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UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 







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ie TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Bean, Tarleton Hi. Description of a New Sparoid Fish, Sargus Holbrookii, from Savan- 











SES aU NS 2A a Se ee atm ater, Gaol sien os io ache eat se Ne eee ek tle 

On the Occurrence of Sticheus punctatus (Fabr.) Kroyer, at St. Michael’s, Alaska-.-.-- 

On the Identity of Luchalarodus Putnami Gill, with Plewronectes glaber (Storer) Gill, 

with Notes on the Habits of the Species .........----.-. b roe ce cae eee itawiabieeee cima 

Description of a Species of Lycodes (L. Turneri) from Alaska, believed to be unde- 

GIS Cleis aeer, Se es eta eh tetra ta Se win, cig ia ame Set wicks lot ee reer tN ees ee set ot 

See also under Goode and Bean. 

Belding, L. A Partial List of the Birds of Central Califoruia..........-2.....-.-2........- 

Cook, Caleb.. The Manufacture of Porpoise-Oil ...--. 2. -22---- 252 eee eee ee cet ec deccecn cee . 


Dall, W. HX. Descriptions of New Forms of Mollusks from Alaska contained in the Collee- 

Tous Om LUeRNaMOnAle MUSCUIMN) jonas nemmas sa eeersiae mete ma ts os no's eee came ae 
Postpliocene Fossils in the Coast Range of California 
Mossil Mollusks from “Later TLertiaries.\of Califormiaw: )- 2-222... 6.2 see ona Scie ene 
Note on Shells from Costa Rica Kitchenmidden, cgllected by Drs. Flint and Bransford .. 
—.— Distribution of Californian Tertiary Fossils. ..22-- 2222-2. 2 .-c-0--n.scc ese ccs ceemnnecnss 
Descriptions of New Species of Shells from California in the Collections of the Na- 

UL OTA MAISG ERY coca al eee atta! e aa a eraral OSs Nera sle em ee es a nace ieee ee ee Na eee 
—— Report on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic Repicne: with Descrip- 

tions of Genera and Species believed to be new ...-...-.--------- € 














Edwards, Vimal N, On the Occurrence of the Oceanic Bonito, Orcynus pelamys (Linné) 
Ray Winavane var) SONNC, Mags A see amon Aaa aoa gs ape aaants Se ola eee ae naa ee 


Gill, Theodore. Synopsis of the Pediculate Fishes of the Eastern Coast of Extratropi- 
cal North America 


On ie ene ee ay 





On the Proper Specific Name of the Common Pelagic Antennariid Pterophryne -....---- 
Note on the Ceratiide 














Goode, G. Brown. _The Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe--..--.-- Pea NG Sy eae oe SS Se 
The Occurrence of Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s Bay, Massachusetts. -.-----..--------- 
= NO @VOICES OFA ORUS TACORMS? 2p ou ttio'ae Ae beck acess aebpemeesie ae metanniee Be bee = peessnaeeeae 





A Revision of the American Species of the Genus Brevoortia, with a Description of a 
Nera pe CLES MROntmHOuCU ion Mex COn. o-- 0s. sqsgessaceee aes aoe eaeaiiees cme eee nse eeeis 
The Occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorwm, or an Allied Form, on Saint George's 
































The Occurrence of the Canada Porcupine in West Virginia --...--..---...-.2-..-22--2-- 

On Two Fishes from the Bermudas mistakenly described as new by Dr. Giinther --..--. 
Goode, G. Brown, and Tarleton HM. Beam. The Craig Flounder of Europe, Glyp- 
tocephalus cynoglossus, on the Coast of North America ........--.---2---------------------- 
The Oceanic Bonito on the Coast of the United States ..........- 1 ee AEE ORES SUDO rE 

— Description of Caulolatilus mierops, «a New Species of Fish from the Gulf Coast of 
PEEL Se ee ee ere tet ols laia'= oo tos aloe Me ee re Suinin ae weil alolatsl tale Geng aisle aes 

On a New Serranoid Fish, Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, from the Bermudas and 
GMINA eee eee esas eens e+ = S ol ujs ina eRe eer Sea ee ae a sot aes Swcice ene 
Descriptions of Two New Species of Fishes, Lutjanus Blackfordii and Lutjanus 
RCM S LOT UE OOH Sh Ole MLOLIO 2 ioe ace mene eet ae = eee ngs oc cee aes as a ae Jelein 

A Note upon the Black Grouper (2pinephelus nigritus (Holbrook) Gill) of the Southern 

(COPS Leese eter eee Re nee 5a 2a eee aa eae yee MR cea NS Siac wieleie ee minelsieid 
Descriptions of Two Gadoid Fishes, Phycis Chesteri and Haloporphyrus viola, from the 
Deep-soahaunsof sae wNortnwesterm Atlantic: .2.-ss-seecceceaoscedcaccsces--c---2+--cniniee 
Description of Argentina syrtensium, a New Deep-Sea Fish from Sable Island Bank .... 

—— The Identity of Rhinonemus caudacuta (Storer) Gill with Gadus cimbrius Linn....--.-- 
Note on Platessa ferruginea D. H. Storer, and Platessa rostrata H.R. Storer ..-.--------- 





On the Identity of Brosmius americanus Gill, with Brosmius brosme (Miller) White --.. 
lt 


215 
99 
22 
223 
227 


231 


or 


am 


45 
264 
462 


256 
261 
* 348 
361 
362 


}esinis 


IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Page. 


Jackson, J. B.S., M.D. Arsenic Acid for protecting Anatomical Preparations from In- 


Jefferson, Lieut. J.P.,U.S8S. A. On the Mortality of Fishes in the Gulf of Mexico in 1878... 


Jefferson, Lieut. J. P., Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, and Thomas Moore. On the 
Desiruction of Fish in the Vicinity of the Tortugas during the months of September and 
OGbODEIY ISTE cai ceiec ance eccccws ales one cu smtreene ma aces aaae eon ee | ee ee ea etne aaa sae ae 


Jordan, David S., M.D. Notesona Collection of Fishes from Clackamas River, Oregon.. 


Jordan, David S., and Charles EX. Gilbert. Notes on the Fishes of Beaufort Harbor, 


North @arolinass soo. se sas bce ls candace eee eeee see eee ede een ae EE eee eee 


Lawrence, George N. Catulogue of the Birds of Dominica, from Collections made for 
the Smithsonian Institution by Frederick A. Ober, together with his Notes and Observa- 


Catalogue of the Birds of St. Vintent, from Collections made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, 
under the Directions of the Smithsonian Institution, with his Notes thereon................. 
Catalogue of the Birds of Antigua and Barbuda, from Collections made for the Smith- 
sonian Institution, by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, with his Observations ..............2-2------------ 
Catalogue of the Birds of Grenada, from a Collection made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober for the 
Smithsonian Institution, including others seen by him, but not obtained .................--. 
Catalogue of the Birds collected in Martinique by Mr. Fred. A. Ober for the Smithsonian 
BUSS (eX QFE LOTR jars mm faints oy mt Sez Pago Te mera ml iwi acs ae Lae eg oe oe et 
Catalogue of a Collection of Birds obtained in Guadeloupe for the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, by Mr. Fred. A. Ober ..-...- Se an fret a at Re me 
A. General Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles visited 

by Ma. Fred. A. Ober; with a Table showing their Distribution, and those found in the United 

SSUES eee ear oes cteiaie mnie nese iatateninrs niala acim minim sien (eins mim sale aja'o lama Sint (alata te aioe ete tot telat er ete aerate 
Lupton, Prof. N.T. On the Breeding Habits of the Sea-Catfish (Ariopsis Milberti?) ....... 


Merrill, Dr. James C., U.S.A. Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas, being a List 
of Birds observed in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878... 




















Poey, Felipe. Notes on the American Species of the Genus Cybiwin ....-..-...-.----------- 
Prati, Capt. R.M., U.S.A. Catalogue of Casts taken by Clark Mills, Esq., of the Heads of 
Sixty-four Indian Prisoners of Various Western Tribes, and held at Fort Marion, Saint Augus- 
"tine, EJa., in' Charge of Capt. RR. H.\ Pratt, U.S, Asseesse- = S22escsseneecec epee see eemeeeeees 


Ridgway, Robert. Ona New Humming Bird (Atthis Ellioti) from Guatemala............... 
A Review of the American Species of the Genus Scops, Savigny ..-.:...-...------...---- 
Descriptions of Several New Species and Geographical Races of Birds contained in the 
Collection of the United States National Maisetm: - 222). ee ec ok oo enemies ne 
Description of Two New Species of Birds from Costa Rica, and Notes on other Rare 
Npecies from that Country sc fe 2c ae at nea acta a meets ints ols oie aie olen steer eles eet ee Mie eee 
Descriptions of New Species and Races of American Birds, including a Synopsis of the 
Genus Ly/frannus, Cuvier. so. 822 tssesc=e tek tence eee eee lscet aco maelsaselnalee® else cis yeaa eee 


Stearns, Silas. A Note on the Gulf Menhaden, Brevoortia patronus, Goode.....-....--+--+« 














Steindachner, Dr. Framz. Note on Perca flavescens ......2-...-22-202 eens een e ene een e eens 


Wilmot, Samuel. Notes on the Western Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianwm heterurum 
(Raf.) Jordan ......- So c0no la net lo ooh a alms te ats St a eee Gale Een cteneabine ls oe iene 


24 
363 


244 
69 


265 
349 


449 


486 
278 


118 


201 


181 
243 


268 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


I1s7s. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS OF MOLLUSKS FROM ALASKA 
CONTAINED IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL 
MUSEU, 


By W. H. DALL. 


CHITONID. 


Genus AMICULA Gray. 
Type A, vestita Sowerby. 


Subgenus CHLAMYDOCHITON Dall. 


Ch. t. ‘Amicule’ similiter sed branchiz ambientes. 
Type Chiton amiculatus Pallas. 


Amicula proper has the branchiz median. 


Genus LEPTOCHITON Gray. 


Leptochiton Belknapi Dall, n. s. 

L. t. elongata, valde elevata, dorsualiter angulata ; albida plus minusve 
cinereo et nigro tinctaé; valvis elevatis, apicibus distinctis; mucrone 
centrali conspicuo; sculptura ut in L. alveolo, sed granulis in areis dor- 
sualis sparsim et quincuncialiter dispositis; valva postica sub apice con- 
cava, posticé sinuata; zona minima spiculis tenuibus versus marginem 
munita. Lon. 10, lat. 3™™. Div. 90°. 

Hab.—North Pacific Ocean, in lat. 53° 08’ N., and lon. 171° 19’ W., 
at a depth of 1006 fathoms, black sand and shells. Brought up in the 
sounding-cup, on the sounding expedition of the United States ship 
Tuscarora, Capt. George E. Belknap, U.S. N., in 1874. 

This specimen comes from a greater depth than any specimen of the 
order hitherto collected. It is nearest to L. alveolus Sars, from the coast 


of Norway. 
Genus TRACHYDERMON Cpr. 


Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr. (Ms.). 


Trachydermon, valvis centralibus bi- seu pluri-fissatis. 
Type Chiton fulgetrum Reeve. 
Trachyradsia aleutica Dall, n.s. 
T. t. parva, rufo-cinerea, oblonga, fornicataé; jugo acutissimo; mucrone 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 1 1 





2 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


submediano, apicibus prominentibus; areis lateralis inconspicuis; tota 
superficie quincuncialiter minute reticulata; intus, valv. ant. 16-, post. 
11-, centr. 2-fissatis; dent. parvis, perspongiosis, late separatis; sub- 
grundis spongiosis, curtis; sinu parvo; zona squamulis minutis obsita. 
Lon. 6, Jat. 3™™. 

Hab.—Western Aleutians, near low-water mark; Dall. 

This bears no marked resemblance to any of the other Alaskan 
species. 

Genus TONICELLA Cpr. 


Type Chiton marmoreus Fabr. 


Tonicella saccharina Dall, n.s. 

T. t. parva, oblonga, tota superficie saccharina, rufo et albescente 
picta; mucrone submediano, inconspicuo; areis lateralis inconspicue ele- 
vatis, albescentis; areis dorsualis sanguinosis, zeque quincuncialiter lente 
reticulatis; v. ant. 10-11-, v. post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1 fissatis; dent. par- 
vis spongiosis, sinu parvo; subgrundis spongiosis, mediocris; zonad 
coriacea ut in TVonicelle aliis: branchiz medixz. Lon. 6.5, lat. 4™™. 

Hab-—Aleutian Islands, three to thirteen fathoms; Dall. 


This species has the lustre of rock-candy, and is well marked by the 
contrast of the white lateral with the red dorsal areas. 


Genus SCHIZOPLAX Dall. 


Testa et zona Tonicelle simulans; valve centrales sulco jugali medi- 
ano, antico argute incise ; branchie subambientes. 


Type Chiton Brandtii Midd. 


For this remarkable Alaskan form, distinguished from all other Chi- 
tons by its slit central valves, I propose to adopt a name suggested 
by Dr. Carpenter, who, on Middendort’s figures, had intended to propose 
it as a subgenus of Tonicella. The specimens: obtained by my party 
seem to be the first found since the original ones were obtained. A 
eareful examination of the soft parts shows that in dentition and some 
other details sufficient basis for generic separation is found, confirming 
the testimony of the valve characters. The sulcus is usually filled by 
a horny or cartilaginous deposit. 

It may be added here that investigation of the characters of the 
radula in numerous species and genera of Chitons in the National Mu- 
seum shows a very remarkable uniformity of dentition. No larger 
groups than genera are indicated in the whole order, which, it appears, 
can hardly comprise more than one family; and it is doubtful if this can 
be divided into subfamilies by any characters yet elucidated. 

The dentition in all species examined has the formula 6: 2:12: 6, or 

if 


x8 Of the teeth, the rhachidian appears always simply cusped ; 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3 


the two laterals present varied characters; the third uncinus, counting 
outward, is usually spatulate; while the remainder are mere bosses, or 
scales. The wide differences found in the few figures of the dentition 
of Chitons extant appear to be due to erroneous interpretation of the 
objects represented. The figures of Lovén are the most satisfactory. 


POSTPLIOCENE FOSSILS IN THE COAST RANGE OF CALIFORNIA, 
By W. H. DALL. 


The National Museum has received from Mr. G. F. Merriam, of San 
Luis Rey, Cal., specimens of Donax californicus, Chione succincta, Olivella 
biplicata, and Cerithidea sacrata, in a semi-fossilized condition. The first 
mentioned retained a considerable part of its pinkish interior coloration. 
These fossils (probably with other species) are stated by Mr. Merriam 
to be found in great abundance at the head of a caiion in that vicinity, 
in the heart of the Coast Range, twelve miles from the sea in a direct 
line, and six hundred feet above tide-water. All the species are found 
living in abundance on the present sea-coast. This indicates a very 
recent elevation for this part of the coast, if the facts are correctly 
interpreted, and further specimens and details will be awaited with 
interest. 


NOTES ON THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CYBIUM. 
By FELIPE POEY. 


(Translated by G. Brown Goong, from MS. memorandum of Professor FELIPE PoEyY.|] 


Cybium caballa, Cuv. & Val. 


Cybium caballa, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 
viii, 1831, p. 187.—GUnruer, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in 
the Collection of the British Museum, ii, 1860, p. 373.—Pory, Repertorio 
Fisico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, i, 1867, p. 322; ii, p.13; and in Synopsis 
Piscium Cubensium, op. cit., ii, p. 362. 

Cybium acervum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, loc. cit., p. 186 (nec typus). 

Vulgo :—Sierra. 


Differential Characters.—First dorsal with fourteen spines, without a 
black spot anteriorly. Body immaculate in the adult, spotted with yel- 
lowish in the young fish. 

The number of teeth increases with the age; in large specimens, it is 
$2. The larger teeth are placed upon the middle of the jaw, those in 
the lower jaw being a trifle the longer. The lateral line is very sinuous 
upon the posterior portion of the body. The eye is larger than in Cy- 
bium regale. 

Bluish upon the back, whitish under the belly. First dorsal white; 
second dorsal and caudal dusky-bluish (bleu-noirdtre) ; pectorals bluish, 
as is also the anal, which, however, becomes white at its extremity ; 
ventrals whitish. 


4 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


In the young fish, under the length of two or three feet, the sides are 
covered with round, irregular spots, of rather dirty yellow (jaune un peu 
sale). 

Cuvier described a specimen which weighed twenty-two pounds; at 
that size, the fish is still young, and retains its yellow spots. 

Those ordinarily taken range in weight from twelve to twenty-five 
pounds, though they reach the weight of one hundred pounds. I have 
seen one which measured 285™™. 

Cybium regale, (Bloch) Cuvier. 
~ Scomber regalis, BLocn, Naturgeschichte der ausliindischen Fische, taf. 333. 
Cybium regale, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 184.—GUNTHER, op. cit., p. 
372.—POEY, op. cit., i, p. 322; ii, p. 362. 
Vulgo :—Pintada. 

Differential Characters.—The first dorsal has seventeen spines and the 
spot uponitsanterior portion. Thelateral bands and spots are persistent 
through life. 

The teeth are 2° in aspecimen of moderate size. In the upper jaw, the 
median teeth are the larger; in the lower, their size is more nearly equal. 

The back is bluish, as are also the top of the head, the second dorsal 
and its finlets, the caudal, and the pectorals. The first dorsal is white, 
having in front a spot of deep-blue, which is prolonged far back upon 
the upper edge of the fin. The anal and the ventrals are white. The 
sides are sky-blne, with silvery lustre; the belly is white, with a bluish 
tinge. Thesides are marked with broken longitudinal bands and round 
spots; these bands and spots are yellow, more or less golden, and with 
a reddish tint. 

The ordinary size is about twelve pounds, though they sometimes 
reach the weight of twenty. 

Cybium acervum, Cuv. & Val. 
Cybium acervum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 186. 

The specimens described by Cuvier were of five pounds weight. He 
claims to have received specimens from Martinique, from Santo Domingo, 
and from Cuba, those from the latter place sent by me. I can only say 
that I have not been able to find this species, and that I have not 
included it in. my manuscript ‘ Ichthyologie”. 

According to Cuvier, it has seventeen spines in the first dorsal, and 
aiso tbe black spot. The body is immaculate, even in the specimens of 
five pounds weight. 


Cybium maculatum, (Mitchill) Agassiz. 
Scomber maculatus, M1rcuHILL, Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical 
Society of New York, i, 1815, p. 426, pl. vi, fig. 8. 
Cybium maculatum, AGAssiz, in Spix, Selecta Genera et Species Piscium, 1829, 
p. 103, tab. lx.—Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 181.—GUNTHER, op. 
cit., p. 372. 
The Cybium maculatum of the United States has the teeth somewhat 
conical and very pointed. It has seventeen dorsal spines and a black 
spot upon the first dorsal. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 5 


Cybium immaculatum, Cuv. & Val. 


Cybium immaculatum, CUVIER & VALENCIENNES, op. cit., p. 191—GUNTHER, op. 
cit., p. 370, note 5. 
The Cybium immaculatum of Cuvier has the body immaculate in spe- 
cimens only six or seven inches long. 


Acanthocybium peto, Poey. 
Acanthocybium Petus, Pory, Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de 
Cuba, ii, 1860, p. 234, pl. xvi, fig. 1; Repert., ii, p. 363. 
Vulgo :—Peto. 

This genus differs from Cybiwm by its numerous dorsal spines, twenty- 
five in number. The type taken by Professor Gill has the teeth com- 
pressed, triangular. The Cuban species has the points of the teeth 
rounded. The caudal is very small. The lower jaw has its sides 
deeply notched and its extremity lower than its lateral edges. In spe- 
cimens of less than three feet, the body is covered with vertical bands 
of a vitreous lustre (glacées). It grows very large, sometimes attaining 
the weight of one hundred pounds. 


THE CLUPEA TYRANNUS OF LATROBE. 
By G. BROWN GOODE; 


Mr. Benjamin H. Latrobe, a surveyor of public lands, published, in 
1802, a description of a clupeoid fish the affinities of which have never 
been satisfactorily determined.* Dr. DeKay, misled by the name “ ale- 
wife”, applied the specific name tyrannus to the northern species known 
to him by that popular name (Pomolobus pseudo-harengus), a usdge 
which was concurred in by Dr. Storer and M. Valenciennes. In his 
earlier writings, Professor Gill referred the same name to the shad 
(Alosa sapidissima). Latrobe’s paper, and the name therein proposed, 
have lately been lost sight of; but there is little doubt that they refer 
to the menhaden, or mossbunker (Clupea menhaden, Mitchill, and Bre- 
voortia menhaden, Gill). The laws of priority demand that this species 
shall henceforth be designated Brevoortia tyrannus. 

The fishes of the Chesapeake and its tributaries have been very little 
studied until witbin the past three years, and the habits of the men- 
haden are so different in these waters and in the north that it does not 
seem surprising for Northern ichthyologists to have made mistaken 
identification of Latrobe’s specific name. 

A few years ago the Capes of Delaware were thought to define the 
southern range of the menhaden, while its peculiar parasite and its 
habit of ascending southern rivers were unknown. 





*A Drawing and Description of the Clupea tyrannus and Oniscus pregustator. By 
Benjamin H. Latrobe, F. A. P. 8S. < Transactions of the American Philosophical 
Society held at Philadelphia for promoting useful knowledge, vol. v, 1802, p. 77. 


6 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


I shall soon publish a fall discussion of this subject. At present, my 
conclusions may be stated as follows :— 

(1) The figure, while undeniably bad, resembles the menhaden very 
closely, while it cannot be intended to represent any allied species. 
The contour, were the missing dorsal fin supplied, is similar to that of 
the menhaden. The black spot upon the scapular region is constant in 
the menhaden only, though a similar one is occasionally seen upon the 
shad and alewife. 

(2) The name “ bay alewife” is the same now given to the menhaden 
in the Chesapeake and its tributaries. This is a strong argument: for 
although seventy-five years have passed since Latrobe wrote, the per- 
sistence of popular names is very remarkable, as I have elsewhere 
pointed out.* Moreover, Latrobe was also acquainted with a ‘her- 
ring” and a “shad”, These being eliminated, there is no other fish 
than the menhaden to which the description in question can refer. 

(3) The habits of the alewife, as described by Latrobe, are essentially 
the same as those of the menhaden at the present day. The alleged 
river-ascending habits of the “ bay alewife” were thought to throw its 
identity with the menhaden out of the question. This is no longer an 
obstacle. 

(4) The presence of the crustacean parasite is the strongest argu- 
ment of all. While this is found in the mouths of a large percentage 
of the southern menhaden, suggesting the local name of ‘“ bug fish”, it 
has never once been found attached to any other species, although 
careful search has been made by several persons. The northern men- 
haden is free from this parasite. This is still another reason for the 
failure to identify on the part of northern writers. 

Latrobe’s name has the priority over Mitchill’s by thirteen years. It 
is to be regretted that it is necessary to replace by another a name so, 
appropriate and of such long standing. 


JANUARY 1, 1878. 


THE OCCURRENCE OF BELONE LATIMANUS IN BUZZARD’S BAY, 
MASSACHUSETTS. 


By G. BROWN GOODE. 


A peculiar species of Belone was obtained at Wood’s Holl, in 1875, 
by Professor Baird. It was caught in the weir on Great Neck, owned 
by the Wood’s Holl Weir Company. On study, it proved to be the form 
described by Professor Poey under the name Belone latimanus, and 
hitherto known only from Cuba. <A good water-color sketch (Cat. No. 
795) was made by Mr. Richard, a photograph (Cat. No. 218) taken, and 
the specimen and a finely colored cast (Cat. No. 16121) are preserved in 
the National Museum. 


s Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas, 1876, p. 15. 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7 


It may be distinguished from the common species of our coast, Belone 
longirostris, (Mitchill) Gill, by many characters, the most salient of 
which are the more elongate form, the lesser proportionate length of 
the head, the much greater number of rays in the vertical fins (B. lati- 
manus has D. 25: A. 23. B. longirostris has D. 13-16: A. 16-19), the 
broader and proportionately shorter pectorals, and the forked caudal. 

The length of the specimen was 49 inches (1244.6 millimetres), its 
weight 54 pounds (2381 grams). 

CoLor :—Back, top of head, and snout dark green in dead specimen, 
probably beryl-green in life. Fin-rays greenish-brown. Fin-membranes 
and protected parts, such as axils of pectoral fins, colorless. Sides light 
‘brownish, with silvery overwash. Belly, cheeks, throat, and lower part 
of lower jaw silvery-white. Eye greenish-yellow. 

Radial formula.—Branchiostegals XIV. D. 24: A. 25: C. 7-64 7-5: 
Peta s Vo6: 


JANUARY 15, 1878. 


THE VOICES OF CRUSTACEANS. 
By G. BROWN GOODE. 


The observations of Mr. Saville Kent and My. J. Wood Mason (Na- 
TURE, Vols. xvi, p. 565, and xvii, p. 11) recall to mind some similar 
facts recently noted by me in the Bermudas. 

Several species of Alpheus were observed to have the power of pro- 
ducing loud clicking sounds. Two or three of the larger species are 
accustomed to lurk under flat stones near low-water mark. Some of 
these are two inches long. When one of them is taken between the 
fingers by an inexperienced collector, the sudden, convulsive snap 
almost invariably causes him to drop it. The effect is like that of a 
sharp blow across the knuckles. Some smaller species of the genus 
are found only in the cavities of a large aplysine sponge, abundant on 
the reefs. I have picked out seventy or eighty from a fragment of 
sponge not more than three inches in diameter. When the sponge is 
taken in the hand, the quick succession of clickings reminds one of the 
sound of instruments in a large telegraph office. When one of these 
animals is put in an earthen or glass vessel, it makes a much louder 
noise, resembling a quick tap with the finger-nail or the back of a knife 
upon the edge of the same vessel. This noise is produced by a convul- 
sive snapping of the last joint of the large claw, by a movement resem- 
bling that of the spring beetles (Hlateride), and the sounds are quite 
similar. Possibly these movements may have a protective object, enab- 
ling the little decapods to escape from the grasp of enemies, or to work 
out from under the stones and loose sand in which they must often 
become buried. 

Another macrurous crustacean, Gonodactylus chiragra, known to the 


8 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Bermudians as the “split-thumb”, from its power of wounding by a 
sharp appendage of the larger claws, produces a viciously sharp, snap- 
ping noise, apparently in the same manner with Alpheus. 

The “ Bermuda lobster” (Panulirus americanus M, Edw.) makes a loud 
grating noise. Mr. Kent describes the voice of the allied species (Pa- 
linurus quadricornis) as being produced by the rubbing together of the 
spinous abdominal segments. In the species observed by me, the sound 
was produced by means of certain modifications of the lower joints of 
the antenne. There is at the base of each antenna, upon the anterior 
part of the cephalo-thorax, a broad elevated ridge, parallel with the 
axis of the body, which in an adult of eighteen inches would be about 
two inches long. The rounded crests of these ridges are closely em-- 
braced by processes from the sides of the basal antennalsegments. The 
profile of each ridge describes the segment of a circle, the centre of 
which is the centre of articulation of its accompanying antenna. When 
the antennze are moved forward and backward, their tips waving over 
the back of the animal, the close contact of the hard, smooth, chitinous 
surfaces produces a shrill, harsh stridulation, like the sound of filing a 
saw. I have never heard the noise when the animals were under water, 
though I have seen them waving their antenne. I have no doubt that 
they can thus produce vibrations perceptible to their mates at great 
distances, especially if their other senses are as acute as that of smell, 
which I have tested in avery curious manner. Both sexes are provided 
with the vocal organs. 

DECEMBER 25, 1877. 


ON A NEW HUMMING BIRD (ATTHIS ELLIOT) FROM GUATEMALA. 
By ROBERT RIDGWAY. 


Having had occasion, recently, to examine some specimens of Hum- 
ming Birds, I happened to notice certain striking differences between 
two examples labelled “Atthis heloise”—one from Guatemala, belonging 
to Mr. D. G. Elliot, the other a Mexican specimen, in my own collection, 
obtained from M. Boucard. The differences observed between these 
were so obvious that I immediately inspected the series contained in 
the collection of the National Museum, and on comparison found them 
repeated in the specimens contained therein, including two males from 
Jalapa and one from the Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala. The former of 
course represent the true A. heloise, being from the locality whence the 
types of that species were procured, and with them my Mexican ex- 
ample agrees in all essential particulars. Both the Guatemalan speci- 
mens, however, are very different from any of these, and undoubtedly 
represent a distinct species, which being, so far as I have been able to 
ascertain, hitherto unnamed, I propose to characterize as follows :— 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 9 


ATTHIS ELLIOTI. 


“ Selasphorus heloise”, Sci. & SALyv., Ibis, i, 1859, 129 (Guatemala); ib. 186C, 195 
(Duenas, Guatemala).—SaLvin, ib, 266 (Guatemala; Tierra Caliente, and 
slopes of Volean de Fuego). 

“ Atthis heloisa”, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 465 (part: Guatemala references). 


Specific Oharacters.—Adult male:—Outer primary broad, the end 
not attenuated. Gorget uniform reddish-purple (much as in Calypte 
anne), without varying tints of violet, as in A. heloise. Jugulum 
wholly white; middle of the abdomen white; sides light rufous, slightly 
glossed with golden-green; crissum white, tinged with light rufous. 
Upper parts metallic-green, decidedly less golden than in A. heloisa. 
Tail with the basal half (approximately) bright cinnamon-rufous, the 
subterminal portion black; three outer feathers (on each side) tipped 
with rusty-white; the middle pair with the black portion above glossed 
with metallic-green anteriorly. Wings uniform dusky, the smaller cov- 
erts metallic-green. Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00-1.05; culmen, 0.38-0.40. 
[Lype, No. 20494, ¢ ad., Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus., Volcan de Fuego, Guate- 
mala. | 

With a very close general resemblance to A heloise, this species may 
be immediately distinguished by the very different form of the outer 
primary, the redder and more uniform color of the throat-gorget, and 
the shorter bill. The peculiar characters of the two may be contrasted 
as follows :— 





Althis heluisa.¢. Jalapa. Dr,Heermann- Atthis ellioti. ,¢, Guatemala, Bourcier 


A. ellioti. 

Outer primary broad, the end not attenuated. Gorget uniform pur- 
plish-red, without varying violaceous tints. Wing, 1.35; tail, 1.00-1.05 ; 
calmen, 0.38-0.40. 

