Corresponding Societies of the Brit. Assn. B^^
The BlIH^^^^^Kila Spider. By A. de. B. Goodman. F.E.S
Annual Exj^^^^^^H.
Index .^^^^^^K. . .
i,'>'
MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
HiBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE,
i92a-ie2Q.
1928:— July 26th,; August 9th, 28rd ; Septembt
October 11 tb, 25th ; November 8th, 22nd ; December ISfcKT
«— January 10th, 24th ; February 14th, 28th ; March Uj
il 11th, 25th : May 9th, 28rd ; June 18th, 27th.
(Y OPEN AT 6.30 p.m., CHAIR TAKEN AT 7 p.m?
MEM jaaafc. <s&h ibiting specimens at the Meetings
are i'e<lu|^^^Bbe good enough to hand to the Sc
Meeti^H^^^^^Hwiting of the generic and spec
s^gft^^^^^BmBft together with the names of
^^^^^HPspeoimens were obtained, and
'mSHMR exhibitors have to make. In the a)
ifl wr iting the Secretary cannot be responsible
Ition with his report of such exhibits, or for
ft^^Hto^nce thereto in the Proceedings.
yx\C '^ ' ^'l'
^y^ •■'
dinas
OF
THE SOUTH LONDON
^M':''
-.n'-^^^^^^^b. ^. -vi-Tsrari
WITH THREE PLATES
m--:
^;
iiiw>^^ PUBLISHED AT THE SOCIETY'S ROOMS
BIBBRNIA OBAMBBRS, LOMDOW BRIDGE, 8.E.
PRICE TEN 8HILUNQ9 AND SIXPENCE.
ihe Society^ with the assintance of the
tlenien (includmM»JJk» Beport CoirmdiUe)
The PKESIP^^^Hsrs. R. AD
STANLEY bI^^^. O. R. G _
W. G. SHELDON, ALFRED SIC
TONGE, H. J. TURNER,
.TT,
A.
kiN.
>;
1
t
i
ARCHER A CO., PRINl^ERS, 36, AVONDALE SQUARE, a.E.
THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological & Natural History Society
(Established 1872)
HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.
—^ — • < ■
OFFICERS & COUNCIL
1929-30.
H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S.
F. B. CARR.
E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
J. H. ADKIN. C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
L. C. BUSHBY, F.E.S. Col. F. LABOUCHERE, F.E.S.
A. W. DODS. W. RAIT-SMITH, F.Z.S., F.E.S,
A. de B. GOODMAN, F.E.S. A. E. STAFFORD.
T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. E. E. SYMS, F.E.S.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., "Lateraar," West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., "Aincioft," Grammar School Hill, Reigate,
^0n* ^9cvHavxe»*
S. EDWARDS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. {General Sec),
15, St. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 8.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., " Latemar," West Drive, Cheam, Surrey,
THE 50UTH LONDON
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.
The Society hag for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Kooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.
SUBSCRIPTION.
Twelve ShiUinys and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillings and Sixpence,
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
STANLEY EDWAKDS, F.L.S., &c.,
15, St. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
PAST PRESIDENTS
1872-4. . J. K. Wellman (dec).
1875-6.. A. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec).
1877 . . J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec).
1878 . . J. T. Williams (dec).
1879 . . R. Standen, F.E.S. (dec).
1880 . . A. FiCKLiN (dec).
1881 .. V. R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec).
1882 .. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).
1888 . . J. R. Wellman (dec).
1884 .. W. West, L.D.S. (dec).
1885 .. R. South, F.E.S.
1886-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1888-9.. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).
1890 ..J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.
(dec.)
1891 .. W.H.TuGWELL,PH.C.(dec.)
1892 .. C.G.Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)
1898 .. J. J. Weir, F.L.S. , etc. (dec.)
1894 .. E. Step, F.L.S.
1895 . . T. W. Hall, F.E.S.
1896 .. R. South, F.E.S.
1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1898 . . J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec).
1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).
1900 . . W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
1901 . . H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc.
1902 . . F. NoAD Clark.
1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S.
1904 . . A. Sigh, F.E.S.
1905 . . H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1906-7. . R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. SicH, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. Kate, F.E.S.
1912 13. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.
1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1918-19. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S. etc.
1920-21. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1922 . . E. J. Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S.
1923-4.. N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1925-6.. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
1927-8.. E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
A.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Chief subjects of Study : — //, Hymenoptera ; o, Orthoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; c, Coleoptera ; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology; orn,
Ornithology ; r, Reptilia ; vi, Mollusca ; cr, Crustacea ; h, Botany ; vii. Microscopy ;
ec. ent.. Economic Entomology; e, signifies Exotic forms; trich, Trichoptera.
Year of
Election.
1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., "Trenoweth," Hope Park, Bromley,
Kent. I, orn.
1922 Adkin, J. H., lion. Lanternist, Council^ " Ravenshoe," Furze
Hill, Burgh Heath, Surrey. I.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s., " Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne. I, ec. ent.
1901 Adkin, R. A., "Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne, m.
1925 Allder, R. C, 158, Broadfield Road, Catford, S.E.6. I.
1928 Anderson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.
1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s.. President, " Woodside," 6, Footscray
Road, Eltham, S.E. 9. d.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., b.a., e.g. (Cantab), f.r.c.s., f.r.c.p.,
3a, Newstead Road, Lee, S.E. 12. e, I.
1895 AsHBY, S. R., F.E.S., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow, c, I,
1896 Barnett, T. L., " The Lodge," Crohamhurst Place, Upper
Selsdon Road, S. Croydon. I.
1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. I.
1927 Bedwel,l, E. C, f.e.s., 54, Brighton Rd., Coulsdon, Surrey, c.
1929 Bell, J. K., Marden Lodge, Caterham Valley, Surrey.
1924 Bird, Miss F. E., " Red Cottage," Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Essex, orn.
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s., '* Claremont," 120, Sunningfields
Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. v, c.
1898 Bliss, Capt., M. F., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., Butlin's
Hill, Braunton, near Rugby. I.
1926 Bliss, A., " Musgrove," Brighton Road, Parley.
1925 Blyth, S. F. p., " Cleveland," Chislehurst, Kent. I.
£P 2 7 1938
IV
Year of
Elkction.
1923 BoucK, Baron J. A., f.e.s., *' Springfield," S. Godstone,
Surrey. I.
1909 Bowman, R. T., " Rockbourne," Keswick Road, Orpington,
Kent. l.
1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., "Nether Court," 60, Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. I.
1925 Brock, R. S., " Highclere," Oakleigh Park, Whetstone, N.20.
b.
1927 Brocklesby, S. H., " Long Lodge," Merton Park, S.W.19. I.
1923 Brocklehurst, W. S., " Grove House," Bedford. I.
1924 Brooke, Mrs. M. L., 48, Anerley Park, S.E.20. I.
1909 BuoKsTONE, A. A. W., 807a, Kingston Road, West Wimble-
don, S.W. 20. I.
1927 Bull, G. V., b.a., f.e.s., m.b., *' White Gables," Sandhurst,
Kent. l.
1915 Bunnett, E. J., M.A., 72, Colfe Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.
)ni.
1922 BusHBY, L. C, F.E.S., Council, 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent.
l.
1922 Candler, H., "Broad Eaves," Ashtead, Surrey. I, orn, b.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., " Redcot," Belmont Road, Leatherhead,
Surrey. I.
1899 Carr, F. B., Vice-President, 46, Handen Road, Lee, S.E.12. I.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., l.th.. The Vicarage, Alvanley, Nr.
Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.
1924 Chapman, Miss L. M., "Betula," Reigate.
1922 Cheeseman, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, S.E. 12. I.
1929 Clegg, D. L., "Vermala," 9, Westleigh Avenue, Putney,
S.W. 15. I.
1879 Clode, W. {Life Member.)
1916 Cockayne, E. A., m.a., m.d., f.r.c.p., f.e.s., Vice-President,
116, Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. I.
1899 CoLTHRUp, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.
Z, ool, orn.
1928 Common, A. F., " Tessa," St. James Avenue, Thorpe Bay.
1907 CooTE, F. D., F.E.8., 32, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
l,b.
1919 CoppEARD, H., 26, King's Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex. I.
1923 Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. I.
1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
S.E. 18. I, c.
V
Year or
Election.
1922 CouoHMAN, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchman, May Cottage,
Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. /.
1909 CouLsoN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,
S.W. 19. I
1918 Court, T. H., f.r.g.s., "Oak Leigh," Market Rasen,
Lincolnshire. I.
1925 Cox, R. Douglas, 12, Blakemore Road, Streatham, S.W. 16.
1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, E. 11,
{Life Member.) c.
1899 Crabtree, B. H., f.e.s., "Holly Bank," Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. I.
1918 Craufurd, Clifford, " Dennys," Bishops Storfcford. I.
1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, E. Bexley Heath.
L
1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
S.W. 16. I.
1928 Curwen, Capt. B. S., 9, Lebanon Pk., Twickenham. I.
1927 Danby, G. C, 33, Huron Road, Tooting Common, S.W.17.
1925 Dannatt, W., F.Z.S., " St. Lawrence," Gaibal Road, Burnt
Ash, S.E. 12. l.
1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s. , 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. Z, c.
1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.I.
I, mi, h.
1918 DixEY, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.E.3., Wadhaui College,
Oxford. Hon. Member.
1901 DoDs, A. W., Council, 88, Alkham Road, Stamford Hill,
N. 16. I.
1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. I,
1912 DuNSTER, L. E., 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.3.
I.
1927 Eagles, T. R., f.e.s., 37, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex. L
1928 Earle, Edw., 16, Addison Gardens, W.l-t.
1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Hon. Secretari/, 15, St.
Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, eL
1923 Ellis, H. Willoughby, f.e.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u., " Speldhurst
Close," Sevenoaks, Kent, c, am.
1926 Ennis, p. F., " Hillside," 22, Conway Road, Wimbledon,
S.W.20.
1920 Farmer, J. B., 31, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. I.
vi
Year of
Election.
1918 Farquhar, L., " Littlecote," Field Heath Avenue, Hillingdon,
Middlesex. I.
1924 Fassnidge, Wm., m.a., f.e.s., 47, Tennyson Road, Portswood,
Southampton. I, 7i, trick, he.
1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,
Sussex. {Life Member.) I.
1926 Fletcher, P. Bainbrigge, b.sc, 65, Compton Road, Wimble-
don, S.W.19. c.
1889 Ford, A., " South View," 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. I, c.
1920 Ford, L. T., " St. Michael's," Park Hill, Bexley, Kent, I.
1915 Foster, T. B., "Lenore," 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,
Croydon. I.
1907 FouNTAiNE, Miss M. E., f.e.s., " The Studio," 100a, Fellowa
Road, Hampstead, N.W.8. I.
1921 Frampton, Rev. E. E., m.a., Halstead Rectory, Sevenoaks,
Kent. I.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., Government
Lymph Laboratories, The Hyde, N.W.9. I.
1919 Frisby, G. E., F.E.S., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. hyni.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., f.e.s., " Essendene," Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. I, orn.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s., m.a., *' Chadsholme," Milton Road,
Harpenden, Herts. I, ec. ent.
1911 Gahan, C. J., D.sc, M.A., F.E.S., " The Mount," Aylsham,
Norfolk, c.
1920 Gauntlett, H. L., f.e.s., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., 37, Howard Lane,
Putney, S.W.15. I.
1927 GiBBiNs, F. J. F.I.A.A., F.I.A.S., 51, Weldon Crescent, Harrow,
Middlesex. I.
1928 GiLLEs, W. S., F.E.S., F.I.C., " The Cottage," Booking, Braintree,
Essex. I.
1920 Goodman, A. de B., f.e.s., Council, " Normanby," Darkes
Lane, Potters' Bar, Middlesex. I.
1926 Gordon, D. J., b.a., f.e.s., Craigellachie House, Strathpeffer,
N.B. col., lep.
1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. I.
1925 Graves, P. P., f.e.s., 5, Hereford Square, S.W.7. I.
1923 Gray, C. J. V.,BM/BRWX., London, W.C.I. I.
vii
Year of
Election.
1918 Green, E. E., f.e.s., "Ways End," Camberley, Surrey, heyn.
1924 Greer, T., j.p., Curglasson, Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone. I.
1926 Grey, Olive, Mrs., f.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C. 2. eiit.
1911 Grosvenor, T. H. L., Council, Springvale, Linkfield Lane,
Redhill. l.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 1. I.
1926 Halton, H. C. S., Essex Museum, West Ham, E.
1891 Hamm, a. H., f.e.s., 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1903 Hare, E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. I.
1926 Harmsworth, H. A. B., f.e.s., 3, Marlborough Gate, Hyde
Park, W.2. l.
1926 Harris, A. G. J., b.a., 21, Nevern Place, S.W.5.
1924 Harwood, p., f.e.s., Westminster Bank, 92, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. I.
1927 Hawgood, D. A., 89, Leigham Vale, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. I.
1924 Hawkins, C. N., f.e.s.. Council, 23, Dalebury Road. Upper
Tooting, S.W.17. I.
1929 Hawley, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., 13, Colville Road, W.ll.
1913 Haynes, E. B., 82a, Lexham Gardens, W. 8. I.
1923 Hayward, Capt. K. J., f.e.s., Villa Ana, F.C.S.F., Argen-
tine, l.
1920 Hemming, Capt. A. F., f.z.s., f.e.s., 29, West Cromwell Road,
S.W.7. I.
1924 Henderson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey, col.
1927 Hewer, H. R., m.sc, d.i.c. Royal College of Science, S. Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.
1927 Hewitt, A. C, 83, Tavistock Avenue, Walihamstow, E.17.
1920 Hodgson, S. B., 3, Bassett Road, N. Kensington, W.IO.
1927 Howard, J. 0. T., b.a., 78, St. John's Wood Court, N.W.8.
1927 Hughes, A. W. McKenny, 22, Stanford Road, Kensington,
W. 8. ec. ent.
1929 Hughes, A. W., 14, Cliff Road, Wallasey, Cheshire.
1929 Hughes, Miss W. P. K., m.sc, " Australia House," Strand,
W.C.2.
1928 Jackson, F. W. J., " The Pines," Ashtead, Surrey.
1914 Jackson, W. H., " Pengama," 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley. I.
1923 Jacobs, S. N. A., Ditchling, Hayes Lane, Bromley. /.
viii
Year or
Election.
1924 James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.I. I.
1924 James, R., f.e.s., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.I.
1927 Janson, 0. J., F.E.S. , Recorder, 18, Fairfax Road, Hornsey, N.8.
e7it.
1925 Jarvis, C, 12, Claylands Road, Clapham, S.W.8. c.
1922 JoBLiNG, Boris, " Neva,' Whitechurch Gardens, Edgware,
Middlesex. i7ied. ent.
1923 Johnstone, J. F., f.e.s., " Ruxley Lodge," Claygate, Surrey. I.
1918 Johnstone, D. C, f.e.s., 26, Granville Park, Lewishan, S.E
I.
1920 JoicEY, J. J., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., etc, "The Hill," Witley,
Surrey. I.
1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., "Caracas," Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.
I, S. American I.
1910 KiDNER, A. R., " The Oaks," Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1925 KiMMiNs, D. E., 16, Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20. I.
1925 Labouchere, Lt-Col., F. A., Council, 15, Draycott Avenue,
S.W.3.
1924 Langham, Sir Chas., Bart., f.e.s.. Tempo Manor, Co. Fer-
managh. I.
1927 Lawson, H. B., f.e.s., •' Brookhill," Horsell, Woking. I.
1922 Leechman, C. B., ' Caral,' Brighton Road, S. Croydon. I.
1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.
1919 Leman, G. C, f.e.s., "Wynyard," 52, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c.
1922 LiLEs, Major C. E., 6, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. 1. I.
1920 LiNDBMAN, F., c/o Rio de Janeiro Tramway Light and Power
Co., Caixa Postal 571, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I.
1926 Long, R. M., Witley, 3, Cedars Road, Beddington, Surrey. I,
1924 Lowther, a. W. G., *' The Old Quarry," Ashtead, Surrey. enU
1896 Lucas, W. J., b.a., f.e.s., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit. 0., odonata, n, m, h.
1929 Lyall, Miss Edith May, 57, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens,
Surrey.
1921 Lyle, G. T., f.e.s., " Briarfield," Stump Cross, Shibden,
Halifax, h.
1925 MacCallum, C, 1, Aston Road, Ealing, W.5. I.
1926 Macdonald, F. W., 82, Trinity Street, Leytonstone, E.ll. I.
1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., f.z.s., " Almondale," 55, Buckingham
Road, S. Woodford, E. 18. I, nat. phot., col.
IX
Year of
Election.
1889 Mansbridge, W., f.e.s., " Monreith," Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. I, c, etc.
1922 Massee, a. M., f.e.s. , East Mailing Research Station,
Kent. I.
1885 Mera, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, Essex. L
1881 Miles, W. H., f.e.s., "Grosvenor House," Calcutta. Post Box
126. mi,b.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.
Z, h, d, p. I, e h, e d, mi.
1928 de Morney. C. a. G., 21, Nevern Place, S.W.5.
1920 Morrison, G. D., f.e.s., Depfc. Advisory Entomology, N. of
Scotland Agricultural College, Marichall, Aberdeen, ec. ent.
1925 Mounsey, D., " Kirkstone," 5, Harewood Road, S. Croydon.
Ent J Ornith.
1927 Murray, Capt. K. F. M., 62, Park Street, Grosvener Square,
W.l. I.
1923 Mutch, J. P., '♦ Mayfield House," Church Road, Bexley
Heath, I.
1923 Nash, T. A. M., 16, Queen's Road Richmond, Surrey. I.
1923 Nash, W. G., f.r.c.s., " Clavering House," de Pary's Avenue,
Bedford. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1926 Newman, L. H., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1926 Nixon, G. E., 315b, Norwood Road, Heme Hill, S.E.24. /t, I.
1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., " Bertrose," 17, Gellatly Road, New
Cross, S.E. 14. I.
1927 Palmer, D. S., " North Lodge," Esher.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1928 Perkins, J. F., 19, Courtfield Gardens, W.C.5. h.
1925 Portsmouth, J., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I. I.
1925 Portsmouth, G. B., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I.
I.
1912 Poulton, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.g.s.,
F.Z.S., f.e.s., *' Wykeham House," Oxford. {Hon. Member.)
1927 Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane.
1897 Brest, E. E. B., 8 and 9, Chiswell Street, E.C. 1. I.
1924 Priest, C. G., 30, Princes Place, Notting Hill, W.ll. L
X
Year of
Election.
1904 Priske, R. a. R., F.E.S., 136, Coldershavv Road W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, m.
1919 QuiLTER, H. J., " Fir Cottage," Kiln Road, Ptestwood, Great
Missenden. Z, c, d, mi.
1922 Rait-Smith, W., f.z.s., f.e.s., Council, '* Hurstleigh,"
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. L
]925 Ralfs, Miss E. M., f.e.s., " Montford," Kings Langley, Herts.
1922 Rattray, Col. R. H., 68, Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,
Kent. I.
1902 Rayward, a. L., f.e.s., 15, Vicarage Drive, Eastbourne. I. ~
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham
Comiuon, S.W. 4. oni.
1927 Richards, Percy R., " Wynford," Upton Road, Bexley Heath.
/.
1920 Richardson, A. W., f.e.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. I.
1908 Riley, Capt. N. D., f.e.s., f.z.s., 6, Brook Gardens, Beverley
Road, Barnes, S.W.13. L
1910 Robertson, G. S., m.d., " Bronllys," 72, Thurlow Park Road,
Dulwich, S.E.21. /.
1922 Robertson, W. J., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.z.s., 69, Bedford Road^
S.W. 4. I.
1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, f.e.s., "Worksop Manor," Notts. l,n.
1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.^
F.E.S., Tring, Herts. I, orn. {Life Member.)
1887 Routledge, G. B., f.e.s., "Tarn Lodge," Heads Nook, Carlisle.
Ij c.
1890 Rowntree, J. H., " Scalby Nabs," Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1915 Russell, S. G.C, f.e.s., "Brockenhurst," Reading Road, Fleet,
Hants. I.
1908 StAubyn, Capt. J. S., f.e.s., " Sayescourt Hotel," 2,
Inverness Terrace, Bayswater, W. 2.
1925 Sancean, E., " The Yew," Firtree Road, Banstead. h.
1914 Schmassmann, W., f.e.s., "Beulah Lodge," London Road,
Enfield, N. I.
1910 Scorer, A. G., " Hillcrest," Chilworth, Guildford. I.
1927 Scott, E., m.b., " Hayesbank," Ashford, Kent. I.
1923 Sevastopulo, D. G., f.e.s., c/o Ralli Bros., Calcutta. /.
XI
Ybar or
Election.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., f.z.s., f.e.s., *' West Watch," Limpsfield,
Surrey. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., f.e.s. , " Grayingham," Farncombe Road,
Worthing, l.
1925 Simmons, A., 42, Loughboro Road, W.Bridgford, Nottingham. I.
1920 SiMMs, H. M., B.sc, f.e.s., " The Farlands," Stourbridge.
1927 Skelton, Hy. E., 12, Mandrake Road, Upper Tooting,
S.W. 17.
1921 Smart, Major, H. D., r.a.m.c, m.d., d.sc, f.e.s., 172, High
Road, Solway Hill, Woodford Green. I.
' 1922 Seth- Smith, D. W., Curator's House, Zoological Gardens,
Regents Park, N.W.8. Z.
1927 Smith, Capt. F. S., f.e.s., " Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1928 Smith, Mrs. Maud Stanley, " Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,
Brondesbury, N.W.2. I, c.
1926 Sparrow, R. W., '♦ Wildwood," Regents Park Road, Finchley,
N.3.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E. 7. I.
1920 Stafford, A. E., Council, 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14.
I.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s., 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. 19.
b, w, cr ; Insects, all Orders.
1928 Stocken, H. E. W., Orchard Cottage, W. Byfleet, Surrey.
1923 Stolzle, G. a. W., '' Southcote," South Street, nr. Whit-
stable, Kent. I.
1924 Storey, W. H., 63, Lincolns Inn Fields, W.C.2. eut.
1911 Stowell, E. a. C.,b.a., Eggars Grammar School, Alton, Hants.
1929 Stubbs, G. C, 41, St. Mary's Street, Ely, Cambs.
1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wanstead, E.ll. I.
1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s., " The Hill Museum," Witley. l.
1922 Tams, W. H. T., f.e.s., 5, Dairy Lane, Hurlingham,
S.W. 6. L
1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a., Colbourne Rectory, I. of Wight, i,
ool.
Xll
Year or
Election.
1913 Tatchell, L., F.K.S., Swanage, Dorset. I.
1926 Taylor, J. S., Dept. Agriculture, Div. Ent., Pretoria, Union
of S.A. I.
1929 Tetley, J., " White Cottage," Silverlea Gardens, Horley.
1926 ToMLiNsoN, Florence B., " The Anchorage," Lodge Boad,
Croydon. I.
1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer^ "Aincroft," Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. I.
1927 Tottenham, Rev. C. E., "Keswick," Tyrone Road, Thorpe
Bay, Essex, c.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s., f.r.h.s., Hofi. Editor, " Latemar," West
Drive, Cheam, Surrey. Z, c, n, he, b.
1921 Vernon, J. A., " Lynmouth," Reigate, Surrey, l.
1923 Vredenberg, G., 38, Ashworth Mansions, Maida Vale, W.9. I.
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. I, d.
1927 Wainwright, Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.18.
1929 Wainwright, J. Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.
1929 Wainwright, John, 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. I.
1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.e.s., ** Aorangi," Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.
1927 Walker, W. H., " Ranworth," Potters Bar. I.
1925 Ward, J. Davis, f.e.s., " Limehurst," Grange-over-Sands. L
1920 Watson, D., " Proctors," Southfleet, Kent. I.
1928 Watts, W. J., 3, Rayward Road, Elmer's End, Beckenham. l.
1928 Wells, Clifford, " Dial House," Crowthorne, Berks. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., "Inchiquin," Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., m.a., f.z.s., f.b.s., *' Ellesmere,"
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. I.
1927 White, A. G., "Hilltop," Chaldon, Surrey.
1927 Whitting, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Catford, S.E. 6.
1920 Wightman, a. J., f.e.s., Broomfield, Pulborough, Sussex, l.
1914 Williams, B. S., " St. Genny's," 16, Kingcroft Road, Harpen-
den. I, c, hem.
1912 Williams, C. B., m.a., f.e.s.. Research Institute, Amani,
Tanga, and 20, Slatey Road, Birkenhead. I, ec. ent.
1925. Williams, H. B., ll.d., f.e.s., "Little dene," Claremont Lane,
Esher, Surrey. L
XUl
Year of
Election.
1918 Wood, H., "Albert Villa," Kenningfcon, near Ashford, Kent. I.
1926 WooTTON, W. J., F.R.H.S., Wannock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex.
I.
1927 deWorms, C. G. M., f.e.s., m.b.o.u., Milton Pk., Egham,
Surrey. I, orn.
1921 WoRSLEY-WooD, H., F.E.S. , 37, De Freville Avenue, Cam-
bridge, l.
1920 Young, G. W., f.r.m.s., 20, Grange Road, Barnes, S.W. 13.
Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.
XIV
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, Jan., 1929.
THE Council, in presenting the fifty-seventh Annual Report,
is gratified to be able to record steady progress in the
condition of the Society and a satisfactory year's work.
The Membership continues steadily to increase and has now
reached the record number 265, the new admissions having more than
made up the losses. There are at the moment, ordinary members
259, honorary members 2, and life members 4. There have been 2
deaths, Mr. W. G. Dawson at the ripe age of 91, and Miss E.
Chapman aged 83.
4 members have resigned and 6 have been taken off for non-
payment of their subscription.
Again there has been an increase in the Attendance at the
meetings, the average for the 23 meetings being 42.
It was pointed out to the Council that the Bye-Laws were some-
what out of date, and as a new issue was necessary, your Council
considered the present a good opportunity to thoroughly revise
them and to incorporate the various alterations and additions,
which had been made since the last edition, 1891. A small
committee was appointed consisting of Messrs. 0. R. Goodman,
C. N. Hawkins and C. Sperring, who were empowered to draw up a
series of revised Bye-Laws and to submit them to the Council.
This was done, and early in the new year it is hoped that they will
be ready for submission to a special meeting for confirmation and
subsequent issue. Your Council regret that Mr. Sperring has found
that his business engagements do not permit of his remaining on
the Council for his final years of office, and thank him for his
services.
The Annual Exhibition was held on October 25th, and was
a great success. The arrangements for tables, chairs and refresh-
ment were again very kindly undertaken by Mr. 0. R. Goodman,
who unfortunately was taken ill and had to hand over matters to
his son Mr. A. de B. Goodman, who saw that everything was
carried through successfully. The thanks of the Society are due to
these two gentlemen for their efforts.
Your Council regrets that the response to the appeal for support
to the Refreshment Fund is in no way adequate for the expenses
entailed in this necessary adjunct to the success of the evening, and
points out that the funds of the Society are insufficient to bear this
increasing item of expenditure.
SEP 2? 1938
XV
Papers have been read before the Society by Messrs. R. Adkin (2),
W. S. Bristowe, 0. R. Goodman, T. H. L. Grosvenor, H. Main (2),
T. A. M. Nash (submitted by the President), W. H. T. Tarns and
Dr. Dixey.
Owing to the difficulty of gettinfy promises for Papers so long
before they could be read, your Council early in the year decided to
issue two programmes of fixtures, one covering the summer period
and the other the winter session. This has been carried out.
Field Meetings were arranged at Ranmore, Chilworth, Tring,
Westerham, Netley Heath, Peaslake, Lea-on-Sea (abandoned) and
Bookham. It was found impossible to arrange a Fungus Foray
with any promise of success owing to the dry spell of weather in the
autumn. All these meetings were successful and the attendance at
most of them good.
The lantern was in use on seven occasions under the kind super-
vision of Mr. J. H. Adkin as Honorary Lanternist.
Mr. R. Adkin was asked to represent the Society from June 6th,
to 9th, at the Annual Congress of the South Eastern Union of
Scientific Societies to which the the Society is affiliated, and also at
the meeting of representatives of affiiliated societies to the British
Association at Glasgow, September 5th to 12th.
The volume of " Proceedings " for the year 1927 was published
Bomewhat later in the year than usual. It consists of xx4-125
pages with 8 plates.
The Hon. Curator reports as follows. —
" Through the kindness of Colonel F. A. Labouchere the Society
has been presented with the handsome mahogany Cabinets and
Collections of Palaearctic and British Lepidoptera formed by the
late Mr. J. J. Lister, F.R.S., in two 40 drawer and three 20 drawer
Cabinets.
" Lord Rothschild has very kindly offered to take charge until
arrangements can be made to bring them to the Society's Meeting
rooms. They are at present in his private museum at Tring. We
are very greatly indebted to these two gentlemen for the trouble
they have taken to secure this collection for the Society, and our
best thanks are due to them.
" It is hoped that the collection will soon be available for
reference."
"Mr. R. Adkin has presented various species of British Lepidop-
tera to the Society's collections, Mr. C. Jarvis four species of British
Coleoptera, and the Rev. C. E. Tottenham forty-nine species of
Goleoptera which were desiderata."
XVI
The Hon. Librarian reports as follows : —
•' That the books have been well used both at our meetings for
reference and for home study.
" The usual entomological journals have been bound, and a start
made with the binding of the long series of the ' Trans. Ent. Socy.'
presented by Dr. Fremlin.
*' The most important additions are Stainton's ' Natural History of
the Tineina,' 18 vols., presented by Dr. G. S. Robertson, and the
whole of the parts published on Diptera of the ' Faune de France,'
purchased."
Your Council on behalf of the Society desires to thank the
numerous donors and others who have rendered assistance in
many ways during the year.
The following is a List of the Additions to the Library.
Books. — Spiders of Connecticut : Stainton's Nat. Hist, of the
Tineina 18 vols. (Dr. G. S. Hobertson) : Bibliotica Andina : The
Mutiliid Wasps of America : The Fish of the Phillipines : Diptera
of the Fauna of France (purchased) : Asteroidea of the N. Pacific.
Proceedings, Transactions, Reports of Societies, etc. — Bolletino
R. Scuola d'Agricoltura, Portici, Italy, 195i7 ; Report of the U.S.
National Museum ; Proceedings of the American Entomological
Society : The London Naturalist ; Proc. Perthshire Soc. for Nat.
Science ; Bull. Societe ent. de France ; Trans. Entomological
Society of London (Dr. Fremlin) ; Annales Societe ent. de France ;
Revista Ent. Soc. Argentina 1926-7 ; Trans. Wisconsin Academy
of Science ; Trans. Leicester Literary and Philosophical Soc. ; Proc.
Isle of Wight Soc. ; Proc. Bournemouth Nat. Science Society ;
Annual Rep. Smithsonian Institute.
Periodicals and Magazines. — Entomologist's Record : Entomo-
logische Mitteilungen : Entomologist : Entomological News :
Natural History (America) : Phillipine Jr. of Science : Canadian
Entomologist ; Essex Naturalist : The Vasculum : Revu Russe :
Entomologiska Tidskrift : Entomologists' Monthly Magazine
(purchased).
Separates. — Address to the Entomological Society of London
1927(8} : 86 items from the United States National Museum :
Aryyrest/Ua conjuyella : 8 items from Upsala University, Sweden :
Evolution of Animals (Horniman's Museum): British Coccidae (E.
E. Green) : 12 items from the Field Museum of N. H. Chicago :
1 item from M. Janet : Report and Journal of the Footpaths
Preservation Soc. : 9 items from Prof. Strand of Latvia.
XVI 1
TREASURER'S REPORT, 1928.
I have to record another satisfactory year showing an increase in
the assets over liabilities amounting to £12 16s. 5d. as compared
with 1927.
I cannot however point to as large an increase in our membership
as we had then, for the total subscription income £129 2s. 6d. is
down by £11 2s. 6d. and the arrears shown on the last balance
sheet which I estimated should produce £10 fell short of that sum
by 22/6d.
Dividends on our investments produced £29 12s. 6d. as before
and we drew £2 Os. 4d. in interest on our deposit account at the
bank.
Entrance fees are £2 2s. 6d. less than in 1927 and brought in
the meagre total of £1 12s. 6d. only, but the amount received from
the sales of our Proceedings is I am glad to say well up, standing
at £6 18s. 6d. as compared with £4 19s. 4d. in 1927 and since I
closed my accounts I hear that a further sum of £3 6s. Od. is still
to come in, which is very satisfactory.
These items with 13/lOd. for books sold make up a total income
of £170 Os. 2d. against £181 10s. 8d. for 1927.
To turn to the expenses side of the accounts, our regular standing
charges are a little less than last year £57 15s. 6d. compared with
£62 9s. Od. while binding and purchase of books is a trifle higher
at £4 12s. Od. Siabscriptions to Societies is the same at £1 16s. 6d.,
and sundries, postages, etc., £3 9s. Od.
Printing the Proceedings cost £97 14s. 9d. which is substantially
less than in 1927 but on the other hand catering and hire of chairs
and tables for the Annual Exhibition cost £23 3d. 9d. against
£16 16s. Od.
These items make up a total expenditure of £188 Os. 5d. or
£18 Os. 3d. more than our standing income.
Once again our very good friends have come to the rescue and
with donations to the Publication Fund, including half tone blocks,
amounting to £19 12s. 2d. and to the Tea fund £13 4s. 6d., have
turned this debit balance into one on the credit side as already
stated.
[Contmued on p. xx.
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XX
I think that the thanks of the Society are due to all the
members who have contributed to the funds mentioned, and I
should like to express my personal thanks to Mr. T. W. Hall, and
Mr. F. B. Carr for auditmg my figures and vouching for their
correctness.
A Statement of Accounts and the Balance Sheet for 1928, duly
signed and approved by these gentlemen, is attached.
fr
South ° East France.
By 0. R. Goodman, F.Z.S., F.E.S.—Read March Sth, 1928.
There is in the life of every English collector a time when the
paucity of the native fauna and the lugubriousness of the climate
almost forces him to seek more prolific and happy hunting grounds,
and his thoughts naturally turn to warmer and more salubrious
climes not too far afield. His first thoughts are usually of
Switzerland which has decided advantages, but even in that
favoured spot the sun does not always shine, and this may cause
him many disappointments climatically, and therefore, if I may
advise, let him turn his thoughts to the shores of the Mediterranean
Riviera and the Alpes Maritimes, where he is practically certain to
get weeks on end of sunshine and warmth, and a most prolific fauna
of all orders in the most delightful of surroundings. Each village
and town from Marseilles to the Italian frontier is the centre of
alluring localities, from early Spring to late Autumn, and all this
within about twenty-four hours of London.
It was the memory of delightful hours spent during previous
years in these districts that induced Major Liles and myself to leave
London on June 4th last year (1927). We had the pleasure of the
company of Mr. Hugh Dixon, F.L.S., a noted botanist, who
supplied a much needed want.
Our first objective was a locality in the " Mountains of the
Moors " called the Val d'Argens, which can be approached from the
main line at the villages of Le Muy and Les Arcs, at which latter
place we stopped.
The " Mountains of the Moors " skirt the sea from Hyeres to St.
Raphael, but at no part rise more than two thousand feet above sea
level. The views disclosed from their heights, both of the coast
and the islands, are beyond compare, and the old villages, some-
times with a ruined castle overhanging them, present the most
charming pictures. The River Argens flows down the valley on the
north of the mountains into the Gulf of Frejus, but in doing so it,
apparently, for no obvious reason, cuts through a portion of the
mountains, forming a gorge about five miles long with precipitous
sides leaving just room enough for a narrow path on the north bank ;
this path is little frequented and has only been known as a collecting
locality for a few years. Nearly all the spring Rivieran butterflies
occur in the gorge where the flora is very diverse. In April both
species of Zeripithia {Thais), Z. rumina subsp. medesicaate and Z.
hypernmestra (poh/xena) are abundant, as not only does Aristolochia
rotunda, one of the foodplants of medesicaste occur there, but also
that much finer species A. cletnatitis is most abundant amongst the
undergrowth and attains the height sometimes of over two feet.
The larvae of polyxena, however, require a careful search. The
most attractive plant to the insects is the Berberis, whose yellow
flowers cover the branches and are frequented by at least three
Theclids, Strymon spini, 8. ilicia and S. w-alhian. The last, a rare
species on the Continent, simply swarms in the early summer. Woe
betide the rash collector who tries to take them settled, as the con-
cealed thorns, over half-inch long, will play havoc with his net.
Let him instead shake the bush and net some of the crowd that are
disturbed. Another very thorny plant that comes as a climber is
the Smilax, whose thorns, though fewer, are much more formidable.
This valley is one of the localities of the rare Laeosopis roboris,
and the grassy patches are studded with Potentilla, whose orange
flowers attract that very local skipper Hespt^ria sidae, which flits
over the flowers in its tantalising manner. These gra,ssy glades are
also the home of Scolitantides avion, which, in South France, is of
the beautiful ornata variety and occurs in May.
The path wanders closely following the winding bank of the river
through rough farms and meadows with row after row of mulberry
trees, of which more anon. We were reclining under an enormous
cherry tree and quenching our thirst with the luscious fruit, when
an example of that magnificent butterfly Charaxes jasius flitted by,
but our scramble for nets disturbed him and away he soared over the
trees. We had the pleasure of getting a long view of that rare bird,
the Bee-eater, whose brilliant blue and green plumage is most
striking in a bird as big as a thrush.
The south slopes of the '* Mountains of the Moors " skirt the sea
and are clothed with areas of aromatic plants, such as rosemary,
thyme, etc., and in the pine woods one frequently comes across
lovely mimosa trees, whose delicate foliage and sulphur-coloured
flowers scent the air for yards around.
The village of Grimaud is one of the charming hamlets and is
shaded by a number of nettle trees, which in the Spring are
frequented by many ragged specimens of the hibernated Libythea
celtia butterflies busily laying eggs on the bare branches amongst
the buds. A visit to this village in May introduced us to the very
interesting industry of silkworm breeding, and a few words thereon
will not perhaps be out of place.
In the South of France the outskirts of most villages are planted
with mulberry trees, skirting each road for about a mile in every
direction, mostly with the two species Morns alba and Morns multi-
caidis the more favoured foodplants. As one approaches in Spring
one finds that the trees furthest from the village are denuded of
a
leaves and convey the idea that they are dead ; this is occasioned by
the peasants commencing phicking the leaves at a distance from
their homes and gradually coming nearer as the demand increases.
At this time of year the whole population is engaged in this industry,
all the available rooms, bedrooms, sitting rooms, and lofts, are
cleared of furniture and a staging erected in the centre running
from floor to ceiling, with cross slats at intervals. To each row of
slats is hooked a linen tray upon which the larvae are reared during
all their instars. The species cultivated here is Bomhijx mori, and
consists of three varieties, 1st, of a plain putty colour, 2nd,
striped with brown on each segment, and 3rd, having false ocellated
spots on the second segment as in Emnnrpha elpenor ; all forms
have a horn. The " worms," as they are called, are shaded from the
light and are kept in sizes and moved to various trays as they grow.
They are fed four times a day with fresh leaves, and cease feeding
at the change of skin between each instar. The eggs hatch in May
and the larvae pupate in thirty-eight days. When the larvae are
full fed they become restless and are then taken to another house
where similar stages are erected, but the slats are covered with small
frames containing carefully prepared heather sprays cut about 9"
iong. The peasants sprinkle Mugwort (Artewisia vidgarh) amongst
this, as it is said to be very attractive to the full fed larvae when
pupating.
The cocoons are sold to merchants who come and buy them for
transport to Lyons, the great silk manufacturing city, where they are
killed by being put into a heated oven. The rough silk outer cover-
ing is removed and the silk wound from the cocoons, which are
floated in water. Each cocoon winds off between five hundred to
one thousand yards of raw product. Silk is sold by weight, but the
finished article is very heavily weighted by being charged with a
compound of lead in the finishing process.
After a very hot day (June 7th) at the old Roman seaport of
Frejus, where we visited the ancient amphitheatre, which is in very
good preservation, and made a round of the ramparts, harbour (now
inland) and the aqueduct, we took the train to the little seaport of
Agay, on the east of St. Raphael, situated at the foot of the
Mountains of the Esterel. These mountains, although about the
same altitude as those of the Moors, are in great contrast. The rocks
are of a brilliant red coloration and of volcanic origin, whereas the
Mts. of the Moors are of a greyer tint. The brilliant red in contrast
with the deep cobalt blue of the Mediterranean and the sky-blue
above makes this portion of the coast one of the most beautiful
spots on the Riviera.
Agay is a small village in a little bay at the mouth of one of the
few streams draining these dry mountains, and is a charming
centre for exploring this picturesque district. There are several fine
hotels, and we selected one on the edge of the cliff with walks down
to the beach (Reserve d'Agay Hotel), and found it most comfortable.
We had fixed on this spot as a likely locality for the '* Pasha of many
tails" as he is called, Charaxes jasim, and on the morrow set out
for its haunts, walking inland by the sides of the stream which is
nicely clothed with thickets. Butterflies swarmed in the glades,
especially numbers of the great brown and white Satyrus circe,
settling on the trunks of the fir trees on which it is very incon-
spicuous. Brenthis dap/me sat in such numbers on the brambles
that twenty or thirty were visible at a time, and in the shade
Lycaenopsis argiolus was common, and the Theclidae abundant.
Lbiienitis rivtilaris {camilla) occasionally glided past just as L. aihilla
does at home. The very dark form of Melananjia cfolatliea var.
prociiia was just emerging, and two specimens of Hesperia sidaevfere
taken, but worn at this late date. The continental form of the
Lulworth skipper {Thymelicus acteon) had just emerged. After
crossing some vineyards we came upon a knoll with rough ground
covered with bushes of strawberry tree, Avhutns \niedo ; the food-
plant of Cliaraxes. There were several specimens of C.jasins sailing
from plant to plant, but in spite of its size, 5" across the wings, we
were entirely unsuccessful in taking it, to our bitter disappointment.
We lunched at the foresters hut called " La Gratadis " and returned'
m the cool of the evening.
The Esterel seems a particularly fine locality for the cicadas : one
species occurs in such numbers and the males create such a din,
that when walking through the pine copses it is impossible to bear
oneself speak. In these copses some numbers of Palpares libelliiloides
were flapping about like disabled dragonflies, but the larvae and
pupae were absent, or at least, invisible. The allied species from
other parts of the world appear to rest on the tree trunks and are
wonderfully protected by their coloration.
And now for the Alps .... After passing a night in that
delightful city Nice, with its white villas situated in lovely gardens
amidst rose covered pergolas, balustraded terraces covered with
climbing exotic plants of all the colours of the rainbow, we took the
very overcrowded motor and journeyed up the Valley of the Var,
half dry at this period, as far as Vesubie, and thence we entered the
narrow branch Valley of Lantosque. The gorges through which
we passed compared favourably with the most noted valleys of
Switzerland or the Pyrenees ; the mountains, and cliffs, and
precipices, are as sheer as those of the Devil's Gorge at Andermatt,
or that of St. George at Quillan.
The road has to be tunnelled and blasted out of the rocky sides
and it is so narrow that the valley is entirely closed by iron
gates and rails with batteries set in the rocks, as this is one of the
valleys leading over the Italian Frontier.
All the old villages are built perched high on rocks above the
road, for protection in the olden times against the raids of the
Saracens.
There is a tramway running the whole distance to the Alpine village
of St. Martin Vesubie, but the awful landslip of the previous
year had rendered this track unusable. The slip was caused by a
portion of the mountain side of a loose gravel conglomerate becoming
water logged and sliding down into the valley, overwhelming half
the village of Roquebilliere together with the road and tramway.
Many people lost their lives, and the houses were smashed and
swept away.
A few miles beyond Roquebilliere the Alpine village of St. Martin
Vesubie is reached. This village formerly called St. Martin Lantosque,
which was the previous name of the valley, appears in the early
entomological books as the locality for nearly every mountain and
Mediterranean species, the lists of Milliere being quite voluminous.
The more modern work of Bromilow, " Butterflies of the Riviera,"
is more accurate and fuller of information.
The village is situated at an altitude of 3333 feet above sea level
directly North of Nice at a distance of thirty six miles. Its position
is at the confluence of two valleys, Val de Boreon and Val de
Fenestre, which form the top ends of the main valley of the Vesubie,
the water of which furnishes the water supply of the towns from Nice
to Menton. There are in the vicinity thermal springs of sodium,
sulphur, and magnesium natures, efficacious in the treatment of
bronchitis, rheumatism, and eczema, the best known being situated
at Berthemont-les-Bains.
The village of St. Martin is entirely shut in by the mountains of
the Alpes Maritimes, which form the natural frontier between
France and Italy, although the actual line is considerably on the
French side of the watershed. The situation is entirely Alpine,
the higher mountains being snow-covered during the whole year.
Whilst traversing the valley from the sea it is very striking to pass
from semi-tropical surroundings to the high Alps with the consequent
change of vegetation, from the palm and olive groves of the coast
upwards through the chestnut and pine zones to the bare Alps, and
renders the scenery very varied and of divergent character.
The centre of the village contains a large square shadily planted
with plane and lime trees, near the terminus of the tramway.
Grouped around the square are the larger hotels, whilst the narrow
streets wind up the steep gradients of the hill through the typical
old buildings which almost meet over-head. It is a paradise for the
artist and the photographer. The Church is finished by a golden
cupola of Saracenic design, showing the influence of that race in the
history of this, and in fact, all the Rivieran littoral.
The most pretty view of the town is from the bridge over the
river on the Nice road.
The Hotel Victoria, at which we stayed, was situated on the out-
skirts of the town and opened out on to a terrace, upon which we
had allour meals, and on to a rose-garden from which delightful views
6
were obtained of the whole of the Boreon valley, and over the
flowery uncut fields to the village some half-mile away. The pillars
of the terrace were covered with honeysuckle and climbing roses,
which at night were frequenfed by Sphinx cunvolvnli, several specimens
of which were taken after dinner; and the garden was frequented
by many fireflies which flashed intermittently through the trees.
Our first excursion was up the Boreon Valley, along which runs a
carriage road, first through fields bordering the side of the rushing
stream, and afterwards over rocky ground into the larch and pine-
covered slopes of the upper valley, which, as we proceeded, became
narrower and narrower. One proceeds about two and a half miles
upwards before the frontier is crossed into Italy by a rough bridge to
the left bank of the stream. Examples of the mountain ash or rowan
are studded on the banks, and the berries at this time w^ere assuming
their red colour. Shortly after crossing the frontier we mounted a
hill covered with meadows, ablaze with alpine flowers, such as the
globe flower {Trollius), aconite, columbine, buttercups, spearwort,
Dianthus, Umbelliferae, and many others, and emerged upon a knoll
where a view of the Boreon Cascade can be obtained. There is a
good stream of water which descends 115 feet, practically sheer.
The road here passes the Boreon Hotel, which cannot be used at
present as it is occupied by the Italian Gendarmeri, who are now
making themselves as unpleasant as possible to the French near the
frontier. Italy evidently desires to recover the province as far as
the Yar River, which was the frontier until ceded to the French in
1860. The path proceeded to the village of Cerise, or in Italian,
Cirregia, with its many cherry trees, and thence by various passes
to Italy. Amongst the insects seen a,nd taken were some numbers
of a large form of Pamossius apollo with Erebia ceto and E. stijijne
{pirene).
To the west of St. Martin rises a perpendicular crag, one thousand
feet above the town, but on the bank of the river. It is surmounted
by a little village perched most picturesquely on the summit. This
is a nice afternoon's walk. The main road crossed the river by the
upper bridge near the wood mill and wound high above the river
through fields and rocky slopes by great lacets up the slope of the
crag. The prettier way, however, is from the lower village by a
narrow mule bridge and thence by a zig-zag path through pretty
villas and overhanging banks in which numbers of Myrv}elion-^\\>s
were dotted about. The larvae, as is well known, use these pits to
trap their victims, seizing them in their strong nipper-like jaws
and sucking out the life juices. They were found in all stages of
development. The full fed larva spins a silken cocoon in the dust,
and thus coated with dust it resembles a small ball of earth. After
a period of pupation the familiar delicate-winged imago emerges.
We found the ant-lion pits commonly in the dust under a sloping
rock at St. Martin Vesubie.
The path opens on the previously mentioned road at the foot of the
lacets where the slopes are studded here and there with that exquisite
scarlet Liliiun potuponiiun, which is one of the peculiar plants of
Vesubie. These cliffs and slopes are the most prolific locality for
that beautiful Pofiilio alexanor, but its flight renders its capture
very difficult unless visiting its food-plant, Sesilemontana, or sucking
the flowers of a purple species of thistle.
The village of Venancon is interesting for the tiny chapel built
on a block of limestone rock and containing 15th century frescos;
it is also more mteresting as containing the only cafe in the neigh-
bourhood.
During the first week of our stay the weather was broken by
several storms of short duration, but it improved as time went on.
One perfect morning we decided to try a little mountaineering, so
starting early with guide and steeds we commenced the ascent of
Le J3alme de la Frema, a mountain of about 8000 feet altitude to
the north. Even at that early hour the sun was very hot in the
valley but was mitigated by the mountain breeze as we proceeded.
The early part of the climb is up a very rocky fissure, the path
eventually emerging on the Col de St. Martin, leading over to St.
Sauveur in the valley of the Tinee. From the rocks rising about
the path hung feather pendants of sprays of the exquisite flowers of
iSaxifrayn laiituHcmia, one of the most delicate of the genus. The
summit of the pass is wide and open with mossy turf, where a rest
was welcomed, after which the path skirted along the mountain at
a considerable altitude, through fir woods for a mile or so, and
thence, branching upwards, we emerged upon the rolling Alps, the
slopes of which are covered, in the month of July, with the star
like flowers of the edelweiss in quantity, and the Alpine anemone,
the vivid blue of Gentiana acaidis and other smaller species. The
paths over these Alps are deep cut into the soil by the streams
from the melted snow. The rocky summit was reached about
two o'clock and the view from thence compensated for the very
considerable fatigue of the ascent. After lunch collecting was
commenced and the objects of the excursion were found in
abundance and perfect condition. The first was that striking
mountain fritillary, Melitaea cynthia, the males of which are black
with white markings, the females somewhat resembling aurinia.
They were taken flitting about in the grass guUey running up
between the two mountain tops, and settling on the leaves of
Gentiana liitea. The other object was that high mountain
butterfly Oenis aello, which frequented the stony summit of the
Balme de la Frema, and were flying very commonly and in lovely
condition. The insect is much like Satyrus semele, " the Grayling,"
both in habits and coloration. The genus, which is chiefly arctic,
is considered one of the earliest existants of archaic form. The
other species was Euchlo'e belia, very typical, but flying very fast
8
like Synchlo'e calUdice. The view from this summit is one of extreme
beauty, with the range of snow clad peaks of the Alpes Maritimes
stretching along the entire horizon in a setting of the exquisite
blue of a perfect southern sky studded with feathery clouds, and
the green of the Alps and the valleys below clothed in the dark green
of the pine forest?. The descent was far more tiring than the
ascent, and we arrived at our Hotel thoroughly fatigued.
The last excursion to be made was to the Pilgrim Chapel of
Madone de Fenestre at the head of the valley to the N.E. and
situated 6200 feet above the sea, which necessitated a continual
climb for three miles, at times very rough. How an old peasant
pilgrim woman we met could walk bare-foot for this distance over
the steep and stony path is incomprehensible.
The valley branches from the Vesubie Valley in a N.E. direction
and one mounts along an open pasturage for about one
and a half miles to a place where a landslide has blocked the valley,
thus forming a small lake which is surrounded by broken trees and
other debris.
The pastures are alive with insect life and it is most interesting
to watch the Ascalaphids of several species hawking with outspread
wings over the grass and swooping on some less speedy insect and
seizing it to bear away to a twig to consume at leisure.
Ascalaphns. — The genus AscalapJms was well represented at St.
Martin Vesubie. By far the commonest species was A. ottomanas
which flew in hundreds in the Valley of the Madone de Fenestre.
This species it will be remembered, was reported by us from this
locality in 1921 ; its previous known range then being Dalmatia to
the Black Sea. The late Dr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited some
of our 1921 specimens at this Society, but unfortunately, owing to
some misunderstanding, these were described in the 1921
"Proceedings " as coming from Digne.
The other species noted were A. libellulouhs (coccajus), which is
apparently nearly related to A. ottomanns, and A. loiif/icornis.
Ascalaphns ottoniantis. — Theforewingsare slaty blue with brownish
dusky markings. Hindwings pale slaty blue with brownish dusky
markings towards the tips and the'^Zac^ basal area is rounded. The
antennae straight and knobbed.
Ascalaphns libelluloides (coccajns). — The forewings brownish with
yellow, or more rarely, white basal areas. Hindwings yellow, or
more rarely, white with brownish markings towards the tips. The
black basal area pointed, being roughly triangular. The antennae
straight and knobbed.
Ascalaphns longicornls, — Smaller than the preceding species. The
forewings rich golden with black dusting basally. Hindwings golden
with the black basal area rounded, and with black crescent-shaped
markings at the tips. This feature has been noted by us on several
occasions, and we should be glad to know if this is a constant
9
character of the species. All specimens, as far as we can recollect,
have had this character.
Of the life-history of this ofenus little apparently is known. Mr.
Main once induced a female to lay epfgs on a blade of grass, but
the younw larvae on hatching refused to feed. Professor Poulton
exhibited the living larvae of some African species at the Entomo-
logical Society ; they are carnivorous, flat, bug-like creatures with
strong nippers, thus resembling the larvae of Myrnideon fnymicarifta.
They are said to live on tree trunks exhibiting marked protective
resemblance. The larvae exhibited by Professor Poulton resembled
lichen patches. These specimens, we believe, are now in Mr. Main's
charge, so perhaps we may hope to hear further details from him at
a later date.
As we left the outskirts of the village we saw several specimens of
Poh/f/onia eqea closely allied to our P. c-albiiw butterfly. Mr.
Simmonds, of Nottingham, whom we met at St. Martin has since
bred through a series from eggs obtained here, and has found that
the result produced specimens of both the typical egea and a lighter
form analogous to the var. hntchinanni in Polygonia c. album.
The upper end of the valley is a jumble of rocks amongst the fir
woods with Alpine knolls ablaze with flowers of all colours, the
yellow Train Ks or globe flower being very conspicuous, and the woods
clotted with bunches of the large orange tiger-lily.
At the frontier a large and very fierce green lizard was secured
under a rock and was duly dubbed " Mussolini."
The upper gradients are severe and the Chapel is placed amongst
wild and bare mountains covered with snow. This is the spot
from which hunters start after chamois, which can sometimes be
observed from the Hotel. The name Fenestre is due to a hole
through one of the mountains, visible from the path, which is the
window referred to in the name.
After our visit to Vesubie was finished we travelled by the Sud
Railway for the whole day at a snail's pace up the valley of the
Var, past Touet de Beuil, above the road, and Entrevaux with a
17th century Castle with ramparts and drawbridge complete,
arriving at Digne at last. Digne is too well known as the Ento-
mologists' Paradise to require description. The following are a few
notes on specimens obtained there.
The larvae of Mditaea (lidyma feeds on white dead-nettle, and,
they are very like those of M. athalia. The pupa of M. didyma was
suspended on a lavender twig. It is white with yellow and black
markings, and hangs head downwards.
A large yellow and black dragonfly, species (?j, was taken in the
Valley of the Eaux Chaudes, Digne, flying over a layer of mud at
the side of the stream ; from time to time it would fly up and down
vertically, plunging its abdomen into the mud, the body
during these vertical movements upwards being curved towards
10
the thorax. These evolutions enabled its capture, and the
specimen is now in the possession of Major C. E. Liles. It ia
thought that perhaps the specimen was ovipositing, but a careful
search in the mud revealed no eggs.
A specimen of a large Cicada, Cicadetta atra^ with body shiny
reddish brown was found frequenting oaks in the Dourbs Valley,
Digne. These insects usually lie flat along horizontal twigs.
A small black scorpion, Scorpio enropaeiis^ was found not
uncommonly under stones round about Digne.
A lar^e species of spurge grew commonly in the valleys at Digne
and numbers of Deilephila eiip/iorbiae larvae were found feeding
upon it ; sometimes as many as 7 or 8 larvae on one plant.
After a pleasant week there we motored through that very interest-
ing portion of Provence given over to the cultivation of almonds,
peaches, etc., which are grown on a high plateaux of yellow sand.
We arrived about mid-day, after a steep ascent, at the Hotellerie
de la Sainte liaume, situated about twenty miles due west from
Marseilles.
The chain of Ste. Baume attains a height of 2800 feet, or a little
more, and the formation is somewhat curious. The southern
flank is practically precipitous so that the Hotelliere can only be
approached from the west or north. It is situated upon a ledge or
terrace extending the whole length of the mountain at a height of
about two thousand feet, which is called the Plan d'Aups. The
slope between this plain and the mountain is entirely covered with
a very line and extensive forest pierced with drives in many parts.
The foliage is very thick, and in these glades and on the edges of the
wood great numbers of butterflies abound. Dryas pa/ihia, Argynnis
cydi/>pe, and Satyriia circe, being the most common, whilst on the
edges quantities of t^olyomniatns dolus J and $ with its var.
vittota flitted over the lavender, and in the rougher ground Polyom-
viatus coridoii var. constanti was not uncommon.
There were great fields of lavender bushes planted on the plain,
delighting the eye and scenting the air, amongst which Goiepteryx
cleopatra swarmed.
The northern edge of the plain consisted of a curious flat rocky
formation which was fissured in every direction and could only be
crossed safely by one of two paths. All this part of the plateaux
was clothed in shrubs and undergrowth, and was the haunt of
nany of the rarer species. Aryyunu hecate was going over, but solitary
specimens of Lueosopis roboris, iStryunm qiierciis and Satyrus briseis
were taken. This edge was bounded by a sheer precipice of about
two hundred or three hundred feet, giving a wonderful view to the
north of the Valley of Ste. Zacharie and the ruined castle of old
Nans.
The Hotellerie, apparently an old Monastery, is towards the eastern
end of the plain with a steep path through the wood to the sacred
11
grotto in the precipice above. The Grotto is a few hundred feet
above the Hotel and two hundred feet under the summit. The
front is built up to form a natural rock chapel in which the Pilgrims'
services are held. Upon the summit of the mountain exactly over
the Chapel is another, from which point the whole of the country
as far as Marseilles with the blue Mediterranean in the back ground
can be seen. It may be of interest to recount the Legend attached
to this point
Mary Magdalen after the Crucifixion, together with her sister
Martha, and Lazarus, and other Christians, were so persecuted by
the Jews that they were forced to flee the Holy Land and were
compelled to launch in a crazy little angovern able craft. However,
through God's goodness they were guided through endless trials
and perils until they were driven on the Rivieran shore near
Marseilles, from whence they were transported by angels to the
mountain of Ste. Baume, where Mar}^ took up her residence in the
Grotto, and lived in penitence and privation, during which time she
was transported by angels seven times a day to the height above
where the upper Chapel of St. Pillon is erected. Her death took
place at Ste. Zacharie, thirty-three years after her landing.
As an Hotel, the Hotellerie has little to recommend it. Ever}'-
thing was slipshod, and the meals the worst we have ever had in
France. This we bore for a week, but fish on Friday, and little
enough of that, broke the camel's back, and we retreated with all
the haste we could on Saturday for Marseilles.
However, as a collecting ground, and beauty spot, it has few
equals, and the many opportunities of entrancing studies of life-
histories compensated for the other drawbacks.
At Ste. Baume another species of Cicada was met with, Tibicina
haeniatoiles, frequenting the pine forests. It is much smaller than
the preceding species. Lycosa narhouensis, the black bellied Tarantula,
was common on the Ste. Baume plateau. Our observations on the
ovi-position have been reported at this Society at a previous meeting.
On one occasion we found a small dead lizard in a burrow, but
whether this was actually killed by the tarantula which occupied
this particular pit, we are unable to say.
12
Facts and Fallacies about Spiders.
By W. S. Bristowe, B.A., F.Z.S.—Read March 22nd, 1928.
I am used to being looked upon as an oddity by my friends for
collecting spiders, though why an interest in spiders should be
regarded as something rather degrading when no similar stigma
attaches to Lepidopterists I cannot see. The green butterfly-net
has perhaps accustomed people to Lepidopterists, whilst I, except
when armed with a sweeping net or beating tray, look a fairly normal
being, I believe, acting in a strange way — clawing up grass with
my nails, peering for hidden treasure under bushes or wrestling
with stones on hillsides. Last summer ] was endeavouring to
trace the range of a spider, Plwlcus phalauijioides, which is found in
houses along the south coast only. To do this I sought excuses to
enter garages, hotels or other buildings and then walked from room
to room staring at the ceiling. Perhaps there is some excuse for
people who look at me doubtfully and discuss me in whispers after
all. In the Louvre in Paris I once nearly got into serious trouble.
When I was standing admiring a picture I suddenly became aware
of a small spider hanging by a thread from my hat. I whipped
out a tube of spirit and almost instantaneously was beset by two
gesticulating custodians, who apparently thought I was going to
throw vitriol over one of the art treasures.
" Some books are lies frae end to end," says Burns.
I won't go so far as to say that this statement could be applied
to books on spiders, but many of the observations of early writers
are tempered with considerable imagination, and it is an undoubted
fact that many common beliefs about spiders are quite untrue.
Fallacies about spiders are very frequent both in books and in
people's minds. These fallacies may be classified as follows :
Those due to (1) ignorance, (2) imagination, (3) generalisations.
I propose to give you a few examples of each kind.
1. Ignorance.
In the introduction to his valuable book entitled " The Spiders
of Dorset," the late Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, says that a friend told
him he knew of four kinds only — the Red Spider ; the Harvest
Spider ; the Garden Spider ; and the House Spider. This answer
shows a very common misconception, not only as to the number of
species, but also as to what is really a spider. There are more
13
than 550 kinds in this country alone, whilst the Red Spider and
the Harvest Spider are not spiders at all, the former being a Mite,
the latter a Phalangid.
A very common misconception is that a spider is an insect, but
as you all know, the spider belongs to the class Arachnida and can
be distinguished from insects by a number of characters. The
spider for instance, has 8 legs, two parts to its body, no antennae,
simple eyes and undergoes no metamorphosis.
That spiders have jaws and poison sacs is certainly a fact, but
that they will deliberately bite man is a common fallacy. All
spiders will open their jaws if there is no means of escape, but
even then very few British species could pierce the human skin.
It is still doubtful to what extent the bites of tropical spiders are
poisonous to man, but that the effects in many cases have been
exaggerated, and that the bites of scorpions or other creatures have
often been attributed to the spider, is certain.
From time to time friends who have lived in Eastern countries
give me exciting accounts of battles staged between spiders and
scorpions. It appears that in most cases, however, the spiders
referred to are not true spiders at all, but belong to the order
Solifugae. These Arachnids are very spider-like but may be
distinguished by their segmented abdomens and chelate jaws.
2. Imagination.
We all know the kind of stories told by fishermen, and the fallacies
coming under this heading might be called, " Fishermen's Tales."
They are, alas, only too numerous in spider literature.
Legends from tropical countries of *' man-eating " spiders must
be referred to various forms of land crabs and, as a rule, to the
giant Hermit Crab, Birgus latro, which lives in coconut trees.
The capture of birds by some tropical spiders must be looked upon
as a rare occurrence, but a whole sub-family are popularly known
as " Bird-Eating Spiders." These spiders are mainly nocturnal in
habits and their snares seldom consist of more than irregular
strands of silk at the entrance to the burrows in which they live,
so their opportunities for capturing birds must be rare — perhaps
their nocturnal wanderings sometimes bring them in contact with
sleeping birds.
An English spider, Dolomedes fitnbriatiis, is known as the Raft
Spider because it is said, it fastens leaves together to form a raft
on which to float down streams. This spider is certainly always
found near water ; it is quite at home on the surface and can dive
beneath the surface, but from my experience of it I can state that
it does not build rafts. There are records of this spider and also its
foreign relations diving beneath the surface to capture prey, and in
some cases fish. Whether this is another " Fisherman's tale " I
am unable to say.
14
Many writers on insects, and spiders also, have credited them
with a high proportion of intelligence, but critical examination
always shows, unfortunately, that their actions are governed
mainly by instinct. What marvellous instinct different spiders
inherit to enable them to build their various types of snare, their
trap-doors on hinges and their parachutes !
At one time it was believed that spiders could effect marvellous
cures as medicine, and one prescription at the beginning of the
19th century was, " swallowing a spider gently bruised and wrapped
up in a raisin, or spread upon bread and butter." I hardly like to
assert that the belief in this prescription was unfounded, as I feel
sure a dose of this sort three times a day would effect rapid cures
with some people even to-day !
3. Generalisations.
Literature on spiders contains a great amount of misleading
information regarding the habits of spiders, observations on one
species or perhaps one family being applied to spiders as a whole.
My observations on the courting habits of spiders have shown me
me that every species has its own little peculiarities. Some males
court by means of dances, or a better description would be displays ;
some by telegraphic signs along the threads of the web; others by
what is sometimes known as " cave-man " methods in spite of their
inferior size. Some males will only approach if the female is already
eating an insect, for instance Meta seipnentata, whilst Pimura
mirahilis presents the female with a fly as a wedding offering. That
females always eat the males is a very common fallacy, based
perhaps partly on the behaviour of the common Garden Spider,
Epeira diadewata, where the courtship would appear to be fraught
with considerable danger. The fact is that once the female spider
has recognized the male he is comparatively safe, but it is up to
him to arouse her sexual instincts to a pitch at which they dominate
her preying instinct. After copulation has taken place her preying
instinct is of course once more dominant, so wise is the male who
beats a hasty retreat. Similarly towards the end of the mating
season his danger increases. The supposition that the male is
always killed is based largely on the sudden disappearance of the
males. In actual fact, though many may perish at the hands of
the female, many others die a natural death as once they reach
maturity the lives of the males are in most families relatively
short.
Certain instances are sometimes cited of species in which the
sexes live together in apparent harmony for considerable periods.
One of these is Meta sefpnentata. In September, 1926 I kept, a
number of these pairs under observation. I marked 10 males and
found that after 4 days only one was in the same web. Thus even
in this apparently monogamous community the males are unfaithful
15
to their wives ! After copulation has taken place the male leaves
the female's web and goes in search of another. If another male is
in possession a fierce battle ensues which results in one or other of
them being driven away.
Very few investigations have been carried out on the spider's
prey and sense of taste, and as this is an example of a generalisation
and fallacious assumption that spiders will eat anything small
enough for them to overpower, I propose to deal with this at some
length.
Spiders eat flies, they devour one another and sometimes in the
tropics capture birds — such are the facts of which most people are
aware, but even the knowledge of experts does not extend very far
beyond this. From books one usually gets the impression that
spiders will eat any living creature which they can overpower, and
that apart from this little or no discrimination is used.
Spider collectors in an endeavour to find some useful purpose
fulfilled by spiders, have sometimes asserted that they destroy
enormous quantities of harmful insects, but their assertions have
never been backed by statistics to show that useful forms do not
meet a similar fate. From time to time spiders have been included
by zealous entomologists in lists of the enemies of some particular
insect pest, but there is no published information to support this
contention that any spider shows specialization as regards its prey.
The habits of different kinds of spiders will affect the nature of
their prey considerably. First of all, dividing spiders roughly into
two groups, web-builders and hunting spiders, it is clear that if we
show spiders to have powers of discrimination, the hunting forms
will have more opportunity of exercising their taste of preference
than web-builders, which can only select from amongst those
insects which become entangled in their snares. Secondly the
habitat will play a large part in deciding what selection of insects
each species of spider is likely to have. Thus the web of an Epeirid
spider built amongst flowers will entangle flying insects whilst a
spider which lives in banks or under stones, such as Dysdera,
Segestria and Drassodes, will be in contact mainly with crawling insects
such as beetles, earwigs and woodlice.
I propose first dealing with the size and then the nature of the
prey of spiders.
Size of Prey.
I have already referred to Bird- and Fish-catching spiders. There
are records of spiders found devouring snakes, but it is probable
that they were not responsible for their deaths. On lizards I have
myself fed some of the large South American Mygales.
The size of prey taken by an individual spider varies at different
ages and with different degrees of hunger. It may also be laid down
as a general rule that web-builders will attack relatively larger
16
creatures than hunting spiders, which have no silken threads to
assist them in entanghng their prey. This general rule has many
exceptions as some of the web- builders are arrant cowards and
some of the hunters will attack msects considerably larger than
themselves. The size of an insect is gauged by means of sight in
the family Attidae, Lycosidae and I'isauridae, and by touch and
sight in other hunting spiders ; web- builders judge both the size
and also to some extent the nature of an entangled insect by their
sense of touch.
Attention, so far as I know, has never been called to the fact
that the webs of Epeirid spiders are within broad limits designed
to catch insects up to a particular size only. The Garden Spider,
Epeira diadeviata, builds a strong symmetrical sticky web. It is
capable of retaining large insects for a long enough period to allow
the owner to reach them and swathe them in sheets of silk to
prevent iheir breaking free. 1 have seen adult individuals catch
wasps, honey-bees, and even bumble-bees. The Lesser Garden
bpiuer, ^Jeta seymentata, does not build either such a strong or
such a sticky web relatively and the relative size of prey is not so
great, insects are sometimes refused on account of their size by
adult'' individuals. The spiders belonging to the genus Tetragnatha
are long-legged and thin- bodied spiders which live for the most
part near water where a somewhat Himsy snare is constructed.
Here flies, especially Mematocera, are abundant and these form the
staple diet of the genus. 1 have seen both TetroynatJia and Meta
drop an inch or so from their webs to catch a passing insect, and
the Kev. 0. P. Cambridge recorded a similar observation in " The
bpiders of Dorset." Epeira lunbratica is a large spider which
makes a large orb web composed of threads, which are probably
stronger and stickier than those of any other liritish Epeirid.
The value of this is found when we come to study the habits of the
spider ; it is a nocturnal species and the threads are capable of retaining,
in spite of their struggles, a good proportion of the insects which
once come in contact with it. The insects which are caught will
vary according to the situation of the web and also the time of
year. One evening in March, 1921, 1 counted 187 nematocerous
flies (mainly Chironomids) in a single web situated in a garden at
(Jobham. Mr. 0. W. Richards has very kindly shown me quite a
number of prey records he has made for this species, and these bear
out my view that the food of this species consists mainly of small
insects. His list includes a number of beetles, a few bugs and a
few hymenopterous insects, but with the exception of aphids which
were abundant on certain occasions, the majority of these records
include such entries as :
* I should like to stress the word " adult " as immature spiders may not
capture such big insects relatively as the adult forms.
17
" Prey mostly gnats 9/5/24, 29/4/24, 8/5/23.
Mostly gnats and aphids 22/6/23.
Bibio marci very abundant 16/5/24.
abundant 9/5/24, 21/5/23, 18/4/26.
fair 13/5/24.
Chironomids and Sciarae 18/4/26.
Mainly Chironomids 15/10/25.
The nature of the prey will naturally vary with the locality and
the season.
An interesting point is that the young of Kpeira unibratica are
sun-lovers and on sunny days they bask in the sun and run with
rapidity after any insect which touches the web.
The House Spiders (family Agelenidae, genus Tegenaria) do not
appear to be frightened on the score of size. Their sheet webs are
not sticky but entangle the feet and impede the escape of insects
which have fallen on to it, whilst the fleet-footed owner is carrying
on a running battle and inflicting rapid bites at its adversary. I
have seen a Teycnaria parietina overcome a sleepy Queen Wasp, and
recently, whilst looking through the diary of the late F. M. Campbell,
I noticed an entry to the effect that he had seen T. derhamii kill
and eat a cockroach.
The genera Atnaurobius and Dictyna both belong to the family
Dictynidae. The former are fairly large spiders and the latter small ;
both build irregular sticky webs and will attack insects larger than
themselves. The normal diet of Anmuroblus, judging by the
remains, appears to consist largely of beetles and woodlice, but
Amaurobiua siniilis killed a bumble-bee and also the formidable
larva of Ocypua olens which I threw into its web. The webs of
Amaurobius are in walls, banks and tree trunks. Dictyna webs are
to be found in rush, gorse, heather and other flower heads and here
a wider range of insects are captured. Taking the size of these
spiders into account relatively large insects are captured such as
Bluebottles [Calliphora) and Syrphids [Volncella, etc.).
In contrast to Dictyna, spiders of the family Linyphiidae capture
for the most part only small insects. This family contains the
minute shiny black- bodied spiders and also the somewhat larger
forms belonging to the genus Linyphia and allied genera. They
build sheet webs on the underside of which they run about, and
they bite insects, which fall on to it through the web. In spite of
there being a web between them and any intruders, they will
commonly allow those which approach themselves in size to escape.
Small flies appear to be the main diet of Linyphia and the allied
genera, whilst I have often found CoUembola being eaten by the
small black forms which live mainly at the roots of herbage.
Of all the web-builders those which belong to the genus Tlieridion
fill me with the greatest admiration. They are round- bodied forms
with thin legs and diminutive jaws which spin snares of irregular
18
threads crossing one another at all angles. They will attack and
overpower intruders, often many times their own size and weight,
in spite of their delicate appearance. Theridion tepidariorum is a
common species in greenhouses. No insect is too large for it to
tackle, and I once watched a long battle between one of them and a
relatively enormous adult Tegenaria atrica, which I had placed in
its web. The mode of procedure is always the same — viscous threads
are thrown with the hind legs over the legs of the prospective prey
and then each leg in turn is rendered powerless by a bite before the
Theridion approaches to finish it off. T.pictmn, which is a small species
commonly to be found on Holly, Gorse and other shrubs, is no less
intrepid and I have found them in the act of devouring such rela-
tively formidable insects as Soldier Beetles {Telephorus), Bluebottles
{Calliphora), Syrphids, May-flies and Queen Ants. The webs of
different individuals of this species are commonly connected, and the
struggles of a large insect will often attract the attention of several
neighbours. Sometimes two individuals will throw viscous strands
over the same insect at the same time and then struggle in apparently
bloodless battles* for possession. On one occasion a third individual
decamped with the booty whilst the contestants were occupied in
sparring with one another.
A third common representative of the genus T/ieridioii is T.
lineatum. This species does not build so large a web as those of
the preceding ones, yet I have often found it m possession of such
relatively large insects as Bluebottles. I have also found it devouring
a Carabid beetle {Harpalns), a Syrphid fly [Eristalis) and a large
Anthounjiid fly. The webs are often built amongst grass, brambles
and low herbage. Sometimes they are built just beneath flower
heads such as that of Ragwort and various Umbelliferous plants.
The spider's attention is immediately drawn to any insect which
touches a thread and viscous threads with very little delay are
thrown over its legs or wings. I have watched several lengthy
battles with Bluebottles [Calliphora) all of which resulted in victory,
in some cases after nearly an hour's hard work.
Now let us come to the spiders which do not catch their prey by
means of snares. These have to meet their prey on level terms, so that
the capture of bulky or formidable insects is a more precarious
affair, and taken as a whole the size of their prey is relatively
smaller than that of the web-building types. Though there must
be exceptions it may be stated that the main diet of the Attidae
and Lycosidae consists of relatively small insects. I have seen a
SalticHs scenicus stalk and catch a house-fly and Marpessa nniscosa
devouring a bluebottle (Calliphora), but these instances do not
affect the general rule. The most enterprising hunters are certain
members of the Crab Spider families, which in most cases lie in
wait for unsuspecting insects, and when an opportunity occurs
* Probably because they are of the same size and very evenly matched.
19
bury their fangs in some vital spot such as the back of the insect's
neck. Common examples in this country are Xysticits cristatits and
Misinneiia vatia. I have found the former devouring ants, and seen
one almost carried away on the back of a relatively enormous blue-
bottle, whilst it is a not uncommon occurrence to find the latter
sitting in a flower sucking the juices of a luckless honey-bee.
Tlwmism emistus is another British Thomisid which will capture
bees when an opportunity occurs ; in Spain I once stalked a butter-
fly (Colias croceus) sitting on some heather only to find that a pink
variety of this species had forestalled me. Heteropoda venatoria, a large
crab-spider of the family Heteropodidae, which is frequently
imported into this country with bananas from warmer climates, is
said to devour cockroaches, and an interesting case of its audacity
has recently been brought to my attention by Dr. B. S. Taylor,
whose notes on an observation he has made on this species in
British Somaliland have kindly been handed to me by Dr. Hugh
Scott of Cambridge. Dr. Taylor found an immature male Heterojioda
in possession (if we may describe it thus) of a large grasshopper.
The body of the spider was 30mm., while that of the grasshopper,
which has been indentified by Dr. Uvarov as Thisoecetrus littoraliSf
Rambur, $ , was 84mm. from front of head to end of abdomen, or
41mm. from front of head to end of tegmina and wings.