Hab.—Guatemala. 


A. heloise. 

Outer primary very narrow, the end abruptly attenuated. Gorget 
reddish-violet, showing decided violet tints in certain lights. Wing, 
1.30-1.50; tail, 0.95-1.10; culmen, 0.48-0.50. 

Hab.—Eastern Mexico. 


10 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The principal synonymy and characters of A. heloise are as follows:— 
ATTHIS HELOISZ. 


Ornismya heloisa, Less. & DELATTR., Rev. Zool. 1839, 15 (Jalapa and Quatepu, §. E. 

Mexico). 

Mellisuga heloise, GRAY, Gen. B.i, 1849, 113, sp. 62. 

Tryphana heloise, BonaP., Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, 257. 

Selasphorus heloise, GOULD, Monog. Trochilid. iii, 1852, pl. 141. 

Althis heloise, REICHENB., J. f. O. 1853, App., 12.—GouLp, Introd. Trochilid. 8vo 
ed. 1861, €9.—ELtiot, Ilustr. Am. B. i, 1869, pl. ——Cooprr, Orn. Cal. i, 
1870, 361 (El Paso, Texas; Mexico).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. ii, 1874, 465, 
pl. 47, fig. 6 (El Paso, Texas; Mexico). 


Specific Characters.—Adult male :—Outer primary very narrow, the 
end abruptly attenuated. Gorget violet-purple, with changeable tints 
in varying lights. Jugulum wholly white; middle of the abdomen 
white; sides light rufous, slightly glossed with golden-green; crissum 
white, tinged with light rufous. Upper parts metallic golden-green, 
more bronzy than in A.ellioti. Tail with the basal balf (approximately) 
clear cinnamon-rufous, the subterminal portion black, with the three 
outer feathers (on each side) tipped with rusty-white; middle pair of 
feathers glossed with golden-green on the upper surface to the extreme 
tip. Wings uniform dusky, the smaller coverts golden-green. Wing, 
1,30-1.5); tail, 0.95-0.10; culmen, 0.48-0.50. 


Of the three adult males of A. heloise now before me, the two from 
Jalapa are much alike; but that in my own collection, which is evi- 
dently from another part of Mexico, although, unfortunately, the pre- 
cise locality is not stated on the label, differs in several very noticeable 
particulars. The bill is very much more slender, the wing shorter (about 
1.30, instead of 1.50), and the general size decidedly less. What is most 
conspicuous, however, is the fact that the lateral feathers of the gorget- 
are not elongated as in the Jalapa specimens, in which they are 0.25 to 
0.30 of an inch longer than the longest feathers of the middle portion, 
while there is a mixture of bluish-violet in the gorget not observable in 
the other specimens. Itis barely possible that the longer lateral plumes 
of the gorget have been lost from this specimen; but in any event, the 
differences are quite sufficient to characterize a well-marked local race. 

JANUARY 29, 1878. 


FOSSIL MOLLUSKS FROM LATER TERTIARIES OF CALIFORNIA. 
By W. Hi. DALL. 


The National Museum has recently received from Mr. Henry Hemp- 
hill a series of fossil shells collected by him from the later Tertiary 
deposits of the Californian coast. Some of them are from the vicinity 
of Santa Barbara, but the majority are from San Diego, part of them 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. TF 


(marked w in the list) from the material obtained in sinking a well* at 
a distance of from ninety to one hundred and sixty feet below the 
surface of the earth, and not far from the present sea-level. The matrix 
is usually rather soft, composed of loosely aggregated grains of sand 
or fine sandy mud, occasionally hardened by infiltration of lime-bearing 
water. 

In the accompanying list, those species found living (IR) at the present 
day in the fauna of the Californian coast, between San I’rancisco and 
San Diego, are marked L, those at present making part of the northern 
or Oregonian fauna N, and those belonging to the fauna of Lower Cali- 
fornia, the Gulf of California, Mexico, and Central America are marked 
S. The extinct species (I*) form a very small proportion of the whole, 
as will be readily seen. 











7907 | Laqueus californicus (Koch) Dall ..---..------- San Diego. ie | Nees 
Ee Le ROLAORACH OUORRCE Gal Gnas ie a2) 42.52.55, eels ie $ t N.L 
DalmConuulaaluiteola Opies = sone aie nisenaiseee.eeese t L 

WOLOSLeriploma argentaria ConY ~ 2 - <<... —3--- <== es v L,S 
1 | Solecurtus californianus Conr ...--...---------- st g L,S 
mI COMGLECCLO) © ONN aes Reitein eras sete ssets eel ‘ v L 
al eMacommandentate@, © pire. come) sami sal mis ee)e=\-= a 3 t L 
AM acoma Nasuta CONT s2 -\abe.acij-) ss sin) seis ses sé R N,L 
5 | Macoma (like) sabulosa Spengler ..---..----.-- sf t N 
COmlHOUIn dsm OMCs AiO Plena ioe ses e yaaa =) -icigien </> t L 
a lnehelunavbodegensiateld sie cea se <nle)sel= =o) a a /~ <1 s v L 
SiieCuningia) californica Conv... <,.=5005 5 +24) a R L 
OR MMOnan een LOsSUs Gil Wie ree ets sols caine cicicinte sacle! if R L,S 

WO209| Mactrarealifornied, Cones. <4 vesass's 2-25 4ee5= is R 
PeVactrasjalcata Gide ane tan ain sin a oss <esnie ai ee < N, L? 
2 | Clementia subdiaphana Cpr ...---.----..-.----- s eee INGE 
ean GUO ESSRILELUIA Cis DNaetare -tetlaapein siete anise) sate oiars sf z L,S 
a MCG ON CIaUCCUNGLOMucultsmiamolalaininin o/scininiwa/ sons eel as Rh L.S 
ou eMosmar ponderosa Glaye mio o- cae eae sas ‘s t S 
Gale Rapes.siam ined) COMTaseri asa saselaa's elie) a9 = ins = y eet Now 
alSiamdonvusianaiuss jun.) Gilde <2. --2-5 seiiece = “ v L 
8 | Petricola pholadiformis? Lam....--.----------- “e R ; 

ORC Ur dum prOCertim SDV. --\-441e= 152 224222 2S sé z S 

7930 | Venericardia monilicosta Gabb ....--.---------- inate R L 
1 | Venericardia monilicosta Gabb ...--..----.----- Santa Barbara. t L 
Pa IICIna NILA OOUI. «=== y= =<) -1 omnia = eee San Diego. t L 
a | bucinartacuklnenta Cont... <.- .-.--02ss=e55> “S R N, L 
An An commicrodontdi@ ONT =. lice scm sas 035 = ies ¥ ‘ 

5 | Axinen profunda Dall, n.8\..---. .---+6.---0---- sf iF ; 
(|| DRC GIG LILES) \ (pO eRE OD ADOODDECEOD EE DUCDOSeS “ R S 
Ma PE CO OACCLOUI MACS ha focal sie aeaias> esas) se asses ww. v L,S 
Si RC CLENNES LUN CUCUSPNUU NM oa on amy cinianie als iis) asises asi fs R N 
So) 2ecten hericeus Gid) ~~ << - 2... -- SenctCSeO sen = « R N 

7940 | Pecten ventricosus Sby. (var.?)..---.----------- sé t Ss 
1 | Pecten expansus Dall, n.s.-.--- aise neice ae ‘f Kr : 

2 | becten, Stearnstt Dalll, n. 8 ..-<.- --2<-- »--aceen- a iE 
Sulemecion Hempnilite Dall M.S). < <5 csce0 52-2551 sé F : 

4 | Pecten ? aquisulcatus Cpr. var .-.--.----------- Ԥ R L,S 
5 | Pecten ? paucicostetus Cpr. jun...--...---.----- s < L,S 
Ga Aain a CENLALAAS DYerae in = <-/- -40!sicasae)sencmycas payee x L,S 
7 | Ostrea turida Cpr...-..--- pas Soe saa ee eee ¢ t N,L 
SNMOSIMEC IM eCALChinGAD Ds a2-\ 5454 .4-554ssaesnia5 26 fe Ir ; 
Giimanamianomatula Dall. Ns 8 << sessemsnen sacs ae i i 3 

7350 | Rhectaxis punctocelata (Cpr.) Dall....-....---- ss t L 
i pehonnatina canealis Gide: -\ 5. 5:sseaete=e aise s t N,L 
2 | Tornatina eximia ? Baird......---..---- ait eleres “e v N 








*A list of species obtained from this well, with descriptions of new species, was 
published by me in the Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., v, pp. 296-299, 1874. 


12 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 








79538 | Cylichna alba Brown |..--- .<0-2++ e-cece-+/e--| San Diego. aw. R N,L? 
4’) Voloula:cylindricai€ pr. =. 22 =2.=-=s5eensseeseeee sf R L 
Del MLElLaINNUS OLDACEUSI ODL eae o> o- asset aetemoe eer ee R L 
6 | Dentalium hexagonum Sby ..-.----------------- re? Bi) Set 
WLC GAULUS FUSTIONMNAS fea oon ee ee eee eee = ? is 
Sl) Acme@eaimitra BSC esses. 2a eesee anes Henke \ R N, L 
OeAommaansessa TGS) 3: - cos ce sacaecoee rece ees f R N,L 
7900 | Fissuretla volcano? Reeve..---- --22-..--5=2.--- se R L 
1 | Fissurcllidea callomarginata Cpr ..---.---.----- R L 
2). Chlorosioma -Pfeiffent Phill °t yaceee ease “s R L 
Onl Vatrinella sp. ind. 225 sco. see selene ere ee ? S 
A) Crucibulum spinosum Sby =23--- -ss2e~1- 22> ce< 56 R L,S 
| \Crepiaula princensiCOR isn. ce semi eae aria seats R? N 
65) Crenidularadunca, SPYy-s-.<5- - ose =e == besa oe R L 
7 | Serpulorbis squamigerus Cpr ......-.----------- t R L,§ 
8) Zurnielia Cooper Cpr. Varo ns «cece ass. eeo- TT R L 
Dele Gentheda.sacrataiGld) -oeeiecac eee cece eeseeres ee R L 
4940) | eBittiumiquadrijilathum Cpr secs vessels soe ee Santa Barbara. | R L 
Le PBrtinumiaspenuny © Piacse ise eiaieceete ee eee sf R L 
2" itoring scutulaia Gldzana ere. ce seeceessssee eee) aaa Diego; R N,L 
3 | Lacuna vincta Mont........-..------.---------| Santa Barbara. | R N 
ANY Lacuna solidula Loven 2. 2 -ns- sete 2 =e =e San Diego. R N 
5 | Rissoina (like) Woodwardi Cpr......-.-------- - es R S 
Gale Maurella simplen: Cpr. crocs etches toile eter ae R L,S 
i Dritha penicillata Cpr-c2- tewsise.sta)-toe eee ee ad v L,S 
8) | Drilha Hemphilli Stearns). «2-2 S20. s-2 ~~ <= oe es R S 
9 | Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb..-.-....---.------- se R L 
7980) | Mangelia angulata Cpr: ---.-.- 25-25 -- 2 eo one ee R L 
Le Gontisxcalifornicus THOS ss aeiece see) see e eee oe es R L 
2 | ‘Odostomia gravida Cpr <--/ssaren'-\-''e ola ee ‘ R L 
3 | unbonilla stylina ? Cpr. -\-eerwisse steno ek eee neds R L 
4 | Turbonilla chocolataCpr..---..---- oh Fe Salwar te aere « R | L,N? 
byl Churvondla virgo Oplees- peers a) acetate toh ss R L 
6 | Turbonilla torquata? Cpr.....---..-.---------- s¢ R L 
CVE WAM MACANS CPD seco: sao atehaictereioe ata teeta fe R L 
8 | Scalaria indianorum Cpr ..-..--. .----- ---- -=-- ss R L 
9) Scalaria tndianorum Var q- s2:scese swisd ones cae - a R L 
7290 Fl SCHLET La tincla © pL on. = =a 1-e stainless see e R L 
1) |Scataria Hemphiltiy Dally ni sissseccencsieelea =e ag ¥ - 
2 | Opalia anomala Stearns...-.. ...2-. 0-2-0 --.-- 6 EF : 
3 | Opalia varicostata Stearns ..---. -----.--0------ sf F : 
4 | Cerithiopsis assimilata Cpr.....-.-----.-------- =f R L 
Dl Cangellarid <c2n sccm nic a ctae nicl oe ate ep eee eras - : 
GO| Camecellaria aan a smc oisom\siniateionsintete! seteisteiersi te = ete tap, ; ; 
7 | Neverita Recluwana Petit 2 52-scasgec te. as R L,S 
8 | Neverita Recluziana var. alta Dall ....---.------ ef R L 
9 | Mamma nana Moller (Kos. Japan Tert.)....---- ee R N 
8000 | Ranella muriciformis Brod. var..---..--------- se R Ss 
Le Mitra maura Swale. se:- cou jaceeta eee ete ef Rh L,S 
2 | Olwella biplicata, SPY <a- o = aielinniet os etetaea ete R L 
3 | Olivella boetica Cpr .---------- , na antares etter ff R N,L 
AW Nasea fossata GId «=... 5-1 ereenceetereoieeteiere tare Be R L 
ty) INGSEO) fOssOtd VAL .25-cc - ce eee tei ee se R L 
Gy) Nassa.perpinguis TGS sc .eerceei-er sta eel ee R L,S 
Wa eNasse tegula Rv6).- 2.2. + oce seine ce R L,S 
Sul eNassa mendicd Gl... «=< aceaeeroa Sees «5 an. R N,L 
9) Astyris gausapata Gd. Vans «22:02 sous tonto Santa Barbara. | R L 
SOLOR | Nitidella Gouldit C prvi we) o sare siserevaelatete wae San Diego. R N, L 
1) Amphissa versicolor Dall 25. s22ce0 oe eos weet a R L 
2 | Amphissa versicolor Dall.........--..---.----.-| Santa Barbara. | R L 
3 | Monoceros engonatum Cour .......------------- San Diego. R L 
A (Gerostoma Nuttalht Conr....s1o.-ssssnsee sees s R L 
Hale deieronolus festivus, Hinds 25.0.5 46 osama Be R L 
6)| =Prophon\(onpheus JU. ?)) .s2 seen coos se eee ae Santa Barbara.| R N, L 
7 | Purpura crispatu Chemn. ....50i0-65s s2sceeeees San Diego. R N, L 
8) :Husus Morford? Stearns). se sesca-2 seasons ‘Shy R Nj 
9 | Serpilarnp: 0b 5.2 cn concen was eee sf ? : 
8020 | Fish-teeth, one species, indet..--......---..--- ce ? - 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13 


This, it will be observed, contains one hundred and seven well deter- 
mined species, omitting several doubtfal ones, of which ten are extinct 
and ninety-seven still found recent. Of these recent or still existing 
forms, twenty are found in the Californian fauna and northward at the 
present time. Eighteen more are found in the Californian fauna and 
southward, while forty-four are strictly Californian. Besides these, there 
are eight species belonging to the Oregonian or Arctic fauna, and no 
longer found living in the Californian region. Seven more are found 
on the west coast of Mexico, the Gulf of California, or Western Middle 
America, and, so far as known, no longer in the Californian region. 
One or two species are still found living in Atlantic seas, but not on the 
western shores of America. How far these peculiarities of distribu- 
tion may be explained by a restriction of their geographical range in 
modern times by some species, or by the association of fossils in one 
collection from beds of differing age, and consequently exhibiting the 
fluctuation of the northern and southern faunz based on varying 
temperatures of the sea, will be determined only by a most critical 
stratigraphical study of the localities. 

Bat in either case the problem is well worthy of solution. The very 
modern character of the beds is determined by the great majority of 
the species being still found living, and by the fact that some of them 
retain very evident traces of their original coloration. They are mostly 
in excellent preservation. The well fossils taken with those mentioned 
on p.3 would give a vertical range of some six hundred feet for the 
Pliocene Tertiary beds of California. 

The species which appear to be new are as follows:— 


Axinea profunda, n. s. (7935). 


Shell subtriangular, ventral margin rounded, umbos erect, rather 
small. Area narrow, deep; marked by five or six lines meeting at an 
angle in the vertical of the umbo, one above another; anterior lines 
somewhat the shortest; exterior marked by twenty-five or thirty flat- 
tened ribs, separated by deep channels one-fourth as wide as the ribs, 
and by which the interior margin is crenulated. The ribs are crossed 
by thread-like close lines of growth, which may be elevated or obsolete 
on the ribs, but are sharply defined in the channels, which they partially 
fill up in some specimens. Toward the anterior and posterior margins; 
the sculpture is nearly obsolete. In eroded examples, this sculpture 
nay be entirely altered, and such are hardly recognizable as the same 
thing. Interior smooth or lightly radiately striate, with a tendency to 
an elevated narrow ridge behind the anterior scar; hinge with teeth 
placed as if radiating from the centre of the valve, six to nine anteri- 
orly, and ten to fourteen posteriorly, with some ten or twelve small, 
crowded teeth between the two radiating sets, and placed perpendicu- 
larly and parallel with one another. Height, 32™™; length, 30"; thick- 
ness, 20™"; the last proportionally greater in the young. 


Lt PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


This species differs in its sculpture from any of the recent species 
ascribed to the coast, and from A. barbarensis Conr. (Pliocene foss.) by 
its shorter, more elevated, and deeper form, as well as by details of 
sculpture. 


Pecten expansus, n. s. (7941). 

Shell large, thin, with the upper valve flatter than the lower one, both 
with very slight convexity; outer surface of upper valves marked by 
sixteen to twenty sharp, radiating ridges, but slightly elevated, and 
whose sides shade off insensibly into the broad interspaces, which are 
but slightly depressed; faint indications of ridges appear between the 
principal ones. The entire surface is covered with fine, slightly raised, 
sharp lamella, which are waved in some places so regularly as to pro- 
duce the appearance of a delicate reticulation, which, however, does 
not really exist; angle of the umbo about 120°; ears finely sculptured, 
like the rest of the surface, but with only faint indications of ridges, 
sharply differentiated from the rest of the shell, very short, broad; 
supra-foraminal ear with a sigmoid curve to the lateral margin; mar- 
gin of the other ear nearly straight; hinge-line straight; interior of the 
valve smooth, except for faint depressions corresponding to the ridges; 
peripheral margins not crenulated, even or nearly smooth. 

Lower valve with twenty-five or thirty dichotomous ribs, flattened 
above, but not sharply differentiated from the interspaces, sculptured 
with fine lines of growth or nearly smooth, with faint appearances of 
radiating striz. Peripheral margin somewhat crenulated by the ends 
of the ribs; interior marked by shallow channels corresponding to the 
ribs; ears rather small and distinctly but not strongly marked off from 
the rest of the valve; byssal notch rounded, moderately deep. Height 
of shell, 135™™; breadth of shell, 140™™; breadth of hinge-line, 65™™; 
thickness, 832™™; some specimens one-half larger. 

This shell is nearest P. propatulus Conr. (caurinus ? of Gould) from 
the Miocene of Oregon, but differs in all its details when compared. 
The Miocene shell has a sharper umbonal angle, larger ears with straight 
lateral margins, and strong and different sculpture; the ribs are not 
dichotomous, and are much more sharply defined, while the margins are 
strongly crenulated. It is possible that some of the indeterminate 
nominal species of Conrad may have been based on this species, but the 
wretched figures given by him seem to differ strongly so far as they 
show any characters, while his descriptions are quite worthless, as usual“ 


Pecten Stearnsii, n. s. (7942). 

Shell moderately large, thin, regular; elegantly radiately ribbed. 
Upper valve flattened or even a little concave, with about twenty four 
regularly rounded, vaulted, even ribs, separated by slightly wider chan- 
nelled interspaces ; the whole surface covered with fine, sharp, concen- 
tric, regular lamella, a little looped backward over the top of the ribs, 
but showing no appearance of reticulation anywhere; ears small, nearly 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15 


symmetrical, covered with more elevated, crowded, concentric lamella, 
especially near the margins; hinge-margin straight, or even a little 
concave toward the umbo; peripheral margins of the valves strongly 
and regularly crenulated and interlocking; interior regularly deeply 
grooved, to correspond with the external ribs; lower valve slightly con- 
vex, with about twenty-six regular even ribs, separated by channelled 
interspaces somewhat narrower than the ribs; the top surface of each 
rib is flattened with a broad, shallow groove in the middle, with one or 
two faint riblets on each side of the groove; the whole surface is cov- 
ered with concentric lamella, like those of the upper valve, but less 
sharp, and about twice as crowded. LEars subequal, arched, covered 
with crowded, elevated lamellwe; byssal noteh very small. Height of 
shell, 90™™; breadth, 100™™; breadth of hinge-line, 34™™"; thickness, 
roo 

This very elegant species, while also showing some general resem- 
blance to P. caurinus Glid., forms a passage toward the section Janira, 
and differs in many details from any described west-coast species, recent 
or fossil, so far as figures and descriptions serve to indicate. 


Pecten Hemphillii, n. s. (7943). 

This species has a strong general resemblance to the last, and is best 
described by comparison with it. P. Hemphillii is smaller, with sixteen 
ribs, as against twenty-six in a P. Stearnsii of the same size, with which 
throughout it will be compared; the lateral margins of the ears are 
perpendicular and straight, instead of outwardly rounded; the hinge- 
line is perfectly straight, not slightly concave; the ribs on the lower 
valve are flattened above, with symptoms of a groove on the top surface, 
instead of beautifully roundly vaulted; the interspaces are of course 
wider; the raised concentric lamellie toward the periphery become long, 
coarse, and very crowded ; on the lower valve, the shell is more vaulted, 
with hardly any traces of the raised lamelle, and with larger, rude, 
hardly flattened, radiating ribs, which show no trace of grooving or 
riblets ; the ears and byssal notch are smaller and more coarsely sculp- 
tured. Height, 56™™; breadth, 63™™; breadth of linge-line, 28™™; 
thickness, 15™™. 

This species seems to approach Janira even more closely than the 
last, but the value of these sections of Pectinide is very questionable. 


Anomia limatula, n.s. (7949). 

Shell large, thin, irregular, witn a rather thickened hinge-line; exter- 
nal surface rough (when not worn), like the fresh fractured surface of a 
piece of china-ware; a few faint radiating lines with the lines of growth 
comprise the sculpture; shell originally yellowish, and still retaining 
some of its color and lustre. Normal form apparently that of a Pecten 
without eurs. Breadth, 75™™; height, 70™™; arch of valve, 10-15". 

No lower valves were obtained. This large species is neither A. lampe 
Gray nor A. (Plac.) macroschisma Desh., which are the only recent spe- 


16 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


cies known to inhabit these coasts, while the only fossil one, A. subcostata 
Conrad, a species from the Colorado Desert, appears to be different, as 
the name would imply. For this reason, I have attached a name to the 
rather imperfect material received from Mr. Hemphill. 


Scalaria Hemphillii, n. s. (7991). 

Shell in general resembling a robust specimen of S. indianorum, 
having from nine to twelve varices on the last whorl, coronated behind 
near the suture, wholly pure white; surface of the whorls beneath the 
varices longitudinally delicately sculptured, with alternate riblets and 
grooves. Length about an inch; apical angle about 30°. 

This species has the sculpture of S. bellastriata, but the shape of S. 
indianorum, and is the only grooved species, except the former, which 
has yet been reported from this region. All the specimens are decol- 
late. The specimens were sent by Mr. Hemphill with the suggestion 
that they might prove to be new, and an examination has confirmed the 
suggestion. I take much pleasure in dedicating it to its discoverer. 

The two species of Cancellaria mentioned were obtained from the San 
Diego well some years since, but having been mislaid cannot at this 
moment be identified. Mamma nana Moller is now found living in 
Arctic seas and fossil in the Tertiary of Japan. 

WASHINGTON, February 3, 1878. 


THE MANUFACTURE OF PORPOISE-OIL. 
By Capt. CALEB COOK, of Provincetown, Mass. 


About the year 1816, sailors and fishermen having caught a porpoise 
on their voyage, would sometimes extract the oil from the jaw-bone and 
give it to carpenters and those who used oil-stones for sharpening their 
tools. Finding in this way that it did not gum nor glue, suggested the 
idea that it was just what was wanted for a nice lubricator. It was 
noticed that the weather at zero would not congeal it, neither would it 
corrode on brass. 

Watchmakers were then using olive-oil as the only fitting oil for 
watches; but by experimenting with the porpoise-jaw oil they found it 
superior to the olive or any other oil, consequently the sailors and fish- 
ermen found a ready market for all they were able to obtain. 

This state of things continued until the year 1829, when a shoal of 
blackfish, about forty in number, was taken at Provincetown, Mass., 
being the first for many years. Solomon Cook, of that town, took from 
the jaws of those blackfish a few gallons of oil, and sent it to Ezra Kel- 
ley, of New Bedford, Mass., a skillful watchmaker, to be tested for 
watch-oil. Mr. Kelley soon found that this oil was superior to the 
porpoise-oil, as it had more substance and less chill. He contracted 
with Solomon Cook to supply him from year to year until 1840, when 
Solomon Cook died, and his oldest son supplied Mr. Kelley until the 


hitonide. Plate I. 


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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. % 


demand was so great that the jaws of the blackfish were not sufficient 
to supply the market. 

Porpoise-jaw oil can be refined a little by exposure to the cold at zero, 
and in that state, with the atmosphere at zero, it is strained through 
a cotton flannel strainer made in the shape of a cone, but when filtered 
through paper it is so limpid that it has no lubricating properties what- 
ever, and becomes useless. This oil is called porpoise-jaw oil, but is 
taken from the blackfish, belonging in the family of whales, by a method 
known only by myself. It is warranted not to congeal with cold at 
zero, though it will thicken and turn a little milky in appearance. It 
is warranted not to corrode on brass or rust on steel, and it will not 
glue on the finest watch. Ezra Kelley, of New Bedford, Mass., has 
made it a business for many years to put it up for watch use, and has 
Jed in the market, while B. H. Tisdale, of Newport, R. I, and LM. 
Bachelder, of Boston, are getting quite popular in the European 
market. 

Caleb Cook, youngest son of Solomon, from scientific experiments 
did discover, about the year 1842, that the melon-oil of the blackfish 
was far superior to the jaw-oil in every respect—so much so that Mr. 
Kelley, who had about this time become very popular in preparing this 
oil for the trade, would not buy it until he was told what it was pro- 
duced from; and from that time to the present, 1876, Caleb Cook’s 
blackfish-melon (watch) oil has been refined by Kelley, of New Bedford, 
Bachelder, of Boston, Tisdale, of Newport, and many others on a smaller 
scale, for the world’s use. Since the year 1842, Caleb Cook, of Province- 
town, Mass., claims to be the only person who understands the art of pro- 
ducing this oil free from all glutinous matter and fit for use. This, he 
says, is done by a process known only by himself—not by mixing other 
oils or liquids with it, but by extracting all the acid and gluten from it, 
and leaving the oil pure for the finest and most delicate machinery. 
This, he says, cannot be done by the chilling and straining process; for 
when it becomes perfectly transparent at zero, the lubricating properties 
are all gone, the oil runs off the pivots, spreads on the plates, dries up, 
the pivots cut, turn red, and the oil is worse than worthless, for the val- 
uable timekeeper is no longer what it was once for the want of oil with 
more substance and lubricating properties. 

Porpoise-jaw oil and blackfish-melon oil are worth from $5 to $15 per 
gallon, according to supply. These oils are sold under the above trade- 
names, and also under the names “ watch-oil” and ‘“clock-oil”. They 
are used largely by manufacturers of firearms, watches, and philosoph- 
ical apparatus. Smith & Wesson, of Springfield, Mass., the Ethan 
Allen factory, at Worcester, Bye & Johnson, of Worcester, the Howard 
Watch Company, the Elgin Watch Company, the Waltham Watch 
Company, and the clock-factories in Connecticut, use them constantly. 
The philosophical-instrnment makers use them for air-pumps, as they 
keep the leather always soft and pliable. Telegraph-instrument makers 

Proc. Nat. Mus. 783-——2 Published July 1, 1878. 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


use them when they can get them. They are used in government light- 
houses for the clocks of revolving lights. The color of the oils is very 
light, and can be made very white by placing in the window, where 
they will bleach in a short time. One drop of water in one pint of the 
cil will injure it very much. 

It may be interesting to know how those fish or whales are taken. 
They make their appearance about the shores of Cape Cod and Barn- 
stable Bay from early in the summer until early in winter; and when it 
becomes known that a shoal of blackfish is in the bay, the boats are 
manned and proceed at once to get in their rear; and, as the fish are at 
the surface of the water the most of the time, it is easy to tell how to 
manage to keep them between the boats and the shore. While in this 
position the men in the boats will make all the noise with their oars 
they can, and that will cause them to go in the opposite direction from 
the boats and toward the shore; and when the fish find that they are 
in shoal water, by seeing the sandy bottom, they become alarmed, and 
go with all their might till they run fast aground on the sand. The 
boats then row in their midst; the men with lance in hand jump out of 
their boats into the water, and butcher them as a butcher would a hog, 
and it becomes one of the most exciting occasions that it is possible to 
imagine, for the water flies in every direction, and the blood flows freely 
until death puts an end tothe great tragedy. When the water ebbs and 
leaves them dry, their blubber is taken off, cut in slices, and the oil 
tried out. About thirty gallons upon an average is what one fish will 
make, and the melons will average about six quarts. The melons are 
taken from the top of the head, reaching from the spout-hole to the end 
of the nose, and from the top of the head down to the upper jaw. When 
taken off in one piece, they represent a half watermelon, weighing about 
twenty-five pounds. When the knife is putinto the centre of this melon, 
the oil runs more freely than the water does from a very nice water- 
melon—hence the name melon-oil. 

About the same time that the blackfish made their appearance in our 
waters, another of the whale species made its appearance also, called 
by the fishermen ‘“‘cowfish” and by the historian “‘grampus”. These 
whales are very much in the shape of the blackfish, only smaller, not 
so fat, and not so dark-colored. The oil from the melon of this fish 
is thought to be superior to anything yet found in the blackfish or the 
porpoise. It is of a very yellow color, and when reduced by the chill- 
ing and straining process it appears to have all the body and lubricating 
properties that are wanted for the very best watch-oil; but as it will 
take one year to determine it by practical experiments, it is thought 
best to keep it out of the market for the present. 

This fish has made its appearance in our waters but three or four 
times in the last forty years, or about once in ten years. The method 
of taking it is the same as for the blackfish. 














PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 19 


THE CRAIG FLOUNDER OF EUROPE, GLYPTOCEPHALUS CYNO.- 
GLOSSUS, ON THE COAST OF NORTH AMERICA, 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


An unfamiliar pleuronectoid fish was found in our waters, in 1877, by 
the United States Fish Commission (Prof. S. F. Baird, Commissioner). 
Numerous specimens were trawled in the deep water off Salem, Mass., 
on La Have Bank, and on the coast of Nova Scotia, off Halifax, in 
Halifax Harbor, and in Bedford Basin, Halifax. 

A careful study proves that they belong to a well-known European 
species, the Pleuronectes cynoglossus of Linné, lately referred by Pro- 
fessor Gill to the genus Glyptocephalus of Gottsche. We also discover 
the identity of this species with Glyptocephalus acadianus, described by 
Gill, from a single specimen (No. 12685), taken by the Commission in 
1872, from the herring-weir on Treat’s Island, Eastport, Me. 

Below are given detailed measurements of twenty-two individuals, 
including authentically named European specimens from the University 


- of Christiania, and the Bonaparte Collection, the type of G. acadianus, 


three specimens from Massachusetts Bay, five from La Have Bank, and 
eleven from the vicinity of Halifax. 

The genus of Gottsche was carefully redescribed by Professor Gill in 
1873,* and at the same time was published a full specific deseription of 
the Eastport specimen. Although this description is founded upon an 
individual which is among the most elongate of the series before us, it 
is thoroughly satisfactory for all, if the tendency to variation in the 
following particulars be noted.t 

(1) Height of body.—This is stated to be about 24 of length exclusive 
of caudal, and 34 in total length. In the series studied, the proportions 
of this element varied, stated in units of hundredths of total length 
(including caudal), from 0.245 to 0.375, No. 12685 having it 30. An 
equally wide variation in the European fish is recorded by Parnell.{ 

The Plewronectes elongatus of Yarrell is not nearly so elongated as 
No. 21061 a (the figure of Couch has height about 0.275); and since no 
other diagnostic characters have been described, we place it without 
hesitation in the synonymy of G. cynoglossus. 

(2) Height of caudal peduncle—This element is subject to very slight 
variation, measuring usually 0.07 of total in both European and Amer- 
ican specimens. The most elongate, slender forms have it slightly nar- 
rower. In No. 12685 it measures 0.06, and 0.065 in No. 21001 b. 

(3) Length of head.—This varies from 0.15 to 0.175. In No. 12685 the 

* Ona new American species of Pleuronectoid (Glyptocephalus acadianus). By Theo- 


dore Gill, M.D. < Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 
1873, pp. 360-362. 

t Instead of having its radial formula D.110 ; A. 100, as stated in the description, No. 
12685 has it D. 107; A. 96. 

{ Fishes of the Frith of Forth, p. 210, pl. xxxviii, and in Memoirs of the Wernerian 
Society, vii, p. 370. 


20) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


length is 0.15, and in the European specimens 0.15 and 0.1575 (Christi- 
ania specimen). The smallest proportion is represented by specimens 
from Massachusetts Bay and Halifax. 

(4) Teeth.—_In number these are extremely variable. No. 12685, ac- 
cording to Gill, had on the blind side 17 above and 20 below, on the eye 
side 6 above and 7 below. A Salem specimen, larger and older, had on 
the blind side, above 26, below 28, on the eye side, above 13, below 14. 
In young individuals, the teeth present the characters described by 
Gill, having the teeth on the eyed side conical and separated. This 
peculiarity disappears with age, all large specimens showing closely set 
incisorial teeth upon both sides of each jaw. 

(5) Length of pectoral.—This is extremely variable within limits of 
0.09 and 0.14. This measurement refers to the fin upon the colored side. 
Its shape is also variable; it is sometimes pointed, sometimes obtuse, 
owing to difference in comparative length of the upper rays. It is 
usually black, with a narrow whitish tip. The number of rays varies 
from 9 to 14. 

(6) Length of ventrals.—This is also extremely variable on both sides. 
The range on the blind side is 0.0475 to 0.07, and on the eyed side 0.056 
to 0.0775. The difference between the length of the two fins upon the 
same individual varies from 0.0025 to 0.0155. 

(7) Contour of lateral line—In some individuals this is essentially 
straight, in others considerably arcuated above the pectoral. This 
appears to be an individual variation. The two European specimens 
show a perceptible difference in this respect. In his diagnosis of Plew- 
ronectes cynoglossus, Dr. Giinther states that the lateral line is straight, 
without curve. 

(8) Position of the eyes.—Dr. Giinther states that in P. elongatus the 
upper eye is in advance of the lower. This is doubtless quoted trom 
Yarrell. Neither the figure of Yarrell nor that of Couch indicates any 
such character. 

(9) Scales in lateral line—The number cn the blind side ranges from 
109 to 150, on the eye side from 110 to 140, there being no relation be- 
tween the qukeeeae sides of the same fish. 

(10) Radial formula.—In the dorsal this ranges from 102 to 0 120; in 
the anal, from 87 to 100. There is no apparent relation between the 
number of rays and the relative proportions of height and length of 
body. A large number of rays in the dorsal is usually accompanied by 
a relatively large number in the anal. 

(11) Transverse rows of scales—Their number above and below the 
lateral line is nearly equal. The range is about from 40 to 50. There 
appears to be no relation of number of transverse rows to comparative 
height of body. 

The thermal range of the species appears to be defined nearly by the 
limits 34° and 45° F, 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 21 


The synonymy of the genus and species stands somewhat as follows :— 
GENUS. 


Glyptocephalus, GoTTscHE, Archiv fiir Naturg. i, 1835, p. 156. —BLEECKER, Compt. 
Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, xiiii—Gm1, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
1873, p. 360. 


SPECIES. 


Giyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linné) Gill. 

Pleuronectes oculis a dextris totus glaber, ARTEDI, Gen. 14, N. 3; Mas. Ichth. No. 
39; Synon. p. 31, N. 3. 

Pleuronectes cynoglossus, LINNE, Syst. Nat. ed. x, i, 1758, p. 269; ed. xii, 1766, i, 
p- 456.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, p. 449. 

Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, p. 361. 

Pleuronectes pola, LACEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss. (Suites 4 Buffon), 1819, iv, p. 401. 

Platessa pola, CUVIER.—PARNELL, Nat. Hist. Fish. Frith of Forth, 1838, p. 210, 
pl. xxxviiii—YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Fish. 1841, ii, p. 315.—Coucu, Fishes 
British Islands, iii, 1864, p. 190. 

Pleuronectes saxicola, FABER, Isis, 1828, p. 877. 

Glyptocephalus saxicola, GOTTSCHE, I. c. 

Pleuronectes nigromanus, Ni~sson, Prodr. Ichth. Scand. 1832, p. 55. 

Platessa elongata, YARRELL, op. cit. p. 318.—GUNTHER, op. cit. p. 450.—CoucH, 
op. cit. p. 193. 

Glyptocephalus elongatus, GILL, op. cit. p. 362. 

Glyptocephalus acadianus, GILL, op. cit. p. 361, and in Barrp’s Report on Fish- 
eries of South Coast of New England, 1873, p. 794. 


Dr. Giinther suggests that the fish first cited by Fabricius (Fauna 
Groenlandica, p. 163), under the name of Pleuronectes cynoglossus, and 
subsequently named by him Pleuronectes pinguis (Afhandling. Kongel. 
Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs, Naturvid. og Math., Copenhagen, vol. 
i, 1824, p. 45), is probably identical with this species. The true rela- 
tions of the Greenland fish have already been pointed out by Professor 
Gill (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 218), as well as the curious 
misapprehension by which the synonymy of P. pinguis and the halibut 
has been confounded. 

The following tables give detailed measurements of twenty-three 
specimens, and a list of all the specimens in the National Museum :— 


bo 
bo 


PROCEEDINGS OF- UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


TABLE I.—Catalogue of specimens in National Museum. 


Catalogue 
number 
Number of 
specimens 


T 


Locality. 


When col- 


lected! From whom received. 


Nature of 
apecimen 


i 


21000 | 13 | Massachusetts Bay, off Salem....| Aug. —, 1877 





210013), il) Latave Bank: 2. ssccjseme ee sias|eae eee Coe ean e cee 
21005 29) Halifax. :scscswecceeckiccmec ses aeeers Coys css: 
21017 3 | 27 milessouth by west from Che-| Sept. 6, 1877 
bucto Head. 
21OT9) | 20))| alifaxe ese eenesieeeeeeee see ee Sept. 4, 1877 
21032 NG  teisievere O02 seteuepc cetcesMee ones Sept. 11, 1877 
21047 2 | Halifax (trawl 113 and 114) ...... Sep!. 24, 1877 
21056 4 Massacbusptte Bayer ewes cetera Aug. 6,1877 
21057 Loi] sate ata Oh Ol mreinin camieioleiate ee matali etal eaters GOenaselc 
21058 2 Hewenolueeus Bay (trawl 32, 90 | Aug. 14, 1877 
fathoms). 
21059 1°) alifax’(trawil'd4)o-ceceecse race Aug. 25, 1877 
21060 1 | Halifax (trawl 44) ..........-.... Aug. 21, 1877 
21061 3 | 27 miles off Chebucto (trawl 85)..| Sept. 6, 1877 
21062 1 | Halifax (trawl 106, 111 fathoms) ..| Sept. 20) 1877 
21063 1} Bedford Basin (trawl 111, 37 | Sept. 21) 1877 


fathoms). 


astport, Me 


1 
17355 1 | Christiania, Norway 
1 


Hurppelsesasas-eserac cent Salne sidibis| asc awiaisistas oe Bonaparte Collection .....-.. 
fee tela otal ote ee letetotet atta Norwegian Government --.. 
eee eee Aug. —, 1872 | United States Fish Commis- 

sion. 





TABLE II.—Measurements. 











Current number of specimen| 10,068 17,355 21,000 a 21000 b 21,000 ¢ 12,685 |21,001la@ 
Europe, (Christiania! yrassachn-| Massachu-| Massachu- La Have 
Locality -.-...-:----.a9=- ; Honenerle Peay setts Bay. | setts Bay. | setts Bay. Eastport. Bank, 
100ths. 100ths. 100ths. 100ths. 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. 
eee length, in inches. . 15. 75 1515 17. 25 19 23 9.5 9.9 
ody : 
Greatest height. ......---- 0. 315 0. 33 0. 34 0. 325 0. 34 0. 30 0. 307 
Least height of tail ....... 0. 07 OF OT tate a ere miata ( teetatttelatel eter teeta OS0G" | Seno ; 
Head: 
Greatest length........... 0.15 0. 156 0.155 0.15 0. 165 0.05 0.16 
Length of maxillary ...... 0. 035 503704) saeeme eee as| ocean | (eaters seaee USUERM Bacresoc 
Length of mandible..-....- 0.05 ONOD Ml Fosemen cee | ease et eas tame state O05 Rhee 
Diameter of orbit......--. 0. 05 0.05 alates mntete! | emer = = el eee ate O05. tas se 
Pectoral: 
Distance from snout...... 0. 16 Qo1G i) les ees ae oe oS ae ce ete cee aetelsien O..16 “[sostees. 
Heupthercssscsete scence 0. 09 O; 1059 | Seesce casa eeinecin ec | seacteweeeer OO ateeetee : 
Ventral: 
Distance from snout.....- (0. 19) 0.18 Savee cna c|sancsanccaclseeesraceaa|  AO.dlil nm] memeaete 
Length (blind side) . 0. 05 05056" || <Secteeees 0. 05% 0. 055 0. 06 0. 052 
(eye side) . 0. 056 0:}062; 1) 2228s eee C. 057 0. 057 0. 065 0. 065 
Marsalis. sco secnceonices 112 103 112 110 110 107 101 
PANTIAN) Sass 2 Satan cemiosie Sa sane e 99 87 90 93 91 96 87 
Pectoral 5.3 3scsecsccesccshoe i 11 12 11 13 12 11 
Ventral. - = Seiseeee sere 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 
Number of scales in lateral 
line (blind’ side)... -.255. 117 114 150 138 136 128 113 
(GVO'RIDO). obo cinwcce os 115 116 140 133 134 118 117 











PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


TABLE IJ.—Measurements—Continued. 

















23 


















































Current number of specimen} 21,0010] 21,001¢ | 21,001d | 21,901e | 21,005@ | 21,005b | 21,017 | 21,0474 
MioGalitys-sceresaece deen cq La Have.|La Have.|La Have.|LaHave.| Halifax.) Halifax. | Halifax. | Halifax. 
100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. 
Extremo length, ininches ..| 10.2 11.5 12 12. 25 15. 75 19 16. 25 19 
Body: 
Greatest height........... 0. 295 0. 299 0.33 0. 325 0. 37 0.35 0. 336 0. 32 
Least height of tail. ...... QNOG SH Sie araioie acl cme cs lato [lemic oyetetae | ew ae ierearel bre emote cierto eel leer see 
Head: 
Greatest length.....-..... 0. 16 0. 16 0. 165 0.16 0. 155 0. 155 0. 157 0,155 
Length of maxillary ...... ONO Se eerie cee acorininne| (less = eco laa come elem acre eer emcee teteeets ee 
Mencunoh mandi blesses ae |e Os U0 gi|amecese «i| eettata at] aetleerte «|e =/1 aie ete | poe se mar eeieeine on |eemereers 
AIMS DELLOMOL DU bee eee iae | seniors ora lieve aie ois orate sis ee syaimratel lois erence Srelllc atavotrcvotate | reais ere eee cl eee 
Pectoral: 
DISTANCE LLOMGGNOUb sacha ate set se [een oe ea ec | ca.ctnais sais lant srciein'= [ote caeieinl|beniiasen| seeece est |lsemeeitee 
Hier ots seme oeee sels messicel= 1s] (clee'e eis om oioefeisisiciniaiaceisie.e sel acinie setae cee cites | Ge aeee aan tenner 
Ventral: 
Distanceifirom! snout\.c..~-\|cone---<| cece - ni esol | ces see etE seeeretece sees tebe aeeges|l seems 
Length (blind side)-...-..- 0. 052 ONO4T cc ccecee 0.055 0. 053 0. 047 0. 055 0. 057 
(eye side) H ON058) [eee cos 0. 065 0. 062 0. 063 0. 06 0. 063 
MONSAl Se ecese as. 110 107 113 105 120 106 111 
Anal S28 cas Stee saseses z 95 83 98 92 100 90 95 
Pectoral ..... aan aseleecte sar 11 12 13 12 1 12 10 
RWONtTAals = S82). es sees sheet Gite au [Rete ak 6 6 6 6 6 
Number of scales in lateral 
line (blind side) ..-....... 112 130 115 117? 109 133 125 127 
(GVORUG) Ssessesecsce 119 128 110 117? 115 127 128 125 
Current number of specimen| 21,0475 | 21,019@ | 21,0195 | 21,019¢|21,019d|21,019e| 21,032 | 21,061a 
DGOCANULY/memen|sem cinco eo a/=-'- Halifax. | Halifax. | Halifax.|Halifax.|Halifax. Halifax.) Halifax. | Halifax. 
100ths. 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths. | 100ths.} 100ths. | 100ths. 
Extreme length, ininches..| 24. 25 21.5 19 20 20.25 | 19 19.25 | 114 mm. 
y: 
Greatest height. .-.......-. 0. 37 0. 365 0. 375 0. 316 0. 33 0. 34 0. 365 0. 245 
Least height of tail ....--.|......-.:. 0. 07 ONOG) owas cea ee croletstercl|cisietsisteise| eeereine sisters 0. 055 
Head: 
Greatest length...-.....- 0.175 0. 16 0.156 | 0.152] 0.155} 0.15 0.175 0.165 
Length of maxillary ......|......---- 0. 03 ONO3 0 Se sereeert eemcia srl casei alae eee ate 0.045 
Length of mandible. ......|...-..---- 0. 05 0:05!" noteeese ate ce se lecnccocetemeceineren 0. 06 
DiameverotL OLDit= ses. <e-|s 226-52 0.05 ONOS) [2emrenretec|| ae crete eisareowe| seeeeerne 0. 06 
Pectoral : 
Distance from snout ......|......-.-- O: 157) OF160)| cede cal ease canc| ta oosmas|jencecee ss 0.17 
Neon hee tenia ses cea. ||s cise cicle 0.14 Oral te ecodac |[Ssasagad| scoscaod |oocecescoe 0.08 
| Ventral: 
| Distance from snont......|....-.-.-- 0.17 Oso |e ccce cel stes cies |e cocwaenl|Seoeeseees 0. 20 
| Length (blind side) ....... 0. 047 0. 07 0.057 | 0.065 | 0.055 | 0.05 0. 067 0. 055 
(eye side) .-..-.-.. 0.06 0. O77 0. 067 0.075 | 0.06 0. 06 0. 077 0. 055 
MIOTSAlS acest kisses 106 109 113 106 114 102 106 104 
PATO eR es bok ee bene SS 92 98 99 91 97 87 90 87 
POGLOTAL en! ccccis sce sence 12 12 11 lL 11 11 11 14 
Mentraleners sce scscemonees 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 
Number of scales in lateral 
line (blind side) 117 117 130 132 131 119 LOOT NM die actesa ts 
(eyelside)-= 2s een. - 122 121 130 117 127 115 1A ES el ee Oar 





NOTE ON SHELLS FROM COSTA RICA KITCHENMIDDEN, COL- 
LECTED BY DRS. FLINT AND BRANSFORD. 


By W. Hl. DALL. 


In their archeological explorations in Costa Rica, while examining 
the shell-mounds of Culebra near the western coast, a number of shells 
were obtained from the mounds to exhibit the species of which the 
shell-heaps were composed. They are, of course, in a semi-fossil condi- 


24 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


tion and usually broken, but the following species have been identified :— 
Phyllonotus nigritus Mensch., Strombus gracilior Sby., Arca grandis 
Brod., Chione dionwa Menke, Cardium procerum Sby., and Cardium con- 
sors B. & S. These species, which formed part of the food-supply of the 
former inhabitants, are abundant in the fauna of the Gulf of California 
at the present day. 

FEBRUARY 22, 1878. 


ABSENEIC ACID FOR PROTECTING ANATOMICAL PREPARATIONS 
FROM INSECTS. 


By 3. B. S. JACKSON, M. D. 


Arsenic acid is most intensely strong, and comes in the form of a 
solid and of a liquid, and the two are of about equal strength. Half 
an ounce (avoirdupois) of the one, or one-half of a fluid-ounce of the 
other, is to be added to a pint (f3 xvj) of soft water, and it is ready 
for use. Any membranous preparation that is to be distended and 
dried, as a portion of the alimentary canal, any of the hollow organs, 
an Ovarian cyst, an aneurism, and many preparations that are not to 
be distended, will be most thoroughly protected, I believe, by the arsen- 
ical solution. A solution of corrosive sublimate will probably prove 
an equal protection ; but the membrane, when dried, has a disagreeably 
opaque and ash-colored look, whereas, after the arsenical solution, it 
dries without any change. I cover the preparation fairly with the solu- 
tion, and leave it for about twenty minutes, then take it out, let it 
drain, then inflate or distend it, and, lastly, hang it up to dry. 

Boston, Mass., February 19, 1878. 


THE OCEANIC BONITO ON THE COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 
By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


A specimen of the Oceanic Bonito, Orcynus pelamys (Linné) Poey, 
was captured off Provincetown, Mass., in July or August, 1877, and 
taken to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy by Mr. James H. Blake. 
The specimen was lent to the Fish Commission for study. Drawings 
have been made, and a table of measurements and description are here 
presented. 

The specimen measures 447 millimetres (17.6 inches) to the end of 
the caudal carina. In form it closely resembles Orcynus alliteratus. The 
caudal rays are frayed, and their length cannot be exactly determined. 
The height of the body is a trifle more than one-fourth (0.26) of the 
length. The circumference of the body (0.71) is equal to the distance 
from snout to origin of anal (0.70). The length of the head (0.30) is 


ee 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 25 


contained 34 times in length of body. The width of the interorbital 
region (0.075) is as much less than the length of snout (0.08) as it is 
greater than the length of the operculum (0.07). The length of the 
maxillary (0.11) is nearly equal to that of the ventral (0.115), and more 
than double the diameter of the orbit (0.05). The length of the man- 
dible (0.14) is double that of the operculum. 

The distance of the first dorsal fin from the snout (0.34) is slightly 
greater than that of the pectoral (0.325), and less than that of the ven- 
tral (0.38) by a distance nearly equal to the diameter of the orbit; it is 
also a trifle less than half the distance from the snout to the origin of 
the anal (0.70). 

The length of the first dorsal spine (0.145) is double the length of the 
longest anal ray (0.0725). The distance from the origin of the first 
dorsal to the end of the base of the second dorsal (0.36) is four times 
the length of the anal base (0.09). 

The length of the pectoral (0.15) is less than half its distance from 
the snout (0.325), and exactly half the length of the head; it is con- 
tained 62 times in the length of the body; its origin is slightly in 
advance of the origin of the dorsal, while its extremity reaches to the 
vertical from the tenth dorsal ray. 

The length of the ventral (0.115) is about one-third that of the dis- 
tance of the first dorsal from the snout. 

The corslet is very prominent. Its contour is defined by lines begin- 
ning at the edge of the branchial cleft, about midway between the axil 
of the pectoral and the median line of the belly, extending below, beyond, 
and around the extremity of the pectoral (which, when normally placed, 
touches with its tip the outer margin of the corslet), then extending be- 
yond its tip for a distance nearly equal to its length, round up into the 
lateral line, down which a narrow tract of scales continues to its extrem- 
ity, though narrowed toa single row after passing its curve; passing 
the lateral line, the contour of the corslet curves forward and inward, 
then ascending to a point distant from the median line of the back about 
the diameter of the orbit, it follows backward in a direction parallel to 
this line, to a point opposite the posterior extremity of the second dorsal, 
where it curves upward to the median line of the body, and completes 
its circuit. 

When viewed from above, the rows of scales appear to be arranged 
concentrically about the origin of the first dorsal fin. The scales are 
largest along the edges of the pectoral arch and the dorsal fin, decreas- 
ing rapidly in size as they recede from these regions. There are about 


thirty rows between the dorsal and the upper margin of the pectoral, 
normally placed. 


Radial Formula.—D. XIV, 2412, VIII A.2+ 12, VII. P.28. V.6. 
Color.—The upper parts must have been deep blue in life; the belly 
and flanks below lateral line, the opercles, and throat, pearly opalescent 
white. The lower part of the pectoral arch and tracts at the base of 


26 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the ventrals and anal, as well as those parts of the opercles where the 
bone is close to the outer skin, were of a chalky white. The corslet is 
bronzed brown in the alcoholic specimen. 

There are four distinct bluish lines upon the sides, which are nearly 
parallel with the lateral line, and which constitute the most prominent 
specific character. The first of these begins directly under the tip of 
the pectoral, the second at the margin of the corslet, at a point in the 
line from the upper to the lower axillary angles of the pectoral. The 
third and fourth are rather indistinct anteriorly, but are very distinct 
in the posterior half of the body, and are about as far distant from each 
other as are the first two, the interval between the two pairs being 
slightly greater than that between the members of each pair, and equal 
to the diameter of the orbit. The first or uppermost line is nearly 
straight, the others, following the lower contour of the body, curve 
upward over the anal fin, and all four become lost in the darker color 
of the caudal peduncle. 

This is without doubt the Scomber Pelamis of Linné, characterized by 
him as “Scomber pinnulis inferioribus VII, corpore lineis utrinque qua- 
tuor nigris” (Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, i, p. 297), and given by Giinther 
as Thynnus pelamys (Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. ii, 1860, p. 364). It is hope- 
lessly confused by Cuvier and Valenciennes with Pelamys sarda. Pro- 
fessor Poey assigned it to its present generic relations in 1868 (Syn. 
Pisce. Cubens. p. 362). 

The geographical distribution of this species-is not very well known, 
owing to the uncertainty of its synonymy. The British Museum has 
two stuffed specimens, one from the Cape Seas, and one from Yarrell’s 
Collection of British fishes. Couch records it from the Frith of Clyde 
(July), and from Cumberland, England, and Ireland. Poey has it from 
Cuba. It has also been recorded from the seas of India and China. 

The presence of this form upon our coast was first suggested by Messrs. 
E. G. Blackford and Barnet Phillips of New York, who recognized the 
species in New York Market from the plates in Couch’s History of Brit- 
ish Fishes. Only one was seen, and it was unfortunately not preserved. 
This was in the summer of 1873; and as none have since been found, 
it may be said, with some oo that the species is at present ouly 
accidental in our fauna. 


DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIAN TERTIARY FOSSILS. 
By W. H. DALL. 


Further information has been received from Mr. Hemphill in regard 
to the Tertiary fossils enumerated lately in these Proceedings. These 
facts, having an important bearing on geological and faunal a 
are now summarized. 




















PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oe 


STRATA OF THE SAN DIEGO PENINSULA. 


The long, low, narrow strip of land lying between San Diego Bay and 
the ocean is locally known as the Peninsula. It appears to have been 
pierced formerly by narrow channels or outlets by which the waters of 
the bay communicated with the sea, and even now, in heavy storms, 
the surf breaks over the barrier. At high-water mark is a stratum 
about four feet thick, containing fossils mingled in a confused manner, 
above which is a bed of fine sand extending to the surface of the pen- 
insula, and having a total thickness of some twelve feet. From the 
lower bed (A) were obtained the following species :— 


Corbula luteola. Drilliia Hemphillii. 
Tellina modesta. Mangilia angulata. 
Inecina Nuttall. Odostomia gravida. 
Pecten paucicostatus. Turbonilla chocolata. 
Nucula exigua. Turbonilla virgo. 
Rhectaxis punctocelata. Turbonilla torquata. 
Tornatina cerealis. Hulima micans. 
Tornatina eximia. Scalaria indianorum. 
Tolvula cylindrica. Cerithiopsis assimillata. 
Melampus olivaceus. Olivella biplicata. 
Dentalium hexagonum. Olivella boetica. 
Vitrinella sp. Nassa fossata var. 
Crucibulum spinosum. Nassa perpinguis. 
Crepidula adunca. Neverita, var. alta. 
Serpulorbis squamigerus. Nitidella Gouldii. 
Titorina scutulata. Amphissa versicolor. 
Lacuna solidula. Pteronotus festivus. 
Rissoina Woodwardi? Fish teeth and a sp. of Serpula. 


Myurella simplex. 


From the sand bed (B) were obtained,— 


Periploma argentaria. Macoma nasuta. 
Macoma secta. Mactra californica. 
Macoma indentata. 


_In the lowest part exposed of bed A are found Cardium procerum, 
Dosinia ponderosa, and Anomia limatula, but they do not seem to be 
scattered through the general body of the stratum. 


STRATA OF THE MAINLAND. 


On the mainland near the town of San Diego, the land is rather low, 
gradually rising inland toward some bluffs. To the eastward of the 
town, or what is known locally as the “railroad land”, a stratum (A’) 
four or five feet thick is exposed at high-water mark, and, like the 
stratum A of the peninsula, contains a confused aggregation of fossils, 
at the bottom of which is a layer of the upper valves of Anomia lima- 


28 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


tula, hardly mixed with any other species, and containing, so far as 
could be discovered, no perfect specimens or lower valves. 

Stratum A?’ is regarded by Mr. Hemphill as the outcropping of an 
extensive formation, probably underlying the whole of the level land 
back to the bluffs, and presenting estuarine characters. It is sur- 
mounted by, or passes into, a fine sandy deposit (B*), at least seventy 
feet thick in some places, containing fossils scattered through it, and it 
is in this stratum that the fossils from the well were found. In nearly 
all the wells that have been sunk in San Diego, fossils have been found, 
showing that the bed is of wide extent as well as of great thickness. 

The following fossils were afforded by stratum A? :— 


Pholadidea ovoidea. 
Solecurtus californianus. 
Macoma sabulosa ? 
Tellina Bodegensis. 
Donax flexuosus. 
Mactra falcata. 
Clementia subdiaphana. 
Chione simillima. 

Chione succincta. 
Dosinia ponderosa. 
Saxvidomus aratus jun. 
Petricola pholadiformis ? 


Cardium procerum. 
Ostrea lurida. 
Anomia limatula. 
Fissurellidea callomarginata. 
Crucibulum spinosum. 
Cerithidea sacrata. 
Drillia penicillata. 
Scalaria indianorum. 
Ranella muriciformis. 
Nassa fossata. 

Nassa tegula. 
Cerostoma Nuttallii. 


From the well-digging in stratum B? came,— 


Venericardia monilicosta. 
Arca microdonta, 

Leda coelata. 

Pecten expansus. 

Janira dentata. 

Mamma nana. 


Crepidula princeps. 
Turritella Cooperi. 
Turbonilla stylina. 
Nassa mendica. 
Cylichna alba. 
Cadulus fusiformis. 


To which may be added the following species not enumerated from that 
locality in the list (pp. 11-12) in these Proceedings, but also obtained by 


Mr. Hemphill: — 


Glottidia albida Hds. 
Xylotrya sp. (tubes). 


Cryptomya californica Conr. 


Solen rosaceus Cpr. 


Solecurtus californianus Conr. 


Macoma expansa Cpr. 


Clementia subdiaphana Cpr. 
Cardium centifilosum Cpr. 


Lucina Nuttallit Conr. 
Lucina acutilineata Conr. 


Ineina tenuisculpta Cpr. 
Cryptodon flecuosus Mont. 
Modiola recta Conr. 

Nucula exigua Sby. 

Acila Lyallit Bd. 

Pecten hastatus Sby. 

Janira florida Hds. 

Ostrea conchaphila Cpr. 
Placunanomia macroschisma Desh. 
Tornatina eximia Bd. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 29 


Cylichna cylindracea Linn. 
Dentalium hexagonum Sby. 
Dentalium semipolitum B. & S. 


Siphonodentalium. pusillum ? Gabb. 