Dr. Taylor writes as follows : •* When I first saw this pair they
were on the floor of my office with the grasshopper apparently in a
normal resting position and close to its side the spider with all its
legs thrown back. At first I thought the grasshopper happened to
be resting close to a dead spider, but as I approached to look more
closely the hopper sprang a distance of about ten inches carrying
the spider with it, and then sprang twice more about the same
distance each time. The spider now altered his tactics and ran
about six inches up the wall, but while a glass cover was being
fetched dropped to the floor and again threw his legs back.
" I am wondering if the spider was afraid of having some of its
legs kicked off and apparently preferred the risk of having its jaws
torn out."
The strength of the grasshopper and the obstinacy of the spider
which refused to be shaken off even by three jumps in quick
succession of close on ten inches, are of considerable interest. The
attitude of the spider with its legs thrown back is a common one
amongst crab-spiders after the capture of an insect. They rely
very largely on their legs to capture prey and, once captured,
this wise instinct to throw back their legs out of danger from
bites and stings of their adversaries has been evolved.
Mr. G. L. K. Hancock has recently sent me a fine crab-spider
from Uganda. The body of the spider measures -75 inchs., and he
tells me that he found it devouring a large Praying Mantis which
measured quite 3 ins. in length. This is remarkably interesting,
20
as not only is the Mantis a very formidable opponent, but also the
mode of capturing its prey is very similar in this group of insects
to that of the crab-spiders themselves. Both lie in wait with
powerful arms outstretched ready to seize in fatal embrace any
unwary insect which approaches. The spider is Platythowisns
insignis, Poc, and the Mantis has kindly been identified by Dr.
Uvarov as Pohjspilota aeruginosa, Goeze.
Drassodes lapidosus is one of our commonest spiders under stones
and yet very little is known about its habits. It is one of the
fiercest of spiders, and will attack other spiders as big as or bigger than
itself. The manner in which it attacks its prey is, I believe,
unrecorded. Small insects it simply seizes in its jaws, but larger
insects are treated in a different way. The Drassodes inflicts a
rapid bite and then curling its body round and keeping it as far as
possible away, either runs rapidly around its adversary trailing a
thick band of silk, or in some cases over and under it, thereby
entangling the insect securely. The Drassodes then stands aside
and waits for the poison of its bite to take effect. Presently it taps
the insect and if it is still vigorous another rapid bite is inflicted
followed by a further pause ; when it is judged to be no longer
dangerous it plunges its jaws into it and commences its meal.
I have seen Drassodes overpower such formidable spiders, of the
same size as itself, as Tarantula harhipes, Coelotes terrestris and
Aynaurohius similis.
Nature of Prey.
When we come to consider the nature of the prey of different
spiders we immediately come up against serious difficulties. How
can we decide whether a particular insect is rejected as being
unsuitable by the spider's sense of sight, touch, smell or taste? In
all families except the Attidae and Lycosidae, sight is used only to a
very small extent. With web-building forms the sense of touch is
of great importance, and some creatures which become entangled
in the web are rejected without the owner of the web ever having
left its retreat. By touching an insect a spider can gain a very
good idea of its nature, but by rejecting it at this stage it will leave
us uncertain as to whether it was distasteful to the tactile or
olfactory senses. The Epeirids and Theridiids usually wrap web
around their prey before biting it, so that here is something on
which we may base conclusions as to the sense involved in the
event of rejection.
Spiders are confirmed cannibals, as is well known, and stories are
told of mature individuals being reared on no other food than their
brothers and sisters. I have, I believe, found two British spiders
which refuse to catsh even small spiders, namely Thomisus onustus
and Misximena vatia. Both these spiders live in flowers and are
therefore accustomed to flying insects. Drassodes lapidosus is a
21
fierce spider which lives under stones and feeds on creeping insects.
This spider does not like flapping insects like moths and butterflies.
It would appear as though these spiders have become accustomed
within fairly wide limits to a particular kind of prey. Spiders of
the family Mimetidae are pirates which are said to feed exclusively
on other spiders, and a N. American species Mimetns interfector is
said to enter the webs of Theridion tepidariorum to destroy the owner.
In this country the family is represented by three unobtrusive small
spiders. Last autumn at Cobham I was lucky enough to find the
rarest of the three, Ero tnbercalata, sitting in the web of a Theridion
pictKin and devouring the owner ! Gerhardt records that he has
found spiders of the genus Ero devouring other spiders in Germany
also, so it appears to be a characteristic of the family, though to
what extent they restrict their attention to spiders is not definitely
known. Gravely (Rec. hid. Mas. Vol. XXII. Pt. IV. p. 419) records
his observations on an Attid spider, Zinus sp., which enters the
webs and destroys Pholcids of the genus Smeringopiis. He tells me
he has found an allied species devouring the web-building Pisaurid,
Euprost/ienops ellioti.
Generally speaking, spiders are thirsty creatures and in captivity
deaths from lack of moisture must be far more frequent than from
hunger. The requirements of different species varies enormously
and some such as Steatoda bipnnctata and Ter/cmaria will live for
many months in sealed tubes, whilst others such as Argyronetaj
Micromatta and certain species of Lycosid will die if kept under
similar circumstances within a relatively few hoars' confinement.
From the few experiments I have carried out on the sense of
taste in relation to vegetable diet, it appears that though spiders will
sometimes suck fruit, juices, etc., for short periods for the .^ake of
the moisture contained therein, they will not on the whole tolerate
such a diet. The intensity of their dislike varies considerably in
different species, and in fact throughout all experiments on taste
generalisations are dangerous.
A blackberry pip flipped in to the web of an Epeira diademata
resulted in one case in rejection and in another to its being sucked
lor several minutes. Theridion pictum refused a fleshy piece of
raspberry while Linyphia triangidaris sucked it for a time. Plum
was refused by Epeira diademata. Tiny pellets of cotton wool
soaked in beer and other forms of alcoholic drink were refused by
Meta Hegnieutata, Zilla X-nutata, Theridion pictum and Linyphia
triangularis, and it is probable that all spiders are teetotallers.
Pellets of quinine, tea, milk and sugar solution offered to the same
species in similar fashion were rejected, while white coffee though
rejected by Theridion lineatum and Amaiirobiiis similis was sucked,
for a considerable time (half an hour or more) by Zilla X-notata on
three occasions. Epeira diademata and Meta segmentata both
sucked pellets soaked in camphor solution for short periods and then
showed discomfiture.
22
It was stated by Simon that Atypus feeds mainly on Earthworms,
but recently this has been denied by Berland who says that they
rely entirely on insects which traverse the aerial portions of the
tube. That they will eat earthworms 1 have proved by experiment,
and have found that Epeira diademata will do so also. No doubt
the staple food of Atypus does consist of insects and their remains
testify to this.'' Enock found the remains of various bees, Andrena
and Nomada^ the Tiger Beetle, CiGindela, and various Muscid flies.
Later in the year he found the remains of Earwigs and Woodlice.
He does not infer that the spider showed any preference or that the
Woodlice and Earwigs were rejected in times of plenty, but, from
my observations on other spiders it seems quite likely that such
does take place, Woodlice are not very popular and it would
appear as though spiders neither like their smell nor their taste.
When woodlice are present under bark or stones spiders are usually
absent. Their remains are to be found in the nests of Uysdera^
Seijestria and Amaurohius. On one occasion I placed a woodlouse
in the web of an Amaurobius shnilis, but after touching it the spider
retreated, so it appears likely that they are only taken by Amaurohius
in times of scarcity. Linypliia triangularis, TJieridion sisypJiium
and T. pictum refused woodlice. The usual procedure in the case
of the Theridion is to touch the woodlouse, bind it up if it struggles,
bite and then retire. Renewed struggles result in the spider
repeating these actions, but it cannot be persuaded to eat it. In
some cases the woodlouse was cut out of the web by the Theridion.
Epeiro cucurbit ina will eat woodlice without hesitation.
Many spiders will refuse to attack Hymenopterous insects,
including ants and forms without stings such as Ichneumons,
Braconids and Chalcids. The case of ants is difficult and somewhat
conflicting, so perhaps the reception given to different kinds varies.
The two families which appear to eat them most readily are the
Theridiids and Thomisids. I have seen the webs of a Brazilian
spider, Latrodectus yeometricus, filled with the empty corpses of the
Saiiva ant. I also saw a Thomisid and a Theridiid {Lithyphantes)
eating ants in Brazil. In England I have seen Xysticus cristatus^
Theridion sisyphiuvi and T. pictum eating ants. The last named
species will sometimes only make half-hearted attempts to capture
the ants which are placed in its web. Various Linyphiids {Linyphia
trianyularis^ L. pusilla) and Epeirids {Epeira diademata, 'Meta
seymentata) refused ants after running out to investigate them.
Epeira cucurbitina bit a Lasius niyer and then ran about frantically
wiping its chelicerae on the edge of leaves. A similar incident was
observed by Mrs. Collings of Sark many years ago, but in her case
the spider was Teyenaria atrica. Presumably formic acid from the
ant is responsible for this.
* "Trans. Ent. Soc." 1885.
28
Ladybirds fall victims to some spiders, whilst others will refuse
to attack them. A Scotophoeus blaekwallii, which I had had in
captivity for several days, refused a ladybird but accepted a small
moth immediately. Ladybirds give out an odour which is in all
probability repellent to some spiders and not to others. I have
found Epeira diademata and Theridion pictum eating ladybirds.
Opilionids (harvest spiders) also give out a secretion when attacked,
the smell of which in some species is clearly discernible. Some
spiders will eat them whilst others will not. In Brazil I found that
a Gonijlepten, which emitted a strong smell, was refused by a
Diplurid and a Lycosid spider. In this country I have often seen
Opilionids refused both by web-building and by hunting spiders.
I have found XyHticus ctistatus eating a young harvest spider and
Epeira cnciirbitina accepted rather unwillingly two species, one a
very young Linobioutm, the other an immature Oligolp/ins. An
Amaurohiiis similis was amongst the spiders which sampled and
refused an Opilionid.
Greenfly are not popular insects so far as spiders are concerned.
Theridion pictinn for instance, will leave them alone after half com-
pleting the "wrapping" process, but so long as it continues to
struggle the spider will respond to its instinct and return again and
again until eventually in some cases it ends in devouring it. On
some occasions I have seen this spider eat a greenfly without any
delay, and this presumably occurs when the spider is hungry. Miss
A. B. Sargent tells us"'' that she fed her captive Af/elena naevia on
Aphids : " At first these spiders were all fed on aphides which they
relished, but as they grew larger and were offered other things
aphides were refused. Flies were eagerly caught, but ants were
never touched. This would indicate that they have some kind of
discrimination."
I am collecting data bearing on this subject of the prey and the
sense of taste in spiders. From what I have said you will see that
the subject is not quite as straightforward as might at first appear
to be the case. The sense of taste is bound up with the sense of
smell, and in fact their sense of smell is very akin to taste, as I
have shown elsewhere. f From the information at present at my
disposal I believe that spiders do possess a sense of taste whereby
they can discriminate to a certain extent and even show preference
for particular prey. Too marked likes and dislikes would be fatal
and in fact might be a factor in natural selection. Major Hingston
collected spiders of the genus Sitticus at 22,000 ft. on Mt. Everest,
and apparently these have to subsist on whatever insects are blown
up the mountain side by the upward air currents which prevail
there. It is obvious that they could not pick and choose, but must
take whatever is brought to them.
* Nat. Sci. Phil. 1900, p. 395.
t Proc. Zoo. Soc. Pt. 2, 1926, p. 332.
24
Notes on the Life= History of Cydia (Carpocapsa)
pomonella, L.
By Robert Adkin, F.E.S. — Bead November 8th, 1928.
Although Cydia pomonella has been known as a destroyer of
apples for at least a couple of centuries, and during that time has
received the attention of fruit-growers and entomologists alike, it is
very doubtful whether, even now, we know all the details of its life-
history. Quite a considerable amount of literature has been devoted
to it ; some of it sound enough, but a good deal of it more in the
nature of fairy-tales, woven around one of the most beautiful but
baffling of little moths.
In 1747 Benjamin Wilkes commenced the publication of his
work " The English Moths and Butterflies" and on plate 9 he
depicts the larva, pupa and imago, also an apple showing the mine
made by the larva. The artists of that period often paid more
attention to pictorial effect than to the exact details of the insects
they desired to depict, and in this instance the plate is embellished
with a large spray of apple blossom and a very fine, ripe, rosy apple,
the insects themselves taking a subsidiary position. But for all
that the maggoty apple is a fair representation of an average
jwinouella-miested fruit ; it shows the mine as one usually finds
it, and gives the idea that the artist had really copied it from one
that he had before him. His letterpress describing the larval
habits is very brief, and as he says, not founded on his own
observations.
The first volume of the " Entomological Magazine " was published
in 1833 and in it are several articles by "Rusticus of Godalming" on
'* Blight." In one of these (page 144) he purports to give a complete
life-history of pomonella. He asserts that the moth lays its eggs in
the eyes of the fruit "one only in each, by introducing its long
ovipositor between the leaves of the calyx, which form a tent above
it that effectually shields it from the inclemency of the weather, or
any other casualty." He then goes on to describe how the little larva
eats its way into the apple, avoiding the core, and then when half
way through the fruit, makes another tunnel through which it
passes the frass and obtains a supply of air. When full-fed, he
says, the apple falls and the larva comes out of it and crawls to the
trunk of the tree. He then continues, " In this situation he remains
Proc. S.L.E. c$' N.H. Soc, 1028.
Plate I.
Photo: A. W. Dennia.
1. Cydia (Carpocapsa) pononella X 2.
2. Apples shoicing " Cap."
8, Apples shoicing mines made hi/ larva'.
25
without stirring for a day or two, as if to rest himself after the
uncommon fatigue of a two yards march ; he then gnaws away the
bark a little in order to get further in out of the way of observ-
ation ; and having made a smooth chamber big enough for his
wants, he spins a beautiful little milk-white silken case, in which,
after a few weeks, he becomes a chrysalis, and in this state remains
throughout the winter."
This, like all the articles by *'Rusticus," is charmingly written,
yet when closely investigated it is only too apparent that a good
deal of it is pure imagination. For all that it seems to have formed
the foundation for much that was subsequently written, and even
so serious a writer as S. J. Wilkinson refers to it as " the interesting
account of its habits to be found in the Letters of Rusticus."
Unfortunately, many of our economic writers also, seem to have
founded the life-histories with which they favour us, largely on such
writings, or on life-histories worked out in countries where the
species occurs in conditions very different from those pertaining in
Britain. Thus we read, " The method of infestation is for the
moth to come out about the time of the opening of the apple-
blossoms, and when the petals have fallen and the embryo fruit is
beginning to form, the females lay their eggs," ^ and so forth.
Also, " the moths appear about the end of May, and the eggs are
deposited singly upon apples just after the petals of the blossoms
have fallen. — After creeping over the young apple for some little
time, the larva, it will be noticed, in most cases enters the apple
at the blossom end or calyx cavity, and commences to tunnel its
way to the core. — In about seven days it reaches the core, and there
commences to feed upon the pips or seeds and upon the surrounding
pulp. — The pips and pulp around the core having already been eaten,
it commences to tunnel its way, usually towards the opposite or
stalk end, to the surface."^ Or again, "The moths emerge from
the caterpillar cocoons at the fall of the blossoms and fly from fruit
to fruit, laying one egg on each. The minute grub crawls over the
apple till it arrives at the ' eye ' when it feeds a little time here and
then enters the fruit, reaching the core and ejecting its excrement
(frass) through the opening, the appearance of which shows the
attack. Later on the grub burrows to the side of the fruit, forms
another opening at which more frass appears." " Barrett says
nothing about the egg-laying, but he tells us that the larva eats " a
hole right through the fruit in order to feed on the pips ; if the seeds
of one apple are insufficient attacking another." ^
1 Ormerod. " Handbook of Insects injurious to Orchard and Bush Fruits."
1898.
2 Collinge. " A Manual of Injurious Insects." 1912.
3 P. J. Fryer. "Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases of Fruit and Hops."
1920.
* Barrett. " The Lepidoptera of the British Islands." Vol. XI. p. 155.
1907.
26
Although these accounts vary somewhat in wording, their general
purport seems to be that the blossoming of the apple and the egg-
laying of the moth synchronise fairly closely ; that the egg is
laid either in the eye of the fruitlet, or that the larva on hatching
seeks the eye, and entering by it, burrows to the pips and feeds on
them. Now, whatever may be the case in countries where three or
even four generations are produced in the course of a year, I am
convinced that the life-history of the species, in Britain, is very
different from the foregoing.
For several years past I have been keeping an eye on this species in
the hope of obtaining a more or less complete account of its life-
history, and although I am not at all certain that I have been
successful, certain points have come to my notice, so much at variance
with those that I have quoted, that I think it well to put them on
record.
From the view point of one who endeavours to grow a limited
quantity of good class fruit, it is perhaps fortunate that the species
has never been very abundant in my garden, where my observations
have chiefly been made ; but not a year has passed without some
wormy apples being found, while in some years, as in the present,
they have been only too common. One advantage that I have had
is that the trees are all of comparatively small size, pyramids,
espaliers, or cordons, thus admitting of the fruit being kept under
closer observation while on the tree, than if it were growing on
large orchard standards.
I have already shown that it is impossible that the moth can lay
its eggs in the blossom.^ In this connection Prof. Theobald, who
by reason of his position has unique opportunities of studying this
species in nature, informs me that the female usually lays her eggs
on the fruits when they are about the size of a walnut, occasionally
on the strigs (fruit-stalks), very seldom on the leaves. He further
says, " there is no doubt, however, that the larvae enter via the eye
and one can see them feeding just inside the cup."
My own observations have been chiefly upon the ripening fruits
and the full-fed larvae. About the middle of August the infected
apples begin to fall. If one collects, possibly, a dozen fruits that
have fallen during the night and splits them open, it will, in
all probability, be found that there is a remarkable likeness in the
position and general appearance of larval burrows, but they have
no tenants. The fruits usually fall during the night and it would
appear that the larvae at once leave them and seek shelter in the
bark of the tree or other secluded spot. I have, from time to time,
opened some hundreds of the fallen fruits but in only one or two
cases have I found them to contain larvae. But if at this period, i.e.f
the middle of August, one searches the fruits that are still on the
tree, it is probable that some will be found that show a mark on
5 '« Proc." 1927, p. 96.
27
the skin, in appearance not unlike the " cap " made by some of the
clear-wings in the bark of the trees in which they feed, but larger
in size and somewhat irregular in outline. It is generally placed
on the side of the fruit at about one-third of the distance from the
stalk towards the eye. If such fruits are put away in a suitable
receptacle*^ one is pretty sure to rear pomonella from them, for they
almost invariably each contain a larva, and of course, when the
larva leaves the fruit it bursts a hole through this *'cap"; the
" cap " being really a dried portion of the skin of the fruit.
A careful examination of a large number of these infested apples
leads me to the conclusion that it is at the spot where this " cap "
shows that the larva has entered. Just beneath the *' cap " is a
chamber that strongly suggests that the young larva on entering the
fruit, feeds immediately under the skin thus hollowing out a shallow
space, wider than the main gallery that leads from it towards the
<3entre of the fruit. This main gallery leads to and generally
partially or completely surrounds the core and the seeds are some-
times entirely, but more often partially, eaten, but I have found no
evidence to support Barrett's assertion that the larva feeds only on
the seeds.
But to this general rule there are exceptions. In apples growing
upwards from the branch, that is with the eye uppermost, both
entrance and exit appear to have been through the eye, and even in
cases where the entrance appears to have been made in the usual
way, at the side of the fruit, I have found traces that suggest that
the young larva may have fed for a short time in the eye before
entering at the side of the fruit, but in such cases I have been quite
unable to find any trace of a gallery leading from the eye to the
main burrow in the fruit, thus suggesting that the young larva,
after feeding for a time in the eye, has crawled over the fruit until
it has found a suitable spot to penetrate it at the side. Further, on
one occasion I had a crop of rather tough-skinned pears that was
badly infected and in every case that I examined both entrance and
exit was through the eye.
The conclusion that I come to is, that in normal circumstances
the young larva enters the fruit at the side, but that it is able to
adapt itself to the position in which the fruit is placed or to the
quality of its rind, and further, that it feeds upon both the flesh and
the seeds of the fruit indiscriminately.
The larva, when full-fed, leaves the fruit and crawls to some spot,
usually the stem of the tree, if it affords the necessary accommoda-
tion, and in chinks of the bark or under moss, it spins a tough
cocoon, in which, as is now well known, it passes the winter and
does not turn to a pupa until the following spring.
Considerable doubt has been expressed as to whether pomonella is
*5 1 have found a large size glass-topped cardboard box filled with pieces of
bark and moss to answer the purpose well, but it must be kept out of doors.
28
ever double-brooded in Britain ; indeed, many of our leading lepi-
dopterists appear to regard it as an essentially single-brooded species
in this country. There is, however, abundant evidence that in
favourable seasons a very considerable second brood may be
produced ; the following is a case in point.
For some years past the Apple Sawfly {Hoplocanipa testiuUnea) had
been only too plentiful in my garden, and on July 16th of the present
year I made a search of some of the apple trees in order to remove
any infested fruit. I found no workings of sawfly larvae,' but I
collected five apples, the appearance of which suggested that they
contained mature larvae, possibly of the Tortrix, although the time
was too early for these to be full-fed in the ordinary course of things.
However, between the 19th and 24th of August four }iomonella were
reared from them, and it was evident that I had not found all the
infected fruit, for later on in the season, i.e., the end of September,
I found more fruit that contained pomonella larvae.
Theobald tells us that he has twice noted undoubted second
broods.^
The perfect insect is not very often met with in the open, but
occasionally it is to be seen on the walls and windows of fruit stores.
In such cases the individuals seen must surely be the result of a
second brood. In the ordinary course of things, store apples are
not gathered until quite the middle of September or later, whereas
the first brood larvae have all left the fruit from the middle
to the end of August, but those of the second brood are not mature
until at least the middle of September and may sometimes be found
in the fruit even as late as the beginning of October ; there is there-
fore abundant evidence that a second brood is not of very rare
occurrence ; indeed it is to be expected whenever there is a really
warm summer.
The production of a second brood of moths must necessitate
considerable modifications in the larval habits ; the larval life within
the fruit must be shortened by some three to four weeks, and on
the larva leaving the fruit, instead of lying for some five or six
months before changing to a pupa, must assume the pupal stage
almost immediately.
The entry of the second brood larva into the fruit appears to be,
as I take it to be in the case of the normal brood larva, at the side,
and usually in a similar position, i.e., at about one third of the
distance from the stalk to the eye, but the mark that it leaves on
the skin is somewhat di£ferent. In the case of the first brood the
" cap " is usually of a greyish colour, but in that of the second
' Larvae of the Gooseberry Sawfly {Nematus ribesii) and the Slug-worm of
the pear {Eriocampa limacina), which also had been prevalent, have this year
disappeared.
^ S. E. Agricultural College. " Report on Economic Zoology," 1911, pp<
14-16.
29
brood it is more of a rusty hue and is generally surrounded by a
discoloured ring. This difference in colour, I conclude, is to be
accounted for by the more advanced state of the fruit. These
second brood larvae as already mentioned, are not full-fed until the
latter half of September. They then leave the fruit and having
spun their cocoons remain in them until the spring before changing
to pupae, the imagines from the two broods of larvae appearing
together in the following June or July.
30
Scent=glands of the Pierinae.
(Summary of the Lecture.)
By Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A., F.R.S., etc., Hon. MemheY.—Eead
November 22nil, 1928.
It is well known that the male of Pieris napl has a strong scent of
lemon verbena. This scent is confined to the upper surface of the
wings, where alone the specialised " plume-scales " are found.
There is therefore a strong presumption that these scales are con-
cerned in the distribution of the scent, though probably not in its
production. They occur in very many members of the Pierine sub-
family, and also in certain Batyrines and Nymphalines. The
normal plume-scale consists of a flattened lamina, connected
proximally by means of a slender footstalk with a disc which
articulates with a socket in the wing-membrane. Distally the
lamina is furnished with a fringe of delicate processes known
collectively as the fimbriae. Lantern slides were shown of the
plume-scales of several Pierine forms, in all of which the abova
features were visible, with modifications according to the species.
The character of the scent varies both in quality and intensity.
In very few instances is it as strong as in P. napi. Individual
variations occur, as in P. rapae ; where some individuals are almost
scentless, while others emit a distinct odour of sweetbriar. In P.
brassicae the plume-scales are numerous and large, but the scent,
which resembles that of orris-root, is uniformly faint. But however
variable in intensity, the quality is always the same for the same
species. From the fact that these specialised scales occur only in
the males, it seems natural to infer that the scent they convey acts
as a sexual attraction. In this connection it is interesting to remark
that their scent is m most cases, perhaps in every case, agreeable to
the human perception.
In our Common Whites, and many other Pierines, scent-scales
of this kind are scattered generally over the surface of the wing,
mixed up with the ordinary scales. By means of preparations
thrown on the screen, it was shown that they are developed in the
furrows between the ridges of the folded wing as seen in the
pupa before exclusion. In the adult wing, when denuded of scales,
the sockets of the two kinds of scales are seen in alternate rows.
31
Some Pierine groups, for example the mimetic neotropical genus
Dismorphia, possess patches of scent-scales of a sort differing from the
" plumules " already noticed. These have a short footstalk but no disc
or fimbriae ; and are closely pa.cked together instead of being generally
distributed among scales of the ordinary character. The patches
thus formed are arranged in pairs, one on the lower surface of the
forewing and the other on the upper surface of the hindwing, in
such a manner that in the usual position of rest the two exactly
cover each other ; this no doubt having the effect of economising
the odour. Examples of these scent-areas in Diwiorphia, and of their
constituent scales, were shown in actual specimens and in drawings
thrown on the screen.
Scent-patches of a somewhat different character occur in other
Pierine genera, such as Terias and Catopsilia. In these the patches
are furnished with numerous fine tracheae, the function of which
may be to supply air to the specialised cells from which the scent-
scales are developed. But the absence of tracheae from the
patches in Dismorphia is not easy to explain.
Many Papilios are provided with specialised scales which are no
doubt concerned in the production of scent ; and also with bunches
of hair which presumably serve as scent distributors ; drawings of
some of these were shown.
Finally, illustrations were given of the fact that the scent-scales
are developed from underlying cells in which probably the scents
are elaborated. In the case of the adult plume scales, an aperture
can often be seen in the disc, marking the way by which the
protoplasm of the cell was originally in continuity with the interior
of the scale. This continuity gradually ceases in the course of
growth ; and by the time that the adult condition of the scale is
reached, the formative cell has almost or entirely disappeared.
82
On the White = Spotted forms of Dryas Paphia and some
other Species.
By Robert Adkin, F.E.S. — Read December ISth, 1928.
During the years of the late seventies and the early eighties of the
last century white-spotted forms of Dryas paphia were met with in
sufficiently large numbers to attract attention.
In 1882 Jenner Weir figured a specimen in the " Entomologist " ;
said he had taken four of them in the New Forest and added,
"I feel quite unable to suggest any explanation of this singular
aberration." ^
In 1886 Weir exhibited seven specimens of D. paphia and one of
Brenthis euphrasy ne at a meeting of this Society and drew attention
to the white spots on the wings, and suggested that, " Possibly the
pupa had something on it which prevented the rays of light from
colouring the insect ; in nearly all cases the spots are symmetrical." ^
In the discussion, which followed, South said that in 1881 and
1882 he took some specimens of this insect (D. paphia) with the
white spots, and it occurred to him at the time that the spots were
probably caused by the sun's rays passing through a globule of
water and falling on the pupa;" but Carrington pointed out that
this would leave a line instead of a distinct spot. At a subsequent
meeting South said that, after making some experiment, he did not
think the sun's rays passing through a drop of water could have
anything to do with the white spotted varieties adverted to.*
In 1893 Frohawk figured a specimen of D. paphia having two
white patches on each of the fore-wings and an indication of one on
each of the hindwings, and suggested the possibility of the white
spots being a reversion to some transitional stage in the development
of the species from an ancestral form.^
At a meeting of this Society held on February 13th, 1896,
South read a paper entitled " Some Remarks on the Genus Argynnis
with particular reference to a certain phase of aberration observed
in some species of the genus." ^
1 " Entom." 1882, pi. 1, fig. 3, p. 50.
2"Proc." 1886, p. 55.
3 " Proc." 1886, p. 55, 1927, p. 78.
4 "Entom." 1893, p. 97.
5 "Proc." 1896, p. 76.
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33
Having given a general review of the group and after pointing
out that in a species not far removed from paphia the female
normally has white-spotted wings, he proceeded to elaborate
Frohawk's reversion theory, and concluded with the following
sentence, *' Although I do not insist on the pale patches being
ancestral characters, I am inclined to consider that such a conclusion
is not altogether unsupported by the facts to which I have briefly
adverted."
From the report of the discussion which followed,*^ it is to be
gathered that Frohawk said that he had examined these white
patches microscopically and found that the scales were present but
that they were without pigment. Tutt then said that " this
statement practically gave away the whole theory propounded by
South." Then, having reviewed the whole situation, he concluded,
" Taking into account the known factors of the histolysis of the pupal
tissues, he considered that anything that would cause a local
weakening of the tissue would produce a result similar to that
exhibited. This actual weakness of tissue might occur in the larval
period, when it would naturally be carried through the pupal stage,
or it might originate in the pupal stage, whilst the possible factors
that might cause local weakness in the larva or pupa are manifold.
He further pointed out that a well-known lepidopterist had observed
that when dust particles or other foreign matter interfered with the
pupa when it was in a very soft stage, /.<?., during the first hour or
two following the change from the larval to the pupal condition, the
result always ended in crippling the imago, or in the failure of the
complete scale development in the neighbourhood of the injury or
irritation."
So the matter rested until Cockayne's Classic paper of 1921 on
*' Structural Abnormalities in Lepidoptera " ^ — where under the
sub-heading " Local Scale Defects " (p. 51) we read " I have
examined a very large number of specimens showing patches of
white or pale colour, often described as bleached specimens, and
almost without exception have found the scales on these patches
thin, transparent or nearly transparent, and curled at the edges or
rolled up completely. The condition very often affects corres-
ponding areas on both wings of the same side, or on all four
wings. As in the case of malformations, which appear alike in
both wings of one side, or in all the wings, this affords strong
evidence that local injury may be the cause." And further (p. 53)
*' In Dry as paphia it is not very unusual to find a white spot on all
four wings, or on both the wings of one side, in which the scales
of the ground colour are always defective, and sometimes those of
the black spots also. The positions are nearly always the same, in
the forewing between nervures 5 and 6, near the apex, and in the
'^"Proc." 1896, p. 31.
7 " The London Naturalist." 1921, pp. 10-68.
34
hindwing between nervures 4 and 5. These positions would
coincide in the pupal condition. Local pressure is the probable
cause, but it is hard to understand what the pressure can be which
acts so uniformly on such a definite area."
I have given these events in chronological order because T think
it best shows the way in which the train of thought has developed.
The first suggestions appear to have been little more than random
guesses with practically no evidence to support them, but as the
question came to be more closely examined definite facts have
emerged which, as Tutt shrewdly observed, appear to have resolved
the question into a " purely physiological one."
Recent discoveries may perhaps take us a step further. Last
year, Prof. Dr. Richard Goldschmidt published a book on Physio-
logical Genetics.^ It is printed in German and therefore perhaps
not so easily available to some of us as it otherwise might be, but
fortunately in a review of it by J. S- Huxley ,° lengthy extracts are
given in English of which the following is one : —
" Goldschmidt and his pupils have been able to show that the
wing-pigmentation of Lepidoptera is brought about by a curious
interrelation of developmental processes. The scale rudiments
develop at difl'erent rates, so that before any pigment exists in the
wing, the future pigmentation can be read off as a structural
shadow-pattern. The various pigments appear to be produced in
the body at different times, and to be shot out into the wings when
ready. In the wings they can only be deposited in the scales which
are at a certain stage of their development : they pass over the rest.
Thus the relative rates of scale differentiation and of pigment
production both contribute to the actual pattern."
The simple meaning of this appears to me to be that so long as
the scale development and the pigment flow synchronise the normal
wing pattern will be produced ; but that if at the critical time some
untoward circumstance should occur to throw the scale development
and the pigment flow out of time with each other, or that has
interfered with the normal scale development in such a way that it
is not ready at the right moment, the scales affected by that occur-
rence will be left without pigment. Cockayne has already shown
that the scales of the pale patches are thin, more or less transparent
and curled at the edges or rolled up completely, showing that they
are scales that have not received their supply of pigment. I have
examined a number of the pale patches and find that this invariably
is so.
To return to the various suggestions that have been made. Jenner
Weir's prevention of the rays of light ; South's sun's rays passing
through a drop of water ; and Frohawk's reversion theory have
already been refuted, or may be dismissed as having no evidence to
^ " Physiologische Theorie der Vererbung."
9" Nature," Vol. CXX, p. 109.
85
support them. Tutt's suggestion of dust particles, etc., falling on
the freshly formed pupa does not appear to rae to be a likely cause,
for I think it probable that the injury would be to the wing
membrane rather than to the scales, for although the formation of
the latter commences early in the pupal period it is doubtful whether
it would have commenced at the time mentioned. There is, however,
the possibility that the "dust particles or other foreign matter"
might become embedded in the pupal skin and thus exert a
continuous pressure on some defined area and possibly thus close
the scales on that particular area against the pigment flow when it
takes place. But even so it would hardly be likely to always, or even
frequently, affect the particular part of the wing where the white
patches most frequently occur.
There remains to be considered Cockayne's suggestion that " local
pressure is the probable cause." This suggestion was not made
without direct evidence to support it, for he quotes, among others,
a case where Chapman produced a " bleached patch " on the red
band of the wing of a Pyrameis atalanta by accidentally pressing the
pupa between the cover and the lip of a jar.^° Chapman does not
say at what period in the pupal stage this accident happened, but as
he says that the indentation made by the pressure remained after
the pressure was removed, its effect was no doubt felt on the tissues
of the insect until emergence. I think we may therefore accept as a
fact that when local pressure is exerted on the pupa at the time
when the pigment is being shot into the scales, or when its effect
continues until that time, it will produce a white (or pale) patch on
the wing of the imago.
To assign a cause for these white patches usually falling on
approximately the same position on the wing, is perhaps not such
an easy matter, but I think a reference to the life-history of the
species may possibly offer a suggestion. When the larva of paphia
has completed its feeding on the violets, it wanders in search of some
position where it may secure itself for pupation. Such information
as I have of the sort of position that it would seek in nature is
limited ; but I have a record of a pupa being found attached to the
stem of an oak tree, and of a number of larvae hung up, waiting
the change to pupae, high up in a blackthorn bush.^^ In confinement
the gauze covering of the cage seems to offer an attraction, but even
with that present, I have known a larva attach itself to a leaf, not of
the food-plant but to a more substantial leaf that had been introduced.
The shape of the pupa, in common with that of most of the
Argynnids, is peculiar, in that the wing cases are a prominent
feature ; the pupa is suspended by the cremastral hooks and hangs
free from any further support. Now suppose that a violent wind
stirs the branches of a bush on which the pupa is suspended, what is
iO"Entom." 1894, p. 23.
11 Observations made by Mr. A. L. Kayward.
36
more likely than that the pupa mi gh t be clashed against a neighbouring
branch, or possibly crushed between two branches, and that the
wing cases, being the most prominent part, might receive the full
force of the blow. In the first case one wing or the pair of wings
on the one side would be affected, according to whether the force
was sufficient to penetrate to the inner wing as it lay beneath the
upper wing in the pupa ; in the latter case both forewings or both
pairs of wings would be similarly affected. I do not think this is a
very wild hypothesis, at any rate it may be one worthy of experi-
mental examination.
The Argynnids are not the only group in which these white
patches are found ; many of the Satyrids are equally liable to them.
But in their case the areas are generally larger and often more
irregular in shape, and one, two, three or all the wings may be
affected. This difference in the patches of the two groups may
probably be accounted for in the difference of their pupal habits.
Epinephelejiiithia {janira) is a species that is often affected. Its larva
is a grass-feeder and attaches itself to a stem or blade of its foodplant
for pupation. In such a position falling debris or other circumstance
may easily cause the pupa to receive pressure and a larger wing
area would be affected than in the case of a pupa suspended in a
bush, and thus cause the relative difference in the area affected.
Indeed, when the diverse shapes of the pupae of the two species
and the difference of their pupal habitats are considered, we should
expect to frequently find a larger and less well defined whitened
area in jurtina than in paphia.
37
ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS
OP THE
5>0ut^ ^aiiDcrii ^iitoiuoiogical anb |tatwral Pistorg
Soxiet]).
Read January 24f/^, 1929.
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.E.S., F.R.C.P.
LADIES and GENTLEMEN. The reports of the Council and
Hon. Treasurer show that the Society is increasing steadily
in prosperity. There has been an addition to our membership,
though not so great an addition as I hoped for when I made my
appeal last year ; the ordinary members now numbering 260, and a
good average attendance at the meetings has been maintained. The
Annual Exhibition was a great success, though the attendance fell
just short of the record reached last year. The high standard of
exhibits was fully maintained, but the Council has noted with regret
a decrease in the number of small exhibits and would remind
members that to be interesting an exhibit need not necessarily be
large. Light refreshments, which add so much to the comfort of
members and their guests, were provided once more, but the voluntary
contributions towards their cost fell far short of the total required.
This has entailed a heavy drain on income badly needed for other
purposes, such as the upkeep and extension of the library, and it
may become necessary to give up the provision of refreshments
altogether, unless the fund receives a greater measure of support next
year.
The acquisition of the Lister Collection, which we owe to the
generosity of Colonel Labouchere, is the out-standing event of the
year. The rearrangement of the whole of the Society's collections
of Lepidoptera, which it necessitates, will throw a heavy burden on
the Hon. Curator and it will be some time before it is available for
reference.
The redrafting and amendment of the Rules, a work which was
38
long overdue, has made considerable demands on the time of the
special sub-committee and of the Council as a whole. The revised
Bules are to be submitted to you shortly and, if agreed to, will, I
hope, appear in the next volume of the Proceedings.
Three members have died during the yenr.
Emily Chapman, who died in December last at the age of 83, was
the elder of the two sisters of the late Dr. T. A. Chapman, F.R.S.
She used to accompany him on most of his continental journeys
and, while he studied entomology, she interested herself in the
flora of the various countries. She took great pleasure in bringing
home seeds and roots to plant in the garden and with the skill of
the born naturalist often brought delicate wild plants to maturity
where others failed. Long ago she used to attend our field meetings
on the Surrey hills, and in her later years of retirement always
retained her interest in the welfare of the Society.
W. G. Dawson, who joined the Society as a life member in 1888,
died last year at the age of 91. He was formerly a regular attendant
at our meetings and a contributor to our Proceedings. His interest
was centred in the Indo-Malayan Rhopalocera, and his collection
from this region, to which he added specimens captured by himself
in Burma in his eighty-first year, has been presented to the
Plumstead Museum.
Oliver Richardson Goodman was a Vice-President Elect and
would in the normal course of events have occupied the Chair. He
was a regular attendant at the meetings and keenly interested in
the prosperity of the Society. Much of the success of the Annual
Exhibitions of recent years is due to his sagacity in seeing where
improvements could be effected and to his energy in carrying them
out. His chief interest was in the Palaearctic Rhopalocera, and he
visited localities far from the beaten track to find many new or
little known species and local races. It was his custom to give us
an account each year of his journey illustrated by lantern slides of
the districts visited and by rare and local species obtained there.
Those evenings will not readily be forgotten by the members fortunate
enough to have enjoyed them. We had looked forward to a con-
tinuance of his manifold activities for many years to come and deeply
deplore his death at the early age of fifty-one.
Variation and Nomenclature.
I am devoting the remainder of my address to some observations
on variation and nomenclature. I have noticed with concern a
39
greater and greater separation between entomologists who are
systematists and those who are interested primarily in genetics, and
yet in reality each class is complementary to the other and their
interests are identical. One of the reasons for this breach is that
most of the papers on the genetics of insects are published in the
journals dealing with heredity, which are inaccessible to some
systematists and seldom read by others. I feel convinced however
that as time passes there will be a closer co-operation between them,
and that systematists will lay before the experimentalists puzzling
problems for them to solve, and will find that by their solution
nomenclature will be brought more into line with scientific truth.
Every year more skilled biologists are taking up posts in the tropics,
and it is in the tropics that the scope for work of this kind is greatest.
For example, were experimental breeding possible in the case of some
of the South American butterflies such as those of the genus Helico-
nins and Af/rias, some, now regarded as groups of allied species, would
in all probability prove to be forms of one species, differing in a
number of well-defined genes, like those shown by Fryer to exist in
Acalla comariana, Zell. Until these butterflies have been bred
extensively the worker in a museum at home can merely name the
various forms without understanding their nature.
However divergent our views on variation and nomenclature
may be, we all admit that many, perhaps the majority, of named
varieties or aberrations, as it is the custom to call themnow-a-days,
are mutations, some conspicuous others inconspicuous, but all alike
in that they are hereditary. As to the nature of the very rare
aberrations opinion is more divided. It is probable that some are
rare recessives and that others are due to a chance combination of
two independent genes. As an example of the former I will cite
Calliniorpha dominula, ab. biuiacnla, which, though it has been
bred in some numbers, has so far as I am aware only been captured
once in a wild state, and as an example of the latter hyloicua piuastriy
ab. albicolor, a double recessive combining in one insect ab. albicans,
and ab. unicolor, which has only been taken once in the British
Isles. Abraxas grossulariata has two recessive aberrations, lacticolor
and varleyata, and when the same insect is homozygous for both
genes ab. exquisita results, a moth unlike either in its appearance.
Exquisita has, I believe, never been captured, though there is no
reason why it should not be taken in a wild state ; but if a single
specimen had been caught and no-one had crossed lacticolor and
varleyata it would have been looked upon as a remarkable sport and
40
its hereditary nature might never have been suspected. Most likely
many of our unique or very rare aberrations are in their origin
comparable with albicolor and exqiiisita, and, if a figure is given, I
thmk that naming them is not merely unobjectionable but
advantageous. Further examples of the same kind will then be
recorded under a definite name in the indexes of our periodicals,
and not appear as unidentifiable aberrations.
Other aberrations are due to multiple genes all producing similar
effects so that the greater the number of genes present in one insect
the greater the intensification of the pattern. The intenneiHa,
radiata, zatima, deschangei group of aberrations of Spilosoma luhrici-
peda is of this kind. The well-known race rustica of S. mendica is
very similar, there being a dominant gene for white modified by
others, so that a complete range of intermediates between the
dominant white and recessive brown male exists. Most systematists
call rustica a race, because where it occurs the typical brown form
is almost unknown, as in Ireland for example, and elsewhere the
whiter forms are absent. They look with different eyes on the
the radiated forms of Inbricipeda, because, though it is common in
Heligoland, the type is found with it and it also occurs in varying
proportions along the East coast of England. The distinction is
really quite artificial, and these instances show that in the absence
of breeding experiments there is no safe criterion by which to
distinguish a group of aberrations from a race. Paranje ae(/eria
and egerides probably differ in two genes for orange and perhaps a
third for pattern, and yet Verity would like to exalt aecjeriay
the group of fulvous forms, to the rank of a sub-species. Thus we
have the same phenomenon given a series of aberrational names in
one case, a racial name in another, and, if not actually given a sub-
specific name in a third, at least looked upon as worthy of one.
This is not my conception of the constitution of a race or sub-
species, but before stating my views I must make some preliminary
observations on heredity. Many inheritable variations arise as a
result of external conditions, as I shall show in a later part of
my address, but for the most part they do not seem to be of such a
kind as to make the insect more capable of living under the conditions
that brought them about. There is no convincing proof that changes
in their surroundings can bring about in living organisms adaptations
that enable them to survive the changes and that can be handed on
to their descendants, as the Neo-Lamarckians contend, and even if
such adaptations do occur their mode of inheritance is unknown.
41
Meantime geneticists are accumulating more and more proof that
all the characters they investigate, whether great or small, are
inherited according to the Mendelian Law and finding that the
apparent exceptions are more or less complicated examples of its
operation. Until definite evidence to the contrary is adduced
I shall continue to believe that all transmissible variations are
inherited in this way, and on this belief, base my views of the
constitution of races and sub-species.
Though one member of a species is chosen as the type, a typical
form cannot really exist, for no two individuals are exactly alike in
appearance and still less so genetically. Nevertheless, large numbers
of a species in a given place may be sufficiently alike to be regarded
as typical. But in the locality from which the type originally came
there will be in most cases a number of aberrational forms each
differing from it in possessing or lacking some gene, the
presence or absence of which makes a more or less distinct difference
in its appearance. The fact that one of these aberrational forms is
absent from one locality and very abundant or even universal in
another is insufficient ground on which to separate the latter as a
race still less as a sub-species. Ampliidaais betidaria may be all
typical in Scotland, all ab. carbonaria in Yorkshire, and a mixture
of these two forms with ab. insularia on the North Downs, but I
should not look upon those from Yorkshire and Surrey as local
races.
I regard a true race as one possessing a number of genes, each
modifying its appearance to a greater or lesser extent, not present in
the typical form, and lacking other genes, which are present in
the typical form. The fewer in number these genes are, the more
frequently will specimens inseparable in appearance from the type
occur, and the less justification will there be for the giving of a
racial name. The adoption of such a conception will always
make it impossible to draw up a hard and fast definition of a race.
Even with a complete knowledge of genetical constitution, which
will probably never be attained and may be impossible of
attainment, definition would still be a matter of the greatest
difficulty.
Thedifference between a race and a sub-species is also merely one of
degree. In a sub-species there are still more genes present that are
lacking in the type and still more lacking that aie present in the
type, until their number may be so great that it becomes almost or
quite impossible to find an individual of the sub-species with afacies
resembling that of the type. And just as the line between a race
42
and a sub-species is indefinable, so higher in the scale it is equally
impossible to draw a sharp distinction between a sub-species and a
species.
There is however another factor that adds greatly to the complexity
of a problem already difficult enough. li has long been recognised
that plants of the same species may differ very greatly in their
manner of growth when growing in different soils or under different
climatic conditions. Variation of this kind is so great in some of
the New Zealand plants such as the whip-cord Veronicas, that few
would have suspected the form of a species like V. cupressoides
growing in a dry environment to be the same as the form in a damp
one, had it not been proved experimentally. The same kmd of
mistake arose in connection with the wei; and dry season phases of
some tropical butterflies. In Precis for example the colour and
pattern may be altered in a most remarkable manner by climatic
influences, but we need not go so far afield as Africa to observe the
effects of temperature and moisture, for Weismann has shown how
susceptible are Heodes phlaeas and Araschnia levana to external
influences. Nor is climate the only factor. The prevailing hue of
their surroundings has a marked efiect on the colour scheme of some
insects, particularly on those with incomplete metamorphosis. In
the Lepidoptera I know of no experimental proof of a direct
response of this kind, but the close correspondence of colour in some
species with that of the various soils on which they are found
suggests that it may occur in them too.
Arrow has shown that size in the males of certain beetles such as
Helicopris hohiifer and Enema pan is correlated with wonderful
variation in the size and structure of the horns. Further evidence
is needed, but if, as seems likely, abundance and good quality of
food causes increased size it must also cause the structural phases
that accompany it.
The remarkable observations on locusts by Uvarov seem to show
the action of another environmental factor. He believes that pairs
of what have up to now been regarded as distinct species are really
the swarming and solitary phases of single species, and gives as
instances of such pairs, l.ocusta viit/ratoria and danica, L. pardalina
and soiitaria, Schistocerca f/reifaria and fiaviventris, Melanoplus spretua
and mexicainis atlaiith, and Dociostaiirus maroccanus and deijeneratKS.
Here the swarming phase is produced by an increase in the
density of the locust population in a given area regardless of the
climatic or other causes giving rise to it.
43
No student of the Lepidoptera can plead that he is ignorant of
these facts, and yet racial and sub-specific names are given freely to
forms differing far less than the wet and dry season phases of many
butterflies. However unlike their environment may be in tempera-
ture, humidity, or elevation, from that in the locality inhabited by
the typical form, no attempt is made in the great majority of cases
to test by experiment whether a so-called race or sub-species is
stable when removed to other surroundings. In many cases I
suspect they would prove to be mere phases differing little or not at
all in their hereditary qualities, and m support of it I will quote an
experiment carried out b} Harrison. Pieris na}d vidf/an's, when bred
out of doors in England from Italian eggs, retained only one of the
characters that distinguish Italian from British specimens. All
the others were climatic in origin.
Admittadly there are hereditary characters that only appear under
some external stimulus such as heat, cold, or moisture and in the
absence of this special stimulus remain latent, so that one can
conceive of a local race reverting to the type, when bred where the
type occurs, though the typical form could not assume the facies of
the local race, when bred where the local race is met with. But
even if all variation due to external causes were the result of
biphasic genes and not to a general response of the somatic tissues,
actual cases like the hypothetical one just mentione,d would probably
be too rare to be of practical importance, and so forms that show
instability under changed conditions must for the most part be
regarded as phases and not races.
Verity has defined a race as * a group of individuals having
developed in the same surroundings and exhibiting certain local
features simply due to their influence,' and elsewhere he has indicated
that he does not believe these features to be hereditary. Few will
agree with him, but if he were right in this assumption I should
say that not one of his named races is a true race, but that all are
phases. They may be worthy of names, but it should be clearly
indicated that their distinguishing features are due to climate or
some other external cause. Races and sub-species that have not
undergone the test of breeding true in an altered environment have
small claim to scientific recognition as such. I am not speaking
now of sub-species of so high a grade that some might prefer to call
them species, but of the numberless local forms, particularly of those
of the European Rhopalocera, upon which names are being bestowed
so liberally.
44
There is a wide field open to entomologists who are anxious to
elucidate the nature of local forms and not merely to collect and
name them. Harrison has shown us one way of doing so. So-called
races and sub-species should be bred out of doors in the habitat of
the type, or if this is impossible under conditions differing widely
from those of their native place. If they prove stable, either they
differ from the typical form in a multiplicity of transmissible
characters and their right to the title is established, or they are
simple mutants and fall under the heading of aberrations.
Pictet has used another method in his study of the geographical
races m the National Park of Switzerland. He has uoted the exact
range of certain forms and observed for several years the state of
affairs in the zone where they overlap. Dealing with the following
pairs — Krehia 7ieri)ie, Esp., and ab. reichlhii, H.S., Coetioni/nipha
satyrion, Esp. and ab. danciniana, Stdgr., Brenthis amathnsia, Esp.,
and ab. niyrofasciata, Fav. and Erehia (jorgcj Esp., and ab. triopesy
Spuler. — he finds that in the case of each pair both members are
found alone in certain areas and where they overlap they occur
together without any intermediate forms, the proportion being
seven to one in the case of the first three pairs and one to seven in
the case of the fourth. His conclusions are that the first member
of each pair is dominant to the second in the case of the first three
pairs and recessive in the case of the fourth, and that where both
occur interbreeding accounts for a proportion of three to one and
fresh immigration raises it to seven to one. I doubt the validity of
his explanation of the proportions, but the evidence certainly points
to a Mendelian relationship between the members of each pair, and,
if so, the cases are comparable with that of Amphidasis bettdaria
and ab. carbonaria in the United Kingdom, and the second member
of each pair is not a race or sub-species but an aberration. Seitz
regards reichlini as a sub-species, but agrees with Pictet in looking
on the others as aberrations. Verity adopts a most elaborate sub-
division of arcania into two exerges, arcania and (jardetta, each
comprising a number of races, and places satyrion (philea, Hb.) and
darwiniana into exerge yardetta. From this 1 gather that he
considers this pair to be phases, a conclusion diametrically opposed
to that of Pictet. I do not know what view he takes of the other
forms. Doubtless, reference to other authors would lead to the
discovery of further divergences of opinion, but this will suffice to
show the need for more experimental work.
Hemming is attacking the problem from another stand-point.
45
He is examining the genitalia of races and sub-species of European
butterflies and finding that in some cases these are so different as
to indicate specific rank. Once separable by means of the genitalia
other differences, small but constant, become manifest. Unfor-
tunately the genitalia are indistinguishable in the different species
of some genera, so that their similarity in doubtful cases cannot be
regarded as a proof of specific identity. Here a study of the early
stages may provide convincing evidence that they form a group of
species rather than races of a single species. There are other
obscure groups of forms on which more light may be thrown by a
knowledge of the whole life-history than in any other way.
It is only by a combination of one or more of these methods with
carefully devised breeding experiments that a real knowledge of the
status of many geographical forms can be attained.
Verity in one of his papers claims that he has analysed thoroughly
the races of most of the European butterflies. What he has done
is to draw up a valuable list of forms that still await analysis, and
had he omitted some and given a fuller description to others his
list would have been of much greater use. In giving names to many of
these forms to prevent them from being forgotten or overlooked, he
is not altogether wrong ; it is the system of nomenclature that is at
fault. We require some non-committal term to use as I have used
' form ' in this address, and a name for what I have called phases
or a recognition of the term phase in a technical sense. The recent
wide use of sub-species is degrading it unduly, and to avoid this
geographical forms should be roughly divided into two categories
and the term sub-species should be restricted to the well differentiated
forms, and either the term race or some Latin equivalent should be
adopted for the less clearly defined forms or the place of origin
coupled with the scientific name should be regarded as an adequate
means of referring to them. As our knowledge grows it should be
made possible to discard the non-committal term altogether or to
replace it by aberration, race, sub-species, or phase, and so indicate
its real nature. Both the original naming of a form and the later
defining of its status would need notification. The present rigid
system presupposes a knowledge we do not yet possess.
Intensive study leading to a vast number of new names will
inevitably extend from the European to the tropical Lepidoptera
and from the Lepidoptera to other Orders. It is of vital importance
that before this takes place the nomenclature of all forms below the
higher grades of sub-species shall be placed on a sounder basis.
46
Let me return to the consideration of aberrations. Many workers
are interested solely in races and sub-species and do not deign to
notice even the major aberrations. They appear to be unaware that
the main differences between racial or sub-specific and typical forms
are due to genes producing small effects in comparison with the
effect produced by a single gene responsible for a major aberration.
This attitude leads them to attach as much importance to phases,
perhaps due to variability within the gene, as to the gene itself.
The systematist should feel dissatisfied until he has before him
an analysis of the races and sub-species he is dealing with and learnt
wherein their real differences lie, which of them are attributable to
the immediate effects of their surroundings, phases, and which are
due to the presence or absence of particular genes or to differences
in the proportions of those genes. Such knowledge can only be
acquired gradually by the combmed efforts of the field naturalist, the
geneticist, and the museum worker, but it ought to be the ideal
ever present in the mind of the systematist.
The fascinating subject of parallel variation has a bearing on this
matter. It must be due to the presence of similar or identical genes
in the species with parallel forms, and such genes must be older
than the species themselves, if identical, or, if similar, due to the
physiological relationship antedating the origin of the species.
Parallel variation has been studied with greater care in Dtosophila
than in any other genus and a marvellous parallelism in the genes
has been found in the different species. According to Spencer, for
example, there are at least four sex-linked mutants and three
linked autosomal mutants in D. lujdei similar to the sex-linked and
autosomal mutants in melanogaater ; and Lancefield and Metz have
discovered a similar parallelism between some of the mutants in D.
ivillistoni and melanog aster. If we are to believe the work on the
location of the genes, these parallel mutants are due to genes
carried by corresponding chromosomes and moreover situated in the
same parts of the corresponding chromosomes. This is not an
isolated case ; the same conclusion has been reached in the case of
other genera of plants and animals. Who can doubt that it is
equally true of the Lepidoptera ? The recessive black forms and
yellow forms, known to occur in most of the Zygaenids, and probably
common to all, afford a good example of the kind. The white female
forms of the genus Colias, behaving as sex-limited dominants afford
another. Mutants due to such a gene may appear even in members
of different genera, and I will take as a probable example the one
47
that causes melanism in Selenia bilnnaria and *S'. tetralnnariay
Ennouios angnlaria and E. aKtiunnaria, Gonoptera bidentatn, Pseiido-
panthera (Venilia) viacularia, and Kpione advenaria, a gene that is
recessive in those species in which its behaviour has been investi-
gated. Even in widely separated genera astonishing similarities of
colour and pattern may be seen not as aberrations but in the typical
form, and these too may be due to the possession of identical genes
inherited from a remote common ancestor, genes that have been lost
or hidden by more recently acquired dominant ones in the inter-
vening genera or species. Biological facts of such significance must
be discussed and referred to by scientists of different nations and the
only easy way in which this can be done is by the use of names.
In the report of the British National Committee on Entomological
Nomenclature it is proposed to give official recognition to sub-species,
and, since races are now ranked with sub-species, to races also, but
no reference is made to aberrations, and presumably those are to
have no official status. Surely those aberrations, which are mutations,,
should receive equal recognition and be protected in the same way
by the Laws of Nomenclature. I have little doubt that the good
sense of the majority of Entomologists will ensure them the same
protection as heretofore, and the law of priority will be followed,
but it is a retrograde step that our arbiters of nomenclature propose
to take unless they intend to undertake the gigantic task of giving
the same name to all parallel variations. This would be the ideal
method of dealing with the problem. All the black mutations in
Zy<jaena would then have the same name, and all the white forms
of female in Colias and so on. This, however, does not appear to be
their intention. On the contrary they propose to render invalid a
name given to one member of a genus, if it has been used already
for another member of the same genus. They may thus prevent the
use of one name for forms owing their appearance to identical or
corresponding genes, or groups of genes or for forms owing their
similar appearance to similarity in their environment.
It is to be hoped that these suggestions will not be ratified and
that those aberrations, which are mutations, will receive due recog-
nition. Their importance has been impressed upon us still more
strongly by some recent additions to our knowledge of the manner
in which they may be brought about. As this knowledge appears to
throw some light on the origin of races and sub-species it seems to
be a fitting moment to call your attention to it.
You are all familiar with the work of Harrison on industrial
48
melanism. Chemical substances such as lead and manganese in his
hands have effected changes in the germ-plasm like those occurring
uncontrolled near the big cities of this country, the continent of
Europe, and America. These melanic mutants have proved stable
and their peculiarities are inherited under any environmental
conditions. Harrison's work has not yet been repeated with success
by others, but has been subjected to a good deal of criticism, though
I see no reason to doubt either the soundness of his methods or the
results achieved by them.
Nevertheless the production of mutations in Drosophila by radium
and X-rays is far more impressive. Objections like those raised
against the work of Harrison cannot be raised in their case and
already the experiments have been repeated independently by others.
The mutations obtained by Muller were not produced occasionally
after years of patient labour like Harrison's melanic moths, but were
obtained with bewildering rapidity. Muller says that almost every
other sperm cell capable of taking part in the production of a fertile
fly contained an ' individually detectable ' mutation in some chromo-
some or other. In other words almost half the progeny of an
irradiated parent showed an easily recognisable mutation, no attempt
being made to count the minor ones, and the rate of mutation
among the offspring of irradiated parents was 15000 per cent,
greater than among the controls. The mutations that appeared
after X-ray treatment were like those that occur from time to time
in the course of ordinary breeding experiments, recessive for the
most part and often sex-linked. Most of the known mutations
reappeared and only a few were previously unknown.
Both X-rays and radium in large doses cause sterility and the
highest rate of mutation was found to occur with a dosage just short
of a sterilising one. The results obtained in the first instance by
Muller have been confirmed by the experiments of others, and
Hanson and Heys have got similar results by using radium or the
gamma rays of radium alone.
Muller has also shown that an increase in the temperature at
which cultures of D)oso})hila are kept increases the rate of mutation,
though to a much less extent than X-rays or radium.
Mutations can thus be produced by either chemical or physical
agencies, and the more powerful they are the greater the rate of
mutation. There appears to be nothing specific in the agencies
employed and their action is merely that of giving to the cells a
shock just short of fatal.
49
Mavor says that " the inti-od action of a violent agent lil^e X-rays
into the delicate mechanism of hereditary material is not to be com-
pared with any natural process and can hardly be expected to have
a greater influence on the hereditary tendencies than the work of a
train wrecker would have on the destination of a train." His
comment is unfair. Though physical violence comparable with
that exerted by a strong dose of X-rays can seldom if ever occur
under natural conditions, nor can as heavy doses of poisonous
metallic salts as Harrison used be encountered often in the vicinity
of industrial centres, less violent chemical and physical agents must
often be at work and lead to the appearance of an occasional
mutation. In this connection the temperature experiment of Miiller
is most important for it shows that climatic conditions may be a
direct cause of the appearance of new inheritable characters. The
facts of geographical variation have long pointed to this conclusion,
but the experimental proof is most welcome. Previous temperature
experiments have merely produced remarkable variations such as
those so well known in the Vanessids and Argynnids. These were
not inherited, though the germ cells were to some extent affected as
the experiments of Standfuss with V. urticae and of Fischer with
Arctia caia showed. These effects were only produced by a severe
shock, just short of fatal; heat, cold and centrifugalisation gave
identical results. In this they resemble the recent experiments on
the production of mutations, but differ from them in that mutations
are produced by much less drastic means, the more violent agents
simply increasing the rate of production. They differ also in that
they are not fully transmissible like true mutations. They seem
more akin to the temperature phases, the wet and dry season forms,
of tropical butterflies, but we might learn more about their nature
if more than one generation of their offspring could be bred under
normal conditions.
Recent research has let in a ray of light to illumine the darkness,
which has hitherto enveloped the process of evolution, and has
shown that this is not wholly caused by changes taking place within
the organism and independent of its environment, but is at any
rate in part due to the conditions in which the organism is living.
I use the expression ray of light advisedly, because none of the
mutations seem to be specially adapted to the conditions that bring
them forth and many are such as to make the organism less able to
survive under any conditions. It may be that they play only a subsidiary
part in normal evolution, or it may be that experiments on other
50
species will give rise to a much larger proportion of mutations that
may by selection prove useful and to fewer harmful ones : I fear the
former surmise is the true one, but if the latter proves to be correct
the discovery is indeed epoch making. Given isolation by sea,
mountain, or desert we should have a clue at last to the way in
which a species, so separated, forms first two races, then two sub-
species, and finally two species by the action of differences in the
chemical and physical agents, food, soil, temperature, humidity, and
sunlight, met with in the two areas.
Even if this discovery has not revealed the secret of the origin
of those variations that in the past have supplied the material for
natural selection to work upon, may they not provide us in the
future with the material for artificial selection offering us a wide
choice of mutations to preserve or reject as we will ? This may
sound visionary, but if in a brief space of time we have produced
almost all the known mutations of Drosophila, why should we not
equally well produce almost all the known mutations of Abraxas
fp-ossiilai-iata or Arctia caia or many hitherto unknown mutations
of animals and plants, the possibilities of which have been less
thoroughly explored, but which may prove of the greatest service to
mankind ?
Arrow, G. J. " Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond." 1928, 73-77.
Fryer, J. C. F. *' Journ. Genetics." 1928, XX., 157-178.
Hanson, F. B. " Science." 1928, LXVIL, 562.
Hanson, F. B. and Heys, F. M. '' Science." 1928, LXVIII., 115-6.
Harrison, J. W. H. quoted by Verity. " Ent. Record." 1916,
XXVIII., 79.
Lancefield, R. C. and Metz, C. W. " Amer. Naturalist." 1922,
LVL, 211-241.
MiiUer, H. J. " Science." 1927, LXVL, 84-87.
" Genetics." 1928, XIII., 280-356.
Patterson, J. T. *' Science." 1928, LXVIII., 41-43.
Pictet, A. " Rev. Suisse. Zool," 1926, XXXIIL, 899-406.
1927, XLV., 193-206.
Spencer, W. P. " Genetics." 1928, XIII., 44-49.
Weinstein, A. " Science." 1928, LXVIL, 376.
Uvarov, B. P. " Locusts and Grasshoppers." Chap. VII., Imperial
Bureau of Entomology, 1928.
On the termination of my second year as your President I wish
to thank you for the honour you have done me and for the kindness
51 ^
and courtesy you have always shown to me. I also take this
opportunity of acknowledging the debt of gratitude I owe to the
Officers and Council. No one who has not held my position can
realise to the full to what extent the President is dependent on
their loyal co-operation and how much this costs them in time and
trouble.
In choosing as my successor Mr. Andrews, a dipterist, you have
accorded recognition to a representative of an Order comparatively
neglected, but of great importance to mankind, and in so doing I
feel sure you are furthering the best interests of the Society. I am
confident that under his able guidance The South London Entomo-
logical and Natural History Society will advance from strength to
strength and I join with you in welcoming him and wishing him a
happy and prosperous tenure of the Office.
52
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
FEBRUARY 9th, 1928.
The President, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, A.M., F.E.S., F.R.C.P., in
the Chair.
Mr. C. D. Anderson, of Ealing, was elected a member.
Mr. Hugh Main gave a demonstration of the apparatus and methods
used by him in Nature Photography ; and subsequently exhibited a
series of slides to illustrate his " Nature Notes with a Camera."
FEBRUARY 23rd, 1928.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The evening was devoted to the exhibition of lantern slides by
Messrs. R. Adkin, T. J. Coulson, A. W. Dennis, G. E. Frisby, A.
de B. Goodman, H. Main, C. W. Sperring, and A. E. Tonge.
Mr. Tonge showed a series of slides of ova of Lepidoptera in
profile.
Mr. Dennis, studies of wild and uncommon plants.
Mr. Main, portions of the life-histories of Coleoptera and spiders.
Mr. Frisby, the nests of local British birds, including Terns,
Gulls, Warblers, Oyster-catcher, Dunlin, Sandpiper, Redshank, etc.
Mr. Robert Adkin's contribution included : —
1. The cremasters of Aglais urticae and Vanessa io, mounted to
show the hooks by which the pupae attach themselves to the silken
pads prepared by the larvae. The preparations from which these
slides, and the five following were taken, were very skilfully made
by Mr. A. L. Rayward.
2. A foreleg of Pieris brassicae with its pair of claws, a pad and
two brushes, as representing the Papilionids ; of Pyrameis atalanta,
brush-like and useless for alighting or walking, as representing the
53
Nymphalids ; and of Polyommatus coridon with its single claw, as
representing the Lycaenids.
3. The anal comb of Aufiiades sylvaniis. The larvae of many
Hesperiids construct tubes of their food-plants in which they live,
and the comb is used as a means of keeping the tube clear of
excrement. On a pellet being passed it is held by the anus until
the comb comes into action, when it is ejected clear of the tube.
4. A larva of Bistnn betularia which, he said, the following
narrative would show to be a very remarkable case of ** protective
resemblance." A friend and his wife, with another young couple,
were spending a brief caravan holiday in the New Forest. One
evening, with a view to a little mild sport among the small birds on
the following day, this young friend cut what he believed to be a
very symmetrically forked twig of hawthorn, in order to make a small
catapult, and placed the twig in the dickey of the motor car used
for towing the caravan. On taking up the twig on the following
morning, it was found that one of the limbs of the fork had
disappeared, or perhaps it would be more correct to say had shifted
its position and was pointing downwards instead of upwards. It
was then found, on closer inspection, that what had appeared to be
one limb of the fork was in reality a caterpillar.
MARCH 8th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
The death was announced of one of the oldest members of the
Society, Mr. W. G. Dawson (1888) at the age of 91.
Mr. Grosvenor exhibited larvae of a Zygaenid, probably a race
of Z. lonicerae, reared from ova deposited by females obtained by
Mr, Hugh Main at Blanes, near Barcelona, Spain, in June, 1927.
Many of the ova hatched in transit, but the remainder produced a
remarkable brood, in that about 75% of them produced imagines in
the autumn. The exhibit included : —
Larvae from the wild-taken imagines, the remainder having
emerged as a second brood. These larvae behaved in a normal
fashion, feeding for a few weeks, before going into hibernation.
An abnormal larva, one of the foregoing batch, went into hiber-
nation in a normal fashion on or about July 31st, 1927. After
being in hibernation for a few weeks, it suddenly changed its skin ;
54
and on September 17th, started feeding and continued to do so
until October 3rd, when it again changed its skin and went into
hibernation. He called attention to the large size of the larva.
Larvae obtained from a pairing of the autumn brood. They fed
for a short period, and then went into hibernation.
Larvae belonging to the autumn brood which, instead of hiber-
nating normally, went on feeding with every indication of producing
a 3rd brood. In November they ceased feeding and went into
hibernation. These were larger in size than the last.
An abnormal larva belonging to the same brood, which ceased
feeding in November, but did not change into hibernating skin.
It remained bright green and continued to wander around the cage,
but refused to feed. Gradually it became very thin and unhealthy,
with every appearance of dying ; but in the middle of February it
commenced to feed without cliangiiKj skiiiy and slowly gained stamina,
until to-day (March 8th, 1928) it is a healthy larva nearly half
grown. It had not changed its skin since last November, but now
appeared to be about to do so.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited nine species of Hawk-moths
(Sphingidae) sent to him by our fellow member Mr. Sneyd Taylor,
from Barberton, S. Africa. They were taken at flowers and at
light. There were Herse convolvuli^ Hippotion celeHo, Basiothia
schenki, B. media, Odontodda magni/ica, Cephonodes hylas, Nephele
aceentiferaj Macroyloaswu trocJiiloides, and I.eiicostrophus Idrundo.
Pier is rapae was reported as having been seen during the first
week in March.
Mr. 0. R. Goodman read a paper entitled, " South-east France,"
and illustrated it with lantern slides of the scenery. (See page 1).
MARCH 22nd, 1928.
The Pkesidknt in the Chair.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited living larvae of Ftyckopoda dunidiata,
from ova laid in July last and hatched in August. They had fed
slowly practically the whole winter, except during very severe
weather, and were now nearly full fed.
Mr. Dennis exhibited stereoscopic slides of the filmy ferns
Hyinejiophyllinn tunhridgense and H. iniilaterale, pointing out that
the two species are readily identified in fruit, the former having the
65 \
two valves of the involucre nearly circular in outline and strongly
toothed at the marp[in, those of the latter being ovate and without
teeth. The divisions of the fronds in tunhridrjense lie flat, nnilaterale,
having them strongly decurved.
Mr. W. S. Bristowe, B.A., F.Z.S., read a paper, " Facts and
Fallacies about Spiders." (See page 12).
APRIL 12th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
The President exhibited bred series of Nonagria cannae and A' .
typhae, including examples of the dark ab. fratenia form. He also
shewed larvae of Oporinia autiiinnata and of Oniphaloscelis lioiosa.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited a short series of Acid alia (Pttjchopoda)
riisticata^ bred from eggs laid by a $ taken in July, 1927, in North
Kent ; and of Taeniocavtpa popnleti, bred from larvae taken at our
last Field Meeting at Byfleet. One J of A. rusticata has the ante-
marginal cloud absent from all wings. Also larvae of Mornto
[j\Jania) uianra and of Naenia typica from Wandsworth. It was pointed
out that the larva of i)/. uiaura might be distinguished by the red
spots above the spiracles. The P. rusticata larvae, which the
President had from the same source, fed all the winter, except in
the severest weather, but had not yet pupated. A discussion took
place as to the food-plant of this species in nature.
Mr. Bliss exhibited an aberration of Limenitis sihilla, with only a
few very small remnants of the wide white band usually crossing
all four wings ; it was taken in the New Forest in 1918.
Mr. Tonge exhibited a wild-laid egg of Polyploca flavicoynisy
sil.uated in the angle between two small twigs of birch.
Mrs. Olive Grey exhibited the larva of a Carabid beetle from
Morocco, and two cast skins. It was taken in February.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited ^ and $ specimens of the S.
African Saturn iid, Bolocera [Ludia) siinlax. A female had been
bred from a larva, and the males were attracted to her in some
numbers.
The President referred to Oporinia antiuiniata as having pale green
larvae, which feed later than those of 0. filiyranwiaria which
are dark brown. The latter feed on heather, the former on birch
and alder. 0. atitumnata is wide-spread in both north and south,
whilst 0. filigrauniiaria occurs only in the north.
56
APIilL 26th, 102S.
The Presidknt in the Chair.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited the larva of Leucaiu'a turca ; and it was
remarked how much it resembled an Agrotid larva.
Mr. Turner exhibited a small box showing the imagines, larval
cases, mines of the larvae, and hibernating cases of the larvae of
Coleophnra Jieinenibiella, the food-plant of which was hawthorn
leaves.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited larvae of the following
Zygaenids : —
5 spotted forms : — of Z. lonicerae (England), Z. traimalpina (St.
Martin Vesubie) and Z. atoechadia ; and of ? species (Digne ; St.
Martin Vesubie and Blanes).
6 spotted forms : — of Z. stoechadis, ? species (Digne), Z. ftUpendnlae
(England) and Z. scabiosae (Digne). Also parents of most of the
foregoing.
Oberthur named a race apparently of stoechadis from the South of
France (Ste. Baume, Hyeres, etc.,) which he called ancepa, stating that
this regularly has 5 and 6 spotted forms ; but breeding from what
was apparently this race has produced very distinct larvae, so that
it would seem that there are two species here. Trovsalpina, which
flies with them, is easily distinguished, especially in the larval state,
in which note the black dorsal line, a characteristic of this species.
The 5 spot of St. Martin Vesubie are almost black with a very bright
sub-dorsal line. Those from Digne are pale green with small black
spots, and with dorsal and sub-dorsal lines ; these very much
resemble the 6-spotted larvae from Ste. Baume, but the latter have
larger black spots.
The larvae of Z. scabiosae are worthy of note on account of their
small size, they hibernate when about 2 mm., whereas most of the
others that I have bred are about 4 mm. when hibernating.
Mr. Newman exhibited a living specimen of Callop/tri/s riibi, just
taken ; and gave notes on this year's experience so far. He had
found larvae of Lasiocawpa qiiercih commoner than usual, of Eutricha
guercifolia widely spread, of Cosmotric/ie yotatinia commonly ; but
Arctia villica had been very rare for years. Of the species of which
he had been endeavouring to hibernate the larvae, Geometra
papiliunaria had wholly succumbed, of Melitaea athalia but very
few remained, Breiithix enphrosyne was an utter failure, of B. selene
a very fair number had gone through, but Arfft/iinis aglaia was
57 '
another iitfcer failure. Out of a very large number of A. ci/dippe,
there was no trace of a larva. Onrapteri/x sanibnnaria, Amjerona
prnnaria and Phalaena syringaria had all done fairly well. Lycaenopsis
aryiolns, Puris rapae, P. napi, and Gonepteryx rhannii. imagines were
flying, but the last was not so common as usual ; and Aglais nrticae
was much less in number. He had seen two Polyyonia c-alhitm near
Oxford. As to his Zygaenids, the larvae had all succumbed.
Mr. Grosvenor remarked that it had been one of the best years
for hibernating Zygaenids in his experience. Quite 90% of his
larvae had come through, and in one case 196 were feeding out of
198 pre-winter larvae.
Dr. Bull exhibited a wild laid ovum of Polyploca tiavicorais, on a
birch twig at the base of a bud ; and reported seeing Pyrameis
cardni in Sussex that day.
A discussion took place as to the feeding of butterflies after
hibernation. Vanessa io and Polygonia c-albiim, thrived on sallow
catkins, Gonepteryx rhamni sucked bluebells and primroses, Aglais
nrticae dandelions. If fed on sugar in captivity all these invariably
died prematurely, but never when fed on their natural food.
The President remarked that individuals of G. rhamni had their
own individual taste ; one would seek primroses, another the bugle,
and so on. Mr. Step had noticed another to visit only the flowers
of bilberry.
Mr. Main said that P. napi would exist for weeks on sugar ; it
was however not a species which hibernated as an imago.
MAY 5th, 1928.
Field Mketing — Ranmore.
Conductor — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
This meeting, the first of the season, was a very successful one as
regards numbers ; nearly thirty members and friends were present.
The Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of this neighbourhood are
pretty well known and were not reported. Mr. G. Nixon reported
the following bees : — Halictns snhfasciatus, '^yl. =freygessneri, Alfk.,
"not a very common species" ; Andrena nigroaenea, Kirb. ; Noniada
goodiana, Kirby ; X. alternata, Kirby {marshauiella, Kirby) ; A'.
ruficornis, L. {fiava, Kirb.) ; Psit/rynis vestalis^ Fourc, and Bombits
hortonini, L., var. niderattis, Fb. Mr. D. E. Kimmins reported the
58
following insects : — Neuroptera : Heuierohiun stijpna, Steph., H.
nitiduhis, Fb., and H. micans, Oliv. Diptera : Bibio veiwsus, Mg.,
B,nd Bowbj/liiiH major, Li. Orthoptera : Tetrix Huhnlatam^Jj. It was
observed generally everything was backward for the date.
MAY 20th, 1928.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., Vice-President in the Chair.
Several members made remarks on the season.
Mr. Tonge had found the larvae of Hi/i/>arrhi(s {Geometra)
papilionaria more common than ever before.