Calliostoma annulatum Martyn. 
Galerus filosus Gabb. 
Crepidula navicelloides Nutt. 
Turritella Jewettii Cpr. 
Bittium asperum Cpr. 
Myurella simplex Cpr. 

Drillia (four sp. undet.). 
Surcula Carpenteriana Gabb. 
Mangilia variegata Cpr. 
Mangilia (four sp. undet.). 
Clathurella Conradiana Gabb. 
Odostomia straminea Cpr. var. 
Odostomia sp. 


Turbonilla torquata Cpr. 
EHulima rutila Cpr. 

Scalaria subcoronata Cpr. 
Cancellaria (four sp. undet.). 
Neverita Recluziana Petit. 
Sigaretus debilis Gld. 
Ranella Mathewsonii Gabb. 
Olivella boetica Cpr. 

Nassa fossata Gld. 

Astyris tuberosa Cpr. 
Astyris sp. 

Ocinebra lurida Cpr. 
Pteronotus festivus Hds. 
Trophon orpheus Gld. 

Colus Dupetithouarsi? Kien. 
Volutopsis (sp. undet.). 
Chrysodomus Diegoensis Dall. 


About ten miles northward from San Diego, on the seacoast of Cali- 




















fornia, are beds of coarse sandstone, of considerable thickness, dipping 
to the northward. About twenty feet of it (stratum C) are fossiliferous, 
containing the shells, not aggregated in a confused mass, as in some other 
cases above mentioned, but distributed much as they might have been 
while living. According to Mr. Hemphill, these fossils have not the 
aspect of an estuary deposit, but rather that of animals living in the 
open sea. Pecten expansus occurring in both the well (B?) formation and 
this sandstone, Mr. Hemphill supposes that they may be of identical 
age, but that the different assemblage of species may be due to the one 
being formed in an estuary and the other on an open coast. This sand- 
stone bed contained, among others, the following species :— 


Ostrea Veatchii. 
Lucina acutilineata. 
Opalia anomala. 
Opalia varicostata. 
Scalaria tincta. 
Scalaria Hemphillit 


Pecten islandicus. 
Pecten hericeus. 

Pecten ventricosus. 
Pecten expansus. 

Pecten Stearnsii. 
Pecten Hemphillii. 
Pecten wquisuleatus var 


Adjoining bed C, and composed of recent alluvial soil, eight or ten 
feet above tide-water, is another stratum (D), in which the specimens 
are in a poor state of preservation, and nearly all found living near San 
Diego at the present time. This bed afforded,— 


| Axinea profunda. 

| Aemea mitra. 
Acmeea insessa. 
Fissurella voleano. 


Laqueus californicus. 
Cumingia californica. 
Tapes staminea. 
Lucina acutilineata. 


30 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Chlorostoma Pfeifferi. Mitra maura. 

Sureula Carpenteriana. Monoceros engonatum. 
Conus californicus. Purpura crispata. 
Neverita Recluziana. Fusus Harfordi. 


Near Santa Barbara, the outcrop (C’) upon the seabeach afforded a 
few fossils, some of which were similar to species obtained from the San 
Diego well. Among these were the following, all recent species :— 


Venericardia monilicosta. Astyris gausapata. 
Bittium quadrifilatum. Amphissa versicolor. 
Bittium asperum. Trophon orpheus ? jun. 


Lacuna vincta. 


The formation within whose limits the beds above described are to be 
included extends from the Pribiloff Islands southward, at least to Yesso 
Island, Japan, on the west, and to Chili on the east. A fruitful locality 
is at Cerros Island, Lower California, from whence Waldheimia Kennedyt 
Dall, and alsoa number of the species referred to in the preceding 
article, have been obtained, some of which are described by Gabb in the 
Paleontology of California. 

Jurassic or Cretaceous beds appear to exist at Todos, Santos Bay, 
Lower California, not far from San Diego. Mr. Hemphill collected here, 
and has presented to the National Museum, half a dozen species not yet 
critically examined, but containing a fine specimen belonging to the 
Rudiste, which have hitherto been hardly known as American fossils. 

Marcu 2, 1878. 


A BEVISION OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS BRE- 
VOORTIA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ANEW SPECIES FROM THE 
GULE OF MEXICO. 


By G BROWN GOODE. 


The type of the genus Brevoortia of Gill is the species described in 
1802 by Latrobe under the name of Clupea tyrannus, and later by Mitch- 
ill under the name of Clupea menhaden. As has been already indicated,* 
the former name has the prior claim to adoption, and the species must 
be called Brevoortia tyrannus. Of this species, there appear to be two 
geographical races or varieties. One of these is the typical form of the 
Atlantic coast of the United States, the other a closely allied form from 
the coast of Brazil, already described by Spix under the name of 
Clupanodon aureus. For the northern form, the name of Mitchill should 
be retained, and the two varieties may be distinguished as Brevoortia 
tyrannus var. menhaden, and Brevoortia tyrannus var. aureus. On the 
coast of Patagonia and Paraguay occurs a well-marked species described 
by Jenyns under the name of Alosa pectinata. This species is readily 


*Vide supra, p. 3 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ol 


distinguished by its larger scales, which are arranged in 18 to 20 lateral 
rows, instead of 25 to 27, as in B. tyrannus. The generic relations of 
this species were recognized many years ago by Professor Gill, and its 
name should stand as Brevoortia pectinata, (Jenyns) Gill. 

A third species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. It is distinguished by 
its larger head and fins. It appears to have never been described, and 
for this form the name Brevoortia patronus is proposed. It is accom- 
panied by the same Crustacean parasite that is found in the mouths of 
B. tyrannus, to which Latrobe gave the significant specific name of 
pregustator. 


Brevoortia tyrannus, (Latrobe) Goode. 


Diagnosis. —Head and jaws short, the length of the head less than 
one-third of the length of the body, less the caudal fin, especially short 
in var. aurea ; the maxillary in length much less than three-twentieths 
of the length of the body. Height of body about one-third of total 
length, in very fat individuals three-eighths. ins comparatively short, 
the height of the dorsal less than length of maxillary, and considerably 
less than three-tenths of length of body, that of the anal usually less 
than half that of maxillary, that of ventral always less than one-tenth 
of total length, the length of middle caudal rays one-fifth that of body 
and less, that of exterior caudal rays usually about three-fourths, often 
less than two-thirds, and rarely more than five-sixths of total length. 
Fins all shorter in var. aurea. Insertion of ventral far behind tip of 
pectoral. Insertion of dorsal about equidistant from snout and base 
of middle caudal rays, but varying two or three one-hundredths to 
either side of the median point, and always slightly behind the vertical 
from insertion of ventrals. 

Seales of medium size, much serrated, arranged very irregularly in 
24-26 transverse and 60-80 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath 
at base of pectoral not large. Squamation of caudal lobes moderate. 

Operculum strongly striated in var. menhaden, almost smooth in var. 
aurea. ' 

Scapular blotch conspicuous. 

This species is easily distinguished from Brevoortia patronus by its 
shorter head and fins, by its slenderer body, and its pectinated scales, 
and from B. pectinata by its smaller, less regularly arranged, and more 
numerous scales, and its shorter, less furcate caudal fin. 


INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS AND SPECIAL CHARACTERS. 


Head.—The length of the head varies from 0.28 to 0.35. The poste- 
rior end of the maxillary extends to a point in the vertical from the centre 
of the orbit. The length of the skull, as indicated by the ‘“ distance 
from snout to nape”, varies from 0.19 to 0.23. The length of snout, 
measured from a line drawn perpendicularly through the centre of the 
orbit, varies from 0.09 to 0.11. The length of maxillary varies from 


32 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


0.12 to 0.145; that of mandible from 0.15 to 0.18. The diameter of the | 
eye enters 44 times in the length of the head. Its width varies from — 


0.11 to 0.15 in very fat individuals. 

Shape of Body.—This is exceedingly variable, and the variation is 
caused largely by the fatness of the individual. In very plump ones, 
the expansion of the belly throws back the origin of the ventrals and 
anal, and greatly changes the appearance of the fish. In the specimens 
before me, the height of the body ranges from 0.31 to 0.385. The table 
of measurements subjoined shows the effect of increased height of body 
upon the other measurements of proportion. 

Fins.—The range of variation in the position of the dorsal is indi- 
cated in the diagnosis. There is no appreciable correlation between the 
positions of the dorsal and anal in the same specimen. The insertion 
of the anal is distant from the snout from 0.68 to 0.75. The lengths of 
the rays in dorsal, anal, ventral, and caudal vary much, as the table of 
measurements indicates. In the caudal, the upper lobes vary from 0.16 
to 0.25; the lower lobes from 0.18 to 0.27. The relation of the pectoral 
and ventral fins is much affected by the length of the head, the inser- 
tion of the former being thrown much further back in long-headed indi- 
viduals. 

Scales.—The degree of serration varies much in individuals as well as 
the squamation of the bases of the vertical fins and the number and 
regularity of the body-scales. In young individuals, the scales are 


arranged with much regularity; but, in adults, I have strong reason to ~ 
believe that scales are intercalated here and there, throwing the arrange- — 


ment into great disorder, and rendering an accurate enumeration impos- 
sible. 

Varieties.—The series before me embraces some two hundred specimens 
‘of Brevoortia tyrannus of various ages, seasons, and localities. Almost 
every feature is subject to wide variations, and there is usually no decided 


correlation between different characters except that a long head is accom- ~ 


panied usually by long jaws, and a pectoral set farther back and extend- 
ing more nearly to the insertion of the ventral. There are, however, 
certain groups of individuals which can be included within a diagnosis 
which may serve to distinguish them from all the others of the same 
species. ‘To what extent it is desirable to define varieties which are 


not separated geographically, I am not well satisfied. The exact mean- ~ 


ing of the terms ‘‘sub-species” and “variety” as employed by Cope, 
Coues, Gill, Yarrow, and other recent writers has not been definitely 


interpreted. It seems desirable, however, to designate in some way — 
the limits of variation from the normal specific type in different direc-— 
tions. With this purpose, and premising that by a variety I mean sim-— 
ply a divergent form, connected by intermediate forms with the typical — 


= 
% 


specific form, I have thought it desirable to name provisionally two 


varieties, and to call attention to others which may possibly exist. This & 
is done with much hesitation, and only with a view to an attempt to 






ai te i a a ne aa nae re ata 


on ¥ 


ES ras FR 


tlh 


‘ 


v 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 33 


formulate the minor differences to be observed between fish of the same 
species on different parts of our coast. A precisely parallel case is to 
be found in the shad of the different Atlantic rivers, which are well 
known to exhibit strong distinctive marks. Very possibly every school 
of menhaden has its own characteristics. In every case where I have 
had an opportunity to observe them, the individuals composing the same 
school were closely similar to each other. 

The typical form of the species as now defined is taken from the coast 
of Southern New England and the Middle States. It has the height of 
the body about one-third of the total length, the head three-tenths of 
the total length, or a little more, the maxillary long (0.14 to 0.143) and 
exceeding the height of the dorsal. 

The species described by Spix under the name of Clupanodon aureus 
cannot be distinguished by any apparent specific characters from Bre- 
voortia tyrannus, since one or more of the specimens of the latter species 
before me partake of some of the peculiarities of the Brazilian form. 
There is, however, a general average of characters exhibited by the Brazil- 
ian specimens as well as by the figure of Spix, with which they closely 
agree, which seems to me to entitle them, for the present at least, to recog- 
nition as belonging to a distinet geographical variety. The distin«tive 
characters appear to consist in (1) a greater average height of body; 
(2) a lesser length of head ; (3) a lesser average length of maxillary and 
mandible; (4) a slightly lower anal and dorsal fin ; (5) a greater average 
distance of anal from snout ; (6) a greater average length of the middle 
eaudal rays; (7) a shorter average pectoral ; (8) a more regular arrange- 
ment of the scales, and a more luxuriant growth of small scales at tke 
bases of the fins. 

A number of specimens from Noank, taken in 1874, vary quite as much 
from the normal type and in almost the same respect as the variety just 
described. The maxillary and mandible are shorter, however, than in 
the Brazilian form, the anal fin lower, and the lobes of the caudal are 
extremely short, sometimes hardly exceeding in length the pectoral 
fin. But for the fact that these specimens show almost all tbe charac- 
ters of the Brazilian Brevoortia, and in some cases exaggerations of 
them, I should be inclined to consider the aurea a distinet species. 
Having with some hesitation allowed it the rank of a variety, the ques- 
tion must be decided as to the propriety of also allowing varietal rank 
to this peculiar form from Noank. The exact meaning of the terms sub- 
species and variety as recently employed by zoologists is not very clear 
to my mind, but I infer that a “ variety” is composed of an assemblage 
of individuals varying uniformly from the typical specifie form in a 
degree sufficient to be susceptible of description and definition, though 
not necessarily separated from it by the absence of connecting forms. 
Premising then that in giving to the Noank specimens a varietal name 
my object is simply to define the limits of variation from the normal 

Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 3 May 8S, I878. 





34 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


type in a given direction, I would provisionally propose that they be 
designated as variety brevicaudata. 

The specimens from the Saint John’s River, Florida, are extremely 
variable in every respect. Certain individuals show a tendency to 
elongation of the head and fins, and also a slenderness of the posterior 
part of the body, and nearly all the individuals from that region are more 
lightly and gracefully shaped. They all have a tendency to a yellow 
coloration, especially upon the caudal lobes. I have not felt justified, 
however, in calling it a variety. 

IT have not had an opportunity to study the Maine schools, but am 
inclined to believe that their differences are very perceptible. 


Table of Measurements. 





























Current number of specimen............----.--..- ; | ate | ee See 20,666 a. 
Teoealite ; | Wood's Holl, | Wood’s Holl, Wood's Holl, 
‘ RE Ste tiie dn rhe Per eae at ene Ia ae Mass. Mass. Mass. 
Millim.| 109ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. 
Very fat. Plump. 
Estromeilon gthiccsee 2-2 Jes beeeeaee casa ee eee O51) i Seater R43 |.-.. 2 ee. TBO ss Stoica 
Body: 5. | | , 
Greatest heivht 225. eee eaecos tee teealae cee. Ween SBE aes: 1 Sill essence 34h 
Least height of tail............ Deiat eek ce: ape liegt ese ON lteeaeaas | ee npeesel |. ee eae ee 
Length of caudal peduncle... ..222-2- 5.5. sen ce eee OR eo.s Sey. ecsacee- soe Seeslkiees Sees 
Head: | 
Greatestilengthis. $5526 onc etter sina cies semen a aerasee be ABD eaters fo SSE | keer 3t 
Distance from snout to nape .....-.2--..---..--. eae OMe cease 208s saemes 20% 
Greatest: width: 322 J24505 wos see weecee toe ee tenes etakces 1S "| es elie See os Cee eeeniasee ees 
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.-.-.---- | NO) well ais tings | Os eeee es 103 
Length of operculum QU ae cseee| Oriana 
Le ngth of maxillary . UE eee Dae ies Sesere 14 
Length of mandible - f | (Sal Seete coos alee Vi 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit .......-..|..------ 10% |------ =: MUPE SS oseoo- 103 
Dorsal : 
Distance trom snouts. sseeeawccmc sus cmeadee sees 5 ue OE licensors 49 
hen gth of base. 22) se aceee cece ceew be mace eee aren 5 : HOW Niceses 174 
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ple cee aeee Sy 
End of dorsal to end of anal. VOR |Lecrcene 25 
Wength of longest 1ay--.0-<ssce.ccaes> ae seenealseeres oe LDR ilo eee | 124 
Length Ob Vastiray cee sescte eee. sao eae eee eee eee | Gia ssee ee 63 
Anal: | 
Distance trom snout «---secscnsjew ae ce scnee eeeee pecee ee esi Reece edie amet 72 
ene th.OF base’ se: sas kes Shee nce ea eee een eee eee ba eee LAM oon sece Lok 
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal.........-.-----|-------- BO) Ness ceeel Bo hiliccoceece 36 
ength ofilon gest tay2t2s22-bsscce. = sae ee ece nl eee eee Ghose cccke De ites see OF 
Doncoh of last ray..c- o.oo sae eee ees Nae n ee wae a | Ale |i eee 44 
Candal : | 
Iheurthiof middlenaysicc.. eee seee eee eee Ba ees a oh AD | 9s hte 53 
hencth of external rays, superior! o--- 2 sessed ee == DTM ete coat Any ene a 20 
Interior’ .22-eee case een eecaees yl I ae oe 23) Missasie oct 23 
Pectoral: | | 
Distance fromysnout o= << cresewewe ates soe e eee eee ee fo. 30h hesgsce Sales see 30 
DPistancevoLritip from snout. ese... ose eee eee aeeke soe AGE neeeenee ABs aceees 46 
Useyip tht oe Bae Woe wosie ete eee nen pen oer eee 1S i oes cS AGM ales leet 18 
Length of longest axillary appendage........-..|-------- st eee tee seme ears eee tee ~-eewnne 
Ventral: 
Distance from snout ........-.... naetae conte ee Sees SAW ae deat Do eal bees sees ol 
GON PUM eas. Nae eel aaa ne 2 eee pac ieree Bh. co seecee aes 9 
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal ..............- aeieepince BO Sol vaece ter Sheil nes semiee 33 
HODTARUET SY Seth ocehen a ence acaee ca ecade bon Cent eee PPS ca Ae ore DOr sae Seow 50 laseecsiee 
MIATA VS ee creciee Sees aes | sams as fsine's anipeeieion Hae 21 esemcser 20M easenos 21 Weee<-=== 

































































PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. oD 
Table of Measurements—Continued. 
Current number of specimen........-...-.--..--+--- 20,666 b. 18,049 b. 1,696 a. 
| cos Wood's Holl, Saint John’s | Indian River, 
| ere are enemas ; Mass. tiver, Florida. | Florida. 
Millim.) 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. 
Fat 
Heairemeton CGMS. lees. - ices se aiioesseasce bec lcci: LS2i esas W408 35225 LOGIN| SSS SS. 
Body: 
| Grontes tiie leh tasseecinccece ces asae meee esa) |(tectearete 34) semen Sa Reese 37 
| Head : | 
| (rea tes HEMET ntact a= anole ee ataials aie ralalew ayn aiaate a2 oie [en sini =el- ler S2ee loc see SO eee sere 30 
Distance from snout to nape.--..----- pete cteterettie|| | Fatetetaratal= 230s eerettoe OI leerecreteeet 20 
Greatest iwid thts soc ceceeicioc=. cose anee eee ae Retefeeteteiall se aaetieell poeta SLL | er srererna| ete rstene are 
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|..-.-- a DD |Eerreteciee LO) |esiseratetssa 10 
Length ohoperculumipeetmecscs- soe ccee Sate cemaelicices cate 9M |tancsee QF: | sececiese 9 
Length OfemmaxMlar yee et emteis cis va aeiemelaiseictceres|ictameretey—'el| Aide y ee re 13% era 134 
Hen othvopmandil os sec \-e- asters asisiee a aictelete lero erase | totale eat AT Ae tsetatste ote DG pecrectoc 17 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit --.-....-.|...----- TQPa ote ees eee [ioscan yeaa sat 
Dorsal: | 
DIStancenromisno mbes ci ceaseless eel cele «isso cielmsi tas Some eeeiscrse Abe R ees 50 
GONG THVOMDASO va eine waite = sistas e cists-ce ete aroibia’s aletsi|| tena Slee LON eS er tee TBO Ss soe 7 
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ....... .-..|-------.| Some eet Se enone 36 
Hndvoldorsalttorendotanall.,..o422cste: ss asics es |'o seca QE reason 268 ote seer 30 
Hen pho mlOn Mest LAVa-ee css -stl-llsieeeisa secs occa) meine 12 Ps Rete LO hornet ae 13 
Men puhomlasttaye seen tlre ose tee sel cereine ole slelera =" Gee eeeee Ol Bonecaak 5 
Anal: 
WistancenMromysnout </csacc cic sales <1 aadencseimie| (pee <cii=< Eh leelcrersinke OU se sears 72 
Meno EhiOt PASS sacs taee esis ccseieseeiccsaes!|| Seeceed Uh eoooeans G0) Pesterserats 16 
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal.........---.--.|-------- SER ee See 36°) leo eneee 38 
Henp thio tslon res tira yee cece eine saat sjeeeict| tiewic era's GEilbeeaeee: Bx eeeheese *5-5 
i: Wenguhvotlastitayyes-acseeeaeasceeoeemeacre cris tee tere Sitis|heek cee Se ihe x34 
) Caudal: 
Menpunofmiddleinay sts sttaicces aecine cicisie setae | (sistas | Gur|iSazee-- Gx esee eee *4 1 
Length of external rays, superior ......--..----.-|.------- DEN Lee ecae QA oe ose et *22 
ANLOTIO Ler cco stetictaiata| aeeie= ers Oa Pacer Qt leila *24 
Pectoral: 
Di stanCenromisnowbe =<s casos ese coe meioe eee | ieee 32m |teeeceee SOM Aas Soe 30 
Distance fstipMromsenonb)-a- secs noel se ee clejeie eee eee | 4BNS omit Lie acces weasels 
Length of longest axillary appendage. .-.......--|.--.---- 1S | eeeeaeise DU Sse yse ce : 
Ventral: 
Di StanCerromisSnOubi= ce oeerisisccicaleSecletetlstaieis acl|lalacleisielals SORT tare 5 Oiet |" eaaereaed 50 
NOD PUN Pye he seyeeeloe Rieti sia a cisisicisios Ue Sinjo all -Tatetetatere | OF she meee ee eS are eget cet ar 
Orisiniof ventral toend ofdorsal ....-..-----4-.|-.----- oie |e ae Sot eee et ; 30) 
PSE Salle Tuy Sree tet oa ee avote = eiclaicietatnte ofa (cieiaiciete eile PUES |SasHce LOPS ees oe [Se | ae oe 
Parte aoe e nee ac names he ionsckuen cheese Dire lnissace: O00 ee OO umn 
Current numberof specimen .=2- << 2522-.-...--.--- 5,152. 17,927. 19,046. 
| Rta 6 : ert Saint John’s | Saint John’s 
Locality ...-...--22-------22eeee eee oie leeieloeen oie a West Florida. River, Florida. | River, Florida. 
| 
Millim., 100ths. Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.} 100ths. 
Micuremenlen pth ae saa). acetone een aisle einaiectereletelans AOI y | ae cete d7Gheiwenmee ot Q30 | eee. 
Body: | 
Greatest here itis) soe ecisawicla ctelciaisiaiclsis has/ersateaiis|o<oere eee SOM |peeee cis | BEE El honeciss 32 
Least height of tail .....-.-- tie eee cic sialoeiseinisls [niece weiss |csece mae eee | LOD ee eee 9 
Length of caudal peduncle ..-..--.....-- BEA cena |cditnscias| behets Sivas tee 8 
Head: 
Greatestilen ctiltses ss -sececk oc soseccmemccesscic'|s alee eae lem OOUN| hem ea re | SUR Ses Re 33 
Distancefromisnout tO Map so4s--c002-e<eees -<-|)-s2~ acme | Pil acideisonse QO acne as 204 
Greatestiwidth) sree 2h. ccaececcesisneis Pee A rena 4 koe seeiee J ORS Bae ceees 12 
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.......- NO Ies | eee OWN Ae aN See 104 
Length of OpPOLcudlumtscest neces esas cccteee eee cafe mater aoe OUF Paes 234 OF SATS 94 
Mon rthkotsmaxillaryecceseacn cee ccor eee res cis 2|htntteaten easerea joa) | ae cane Tidiay |e Soe 144 
Length of mandible ..--. Scere eee aw aa letsaiaeas | iN ple letors tices TSA seecees 18 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit.........-.].--...-. eee cesar ncersk PIN SES Ie 104 
Dorsal: 
DIncae Ss ROMENNOME aciontnes eisai cecekeneneedazm seeks 48> |b eeecens BQion). csctereiners 524 
RON CuO A DAS Ome eee er fate eee acicard anabnicnesekiobibez aceon TS ee Qwest as 17 
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal ..........-.|....--.- 3625 |Pscenie. S44: | secocie 34 
End of dorsal to end of anal.......-.....0sss0se.|ccceee ee 30) Jecccns~e Q6 se ee 25 
Teapet OMON FESR Yar coe ceteosace cetera atone =c|hasesees easeee cise aaeme+ [ies oe Be 12 
Han oh Mowmlashmwysaciaction eciseicte ne viet utes cislslosmecioaiitnossaeuleee eect SOT, CORE PeB see 





36 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
Table of Measwrements—Continued. 


Current number of specimen ....-....-------------- 95,152. 17,927. 19,046, 


Saint John’s Saint John’s 


Bee yee - -igeciah ee tice = serine -h Beane d West itor os. River, Florida. | River, Florida. 


| | 
| Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.) 100ths. Millim.! 100ths. 
| 




















a 
* 




















Anal: : | 
Distance from snout .<... = ee. wn ea meee ee ee = =a omens] = =e eel (Te) Nee ae ae 12 
Length of base. .......----------- 0-22 -- = nee fee enn == [eee n ees] eee eee-- | WS oseoeS5- 16 
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal’. ....---.-------|--------|-.------)--- 2-2 | 88. saa 324 
Gene uN OL One Ost a ies lame te eee tetere aerate tele | eee frets | ee | Goya kes 6 
Gength of last'ray .--- <2... -cnc---cememn ns eee See eeaee| eae ls cmore ees Bi Wc ae amas 64 

Caudal: | | 
Wen pt hor mia de ways ere ea aeteleenete ster eter eile ete terete | erate seta Ete | Boalt eta 5k 
Length of external rays, superior ------.-----=--|--..-.-.|---. -..|.--.---- | 21 palicar. 2cee | 20 

INGO ORs sie occa cee eee eeeeee tamerei-nt aim stale ier Poe Aa aes ee | 24 
Pectoral: 
Distancedrom (snout eae seem ae ee ae eee ee eats | eerste alate lf ewemisic ce 31d) ae-ee ee 32 
Distance of tipstrom SNOUb ce esse es ecco ence mes |e ania ions enna AD rahi eae Ae 50 
LEG Ya) ppeencenena coe aScnbcne soar copcaanoaSsbesH sessed |7oc2acesSoeane se 19) enOseees 18 
Length of longest axillary appendage .....-..-..|..-..---|......--|..-.--.-| 1%) ec 5-2 heeeiecee 

Ventral: | 
Distance trom snout -s.>-cieec eet oee eae cle ae leeeeacme eee eee tes | 49) abe G22 48 
Hen Poh sess pees nh ha Share wre stele ereestaioe steps apis cll Se ano | (a eee Breit ee Oy) neers 9 
Origin of ventralstoiend Ot dorsales-cs =m ae eeeee)| hse eres eee | 333 aecetees 30 

WM OUSaL ATA VS ee a esee aeane melee see jaeaeSesseastemys 20 esl Sees 21 Giceaaetse 1Bovdoilee soe 

PASH AUN VIS Reise Goes sete ieee ete ele nee eee a eter =r ee eee eee 21 | sas ses 21 | pes aes 

Current number of specimen..---..............----- 19,044. 18,049 a. 19,468. 
ares ¢| Saint John’s Saint Jobn’s eee 

Locality -.----.-------++s2e2-2e serene rece reser eee | River, Fla. River, Fla. Virginia. 