Mr. Adkin had seen a Pi/rameis cardui on May 8th at Eastbourne,
whereas it was rarely seen before the end of the month.
Mr. Grosvenor said it was already too late for larvae of Zijuaena
trifolii. On May 5th, at Ranmore, he had found 7 pupae, 4 of
which had been attacked by enemies. The pupae were very rare
this year. He stated that the early broods of this species pupated
on blades of grass which subsequently drop to the ground, where
the pupa lies flat, while the later brood pupates on stones or other
objects.
MAY 19th, 192S.
Field Mketing — St. Martha's, Chilworth.
Conthictor — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
This was a locality new to the Society necessitating a somewhat
longer journey. A few members and friends were pressnt. The
morning was dull and little but larvae beating could be carried on.
Soon after midday a thunderstorm began and a deluge of rain put
an end to all activity. All those present, however, were impressed
with the possibilities of the district for future investigation.
MAY 24th J92S.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., Vice-President in the Chair.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited living larvae of Strynion ivalbnni,
Amathes circellaris and Chesias xfiartiata, W:>st. = lerfatello, Schiff.,
69
taken on the occasion of the Field Meeting at Chilworth, May
19th.
Mr. Eagles exhibited living larvae of Hoannia ahietaria, Schiff. =
riheata, Clerck, beaten from yew at Ranmore during the Field
Meeting, May 5th ; also larvae of Ihuophila {^letachroiitii<) perla.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited a short series of the Nymphalid Dione
vanillae sub-sp. insularis, Maynard, and contributed the following
note : — "In the " Entomologist " for September, 1926, there was a
very useful paper by Captain N. D. Riley on the species of Colaenh
and Dione. Familiar as we may be with Dione vanillae., Linn., in
some form or another, it is only when such revisional work is published
that we are able to sort out our specimens and understand the
obvious differences in appearance ; and I may add, find out what we
have not got. In my case, while I have handled a fair number of
N. American specimens (which henceforth are known as sub-species
incarnata) the other races have not come my way in any abundance ;
and the only example of the race insular is, as we know it, was a
solitary specimen from Jamaica, However, of late, a friend has
been asking his missionary friends to send him home butterflies
from their respective stations, and from Cleuthera Island (one of
the Bahamas) he received a box in which amongst others, were
200-250 specimens of D. vanillae sub-sp. insularis. But they had
been captured by the juvenile members of his coloured flock, and
were in much the same condition as those taken some time ago by
ourselves, before we were old enough to own a net. These I exhibit
are some of the best."
A Potential Orchard Pest. — Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited speci-
mens of the Tineid moth, An/yresthia conjwjella. He said that the
natural food of its larva was the Mountain Ash [Pyms aiicuparia)
in the fruits of which it burrowed. In some parts of the world,
however, it had, during the past thirty years, become rather a
serious orchard pest. Reports had been received from places so far
apart as Sweden, Japan and the United States of America, that the
apple crop had from time to time been badly damaged by the larvae
boring into the fruit; and isolated cases had recently been reported
from several other countries, including Britain. From careful
observation it appeared that so long as an adequate supply of
Mountain Ash fruits were available the larvae were content to feed
in them, but when the moth became very abundant and the supply
of its natural food ran short, it laid eggs on the apples. It was to
be feared that, having acquired the habit of feeding in apples, it
60
would probably continue to do so, and so became a pest in this
country, as it already had in some others, notably Sweden, where
in some years the apple crop had been completely ruined by it.
Mr, Grosvenor exhibited series of Zyi/aena caniiolica, from many
localities, and pointed out the various subspecies or closely allied
species. The larvae were said to be very like those of Z. trifoUL
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited, on behalf of Mrs. 0. Grey, a specimen
of Cryptamorpha (lesjardinsi, Guer., found alive among Bananas in
London. Described originally from Mauritius, it is widely distributed
among the islands of the w^armer parts of the world, being represented
in the Brit. Mus. collection by specimens from the Sandwich Is.,
New Caledonia, Fiji, New Zealand, Mauritius, the Seychelles, St,
Helena, Madeira and the West Indies. It has been recorded as an
introduction in southern Europe, and has been many times
described, e.g., Telepliariiis fasciatns, Redt. (Fiji), Dendrophagns
suturalis, White (N.Z.), CryptamorpJta mnsae, W^oU. (Madeira).
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited six out of the seven British species
of the genus Xijlota (Sijrplddae), Diptera, of which five occur in
his neighbourhood of West Kent. The larvae are found in rotten
wood.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the curious larvae of Xylophasia
monoglypha which he had found feeding at the roots of dock and
dandelion, in his new garden at Cheam.
Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited Pieris napi with deficient scaling, May^
1928 ; Dasyrhira piidibnnda, a very small example, bred April ; an
asymmetrically marked Fliisia gannua bred September, 1926 ; an
unusually black larva of Abraxas gwssulariata, and a larva of Ji/sg/ /a
oxyacantliae. He pointed out how great was the resemblance of the
latter to the lichen on the bark of a tree. He also reported having
seen lUiviicia pJdaeas and Brentliis euphrosyne flying on May 6th,
and Haniearis liicina on May 19th.
Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited a series of Xestohiam rKfo-villosuw,
DeG., from Rye, Sussex, May, 1928 ; also Polydrnsus niicans, F.r
and SapriiiHs viresce)is, Pk., taken at Ranmore on May 5th, 1928.
JUNE 2nd, 192S.
Field Meeking — Thing.
Conductor— 0. R. Goodman, F.Z.S., F.E.S. i
Only about half-a-dozen members attended and no report wa& \
sent in.
61
JUtJE 14th, 192S.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited seven examples of Pyr/aera (Clostera)
curtida, L., all bred from a batch of eggs found on aspen at Byfleet,
on May 28th, 1927. Three J ^ , of the summer form, emerged
on July 23rd, 24th and 26th, 1927 ; the remainder, 2 S" S" , and 2
? $ , passed the autumn and winter as pupae and emerged on
March 5th (two) and 29th, and April 9th, 1928 ; these four are of
the spring form. All were treated alike in breeding, so far as the
varying lengths of the pupal periods permitted. There were shewn
also, two forms of the ^ pupa, one of which was much paler and
apparently of thinner texture than the other. This did not depend
on the time of emergence of the imago. All the other pupae were
of the dark form.
Dr. Fremlin exhibited an unusual form of Dysstroma triincata
{ri(fisata), bred from a larva taken at Berkhamstead. It was
considerably blacker than usual, with a well marked red band. A
second exhibit was an example of Epirrho'e alternata (soclata), from
Ryarsh in Kent, in which the central white band was much
contracted and narrow, the outer area was wider and dark, while
the inner basal band was deep black and broken.
Mr. Jarvis exhibited examples of several species of British Longi-
corn beetles and a number of species of the same section from
Brazil for comparison.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the following species of Lepidoptera
taken by Mr. J. Sneyd-Taylor, B.Sc, in the Transvaal, S. Africa.
Ludia (Bolocera) smilax. — A Saturnian of which the female was
bred from a larva found on the " pepper tree " (Schinus molle), and
the males assembled. {Knt. Record, XL. 77).
Patida (Crishna) vmcrops, subsp. walkeri. — A large Noctuid with
a distribution over most of Africa and the Indo-Malay region, and
often taken far out at sea. The males possess an enormous tuft of
yellow hairs on the tibiae of the front legs.
Hippotion eson. — A common S. African Sphingid.
Sphinyonwrpha c/dorea, subsp. monteironis. — A noctuid which as
an imago does much damage to the tree-fruit of S. Africa.
Tascia finalu. — A Syntomid-like Zygaenine.
Thyretes caffra. — A very common Amatid (Syntomid) found
throughout Cape Colony.
Amphicallia tigris, — A brilliant yellow and black Arctiid, belonging
62
to the Callimorphinae section. The genus has representatives all
along the East African area.
Various members reported Pyraweis cardni from Tring, Essex,
Eastbourne, S. Devon, Brighton, etc. ; and Colias croceiis at Box Hill
on the occasion of the Field meeting in May.
The President reported that, in spite of the inclement weather
in Perthshire, he had found Annrta melanopa and A. cordigera
exactly at their usual time of appearance, the latter being the
scarcer. A. melanopa, as a rule, is found quite 2000 ft. above the
locale of A. cordigera, but both occurred together on the lower ground ;
only once had he found the latter species at the higher level. On
one occasion he found the three Anarta species on the same ground.
He asked what was the food-plant " in nature " of ^. melanopa. It
was stated to be crowberry, but this had never been verified. A.
cordhjera is the more active in the sunshine, and will not oviposit
unless in brilliant sunlight, whilst A. melanopa is more or less active
at all times. He stated that the occurrence of A. cordiiiera in any
number was influenced by the custom of firing the heather, which
was done annually in strips. Bearberry recovers slowly.
JUl^E 23rd, 1928.
Field Meeting — Westerham.
Conductor — F. B. Carr.
This locality has been frequently visited by the Society before,
and no report was forthcoming.
JUNE 2Sth 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Buckstone exhibited larvae and pupae of Buralis betidae from
Witley ; and said that he had found the larvae to be cannibals.
It was remarked that if occasionally sprayed they would not attack
each other.
Mr. Tonge exhibited a specimen of the timber saw-fly, Sirex gigas,
from Reigate, and stated that it appeared to have become more
common in recent years.
Mr. Blair remarked that he had seen the ? oviposit, and
subsequently contributed the following note : —
63
OviPosiTioN OF SiREX GiGAs, L. — On JuHG 9th, when with Mr. E.
E. Green in his garden at Camberley, we came upon a 9 Sirex gigas
with her ovipositor deeply embedded in a larch log. We stopped to
watch operations and soon the ovipositor was withdrawn. The
insect then wandered off, walking rather jerkily over the log, the
ovipositor held in its sheath beneath the body, its tip dragging along
the bark behind her. As she went her antennae were in constant
action tapping the bark in front of her. About six inches from the
spot where we first found her, having apparently discovered another
position to her liking, the body was raised as high as possible on
her legs, the ovipositor slipped from its sheath and the point inserted
in the bark beneath the middle of her body, i.e., some distance, about
an inch, away from the spot last explored by her antennae. The ovi-
positor was then perpendicular to the bark and to the general axis of
her body, though this was now somewhat arched, while its sheath
remained in its original position. Gradually the ovipositor was
driven farther into the log, a slight side-to-side motion of the body
being perceptible, until finally it was buried almost to its full length.
Though we watched carefully we saw no sign of the passage of any
egg down the ovipositor, but after a few seconds it was seen to be
being slowly withdrawn, the withdrawal being considerably more
rapid than the entry. From first point of insertion to complete
withdrawal occupied 10 minutes. The insect then moved off again,
but once more the ovipositor was slipped from its sheath and driven
for its full length into the wood, in this case the operation taking
a little longer, 12 minutes until complete withdrawal. Again no
egg was observed to pass, but S. gigas is well known to make
several such borings without ovipositing. Again the insect moved
off, the ovipositor dragging along behind her. The terminal spike of
the body is not brought into play at all, either when walking over
the surface or during the thrusting in of the ovipositor ; neither
does the ovipositor sheath appear to afford any support during this
operation. This time she wandered further without finding a
suitable spot, then suddenly flew away.
Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited Vanessa to, ab. cganosticta, with blue
spots on the hindwings ; Ri(niicia })]daeas, with the greater part of
the R. forewing only of almost white coloration ; and Vsendopantliera
macula tin, in which the marking was very abnormal. He also
showed living larvae of Polyploca ridensj Ectropis consojiaria, and
Boaniiia r/to)iiboidaria [geniniaria).
64
It was remarked that R. phlaeas was notably scarce this year, so
far.
Mr, Palmer exhibited a specimen of Melanarqia galathea, with
yellowish ground colour, from Swanage ; an intermediate to ab.
ftava.
Mr. Dennis exhibited an example of Plntella criiciferarum with
its cocoon. In comment, Dr. Cockayne remarked that he had found
the species on a desert island in Russian Lapland on the Murman
coast, where probably the larva had fed on a species of Draba or
Cress. •
Remarks were made as to the occurrence this year of several
migratory species of lepidoptera in number. It was suggested that
the prevalence of the North wind" may have been an aid to such
migration, as it is well known that insects fly against the wind.
JULY 7th, 1928.
Field Mketing — Horsley.
Co7iductor—K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
The route taken was by the footpath along the railway to West
Horsley place, across the Guildford-Leatherhead Road by the
Church, up the Sheepleas to Netley Heath, and back by Chalky
Lane to the " Duke of Wellington," where an excellent tea was
served at 6 o'clock. Thirteen members took part.
Among the Lepidoptera noted were Eplnephele tlthonus, Bepialus
hectua, Toxocauipa 'pastimnii , Plagodis dolabraria, Boarnda repandata,
Comibaena piistidato , Aatheua testaceata {sylrata), Btc.,with\Qjrv&e of the
following \ — Gonepteryx rhatinii, Drepana lacerthiaria, D. falcataria,
D. binaria, Notodonta ziczac, N. chaonia, Sanothripiig rerai/ana,
Pygaera ciutiila, P. pigra, Polyploca fiavicornis^ P. rid ens, Demas
coryli, Gonodonta libatrix, Biston strataria and B. betularia,
Ennomos erosaria, and Acasis viretata. The Lepidopterists, however,
did not have it all their own way ; among Coleoptera worth noting
were the following : — Lucamis cerviis, Cryptocepludus labiatns, Stran-
galia armata, Leptura nielaniira, Ciatela Jiipenis^ and Bytiscus jjopuli,
while some burnt pines produced Salpuigns reyi [ater) in numbers,
Catops fiiiiiatKs and Corticaria elougata and C. fenestralis. Of
* According to my notes the wind (Eastbourne) during later part of May
and until June 8th was as much east as north. — E.A.
Orthoptera Ectobius lappoiiica, Leptophyes punctatusinia, Oniocestus
viridulus and Tetrix bipunctatum put in an appearance. A small
ichneumon, Lissonota errabnnda was noticed flying in numbers up
and down certain oak-trunlis, apparently males awaiting the emer-
gence of the females. Morley does not mention any host for this
species. At a previous meeting of the Society mention was made
of some of the old pine trunks on Netley Heath being riddled with
Sirex burrows. Search was made for these trunks, but though
certain trunks were found riddled with burrows of which the makers
could not be ascertained, they certainly were not Sirex.
JULY 12th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mrs. Maud Stanley- Smith was elected a member.
The President exhibited a hymenopterous parasite bred from a
larva of Synanthedon scoliaeformis. He also showed the three
species of Anarta taken at Rannoch in May, 1928, on the same
ground: A. cordiyera, A. melanopa and A. myrtilli (see p. 62).
Mr. Dennis exhibited photographs of the pupae of Euchloe
cardamines, and stated that, in his experience, the larva did not, as
a rule, pupate, as so repeatedly stated, on a stem of the foodplant,
but upon surrounding objects. The general experience was the
same.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited the Lycaenid, Zizina labradns (phoebe),
one of the commonest wayside butterflies of New Zealand.
Mr. Farmer exhibited a living specimen of Synanthedon myopa«-
formis, a species which was emerging from a hawthorn bush in his
garden in some numbers. The imagines came out on the side upon
which the sun shone and dried their wings very quickly.
Mr. Anderson exhibited an example of Daphnis iierii, taken in
the Isle of Wight at light, after midnight, on September 7th, 1926;
and an aberration of Aylais nrticae taken at Sutton Courtney, in
which the band of the hindwing above was represented by six very
dull and obsolescent orange spots, and on the underside there was
a uniform dark ground without any indication of a band.
Mr. Eagles exhibited living larvae of Ennomos quercinaria
{angular id) and E. erosaria from Horsley, and of Eumorpha elpenor,
from Waltham.
66
Mr. Andrews reported that he had been some weeks on the coast
of Cornwall, where he found Colias croceus and Pyrauieis cardui very
common. The weather was generally very dull, and the wind
strong. His captures of Diptera were disappointing.
JULY 21st. 1928.
Field Meeting — Peaslake.
Conductors — Dr. G. S. Robertson and F. B. Carr.
An excursion was made to the Hurtwood, Peaslake. 'Bus was
taken from Dorking North Station to " The Rookery," beyond
Westcott, where the party got out, the route being through Friday
Street, where the lake was nearly empty owing to re-stocking with
trout and getting rid of the " coarser " fish. A fine patch of
Mimulus liiteus was in flower at the upper end. Shortly before
reaching Friday Street three Cidaria picata, a couple of Asthena
sylvata, and a very dark form of Boarniia repandata were taken, also
several larvae of Eupithecia pidchellata in the fiowers of the fox-
gloves. On leaving Friday Street we took a westerly course through
the woods to Abinger and Holmbury St. Mary, thence on to the
Hurtwood near Peaslake, where Limenitis sibilla were seen in fair
numbers but were rather badly worn. No Eupithecia pusillata
larvae were beaten from the spruce needles, although they were
common on the same date last year, full-fed. The aspens produced
Cerura bifida, Psilura palpina, and Pheosia treunda (dictaea) larvae..
Seven members and friends remained for tea at the Hurtwood Inn
in Peaslake Village.
JULY 26th 1928.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Anderson exhibited four aberrations of Zygaena filipendulae^
bred from Caterham pupae : —
1. L. forewing, all the spots run together, leaving only a small
streak of the ground colour near the base. The R. side normal.
2. L. hindwing with a slight salmon suffusion.
8. The sixth spots very small and ill-developed.
4. All the wings salmon colour.
^37
Mr. Grosvenor discussed the Zygaenids he had bred from ova
laid by females taken at Ste. Baume. He was greatly puzzled as to
the species. The examples bred varied by many gradations from
specimens absolutely 5-spotted to others equally 6-spotted. He
suggested that it might be a race of Z, JiUpendnlae which produced
6-spotted forms.
The Chairman remarked on the advantages of breeding on a
large scale and from many localities. Incidentally, he mentioned
that he had seen Z. filinendulae in his garden at Eltham.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a specimen of the Dipteron, Bomhylins
vtiuor, from Shanklin, I. of Wight, bred from the cells of a bee
Colletes (laviesana, upon which it was a parasite.
Reports were made as to the occurrence, even commonly, of
Litnenitis sihilla in several localities in Surrey, as well as generally
in parts of Sussex. Asthena blomeri had been in profusion in its
well-known locality near Chalfont Road.
AUGUST 9th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr, Barnett exhibited a long series of Boarmia consortaria =
■pnnctinalis taken on trunks of trees near S. Croydon. These included
several of the well-characterised melanic form. Other members
reported the melanic form from near Wellington College, Tilgate,
Byfleet, Maidstone and Oxshott. The form at the last mentioned
locality was noted as getting gradually darker of late years. The
President remarked that it was a Mendelian dominant.
Mr. Step exhibited an example of Manduca {Acherontia) styx,
brought to him from Calcutta where it had come in to light.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited, on behalf of Mrs. Brooks, the eggs of
the lace-wing fly, remarkable as being placed on long thread-like
stalks, which waved in the ait.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited larvae of Chloridea (Heliothis) peltigera,
taken by Mr. A. L. Rayward on the Crumbles at Eastbourne, within
the last few days. He said that this larva had occurred in consider-
able abundance all along the coast from Dungeness to Eastbourne,
in suitable places wherever the Stinking Groundsel (Senecio viscosus)
grew, but had not there been found on any other plant. Along
the banks of the Cuckmere River, however, where this Groundsel
did not grow, it had been taken on Rest-harrow {Ononis arvensis).
68
Several members had met with the larvae of C. {H.) peltifieray
and it was remarked the colour of the larva was very variable.
Some were quite pale green compared with the dark green larvae
exhibited. It was also noted that they could not be induced to feed
on any substitute plant other than that they were taken from. Mr.
Step recorded having found a larva feeding on a banana. The
President said that at Deal he found the larvae on Convolvulus
soldanella, and these were of a beautiful delicate pink. If kept in
close confinement they were inclined to be cannibals.
Mr. Adkin also communicated the following note : —
Moth in Human Ear. — Mr. Robert Adkin said that the following
incident seemed to be so remarkable that he thought it worth
putting on record. An invalid who was sleeping was awakened at
about 2 a.m. by a loud buzzing sound, which became so intolerable
that a nurse who was in attendance was summoned and told by the
patient that a fly had entered her ear while she slept. The nurse,
although somewhat sceptical, poured a quantity of oil into the ear,
and the buzzing gradually died down and ultimately ceased. The
doctor on calling on the following morning made a critical exam-
ination, and said that he could see what appeared to be the leg of
some insect, and some dark object which he thought might be wax.
On syringing the ear with hot water and antiseptic, three attempts
removed nothing, but at the fourth a dark object was driven out
which proved to be, not wax, but a moth. The moth was naturally
in a very stained and battered condition, but a careful examination
left little doubt that it was a specimen of Nomop/iila twctnella, a
species which has been exceedingly abundant on the South Coast
recently and which has come into houses to light in considerable
numbers.
Mr. Dennis exhibited photographs of the specialised hairs of
the newly hatched larvae of Euchlo'e cardamines. These hairs are
tubular, and exude at the tip a globule of moisture, which is very
resistant to evaporation. Similar hairs occur in all stages of the
larva. No suggestion has apparently been made as to their use or
purpose.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited the larvae of Sesia (Macroglossiwi)
stellatariun, found at Wimbledon, feeding on the yellow bedstraw,
Galiiuii verum.
It was reported that Metachrostis [BryopJnla) perla was much
more common than usual this year at Blackheath. Ruuiicia pJdaeas
was said to be very scarce this season ; those seen being very dark.
I
69
AUGUST 23rd, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited both sexes of the remarkable American
ArgyimiK diana, a classical example of the most highly developed
Sexual Dimorphism. The males have the upper surface of both
wings deep black-brown, with a broad marginal border of fulvous,
interrupted on the forewings by rays of the dark colour along the
nervures, separating dark spots. The females are of a rich bluish-
black, with three rows of almost parallel large bluish spots, the
outer ones being almost white. The species is confined to the
Appalachian Region of N. America ; and is the largest and most
magnificent of the American Argynnids.
The President exhibited Cleora {Boarmia) repandata bred from
Rannoch larvae, the small, local, Scotch race ; and larvae of Ayrotis
rijme from the sand dunes near Deal, feeding on Convolvulus
soldanella.
Mr. Eagles exhibited living larvae, of Stauropus fagi, beaten
from hornbeam at Epping, and now feeding on beech ; young larvae
of Euphyia [Cidaria) silaceata, feeding on Enchanter's Nightshade,
of Cilix glaucata on hawthorn ; and ova of Ennomos erosaria.
Mr. 0. R, Goodman stated that the helice form of Colian croceus
was very abundant in Algeria in the early summer of 1927.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the three recognised species of
Ma7idnca = Acherontia, M. lachesis, M. atropos and A/, styx ; and
pointed out that M. lachpsis was the large robust species with very
darkly marked hindwings, while the other two were alike in having
hindwings without any dark marking on the basal half. The first
two species might be readily separated by the undersides of the
abdomen, which in M. styx was almost or quite devoid of mesial
spots, while in M. atropoa these were always well developed into
stripes. The distribution of M. lachesis was, " China, N. and S.
India and Ceylon, eastwards to the Southern Moluccas (Ceram,
Amboina) " ; that of M. styx was " Indo-Malay sub-region as far
north as Japan, eastward to Ceram," and that of M. atropos, " the
whole of the Aethiopian Region, the Palaearctic Region as far north
as the Shetland and Lofoden Islands ; eastward to Transcaucasia
and North Persia, westwards to the Azores." There seems to be
little aberrational or racial variation in the species. In M. styx the
specimens from the Malay Peninsula, the Archipelago, China and
70
Japan have the russet colouring of the forewings absent or obsolescent,
and have been named sub.-sp. crathis by Rothschild.
He also exhibited specimens of the Micro-lepidopteron Gelechia
7nalvellay together with the larvae feeding on the seeds of the
Hollyhock, Althaea rosea, a plant belonging to the order Malvaceae.
For many years he had expected to find the larvae, but not until
the present season was he successful and that in his own garden.
In his recent new edition, Meyrick had erected a new genus,
Platyedra, for half a dozen species, the larvae of which all feed on
seeds of Malvaceae. We have one other species of this small genus
in this country, viz., P. vilella, the larvae of which feed on the
common mallow, Malva sylvestris. Two examples of P. vilella were
exhibited. The most conspicuous member of this restricted genua
is the well known pest of the cotton plant, P. gossypiella. It may
be remembered that the cotton plant is one of the Malvacea*
(Mallows). There is a good distinguishing character between these
two obscurely marked species in that P. vilella has a black dot
towards the base of the inner margin of the forewing. Meyrick
says that the half a dozen species of the genus all occur around the
Mediterranean region ; he also says both the British species are
local. There is a very beautiful figure of the larva of /'. malvella in
the famous work of Fischer von Roslerstamm, 1838 ?.
In Mr. Turner's box was an example of the Tortrix, Laspeyresia
(Stiymonota) pallifroiitaiia, a rare and very local species attached to
the wild Astray alas glycyphyllos (the milk vetch), on the seed-podg
of which the larvae fed. He had never met with the species wild
and would be pleased of any information as to the locality of the
food-plant. He knew of one where the larva had been met with
near Guildford, and another where the insect was not to be found.
The species was not included in the Entomoloyist List ; it is a more
or less recent addition to the British fauna. C. G. Barrett says,
Lep. Brit. Is., XL, " It was discovered as an inhabitant of this
country in the year 1887 by Mr. Wm. Warren, among specimens
captured by Mr. Wm. Thompson, of Stony Stratford, Bucks. Since
then it has been found in Sussex by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher; in Surrey
by Mr. H. J. Turner ; in Herefordshire by Mr. Hutchinson ; and in
Cambs. by Mr. Warren."
71
SEPTEMBER 13th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Mera exhibited a cabinet drawer with species of Dianthoeeia
(British), and pointed out the North Cornwall form of D. nana
(conspersa) with orange spots, some of the dark forms quite compar-
able with the Shetland form known as ochraea ; a banded specimen
of D. carpophaga, generally considered verj'' rare ; a series of the
white forms from Sussex, known as imllida^ ochraea-palliiia and
fusca •pallida.
Mr. Witting exhibited an example of Polyomniatiin coridon with
a very dark underside, which was of the form send-obsoleta^ from
the Isle of Wight.
Dr. Bull exhibited bred melanic examples of Boannia roboraria
from East Sussex, which were quite comparable with the Essex
form ; and an example of homoeosis in Semiothisa notata, in which
a portion of the forewing pattern was reproduced on the L. hind-
wing, which was small.
The President remarked tbat the former had been reported from
both Herts and Surrey, and that some species were more prone to
homoeosis than others. It had been more frequently observed in
Arctic caja^ Coenonyiuplia pampJiiliifi and Semiothisa notata.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited series of D. carpophaga from various
British localities, and said that the prior name of this species was
Uplda of Esper, that of the genus was now said to be Harmodia.
Mr. B. D. Molesworth, a visitor, exhibited a specimen of Catocala
electa taken at Hoddesdon, settled on a window in early morning,
September 15th, 1927. The species has only twice before been taken
in England, and this was by Vine, at sugar in the neighbourhood of
Brighton, September 24th, 1875 (" Ent." VIII. 282), and by
Bankes at Corfe Castle on September 22th, 1892 (" Ent." XXVI.
86).
Mr. MacKenny-Hughes reported that he had been experimenting
with the larvae of Selenia hilnnaria under an excess of the ultra-
violet rays, and had found the rays utterly fatal to development
and life.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a short series of Slmaethis pariana.
He said that in 1926 he received the specimens exhibited from his
friend Mr. Huggins, who had obtained them near Faversham. He
had regarded it as a rather good species, for although the larva was
72
known to feed on both apple and hawthorn, it was not often that
one met with it. He had, however, just heard from Prof. Theobald
that in certain districts in Kent it had been causing very consider-
able damage in the apple orchards, over a hundred acres of trees
being " browned " by hordes of the larvae. The damage was
caused, not so much to the present crop of fruit, but by the larvae
webbing over and devouring the leaves, thus impoverishing the tree,
and so reducing its fruiting capabilities for the following year.
Mr. Adkin also exhibited "Cherry Galls" on oak leaves, with
which he said a small oak bush growing in one of the woods near
Eastbourne was practically covered. He referred to the very inter-
esting account of the maker of this gall, Dryophanta scutellaris, and
its connection with that of the " Purple Velvet-Bud Gall,"
Spathegaster taschenhenjiy given in Alder and Straton's " Alternating
Generations," pp. 60-64, and in Connold's " British Oak Galls."
Mr. A. Bliss exhibited the living larvae of Pheosia trenuda
(dictaea) ; Pygaera ciirtula, light brown in colour ; Gonodontis
bideiitata, the very dark and light forms ; and Calocalpe (Encosmia)
undidata.
Mr. Palmer reported Colias croceus as very common around
Shoreham, Sussex, where the helice form was also observed. Reports
were made of its occurrence in many parts of the S. of England,
but it appeared to be particularly common along the eastern
portion of the south coast.
The President exhibited a bred series of Nonagria geminipuncta
from E. Sussex, including five specimens of the black form ab. fuscai
Tutt. Eighty in all were bred.
These black forms, it was pointed out, represent about 6% of the
population of the locality.
SEPTEMBER 27th, 1928.
The Pkesident in the Chair.
Mr. E. Step exhibited two examples of the Indian water-bug
(Belostoma iudica), received from his son in Calcutta, where they
had been attracted indoors by light. He called attention to the faot
that one specimen had the left elytron crossed over the right,
reversing the normal folding of these organs. On behalf of Mr.
Turner, Mr. Step exhibited the young stage of the tinder bracket
fungus, Fomes fnnientariiis, found at Effingham on a dead blackthorn
stem.
78
Mr. Farmer recorded the fact that Polyo)in)iati(s icanis at Seaford
and Banstead, and Colias crocens (e'htsa) at Seaford, were exceed-
ingly abundant on the third day after the very severe gale of August
14th, whereas he had seen neither species before. Both var. heliee
and Colias hyale were seen. He also showed larvae, of Hadena
oleracea on Chenopodium, Bistoii [AiiijiliidaKh) betidaria on michael-
mas daisy, and a very red-chocolate coloured larva of F.uplexia
Incipara.
Mr. Grosvenor exhibited Zyyaenidae in illustration of his paper.
Dr. Bull exhibited living larvae of Calliuiorplia do)iunida, from a
damp locality near Winchester, feeding on the water avens [Genm
rlvale). It was remarked that for the wintering period they should
be kept in a roomy cage with plenty of dead sycamore leaves.
Mr. A. Bliss exhibited a scorpion found among grape-fruit from
New York ; also larvae of Plagodu dolabraria and Acronicta leporina,
the yellow form.
Mr. Barnett exhibited an extreme example of fasciation of the
flower stem in the ragwort {Senecio jacohaea) ; two forms of Kmatnrya
atoiiiaria, the heather and the grass form, including an aberration
in which one of the transverse lines was not present ; and a series
of Ptychopoda rnsticata.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited ab. conjuncta of Zyyaena fHipendulae^
also a preserved larva ; a Z. tvifoUi with confluent markings, and a
Z. ineliloti, with a preserved larva.
Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor read a short paper " The five and six-
spotted Zygaenas : A Comparison." (See subsequent report of Ann.
Exhibition, p. 82).
A short discussion took place.
OCTOBER 11th, 1928.
The Prksident in the Chair.
Mr. B. D. H. Kettlewell and Mr. J. A. Thompson, of Caius College,
Cambridge, and Mr. Cliftbrd Wells, of Crowthorne, were elected
members.
The President exhibited a living larva of Heliothis Hcntosa from
Austria: its food in nature was a species of Artemisia, on the
flowers and seeds of which it fed. In the absence of this it had
fiaten some Chenopodium. slightly.
Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited specimens of Kpinepliele tithonns, from
74
the Lizard, Cornwall, 1928, with others from Dartmoor and S.E.
England for comparison. The specimens from the Lizard were
dull, with the black spot on forewings small and the white dots
therein inclined to become obsolete. There was one pale variety.
The Dartmoor specimens were bright coloured with the black spot
large and the white dots therein pronounced ; extra black spots,
some with a white dot, showing on both fore and hindwings.
Those from S.E. England were the typical form. He also exhibited
an almost black variety of Aiujynnia cydippe {adippe), captured by
himself in Windsor Forest on June 14th, 195i8, with a mass of
beautiful green silvering beneath.
Mr. Buckstone exhibited a large cocoon found on a hawthorn
bush. It was considered to be that of Dicranura vinnla.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a living Cassidid beetle, Metriona
bicolor, F., found in a box of apples from Virginia. This beetle
exhibits a striking change of colour when living. At times it wnll
be of a uniform strongly metallic golden colour (in America a
popular name for it is the 'gold bug '), at others the thorax will
appear greenish-golden, the elytra purplish red, with a bluish or
purple opalescence. In both cases the explanate margins of both
thorax and elytra remain almost colourless and transparent. The
latter colour appears to be assumed when the beetle is active, walking
about or attempting to fly, and the golden colour when at rest or
sluggish. The change takes place within a few minutes, the dorsal
area first assuming the golden hue, which then spreads to the lateral
areas, leaving for a while the basal half of the 7th interval red,
finally this too becomes golden uniformly with the rest.
This change of colour has long been known, being referred to by
T. W. Harris, *' Insects of Massachusetts," 1841. This author states
that it lives u["on the leaves of " morning glory ; sweet potato and
bittersweet."
After death, the brilliancy usually disappears completely, the
whole insect becoming a dirty yellow colour.
Mr. Tonge exhibited imagines of the 2nd brood of Cidaria
(Orthonavia) liynata {vittata). The larvae came from Wicken Fen
and fed on the yellow bedstraw, Galium veriuii. The imagines were
very small. It was remarked that the second brood in Scotland
also were very small.
Mr. Step exhibited the humble-bee {Bojubiis teirestris), with ita
attendant mites. When observing the insect visitors to the flower-
heads of Devil's-bit, on Wimbledon Common, the rusty appearance
75
of the bee had attracted attention, and a closer inspection showed
that it was due to the sides and lower parts being crowded with the
mites. On putting the bee into the cyanide bottle, the mites dropped
off at once, and about a hundred of them were shaken out on a
gummed card, as exhibited. They are a species of Gamasiis, closely
allied to, if not the same as, that found on the beetles, Geotrtipes
stercorarins, Aphodiiis and some of the Necrophori.
The idea long prevalent was that the mites were parasites upon
the insects ; and so recently as 1876, Van Beneden, in his Animal
Farasites, says of those found upon Bees : *' Bees .... have
a mortal enemy, an acarus, which attaches itself to them, not in
order to gain some advantage from them, but to cause their death.
It is not so much a parasite as an assassin, and we may be excused
from describing it."
The truth is that the mites are messmates, in the case of the
beetles acting as scavengers, and on the bees probably subsisting
upon the abundant pollen which clings to the ventral hairs.
The President exhibited preserved larvae of Cabera piimria and C.
exantkemata, and read the following note : —
" My exhibit consists of a series of eleven preserved larvae of
Cabera pnaaria and the same number of C. ed-ant/ieniata, to illustrate
my notes on the chief differences between the larvae of these two
species. The only unusual larva is the exanthemata with a very
thick lateral stripe on the thoracic somites on the right side and a
thin one on the left side.
*' I. Larvae with green ground colour; distribution of red on
dorsum.
(1) In pusaria there is a strong tendency for the red markings on
the dorsum to form a continuous line on the thoracic somites even
in the larvae with little red on them.
"In exanthemata this area is unmarked with red in lightly marked
specimens.
'* In heavily marked pusaria there is a broad deep red thoracic
blotch, whereas in exanthemata this area tends to remain light
coloured, and in the darkest examples is only sufi'iised or speckled
with pink or red.
*' (2) In the most lightly marked exanthemata the only red mark-
ings are on the middle somites ; in pusaria on the anterior or on
the anterior and posterior somites.
" II. Distribution of lateral red markings.
(3) In all except the most lightly marked larvae of exanthemata
76
the spiracular line is formed of pink, purplish, or red blotches on all
the somites, and there may be a suffusion of a lighter shade of one
of these colours between the blotches and upwards towards the sub-
dorsal line.
** In pusaria there is no dark spiracular line in the majority, and
even in those most heavily marked it is only indicated faintly on the
thoracic and last three abdominal somites.
"III. Shape of the red dorsal markings on the abdominal somites.
(4) I'lisaria. At the anterior end of each somite there is a small
red central dot, or a larger one with a small one on each side of it.
At the posterior end of each somite there is a red central dot which
has a tendency to spread laterally and forwards, but with little
tendency to form a continuous subdorsal line. The red mark in
such insects is a rectangle with its short axis in the long axis of the
larva or it is roughly triangular. There may be another dot on
each side of this red mark, which is never fused with it.
" Exanthemata. At the anterior end of the somite there is a red
dot in the centre with a smaller dot on each side. These three dots
are never united, and even in the pinkest larvae the space between
them remains a lighter colour than the rest of the ground colour.
In some of the brown larvae the space between shows up as two
white specks. On the posterior end of the somite the red or purple
marks are usually two subdorsal cones with the apices pointing
forwards. There may be a very thin central line, and continuous
subdorsal lines may run from the apices of the series of cones.
" IV. Larvae with brown ground colour.
(5) In pusaria the ground colour may be red -brown, grey- brown
or chocolate, but the colour is uniform all over. There are two
conspicuous white dots on the anterior end and two on the posterior
end of all or nearly all the somites. These sometimes occur also
on the most heavily marked larvae with a green ground colour, and
in these it can be seen that the dots lie just outside the lateral
dorsal dots and not as in exantheniata between the central and
lateral dots.
" In exanthemata the spiracular line and dorsal markings are
darker than the rest, so that there are lighter brown areas on the
dorsum shaped rather like a tulip with a short stalk directed
towards the posterior end of the larva.
" There is a central row of white dots on the ventral surface of
pusaria, and none in exanthemata ; but I am not sure how constant
this is.
00
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a*
36
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c
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■77
li' . ,
" V. Ground colour. i
(6) In exanthemata there is 8u*form with a white ground colour,
which does not, so far as I know, occur in jnisaria.
'* VI. Food-plant.
(7) I believe that all larvae on birch are pnsaria and all on sallow
are exanthemata. (On alder and aspen both species are found.)
No doubt there are occasional exceptions to this general statement."
The President then read a short paper from our fellow member
Mr. T. A. M. Nash, who is now in Tanganyika Territory.
Notes on the Habits of Brachytrypex membranaceus. Kikorie,
KoNDOA Iraugi District, Tanganyika Territory. — On March 28th,
1928, when walking along a native path early in the morning, my
attention was attracted by a very penetrating stridulation that
sounded in the distance like bagpipes. Investigation showed the
cause of the noise to be Brachytrypex membranaceus, a cricket of very
large size, which was sitting outside a small tunnel which opened on
one face of a small heap of earth ; the insect was stridulating
violently, the tegmina being raised above the abdomen at an angle
of about 30" ; the left tegmen is kept under the right during the
process of stridulation. A tremendous volume of sound is produced
by the file of one tegmen vibrating against the scraper of the other;
each tegmen bears one file and one scraper, as is typical of the
Gryllidae. It was observed that while stridulating, the labium
moves backwards and forwards, as if keeping time to the rising and
falling of the notes, and ceasing to move on the cessation of the
noise.
Often, previously, piles of earth had been noticed near the path,
but they had been dismissed as the work of a small species of mole,
from their unusually large size. Examination of the tunnels, from
the earth heaps outside, proved very difficult, owing to the crumbling
nature of the soil. Only one home was successfully investigated, so
that the following observations are based upon one excavation
only ; however, in all other cases where investigation was attempted,
there was no indication that the habits differed from those described.
Each cricket constructs two tunnels which open on the surface,
each is under the lee of one of the two earth heaps thrown up ;
these mounds are relatively huge, when the small size of the worker
is taken into consideration. The mouth of the tunnel, near which
the cricket stridulates, can only be described as the front door;
from this a passage leads down to a neatly hoUowed-out cavity
which acts as a living room. From this one passage runs up
78
obliquely to a point nearly a yard away from the *' front door,'*
opening to the surface, at the foot of the second mound of earth,
but on the side of it remote from the " front door." This would
appear to serve as an emergency exit, for while digging near the
entrance hole, the cricket was observed, only just in time, to be
escaping by this hole. The position of the back door on the far
side of a relatively huge heap of earth, would render the occupant's
escape almost certain to meet with success, as the small rodent, or
whatever preys upon this insect, besides being probably engrossed
in its excavations, could not see over the top of the far mound.
From the living room another passage branches off, but this time
in an ahnost vertical direction downwards. This also opens into a
small chamber,, which was filled with mouldy excreta, and seemed
to serve the purpose of a lavatory. From this room a horizontal
tunnel ran off for a couple of feet, and opened into the last chamber,
which contained a few blades of grass chopped into small lengths.
Without knowing more about the feeding habits of this insect, it
would be unsafe to state what this last chamber is used for ; possibly
it serves the purpose of a dining room. Should grass form a major
part of this insect's food, then it is possible to conceive that it takes
a small supply down to this chamber, and eats it during the day
time.
The insect is nocturnal in its habits, and is usually only seen
early in the morning, after rain, when it appears to be fond of
stridulating. Often, however, the dead bodies of Rrachytrypex
meiiibra)iaceiis^ are found in the path, having apparently met with
some disaster during the night, when they left their homes in search
of food.
A curious point was, that in no case were both male and female
found in the same home. They appear to copulate outside their
burrows, during the night, and afterwards, each to return to his or
her own home. Sometimes a male would be excavated from its
home, and sometimes a female, but never male and female from the
same burrow. The living room was about 1^ ft. down, and the lowest
room about 3^ feet.
In conclusion, it would be advisable to say, that not nearly enough
burrows were excavated, to enable one to say that what has just
been described, is always the case ; however, it certainly was the
case in one perfect excavation, and appeared to be the case in several
others. It is an extremely difficult matter investigating the burrows
of insects that go .so deep in a loose, sandy soil. There is also much
79
trouble in finding two isolated earth-heaps, so as to ensure that one
is working in the same house all the time, as often one will see
seven or eight mounds, all close together.
I am indebted to the British Museum for the identification of this
insect. (Plate III.)
OCTOBER, 25th 1928.
Annual Exhibition.
As usual now, there was no formal business, and exhibits were
placed on tables. A large number of members and their friends
were present, and another very successful annual feature of the
Society was recorded.
Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited a large number of series of Co-s/z/otncA*
(Odoneatis) potatoria, from various localities in Britain.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited the following British Lepidoptera : —
Acidalia (Sterrha) laevigata, the new British Geometer (See
"Entom." 1927, p. 222), bred September, 1928, by Prof. J. W.
Heslop Harrison ; Heliothu peltigera, bred September, 1928, from
wild-taken Eastbourne larvae.
And on behalf of Mr. R. Armstrong Adkin, a rare and local form
of British Land Mollusc, Helix aspersa var. exalbida, taken near
Eastbourne in 1928.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited the British species of Bouibyliidae
(Diptera).
Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited his collection of British Teleplioridae
and Longicornia (Coleoptera).
Mr. E. J. Bedford exhibited a specimen of Colias palaeno, L.,
captured by Master H. S. Fuller in a valley of the Downs near
Lewes, in July, 1923, during his first season's collecting. It was
caught on Sunday by means of a straw hat.
Mr. K. G. Blair, on behalf of Mr. F. Laing exhibited a Gall on
Heath {Erica tetralix) produced by an Eriophyid mite ; a newly
described white fly (Aleyrodes) on Rhododendron, and Dimorphs of
a Japanese Aphid on Maple.
Mr. Bowman exhibited a specimen of a large Saturniid moth
picked up alive in Blackwall Lane, London, E.
Miss Winifred M. A. Brooke exhibited drawings of the eggs of
various insects, and of their progressive stages in hatching.
80
Mr. A. W. Buckstone exhibited the following hybrids of British
Lepidoptera : — (1) Pygaera curtula g x P. lyigra J . (2) Nysaia
zonaria J X Apocheima hispidaria ? . (3) Nyssia zonaria g x Lycia
hirtaiia $ . (4) Lycia hirtaria g X Nyssia zonaria $ , and (5)
Ennomns autiuiinaria $^ x K. quercinaria ? .
Dr. G. V. Bull exhibited two xanthic aberrations of Brenthis
euphrosyue, and two others heavily marked, all from E. Sussex in
1928 ; with a short series of Ort/iolitha mucronata [palumharia)
from Rannoch, 1927-8.
Mr. Bushby exhibited the following living specimens : — the West
African land-crab [Cardisotna annatnm), which frequents the shores
of streams and burrows in the sand. The bright colouring of the
young forms does not survive in the adults, which are of a uniform
yellowish-grey. They are omnivorous.
The fat-tailed Scorpion [Androctoniis sp.) ; a native of the Algerian
and Tunisian regions of Africa.
The green-mottled mantis (Blepharis mendica) ; found on scrubby
growths in desert regions of Algeria. It is said to feed on a small
cricket. An immature form.
The bird-eating spider {Grannnostola longimanus). This species is
a native of Brazil. It is able to inject poison through its fangs
into its victims. The body-hairs are finely barbed and can penetrate
deeply into the flesh of one's fingers, causing swelling and stiffness
which lasts for several weeks. The supposition that active adult
birds are caught remains to be proved. It is possible that nestling
birds are sought out and eaten.
Larvae of Antherea eucalypti {SatHrniidae)^ of New South Wales;
a relation of the Tussore Silk Moth (Antlierea viylitta)^ of India.
The hard egg-shaped cocoon, also, was exhibited.
The black-bellied Tarantula {Lycosa narhonnensis). This, and
some allied species, occur in stony regions in South France, Spain,
Algeria, etc. They live in self-dug burrows. The eggs are contained
in a silken sac carried by the female who, during September, brings
it to the mouth of the burrow and holds it up to the warmth of the
sun to aid the hatching. On emerging the large family of youngsters
climb to the mother's back and remain there for several months, as
seen in this specimen.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited preserved larvae of Heliothis
pelt iy era.
Mr. B. H. Crabtree exhibited remarkable aberrations of Arctia
caja^ chiefly from Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cheshire.
81
Mr. H. L. Dolton exhibited a series of Chrysoclista linneella,
taken at Reading, where it has been very plentiful this year ; and
an aberration of Rmnicia phlaeaa in which the right forewing is
mostly white.
Mr. F. W. McDonald exhibited a large number of Molluscs and a
case of corals.
Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited series of Chrysophanus dhpar subsp.
rutihis ; also subsp. hatavus. The former were from Capt. Purefoy's
Irish Colony and the latter from the colony in Wood Walton Fen.
The exhibit was on behalf of the Committee for the Protection of
British Lepidoptera.
Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited a large number of Exotic
Coleoptera.
Mr. Fidgeon exhibited the heads of two Wild Boars.
Mr. L. T. Ford exhibited two species of Tortrix showing similar
range of variation : Peronea contaminana and P. caudana.
Mr. Thomas Greer exhibited the following Lepidoptera from
Northern Ireland, counties Tyrone, Derry, etc.
Pieris naf>i. — A series of the spring brood with undersides ;
summer brood, three specimens with diaphanous hindwings.
Eucliloe cardannnes. — A series of named aberrations, ab. dispila,
ab. radiata, ab. ivilliamsi, and ab. ochraea.
yielitaea aurinia. — A bred series; Co. Tyrone, 1928.
Kpinephele jiirtina. — A series of upper and undersides and ab.
addenda : Co. Tyrone.
Coenonympha tiphon. — From Lough Neagh district, June, 1928.
In this locality the species is being rapidly exterminated through
the drainage of its haunts on the bogs.
Coenonympha patuphilna. — Series of undersides showing the range
of variation. Co. Tyrone. ^
Aylau urticae. — A specimen with inner margins suffused with
black scales: Co. Derry, August, 1928.
P(dy(»iniiatii}( icarus. — A series from a restricted locality among
the hills of Co. Tyrone at 700 feet, including a ^ with red spots
on margins of hindwings above ; 2 s with red marginal lunules
band-like ; $ s with red lunules almost absent ; $ s all blue ; under-
.si(/^s a number of ab. irarinus; postico-obsoleta, one near obsoleta ;
heavily spotted forms, one ab. excessa ; a streaked form, etc., Co.
Tyrone, July, 1928. A short series from the coast of Co. Derry,
July, 1928, for comparison.
Aporophyla nigra. — Coast of Co. Derry, September, 1928.
82
Plusia pulchrina and Plnsia interro(jationis. — A short series of
each from Co. Tyrone.
EnUpkria fJavicinctata. — Co. Antrim, where the imago is very
conspicuous when resting on a red Triassic sandstone ; August,
1928.
Perizoma hlandiata. — Coast of Co. Antrim, June, 1928.
Mrs. Olive Grey exhibited two Trapdoor Spider nests from
Jamaica, and the " Blue Ant " (Diamma bicolor), from Australia.
Mr. Grosvenor exhibited long series of 5- and 6-spotted Burnets
[Zygaena) in three sets.
1. A race of Z. fHipendulae (stoechadu) from the South of France,
producing regularly 5- and 6-spotted forms.
2. Local races of filipendulae {stoechadis) , lonicerae, angelicaey
carniolica and trayisalpina, showing a greater divergence of form
among aberrations of a given species, than between species and
species.
3. A race of the genus, species unknown, bred from imagines
taken by Mr. Hugh Main at Blanes near Barcelona, Spain.
This exhibit was accompanied by very full notes of the details
concerning each race or colony.
Mr, C. N. Hawkins exhibited a case of preserved larvae of British
Lepidoptera.
Dr. Lionel Higgins exhibited a number of butterflies collected by
himself in Styria ; several species being from the original localities
where the species were first discovered.
Mr. F. W. J. Jackson exhibited Colias croceus, taken in 1928, with
three of the form helice, and a gynandromorph, R. fore- wing ? ,
L. forewing and R. hindwing ^ , L. hindwing mixed in marking.
Mr. Chas. Jarvis exhibited European and Exotic Coleoptera.
Prionidae, Ceraxihycidae and Lamiidae).
Mr. B. D. H. Kettlewell exhibited the following migratory species
from South Devon. Leucania vitellina, (2) 1926-1928. Leucania
unipimcta, (2) 1926-1928. Heliothu avmigera, (4) 1926, (3) 1928,
(1). La'phygma exigua, a long series, 1926. C. croceus var. helicej
series, 1928. Heliothis peltigera, 1926, and a series of Bryophila
muralis var impar from Cambridge.
A bred series of Dianthoecia luteago subsp. barrettii from four
different places on the Devon and Cornish coasts showing local
variations.
A brood of Coscinia cribriim showing how 3 imagines emerged in
April, 1928, while larvae of the same brood remain as if in aestivation
^ 83
throughout the summer and were exhibited as larvae (half grown)
along with the imagines already bred.
Mr. Kimmins exhibited series of British " snake-flies," Wiaphidicu
Col. F. A. Labouchere exhibited examples of Chnjsophanus dispar
and the subsp. rntilns and subsp. batavus.
Mr. H. A. Leeds exhibited a large number of British Lepidoptera
all captured wild in 1928. The specimens included Colias crocens,
examples showing gradation in the number of spots ; Aphantopus
hyperantus ab. arete^ one with a pale patch crossed by a black streak ;
Adopaea fiava ab. obscura ; Plebeins argus (aegon), variously bordered,
pale areas on wings, absence of blue, smoky underside, and specimens
of multiple aberration ; ( Joenonympka p<i)iiphilas, veined and streaked ;
P. medon ab. obsoleta ; Folyotnmatus icariis, many multiple aberrations
including one with border lunules of f.w. extensive, pale golden ;
P. coridon, also many multiple aberrations.
Mr. R. M. Long exhibited aberrations of Smerinthns ocellatay
Mimas tiliae, Cosniotriche potatoria, Abraxas grossulariata from wild
larvae, Earnicia phlaeas, Aglais urticae, Dryas paphia and Eranni&
[Hybernia) marginaria.
Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited drawings of the following naiads o£
eight British Paraneuroptera (Dragonflies), with details : — Gomphua
vulgatissimns, Linn., Cordulegaster annulatas, Latr., Brachytron
pratense, Miill., Anax imperator. Leach, Aeschna grandis, Linn.,
Calopieryx splendens, Harris, Lestes sponsa, Hans., Erythromma
naias, Hans.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited several nests of exotic bees and wasps.
Mr. F. H. Murphy exhibited the nest of a Reed Warbler.
Mr. R. M. Prideaux exhibited a few recent captures of Colia»
croceus, including var. helice, from West Kent.
Mr. C. G. Priest exhibited a varied bred series of Mimas tiliae, a
series of varied Coenonympha painphiius, and a specimen of C. croceus^
taken September 17th at Dorking.
Mr. Percy Richards exhibited a large number of aberrations of
British Rhopalocera including — Aphantopus hyperantus ; ab. caeca,
Blean Wd., 1928, and 1 ab. lanceolata ; Aglais urticae ab. polaris ;
Argynnis aglaia, Dryas paphia ab. valezina, the spots emphasised
and forming a band on the hindwing, and the silver streak
uninterrupted ; Pyranieis cardui, bred in 1928 ; Melitaea athalia,
Colias croceus, an unusually large <^ , 2 lemon coloured ^ s and 1
$ , 2 ab. pallida ; Epinephele jurtina, E. tithonus, Polyommatus-
icarus, dwarf J s, a blue suffused ? , and varied underside <^ s ;
84
Plebeiiis ar<jHs {ae(jon), Lycaenopsis arginlus, Hamcaris lucma, Adopaea
fiava {linea), A. lineola, with nearly black hind-wings ; and
Polyommatus thetis.
He also showed a case containing about 180 preserved larvae,
painted in many instances, the colours being matched with living
specimens.
A case containing 65 specimens of Rumicia phlaeasy from Bexley
Heath, 1928, including many aberrations, several with pear-shaped
spots ; and forms approaching eleus ; and an asymmetrical specimen
possibly a gynandromorph.
A case containing 38 specimens of Coenonympha pamphilus from
Bexley Heath and Eynsford comprising very dark bordered forms ;
others chocolate, very light, and one with 1 pure white forewing ;
and other interesting forms.
Mr. J. E. H. Roberts exhibited 12 species of living naiads of
British dragonflies, and a series of the same preserved.
Lord Rothschild exhibited 3 drawers containing an almost
complete collection of Australian Cos.s/^iae including many preserved
larvae.
Mr. and Mrs. Castle-Russell exhibited some remarkable aberrations
of the following species taken or bred by the exhibitors during
the season 1928 : — Rumicia (Heodes) phlaeas, Polyommatus [AgriaJes)
coridon, P. thetis {hellargim) ^ Polyommatus icarus^ Pieris napt,
Brenthis euphrosyne, B. selene^ Melitaea cinxia, M. athalia, Pararge
niegera, Epinephele jiirtiva, E. tithoiius, Aphantopns hyperant^iSy
Coenonympha painphilus ; a.nd a cabinet drawer containing aberrations
of Aphautopus hyperantiis from the exhibitors' collection.
Miss F. Tomlinson exhibited needlework representations of
Lepidoptera and other insects.
Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited obsolete forms of Polyommatus coridon
^ from East Kent, and Laphygma exigua and Heliothis peltigera
from Reigate.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited 2 cases containing life-histories of
some twenty species of British Coleophora (Micro-lep.).
Mr. Clifford Wells exhibited gynandrous Pleheius argus (aegofi),
and aberrations of (^olias croceus and Brenthis selene.
Mr. A Granville White exhibited a large number of Colias croceus^
with form helice ; and living larvae from ova laid by the helice. He
also shewed four volumes of hand-coloured plates by Rosel von
Rosenhof, 1746-1760.
85
Mr. C. H. Williams exliibited a collection of aberrations of
Folyommatns coridon and Abraxas (jroasnlariata.
Dr. H. B. Williams, exhibited four Heliuthis peltitjera, bred from
Eastbourne, September, 1928, and a preserved larva; $ ? of the
Sussex race of Cosniotriche {Odonestis) potatoria, with an Esher 2
for comparison ; a melanic race of Boarmia roboraria, from N.E.
Surrey, with New Forest $ for comparison ; Dianthoecia caesia,
from the Isle of Man, 1928, and a form of Gnophos obscurata, also
from the Isle of Man, 1928, of similar coloration, with examples
from Oxshott, Folkestone, and Lewes for comparison ; Coenonympha
pauiphilus, ab., from Eastbourne, August, 1928, and a $ of Pararge
yneyera, with central area suffused, from the same place ; a series of
Xantlda fulvago, bred from Glasgow District, 1928, showing con-
siderable variation and including two ab. flavescens.
Mr. H. Worsley-Wood exhibited a series of Bryophila muralisy
race impai\ Warren, taken at Cambridge, 1928 ; Ceppliu (Epione)
advenaria with dark median band, referable to ab. fasciata.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a large number of living insects,
scorpions, etc.
NOVEMBER 8th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a modified form of his sub-terrarium
to accommodate small underground larvae. It consisted of a
straight-sided tumbler with two sheets of glass cut to fit inside,
kept apart by a small piece of wood at the base, with the space
between them filled with earth, or sawdust. The two outer spaces
could contain a small amount of earth to allow of moisture being
applied when necessary.
Mr. Turner exhibited two extremely small examples of butterflies :
one, Folyonniiatnti icarua from icariniis, measuring only 20mm.,
(normal 29-38mm.) ; the other a female Flebeius aeyon {argits)
measuring 18|mm. (normal 27-33mm.). They were both captured
in Macedonia, near Salonika.
Dr. Bull exhibited second-brood examples of the following species :
Brenthis selene, August 8th, 1928, S.E. Kent ; Folyommatns icaruSj
October 1st, 1928, S. E, Kent ; Calothysanis amata{ria), August
23rd, 1928, Sandhurst ; Leucania comma, October 24th, 1928,
86
Sandhurst ; Agrotis exclaniationis^ October 16th, 1928, Sandhurst,
and A. segetum, October 24th, 1928, Sandhurst. Perhaps some were
late examples of extended emergences.
The rest of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of lantern-
slides.
Mr. Hugh Main showed a series of slides dealing with the parasitic
hymenopteron, Methoca ichneiimono'ides, which infested the larva
of the tiger-beetle, Cicindela ; and details of another case of
parasitism, that of the AntJiophora and Andrena bees upon the
larva of the oil-beetle.
Mr. E. Step exhibited slides of Mycetozoa, Reptiliaand Batrachia :
the last class including a portrait of a toad {Bitfo vulgaris) that had
been attacked by dipterous larvae — probably those of Lucilia
bufonivora — which had eaten away the skin closing the nasal
openings, so that immersion in water would probably cause the
death of the toad.
Mr. Robert Adkin showed slides of the eggs of Brenthis enphrosyiie
and Pyrameis cardui, wild laid, in situ ; also of Cydia (Carpocapsa)
poynonella and of apples which had been mined by that species, in
illustration of a paper entitled " Notes on the Life-History of Cydia
(Carpocapsa) ponwnella, L.," which he communicated. (See page
24.)
NOVEMBER 22nd, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. T. F. Perkins, 19, Courtfield Gardens, W. ; Mr. H. W.
Stocken, of Orchard Cottage, W. Byfleet ; Mr. F. W. J. Jackson, of
the Pines, Ashtead, and Mrs. S. G. Castle-Russell, of •* Brockenhurst,"
Reading Rd., Fleet, were elected members.
The President exhibited the living larva of Noctua Jiammatra from
ova obtained from Italy. It was said the colour of the larva was
green, but these while young were black and white with a thin dorsal
line, becoming brown when full grown.
Mr. Newman exhibited ova of Laphygma exigna, from a female
taken in S. Devon.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited examples of the wet and dry season forms
of the S. African Precis octacia, taken within 3 days of one another.
It was reported that both forms occurred in Kenya Colony indis-
87
criminately. The suggestion was made that certain areas remained
under more or less wet conditions throughout the year, while
adjacent areas might be quite dry in the dry season.
Mr. Percy Kichards exhibited a Pyrauieis atalanta taken at rest,
possibly hibernating, in his sitting-room at Bexley.
Dr. F. A. Dixey, M.A. F.R.S., gave an interesting lecture on
" Scent-glands in the Pierinae,'' and showed many lantern-slides
in illustration. (Summary p. 30.)
In the discussion which ensued, the President remarked on the
beauty of the special structures under the microscope ; and said
that, although both sexes have scents in some cases, it was mostly
confined to the females. Dr. Dixey said that in some species there
were two scents, one agreeable and the other disagreeable. They
might be either sexual or protective. Attraction was a necessity.
It was noted that brushes, hairs and special filaments were often
present and applied to the scent glands for the purpose of dissem-
inating the scent. Mr. Newman said that the ova of Eiichloris
vernaria were scented.
-DECEMBER 13th, 1928.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. W. F. Gilles, F.E.S., F.I.C., of Braintree, was elected a
member.
Mr. H. Worsley-Wood exhibited two aberrations of Pieris napi,
with primrose yellow wings due to deficiency or weak pigment in
the upper layer of scales in all four wings. The upper scales were
much twisted, some even hair-like. They were caught in Dumbarton-
shire. Also, an example of ab. pallida of Colias croceus, bred from
an Eastbourne larva, with brownish grey hindwings and no black
border. The black pigment is here altered to brown, and the scales
in both layers are slightly turned upward.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a large number of bred Pieris napi,
part of the proceeds of various crossings with the alpine form
hryoniae, effected by the late Mr. Harrison and himself some twenty
years ago ; and including a number of very interesting forms.
Mr. Newman exhibited bred series of P. napi, from Ireland.
There were twenty seven of his pupae which were bright yellow in
colour.
88
Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited a P. mi/n with white underside of the
hindwing, and another with the upper spot on the forewing much
reduced in size ; also some yellowish Scotch forms, some rich
yellow Irish ones, and some very dark Irish forms.
Dr. Bull exhibited a ^ Pieris hrassicac, unusually small, from
Herts ; another from Rannoch, unusually large ; $ P. rafiae with
the two spots on the forewing almost joined by black scales, and
another 2 with very small spots ; S^ P. napi with transparent
forewiugs and the underside pattern of hindwings on the upperside,
and a $ very heavily marked.
Mr. Buckstone exhibited $ P. napi, yellow forms, banded forms
and one with ground colour greenish, a ^ with two discal spots on
the forewing, and several of both sexes with much emphasised
markings. All were bred from Surrey ova. P. brassirae, 2 with
the spots on the underside of the forewings united, and a S" with
a small spot on the disc of the forewings. P. rafiae $ , with a
black spot on the disc of each hindwing.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited examples of exotic Pieridae, including
the curious Pseudopontia paradoxa which had not always been
considered a Pierid by systematists.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a large number of species of Indo-
Malayan Pieridae.
Mr. Jacobs exhibited a beating tray formed by adapting an
umbrella, with an adjustment of the handle to facilitate the holding.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a large number of lantern slides to
illustrate his paper " On the White-spotted Forms of Dryas vaphia
and some other species." (See page 32).
JANUARY 10th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
The decease of Mr. 0. R. Goodman, a Vice-President elect, was
announced.
Miss W. P. Hughes, of Australia House, W.C. ; Miss E. M.
Lyall, of Mortlake Road, Kew ; Mr. J. D. Harman, of Hither Green
Lane, Lewisham ; Mr. A. F. Common, of St. James Avenue,
Thorp Bay ; and Mr. A. W. Hughes, of Cliff Road, Wallasey, were
elected members.
Mr. W. H. T. Tams exhibited a number of Lepidoptera taken
by him during his visit to the United States last summer.
89
Mr. Tarns then read an account of his experiences while
attending the meeting of the International Entomological Congress
at Ithaca, U.S.A., in August last.
JANUARY 24th, 1929.
Annual Meeting.
Dr. E. A. CooKAYNE, A.M., F.E.S., F.R.C.P., President, in the Chair.
The Meeting was devoted to the business of receiving and adopting
the Reports of the Council, Treasurer and Librarian for the past
year, the announcement of the results of the election of the Officers
and Council for the ensuing year, and the reading of the Annual
Address by the retiring President (page 37).
The following is a list of the members elected to serve as Officers
and Council for the Session 1929-30: — President: H. W. Andrews,
F.E.S. Vice-president, E. A. Cockayne, D.M., A.M., F.R.C.P.,
F.E.S. Treasurer, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. Librarian, E. E. Syms,
F.E.S. Curator, S. R. Ashby, F.E.S. Hon. Editor of Proceedings,
Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., and Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. Hon. Lanternist, J. H.
Adkin. Council, J. H. Adkin, L. C. Bushby, F.E.S., F. B. Carr,
A. W. Dods, A. de B. Goodman, F.E.S., T. H. L. Grosvenor,
F.E.S., C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S., Col. F. Labouchere, F.E.S., and
W. Rait-Smith, F.E.S., F.Z.S.
Votes of thanks were accorded to the President, Treasurer,
Secretaries, and other officers.
Ordinary Mketing.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited: — 1. Colias hyale, (^ , Bembridge,
I.W., September I8th, 1928. An unusual form with the black on
the outer marginal area of the forewings extended and completely
divided into an outer and an inner portion by a band of the ground
colour.
2. Colias croceus $ var. helice, Sandown, I.W., September 28rd,
1928. With discoidal spots on hindwings lemon white instead of
orange.
90
3. Acidalia (Ftychopoda) aversata, $ , Upper Tooting, July 30th,
1922. Asymmetrical.
4. Abraxas grossulariata, ^ , Upper Tooting. Bred July 12th,
1928, from a small black larva found on Plum. It had a plentiful
supply of food, but fed very slowly and pupated when less than
half the normal size. The specimen is in perfect condition and
the scales are well formed, but there seems to be an absence of
pigment. 1^ inch in expanse.
5. Polyonnnatus icariis $ , Sandown, I.W., September 22nd, 1928.
Very small. ^ inch in expanse.
6. MesoLenca {Melaiit/iia) bicolorata, ^ . Upper Tooting, July
12th, 1928. Very small, f inch in expanse.
7. taenia typica, $ $. Freshwater, I.W. Discoidal and
reniform spots on forewings joined.
Mr. R. Adkin, the Society's delegate to the Conference of Corres-
ponding Societies of the British Association reported that illness had
prevented him reaching Glasgow, and that he had therefore been
unable to attend the Meetings of the Conference. He had, however,
made arrangements that would enable him to present to the Society
the full " Report " of the Association as soon as published, and
this, he had no doubt would be found to contain an account of the
more important business Transacted by the Conference.
Corrections: — p. 64, line 17 trom bottom for "place" read
'' Place."
line 7 from bottom delete B. hetidaria.
line 3 from bottom for hiperus read
liiperns.
for Bytiscus read Byctiscus.
In ''Proceedings " 1927-8, p. 76, line 21 should read "S. k7/maWa
similar to Harrison's."
91
INDEX.
PAOB
Aberrations, Notable, of — A. rusti
cata, 55 ; L. sibilla, 55 ; D
truncata (russata), 61 ; E. alter
nata (sociata), 61 ; R. phlaeas
63,81,84; M. galathea, 64 ; A
urticae, 65, 81 ; Z. filipendulae,
66 ; D. nana, 71 ; D. carpo
phaga, 71; N. geminipuncta, 72
E. atomaria, 73 ; B. euphro
syne, 80; P. napi, 81, 87, 88
P. icarus, 81, 83 ; B. muralis, r
irapar, 82 ; A. hyperantus, 83
P. argus (aegon), 83 ; C. pam
philus, 83, 84 ; D. paphia, 83
C. croceus, 83, 87, 89 ; A
lineola, 84 ; P. megera, 85 ; C
advenaria, 85 ; P. brassicae, 88
P. rapae, 88; C. hyale, 89
A. aversata, 90 ; A. grossu
larlata, 90 ; N. typica.. .. 90
Aberrations, Nature of . . . . 39
Abnormal folding of elytra in B
indica . - . . . . . . 72
Abundance of L., of C. peltigera 67
Additions to. Collections, 37
Library, xvi ; Aestivation of L
of C. cribrum . . . . . . 82
Affairs of the Society . . . . 37
Annual, Address, Dr. E. A
Cockayne. 37 ; Exhibition, 37,
79; Meeting 89
Anal comb of larvae . . . . 53
Asymmetrical, P, gamma, 60
A. aversata . . . . .90
Attraction by ? of B. smilax . . 55
Balance Sheet . . . . . . xviii
Bibliography (to the Address) . . 50
Broods of, Zvgaenid from Barce-
lona, 53, 56, 67, 82 ; P. curtula 61
Bye-Laws, Revision of the . .Sup.
Cannibal R. betulae . . . . 62
Causes, of " white-spotted," lepi
doptera. Suggested, 33
Suggested, of migration . . 64
Chambers in burrows of B.
membranaceus. Curious . . 77
Climatic influence on colour and
marking . . . . . . . . 42
PAGE
. Colections, The Society's . . 37
Coleoptera at Horsley . . . . 64
Colour changes in a Cassid beetle,
K. G. Blair 74
Cotton pest, Species allied to the 70
Descriptions of European Ascala-
phus sps. . . . . . . 8
Differentiation of, filmy ferns, 54 ;
L. of Oporinia sps. 55 ; L. of
C. pusaria and C. exanthemaria.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne . . . . 75
Dimorphism, Sexual, in A. diana 69
Discussion on Pierine scent glands 87
Distribution of genus Manduca,
H. J. Turner 69
Drawings 79, 83
Dwarf, D. pudibunda, 60, 83 ; P.
iarus, 85, 90 ; P. aegon (argus),
85 ; P. brassicae, 88 ; M. bicol-
orata . . . . . . . . 90
Early, History, of C. pomonella,
24 ; " white-spotted " lepi-
doptera . . . . . . . . 32
Errors regarding C. pomonella,. . 26
Fasciation, in S. jacobaea .. 73
Field Meetings at, Ranmore, 57 ;
Chilworth, 58 ; Tring, 60 ;
Westerham, 62 ; Horsley, 64 ;
Peaslake.. .. .. .,66
Flowers, Alpine . . . . . . 6
Food of, butterflies after hiber-
nation, 57 ; C. peltigera 67, 68
Galls of, oak leaves ("cherry"),
72 ; Erica tetralix . . . . 79
Geographical Distribution of
Manduca (Acherontia). . .. 69
GeneraliBations . . . . . . 14
Gyiiandromorph of, C. croceus,
82 ; R. phlaeas, 84 ; P. argus
(aegon) . . . . . . . . 84
Habits of, " Anarta sps." Dr.
Cockayne, 62 ; S. myopaeformis
65; " B. membranaceus, Tan-
ganyika Territory," T. A. M.
Nash, 77; Bird-eating spider,
80 ; L. narbonensis . . . . 80
Hibernation, Partial, of P, curtula,
61 ; P. atalanta . . . . 87
92
PAGE
flomoeosis in, S. notata . . .. 71
Hybrids P. curtulaxP. pigra,
80; N. zonariaxA. hispidaria,
80; N. zonariaxL. hirtaria,
80 ; E. autumnata x E. quercin-
aria . . . . . . . . 80
H>menopteia of Ranniore . . 57
Ignorance . . . . , . . . 12
Imagination . . . . . . 13
Immigrant, C. desjardinsi, 60 ;
P. cardui, 62 ; C. croceus, 62,
82; scorpion, 78; C. palaeno,
79 ; L. vitellina, 82 ; L.
unipuncta, 82 ; L. exigua, 82 ;
H. peltigera, 67, 79, 82, 85 ; H.
armigera . . . . . . 82
Infestation of apples by C.
pomonella . , . . . . 27
Influence of climate, 42 ; environ-
ment, 42 ; food, 42 ; x-rays 49, 71
Irish forms of Lep. exhibited,
1\ Greer 81
Lantern slides exhibited 52, 54,
55, 86
Larvae shown 54, 55, 56, 58, 59,
60, 65, 65, 68, 69, 72, 73, 84,
86 : taken at Horsley , . . . 64
Larval hairs of C. cardamines . . 68
Lepidoptera at Horsley .. .. 64
" Life-history of C. pomonella,
Notes on the," R, Adkin . . 24
List of Officers and Council for
1929-30, 89 ; Members . . iii
Localities— Digne, 9 ; Esterel, 4 ;
France, S.E., 1 ; Horsley, 66 ;
Mts. of the Moors, 1 ; Peaslake,
66 ; Kanmore, 57 ; St. Martin
Vesubie, 5; !Ste. Baume, 10;
St. Martha's, Chilworth, 58;
Tring, 60 ; Transvaal, 61 ;
Tyrone, 81 ; Westerham . . 62
Melanic, B. roboraria . . 71, 85
Melanism, Spread of , . . . 67
Members, List of . . . . . . iii
Mites on B. terrestris, etc. . , 75
Mutation, Origin of . . . . 48
Mulberry trees . . . . . . 2
Naming of forms, Consideration
of the 45
Nomenclature, 38, etc. ; National
Committee on, .. .. ..47
Obituary. — Miss E. Chapman,
W. G. Dawson, O. R. Goodman 38
Objects of the Society , . , . ii
Officers and Council, List of, i, 89
Ova of P. flavicornis . . 55, 57
•' Oviposition, of Sirex gigas,"
K. G. Blair 62
PAGE
Parallel Variation. . .. .. 46
Parasites, on oak trunk, 65 ; on
S. scoliaeformis, 65; on C.
daviesana, 67 ; on Cicindela
(M. ichneumonoides) 86 ; on a
toad . . . . . . . . 86
Past-presidents . . . . . . ii
" Pest, A potential orchard," R.
Adkin, 59; of hollyhock, 70;
of apple, S. pariana . . . . 71
Phases in Lepidoptera . . . . 43
Prey of Spiders .. .. 15, 20
Protective resemblance in L. of
B. betularia . . . . . . 53
Pupae of, E. cardamines, 65 ; P.
napi of bright yellow colour . . 87
Bare or local species, Occurrence
of — L. celtis, 2 ; C. jasius, 4 ;
P. alexanor, 7 ; M. cynthia, 7 ;
Ascalaphus sps., 8 ; L. roboris,
10 ; A. hecate, 10 ; D. nerii,
65 ; L. sibilla, 66, 67 ; A.
blomeri, 67 ; H. peltigera, 67,
79 ; L. pallifrontana, 70 ; C.
electa, 71 ; A. laevigata, 79 ;
H. aspersa V. exalbida, 79; L.
vitellina, 82 ; L. unipuncta,
82; H. armigera, 82 ; L. exigua 82
Race, Nature of a . . . . . . 41
Recent notices of " white-
spotted " lepidoptera .. .. 33
Report of Council, xiv ; Treasurer xvii
SawHy, the Apple 28
"Scent-glands of the Pierinae,"
Dr. F. A . Dixey 30
Second broods of, C. pomonella,
28; C. lignata, 74; B. selene,
85 ; P. icarus, 85 ; C. amata,
85 ; L. comma, 85; A. exclam-
ationis, 85 : A. segetum . . 85
Seasonal Notes 56, 58, 60, 62,
64, 66, 68, 72, 73
Sexual Dimorphism, Extreme, in
A. diana. . . . . . . . 69
Silkworm industry . . . . 3
"South-East France," 0. R.
Goodvum . , . . . . 1
" Spiders, Facts and Fallacies
about," jr. S. Bristowe ,. 12
Sphingidae at flower and light, S.
Africa . . . . . . . . 54
Structures of Butterflies . . . . 52
Subspecies, Nature of a, 41 ; of C.
dispar . . . . . . 81, 83
Terrarium, A, H. Main . . . . 85
Typical forms . . . . . . 41
"Variation and Nomenclature,"
Dr. E. A. Cockayne .. .. 38
93
PAGE
Vaiiation in, E. atomaria, 73;
E. tithonus, 73 ; P. brassicae,
88; P. napi, 88; Dianthoecia
Variation, Parallel, 45; "Racial,
in D. vanillae," H. Moore
Wet and dry season forms of P.
octavia occurring together
"White-spotted forms of D.
paphia and some other species.
On the," E. Adkin
Arachnida.
Agelenidae..
Amaurobius .. .. 17,
Argyroneta
atrica, Tegenaria . , . . 18,
Attidae .. .. ..16, 18,
Atypus
carbipes, Tarantula
bipunetata, Steatoda
blackwallia, Scatophoeus
cristatus, Xysticus ..19,22,
cucuibitina, Epeira .. 22,
derhami, Tegenaria
Dictyna (idae)
diademata, Epeira 14, 16, 21, 22,
Drassodes . . . . . . 15,
Djsdera . . . . . . 15,
ellioti, Euprosthenops
Ero..
fimbriatus, Dolomedes . .
geometricus, Latrodectus
Heteropoda (idae) . .
insignis, Platythomicus . .
interfector, Mimetus
lepidosus, Drassodes
longimanus, Grammostola
lineatum, Theridion
Linyphia (iidae) . .
Lithypantes
Lycosidae .. .. ..16,
Meta
Micromatta
Mimetidae. . . . . .
mirabilis, Saura ..
muscosa, Marpessa
naevia Agelena
narbonensis, Lycosa
onustus, Thomisus
parietina, Tegenaria
phalangioides, Pholcus . .
picum, Theridion. . 18,21,
Pisauridae . .
pusilla, Linyphia
scenicus, Salticus. .