7 ae > =o | ae =a = a | 

ania 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. 
| | 

eee te | | | ; 

BES trem Oven Cll) ees - masse e ae e aeee eae eee eel 1D 2a eee 1A a element i) | Oa alee eS en { 

Body: | ‘ ; 
Grestestiheiehteseessaee. = see ene nae eee eee Wee ACE | Saal eeceece 30 eee sae leds \ 
NGG AS be 1G tiie tag tea emer toecet tate = misters orale [is cwidia'e oll cae aetna oeiemie eral eee | oe ce 9 \ 
Length of caudal peduncle........-..--..-...--. | ese relat store creel] icretercienara lees amos | iecnstare | 9 ; 

Head : i 
Greatestlengt heen ssi -elettemee a elec eraser eter 0 We | etererinee 29 Nes cee | 32? ‘ 
Distance from snout to nape ....-----------.---- | dria | OER Sait 19 aoe) | 20% ] 
Greaves biwidthere ec. seen seece sean eer eaeee lWeicreserereeae Wa eet tare Hy) |esceisaess| 12 
Width: ofinteronbitaliarea: <4. 4s-eecss ce eeeceive| (eee [fests cee leet tel emilee oem 7 
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.-|...----. | OF Secosssc NO | esses 10 : 
Length of operculum .-..-.-..-.....--.----.-..--- (peeeeert IOS Wesaccose QI (Bere seretar 9 : 
Men tthe kemaxilaryiee. ac cis eee cee as eae eee eee LS Wesesee ee 1S) NW seccee 14 ; 
enethiofmandible a rsesee <2 cos oenk Scemeae eee neces oess 16sieae ee GP geeneoes lene CRS i 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit .....-..-. Sea Sel iN ah ieee HL Meee 1 i 

Dorsal: | ] 
Distancentrom snout, - <2 seeee eee eseener ane se eee eee AQ) i fens AQ soars 51 

enrth of haseicestasensscs cess iss - ale Pieces | efataeemrats NF ieee ec ee eters | 134 
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal.......-.--.|.------- | She ee ene 35) Saar eee 34 
Indiof dorsal to end. of anal eje-osecesseeeeoeeeeleoee = see Dict Paster. O9n <2 tees 23 
ength,of longest’ ray: «2s ae0-po<<ee sac be s-- es) see c oe DO elle eeer cc 1244} Saosee | 1 
HGCT A OnLOL aster aye nates) sae ia ieee eee et te ae | GO Sea icai | pe Sas 555 | oF 
Anal: | | 
Wistance trom (snouh foac-ses-— erie ee te nleaee |Ce eee ee plan eee ais Zit Wel ese Ae ] ie 
Meneth Of basel.s.o5 os seek Sotece ae eoeeeaeee a ae TT Al Sc cepe mes Uda lac- ts aee | 144 
Origin of anal to origin of dorsall.............-.-|=.-.----| SF tee eros cnisis ST" ||. oeeeeen 33 
mensthioflopcest Tay -.2-5-.-2- eee easciese = ee eee Gio eemistnis Mseee See ot 
Ween euhvor lashwalyy «oss <n oe oes ceeieiiacmine ane e eae | 5) ll. eeeace Ay Denes ai 6 
Caudal : | | | q 
ene thiof middle Tays- = --.--6-<tee=)- 22 ien coe ae eaere Gul s = <saeee Sip sae seats 4 
Length of external rays, superior .........--.--- lego eieeiwe teeta eee retos 2oeleee ese fete aca 
INTOLIONs.- a seeeee eee eee eee | al esas Pete ism atalo zd ; 
Pectoral: | | ; 
DStancen ro msNOwtie~ << =~ )-hem ee coe eee ee eeee eee BO helissessees 30) Giese seer | 32 : 
Distance.or Gp irom snout ..<6 «<----.22-2 eee alse } ASpaltacsisas AOE eee ee 49 i 
GGT ee eae coe ae eo ee ate ieee eee 5 eed | is ' 
Length of longest axillary appendage.....-..--. 12 
Ventral: 
IDIStANCELLOMISHOM sec wioe pein iicelse clon aiaie sacar 
STG OTR ee ee eaten reas ein iel vielen islamelo nj c/aian(siela re ae 
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal.....--.--..--. 
INOTSaLITa VAeee seen eee an ee eaeioee ence sineeee 
PATIAUTA VSS. oe eteeeeeneeeeniasin=sinisaclsc eta eee 
































PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 37 


Table of Measurements—Continued. 


















































Current numberof specimen.<-. 2. ..sss00ccss-5-0-- 14,846 a. | 14,846 b. Var. aurea. 
; = a M.C. Z. 
OGM GY ofan al=. cae aia faynicie Sa gaia taciasiccs acing ewe ssjq Sar ; Noank, Conn Noank, Conn. Ridsvanpiro- 
Millim.| 100ths. | Millim.| 100ths. Millim. | 100ths. 
| 
xtreme length. ..-...--...--.- ste cite Se seer eee A ia ee ese eel OG i apres crete 2369 | |aaeeeoe 
Body: | 
CVEAtES NOON baa) o's raicideins wise sansa iaiviesle sinielgeje oi ae aes === Ba ears nase Sake ease ee 35 
Head: | 
Greatestilen ote oo ae. ocey- epee aese eo eae |e Seel<r PM nae 2B i. eee mania te Qik 
Distance from snout to MAPS siiaeecewcpeie ceo Sak tke QO N skgd. Se eae ee lita ae 21 
Length of snout from perp. from centre of UBS ee soo 10). | eesads OE Sse 10 
Length of OPSLrCMlUM Secwsece teases Pease oesale oe eer OF | Sess abscaee melo secs otenese ees 
eng thors axt lary secs semen ass ees a a1 cosicic one 13s eee 12 ee oe ae | 12 
enctMoer mandibles sJo5 sess Sos 5 ac oe cde ese os [tet ese - 1a Site | LA ose 15 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit .....-..-.|-------- LO} plieseacros (cel Socletecisial Aes acess moire 
Dorsal: 
Mistance fromysnowtpecmc eee saeece ise esse oa |asese fe BOT oe = eee BCG) oe vee ol 
Tins IN SEG oedae a Sn eceno seo cerieeeuaccsened pooneaee AQP Cee ncee QO FT Pam etere ces atcers 
Origin of pectoral to origin of dorsal.........--.|.------- 35 |-------- B34 |i cio cbiee nace se 
End of dorsal to end of anal ...........--.-c---.|.--+---- Qo lbosoeeee Q5: jtsceecee| eoeetene 
ea OfMON Ges LTAY tao weir se ese ens Santee LO jae. Su lezcee 10 
Menthol last Tayincnecee les ancees cn esseceseaes| posse se BRileeecme ae Oop 2eeeeceet 4 
Anal: 
Miigumleetronr snout - 6-2 2c- 8 = sce on sto acdneec cokes GE areas 12a |5 os matre| ae 
Bon cnhio fe Dasejeaane <a eee 2a ese a eseeetos VD) Wasa 1G See eee a ae 
Origin’ot anal to origin of dorsal..--........---.|----=--- SOR NSeciseece Oly Meeeeoeree |e saps 
Mencthiotloncest Tay: —.5-3--2% te sesseci- aoe cones | eeaaee: Ae eee Dr teases 5 
MMe ASE Ray oe oc he cee Seen ace [noe An | ieee th Ades eet | 4 
Caudal: | 
Meng thiormid dleray si. sae) mee wcteteneine ose asee|eesa< ses 43 |.. Bailes aaa 5 
Length of external rays, superior............-..|-------. LG eek. 2s LOSS sees S| 23 
Int VIOL Me eastern ace eees AB. Seo ses dle C0 ke ea cueees ls jemeinge 
Pectoral: 
Islan ce LrOMMsnOutiewses.% Soe era oak cet neweeae: Oia eee = 28 Pe oaaeee | 28 
Distancelaf tipdromysnout: 225 =.../222526-- 25-2222 2: Ah? eso s575) 430 bel 2254 | 42 
NG OUE thier oes eels a cicette com eycaeulce pecan saccinns TD, E eee 15) Peso eee 15 
Ventral: 
MIShANCe; frOMISNOUL a= = Foe sion > coeeeeceecasal-- sens. 5D eee ere 50} ema cos 49 
GON PEL Sac ee te sare eee oe SS oes Meee ee daisinc eee eee Te ee rie |Poee ae 8 
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal)..................-|----=--- Ba she saptcee 366 lecncen=s| bareseee 
PIOMSAMEA YN eae ees = Son eS Se ee cce dacelewes cl. 20) Rosse D0) || Sseaec.e8 TEL ose scene 
PAM AUT DY Shee eres Ae ee ce acta a stirs attte See oie Salciac eer? 19) Wasiseses| 20) || eee ORE EOS sites 
ae 6 - Var. aurea. Var. aurea. 
@urrent number ofispecimen :...-)- <cc.ces-=-eee55-| ' AGane 
M. C. Z. a. M.C. Z. 6. age of 
OCA DY ar a ecep ae) ae Sera one ise as rel iaiasi2 Sree mse Sambaia, Thayer Sambaia, Thayer | aurea. 
Exp. Exp. 
Millim. | 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths. | 100ths. 
Heetnomplon Che se sees nsas seein cose asascceeccoee = 164 | bs saeesse 54: [bose eee Esessae 
ys 
iGreauesiieHe Mier mmo se cis sn meas cisietsite = «\csn-|nc a seen ee | 34 (5. sas5 RE 34 35 
Head 5 | 
Eerenbestslen pth nici iteelcele em eiciniciol= atta aicinln tea wietsiaiaraos | 28). eens 29 28 
Distance from snout to nape .........--..-------|----eeeee- 19 Teer: 22 21 
Length of snout from perp. from centre of orbit.|.......--. | Or meet eree 10 93 
enothioi maxillary esos cnsass acc sclodas-sees|oocceecnee 136 | Eee: 14 13 
enc throtmandl plone cee shecc cones eene: [acu nteelne foe oeeee 1705] 153 
Dorsal; | 
i SPAN CoNOMISNOU Gs — eel ncie cs cisceice cette cere scin lmcioera eye | AQIS teil eee 48 493 
FEN OTOMLONG OSbUayiacoa scotch claoels cine Se cies. 82 -|cocsen acne TD 0S eee ae 10 102 
Meno TNO MlAniayeeracten cen mesane rene eateries | aonean/ sacs! Sm eee 4 ees 5 5 
Anal: 
IDI StANCe MEO MTSN ONG ee aren essen siseen ease os soe ccisaaseae | apliite ee eee 73 732 
Menus inotlongesp ray. saem asec salsices betlaeise 2 >= =| occeeenwen Gan hoes Lae 5 54 
Menmthinglantirsyy <cieec cl gee ot BRL Lae ity (288 2 BSL 3 33 
Caudal : | 
Benothyofimiddle rays Sic -c--c0se scot cosu science sl scebseseue | Gui|zatastoses 5 5z 
Length ofexternal rays aupeniorssce ac ease occ csc|ecenwecese | OF eas eee 23 232 
Pectoral: 
MISiANCEtNOMISNOUL moans cesasiasic ove oe eeica cess] soceeaener ON ccicwiceee's 30 29 
Distance of tip from snout ........- JeEeet ee oct Solace AAS ess. See 47 44h 
MCU DMS eee in epee sens saeeis coe cease nse te ae locemessea| UGS | Seoe aces 16 log 
Ventral: 
Wistaneemmomien OWb ye ona smr- cae cmec a besnicemeland|Eaeeeasces BBall bsccieco=e 52 Slt 
Teen ete nee eee oa ices em tector eee ceciceeaaicwe tel beemeoeee (ah Denese ce a B 
WIOUSAL TAYE Meee eee ores cose tandecucdesnccsecces Pe eeleceecce ee TAT | tsesca te eee 
Anal rays..... aN se set etst tenet bmns ie aakineeton Og bees ene O90) It 5a oS en ee ae 








38 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Brevoortia pectinata, (Jenyns) Gill. 

Diagnosis.—Proportions of head and jaws as in B. tyrannus. Height 
of body almost three-eighths of total length, and greater proportionally 
than in B. tyrannus. Fins nearly as in B. tyrannus, but uniformly aver- 
aging slightly more; the height of the dorsal somewhat less than three- 
twentieths of total length; that of the anal equal to or slightly less 
than half the length of the maxillary. The caudal fin is somewhat 
longer aud more furcate, the length of the external rays never being less 
than five-sixths of the length of the head, while that of the medial rays 
remains proportionally the same as in the species first described. Inser- . 
tion of ventral somewhat behind tip of pectoral, this fin and the dorsal 
being uniformly somewhat farther back than in B. tyrannus ; the inser- 
tion of the latter from one to four one-hundredths posterior to a point 
equidistant from the snout and the base of the median caudal rays, and, 
as in B. tyrannus, behind the vertical trom the insertion of the ventrals. 

Seales very large, considerably serrated, and arranged regularly in 
18 to 20 transverse and 50 longitudinal rows. Scales forming sheath at 
base of pectoral not large. Operculum smooth, or with inconspicuous 
and few striations. Squamation upon lobes of caudal extensive and 
conspicuous. 

Variations.—The variations in the individual specimens studied are 
not of great importance, and are indicated in the table of measure- 


ments. 
Table of Measurements. 
































Current number of specimen. -.-..------.-.-- 1709. M.C. Z. a. M. ©. Z.b. Aver- 
MFOCRIby esate eeiioe sore esicce nate aerae ee Paraguay. Rio Grande. Rio Grande. age. 
: nt g. in 
Millim.)| 100ths. Millim.| 100ths. | Millim. 100ths. | 100ths. 
| | 
| 
Hxtromeilencthrse eee ee ee eee eee 250 eae O24 eo skews SO eke ee Loose 
Body : 
Greatestheight.2scsco.¢ set ececesssen| seat 36: Wleeeeeeee {Pre SGRe eee cepa 36 | 36 
Head: 
Greatestilength =<. seep sce senses a5 | heal eee eee 30) taties 30 | 3h 
Distance from snout to nape...--.-----.|-------. | Qo sceeee BU seme at | 21 
enoth of maxa Wanye ces cel eee ence = satan ote =e ar MAE noes AS! oes 14 | 14 
ane Hhor man tb 16! ee setae ie ae eae aa AS alee eeeees Gi wi|seeee ett 16% | T 
Dorsal: 
Distance from! snout... se. ces sos eae oy |e BAe Ree oseee Soe alesecser aye 522 
hengthiof loncestiray, -- sss] = =e | eee TP ost HS? || attereres 12) 12 
WenenhoOt last) LA Yia. pene eee sen ae Gielaaeeeeee Gg) |poceatete 6 | 6 
Anal: 
Distance from snout...--- SOE ards Sa Pea laqaaeaels O30) ee letseiatns iO). psaeenss 712 71 
Kenethiet longest Tay: «2 -<cccas-osseeen {erect = Mike aoe te ce GE ase 5 6 
Menthol 1 Assay. =o. 2)oe maae w cicteeeeie= oa | meeramoe Gaisch ane 8: 4 lla A 4 4% 
Caudal : | 
rene thigh MLad eave: eas. seeeea-- sees eee GE leosesciaa 6 a)\seeeeee 6 6 
Length of external rays, superior ..---.|-------- QAR ae <3 25 Nese 25 25 
ROTI OR eee | eee ee POMS eoacee Cis oeeeee 23) 27 
Pectoral: | | 
Mistancewyrom\Ssmout..s_.-se oes assaal ew eeioes ROR esc erear lemme £20 alede cee 30 | 305 
Distance of tip from snout -.--.-..---..|.------- Sie seeeeeee ee |e eeee rer | 43 
See reteset ae meee nieratetel nial) ete terete AS diate eH 1G Re acer 18 | 17% 
Ventral: | 
Mistancedromisnonb-=-.<-scee <6 ae ogee anaes SA sees AB SEI 49 | 494 
VOTH Oct ier ee seein Ae omic olaleteiaial| amined UPS | beeSecee Sie ewes 83 8} 
Dornsalerayaeeeseee esse ea- eee eee oan Tak, | Ses oe Wee ihee soeecet| TLS ii] Se. fce arene 
CRORE TUS Wee et eral sin ote mere =i TD, 42 iceeeeres | Oe teeters | I. 20 }-.------}-------- 
Number of seales in lateral line...----...... abt. S0gbeeceees vt ee ee 49 | ons See 
Namher ob tiaiscerseimanrs sees.) es 30 abt. 20jE-s ee | Oli eer ecun 20 eceneee Besaciooe 











PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. og 


Brevoortia patronus, sp. nov., Goode. 

Diagnosis.—Head larger than in the other American forms, its length 
usually more than one-third that of the body, the maxillary about three- 
twentieths of the length of the body. Height of body always more than 
three-eighths of its total length, its anterior inferior profile cultrate, con- 
vex, giving an obtusely rounded profile to the subpectoral outline, and 
throwing the snout above the median horizontal axis of the body. Fins 
long and powerful; the height of the dorsal usually equal to the length of 
the maxillary, and about three-tenths of total length of body; that of 
the anal equal to or greater than half the length of the maxillary ; that 
of the ventral one-tenth of body-length ; length of middle caudal rays 
always more than one-fifth and often more than one-fourth the length of 
the head, that of the exterior rays almost equal in length to the head 
and rarely less than five-sixths of its length. Insertion of the ventral 
under or slightly posterior to the tip of the pectoral. Insertion of dorsal 
always posterior to a point on the dorsal outline, equidistant from the 
snout and the base of the medial caudal rays (sometimes as much as 
seven one-hundredths of total length), and always in advance of the 
vertical from the insertion of the ventrals. 

Scales of medium size, with entire, fluted margins, arranged regularly 
(in young) in 24 to 25 transvere and 50 to 70 longitudinal rows. Scales 
forming sheath at base of pectoral very large, round. Squamation of 
caudal lobes inconspicuous. Axillary appendages large. Operculum 
smooth or very delicately striated. Scapular blotch inconspicuous. 

The variations of individuals are sufficiently indicated in the subjoined 
table of measurements. The most characteristic specimens occur at 
Brazos Santiago, Tex., and the more northern specimens show a tendency 
to shortening up of the head, jaws, and fins. 

Description.*—The body is much compressed, especially below and in 
advance of the pectorals ; the contour of the belly between the ventrals 
and the gill-opening is cultrate, projecting, obtusely rounded. The 
height of the body equals two-fifths of its length, and the least height 
of the body at the tail is one-fourth of its greatest height in front of the 
pectorals. The length of the caudal peduncle, from the end of the anal 
to the base of the exterior lobes of the caudal, is one-fifth of the height 
of the body, and one-twelfth (0.08) of its length. 

The head is elongated and large, triangular; its length is more than 
one-third (0.35 and 0.34) that of the body, and its height at the nape is 
slightly more than its length. The length of the skull, as indicated by 
the distance from snout to nape, isabout one-fourth (0.24 and 0.243) of the 
length of the body, and the greatest width of the head (0.13) slightly ex- 
ceeds the halfofthis. The width of the interorbital is about equal to the 
diameter of the orbit, and slightly more than one-fourth the length of the 
head. The maxillary reaches to the vertical from the posterior margin 





*To avoid confusion, this is drawn up from the Brazos Santiago specimens, which are 
most characteristically developed. 


4() PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


of the pupil; the mandible nearly to the vertical from the posterior mar- 
gin of the orbit. The length of the maxillary is about equal to that 
ot the longest ray of the dorsal fin (0.15 to 0.16), that of the mandible 
(0.19) half the distance from the origin of the anal to the origin of the 
dorsal (0.58) or to the length of the base of the anal (0.18). The distance 
from the tip of the snout to the centre of the orbit (0.15 to 0.13?) equals 
the greatest width of the head. The length of the operculum is equal 
to that of the eye: the opercular striations are fine, but distinct and 
numerous. The dorsal fin is inserted posteriorly to a point equidistant 
from the snout and the base of the caudal and in advance of the verti- 
cal from the insertion of the ventrals. Its length of base (0.20 to 0.213) 
is double that of the operculum. Its greatest height is nearly half the 
Jength of the head. It is composed of 19 rays, of which the third is the 
longest. Its upper edge is slightly emarginated. The height of the last 
ray (0.10) is equal to half the length of the base. 

The distance of the anal from the snout is slightly less than three- 
fourths of the length of the body (0.70-0.72), its length of base (0.18- 
0.185) one-fourth of this distance. The distance from the origin of the 
pectoral to the origin of the dorsal (0.37-0.574) is about equal to that 
from the origin of the anal to that of the dorsal (0.38). Its height 
(.09-.093) is about half its length of base, its ieast height (at last ray) one- 
third of the same (.06-.053). The fin is composed of 22 rays, its edges 
slightly emarginated. 

The caudal fin is much forked and elongate, the middle caudal rays 
(0.08) half the length of the maxillary, the exterior rays above (0.31-0.32) 
twice that length, the lower exterior rays (0.55-0,34) nearly equal to 
twice the length of the mandible. 

The pectoral fin is strong, falcate, inserted ander the angle of the 
suboperenlum, at a distance from the snout (0.30-0.34) about midway to 
the insertion of the anal. Its tip extends beyond the insertion of the 
ventrals, its length (0.22) being nearly two-thirds that of the head. 
The axillary appendages are half as long as the fin, or more. 

The distance of the ventral from the snout (0.54-0.55) is about the 
same as that of the dorsal, though by the contour of the body it is 
thrown slightly behind the point of dorsal origin. Its length (0.10) is 
equal to that of the last ray of the dorsal. 

The scales are quite regularly arranged in about 24 to 25 horizontal 
and 50 vertical rows. Their free portion is narrow and high. They are 
entire at the edges, and fluted or crenulated. There are two rows of 
differentiated scales upon each side of the dorsal line, but they are 
scarcely pectinated. The scales forming the sheath at the base of the 
pectoral are large and round. 

Color.—Silvery, with a brassy sheen upon the sides and greenish gray 
upon the back. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4] 


Table of Measurements. 
































Current number of specimen. ...--. 892 a. 892 b. | 89L a. 891 b. 
| 
: ¢ Brazos Santiago | Brazos Santiago,) Mouth of Rio Mouth of Rio 
Locality ----.--.--2+-+--+2++2+-- 2 Texas. ‘Texas. | Grande. Grande. 
| | 
Millim. 100ths. | Millim. 100ths. | Millim | 100ths.| Millim.; 100ths. 
ixtreme leneth >... 2... 22 .<-- ---02- Ih? pa Gi aie. S828 oe 1Q4) Wee renoe DGyleenen ss | GOR aeer 
Body: | 
Gr GalesbWOlSNbs Sel. soci = scipieon lees aes oe AOR Ae ccansce 402) linea neue. Bere | Gee ese 414 
Least height of tail..........-..- |B sey Vi Meese. 10% | Saeee 2 TPA ee ee 11 
Length of caudal peduncle. ...... eeeenc Be Re ace So lara Nees cee eee 28 ik 
Head : | 
| Gxeatestilength .....-.-.--.---<-- ee sees Sh dleeena ee 34 Sere SBT We. 33 
| Distance from snout to nape -.--. Wns caer 2h El he ese bem pH wllicaas OB Pee 23 
erOateSGaWalbh) as <3 seers wimpclel| (esas = oe eS ee isto 1S alee sts3 Ti ean sse il 
Length of snout from perp. from | 
| contrexotporbitiee-es-- enim) ae 12 Gas aae=: LS ec LIS eS 11 
| enothion operculum. 2+ -case--|-------- HOPE seosa: LO eases TP? | Rn es ae 12 
| Length of maxillary ............. eee seers GE je conass VSP eestas 16h ee 143 
Length of Mandtbleressse el ceke satel OMe Seca SR Reece. TOR esas 18 
Distance from snout to centre of | | 
OEDibreasemecdectesars a sloncieesicae area iee IBZ | Soraeacs | LS e ewer tots | 12 ee ae 13 
Dorsal: | | | 
Wistance from) snout -<-----....<.:|:-=-..-. Oo0 eeectee 5S balks yeas SIS 52 
ene thiof, Ase! sae. sce cme cinco. (=e QF Weeacees QOPI eae LN ee 19 
Origin of pectoral to origin of | | 
aril ea toe oe ee KG tales Soa, SiN eee ere | Olay emai Sie acest 39 
End of dorsal to end of anal......|.-...--. Ml ence. DOME ceuase: OGM ere ee 28 
Weneth of longestray.-.--<.--.--|--2+<--- ta eee soe 16) A eae. ie ES eae 17 
Length of last ray Bote ae erate ibaa LGD a oerse Qe Neessesel DR he eerste 9 
Anal: | 
Distance from snout ..-.....----- jr aaeeeet 1) | \eaeenc i | Olea eee 10 \ Bacobece 69 
wen cthiat ase sso... 2 sasesose ies eeee= | Gea sees UBT | hase 1G Sees Ie 20 
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal | -------. SBM Al leatae ce ot S84 tosses BOL Weseme ae 39 
Length of longest ray......-..--- eeeeeeee OG) Wy Senodse GE | ado.22.. Tah eee ee 2s 
Length of last AV amee ctercrate erat tellsisisierste me rae cee oe lCoeeeee Siete ae 4h 
Caudal : 
Length of middle rays ...--......||..-. --. Brolt saee S| sce 38 | Bel esziecs 7 
Length of external rays, superior.|..--..-.|-..----- Se ssoaee |e Sotce aoeoceee | 26) Nos sas ee 254- 
THOS TOO Gna e oo) rosacea | Sait petra | 250 dterceeet 274 
Pectoral : | | 
Distance tromysnout -2s-e2- 2-255 |2 5-4 ee 30) a |eeneee | Samat cece B8e NW cceemeee 32 
Distance of tip from snout-...--..|-------- 55 saan 54 Be: SB ee sos 52 
en ete eae eee SEE fe eee nL ees 22 Ete sion | AGH eae eons 20 
Length of longest axillary ap- | 
pendage Be ee eee cece eres oc reetee 11 shoserees | AS sl nccee tas Neeee hes ty ckes Aer he Oe eee 
Ventral: 
Distance from snout ...---.....-. Perctoferatay= 53) 9 |Pacesees Doe econ ne One ll aeerereleae ol 
Wenetihiees. sos 5 soc oc ciseciie eeene= Poseeeee., 10) ‘a5 28655 10 | ee 10 |...-.-- 94 
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal |..-..--. le S0) pacer Soma leececne: | 330 hee eeee 35 
WorsaliTaAyS ss tec seas neeceeneee AQF | ea chain LOR eeiee ar 1S} eronSe | L83| eases 
PAM AGT AVS 52) seis so ce Seen nce sess | Dae ctnars Qi ee ee ees QI ae eae 22 wats 
Number of scales in lateral line.....47 to 50 |......-. 47 toi50) | Secor abt. 65) \|Ra2e=s= 4) abi Oba) eeeeee 






































42 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
Table of Measurements—Continued. 
Current number of specimen. ....-- 891 c. 5,864 a. | 5,864 b. 5864 c. 
| 
MOcality ec sseccace secret possess Month of Rio | 
Grande. | 
| | 
Millim.| 100ths. Millim.) 100ths. ee 100ths ay 100ths 
Mxtromeveneth..; «=. 1 <aeenecrners 
Body: 
iGneabestiheishtepsees sees eases 
Head: 
GreatestiJen pth) 225 seeac- eee eealeecceeee | 
Distance from snout to nape 213 
Length of snout from perp. from | | 
centre'ol Orbithess<ce os-scs acon leeeeisoee | Ta ee es 1D lke Saat VU ee eg | 11 
Mens thor operculum sees necace= pees TO eiercserctate LORE pe accee | LO. }els obese’ 10 
Length of maxillary ...........- See Tae eee | V4 Beas a USa Mee 144 
Length ot mandible 232-- =. .----]e- ee | De eee es Tingle bess LG ya ts ae 174 
Distance from snout to centre of 
ODD Ibs a2 52 = cists a waeiseee alle aaseis | 1 Die eae (es ae Cl eater |S: ieee |e te | ee eicres e 
Dorsal : 
Distance scoMm snout =.= -e\s3s--i|/s2== 55" DT lkeees tor SOB ea Ss See (seo ee 52 
Teen etihvo fea k@iee secre ce clea ees | Te Goce cers Gina eee heh tl oasis 19 
Origin of pectoral to origin of | 
ose eset ae eee Os | aes Sete 1 San eesse es 36 eeec Se S35 yaleeaosee 36 
End of dorsal to end of anal......|..-..--. Sia te oe SS les Session ero eens 25 
Length of longest ray.........-..|.--.--- DAD a ereee ee ae 129} wen ee i4 
enothiof last ray s-cs<---=0--2|aeoacees Ta ees Biel eceemer | 5B listers | 7 
Anal: | | 
Distance tromisnoutic.s sans csea|aeeeiee| 69t | toemeees G2 eileeceeere | Or aie | 704 
henothvoi basen... to~ ssacnsce Memes oes AQ) Wee ache LOG Piceie en | levis [PSR e cee 19 
Origin of anal to origin of dorsal |-.---.---- | SU csactenaet Ota eana eo | BG > ||) Seamenee 37 
Length of longest ray...--..----.|=-----:- aes ULE eeceee 64) ae a 
Heng thrormlash ray. nee seems eel stereo 5) wena impf. 5 eee A Nees ee 6 
Caudal : | 
Length of middle rays ..--...-.-- |---..<-. OIE eae ee ol eteie cree Gelseteet 93 
Length of externalrays, superior |.....--. QT Recon QT | seiciseinci cic Seed | SEES ane See aes 
AUPeW OLE seme ee Qi saeco see ee SOY Ncsoeeeee 25.7 laces see pees 
Pectoral: | 
Distance trom): snout) <—o<=52 =| sce eiee SON Resse SBP |ooneco ce 30). Wesseee 32 
Distance of tip from snout. .--. voce Afhs || Seek o ee AB ape sdiese AT Bic eases 50 
Men titgasa= tans stone ae ete ce ele ee ee Ate eve once Ley ssc 17 sae etl 19 
Ventral: | | 
Wistancetrom snout, «ce. --—e-s eee DQ) seers = 53) sil eee | Bah Wise Soest 32 
Men ebay ae <i ceeeee tect. see ce el ceanes ee | Serie TOY sil eae ee ON soe 8 Eat iy srr 
Origin of ventral to end of dorsal.|-....-.. 36 ai saenees 32 lanes eee bin, (Berit eee ee 
Horsalways ss sce ee case see ects AST ilaasee ee AO | sche 18 Ve eer 19) |e --=2-- 
AMA Pay Son aisha. bes mciyeys pe etsisieinieies D1 a aoe oer D2 ta eesee ees Ole lane a. ann ones 
Number of seales in lateral line - Gam Ord Reesaae abt 70 [200.02 abt. 55 | basen ab t[o0))|7-see=n 
more. | 
DESCRIPTION OF CAULOLATILUS MICROPS, A NEW SPECIES OF 
FISH FROM THE GULE COAST OF FLORIDA. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


The Smithsonian Institution has received from Mr. Silas Stearns, of 
the Pensacola Ice Company, Pensacola, Fla., a fish new to the fauna of 
the United States, and believed to be new to science. This fish was 
taken March 18, 1878, on the Snapper Bank, off Pensacola, in 30 
fathoms of water. It was packed in ice, and arrived in good condition, 
March 22, at the National Museum, where it was cast in plaster, and 
sketched by Mr. Shindler. It is now a fine alcoholic specimen, No. 
20,971 of the Fish Catalogue. 

Caulolatilus microps is related to the Brazilian form Cauwlolatilus 
chrysops (Cuvier and Valenciennes) Gill, and the Cuban form Caulolatilus 
cyaneps eae described in 1867.* Of the former, two specimens ouly 


312. 





tepertorio Fisic o-Natural de Ja Isla de Cuba, i, p. 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43 


are recorded: one, the type of the original description, one foot long, 
collected on the coast of Brazil by M. Gay, and probably now in the 
Museum in Paris; a second in the British Museum, a stuffed specimen, 
purporting to have been collected in the West Indies. Of Poey’s C. 
cyanops the National Museum possesses a fine specimen (Cat. No, 4750), 
15 inches long, collected and presented by Professor Poey. 

The Pensacola specimen, now under consideration, is two feet and 
three inches long, weighing nine pounds and one-quarter. Its color has 
faded, but a yellow blotch is still visible under the eye, similar to that 
mentioned in C. chrysops. A dark blotch is visible in and above the 
axilla of the pectoral. 

The following diagnosis is believed to characterize the peculiarities 
of the new form. It is accompanied by a table showing the detailed 
measurements of C. cyanops and C. microps, and another showing the 
relations of C. chrysops as far as they can be gleaned from the published 
descriptions. 


Caulclatilus microps, sp. nov., Goode and Bean. 

Diagnosis.— Height of body contained slightly more than three and 
one-half times in its length, its width seven times, the species being 
higher and more robust than C. chrysops and C. cyanops. Length of head 
equal to height of body, being in same proportion to total length as in 
C. cyanops (though less in proportion to height of body), and longer pro- 
pertionally than in C. chrysops. Width of interorbital area equal to 
half the length of snout, instead of four-fifths, asin C. cyanops. Length 
of snout greater than that of maxillary. Diameter of eye contained six 
times in length of head, instead of four times, as in C. chrysops, and three 
and three-fourths times, as in CU. cyanops. Nostrils midway from eye te 
snout, and separated by a distance equal to diameter of eye. Dentitiou 
much as in C. cyanops. Fins all shorter than in C. cyanops, the anal 
and soft dorsal two-thirds as high. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. 
Pectoral not extending to first ray of anal, as in the other species, less 
than one-fourth of total length. Scales in lateral line 120, in transverse 
line 48, being smaller and more numerous than in C. cyanops. 