Segestria . .
segmentata, Meta.
20,
18,
11,
19,
22,
14, 16,
similis, Amaurobius 17, 20,
15,
21,
21,
71
59
86
32
17
22
21
22
20
22
20
21
23
23
23
17
17
23
20
22
21
21
13
22
19
20
21
20
80
21
17
22
20
16
21
21
14
18
23
80
20
17
12
23
16
22
18
22
22
PAGE
22,
23
sisyphium, Theridion
. .
22
Smeringopus
21
Tegenaria . .
17,
21
tepidariorum, Theridion..
18,
21
terrestris, Coelotes
20
Tetragnathus
, ,
16
Theridion . . . . . . 17
, 18,
22
triangularis, Linyphia . .
21,
22
tuberculata, Ero . ,
21
umbratica, Epeira
16,
17
vatia, Misumena ..
19,
20
venatoria, Heteropoda . .
, .
19
x-notata, Zilla
, ,
21
Zinus
21
Crustacea.
armatum, Cardiosoma ..
80
Gonyleptes..
, ,
23
latro, Birgus
13
Tiinobunum
, ,
23
Oligolphus . .
••
23
COLEOPTERA.
Aphodius . .
, .
75
armata, Strangalia
64
bicolor, Metriona . .
, ,
74
Cerambycidae
82
cervus, Lucanus . .
, ,
64
Cicindela . .
22,
86
desjardinsi, Cryptamorpha
60
elongata, Corticaria
, ,
64
fenestratus, Corticaria . .
, ,
64
fumatus, Catops . .
. ,
64
hamifer, Helicopris
42
Harpalus . .
. .
18
labiatus, Cryptocephalus. .
. .
64
Lamiidae ..
. .
82
Longicornia
79
luperus, Cistela . .
. .
64
micans, Polydrusus
60
olens, Ocypus
17
pan, Enema
42
populi, Byctiscus . .
64
Prion idae . .
82
reyi, Salpingus
64
rufo-villosus, Xestobium..
, .
60
stercorarius, Geotrupes . .
75
Telephorus(idae) . .
18
79
virescens, Saprinus
••
60
DiPTERA.
Bombyliidae
. ,
79
bufonivora, Lucilia
, ,
86
Calliphora . .
17
, 18
Drosophila.. .. 9, 46, 48
, 50
Eristalis
,
18
hydei, Drosophila. .
.
. 46
94
PAGE
major, Bombylius. . .. ..58
melanogaster, Drosophila . . 46
minor, Bombylius . . . . 67
Syrphidae . . . . . . . . 60
venosus, Bibio . . . . . . 58
Volucella 17
willistoni, Drosophila . . . . 46
Xylota 60
Hymenoptera.
alternata, Nomada . . . . 57
Andrena 22, 86
Anthophora . . . . . . 86
bicolor, Diamma . . . . . . 82
daviesana, Colletes . . . . 67
flava = ruficornis, Nomada .. 57
freygessneri = subfasciatus .. 57
gigas, Sirex . . . . 62, 63
goodiana, Nomada . . . , 57
hortorum, Bombus . . . . 57
ichneumonoides, Methoca . . 86
limacina, Eriocampa . . . . 28
marshamella = alternata .. 57
niger, Lasius . . . . , , 22
nigroaenea, Andrena . . . . 57
Nomada . . . . . . . . 22
ribesii, Nematus .. .. ..28
ruderatus (hortorum var ), Bom-
bus . . . . . . . . 57
ruficornis, Nomada . . . . 57
scutellaris, Dryophanta . . . . 72
Sirex 65
subfasciatus, Halictus . . . . 57
taschenbergi, Spathogaster . . 72
terrestris, Bombus . . . . 74
testudinea, Hoplocampa.. .. 28
vestalis, Psithyrus . . . . 57
Lepidoptera.
abietaria = ribeata, Boarmia .. 69
Acherontia = Manduca .. .. 69
acteon, Thymelicus .. .. 4
addenda (jurtina a6.), Epinephele 81
adipp8 = cydippe .. .. ..74
advenaria, Cepphis, Epione 47, 85
aegeria, Pararge . . . . . . 40
aegon = argus .. ..83,84, 85
aello, Oeneis . . . . . . 7
aglaia, Argynnis . . . . 56, 83
Agrias . . . . -. . . . 39
albicans (pinastri ah.), Hyloicus 39
albidior (pinastri ah.), Hyloicus
39, 40
alexanor, Papilio . . . . . . 7
alternata (socia), Epirrhoe .. 61
amata (ria), Calothysanis .. 85
amathusia, Brenthis . . . . 44
Anarta . . . . . . . ► 65
9
Aphan-
.' 4, 57,
.83, 84,
.35, 52,
56, 82,
7,
.47, 55,
PAQB
anceps (stoechadis/), Zygaena .. 56
angelicae, Zygaena
angularia — quercinaria,EnnomoB
apollo, Parnassius
arcania, Coenonympha
arete (hyperantus ab.),
topus
argiolus, Lycaenopsis
argus (aegon), Plebeius
armigera, Heliothis
atalanta, Pyrameis
athalia, Melitaea . .
atomaria, Ematurga
atropos, Manduca..
aurinia, Melitaea . .
autumnata, Ennomos
aversata, Ptychopoda, Acidalia . .
barrettii (luteago), Dianthoecia . .
batavus (dispar siibsp.), Chryso-
phanus .. .. .. 81,
belia, Anthocaris ..
bellargus = theti8 ..
betulae, Kuralis . .
betularia,Biston, Amphidasis 41,
53,
bicolorata, Mesoleuca
bidentata, Gonodontis
bifida, Cerura
bilunaria, Selenia..
bimacula (dominula ah
morpba . .
blandiata, Perizoma
blomeri, Asthena . .
brassicae, Pieris . .
briseis, Satyrus
bryoniae (napi suhs}}
caesia, Dianthoecia
caffra, Thyretes
caia, Arctia
47,
47,
Calli-
..30, 52,
Pieris 87,
..49, 71,
c-album, Polygonia . . 9,
callidice, Pontia .
Callimorphinae
Camilla = rivularis
cannae, Nonagria.
carbonaria (betularia ab.), Biston,
Amphidasis .. .. 41,
cardamines, Euchloe ..65,68,
cardui, Pyrameis 57, 58, 62, 66,
83,
carniolica, Zygaena . . 60,
carpophaga = lepida, Dianthoecia
Catopsilia . .
caudana, Peronea
celtis, Libythea
ceto, Erebia
Charaxes . .
chlorea, Sphingomorpha
cinxia, Melitaea . .
82
47
&
44
83
84
85
82
87
84
73
69
81
80
99
82
83
7
84
62
73
90
72
66
71
39
82
67
88
10
88
85
61
80
57
8
62
4
55
44
81
86
82
71
31
81
2
6
4
61
84
95
PAGE
circe, Satyrus
circellaris, Amathes
4, 10
.. 58
Cleopatra, Gonepteryx
Colaenis
.. 10
.. 59
Coleophora
Colias
.. 84
46, 47
comariana, Acalla
.. 39
comma, Urbicola . .
.. 85
conjugella, Argyresthia . . . . 59
conjuneta (tilipendulae ah.),
Zygaena . . . . . . . . 73
consonaria, Ectropis . . . . 63
consortaria = punctinalis.Boarmia 67
conspersa = nana, Dianthoecia .. 71
constanti (coridon race), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 10
contaminana, Peronea . . . . 81
convolvuli, Agrius . . . . 6
cordigera, Anarta.. .. 62, 65
coridon, Polyommatus 10, 53, 71,
83, 84, 85
Cossidae . . . . . . . . 84
crathis (styx su^sp.), Manduca .. 70
cribrum, Coscinia. . .. ..82
croceus, Colias 19, 62, 66, 69, 72,
73, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89
cruciferarum, Plutella ... .. 64
curtula, Pygaera .. ..61,72, 80
cyanostieta (io ab.), Vanessa .. 63
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 10, 57, 74
cynthia, Melitaea . . . . . . 7
daphne, Brentbis . . .. .. 4
darwiniana (satyrion race) , Coeno-
nympha . . . . . . , . 44
deschangei (lubricipeda ab.), Spil-
osoma . . . . . . . . 40
diana, Argynnis . . , . . . 69
Dianthoecia . . . . . . 71
dictaea = tremula . . .. .. 66
didyma, Melitaea . . . . . . 9
dimidiata, Ptychopoda .. ..54
Dione . . . . . . . . 59
Disraorphia .. .. .. 31
dispar, Chrysophanus . . 81, 83
dispila (cardamines ab.), Euchloe 81
dolabraria, Plagopes . . . . 73
dolus, Polyommatus . . . . 10
dominula, Callimorpha . . . . 73
egea, Polygonia . . . . . . 9
egerides (aegeria subsp.), Pararge 40
electa, Catocala . . . . . . 71
eleus (phlaeas /.), Rumicia . . 84
elpenor, Eumorpha . . 3, 65
erosaria, Ennomos . . 65, 69
eson, Hippotion .. .. ..61
eucalypti, Antherea . . . . 80
euphorbiae, Deilephila . . . . 10
euphrosyne, Brenthis 32, 56, 60,
exj*nthemata, Cabera
excessa (icarus ab.),
matus
exclamationis, Agrotis
exigua, Laphygma
PAGE
80, 84, 86
..75, 76,
Polyom-
77
.82, 84,
(grossulariata
39,
ab.
4,
exquisita
Abraxas . .
fagi, Stauropus
fasciata (advenaria ab.), Cepphis
filipendulae, Zygaena 56, 66, 67,
73,
finalis, Tascia
flaramatra, Noctua
flava (linea), Adopaea .. 83,
flava (galathea ab.), Melanargia
flavescens (fulvago ab.), Xanthia
flavicinctata, Entephria . .
fiavicornis, Polyploca .. 55,
fraterna (typhae ab.), Nonagria. .
fulvago, Xanthia . .
fusca (geminipuncta ab.), Non-
agria
fusca-pallida (carpophaga
Dianthoecia
galathea, Melanargia
gamma, Plusia
gardetta, Coenonympha . .
geminipuncta, Nonagria..
gemmaria = rhomboidaria
glaucata, Cilix
gorge, Erebia
gossypiella, Platyedra
grossulariata. Abraxas 39, 50, 60,
83, 85,
Harmocha (Dianthoecia)
hecate, Brenthis . .
Heliconius
helice (croceus ah.), Colias 69,
72, 73, 82, 83, 84,
hemerobiella, Coleophora
hispidaria, Apocheima . .
hutchinsoni (c-album /".), Poly-
gonia
hyale, Colias . . . . 73,
hyperantus, Aphantopus. . 83,
hypermnestra (polyxena), Zeryn-
thia
icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyom-
matus .. .. .. 81,
icarus, Polyommatus 73, 81, 83,
84, 85,
ilicis, Strymoii
impar (muralis subsp.), Meta-
chrostis . .
incarnata (vanillae subsp.), Dione
insularis (betularia ah.), Amphi-
dasis
81
86
86
40
69
85
82
61
86
84
64
85
82
57
55
85
72
71
64
60
44
72
63
69
44
70
90
71
10
39
56
80
9
89
84
85
90
82
85
59
40
96
insularis (vanillae suhsp.), Dione
intermedia (lubricipeda ab.), Spi-
losoma . •
interrogationis, Plusia
io, Vanessa .. ..52,57
jasius, Charaxes . . . . 2
jurtiria (janira), Epinephele 36
81, 83
labrodus, Zizina . .
lachesis, Melanargia
lacticolor (grossulariata /".), Ab
raxas
laevigata, Acidalia, Sterrha
lanceolata (hyperantus ab
Aphantopus
iegatella (spartiata), Chesias
leporina, Acronicta
levana, Araschnia
lignata (vittata), Cidaria
lirjea = flava
lineola, Adopaea . .
iinneella, Chrysoclista
Jonicerae, Zygtiena ..53, 56
lubricipeda, Spilosoma
lucina, Hamearis ..
lucipara, Euplexia
lunosa, Omphaloscelis
luteago, Dianthoeeia
macrops, Patula . .
macularia, Pseudopanthera 47
malvella, Gelechia (Platyedra
Manduca . .
marginaria, Erannis
maura, Mormo
medesicaste (rumina subsp.
Zeryntbia, Tbaie
medon, Plebeius . .
niegera, Pararge . . . . 84
melanopa, Anarta . . 62
meliloti, Zygaena..
mendica, Spilosoma
mori, Bombyx
monteironis (chlorea subsp.
Sphingomorpba
mucronata (palumbaria), Ortho
litha
rauralis, Metachrostis . . 82
mylitta, Antberea
myopaeforrais, Synanthedon
myrtilli, Anarta . .
napi, Pieris 30, 43, 57, 60, 81, 84
nana (conspersa), Dianthoeeia .
nerii, Daphnis
nerine, Erebia
nigra, Aporopbyla
nigrofasciata (amathuaia ab.
Brenthis..
noctuella, Nomophila
PAGE
59
40
82
63
4
84
65
69
39
79
83
58
73
42
74
84
84
81
82
40
84
73
55
82
61
63
70
69
83
55
2
83
85
65
73
40
3
61
80
85
80
65
65
87
71
65
44
81
44
68
PAGE
notata, Semiothisa . . . . 71
obscura (flava ab.), Adopaea . . 83
obscurata, Gnopbos . . . . 85
obsoleta (icarus ah.), Polyommatus 81
obsoleta (medon a6.), Plebius .. 83
ocellata, Smerinthus '.. .. 83
ochraea (nana «/>.), Dianthoeeia. . 71
ochraea-pallida (earpophaga ab.),
Dianthoeeia . . . . . . 71
ochrea (eardamines ab.), Euehloe 81
octavia, Preeis . . . . . . 86
oleracea, Hadena . . . . . . 73
orion, Seolitantides . . . . 2
ornata (orion ab.), Seolitantides. . 2
oxyaeanthae, Miselia . . . . 60
palaeno, Colias . . . . . . 79
pallida (earpophaga ab.), Dian-
thoeeia . . . . . . . . 71
pallida (eroceus ab.), Colias 83, 87
pallifrontana, Laspeyresia . . 70
palpina Psilura .. .. ..66
pamphilus, Coenonympha 71, 81,
83, 84, 85
paphia, Dryas 10, 32, 33, 35, 36,
83, 88
papilionaria, Geometra, Hippar-
chus . . . . . . 56, 58
paradoxa, Pseudopontia . . . . 88
pariana, Siraaethis . . . . 71
peltigera, Chloridea 67, 68, 79,
80, 82, 84, 85
perla, Metaehrostis . . 59, 68
philea = satyrion .. .. ..44
phlaeas, Rumieia 42, 60, 63, 64,
68, 81, 83, 84
phoebe = labradus. . .. .. 65
picata, Cidaria . . . . . . 66
Pierinae (idae) .. ..40,87, 88
pigra, Pygaera . . . . . . 80
pinastri, Hyloicus .. .. 39
pirene (stygne), Erebia .. .. 6
Platyedra 70
polaris (urticae race), Aglais .. 83
polyxena = hypermnestra .. 2
pomonella, Cydia, Carpoeapsa 24
27, 28, 86
populeti, Taenioeampa . . . . 55
postico-obsoleta (iearus ab.), Poly-
ommatus . . . . . . 81
potatoria, Cosmotriche 56, 79, 83, 85
Precis . . . . . . . . 42
proeida (galathea i^ace), Melan-
argia . . . . . . . . 4
prunaria, Angerona .. ..57
pudibunda, Dasychira . . . . 60
pulchellata, Eupithecia .. .. 66
pulehrina, Plusia . . . . . . 82
punetinalis = consortaria. Boar-
97
PAGE
mia 67
pusaria, Cabera .. ..75,76, 77
pusillata, Eupithecia . . . . 61
quercifolia, Eutricha . . . . 56
quercinaria (angulaha), Ennomos
65, 80
queroiis, Lasiocampa . . . . 56
querciis, Ruralis, Zephyrus . . 10
radiata (cardamines ab.), Euchloe 81
radiata (lubricipeda ab.), Spilo-
soraa . . . . . . . . 40
rapae, Pieris . . 30, 54, 57, 88
reichlini (nerine race), Erebia . . 44
repandata, Cleora, Boarmia 66, 69
rhamni, Gonepteryx .. ..57
rhomboidaria (gemmaria), Boar-
mia, Cleora . . . . . . 63
ribeata (abietaria), Boarmia . . 59
ridens, Polyploca . . . . . . 63
ripae, Agrotis . . . . . . 69
rivularis (Camilla), Limenitis .. 4
roboraria, Boarmia .. 71, 85
roboris, Laeosopis . . 2, 10
rubi, Callophrys . . . . . . 56
russula = truncata, Dysstroma .. 61
rustica (mendica race), Spilosoma 40
rusticata, Ptychopoda . . 55, 73
rutilus (dispar subsp.), Chryso-
phanus . . . . . . 81, 83
sambucaria, Ourapteryx . . . . 57
Saturniidae . . . . . . 80
Batyrion = philea, Coenonympha 44
Bcabiosae, Zygaena . . . . 56
Bcoliaeformis, Synanthedon . . 65
scutosa, Heliothis . . . . 73
segetum, Agrotis . . . . . . 86
seiene, Brenthis .. ..56,84, 85
semele, Hipparchia . . . . 7
semi-obsoleta (coridon ab.), Poly-
ommatus . . . . . . 71
Bibilla, Limenitis . . 4, 55, 66, 67
sidae, Hesperia . . . . 2, 4
silaceata, Euphyia . . . . 69
smilax, Bolocera, Ludia . . 55, 61
sociata = alternata .. ..61
spartiata = legatella, Chesias .. 58
Sphingidae . . . . . . 54
stellatarum, Sesia, Macroglossum 68
stoechadis, Zygaena . . 56, 82
8tygne = pirene, Erebia .. .. 6
Styx, Manduca . . . . 67, 69
syringaria, Phalaena . . . . 57
sylvanus, Augiades . . . . 53
sylvata, Asthena . . . . . . 66
Terias 31
tetralunaria, Selenia . . . . 47
Thais = Zerynthia .. .. 2
Theciidae 4
PAQK
thetis, Polyommatus . . . . 84
tigris, Amphicallia . . . . 61
tiliae, Mimas .. .. ..83
tiphon, Coenonympha . . 55, 81
tithonus 73,83, 84
transaipina, Zygaena .. 56, 82
tremula (dictaea), Pheosia 66, 72
trifolii, Zygaena .. ..58,60, 73-
triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia . • 44
truncata (russata), Dysstroma . . 61
turca, Leucania . . • . . . 56
typica, Naenia . . . . 55, 90^
undulata, Calocalpe (Euco.smia) . . 72
unicolor (pinastri ab.), Hyloicus. . 39
unipuncta, Leucania . . . . 82
urticae, Aglais 49, 52, 57, 65, 81, 83
valezina (paphia ab.), Argynnis. . 83^
vanillae, Dione . . . . . . 59
varleyata (grossulariata ab.),
Abraxas . . . . . . . . 39
vilella, Platyedra . . . . . . 70
viliica, Arctia . . . . . . 5&
vinula, Cerura . . . . . . 74
vitellina, Leucania . . . . 82
vittata = lignata .. .. ..74
vittata (dolus ab.) Polyommatus 10'
vulgaris (napi race), Pieris . . 44
w-album, Strymon .. 2, 5&
walkeri (macrops subsp.), Patula . . 61
williamsi (cardamines ab.), Eu-
chloe . . . . . • . . 81
zatima(lubricipeda a6.), Spilosoma 40-
Zerynthia, (Thais) . . . • 2
zonaria, Nyssia . . . . . . 80
Zygaena (idae) .. ..47,73, 82
Neukoptera.
Ascalaphus . . . . • • ^
coccajus = libelluloides .. .. 8
formicarius, Myrmeleon . . . . 9
libelluloides (coccajus), Ascala-
phus . . . . . . • • ^
libelluloides, Palpares . . • . 4
longicornis, Ascalaphus . . . . ft
micans, Hemerobius . . . . 58'
Myrmeleon . . . . • • 6
nitidulus, Hemerobius . . . . 58
ottomanus, Ascalaphus . . . . 8
Rhaphidia . . . . . • . . 83
stigma, Hemerobius . . . . 58
Orthoptera.
aeruginosa, Polyspilota . .
bipunctatum, Tetrix
danica, Locusta . .
degeneratus, Dociostaurus
errabunda, Lissonota
flaviventris, Sohistocerca
20
65
42
42
6&
42
98
gregaria, Schistocerca
Gryllidae . .
lapponica, Ectobia
littoral is, Thisoeoetrus . .
maroccanus, Dociostaurus
membranaceus, Brachytrypex
mendica, Blepharis
mexicanus, Melanoplus
migratoria, Locusta
pardalina, Locusta
punctatissima, Leptophyes
solitaria, Locusta..
spretus, Melanoplus
subulatum, Tetrix
viridulus, Omocestus
Paranbuboptera
annulatus, Cordulegaster
grandis, Aeschna ..
imperator, Anax . .
naias, Erythromma
pratense, Brachytron
splendens, Calopteryx
sponsa, Lestes
vulgatissima, Gompbus
Phanerogams.
acaulis, Gentiana
alba, Morus
Artemisia . .
arvensis, Ononis
aucuparia, Pyrus
Berberis
Chenopodium
clematitis, Aristolocbia
cupressoides, Veronica
Dianthus . .
Draba
glycyphyllos, Astragalus
jacobaea, Senecio..
PAGE
. 42
. 77
. 65
. 19
. 42
. 77
, 80
. 42
. 42
, 42
65
42
42
58
65
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
7
2
73
67
59
2
73
2
42
6
64
70
73
PAOE
lantosoana, Baxifraga
lutea, Gentiana
luteus, Mimulus
Malvaceae . .
molle, Scbinus
montana, Sesili
multieaulis, Moms
pomponium, Lilium
Potentilla . .
rivale, Geum
rosea, Altbaea
rotunda, Aristolocbia
Smilax
soldanella. Convolvulus
tetralix. Erica
TroUius . .
Umbelliferae
unedo. Arbutus . .
verum, Galium
viscosus, Senecio . .
vulgaris, Artemisia
Ehynchota.
Aleyrodes . .
atra, Cicadetta
hoematodes, Tibicina
indica, Belostoma. .
Not Classified.
Androctonus (Scorpion) . .
aspera. Helix (Mollusca)..
europaeus, Scorpio
exalbida (aspera ab.), Helix (Mol-
lusca)
fonientarius, Fomes (Fungus) . .
Gamasus (Mite) . .
tunbridgense, Hymenophyllum
(Fern) 64,
unilaterale, Hymenopbyllum
(Fern) .. .. .. 64,
vulgaris, Bufo (Batrachian)
• •
Y
7
,
66
,
70
, ,
61
•
7
, .
2
.
7
, ,
2
,
73
.
70
.
2
, ,
2
68
, 69
,
79
,
69
,
6
, ,
4
,
74
, ,
67
, ,
3
79
10
11
72
80
79
10
79
72
75
55
55
86
BYE-LA V/S
OF THK
§0utlj iroiiti0ii; ^ntomobgkal i" |lat«ral
{As amended at a Special Meeting held on May 23rd, 1929.)
1. Name.
The Society shall be called The South London Entomological
AND Natural History Society.
2. Object.
The Society shall have for its object the advancement and
diffusion of Biological Science by means of meetings at the Society's
Rooms and in the Field, discussions, papers, exhibitions, the
publication of Proceedings, and the formation of typical collec-
tions and of a library for the use of the Members.
8. Constitution.
The Society shall consist of Honorary, Life, Country and
Ordinary Members.
4. Mana(jement.
[a) The property of the Society shall be vested in two Trustees
who shall be elected or removed from time to time by the
Society as a majority of the Members present at a Special
Meeting shall think fit.
(6) The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council
consisting of the Officers of the Society (see Bye-law 5)
and ten Ordinary Members of Council. Seven of the
Council shall form a quorum.
(c) All members of the Council shall be elected annually at
the Annual Meeting and shall be eligible for re-election
except that no member shall hold the Office of President
or of Vice-President for two years consecutively ; and the
five senior Ordinary Members of Council shall not for
twelve months be eligible for re-election as Ordinary
Members of Council.
2
(d) Seniority is to be reckoned by length of continuous service
as Ordinary Member of Council ; among those equal in such
seniority, those havingmade the least number of attendances
shall resign ; and among those with an equal number of
attendances seniority in age shall finally decide.
{e) The Council at its first meeting after election shall appoint
Library and Publication Committees and shall have power
to make and from time to time alter such regulations as
they shall find necessary for the management of the
Library and for the guidance of the Publication Committee.
(/) All notices of motions and questions by Members of the
Society relating to the management of the Society shall,
except at the Annual Meeting, be in writing and signed
by the Member or Members concerned and shall be posted
up in the Meeting Room where every Member can see
them during the Meeting previous to the one at which
they are to be discussed or asked. A signed copj' of any
such notice shall be furnished Lo the Council before the
same is posted up in the Meeting Room.
6. Officers.
The Officers of the Society shall consist of a President,* two
Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, two Secretaries, an Editor of
Proceedings, a Curator and a Librarian.
6. Removal or Resignation of Officers or Ordinary Members
of Council.
(a) For any cause which shall appear sufficient to a two-thirds
majority thereof the Council shall have power to suspend
any Officer of the Society or Ordinary Member of Council
from the exercise of his office or duties or to remove him
and declare his office or seat on the Council vacant.
(6) The Council shall from time to time fill up any vacancy
amongst the Officers of the Society or Ordinary Members
of Council that may arise during their year of office or
that may have been occasioned by insufficient, ineffectual
or invalid nominations at the Annual Meeting. For the
purpose of Bye-law 4 (c) the service of a Member of the
Council while filling any such vacancy shall be counted
as service in the office or position as Ordinary Member
of Council to which he was last elected at an Annual
Meeting and the service of a Member not already on the
Council, while filling any such vacancy, shall not be
be counted.
*For definition of Chairman see Bye-Law 13 (6).
7. Assistant,
The Council shall have power to appoint from time to time at
their discretion one or more of the Members of the Society (whether
Members of the Council or not and whether holding any other office
or not) to act as assistant or assistants to the Treasurer, Librarian,
Editor of Proceedings, Curator, or either or both of the Secretaries.
Any assistant so appointed shall, unless he resign such appointment,
hold office during the pleasure of the Council and in the event of
the absence, suspension or removal of his Principal may be directed
by the Council to act in the latter's place, but no assistant as such
shall be entitled to act or vote in the Council.
8. Honorary Members.
The Council shall have power from time to time to nominate
leading naturalists or persons who have rendered special services
to the Society to be Honorary Members of the Society, but the
number of such Honorary Members shall not exceed ten at any one
time. Such Honorary Members shall be entitled to exercise all the
rights and privileges of, and shall be subject to the same Bye- laws
and Regulations as, Ordinary Members except that they shall be
exempt from the payment of fees and subscriptions.
9. Life, Country and Ordinary Members.
(a) Every candidate for admission to the Society shall be
proposed in writing by one Member (to whom he shall be
known personally) and seconded by at least one other
Member, and the nomination form with the name and
address of the Candidate, together with the names of his
Proposer and Seconder or Seconders, and a statement as
to the class of membersbip desired, shall be submitted to
the Council for consideration. If in order, the nomination
shall be read out by the Secretary at the first Ordinary
Meeting of the Society after it has been considered by the
Council and shall again be read out at the following
Ordinary Meeting, when, unless a ballot shall be demanded
by any Member, such candidate shall be declared duly
elected. If a ballot is demanded it shall be taken forthwith,
when, if four-fifths of the Members present vote for the
election of the Candidate, he shall be declared duly elected.
(b) Candidates residing outside a radius of thirty miles from
the Society's Rooms may be elected as Country Members
and any Ordinary Member of the Society going to reside
beyond such radius, may, if he so desires, and subject to
the consent of the Council, become a Country Member,
but any Country Member coming to reside within such
radius shall become an Ordinary Member automatically.
(c) Any Country or Ordinary Member, having duly complied
with the Bye-Laws of the Society, may at any time with
the consent of the Council and upon payment of the
Composition for Life Membei'ship, become a Life Member
without re-election.
10. Entrance Fees, Subscriptions and Donations.
(a) The Entrance Fee of an Ordinary Member shall be 2s. 6d.
and the Annual Subscription 12s. 6d. The Entrance Fee
of a Country Member shall be 2s. 6d. and the Annual
Subscription 7s. 6d. The Composition for Life Member-
ship in lieu of the Entrance Fee and future Annual
Subscriptions shall be Eight Guineas. Every Life,
Country and Ordinary Member shall, before he is entitled
to exercise any of the rights or privileges of Membership
(1) pay to the Treasurer the Composition for Life Member-
ship or the Entrance Fee and one year's subscription
(whichever is applicable), and, in default of such payment
within six months his election shall be void, (2) sign the
Obligation Book and be presented to the President or
Chairman,
(6) Any Country or Ordinary Member elected after September
29th. in any year shall, on payment of his Entrance Fee
and one year's subscription, be deemed to have paid up to
the end of -the year next following.
(c) All subscriptions shall be payable yearly and shall become
due at the first Meeting in each calendar year and any
Country or Ordinary Member not having intimated his
resignation to the Corresponding Secretary or to the
Treasurer on or before the date of that Meeting shall be
liable for the subscription appropriate to his Membership.
(d) The Council may remit wholly or in part a subscription
due from any Member, should some special circumstances
appear to them to warrant such action.
(e) Entrance Fees and compositions for Life Membership shall
not be treated as part of the ordinary income of the Society
but shall be applied to the Library Fund or to the
purchase of cabinets and the improvement of the collections,
or for other objects for the permanent benefit of the Society,
as the Council shall from time to time think fit. Until
so applied such Entrance Fees and compositions for Life
Membership shall either be temporarily carried to a
suspense account or be invested in the names of the
Trustees ; but in the latter case the income shall be
available for the general purposes of the Society.
(/) Donations or bequests of money, stocks, shares, or securities
for money shall, subject to any directions given by the
donor or testator in each case, be dealt with in the manner
provided in the last preceding paragraph as to Entrance
Fees and compositions for Life Membership.
11. Rvjhts of Member s»
Subject to the provisions contained in Bye-laws 10 (a), 12 (6),
12 (c), and 12 (d), Members shall :
{a) Have a right to be present, to join in the discussions, and
to vote at all Meetings of the Society ; to propose candi-
dates for election ; and at any Ordinary Meeting, Conver-
sazione, Annual Exhibition, or Field Meeting to introduce
visitors whose names shall before the close of the Meeting
be entered by the introducing Member in a book kept for
that purpose, or, in the case of Field Meetings, be given
to the Leader before the end of the Meeting.
[h) Be entitled to have access to the Collections, and to the
use of the Library (subject to the Regulations thereof),
and those who have paid or compounded for the Annual
subscription for any year and all Honorary Members shall
be entitled to receive gratis one copy of the Proceedings
published for that year, provided such copy is claimed
within two years of the date of publication thereof or the
consent of the Council is obtained.
(c) Be eligible to hold any office in the Society, or to serve as
Ordinary Members of Council.
12. Besifinatio7i, Removal or Suspension of Members.
(a) Any Member, having paid all sums due to the Society,
shall be at liberty to withdraw therefrom by giving notice
in writing to either the Corresponding Secretary or the
Treasurer.
{b) No member shall enjoy any of the rights or privileges of
membership if his subscription be twelve months in
arrear ; and should the subscription of any member be
two years in arrear, the council shall, unless they see good
reason to the contrary, and after one months written
warning sent by Registered Post to him at his last known
place of abode erase his name from the list of Members,
and thereupon such Member shall cease to be a Member
of the Society, but the Council may, nevertheless, at any
time reinstate such a Member upon such terms (if any) as
they phall think fit. Any name so erased or reinstated
shall be posted on the notice board, as having been so
dealt with, at the next Ordinary Meeting of the Society.
{(•) The Society shall have power to expel any Member by
carrying — as hereinafter mentioned — a motion to that
6
effect at a Special Meeting called for that purpose in
accordance with By-law 23. At such meeting voting
shall be by ballot and the motion for expulsion shall be
deemed " carried " if not less than two thirds of the total
number of Members present and entitled to vote, vote in
favour thereof ; otherwise the motion shall be deemed
" not carried."
{ti) The Society shall also have power at any Meeting by a
similar vote to suspend any Member who shall refuse to
obey the ruling of the President or Chairman or shall
otherwise render himself obnoxious to the Meeting. A
Member so suspended shall not exercise nor be entitled to
enjoy any of the rights and privileges of Membership during
the continuance of the Meeting at which he is suspended.
13. President and Vice-Presidents.
(a) The duty of the President shall be to preside at the
Meetings of the Society and of the Council, to regulate all
the discussions and proceedings thereat, to deliver an
address at the Annual Meeting, and to execute or see to
the execution of the Bye-laws and Regulations of the
Society, and at every Meeting the President or, in his
absence, anyone for the time being occupying his place
shall have a casting vote independently of his personal
vote as a Member.
(b) In the absence of the President one of the Vice-Presidents
or, if neither of them be present, such Member of the
Council as the majority of the Council present shall appoint,
or if no Member of the Council be present such Member of
the Society as the majority of the Members present shall
appoint, shall preside and shall for the time being have
the title of Chairman and the authority and privileges of
the President.
14. Treasurer.
The Treasurer shall : —
(a) Demand and receive all monies owing to the Society,
disburse all monies due from the Society, and receive
donations and bequests made to the Society.
(b) Give proper signed receipts for all monies received by him
on behalf of the Society or the Society's Trustees, and keep
properly completed counterfoils of all such receipts.
(c) If the subscription of any Member be six months in arrear
notify such Member thereof and draw his attention to
Bye-law 12(6).
{(l) Report to the Council from time to time the name of any
Member who is 12 months or two years (as the case may
be) in arrear with his subscription.
[e) Keep the Society's cash and all proper books of accounts
together with the relative vouchers. These accounts duly
vouched shall be audited annually by two Auditors, one
to be elected by and from the Council at its last Meeting
before Christmas and one by and from the general body
of Members at the last Ordinary Meeting before Christmas.
The Auditors shall present their reports at the Annual
Meeting and the Treasurer's audited accounts shall be
printed with the Annual Report. Should the Treasurer
at any time resign his office, or be suspended or removed
therefrom, or should he die, the accounts shall thereupon
be audited by Auditors to be appointed by the Council.
(/) Generally act under the direction of the Council in all
matters connected with the finances of the Society.
15. Secretaries,
The Secretaries shall : —
(rt) Conduct and produce to the Council all correspondence in
any way connected with the Society at the next Council
Meeting after the correspondence shall have been received
or have taken place.
[b) Prepare agenda including any motions to be submitted for
the consideration of the Council or of the Society.
[c) Take minutes of the Proceedings at all Meetings of the
Council in books kept for that purpose.
((/) Keep a register, which they shall from time to time correct
as occasion arises, of the names and addresses of all
Members of the Society.
[e) Within one week after the election of any new Member
give him notice of his election together with a copy of the
Bye-laws of the Society, and call his attention to Bye-law
10(a), and shall see that he signs the Obligation Book.
(/) Keep a record of the attendances of Members at all Meetings
of the Council.
(r/) Send by post to all Members of the Council notice of
Council Meetings not less than four days before such
meetings are due to be held.
(h) Send by post to every Member entitled for the time being
to receive them — to his last known address — a copy of the
Proceedings of the Society as soon as published in any
8
year, and in addition, to every such Member recorded in
the Society's register as residing in the British Isles, a copy
of each of the lists referred to in Bye-laws 22 {d) and 22 (/),
a copy of any announcement of the Society's Meetings and
notice of their Annual Exhibition, Annual and Special
Meetings, etc., as laid down in these Bye-laws or any
future modification thereof.
[i) Generally act under the direction of the Council in all
matters connected with the Society.
16. Editor of Proceedings.
The Editor of Proceedings shall : —
(a) Take minutes of the Proceedings at all Meetings of the
Society m books kept for that purpose.
{b) Announce and record all additions to the Library.
(c) Take charge of all Reports of Field Meetings.
(d) Take charge of all papers read or announced before the
Society and accepted for publication in the Society's Pro-
ceedings until they shall have been published.
(e) Edit the Proceedings and Abstracts of Proceedings.
(/) Generally act under the direction of the Publication Com-
mittee, subject to the authority of the Council.
17. Librarian.
The Librarian shall take charge of the books and manuscripts
of the Society, keep a catalogue of the same with the names of the
donors, and see that the regulations of the Council respecting the
circulation of the books are strictly carried out (See Appendix).
All books belonging to the Society shall circulate among the
Members, subject to such regulations as the Council may from time
to time deem necessary, a copy of which regulations shall be affixed
by the Librarian to each book before it is circulated.
18. Curator.
The Curator shall have charge of the various collections of the
Society and shall be responsible for the proper keeping thereof and
shall make and keep a list of the contents, such list to be corrected
from time to time as occasion arises.
19. Attendance Recorder.
The Council shall appoint an Attendance Recorder whose duties
shall be to take charge of the Attendance Book during Meetings at
the Society's Rooms, and to see that each Member present signs his
name therein and records that of any Visitor introduced by bim.
The Attendance Recorder as such shall not be a Member of the
Council and shall return the books in his charge to the Librarian
after each Meeting.
20. Meetings.
Meetings of the Council shall be held at the discretion of the
Council but not less often than four times in every year. The order
of business at such meetings shall be at the discretion of the
Council.
Meetings of the Society shall be Ordinary, Annual, or Special
Meetings, and such Field Meetings, Conversaziones and Annual
Exhibitions as the Council may from time to time arrange.
21. Ordinary Meetings,
(a) Ordinary Meetings shall be held on the evenings of the
second and fourth Thursdays in each month (except the
fourth Thursday in December and any evening on which
a Conversazione or Annual Exhibition is held), or on such
other day as the Council may from time to time direct.
The Chair shall be taken at 7.0 p.m. or at such other time
as the Council may direct. The order of business shall
be as follows : —
(1) The Minutes of the last previous Meeting shall be read
and, when confii-med, signed by the President or
Chairman.
(2) Announcements.
(3) Candidates for admission to the Society proposed or
elected and new Members come up for presentation to
the President or Chairman, signing of the Obligation
Book and admission.
(4) Exhibitions, communications, and discussions relating
thereto.
(6) Papers read or announced, and discussed.
(6) General business transacted.
{h) All papers read or announced at any Meeting and accepted
for publication in the Society's Proceedings shall become
the property of the Society, unless otherwise stipulated
before the reading or announcement thereof.
22. The Annual Meeting and Election of Conjicil.
(a) The Annual Meeting shall be held on the fourth Thursday
in January at 7.0 p.m.
10
(6) At this Meeting Members may, without the notice required
by Bye-law 4 (e), bring forward any motion or ask any
questions relating to the management of the Society.
(c) At this Meeting the order of business shall be as
follows : —
(1) The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting shall be
read and, when confirmed, signed by the President or
Chairman.
(2) The Treasurer's report and the audited accounts and
balance sheet shall be read.
(3) The Report of the Council shall be read.
(4) The Annual Elections shall be held.
(5) Other business.
(6) President's address.
(7) Retirement of President and Introduction of new
President.
(d) The Council for the time being shall annually prepare a
list containing the names of such Members as they shall
recommend to fill the offices of President, Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, Secretaries, Editor of Proceedings, Curator,
and Librarian ; and of such other Members as they shall
recommend to be Ordinary Members of Council for the
year ensuing. The list to be submitted to the next
Annual Meeting, subject to revision by the Council, if
necessary, shall be read out at the last Ordinary Meeting
held in November and shall then be posted up in the
Meeting Room and posted up again at every Meeting of
the Society until the election is held. A copy of the
approved list, together with notice of the next Annual
Meeting and a copy of paragraphs (/) and (//) of this Bye-
law shall be transmitted before December 6th by the
Secretaries to every Member recorded in the Society's
register as resident in the British Isles, at his last known
place of abode.
(e) If, in any year, owing to the death, incapacity, refusal to
act, resignation, or removal under the provisions of Bye-
law 12, of any Member occurring or being for the first
time notified to the Council after the date of the sending
out of the notices of the Annual Meeting, there shall be
an insufficiency of effectual recommendations in the list
prepared by the Council of Members to fill the said Offices
or to serve as Ordinary Members of Council for the
ensuing year, the Council may, at the Annual Meeting,
recommend some other Member or Members (whether
11
already included in the Council's list or not) to fill any
vacancy or vacancies so caused. If any such recommenda-
tion be made the business of such Annual Meeting shall
proceed as though such recommendation had been included
in the Council's list as sent to Members instead of that
actually contained therein.
(/J If any six or more Members shall desire to propose any
other eligible candidate or candidates for election to any
of the said Offices or as one or more of the Ordinary
Members of Council, such six or more Members shall,
before December 20th, give notice thereof in writing
(signed by such Members and stating the name of every
such candidate and the Office or position as Ordinary
Member of Council for which he is nominated) to one of
the Secretaries, who shall, two clear days at least before
the first meeting in January send a list of the name or
names so proposed and of the Office or Offices or Position
concerned to every member, recorded in the Society's
Register as resident in the British Isles, at his last known
place of abode.
{(jf) When in any year no such notice has been so given to
either of the Secretaries with regard to any particular
Office or concerning the Ordinary Members of Council,
the President or Chairman shall at the Annual Meeting
declare the Council's nominee or nominees to that Office
or as Ordinary Members of Council, as the case may be,
appointed for the ensuing year.
(A) If any such notice be so given the election shall take
place at the Annual Meeting and the voting shall be by
ballot. Two scrutineers shall be appointed, one by and
from the Council, and the other by and from the general
body of Members present, to superintend the ballot and to
report the results to the Meeting ; the Secretaries, assisted
by the Treasurer, shall have previously prepared a list of
those Members entitled to vote, and each Member before
voting in the ballot shall give his name to the scrutineers
to be marked off on the said list.
(/) Any balloting paper containing votes for a greater
number of names proposed for any Office or seats
on the Council than the number to be elected shall be
wholly void and be rejected by the scrutineers.
(j,) If at an Annual Meeting any election which ought then
to take place be not held or completed such election shall
be adjourned and, if necessary, re-adjourned from time to
time to the next convenient day or days. Notice of every
12
such adjourned or re-adjourned election shall be sent to
Members to whom notice of the Annual Meeting was sent,
in like manner as is provided for notices of Special
Meetings.
23. Special Meetings.
(a) Special Meetings ma}^ be called by the Council at any
time they may deem necessary by sending at least seven
clear days' notice in writing to every Member recorded in
the Society's register as resident in the British Isles at his
last known place of abode. The Council shall also call
in the same way a Special Meeting upon four weeks notice
in writing being given to them signed by not less than six
Members desiring such Meeting accompanied by a state-
ment of its object [see also Bye-law 4 (e)] .
{b) The object of a Special Meeting shall be stated specifically
in the notice and no other business shall be taken at such
Meeting.
(c) No vote shall be taken at a Special Meeting unless twenty
or more Members entitled to vote are present.
{d) Bye-law 22 (/i) with the exception of the first seventeen
words shall apply to Special Meetings, provided that
for the purposes of such Meetings [other than Special
Meetings under Bye-law 12 («)] voting may be by show
of hands.
24. Proceedings,
(a) The Proceedings shall consist of such papers communicated
to the Meetings of the Society as the Council shall direct
to be published therein.
(b) The Abstracts of Proceedings shall consist of notices of the
Papers read or announced and of the Exhibitions made at
the Meetings of the Society, reports of Field Meetings, and
other matters of interest.
(c) The Proceedings and the Abstracts of Proceedings shall be
bound up together and published yearly (subject however
to the discretion of the Council) at such prices per volume
as the Council shall from time to time direct, but nothing
herein contained shall be deemed to prevent the Council
from authorising from time to time at their discretion the
exchange of the Society's publications or any one or more
of them, for any publication or publications of any other
Society, Institution or Body whatsoever having the same
or similar objects, without having regard to the price or
prices at which such latter publication or publications has,
or have been, or shall be, issued or sold.
13
25.
The
Members.
The Society shall not and may not make any dividend, gift,
division, or bonus, in money into or between any of its
T\yfom hora
26. Interpretation.
(a) In the interpretation of these Bye-laws any reference to a
Member or Members shall be deemed to apply to both
sexes, and these Bye-laws and any addition or amendment
thereto shall throughout be construed accordingly.
(b) If any question or dispute arise as to the correct inter-
pretation of these Bye laws or of any part or parts thereof
or of any addition or amendment thereto, the Council may
from time to time give a ruling or rulings thereon which
shall be deemed for all purposes to state the true inter-
pretation and meaning thereof.
27. Alteration of Bye-laws.
No alteration or addition shall be made in or to these Bye-laws
except at a Special Meeting called for the purpose, at which Meeting
the Council shall have the power, subject to Bye-law 23, to give
such directions as they think necessary for regulating the discussion
and the manner of procedure thereat. In the event of any alteration
or addition being made, a copy of the altered, amplified, or additional
bye-law or bye-laws shall be issued with the next published volume
of Proceedings.
APPENDIX.
EXISTING LIBRARY REGULATIONS.
1. — Books may be borrowed at all Meetings of the Society.
2. — No Member shall be allowed to borrow more than three
volumes at a time, or to keep them longer than one month.
3. — Any Member retaining a volume or volumes beyond the
specified time shall pay a fine of Twopence per fortnight for each
volume so detained.
4. — Members damaging, losing, or destroying any book be-
longing to the Society shall either provide a new copy, or pay such
sum as the Council shall think fit.
$^
THE ABSTRACT
CBEDINGS
Vol.),
Vol.),
99, 1900, 1901,
1907, 1908, 1909,
1915, 1916, 1917,
1923, 1924, 1925,
Are still in print, and may be had on application to the Librarian.
1886, price 1/6 ; 1887, price 2/6 ; 1888-9 and
■*-» 8/6 each; 1892-3, price 3/-;
Ud, price 2/-; 1896, price 2/6;
^^ 1, price 2/-; ^^^H[ pi^iod 2/-;
i'898, Part 1, price tj-M
1899, price 2/6; 1900, price ,^^^^^
1902, price 2/6; 1908, price 2/-; 1904,
1906, price 2 6; 1906yprice 2/6; 1907,
1908, price 2/6 '.^^Kjcio^^ ; 191(1
1911, price 4 67llHH|^K 1913, prj
«*ice 4/- ; l^ld^^i^^B 1^16, prioi _^^
rice 8/6; 1918, pi^^^K 1919, price 6/-;
pioe 5/- ; 1921, price 5/- ; 1922, price 10/6 ;
oe 10/6 ; 1924, price 12/6 ; 1928, price 1"^
1926, price 16/- ; and 1927, prioe 12/6.
N.B.— MEMfiERB are allowed a dliQOunt of one third off the above
prioes, and Mme ytara at half prioe.
contents: M" '^
)unfiil ♦. .. .. ., .. .,'-.•
tn , . . . .
loil . . . . . . » . .
Ovipo«ition o|
Moth in a HamAl
Differentiation of.
D. E. A. 0(
• . • • • • .■
of C. P^^^^^^^^ft exanthemaria. Bj
I, a oridl^^^^Bka. By T, ▲. U.
• • • •
lied Bye-Lawi. Maj l$8f ?, ^ ;
HIBERNIA CHi
td; Jun»'
OHAIB TJ
'ftt thi
rii^ bii
tbt
ftained,
Take*
stary oanoot
HE SOUTH
NA'
ISTORY
soci£:ty
WITH TWO PLATES
i^^^Or^AL Msj^^y-^:,-
lT the SOCIETY'S ROOMS
[BERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.
SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE.
ypubluhsd hy the Society, with'
ifollotoing OttitUmen {including thi Report
tie)
^RESIDENT, Messrs. R. ADKIN, H. W. ANDREWS. K. G. BLAIR,
STANLEY EDWARDS, E. STEP, A. E. TONGE.
wid H. J. TURNER, Hon. Editor
AKOHSR d: CO. PRINTBRS, 36, AYOMDALS BQUABF., S.E.
THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological & Natural History Society
(Established 1872)
HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.
— J — ■ < »
OFFICERS & COUNCIL
1930-31.
C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
^«« - ^ve&x'i>sni»*
H. W. ANDKEWS, F.E.S.
Lt.-Col. F. A. LABOUCHERE, F.E.S.
^oxxncil*
J. H. ADKIN. T. H. L. GROSVENOR, F.E.S.
K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc, F.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS.
L. C. BUSHBY, F.E.S. C. JARVIS.
E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M., A. E. STAFFORD.
F.R.C.P., F.E.S. E. STEP, F.L.S.
Capt. B. S. CURWEN.
S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. E. E. SYMS, F.E.S.
H. J.TURNER, F.E.S., F.R.H.S., '« Latemar," West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
^on* ^V9a»xxvev*
A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., "Aincroft," Grammar School Hill, Reigate.
^0n* ^9cv9tavU&*
S. EDWARDS,- F.L.S. , F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. {General Sec),
15, St. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., F.R.H.S., " Latemar," W^est Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
THE 50UTH LONDON
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.
The Society has for its object the diffusion of Biological Science, by
means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation of Typical Collec-
tions. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings of the
Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each month,
from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms are
easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.
SUBSCRIPTION.
Twelve Shillim/s and Sixpence fier Anuiini, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillings and Sixpence.
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c.,
15, St. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
PAST PRESIDENTS
1872-4.
J. R. Wellman (dec).
1899 .
1875-6.
A. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec).
1900 .
1877 .
J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec).
1901 .
1878 .
. J. T. Williams (dec).
1902 .
1879 .
. R. Standex, F.E.S. (dec).
1903 .
1880 .
. A. FiCKLiN (dec).
1904 .
1881 .
. V. R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec).
1905 .
1882 .
. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec).
1906-7.
1888 .
. J. R. Wellman (dec).
1908-9.
1884 .
. W. West, L.D.S. (dec).
1910-11
1885 .
. R. South, F.E.S.
1912 13
1886-7.
. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1914-15
1888-9.
. T. R. BiLLUPs, F.E.S. (dec).
1916-17
1890 .
. J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.
1918-19
(dec.)
1920-21
1891 .
. W. H. TuGWELL, Ph.C. (dec)
1922 .
1892 .
. C.G.Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)
1923-4.
1898 .
. J. J. WEiR,F.L.S.,etc.(dec)
1925-6.
1894 .
. E. Step, F.L.S.
1927-8.
1895 .
. T. W. Hall, F.E.S.
1896 .
R. South, F.E.S.
1929 . .
1897 .
R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1930 . .
T898 .
J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. (dec).
A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).
W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc.
F. NoAD Clark.
E. Step, F.L.S.
A. Sigh, F.E.S.
H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
R. Adkin, F.E.S.
A. Sigh, F.E.S.
W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.
B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.
Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
Stanley Edwards, F.L.S. etc.
K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
E. J. Bunnett,M.A.,F.E.S.
N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
A.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
H. W. Andrews, F.E.S.
F. B. Carr, (dec).
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Chief subjects of Study : — h, Hymenoptera ; o, Oithoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; c, Coleoptera ; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptera ; ool, Oology ; orn,
Ornithology ; r, Reptilia ; ni, Molluaca ; cr, Crustacea ; b, Botany ; wt. Microscopy ;
ec. ent., Economic Entomology; e, signifies Exotic forms; trich, Trichoptera.
Year of
Electiok.
1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., ''Trenoweth," Hope Park, Bromley,
Kent. I, orn.
1922 Adkin, J. H., Hon. Lanternist, Council^ Lamorran, Oak
Lane, Sevenoaks. I.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s., " Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne. I, ec. ent.
1901 Adkin, R. A., "Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne, m.
1928 Anderson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.
1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s., Vice-President, " Woodside," 6,
Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E. 9. d.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., b.a., e.g. (Cantab), f.r.c.s., f.r.c.p.,
3rt, Newstead Road, Lee, S.E. 12. e, I.
1895 AsHBY, S. R., F.E.S., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow, c, I.
1896 Barnett, T. L., " The Lodge," Crohamhurst Place, Upper
Selsdon Road, S. Croydon. I.
1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. L
1930 Baxter, G. L., 50, Wroughton Road, Clapham Common,
S.W. 11.
1927 Bedwkll, E. C, f.e.s., 54, Brighton Rd., Coulsdon, Surrey, c.
1929 Bell, J. K., Marden Lodge, Caterham Valley, Surrey.
1924 Bird, Miss F. E., " Red Cottage," Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Essex, orn.
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s., (Council, " Claremont," 120,
SunningfieldsRoad, Hendon, N.W. 4. n, c.
1898 Bliss, Capt., M. F., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., Butlin's
Hill, Braunton, near Rugby. I.
1926 Bliss, A., " Musgrove," Brighton Road, Purley.
1925 Blyth, S. F. p., " Cleveland," Chislehurst, Kent. I.
IV
Year of
Election.
1923 BoucK, Baron J. A., f.e.s., " Springfield," S. Godstone,
Surrey. I.
1909 Bowman, R. T., " Rockbourne," Keswick Road, Orpington,
Kent. I.
1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., ♦' Nether Court," 60, Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. I.
1927 Brocklesby, S. H., " Long Lodge," Merton Park, S.W.19. l.
1923 Brocklehurst, W. S., " Grove House," Bedford. I.
1924 Brooke, Mrs. M. L., 48, Anerley Park, S.E.20. I.
1909 BucKSTONE, A. A. W., 5, Haynt Walk, Merton Park,
S.W. 20. I.
1927 Bull, G. V., b.a., m.b., f.e.s., " White Gables," Sandhurst,
Kent. I.
1915 BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., 72, Colfe Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23.
ml.
1922 BusHBY, L. C, F.E.S., Council^ 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent.
I.
1922 Candler, H., "Broad Eaves," Ashtead, Surrey. Z, orn, b.
1886 Carpenter, J. H., " Redcot," Belmont Road, Leatherhead,
Surrey. I.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., l.th.. The Vicarage, Alvanley, Nr.
Helsby, Cheshire. I, n.
1924 Chapman, Miss L. M., •• Arolla," Waterlow Road, Reigate.
1922 Cheeseman, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, S.E. 12. I.
1879 Clode, W. {Life Member.)
1915 Cockayne, E. A., m.a., m.d., f.r.c.p., f.e.s.. Council, 116,
Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. I.
19B0 Colby, F. E. A., f.r.c.s., Hook Farm, Billingshurst, Sussex.
1899 Colthrup, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.
Z, ool, orn.
1928 Common, A. F., " Tessa," St. James Avenue, Thorpe Bay.
1907 Coote, F. D., f.e.s., 82, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
I, b.
1919 CoppEARD, H., 26, King's Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex, l.
1923 Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 8. I.
1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
S.E. 18. Z, c.
1922 Couchman, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchman, May Cottage,
Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. L
1909 CouLsoN, F. J., 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood, Merton,
S.W. 19. I
V
Year of
Election.
1918 Court, T. H., f.r.g.s., "Oak Leigh," Market Rasen,
Lincolnshire. I.
1925 Cox, R. Douglas, 12, Blakemore Road, Streatham, S.W. 16.
1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, E. 11.
[Life Member.) c.
1899 Crabtree, B. H., f.e.s., "Holly Bank," Alderley Edge,
Cheshire, l.
1918 Craufurd, Clifford, " Dennys," Bishops Storfcford. I.
1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, E. Bexley Heath.
l.
1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
S.W. 16. I.
1928 CuRWEN, Capt. B. S., Council, 9, Lebanon Pk,, Twickenham.
I.
1927 Danby, G. C, 33, Huron Road, Tooting Common, S.W.17.
1925 Dannatt, W., " St. Lawrence," Gaibal Road, Burnt Ash,
S.E. 12. I.
1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. I, c.
1889 Denxnis, a. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.I.
I, vii, h.
1918 Dixey, F. a., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S., W^adham College,
Oxford. Hon. Member.
1901 DoDs, A. W., 88, Alkham Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16. I.
1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. I.
1930 DuDBRiDGE, B. J., 13, Church Lane, Merton Park, S.W. 19.
1912 DuNSTER, L. E., 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.3.
I.
1927 Eagles, T. R., f.e.s., 32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex. Z.
1928 Earle, Edw., 16, Addison Gardens, W.14.
1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Hon. Secretari/, 15, St.
Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, el.
1923 Ellis, H. Willoughby, f.e.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u., " Speldhursfc
Close," Sevenoaks, Kent, c, am.
1926 Ennis, P. F., "Hillside," 22, Conway Road, Wimbledon,
S.W.20.
1920 Farmer, J. B., 31, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. I.
1918 Farquhar, L., " Littlecote," Pield Heath Avenue, Hillingdon,
Middlesex. I.
VI
Year of
Election.
1924 Fassnidge, Wm., m.a., f.e.s., 47, Tennyson Road, Portswood,
Southampton. I, n, trick, he.
1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,
Sussex. {Life Mejnber.) I.
1926 Fletcher, P. Bainbrigge, b.sc, 65, Compton Road, Wimble-
don, S.W.19. c.
1889 Ford, A., ''South View," 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. Z, c.
1920 Ford, L. T., " St. Michael's," Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. l.
1915 Foster, T. B., "Lenore," 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,
Croydon. I.
1907 FouNTAiNE, Miss M. E., f.e.s., " The Studio," 100a, Fellowa
Koad, Hampstead, N.W.3. I.
1921 Frampton, Rev. E. E., m.a., Halstead Rectory, Sevenoaks,
Kent. I.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s.. Government
Lymph Laboratories, The Hyde, N.W.9. I.
1919 Frisby, G. E., f.e.s., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. hi/tu.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., M.B.O.U., f.e.s., " Essendene," Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. I, orn.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s., m.a., " Chadsholme," Milton Road,
Harpenden, Herts. Z, ec. ent.
1911 Gahan, C. J., D.sc, M.A., f.e.s., " The Mount," Aylsham,
Norfolk, c.
1920 Gauntlett, H. L., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., 37, Howard Lane,
Putney, S.W.15. /.
1927 GiBBiNs, F. J. F.I.A.A., F.I.A.S., 51, Weldon Crescent, Harrow,
Middlesex. I.
1928 Gilles, W. S., f.e.s., f.i.c, " The Cottage," Rocking, Braintree,
Essex. I.
1929 Glegg, D. L., '' Vermala," 9, Westleigh Avenue, Putney,
S.W.15. I.
1920 Goodman, A. de B., f.e.s., "Normanby," Darkes Lane,
Potters' Bar, Middlesex. I.
1926 Gordon, D. J., b.a., f.e.s., Craigellachie House, Strathpeffer,
N.B. col., lep.
1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. I.
1925 Graves, P. P., f.e.s., 5, Hereford Square, S.W.7. l.
1928 Gray, C. J. V., BM/BRWX., London, W.C.I. I.
1918 Green, E. E., f.e.s., f.z.s., " Ways End," Camberley, Surrey.
he)n.
Vll
Year of
Election.
1924 Greer, T., j.p., " Milton," Sandholes, Dungannon, Co.
Tyrone. I.
1926 Grey, Olive, Mrs., f.z.s., 90, Charino^ Cross Road, V/.C.2. ent.
1911 Grosvenor, T. H. L., Council, Springvale, Linkfield Lane,
Redhill. I.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., 61, West Smithfield, E.C. 1. I.
1926 Halton, H. C. S., Essex Museum, West Ham, E.
1891 Hamm, a. H., A.L.S., f.e.s. , 22, Southfields Road, Oxford. I.
1903 Hare, E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. l.
1926 Harmsworth, H. A. B., f.e.s., 3, Marlborough Gate, Hyde
Park, W.2. Z.
1926 Harris, A. G. J., b.a., 21, Nevern Place, S.W.5.
1924 Harwood, p., f.e.s., Westminster Bank, 92, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. I.
1927 Hawgood, D. A., 89, Leigham Vale, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. I.
.1924 Hawkins, C. N., f.e.s., President, 23, Dalebury Road, Upper
Tooting, S.W.17. L
1929 Hawley, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., 13, Colville Road, W.ll.
1913 Haynes, E. B., 82a, Lexham Gardens, W. 8. I.
1923 Hayward, Capt. K. J., f.e.s., f.r.g.s., Estancia Santa Rosa,
Patquia, Prov., La Rioja, F.C.C.N.A., Argentine. I. orn,
1920 Hemming, Capt. A. F., f.z.s., f.e.s., 29, West Cromwell Road,
S.W.7. l.
1924 Henderson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey, col.
1927 Hewer, H. R., m.sc, d.i.c. Royal College of Science, S. Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.
1927 Hewitt, A. C, 83, Tavistock Avenue, Walthamstow, E.17.
1920 Hodgson, S. B., 21, Boxwell Road, Berkhamsted, Herts.
1927 Howard, J. 0. T., b.a., 78, St. John's Wood Court, N.W.8.
1927 Hughes, A. W. McKenny, 22, Stanford Road, Kensington,
W. 8. ec. ent.
1929 Hughes, A. W., 14, Cliff Road, Wallasey, Cheshire.
1928 Jackson, F. W. J., " The Pines," Ashtead, Surrey.
1914 Jackson, W. H., " Pengama," 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley. I.
1923 Jacobs, S. N. A., Council, Ditchling, Hayes Lane, Bromley. L
1924 James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.I, l.
1924 James, R., f.e.s., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.I.
Vlll
Year of
Election.
1927 Janson, 0. J., F.E.S., Recorder, 13, Fairfax Boad, Hornsey, N.8.
ejit.
1925 Jarvis, C, Council, 12, Claylands Eoad, Clapham, S.W.8. c.
1923 Johnstone, J. F., f.e.s., " Kuxley Lodge," Claygate, Surrey. I.
1918 Johnstone, D. C, f.e.s., 26, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E
I.
1920 Joicey, J. J., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., ctc, " The Hill," Witley,
Surrey, l.
1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S., ''Caracas," Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.
I, S. American I.
1910 KiDNER, A. R., " The Oaks," Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1925 Kimmins, D. E., 16, Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20. I.
1925 Labouchere, Lt-Col., F. A., Vice-President^ 15, Draycott
Avenue, S.W.3.
1924 Langham, Sir Chas., Bart., f.e.s., Tempo Manor, Co. Fer-
managh. I.
1927 Lawson, H. B., f.e.s., *' Brookhill/' Horsell, Woking. I.
1922 Leechman, C. B., ' Caral,' Brighton Road, S. Croydon. I.
1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.
1919 Leman, G. C, f.e.s., " Wynyard," 52, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c.
1922 LiLEs, Major C. E., 6, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W. 1. I.
1926 Long, R. M., Witley, 8, Cedars Road, Beddington, Surrey. I.
1924 Lowther, a. W. G., " The Old Quarry," Ashtead, Surrey. enU
1896 Lucas, W. J., b.a., f.e.s., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit. 0., odonata, n, m, b.
1929 Lyall, Miss Edith May, 57, Mortlake Road, Kew Gardens,
Surrey.
1921 Lyle, G. T., f.e.s., *' Briarfield," Stump Cross, Shibden,
Halifax. Ii.
1925 MacCallum, C, 1, Aston Road, Ealing, W.5. I.
1926 Macdonald, F. W., 82, Trinity Street, Leytonstone, E.ll. I.
1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., f.z.s., " Almondale," 55, Buckingham
Road, S. Woodford, E. 18. I, nat. phot., col.
1889 Mansbridge, W., f.e.s., ** Monreith," Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. I, c, etc.
1922 Massee, a. M., f.e.s.. East Mailing Research Station,
Kent. I.
iz
Year of
Election.
1885 Mera, a. W., 5, Park Villas, Loughton, Essex. I.
1881 Miles, W. H., f.e.s., "Grosvenor House," Calcutta. Post Box
126. mi\b.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.
I, h, d, e I, e li, e d, mi.
1928 DE Morney, C. a. G., Flat 5, 60, Hogarth Road, Earls Court,
S.W.5.
1920 Morison, G. D., f.e.s., Dept. Advisory Entomology, N. of
Scotland Agricultural College, Marichall, Aberdeen, ec. ent,
1925 Mounsey, D., " Kirkstone," 5, Harewood Road, S. Croydon.
Ent, Oniith.
1927 Murray, Capt. K. F. M., 62, Park Street, Grosvener Square,
W.l. L
1929 xNash, J. A., 93, Blackheath Hill, Greenwich, S.E. 10.
1923 Nash, T. A. M., 16, Queen's Road, Richmond, Surrey. I.
1923 Nash, W. G., f.r.c.s., " Claverins: House," de Pary's Avenue,
Bedford. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1926 Newman, L. H., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1926 Nixon, G. E., 315b, Norwood Road, Heme Hill, S.E.24. h, L
1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., " Bertrose," 17, Gellatly Road, New
Cross, S.E. 14. l.
1927 Palmer, D. S., " North Lodge," Esher.
1929 Parkes, W. R., St. Thomas's House, Lambeth Palace Road,
S.E.I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1928 Perkins, J. F., 19, Courtfield Gardens, S.W.5. h.
1925 Portsmouth, J., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I. L
1925 Portsmouth, G. B., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I.
I.
1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.g.s.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., " Wykeham House," Oxford. {Floii. Member.)
1927 Pratt, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane.
1897 Prest, E. E. B., 8 and 9, Chiswell Street, E.C. 1. I.
1924 Priest, C. G., 30, Princes Place, Notting Hill, W.ll. I.
1904 Priske, R. a. R., f.e.s., 136, Coldershaw Road, W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, m.
X
Ybar of
Election,
1919 QuiLTER, H. J., " Fir Cottage," Kiln Road, Ptestwood, Great
Missenden. I, c, d, mi.
1922 Rait-Smith, W., f.z.s., f.e.s., f.r.h.s., " Hurstleigh,"
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. I.
3 925 Ralfs, Miss E. M., f.e.s., " Montpelier House," 60, Clarendon
Road, Holland Park, W.ll.
1922 Rattray, Col. R. H., 68, Dry Hill Park Road, Tonbridge,
Kent. I.
1902 Rayward, a. L., f.e.s., 15, Vicarage Drive, Eastbourne. I.
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham
Common, S.W. 4. orn.
1927 Richards, Percy R., '' Wynford," Upton Road, Bexley Heath.
l.
1920 Richardson, A. W., f.e.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. I.
1908 Riley, Capt. N. D., f.e.s., f.z.s., 5, Brook Gardens, Beverley
Road, Barnes, S.W.13. I.
1910 Robertson, G. S., m.d., " Struan," Storrington, near Pul-
borough, Sussex. I.
1922 Robertson, W. J., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.z.s., 69, Bedford Road,
S.W. 4. I.
1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, F.E.S., " Worksop Manor," Notts. l,n.
1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.,
F.E.S., Tring, Herts. I, oni. {Life Member.)
1887 Routledge, G. B., f.e.s., " Tarn Lodge," Heads Nook, Carlisle.
I, c.
1890 RowNTREE, J. H., '' Scalby Nabs," Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1916 Russell, S. G.C, f.e.s., **Brockenhurst," Reading Road, Fleet,
Hants. I.
1908 St. Aubyn, Capt. J. A., f.e.s., 14, Purley Knoll, Parley.
1925 Sancean, E., " The Yew," Firtree Road, Banstead. h.
1914 Schmassmann, W., f.e.s., "Beulah Lodge," London Road,
Enfield, N. l.
1910 Scorer, A. G., " Hillcrest," Chilworth, Guildford. I.
1927 vScoTT, E., M.B., " Hayesbank," Ashford, Kent. /.
1923 Sevastopulo, D. G., f.e.s., c/o Ralli Bros., Calcutta. I.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., f.z.s., f.e.s., "West Watch," Oxted,
Surrey. I.
XI
Year of
Election.
1898 SicH, Alf., F.E.S., " Grayingham," Farncombe Road,
Worthing. I.
1925 Simmons, A., 42, Loughboro Road, W.Bridgford, Nottingham. I.
1927 Skelton, Hy. E., 12, Mandrake Road, Upper Tooting,
S.W. 17.
1921 Smart, Major, H. D., r.a.m.c, m.d., d.sc, f.e.s., 172, High
Road, Solway Hill, Woodford Green. I.
1927 Smith, Capt. F. S., f.e.s., '* Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1928 Smith, Mrs. Maud Stanley, " Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,
Brondesbury, N.W.2. I, c.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E. 7. I.
1920 Stafford, A. E., Council, 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14.
I.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s.. Council, 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon Park,
S.W. 19. b, m, cr ; Insects, all Orders.
1928 Stocken, H. E. W., Orchard Cottage, W. Byfleet, Surrey.
192B Stolzle, G. A. W., " Southcote," South Street, nr. Whit-
stable, Kent. I.
1924 Storey, W. H., 63, Lincolns Inn Fields, W.C.2. ent.
1929 Stubbs, G. C, 41, St. Mary's Street, Ely, Cambs.
1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wanstead, E.ll. l.
1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s., " The Hill Museum," Witley. I.
1922 Tams, W. H. T., f.e.s., 5, Dairy Lane, Hurlingham,
S.W. 6. I.
1894 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a., Colbourne Rectory, I. of Wight. /,
ool.
1913 Tatchell, L., F.K.S., Swanage, Dorset. I.
1925 Taylor, J. S., Dept. Agriculture, Div. Ent., Pretoria, Union
of S.A. I.
1929 Tetley, J., " White Cottage," Silverlea Gardens, Horley.
1926 Tomlinson, Florence B., " The Anchorage," Lodge Road,
Croydon. I.
Xll
Year of
Election.
1902 ToNGE, A. E., F.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, "Aincroft," Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. I.
1927 Tottenham, Rev. C. E., " Keswick," 18, Tyrone Road, Thorpe
Bay, Essex, c.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s., f.r.h.s., Hon. Editor, " Latemar," West
Drive, Cheam, Surrey. I, c, n, he, h.
1921 Vernon, J. A., *' Firlands," Ascot, Berks. I.
1923 Vredenberg, G., 38, Ashworth Mansions, Maida Vale, W.9. L
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. I, d.
1927 Wainwright, Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.18.
1929 Wainwright, J. Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.
1929 Wainwright, John, 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, Wimbledon, S.W.20. I.
1980 Wakeley, S., 8, Woodland Hill, Upper Norwood, S.E.19.
1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.e.s., " Aorangi," Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.
1927 Walker, ,W. H., *' Ranworth," Potters Bar. I.
1925 Ward, J. Davis, f.e.s., " Limehurst," Grange-over-Sands. I.
1920 Watson, D., " Proctors," Southfleet, Kent. I.
1928 Watts, W. J., 3, Rayward Road, Elmer's End, Beckenham. I.
1928 Wells, Clifford, " Dial House," Crowthorne, Berks. I.
1911 Wells, H. 0., "Inchiquin," Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., m.a., f.z.s., f.e.s., " Ellesmere,'
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. I.
1927 White, A. G., '' Hilltop," Chaldon, Surrey.
1920 W^iGHTMAN, A. J., F.E.S., Broomfield, Pulborough, Sussex. I.
1930 WiLKiNs, C, John Innes Horticultural Institution, Mostyn
Road, Merton Park, S.W.19.
1914 Williams, B. S., "St. Genny's," 15, Kingcroft Road, Harpen-
den. Z, c, liem.
1912 Williams, C. B., m.a., f.e.s., 29, Queen's Crescent,
Edinburgh. l,ec.ent.
1925. Williams, H. B.,ll.d., f.e.s., "Little dene," Claremont Lane,
Esher, Surrey. I.
1927 Witting, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Catford, S.E. 6.
1918 Wood, H., "Albert Villa," Kennington, near Ashford, Kent. I.
XIU
Year of
Election.
1926 WooTTON, W. J., F.R.H.S., Waniiock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex.
I.
1927 deWorms, C. G. M., f.e.s., m.b.o.u., Milton Pk., Egham,
Surrey. I, orn.
1930 WoRSFOLD, L. B., 12, Robin Hood Road, Brentwood, Essex.
1921 WoRSLEY-WooD, H., F.E.S. , 37, De Freville Avenue, Cam-
bridge. I.
Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.
XIV
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, Jan., 1930.
The Council in presenting the fifty-eighth Annual Report is
pleased to be able to state that the condition of the Society remains
satisfactory.
The Membership is 245 made up as follows, Full Members 208,
Country 31, Life 4, Hon. 2. The number is somewhat smaller
than in the two previous years ; this is partly accounted for by the
Council removing from the list, in accordance with the revised Bye-
Laws, a number of names of those who had allowed their subscrip-
tions to fall in arrear.
There have been 8 resignations, which is above the average.
There has been only one death, Mr. G. W. Young, F.G.S. He
had been a Member since 1920, and some years ago gave a lecture
before the Society, " On the Geological Antiquity of Insects."
The revised Bye-Laws which had occupied the Council for many
sittings were completed in May, and at a Special General Meeting,
held on May 25th last were considered and passed ; a copy of them
was issued with the Annual volume of the Proceedings for the year
1928-29. The Society's thanks are due to the Bye-Laws Committee,
and particularly to Mr. C. N. Hawkins, for the trouble he has taken
in the revision.
The Annual Exhibition was held on October 24th, and in spite of
inclement weather was a success, 211 Members and friends being
present. Mr. A. de B. Goodman and the other members of the
special Committee kindly made the necessary arrangements, and
there was a better response to the Refreshment Fund than was the
case in the previous year.
Papers have been read before the Society by Messrs. R. Adkin
(2), F. W. MacDonald, E. Step and H. J. Turner.
Field Meetings were arranged at Brentwood, Byfleet, Eynesford,
St. Martha's, Chilworth, Princes Risboro, and Wisley, but were not
largely attended. The Fungus-Foray was held conjointly with the
Essex Field Club in Epping Forest in October.
XV
The lantern was in use on four occasions under the kind
supervision of Mr. J. H. Adkin.
Mr. R. Adkin and Mr. H. J. Turner were the Society's Delegates
at the Annual Congress of the S.E.U.S.S. (to which the Society is
affiliated), held at Brighton from June 5th to the 8th.
The volume of Proceedings for the year 1928 consists of xx + 98
pages with 3 plates. In order that a copy of the revised Bye-Laws
might be bound up, and issued with the Proceedings, the latter
were considerably later in appearance than usual.
The Hon. Curator reports —
"During the past year donations to the Society's Collections have
been received from the following gentlemen, Mr. R. Adkin,
Mr. H. L. Dolton, British Lepidoptera, Mr. E. J. Bunnett, British
Coleoptera. It is hoped that the Lister Collection of British and
Palaearctic Butterflies will soon be available for reference. In
order to make room for its reception our 60 drawer cabinet is for
disposal. Meanwhile the Society's Collection of the British Lepi-
doptera have been stored."
The special thanks of the Society are due to the Curator for the
care and the skill with which he has carried out his arduous task.
The Hon. Librarian reports as follows —
" The Library during the year has maintained its usefulness ; many
members have borrowed volumes for home reading or for reference
at our meetings."
The following is a List of the Additions to the Library.
Books. — Insects of Bermuda : Spiders of Porto Rico : Diptera of
Fiji (B.M.) : Euipidae of N. Zealand : Fishes of Panama : British
Insect Life (Mr. E. Step) : Fishes of the Philippines : N. American
Shore Birds : M.S. Notes on Lepidoptera by the late J. J. Lister
(Miss Lister) : Wayside and Woodland Blossoms, Series III.
(Mr. E. Step) : Bryophilidae of the Philippine Is. : Wainwright's
British Tachinidae (Mr. H. W. Andrews).
Proceedings, Transactions, Reports of Societies, etc. — S.E.
Naturalist and Antiquary : Bull. Societe Entomologique de France:
Ann. Report of the Smithsonian Institute : Ann. Report of the
Conference of Delegates to the British Association (Mr. Adkin) :
Transactions of the Ent. Society of London (Dr. Fremlin) :
Bolletino R. Scuola d'Agricoltura, Portici, 1928: Proceed, of the
American Ent. Soc. : Trans. Perthshire Nat. Science Soc. : Report
XVI
of the United States National Museum : Transactions of the Carlisle
N.H.S., IV. (Mr. Routledge) : Annales of the Soc. ent. France :
Repertorium : Report Commons and Footpaths Preservation Soc.
Periodicals and Magazines. — Entomologist : Entomologist's
Record : Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (purchased) : Entomo-
logical News : Natural History (American Museum) : Philippine
Journal of Science : Canadian Entomologist : Essex Naturalist :
The Vasculum : Revu Russe d'Entomologie : Entomologisk
Tidskrift; Naturalist: Proc. I. of Wight N. H. Socy. : London
Naturalise.
Separates. — Ann. Address to the Ent. Soc. London : Lloyd
Mycological Notes : Camb. Fauna List of Spiders : ditto Orthoptera :
American Smithsonian Ins. 57 : Sweden 3 : Chicago Field Museum
14 : Argentine 10 : Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell 4 : New Zealand 1 :
Prof. Strand VA : Portici, Italy 9.
The thanks of the Society are hereby given to the donors of the
foregoing.
XVll
TREASURER'S REPORT, 1V29.