Radial Formula.—D. VII, 25; A.1, 23; C.17; P.1,16; V.I, 5, instead 
Oey AST 226 C.19 > P. 1,15 v.15, as in C, cyandps,, or, WD. 
aa Weer Colin eh tt: V. 1,5, as im C. clirysops. 


44 


Table of Measurements. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 




















Current number of specimen. .......-...+-..-e0--e2---- ; Pqubolatiins gree Oaulolatilus cyanops, 
? . ’ 
ORL ye eee = ie eee fame trae aha nictne etait eistnte e eiein arate eens Pensacola, Fla. Cuba. 
Millim. 100ths. | Millim. 100ths. 
Fresh specimen. Alcoholic specimen. 
PERG OING LON OG Mine = -atetere ote helo acm acioniwlorentctdis Sietetettenders epetate 620" oe oe sesh 330) Pe5 . eS ateeeeee 
Length to end of middle caudal rays ..--..--.-.---------- 690!) a2 Sees S02) | eal atetale eee 
Body: 
(SmGr sg INS Tel soenaSnssocoas soo ccsb cae sso cece ssesss|lseaessdacose 28 Moe sse sees 24} 
GEG aOS tr vy Cl I latte tore le ate fe reared este etteeteretaie een eine rear oteie eats T4E We acces clot 12 
ets hire bhveniunal Sac eestse es eeise esas eee ee ee eee eee eeat Be eee eee 244 
east heichtrof tail 22 ecto sas ete see eae eee Be ee eee 7 
Hengthvof candalipeduntle:-sesssese ae Soe eaeeien eal ce seine Seer WE eee sesccee 11 
Head: 
Greatest léneth 2-926 far, capeeie te = ante nae ome eeeealteetioseem sae OO ui tese eee 28 
MistancetroMmisSnO wt COMApe a sc- = os sae ee eae re eat ee neereela oon alaieyata ail relate nes 15 
Greatestiwidthe ios teseee sf o te - eee sne see ere Bee Cease aie 1A lakes 433 
Width of interorbital area - 222-22. -s--\---.25--2---- 1. ee aeseeeen en 
Wenethiot snows :sa4-6 = -- ane cee yest See es eae UT aeenceee sc 10 
enviumonimaxilary oacce secs sseecee ecm eee ese TQhe See sacee 105 
Length of mandible.........-. een ES ias a eee 123 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit - Dab li steccse ss 1 
MiAMolenMororDiusos nes oma cce eas celeciea tee see seeeceet Me serait a 
Dorsal (spinous) : 
ISLAN COMROMUAMOM Ole am se ijoa-aasisnetiameae eae heel sen eee ee JAG aeons ree 32h 
Men ethiot baseor es Gast iene acetae ac otic sen oeecene lseeeeeete = ate AQbe eve OSE 13 
Greatest herent os footie oAaascee co cuit crining se ceers se |eiseacmeiae (ewactee aes 8 
Men eEh OLArStes pine = 22-22 Cee besos sac Sine cee Danson stalls aaoaeacoee Be Sewanee 5 
Ben cthior SeconnsSpiNe 5-1: os - enwt eee eee eee eee | aaeee emacs Deloanece dee. 6 
menethioflastiepine/S 3s 2s-0 sae bei o-e ek eee tere soon meee VEN oakee seer 94 
Dorsal (soft) : 
Length of base. .-..-.-.--- Se ne Fate ata en ofa een ete ote ee iatet atone cae MAR Vo eee eek. 46 
Length Ofatins Gray ea doa ne ee a eee ope eel nec aace ree Me Neeaeeyoaee 104 
Length OMLONTES TAYE LAE ees eR eee ee eee eee e eee BE ceeee (22d) 13 
Lengthiof last miy sss 5 scecter aon anctseciieieee cncn| eces\aacens Ayo oes <a aews 5 
Anal: 
Distance from’ snont es 2s5 See Soe eee sess see tal wee dee ee 55) | teaceeeee 515 
Ment OF DASE case cow ce wo aee elec acemwlclsrioaeeee ise tee | maceneteceites Bos) | ooseeoeer 374 
Length of antecedent spine 3: al aceesaeeee 3 
Length of first ray ...---...--- 6) festa eee ve 
Length of longest ray ..-..--.. (Sth): Sh |a-ceeaee2 (ith) 12 
MON CTNOMLASt TAY Hc maoniease cnlss sisisciaets eicaicemiaee cael semen anaes Ak. Speeceeee 5 
Caudal: 
engthol middle’ Tavs. 3. ccx 2 --nosheonsee snscc nee ese ese eenes UE eatet hccsee 11 
ensth ot extemal irayss-2i222 21-1. 243. sanhhtensecdle toes eee ee AGH e52ee 522 174 
Pectoral: 
Distance: fromignout,.- 2.25 sce eo saan debe coke eee Eee eee oe OR oe Iee~ on 274 
SON GOD soit a sa ceoe Sane cink cicpis se Qe Se'ecws wees ode aeedons| Waban aaeeniee TSH illloe dear oee 26 
Ventral: 
Distance: from: Snowe. t=. ie -cesec cenpissivas soe scene er en eeeeeeeee S4E sc oo Scene 31 
ene thst iets hac Se. ees ke eee ee a ee eee a ee See as ee 16 
BEanchioster als 25..: soo sake sees cee oon oe Oo SVAN oo seces WAL 5 lames comes 
MorSsA P55: Sac ae = weiss cae a ae So eee eee eee ne ees WHIH25) [iS otescos. WilH 24 joerc eeeeee 
PATA i j= 5 2:5 aiarcic a a fointass ieee ee Romie cies ce cia see ue Cee eee Ors og ctre apapaie FeO esi een 
Candela: 2: soca ee cckhiee oe PSS Le eae Se eee Ae aeteere eee 
actoral:'. 252. se Saepis seein ceawice ogee See ee eee eee MUG: eens mao ies Teta | ee oes 
Mrontralls =)5 5) 5 20 .-\5 0c ch cote Som Sam Medes cole epee teeeeenEs Tyo a scene once 1) |aesechecceas 
avamber of scales in lateral line\-<--2--.-h. - se seccee seen abts 1205. e255: HOB ener sete, 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line.....-. .--- IS} \Seceeneaes OM eee 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line -.......-.-. BON aaa OD ilkaeem aoe tee 








2 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED 


STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


45 


Table showing Comparative Proportions of Atlantic Species of CAULOLATILUS. 


Height of body in total length. .....-...--.- 
Width of body in total length janes cmmiosies 
Head in total length...............-. 7 

Interorbital width in total length - 
Snout in total length 
Upper jaw in total length 
Snout to orbit in total length 
Kye in head 
Nostrils 


He‘ght of dorsal in total length (of body) - 
Anal 


Caudal 


PIAGLOLS see cinersctensine eerie cieiten scicece ne | 


PERIES IDE AhOMUlINO sa wee ae cia Salers. cnt cate 
Transverse rows of scales 





C. chrysops.* 


Extends to first 
anal ray. 
110+- 


O. cyanops. 


4 
ee 
33 
12 
10 
10 
9 
3t 


} distance from | 


snout to eye. 
124 


Extends to first | 


anal ray. 
108 


35 (10-+-25)| 


| Yarther from 


O. mierops. 


Midway from snout 
to eye. 
13} 
snont 
than in cyanops, and 
two-thirds as high. 
Less emarginate than 
in the other species. 
Does not reach first 
anal ray. 
120 
48 (13 35) 

















* These proportionate measurements, as taken from the ‘‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons", doubtless 
have reference to extreme length to end of external caudal rays. In this genus, however, the ditferenco 
thus admitted is not extremely large. 


APRIL 30, 1878. 


THE OCUCUBRENCE OF 
ALLIED RORY, 


HIPPOCAMPUS ANTIQUORU I, 
ON SAINT GEORGE’S BANKS. 


OR AN 


By G BROWN GOODE. 


A specimen of Hippocampus, measuring about five inches, was pro- 
cured by the United States Fish Commission from a mackerel schooner, 
which had captured it, in company with a school of mackerel, on Saint 
George’s Banks, in August, 1873. It was kept alive for some days, and 
an interesting fact was observed with regard to its habits, its tail appa- 
rently not being used for prehension. This specimen agrees very closely 
with H. antiquorum as described by Giinther, and is provisionally referred 
to that species; it does not agree with the description and figure of H. 
hudsonius, DeKay, a species which has never been accurately defined, 
and which may prove identical with H. guttulatus, Cuy. 

H. antiquorum is, then, an addition to the fauna of Hastern North 
America. The geographical range of the species is very wide; it has been 
recorded from the English coast, the Mediterranean at Malta and other 
points, Fernando Po, Japan, and Australia. Several specimens were 
collected in Bermuda in 1872 and 1877 in company with J/. guttulatus. 

A specimen received by Storer from Holmes’s Hole was, in his first 
report, referred to H. brevirostris, Cuy., which is synonymous, according 
to Giinther, with H. antiquorum. Storer afterward adopted the name 
proposed by DeKay, but his description and figure refer to a form more 
nearly resembling that now under consideration. 

The following notes were taken from the fresh specimen, the colors 
while it was living :— 

No. 21044, U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Fish. 


46 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. — 


Body rings, 1+ 10. Caudal rings, 37. Tubercles of body and tail 
elongated, slightly recurved, usually prolonged into slender filaments ; 
those on the 2d, 4th, and 6th body rings much larger than the others; 
tubercles prominent and filamentose upon the 4th, 6th, 9th, 12th, 16th, 
and 20th caudal rings. Ventral tubercles upon 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th 
body rings. Occipital crest very high, with five prominent tubercles, 
the anterior two with long filaments. Length of snout equal to dis- 
tance from posterior margin of orbit to gill-opening. Operculum marked 
with fine, radiating stric. 

Radial formula.—D. 19 (the first imperfect). P.18. V. 4. 

Color.—Yellowish-brown; the eyes and cheeks covered with radiating, 
wavy lines of light brown. Snout encircled by a narrow, undulating, 
white band near its middle. 

The Commission has an accurate sketch by Mr. Emerton. 


APRIL 30, 1878. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM CALIFORNIA 
IN THE COLLECTIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By W. H. DALL. 


Haliotis (? var.) assimilis, n. s. 

Shell solid, strong, not very thick, with a rather light pink, white and 
greenish nacre, usually with five open holes; spire more elevated than 
that of any other Californian species, consisting of two and a half or 
three whorls; aperture very oblique in adult specimens, the thickened 
margin of the columella narrow, somewhat concave, inclined sharply 
inward and upward, about three-fourths as long as the columellar side, 


of the aperture. Between the row of openings and the columellar edge, 


the space is unusually broad, marked midway by an obtuse carina, sep- 
arated from the row of holes by a shallow channel; surface reddish or 
dull greenish, with rather rough, crowded, unequal, spiral ribs and 


rounded, irregular, wavy, radiating undulations crossing the spiral — 


sculpture obliquely. The muscular impression, in most specimens, is 
but lightly marked, and, except for oceasional spot-like impressions, is 
smoothly nacreous, like the rest of the interior. Lon. 4.5 in. Lat. 3.0 
in. Alt. of spire 1.5 to 2.0 in. Aperture 3 inches wide and 3.75 long, 
in an adult specimen. 

Habitat—Monterey ; Sen Diego, Cal.; in deep water only; thrown 
up by heavy storms, usually dead and worn when found and everywhere 
rare. Mus. Cat. 31267. 

This species, or variety, has long been known to me and to most 
Calitornian collections, but has not hitherto been characterized, owing 
to the dead condition of most of the specimens found. Mr. Hemphill 
having forwarded two fresh specimens, it seems well to put it on record. 

The form is different from any other Californian species; the spiral 


en a oe 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 47 


sculpture is that of H. rufescens ; the radiating sculpture, except that it 
is not sharp or imbricated, recalls H. corrugatus, and the nacre is similar 
but less bright. These characters suggest the possibility of its being 
a hybrid between H. corrugatus and rufescens; but if this be the case, 
why should it not have a similar habitat? Those two species are litto- 
ral, but this is exclusively deep-water. I have received it from Dr. 
Canfield, Mrs. Capt. Lambert, and others, in past years, and have exam- 
ined some twenty specimens of all ages. 


Acmea (scabra var.?) Morchii, n.s. 

Shell conical, much elevated, with a sub-central recurved apex resem- 
bling that of Helcion pectinatus covered with close-set, rough, imbricated 
ribs and riblets, the coarse, imbricated, sharp lines of growth forming 
with the other sculpture a close reticulation in some specimens. Interior 
with a brown-mottled spectrum and margin, otherwise white; exterior 
dull grayish or greenish speckled. The imbrications on the principal 
ribs very strong, in some specimens forming small spines concave 
beneath. Lat.16™™. Lon. 207. Alt. 10™™. 

Tomales Bay, California, Hemphill, 16 specimens. Mus. Cat. 31268. 

This very peculiar form has the sculpture of A. scabra, but much 
exaggerated, and very nearly the profile of Helcion pectinatus. The 
recurved apex recalls that of A. persona. It would not be referred to 
any described Californian species if its characters, as they appear, were 
the only test. But it is almost certain that all the species of Limpets 
and Siphonarie, which have this peculiar elevated shape, acquire it 
trom a particular habitat which they seem to prefer. This may be the 
stem of a large Fucus, a shell, round pebble, or what not, as in the case 
of those species of Acmea usually (but wrongly) termed Nacella by 
Californian conchologists: Acmeaasmi ; Liriola subspiralis; etc. They 
all have a flattened or normal variety, though this is often very rare. 

Hence I consider the elevated form and pointed apex as probably 
due to a peculiar habitat, as in the other cases; a view which is borne 
out by a peculiar arcuation of the margin in most of the specimens, as 
if the creature lad lived on a round shell or pebble. 

Eliminating the elevation as a permanent character, the shell, appa- 
rently very limited in its distribution, might well be a hybrid between 
A. scabra and A. persona. Whether this be the case or not, it is a very 
remarkable form, and well deserves a name, even if only of varietal 
value. We owe its discovery to Mr. Hemphill’s industry and eminent 
abilities as a collector. 


APRIL 30, 1878. 


48 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF DOMINICA FROM COLLECTIONS 
MADE FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BY FREDERICK A. 
OBER, TOGETHER WITH HIS NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


In the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1, p. 46, I 
called attention to the explorations in the Lesser Antilles that were 
being made by Mr. I, A. Ober, giving an account of his progress up to 
that time in the island of Dominica, and stating that when his final 
collection from there was received, a catalogue of the birds obtained 
and noticed by him would be published. 

When his last collection came to hand, it was found that the publica- 
tion of the promised catalogue would be delayed; it was therefore 
deemed best to give a provisional list ef the species in Forest and 
Stream; this appeared in the issue of December 6, 1877. 

On his second visit to Dominica, Mr. Ober had an attack of fever, 
which debarred him from concluding his explorations satisfactorily. 
Several species that were seen by him, but not procured, he was able 
to identify. A few other birds were heard of, but the descriptions given 
of them were insufficient for their identification ; these being undoubted 
inhabitants of the island are included in the catalogue, with such infor- 
mation as he could obtain concerning them. Some of these species Mr. 
Ober hopes to have procured for him by residents, who promised to make 
efforts to do so. 

Mr. Ober is entitled to much credit for his industry and perseverance 
thus far, and his notes testify that his heart is in the enterprise. 

Besides birds, he has sent valuable collections in other branches of 
science. 

I have received from him, by way of introduction to this catalogue, 
the following interesting account of the physical features of Dominica, 
with incidents of his movements, localities where birds were procured, 
ete: 

All of his communications and notes are designated by quotation- 
marks. 

The arrangement of this catalogue is the same as that of the Nomen- 
clator Avium Neotropicalium, by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin. 

“The island of Dominica is 25 miles in length by 16 in breadth. It 
is mountainous in character, consisting of a central ridge running north 
and south, from which chain project hills and spurs east and west; thus 
the entire island is but a succession of hills and valleys, the latter ever 
narrowing into ravines and gorges, from which pour foaming streams 
and torrents. 

“The coast-line is for the greater part bold and precipitous, some of 
the hills slope gently to the sea, and some of the valleys open upon 
spacious bays, which, though not deep, afford good anchorage on the 
Caribbean side for small craft. From the voleanic nature of this island, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 49 


being thrust up from the great ocean bed, the water all around it is of 
great depth, and vessels anchoring off Roseau, the principal town, often 
run out sixty fathoms of chain before bringing up. 

‘‘Thus when I speak of the small depth of the bays, I mean the 
small indentations they make in the general line of the shore. The 
valleys and low hills of the Caribbean shore are tolerably well culti- 
vated, principally in sugar-cane; the provision ground of the negroes 
reaching often to high hill-tops. 

*¢On the east or Atlantic side, called the ‘windward’ side of the island 
(from the fact that the prevailing wind here is the northeast trade), are 
a few fine, though isolated, sugar estates, situated where deep bays give 
opportunity for boats to land. The nature of the east side of the island 
is more rocky, and the seas more boisterous than the west or Caribbean 
slope. The almost unceasing trade-wind keeps the Atlantic in a tumult, 
in striking contrast to the calms of the Caribbean waters. 

‘CAs this island is about midway the group known as the Lesser An- 
tilles, being in lat. 15° 20’ — 15° 45/; long. 61° 13’ — 61° 30’, it possesses 
much in its fauna that will prove of interest ; and doubtless some spe- 
cies will be found to inhabit it that exist neither north nor south of it; 
some that are found north but not south, and vice versa. Possessing as 
it does the highest mountain peak in any island south of Jamaica, and 
a range of mountains and hills of 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height, the 
essential character of the fauna is mountainous. In fact, along the 
coast and in the low valleys, very few birds are obtained more than the 
ordinary sparrows, hummingbirds, etc. Though not rich in either 
numbers or species, Dominica contains its best birds in high mountain 
valleys. Each kind has its characteristic haunt and breeding place, as 
will be described hereafter, and the majority of them are in the mount- 
ains and mountain valleys. 

“« My first collecting ground was at Landat (see Forest and Stream), 
a mountain vale 1,500 feet above the Caribbean Sea, at the head of the 
Roseau Valley, which latter made up into the mountains from the sea 
for nearly five miles. The average temperature of this region was ten 
degrees lower than at Roseau, 1,500 feet below; at night a blanket 
(sometimes two) was necessary. I collected here for a month—the month 
of March—during which period I visited the famous Boiling Lake, a 
chain of lakes on the mountains, the near mountain peaks, and thor- 
oughly explored every accessible ravine and valley within a day’s walk. 

“After shipping my collections to the Smithsonian, I started for the 
central ‘windward’ portion of the island, where reside the last vestiges 
of the Carib Indians. With them I resided six weeks, in a cabin close 
by the Atlantic shore. It was while there that I procured the Imperial 
Parrot, and other birds of less note, by making forced marches into the 
high mountains. 

‘‘T should note here that everything I needed had to be transported 

Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——4 July 31, 1878. 


50 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


over the rugged mountain trails, from the town of Roseau, a journey 
of a day and night, upon the heads of men and women. 

‘“‘In May I returned to Roseau. In June I passed a week in Landat, 
finding little difference in the birds, except in the scarcity of the Hum- 
mingbirds and a few others. I also spent more than a week, in June, 
at Batalie, a lime plantation midway the west coast, where I found 
a few birds which I had seen in the mountains more abundant, and one 
species—the Tropic Bird—breeding in the cliffs. 

“During May and June I was exhausted by a low type of fever, the 
result of exposure, which greatly retarded my efforts to secure greater 
numbers of birds. From subsequent observation, however, and enquiry, 
Iam certain that nearly all the resident species have been obtained. 
The very few not procured will be noticed further on. 

‘On the 15th September I returned to Dominica, after a visit to some 
of the northern islands. Making my way at once to the mountains, I 
had opportunity to note the changes that the seasons would make in 
the time which had elapsed since my first visit. The Hummingbirds 
were in great abundance, the ‘Mountain Whistler’ nearly silent, and 
perdu; the Flycatchers same as usual ; Wrens about the same, but more 
in the deep woods; sparrows, finches, etc., in customary abundance; 
the ‘ game birds’—‘ Perdix’, ‘Ramier’, and ‘Tourterelles’—in abundance. 

‘During this visit I succeeded in procuring the only species of Owl 
known in Dominica. The first was a female, September 18, sitting upon 
its nest, which contained three eggs freshly laid. The following day 
brought in the male; this was the only find of value. 

“Strange to say, my old enemy, fever, visited me again, the first night 
I spent in the mountains; though I had been exempt from it for two 
months, and my last visit there had aided initscure. This discouraging 
welcome to Dominica (I do not, though, attribute it solely to the climate) 
prevented me from going out on a projected trip to the mountains beyond 
for the Parrot; I sent my men but they failed to get the bird. 

‘The migratory species had arrived in small numbers—Golden Plover, 
Sandpiper, etc.—and the water of Roseau Bay was black in places with 
large flocks of the ‘twa-oo0’, a species of tern. These birds only come 
before a gale and are harbingers of a storm. September being a hurri- 
cane month, very few sailing craft of any kind were about; being, 
especially in the French islands, hauled up, to remain so through 
October. 

‘Much to my regret, I was unable to procure the Parrot, but little 
larger than our Carolina Parrot, and the ‘ Diablotin’. The latter was, 
twenty years ago, in great abundance, breeding in the mountains; but 
of late years it has become so scarce as to appear almost mythical. Its 
disappearance is attributed to the depredations of the ‘Manacon’, a 
worthless marsupial animal, introduced into Dominica years ago. Al- 
though the Diablotin is, probably, identical with the Petrel found in 
the Blue Mountains of Jamaica (the Prion Caribbea, as suggested by 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51 


Prof. Baird); yet it would be very interesting to know exactly what it 
is. If itis possibly remaining, I have hopes of securing it, as my friend 
H. A. Alford Nicholls, M. D., of Roseau, has offered a large reward for 
it; if obtained, to be sent to the Smithsonian. 

‘¢ Having been in the island during the breeding season, I procured 
many nests and eggs, which are, probably, little known. Nests and 
eggs of three species of Hummingbirds, the ‘Perdix’, Owl, and many 
smaller birds, were received. 

‘‘There are few sea-birds resident here, or even visitors for the pur- 
pose of incubation, owing to the precipitous character of the coast, and 
the absence of small islands or detached rocky islets. 

‘‘From Dominica I sailed south to St. Vincent, where I remain at 
this present writing (October). 

‘Trusting you will make allowance for the many imperfections in 
this (necessarily) hasty sketch; and hoping to give you full and perfect 
descriptions when I have leisure to elaborate my notes, 

* T remain, faithfully yours, 
“TREDERICK A. OBER. 


‘““It would be wrong in me to conclude without acknowledging the 
obligations I am under to a few gentlemen of Dominica. 

“To the President of the island, C. M. Eldridge, Esq., for kindly let- 
ters of introduction to other islands ; for much proffered aid and a great 
deal of information. 

“To Dr. Imray, the oldest medical man in tke island, one who has 
done much to develope the natural resources of Dominica; a botanist 
of repute, especially an authority on Tropical plants, to him I am in- 
debted for many favors. Free access to a large and well-selected library 
was one of the many delights his generous nature afforded me. 

“To the Hon. William Stedman, for many and delicate acts of kind- 
ness. 

“To Dr. H. A. Alford Nicholls, for numerous favors. I never can 
repay the debt L owe these two gentlemen, for the many and continued 
attentions during my stay. At the time when I was sick with fever, it 
was to the attentions of the one and the skilful medical attendance of 
the other, that my rapid recovery was due. The period of convales- 
cence, passed principally in their society, will continue a very pleasant 
remembrance. 

‘The information possessed by Dr. Nicholls upon wood and mountain 
life was freely placed at my disposal, and it was owing chiefly to his 
suggestions, that my collecting grounds were so judiciously chosen as 
to comprise within their areas the characteristic birds of the island. 
Upon botany and ethnology the doctor is well informed, and his collec- 
tions and herbarium promise to become very valuable. 

‘‘ These remarks will perhaps account for my protracted stay in the 
island, and for a lingering regret at leaving it.” 


52 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. TURDIDZ. 


1. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.).—Local name, “‘ Morer”’. 

‘‘ This curious bird inhabits the high woods; especially does it delight 
in the comparatively open places beneath the towering gomier trees, 
where perhaps a narrow trail has left the ground bare of leaves. There 
you will find where it has been scratching with its strong feet. It is 
very shy, and being very good as food it is sought by the mountaineers, 
who call it to them by imitating its cry of distress. 

‘Tris tea-color. Not abundant. 

“Length, ¢, 9in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5; tail, 33.” 

Of this fine species there are five males in the collection, but no 
females, and Mr. Ober makes no allusion to their plumage. It has not 
before been recorded from Dominica. 


2. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.).—Local name, “Gros Grive ”. 

‘¢ These birds are much esteemed for their flesh, and are hunted with- 
out mercy, when the law allows. They are thus made very shy; at 
St. Marie, however, in the Indian section of Dominica, where they 
are not shot, they are very tame, and frequent the mango and bread- 
fruit trees about the habitations of the people. They lay in April and 
May. 

‘‘ Tris very pale straw color; bill horn color. 

“Length, ¢, 11 in.; alar extent, 173; wing, 54; tail, 53.” 

The sexes do not differ apparently in size or plumage; not before 
noted from Dominica. 


3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.).—Local name, “ Grive ”. 

“Abundant, but much reduced in numbers by being shot for food. In 
habits and actions much resembles the American Mockingbird, without 
his song, however. 

“Tris yellow. _ 

“Length, 3,93; alar extent, 143; wing, 42; tail, 4.” 

Numerous specimens of both sexes sent; no apparent difference 
between them; also not sent before from this island, 

The nest of this species is composed of fine roots loosely woven toge- 
ther; the inside with the smallest roots, but no soft lining; it is very 
Shallow, and appears small for the size of the bird, having a diameter 
of but four and a half inches; there are two eggs of a uniform beauti- 
ful aqua-marine blue, measuring 1.20 x .75. 

Collected at Shawford Valley, May 10. 

4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould.—Local name, “ Trembleur”. 

‘“‘Its name is given from its habit of quivering its wings. Abundant 
in the mountains and lower valleys. (See letter in Forest and Stream.) 

“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 1243; wing, 4; tail, 34.” 

The sexes are alike in colors and dimensions. This species has not 
been obtained before in Dominica. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 53 


S. “Thrush !.? 

‘Another bird was described by several persons, something like the 
Thrush, but with yellow bill and legs. Its egg is like the Cuckoo’s in 
shape and color.” 

Of course, it can only be determined by examples. 


Fam. SYLVIID/. 


6. Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw.—Native name, ‘‘Sifflear Montagne; Solitaire”. 

“The Mountain Whistler frequents the most gloomy and solitary 
mountain gorges, seeking the most retired situations—not so much 
from shyness as from some inherent proclivity. 

‘‘ Found on the borders of open glades in the morning when seeking 
its favorite food, the berries of a tall shrub. Never found below 1,000 
feet altitude. Its mellow notes are first heard from a dark ravine above 
Shawford Valley as one ascends the mountains. (See Forest and 
Stream.) 

“Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33; tail, 34.” 

The female differs from the male only in having a wash of brownish- 
olive across the middle of tbe back. There is a single specimen of the 
young; in this each feather of the upper plumage terminates with 
black, and has an adjoining subterminal round spot of bright rufous; 
the feathers of the under plumage are more rufous, with the terminal 
edge less distinctly marked with black; the throat and under tail-cov- 
erts are light rufous; the tail as in the adult. This specimen is spotted 
much in the same manner as the figure of the young of M. ralloides, in 
Exotic Ornithology, by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, pl. xxxii. 

The M. armillatus of Bonaparte (Cons. Av. i, p. 335) agrees best with 
M. genibarbis, Sw., as he describes the parotic region to be black, striped 
with white, a character peculiar to that species. He has Swainson’s 
name aS a synonym, considering the two to be identical; he gives for 
the habitat Central America and the Antilles. 

Prof. Baird (Rev. Am. Birds, p. 421) proves that M. armillatus, Gosse, 
from Jamaica, is not JM. armillatus, Vieill., and names it M. solitarius. 
The true habitat of Vieillot’s species is thus left unsettled, and I believe 
no authentic examples of it are known to exist in any collection. Vieil- 
lot, in his original description (Ois. Am. Sept. i, p. 69, pl. 42), gives the 
Antilles as its habitat; afterwards (Enc. Méth. ii, p. 824) specifies Mar- 
tinique as a locality. 

Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 270) considers the last reference as prob- 
ably applying to M. genibarbis. Mr. Sclater also says :—“ It is possible 
that I. armillatus verus may be the species from St. Domingo, where 
there is an unknown representative of this form.” 

M. genibarbis is noted from St. Lucia by Mr. Sclater in his list of the 
birds of that island (P. Z. 8.1871, p. 263). The specimens from there 
he compared with two examples of M. genibarbis in the Swainson collec- 
tion at Cambridge, and found them to agree. 


54 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Swainson erroneously supposed this bird to be a native of Africa ; 
his figure of it (Nat. Lib vol. xiii), to be correct, should have the chin 
and an elongated quadrate mark on the lower eyelid pure white. 

There are in the collection twelve adult specimens, which are appa- 
rently in full plumage, having the pure white chin and rictal stripe sep- 
arated by a black line, and the white patch on the lower eyelid; in the 
young example, the white marks are wanting. 


Fam. TROGLODYTID &:. 


7. Thryothorus rufescens, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 1, p. 47. 

“Wren, 6, Landat, March 3, 1877. 

‘Found only in the deep, dark woods, or on their borders. I shot 
several, but lost them in the rank vegetation. They have a most de- 
licious song, like, I think, our Northern Wood Wren. Will have more 
extended notes at some future day. I just missed getting itsegg. In 
June I found a nest, and had my boys watching it for eggs, but some 
one robbed it before me. When I left, I told the people of the valley to 
procure the eggs and save them for me. 