I have nothing sensational to report this year unless it is that in
future we shall have to assist the Government by paying income
tax on our investments on which this has not been deducted at the
source, and that this decision is retrospective, so that we may be
called upon for a substantial sum to bring us up to date. However,
this point is not yet decided, and " while there is life there is
hope."
On the whole I think I may say we have again had a good year,
as our assets show a further increase over liabilities amounting to
£36. A more intensive campaign than usual for the collection of
subscriptions in arrear had the effect of sending up our subscription
total to quite an encouraging extent, and brought in something like
£30 against the figure of £8, which they were estimated to produce
in the accounts for 1928. Even this leaves room for further
improvement if the co-operation of all our members can be secured.
During the year we have converted the 5% War Bonds A. Register
which we held into 4|% Treasury Bonds 1932-34 and in doing so
the face value of our investments has been increased by £6 7s. 8d.
which represents the difference between the cost of the War Bonds,
£131 14s. lOd., and the nominal value of the 4^% Treasury Bonds
1932-34 allotted in exchange £138 2s. 6d. Our income from
investment remains as it was round about £30 a year.
Deposit interest has gone up a little to jnst under £4. Entrance
fees are up 10/-, and a sum of lis. lOd. was allowed for the
surrender of our two insurance policies, as Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor
very kindly arranged for us a new and much more comprehensive
policy to cover the collections, library, and other property of the
Society at a lower rate of premium.
The Tea Fund I am glad to say has been particularly well
supported this year, and as the catering contract was slightly
reduced, very nearly sufficed to meet this liability, the actual
balance to be met out of the Society's funds being 44/- only. Sales
of Proceedings were about a guinea less than in 1928.
Donations to the Publication Fund in the shape of half-tone
blocks as well as cash amount to £14 6s. making our total income
[continued on p. xx.
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XX
for 1928, £224 16s. lOd. On the other side of the account we find
little alteration. Rent £50 and attendance 50/- are as before, but
Secretarial expenses appear to be heavier as an item of £7 is
included in this account which should have been in the accounts for
1928 had ic been received in time.
Cost of Catering is down £2 8s. 9d. Printing Proceedings and
cost of half-tone blocks is £14 6s. 8d. below the total for 1929,
while the cost of books and bookbinding is 34/- less, making a
total expenditure of £187 Is. lid. for 1929.
I am therefore very glad to be able to say that we have this year
succeeded in meeting our regular expenses out of our regular
income, a state of affairs which it has long been my aim to attain ;
and having now attained it I hope you will all help me to keep there
in future.
Our thanks are due to all those members who have contributed
to the Publication Fund and the Tea Fund, and also to the Hon.
Auditors, Messrs. T. W. Hall and F. B. Carr, and to Mr. H. W.
Andrews, who completed the audit owing to Mr. Carr's illness, for
checking my figures. The Statement of Accounts and Balance
Sheet for 1929 as vouched for by these gentlemen is attached.
Memories of some Old London Entomologists.
By F. W. McDonald.— i?^arf March 25fch, 1929.
About the end of 1874, while attending the Sunday morning
classes for reading and writing held at the Quakers' meeting-house,
Spitalfields, I made the acquaintance of a Mr. Lindsay, who had
been a collector in the early forties. He was by trade a lapidary,
and gem-polisher, and our friendship lasted till his death in 1880,
at the age of seventy-seven. At about the same time the windows
and side-cases of a naturalist's shop then situated in Bishop&gate
Street, were a great attraction to me, a boy of thirteen, and I longed
for a glimpse of the treasures within. One Saturday evening, the
owner, a Mr. Ashmead, came to the shop door, and asked me if I
had taken root. That was the beginning of a new friendship, which
lasted about ten years. I was asked inside and after a very pleasant
hour was told I might pay him a visit once a week, and he was
never tired of showing me the wonderful things he had for sale.
The outcome of these two friendships was a resolve to' collect
natural history specimens. So one Saturday evening in August
1875, I broke the news to Mr. Ashmead. He at once claimed me
as a brother collector, gave me an old net and lots of advice ; of the
two, the net was the more useful. With his dear old face all smiles,
he would tell me to start across the Forest from the Green Man to
Woodford, then down the Epping New Road towards High Beach,
saying, " you will not go far before you will catch a couple of
Camberwell Beauties, a few Large Blues, a number of Large Coppers,
and a lot of other fine things."
On the following Saturday, a fine day in mid-August, 1875, I
left home about six-thirty a.m., and boarded a tram for Stratford,
fare twopence before seven-thirty (the trams had been running
about three years)- I reached Stratford about seven-thirty, and
from there walked to the Forest, through which I rambled to
Woodford Green, then on to the Epping New Road. I must have
chosen the wrong day for I saw none of those rare insects which
Mr. Ashmead assured me would be waiting for me to pick up. Tired
and dejected I was passing the Warren Wood Tavern, when a young
man, about ten yeats older than myself, caught up to me. After
a little conversation, he asked me what I expected to catch with
that " spoon," and asked to see what I had caught. I proudly produced
my captures, and they made a ^reat impression on him ; I could
tell that by the fervent manner in which he asked the Almig^hty to
to spare his days. Turning to me, he said, "Put those things away
you won't catch much to-day, and walk with me to Epping, and
I will tell you a little about Butterflies and Moths, as we go along,
and perhaps the old gentleman I am going to see will show you
some."
Arrived at Epping Town, we went to a house on the left hand
past the Church, entering which, he told an old gentleman that
I was interested in insects, and that he had picked me up coming
along. The only answer he got was, " Have you brought those
things ? " My new friend produced three large pocket boxes from
his bag. They were carefully examined, then a sum of money
changed hands, and he was dismissed. Turning to me, with a "See
you later " he left me behind.
The old gentleman then asked me a number of questions, and
took me into a room, where there were four large cabinets, and
showed me a number of drawers of Butterflies and Moths; then he
took my name and address, and saying he would send me word
when to come again, had a cup of tea and some cake brought in and
then dismissed me. That was the only time I saw Mr. Henry
Doubleday, he died in 1877.
I then made my way to ray companion who had made friends
with a carman, who was going to Aldgate, so we both had a ride to
Mile End Gate, reaching there about seven p.m. We then parted,
and I promised to meet him at midnight, to be introduced to the
" boys." Not such a bad day after all.
As arranged, at midnight the same Saturday, I made my way to
the " Salmon and Ball," at the corner of Bethnal Green Road,
where I was to meet the " boys." Arriving there, all I could see
was a number of middle aged men, but no " boys," so I asked them
if they were waiting for Mr. Lamb. One of them turned to me and
introduced himself as Da,ve. He then turned to the others, and said,
'* Boys, here's that nipper Harry was telling us about." They all
said they were very pleased to see me.
At one a.m. Dave gave the order to start, and away we went,
fourteen in all, across Lea Bridge, over the marshes to Hale End,
to the Warren Wood, reaching there about three-thirty a.m. There
was a little cottage on the right just past the tavern, and as we drew
near, I saw an old lady about seventy standing at the door waving
her hand to us. In the garden there were a number of rough tables
and seats of which we took possession, and we were soon supplied
with pint basins of hot tea, twopence a basin, new laid eggs, one
penny each, bread and butter, two slices a penny. During the
breakfast, I was introduced to the *' boys," whose ages ranged from
forty to seventy-three.
About four- thirty a.m. we made our way to the Forest. Dave, who
had taken charge of me, explaining that the caterpillars of the
British Moths were nearly all of them night-feeders, and that we
had better chances of taking them in the early hoars, when they
would be making their way back to their hiding places. I stayed
with hira till mid-day, when I said good-bye, and returned home by
train from Chingford,
On the following Tuesday evening, T was made a member of the
East Lonrlon Entomological Society, whose meetings were held
once a week at the "Bell and Mackerel," Mile End Road, entrance
fee, one shilling, subscription twopence weekly.
On the following Saturday evening I made one of the party for
our midnight walk and Sunday early morning breakfast. Dave, or
as I now knew his name, Mr. David Pratt, taking charge as usual.
On our arrival at the Forest, before we separated he said, " We shall
all try to meet for dinner at one-thirty." This was the regular
routine of the society throughout the season, the midnight walk,
early breakfast, and the dinner.
Now just a few words about this dinner, which was always spoken
of as the Entomological dinner. We used to meet at the " Hawkwood
Tavern," on the way to Sewardstone, on Sundays at one-thirty,
where a large room was set aside for collectors. A dinner was
supplied for one shilling; a cut from the joint, two vegetables,
Yorkshire pudding and a portion of pie, and those who sat down to
it made themselves at home. The room was open to collectors,
whether they had dinner or not, and there was one feature about
this dinner I would like to mention. Boxes would be shown, and
set and bred specimens of butterflies and moths would appear in
numbers, and I had a strong suspicion, that they were brought on
by another person who handed them over to their owners. Another
great feature was that we had visitors. Among our visitors, there
seemed many buyers, and money used to change hands freely,
many of the '* boys " returning home with fuller pockets than when
they started.
On four occasions I saw Lord Walsingham here, twice a Mr. De
Grey came with him, and once we had a Colonel Bruce, and many
others whose names I have forgotten. It was at these dinners I
first met the brothers Meek of Brompton Road, Mr. Cooke of
Museum Street, Bloomsbury, Mr. Janson, Senior, also of Bloomsbury,
Mr. Spalding of Notting Hill Gate, and Mr. Gardner of Oxford
Street. Mr. W. Harwood of Colchester, came on two occasions, and
my old friend Mr. Ashmead. These dinners continued till about
1880, when the license was withdrawn, and they ceased. About
the same time our old lady died at the age of seventy-four, and
many of the " boys " had passed away, so our Sunday morning
early rambles came to a close. Still while they lasted they were
a great source of pleasure and instruction to me. The society was
also going down, so that at the end of 1881, it had ceased to
exist.
Before taking leave of the East London Society, just a word or
two about the " boys." There was Harry Lamb, a good fellow but
a great sufferer, he died in 1881, at the age of 31. Among others
were Walter Este, Joseph Ward, George Graham, W. Head, S.
Goodacre, G. Pratt, Mr. Bowers, all middle-aged men and good
collectors, William Craft, whose son is now a collector and lives at
Bourne End, W. Thorn and Thomas Edle, better known as
*' Tommy," who was with Lord Walsingham collecting in East Africa,
and used to tell me he was away from England nine years. A
large number of the caterpillars in the Walsingham collection now
at the Natural History Museum, were mounted by him.
In 1877 I went with these two last named collectors to Tilgate
Forest. They had with them four bred females of the " Kentish Glory,"
for assembling purposes, and they took that day one hundred and
seventy-four males. I asked them if I should be allright for a couple,
the answer I got was, " No, my Boy, they will fetch us eight-pence
each." Then there was W. Tufnell, the only member about my
own age.
On Hackney Marshes there were two taverns, surrounded with
gardens laid out with seats and tables. One was the '* White Hart,"
the other was the " Ferry Boat," and it did not matter how crowded
these gardens were with people, they were noted for the song-birds
that could be heard in them. The cuckoo always paid these gardens
a visit before going anywhere else, followed by the blackbird, and
the thrush in turn, and in due season, without fail, the nightingale.
I have seen crowds sit in awed silence waiting for the birds to sing.
This is where W. Tufnel comes in ; he was one of the best imitators
of birds' notes I have known, and later went on the Music Hall
Stage, The bird's fee was two shillings to three shillings and
sixpence according to the amount of trade done, and refreshments
nightly. This is not Entomology, but it is the truth. With the
withdrawal of the licences, strange to say, these birds disappeared
from Hackney marshes.
Then Mr. Trotman. I did not know much of him ; he was one
of the oldest members of the Society and was eighty-two when I
was first introduced to him in 1877. He must have been a very
keen collector in his time for I was told he had supplied nearly all
the dealers in London. He told me himself that he had sold
"Large Coppers," bred, sixpence and eightpence each, in quantities
of not less than two hundred, and he told me whom he had supplied,
I have asked the son of one of these, and he told me that there were
entries in one of his father's old day books of the purchase of
" Large Coppers," two hundred at a tim e at eightpence each.
On the last occasion that I saw him, in 1879, he wanted to sell
the last of his insects as he was about to go into the workhouse. He
had a large sized store box, containing among other things fifty-two
"Large Coppers," two " Camber well Beauties," and about two
hundred very fine bred insects, for all of which he wanted a
sovereign. I expect Mr. Ashmead bought them at the finish at his
own price.
Last but not least, Mr. David Pratt or Dave, our Secretary. I
thought him the best fellow breathing, and I wish I conld remember
all that he told me.
The election ceremony of a new member was as follows : — The
new member would stand in front of the table facing Dave, who
after reading the few rules, would grasp the member's right hand
with great heartiness, and with his left he would hand the new
member a foaming quart nmg of bitter ale with a, " Drink brother.
Drini{ hearty." One member took him at his word and returned
the mug nearly empty. Dave looked sadly at the mug and said,
" Man, you have had half your entrsmce fee back already."
He often used to talk to me about a club to which he had been a
few times, and of which he always spoke as that " Club over the
water." He told me that it was held at Dunn's Institute Newington
Causeway. He said they were allright, but one member in particular
was a smart chap, a long-headed cove, but Dave never met him again.
It is now fifty-three years ago, since that conversation and that long-
headed cove, is still going strong. Shall I name him ? — Mr. E.
Step.
Then on two occasions in 1879 we had a visit from Mr. Adkin.
When asked by a Mr, Albury, a member of the South London
Society, what he thought of the Society, he replied that " They
seemed a decent lot of chaps, if only they wo>ild talk Entomology."
Talking of Mr. Albury ; he uiade things very unpleasiuit for
me at home by informing my father that I had joined my finishing
ofi" school. In the same year I joined the Haggerston Entomo-
loi>ical Society, whose meetings were held at the "Brownlow Arms,"
Queen's Road, Dalston. This society was composed of a different
class of collector, better educated, a bit higher in the social scale,
and better off; among the members were Dr. Crouch, Mr. J. A.
Clark, Mr. Gurney the cabinet-maker, Mr. Russell, Mr. Priest, Senr.,
Mr. Huckett, the brothers W. and T. Harper, and many more whose
names I h;i,ve forgotten. All these have passed away. The
Haggerston Society will always be remembered by the four large
cases given to the Bethnal Green Museum, containing the Butterflies
and Moths, a male and female of each, to be caught at that time
within ten miles of the Museum in any direction.
Every few months the society would hold a social evening, or, as
some called it, a sing-song, and our time was extended till eleven
o'clock. One of these social events was in full swing one Wednesday
evening, when the waiter entered the room with a tray of orders,
followed by my father, who promptly seized me by the collar of my
coat and flung me out of the room. He then turned and told the
assembled company what he thought of them ; and they thought it
6
was a httJe entertainment got up for their amusement. But I never
had the courage to go to another of their meetings ; I faded away.
Looking back over the fifty odd years that have slipped so quickly
by, I have had many very pleasant and instructive times that never
come again, but my old friends of the East London Society will
always dwell in my memory. They were nicknamed the " Amiables."
One tale to prove their right to the title and I will close.
We used to go every August to the New Forest. The August
bank holiday of 1878 was very wet, so three of them made their way
to the *' Lyndhurst Arms," Lyndhurst, and made themselves very
much at home ; so much so that the landlord got very worried.
Getting into conversation with them, he suggested that it was nearly
tea time, and said that being holiday time, and as he always had a few
regular customers who would be sure to come in, and if our party
kept on in that style there would be no beer left for these. He was
met with the answer, " That's all right, draw us another couple of
pots, and we will make that last till they come in, and then we will
help them clear the cellar." The Keepers were never tired of
telling this tale. Well ! I have been an " Amiable," but after all
these years, I have found a home among those chaps ' over the
water,' the South London Entomological Society.
On the Occasional Extension of Territory by the Brown -
tail Moth, Nygmia phaeorrhoea, and its
Ultimate Collapse.
By Robert Adkin, F.E.S.— Bead September 12th, 1929.
So long as we have history of the Brown-tail Moth, there are
records of its occasional abnormal spread over territory not previously
occupied by it, usually accompanied by a vast increase in numbers,
possibly for a year or two, followed by a period of great scarcity, if
not actual disappearance. These cases of abundance do not appear
to extend over large tracts of country, but rather to affect restricted
areas. Thus, in the notorious outbreak of 1782, Donovan (1813)
quoting Curtis, is at pains to show that although the country to the
south-west of London was devastated as far as Putney Common,
not a web was to be seen at Coombe Wood and Richmond Park.
So in the 1877 outbreak at Deal — although the hedges and bushes,
including the sea-buckthorns, were completely denuded of their
leaves from Upper Deal to the sand-hills, a distance of some two or
three miles — there were few, if any, larvae to be found outside that
radius ; and I understand a similar state of affairs existed at Sheppey
at, or about, the same period.
Normally the species lives in colonies occupying very restricted
areas ; chiefly on the coasts of Kent and Sussex, but it is not
confined to those districts. These colonies often persist for a con-
siderable number of years on the same spot, without showing any
inclination to spread to any great extent ; then, quite suddenly,
" nests " appear over a much larger area, with the probability that
they start fresh colonies, and should favourable conditions prevail,
a considerable area becomes involved in one of the ** plagues" that
have from time to time occurred, but which have been invariably of
short duration.
In the neighbourhood of Eastbourne there is a colony on some
patches of blackthorn bushes that grow on the edge of the low cliff
in a hollow of the Downs ; it is bounded on the west by Beachy
Head, on the north by the high ground leading up to it, and on the
east by a spur of the Downs that runs out to the coast, so that it is
thus completely shut off from the surrounding country. I have had
this colony under fairly close observation for some thirty years, and
during that time it has fluctuated very considerably in point of
8
numbers of larvae. Thus, in 1907 ifc.was in great force; so
numerous were the larvae that long before they were full-fed they
had completely stripped the blackthorns of their leaves, and were to
be seen wandering over the grass and taking possession of any
brambles or other bushes on which they might maintain themselves ;
yet, neither the larvae nor the moths that resulted from them were
observed to stray beyond the confines of the hollow ; and in the
following year it was much less common. Small colonies that had
established themselves in other parts of its terrain soon died out,
and even on the original blackthorns it had become comparatively
scarce. Then the colony began to recover its strength, and year by
year " nests " became more and more numerous, until within the
last few years the colony appeared to be thoroughly re-established,
yet showed no signs of extending its range beyond its normal
confines until last year (1928) when, while the moths were on the
wing, there appears to have been a very considerable movement.
My attention was first called to it by my finding a female moth
at rest on a pear tree in my garden, and beside her a batch of eggs
that she had just deposited. The Brown-tail is not a desirable
garden insect. The eggs, therefore, were removed and destroj^ed,
Later on, when the leaves had fallen, a "nest" was found on an
apple tree. This "nest" was very different in appearance from
those usually found on the blackthorns, in that it had large apple-
leaves tightly woven on its outside : indeed, I was at first doubtful
whether it had been made by this species, but in the spring the
larvae came out and sunned themselves on it, so all doubt was set
at rest. It was then removed to a wild apple bush growing on the
Parade where the larvae soon spun fresh web around it and began to
feed, but were eventually overtaken by the same fate as others yet
to be mentioned.
The finding of these eggs and larvae in my garden suggested to
me that there might be others scattered along the coast, which just
here is occupied by the Parades, and by a hollow that is sheltered
on its south-west, but at some little distance, by the spur of the
Downs that forms the eastern boundary of the area in which the
original colony exists. Both the banks along the Parades and this
hollow are in a semi-cultivated condition. In the latter, trees of
various species have been planted but a certain amount of the
original bramble and other bush remains, while along the Parade
banks, among the planted shrubs, a number of scattered wild apple
and plum bushes grow, probably resulting from seeds that have been
thrown down in past years.
A search of this district during winter, when the trees were bare
of leaves, showed that, "nests" were numerous. In the hollow,
two were found on a young white-beam tree and one on another ;
these "nests" were like the one on garden apple, having the dead
leaves webbed on to them. On a small standard hawthorn were three
*' nests," one on another, and on a bramble bush two were visible,
while on the Parade banks hardly an apple or plum bush was to be
found without one or more nests upon it ; the furthest being at a
distance of a mile or a little more from the original colony on the
blackthorns.
As spring began to advance a frequent watch was kept upon the
" nests." At first the larvae came out, and sat upon the " nests,"
sunning themselves in the usual manner. Then, as the leaves began
to develop the larvae began to feed upon them and for a time all
appeared to be going well. But after a while, when the larvae were
about half-grown, it was noticed that the branches of the bushes
were not being stripped of their leaves as they should have been,
and on a close search beino- made it was found that the larvae were
not feeding in companies, as is usual at this period of their growth,
but were scattered all over the bushes, and their numbers appeared
to be much smaller than was expected. From this time they
rapidly disappeared and, so far as could be observed, not one of them
reached maturity.
With regard to the original colony on the blackthorns. Wishing
to obtain a typical hibernaculum for figuring, I went over to the
bushes in early spring and found that nests were quite numerous.
It was a dull afternoon and no larvae were sunning themselves, but
most of the " nests " had a certain amount of new web, and two
that I selected as being least altered from their winter appearance in
this respect, were ultimately found to contain their full complement
of larvae, so it was very evident that at that time they were all live
" nests." I was unable to visit the bushes again until quite the end
of June, when a careful search revealed only two small lots of pupae,
containing probably only some dozen or so pupae in all. It was
therefore very evident that in this case also the loss of larval life
must have been very great.
The questions that these happenings appear to suggest are, what
should induce the colony that had, for so many years, kept to its
own terrain, to suddenly break bounds, and then, having done so,
why should the effort be so suddenly overtaken by disaster? I
confess that I am not aware of any very direct evidence bearing upon
the subject, but there is a certain amount of circumstantial evidence
and there are several possibilities that we may consider.
Of these, the action of wind as an agent of dispersal is one, and
as a matter of fact there were several days of continuous strong
south westerly winds at the time last year, namely, early in August,
when the female moths would be egg-laying, and its direction would
be such as to drive them to the places where the winter nests were
subsequently found. But it is no uncommon thing to have similar
breezes at that time of year, yet we do not find that they usually
affect the insect. At best, then, wind cannot be regarded as anything
more than a possible secondary agent in the distribution.
10
As to the collapse, cuckoos have been seen to feed upon the larvae,
but cuckoos were not unusually common in the neighbourhood and
birds generally are not fond of hairy larvae. The larvae are prone
to the attacks of both hymenopterous and dipterous parasites, but
they do not kill the larvae until they are full-fed or after they have
pupated. Neither of these agencies, therefore, can be regarded as of
primary importance in the present case. It is well known that
many species of larvae are subject to diseases that kill them off in
large numbers, and at various stages of their existence, and further
that some of these diseases are transmissible through the egg,
therefore the imagines must also be afi'ected. Further, that some of
these diseases at first affect a brood only slightly, bat become more
deadly in succeeding generations.
Larvae that are suffering from disease become restless and
inclined to wander, and it is quite conceivable that the ima.gines of
a brood in the early stages of disease may be similarly affected.
That this species is naturally a sedentary one is shown by the
fact that a colony will inhabit an exceedingly small area for many
years without overstepping its boundaries. It must therefore need
some untoward circumstance to cause it to break bounds. And, as
we have already seen, any great spread of the species, which in
many cases may lead to an unusual abundance, is practically always
followed by a collapse.
Having considered all these possibilities in conjunction with the
normal habits of the species, it appears to me that the most
likely explanation of the sudden spread of the species, its possible
great increase in numbers and equally sudden decline, is the presence
in the colony of some disease such as is known to affect such species
as Arctia villica and A. caia, Diacrisia mendica, Oryyia antiqiia and
so forth. The disease in its early stages would probably affect the
imagines only slightly, doing no more than to cause them to become
restless ; the action of the wind would then no doubt assist in their
movement. In the two cases of which I have details this may well
have been so ; at Deal the movement was towards the sand-bills ;
at Eastbourne towards the Parades ; thus being from south-west
to north-east, therefore in the direction of the prevailing winds.
The eggs laid by these females would be infected. If the disease
had not progressed very far the majority of the broods would
survive for at least another generation and cause a great abundance,
as in the Deal case ; if it was more advanced the larvae would be
killed oft' before the abundance had time to develop, as in the case
at Eastbourne. I think, therefore, that we may conclude that it is
the presence of a disease in the colony that initiates the wanderings
of its inhabitants and then causes its collapse.
I ought perhaps to say that I do not regard these exceptional
cases that we have been considering, as coming under the same
category as the frequent rise and fall in the strength of a colony
11
that is continually going on. Here I think we need look no further
than for what we are pleased to call natural causes, namely, the weather
at critical times in the insect's life ; predacious enemies of one sort
or another ; and parasites. That these latter play an important
part has been amply proved. On one occasion when our Eastbourne
colony was going very strong, I collected at random a number of
larvae when they were rather more than half -grown, and sent them
to a friend who was interested in parasites in their earlier stages.
He found, by dissection, that they were very heavily parasitised,
my recollection being that something over 60% of those I sent him
were affected. On another occasion two " nests" were transported
to a London surburban garden and there placed on a growing
hawthorn bush and left unprotected. The larvae were attacked by
a dipterous parasite that did its work so thoroughly that not half
a dozen moths were reared. Such agencies do not, however, as I
have already said, appear to meet the cases of occasional spread and
ultimate collapse that we have been considering.
12
Thorns and Prickles.
By Edward Step, F.h.S.—Read October 10th, 1929.
In many herbs the stems, leaves or flower-parts are coated,
sparingly or profusely, with hairs which serve diverse purposes
according to the habit or habitat of the plant so clothed. They
may serve to protect from cold or from heat, prevent the stomata
from being clogged by too abundant moisture, or may act as a check
to excessive transpiration. In various situations on the plant they
may serve to discourage the visits of unwanted insects, or by
conversion into delicate tubes, as in the Nettles, may become stings
that inject an irritant fluid into the skin of meddlesome mammals.
In the Sundews they are developed into fleshj^ tentacles with
glandular tips, by whose aid the leaf catches insects for the plant's
support. When very short and dense, they furnish the velvety
colour spots on the petals of flowers, as in some of our Orchids ;
when very long and equally crowded they constitute the flannel-
like coating of some leaves, such as those of Mullein. They may
be adapted to assist climbing or scrambling herbs like Hop and
Goosegrass, by becoming coarser and less crowded.
An advance from the hair is seen in the sharp prickle, such as
we find terminating the leaf-lobes and stem wing-lobes of the
Thistles, and along the midribs and stem of the Teasel ; harder
and sharper in the soft-wooded Roses and Brambles. This harder
kind may be straight or curved, the former acting as defences and
the latter serving as climbing hooks. These hooks, despite their
formidable appearance, are hollow superficial growths, easily
detached by lateral pressure. That they have been developed to
assist in climbing is evident if we compare the equipment of Dog-
rose and the bush Brambles with the Burnet- rose and the Dewberry :
the two latter are spiny, but they have no climbing-hooks.
Thorns and spines such as we know so well on the branches of
Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Wild Pear and Buckthorn, are woody and
solid like the small trees that bear them ; they have a different
origin, being the hardened tips of aborted shoots.
Respecting all these awkward outgrowths, there have long been
two opposing theories : one school adopting the teleological view
that these plants came into existence fully armed against animal
foes — the browsing mammals ; others telling us authoritatively that
though some thorns may serve as a protection, they all owe their
origin to the fact that when the thorns first appeared the plants
13
that bore them were growing under desert conditions, more or less
starved, which caused them to stop growth and harden their shoots,
instead of keeping the points soft and still developing. The strength
of the latter view is derived from the fact that in desert places most
of the plants exhibit this thorny character ; but its weakness is
shown by many prickly plants that inhabit damp ground with a
moist atmosphere about them — the opposite of desert conditions.
Besides, it is quite certain that the plants of deserts could never
have originated there, but must have arisen elsewhere under more
congenial conditions and only became adapted to poverty.
If, instead of adopting either of these theories off-hand, we consider
some of our native prickly plants separately, we may come to the
conclusion that, though the plauts of the desert are mainly of this
character, the explanation is too sweeping and scarcely to be justified
by all the evidence. Our British thorny plants are certainly not
the descendants of desert species, if the facts of distribution have
any value.
The first armed plant on the British list is a shrub, the Barberry
(Berber is nihiaris), whose armature is peculiar. It produces long,
slender shoots, on which all the leaves have been converted into
sharp needle-like spines, and these are in groups of from three to
seven. This, clearly, is no result of poverty, for the spines appear
on the new shoots in advance of short twigs that bear clusters df
normal leaves whose margins have prickle-teeth. The position and
direction of these spines are such that the upward lick of a cow's
tongue in securing a length of the tender shoot would result in
severe punishment ; and there can be little doubt that it is against
such attacks that this protection is retained, however it may have
originated. The Barberry does not grow under desert conditions,
but is a shrub of the copse and hedgerow.
Our two species of Buckthorn may give some support to the
desert theory ; for one is armed and the other is unprotected. The
Purging Buckthorn [Rhauniufi cathaiticiis) grows mainly in dry
soils, such as the chalk hills ; and the ends of its twigs harden into
long spines. The Alder-leaved Buckthorn {Rluumius franynla) is
found chiefly in damp hedgerows and copses, and has a fondness
for the neighbourhood of streams, but its twigs give it no title to be
included among the thorns, in spite of the last syllable of its name.
On the other hand is the Furze {Ule.v enropaemi) ; it has trans-
formed all its twigs and leaves into spines which are crowded on
the green stems, but the shrub is by no means restricted to dry habitats.
It avoids chalk, but though found on dry hill-sides and equally dry
heaths, it is quite as plentiful in soils that are boggy with a distinctly
moist atmosphere above. This, we are told, may be equal to a depriv-
ation of moisture, for peat soil is acid and its water may not be taken
freely by all plants. Needle-whin [Genista aniilica), a low shrub with
curved, slender branches, has small leaves, but is made conspicuous
u
more by its exceedingly sharp, long needles. It climbs to the top
of high mountains and grows on low heaths ; bat those upon which
it is most abundant, in my experience, are by no means dry either
for soil or atmosphere. Blackthorn {Pniiius spinosa), too, though
it is found under varied conditions, has a distinct liking for wet
places, including the margins of bogs and streams. Butcher's
Broom {RiiscKs (inileatiis), though it occurs sometimes on chalk, is
much more frequent about mixed woods and oakwoods, where both
soil and air are moister. Like Furze, it has given up the production
of efficient leaves as a hopeless business, and the woody, flat twigs
that serve the office of leaves are each tipped with a pungent point,
and they are quite inedible except when the new, soft, white stems
are sent up rapidly under the protection of the older ones.
Holly {Ilex aqi(ifoliinn) has prickly leaves only low down, where
the atmospheric conditions are moister ; the upper branches
exposed to drying winds, have flatter, unarmed leaves. Much the
same may be said of the Wild Pear (P//r//.s coiiniiiinis), whose lower
branches are spiny, but the upper ones are not. In both these
cases the new twigs on the upper branches of the tree are produced
under much drier conditions and should be, therefore, the more
spiny according to the desert theory. Thistles {Caydnns), bristling
with prickles on stem and leaf, are not restricted to dry places ;
neither is the Teasel (Dipsani.^ si/lvestris).
It appears to me to be more reasonable to suppose that spines
and thorns originated as mutations and have been perpetuated by
natural selection where they were found to give protection to species
whose foliage was desirable as food for mammals; the protected
individuals being more likely to survive and transmit the thorny
tendency to their offspring. Thorns, being aborted shoots,
originated probably under adverse conditions which prevented the
healthy continuation of the shoot's growth and caused it to shrivel
into a sharp point ; and the smaller spines represent leaf-stalks or
stipules that have become hardened in similar circumstances.
Where by some such process the plant has become leafless — as in
Furze and Butcher's Broom — the functions of the leaf have to be
performed by other parts of the plant ; and in the two examples
mentioned this is effected by keeping the stems and twigs green.
To some people, this loss of leaves appears to be a reversal of the
proper course of evolution, and not a " survival of the fittest."
But '* fittest " in the Darwinian sense does not imply necessarily
perfection according to human or any other standard, but the most
fit among its fellows for the work it is compelled by environment
to perform — the one of a batch most likely to carry its mission to
a successful finish. The survival of this fittest line is brought
about by the gradual elimination of the less fit. Natural selection
does not produce progressive and beneficial variations ; but it adopts
and stabilises them when they have arisen.
15
The Season of 1929 at Eastbourne.
A Comparison and Some Additions to the Local Fauna.
By Robert Adkin, F.E.S.— Read December 12th, 1929.
It is many years since we enjoyed so fine a summer as that of
1929, yet, from the lepidopterist's point of view, it is doubtful
whether the ' Season ' will be considered as good as that of 1928.
At any rate, several species that were excessively abundant in the
former year were almost, if not completely, absent in the later one.
Pyrameis cardiii that was so abundant in 1928 has, so far as I
am aware, not been seen in the neighbourhood of Eastbourne during
the present year. Plm^ia (jamma, always a fairly common species,
has been a comparative rarity, and Xomophila nnctuella that in 1928
occurred in such countless thousands as to be a positive plague, has
hardly been noticed in 1929. A feature of the former year was
the abundance of the larvae of Heliothis peltii/era, all along our
coast-line, wherever any suitable food-plant was to be found. The
imagines also were well in evidence. In 1929, although careful
search has been made for the larva, not a trace of it has been found,
nor has the imago been met with. I am not so bold as to say that
the species has been entirely absent, but if it has occurred at
all it has been in such small numbers that it has escaped detection.
But for all that, 1929 has not been without some matters of
interest. It will perhaps be convenient to take the species seriatim.
Our two common Pierids, P. hrasdcae and P. rapae. are always
liable to considerable fluctuations in point of numbers. The
spring emergences were about normal, but the later broods of both
species were considerably in excess. It did not appear that there
was any sudden increase in numbers, as is the case when immigration
takes place, the abundance apparently being due to favourable
conditions for their development. Coliaa croceim was seen on May
30th and from August 5th to September 19th, specimens were
occasionally met with, but a,t no time was it at all common. A
Leucopliada m'uapis was captured in the woods on August 12th and
two or three others a few days later, while in the latter part of
June some dozen specimens of Melitaea athalia were taken. It is
interesting to know that these two species still occur in our
neighbourhood, but it is to be regretted that their continued
existence should be jeopardised by the few individuals seen being
captured. Liinenitis sihilla continues to occur fairly commonly,
and Melanaryia galathea is distinctly on the increase. Among the
Vanessids AnlaU urticae was by far the most common. It was first
seen on February 2nd, when a specimen was noticed fluttering on
a window in the house, and from the middle of March until the
16
middle of May it was frequently met with, and during August and
September it was quite common. I'l/rameh atalanta was noted on
May 26th and 30th, and from August 9th to October 81st, it was
continually seen, but never more than three or four specimens at a
time. The only note I have of Vanei^m in is two full-fed larvae
seen on July 28th ; and of Poli/i/oiiia c-alhioii two specimens have
been noted — one at East Dean on August 8th and the other in my
garden on September 22nd. Chri/sofi/ianua {Riiuticia) phlaeas was
fairly abundant in certain places in September, and one individual
was seen as late as October 23rd. Polyoiimiatus thetis (bellarr/ns)
has been more common than for many years past, and although
Lycaenopsis argiohts appeared to be on the wing in much the usual
numbers in both the spring and summer broods, the larvae on the
ivy-flower buds were decidedly scarce in the autumn, Macroylossum
stellataridii although so common in 1928 has been quite scarce. One
was seen as early as March 30th and then between September 22nd
and October 27th an individual was occasionally met with — perhaps
some half dozen or so in all. The larvae of Phalera hucepliala were
very common on the elms growing along the roads in the tDwn in
autumn, and when full-fed might be seen running about on the
brick pathways, seeking some soft bit of ground in which they
might burrow. The place of No)nopIiila noctuella was taken largely
by CrauibiiH tn'stclliis, which swarmed over the Downs for many
weeks.
Not the least interesting feature of the season was the re-
establishment of one species in our local list and the addition of
some five others. Our late member, Mr. George P. Shearwood,
told me that in 1886 he took Loxosteye [Spilodes) palealis on the
rough ground that then existed between the old lime kilns at
Holywell and the Convalescent Home, and Mr. Alfred Sich had
met with it near the same spot some ten years earlier. So far as I
know these are the only records for the species in the Eastbourne
district. It was therefore with considerable interest that I was shown,
on July 24th, by our fellow member, Mr. A. L. Hay ward, a live
specimen that he had just captured on the ground occupied by the
Summerdown Camp during the war, which has since run to waste
and is now being built over. We subsequently found that the species
was not uncommon there, and in September succeeded in taking the
larva in the green seed-heads of the wild carrot. A specimen was
also taken on the banks of the Cuckmere estuary, some seven miles
away. On the Summerdown ground Mr. Rayward also took two
specimens of Alyelols cribrella, while a third was taken on the
Crumbles, where he also captured a specimen of Salebria semirubella
(carnella). On swampy ground near Hampden Park j\Ir. E. P.
Sharp took, and very kindly handed over to me, a couple of Chilo
p/uagiHitelltis ; and in the same place Mr. Rayward turned up KucoHma
{Paediscu) semifnscana and Ortliotaelia sparyanella.
17
ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS
OF THE
Sofutlj |Joub0u ^ntoiuological mxh Natural Pistory
Read January 23rd, 1930.
By H. W. Andrews, F.E.S.
LADIES and GENTLEMEN. You have just heard the Report
of the Council and the Treasurer's Report, and I do not
think they call for any special remarks on my part, except
congratulations to our Treasurer on the result of his labours last
year. I think on looking back that Dr. Cockayne's remarks from
this chair, at our last Annual Meeting, on the desirability of more
exhibits has borne fruit, but too often these exhibits are made by the
" veterans " of the Society, and I feel a good deal more ought to be
done in the way of exhibits by our younger members. I am sorry
that the Council's suggestion as to putting out suitable exhibits on
the side desks before the General Meeting has not met with much
support. I still think that it would add to the interest of the
General Meeting if members knew something beforehand of forth-
coming exhibits and did not have to wait until they reached them
in the meeting itself. With this small grumble I pass on to my
address proper.
THE EARLIER STAGES OF DIPTERA.
Introduction.
A good many years ago I had the privilege of reading a paper
on Diptera before this Society, dealing mainly with the adult
stages. And in casting around to find a subject for that ordeal,
the Presidential Address, which custom dictates shall be delivered
annually, whether the deliverer is competent or not, I thought I
could do no better than make some remarks on the earlier stages
of this Order. There is an extensive literature on this subject but
18
until recent years it was very unevenly distributed over the different
divisions of the Order. The life-history of some aquatic species has
been known since the time of Reaumur (1734), that of many others
known more or less, but it was not until the latter part of the nine-
teenth and the early years of the present century, that the growing
knowledge of the economic importance of Diptera gave special
impetus to the study of their life-histories. Since the discovery
(circ. 1897) of the connection between Malaria and Mosquitoes, the
life-history of the latter all over the world has been attacked from
every possible angle and point of view. The pathology of Yellow
Fever and Sleeping Sickness has led to intensive study of their
dipterous agents, and agricultural economists have closely investi-
gated the dipterous pests of domestic animals and crops. Especially
in recent years has attention been paid to the numerous cases of
parasitism occurring throughout the Order. All this knowledge is
scattered in various reports and proceedings in entomological,
medical and agricultural literature ; and as it is usually rather
briefly referred to in systematic works, I thought it might be of
interest to try and give a resume of certain interesting facts
gathered from some of these publications.
The Egg Stage.
The eggs of Diptera do not, as a rule, show that difference in
form and structure that is characteristic of orders such as the
Lepidoptera. They are generally white in colour, oblong or spindle
shaped, mainly smooth and unsculptured, sometimes with a finely
shagreened surface (Stratiomyi/ioe) or with keels or flanges lying
along their longitudinal axis {Mnscidae) — Exceptionally the eggs of
Microdon — a Syrphid which passes its earlier stages as a commensal
in the nests of certain species of ants — are oval and distinctly
sculptured, and those of Co7iopidae, parasitic on Hymenoptera, have
groups of hooks or filaments at their micropylar end. The eggs are
deposited in varying ways, and those species whose early stages are
aquatic show curious and interesting adaptations for purposes of
development and protection. The egg-rafts of Culicids so formed
that their upper portions are kept aerated even during temporary
submersion, and the egg-ropes of Chironomids, so formed that air
and sun can get to them, while at the same time a degree of
protection is afforded from enemies, have been fully described by
Miall in his " Natural History of Aquatic Insects." Perhaps the
most curious method of oviposition in an aquatic species is that of
19
Atherix ibis, a Leptid fly rare in Britain, the females of which lay
their eggs in common on the branches or twigs of some shrub over-
hanging a stream, and dying as they do so, add their bodies to this
viscid mass which may often consist of thousands of individuals.
From this bunch of eggs and dead flies the newly hatched larvae
drop into the water underneath. In this connection it may be
mentioned that an American species of Atherix {A. varieffata) was
formerly used as an article of diet by the Indians of Oregon, who
collected them from the riverbanks and after baking them, made
them into a kind of paste. From the accounts given by Aldrich,
who records this interesting fact, it appears that it was the egg-
masses that were collected.
The female of the common St. Mark's fly [Bibio marci) burrows
bodily into tbe earth and lays a mass of eggs in a small subterranean
cell. The Daddy-long-legs [Tipula oUracea) thrusts the end of
the abdomen into the ground and then oviposits. The cluster fly
(Polle}iia rudis) scatters its eggs loosely on the ground, leaving the
young larvae to find their own way to the earthworms on which
they prey ; and in like manner species of Boinbyliulae lay their
eggs in the open, the young larvae having the formidable task of
penetrating the cemented cells of the mason-bees or perishing.
Hover-flies {Si/r/i/iidae) as a rule oviposit amongst the Aphids on
which their larvae prey. Conopidae are said to oviposit during
flight on the bodies of bees and wasps. The Bot-flies {Oeatridae)
glue their eggs on the hairs of the skin of their equine or bovine
hosts. Pipunculids oviposit on or in frog-hoppers and other
Homoptera, and the Cyrtidae lay their quantities of black eggs in
the neighbourhood of spider-webs, for these curious globular flies
reverse the usual role and (in their larval stage) are parasitic on
spiders. Further instances could be adduced but enough has been
said to show that there is no lack of variety in this stage of the
life-history of Dipfcera.
It often happens that species of the same family oviposit in quite
different ways. For example, some Asilids (Robber-flies) drop their
eggs loosely ; others lay in cracks in stumps of trees or near burrows
of beetles tnerein ; others glue their ova to sticks or moss ; others
bury them in soil, and yet others lay in the ears of flowering grasses,
in the stems of grasses, or in buds of twigs and branches ; the
ovipositors of the females being modified according to the
manner of oviposition. In the Tacliinidae again some lay very
minute eggs on the foodplants favoured by the hosts, the eggs being
20
eaten with the food ; others deposit directly on the skin of their
host larvae, others in the bodies of larvae, piercing the skin with
their ovipositors ; and the species of Carcelia lay stalked eggs on
the hairs of the larvae of Chelonia.
The Diptera are not all oviparous : the eggs of many parasitic
Tachinids hatch out directly they are deposited (ovo-viviparity),
they are usually laid in large numbers and very small in size. In
Sarcophagids, whose larvae are scavengers (saprophagous), the eggs
are of considerable size and fewer in number and are deposited as
larvae (larviparity) ; while in certain Muscids, the eggs are still
larger in proportion, and single larvae are laid which moult directly
on deposition, passing their first stage while in the egg state in the
body of the female.
In the above mentioned cases there is no anatomical modifica-
tion of the eggs and they never appear to obtain nourishment
directly from the parent, but when we come to the Tsetse flies
(Glossinids), and the Forest-, sheep- and bird-flies (Hippoboscids,
Melophagids and Ornithomyiids, forming the sub-division Pupipara)
the egg IS anatomically modified, and is nourished by the parent for
the full duration of the larval stage, oviposition consisting of the
deposition of single full fed larvae which immediately pupate.
I conclude this section by mentioning that the phenomenon of
paedogenesis in the larval state has been observed in a species of
Cecidomyid fly and also in species of Cldrononiidae : in the latter
case fully developed pupae produced ova whence normal larvae
hatched. Parthenogenesis, resulting in females only, also occurs in
some other Chironomids.
The number of eggs laid varies immensely ; little is known with
certainty about most species, but there is a fair amount of data with
respect to species of economic importance, whose life-histories have
been closely studied. The Anopheles mosquito {niacniiijennis) lays
from 50-100 eggs : Culex pipiens 400 : the Daddy-long-legs (Tipnla
oleracea) 400-500 : Blow-flies (Calliphoridae) 400-600 : the house
fly [Miisca domestica) 120-140 ; its biting relation the stable-fly
(Stoinoxys calcitrans) 50-70, and another closely related species, the
raven fly [Miisca corvina) only about 25. In laboratory experiments
a Tsetse fly {Glossina /lalpalh) deposited single fully grown larvae at
intervals of nine to ten days, eight larvae being deposited in
thirteen weeks. The greatest number of eggs deposited by any
dipteron of which I have found records occurs in an American
species of Cyrtidae [Pterodontia liavipes) where the following series
21
of egg-counts was made from three captured females : — number
one, 987 ; number two, 3344 ; number three, 3997. Most of these
eggs were deposited during the morning of the first day and in no
case did the captives live more than two days.
In considering the number of eggs laid, it must be remembered
that it is not known with any certainty whether oviposition occurs
more than once during the life-time of any individual ; the house-
fly for instance, having been recorded as laying three or four
batches of eggs during its lifetime.
From the above remarks it will be realised that there is no lack
of variety in this stage of the life-history, and I will pass on to the
next.
The Larval Stage.
It may well be claimed of Dipterous larvae that they surpass
those of all other Orders in variety of their life-history, and to deal
adequately and fully with this stage would take far more space and
time than is possible in an address such as this. They may occur
almost anywhere, and their pabulum may consist of almost any
animal or vegetable matter, living or in decay, while they attack as
parasites the whole animal kingdom (excluding fishes) from man to
earthworms. They have been aptly summed-up as " omnipresent
and omnivorous " ; yet, as the majority 'are either aquatic or live in
concealment, they are but little noticed and make no such appeal to
the average entomologist as do, for example, the handsome open-
feeding caterpillars of Lepidoptera.
The main characteristic of a dipterous larva is the absence of true
legs. No dipterous larva has true legs; their place in locomotion
is taken by pseudopods, rows of stiff bristles, or roughened ridges
on the segments. Cases of legless larvae occur in some families of
other orders, but in none is this universally the case as in Diptera.
Another special characteristic is the frequent diminution of the size
of the head, which in many cases can be so drawn back within the
following segments, that the larva appears to be headless. This
state is well exemplified in the maggots of the house-fly. At the
other extreme are mosquito larvae which have a large exserted head,
and between these two forms are many intermediate stages.
The number of segments is usually twelve, excluding the head,
but this is not constant, families occurring with both greater and
lesser numbers of l)ody segments. The shape of the larval body
varies greatly ; besides the common caterpillar-like forms others
22
occur that have numerous spiny or flattened excrescences arranged
along the sides of the body. Some larvae are pear-shaped {Cono-
pidae) ; others oval [Platypezidae) ; and the larvae of Microdon
referred to above are so slug-like that they have been described at
least twice, and named, as new species of Molluscs. The shape of
a larva may change entirely in its different stages, especially in
certain parasitic forms {e.g., Bomhyliidae) where the newly-hatched
larvae are extremely elongate and hairlike (triungulin), but in their
subsequent stages, in the cells of the bee larvae that they parasitize,
are short, plump and maggot- shaped. The antennae are very
minute and inconspicuous, and there is no trace of ocelli in the
majority of families (though they are present in certain Chirono-
mids). There is great variation in the size of the mandibles and
these are frequently used for classificator}' purposes. It suffices to
say here that they may be placed horizontally or vertically, and in
one large division (Cyclorrhapha), are reduced to hook-like shapes
somewhat like the tusks of a walrus.
With regard to the breathing apparatus, the normal insect arrange-
ment of a number of spiracles ranged along the sides of the body
(peripneustic) is rare, and confined to the more primitive forms.
As a rule there are either two pairs, one at either end of the body
(amphipneustic), or one pair only, at the posterior end (meta-
pneustic). In the parasitic forms it frequently happens that the
newly-hatched larvae have only the one posterior pair, and in
subsequent moults develop an anterior pair as well. Varying
contrivances for obtaining air occur amongst aquatic forms. The
larva of Stratiowys pierces the surface-film of the water with its tail,
which then expands the bunch of 30 or so filaments at its extremity,
like the petals of a flower, and the larva hangs head downwards
suspended from the surface by this tail coronet. Mosquito larvae
in like manner pierce the surface-film with the " respiratory syphon "
springing from their eighth abdominal segment, and the five flaps
at the extremity open out in the same way as the coronet filaments
of Stratiomys. The larva of the Bee-fly — commonly known as the
*' rat-tailed maggot " — which lives in semi-liquid mud or filth, has
no such apparatus, but the end segments are capable of telescopic
extension to five or six times the normal length of the body, thus
enabling the posterior spiracles to reach the surface from varying
depths. A Tipulid fly [Ptychoptera) has a very similar arrangement
to that of the Bee-fly, though systematically the Tipulids are placed
far away from the Eristalids.
23
The duration of the larval stage varies in relation to the biology
of the larva, and is also influenced by temperature and abundance
of food supply. A mosquito larva in favourable conditions may
become full grown in a week, and a house-fly in like conditions
takes about the same time, but in unfavourable conditions it may
take six or eight weeks to attain its full growth. Bot-fly larvae on
the other hand spend from six to eight months in the bodies of
their hosts. There are as a rule three larval stages, separated by
two moults, or three if the change to pupa is included ; but exact
knowledge on this point is lacking in some families.
Dipterous larvae may occur almost anywhere, and I cannot
attempt to give more than an outline of their various habitats. A
vast number of species, especially in the Nematocera, are aquatic in
this stage and are to be found in every kind of water ; rapid rivers,
still pools, in hot springs at a temperature of 109° F., in casual
water in hollows of trees (sap exudations from wounds in trees are
often found to contain Dipterous larvae), and in the cups of pitcher
plants, in gutters, old tins, puddles formed by animals' hoofs, etc.
Nor is it necessary that the water be pure or fresh. Cesspools,
sewage filter beds, alkaline waters and springs Salter than sea water,
saltmarshes and marine estuaries, all have their complement of
Dipterous larvae. Even the sea itself — the only large expanse of
the surface of the globe free from the presence of insect life —has
been invaded by Diptera. The larvae of certain gnats (Chironomids)
live in sea-water and have been dredged from a depth of 30 fathoms,
and several species of these gnats have been found breeding in sea-
water off our British shores. The most extraordinary case of all is
that of a Samoan species of the same family, found by Dr. Buxton
in 1926. This species [Fontomyia natans^ Edwards) spends not
only its earlier stages, but also its adult life under the surface, being
the only case known of a submarine msect. Another unique case
is that of a species of Ephydriid [Fsilopa petrolei) which cannot be
justly termed either aquatic or terrestrial, inasmuch as its larvae
occur in the pools of crude petroleum found in the oilfields of
Southern California. This is the only insect known to breed in
such a medium. As is the case with the aquatic species, terrestrial
larvae may be found in all kinds of habitats according to their
manner of living, as will be seen in the following paragraphs. In
their feeding habits both aquatic and terrestrial forms may be
classed as : —
24
(1) Phytophagous (or herbivorous), feeding on living vegetable
matter.
(2) Sarcophagous (or predaceous), feeding on living animal
organisms.
(3) Saprophagous (or scavengers), feeding on dead and decaying
matter, vegetable or animal.
(4) Parasitic, wholly or partially.
Aquatic forms favour the first three of these divisions with a
preponderance of the second, and are very seldom parasitic, but
there is a record of a gnat-larva (Chironomid) that was found in
watersnails (in the Trafalgar Square fountain pools !). Terrestrial
forms favour all four divisions with perhaps a preponderance of the
third and fourth. Herbivorous larvae attack vegetation in various
ways, as leaf or stem miners ; gall makers on leaves, stems and
roots; and feeders on flower-heads, seed capsules and fruits.
Several are of considerable economic importance as pests ;
e.g., the Hessian fly {Mayetiola destructor) on corn crops, the
Mediterranean fruit fly {Ceritatla capitata) and our common daddy-
long-legs whose larvae — popularly known as " leather-jackets " —
feeding on the roots of grasses are well-known as depredators of
pastures and golf-greens. Of predaceous species the best known
example is furnished by the Syrphids whose larvae are well known
to gardeners as voracious enemies of Aphids. A less known case
is that of a European genus of Leptids {Vennileo) whose larvae
make sand-pits for ants as do the larvae of the Ant Lions
(Neuroptera). The larvae of certain Anthomyiids were long considered
to be scavengers (saprophagous) until closer observation shovred that
they really preyed on other scavenging larvae amongst which they
occurred, and a large number of species living in rotten wood,
under bark, etc., are predaceous on other inhabitants of such
situations. The scavenging larvae include very numerous examples
in nearly all the families, and also some interesting cases of
commensals, e.g., larvae of Volncdla in the nests of bees and wasps,
and those of Microdon (a Syrphid), and Phorids in ants' nests.
Other Phorids are especially associated with dead snails, and Mr.
Hamm has bred 31 species belonging to 23 genera and 17 families
from old birds' nests collected in the neighbourhood of Oxford.
Fungi and decayed vegetation both harbour a large dipterous
fauna. Finally a majority of that great division of the Order
known as " Cyclorrhapha " are true parasites spending their larval
existence inside the bodies of living hosts. Very full descriptions
25
both of the morphology and biology of these parasitic larvae may be
found in numerous papers by D. Keilin, who has made a special
study of this subject, and to whose writings I am much indebted.
Many are of beneficial economic value, especially amongst the
Tachiiddae (well known to breeders of Lepidoptera who perhaps do
not see eye to eye with economic entomologists on this point) and
in recent years experiments have been made in using certain species
to control other harmful insects {e.;/., earwigs in New Zealand and
certain pests of sugar plants in Hawaii).
Two final points of miscellaneous interest in dipterous larvae
are the occurrence of certain luminous larvae of fungus-gnats
(Mycetophilids) in New Zealand, known locally as glow-worms;
and the migratory habits of another fungus-gnat larva which
occasionally assembles in vast numbers forming a snake-like mass
composed of living larvae, 12-to 15 feet long, about 3 inches wide and
perhaps ^ inch or 6 or 7 larvae deep, all more or less stuck together,
and " flowing " at the rate of about an inch a minute. This
migratory habit has been noticed both in Europe and America,
but the precise reasons for it do not appear to be known.
The Pupal Stage.
We now pass to the last of the earlier stages, the pupa ; here it is
noteworthy that the two primary divisions of Diptera, the Orthor-
rhapha and the Cyclorrhapha are based not on imaginal but on pupal
characters. In the former the pupa resembles that of a Lepidop-
teron with the appendages of the future imago obvious on the outer
surface, and the fly emerges by a T-shaped slit on the dorsum. In
the latter the pupa is barrel-shaped and without any sign of
imaginal appendages, being formed by the hardening of the larval
skin into a chitinised case known as the puparium within which the
true pupa or nymph develops. Emergence takes place by forcing
off the top of the puparium (along a line of weakness in the chitin)
by means of the ptilinum, an air-filled bladder which is used for
this purpose only, and after emergence is withdrawn into the
framework of the head. Very rarely a cocoon is formed within the
puparium.
In those species that have a number of spiracles in the larval
stage {e.g., Bihio) the pupal spiracles are similarly arranged, but where
the larva has only two pairs of spiracles (amphipneustic), pupal res-
piration is carried on by the prothoracic spiracles alone, the anal pair,
though often obvious at the end of the puparium in Cyclorraphous
26
species, are remnants of the larval state and not connected with the
true pupa. In Orthorrhaphous species the prothoracic spiracles are
often very obvious {e.r/.. respiratory trumpets of Calex), but in the
Cyclorrhapba they appear as two minute excrescences protruding
through specially weakened areas in the chitin of the puparium, and
often are not visible externally at all.
The pupae of aquatic species either float to the surface of the
water for emergence, or the larvae leave the water and pupate in
the earth. The Simuliids, whose pupae are anchored to waterweeds
or stones in rapid streams, rise to the surface in an air bubble
released by the splitting of the back of the pupa and run along the
surface film to the nearest solid support. Orthorrhaphous pupae
are mobile and in certain species of Leptids, Bombyliids, and
Asilids, are strongly armed with rings of backward-pointed spines
on the abdomen, and a series of strong thorns on the thorax. The
former serve to brace the pupa against the soil or burrow in which
it may lie, while the latter are used to break through to the surface.
In the case of those species of Anthra.v that parasitize the larvae of
the mason-bee, the dipterous pupa has thus to quarry its way
through the cemented covering of the cell, which in the ordinary
way would be gnawed through by the strong mandibles of the
freshly emerged bee, but would prove an impassable barrier to the
purely sucking mouth of the adult dipteron. Parasitic larvae either
leave the bodies of their hosts when full fed and pupate in the
earth, or else pupate in the bodies of their hosts, and the full fed
larvae of the Pupipara pupate in the earth immediately on leaving
the body of their parent.
Conclusion.
I have now to the best of my ability run through some of the
facts and characteristics of the three early stages of Diptera, and
have only to make a few concluding remarks. The keynote of my
former paper on the adult forms was the very great degree of
variability that obtained within the Order, and I think you will
agree that the same keynote applies in the same, if not in a still
greater degree, when the earlier stages are considered.
Two striking facts to my mind are : firstly, the way in which the
life-history of so many species runs right athwart the systematic
arrangement of the adults. Species of the same family or genus
show extraordinary dillterences in mode of life and habitats in their
earlier stages. I have already mentioned the various methods of
27
oviposifcion in Asilids. In the larvae of Syrphids {seiisu Into) we find
both aquatic and terrestrial forms, and the latter include phyto-
phagous, predaceous, and scavenging forms, these last including
feeders on decaying vegetable matter, and commensals in the nests
of other insects. In one group of Anthomyiids (Hylemyia-
Cliortipliila) some species are herbivorous, others parasitic, and
others again predaceous, or carnivorous. Many similar cases could
be quoted if space and time permitted. On the other hand the
converse of the above remarks is shown in what has been termed
" convergence " of habits in the earlier stages of species of widely
separated systematic position. Referring again to the preceding
pages we notice the similar method of respiration adopted by Culicid
and Stratiomyid larvae ; or by Eristalid and Tipulid ; both pairs
belonging to absolutely unrelated families, and another instance is
found in the great similarity of larval habits in the parasitic
Cyclorrhapha, a division of the order containing many different
systematic groups.
There is still a very wide field open for investigation and experi-
ment in the study of the earlier stages of Diptera, and if this paper
should turn the thoughts of any young entomologist away from the
well-trodden paths of the better known Orders and towards this all
too little studied subject, I feel sure that he will not regret it.
Ladies and Gentlemen, I am obliged to you for listening patiently
to a rather lengthy address on an Order not in favour with Members
of this Society. To all of you, and more especially to the Officers
and Council, 1 tender my thanks for help and consideration during
my year of office as your President, and I feel sure you will support
me in my last Presidential act, namely, in extending a sincere
welcome to my successor, Mr. Carr, well known to us as one of the
senior members of the Society, who I am sure will, on his recovery
from the illness that most unfortunately has prevented him from
being present with us to-night, take the Chair with the hearty good
wishes of all.
APPENDIX I.
Key to Sub-Orders.
(Copied from Malloch : Preliminary Classification of Diptera : Bulletin of
Illinois State Laboratory, March, 1917).
Larvae.
1. Head complete, or the posterior portion with deep longi-
tudinal incisions : mandibles moving horizontally.
Orthorrhapha-Nematocera.
28
— Head incomplete, without a strongly daveloped arcuate
plate, mandibles moving vertically 2
2. Maxillae well developed, their palpi distinct, mandibles
normally sickle-shaped, not protruded much beyond
the apices of the maxillae, often extending less than
halfway to their apices : antennae well developed,
situated upon the upper surface of a slightly arcuate
chitinized dorsal plate . Orthorrhapha-Brachycera.
— Maxillae poorly developed, the palpi visible only in a few
groups, mandibles short and hook-like, usually capable
of protrusion much beyond apices of maxillae if these
are present ; antennae poorly developed or absent, when
present situated on a membranous surface.
Cyclorrhapha.
Pupae.
1. Pupa not enclosed within the indurated last larval skin
or if so the head is distinct as in the larva, or the
puparium is slightly flattened dorsoventrally, its texture
leathery, not chitinous, and the anterior respiratory
organs not distinguishable, imago (or pupa) emerges
through a rectangular split on dorsum of larval skin.
Orthorrhapha.
— Pupa enclosed within the indurated last larval skin, head
always retracted, the chitinous portion occupying a
position on the inner side of the ventral surface of the
puparium : anterior respiratory organs distinct, either
protruding from the antero-lateral angles of the cephalic
extremity or from dorsum of base of abdomen : imago
usually emerges by forcing off the rounded anterior
extremity of the puparium in cap-like form or the
dorsal half of the thoracic portion — the lines of cleavage
being along the lateral margins to a point at base of
abdomen : rarely emergence is through rectangular
splitting of the dorsum of the puparium.
Cyclorrhapha.
D. Keilin (" Bull. Scientiiique de la France et Belgique " Tome
LXIX. 191 5:- 16) divides the larvae of Cylorrhapha biologically as
follows.
1. All larvae parasitic on animals, carnivorous, predacious,
those that pass their life in the uterus of their mother
(Pupipara) and nearly all phytophagous larvae (gall
29
makers oi" miners) may be united in one ethologic
group of : —
Biontophagons larvae, nourishing themselves on living
matter and (morphologically) deprived of ridges on the
basal portion of the pharynx.
as opposed to
All larvae that nourish themselves on animal or vegetable
matter in decomposition, which form the ethologic group
of Saprophagoiis larvae, with (morphologically) well
developed ridges on the basal portion of the pharynx.
APPENDIX II.
Families, Genera and Species from old birds' nests from Oxford,
bred by A. H. Hamm.
Cecidomyiidae, 1 gen. 1 species.
Mycetophilidae, 2 gen. 3 sp.
Chironomidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Bihionidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Tipulidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Pipuncididae, 1 gen. 3 sp.
Phoridae, 1 gen. 2 sp.
Tachinidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Helomyzidae, 1 gen. 2 sp.
Dryormjzidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Sapromyzidae, 1 gen. 3 sp.
Sepsidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Piophilidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Geoniyzidae, 2 gen. 2 sp.
Miltchidae, 1 gen. 1 sp.
Hippoboscidae, 2 gen. 2 sp.
Anthotmjiidae, 4 gen. 5 sp.
Total — 17 Families ; 23 Genera ; 31 species.
80
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
FEBRUARY 14th, 1929.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. G. Sfcubbs, of Cambridge, and Mr. J. K. Bell, of Caterham
Valley, were elected members.
The exhibits of the evening were mainly examples of Melanism
in the Lepidoptera and a few in Coleoptera and Diptera.
Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a large number of melanic speci-
mens of various families of the Macro-Lepidoptera including
particularly Polyomwatns thetis $ , and E)>iatnr(/a atomaria.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited the following melanic forms among the
Geometers : — Sdenia bilunaria, 1st and 2nd brood, Harrison's
manganese experiments ; Crucallis elinguaria ab. unicolor, Prout,
and ab. fnsca, Reutti ; Odontopera hidentata ab. nitpa, Prout ;
Ennomos autumnana ab. schitltzi, Siebt ; Ennomos quercinaria
[angularia) ab. perfiiscata, Prout ; Cepphis [Epione) advenaria ab.
fulva, Gillmer ; Phigalia pedariasbh. iiwnacharia ; Lycia hirtaria ab.
black ; Tephrosia histortata ab. defessaria, Frr. ; Tephrosia crepuscu-
laria ab. delameretisis, B.-W. ; Biston [Aniphidasis) hetulavia ab.
carbonaria, Jordan, and ab. insularia, Th. Meig. ; Henierophila
abruptarla ab. fiiscata, Prout ; Boarmia piinctinalis (consortaria) ab.
consobrinaria ; Boaniiia roboraria ab. infnscata, Stgr. ; Boarmia
repandata ab. iwjricata^ Fuchs ; Boarmia ribeata {abietaria) ab.
black ; Boamria rliomboidaria (genniiaria) ab. rebeli, Aigner ; Ectropis
(Tephrosia) consonaria ab. nigra, Bankes ; Oporinia autumnata ab.
melanic ; La)itpropteryx suf\imata ab. piceata.
Capt. B. S. Car wen exhibited the following melanic forms of
Geometers (in most cases typical and transitional forms included)
: — Cidaria bicolorata race pliuiibata and ab. fiunosa ; 0. obeliscata ab.
obliterata ; C. i'urcata ab. cinereata ; C. coendata [impluviata) ab.
obsoletaria ; C, albulata form subfasciaria and ab. thules ; C. obstipata
(flnviata) bred dark 2 2 ', C. sujfumata ab. piceata ; Ennomos
quercinaria ab. angularia and ab. perfuscata ; Selenia lunaria ab.
31
siiblunaria ; Gonodontis bidentata ab. nifjra ; Cidaria hastata race
suhhastata ; Oporinia dilntata ab. ohscurata and ab. melana, etc. ;
Erannis leucophaearia ab. nifp'icaria and ab. viendaria ; f7. defoliaria
a,h. hohnr/reni ; E. vmrriinar i a melsimc 2 '■> Apochehna hupidaria a}),
obscura ; Boarmia rlioiuboidaria ab. rebeh ; B. repandata ab.
conversaria and ab. nujricata ; /?. crepnacularia ab. delamerensis ; 5.
histortata race laricaria and ab. defessaria ; Biston betttlaria ab.
ochrearia and ab. carbonaria ; Eniatmya atoinaria ab. ustaria ;
Hemernphila abniptaria ab. fnscata ; and Calocalpe cervinalis ab.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited melanic forms of most of the
species already noticed and in addition those of Semiothisa liturata,
Jbraxoa f/rosiiidariata, A. Sijlvata, Hydrioniena fnrcata (diitata), and
Cidaria bicolorata {i-ubujinata).
Dr. Harold B. Williams exhibited the following melanic forms :
Boarinia punctinalis [consortaria) and ab. hunrperti, N. Kent, and a
melanic form from Oxshott ; 5. roboraria, dark forms, N. Kent and
Ascot, and ab. infiiacata, Prout, N.E. Surrey ; /^. rliomboidaria
[gewmaria) ab. perfinnaria, N. Kent, dark forms, Lanes, Surrey and
Glasgow, ab. rebeli, N. Kent ; /^. repandata ab. nigricata, Fuchs,
Yorks ; Ectropis {Teplirosia) crepusciilaria ab. delamerensis, E.
bistortata and dark form, Oxshott ; E. consonaria and ab. nigra,
Kent ; E. pimctidata, and dark form, Oxshott ; and Boarinia
ribearia [abietaria) ab. sericearia^ Surrey, and a black form.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited the remarkable melanic form of
Paniassius inneinosyne, ab. iiiiibratilis from the Tyrol.
Capt. Bliss exhibited an aberration of Liinenitis sibilla a near
approach to ab. nigrina, a BrentJiia euphrosyne with much increased
area of black marking forming a prettily banded insect, and an
unusually dark Abraxas grossulariata ; all were captured.
Capt. Murray exhibited an example of Ectropis [Teplirosia)
punctnlata of which the R. side wings were normal and the L. side
wings melanic, a very dark ? Argynnis aglaia and a very pale
yellow Colias croceus $ .
Mr. H. Moore exhibited the black form harrissellns of the
" humble-bee," Bouibns ruderatns.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited melanic forms of several species of
Diptera.
Mr. J. F. Perkins exhibited a case of British bees and sawflies.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the melanic forms robsoni and
thompsoni of Aplecta nebidosa and summarised the work which was
done with the breeding of this species some quarter of a century ago.
32
Mr. de Worms exhibited the melanic forms of five British species
of Boarniia and four species of Ectropis [rephrosia) especially calling
attention to rhonibuldarla {(jeinmaria)^ to roboraria from Surrey where
its melanic forms were scarce, and to punctulata which was year by
year getting darker in the Oxshott district.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited (1) two melanic specimens of the
Coleopteron, l^/iyllubins py»i, L. taken with other similar specimens
from various plants growing on the sea-shore at Reculver, Kent, in
1924. Also a normal specimen for comparison.
(2) Melanic pupa cases of the followiiuj LepUoptera: —Two of
Macroglossiim stellatarinn, L., bred in 1928 from nearly full-grown
larvae taken on Wimbledon Common. Of 14 larvae taken at the time,
2 were preserved, 1 died and the remainder produced more or less
melanic pupae. The imagines were normal. One of Cosymbia
[Zonosonia) {Epliijra) orbicularia, Hb., bred in 1927 from New Forest
stock. All other pupae were normal. In each case a normal pupa
was shown for comparison. The pupa of M. stellatarnm normally
turns dark a day or two before the emergence of the imago, but
this is due to the dark colour of the moth showing through the
pupal shell and after the imago has emerged the pupa regains its
pale brown colour. In the case of the pupae shown, however, the
pupal skin itself appears to contain a definite black pigment. As
this species usually pupates in a cocoon on, or just under the
surface of the ground (all these larvae did so) and the pupa is
consequently concealed, the dark colour of the pupa can be of no
value for protective purposes, and indicates that melanism in its
origin is a phenomenon quite independent of protective resemblance.
Mr. Hawkins also showed separately a living larva of Zeuzera
pyrina, L., (aesculi), from Heme Bay.
In the discussion which ensued Mr. Grosvenor stated that the
black Zyyaena forms, which he had obtained, were always near a
particularly smoky spot bordering a railway line. Mr. Hewer said
that a cutting such as Mr. Grosvenor referred to would tend to
retain much of the smoke with a resultant chemical deposit upon
the foliage around. Mr. Grosvenor said that the melanism was
inherited, as larvae from a melanic origin produced melanic
imagines. Dr. Williams referred to the enormous increase in
melanic forms in Surrey in recent years. It was now nearly
impossible to obtain the typical form of Boarnda ribeata [abietaria) ;
all were jet black. The perfiiwaria form of B. rhoinboidaria
were much darker now than years ago. Mr. Buckstone said that
33
2'hera oheliHcata were much darker now than they were thirty years
ago.
Mr. Main and several others particularly urged members not
merely to obtain melanic forms but to experiment more and more
to discover the causes of melanism.
It was notable that melanic forms of Nnctuiiiae were conspicuous
by their absence among the various exhibits.
Mr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited a series of diminutive forms of
British and Foreign Lepidoptera, together with normal-size
specimens of the respective sex and species for comparison.
Rhopalocera. — Papilio machaon, male bred, emerged May, 1926,
from larva taken in Wicken Fen in August, 1925. Expanse 55mm.
(Normal male = 64mm.)
Pieris iiafd, male and female, taken in Surrey. Date uncertain.
Expanse, male = 81mm.; female = 36mm. (Normal male = 41mm. ;
Female == 4l-3mm.)
Enchloe cardaniines, male (kindly lent by Mr. Palmer), taken near
Ascot, May, 1928. Expanse = 83mm, normal 89mm. Female
taken at Wicken Fen, May, 1926. Expanse = 83mm., normal =
41mm.
Goiifpteri/.v rliaiiini, male bred, emerged July, 1927, from larva
found in Wicken Fen in preceding May. Expanse = 89mm.
(Normal male = 51 mm.)
Colias croceus [eili(sa) var. pallida, female, taken in France near
Tours, September, 1928. Expanse = 39mm. (Normal female =
48mm.)
Mditaea cinxia, male, taken in France near Tours, August, 1923.
Expanse = 30mm., normal = 36mm.
Aphantopns hyperantus, male (kindly lent by Mr. D. Palmer),
taken near Ascot, August, 1927. Expanse = 30mm., normal =
41mra.
Stryinon {Thecla) qiiercns, male, taken in Blean Woods (kindly
lent by Mr. Palmer), July, 1928. Expanse = 24mm., normal =
32mm.
Plebeiiis ae/foyi, female taken near Ohobham, Surrey, July, 1913.
Expanse == 19mm, normal = 28mm.
P. iiiedon (astrarche), ? male, without red spots on border, taken
near Tours, France, July, 1928. Expanse == 20mm. Normal male,
expanse = 24mm.
Hetekocera. — Hepialus Inpitlina^ male taken near Cambridge.
May, 1927. Expanse = 21mm. Normal male 29mm.
34
Hepialus hiimuli, female taken in Surrey, June, 1926. Expanse
= 45mm. Normal female = 60mm.
Leucoma (Porthesia) similii^, male taken near Tonbridge, Kent, on
August 26th, 1925. Expanse = 23mm. Normal male = 31mm.
Cosmotriclie Rotatoria, male taken at Wicken Fen, August, 1926.
Expanse == 89mm. Normal male = 49mm.
Selenia bilnnaria, male taken at Wicken Fen in July, 1926.
Expanse = 31mm. Normal male = 38mm.
Eratnii.H (Hybernia) defoliaria, male (kindly lent by Capt. K. F. M.
Murray), taken at light near Lyndhurst, Hants, on the night of
November 17th, 1928. Expanse = 30mm. Normal = 40mm.
FEBRUARY 2Sth, 1929.
The Presidhjnt in the Chair.
Mr. Rait-Siuith exhibited a store-box containing a long series of
the various broods of Lymantria moiiacha reared by Mr. Pickett
in his experiments from 1894 to 1902 to induce forms showing
strong melanism.
Mr. Whitting exhibited a long bred series of CoZ/«.s crocens [ednm),
and communicated the following data : — Bred from 2 typical $ ?
captured at Brading, Isle of Wight, August 1928, on the Downs.
130 eggs were laid from August 24th-25th. 100 hatched September
3rd-5th. Egg state, 9 days. First larva full grown, October 1st.
Larval state about 1 month. Pupated 6th. First imago emerged
November 5th. No. of males bred = 39. No. of females = 26.
Total = 65. Deformed, S^ S 5, $1. 26 larvae and 9 pupae died.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited a small series of the Dipteron Xylota
seynis, L. including typical forms ; some melanic ? 9 : and two
very pale and dwarfed 2 $ .
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited two series of the small Satyrid
Coenovympha arcania from Spain. The one was of the typical
form from Santa Fa, in Catalonia, and the other which had been
named race dorinda, Sag., was from Cuenca in New Castile. The
latter was a form apparently not found elsewhere and was character-
ised by a more or less definite amount of the yellowish brown
clouding on the disc of the hindwing and the anal angle. He had
series of the species from Moncayo, La Granja and Casayo in
Spain, from Digne, St. Martin Vesubie and Hyeres in the South
of France, from Florae in the Central Tarn district of France, from
35
Fontainebleu, from Gavarnie in the Pyrenees, from Gresy-sur-Aix
in the French Alps, from Biedenkoff in Rhineland, from Vienna
and from Macugnaga in the Italian Alps but not one example from
any of these localities had this form of variation. The race was
also slightly smaller than most of those from other localities. Dr.
Zerny (" Eos," III. 350) reports it as the prevailing form in the
Albarracin (Arragon) area, the adjoining province to that of Cuenca
(New Castile).
Mr. de Worms exhibited series of Apaniea dinnerilii, examples of
both ^ and 2 Hipparchia seniele without the usual eyespots on the
hindwings above, and of Epinephele jurtina with partially bleached
wings, from central France.
Mr. Glegg exhibited a number of species of Ornithoptera and a
discussion took place on their habits. Dr. Cockayne stated that
he had seen five different species alive but not one specimen had
he ever seen come down to water. Mr. Grosvenor said that
Ornithoptera and most species of Fapilio he had met with in India
would come down to flowers especially to a green daisy in the late
afternoon, Mr. Glegg said that some species did come to moisture.
MABCE 14th, 1929.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. James Wainwright and Mr. J. Chas. Wainwright, of 8,
Kingsdown Avenue, Ealing, W., were elected members.
Mr. Buckstone exhibited a Geometer taken at Horsley in June
some years ago, which he had been unable to identify. It was
subsequently ascertained to be a form of luipitkecia satyrata.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a living example of Blaps mucronata,
of which he had been studying the life-history, and also examples of
his new form of sub-terrarium containing the earlier stages of the
beetles Cicindela canqyestrm and Lucanns cervits.
The remainder of the evening was devoted to the exhibition of
Lantern-slides.
Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited leafy flowers of Dutch clover, flowers
of tulips with petals down the stem ; primrose flowers with large
leaf-like sepals, broomrape parasitic on hop, etc.
Mr. Dennis exhibited various species of the rose family, agrimony,
lady's tresses, various thorn bushes, the white beam, wild pear, wild
service, ash, etc.
36
Mr. Tonge exhibited a series of pupae of the Pierids, etc.
Mr. Main exhibited stages in the life-histories of the cuckoo-spit
insect, stag-beetle, Blaps, Clotho durandi (a spider from S. France),
etc.
Mr. Dodds exhibited some denizens of the Zoological Gardens.
Mr. J. H. Adkin exhibited a series of studies of the trees from his
neighbourhood.
MARCH 2St}i, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Barnett showed bred examples of Pi/rameis cardui, one of
which had all the black and darkest markings increased in area
and in depth of shade.
Capt. B. S. Carwen exhibited a series of Apatura iris and of A.
ilia with forms of the latter species, viz., iliades, chjtie, metis and
eos, all taken when collecting in the Samoussy woods near Laon in
N. France, with Dr. Rosa of Edinburgh, during the last two days
of June, 1914. A few weeks after, these woods were completely
devastated in the German advance. The chief attraction seemed
to be bullock droppings in the roads, but numerous iliades were
attracted by the bread and cheese which the entomologists had
with them.
Mr. F. W. McDonald read a paper, '* Memories of some of the
Old Entomologists." (See page 1).
APRIL 11th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Lt.-Col. W. G. B. Hawley, 13, Colville Rd., W. 11, was elected a
member.
Captain Curwen exhibited series of Melitaea didyma from various
localities and referred to the great range of variation shown, especially
in the females.
Mr. Turner referred to the interesting article appearing in
the Entomologists' Record from Dr. Verity, in which he was
endeavouring to work out the origin of the extreme variability in
this species as due to the line of migration arising in the far East,
taking three directions, one north of the Black Sea, another through
37
Asia Minor and the third along the North African route, all three
meeting again and coalescing in Central and Western Europe.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited Dipterous larvae and pupae dug up in
his garden, and enquired as to the species.
Mr, Jacobs exhibited a coloured print of I'l/rameis cardul dated
1800, by ¥. P. Nodder, showing white dead-nettle as foodplant of the
larva. The larva is said to be more or less polyphagous.
Notes on tbe effect of the past cold winter on hibernating larvae
were given by —
Mr. Grosvenor who said that during the late severe winter all his
British and Irish hibernating Zygaenid larvae succumbed, while
large numbers of his Z. stoechadis from Italy survived, in fact
practically all his continental larvae came through. Of Z. achilleae
only one died although, others were delayed in coming from
hibernation. His I. of Wight Z. trifolii had not yet woken up,
and were a month late at least.
Mr. A. Bliss lost the whole of his C. potatoria larvae, which were
on grass outdoors in the sun. Of Laaiocampa nibi 8 had lived. A.
vilUca kept indoors were nearly all full-fed.
Mr. Newman gave an account of his experiences this season.
First he spoke of wild hibernating larvae. It was his custom to
turn out thousands of larvae each autumn in certain lanes, and
search for the species again in the spring. This year in 4 hours he
got 1 Arctia caja and 3 Lasiocampa qnercns. Cusuwtriche jJotatoria
and Arctia vlllica were absent, and only about a dozen and a half of
Gastropaclui quercifolia survived. In one sleeve, out of 300 hibernating
larvae only 2 remained, in another only 3. In the Isle of Wight
and at Eastbourne A. villica was practically extinct. Of the
fritillaried, Brenthis euphrosi/ne some 800 larvae came through the
winter, B. selene were all lost, Melitaea athalia did fairly well with
60% through, while in the I. of Wight M. cinxia had been absolutely
abundant in some spots but scarce in others. Dryas j^apJiia larvae
had been kept on a cold stone floor until March, when they were
transferred to a greenhouse ; very few were lost. He had found
that if the heat was started in the spring the larvae went through
well in spite of after changes, which did not seem to affect them.
Argynnis aylaia, which hibernated just out of the egg, exposed out
of doors had nibbled the seedling violets and probably a good many
had survived. A. cydippe (adippe) hatched in March. They were
outdoors and probably all right, as a good many were to be seen.
Tree-feeding larvae, like y4?/^^^/o;/rt prnuaria and Jjrapteryx sambucaria,
38
had done well. Brephos partheniaii had been common this year, as
had Polyploca fiavicornis. Pehjijonia c-albinn. were put in a cage in
the warm sun in March and all succumbed. This species was
gradually spreading over the British Isles, but none could be found
at Simon's Yat on a four days visit. He had found larvae of
Ruuiicia pidaeas abnormally abundant on a railway bank and had
taken about 80 full fed in an hour and a half. At the same place
quantities of larvae of Camptoyramma hilineata were on the sorrel.
Bnniicia phlaeas was very early ; it hibernated at different stages.
This bank faces due south. An interesting point is that the grass
had all been burnt and many of the sorrel plants were badly singed
but these grass fires had done no damage to larvae on this ground.
Dr. Cockayne said that he had fed larvae of Celaena hatvorthii
from egg to full-growth entirely on cotton-grass. When young
they eat the centre of the stem just above tbe root-stock; when
older they eat part of the root-stock also. This year he had a few
ova of Helotropha leiicostiyma. A piece of dandelion stem was put
in to keep the eggs slightly moist. He could see no sign of larvae
though the eggs were hatched. They had bored the dandelion stem
and eaten it. Not realising this he killed most of them, but two
were now eating iris stems. They are exactly like the larvae of C.
haworthii of the same age ; and, as Mr. Tams can find no great
differences in the genitalia, it appears to be misleading to place the
two in separate genera. They are congeners, but whether Celaena
or Helotropha should be the generic name he did not know.
Revision of the Byk-Laws.
Shortly before the date of this meeting the following notice was
posted to every member of the Society.
Notice. — Owing to the 1891 (present) edition of the Society's
Bye-Laws being exhausted, a further printing has become urgently
necessary. Your Council, as mentioned in their Annual Report,
has taken the opportunity of revising the Bye-Laws and bringing
them up to date.
The following resolution was passed unanimously at their
Meeting held on the 28th March, 1929.
" That a copy of the proposed Bye-Laws be deposited in the
Library at once, and remain there till April 25th next.
•' That any member wishing to propose any amendment shall
give notice in writing to the Secretary, Stanley Edwards,
39
Esq., F.L.S., 15, Sfc. Germans Place, Blackheath, S.E. 3,
before May 2nd. Such notice to embody the terms of
the proposed amendment, and to be signed by at least two
members.
" That a Special Meeting be called for May 23rd next for the
purpose of moving the proposed Bye-Laws. No amend-
ments other than those of which notice has been given in
accordance with the above shall be moved. An announce-
ment shall be made from the Chair to-night, and a
circular sent to each member embodying the foregoing,
and giving notice of the Special Meeting,
Mr. Step moved and Mr. VVorsley-Wood seconded
" That the Notice of Meeting to consider the Bye-Laws be with-
drawn until every member has a copy of them."
After considerable discussion this was carried.
APRIL 25th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. J. Tetley, of " White Cottage," Silverlea Gardens, Horley,
was elected a member.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the Coleopteron Timarcha laevigata, ?
from S. Devon from which had emerged about 100 larvae of a
Braconid [PeriUtns falciijer, Ruthe.).
Mr. Grosvenor stated that last July he had Zygaenid ova sent to
him from the Scotch locality of Zygaena achilleae, which were not
olive-green like the ova from continental females of that species,
but were of the pale apple-green characteristic of the ova of Z.
filipemhdae. The resultant larvae were very active, which was a
characteristic of Z. achilleae. Mr. Adkin remarked that Z.
filipendulae occurred on the same ground as Z. achilleae in one of the
Scotch localities.
Dr. Bull exhibited ova of Pachnohia rnbricosa and larvae of
Boariiiia (Tephrosia) crepuscnlaria from East Sussex.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited examples of preserved larvae of the
following species of British Grypocera (Skippers) : Nisoiiiades
{Thanaos) tages, Adopaea fiava {liiiea), Adopaea lineola, Augiades
sglvaims, and Urbicola comma ; and referred to the remarkable
ejectory comb, at the exit of the alimentary canal of the larva of
40
some species, for the purpose of propelling the pellicles of frass to a
distance.
Mr. B. Adkin exhibited British species of "skippers" including
the following aberrations : —
Ab. taras and extreme grey and black forms of Hesperia malvae.
Pale forms and one unusually dark form of Xisoniades tages.
Various shades of ground colour in Ado]>aea jiava, A. liufiola and
Thynielicus acteon.
Extreme forms and the very dark brown ioYva oiA iKiiadeii sylvanus
taken at Eltham, Kent, and figured by Frohawk.
Some unusual dark forms of TJrbicola connua and of Ci/clopides
-palaemon.
Mr. Robert Adkin exibited series of Hesperia malrae from the
New Forest and Sussex and pointed out the strong tendency of the
latter towards the var. taias ; this, he said, was noticeable not only
in the specimens that occurred on the chalk Downs, but also in
those from the clay soils of such places as Arlington and Abbot's
Wood.
Mr. Mera's exhibit of the same group included numerous very
well-marked ab. taras of Hesperia )iialvae and a very dark aberration
of Adopaea fiava.
Mr. Buckstone exhibited short series of the same group and
pointed out pale specimens of Urbicola comma, which had occurred
in a damp season ; he also had an example of a second brood.
Mr. Tonge, in referring to the ova of the Grypocera, pointed out
that in A. sylvaims and U. comma they were like an inverted pudding
basin in shape and smooth of surface, in H. malrae and iV. tages
they were the same shape with ribbed surface, while in A. jiava, A.
lineola and Thymeliciis palaeHion they were oval in shape.
Mr. Turner exhibited a large number of Grypocera mainly from
S. America and from the Ethiopian Begion, and read the following
Notes on the Sub- order.
The Grypocera.
In these days of rapid advance, it is difficult to keep pace with
the progress of our science, particularly if one does not peruse the
current periodical literature, and relies on text-books ; these latter
may be extremely useful for the identification of our captures, but
are necessarily stagnant as to later knowledge.
Students of our native butterflies have been accustomed to look
upon the " skippers " as quite distinct from the rest, and it has
41
even been averred that they were more nearly related to the moths
than to the butterflies.
At first it seemed sufficient to refer to them en masse as
Hesperiides, a name derived from that of one of the most familiar
of the genera, Hesperia.
In 1891 Haase, " Syst. Tagfalter," proposed that the skippers be
constituted as a suborder under the term Netkocera : netros = a
spindle and cera = a horn.
In the following year, 1892, Karsch, " Ins. v. Baliberg," pointed
out that the name Netrocera was preoccupied as a genus name by
Felder and hence nob valid. He proposed to substitute the
subordinal name Grypocera : grypos = a hook-tip or nose, and cera=
a horn, a much more suitable name as expressing an almost
universal character in the species comprised.
In 1905, Tutt, " Brit. Lep.," VIII., apparently in ignorance of
the action of both Haase and Karsch (he does not refer to either),
and not appreciating the great differentiation of the group, proposed
to substitute the superfamily name Urbicolides for that of
Hesperiides.
Since the publication of Seitz' " Macrolep." Vol. I., in 1911, and
its distribution throughout the great libraries of the world, the
skippers have been considered generally as a group of subordinal
value and the term Grypocera has met with due acceptance.
In 1928, in his recently published work on " Brit. Lepid.,"
Meyrick, comparing the skippers and the rest of the butterflies, says,
" differences profound," although as usual, he gives no details but
adds another name to the suborder, Hespkriina.
In the address recently read before us. Dr. Cockayne, notes " with
concern," the " greater and greater separation between entomologists
who are systematists and those who are interested primarily in
genetics ; " I would go further and say that two other factors come
into the question, insular habit, if not prejudice, and language.
In fact it almost amounts to each worker " ploughing his lonely
furrow." Still another factor in this want of knowledge among
our workers must be emphasised, and that is, the enormous mass
of literature, which is annually produced. Although my connection
with the " Entomologists Record" has compelled me to endeavour
to keep in touch with what is going on in the entomological world,
I feel that from sheer " force of circumstances " I have failed to do
very much to decrease this want of knowledge.
There is one habit that should be cultivated and that is, work at
42
the literature; look up every reference in whatever subject, and
whatever you do substantiate your work with these references. The
spread of knowledge is slow, appallingly slow, rendering advance
still slower.
Let us now take our insects more in detail. Looking at them in
the face we shall note that the eyes are comparatively widely
separate and large and that the antennae are widely separate at
their base, the head being as wide as the thorax. We have already
referred to the hook-tipped antennae. Renter has told us, " Palpi
den Rhop.," that the uniformity in the structure of the palpi in the
skippers is so great that he can find no generic distinctions such as
exist in the various groups and genera of the Rhopalocera. The
tongue is a very efficient organ and in some species extremely long;
at least twice as long as the body in Calpodes ethlius. The eyes are
usually prominent and comparatively large. The thorax is robust
and well developed, as necessitated by the rapid movements of the
flight-habit. The abdomen, comparatively short and pointed, is
not unusually heavy ; even the females exhibit but slightly increased
size, suggesting that the output of ova must be restricted. Speaking
generally, the build is compact, never big, in fact for butterflies
their size is on the small side.
The wings are of medium size to small ; in venation they are
very uniform. Many species have hyaline spots, which occur in
similar areas in different species throughout the world. In
numerous species there are costal pockets of specialised scales. A
few species have long tails, but this is only in the S. American
fauna. The colours are non-obtrusive, as a rule black, brown, dull
yellow, only in very few species do we get white, blue, red or
iridescent colour. In fact the type of marking, shape of wing and
coloration are quite distinctive of the group.
Mimicry within the group has been suggested with doubt, but
there appear to be several quite good examples. On the other hand
protective resemblance must be very strong, the absence of bright
colours and general dullness would suggest it as probable.
Dimorphism is only slight. I know of only a few strongly
sexually dimorphic species ; in many it is difficult to separate the
sexes at a mere glance. Second generations are, so far as I know,
rarely recorded and thus seasonal dimorphism is not possible.
They are a sun-loving group, with a sharp, skipping, zigzag,
jerky flight most difficult to follow with the eye, and which
consequently precludes the successful attacks of birds. Their
43
resting habit is varied, in some with wings adpressed, erect, in
others depressed folded around a stem, in others with fore and
hindwings at different angles. In fact everything points to the
correctness of the grouping as at present accepted, viz. that they are
a group equal in status to the Rhopalocera on the one hand and
to the Heterocera on the other.
In distribution they occur over the whole world except in New
Zealand, but are particularly abundant in species in the warmer
regions ; the American fauna, especially the southern portion, has
at least 1000 species listed, and the Indo-Malay region above 800.
They are certainly a strong, dominant group.
MAY 9th, 1929.
The Pkesident in the Chair.
Mr. J. A. Nash, of Blackheath Hill, was elected a member.
Mr. Dennis exhibited a nest of the larvae of the Brown-tail Moth,
Nytpnia phaeorrhoea {cJinjsorrhoea), sent to him by Mr. R. Adkin from
Eastbourne, where the species has remained for many years along
the chalk cliffs.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited fine examples of the very striking and
beautiful Morpho Jtecuba from Brazil, which was a few years ago
considered one of the rare butterflies of the world, until its habit of
flight was discovered.
Mr. Tonge exhibited the cocoon of the large sawfly of the hawthorn,
Tricliiosonm lucoruni.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the living larvae of Taeniorhynchna
richiardil, which obtains its necessary supply of air by tapping the air
cells of the roots and stems of water plants, unlike the larvae of the
common gnat which must come to the surface of the water for its
supply of air. He also showed the larva of a species of Douacia,
likewise an inhabitant of the water. He reported that the pupae
exhibited at the last meeting, found in earth, had produced a black
dipteron, Bibio marci, as had been suggested.
Mr. Blair exhibited the death-watch beetle, Xestobinni riifovillosinn,
which had been sent to him. It was the same species as had caused
so much destruction in Westminster Hall. The tappmg noise was
made with its head.
Mr. D. L. Glegg exhibited several South African Pajrilio mimics
and their models. Papilla dardanus f. cenea and its model Aiiiauris
44
albiinaculata, P. dardanus f. trophonius and its model Limnaa
chrysippns, P. dardanus f. liippocoon and its model A. niavius,
P. leonidas and its model Tirumala petiverana, and P. r idley ami s andi
its model Acraea e(jina.
Dr. Bull exhibited an almost unicolorous form of AniuiphapopiiU
from Kent and reported Brentlm euphrosyjie, Nisoniades tayes and
Hesperia nialvae as flying on May 8th.
Mr. Newman reported that he had seen N. tayes, H. vialvae and
Callophrys rnbi while his B. euphrosyne larvae were not yet in pupa
under glass shelter.
Mr. Stanley Smith exhibited a bred series of Phrayinatobia
fuliginosa and communicated the following note on the brood.
" First is shown what is possibly a typical Wicken male. The
female which follows was taken in Wicken Fen in June, 1926. As
she showed very little smoke colour on the hindwings and the
band was broken up, my wife bred from it, getting over 100 eggs.
The larvae were fed mostly on lettuce, dandelion being used only
when things were getting too wet. The majority pupated in July
and moths of both sexes emerged in August and September.
Specimens of these are in the next group of 8 ; considerably larger
than the parent, and in some the black band of the hindwings is
well broken up. Whether these approach anywhere near the South
European form v. fervida mentioned in South would be interesting
to know. The remainder of the larvae hibernated, and the moths
which emerged from them in the following May and June run
slightly smaller, and still tend to our southern form, as shown in
the next group of 3 moths. The thirteen we had were all males.
Larvae from a Beccles female in August, 1926, also hibernated,
and these produced small but typical specimens of both sexes as
shown in the third group."
MAY 23rd, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Dr. Harold B. Williams exhibited : — 1. Series of Triphaenajonthina,
bred February, 1929, from Glasgow ova, showing some variation,
more particularly in the development of the white markings of the
stigmata.
2. Series of Hibernia iiiaryinaria bred from dark Glasgow $ $ .
All the forms bred show considerable darkening, but the J J are
45
quite distinct from ab. fuscata^ which is reported to occur in this
area.
Mr. D. G. Sevastopulo exhibited Colias croceus subsp. fieldii : —
Female with the cell spot of the right forewing enlarged and also
a slight bulge in the termen. There is no extra vein. Taken at
Manibanjam in the Darjiling Hills.
Epinephile jurtina (janira): — Female with all the usual fulvous
markings a pale cream. Taken at Beaconsfield.
Hj/poli)inias holina : — Male with pale brown patches, due to
partial failure of the pigment in the scales. Taken at Amritsar.
Stibochiona nicea : — Male showing same form of variation as H.
holina above. Taken at Pamionchi in Sikkim.
Arfiyunis lathoiiia subsp. issoea : — Male with a branch to vein 5 in
both hindwings. Taken at Murree.
Zizera li/sinwji : — Female with left forewing deformed probably
as the result of an injury to the pupa. Taken at Cawnpore.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited larvae of Leucania ronif/era, L. intpnra,
L. inipudens (pudoruia) and Tripliaena janthina, and pointed out
their leading characteristics.
Mr. Barnett exhibited series of Erannis [Hihernia) defoliaria from
the South Croydon area, showing much variation in colour and
marking.
The meeting was then declared special for Consideration of the
Bye-Laws revised by the Council and of which a copy had been
posted to each member in accord with the resolution passed at the
meeting held on April 11th.
After considerable discussion, the various suggested alterations
having been considered and still further revised, the following
Resolution was carried : —
Resolved
That the proposed new Bye-Laws, contained in the annexed
print*, as amended at the special meeting and initialled and
copied by the President be and are hereby approved and
adopted as the Bye-Laws of the S.L.E. and N.H. Soc. in
lieu of those now in force.
President — H. W. Andrews.
* See end of present volume.
46
MAY 25th, 1929.
Field Meeting — St. Martha's Chilworth.
Leader — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
The weather was completely fine and pleasant the whole day in
contrast to that of last year's visit. The usual spring larvae were
common, even plentiful in some cases, on trees and bushes, including
representatives of Strymon w-albiun and Zephyriisqiietciis. Imagines
were scarce ; but Pararge megera, Rumicia phlaean and Callophrys^ mhl
were seen. Tree trunks produced a number of Ectropis [I'ephrosia),
E. punctidata being common. A few stray Geometers were noted,
among which Lithina [Panagra) chlorosata (petraria) was abundant.
Only eight members were able to be present two of whom did not
reach the meeting until later in the day. The locality is one that
is as yet unspoiled by the advent of modern " tripping."
I am indebted to Mr. E. Step for the following note on the
locality.
" Although the soft Thanet Sands of which St. Martha's is built
are not famed for many of the less-common species of plants, they
bear a very varied flora, which includes many of the familiar spring
favourites. Naturally, the woods appear to be of the Oak-Birch
type, but the northern slopes have been planted with conifers —
Scots' Pine, Spruce, Larch and many magnificent examples of the
Lawson Cypress. In the more natural woods of the eastern slopes,
where we spent the greater part of the afternoon, there was more
variety, with a sprinkling of Whitebeam, Wych Elm, Spindle and
Alder.
" Of the ground vegetation, the most conspicuous item was the
continuous sheets of brilliant blue contributed by the Bluebells, but
at closer range this was seen to be varied by abundant Yellow
Archangel and Red Campion, Scorpion -grass and Wild Strawberry ;
another wild fruit not yet at eating stage was the Bed Currant,
with strings of green berries. In the marshy ground between the
Tillingbourne and the ponds at Chilworth was a golden blaze from
the crowded Marsh Marigolds.
" There is a good deal of Heather, a little Broom, and a few ferns
other than the plentiful Bracken : those noticed being Male-fern
and the Broad-buckler."
47
JUNE 8th, 1929.
Field Meeting — Brentwood.
Leaders— Mr. F. B. Carr and Mr. E. E. Syms, F.E.S.
The day arranged for the field meeting at Brentwood was most
unfortunate, for it rained the whole time, making beating almost
hopeless. Six members, however, braved the weather and were
rewarded by finding both Orf/yia r/onostu/ma and Erastria vennstiila^
the two species the finding of which was the object of the meeting.
Tea was taken at the " Horse and Groom," after which it was
decided to return home as the weather did not improve.
JUNE 13th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. D. G. Sevastopulo exhibited a box containing specimens of
Papilionidae and Pieridae common to England and India, showing
some of the subspecies found in each place. They were Papilio
machaon and ssp. asiatica ; Pier is napi and ssp. ajaka ; Gonepteryx^
rhanini and ssp. nepalensis ; Colias hyale and ssp. t/licia and ssp.
nilgiriensis ; C. croceus and ssp. ednsina. The specimens of P.
machaon were taken in France.
Mr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited specimens of the larvae and
pupae of some of the scarcer and more local species of British
Lepidoptera taken April to June, 1929.
A. Rhopalocera.
(1) Larva and several ova of Papilio ^machaon, taken in Wicken
Fen on June 9th, 1929.
(2j Larvae of Pmralis {ZepJn/rns) betiilae, taken in Monkswood on
May 31st.
(3) Larvae and pupae of Zephyrns (juercns, taken in various
districts May, 1929. It was plentiful this year in the Midlands.
(4) Pupae of Therla iv-albnni, from larvae taken near Guildford,
on May 26th, 1929. It has been plentiful near Guildford.
(5) Pupa of Stryinoii iwnni, from larva taken in Warboys Wood,
June 1st. They were far scarcer than formerly.
(6) Larvae of Polyowmatus coridon, taken in Fleam Dyke, near
Newmarket, June 8th.
48
B. Heter(5cera.
(7) Larvas of Gasteropacha querci folia, taken in Wicken Fen, June
9th, They fed on apple.
(8) Pupating larva of Catncala sponsa, taken near Oxford, May
26th, 1929.
(9) Larvae of Sipianthedon (Sesia) tnyopaeformia, taken under apple
bark at Wicken, June 10th, 1929.
He also showed a male specimen of Hi/drilla ftalustris, taken at
light on the sheet at 1 a.m. in Wicken Pen on June 11th, 1929.
Only a few specimens wore taken and all at about that time.
Mr. Glegg exhibited a box arranged with direct and transmitted
light to exhibit microscopic slides. It was also fitted to pass round.
The exhibitor was presenting it to the Society, for use at the
meetings.
JUNE 30th, 1929.
FiiiLD Meeting — Princes Risborough.
J.eader—li. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
Although it had commenced to rain when the party left Marylebone
and heavy rain fell most of the way down, on arrival at the station
we found that there had not been a drop, so hoped for the best.
Such hopes however were short-lived ; as soon as we reached a
collecting ground the rain commenced, and fell steadily until after
tea. The bag consequently was a light one. A few HydreUa [Athena)
ftamnieolaria [luteata) were beaten from maple, and larvae of
Triphosa dnbitata were not uncommon on Rliamnus catharticns',
Cosymbia {Zo)iosoma) linearia was plentiful on the beech trunks.
On arrival at " The Plough " the only available rooms were already
fully occupied, but the party, at considerable inconvenience to our
hosts, were very hospitably accommodated in the kitchen rather
than in an open shed in the garden. While waiting for tea, some
Zygaena cocoons were collected both from alongside the road past
the inn and from along the road at the top of the hill. From both
series of cocoons Z. lonicerae emerged in a few days, though the
great majority of the cocoons from both colonies produced Z.
filipendnlae about a week later.
On the walk back to the station after tea one example of Lehia
chlorocephala and a number of Staphylinidae were collected under
heaps of cut grass. There were present : 6 members and 1 visitor.
49
JULY 11th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Farmer exhibited bred specimens of Biston {AnifiJiidntiin)
betularia the larvae of which came from ova laid on an unidentified
herbaceous plant. All the imagines bred were small. The typical
form, the ab. carbonaria and intermediate forms were represented.
Dr. Cockayne remarked that it was unusual to get the three forms
in one brood and said that the larvae were known to feed in nature
on various herbaceous plants.
Dr. Fremlin exhibited examples of fasciation of the thistle,
Cardans lajiceolatiis ; a gall on the " crack" willow, Salix fragilis ;
a young larva of Bi(iiticia pldaean ; an asymmetrically marked
Spilofioiiia )iienthastn\ a portion of the R. forewing being without trace
of black marking ; and a 'Iriphaena finihria, with curious, pale scales
scattered over the forewing breaking up the usual pattern
irregularly.
The gall was subsequently found to be the work of the mite
Eriopluiea triradiatun.
Mr. Tonge exhibited a bred Vuneaaa in from Reigate, July, 1918,
with the " eyes " on the hind-wings very incomplete.
Dr, Cockayne referred to the pale colour occurring in an example
of Pspi(flnter/)iia priiinata bred in Wiltshire and said that the pale
coloration was a defect in the pigment. He showed the living
larvae of Enpln/ia Inctuata [Ingiibrafa) from Saxony, of which species
the occurrence had been reported in this country. They fed on the
willow-herb, Epilobhon. There were two forms of the larva, a
brown and a less common, gieen form ; in the former the blood
and fat were brown and in the latter they were both green.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the " baker's brat," Thermobia furnorinn,
a Lepismid, allied to the well-known " silver fish," Lephma
saccharina. He also called attention to the fact that now was the
time to observe the curious habits of the larva of the sycamore
sawfly, Fln/llntoma aceris.
Mr. J. J. F. X. King exhibited the curious Oeuestia quadra with 5
wings which he obtained in the New Forest many years ago.
Mr. Witting exhibited the living larvae of Rnmicia phlaeas from
Kent.
Mr. de Worms exhibited Acronicta psi of the very dark London
form from the Brompton Road and also a larva of Zeuzera pijriiia
(aesculi). Mr. R. Adkin noted the rare occurrence of the latter
50
species in Eastboiu-ne; he said that forty ou fifty years ago it was
very abundant in Lewisham and in fact all around London, quite
an urban species and the larvae were then very destructive to trees
and shrubs in London public gardens.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited the very local Therevid dipteron,
Dialiinira aiiilifi, L., found in Britain only on the Welsh coast
sandhills ; the allied species D. aiiunlata was common on most
sandhills.
Capt. Curwen exhibited series of Ematurnd atonian'a to show the
differences between the heath form from Wisley and Lyndhurst and
the marsh form from Oxford.
JULY 25th, 1929.
The Prksidknt in the Chair.*
Mr. Priest exhibited some well-spotted Spilosouia menthastrihred;
a very dark Acronicta aceris in which the Hindwings were strongly
streaked, and a very yellow form of SiJilosoma Intea (liibricipeda).
Mr, E. Step exhibited a living larvae of Saturnia pavonia, from
Lynton.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited the apterous female of the parasitic
hymenopteron Methnca ichnei(uionoides, the host of which was the
larva of the tiger-beetle Cicindela, which it stings and paralyses,
laying its egg upon it. The original female was captured at Oxshott
and 9 ova were laid upon 9 larvae in his subterraria ; the resultant
imagines bred so far were 4 J s and 2 $ s, the metamorphosis
taking about a year. The exhibitor explained his method of keeping
the soil in a subterrarium moist and at the same time free from
mould.
Mr. Sevastopulo exhibited a very instructive series of Lijcaenidae,
each species shown having with it a microphotograph of its
androconia.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the scarlet and black seeds of Ahrns
precatoriiis, L., from E. Africa, infested by a Bruchid beetle,
Carijopemon cnici(jer, Steph. ; and a ? Tachinid fly, Metopia
leicocephala, Rossi, interested in the burrowing operations of a
bunting wasp, A>umophila sabnloaa.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited examples of the British species of
the Beriuae, a subfamily of the Strationnjidae (Diptera).
51
Mr. Anderson exhibited an example of the dari^ Aberdeen race of
Abraxas (/rossiilan'ctta somewhat asymmetrical in markings. The
usual dark scaling was increased irregularly about the disc, the
yellow marking being partially removed and more or less massed
toward the inner miirgin.
Mr. de Worms exhibited the following aberrations : — Argynnis
cyiiippe [adippe) in which the spots on the L. side were more
emphasised, while those on the R. side were smaller and the
submargmal series were moved nearer to the margin ; a somewhat
melanic form of Melitaea anrinia ; and an Adopaea liueola of which
the L. hindwing was smaller than the K.
Dr. Robertson exhibited the trifolU-Yike form of Zygaena hmicerae,
which he had bred from cocoons collected during the field meeting
near Princes Risborough on June BOfch.
Mr, Jacobs exhibited a short series of the Tortrix i^lnannonia
corticana from Henley-on-Thames showing the normal form the
more plentiful, and the very light form with white dorsal blotch
less so. (1922).
Also a series of 29 specimens taken at Bromley, 1929, showing
preponderance of the darker forms and absence of the lightest
forms. This series was unselected both in taking and in setting.
Remarks were made on the present season. Mr. Andrews had
met with an extremely black form of Biston hetnlaria at Eltham, ab.
carbonaria [doubledayaria) . Mr. A. Bliss reported Leptosia suiapis
as being quite common this year. It was also reported from West
Sussex. Mr. Main said that the larvae of Fltisia iiumeta had been
met with in dozens around Woodford. It was noted that the young
larvae of this species hibernated in the dead stems of the monkshood.
Attention was called to the cocoon which was white in colour at
first but subsequently became yellow when subjected to moisture,
heavy dew or rain.
Mr. Grosvenor called attention to the large number of Zyyaena
specimens which were of small size this season, and suggested that
the dwarfing was probably caused by the exceptionally long spells
of dry atmosphere during the present year. Other members had
noted an unusual number of small-sized specimens in various species
this year.
52
JULY 2Sth, 1929.
Field Mketing — Byfleet.
Leader— K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
The route taken was along the canal bank towards Woking. In
the canal itself the Frogbit, Hj/drochan's morsKs-ranae, was plentiful,
several plants being noted in bloom ; the Flowering Rush, Butomus
uvibellatus, was also observed but scarce. The daj'^ being dull, with
occasional threats of rain the Odonata were little in evidence, though
Lschuura elegans and EnalUuiina ci/athir/ernm. were fairly plentiful.
On the heath bordering the canal Liuienitis sihilla was observed,
while Satyrus fieniele, Epinephele tithonus and Flebeius aegon were
not uncommon. Hupenodes co^taentngalia was taken together with
a few Phytometra viridaria. Larvae were scarce, but a few young
Smerinthtis orellatiis^ Pygaera pigra and Calocalpe (Kncosonta)
undidata were found on the sallows. The long-horned grasshopper,
Metrioptera brachyptera, was in some numbers among the heather,
and a colony of the bee, Saropnda bimaculata, was discovered ; the
rapid motions of this bee and its peculiar high-pitched note excited
comment. The Psocid, Beiiterella helviniaculata {Caecilia <orticis)
was in numbers on the bark of one oak tree, the winged males and
apterous females lurking in crevices of the bark protected by a sheet
of web covering the crevice. Of the Heath plants Drosera rotundifuUa
and yarthechun ossifragum were abundant in places, and Linaria
minor (?) was found in some of the ditches.
Commander J. J. Walker had kindly promised to meet the party
at 4 p.m. and conduct them to the famous sand-pit on Horsell
Common, but by this time the rain was falling steadily, so that an
immediate retreat was made to Woking for tea. Nine members and
eight visitors attended.
AUGUST ISth, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Robert Ad kin exhibited some leaves of a lilac bush showing
the manner in which they were distorted by the larvae of Gracillaria
syringella having fed in them. Also an apple leaf, and called
attention to the very symmetrical manner in which the edge had
been turned down by the larva of Oniix guttea. He said that this
63
species had recently been very common both in his garden on
cultivated apple trees, and on some wild apple bushes growing on
the banks along the Parades at Eastbourne. Both species leave the
leaves for pupation.
He also showed pieces of reed stem containing the pupa of Xonariria
geniinipiDicta and called attention to the small round hole at the
lower part of the stem where the larva enters, and to the oval
*' window," some distance above it, which is caused by the larva
eating away the substance of the stem before assuming the pupal
stage, leaving only the very thin outer skin of the reed, through
which the moth pushes its way on emergence. The pupa is usually
to be found in the stem between these two points.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a series of the British may-fly known
as Kcdyonuriis venosia, F., showing its composite nature involving
four distinct forms (? species). One of these had been identified as
E. fluniinnm, Pictet, and the other two he suspected were new
species.
Mr. D. G. Sevastopulo exhibited a very common form of coloration
in Indian butterflies, and communicated the following note : —
My exhibit consists of 3 Satyrids, 1 Nymphalid, 1 Erycinid and
1 Hesperiid, all of which show a very similar form of marking,
consisting of a dark brown ground with an oblique light band on
the forewing. This type of coloration is found very commonly in
India in the Satijridae, FJrycuiidae and Hesperiidae, more rarely in
the Amatltusiidae and Nijiiiphaiidae and not at all in the Papilionidae,
Pieridae, Danaidae and Lycaenidae. Possibly some one can throw
some light on the popularity of this pattern.
The species shown were, Lethe rohria [confnsa), L. verma, and
Pararye inasuni, Satyridae : EutJialia pheiiiiKS ( 2 )> Nyniphalidae :
Abisara fylla, Erycinidae : Celaenorrhinus leucocera, Hesperiidae,
Mr. Witting exhibited an asymmetrically marked Colias croceas,
bred in 1928, and a variety of Eiiclidia mi with much irregular
suffusion of black scaling especially on the basal half of the hind-
wings and the costal half of the discal area of the forewings.
From W. Wickham, 1929.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited living larvae of : —
(1) Hecatera serena, F., green and brown forms from Bucks,
feeding on a species of Crepis.
(2) Cncidlia lychnitis, Ramb., from Bucks, feeding on fig wort
[Scrophularia nodosa).
54
(3) Cosyinbia (Zonosonia) aiuiidata, Schulze {ninicronaria, Hb.)
from Bucks. ; the ^reen form.
(4) Euphyia {Cidaria) picata, Hb. {hiantiulata, Haw.), bred ab. ovo
from a Surrey ? .
(5) Preserved larvae of Ciu-idlia li/rJuiitis, Ramb. and of C.
verbasci, L. to show the differences in the markings.
Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited wild laid ova of Pheosia {Xotodoiita)
dictaeoides on birch.
Mr. Hawkins called attention to the abundance of Centra viinda
larvae. An " invasion " of Scotland by an unusual number of the
Crossbill was also reported.
AUGUST 22nd, 1929.
Mr. F. B. Carr, Yich^-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Jacobs exhibited a fine melanic female of Ptyclmpoda aversata,
Bromley, July 30th, 1929 ; a dwarf ^ of (^acoecia crataegana and
one of C. rosaiia both from Bromley in July ; and a dark ferruginous
aberration of F.Hxantlnis zoenaua taken at light on August 1st, at
Bromley.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited two insects, a " skipper " and an ant,
which had been killed by a fungoid growth. Branched processes
protruded from the bodies.
Captain Murray exhibited a Fararge iiiei/era in which the R.
hindwing was dwarfed. It was taken in Dorset on August 17th.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a short series of H]ipono)iieuta
staiiiiella. He said that in May last Mr. H. W. Daltry very kindly
sent him some larvae of this species, together with a supply of its
foodplant, Sedinfi. tele/ihiiuii from Dovedale. The larvae were feeding
in a slight web on the plant, and almost directly after their arrival
spun their characteristically Hi/ponomeuta cocoons on the receptacle
in which they were placed, suggesting that it may be a habit of
the larva to forsake the food-plant and seek some more substantial
position for pupation. The moths emerged between the 21st and
26th of June.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited part of the life-history of the house-
cricket, Acheta doiiiestica. The eggs were laid J to ^ in. below the
surface of the ground, and ovipoistion took place some 2 days after
mating, which was effected in a similar way to that described by
Fabre for the field-cricket. He also exhibited pupae of Acronicta
56
menyantlddia from ova laid l)y a $ taken at Witherslack. The
larvae fed up well and pupation took place in short tubes which
were plugged after the larvae had been induced to take possession.
SEPTEMBER 12th, 1929.
The Presidknt in the Chair.
Mr. X. E. Tonge exhibited a living male example of the large
ichneumon Rhi/s^^a persiiasoria taken at Chiddingfold, Surrey.
Mrs. Brookes exhibited the minute parasitichymenopteron, hliiarsia
foniiosa, which is being distributed by the Cheshunt Research
Station to tomato growers to check the ravages of the glasshouse
white-fl}" ; the living larva of KmiiorpJia elpenor, and a minute
dipterous parasite on the mite which is attached to the apple.
Mr. Jacobs exhibited a species of I'lpJiestia taken in cop. on the
wall of Hibernia Chambers on August 22nd. Ova were laid on the
24th. They were at first creamy white in colour, but on August
31st they began to turn to orange. The hatching commenced on
this morning (Sept. 12th).
Dr. Cockayne exhibited living larvae of Hadena adnata feeding on
heath, of Venusia cainbn'ca and EnpitJieria exi(juata feeding on
mountain ash, all from E. Aberdeen, and of /'>'. canchiata [penwtata)
from Bohemia feeding on Solidai/o. He stated that the weather in
Aberdeenshire had been cool, cloudy and showery, and the nights
were cold. Insects were not common at heather flowers. He had
met with Xdctna (/lareosa abundant, Tyijihaena comes very scarce,
X. castauea v. ne(jlecta not common, Calocampa solidaiihiis fairly
common, T. jaiit/iina Yevy ahnndunt, T. proniiba scarce, A\ xantho-
(papha very scarce, Cliaraeas (jraminh very abundant, Anarta >nijttilli
very common, Xoctiia sobrina fairly common, Calosti(jia olivata not
common, Li/cfris popnlata [dotata) common, L. pyraliata [populata)
scarcer than of late, Thera linnata common, Di/sstruma citrata
[iinnianata) the commonest Geometer, Miana literosa was absent.
Larvae were by no means common, V. caiiihrica very few, E.
exiijnata very few, Odontopera bidentata very scarce, IjOphopteryx
camelina common, OpistJiotjraptis luteolata very scarce, Celaena
haivorthii common, Lijtjris pninata (ribesiaria) in the garden where he
was staying.
Mr. R. Adkin read a short paper entitled, " On the Occasional
Extension of Territory by the Browntail Moth, Xippnia phaeorrlioea^
and the Ultimate Collapse of the Effort." (See page 7).
56
In the discussion which ensued Mr. Buckstone said that there
had been a very abundant colony near the beach Heme Bay
but restricted to about three quarters of a mile inland and about a
mile wide. It had since become very small. Mr. Turner said that
a very abundant colony existed in the Wakering Marshes some
twenty years ago. Mr; Jacobs recorded a similarly restricted colony
on the coast of France. Dr. Cockayne doubted the fact of immi-
gration. Colonies had existed all along the coast as far as Yorkshire
and all of them had their ups and downs. He suggested climatic
rather than other causes such as disease ; widely separated colonies
had their ups and downs but not at the same times. Mr. Tonge
was inclined to suggest parasites ; at Deal all that he turned out in
the garden succumbed while most of those kept indoors were bred.
Mr. Andrews reported a colony at Higham near Chattenden about
twenty years ago and Mr. Adkin had observed this colony in the
'80s.
Various members spoke on the increase in the area of distribution
in recent years of the butterfly Pobjijonia c-albnnt in this country.
For many years it had been looked upon as almost exclusively a
Herefordshire insect, where it was carefully watched over by the
late Mrs. Hutchinson, although it had occurred in Yorkshire, In
1919 it was reported from Bucks, in 1921 from Wilts, in 1923 in
Hertford, in Dorset and Oxford it was now even common, it was
reported in places in Sussex ; perhaps Basingstoke was the nearest
approach to London from whence it had been reported.
SEPTEMBER 14th, 1029.
Field Meeting — Ockham Common and Wisley.
Leader — Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
About a dozen members and friends were present at this meeting
which was arranged particularly for a larva-beating expedition. A
different route of approach to the ponds was taken, diverging by the
second turning on the right from Eiifingham Station and then by
devious footpaths and lanes to a very beautiful corner of the forest
lands. Thence various tracks lead down to Boldermere around
which the morning party worked meeting the afternoon party en
route. Nothing of particular note was reported but a considerable
bag of useful material was made.
57
The Society has visited this locality on various previous occasions
and detailed accounts may be found in the " Proceedings " for the
years 1894, 1910, 1916, 1919 and 1922.
SEPTEMBER 26th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. Bliss exhibited the beautiful green lichen-like form of the
larva of Gonodontis bide)itata, the peculiar larva of one of the
*' footman " moths, and the nest of a species of Hymenoptera with
the maker, found among bananas.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited some leaves of nut which had been mined,
presumably by a species of Hymenoptera, and also apple leaves
similarly blotched, the former from Abbot's Wood and the latter
from his garden at Eastbourne.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner exhibited a varied series of pupae of the
Geometrid genus Ki)hyra= Cosy mbia ipvesumMy late broods of C.
pendularia on birch and C. Unearia on beech.
Mr. C. B. Williams gave a short account of the green-house
" white-fly," {Aleurodes vajwrarioriini), a pest particularly attached to
the tomato, of which he stated there were two distinct races, one
composed almost entirely of females and the other of both males
and females in about equal numbers. The former race was at one
time very common but now it was scarcely ever seen, and he wished
to know if any member could obtain the race for him. Mr.
Grosvenor said that this pest had been particularly scarce in his
experience this year at Redhill. Mr. Bliss noted that it had been
particularly abundant at Purley on his tomatoes during the season.
Mr. Williams subsequently said that the " white-fly " on cabbage
[Aleurodes brassicoe) and the " white-fly " on the greater celandine
could not be separated structurally, but that the species on celanduie
[A. proletella) would not live on cabbage and vice-versa.
Mr. Bliss reported the occurrence of I'ohjyonia c-albinn in the
Isle of Wight and also on sugared trees in the New Forest, LeHco)na
salicis was also noted as having occurred this year on aspen along
the coast of Suffolk.
Mr. Grosvenor reported that out of some 200 ova of Zijyaena
triftdii he had about 180 larvae. Of these 2 had fed up and pupated
this year. This was the first time in his experience that this
species had produced imagines in Autumn. He also had a
58
considerable brood of birvae of the South of Frtince Zy(jaena, form
(iiiceps, which on previous experience had only given him about 1%
of a second brood, but this year had yielded about 50%. The
imagines included both 5- and B-spotted fornjs.
]\Ir. Robert Adkin showed a series of six slides illustrating- the
life-history of one of the British species of SiundUdae (Diptera) and
gave notes on their habits. Also some slides of Lepidopterous
studies.
Mr. W. H. T. Tams exhibited a short series of slides of the
genitalia of the Phycid group of which Dio) t/ctria ahietella is a
member.
Mr. Dennis exhibited slides.
OCTOBER 19th, 1929.
The Pkesident in the Chair.
Mr. Jacobs exhibited a specimen of the Hornet taken at Ealing
on September 27th.
Dr. Bull exhibited undersized Pieria iiapi, captured, of both
spring and summer broods and measuring 3-5-4cm. ; also a small
('alias croceiis, 3"5cm., bred in 1928; a small living larva of
Amorplia populi probably representing a second brood ; larvae of
Boariiiia roboraria taken in August ; and reported the capture in
N.E. Sussex of an example of Herse convolvidi. Mr. Newman said
that he always obtained a second brood of A. populi. He had 70 or
80 larvae this year which were at the present time pupating.
Mr. Tonge exhibited a melanic specimen of Xanthorho'e [Melan-
ippe) fliirtiiata which flew in to light at Reigate in August last. •
Mr. Blair called attention to the finely illustrated articles appear-
ing occasionally in the " National Geographical Magazine " (Amer.)
dealing with Insects and their Life-history.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a leaf of a birch tree showing the
mine and fold made by the larva of Ornix betnlae, Stt. He said
that on September 25th he collected in a wood near Eastbourne a
few leaves containing larvae of this species. As is well known,
the moth lays its egi^ on a birch leaf, and the larva on hatching
burrows into the leaf where it feeds for a time, thus forming a
blotch. The larva in the leaf exhibited was still in the blotch
when taken. A few days later he had the good fortune to see the
larva leave the blotch, and to follow the greater portion of its pre-
I
69
paration of the fold in which to complete its feeding. Having left
the blotch the larva wandered about the underside of the leaf for
some minutes apparently seeking a suitable position for the fold
and eventually selected a lobe of the leaf near the stalk. It com-
menced operations by spinning strands of fine silk across this
portion of the leaf, throwing its head and anterior part of its body
violently from side to side in doing so ; this operation occupied
about half an hour. The larva then rested, stretched out quite
straight for a considerable time ; he had it under observation for
an hour and a half during which time it was quiescent, he then
was called away. On his return after some three quarters of an
hour, the fold was jnst turned over and the larva was busily
engaged in sealing down its edge. He wns therefore unable to say
whether the edge of the leaf is drawn over by the tightening of the
strands of silk as they dry, or whether the larva employs any
further means of attaining that object, but having regard to the
small size of the larva, he thought the former proposition the most
probable.
He also exhibited a seed-head of the common rush [J uncus
comuiunis) on which were a number of cases and living larvae of
Coleafihora raeftjiititiclla, Zell., a species that had been very abundant
in the neighbourhood of Eastbourne this autumn, the seed-heads in
many places being literally smothered with them.
Mr. Step exhibited, on behalf of Mrs. Step, living first year
plants of the Furze [Ulex europaeus), showing clearly the transition
from trifoliate leaves, through unifoliate leaves to spines on the
upper parts of the plants. They had developed from self-sown
seeds which had germinated in the peat-soil in which an Azalea
was potted. Mr. Step described it as an object-lesson in evolution.
Mr. C. J. M. de Worms exhibited lepidoptera taken near Tours
(Indre-et-Loire) during September, 1929, including — (1) two
specimens of Colias hyale, both males, one being of an unusually
deep yellow colour and the other of the normal cream tint but
having a greatly extended border on the hindwings. (2) A series
of 4 males and 1 female specimens of Lauipides boeticus (the " long-
tailed blue," taken September llth-15th on lucerne flowers. It was
the first time he had met with the species, which he understood
was extremely infrequent in that part of France and only seen at
very long intervals.
60
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited a female " bhick-bellied tarantula"
(LAjcosa) with its family posed on its back. It came from Agay,
South of France.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited : —
(1) Leucania inipnra, Hb. Bred this year from Bookham larvae.
A short series showing a fair amount of variation in the tint of the
hindwings and in the development of the black streaks on the
forewings. One specimen had the short black dashes at the anal
angles of the forewings unusually well marked.
(2) KupUhecia absinthiata, Clerck. A short series bred last year
from Oxshott larvae, showing variation in tint and development of
markings. In two specimens some of the costal spots have joined
and formed large black blotches.
Also living larvae of Apamea i(iia)iiiiiis, Eupithecia exvjuata,
Horifiitie [Phibalaptenjx) vitalbata, MelantJiia proceUata, and Liydia
adustata.
Dr. Bull reported the occurrence of a second brood of Vajieasa io
some six weeks previously. Mr. Newman had never met with a
second brood, but Mr. Frohawk had recorded it once. The species
was generally found to be very scarce this season.
Mr. E. Step read a short paper '• Thorns and Prickles." (See
page 12).
OCTOBER 24th, 1929.
Annual Exhibition.
Mr. C. D. Anderson exhibited five Melitaea cinxia, bred, Isle of
Wight, 1928 ; 1 and 2, minor aberrations ; 3 and 4, under-side
aberrations with a paucity of black markings ; 5, a typical specimen.
Four FolyommatHn thetis (bellaryus) taken at Folkestone, September,
1928 ; 1 and 2, slate grey males ; 3 and 4, minor under-side
aberrations. Three Arctia caja, 1, absence of brown and blue
markings on all four wings ; 2, L. side normal, R. side forewing
lacking full brown markings, taken in the Isle of Wight, 1929 ; 3,
yellow hindwings, taken at Bexley, 1929. Aberrations of Abraxas
grossnlariata, and other species.
Mr. S. R. Ashby exhibited his collection of the genera Necrophorus
61
and Silpha and the families Tenehrionidae and Melandn/idae in
British Coleoptera.
And on behalf of the Society he exhibited the collections of
British Paraneuroptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera and Hemiptera.
Mr. H. W. Andrews exhibited series of species of British Trypetidae
(Diptera).
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited series of British Pyrales including the
rarer species Mecyna polygojialis, Pi/raiista repandalU, P. niibilalisj
etc.
Lieut. E. B. Ashby exhibited Poiitia dapUdice and its spring
brood hellidice including an aberrant female, and also the Guethery
form of Epinephele titlionioi with broadened and darkened markings
and typical examples for comparison.
Mr. L. C. Bushby exhibited the following living species : —
Arachnida : — Variegated Scorpion [OpiMhophthalmns capensls)^
South Africa. Long-<-ailed Scorpion {IschnnrKu trir/n'iirus), South
Africa. Fat-clawed Scorpion {Scorpio niaurns), Algeria.
Crustacea : — Land Hermit Crab {Coenohita rugoaa), Sumatra.
Coleoptera : — Antlda venator [Carabidae), Algeria.
Orthoptera : — Green-mottled Mantis {Blapharis mendica), Algeria.
Hymenoptera : — Nests of a Mud Wasp, Texas.
Neuroptera: — Ant-lions {Aconthaclisis sp.), South France.
Orthoptera: — Cockroach (Blabera sp.), Trinidad.
Dr. Bull exhibited the following aberrations of Brenthis ei(p/irosi/ue,
(1) with hindwings suffused and forewings with obsolete markings ;
(2) with all four wings suffused and with a *' hook-tip " deformity
on the left side which is smaller than the right ; (3) a partial
second brood which appeared in August, 1927 ; etc.
Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited comparative series of Melitaea
aurinia from various localities in Great Britain and Ireland.
Mr. T. L. Barnett exhibited — (1) long comparative series of
Plebeius aegon from Surrey, Kent and S. Devon including aberra-
tions, a ^ with dark brown spots on the outer margin of the hind-
wings, a $ with the right hind wing upperside of purple coloration,
Kent, and a ? from S. Devon with the underside spots elongated ;
(2) a long series of Plebeius [Aricia) medon of the spring and
summer broods with ^ and $ ab. obsoleta, a rT dark brownish
grey underside, a striated 2 Surrey, 1919, race salmacis from
Durham and race artaxerxes from Aberdeenshire.
62
Miss Winifred W. M. A, Brooke exhibited (1) Specimens and
drawings of Arthroaiodax wusiikdu, Kietfer, a gall midge (Diptera),
named by IMr. Barnes as being the above species " ahiiost without a
doubt," and probably the first specimen found in Great Britain.
(2) Specimens and drawings of Encarsiafonnosa^ a minute Hymen-
opteron parasitic on " snowy-fly."
Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited a long and variable bred series of
the two Noctuids Xylina mcia and X. aemihrunnea from mid Sussex
in 1929.
Mr. L. T. Ford exhibited (1) a brood of Lef)to(jramina [Peronen)
literaiia, all the 42 specimens being alike but unlike the $ parent ;
(2) a brood of Peronea cn'stana, all dissimilar from the $ parent and
including 3 ab. striana and 7 ab. profanana, the $ parent being ab.
crutalana. He also showed Coleophora paripeiuidla.
The Rev. E. E. Frampton, a long series of Bom-niia repandata
including local forms and aberrations from W. Kent, Wales, N.
Cornwall and S. Derbyshire.
Mr. B. S. Harwood exhibited : —
Orthoptera.-- (1) Metn'optera roeselii, a macropterous $ with
typical brachypterous pair. (2) Xiphidiurn dorsale, a macropterous
^ with typical brachypterous pair.
AcuLEATA. — (1) Bombiis liipidariiis, right side ^ left side ^ .
(2) Cerceris rybi/en.sis, a white banded var. with white marked legs,
and a typical specimen.
Diptera. -^Scarce British Diptera including Didea alneti, Callicera
ae)iea, Mallota cinibiciforniis^ Laphria fiava, Pamponerua (jernianiciifi,
GastrophiluH pecnrum and 6r. eqin, Cepheuomyia rnfibarbis and
Tabanidae.
Lepidopteka. — Papilio luacliaon bred without tails and 2 others ;
Abraxas (jrosmdariata vars. ; C. pa m.philns ya,vs. ', P. coriduii vsbYfi.;
Melliiiia gilvaffo, light and dark forms, and M. ocellaris, W. Suffolk,
September, 1929 (one very dark form).
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited a series of aberrations of British
Lepidoptera together with many preserved larvae showing variation
in each species.
Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs exhibited a most interesting local collection,
representative of some 70 species of Tortrices taken in a small area
(demonstrated in a map) at Bromley, Kent, during the years 1928
and 1929 alone. These included : —
•IJJJJJJJJJJJWJJM.
63
Bactra Kpiblema Cacoccia
la)tceol(t)ia. bihtnana, costana,
Eucosina solandriana ?, iinifasriana.
varieijand, acopoliaiia, Painieinia
pniniaiia, cana. ribeaiia^
obloiKjaud ^ Heiiiiiiiene ciniiamomeana,
nrtiraihi, politamt, /h'/noaiin .
IdCiDKina , petiveicllu^ I'ortri.i;
striana. tauaceti. foiskalfoiia,
Enar}ii())u'n L\nniin'ite beniutanniaua,
corticana, orliHetiheiiiicriaita roinvaijaiKt,
U'<)eb(n-iana. r/iediella, locfiiiKjiana,
J'metoceiit splewiidana, viriilaiia,
oceUditn, artjyrana, paieatta,
Aticf/lis regiana. siiiiiaiia,
Imiilaua. Ciirporapaa viniaiii iiDia,
Gj/psoiioiiia jiilidiKi, iiirei tana,
dealba)ia, sph'iKUoia. pasciuvia.
aceriana. Acalla Isotrias
Cydia sj)()H!ia)ia, hybridatia.
ti iniaciiUnia, varieyaiia, Lozopera
raiiudla, retindana, fraiici'Uana,
acJiatana, ferniyana, notiilana,
nitjfouiacidaiia. holmiana. iiiamiiana,
Notoceiia Epaynge iiupUcitaiia,
iiddniainiiana, grotiana. siiwatliuiainiiaiia.
ti'iinacidana. Capua KuxantJda
Epiblenia anguatioraua. zoegana,
i)nmit)idaiia, Cacoecia haiiiana.
teti (KjKi'trana, poilaiia,
pfiiigiana, xglosteana,
trigeiiiina)ia, rosea it a,
The above were collected in the area shaded in the accom-
panying map.
Most of the collecting was done in fields A and B, and the shaw
to the south of them ; A being a dry field sloping steeply down
towards B which is also grass but of a boggy nature.
Several species that came to light were taken at his house.
Isotrias hgbridana was taken from the elms bordering the road to
the south, and several species from garden fences in the road to the
north.
64
Mr. H. A, Leeds exhibited a series of aberrations of British
butterflies, all wild, captured during 1929.
Ejnnephele jiirtina, 2 J uppersides with large whitish areas. ?
uppersides symmetrically marked with brown base and streaks, the
latter crossing to the outer border over a wide and almost white
ground ; another with black spot and pale surrounding on hindwings.
5 underside, homoeotic-fulvous streaks on the upper portion of the
left hindwing.
Mdauart/ia (jalatliea, ^ upperside, cream ground and reduced
black markings.
Afflaifi urticae, ^ uppersides, abs. ichnusa and polaris.
P. coridon, $ upperside, wood-pigeon colour ; $^ undersides with
the black spots of the outer border absent from forewings, also abs.
ohsoleta and posticocaeca. 2 undersides, abs. dejctroconflnena,
^avesce)iSj and posticocaeca.
P. aegon, ^ uppersides with outer area very broadly white on
forewings, lilaciua-niinntifisiinna, 20mm. Several $ uppersides,
ivpqiialis-homoeotic, the 3rd submedian spot with pale area of the
left forewing being reproduced on upperside. Also a dark
unicolorous specimen without markings, and 2 with wainscot
streaks. A ? underside with 6th submedian spot forming a very
long streak on hindwings ; and abs. fiavescens and inofpiipioicta.
P. medon, ^ upperside with golden lunules. And ^ undersides
abs. dhcreta and auticocaeca-posticoohsoleta.
C. paiiiphiliis, ^ upperside with large white patches near centre
of each wing,
P. icanis, a S' underside with a broad black band from centre of
thorax to twin spot chevrons near inner border of hindwings. Two
well streaked female inegnalis, the left forewing of one on a brown
ground and the other on a blue ground. A very black ? specimen
with blue apex and base, but entirely devoid of the orange lunules.
$ undersides, like coridon, ab. confineiin, and an exceptionally well
marked radiata.
Rinnicia phlaeas, a $ upperside with a small basal spot below the
normal one on each forewing.
Papilio iiiacJiaon, a J underside with hindwings buff tinted instead
of pale yellow.
Mr. R. M. Long exhibited Epinephele jnrtina (janira) $ , with
apical spots missing, Cheltenham, 1929; Polyonnnatus icariis J^ ,
upperside of right forewing streaked with dark brown, Reigate,
1929 ; and P. thetis [ad<mis) J , underside hindwings partially
striated. Worthing, 1929.
65
Mr. H. Moore exhibited specimens of the large and beautiful
Morp/u) Iifcitha and M. eucienia from S. America.
Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a long series of aberrations of
British Lepidoptera taken in 1929, including Breuthis eK/throsyne,
Runiicia phlaeaa, Polyonnnatns thetis, IHebeiits aeffoji, Papilio vtachaon,
Aglais urticae, etc.
And on behalf of Mr. A. N. C. Treadgold a collection of Lepidop-
tera captured in June, 1928, at Klondyke, and called attention to a
number of the species almost exactly agreeing with British forms of
the same species.
Mr. L. Hugh Newman exhibited a series of numerous garden
pests with preserved larvae and pupae of the same.
Mr. S. R. Ashby, on behalf of Mr. Jacobs, exhibited a North
American Longhorn Beetle, Monochaums titillator, Fb., taken in
Cannon Street, City, September 11th, 1929, and exhibited alive.
Mr. C. G. Priest exhibited varied local series of Hipjxirc/na semele,
Polyoimnatus thetis {adonis), and P. coridon of both sexes.
Mr. Percy Richards exhibited a number of life-histories of British
Lepidoptera.
Dr. E. Scott exhibited a collection of Rhopalocera he had made
in the Belgian Ardennes Mts.
The Rev. C. E. Tottenham exhibited the following Coleoptera : —
(a) Series of Osphya bipmictata, J ^ and ? ? with g" coloured
as 5 and vice versa.
(6) Series of Saprosites mendax, a South Australian beetle, occurring
in Sussex together with its larva.
(c) Long series of Donacia sericea, showing great colour variation.
((/) Series of Melanotus castanipes, from Savernake Forest (with
M. rufyyes for comparison).
He also showed (1) Depressaria nervosa (Lep.) and larva, together
with a parasitised specimen of the larva ; (2) Earwigs, set to
show the method of folding the wings.
Dr. Harold B. Williams exhibited 1. Series of Cosnwtriche potatoria
$ $ from (a) Eastbourne, [b) N.E. Surrey, bred 1929, including
pale, brown, and well-marked forms in each series.
2. Xylopliasia vionoylypha, dark form, Esher, 1929, with the
ordinary form from the district for comparison.
3. Series of Sarrothripa revayana bred recently from the Oxshott
district, nearly all of a melanic form ; and selected Calytnnia pyralina
bred and captured in recent years in Surrey, including examples of
66
the plain brown " type " form, which appears to be rare in
England.
Mr. C. H. Williams exhibited long series of aberrations of Abraxas
(jroxsulariata, Polyonunatns coridon, and Lycia {Biston) hirtaria.
Mr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited (1) a S specimen of Hydrilla
palustris taken in Wicken Fen eJune 11th, 1929 ; (2) Melanic
specimens of MeUtaea aurinia J , Dorset, May, ld2d, Agrotis seyetiwt
2 , Wicken, June, 1929, A. corticea J , Surrey, June, 1929, and
Xylophasia vionoylypha $ , Scotland, August, 1928 ; (8) a short
series of xantbic examples of Kpinephele Jnrtina [janira) of both
sexes ; and specimens taken in France of the rare Apatiiea dumerilii.
Mr. H. Worsley-Wood exhibited an example of Colias croceus ab.
pallida, with hindwings brownish grey and no black margin ; a
Metachrostis [Bryophila) ninraltH var. impar from Cambs. with
preserved larva and pupa and a photograph of the ova (x 10) by A.
W. Dennis.
Mr. C. C. Stubbs exhibited several ^ E m at urga atotn aria vfith the
transverse lines on a creamy-white ground and all other usual
markings absent.
Mr. S. G. Castle-Russell exhibited Colias croceus, Bognor, bred
1928, including a male assimilating colour of ab. helice, and a series
showing colour variation.
Brenthis euphrosyne, N. Hants, 1929, including three upper and
one underside aberrations.
B. selene, N. Hants, 1929, an upperside aberration.
Polyommatiis coridon, AVilts, a gynandromorph : one hindwing
being principally female : remaining wings male ; two dark forms
of var. synfjmpha.
Aylais iirticae, Godalming, a cream-white specimen.
Coenonywpha paurphilus, N. Forest, a dark suffused form, var.
lyllus,
Nisoniades tages, N. Hants, a partially bleached form.
Ha)iiearis liicina, N. Hants, a specimen with upper wings partially
cream.
He also exhibited four volumes of original paintings made by
William Buckler and used for the plates in the volumes on the
Larvae of British Lepidoptera issued by the Ray Society.
Ah
o
CO
o
67
NOVEMBER 14th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. H. Moore exhibited Lycorea atevf/atis from Costa Rica with
the anal tuft displayed, and a number of Hymenoptera about which
he asked for information.
The Rev. E. E. Frampton exhibited a long varied series of Boarmia
repandata from Cornwall. There were none of the form conversaria
so well known on the N. Devon coast.
Dr. Bull exhibited Nanessa io showing colour variation and
asymmetry, also 2nd brood larvae in their 3rd instar from the end of
August imagines.
Mr. Dennis exhibited photo-micrographs of the ova of the Diptera
Musca doniestica, Fannia canicularis, and Calliphora erythrocephala ;
all X 30 diameters.
Mr. W. Randall Parkes exhibited a specimen of Gonepteryx
rhaiitni, and communicated the following note. —
" I should like to report the capture of a particularly interesting
gynandrous specimen of this common butterfly, which I was
fortunate enough to take while collecting on Honiton Common, S.
Devon on August 25th, 1929. The insect had apparently recently
emerged and was in perfect condition.
*' It shows a predominance of the pale greenish yellow colour of
the female sex on the left wings, whereas on the right side the dark
yellow of the male predominates.
'* On the left side the dark yellow occupies an area of about one
eighth of the total and is distributed in a bold streak across the
middle portion of each wing, extending from their bases to within
a short distance of their outer margins. On the forewing there is
also another small patch extending along the costal margin for
about its medial third.
" On the right side the dark yellow colour occupies the anterior
third of the forewing, extending in a broad band from the base to
the outer margin. There is also a small patch at the inner angle.
On the hindwing the dark yellow occupies the posterior two thirds.
The remaining portions of these two wings display the pale greenish
yellow colour of the female, but in a very slightly darker shade than
on the left side.
" The orange spots on the wings are equal in size and colour on
both the right and left sides. On the underside the distribution of
68
the dark yellow colour is approximately the same as on the
upperside.
" Another interesting feature is that there is a marked increase in
the amount of the downy hair on the medial portion of the left
hindwing as compared with the opposite side. In other respects
the right and left sides of the specimen are alike."
Mr. Buckstone exhibited a very dark male specimen of Polyoiinnatns
icarna from Folkestone, and noted that on August 15th males were
far more plentiful than females, and a week later females were worn
but males still fresh and plentiful.
Mr. Bunnett exhibited 6 J s and 2 2s of a Dipteron Conops
cerUfonnh, taken in Petts Wood, N.W. Kent ; a specimen oi Sphinx
Gonvolvnli taken by a school-boy on Folkestone pier.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited living larvae of Caradrina taraxaci from
Kent.
Capt. Curwen exhibited a large number of Lepidoptera taken by
him in the woods and hills between Bad Kreuznach and Bad
Miinster and on the ' Seven Mountains,' Konigswinter, in the
German Rhineland. He said that most of the early summer species
were worn out and the mid-summer species were just commencing
to emerge. Although species were few, their numbers were very
great and almost every tree in the wood had one or more moths on
its trunk. In some cases there were about a dozen moths on
one oak trunk. Out of 22 species of butterflies 6 were non-British,
and out of 27 species of moths only 1 was non-British.
NOVEMBER 2Sth, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited an album containing long series of leaves
and plants showing the mines of Nepticulae and some other species.
The mines made by the larvae of these small moths are very
distinctive and often form a more easy method of distinguishing
the species than the moths themselves. The album was loaned by
Prof. Waters who had made a close study of this branch of the
Lepidoptera,
He also exhibited a number of Tortrices and Tineina reared
during the past summer from larvae found on fruit trees in his
garden at Eastbourne and read notes on them.
69
DECEMBER 12th, 1929.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. B. W. Adkin exhibited —
1. An Arctia caja with red scaling on the fore wing.
2. A possibly gynandroas specimen of Cosniutriche potatoria,
which, when bred, had an abdomen of female size, now shrivelled,
but otherwise resembled a male. One hindwing was white in
colour.
3. [Jnienitis sibilla ; a specimen with unequal wings possibly
gynandromorphous.
4. Vanesfia io ; a similar specimen with unequal wings and
unequal markings.
5. Three specimens of a very dark race of Euphyia (Cufaria)
silaceata from S. Devon and three specimens from Kent for
comparison. Also
6. Chiasmia [Strenia) clathrata ; six unusual varieties including
unicolorous white, unicolorous yellow, almost white and almost
black forms.
Mr. Hy. J. Turner, on behalf of Mr. A. J. Wightman and himself,
exhibited a long series of bred specimens of Nonagria sparganii,
including the following forms — obsoleta, with all the markings
obsolescent ; hipunctata with a short black lineola on the median
nervure and above it a trace of the orbicular mark and the
characteristic black lunular mark ; rufescens, suffused reddish
ochreous, a form with a blackish shaded central nervure, another
with dots on the central nervure joined by two fine lines, another
with a pinkish suffusion spreading inwards from the outer margin
with pink cilia, and another of a bright coppery red. In addition
Mr. Wightman had sent six very extreme aberrational forms which
were quite new and distinct.
Capt. Curwen exhibited a curious teratological example of
Riiniicia pldaeas with a very decided hooked apex on the left
forewing. It was taken at Hengistbury Head. It was noted that
Coenonympha panrphilits had a tendency to the same malformation
in two specimens that were shown. He also showed aberrations of
Polgoiiniiatus icanis, a bleached example, several strongly blue-
marked females, a dwarf of 17mm., a striated underside and one
with an arcuate confluence of inner margin spots. Dr. Bull
fitated that he had seen Brenthis euphros}/)ie with a hooked forewing.
70
Mr. W. R. PcU-kes exhibited Ntjg)iiia [h^iiproctis) phaeorrlioea
(chryfiorrhoea), the *' Brown-tail Moth," and communicated the
following note : — I have been fortunate enough to obtain a series
of this species, which I reared from larvae obtained on the Undercliff
near Ventnor, Isle of Wight, in June, 1929. The larvae were found
feeding on low-growing sloe bushes near the sea shore, the bushes
for the most part being about 2-3 ft. in height.
One of the specimens, a male, is particularly interesting owing to
its having four conspicuous black dots on its forewings and one on
each of its hindwings. In other respects it agrees with the normal
specimens shown. The tail was also of a lighter brown.
Mr. Tonge remarked that he had obtained a few examples of a
similar form from Eastbourne.
Mr. E. J. Bunnett exhibited a large Ahjt/ale sp. alive which had
been found in a bunch of bananas from the West Indies.
Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs exhibited several specimens of the Hemipteron,
Ploiariola culiciforntis. remarkable for its extremely long and fragile
structure. They were found in a comatose condition on rafters in
the roof of a house at Lewisham. After remaining comatose in
a box for about a week they became active in the warmth of hia
pocket.
Mr. Tonge exhibited a stereoscopic photograph of the hammock-
like cocoon of the micro moth Lyonetia clerkella.
Dr. Bull exhibited various teratological specimens of Lepidoptera :
Aphantopns hyperantiis with a white patch on the L. forewing, a
striking failure of scaling ; Aylais iirticae with dwarfed L. hindwing ;
Nisoniades tages with dwarfed R. hindwing ; and Xylophasia
vionotflyp/ia which had been attacked on the sugar patch by the
beetle Carahus violaceiis.
Mr. Andrews exhibited types of all the British species of the
family Conopidae (Diptera) from his own collection and species kindly
lent by Mr. Collin. This family of which 6 genera and 15 species
are known in Britain, is a distinct group more brightly coloured
than usual among diptera, and having in several cases a strong
superficial resemblance to Hymenoptera {e.y., Conops to the smaller
Fossores and FJiysocephala to AiiimopJiila).
All the species are parasitic on Hymenoptera, and in some cases
are stated to oviposit on their hosts during flight. The ova have
a bunch of filaments or hooks at the Tuicropylar area. The pear-
shaped larvae feed internally on their hosts and eventually pupate
within their bodies. Notwithstanding the fact that some species
71
are quite common there are very few records of their having been
bred in this country, and most of our knowledge of their life-histories
is taken from Continental workers from whose writings the following
list of genera and their hymenopterous hosts is also taken.
Conops (Dip.) on Bombus, Osmia and Vespa (Hym.).
P/il/soccp/iala (Dip.) on Apis, Bunihiis, Colletes, Eiicera and Vespa,
(Hym.).
Zndion (Dip.) on Halictiis (Hym.).
Oncoinyia (Dip.) on ? HalictKs (Hym.).
Siciis (Dip.) on Bnmhiis (Hym.).
Myopa (Dip.) on Andrena, Botuhiis, Mefjachile, Ualictun, and
Xylocopa (Hym.).
7 of the 15 British species have been taken by Mr. Andrews in
the N. Kent district.
Mr. R. Adkin then read a short paper, *' The Season of 1929 at
Eastbourne." (See page 15).
This led to a considerable number of remarks from members
on the Season.
Mr. Newman had had about 50 pupae of Heliothis peltiijera. They
were kept in the ordinary way and about 16 emerged in the winter,
the remainder from the end of May to mid- July. Lycaenopsis aryiolns
was not as common as usual at Folkestone, but it was distinctly
scarce at Bexley and in some places was not observed at all. A
Spilodes paleolis was taken in mid September. Colias hyale was
very common on the Essex coast and at Heme Bay. Mr. Adkin
suggested that L. aryiolKs at Eastbourne may have been driven
inland by the long continued strong wind. Capt. Carwen said that
L. aryiolns was unusually common at Twickenham. Dr. Cockayne
said that he forced most of his H. peltiyera. Those which emerged
soon after pupation in July were very pale while tho^e which
emerged last in October were the darkest. He found it fatal to
leave the pupae alone ; he was most successful with those dug up
and placed in a dry tin. Mr. B. W. Adkin reported FJiichloe
cardainines very scarce. In Cornwall he saw only one specimen.
Mr. Newman had seen only one. Mr. Hawkins saw no Colias
croceus nor C. hyale at Sandown, I. of Wight during the early part
of September, but took two and saw a third C. croceus near
Banmore Common on September 28th; Euiaturya atomaria was
very scarce. Dr. Cockayne said that both imagines and larva of
the last named species were common in Aberdeenshire. Mr.
Bunnett had seen only four C. croceus at Lewes. Dr. Bull had
seen no tJ. cardainines in E. Kent.
72
JANUARY 9th, 1930.
The President in the Cbair.
Ml*. Sjras exhibited a specimen of the uncommon snake-fly,
Rapliidia cofjnata taken on Jane 15th, 1929, by beating oak in
Huntingdonshire.
Ml'. C. N. Hawkins, on behalf of Dr. E. A. Cockayne, exhibited
galls made by larvae of Sciapteion tabanifonnia^ Rott., {vespiformis,
Westwood, non L. ; axilifoiinU, Steph.) in small branches of Poplar;
and communicated the following note. —
*' The specimens are of German origin, from the neighbourhood of
Berlin, and three of them contain living larvae. These galls are
slender swellings on the twigs and one in particular is not very
conspicuous. One gall has been partially opened and the larva
may be seen in its chamber within. This gall is, however,
presumably abnormal, as when opened from the other (lower) end
it was found that the central and thickest part of the gall was
occupied by another chamber having an external opening through
the side of the gall and containing five small red and black ants
(very kindly identified by Mr. H. Donisthorpe as Leptothorax
acervornm, F., and also exhibited). The ant chamber has been
carefully smoothed inside and would, Mr. Donisthorpe informs me,
probably serve as the foundation of a larger nest in due course.
The larva has withdrawn into the narrow, upper, part of the gall and
has completely closed its burrow above the ants with a thick plug
of bitten wood, and so seems safe from attack. A fourth gall, from
which the larva has been removed, has been opened completely, to
shoAV the form of burrow and the plugs made by the larva across
the burrow above and beneath, to form a pupation chamber. Some
of the gall-bearing branches sent to Dr. Cockayne, had, he told me,
little rootlets attached and others obviously came from higher up
the trees, whilst some larvae had bored in hard, woody pieces of
root, so that the species must vary considerably in its larval habits.
This is confirmed by the accounts given by different authors as the
few following notes will show."
South, " Moths of the British Isles, series ii.," states that the
larva " lives under the bark of poplar trunks."
Scorer, " Entomologists Log Book," says " Feeds under the bark
of Poplars."
BoisDuvAL, " Spec. Gen. Lep. Het. vol. i., 1874," says the larva
lives at the base of young Poplars (P. fostu/iala (sic) and /'. nigra)
at about 6 to 7 inches above the root.
73
Staudinger, " De Sesiis Agri Berolinensii^, 1854," records branches,
trunks and roots of Popidiis nigra and more rarely in P. trenuda
(or also in Betida alba ?).
Bartel-Seitz, " Macro-Lepidoptera of the World, vol. IL," says
** Lives in swellings of small stems and branches of Poplar,
especially of P. tdgra and P. tremida ; also in the stronger roots of
young trees, in stumps of branches and at the base of the trunk,
but has also been bred from bushes of crippled Salix.'' He adds,
" The statement that the larva of rhingiaeformis " (a form of
tab ani for mis), '' has been found in Ebidion linmile, has not been
corroborated."
Newman, " Ent. Mag. I., p. 88, Sept. 1832 " gives it as living
under the bark of Birch and Populns dilatata.
Barrktt, " Lep. Brit, Is., ii., p. 78, 1893 " quoting Hoffmann
says '' Lives in trunks of Poplars {P. nigra and tremida) making a
gallery under the bark."
The Rev. F. 0. Morris, " Natural History of British Moths, vol.
i., pp. 25, 26, 1872" says " It feeds in the stems and branches of
the Poplar, the Aspen and, it is said, the Beech."
Wilson, " Larvae of Brit. Lep." " Foodplants, Ash, Aspen, Poplar,
stem and roots."
Edward Newman, " The Illustrated Nat. Hist. Brit. Butterflies
and Moths," '* the caterpillar feeds on the roots of Ash and Aspen
trees."
KiRBY, " Allen's Naturalists' Library " " The larva lives in Sallow,
Ash and Aspen."
While Meyrick, " Handbook of Brit. Lep. Rev. Ed. 1928," merely
says " In stems and roots of Poplars."
•' With regard to three of the foodplants mentioned above, Mr.