“It (the nest) was merely a few straws in a small hole in a bank, 
about six inches deep, with a diameter of four inches. 

‘‘ Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 62; wing, 24; tail, 13. 

“Tris bright hazel. Abundant in the deep woods, but hard to find 
from its terrestria] habits. Native name, ‘Osenoli’.” 

In the first two collections, there being but the type-specimen, I re- 
quested Mr. Ober to get more; in the last collection are four others, but 
all are males. These were procured in September, and are of a darker 
or brownish-rufous, no doubt owing to the different season. 


Fam. SYLVICOLIDZ:: 


8. Siurus nevius (Bodd.). 

‘“ Wagtail—very scarce. 

‘“‘Shot while feeding about the pools of the upper waters of the 
Roseau River, a rocky stream of cascades and water-falls. 

* Length, 53 in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34, 2.” 
9. Dendreca virens (Gm.). 

‘“‘Only one seen; very ragged in plumage. 

“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 23, 3.” 
10. Dendreca petechia (Linn.). 

“Yellow Warbler, ‘Titien’, Shawford Valley, March 21. 

“Abundant on the plantations of the east coast, overgrown with 
guava-bushes. 

“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 28, 2.” 

“A nest with eggs was taken at St. Marie in April.” 

The nest is well shaped and compactly formed; is composed of fine 
dried grasses, the outside of coarser materials, strips of bark, and long, 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 55 


thin, flag-like leaves, intermixed with a little cotton. It seems large for 
the bird; it measures in outside diameter 5 inches; heigat, 24; depth 
of cavity, 13 inches. There are three eggs of a dull white, sparingly 
speckled with reddish-brown, except on the larger end, where the spots 
are confluent; two measure in length .75 of an inch and .50 in breadth; 
the other is .55 in breadth. 


11. Dendrocca plumbea, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 1, p. 47. 
There are no notes which apply to this species. 


12. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 
‘¢ Redstart, ‘Chat’. Not common. 
“ Length, 5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24, ¢.” 


Fam. VIREONID. 


13. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr. 

“T think this bird is a summer visitor only, as I did not see it before 
March 19, and then only one. It increased in numbers in April and 
May; was abundant in the Indian Settlement. I send nest and eggs. 
Its note makes it conspicuous. 

“ Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 33; tail, 23.” 

“‘ Local name, ‘ Chewick’. Iris hazel.” 

Male—Upper plumage olive-green, purer and brighter than in V, 
calidris ; cap of a clear ash, rather darker than that of var. barbatula ; 
a distinct blackish line along the edge of the crown; superciliary stripe 
ashy-white; cheeks with a tinge of buff; lores and a stripe behind the 
eye dusky; a blackish moustachial line along each side of the throat; 
the under plumage is grayish-white, purer on the upper part of the 
throat and abdomen; sides pale olive-green; under wing-coverts yellow; 
crissum pure pale yellow; the bill is large and darker than in its allies ; 
the upper mandible is blackish horn-color, the under whitish horn-color. 

The female differs in no respects from the male. 

The only necessary direct comparison with any of the West Indian 
or moustached form is with var. barbadense, Ridg.; that and the pres- 
ent bird only having a distinct dark line along the edge of the crown. 
The type of barbadense was kindly sent me by Mr. Ridgway: it is 
smaller than the Dominica species; the plumage above is of a lighter 
brownish-olive, the cap not so dark, the under parts of a pale yellowish 
or creamy-white, and the bill of a fleshy-brown color; in general color- 
ing they are quite unlike. 

The nest (marked “St. Marie, April 22,’77”) is not the beautiful struc- 
ture described by Dr. Brewer (N. Am. Birds, v. 1, p. 362) belonging to V. 
calidris of Jamaica, and does not appear to have been pensile; it is com- 
posed of fine grasses, intermixed on the outside with a coarser kind of 
a long, thin, ribbon-like form. There are but two eggs—perhaps not the 
full complement; they are of a dull white, rather closely spotted with 


56 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


pale chocolate, confluent at the larger end; they measure in length .80 
of an inch by .60 in breadth. 

The nest measures in outside diameter 34 inches; depth of cavity 1 
inchés. 


Fam. HIRUNDINIDZE. 


14. Progne dominicensis (Gm.). 

‘6¢ Hirondelle. Resident. 

‘“‘ The first seen was shot at Mountain Lake, 2,300 feet above sea-level, 
March 23; later in the season I found a few on the Atlantic side, in 
June, breeding in the cliffs at Batalie, on the Caribbean shore. 

“Length, 72 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 53, 3.” 


Fam. CAAREBIDE. 


15. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor.—Local name, “ Sucrier”. St. Marie. 

“T procured a series of these, that you might be able to determine 
better the local differences. 

‘«‘ Bverywhere abundant in lowland and mountain valleys; breeds in 
old plantations from March through to the rainy season. I send nests 
and eggs. 

“ Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 23. 

‘‘T put in a few nests of these birds to illustrate the domed struc- 
ture—a character that prevails among the smaller birds—grass-birds, 
Sparrow and Sucrier.” 

There are two nests, globular in form, one containing three eggs, ob- 
tained at St. Marie, April 20,1877 ; the other with four eggs, in Shawford 
Valley, in April. For the size of the bird, the nest seems a bulky struc- 
ture, but is elaborately made; the inside is of fine grasses ; the outside of 
fine wiry stems of some plant, and the thin flag-like leaves spoken of in 
describing the nest of Dendreca petechia ; it has an outside diameter of 
5 inches, the depth of the cavity 3 inches, across the opening 1} 
inches. The entrance is on the side. The eggs are dull white, some 
closely spotted with pale reddish-brown; others less so; some with the 
spots confluent at the larger end; others having them distinct. They 
measure .68 of an inch in length by .53 in breadth. 


Fam. TANAGRIDZ. 


16. Buphonia flavifrons (Sparm.). 

“¢T’oiseau de St. Pierre.’ Rare. 

‘“Feeds among the tops of trees in the high woods; said to occur, 
also, on the coast; stomach full of small green seeds. 

““ Length, 4? in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 23; tail, 13, °.” 
, There is in the collection but one specimen, a female, which I suppose 
to be this species. I wrote Mr. Ober to endeavor to get others, but he 
was unable to do so. I have a male specimen from Porto Rico of E. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 57 


sclateri, presented by Dr. Gundlach—this is much smaller than the 
above, measuring in length 44 in.; wing, 2,°,; tail, 1,7. 


17. Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr.—Local name, ‘‘ Grosbec ”. 

‘‘ Found among the bushes and low trees fringing the cleared valleys 
and open plateaus. Its clear note makes it a marked bird in the breed- 
ing season. Found eggs in May. Inhabitant of both coasts. Not 
abundant. 

‘Length, 84 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4; tail, 33, °. 

‘‘ Length, 83 in.; alar extent, 125; wing, 4; tail, 38, ¢. 

“ Nest obtained at St. Marie, Indian country, May 1, 1877; lays from 
two to three eggs at a time.” 

The sexes do not differin plumage. The nest is made of the stems of 
coarse grasses, and though appearing to be loosely put together, yet is 
quite compact; there are a few finer stems at the bottom of the cavity. 
The outer diameter is 54 inches, height 3 inches, depth of cavity 12 
inches. The eggs are light greenish-blue, with a few irregular black 
markings on the larger end; the length is 1.06 of an inch, the width .80. 


Fam. FRINGILLID. 


18. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.).—Local name, Moisson ; Pére Noir; Sparrow. 

“The male is black, the female gray, I bave no doubt, as they are 
always seen together. Very common, especially on old plantations; 
make their nests in low trees and stout shrubs. The nest sent, with 
three eggs, was obtained in Shawford Valley, March 21, 1877. 

“Length, 54 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3; tail, 23, ¢. 

“ Length, 54 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 23; tail, 24, °.” 

The nest under examination is placed in the upright trifurcated 
branch of a prickly shrub or tree, and is thus supported behind and on 
each side; it is a large and loosely formed structure, composed of fine 
stems of plants, dried leaves, and small, dried plants; it is covered 
over or domed, and has a large opening in front, the lower part, which 
is the nest proper, is more compact, and is lined at the bottom with 
fine, soft grasses or stems of plants; the height of the nest outside is 8 
inches, the breadth 5; the opening in front has a diameter of 3 inches ; 
depth of cavity, 2inches. The complement of eggs is three. Those sent 
differ much in size and appearance. One is nearly white, marked with 
minute pale spots of reddish-brown, quite evenly distributed; this 
measures .80 by .62 of an inch. Another, of about the same size, is 
more conspicuously spotted; at the larger end densely so; size, .78 by 
-o7. The last is much smaller, the spots larger and darker; it is closely 
spotted all over, the spots not confluent at the larger end; it measures 
72 by .50. 

Mr. Sclater speaks of the single specimen from St. Lucia (P. Z. S. | 
1871, p. 271), and referred to this species as differing from a Martinique 


58 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


skin in having “no rufous at all on the crissum, and the superciliary 
mark shorter ”. 

Five males in the collection from Dominica have the under tail-coverts 
rufous, of the same shade as that of the throat; the rufous line running 
from the bill is darker, and extends over the eye as far as upon a line 
with its centre. Probably the Dominica and Martinique birds are alike; 
but if other examples from St. Lucia prove to be without rufous cris- 
sums, it would seem to be a well marked variety. 

The female from Dominica is, above, a brownish-olive, having the 
face, sides of the head, and upper tail-coverts tinged with rufous; the 
wing-coverts and tertials are edged with bright rufous; the under 
plumage is of a dark ashy-olive; the under tail-coverts are pale rufous. 

Specimens of a Lowigilla collected in Guiana by Mr. A. H. Alexander 
(taxidermist), though similar in color and markings to examples of L. 
noctis from Dominica, are so much less in all their measurements that | 
think, at least, it may be considered a variety. The bill of the Guiana 
bird is much smaller, the under mandible of a brownish horn-color, be- 
ing black in the West Indian bird ; the under tail-coverts are of a paler 
rufous; the rufous of the throat more restricted, and the superciliary 
line extending beyond the eye. 

The measurements of the two are as follows :— 

Dominica bird, ¢, length, 54 in.; wing, 3; tail, 22; tarsus, 3. 

Guiana bird, ¢, length, 43 in.; wing, 28: tail, 2; tarsus, 2. 

Viewed together, the skin of the West Indian bird appears to be 
nearly twice the bulk of the other. 

I propose to distinguish the South American form by the name of 
Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua. 

Mr. Alexander obtained quite a number of this small species in 
Guiana, but he had disposed of most of them before they came under 
my notice. Three males examined were alike in size and coloring. I 
was unable to find a female among the birds collected by him: this is 
easily accounted for; his object in making collections being to secure the 
more showy and saleable males. 

Mr. Alexander informed me that they were not uncommon along the 
Essequibo River, and that he saw them also at Berbice. 

The only citation of Guiana as a locality for Z. noctis that I have 
noticed is by Bonaparte (Cons. Av. i, p. 493), viz, “Surinam”; he also 
gives Martinique. 


19. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 


“Si Si Yerbe; Grass-bird. 

“Abundant everywhere; breeds in great numbers in Shawford Valley, 
three miles from the coast ; nests in lime-trees. 

“One with three eggs taken April, 1877; another with four eggs.” 

“Length, ¢, 43 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 24. 

‘Length, °, 44 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 24.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 59 


The nest is globular in shape, and is composed of fine roots and stems 
of plants, intermixed with thin, flag-like leaves; it is 64 inches high 
and 54 inches broad; the opening is 2 inches across; depth of the 
cavity, 1 inches. The eggs are quite uniform in appearance; they are 
white, with a scarcely perceptible greenish tinge, sparingly speckled 
with reddish-brown, except on the larger end, where the examples vary 
in having the spots more or less confluent. They vary in size from .66 
to .o7 of an inch in length, and in breadth from .54 to .50. 


Fam. TYRANNIDZE. 


20. Elainea martinica (Linn.).—Local name, “Quick”. 

** Rather abundant in the mountain valleys, especially in the lateral 
ravines bordering the glades of open pastures. In habits and cry 
resembling our Phoebe-bird. 

“Length, g¢, 63 in.; alar extent, 105; wing, 34. 

‘Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 33.” 

Of this species, Mr. Ober sent nine examples. Mr. Sclater (P. Z.S. 
1871, p. 271) considers EL. riistti from St. Thomas ‘“ undistinguishable” 
from HE. martinica. I have but one specimen of L. riisii, which differs 
only from the Dominica bird in being light brownish-olive above; the 
upper plumage of L. martinica is dark olive; the difference may be 
seasonal. Mr. Sclater also raises the question whether L. pagana ‘is 
really separable”; in five specimens, so-called, from Brazil, Guiana, and 
New Granada, the most marked difference from the West Indian bird 
is that the breast and abdomen are of a decided pale yellow. In £. 
martinica, the throat and breast are of a clear bluish-gray, the abdomen 
with just a tinge of yellow. 

Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1870, p. $34) thinks that his EZ. subpagana will 
have to be reunited to H. pagana. I have one example of this form, 
from the City of Mexico, which is of a bright yellowish-olive above, and 
the abdomen of a fine clear light yellow. These differences may be due 
to geographical position. 


21. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 48.—Local name, ‘“ So- 
leil coucher ”’. 

‘“‘ It is so called because it utters its peculiar cry just at sunset; the 
hunters say when Soleil Coucher cries, it is time to make ajoussa, or 
camp. Obtained at Landat in March; not common. 

‘“‘ Length, 3, 9 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4. 

“ Length, 2, 84 in.; alar extent, 123; wing, 4.” 


22. Blacicus brunneicapillus, Lawr, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.y. 1, p. 161.—Local name, 
‘“Goubemouche”. 
‘¢ Everywhere abundant in the ravines and dark valleys of the mount- 
ains. 
“ Length, 3, 52 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 22; tail, 22.” 


60) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


23. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl. 

‘‘ Pipere; Loggerhead.” 

“More an inhabitant of the lowlands than the mountains; found it 
abundant in St. Marie, Atlantic coast. 

‘‘ Found a nest with two eggs, April 20, 1877. 

“Length, ¢, 95 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 43. 

“Length, 2,93 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 43.” 

The nest is rather loosely made, of small harsh-feeling roots and stems 
of plants, with no soft lining for the eggs; it is 44 inches wide, with a 
height of 2 inches, the cavity but half an inch deep. The two eggs are 
alike in size, but vary in shade of color: one is of a light reddish salmon 
color, with large conspicuous spots of a deep rusty-red, mostly around 
the larger end; the other is white, with a slight tinge of color, the spots 
smaller and less conspicuous. They measure 1.06 by .77. 


Fam. TROCHILID. 


24. Bulampis jugularis (Linn.). 

‘‘ Large Crimson-throat Hummingbird.” 

‘This species called ‘ Colibri’ in patois French. 

“‘This species is almost exclusively a frequenter of the high valleys 
of the mountains, though found lower down also. It delights in the 
plantain and provision grounds of the mountain sides, and there may 
be seen in early morning, glancing among the leaves, hovering over the 
flower clusters. In the open glades, also, it was abundant about the 
wild honeysuckle and flowering shrubs. It was easily approached, and 
many were caught for me by the little mountain boys, with native bird- 
lime, the juice (inspissated) of the bread-fruit tree. 

‘‘] did not find it anywhere common on the east, or Atlantic side of 
the island. Took a nest and two eggsin June. It breeds later in the 
season than the smallest species (the Crested). Nest built in bread- 
fruit tree. Have nests of the three species. 

‘‘Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 33. 

“Length, 2, 5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 3.” 

This would seem to be a very abundant species, as Mr. Ober procured 
about fifty specimens. Most of these bear evidence of having been cap- 
tured with bird-lime. The female differs only in the color of the throat 
being somewhat duller. 

Mr. Ober speaks of having obtained “nests of the three species” ; 
but none have been received. 


25. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 

“ Green or Blue-throated Hummingbird.” 

‘This is not so abundant as the others. It prefers shade and seclu- 
sion. I noticed the curious habit first in this species, that it possesses 
in common with the larger, of flitting about in the dark forest, where a 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 61 


gleam of light would penetrate. It would dart and double with rapid- 
ity, occasionally fluttering on suspended wing, like a Hawk, then dart 
off to a neartwig, whence, after resting a while, it would renew its forage 
upon the diminutive insects sporting in the ray of dusky light. 
“‘ Procured a nest and two eggs, in June, from a ‘cactus’ tree.” 
‘Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 23.” 


26. Thalurania wagleri (Less.). 

‘“ White-tLroat Hummer.” September, 1877. 

“This bird I found tolerably abundant, principally in the shady 
mountain paths of the ‘high woods’. I saw but one before (earlier in 
the year) in March, while on my way to the Boiling Lake. It may be 
the young of No. 368 or 369, but of this you can judge, as I send speci- 
mens of each kind. Inhabits the mountains. 

“Length, 9, 44in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 23.” 

Mr. Ober’s note given above refers to the female of this species, of 
which two examples were sent in his last collection ; also one male, No. 
369; on the label of this specimen he wrote, “ Purple-throat Hummer, ¢?. 
Length, 43 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 24.” (No. 368 is Eulampis holose- 
riceus.) This is the first allusion he has made to its being a distinct 
species, which is difficult to account for, as the male is also very differ- 
ent in appearance from the three other species found abundantly in the 
island. In his first collection, seven males of 7. wagleri were sent, but 
there is no note or any comment to lead to the supposition that he con- 
sidered it a fourth species—the three regular forms being the only ones 
spoken of. 

The female of this species appears to have been more rarely obtained 
than the male. 

It has the crown and upper tail-coverts bluish-green, the upper 
plumage and wing-coverts dark green tinged with golden; the middle 
tail-feathers are golden bronze, ending with greenish-blue; the other 
tail-feathers are greenish-blue, with their bases golden bronze, and ending 
with grayish-white; the lores, a line under the eye, and the ear-coverts 
are black ; the under plumage is ashy-white; the bill is entirely black. 

The procuration of the female establishes this species as being resi- 
dent in Dominica. 


27. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.). 

‘Small Crested Hummer.” 

“This species is called by the natives, ‘ Fou, Fou,’ or ‘ crazy, crazy,’ 
from its eccentric motions in the air. 

“Tt is not uncommon along the coast and in the lower valleys. A\l- 
most the only species on the Atlantic side in April and May. Very 
abundant everywhere. Took first nest, March 20, in Shawford Valley ; 
found others as late as June 20, at Batalie, on sea-coast. 

“Tn order of numerical abundance this species can be first, the Crim- 
son-throat second, the Blue or Violet-breast third. 

“Length, 34 in.; alar extent, 43; wing, 2, 3.” 


/ 


62 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. CYPSELID. 


28. Chetura poliura (Temm.). 

“ Swift. 

‘This bird only appears after a rain, then in great numbers, darting 
swiftly about, disappearing as soon as it has ceased. In March saw 
but three at the Mountain Lake, 2,300 feet. In June they had descended 
to the valleys, and were even sporting about the seashore. 

‘‘ They live and breed among the cliffs, high up the mountains and 
near the waterfalls of the Roseau Valley. Abundant also at Batalie, 
lower down the coast. 

“Length, ¢, 48 in.; alar extent, 103; wing, 3%.” 

I have never seen an example of C. poliura, but as the bird under 
investigation agrees in plumage quite well with the description of that 
species given by Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 611), I have called it so 
provisionally; it differs, however, in dimensions, the wing especially 
being shorter. 


29. “ Swift.” 

‘“‘A species of Swift,intermediate in size between the small Swift and 
the large Martin.” 

This species has not yet been obtained. 


Fam. ALCEDINIDE. 


30. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 

‘¢ Kingfisher.” 

‘Seen in April on the windward side of Dominica, and again in Sep- 
tember on the leeward, or Caribbean side. In September it appears 
more plentiful. Undoubtedly a resident.” 

No specimen sent, but is this species without much doubt. 


Fam. CUCULID. 


$1. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 
‘‘Cuckoo; Manioc.” 
‘*Not very plentiful; unsuspicious, stupid; its cry similar to that of 
Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but more prolonged, sharper, and harsher. 
‘‘ Nesting in May; inhabits the low shrubs and trees of old clearings. 
‘Length, ¢, 13 in.; alar extent, 164; wing, 53. 
“Length, 2, 133 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 54.” 


Fam. PSITTACID. 


32. Chrysotis augusta (Vig.). 

‘6 ¢ Cicero,’ 

‘Except in the rainy season, this bird can only be found in the high 
mountains, where grow the mountain palm, gomier, bois diadle,and other 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 63 


trees of mountain growtb, upon the seeds of which it feeds. It is there 
abundant, yet shy and difficult to approach. Its ery is harsh, resem- 
bling the call of a Wild Turkey. Morning and evening they call one to 
another for perhaps an hour; during the rest of the day they remain 
silent, except for an occasional cry. When a gun is fired, they all cry 
out, and then keep perfect silence. They do not seem to associate in 
locks at this season, like the Parrot, but are found more often in pairs. 
They breed in the hollow tops of high trees, and the young are rarely 
taken. When caught young, they readily learn to talk. The only manner 
in which one is secured alive is by being wounded. 

“Tt descends to the valleys in the rainy season to some extent, but 
prefers the mountains. At that time they are very fat, excellent eating, 
and much hunted. 

‘‘T made an excursion into their mountain fastnesses, camping on 
their feeding grounds, but only secured three (though assisted by the 
Carib hunters), the country was so wild and the birds so shy. 

“Length, ¢, 21 in.; alar extent, 35; wing, 11. 

‘Length, ?, 22 in.; alar extent, 36; wing, 12.” 

As specimens of the Imperial Parrot are exceedingly rare in collec- 
tions, and a description of it not readily available, I thought that one 
taken from the examples before me might prove useful. 

The male has on the front adjoining the bill a narrow line of a dark 
warm brown color; the feathers of the crown and occiput are of a rather 
‘dull bluish-green, with lighter terminations; the feathers of the hind 
neck, and extending around in front, are bronzy-green, with a broad 
subterminal band of dark bluish-purple, and ending with black; the 
feathers of the back, wing-coverts, flanks, and upper tail-coverts are of 
a bright, rather dark green, conspicuously edged with lighter or verditer- 
green; these terminal edgings are crossed with waving dark marks like 
water-lines ; the tail-feathers are reddish-brown, having their bases green 
for a short space, the two middle feathers show more green; the edge 
of the wing is scarlet (not the flexure); the primaries have their outer 
webs bright dark green for two-thirds their length, the terminal third 
of a brownish-purple; the first quill is entirely, and the inner webs of 
the others are of a dark purple; all but the first primary have their 
outer webs incised ; the secondaries have their outer webs green; on 
the outer two a speculum of scarlet; the inner webs are dark purple; 
on the chin and sides of the throat adjoining, the feathers are dark 
brown, with coppery terminations; the ear-coverts are brown, ending 
with light bluish; the feathers of the lower part of the throat, the breast, 
aud abdomen are bronzy dark olive, broadly marked subterminally with 
an opalescent band of violet-purple and light blue, changeable in differ- 
ent lights, their terminal margins are black ; the upper mandible is dark 
horn-color, with a whitish mark on its side at the base; the under man- 
dible is lighter; the feet blackish-brown. 

The female specimen has the colors a little duller, and the speculum 
less bright, but it may be possibly younger. 


64 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


33. ‘ Parrot.” 

‘‘ Not abundant. 

“This bird, about the size of our Northern Carolina Parrot, but more 
robust, is very shy, keeping mainly to the higher mountains; sometimes 
descending to the inner valleys, to feed upon the wild guavas. 

«It is sometimes captured by being wing-broken, and takes kindly to 
confinement, but unlike its larger brother, the Cicero, does not learn to 
talk. It congregates in small flocks. It is oftener shot in the months 
between September and February. A very beneficent law of Dominica 
prohibits the shooting of Parrots, Ciceros, Ramiers, &c., in any other 
months, thus ensuring protection during the breeding season.” 

This species was not obtained by Mr. Ober. 


Fam. STRIGID. 


34. Strix flammea var. nigrescens, Lawr. 

“Owl. ‘Shawah.’ 

‘“‘ Very rare; its ery even is seldom heard. It haunts principally the 
mountains and higher valleys ; builds its nest in a hollow tree, or in the 
hollow of a large limb, and lays eggs elliptical in shape, white and gran- 
ular. In this case they were three in number, and from the appearance 
of the ovules, were the full complement. They were newly laid, Sep- 
tember 19.” 

I find this to be a very dark variety of Strix flammea. At my request, 
Mr. Ridgway sent me a specimen of the dark-plumaged form (var. guate- 
male, from Costa Rica), spoken of in N.A. Birds, v. 2, p. 14. On compa- 
rison, the difference is very marked: the example from Costa Rica is 
above brown, intermixed with rufous, and closely freckled with fine 
whitish vermiculations; it is also marked, not closely, with whitish 
ovate spots surrounded with black; the color below is dark reddish- 
ochraceous, with black sagittate spots. The sex not given. It measures, 
length, 144 in.; wing, 13; tail, 6; tarsus, 23. 

The male from Dominica has the upper plumage of a fine blackish- 
brown, rather sparsely marked with small white spots; the tail is 
crossed with alternate bands of brown and light dull ochraceous freck- 
led with brown ; the wings are the color of the back, somewhat inter- 
mixed with rufous; the under plumage is light reddish-ochraceous, 
marked with small round black spots (the color is lighter than the under 
plumage of the Costa Rica specimen) ; the ends of the ruff-feathers are 
dark reddish-brown ; feathers around the eye, black; the face is of a 
light reddish fawn color. ‘ Bill white; iris deep chocolate, half an inch 
in diameter.” 

Length (fresh), 13 in.; wing, 10; tail, 44; tarsus, 2. 

The female is of the same dark color above, with the white spots so 
minute as to be scarcely perceptible; the tail is darker; the under 
plumage of a darker reddish-ochraceous than in the male (not so dark 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 65 


as that of the Costa Rica specimen), a few roundish black spots on the 
breast; on the abdomen the markings are in clusters, and irregular in 
form. 

Length (skin), 13 in.; wing, 94; tail, 42; tarsus, 23. 

Besides its much darker upper plumage, the Dominican form is of 
much smaller dimensions. . 

The color of the eggs is dead white; they measure in length 1.60 by 
1.22 in breadth. 


Fam. FALCONID. 


35. Pandion haliztus (Linn.). 
“ Wish-hawk.” 
“ Seen circling over the sea in September.” 


36. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.). 

“¢ Mal fini’ St. Marie, Indian country. 

“This bird courses above the valley, uttering its ery of ‘ Mal fini, fini’. 
It is not abundant; eats lizards as well as small birds.. The largest of 
the Hawks here resident. Iris amber. 

“Length, ¢,15in.; alar extent, 32; wing, 103. 

“Length, 2,15 in.; alar extent, 32; wing, 10.” 


37. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.). 

‘6¢ Glee glee” Nowhere abundant. 

“ Length, g, 103 in.; alar extent, 20; wing, 632.” 

The two specimens sent were submitted to Mr. Ridgway for deter- 
mination; he wrote me as follows :—‘‘ The Dominica Tinnunculus is iden- 
tical with that from St. Thomas, St. Bartholomew, and Porto Rico. It 
is what I have called ‘ sparverius var. dominicensis’, but I find upon. 
further investigation that it should bear the name of antillarum, Gm.—. 
dominicensis being, as I now conclude, the bird which I have called leu- 
cophrys.”. Mr. Ridgway also wrote :—‘* You may mention that I have a 
male 2. sparveroides, in the plumbeous plumage, from South Florida.” 


Fam, FREGATID. 


38. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 

‘* Man o’ War Hawk; Frigate Pelican.” 

‘Often seen flying at great height; said to breed on an inaccessible: 
cliff on the southeastern side of the island.” 


Fam. PHAUTHONIDE. 


39. Phethon flavirostris, Brandt. 
‘Tropic Bird. Abundant. 
‘‘ Breeds in the cliffs near the Lime Plantation of Batalie, the prop- 
erty of Dr. Imray. They also breed in the cliffs of Mount David, near 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-——5 July 30, 1878. 


66 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Roseau. They appear from out their holes early in the morning, go out 
to sea to fish and return at 9 or 10; coming out again in the afternoon. 
A road winds at the base of the cliff, and thus they can be closely 
observed. They are said to reside here the year through, and commence 
incubating in April. 

“Length, ¢, 23 in.; alar extent, 36; wing, 113. 

“Length, 2, 27 in.; alar extent, 36; wing, 113.” 


Fam. PELECANID:. 


40. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.). 

“ Brown Pelican.” 

‘One or two seen; does not breed here, but probably on the nearest 
sandy island.” 


Fam. ARDEID. 


41. Ardea candidissima (Gm.). 

“¢Gaulin blanc.’ Not common. 

“In such rivers as that at Hatton Garden, which runs a long distance 
through a tolerably level valley, with broad shallows, banks well lined 
with bushes, with deep holes well stocked with fish, this bird is often 
found. Iris pale yellow. 

“ Length, ¢, 214 in.; alar extent, 35; wing, 104 in.” 


42. Ardea cerulea, Linn. 

“¢ Crabier noir.’ 

‘“‘Shot in a stream far up the mountains. Iris straw-color. 

“Length, °, 214 in.; alar extent, 37; wing, 103.” 
43. Butorides virescens (Linn.). 

‘Green Heron. Common. 

‘“‘ Breeding season commenced in April; found eggs in June. Iris 
yellow. 

“‘ Length, 2, 195 in.; alar extent, 26; wing, 74.” 


Fam. COLUMBIDZ. 


44. Columba corensis, Gm. 

“¢ ¢ Ramier.’ 

“‘ Abundant in the high woods, never touches earth; makes its nest 
in the high gomier trees in May. Shot in numbers in the rainy season, 
then very fat and most delicious eating. Iris orange, shot with gold, 
with an inner circle around of darker color. 

“Length, 3,16 in.; alar extent, 28; wing, 9.” 


45. Zenaida martinicana, Bp. 
“* ¢Tourterelle.’ 
“Breeds on rocks and cliffs along the coast (Caribbean), very plenti- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 67 


ful. In the mountains not numerous; abundant in Indian country, 
coming about the huts even, not being troubled there. Found eggs in 
June at Batalie. 

“Length, ¢, 124 in.; alar extent, 19; wing, 7.” 


46. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.). 