Step (to whom my best thanks are due) informs me that Ebulus
hiwrilis (or Ebidum, humile as Seitz has it) is a very old name used
by Gerard (1597) for the Dwarf Elder or Banewort {Sambuciis
ebulus, Lin.) while Pupidus dilatata and P. fastigiala have both been
used as synonyms for the Lombardy Poplar, now regarded as a
hybrid, P. nigra X deltuidea.
" There are many other references, particularly in the works of
Continental authors, but enough have been given to show how
varied the records are.
" Probably some of the foodplants have been allotted to this species
owing to a confusion of names or a mistaken identification of larvae,
bui it seems clear the species is not confined to Poplar.
74
" The species, apparently, has always been very rare in this
country, and so far as I can find the only records are from Essex,
Middlesex, Kent, Surrey and Hants. It will be noted that four of
these counties are grouped around the Port of London, while the
other has Southampton.
" Possibly the examples shown and the information given above
may enable some of us to recognise the galls and turn the species up
in unsuspected localities."
The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition of
lantern slides.
Mr. R. Adkin exhibited coloured slides of a number of the larger
and more conspicuous lepidoptera and some details of their life
histories.
Mr. Bunnett exhibited coloured slides of common wild flowers,
galls and wild life with a few slides of lepidoptera.
Mr. Dennis exhibited slides of British wild flowers and fruits, of
a termite's nest from S. Africa, etc.
Mr. Hugh Main exhibited slides showing the habitations of the
trapdoor spider from both Epping Forest and Hyeres.
Mr. Dannatt exhibited slides of a number of African and
Madagascan Papilios, the Moths of the Limberlost and collecting
localities such as Pett's Wood, Kent, Holland's Wood, New Forest,
Pont du Gard, the Cevennes and Nimes.
JANUARY 23rd, 1930.
Annual Mketing.
The President in the Chair.
The Reports of the Treasurer and Council and the Balance Sheet
for the past year were read and adopted.
The following is a List of Officers and Council elected for the
year 1980 :—
fremient. — F. B. Carr.
Vice-Presidents. — H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., and C. N. Hawkins,
F.E.S.
Treasurer.— k. E. Tonge, F.E.S.
Librarian. — E. E. Syms, F.E.S.
Curator.— S. R. Ashby, F.E.S.
Hon. Editor of Proceedings.— Uy. J. Turner, F.E.S., F.R.H.S.
75
Hon. Secretaries.— Stanley Edwards, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc.,
and Hy. J. Turnei-.
H(ni. LantenrUt. — J. H. Ad kin.
Conncil.—^. H. Adkin, K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S., L. C. Bushby,
F.E.S., Dr. E. A. Cockayne, A.M., F.E.S., F.R.C.P., Capt. B. S.
Curwen, T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S., S. N. A. Jacobs, Col. F. A.
Laboucbere, F.E.S., A. E. Stafford, E. Step, F.L.S.
The President, H. W. Andrews, F.E.S.. read the Annual Address.
In the unavoidable absence of the new President Mr. F. B. Carr,
Mr. Andrews continued in the chair.
The usual Votes of Thanks were passed including a special vote
of thanks to the Hon. Curator for the arduous work he had had in
the transfer of the collections and to the Librarian for his
assistance.
Ordinary Meeting.
Mr. H. W. Andkkws, F.E.S., Vice-President in the Chair.
Mr, K. G. Blair exhibited a living specimen of a tortoise-beetle,
Coptocycla atroannidus, Champ., found on bananas from Central
America, and also the pupal sheaths of the Sphingids Sphinx ligustri
and S. jrinaatri for comparison. The larva of the latter was from
Dunwich, Suffolk, in September, 195^8. The imago emerged in
June, 1929.
76
INDEX.
♦
PAGE
Aberrations, Notable, of — H. sem-
ele, 35 ; P. cardui, 36 ; H.
malvae, 40 ; U. comma, 40 ;
C. palaemon, 40; A. populi, 44;
T. janthina, 44 ; H. marginaria,
45; C. croceus, 45, 66; E.
jurtina, 45, 64, 66 ; H. bolina,
45; A.lathonia, 45; Z.lysimon,
45 ; S. nienthastri, 49 ; T.
fimbria, 49; V. io, 49; P.
pruinata, 49 ; A. psi, 49 ; A.
aceris, 50 ; A. grossulariata,
51 ; A. cydippe, 51 ; E. mi,
53; H. Serena larvae, 53; E.
zoegana, 54 ; C. hyale, 59 ; L.
impura, 60 ; E. absinthiata, 60 ;
A. caia, 60, 69 ; E. tithonus,
61 ; B. euphrosyne, 61 ; P.
aegon, 61, 64; P. medon, 61;
M. roeselii, 62 ; H. dorsale,
61; C. rybyensis, 62; P.
machaon, 62, 64 ; M. ocellaris,
62; M.galathea, 64; P.coridon,
64; C.pamphilus,64; P. icarus,
64, 68, 69 ; E. phlaeas, 64 ; O.
bipunctata, 65 : S. revayana,
65 ; H. palustris, 66 ; E. atom-
aria, 66 ; A. urticae, 66 ; H.
lucina, 66 ; E. silaceata, 69 ;
C clathrata, 69 ; N. phaeor-
rhoea . . . . . . . . 70
^ Abundance of, N. phaeorrhoea, 7 ;
common species in 1929, 15. 16 ;
C. vinula larvae, 54; Lepidop-
tera on the Rhine . . . . 68
Additions to the Collections, xv. ;
Library . . . . . . . . xv
Anal tuft in L. atergatis. . . , 17
Annual Address, 17 ; Meeting, 74 ;
Exhibition 60
Asymmetrical markings in C.
croceus . . . . . . . . 53
Attendance at Meetings . . . . xiv
Bibliography of galls on Poplars 72
"Boys," The .. .. 2, 3
Breeding, the parasites on Cicin-
dela, 50 : A. psi . . . . 54
PAaB
Breathing arrangements in Dip-
terous larvae . . . , . . 22
Brood of C. croceus. Data of a,
34 ; P. fuliginosa, 44 ; L. liter-
ana . . . . . . . . 62
Bye-Laws, Revision of the 38, 45
Case-bearer, A, on rush, C. caes-
pititiella .. .. ..59
Characteristics of, Dipterous
larvae, 21 ; the Grypocera . . 42
Classification of. Dipterous larvae,
24; Dipterous pupae, 25 ; Dip-
tera. Key to 27
Coppers, Large . . . . . . 4
Colonies of N. phaeorrhoea . . 7
Colour of Dipterous ova . . . . 18
Commensalism in Dipterous larvae 24
Convergence of pattern in some
Indian Lepidoptera . . . . 53
Curious habit of L. of T. richiardii 43
Decline of N. phaeorrhoea . . 10
Dinner, Entomological .. .. 3
Dipterous larva living, in sea-
water, 23 ; in crude petroleum,
23 ; in cesspits . . . . . . 23
Dispersal of N. phaeorrhoea . . 9
Diptera found in old Birds' nests 29
Distribution of the Grypocera . . 43
Discussion on the habits and dis-
tribution of N. phaeorrhoea . . 56
Drinking habits in Ornithoptera 35
Duration of larval stage in Diptera 23
Dwarf, examples of British Lepi-
doptera in recent years, 33, 34 ;
Zygaena in 1929, 51 ; C. cra-
taegana, 54; C. rosana, 54; P.
napi, 58 ; C. croceus . . . . 66
"Earlier Stages of Diptera, The,"
Ann. Address, H. W. Andreios,
F.E.S 17
Early appearances . . . . 44
Economic importance of Diptera 18
Egg-stage in Diptera . . . . 18
Exhibition, Special, of melanic
specimens, 30 ; Grypocera . . 39
Fasciation of thistle . . . . 49
77
PAGE
Field Meetings, Chilworth, 46 ;
Brentwood, 47 ; Princes' Ris-
borough, 48 ; By fleet, 52 ; Ock-
ham and Wisley, 56 ; List of. . xiv
Flora of St. Martha's, E. Step,
F.L.S 46
Foodplants of B. betularia . . 49
Gall, midge, A, new to Britain,
62 ; of tabaniformis . . . . 72
"Grypocera, The," Hy. J.
Turner, F.E.S 40
Gynandromorph, B. lapidarius,
62 ; P. coridon, 66 ; G. rhamni,
67 ; C. potatoria, 69 ; L. sibilla
(?), 69 ; V. io (?) . . . . 69
Habitats, Varied, of Dipterous
larvae . . . . . . . . 23
Habits of the ant L. acervorum. . 72
Hairs, Plant 12
Hibernation of, H. phaeorrhoea,
9 ; larvae in winter of 1929, 37 ;
P. fuliginosa, 44 ; P. moneta,
51 ; P. culiciformis (Hemip.) . . 70
Homoeosis in P. aegon . . . . 64
Immigrants in 1929 . . . . 16
Increase in area of distibution of,
L. sinapis, 15, 51 ; L. sibilla, 15 ;
P. calbum . . . . . . 56
Increase in melanism, of, E,
punctulata, 32 ; in Surrey . . 32
Inquiline, Ants, in galls of poplar,
C N. Hawkins 72
Key to Classification of Diptera. . 27
Lantern-slides shown . 35, 58, 74
Larvae, of Scotch Zjgaena, 39 ;
taken at the Chilworth F.M., 46 ;
exhibited 37, 39, 43, 47, 48, 49,
50, 58, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 68
Larval stage in Diptera . . . . 21
Leaf transition in seedling furze 59
Leaves distorted by G. syringella,
52 ; folded by O. guttea, 52 ;
of nut mined by a hymenopteron 57
Life- history of, N. phaeorrhoea,
8 ; Diptera, Aberrance of, 26 ;
H. stannella, 54 ; A. domestica,
54 ; 0. betulae 58
List of Officers and Council i, 74, 75
Living exhibits, L. C. Busliby . . 61
Lycaenidae exhibited with their
androconia . . . . . . 50
Localities — Aberdeen, 55 ; Brent-
wood, 47; Bromley, 62; By-
fleet, 52 ; Chilworth (St. Mar-
tha's), 46 ; Eastbourne, 7 ;
Epping Forest, 1 ; Hackney
Marshes, 4; India, 45 ; Konigs-
PAGE
winter, 68 ; Ockham and Wisley,
56 ; Princes' Risborough . . 48
Melanic, insects, Exhibition of,
30 ; List of, Lepidoptera, 30 ;
pupae, 32 ; Zygaena, 32 ; series
of L. monacha, 34 ; Lepidoptera,
34 ; P. aversata, 54 ; X. fluctu-
ata
" Memories of some Old London
Entomologists," F. W. Mc-
Donald
Migration, Lines of, of M. didyma
Mines of, 0. betulae, 58 ; Nepti-
culae
Minute parasitic hymenopteron
on " white-fly ". .
Mimics, Papilio, exhibited
New race (Spanish) of C. arcania
Obituary
Objects of the Society
" Occasional Extension of Territ-
ory by the Brown-tail Moth, N.
phaeorrhoea," i2. AdJcin, F.E.S.
Officers and Council, List of
Old Entomologists, The . .
Origin of Thorns and Prickles . .
Ova of, British Grypocera, 40;
Ephestia..
Oviposition of Diptera
Papers read, List of
Parasitical Diptera
Parasites of T. laevigata. .
Parasitic, The, species of Cono-
pidae (Dip.)
Parthenogenesis in Diptera
Pest, The white-fly
Preserved larvae. Exhibition of. .
Pupae, varied, of Cosymbia species
Pupal stage in Diptera . .
Pupation of L. of N. geminipuncta
Bare or local species, Occurrence
of — H. peltigera, 15, 71 ; L
sinapis, 15 ; L. sibilla, 15 ; N
phaeorrhoea, 15, 43 ; 0. gono
stigma, 47; E, venustula, 47
S. pruni, 47; H, palustris, 48
D, anilis, 50 ; E. venosus, 53
H. stannella, 54 ; R. persuas-
oria, 55 ; L. salicis, 57 ; H.
convolvuli, 58, 68; L. boeticus,
59 ; M. titillator (casual), 65 ;
S. mendax (casual), 65 ; S.
palealis, 71 ; C. atroannulus
(casual), 75 ; S. pinastri .. 75
Racial (Indian) forms of, British
Rhopalocera, 47 ; Z. lonicerae 51
Rearing L. of, C. haworthii, 38 ;
H. peltigera . . . . . . 71
58
1
36
68
55
43
34
xiv
ii
7
i.
1
12
55
19
xiv
24
39
70
20
57
39
57
25
53
78
Scai'ce Brit. Diptera exhibited . .
Scarcity of common species in
1929
" Season, of 1929 at Eastbourne,"
R. Adkin, F.E.S., 15 ; in
Aberdeen, 55; of 1929..
Second brood, of U, comma, 40;
Z. trifolii, 57 ; Z. anceps
(partial), 58; A. populi, 58;
V. io 60,
Similar form of marking in various
Indian Lepidoptera
Small size of various lepidoptera
in 1929 33, 34,
Societies: East London Entomo-
logical, 8 ; Haj/gerston Ent. S.
Status of the Grypocera as a
group
Sugar, P. c-album at
Survival of the fittest in plant
structure
Teratological 0. quadra, 49 ; R.
phlaeas, 69 ; A. hyperantus,
70 ; A. urticae, 70 ; N. tages. .
"Thorns and Prickles," E. Step,
F.L.S
Tortrices, Local, near Bromley,
Kent, S. N. A. Jacobs..
Variation in, A. ilia, 86; A. iris.
86 ; L. impura, 60 ; N. sparganii
COLEOPTERA.
atroannulus, Coptocycla..
bipunctata, Osphya
campestris, Cicindela
Carabidae . .
castanipes, Melanotus
cervus, Lucanus . .
chlorocephala, Lebia
Cicindela . .
cruciger, Caryopemon
Donacia
laevigata. Timarcha
Melandryidae
mendax, Saprosites
Neerophorus
pyri, Phyllobius . .
rufipes, Melanotus
rufovillosum, Xestobium . .
sericea, Donacia . .
Silpha
Staphylinidae
Tenebrionidae
titillator, Monochamus, Mono-
hammus
venator, Antbia , .
violaceus, Carabus
PAGE
62
15
71
66
53
51
41
57
14
70
12
67
69
75
65
35
61
65
35
48
50
50
48
39
61
65
60
32
65
48
65
61
48
61
65
61
70
19
19, 22
19
20
Diptera.
alneti, Didea
anilis, Dialineura . .
annulata, Dialineura
Atherix
Berinae
Bibio
Bombyliidae
calcitrans, Stomoxys
Calliphoridae
canicularis, Fannia
capitata, Ceratitis
Carcelia
ceriiformis, Conops
Chelonia
Chironomidae
Chortiphila
Conopidae, Conops 18
corvina, Musca
Culex
Cyrtidae
destructor, Mayetiola
domestica, Musca..
erythiocephala, Calliph
flavipes, Pterodontia
Hylemyia . .
ibis, Atherix
leucocephala, Metopa
maculipennis. Anopheles
marci, Bibio
Microdon . .
Muscidae . .
natans, Pontomyia
Oestridae . .
oleracea, Tipula . .
palpalis, Glossina..
pipiens, Culex
petrolei, Psilopa . .
Platypezidae
Ptychoptera
richiardii, Taeniorhynchus
rudis, Pollenia
segnis, Xylota
Simuliidae..
Stratiomyiidae, Stratiomys 18, 22,
Syrphidae . .
Tachinidae . . . . 19,
Trypetidae
variegata, Atherix
Vermileo . .
Volucella . .
wissmani, Arthrocnodax
Hymenopter
aceris, Phyllotoma
acervorum, Leptothorax
Ammophila
bimaculata, Saropoda
18,
page
62
50
50
19
50
25
22
20
20
67
24
20
68
20
20
27
70
20
26
20
24
67
67
20
27
19
50
20
19, 43
22, 24
18
19,
49
72
70
52
79
PAGE
falciger, Perilitns . . . . . . 39
formosa, Enarsia . . .. 55, 62
harrisellus ab. ruderatus, Bombus 31
lapidarius, Bombus . . . . 62
lucorum, Trichiosoma . . . . 43
pei'suasoria, Rbyssa . . . . 55
Phytocephala . . . . . . 70
ruderatus, Bombus . . , . 31
rybyensis, Cerceris . . . . 62
sabulosa, Ammophila . . . . 50
ichneumonoides, Methoca . . 50
Lepidoptera.
abietaria = ribeata
32
abietella, Dioryctria
58
absintbiata, Eupitbecia . .
60
aceris, Acronicta . .
. .
50
acbilleae, Zygaena
37,
39
acteon, Thymelicus
40
adippe = cydippe ..
37'
51
adonis = tbetis
. .
64
adustata, Ligdia . .
60
aegon, Plebeius 33, 52, 61, 64, 65
aesculi = pyrina .. .. 32, 49
aglaia, Argynnis . . , . . . 37
ajaka (napi race), Pieris . . . . 47
albimacula, Amauris . . . . 44
Amatbusiidae . . . . . . 53
anceps, Zygaena . . . . . . 58
annulata (omicronaria), Cosymbia 54
anticocaeca (medon ah.), Plebeius 64
antiqua, Orgyia . . . . . . 10
arcania, Coenonympha . . . . 34
argiolus, Lycaenopsis . . 16, 71
artaxerxes (medon suhsp.), Ple-
beius . . . . . . . . 61
asiatica (macbaon sufesj?.), Papilio 47
astrarcbe = medon .. ..33
atalanta, Pyrameis . . . . 16
atergatis, Lyeorea . . . . 67
athalia, Melitaea . . . . 15, 37
atomaria, Ematurga ..50,66, 71
aurinia, Melitaea .. ..51, 61, 66
aversata, Ptycbopoda . . . . 54
bellargus = tbetis .. .. ..60
betulae, Ornix . . . . . . 58
betulae, Ruralis . . . . . , 47
betularia, Biston . . . . 49, 51
biangulata = picata .. ..54
bidentata, Gooodontis . . . . 57
bilineata, Euphyia (Campto-
gramnia) . . . . . . 38
bilunaria, Selenia . . . . 34
bipunctata (sparganii ah.), Non-
agria . . . . . . . . 69
boetieus, Lampides . . . . 59
bolina, Hypolimnas . . . . 45
brassicae, Pieris .. .. .. 15
PAGE
bucephala, Phalera . . . . 16
caespititiella, Coleopbora . . 59
caia, Arctia . . 10, 37, 60, 69
c-album, Polygonia 16, 38, 56, 57
carlionaria (doubledayaria) (betu-
laria, flZ>.), Biston .. 49, 51
cardamines, Eucbloe ..33, 71, 72
cardui, Pyrameis .. ..15.36, 37
carnella = semirubella .. .. 16
caucbiata (pernotata), Eupitbecia 55
cenea (dardanus /), Papilio .. 43
cblorosata (petraria), Lithina .. 46
ehrysorrhoea = pbaeorrboea 7, 43,
55, 70
chrysippus, Hypolimnas . . .. 44
cinxia, Melitaea .. ..33,37, 60
clatbrata, Cbiasmia (Strenia) . . 159
clerkella, Lyonetia . . . . 70
clorinda (arcania suhsp.), Coeno-
nympha . . . . . . . . 34
clytie (ilia /"), Apatura . . . . 36
comma, Urbicola . . . . . . 39
conigera, Leucania . . . . 45
conversaria (repandata ah.),
Boarmia. . . . . . . . 67
convolvuli, Herse (Sphinx) 58, 68
coridon, Polyommatus 47, 62, 6i,
65, 66
corticana, Enarmonia . . . . 51
corticea, Agrotis . . . . . . 66
costaestrigalis, Hypenodes . . 52
Cosymbia (Ephyra) . . . . 57
crataegana, Cacoecia . . . . 54
crepuscularia, Boarmia (Teph-
rosia) . . . . . . . . 39
cribrella, Myelois . . . . . . 16
cristalina (cristana ah.), Peronea 62
croceus (edusa), Colias 15, 33, 34,
45, 47, 53, 58, 66, 71
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 37, 51
Danaidae . . . . . . . . 53
dardanus, Papilio. . .. 43, 44
daplidice, Pontia . . . . . . 61
defoliaria, Hybernia . . 34, 45
dextroconHuejis (coridon ah.),
Polyommatus . . . . . . 64
didyma, Polyommatus . . . . 36
dictaeoides, Pheosia (Notodonta) 54
discreta (medon ah.), Plebeius .. 64
doubledayaria = carbonaria .. 51
dubitata, Tripbosa . . . . 48
dumerilii, Apamea .. 35, 66
Ectropis (Tepbrosia) . . . . 46
edusa = croceus .. .. 33, 34
edusina (croceus race), Colias .. 47
egina, Acraea . . . . . . 44
elpenor, Eumorpha . . . . 55
80
eos (ilia ah.), Apatura
Ephestia
Epbyra = Cosymbia
Erycinidae
ethlius, Culpodes . .
eugenia, Morpho . .
euphrosyne, Brenthis 37, 44, 61,
65, 66,
exiguata, Eupithecia
fervida (fuliginosa ah.), Phrag-
niatobia . .
fieldii (croceus race), Colias
filipendulae, Zygaena . , 39,
fimbria, Triphaena
flammeolaria (luteata), Hydrelia
flava (linea), Adopaea .. 39,
flavescens (aegon ah.), Plebeius..
flavescens (coridon ah.), Poly-
ommatus
flavicornis, Polyploca
fluctuata, Xantborhoe
fuliginosa, Pbragmatobia
fuscata (marginariaaft.), Hibernia
fylla, Abisara
galatbea, Melanargia . . 15,
gamma, Plusia
geminipuncta, Nonagria..
gilvago, Mellinia . .
glicia (byale .mhsp.), Colias
gonostigma, Orgyia
grossulariata, Abraxas 51, 60, 62,
Grypoeera . .
guttea, Ornix
bawortbii, Celaena
hecuba, Morpbo . .
Helotropha
helice (croceus ;".), Colias
Hesperia (iidae) . .
Hesperiides = Grypoeera .
hippocoon (dardanus /.),
hirtaria, Lycia
humuli, Hepialus..
hyale, Colias
hybridana, Isotria
byperaiitus, Apbantopus.
Hyponomeuta
icarus, Polyommatus
43,
41,
Papilio
.47, 59,
33,
.64, 68,
icbnusa (urticae siihsp.), Aglais. .
ilia, Apatura
iliades (ilia ah.), Apatura. .
impar (niuralis race), Metacbrostis
impudens (pudorina), Leueania. .
impura, Leucania. . .. 45,
inequalis (aegon ah.), Plebeius ..
inequalis (coridon ab.), Polyom-
matus
io, Vanessa 16, 49, 60, 67,
iris, Apatura
PAGE
. 36
. 55
. 57
. 53
. 42
. 65
69
60
44
45
48
49
48
40
64
64
38
58
44
44
53
64
15
53
62
47
47
66
41
52
38
65
38
66
53
41
44
65
34
71
62
70
54
69
64
36
36
66
45
60
64
64
69
36
PAGE
issoea (latbonia race), Issoria . . 45
janira = jurtina .. .. ..64
jantbina, Triphaena . . 44, 45
jurtina (janira), Epinepbele 35,
45, 64, 66
lathonia, Issoria . . • - . . 45
leonidas, Papilio . . . . . . 44
leucocera, Celaenorrhinus . . 53
leucostigma, Heliotropha . . 38
ligustri, Spbinx . . . . . . 75
lilacina (aegon ah.), Plebeius .. 64
linea = flava .. .. ..39
linearia, Cosymbia . . 48, 57
lineola, Adopaea .. ..39,40, 51
literana, Leptogramma . . . . 62
lonicerae, Zygaena .. 48, 51
lubricipeda^lutea .. .. 50
lucina, Hamearis . . . . . . 66
luctuata (lugubrata), Euphyia .. 49
lugubrata = luctuata .. ..49
lupulinus, Hepialus . . . . 33
lutea (lubricipeda), Spilosoma .. 50
Lycaena, idae .. .. 50, 53
lycbnitis, Cucullia . . . . 53
lysimon, Zizera . . . . . . 45
machaon, Papilio 33, 47, 62, 64, 65
magnipuneta (aegon a6.), Plebeius 64
malvae, Hesperia . . . . 40, 44
marginaria, Hibernia . . . . 44
masoni, Pararge . . . . . . 53
medon (astrarche), Plebeius 33, 61, 64
megera, Pararge . . . . 46, 54
mendica, Diacrisia . . . . 10
menthastri, Spilosoma .. 49, 50
menyantbidis, Acronicta. . .. 55
metis (ilia ah.), Apatura . . . . 36
mi, Euelidia . . . . . . 53
minutissima (aegon ah.), Plebeius 64
monacha, Lymantria (Psilura) 34
moneta, Plusia . . . . 51
monoglypha, Xylopbasia 65, 66, 70
muralis, Metacbrostis . . . . 66
myopaeformis, Synanthedon . . 48
napi, Pieris .. ..33,47, 58
nepalensis (rhamni race), Gonep-
teryx . . . . . . . . 47
Nepticula . . . . . . . . 68
nervosa, Depressaria . . . . 65
Netrocera = Grypoeera .. .. 41
niavius, Amauris , . . . . . 44
nicea, Stibochiana . . . . 45
nilgiriensis (byale race), Colias . . 47
noctuella, Nomophila . . 15, 16
Noetuidae . . . , . . . . 33
nubilalis, Pyrausta . . . . 61
Nymphalidae . . . . . . 53
obeliscata, Thera . . . . . . 33
81
PAGE
obsoleta (coridpn ah.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . . . . 64
obsoleta (medon ah.), Plebeius . . 61
obsoleta (sparganii ah.), Nonagria 69
ocellaris, Mellinia. . .. ..62
ocellatus, Smerinthus . . . . 52
omicronaria = annulata .. ..54
orbieularia, Cosymbia . . . . 32
Ornithoptera . . . . . . 35
palaemon, Cyclopides.Thymelicus 40
palealis, Lithostege . . 16, 71
pallida (croceus ah,), Colias 33, 66
palustris, Hydrilla . . 48, 66
pampbilus, Coenonympha 62, 64,
66, 69
papbia, Dryas . . . . . . 37
Papilionidae .. ..35,43, 47
paripennella, Coleophora . . 62
parthenias, Brepbos . . . . 38
pavonia, Saturnia. . .. ..50
peltigera, Heliotbis .. 15, 71
pendularia, Cosymbia . . . . 57
perfumaria (rhomboidaria a&.),
Boarmia . . . . . . 32
pernotata = cauchiata .. ..55
petiverana, Tirumala . . . . 44
petraria^chlorosata .. .. 46
pbaeorrboea (cbrysorrboea), Nyg-
mia .. .. 7, 43, 55, 70
pbemeus, Eutbalia . . . . 53
pblaeas, Kuraicia 16, 38, 46, 49,
64, 65
pbragmitellus, Cbilo . . . . 16
picata, Eupbyia, Cidaria. . . . 54
Pieridae . . . . . . 47, 53
pigra, Pygaera . . . . . . 52
pinastri, Spbinx . . . . . . 75
polaris (urticae siihsp.), Aglais 64
polygonalis, Mecyna . . . . 61
populi, Amorpha . . . . 44, 58
posticocaeca (coridon ab.), Poly-
omtnatus . . . . . . 64
postico-obsoleta (medon ab.),
Plebeius . . . . . . . . 64
potatoria, Cosmotricbe34, 37, 65, 69
procellata, Melantbia . . . . 60
profanana (cristana ab.), Peronea 62
pruinata, Pseudoterpna . . . . 49
pruni, Stvytnon .. .. ..47
prunaria, Angerona . . . . 37
psi, Acronicta . . . . . . 49
pudorina = impudens .. ..45
pyralina, Calymnia . . . . 65
pyrina (aesculi), Zeuzera. . 32, 49
quadra, Oeonestis . . . . 49
quercifolia, Gastropacba. . 37, 48
quercus, Lasiocampa . . . . 37
PAGE
quercus Strymon .. ..33, 46, 47
radiata (Icarus a6.), Polyommatus 64
rapae, Pieris . . . . . . 15
revayana, Sarrothripus . . . . 66
repandalis, Pyrausta . . . . 61
repandata, Boarmia . . 62, 67
rbamni, Gonepteryx ..33,47, 67
rhingiaeformis (tabaniformis ah.),
Sciapteron . . . . . . 73
rbomboidaria, Boarmia . . . . 32
ribeata (abietaria), Boarmia .. 32
ridleyanus, Papilio . . 44
roboraria, Boarmia . . . . 58
robria (confusa), Lethe . . . . 53
rosana, Cacoecia . . . . . . 54
rubi, Callopbrys . . . . . . 44
rubi, Lasiocampa.. .. .. 37
rubricosa, Pacbnobia . . . . 39
rufescens (sparganii ah.), Non-
agria . . . . . . . . 69
salicis, Leucoma . . . . . . 57
salmacis (medon subsp.), Plebeius 61
sambucaria, Urapteryx . . . . 37
satyrata, Eupithecia . . . . 35
Satyridae . . . . . • . . 53
segetum, Agrotis . . . . . . 66
selene, Brentbis . . . . 37, 66
semele, Hipparchia ..35,52, 65
semibrunnea, Xylina . . . . 62
semifuscana, Eucosmia . . . . 16
semirubella (carnella), Salebria.. 16
serena, Hecatera . . . . . . 53
sibilla, Limenitis . . ..15,52, 69
silaceata, Eupbyia . . . . 69
similis, Leucoma . . . . 34
sinapis, Leptosia .. .. 15, 51
socia, Xylina . . . . . . 62
sparganella, Orthotaelia . . .. 16
sparganii, Nonagria . . . . 69
sponsa, Catocala . . . . . . 48
stannella, Hyponomeuta. . .. 54
stellatarum, Macroglossum 16, 32
stoechadis, Zygaena . . . . 37
striana (cristana ah.), Peronea . . 62
sylvanus, Augiades .. 39, 40
syngrapba (coridon ah.), Polyom-
matus . . . . . • . . 66
syringella, Gracillaria . . . . 52
tabaniformis (vespiformis),
Sciapteron . . . . . . 72
tages, Nisoniades 39, 40, 44, 66, 70
taras (malvae a6.), Hesperia .. 40
taraxaci, Caradrina .. ..68
Tepbrosia = Ectropis .. ..46
thetis (adonis) (bellargus), Poly-
ommatiis .. 16,60,64, 65
titbonus, Epinepbele . . 52, 61
trifolii, Zygaena .. ..37,51, 57
82
63
PAGE
tristellus, Crambus . . . . 16
trophonius (dardanus /.), Papilio 44
unanimip, Apamea . . . . 60
undulata, Calocalpe . . . . 52
Urbicolides = Grypocera . . .. 41
urticae, Aglais 15, 64, 65, 66, 70
venustula, Erastria . . . . 47
verbasci, Cucullia. , .. ,.54
verma, Lethe . . . . . . 53
villica, Arctia . . . . 10, 37
vinula, Cerura .. .. ..54
viridaria, Phytometra . . . . 52
vitalbata, Horisme . . . . 60
w-album, Strymon .. 46, 47
zoegana, Euxanthus .. .54
Zygaena .. 32,39,48,51, 58
List of melanie Lepidoptera 30, 31
List of imagines and larvae taken
in E, Aberdeen . . . . . . 55
List of Tortrices taken near
Bromley, Kent . .
Plants.
aculeatns, Kuseus,
alba, Betula
anglica, Genista
aquifolium, Ilex
Carduus
catharticus, Ehamnus .. 13,
communis, Juncus
communis, Pyrus .
Crepis
deltoides, Populus
dilatata, Populus .
ebulus, Sambucus
Epilobium . .
europaeus, Ulex .. ,. 13,
fastigiala, Populus
fragilis, Salix
frangula, Ehamnus
humilis — ebulus
lanceolatus, Carduus
minor, Linaria
morsus-ranae, Hydrocharis
14
73
13
14
14
48
59
14
53
73
72
73
49
59
73
49
13
73
49
52
52
PAGE
nigra, Populus . . . . . . 73
nodosa, Scrophularia . . . . 53
ossifragum, Narthecium . . . . 52
precatorius, Abrus .. ..50
rotundifolia, Drosera . . . . 52
Salix 73
Solidago . . . . . . . . 55
spinosa, Prunus .. .. ..14
sylvestris, Dipsacus . . . . 14
telephium, Sedum . . . . 54
tremula, Populus . . . . . . 73
umbellatus, Butomus . . . , 52
vulgaris, Berberis . . . . 13
Not Classified.
Acanthaclisis (ant lion) . . . . 61
Aleurodes . . . . . . . . 57
Blabera (Dermaptera) . . . . 61
brachyptera, Metrioptera(Orthop.) 52
brassicae, Aleurodes (white fly) .. 57
capensis, Opisthophthalmus
(Scorp.) 61
cognata, Raphidia (snake-fly) . . 72
corticis, Caecilia (Psocid) . . 32
culiciformis, Pioiariola (Hemip.) 70
cyathigeruni, Enallagma (Para.) 52
domestica, Acheta (Orthop.) .. 54
durandi, Clotho (Arach.) .. 36
elegans, Ischnura (Para.) . . 52
fluminum, Eedyonurus (Ephem.) 53
furnorum, Thermobia (Lepis.) .. 49
helvimacula, Reuterella (Psocid.) 52
Lycosa (Arach.) .. .. ..60
mauris, Scorpio . . . . . . 61
mendica, Blapharis (Orthop.) . . 61
proletella, Aleurodes . . . . 57
rugosa, Coenobita (Crab.) . . 61
saccharina, Lepisma . . . . 49
trichiurus, Lochnurus (Scorp.) .. 61
triradiatus, Eriophyes (Mite) .. 49
vaporariorum, Aleurodes. . .. 57
venosus, Eedyonurus (Ephem.). . 53
'THE ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDiN<
For 1886, 188777888-9 (1 Vol.j,
1890-91 (1 Vol.), 1892-3 (1 Vol.j,
Itfl, 1 895,, 1 896, 1897, 18U8, 1899, 1900, 1901,
1902, :MHi904, 19U5, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1909,
1910, 1^^1912, 19ia, 1914, 1915, 1910, 1917,
1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925,
1926, 1927 and 1928.
Aid still in pnnt, and may be had on application to the Librarian.
1886, price 1/6; 1887, price 2/6; 1888-9 and
1890-91, price 3 6 each; 1892-8, price 3 -:
1894, price 2/6; 1895, price 2/-; 1896, price 2 ii;
1897, Part 1, price 2/- ; Part 2, price 2/- ;
1898, Part 1, price 1/- ; Part 2, price 2 - ;
1899, price 2/6; 1900, price 2/6; 1901, price 2/-;
1902, price 2/6 ; 1903, price 2/- ; 1904, price 2/- ;
1905, price 2/6; 1906, price 2/6; 1907, price 2/6;
1908, prioa 2/6; 1909, price 5/-; 1910, price 4/6;
1911, price 4/6; 1912, price 4/-; 1913, price 4/-;
1914, price 4/- ; 1916, price 6/-. ; 1916, price 3/6;
1917, price 3/6; 1918, price 4/-; 1919, price 5/-;
1920, price 6/- ; 1921, price 5/- ; 1922, price 10/6 ;
1923, price 10/6 ; 1924, price 12/6 ; 1925, price 12/6 ;
1926, price 15- ; 1927, price 12/6 ; and 1928, price 10/6.
N.B.— MIMBBRB art allowed a ditoouut of one third off Ihe abovd
pricei, and lomt yeart at half priot.
Officfcis
List of \
Report of the Coj
Treasuier'K
" Memories
" Tlie Occaai
pbaeoi i hbeft
i'iiorQit iind I'l
Uou oi
Idress.— ^
Proceedings .
of Melunic for
rpooera."
St. Martha's, Chihvo
Piiijces' Bisborougb. Fi
Byfleet. Field Meeting .
Annual Ezbibitiou
Local Collection of Tortiice
Index
CONTENTS.
Sheet XVI
Entomologists." Bj F. W. McDonald
the Brovrn-tail Moth, Nygmia
ByB. Adkin, F.E.S.
Andrews,
MEETINGS OF
HIBERNIA CHAMBERS,
1 030-1 BB*^^^^^^^^^^^^
1980:— -I uly 10th, 24th; August l^^^RH^i^MSth,
'^Sih ; Octobei 9th, 28rd ; November 13th, 27tb ; December 11.
1981 :~Jaiiuary 8ih, 22th ; l''obiuai;y lillh, 26th; Mai'ch 12th,
26th ; April 9th, 28rcl ; May 14th, 28th ; June 1 1th, 26tb ; July 9th,_
28rd.
LIBRARY OPEN AT 6.30 p.m.
7 p.m.
Members exhibitiug speciinons at the M^^^^of the Society
;ue reqiiesttd to be g(;od euough to baud to the Secretaryj at the
Mt't-iiug, a pote in writing of the generic
specimens exhibited, together with the nanfl
which such speciiiiens were obtainec
which the exhibitors have to make,
in writing the Secretary cannot
oonneotion with his report of such ex]
reference thereto in the Proceedings?
^v.;i-
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^1
^^<^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l
'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
^Boceedings ^^^H
THE SO^^^^BMDON ^^
■■■BURAL
^
^^H^^^HnrY
iQ3i^3
HihUahed ty'Vie Booiety^ with t?it
following Gentlemen {includvng
rThe PRESIDENT, Messrs. R. ADKIN, H. W. ANDRF
STANLEY EDWARDS. E. STEP, W. G. SHEl
A. E. TONCE. and H. J. TURNER, Hon. Editor,
AROHEB ft CO. PRINTERS. 95, AVONDALE SQUARE, S.E.
Proc. S.L.E. 4' N.II. Soc, 1930.
Plate I.
Photo: W. J. Liicns.
Francis Bennoch Carr.
THE SOUTH LONDON
Entomological & Natural History Society
(Established 1872)
HiBERNiA Chambers, London Bridge, S.E. 1.
OFFICERS 81 COUNCIL
1931-32.
K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc, F.E.S.
Col. F. LABOUCHERE. F.E.S,
E. STEP, F.L.S.
H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. C. N. HAWKINS, F.E.S.
E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M., S. N. A. JACOBS.
F.R.C.P., F.E.S. 0. J. JANSON, F.E.S.
F. J. COULSON. C. JARVIS.
T. R. EAGLES, F.E.S. A. E. STAFFORD.
A. de B. GOODMAN, F.E.S.
^on» (ftnvaiov. ^an» gibvavian.
S. R. ASHBY, F.E.S. E. E. SYMS, F.E.S.
H. J.TURNER, F.E.S., F.R.H.S., '« Latemar," West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
A. E. TONGE, F.E.S., "Aincroft," Grammar School Hill, Reigate.
S. EDWARDS, F.L.S. , F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. (General Sec),
"Avenue House," The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
H. J. TURNER, F.E.S., F.R.H.S., " Latemar," West Drive, Cheam, Surrey.
THE 50UTH LONDON J
ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
HIBERNU CHAMBERS, LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.
The Society has for its object the advancement and the diffusion of
Biological Science, by means of Papers and Discussions, and the formation
of Typical Collections. There is a Library for the use of Members. Meetings
of the Members are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursday evenings in each
month, from Seven to Ten p.m., at the above address. The Society's Rooms
are easy of access from all parts of London, and the Council cordially invites
the co-operation of all Naturalists, especially those who are willing to
further the objects of the Society by reading Papers and exhibiting
Specimens.
SUBSCRIPTION.
Twelve Shilliiu^s and Sixpence per Annum, with an Entrance Fee of
Two Shillinys a)id Sixpence.
All Communications to be addressed to the Hon. Gen. Secretary,
STANLEY EDWARDS, F.L.S., &c.,
" Avenue House," The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E. 3.
PAST PRESIDENTS
1872-4. . J. R. Wellman (dec).
1875-6. . A. B. Farn, F.E.S. (dec).
1877 .. J. P. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)
1878 .. J. T. Williams (dec).
1879 .. R. Standen, F.E.S. (dec).
1880 .. A. FicKLiN (dec).
1881 . . V. R. Perkins, F.E.S. (dec.)
1882 .. T. R. BiLLUPs, F.E.S. (dec)
1883 .. J. R. Wellmax Mec).
1884 .. W. West, L.D.S. (dec).
1885 .. R. South, F.E.S.
1886-7.. R. Adkin, F.E.S.
1888-9.. T. R. BiLLUPS, F.E.S. (dec]
1890 ..J. T. Carrington, F.L.S.
(dec.)
1891 .. W.H.TuGWELL,PH.C.(dec)
1892 .. C.G. Barrett, F.E.S. (dec)
1893 .. J. J. WEiR.F.L.S.,etc.(dec.
1894 .. E. Step, F.L.S.
1895 .. T. W. Hall, F.E.S.
1896 . . R. South, F.E.S.
1897 .. R. Adkin, F.E.S. '
1898 .. J. W. TuTT, F.E.S. (dec).
1899 .. A. Harrison, F.L.S. (dec).
1900 . . W. J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S.
1901 . . H. S. Fremlin, F.E.S., etc.
1902 .. F. NoAD Clark.
1903 .. E. Step, F.L.S.
1904 .. A. SicH, F.E.S.
1905 .. H. Main, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1906-7.. R. Adkin. F.E.S.
1908-9.. A. Sigh, F.E.S.
1910-11. W. J. Kaye, F.E.S.
1912-13. A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.
1914-15. B. H. Smith, B.A., F.E.S.
1916-17. Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S.
1918-19. Stanley Edwards, F.L.S. etc.
1920-21. K. G. Blair, B.Sc, F.E.S.
1922 .. E. J. Bunnett,M.A.,F.E.S.
1923-4.. N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., F.E.S.
1925-6.. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.E.S.
1927-8.. E. A. Cockayne, D.M.,
A.M.,F.R.C.P., F.E.S.
1929 .. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S.
1930 .. F. B. Carr, (dec).
1930 .. C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Cbief subjects of Study : — h, Hymenoptera ; o, Oithoptera ; he, Hemiptera;
n, Neuroptera ; p, Paraneuroptera ; c, Coleoptera ; d, Diptera ; I, Lepidoptora ;
ool, Oology; orn, Ornithology ; /•, Reptilia ; ?/t, Mollusca; cr, Crustacea ; b,
Botany; vii, Microscopy; ec. ent.. Economic Entomology; e, signifies Exotic
forms; tricJi, Trichoptera.
Year of
Election.
1886 Adkin, B. W., F.E.S., " Highfield," Pembary, Tunbridge
Wells. I, oni.
1922 Adkin, J. H., lion. LanteDiist, Council^ Lamorran, Oak
Lane, Sevenoaks. I.
1882 Adkin, R., f.e.s., " Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne. I, ec. ent.
1901 Adkin, R. A., "Hodeslea," Meads, Eastbourne, vi.
1930 Alexander, 0. A., 28, New Cavendish Street, W.l. I.
1928 Anderson, C. D., 22, Mount Park Road, Ealing, W.5.
1907 Andrews, H. W., f.e.s., Council, " Woodside," 6, Footscray
Road, Eltham, S.E. y. d.
1901 Armstrong, Capt. R. R., b.a., b.c. (Cantab), f.r.c.s., f.r.c.p.,
F.E.S., 3a, Newstead Road, Lee, S.E. 12. e, I.
1895 AsHBY, S. R., F.E.S., Hon. Curator, 37, Hide Road, Head-
stone, Harrow, c, I.
1930 AuBEKTiN, ]\Iiss Daphne, f.e.s., British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
Cromwell Road, S. Kensington, W.7.
1896 Barnett, T. L., *' The Lodge," Crohamhurst Place, Upper
Selsdon Road, S. Croydon. I.
1887 Barren, H. E., 78, Lyndhurst Road, Peckham, S.E. 15. I.
1930 Barter, G. L., 50, Wroughton Road, Ciapham Common,
S.W. 11.
1927 Bedwell, E. C, f.e.s., 54, Brighton Rd., Coulsdon, Surrey, c.
1929 Bell, J. K., f.e.s., Marden Lodge, Caterham Valley, Surrey.
1924 Bird, Miss F. E., "Red Cottage," Cromwell Avenue, Billericay,
Essex, oni.
1911 Blair, K. G., b.sc, f.e.s., Presid>^nt, " Claremont," 120,
Sunningfields Road, Hendon, N.W. 4. ;/, c.
IV
Year of
Election.
1898 Bliss, Capt., M. F., m.c, m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., Butlin's
Hill, Braunton, near Rugby. L
1926 Bliss, A., " Musgrove," Brighton Road, Purley.
1925 Blyth, S. F. p., " Cleveland," Chislehurst, Kent. l.
1923 BoucK, Baron J. A., f.e.s., " Springfield," S. Godstone,
Surrey, l.
1909 Bowman, R. T., " Rockbourne," Keswick Road, Orpington,
Kent. I.
1909 Bright, P. M., f.e.s., "Nether Court," 60, Christchurch
Road, Bournemouth. I.
1927 Brocklesby, S. H., " Long Lodge," Merton Park, S.W.19. I.
1923 Brocklehurst, W. S., " Grove House," Bedford. L
1924 Brooke, Mrs. M. L., cf. Dr. C. 0. S. Brooke, " Danesmere,"
Rosetta Avenue, Belfast. I.
1930 Brooke, Miss W. M. A., cf. Dr. C. 0. S. Brooke, " Danesmere,"
Rosetta Avenue, Belfast, er, ent, b,
1909 BucKSTONE, A. A. W., 5, Haynt Walk, Merton Park,
S.W. 20. I.
1927 Bull, G. V., b.a., m.b., f.e.s., " White Gables," Sandhurst,
Kent. I.
191C BuNNETT, E. J., M.A., 72, Colfe Road, Forest Hill, S.E. 23'
nil.
1922 BusHBY, L. C, F.E.S., 11, Park Grove, Bromley, Kent. I.
1922 Candler, H., "Broad Eaves," Ashtead, Surrey. I, orn, b.
1899 Carr, Rev. F. M. B., m.a., l.th., Ditton Vicarage, Widnes,
Lanes. I, n.
1924 Chapman, Miss L. M., " Arolla," Waterlow Road, Reigate,
1922 Cheeseman, C. J., 100, Dallinger Road, S.E. 12. l.
1879 Clode, W. (Life Member.)
1915 Cockayne, E. A., m.a., m.d., f.r.c.p., f.e.s.. Council, 116,
Westbourne Terrace, W. 2. I.
19B0 Colby, F. E. A., f.r.c.s., " Meadow^ Cottage," White Rose
Lane, Woking.
1899 CoLTHRUP, C. W., 68, Dovercourt Road, E. Dulwich, S.E. 22.
I, ool, orn.
1928 Common, A. F., " Tessa," St. James Avenue, Thorpe Bay.
1907 CooTE, F. D., F.E.S., 32, Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey.
I, h.
1919 CoppEARD, H.,26, King's Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex, l.
1923 Cork, C. H., 11, Redesdale Street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. I.
V
Yeak of
Election.
1919 Cornish, G. H., 141, Kirkham Street, Plumstead Common,
S.E. 18. Z, c.
1922 CoucHMAN, L. E., c/o Mrs. A. Couchman, May Cottage,
Brooklane, Bromley, Kent. I.
1909 CouLsoN, F. J., Council, 17, Birdhurst Road, Colliers Wood,
Merton, S.W. 19. I
1918 Court, T. H., f.r.g.s., " Oak Leigb," Market Rasen,
Lincolnshire. I.
1925 Cox, R. Douglas, 12, Blakemore Road, Stre^tham, S.W. 16.
1911 CoxHEAD, G. W., 45, Leicester Road, Wanstead, E. 11.
{Life Member.) c.
1899 Crabtree, B. H., f.e.s., "Holly Bank," Alderley Edge,
Cheshire. I.
1918 Craufurd, CHfford, " Dennys," Bishops Stortford. I.
1920 Crocker, Capt. W., Constitutional Club, E. Bexley Heath.
I.
1898 Crow, E. J., 70, Hepworth Road, Streatham High Road,
S.W. 16. I.
1928 CuRWEN, Capt. B. S., 9, Lebanon Pk., Twickenham. I.
1927 Danby, G. C, 33, Huron Road, Tooting Common, S.W.17.
1925 Dannatt, W., *' St. Lawrence," Gaibal Road, Burnt Ash,
S.E. 12. l.
1900 Day, F. H., f.e.s., 26, Currock Road, Carlisle. Z, c.
1889 Dennis, A. W., 56, Romney Buildings, Millbank, S.W.I.
Z, ?;?/, h.
1930 Denvil, H. G., 22, Red Down Road, Coulsdon, Surrey. I,
1918 DixEY, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.s,, F.E.S., Wadhaiii College,
Oxford. Hon. Member.
1901 DoDs, A. W., 88, Alkham Road, Stamford Hill, N. 16. 1/
1921 DoLTON, H. L., 36, Chester Street, Oxford Road, Reading. I.
1930 DowNKs, J. A., 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon, S.W.19. l.
1930 Dudbkidge, B. J., 13, Church Lane, Merton Park, S.W. 19.
1912 DuNSTER, L. E., 44, St. John's Wood Terrace, N.W.3.
I.
1927 Eagles, T. R., Council, 32, Abbey Road, Enfield, Middlesex.
Z.
1928 Earle, Edw., f.e.s., 16, Addison Gardens, W.14.
1886 Edwards, S., f.l.s., f.z.s., f.e.s., Hon. Secretary, Avenue
House, The Avenue, Blackheath, S.E. 3. I, el.
VI
Year of
Election.
1923 Ellis, H. Willonghby, f.e.s., f.z.s., m.b.o.u., " Speldhursfc
Close," Sevenoaks, Kent, r, oni.
1926 Ennis, p. F.,
1920 Farmer, J. B., 31, Crowhurst Road, Brixton, S.W. 9. I.
1918 Farquhar, L., " Littlecote," Field Heath Avenue, Hillingdon,
Middlesex. I.
1924 Fassnidge, Wm., m.a., f.e.s., 47, Tennyson Road, Portswood,
Southampton. /, 7i, tricJi, he.
1930 Ferrikr, W. J., 22, Dagnall Park, S. Norwood, S.E.25. I.
1887 Fletcher, W. H. B., m.a., f.e.s., Aldwick Manor, Bognor,
Sussex. {Life Member.) L
1926 Fletcher, P. Bainbrigge, b.&c, 65, Compton Road, Wimble-
don, S.W.19. G.
1889 Ford, A., "South View," 42, Irving Road, West Southbourne,
Bournemouth, Hants. Z, c.
1920 Ford, L. T., " St. Michael's," Park Hill, Bexley, Kent. I.
1916 Foster, T. B., "Lenore," 1, Morland Avenue, Addiscombe,
Croydon. I.
1907 FouNTAiNE, Miss M. E., f.e.s., " The Studio," 100a, Fellows
Road, Hampstead, N.W.3. I.
1921 Frampton, Rev. E. E., m.a., Halstead Rectory, Sevenoaks,
Kent. Z.
1886 Fremlin, Major H. S., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s.. Government
Lymph Laboratories, The Hyde, N.W.9. I.
1919 Frisby, G. E., f.e.s., 29, Darnley Road, Gravesend. Inpn.
1912 Frohawk, F. W., m.b.o.u., f.e.s., *' Essendene," Cavendish
Road, Sutton, Surrey. I, oni.
1914 Fryer, J. C. F., f.e.s., m.a., *' Chadsholme," Milton Road,
Harpenden, Herts. I, ec. ent.
1911 Gahan, C. J., D.sc, m.a., f.e.s., " The Mount," Aylsham,
Norfolk, c.
1920 Gauntlett, H. L., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.e.s., 37, Howard Lane,
Putney, S.W.15. l.
1927 GiBBiNs, F. J. F.I. A. a., F.I.A.S., 51, WeldoH Crescent, Harrow,
Middlesex. I.
1928 GiLLEs, W. S., F.E.S., F.I. c, "The Cottage," Booking, Braintree,
Essex. I.
1930 Gilliatt, F. T., f.e.s., 25, Manor Road, Folkestone, Kent. I.
1929 Glegg, D. L., F.E.S., " Vermala," 9, Westleigh Avenue, Putney,
S.W.15. I.
vii
Year of
Election.
1920 Goodman, A. de B., f.e.s., Council, " Normanby," Darkes Lane,
Potters' Bar, Middlesex. I.
1926 Gordon, D. J., b.a., f.e.s., Craigellachie House, Sfcrathpeffer,
N.B. col., Up.
1924 Grant, F. T., 37, Old Road West, Gravesend. I.
1925 Graves, P. P., f.e.s., 5, Hereford Square, S.W.7. L
1928 Gray, C. J. V., BM/BRWX., London, W.C.I. I.
1918 Green, E. E., f.e.s., f.z.s., "Ways End," Camberley, Surrey.
Iient.
1924 Greer, T., j.p., " Milton," Sandholes, Dungannon, Co.
Tyrone. I.
1926 Grey, Olive, Mrs., f.z.s., 90, Charing Cross Road, W.C.2. ent.
1911 Grosvenor, T. H. L., f.k.s., Springvale, Linkfield Lane,
Redhill. I.
1884 Hall, T. W., f.e.s., 61, West Smitbfield, E.C. 1. I.
1926 Halton, H. C. S., Essex Museum, West Ham, E.
1891 Hamm, a. H., A.L.S., F.E.S., 22, Soutbtields Road, Oxford. I.
1903 Hare, E. J., f.e.s., 4, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C. 2. I.
1926 Harmsworth, Sir H. A. B., f.e.s.,
1926 Harris, A. G. J., b.a., 21, Nevern Place, S.W.5.
1924 Harwood, p., f.e.s., Westminster Bank, 92, Wimborne Road,
Winton, Bournemouth. I.
1927 Hawgood, D. A., 89, Leigham Vale, Tulse Hill, S.W.2. I.
1924 Hawkins, C. N., f.k.s., Conncil, 23, Dalebury Road, Upper
Tooting, S.W.17. I.
1929 Hawley, Lt.-Col. W. G. B., 13, Colville Road, W.ll.
1913 Haynes, E. B., 82a, Lexham Gardens, W. 8. /.
1923 Hayward, Capt. K. J., f.e.s., f.k.g.s., Estancia Santa Rosa,
Patquia, Prov., La Rioja, F.C.C.N.A., Argentine. I. orn.
1920 Hemming, Capt. A. F., f.z.s., f.e.s., 29, West Cromwell Road,
S.W.7. l.
1924 Henderson, J. L., 6, Haydn Avenue, Purley, Surrey, col.
1931 Herrmann, E. R., 38, Lebanon Park, Twickenham. I.
1927 Hewer, H. R., m.sc, d.i.c, Royal College of Science, S. Ken-
sington, S.W. 7.
1927 Hewitt, A. C, 83,
1920 Hodgson, S. B., *' St. Philips," Charles Street, Berkhamsted,
Herts.
Vlll
Year of
Election.
1927 Howard, J. 0. T., b.a., 78, St. John's Wood Court, N.W.8.
1931 HowARTH, T. G., 77, Woodland Rise, Muswell Hill, N.IO. L
1927 Hughes, A. W. McKenny, 22, Stanford Road, Kensington,
W. 8. ec. ent.
1929 Hughes, A. W., " Delamere," Buckingham Way, Wallington.
1928 Jackson, F. W. J., " The Pines," Ashtead, Surrey.
1914 Jackson, W. H., " Pengama," 14, Woodcote Valley Road,
Purley. I.
1923 Jacobs, S. N. A., Council, Ditchling, Hayes Lane, Bromley. I.
1924 James, A. R., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.I. I.
1924 James, R., f.e.s., 14, Golden Lane, E.C.I.
1927 Janson, 0. J., F.E.S. , Council, Recorder, 13, Fairfax Road,
Hornsey, N.8. ent.
1925 Jarvis, C, Council, 12, Claylands Road, Clapham, S.W.H. c.
1930 Johnson, E. E., Pilgrim Way, Drive Spur, Kingswood,
Surrey. I.
1923 Johnstone, J. F., f.e.s., " Ruxley Lodge," Claygate, Surrey. I.
1918 Johnstone, D. C, f.e.s., 26, Granville Park, Lewisham, S.E
I.
1920 JoicEY, J. J., F.L.s., F.E.S. , F.R.G.s., etc, ''The Hill," Witley,
Surrey. I.
1898 Kaye, W. J., F.E.S. , "Caracas," Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey.
I, 8. American I.
1928 Kettlewell, H. B. D., "■ Hovedene," 15, St. Augustine's Road,
Edgbaston, Birmingham. I.
1910 KiDNER, A. R., " The Oaks," Station Road, Sidcup, Kent. I.
1925 KiMMiNs, D. E., 16, Montrave Road, Penge, S.E. 20. I.
1925 Labouchere, Lt-Col., F. A., Vice- Prenid ent, 15, Draycotfc
Avenue, S.W.3.
1924 Langham, Sir Chas., Bart., f.e.s.. Tempo Manor, Co. Fer-
managh. L
1927 Lawson, H. B., f.e.s., " Brookhill," Horsell, Woking. I.
1922 Leechman, C. B., " Pansala," Roundabouts, Storrington,
Sussex. L
1914 Leeds, H. A., 2, Pendcroft Road, Knebworth, Herts. I.
1919 Leman, G. C, f.e.s., '' Wynyard," 52, West Hill, Putney
Heath, S.W. 15. c
1926 Long, R. M., Witley, 3, Cedars Road, Beddington, Surrey. I.
1896 Lucas, W. J., b.a., f.e.s., 28, Knight's Park, Kingston-on-
Thames. Brit, p, 0, n.
ix
Year of
Election.
1925 MacCallum, C, 1, Aston Koad, Ealing, W.5. l.
1926 Macdonald, F. W., 82, Trinity Street, Leytonstone, E.ll. I.
1892 Main, H., b.sc, f.e.s., f.z.s., " Almondale," 55, Buckingham
Road, S. Woodford, E. 18. I, nat. phot., col.
1889 Mansbridge, W., f.e.s., "Monreith," Derby Road, Formby,
Liverpool. Z, c, etc.
1930 Marsh, D. J., " Delville," Oxenden Square, Heme Bay. I.
1922 Massee, a. M., f.e.s. , East Mailing Research Station,
Kent. /.
1930 Merchant, A. J., " Clairville," Champion Road, Upmiuster,
Essex. I.
1889 Moore, H., f.e.s., 12, Lower Road, Rotherhithe, S.E.16.
I, h, (}, f. I, e Ii, e (I, mi.
1930 MoRLEY, A. McD., 9, Radnor Park West, Folkestone.
1928 DE ]\IoRNEY, C. A. G., Flat 5, 60, Hogarth Road, Earls Court,
S.W.5.
1920 MoRisoN, G. D., f.e.s., Dept. Advisory Entomology, N. of
Scotland Agricultural College, Marichall, Aberdeen, ec. ent.
1927 Murray, Capt. K. F. M.,
1929 Nash, J. A.,
1928 Nash, T. A. M., f.e.s., 16, Queen's Road. Richmond, Surrey.
I.
1928 Nash, W. G., f.r.c.s., " Clavering House," de Pary's Avenue,
Bedford. I.
1906 Newman, L. W., f.e.s., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1926 Newman, L. H., Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent. I.
1980 Niblett, M., 10, Greenway, Wallington, Surrey. I.
1926 Nixon, G. E., 815b, Norwood Road, Heme Hill, S.E.24. h, I.
1911 Page, H. E., f.e.s., " Bertrose," 17, Gellatly Road, New
Cross, S.E. 14. I.
1927 Palmer, D. S., " North Lodge," Esher.
1929 Parkes, W. R., B.A., M.R.C.S., L.K.c.p., F.E.S., St. Thomas's
House, Lambeth Palace Road, S.E.I.
1930 Pearman, Capt. A., Elm Cottage, Purley, Surrey. I.
1908 Pennington, F., Oxford Mansions, Oxford Circus, W. 1. I.
1928 Perkins, J. F., f.e.s., 19, Courtfield Gardens, S.W.5. h.
1925 Portsmouth, J., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I. I.
1925 Portsmouth, G. B., 15, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.I.
I.
X
Year of
Eleci'ion.
1912 PouLTON, Prof. E. B., d.sc, m.a., f.r.s., f.l.s., f.g.s.,
F.Z.S., F.E.S., " Wykeham House," Oxford. {Hon. Member.)
1927 PuATT, W. B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond Lane.
1897 Pkest, E. E. B., 8 and 9, Chiswell Street, E.G. 1. I.
1924 PiuKST, C. G., 30, Princes Place, Notting Hill, W.ll. I.
1904 Priske, R. a. R., F.E.S., 136, Coldershaw Road, W. Ealing,
W. 5. I, ni.
1919 QuiLTER, H. J., " Fir Cottage," Kiln Road, ptestwood, Great
Missenden. Z, c, il, vii,
1922 Rait-Smith, W., F.Z.S., f.e.s., f.r.h.s., " Hurstleigh,"
Linkfield Lane, Redhill, Surrey. I.
3925 Ralfs, Miss E. M., f.e.s., '* Montpelier House," 60, Clarendon
Road, Holland Park, W.ll.
1922 Rattray, Col. R. H., Halliford House, Newton Abbot, Devon.
I.
1887 Rice, D. J., 8, Grove Mansions, North Side, Clapham
Common, S.W. 4. oni.
1927 Richards, Percy R., *' Wynford," 69, Upton Road, Bexley
Heath. I.
1920 Richardson, A. W., f.e.s., 28, Avenue Road, Southall,
Middlesex. I.
1908 Riley, Capt. N. D., f.e.s., f.z.s., 5, Brook Gardens, Beverley
Road, Barnes, S.W.13. I.
1910 Robertson', G. S., m.d., " Struan," Storrington, near Pul-
borough, Sussex. /.
1922 Robertson, W. J., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., f.z.s., 69, Bedford Road,
S.W. 4. I.
1911 Robinson, Lady Maud, f.e.s., Kirklington Hall, Newark.
I, n.
1920 Rothschild, The Right Hon. Lord, d.sc, f.r.s., f.l.s., f.z.s.,
f.e.s., Tring, Herts. I, oni. {Life Member.)
1887 Routledge, G. B., f.e.s., "Tarn Lodge," Heads Nook, Carlisle.
/, c.
1890 Rowntrek, J. H., " Scalby Nabs," Scarborough, Yorks. I.
1915 Russell, S. G.C, f.e.s., "Brockenhurst," Reading Road, Fleet,
Hants. I.
1908 St. Aubyn, Capt. J. A., f.e.s., 14, Purley Knoll, Purley.
1914 ScHMASsaiANN, W., F.E.S., '* Beulah Lodge," London Road,
Enfield, N. l.
1910 Scorer, A. G., " Hillcrest," Chilworth, Guildford. I.
XI
Year of
Election.
1927 Scott, E., m.b., " Hayesbank," Ashford, Kent. I.
1923 Sevastopulo, D. G., f.e.s., c/o Ralli Bros., Calcutta. I.
1910 Sheldon, W. G., f.z.s., f.e.s., " West Watch," Oxted,
Surre}'. I.
1898 SicH, Alf., f.e.s., " Grayingham," Farncombe Road,
Worthing. L
1925 Simmons, A., 42, Loughboi'o Road, W. Bridgford, Nottingham. I.
1927 Skelton, Hy. E., 12, Mandrake Road, Upper Tooting,
S.W. 17.
1921 Smakt, Major, H. D., r.a.m.c, m.d., d.sc, f.e.s., 172, High
Road, Solway Hill, Woodford Green. I.
1927 Smith, Capt. F. S., f.e.s., " Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1928 Smith, Mrs. Maud Stanley, " Sunnyside," Middlebourne,
Farnham. I.
1882 South, R., f.e.s., 4, Mapesbury Court, Shoot-up-Hill,
Brondesbury, N.W.2. I, c.
1908 Sperring, C. W., 8, Eastcombe Avenue, Charlton, S.E. 7. L
1920 Stafford, A. E., Council, 98, Cowley Road, Mortlake, S.W. 14,
l.
1872 Step, E., f.l.s., Vice-President, 158, Dora Road, Wimbledon
Park, S.W. 19. b, ni, cr ; Insects, all Orders.
1928 Stocken, H. E. W., Orchard Cottage, W. Byfleet, Surrey.
1924 Storey, W^ H., 63, Lincolns Inn Fields, W.C.2. mt.
1929 Stubbs, G. C, 41, St. Mary's Street, Ely, Cambs.
1916 Syms, E. E., f.e.s., Hon. Librarian, 22, Woodlands Avenue,
Wanstead, E.ll. Z.
1920 Talbot, G., f.e.s., " The Hill Museum," Witley. /.
1922 Tams, W. H. T., f.e.s., 5, Dairy Lane, Hurlingham,
S.W'. 6. I.
1891 Tarbat, Rev. J. E., m.a., Colbourne Rectory, I. of Wight. I,
vol.
1913 Tatchell, L., f.e.s., Swanage, Dorset. I.
1925 Taylor, J. S., f.e.s., Dept. Agriculture, Div. Ent., Pretoria,
Union of S.A, I.
1929 Tetley, J., " White Cottage," Silverlea Gardens, Horley.
1931 Thompson, J. A., Tan-y-Bryn School, St. Margarets Drive,
Llandudno, N. Waley. I.
Xll
Year or
Election.
1926 ToMLiNsoN, Florence B., " The Anchorage," Lodge Road,
Croydon. I.
1902 ToNGK, A. E., F.E.S., Flon. Treasurer, "Aincroft," Grammar
School Hill, Reigate. I.
1927 Tottenham, Rev. C. E., f.e.s., ** Keswick," 18, Tyrone Road,
Thorpe Bay, Essex, c.
1887 Turner, H. J., f.e.s., f.r.h.s., Bon. Editor, " Latemar," West
Drive, Cheani, Surrey. I, c, n, he, b.
1921 Vernon, J. A., " Firlands," Ascot, Berks. I.
1923 Vredenberg, G., 38, Ashworth Mansions, Maida Yale, W.9. I.
1889 Wainwright, C. J., f.e.s., 172, Hamstead Road, Handsworth,
Birmingham. I, d.
1927 Wainwright, Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.18.
1929 Wainwright, J. Chas., 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W.
1929 Wainwright, John, 8, Kingsdown Avenue, W. Ealing, W\
1911 Wakely, L. D., 11, Crescent Road, W^imbledon, S.W.20. I.
1930 Wakkley, S., 8, Woodland Hill, Upper Norwood, S.E.19.
1880 Walker, Comm. J. J., m.a., f.l.s., f.e.s., " Aorangi," Lonsdale
Road, Summertown, Oxford. I, c.
1927 Walker, W. H., " Ranworth," Potters Bar. I.
1925 Ward, J. Davis, f.e.s., " Limehurst," Grange-over-vSands. I.
1920 Watson, D., '* Proctors," Southfleet, Kent. I.
1928 Watts, W. J., 42, Brainerton Road, Beckenham. I.
1928 Wells, Clifford, " Dial House," Crowthorne, Berks. L
1911 Wells, H. 0., "Inchiquin," Lynwood Avenue, Epsom. I.
1911 Wheeler, The Rev. G., m.a., f.z.s., f.e.s., " EUesmere,"
Gratwicke Road, Worthing. I.
1927 White, A. G., ''Hilltop," Chaldon, Surrey.
1920 Wightman, a. J., f.e.s., Broomfield, Pulborough, Sussex. I.
1930 Welkins, C, John Innes Horticultural Institution, Mostyn
Road, Merton Park, S.W.19.
1914 Williams, B. S., '' St. Genny's," 15, Kingcroft Road, Harpen-
den. Z, c, hem.
1912 Williams, C. B., m.a., f.e.s., 29, Queen's Crescent,
Edinburgh. I, ec. ent.
1925. Williams, H. B.,ll.d., f.e.s., "Little dene," Claremont Lane,
Esher, Surrey. I.
XIU
Year of
Election.
1927 Witting, A. N., 6, Woolstone Road, Catfoid, S.E. G.
1918 Wood, H., " Albert Villa," Kennington, near Asbford, Kent. I.
1926 WooTTON, W. J., F.R.H.S., Wannock Gardens, Polegate, Sussex.
I.
1927 deWohms, C. G. M., f.e.s., m.b.o.u., Milton Pk., Egbam,
Surrey. I, orn.
1930 WORSFOLD, L. B.,
1921 WoRSLEY-WooD, H., F.E.S. , 37, De Freville Avenue, Cam-
bridse. I.
Members will greatly oblige by informing the Hon. Sec. of any errors in,,
additions to, or alterations required in the above Addresses and descriptions.
XIV
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL, JAN., 1931.
The Council in presenting the fifty-ninth Annual Report is pleased
to be able to state that the condition of the Society is still satis-
factory.
The Council much regrets that at the commencement of the year
the President elect, Mr. F. B. Carr, passed away without formally
accepting Office and taking the Chair at the Annual Meeting.
Your Council, in accord with Bye-Law VI Section (B), appointed
Mr. C. N. Hawkins, one of the Vice-Presidents, to fill the vacancy,
and subsequently Col. F. A. Labouchere was chosen from the
Council to be the second Vice-President. The vacancy thus caused
on the Council was filled by the appointment of Mr. C. Jarvis.
The membership is 247, made up as follows : Full Members 204,
Country 37, Honorary 2, Life 4.
There have been 8 Resignations, Messrs Lowther, Lyall and
Ray ward.
There have been 7 deaths, which is far above the average, Messrs.
Carpenter, F. B. Carr, G. T. Lyle, A. W. Mera, W. H. Miles,
D. Mounsey, E. Sancean.
The Annual Exhibition was held on October 23rd, and was a
great success, 240 members and friends being present, Messrs A. de
B. Goodman and T. H. L. Grosvenor made the necessary arrange-
ments and the thanks of the Society are due to them for their help.
The Council view with pleasure the increased number of Exhibits.
Papers have been read before the Society by Messrs E. C. Stuart-
Baker, F.Z.S., etc., Major Hingston, F.L.S., etc., H. M. Edelsten,
F.E.S., Dr. H. Scott, M.A., Sc.D., F.L.S., etc., E. Step, F.L.S.,
and A. E. Tonga, F.E.S.
Field Meetings weie arranged for Bookham, Ranmore and Picketts
Hole, Brentwood, Westerham, Chalfont Road, Byfleet, Horsley, and
St. Martha. The thanks of the Society are due to the Conductors,
who made the necessary arrangements.
The lantern was in use on seven occasions under the kind super-
vision of Mr. J. H. Adkin.
Messrs R. Adkin and W. Fassnidge, were asked to be the Society's
XV
Delegates at the Annual Congress of the S.E.U.S.S., (to which the
Society is affiliated) held at Portsmouth in May 28th to 31st.
The Volume of Proceedings for the year 1929, consisted of xx.+
82 pages with two plates.
The Hon. Curator reports —
" During the past year our 60-drawer cabinet has been disposed
of, and has been replaced by the 5 cabinets containing the late Mr.
J. J. Lister's, F.R.S., Collection of British and PalaearcticLepidop-
tera of over 8000 specimens. Pending the making of the nesessary
arrangements for accommodating these cabinets here, they were
moved to Tring j\Iuseuin, by the kind permission of Lord Rothschild,
to whom the best thanks of the Society have been rendered. The
specimens of our old collection are being incorporated with the
Lister Collection. Donations have been received from the following
members : —
Mr. E. J. Bunnett, 18 species of British Coleoptera and Diptera ;
Mr. J. L. Henderson, a pair of the rare Procaa armillatns, F., from
Brighton ; Lt. Col. F. A. Labouchere, a series of Ch7i/soj)IianiiH i iitiliis
from Ireland; Mr. H. Main, British Tipiila : Dr. W. J. Robertson,
86 species of New Zealand Lepidoptera, including several species of
Hepiahis.'^
The Librarian reports that three vols, of Seitz, making complete
*' Seitz Rhopalocera of the World," have been purchased, also
Verrall's " Diptera," Vol. V., under the Ashdown Bequest. There
has been an increase of books borrowed for home reading during
1930.
The average attendance at the meetings (28) has been 40, which
shows an improvement on previous years.
The following is a List of the Additions to the Library.
Books. — Verrall's British Diptera, vol. V. ; Seitz Rhopalocera of
the world, vol V. American ; vol. IX. Indo-Malay ; vol. XIII. African ;
Spiders of Porto Rico ; Manual of Abyssinian Birds : Moths of
Eastbourne I. (R. Adkin) : Dr. Eltringham, Microscopical Methods
for Entomologists (H. W. Andrews and Hy. J. Turner) : American
Crabs : Birds of Kenya : Reptiles of Arabia : U.S. Liparidae (Fishes) :
Sketches of Country Life (E. Step).
Proceedings, Transactions, Reports of Societies, etc. — S.E.
Naturalist and Antiquary : Bull, and Ann. Societe ent. de France :
Ann. Rep. of the Smithsonian Institute : Ann. Rep. of the Conference
of Delegates to the British Association (Mr. Adkin) : Trans. Ent.
Soc. of London, (Dr. Fremlin) : Boll. R. Scuola d'Agricoltura Portici :
SEP 8 - 1931
XVI
Proceedings of the American Ent. Soc. : Trans. Perthshire Nat. Sci.
Soc. : Rep. of the U.S. National Museum : Rep. Commons and
Footpaths Preservation Soc. : Rep. Bournemouth Nat. Sci. Soc. :
Rep. of the Imperial Entomologist at Pusa, India : Trans. Wisconsin
Acad, of Sci.: Proc. Croydon Nat. Hist. Soc: Trans. Leicester Lit.
and Sci. Soc. : London Naturalist : Rep. of the Hampshire Ent.
Soc. : Proc. I. of Wight N. H. Soc.
Separates. — American Smithsonian Institute: Chicago Field
Museum : Colorado College : Lloyd Library : Folia Zool. : Diptera
of Chili and Patagonia 2 (B.]\l.) : List of authors on British Diptera
(H. W. Andrews) : Lectures on Ent. : Cambridge Faunal Lists :
and from Capt. K. J. Hayward (11), J. Sneyd Taylor (1), Prof.
Strand (6).
Periodicals and Magazines. — Entomologist : Entomologist's
Record: Entomologists Monthly Magazine (by purchase): Canadian
Entomologist : Phillipine Jr. of Science : Entomological News :
Repertorium : Natural History : Vasculum : Revu Russe d'Ent. :
Zoologiska Bidraga : Essex Naturalist: Revista Ent. Soc.
Argentina.
The thanks of the Society are hereby given to the donors of the
foregoing.
XVI 1
TREASURERS REPORT, 1930.
I am glad to be able to report that our financial position remains
as sound as ever, but I cannot say that we have had a good year,
as our regular income has shrunk by about £60 as compared with
1929.
This is almost entirely due to two causes.
The absence of the Publication Fund, by which we raised £14
last year, against donations amounting to 28/6d. only this time, and
the very large number of members who have not yet sent me their
Subscriptions.
During 1929 I tried the experiment of sending out 3 reminders
instead of two, and this brought in subscriptions amounting to
£149 10s. This year, hoping to save the extra cost, I only sent
out two, and the response was most disappointing, £119 5s., which
clearly shows that the cost of the extra reminder was fully justified.
It would be a very great help if more members would avail them-
selves of the facilities offered by their bankers for the payment of
subscriptions, annually direct to the Society's bank. At present only
17 members have arranged to do this, but I need hardly say I shall
be pleased to supply the necessary form to any other member who
desires it.
Regular expenses are fortunately less than in 1929, the
difference being approximately £24. This as accounted for by
the smaller and less expensive volume of Proceedings, which cost
£21 12s 4d. less ; but we had exceptionally heavy outgoings of a
non-recurrent nature.
As foreshadowed in last years report we were obliged to give in to
the claims of the Commissioners of Income Tax, and had to pay no
less than £23 3s. by way of arrears since 1922.
There is also an item of £7 7s. for the cost of conveying the
Lister collection from Tring Museum to the Society's rooms at
London Bridge.
In addition to these items your Council decided to avail them-
selves of an opportunity which offered of adding to the Library 3
vols, of Seitz Lepidoptera, and 1 volume of Verrall's Diptera, at a
total cost of £28 lis., which they purchased out of the money the
[continued on p. xx.
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XX
Society obtained some years back from the Asbdown Bequest, and
which it was contended would be better employed in improving the
Society's library than in purchasing investments.
These transactions have resulted in a Balance Sheet showing our
Surplus of Assets as £88 14s. 7d. less than in 1929, but I am glad to
say that our invested capital, which stands in the accounts at cost,
is still worth more than the figure stated, at current market
prices.
During the year the £138 of 4|% Treasury Bonds we held were
converted into 4% Consols of an equivalent amount, and now
stand in the figures as of the face value of £154 14s. Od.
We also disposed of the old 60 drawer Cabinet in which the
Society's collection of Lepidoptera was kept, as we had no further
use for it when we obtained the three handsome cabinets which
housed the Lister Collection, and to which our specimens are being
transferred. This was purchased by Mr. E. J. Bunnett for £16.
The Accounts and Balance Sheet attached hereto have been duly
audited and certified correct by your auditors, Messrs. T. W. Hall
and H. W. Andrews, to whom our best thanks are due for the time
and attention they have devoted to so doing, as also to all those
members who have contributed to the Refreshment and Publication
Funds. — A. E. Tonge. H(m. Treasurer.
The British Species of Nonagria.
By H. M. Edelsten, F.E.S.— i?^a^/ Ortober 9th, 1930.
The genus Nonanria contains about twenty five species of which
we have only six in Britain, cannae, spartjanii, arnndi)iis, (jemini-
pinicta, ne\uica and (Hsaolnta.
They are all marsh-frequenting, the larvae feed within the stems
of marsh plants and the pupae are to be found within the stems.
I doubt if there is any other group of Noctuids which are so
divergent from each other in their early stages, and that is why they
are so interesting. Plant associations have an important bearing
on their existence and some have a coastal association.
Cannae is confined to the Norfolk Broads though it was supposed
to occur in Mid Sussex, but I have never found it there. It is very
local and is largely dependant on plant conditions. It must have
Scirpns and Lis to feed in when yoang and Ti/pha and preferably
scattered Ti/pha latifolia in which to finish feeding and to pupate.
I have sometimes found pupae in large Scirpns stems and once or
twice in the hollow stems of Cicnta virosa and in the flower stem of
Iris pseudacorus.
The ideal spot for cannae is not the thick beds of TupJia anijnstifolia
but in the more open places where there is a mixed growth. I
remember a famous place for it in Norfolk many years ago was
along the sides of a dyke, where it opened out into a series of little
ponds fringed with Scirpus, Iris and scattered Typ/ia latif<dia growing
among Cicnta virosa and backed by beds of Typha anyustifolia and
Phratpiiites. Everyone of these T. latifolia stems held a pupa and
sometimes two or three.
Conditions change in these places from year to year, T. latifolia
dies out or gets swamped by other plants and cannae shifts further
on. Sometimes the marshmen come along and mow the whole lot
down at the end of July and the colony is more or less wiped out.
The larvae of cannae do not feed so low down in the Typha ^ stems
as those of amndinis and when searching for pupae you will after a
time, be able to spot the stems which hold cannae from those which
hold amndinis. The withered middle leaf of the stem containing
cannae is generally yellow-green whereas that which contains
arundinis is very withered and brown. Cannae pupates head upwards
and aruniUnis head downwards, though occasionally I have found
them reversed but these pupae have always been parasitised. It is
extraordinary how birds and water rats destroy these pupae. They
find the emergence hole and tear the stem downwards. They
generally get canuae as the pupa is below the emergence hole but
arundinis escapes as it is above. Sometimes 90% are pecked out.
I often wonder whether they have learnt to spot an occupied stem
by the withered central leaf and then search for the bruise, or
whether they hear the pupa moving within the stem and are thus
attracted to it. The perfect insect varies from ochreous, through
red-brown to black.
Spajganii seems to have a coastal association. Its principal
stations are in Kent and Sussex and a few other localities on the
South West Coast and also in Ireland. It does not seem to spread
inland though there are many places where it would do well. Its
habits are very like those of cannae and it requires a similar plant
association but with Iris replacing the Scirpiis. The pupae are also
much destroyed by birds and rats. This insect is also subject to
considerable variation.
Arundinis is generally distributed throughout the country and
does not seem to require a special plant association. Though
commoner in marshy districts you sometimes find little colonies in
isolated ponds and pit holes miles from any marshes and one wonders
how they got there. Arundinis pupates head downwards. The
structure of the head of the pupa is different from that of cannae
and spanjanii. It is broader and blunter and does not have such a
distinct " beak " as have these two species. This insect varies
also. The red-brown and black forms are local and do not occur
everywhere. The black form with white markings is a beautiful
insect when fresh but unfortunately it soon fades, the glistening
black turning into a dull brown.
Geminipuncta though generally distributed is perhaps commoner
in the reeds growing in brackish dykes near the coast than inland.
If the reed has been left uncut for a number of years they occur in
vast numbers. In one or two localities I have seen almost the
whole reed bed brown and withered towards the end of July.
J. C. F. Fryer drew my attention last year to a very curious habit
of the larvae in a locality in Sufiblk. Instead of dispersing to
separate stems when they hatched, he found some of the reed stems
contained a dozen or more small larvae all feeding together. No
doubt they would ultimately have separated but it is rather curious
that they should behave in this way in this one locality. It has
always been a mystery to me how these larvae distribute themselves
one to a stem. The eggs are laid in masses in one stem, but it is
the greatest exception to find more than one larva in each stem
.even when small. Do these young larvae drift about on a silken
thread ? Even then one would think two or three would land on the
same stem. They are not so particular when pupating. I have
found as many as eight pupae in the lower part of one large reed
and some of these would have stopped each other from emerging.
The pupae are always head upwards. They will pupate in the
lower portions of the stem they fed in if it is a big one, but they
prefer to go into an old stem if there is one near by. This insect
also is subject to considerable variation.
Neurica is at present confined to Sussex and Suffolk but it is quite
possible that it occurs in other suitable spots around the South and
East Coasts. Possibly it was spread over a larger area but the
cleaning out of the dykes gives it very little chance to increase. In
Sussex neurica occurs with getninipuncta and phrafpnitidis which
makes hunting for the larvae rather difficult until you know how
to distinguish the different methods of feeding. The larva enters
the reed stem about half way up and feeds on the inner lining of
the stem but does not pass up through several nodes as
geminipuncta does. It is full fed when geminipmicta is quite small
and this is a help in distinguishing them. When about to pupate it
leaves the stem in which it has fed and enters a previous year's stem
low down and pupates head downwards. This insect varies, there
being both red and black forms in addition to the typical form.
Dissoluta and its variety amndineta, occur in many places both
coastal and inland. It is curious that in some localities you get
both the type and the var. arundineta and in others the var.
arundineta only. It prefers the larger old reed beds rather than the
open fen. My first introduction to this species was in Norfolk.
We were searching for pupae of Leucania obsoleta in a large reed
bed that had not been cut for many years, when we noticed that
many reed stems were bent over about half way up the stem. There
had been a strong wind the day before, but as it was rather unusual
for growing reeds to be broken by the wind in June, we investigated
some of them and found they had broken where a larva had entered
and weakened the stem by feeding on the inner lining. We visited
this spot again towards the end of July hoping that we might find
the pupae in the lower part of the stem in which the larva had fed,
but were disappointed. The chance finding of pupa in an old
stem broken off by my foot gave me a clue as to where they
pupated. This species pupates head downwards. The perfect insect
varies both in size and colour.
The breeding of these Nonagrias from the egg is difficult unless
one has the food plants growing close by. I was especially fortunate
as on my father's property was a large lake around the edges of
which all the necessary plants were growing, goninipuncta and
arnndinis were already there. The insects are not hard to breed if
the larvae are taken full fed or the pupae are collected. The reed
feeders are best managed by standing the stems containing the
larvae in tubs of damp sand with an equal number of old reed stems
for the larvae to pupate in. The whole should be covered with
muslin. The withered stems can be thrown away after the larvae
have left them. The Typha feeders should be collected as pupae
and the sections of stem stood up in flowerpots of damp sand. It
is a good plan to open the emergence holes and to sprinkle the
stems with water every evening as this prevents them shrivelling
and pinching the pupae. Should the stems shrivel too much the
pupae can be taken out and dropped into sections of reed or bamboo
canes.
The reed Nonagrias have two kinds of flight. At dusk the males
flutter up and down the reed stems seaching for the females, about
11 p.m. when pairing is over the males fly some distance from the
reeds and come to light. The Typha species also come to light.
The egg laying of these Nonagrias is particularly interesting.
The females of the three Typha species are each furnished with
different processes and each lay their eggs in a different way.
Cannae is furnished with a wedge-shaped process on the last
segment and two hook-like processes on the last but one.
A female that I watched took up a position across a Typha leaf and
having secured a fulcrum with the two hook-like instruments drove
the wedge-shaped process under the cuticle of the leaf and towards
the anchor hooks, the ovipositor was then thrust into the slit and
an Q^g placed within. The processes were then withdrawn and the
cuticle closed down on the egg. This was repeated about a sixteenth
of an inch lower down. Three eggs were laid while the female
was under observation. It is probable that the eggs are also laid
in Scirpus stems in a state of nature.
Sparyanii is furnished on the anal segment with a pair of
circular-jawed pincers, the upper jaw rather longer and more curved
than the lower. The eggs are placed in a line down the edge of a
Typha or Iris leaf but not quite at the extreme edge. The pincers
then come into action and roll the edge of the leaf over the eggs. It
is then glued into position.
Arnndinis has a pair of sharp spines curved slightly downwards.
When laying the female thrusts these through the cuticle of a Typha
stem and makes a slight slit. The ovipositor is then pushed in
between the spines and the eggs are placed in the cells of the stem.
Three to four eggs in each cell. The spines are then withdrawn
and the slit closes.
The reed-feeding Nonagrias, gendnipuncta, neurica and dhsolnta
are all furnished with a wedge-shaped process, which is used to
prize open the sheathing leaf of a reed stem. The ovipositor is then
thrust in and the eggs are laid in large masses. The process is then
withdrawn and the sheathing leaf closes on the eggs. They are all
flat, coin-shaped eggs, and are covered with a kind of varnish, which
protects them from floods in winter. None of the eggs of the
Nonagrias hatch until the new stems appear in the spring.
I would liiie to call attention to a Continental species N. nexa
which we have not as yet found in Britain. The larva feeds on
Carex and I am exhibiting some Carex stems showing where the
larvae have been feeding and its puparium in the stems. Perhaps
we shall one day find it in Britain. I am also exhibiting long bred
series of all the Nonagrias from many British localities, also
sections of the Ty/>ha and Phrafpiiites stems, with photographs and
illustrations to show the methods of pupation and egg-laying.
The Ova of British Lepidoptera.
By A. E. ToNGE, F.E.S.—Uead March 27th, 1930.
I have now been photographing eggs of British Macro-Lepidoptera
for over 20 years and thanks to the kind assistance, which I have
received from many of my fellow entomologists I have been able
so far to secure photographs of about 600 species. The remainder
will, I am sure, be rather difficult to get as everybody naturally thinks
I have done all the common ones and are so pleased to find eggs of
something really rare, that they forget to send them on. Actually I
still want the eggs of many of our common species, but they are
probably insects which do not lay freely in captivity, and the trouble
is to find out what treatment will induce them to do their duty.
With such a large amount of material to deal with I was a little
undecided for a time how to start work, when asked to give a paper
on my hobby, but after considering the matter from all angles, I
decided to take some well known book on Lepidoptera and present
to you tables of the special forms of ova laid by the various groups
mentioned in the book, which I hope may enable those who so
desire to identify some of the ova they may come across in the wild.
The book I have taken as my guide in nomenclature and arrange-
ment is the " Moths of the British Isles " by Richard South, a
publication which I believe is to be found in every entomologist's
library, and to-night I propose to deal with the first 12 groups
Sphini/iiiae, Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, Ly)iiantriidae, Lasiocampidaej
Kndroinididae, Saturididae, Drepanidae, Xolidae, CJddepJtoridaef
Arctiidae and Lithosiinoe.
All lepidopterous ova are either upright or flat {i.e., horizontal)
according to the position of the micropyle in relation to the plane
of the surface on which they are laid, and within very wide limits
certain shapes may be allocated to each of the larger groups of
species.
I do not propose to deal with the noctuid or geometrid types in this
paper but to leave them for some other occasion. They are both
very well defined. The former upright, bun-shaped, with ribs from
micropyle to base and colourless shell, while the latter is flat ovoid,
less depressed at micropylar end, colourless, shell sculptured with
hexagonal pattern all over.
It is quite unusual to find eggs which have a colour pattern in
the shell. There are some of course but comparatively few and
these are nearly all in the Lasiocampid group. The vast majority
of species have transparent shells, which allow free play for the
larva inside to show through as it matures. They may be yellow
or green when laid, and turn orange or red, then gray to black before
hatching out, but when the larva is out the eggshells remaining are
transparent and colourless.
The first group described by South is the
Sphingidae.
10 resident and 7 alien species.
Large oval green eggs with smooth shell. All are, so far as I can
make out, of the " flat " type, but the micropyle is hard to find.
The shell is thin with no appreciable sculpturing and no pigment,
all colour being due to the contents showing through. They are
usually laid singly on the underside of the leaf of the food-plant, to
which they are firmly attached. None of our species pass through
the winter in the egg stage.
Dilina tiliae, length 'Zmm., shape elongated ovoid, matte surface,
colour dull green.
S))ie)-i.nthi(s popnli, 2-2mm., ovoid, matte surface, green.
iS. ocellatus, 2-lmm., ovoid, matte surface, bright green.
Aclierontia atropos, 2'lmm., short ovoid, finely pitted, surface dull,
pale greenish yellow.
Sphbix convolvuli, I'lmm., ovoid, shell rough but shiny, emerald
green.
S. ligustri, 2mm., ovoid, dull, emerald green.
Hyloicns pinantri, I'Somm., ovoid, dull, pale yellow.
Deilephila enphorbiae, l-6mm., short ovoid, dull, bright green.
D. gain, l-16mm., short ovoid, shortened, dull, bright green.
Phryxu.s livoniica, no example.
Hippotion celerio, no example.
Daphnis nerii, no example.
Theretra {Metopsyllus) porcdliis, r2mm., shortened ovoid, dull,
bright emerald green.
Chaerocampa elpenor, l-7mm., ovoid, dull, bright green.
Macroglossuin stellatanun, -Omm., nearly globular, smooth, green.
Hemaris fi(ciformis, 2-4mm., nearly globular, smooth, green.
H. titijus, 2-4mm., nearly globular, smooth, green.
The eggs of all the species in this group are very similar except
in size, those of S. convolvuli st^nd M. stellatarnm being notably small,
while those of Heniaris are notably large. H. pinastri is notable
for its colour which is yellow instead of the prevailing green.
8
NoTODONTiDAE. 25 Species.
Upright, bun-shaped, usually pale blue-green, shell opaque with
little or no sculpture but roughened surface. Pigmentation is
present m several species {Cernra, Dicranura, Phalcra, Pytjaera).
Usually laid singly, occasionally 2 or 3 near together, on the upper
or under side of the leaf of the foodplant. None of the species pass
the winter in this stage.
Cerura bicuspis, 1-lnim., rough shell, purple black.
C. bifida, I'Bmm., rough shell, brownish black.
C. furcula, 1-lmm., rough shell, black.
Vinanura vinvla, I'Tmiu., rough shell, red brown, paler below,
upperside of leaf.
Staiiropiis fayi, I'Tmm., dull surface, stone white, semi-transparent.
Gluphida crenata, no example.
Vripnonia triinacnla, -SSmm., dull surface, green, larva visible.
D. chaonia, 1mm., dull surface, bluish white shade over green.
Pheosia trevmla, I'lmm., dull surface, white tinged green.
P. liictaeoides, l-2mm., roughened, shells pale blue green.
]Sotod())ita ziczac, 1mm., matte, pale greenish blue, under sallow
leaf.
A', drouiedarins, 1mm., roughened, pale blue-green.
N. phoebe={tritophus), no example.
N. trito})Jiiis={torra), l-2mm., matte, palest blue.
i\\ trepida, l-25mm., matte, white tinged green.
Leucodonta bicohnia, "Omm., matte, pale green.
LophoptenjA- cuciillo, •95mm., almost smooth, pale green.
L. ca)neli)ia, 1mm., almost smooth, micropylar darker, pale blue
green, under birch leaf.
Odontosia coniielita, 1-lmm., matte, pale eggshell green.
Ptilophora plnmiyera, •85mm., matte, olive brown with pale under-
side ring and micropylar area.
Pterosto)na palpiiut, I'lmm., matte, pale gieenish white, under
lime leaf.
PJialera bncepliala, 1mm., matte, bluish white above and bluish
black below.
Pyyaera curtula, •95mm., reticulated, seagreen, on upperside of
aspen leaf.
P. aiiachoreta, no example.
P. pigro, 'Smm., fine reticulations, purplish red.
The three species of Cerura are notable on account of the colour
of the eggs being black and this is in the shell as they undergo
no change on hatching. S. fayi ova are abnormal in shape being
more like a much flattened globe. l\ pluvrit/era is different in
colour and more resembles Pyyaera than the true Notodonts. P.
bucep/iala is unmistakeable as the lower half of the egg is blue
black.
9
Thyatiridae. 9 Species.
Very specialised form, flat ovoid, with bold sculpture and bright
colour showing through shell.
Habrosyne derasa, 'Tmm., rather square elongated ovoid, boldly
ribbed, white to red.
TJujat'ua batis, 'Brnm., elongated ovoid, ribbed, white to red.
Palinipsfstis octogesiiua, l-2mm., elongated ovoid, recticulated,
honey yellow.
I*, or, no example.
/'. diiplaris, -Tmm., boldly ribbed, white.
P. finctiioaa, no example.
Asphalia dilnta, I'lmm., elongated ovoid, one end square, matte,
dirty white.
Fohj))loca fiavicorniH, -SSmm., ovoid, one end tapered, reticulated,
rosy red.
/'. ritle}is, -gmm,, ovoid, one end tapered, reticulated, white.
An interesting group showing considerable differences. Eggs
usually laid singly on twigs at a fork or below a bud where in one
species [A. diluta) the winter months are passed. This latter is the
only opaque-shelled egg in the group. 7'. batis oviposits on the tips
of the thorns of bramble.
Lymantriidae, 10 Species.
Upright, depressed spheroid, often covered with bair by parent;
laid in batches ; several with darker markings on shell.
Onii/ia i/onosti'ipiia, .9mm., rough surface, opaque, 'dull white.
0. antiqua, •9mm., rough surface, opaque, pale bufi" with brown
centre and ring.
Dasijchirci fascelina, l*3mm., rough surface, opaque, white, covered
with long brown $ hairs.
D. piidibiDida, l'05mm., rough surface, opaque, stone white.
Enpioctis cliryaorilioea, "Smui., matte, covered with hairs by $ ,
semi-transparent, honey yellow.
I'orthesia aiiiiilis, •Bniiu., roughened slightly, hair covering, semi-
transparent, golden yellow.
Laelia cacnosa, no example.
StilpiJotia salicis, •9mm., matte, covered with dried froth, semi-
transparent, olive green.
Ijjiiiantria dispar, I'Smm., covered with down, semi-trans-
parent, pale brown with darker blotches.
L. nionacha, l^lnim., shell roughened, semi-transparent, golden
brown with dark and light brown patches.
The most remarkable feature of this group is the covering of the
eggs by the $ parent with hairs from her body, such species as
D.fau'eli)ia, K.chrywrrlioea and /'. .s/////Z/.s having laige and prominent
10
abdominal tufts for the purpose. 0. antiqiia lays on the outside
of her cocoon and the eggs pass the winter in this situation. It
appears to be the only species in this group with a pigmented egg-
shell which does not therefore lose its colour when hatched.
Lasiocampidae. 11 Species.
Flat ovoid, usually smooth shell, but with pigmented markings
which remain after hatching. In Malacosoma they are laid in an
upright position.
Malocosoma neiaitria, I'lmm., shell rough, pale brown with white
micropylar area.
M. castrensis, 1-lmm., rather squared, shell rough, dark brown
with top part nearly white.
Tricli'mra crataet/i, l-5mm., smooth, black covered with brown
hairs.
Poecilocampa popidi, l-6mm., smooth, light brownish white,
brown and dark grey markings.
Erio(jaHter lanestris, I'lOmm., smooth, pale brownish with dark
central patch, covered with hairs.
Lasiocampa qiiercus, 2-3mm., smooth, pale brown marked with
darker brown.
L. trifolii, I'Tmm., smooth, brownish white marked with pale
brown and dark spots.
MacrotJn/lacia riibi, 2'lmm., smooth, brownish white with
darker ridges and spots.
Cos)notriche potaturia, 2mm., finely pitted, white with pale sea
green markings.
Epicnaptera ilicifulia, l-6mm., finely pitted, white with grey black
markings.
Gastropacha ijiiercifolia, I'Smm., finely pitted, white marked with
greenish black.
Noticeable chiefly for the pigmentation of the eggshells which
retain their specific coloration after hatching and are easily
identified. Usually laid in batches, large in the case of 3i. neustria
and }J. castreiisis, small in C. potatoria. M. neustria and M. castrensis
embed the eggs in a hard cement, so that they can sometimes be
slipped off the twig on which they were laid without destroying their
arrangement as a ring around it. T. cratae(ji and E. lanestris cowev
the eggs with parental hairs. A group of very large size eggs in
relation to the size of the parent, particularly P. popidi and T.
crataegi.
Endkomididae. 1 Species.
Endroniis versicolor, l*8mm., flat, elongated ovoid, transparent,
smooth and shiny, purplish brown, laid in batches along birch twigs.
11
Saturniidae. 1 Species.
Safiujiia pavonia, l*6mm., fiat, ovoid, opaque, matte, dull whitish
with brown markings, laid in batches on heather, etc., differ from
M. ri(bi in size (smaller) and markings, which are much less
distinct. Said to resemble dead heather flowers.
DREPANmAK. 6 Species.
Flat, ovoid, transparent.
Drepaiia falcataria, "Somm., nearly smooth, palest greenish
yellow, orange red markings at sides.
D. harpa(/ula, no example,
D. binaria, -TSmm., looks nearly smooth, but is finely corrugated,
pale yellow, blotched rosy red, much covered with scales.
/). ciiltran'a, -Tmm., ribbed, pale yellow, blotched reddish.
D. lacertiiiaria, •8mm., one end narrowed, smooth, pale lemon.
CilLv (flaucata, -Tmm., one end narrowed, smooth, orange red.
D. cultraria seems to be less flattened but the other 4 species noted
are very similar in shape, with C. r/lancata rather more flattened at
one end.
NoLiDAE. 5 species.
Upright, flattened spheroid, ribbed, usually transparent.
Nola cHcullatella, •45mm., pigmented, pale yellowish green,
markings reddish.
N. singula, •4mm., pale yellow^
N. confnsalis, •45mm., palest green.
iV. albula, •4mm., greenish white.
N. centonalu, no example.
A distinctly specialised group, very much alike, except the first
species which develops a red spot in the centre covering themicropylar
area.
CHLOEPHORmAE. 3 species.
Upright, usually flat spheroid, transparent.
Farias chlorana, •75mm., nearly smooth, pale yellow.
Hylophila prasinana, l^lmm., ribbed, claret and white.
hi. bicolorana, l*4mm., ribbed, red and white.
H. prasinana and H. bicolorana are much alike and unmistakeable,
being extremely flat, and each egg being enclosed in an outer envelope
of transparent and colourless material.
Sarrothripinae. 1 species.
Sarrothripus revai/ana, -SSmm., reticulated, pale yellow w^ith dull
purple red markings.
12
Arctiidae SUBFAMILY Arctiinae. 15 Species.
Upright, spherical with flat base, colourless, thin shell, nearly
smooth.
Spilosoma menthastri, -TSnim., smooth, white.
5. urticae, "Smm., slightly pitted, white.
/S'. luhricifteda, 'SSmm., slightly pitted, palest greenish white.
Diafihora wendica, •9mm., slightly pitted, yellowish white.
Phraymatohia fuliginosa, 'Tomm., slightly pitted, yellowish white,
with a pinkish tinge.
Parasemia plantayinu, 1mm., very finely reticulated, shiny,
yellowish white.
Diacrisia sannio, 'TSmm., very finely reticulated, shiny, pearly
white.
Arctia caja, 1mm., very fine reticulation, greenish yellow.
A. rillica, -Gmm., very fine reticulation, waxy white with a
brownish tinge.
CaUiuwrpha qnadripunctaria, 'Smm., very fine reticulation, pale
greenish white.
C. doniinida, 'Bmm., very fine reticulation, pale greenish white.
Cuscinia striata, 'Tmm., very fine reticulation, shiny golden with
dark spot.
C. cribriim, no example.
Deiopeia ptdchella, no example.
Hipocrita jacobaeae, -Tmm., nearly smooth, pale yellow.
A group of great uniformity and apart from C. striata the species
are very hard to separate without the parent or at least the food-
plant to help. Usually laid in large batches on the underside of a
leaf.
ARCTimAE SUBFAMILY LiTHOSIINAE. 16 SpecieS.
Probably upright flattened spheroid ; thin, transparent shell,
sometimes with reticulated pattern.
Atolmis rubricollis, no example.
jSndaria ninndana, 'Tmm., ovoid, finely ribbed, pale green white,
opalescent.
Comacla senex, no example.
Miltochrista miniata,, 'Hmm., elongated ovoid, reticulated, pale
lemon.
Endrosa irrorella, -Tmm., elongated ovoid, smooth, purple brown.
Cybosia vieaomella, -TSmm., flattened spheroid, smooth, pale
yellowish green.
Oeonestia quadra, 'Tmm., flattened spheroid, reticulated, palest
green.
Litliosia deplana, no example.
L. ariseola, no example.
L. lurid eola, no example.
13
L. complana, -Tmm., flattened spheroid, very fine reticulations,
very pale green.
L. sericea, no example.
L. lutarella, no example.
L. caniola, no example.
L. Hororcula, no example.
Peloua viuscerda, -Qmrn.., flattened spheroid, reticulated, pale
yellowish or greenish white.
This seems to be a very interesting group, but I have as yet
so little material I can hardly form an opinion of it, having only
photographed 7 species out of the 16. All those done are upright,
8 ovoid, 4 spheroid, 4 are sculptured, and 3 smooth or nearly so.
I should much like further help with them.
14
ANNUAL ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS
OF THE
South l^ontiou ®iitomo(ogical anb Natural ^istorg
Sodetj).
Bead January 22nd, 1931.
By C. N. Hawkins, F.E.S.
LADIES and GENTLEMEN. You have just listened to the
Reports of your Council and Treasurer dealing with the
activities and finances of the Society for the past year and I
do not think I can usefully add much to what they say. The
Treasurer is again to be congratulated on the results of his efforts,
particularly in view of the fact that he had to meet an unprecedented
(so far as this Society is concerned) claim for Income Tax on our
investment income for several years past. These congratulations
have now, fortunately for us, become so regular an event that I am
not sure I ought not rather to congratulate the Society on possessing
such a Treasurer.
The interest in our meetings has been well maintained, indeed
it has increased judgmg from the average attendance, and the
standard of exhibits has been good. There is however still consider-
able room for improvement in the number of exhibits made by the
younger members.
As Mr. Andrews pointed out last year, it too often happens that
it is left to the older members to provide the bulk of the exhibits.
It is difficult to adduce reasons for this, probably there are many,
but I would like to repeat Dr. Cockayne's words of two years ago
that " to be interesting an exhibit need not be large." Although
spoken in reference to the Annual Exhibition this remark applies
equally well to oar Ordinary Meetings, and for those occasions at
any rate I would add — nor need it be of some rare or remarkable
species or form. There are very many quite common species of the
various Orders with which, in one stage or another, many of us are
not familiar, at any rate in all their variations, and exhibits of them
15
would almost certainly interest some of our members and be highly
suitable for Ordinary Meetings.
The Annual Exhibition was again a great success and for once
was favoured by fine weather. The attendance was only just short
of the record for recent years but in spite of this there was much
less congestion owing to an improved arrangement of the tables,
which also allowed the magnificent series of exhibits to be more
easily inspected. There is, I think, but one criticism that could
justly be made, and that is that there were not enough exhibits of
Orders other than Lepi;ioptera. This is more to be regretted, as it
is amongst these other Orders that some of the most interesting
forms of life are found ; forms moreover of prime importance from
the economic point of view.
The appeal for contributions to the fund for the provision of light
refreshments at the Exhibition has, I am sorry to say, not met with
quite such a good response as last year and the drain on the Society's
income has been proportionately increased. Matters in this respect
cannot be considered to be on a satisfactory footing until the
membership and regular income of the Society has been increased
to such an extent that all such expenditure can be met out of the
ordinary revenue. That is the ideal we must keep ever before us.
One of the great events of the year has been the long expected
arrival of the Lister Collection and cabinets in our rooms. There
were certain unavoidable delays due to the redecoration of the
rooms, etc., but now the Collection is here and we can still more
appreciate the generosity of the late Mrs. Lister and of Col.
Labouchere in presenting us with such a magnificent donation.
When our own collection has been incorporated with it, we shall
undoubtedly have a splendid reference collection of British and
Palaearctic Lepidoptera, which should be of the very greatest value
to members.
If, after the two collections have been combined, there should
still be any deficiencies, I feel sure that with the assistance of
members, the gaps will ere long be tilled.
As you have already heard death has deprived the Society of seven
members and Obituary Notices have already appeared in the
Entomological Journals with regard to some of them. Where this
has been the case I must acknowledge my indebtedness to them for
some of the particulars I am about to give.
First and foremost, of course, on the roll of our losses comes the
name of our late President, Mr. E. B. Carr. I think I am right in
16
saying, that never before has the Society suffered the loss of a
President, and the event naturally could not fail to cast a shadow
over our activities during the past year.
F. B. Carr had been a member of the Society for over 30 years
and during that time had endeared himself to many owing to his
unfailing courtesy and good nature and the readiness with which
he placed his wide knowledge and experience at the service of any
who asked for them. Although of late years he was not a frequent
exhibitor, he attended our meetings both here and in the field
whenever possible and took a keen interest in all the Society's
doings. He passed away on March 10th last without having ever
been able to take up the position to which he had been elected and
which he had so well earned.
G. Trevor Lyle joined the Society in 1921 and died on August
14th last at the comparatively early age of 57. Although his
interest in Natural History was wide, there being few branches
which had not claimed his attention at one time or another, it was
to Entomology and ultimately to the parasitic insects that his
energies were chiefly directed. School and business brought about
his residence in widely differing parts of the country. Sherborne,
Devizes, Bath, Lymington, Brockenhurst, Cambridge, Wallington
and Halifax at different times provided a base for his activities
and enabled him to obtain at first hand a wide experience and
knowledge of his subject. The New Forest district, however, was
perhaps his favourite and of this area he possessed a very thorough
knowledge. His scientific work was of great importance and he
wrote many notes and papers particularly on the British Bramnidae
upon which he was an acknowledged authority. He became a
a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London in 1912 and was
also a member of the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union.
Arthur William Mera was elected a Member of this Society so
long ago as 1885 and died on July 21st last year. He had thus
been a member for some 45 years. Although he was 81 years of
age at the time of his death, he still retained what had been an
almost life long interest in Entomology and I am told that even as
recently as during the winter of 1929-30 he had made some night
collecting trips in Epping Forest near which he lived. He was an
extensive breeder of Lepidoptera and was keenly interested in
Melanism, examples of which (captured or bred by himself), he has
frequently shown at meetings of this Society. Of late years his
attendances at our meetings had naturally become fewer but he will
17
be greatly missed by all who knew him. In addition to his long
membership of our own Society he was amongst the oldest members
of the London Natural History Society and of the Essex Field
Club.
William Henry Miles became a member of this Society in 1881
and was therefore an even older member than the late A. W. Mera
in spite of the fact that he was considerably younger in years, being
only 67 at the time of his death, which took place at Calcutta on
September 2nd. He was a former Hon. Secretary of our Society
and a son-in-law of our esteemed fellow-member Mr. Edward Step.
He was interested in Microscopy and Botany, as well as in Entomo-
logy, but his long absence in India prevented us seeing much of
him here, although I believe he attended our meetings whenever he
happened to be inthiscountry. In lateryearshewaschiefly interested
in Economic Entomology especially in relation to pests of the tea-
shrub. I am sure you will all join with me in tendering our
sincere sympathy to Mr. Step and his daughter in their sad loss.
J. H. Carpenter joined this Society in 1886 and died on June
80th, 1930. He was a very regular attendant at our Ordinary and
Field Meetings for many years and concentrated his entomological
energies on the British Butterflies of which, I am told, he had a
very fair collection. He was a very genial companian and his
death, which took place quite suddenly from heart disease, deprives
our Society of yet another of its older members. He is buried
in Leatherhead Parish Churchyard.
E. Sancean joined the Society in 1925 and died in May last.
He was chiefly interested in Botany and was a frequent borrower
of books on that subject from our Library.
Douglas James Mounsey also joined the Society in 1925. He
was interested in Entomology and Ornithology but was not,
unfortunately, often seen at our meetings. He died suddenly from
heart disease on November 8th last, at Eaglesden Farm, Benenden,
Kent, to which he had recently removed.
I will ask you to stand for a few moments in honour of the dead.
I have divided the remainder of my address into two parts. In
the first I propose to make a few general remarks with regard to
one of the principal objects of this Society : and in the second part,
which in a sense arises out of the first, I propose briefly to call
attention to certain work which has been done, and observations
which have been made, in connection with the variation in the
18
number of moults undergone by larvae of Lepidoptera, in the hope
that my doing so may lead to further experiment and research.
Part I. General Remarks on the Objects of the Society.
In the old edition of our Bye-Laws it was stated that one of the
objects of this Society was " the diffusion " of Biological Science.
In the new edition this has been revised to read " the advancement
and diffusion " of Biological Science. This may seem a small
point but the idea which lies behind the change is, I think you
will all agree, of considerable importance.
Members of our Society have done in the past, and many are still
doing, so much to advance the cause of science by observation and
research that it may seem unnecessary to call special attention to
this point, but with our greatly increased membership it does seem
to me, and I believe others think so too, that we should be able to
publish in our Proceedings more original notes of biological
importance and interest than we do. Obviously however this is a
matter which rests in the hands of members ; if notes and obser-
vations are not made they cannot be published.
Although this Society is and has always been fortunate enough
to possess amongst its members a considerable number of experts
in various branches of scientific pursuit, many of us are not trained
scientists and it may be contended therefore that we cannot hope
to emulate the work of which the trained scientist is capable.
Nevertheless, as the " Entomologist " reminds us every month on
its cover, it is " By mutual confidence and mutual aid great deeds
are done and great discoveries made " and even the trained scientist
has often to rely for his material on the observations and notes of
others. It is therefore a mistake for anyone to think it is not worth
while to record observations provided they are carefully made. It
may well happen that some apparently trivial fact, when correlated
with other facts by a specialist may give him a clue to an important
truth or law which may have far-reaching results. Probably
there is no member, past, present or future, of this Society who has
not, or will not, at some time or other come across some interesting
item relating to a life-history, a response to environment, a
protective device, a form of inheritance, or some other matter which
if duly recorded, would be of value in helping to elucidate the
many mysteries which still surround us, even in connection with
our own British fauna and flora. We should all of us I think,
endeavour, in however small a degree we may have opportunity to
19
do so, to assist in this way at least, the " advancement " of
Biological Science.
Briefly the Science of Biology may be said to have for its objects
the study of living forms in all their varied aspects of inheritance,
adaptations and reactions to environment (including their inter-
reactions on each other) the methods and processes of nutrition,
growth, and reproduction and many other matters, so as on the one
hand to obtain a fuller knowledge of the great scheme of Nature
and on the other hand to apply that knowledge for the benefit of
the Human Race by the control and elimination of diseases, the
maintenance and improvement of our food supplies, and the
maintenance, so far as lies within our power, of such a " Balance of
Nature " as will enable the Human Race to continue to exist upon
this Planet.
Naturally, a large part of the work involved in the pursuit of these
objects must be carried out by specialists in laboratories and
Research stations, but, equally naturally, it is but a part of the
necessary work that can be so dealt with. It is, after all, from
observations made in the field in a species' natural environment that
much of the most valuable information about that species' habits
and life history must be obtained and I would urge all, especially
our younger members, to endeavour to ascertain all they can in that
way, whenever an opportunity offers, about any species with which
they come into contact.
The words of the late Dr. T. A. Chapman in one of his many
papers nearly 30 years ago " The truth being that we require every
scrap of knowledge that we can get, about every species," still retain
their force.
Realisation of the immensity of the problem involved in that short
sentence has grown enormously since then, and indeed, increase of
knowledge has merely served to widen the scope of inquiry. To
speak of Lepidoptera only, it is now evident that before anything
approaching an adequate knowledge of a species can be obtained it
may be necessary to take into consideration such factors as the
temperature and humidity of the atmosphere and soil during each
stage of the insect's life over a period of years ; the nature, identity,
life-histories and prevalence or scarcity (with the causes thereof)
over that period of years, of the species' enemies (parasitic and
otherwise) or friends (hosts, etc) ; the variations in numbers of the
species over the same period of years ; the food ; the character of the
soil ; the quantity and quality of the light in the species' habitat ;
20
the influence of other species ; the nature, identity, causes and
effects of diseases and the means by which they are communicated
and the interdependence of all these, and many other factors, one
upon another.
Even the particular part of a plant and, indeed, the particular
part of the leaf or stem of a plant, and the particular time of day
or night as well as the season of the year upon and at which a
Lepidopterous larva feeds may be of great importance, since it has
been shown that the chemical constituents and nutritional value of
a food plant vary greatly according to the season, time of day,
position of a leaf on the tree or plant and portion of leaf selected
for food. Incidentally, the point I have just mentioned may possibly
provide a clue as to why so many lepidopterous larvae are difficult to
rear satisfactorily in captivity even under the best conditions of light
and air. It may be that they feed, in the wild state, on a certain
part of a tree or plant at a certain time of day and that neglect to
supply them in captivity Avith food of the correct chemical composition
injuriously affects them. Trees and plants of the same species grown
in different soil may also differ chemically or in the proportions of
their constituent chemicals and this could well be a further cause of
difficulty. Uvarov's paper on *' Insect Nutrition and Metabolism"
in the " Transactions of the Entomological Society of London " for
1928 contains a vast amount of most valuable information on the
subject of insect foods, but many of the factors mentioned above
have hardly been worked upon at all and afford a great chance for
useful observation and research.
Here I should like to emphasise another point and that is the
necessity for co-operation. I do not now refer to co-operation
between workers in the same branch of Science but to co-operation
between workers in all branches. Modern conditions compel
specialisation more and more every day, but as specialisation
increases so must co-operation, if erroneous deductions and distorted
views are to be avoided. As an example, the Entomologist requires
the co-operation not only of the Botanist and the Chemist amongst
others, but also of the Geologist. The necessity for the first has of
course always been obvious to everyone, especially in connection
with work in tropical countries : the assistance of the Chemist is
becoming recognised as of more and more importance in furnishing
analyses of soils, foods (vegetable or otherwise), atmospheric and
other media in which insects live, the tissues and fluids of insects'
bodies, and many other things of importance to insects, but it too
21
often happens, I fear, that the work of the Geologist is regarded as
something of very little practical importance to the Entomologist,
unless it be in connection with the discovery of the remains of
ancient forms of insect life. I venture to suggest however that if
the aid of the Geologist were sought more often than it is, many
problems of insect distribution would become less baffling, not only
through a better understanding of the soils of the present day, but
also because he can tell us much as to the climatic conditions and
land distribution of past ages.
Part II. Numerical variation in the ecdyses of
Lepidopterous Larvae.
I will now turn to the subject of variation in the number of
moults in the larvae of Lepidoptera, and in this connection it must
be understood that when giving the numbers of moults I do not
include the moult which takes place on pupation.
It is, of course, common knowledge that the number of moults
undergone by Lepidopterous larvae varies in different species, but it
may not be so generally known to what an extent that number may
vary in a single species, or to what causes that variation may be
attributable. I must confess that in my early days of collecting I
assumed that when a larva reached a certain stage of growth and
development it automatically, as it were, moulted and that it did
this at definite intervals until it, again automatically, became a pupa.
As time went on however I realised that this was very far from
being the truth, and that many factors might operate to upset what
I may call the normal coarse for a particular species.
One of the first difficulties one comes up against in dealing with
this matter, is the apparent absence of reliable published data for
the majority of species.
Out of some 830 species of British Macro-Lepidoptera (so called)
and Grypocera included in Scorer's "Log Book " 1 have been able
to obtain records of the numbers of the moults in 164 cases only,
and these have been collected from various publications, from
information supplied by Dr. Cockayne and others, and in a few
cases from my own notes.
Amongst the Micro-Lepidoptera the position is naturally worse
owing in part, no doubt, to the extreme difficulty of observation in
many cases.
As a result of this lack of published information, or of easily
obtainable information, it is probable that many instances of
22
abnormal moulting pass unnoticed or unrecorded, but nevertheless
there have been a considerable number of reported cases both in
this country and abroad, and it is to some of these I wish to draw
your attention.
Perhaps the best known case of variation of this kind is that of
Arctia caja, L. The late Dr. T. A. Chapman showed, " Ent.
Record, " IV., pp. 265 et seq. and V., pp. 33 et seq. that individuals
of the same brood of this species might have any number of moults
from 5 to 13 and he came to the conclusion that this was a result
of mong^relisation of several races and subsidiary varieties, each
with its own characteristic series of moults, but he apparently
considered that the hereditary character could be modified by
temperature and indeed states at one place that " It appears to be
entirely a matter of temperature."
For purposes of convenience he divided his larvae, by rates of
growth, into three sections which he called respectively " Forwards "
" Normals " and " Laggards."
The " Forwards " which became adult in the Autumn might
have had 5 or 6 moults. The " Normals " which hibernate and
become adult in the following Spring, might have from 6 to 8
moults, while the " Laggards," which undergo a partial hibernation
only and continue to feed very slowly throughout the winter, might
have from 7 to 13 moults.
In the course of his paper Dr. Chapman states that the average
number of " Forward " type in the considerable number of broods
and generations he reared was " generally not far from five per cent "
but he gives several instances where this did not hold good.
One of his broods was reared partly by himself at a temperature
of 60°-65° and the other portion was reared by Mr. Merrifield at a
temperature of 80°.
The chances certainly are that the two portions of this brood
would have been constituted in the same way so far as the proportion
of " Forwards," " Normals," *' Laggards " and subsidiaries is
concerned. Yet Dr. Chapman's portion produced 4 " Forwards,'*
7 "Doubtfuls," and 136 "Normals" while Mr. Merrifield's portion
produced 150 " Forwards " and 50 " Normals" (the latter possibly
including some "Laggards"). Another brood reared by Dr.
Chapman in June which " no doubt had the benefit of a slightly
higher temperature " produced 76 " Forwards " 85 " Normals " and
49 " Laggards " while a Mr. Edmonds of Windsor was in the habit
of getting about 35 per cent of " Forwards " which he (Mr. Edmonds)
28
attributed to his method of feeding, but Dr. Chapman thought was
due to a higher temperature.
In this connection it might be of interest to record the only
experience I have had in breeding this species in large numbers.
In the Autumn of 1913, which 1 see from my notes was an unusually
warm one, I had some 220 larvae which had hatched on August
80th and 31st from eggs laid by a captured Norfolk female. They
were reared in the earlier stages in glass jars covered with gauze
and were fed as a rule twice daily with an ample supply of Rumex.
By the beginning of November I had obtained without any deliberate
forcing 83 pupae and one larva had died after spinning up. So
that in this case there were 84 " Forwards " i.e., larvae with but
6 or 6 moults, in a batch of 220 larvae.
Evidently, whatever may be the decisive factor governing the
rate of growth in this species (whether heredity, temperature, or
quantity of food) it is not size or state of internal development
which dictates when a moult shall take place.
Interesting examples may also be found amongst the larvae of
some other species as the following instances show.
Lasiocainpa qiievcm, L., normally has 5 moults, i.e., 6 larval
in stars.
Vars. viburni and meridionalis are stated by Guenee (" Ann. Soc.
Ent. France," 1868, p. 407) to have 5 moults, but var. viburni is
said by Bacot (Tutt, " Brit. Lep." III., p. 62) to have had but 4
moults with him, although he was a little doubtful as to some extra
large larvae.
Var. sicula is said to have " about 9 " moults (Tutt, " Brit. Lep."
III., p. 71).
Var. callioiae is doubtfully recorded by Bacot (Tutt, "Brit. Lep."
III. p. 75) as having 5 moults while Shipston (loc. cit. p. 76) gives
6 or 7.
Orgj/ia aiitigiia, L. was noted by Chapman (" E.M.M." XXIII.,
p. 224) as having 3, 4 or 5 moults and that the 3 moulter forms
produced males, the 4 moulter ones both sexes, and the 5 moulters
females. He considered that the 4 moulter females corresponded to
the 8 moulter males while the 5 moulter females corresponded to
the 4 moulter males. In America the same species was recorded
by Dyar (Tutt, " Brit. Lep." II., p. 12) as having 5 moults in the
male and 6 in the female.
Notolophns (Oruyia) (fiilosa, is stated, also by Dyar (loc. cit), to have
8 or 4 moults in the male, but always 4 in the female.
24
Orgyia deiinita^ Pack, has 6 moults in the female but apparently
5 only in the male, if I read Dyar's note (" Psyche," Y. p. 429 and
Note 11. on p. 422) correctly.
Xotolophiis [Or(jyia) leiicostiyina, was recorded by Prof. C. V. Riley
as having 3 moults in the male and 4 in the female (" E.M.M."
XXIII. p. 274 and see '* Psyche." V. p. 28) and in connection with
this he says that " there is a very general tendency in individuals to
vary from the normal number of moults in the species" and that
" whenever there is much discrepancy in the sizes of the sexes, the
smaller (usually the male) undergoes a less number of moults and
that the variation in the numbers of larval moults (except where, as
in these cases, it is sexual, and presumably pre-determined in the
egg) is dependent on food supply rather than hibernation." He
also adds '* it may be stated as a very general rule that moulting is
correlated with rate of growth and nutrition, those species which
have a short larval existence, generously nourished, exuviating least.
A rule applying to the class is presumably applicable to the
individuals."
Although in the case of the last four species the variation is partly
sexual, there is evidently some other factor at work in antiqna and
yiilosa.
Schiznra ipunieae, Doubl., is said by Dyar ("Psyche," V. p. 421)
to have 4 moults, while Packard records 5 (" Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist.," 24, p. 584).
Kdeun'a albifrons, S. & A., is given by Dyar (" loc. cit."j as having
5 moults, but Packard records 4 only (*' loc. cit." p. 525).
Platt/santia (Attacns) cecropia, L., has four moults according to
Prof. C. V. Riley (" Amer. Entom.," Feb. 1870, 2, p. 100) but 5
moults according to Wailly (" Bull. Soc. Acclim. France," May, 1882,
S. 3, Vol. 9, pp. 266-267), and Mrs. A. K. Dimmock suggested
(" Psyche," V. 29) that this difference was due to climatic influences.
CoHiinityirhe [Odovestis) potatoria, L., larvae which Bacot had
under observation appear to have had but 5 moults (Tutt " Brit.
Lep." III., p. 168, et seq.) while some I reared ab. ovo in 1926-27
required 7 moults (" Entomologist," LXI., p. 98, et seq.) and others
I have reared since also had 7 moults.
In the majority of British Acronictids Chapman found the
normal number of moults to be 5 but that several (perhaps all)
species had individual larvae with 4 moults only. He states that
in runricis this is fairly common " most broods presenting some
examples of it" and that he had also noted it in menyanthidis,
25
anriconia, leporina and areria. He also found " this variation had no
relation to sex " nor was it an attempt " to reach the imago state
more rapidly and to become double-brooded." He says " It seems
to be a spontaneous variation whose meaning and use have yet to
be discovered " and continues " It is an interesting circumstance to
note, in connection with this that alni alone has 4 moults as the
normal number and that in rare instances it moults 5 times like the
others," The same observer also records that Daseorhaeta [piptJiera)
orion, Esp., also has extra moiilter larvae, which are all much
larger than normal, but that there is no tendency to divide into
two races (''E.M.M.," XXXIL, p. 57).
Tutt ("Brit. Lep." 2, p. 11) says "Buckler notes that Nola
cejitonalis, Hb., moults nine times, the other species of the genus but
six," but Dr. Cockayne informs me that larvae of N. coiifnsatis, Hb.,
ab. coliDiibaria, which he reared ab. ovo in 1907 had 4 moults only.
Sinerinthus ocellatns, L., has 4 moults according to Bacot and
Hellins (Tutt " Brit. Lep." III., pp. 484, 435) and also according to
Lucas (" Book of British Hawk Moths," 1895, p. 125) while
Clifford and Moncrief give 3 only (Tutt, " Brit. Lep." II., p. 17).
Antorpha ))opiili, L,, has 4 moults according to Buckler ('' Larvae,
etc."; and Tutt, "Brit. Lep." III., p. 479), Lucas ("loc. cit."
p. 129) and Weismann ("Studies in the Theory of Descent," pp.
236-239), but 3 only according to Clifford and Moncrief (Tutt,
" Brit. Lep." II., p. 17) and Bacot (Tutt, " Brit. Lep.," III., p. 478).
In 1923 I had a small batch of 16 larvae of this species 15 of
which had 3 moults but the remaining one, which had become
fixed to a honey-dewed leaf in its 1st stadium, moulted 4 times
("Entomologist," LVIIL, p. 207, et seq.). In this case the extra
moult appeared to be directly traceable to the accident in the 1st
stadium.
Smerinthns hybr. hybridns, Steph. was reared by Bacot who records
that some larvae had 3 moults, others 4 (Tutt, *" Brit. Lep." III.,
p. 456).
Many larvae of Butterflies with summer and spring broods
undergo one more moult in the case of the hibernating larvae than
they do with the summer larvae, and this was discussed at some
length in a paper by W. H. Edwards (" Psyche," III., p. 159, et seq.)
who suggested the difference was due to the hibernators being
obliged to get rid of the rigid skin in which the larvae passed the
winter.
On the other hand there are several of our British Butterflies, ('.7.,
26
Melanay(jia (jalathea, L., hh-ebia epiphron, Kn. and E. aetliiops^ Esp.
— the larvae of which hibernate and have a long life but neverthe-
less undergo 3 moults only, while other species with a short non-
hibernating larval existence such as Pleris brassicae, L., P. rapae,
L. and l\ uapi, L. require 4 moults to reach maturity.
These last few examples are very puzzling and are quite an
exception from the general rule stated by Prof. Riley, which I quoted
just now. Why, for instance, should the larvae of M. (/alatliea,
which has an existence of 8 or 9 months and passes through the
winter, be able to reach full growth with but 3 moults, while P.
brassicae with a larval period of a few weeks, requires 4 ? Admittedly
the two species are a long way apart, but to say that 3 is the
hereditary number of moults in one case and 4 in the other, while
being an easy way out of the difficulty, affords no real answer. It
would appear in fact that the cuticle of M. (/alathea is better suited to
its environment and in consequence retains its efficiency for a longer
period, probably owing to chemical differences.
Variation in the number of moults has been recorded (so far as I
know) in 8 species of British Butterflies, but the most remarkable
are the records of An/ynnis paphia, L. For this species Frohawk
(Natural History of British Butterflies) gives the number of moults
as 4, while Buckler (" Larva of British Butterflies ") gives 8. Other
species are. — Coliaa hyale, L., 5 (Frohawk) ; 4 (Morris, "Entomo-
logist." LXIII. pp. 40, 41). Gonepteri/x rhanini, L. 4 (Frohawk), 3
(Buckler). Apatiira iris^ L. 4 (Frohawk) ; 5 (Buckler). Plebeinsanjus,
Hw. {aetjou, Schiff.) 4 (Frohawk) ; 3 (Chapman in Tutt, " Brit. Lep."
X. 219). Ci/aniris aiyioliis, L. 3 (Frohawk) 4 (Buckler and Edwards
in Tutt, "Brit. Lep." IX. 409-484). Xowiades semianjus, Rott.
{acts, Schiff.) 5 (Frohawk) ; 4 (Chapman in Tutt, " Brit. Lep." X.
293) and Aiu/iades si/lvanus, Esp. 6 (Frohawk) ; 4 (Tutt, " Brit. Lep."
VIII. 138, 142).
Some of these variations are almost certainly due to different
conditions of rearing and go to show that even here there is no real
fixity of moulting habit.
There are doubtless a vast number of other similar records scattered
about in various Entomological and other works but enough have
been mentioned, I think, to show that this type of variation is fairly
widespread and frequent. Doubt has often been thrown on records
because they do not happen to agree with some subsequent worker's
observations, but it seems very probable that many of them are correct
and the differences have been due to actual variation.
27
There does not seem to have been a great deal (or perhaps I should
say I have not found many records) of experimental work on this
subject, and what has been done has usually been directed to some
other purpose, in the pursuit of which the phenomenon of numerical
variation of moults has appeared as an incident.
Mrs. A. K. Dimmock (" Psyche." V., p. 28 et seq.) quotes a paper
by Alfred Wailly in which he records that a Mr. Weniger reared
larvae of Antheraea mijlitta and of Ceratocampa iinpcrialis, " in a
large box, a greenhouse in miniature, heated by a kerosene lamp
upon which is placed a saucer filled with water. The larvae, kept
at a uniform temperature of about 25° centigrade " lived " in an
atmosphere charged with the vapours of water and kerosene and
instead of dying of disease " developed " with extraordinary rapidity "
with the result that they had 4 moults whereas under normal
conditions they have 5. Wailly goes on to say that in Ceylon
where the climate is also warm and moist, niylitta has but 4
moults.
Chapman (" Ent. Mo. Mag." XXXII., 54-80) gives details of two
expermients he carried out with larvae of Tiiphaena cmnea, Hb.,
{orhona, F.). In the 1st he fed some last stadium larvae on Arbntns
unedo upon which they nearly starved. After putting them back on
Rumex, all but two died and the survivors undertook an extra
moult. One of these died very soon, the other grew to a great size
and then died for no apparent reason. In the 2nd experiment, the
larvae were semi-starved in their last stadium so that they were
kept almost at a standstill for 5 or 6 weeks, and were then given
a plentiful supply of food. Some pupated, others died, while a few
moulted or attempted to moult again. Those that moulted, were,
however, abnormal in several respects, having certain pupal
characters. Dr. Cockayne suggests (" Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon."
LXXV. p. 303) that a toxin derived from the food may have been
at work here.
Uvarov (" Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond." LXXVI., p. 313) refers to a
series of experiments made by Cavazza with feeding silkworms on
mulberry leaves sprayed with various chemicals, and says that it was
found that Hydrochloric Acid or Cobalt Chloride might result in
an increase in the number of moults, but only if the concentration
used was too strong.
Tutt (" Brit. Lep." II., p. 11) quotes Packard as saying that '• as
a rule, the greatest number of moults occurs in holometabolic
insects with the longest lives, and that an excessive number of
28
ecdyses may, at times, be due to some physical cause such as lack
of food combined with a low temperature " and that " in the winged
insects, especially Lepidoptera, the number of moults is
dependent on climate ; insects of wide distribution, growing faster
in warmer climates consequently shedding their skins oftener, e.g.j
the same species may moult once oftener in the Southern than in
the Northern (American) States as in the case of Callosamiapromethea,
Drury, which in West Virginia is double brooded."
The last quotation would seem to contradict Packard's first
statement, and the opinion expressed in it would, moreover appear
to be due to a misapprehension, Dyar (" Psyche," 5, pp. 420 and
421, Note 1) for New York, and Edwards (" Psyche," 3, pp. 161
and 171-174) for West Virginia both record 3 moults for this species,
while Mrs. Dimmock (" Psyche," 5, p. 29) after referring to a
doubtful record of 4 moults made by a Mr. Lintner, says " As Mr.
Edward's specimens were reared farther south than were Mr.
Lintner's it would appear that this instance, if due to climatic
influence, was as would be expected, /.«., that the larvae reared at
the North had more moults than those reared at the South " a
suggestion, however, which Dyar doubts in view of his own
experience.
The great amount of variation in the number of larval moults
that exists as between species and species is too well known to need
any comment, except this, that there seems to be every possible
gradation between no moult (which has been recorded in the case of
some Micro-Lepidopterous species such as certain Xepticnlidae) at the
one extreme and the frequent moulters such as Arctiids and
Lithosiids at the other extreme.
In spite of this inter-specific variation I feel almost disposed to
suggest that further study would reveal that moulting is only
indirectly governed by heredity and that it is really dependent on
the chemical character of the larval cuticular excretions (as influenced
by food, etc.) plus temperature, plus the atmosphere or other medium
in which the larva lives; or rather is dependent on the reactions
between all three factors.
I am afraid this is a very imperfect and unsatisfactory summary
but if it serves to draw attention once again to the subject and results
in further observation, and more published records, it will have
carried out my intention and I wish to thank all those who have
furnished me with information or references, for without their help
this review would have been even less complete than it is.
29
With the many interesting facts correlated with variation in
moulting, such as the changes and development of larval markings
and plumage I cannot attempt to deal, but they are points well worth
careful study and observations.
In conclusion, Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish to thank you for the
honour you conferred upon me in electing me as a Vice-President
and for the still greater honour your Council did me in appointing
me to be your President for the greater part of the past year. At
the same time no one can regret more than I do the untimely event
which rendered the latter honour possible. May I also take this
opportunity of thanking you and the Officers and Council for the
courtesy and kindness you and they have always shown me.
My sole remaining duty, and that a very pleasant one, is to join
with you in welcoming your new President and old friend Mr. K. G.
Blair, and wishing him a happy and prosperous tenure of Office.
In him you have obtained a President under whose able and
experienced guidance the South London Entomological and Natural
History Society cannot do otherwise than grow, both in numbers
and prestige.
30
ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.
FEBRUARY 13th, 1930.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Stanley Edwards exhibited the Tsetse-fly, Glosaina moraitans^
received from the neighbourhood of Lake Nyassa.
Captain Curwen exhibited a short series of the melanic form of
Setiiiothifia {Macaria) liturata ab. ni<jro-fnlvata, from the Delamere
district.
Mr. Hawkins exhibited a specimen of the foliage with fruits
attached, which has been sold in the streets for Christmas
decoration, and asked what was the name of the plant. Mr. Step
said that the foliar part was butcher's broom, probably a continental
European species, while the fruits, which were cleverly attached,
were probably those of the " cape gooseberry."
Mr. Andrews exhibited the contents (36 S S' and 43 ? ? ) of a
match-box full of flies, Muwa ai(tnnmalis, De Geer, taken from a
large swarm found hibernating in the loft of a house in Bromley,
Kent. This is the second consecutive year that the loft has been
invaded by this fly, which usually chooses old houses, barns, or
churches in the country, rather than a comparatively small modern
house in a suburb.
Mr. Quilter exhibited a box of Coleoptera collected on the sand-
hills near Tenby, S. Wales, illustrative of shore and sandhill species,
some of which are cosmopolitan in their distribution.
Mr. Jarvis exhibited a number of Coleoptera of some economic
interest including specimens of Lytta [Cautharis] vesicatoria, L.,
which had been attacked in store by smaller beetles — Anobium
panicenm, Ptinus tectus, and Niptns hololencns, all well-known ware-
house pests belonging to the coleopterous group Teredilia, and
communicated the following note : —
L. vesicatoria (Heteromera) occurs locally in this country and
commonly on the continent, where it is known as the Spanish or
Blister-fly, and is imported for medical uses — i.e., for the extraction
81
from the carcases of the beetles, of the irritant drug Cantharidin. It
is perhaps of interest to reflect that, with the exception of the
cochineal insect (Hemiptera) it is the only official insect survivor of
the British Pharmacopoeia of 1687 cr/c, which amongst other things
ordained that formic acid should be obtained from " digested "
carcases of the ant Fornn'ca rtifa.
Among the dried beetles are found larvae of the beetle Tenehroides
tnaiiritanicKs (Clavicorn) predaceous upon larvae of the smaller pests
Ptinns and Anobinm. Both the larva and beetle were exhibited.
Another beetle, Rhizopertha dominica^ Fab. infests the butter-bean
of commerce and was shown, together with a pupa inside a bean.
Ehizopertha is also subject to predations of Tenebroidefi.
FEBRUARY 27th, 1930.
Mr. H. W. Andrews, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. de Worms exhibited newly emerged examples of Phifialin
pedaria of which one was a very strongly brown -grey or ochreous-
grey form ab. ochrea, the others were the usual greenish -grey forms,
but with the transverse lines of the forewings unusually strongly
developed. They were taken at road lamps near Egham. He also
reported a melanic example, the first taken in the district.
Mr. E. Step delivered a lecture upon the British Decapod
Crustacea, illustrated by lantern portraits of nearly all the species.
Commending the study of the group to the notice of entomologists,
he remarked that the Insecta and the Crustacea being parallel
divisions of the Arthropoda, there are comparatively close
resemblances in their anatomy and morphology, as well as in their
development from ova and through larval stages to the adult forms.
The families and genera were referred to in turn, and the
modifications of form, as in the lobsters, the swimming-crabs, the
hermit-crabs and the spider-crabs, brought about by different modes
of life, pointed out on the screen.
MMiCH 13th, 1930.
The decease of the recently elected President, Mr. F. B. Carr, was
reported and a vote of condolence with his family was passed.
It was announced that, in accordance with the Bye-laws, the
32
Council had filled the vacancy thus caused, by appointing Mr. C. N.
Hawkins, F.E.S., Vice-president, to be the President for the year.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins took the chair.
Capt. Curwen exhibited the Swiss hryoniae form of Pieris napiy
the sub-sp. polaris of Aglaia nrticae from Bossekop, the S. European
anargyra form of Dri/as paphia from Corsica, the type form of
Fararye oer/eria froui Cyprus, the ti(/elit(s form of P. megera from
Malta, the sub-sp. lucia of Polyoniwatiis icanis from Syria, the eleiis
form of Riunicia phlaeas from Corsica, the Swiss obscura form of
Lycaeiia avion, with races of Coenonympha paviphilus, Argynnis
cydippe, etc.
Mr. Robert Adkin exhibited a specimen of the Central American
butterfly Opsiphanea taiiiarindi that was found in January last at
Eastbourne on a bunch of bananas, attempting to expand its wings.
He said there appeared to be little doubt that in this case the larva
had crawled into the bunch of bananas at about the time that it was
gathered and pupated among the fruit, being thus transported to
this country before emergence took place, and he commented upon
the probability ot various tropical insects that are from time to time
found in this country arriving in a similar manner, bananas
apparently offering a particularly good opportunity for such trans-
portation.
Mr. C. G. M. de Worms exhibited a series of four British and
four Continental specimens of Papilio machaon for comparison.
The British were three from Wicken, {two bred), and one from
Ranworth (Norfolk Broads), taken from 1923 to 1926. The
Continental specimens were three from near Tours, taken in 1923
and an exceptionally large female taken near Zurich in 1924. It
was noticed that the British specimens differed appreciably from
the Continental, especially from the French examples, by having the
dark band of the upper wmgs much broader and the tint of the
wings of a paler yellow. There was also less blue scaling on the
bands of the lower wings of the British specimens. The darkest
continental specimens were of the form anrantiaca.
Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs exhibited a series of D<^/>r^.s.srtna a///)Za?za,Fabr.
taken in February and March, 1930, thus apparently all being
hibernated specimens, showing a considerable number of males,
which must also have hibernated. The proportions do not signify
much for most probably the females were sitting deeper in the bushes,
and the series was taken at random. There was one melanic female,
and the series showed a fair range of variation.
83
It is interesting to note that as with the dipterous exhibit of Mr,
Andrews, some two or three meetings past, showing both male and
female examples of a fly taken hibernating in the roof of a house,
so in this case also both sexes had hibernated together.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins exhibited: — 1. A living larva of Perconia
(Aspitates) striijillariay Hb., apparently in its last stadium, which
had been feeding and growing slowly all through the winter on a
potted plant of heather. According to Scorer these larvae should
hibernate, when smaller, at the roots, but the batch of which this
was the last survivor remained restless, fed at intervals in the evenings
and grew slowly. Unfortunately all but this one seem to have
wandered off the plant and been lost. This one moulted a few days
previously, but was not yet much larger than before the moult.
2. Four living larvae of Amathes (Anchocelis, Orthosia) lychnidisj
Schiff. {pifitacina, F.). These larvae were bred ab. ovo, the parent
2 having been taken on Wimbledon Common in October last. The
ova were laid on October 24th and 25th, and the larvae began to
hatch indoors on February 1st this year, since when they had been
kept in a moderately warm room. The exhibitor said : "A number
of foodplants have been recorded for this species, Scorer giving
Carex, Grainineae^ Banioicidiis, Hninex, Senecio vulgaris, Taraxacum
and Salix capraea, but I found that at first they refused dock and
dandelion, and wandered about restlessly until I supplied them with
some coarse grass (Triticuvi repens) when they soon began to feed.
They moulted 5 times in all and after the 3rd moult I tried them
again with dandelion as a food and found they now took to it readily.
After this it was their principal food but they still appeared to like
to have some coarse grasses mixed with the dandelion and appeared
to keep in better condition when they could mix their diet in this
way. I did not try the other foodplants mentioned, but think it
probable they would eat any of them during their later stages. As
will be seen there are two distinct colour forms, a green and a
brown. So far as I am aware only the green form (variously
called " apple-green " or "green inclining to yellowish ") has been
described, although Buckler figures both forms. Apart from colour
there appears to be no marked difference between the green and
the brown forms. In the most definite of the latter the colour
might be described as a yellowish olive-brown with a very pale
brown head."
Mr. Anderson exhibited two large ichneumons, the first bred from
a larva of Sphinx Ugustri and the second from a larva of Lasiocampa
84
querciis form callnnae, and also larvae of Cosmis luiniperda in various
stages of growth. The latter had been induced to nibble potatoes.
Mr. Hy. -I. Turner exhibited, on behalf of Mr. Wightman, bred
series of the two NonatiHa species N. dixsoluta and A^ iieiirica and
pointed out the clear distinction between them, the latter having a
well-marked transverse crest, which the former does not possess but
has a well-defined discoidal lunule on the underside of the hindwing,
which is completely wanting in N. neurica. The A^ diasolnta consisted
of typical dark examples, the arnndineta lighter form, which is the
prevalent one in this country, and the ab. rosea. The A", neurica^
consisted of the typical form, the red form rufescens and the dark
form fusca, all from E. Sussex, which is the only locality known in
this country, where the species has been obtained in the larval
stage.
He also showed the following foreign forms of British species : —
the white Candida form of Emyiiia cnhrum from Switzerland, a long
series of various forms of Paraseniia planta/iinu ^ s from the Alps ;
the forms cleodoxa, cleodippe, chlorodippe, and haiuvarica of Arcfynma
cydijjpe, all of which are racial on the continent of Europe ; the
Cyprian testaceolata form of Euphyia hilineata, the very yellow males
of Ematiirrfa atomaria mostly from the Alps, and an almost uni-
colorous form of Dasycampa rubiyinea from Vienna.
Mr. Quilter exhibited a box of Coleoptera from Pernambuco and
a large ichneumon which attacks the well-known Tarantula spiders
in Brazil.
Dr. Bull exhibited an early DasycJdra piidibiinda (January 13th),
a very small and very pale Pkiyalia pedaria taken the first week in
March, and bud galls on the birch caused by the gall-mite
Eriophyes nidi,
Mr. Tonge reported that he had seen Polyyonia c-alhiun at Reigate
in the first week in March.
Mr. R. Adkin said that the day's Thtiea reported a " white "
butterfly.
Mr. Hawkms had seen a larva of Pieris rapae in December.
There were reports of Pyrauieis atalanta being seen this year in
the New Forest and Mr. Step saw one at the end of November last,
and on March 8th Mr. Tonge saw a specimen of Vanesna io.
35
MAUCH 27th, 1930.
Mr. C. N. Hawkins, Prksident, in the Chair.
It was announced that the Council had filled the two vacancies
in the Officers and Council, by appointing Col. Labouchere as Vice-
President and Mr. C. Jarvis a member of Council.
Mr. B, J. Dudbridge of Merton Park, Mr. S. Wakeley of Upper
Norwood, and Mr. F. E. A. Colby of Billinghurst were elected
members.
Dr. Cockayne exhibited living larvae of Orthosia tuacilenta from
Torquay, which hatched on January 31st, and of Di/sstroma
concinnata from Arran, which hatched in August, 1929. The
former fed on sallow ; the latter on strawberry, which they had
nibbled all the winter without really hibernating.
Mr. Main exhibited the house-cricket, which was now generally
reported to be quite scarce, no doubt owing to the almost universal
use of gas fires. The pair were taken at Woodford and shortly after
capture the female made a meal of the head of the male, which was
still alive.
Mr. de Worms exhibited the ova of Alsophila aeacularia laid on
March 16th, of Apocheima hispidaria laid on March 19th, and of
Colotois pemiaria just hatched.
Mr. Tonge then read a paper on the " Ova of Lepidoptera,"
illustrating his remarks by a series of lantern slides. (Page 6.)
APRIL 10th, 1930.
The President in the chair.
Mr. C. Wilkins, John Innes Horticultural Institute, Merton, was
elected a member.
Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited a cockroach, Xyctibma noctivaf/a , Rehn.,
from Costa Rica, found alive among bananas by Mr. Rait-Smith.
Though now deep brown its colour when alive was stated to have been
of a bright emerald green. W^ith it Mr. Blair showed one of the
green cockroaches, Pancldora cnbensis, Sauss., more commonly found
among bananas, but which retains the green colour, more or less
faded to yellow, on drying. Though N. noctivaga does not figure
among the 3 species of the genus noted by Mr. Lucas (" British
Orthopt.") as occasionally introduced into this country, it is
suggested by Dr. Uvarov, who kindly named the specimen, that one
or more of the names cited by Lucas might refer to this species.
36
The remainder of the evening was devoted to an exhibition of
lantern slides.
Mr. Dodds showed an excellent photograph of the late President,
Mr. F. B. Carr, resting on the stump of a tree during a collecting
afternoon in 1929.
Mr. Robert Adkin showed (Lep.) Lamproniid and Adelid larval
and pupal cases ; the moth Litliocolletis tenella and its larval
mine in a hornbeam leaf, and Coleophorid cases in dtii on their
food -plants.
Captain Curwen exhibited a number of lantern slides to illustrate
notes on the Entomostraca, minute aquatic Crustaceans, and
subsequently a series of drawings of the same.
Mr. Sims also exhibited slides.
ATEIL 24th, 1930.
The President in the Chair.
Mr. G. L. Baxter, 50, Wroughton Rd., S.W.I 1, was elected a
member.
Mr. T. R. Eagles exhibited ova of Rnralis betulae and of Miselia
oxyacanthae with larvae of Boarnn'a {Cleora) Uckenaria and B. [C.)
jubata {(jlahraria) from the New Forest.
There was a special exhibition and discussion on the genus Miana.
Mr. Tarns, who opened the discussion, confined his remarks to
substantiating his opinion that in what has hitherto been considered
M. stritjilis there are two species and illlustrated his remarks by
sketches of the genitalia.
Dr. Williams exhibited various species and forms of the genus and
communicated the following Note : —
Miana, St. — The insects exhibited, with one exception, have been
taken in Surrey during the last few years.
Strii/ilis, Clerk. — Occurs in my garden, usually two or three in an
evening at sugar. I have once taken a pair in cop. (beaten while
beating for larvae).
Latriincula, Haw. — Abounds in my garden. This species again
I have once taken in cop. in similar circumstances.
Strigilis, Clerck. — One specimen with dark outer fascia (Esher,
1929).
Two specimens, which I do not claim to identify, taken at sugar
in my garden, June, 1929. They seem to agree fairly well with
37
aetata, Esp., but this is doubtful. I cannot place them as either
strigilis, Cleick., or latruncula ^ Haw. They seem to me smaller
than strif^ilis and a little larger than latntnciila, and I shall be glad
to have expert opinion.
Fasciuncida, Clerck. — Less common than striifilis in my garden
and difficult to obtain in good condition.
Literosa, Haw. — Once taken in my garden.
Bicoloria, Vill. — Not very common in my experience at Esher,
but my observations do not quite satisfy me on this point.
Arciiosa, Haw. — Quite common in suitable places wherever I
have collected in Surrey. The only one which does not occur in
my garden.
Dr. E. A. Cockayne exhibited preserved larvae of the genus
Miana and of several allied species, and communicated the follow-
ing Notes : —
" Though I have seen only some larvae of the genera Tapinostola,
Chortoden, Petilainpa and Miaua, they have so many unusual
characters in common, that I feel sure they should be placed next
to one another and not separated by other genera having larvae
totally unlike them, which is the arrangement found in all our
books. Apamea secalis also belongs to this group, the imago being
very like that of strif/ilis and the larva being very like that of
latnincida (if I am right in my determination). Apamea ophio-
gravuna, though in some respects dissimilar from the others has
sufficient resemblance to show that it is a fairly close relative.
The larva of neither species is, either in habits or structure, like any
of the others such as (jewina placed in the genus Apamea.
" The group of which I am speaking are internal feeders on various
grasses. All have a small pointed head and taper very much
towards the anal end. The anus is very minute and there is a very
large hard anal flap, especially large in fah-a and, for these larvae,
unusually small in bicoloria. The skin is extremely thick and
leathery. The common pattern is a narrow dorsal stripe of ground
colour bordered by broad subdorsal stripes of dull red or purplish
colour. The tubercles are small and black surrounded by a white
ring.
" These peculiarities, though well adapted for the life of the larva,
are probably indications of affinity rather than of convergence.
The smaller Nonagria and Cvenobia rufa live a very similar life, but
have a different shape, a head and anal plate of different structure,
and a very thin skin.
38
" The larvae I have actually examined are those of Chortodes bondiif
Tayinustolo fidva &nd T. elytiii, Miami lat) inicula, M. striniUs, M.
biculoria, A. secalis, and A. opkio(jramnia. I cannot help feeling that
if we could get the material for Mr. Tonge to examine the eggs,
Mr. Hawkins the pupae and myself the larvae, we could by
collaboration arrive at a much more natural arrangement.
" I have comparatively little experience of collecting these larvae,
which are most difficult to obtain, but I will give it for what it is
worth. P. arcKosa is easy to find, if you know the way. Look for
a small plant of Aira caesjiitosa with many dead leaves, the more
the better. Separate the leaves as far down as possible and pull
out the dead ones. If P. arcuom is there you will soon expose a
larva. Either go on pulling out the dead leaves or take the whole
crown of the plant home and either keep it intact or pull it to
pieces at home. The larvae are often present in large numbers in
such an infested plant. I found twenty in a small part of one this
week. Larvae of Chortodes bondii and Miana biaduiia 1 took
together in Festuca arinidiiiacea by pulling out the dead leaves.
When a leaf came out easily there was usually a larva of one or
other species either in the part pulled out or left behind just below
the break. M. latruncula and A. secalis feed in Vactylis <jl<))iterata
and Triticuni repens, the former preferring the Dactylis and the
latter the Triticutn. Look carefully for a yellow centre leaf, which
can be pulled out easily. Though such a leaf does not indicate
the presence of a larva in the stem, you will probably find a
leaf near it, which is still green but slightly withered, and the larva
will most likely be found just above the root-stock. If there are
few signs of larvae in a plant it is worth while searching it on the
spot, but if the signs are many, cut through the roots and take it
home in a sleeve to examine at leisure. Separate it and hold the
stems up to the light. Those that have or have had a larva in are
easily recognised in this way. The larva is generally just above the
root-stock."
Mr. Turner said that the genus Miana was erected by Stephens
in 1829 in his III. Brit. Ent. III. and contained literosa, striyilis, latrun-
cula, aet/iiops, hu}ueralis = bicoloria, terniiualis, rufuncula, fasciuucula,
and )ninitna. This genus really covered the same ground as Hiibner
had in the Verz. in 1822 with his genus Oligia which contained
strigilis {praeduncula)^ furuncula [bicoloria), latruncula, vinctuucula
and erratricula. And we find Hampson in 1908 and Warren-Seitz
in 1911 adopting this latter as the genus. The former dealing
39
with the world places 46 species in Oli(jia, the latter dealing with
the Palaearctic Kegion only includes 12 species 6 of which are
extra-European. Thus the British species in the genus Oli(jia are
strigilis, fascinncula^ literosa^ bicoloria, captiimcnla and haworthiif
and latruncula (if its specific status be established). Tutt in his
Brit. ^^oct. included the first 4 of these in Miana while Pierce from
a wholly genitalic point of view put only utrigilis and fasciuncida in
that genus. Hampson put ophiofp-annna in (Hv/ia but Warren
placed it in Parastictis.
Mr. Tarns remarked that possibly OU(/ia, Hb,, would fall to a
prior name Procus, Latr.
Mr. Turner then discussed the form latruncula which was by some
continental authorities considered to be a species hitherto confused
with striijilis forms. Strigilis has a somewhat larger expanse than
latruncula ; J up to 26mm., $ 28mm., against 24mm., [latruncula)
and has somewhat narrower and more pointed fore-wings. In
typical striyilifi the ground colour is a pure blackish grey without
brown powdering, while latruncula is brown. The marginal area in
strigilis has chalk white in it, replaced in latruncula with pale brown
suffusion, although some may have impure white markings
occasionally. The outer transverse line is in striyilia strongly bent
inwards towards the inner margin, but is more straight in latruncula.
In its upper part in striyiliK, as a rule on the outer side there are
five distinct black streaks, which in latruncula are very weakly
developed or wholly wanting. In latruncula there stands almost
always between the transverse line and the claviform a blacker
streak-like spot, which unites with it to form a black bridge joining
the two transverse lines. In strigilis this mark is absent or if
present very obsolescent. The fact of both species having parallel
series of similar variations emphasises the confusion.
He exhibited British and continental example in 
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