“Ground Dove. ‘ Bagas,’ 

“Not numerous on the hills; on Grand Savannah, near Batalie, 
Caribbean coast, abundant. Found eggs in June; the nest, a “frail 
platform of grass stalks and sticks, placed on an old stump. 

“Length, 2, 62in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 34.” 


47. Geotrygon montana (Linn.). 

~~ eerdix rouge’, 6; “Perdix noir’, 9: 

‘‘Not uncommon in the high woods; called Perdix or Partridge; 
robust; strong in short flight, and frequenting the ground; it more 
resembles that bird than a Dove. Iris yellow. 

“Length, ¢, 104 in.; alar extent, 193; wing, 64. 

“Length, 2,104 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 6.” 

The two eggs sent are of a rather light salmon color, and immaculate; 
they measure 1.19 by .89. 


Fam. CHARADRIIDA. 


48. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh. 

‘“‘Golden Plover.” 

“Arrives in flocks, frequenting the ‘Grand Savannah’, staying but a 
short time.” 


49. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). 

“Only one seen, at Scott’s Head. The flocks of migratory Plover and 
Curlews visit Dominica but little, preferring lower islands, like Antigua 
and Barbuda to the rocky islands, where their favorite food is necessa- 
rily scarce. 

“Length, 9 in.; alar extent, 184; wing, 6.” 


Fam. SCOLOPACID. 
50. “Sandpiper.” 
Species undetermined ; seen, but not obtained. 


51. Tringoides macularius (Linn.). 

‘‘A resident species. In the hurricane months, the island is visited 
by numberless flocks of Plover. No other Sandpiper or Plover (1 think) 
resides here. 

“Length, 2, 72in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 33.” 


68 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. LARIDZE. 


52. “Tern.” 
“ Not procured, but I think is Sterna stolida.” 


53. Sterna antillarum (Less.). 

Tern. 

“Very few seen; principally about Scott’s Head, the southernmost 
point of the island. 

“Length, ¢, 84 in.; alar extent, 183; wing, 63.” 


54. Sterna fuliginosa (Gm.). 

“<¢T wa 00.’ 

‘ When I reached Dominica, September 15, large flocks of this species 
were skimming the water, apparently feeding upon the fish. There were 
hundreds. Wishing to get into the mountains at once, I neglected to 
get this bird, thinking it would be on the coast upon my return. Ina 
week, however, the squally weather which had brought them in had 
passed, and they also bad disappeared. I was able only to procure this 
mutilated specimen, which I send with regret.” 


55. Sterna anzstheta, Scop. 

“Tern.” 

“St. Marie, Atlantic coast, April 20. This bird made its first appear- 
ance a week ago, coming from the open ocean, to breed upon a rock off 
this stormy shore. My Indian boys procured twenty eggs from the 
rock. The birds leave the island so soon as their young are fledged. 

“Length, ¢, 143 in.; alar extent, 29; wing, 104. 

“Qength, 2, 154 in.; alar extent, 30; wing, 103.” 


Fam. PROCELLARID. 
56. “‘Diablotin.’” 

‘Twenty years ago it was abundent. Said to have come in from the 
sea in October and November, ond to burrow in the tops of the highest 
mountains for a nest. In those months it incubated. The wildest 
stories are told about it, and but for the evidence of such a man as Dr. 
Imray, I should treat it as a myth. Doubtless as you write, it may be 
identical with the Jamaica Petrel.” 

Cn first receiving the account of this bird from Mr. Ober, I wrote to 
Professor Baird, suggesting that it might be Puffinus ohscurus, which 
species was found breeding in the Bahamas by Dr. Bryant. Professor 
Baird replied that he thought it was more likely to be Prion Caribbaa, 
discovered in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica a few years since. 

It is quite possible it may be an undescribed species, and its acquisi- 
tion is most desirable. 

It goes and comes, doubtless, mostly if not altogether at night. If the 
burrows made by it could be found when the birds are incubating, 
probably they could be unearthed in the daytime, and thus be secured. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 69 


Its movements being like those attributed to evil spirits, probably 
suggested the name by which it is known. 

Dr. Bryant (Proc. Boston Soc. of N. H. v. 7, p. 132) gives the fol- 
lowing account of Pufinus obscurus :—“The nest is always placed in a 
hole or under a projecting portion of the rock, seldom more than a foot 
from the surface, and never, as far as my experience goes, out of reach 
of the hand. On being caught they make no noise, and do not resist at 
all. Why these birds and the Stormy Petrels never enter or leave their 
holes in the daytime, is one of the mysteries of nature; both of them 
feeding and flying all day, yet never seen in the vicinity of their breed- 
ing places before dark.” 


NOTES ON A COLEECTION OF FISHES FROM CLACKAMAS 
BIVER, OREGON. 


By DAVID S. JORDAN, M. D. 


The United States National Museum has lately received from Mr. 
Livingston Stone a small collection of fishes obtained by him from the 
Clackamas River, « tributary of the Columbia in Oregon. The collec- 
tion comprises only six species, but each species (excepting Salmo tsup- 
pitch) is represented by several specimens, all in excellent condition ; 
and it so happens that each one of these is a species of special scientific 
interest, and one concerning which our knowledge has for one reason or 
another been incomplete. Four of these species were first described by 
Richardson (Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1836), viz, Oncorhynchus quinnat, 
Salmo tsuppitch, Salmo clarki, and Gila oregonensis; another, Acrochilus 
alutaceus, was first made known by Professor Agassiz (Am. Journ. Sci. 
and Arts, 1855); and the last, Salvelinus spectabilis, by Dr. Girard in 1856. 


1. ONCORHYNCHUS QUINNAT (Richardson) Gunther. 


California Salmon. Columbia Salmon. Quinnat Salmon. 


1836—Salmo quinnat RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am. iii, p. 219, (described from notes by 

Dr. Gairdner). 

Salmo quinnat DEKay, Fauna New York, Fishes, p. 242, 1842, (copied). 

Salmo quinnat StorER, Synopsis Fish. N. A. p. 196, 1846, (copied). 

Salmo quinnat HerBert, Frank Forrester’s Fish and Fishing, Supplement, p. 31, 
1850. 

Salmo quinnat GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. viii, p. 217, 1856. 

Salmo quinnat GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Rep. Fishes, p. 306, pl. 67, 1858. 

Salmo quinnat SucKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 321, 1860. 

Oncorhynchus quinnat GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 158, 1866, (compiled). 

Salmo quinnat SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, Rept. U.S. Fish. Comm. p. 
105, 1874. 

Salmo quinnat NELSON, Bull. Ills. Mus. Nat. Hist. i, p. 43, 1876, (Illinois River). 

Salmo quinnat HaLuock, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, p. 359, 1877. 

Oncorhynchus quinnat JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 357, 1878. 

Oncorhynchus quinnat JORDAN, Catalogue Fresh-water Fishes N. A. p. 431, 1878. 

Salmo quinnat, U. 8. Fish Comm. Repts., and of writers on Salmon and fish cul- 
ture generally. 


70) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


1856—Fario argyreus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 218. 
Fario argyreus GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Rep. Fishes, p. 312, pl. 70, 1858. 
Salmo argyreus SUCKLEY, Net. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 326, 1860. 
Salmo argyreus SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 110, 1874. 
1861—Salmo warrenit SuCKLEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 308. 
Salmo warreni SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 147, 1874. 
Salmo warrenit JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 


This species, the most abundant and most valuable of the Salmonide 
of the Pacific coast, is represented in the present collection by nume- 
rous partly grown specimens, some black-spotted and some nearly plain 
silvery. The only question which now arises in the synonymy of this 
species is as to its distinctness from its congener O. nerka(Walbaum), (0. 
lycaodon Pallas). The slender, more fusiform, and less compressed form 
of the latter species, as well as its fewer branchiostegals and less forked 
tail, seem to indicate specific difference. The types of Fario argyreus 
Girard, I have examined. They are two in number, each about 8 inches 
long, and are evidently young quinnats. The original types of Salmo 
warreni are apparently lost. There is, however, a bottle of small silvery 
fishes, young individuals of quinnat, in the National Museum, labelled 
by Dr. Suckley ‘ Salmo warreni?” There can be little doubt that the 
original types of Salmo warreni were similar specimens of a young 
Oncorhynchus, most likely the young of O. quinnat. 

There can be no possible doubt of the entire generic distinctness of 
the genus Oncorhynchus trom Salmo, although the characters assigned 
to Oncorhynchus by Dr. Suckley have no such value. ‘he great devel- 
opment of the anal fin and the peculiar form and dentition of the 
vomer are of much more importance than the booked jaws of the male, 
although neither character was noticed by Dr. Suckley. Indeed, this 
author includes most of the Oncorhynchi, under one name or another, in 
his subgenus Salmo. Thus the species termed by him quinnat, confluentus 
(= keta), argyreus (= quinnat), paucidens (= nerka), truncatus (= nerka), 
richardi (= nerka), kennerlyi, and warreni (= quinnat), are all hook-jawed 
Species, with a long anal fin and an increased number of branchioste- 
gals, yet they are all referred by Dr. Suckley to his subgenus Salmo 
proper. 

An examination of the specimens of Oncorhynchus in the National 
Museum, including all of Dr. Suckley’s types excepting richardi and 
warrent, has convinced Dr. Gill and myself that they all belong to five 
species, O. gorbuscha, O. keta, O. nerka, O. quinnat, and O. kennerlyi. 
These are divisible into two very strongly marked subgenera, or perhaps 
even distinct genera,—Oncorhynchus, including the tirst four species 
named, and Hypsifario, Gill, including only kennerlyi. O. kennerlyi is 
very much smaller than the other species, and is much more compressed 
and of a different form. Its.form seems to me, however, rather an exag- 
geration of that of O. quinnat than a distinct type, and the resemblance 


is almost as great between quinnat and kennerlyi as between quinnat 
aud gorbuscha. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. en 


The species of Oncorhynchus at present admitted by Dr. Gill and 
myself may be briefly compared as follows :— 


a. Body more elongate, heavier forward and less compressed than in the next; jaws 
in the adult males very unequal; the lower jaw prolonged and hooked 
upwards; the upper jaw still more elongate and curled over the tip of the 
lower, the profile of the forehead being concave when viewed from the side; 
teeth of the premaxillaries and of the tip of the. lower jaw greatly enlarged 
SNGINOOKEM 252 aes yp es Som tare ears eae eee ep ee (Subgenus Oncorhynchus.) 

b. Scales very small, in more than 200 transverse rows; smaller on caudal peduncle 
than on flanks; form much distorted in the adult males, the fleshy hump at the 
shoulders being greatly developed, and the caudal peduncle slender and rather 
elongate; the jaws greatly prolonged and curved; size small. (Pacific coast 
and streams, Washington to Kamtschatka.) ..........------ +--+ ©“ ORBUSCHA.* 

bb. Scales medium, in about 170 (155 to 180) transverse rows; form distorted, but 
less so than in the preceding, the fleshy hump considerably developed in the 
males, and the jaws greatly elongated and hooked; branchiostegals about 16. 
(Pacific coast and streams, Oregon to Kamtschatka.) .........--..----- KETA.t 
bbb. Scales large for the genus, in about 133 transverse rows. 

c. Form elongate, not greatly compressed, the greatest depth in advance of the 
middle of the body; the males with the caudal peduncle rather slender, and 
with a well-marked fleshy hump, and with the jaws much elongated and dis- 
torted; caudal fin feebly forked; branchiostegals about 13. (Pacific coast 
and streame, California to Kamtschatka.) ..----..-....-------.-.---- NERKA.+ 

cc. Body elongate, compressed, the greatest depth (in female and immature speci- 
mens at least) being just under the dorsal fin; depth of body one-fourth of 
length, or a little more; head moderate, rather bluntly pointed; Tess distorted 
in male specimens than in the preceding species; maxillary shortish, curved, 
reaching somewhat beyond eye; caudal fin more or less forked ; branchioste- 
gals15 or 16. (Coast and streams, California to Alaska.)..........-. QUINNAT. 

aa. Body oblong, very strongly compressed, the dorsal region much elevated ; a nearly 
even slope from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin; dorsal fin unusually 
far back, the first ray being behind the middle of the body; head long, deep, 
compressed, but still wide; mouth extremely large and very oblique; the jaws 
about equal in the females ; in the males, the lower jaw protruding beyond the 
upper, which is curled up like the snout of a snarling dog, showing the 
enlarged canines, the premaxillaries never hooking over the lower jaw, as is 

the case with Oncorhynchus proper; dentition as in typical Oncorhynchus. 
(Subgenus Hypsifario Gill.) 











*ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA (Walb.) Gill & Jordan.—Gorbuscha, Pennant, Arctic 
Zoology.—Salmo gorbuscha, Walbaum, Artedi Gen. 1792.—Salmo gibber, Bloch, Schneider, 
Ichthyologia, 1801.—Salmo proteus, Pallas, Zool. Rosso-Asiatica, 1811.—Salmo gibber, 
Suckley, 1861.— Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 1878. 

tONCORHYNCHUS KETA (Walbaum) G. & J.—Keta vel kayko, Pennant, Arctic Zool- 
ogy.—Salmo keta vel kayko, Walbaum, 1792.—Salmo keta vel kayko, Bloch, Schneider, 
1801.—Salmo lagocephalus, Pallas, 1811.—Salmo scouleri, Richardson, 1836.—Salmo conjlu- 
entus, 1861.—Oncorhynchus keta, Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, 1878. 

{ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA (Walb.) Gill & Jor.—Nerka, Pennant, Arctic Zoology.— 
Salmo nerka, Walbaum, 1792.—Salmo lycaodon, Pallas, 1811.—Salmo japonensis, Pallas, 
1811.—? Salmo paucidens, Richardson, 1836.—Salmo consuetus, Richardson, Voyage of the 
Herald, 1854.—Salmo dermatinus, Richardson, 1. ¢. 1854.—Salmo canis, Suckley, 1861.— 
Salmo cooperi, Suckley, 1861.—Salmo scouleri, Suckley, 1861, (not of Rich.).—Salmo trun- 
catus, Suckley, 1861.—? Salmo richardi, Suckley, 1861.—Oncorhynchus lycaodon, Giinther,, 
1867.— Oncorhynchus nerka, Jordan, 1878. 


72 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


d. Depth of body about .29 of length, its width only about .10; length of head 
.29 of length; the interorbital space about .09; maxillary, .12; mandible, .19; 
scales moderate, thin, partly imbedded in the skin along the back, but not 
closely imbricated, in number about 20-185-20; branchiostegals about 15; 
dorsal fin rather high—higher than long; adipose fin long and narrow, some- 
what spatulate; caudal fin well forked; general color red, somewhat spotted 
above; size small. (Habitat.—Pacific coast streams, Sacramento River to 
ISTASET'S ALVOls) ie scales seme atelier eee er KENNERLYI.* 


The series of Oncorhynchi in the National Museum is by no means so 
complete as is desirable, except in the case of O. quinnat and O. kennerlyi. 
O. keta, O. nerka, and O. gorbuscha are represented only by skins, mostly 
dried and moth-eaten, and all in poor condition. A fuller series may 
show that more than five good species exist, or it may show that O. 
quinnat is really only a variety of O. nerka. 


2. SALMO TSUPPITCH Richardson. 
Tsuppitch Salmon. Black Trout of Lake Tahoe. 


1836—Salmo tsuppitch RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Am. Fishes, p. 224. 
Salmo tsuppitch DEKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. —, 1842. 
Salmo tsuppitch STORER, Synopsis, p. 197, 1846. 
Salmo tsuppitch HERBERT, Frank Forrester’s Fish and Fishing, Suppl. p. 39, 1850. 
Salmo tsuppitch SucKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 327. 
Salmo tsuppitch GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 118, 1867. 
Salmo tsuppitch SuCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 111, 1874. 
Salmo tsuppitch JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 358, 1878. 


A fine specimen of a trout from the Clackamas River enables me to 
make a probably correct determination of the hitherto unidentified Salmo 
tsuppitch of Richardson. The specimen seems to be identical with the 
so-called * Black Trout of Lake Tahoe” (not the ‘Silver Trout of Lake 
Tahoe”, which is the species termed by Professor Gill and myself 
S. henshawi”), of which numerous specimens were collected in Lake 
Tahoe and in Kern River, California, by Mr. H. W. Henshaw. I feel 
less hesitation in identifying Richardson’s tsuppitch with this species, 
from the fact that the fish does not seem ever to have been renamed by 
later writers. The following description was taken from the Clackamas 
River specimen. 

General appearance of Salmo henshawi, but with smaller scales, 
smaller, shorter head, and smaller mouth, besides wanting the hyoid 
teeth. 

Body elongated, somewhat compressed, the dorsal region moderately 
elevated. Head rather small, pointed and lengthened, its form quite 
distinctly conic, less convex than in spilurus, the top rather narrow 
and slightly keeled. Mouth moderate, not large, with rather weak 
teeth, the maxillary comparatively narrow and not extending much 





* Oncorhynchus kennerlyi (Suckley) Jor.—Salmo kennerlyi, Suckley, 1861.—Hypsifario 
kennerlyi, Gill, 1864.—Oncorhynchus kennerlyi, Jordan, 1878. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ue 


beyond the eye; opercle more prolonged backwards than in spilurus, 
making the head appear longer. Pectoral fins smaller than in spilurus. 

Scales small, silvery, 28-180-29. 

Caudal fin short, rather faintly forked, but more so than in spilurus. 
Adipose fin rather small. Fins all small, the dorsal of the usual *sa- 
lar” pattern. 

Fin-rays: Dorsal, 2,11. Anal, 2, 10. 

Color dark above; head, body, and upper fins with small, round, black 
spots, very numerous, and nearly as close together before as behind; a 
few spots on the belly in some specimens. 

Measurements of specimen: Length, 12 inches; depth, .234 of length 
to base of caudal; head, .244; interorbital width, .07; maxillary, .10; 
mandible, .15; middle caudal rays, .11; outer caudal rays, .17. 

This species may be known from S. spilurus by the more forked tail, 
the longer and slenderer head, and the greater spottiness anteriorly. 
From S. irideus, it may be known by the much slenderer form, larger 
mouth, longer head, and much larger scales; from S. henshawi, which it 
most resembles, by the shorter head and by the lack of hyoid teeth; and 
from S. clarki, which it also resembles, by the want of hyoid teeth, and 
other characters. 

These black-spotted Salmon of the Rocky Mountain region and Pacific 
slope belong to a well-marked group, for which the name Salar, Valen- 
ciennes, may be retained as a subgenus of the genus Salmo. Although 
not by any means so different from the true Salmo (type S. salar L.) as 
are the genera Oncorhynchus, Cristivomer (type S. namaycush Walb.), and 
Salvelinus (type S. salvelinus L.), it is not impossible that future writers 
may consider Salar as a genus distinct from Salmo. The character of a 
single instead of a double row of teeth on the shaft of the vomer, sup- 
posed to distinguish Fario, Val., from Salar, has no generic value, and 
probably not even a specific value, at least as hitherto stated. In all the 
species properly referabie to Salar, the teeth are arranged alternately, 
each one pointing to the right or left, in an opposite direction from its 
neighbor. These teeth are therefore in a sort of quincuncial row, which 
in many or most instances appears as two distinct rows, and almost 
always is divided into two anteriorly. Most of the “Salmon-trout” and 
“Trout” of Europe and Asia belong to this group, “Salar”. Although 
most of the species referred to Fario belong to Salar, it is not certain 
whether the type of Fario, F. argenteus Val., from France, is a Salar 
ora true Salmo. The figure looks to me like a young Salmon (8. salar). 

The American species of the subgenus Salar which are now consid- 
ered valid by Dr. Gill and myself may be compared as follows :— 
Common characters :—River Salmon, not anadromous, with the vomer comparatively 

flat and not boat-shaped, its form essentially as in Salmo proper, 
the vomerine teeth extending for some distance along the shaft of 


the bone in two alternating rows or in one zigzag row, the teeth 
divergent and directed somewhat forward, not deciduous: scales 


74 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


moderate, comparatively thin and loose, appearing silvery, espe- 
cially in fishes which have entered the sea: fins small, the last rays 
of the dorsal somewhat elongate, the first ray usualy less than 
twice the height of the last ray; caudal fin slightly forked, or more . 
usually truncate, with a slight emargination, double-rounded when 
spread open: upper parts, especially the back, and the dorsal and 
caudal fins, more or less thickly covered with small, rounded, black 
spots; in some specimens, especially those which have been in the 
sea, these spots are more or less confluent, obscured or even obsolete: 
species not of the largest size, the sexual peculiarities not strongly 
Marked 22222 sesceene = seneeesaeee «ceees =p ae =e ONLS SAE 


a. Hyoid bone entirely destitute of teeth. 


b. Scales comparatively large, in 120 to 150 transverse series. 
c. Body more or less short and deep, compressed, the depth .24 to .33 of length. 


Head short, bluntish, convex above, obtusely carinate, about .25 of 
length: mouth small, smaller than in any other of the group, the 
maxillary bone of moderate width, scarcely reaching beyond the 
eye, .10 to .11 of length, the mandible about .15: eye large, about 
.05 of length: caudal fin moderately but very distinctly forked, 
more so than in any of the other members of the group; first long 
ray of dorsal about twice the height of the last ray: dorsal, 2, 11; 
anal, 2, 11: scales about 28-135-28, varying considerably, but in all 
cases decidedly Jarger than in any other of our species of Salar. 
Rivers from California to British Columbia west of the Sierra 
Nevada atest oes see eer eee ee ectee sent ais cee see ee eee ERED EUS 


bb. Scales comparatively small, in 165 to 205 transverse series. 
d. Caudal fin somewhat forked: head rather small, about .25 of length, pointed 


and lengthened, conical, the upper outline rather narrow and not 
much convex, the carina slight: mouth moderate, the maxillary 
comparatively narrow and extending much beyond the eye: opercle 
considerably prolonged backward: scales small, 28-180-29: depth 
about .24 of length : body nearly equally spotted before and behind. 
Rivers west of Sierra Nevada.-<2-. 2-22 2222 2-.-2.-- 2c TSUPPITCH. 


dd. Caudal fin double-rounded or truncate, not at all forked in the adult. 
e. Head not notably broad and flat, heavy and proportionally short, its 


upper outline strongly convex, both longitudinally and trans- 
versely : mouth very large, the maxillary extending much past the 
eye in the adult, the opercle not especially prolonged backward: 
dorsal fin notably high behind, its last rays more than } the height 
of the first, some of the middle rays shortest: scales small: depth 
of body about .24 of length: spots on body most numerous poste- 
riorly. Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada south of the Colum- 
bia Trepion,'..'.. 32. onc see see eo eee een eee Eee eee SPILURUS. 


x. Scales medium, in 170 to 190 transverse rows: top of head gibbous, 


obtusely carinated. Headwaters of Rio Grande, Bear River, etc. 
Subspecies spilurus.* 


vx. Scales small, in 190 to 205 rows: head more or less sharply cari- 


nated, much less gibbous. Generally distributed. 
Subspecies pleuriticus.t 


aa. Hyoid bone with an elongate band of small teeth between the bases of the first 


and second pairs of gill-arches (readily scraped off by careless 
observers, and possibly sometimes naturally deciduous). 





* Salmo spilurus Cope, 1872.—Salmo stomias var. spilurus Jordan, 1878. 
t Salmo pleuriticus Cope, 1872.—Salmo stomias var. pleuriticus Jordan, 1878. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 75 


Jf. “Head large, broad, flat, not keeled, 4.25 in total length, equal to depth 
of body : muzzle obtuse: eye nearly 5 times in head: scales (small, as 
in var. plewriticus) 42 below first dorsal ray: dorsal fin equidistant : 
caudal fin not notched. Kansas River.’—(Cope.)--..-.--.-STOMIAS.* 

Jf. Head comparatively large, and long acuminate, .25 of length, its outline 
as a whole pointed, but the muzzle itself bluntish, its upper surface 
not much convex in either direction, very slightly carinated: mouth 
medium, the maxillary moderate, .12 of length, not reaching much 
beyond eye: patch of hyoid teeth small, and comparatively weak: 
body elongate, not greatly compressed, the depth .25 of length: 
dorsal fin small, its last rays } the height of the first: caudal fin 
short, quite distinctly forked: scales small, in 160 to 184 transverse 
rows: colors rather dark, back and sides more or less profusely 
covered with small rounded spots. Streams of California west of 
the Sierra Nevadas; Lake Tahoe...--.........-......- HENSHAWL.t 

Sff. Head comparatively short and thick, .22 to .25 of length, its outline 
more convex, more or less distinctly carinated above: mouth rather 
small, but larger than in irideus, the maxillary not reaching far be- 
yond the eye: patch of hyoid teeth well developed : body moderately 
elongate, compressed; depth .24 of length: dorsal fin rather low, 
its last rays $ the height of the first: caudal fin scarcely forked, 
rather more so than in spilurus: scales moderate or rather small: 
colors variable, the back and sides usually profusely, but variably 
spotted, silvery in sea-run individuals. Rio Grande to Upper Mis- 
souLiLand west) tolune we ACHi Cece a= aa asa nieces esenetse ones CLARKI. 

y. Scales moderate, in 155 to 165 rows; chiefly west of the Rocky 
MOUNTAINS eceee taasectae sae os cca coa seems Subspecies clarki. 
yy. Scales small, in 165 to 170 rows; chiefly east of the Rocky Mount- 
MNS ese coors eoceae cece eee Cosas tee oe-----Subspecies aurora. 


The American species of this subgenus Salar are very closely inter- 
related, and might almost be considered as varieties of a single poly- 
morphous species. The occurrence of forms apparently intermediate 
prevents me from considering aurora and pleuriticus as distinct species, 
although they may usually be readily recognized. 

Of the true subgenus Salmo, there seems to be but one species in 
America, the Salmo salar, our specimens being, so far as I can see, pre- 
cisely identical with the European. The land-locked Salmon of Maine, 
Salmo sebago, Girard, does not differ by any constant character from 
Salmo salar, and its permanent residence in fresh water is the only 
character of which I know on which a subspecies sebago could be based. 
Land-locked Salmon from Bergen, Sweden, in the United States National 
Museum, and land-locked Salmon from Sysiadobsis Lake, Maine, are to 
my eye precisely alike, and both are Salmo salar, Linneus. 





* Salmo stomias Cope, 1872.—I have not seen this species, but Professor Cope writes 
me that if I had, I would certainly consider it specifically distinct from S. pleuriticus. 
Since the above was in type, I have examined a head of a large specimen of Salmo 
stomias from the Upper Missouri. It agrees fully with Professor Cope’s description. As 
it is a species with well-developed hyoid teeth, it is related to S. clarki, and S. hen- 
shawi, differing in the peculiar form of the head and the smaller size of the scales, 

t Salmo henshawi Gill & Jordan, Jordan, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 358, 1878.—This fine 
Species is named in honor of Mr. H. W. Henshaw, the well-known ornithologist, who 
first brought specimens from Lake Tahoe. 


76 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


3. SALMO IRIDEUS Gibbons. 


Pacific Coast Brook Trout. 
1855—Salmo iridea GIBBONS, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Se. p. 36. 
Salar iridea GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 220, 1856. 
Salar iridea GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 321, 1858, pl. 73, £.5, and pl. 74. 
Salar irideus JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 431, 1878. 
Salmo irideus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 119, 1867. 
Salmo iridea SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 129, 1874. 
Salmo irideus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
Salmo irideus HALLOCK, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, and of writers on fish and fish- 
culture generally. 
Salmo irideus JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 358, 1878. 
Salmo rivularis AYRES, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sc. p. 48. 
1856—Fario gairdneri Girarp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 219, (not Salmo gairdneri 
Rich., a species with the “caudal fin semilunate” and ‘‘no hyoid teeth”; 
hence neither the present fish nor S. clarkii Rich.). 
Fario gairdneri GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 3138, pl. 71, f. 1-4, 1858. 
1858—Tario newberrii GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 224, 1858, (substitute for 
gairdneri). 
Salmo newberriti SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 159, 1874. 
Salmo newberryi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
1858—Fuario clarkii GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 219; (not Salmo clarkii Rich.). 
Fario clarkit GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 314, pl. 71, f. 5-8, 1858. 
1360—Salmo masoni SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr. p. 345, (substitute for clarkii). 
Salmo masoni SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 134, 1874. 
Salmo masoni JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
1860—? Salmo gairdnert SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Washington Terr. p. 331, (not of Richardson). 
? Salmo gairdneri SUCKLEY, Monograph Salmo, p. 114, 1874. 
1867—Salmo purpuratus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 116, 1867, (in part; prob- 
ably not of Pallas, whose specimens came from Siberia, — Salmo mykiss Wal- 
baum, = Salmo muikisi Bloch, both names prior to Pallas, who gives ‘‘ Mykiss” 
as the vernacular name of purpuratus). 


Habitat.—California to British Columbia, in streams of or west of the 
Sierra Nevada and Caseade Ranges. 

This abundant Trout is represented by several specimens. In justifi- 
cation of the above synonymy, I may say that I have examined speci- 
mens purporting to be the types of irideus Gibbons, rivularis Ayres, 
newberrit Girard, masoni Suckley, and gairdneri Suckley, and that I 
have no hesitation in considering all (excepting gairdneri Suckley) as 
representatives of a single species. 

The type of S. newberrii, which Dr. Suckley was unable to find, is a 
well-preserved young fish, without hyoid teeth. It has a rather wider 
Maxillary than is usual in irideus and rather smaller scales (33-146-33), 
and the vomerine teeth are in a single, somewhat zigzag row. Never- 
theless, I believe it to be an irideus, with which it agrees in every other 
respect. 

The types of S. masoni, the one a moth-eaten skin and the other 
specimen in alcohol, are not different in any respect from the ordinary 
trideus. Notwithstanding Dr. Suckley’s statement that the scales in his 
type are “double the size of irideus”, his typical specimens have each 
about 130 scales in a longitudinal series, which is about the usual num- 
ber in trideus. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 177 


The type of S. gairdneri, Suckley, is a large stuffed skin, badly 
stretched, and in very poor condition. I am not able certainly to iden- 
tify it. 

As Dr. Giinther found about 130 rows of scales in his S. purpuratus, I 
have referred it to the present species rather than to S. clarki. As else- 
where stated, I consider it rather unsafe to identify fresh-water Salmon 
from America and Asia as belonging to the same species before the 
species of either region have been critically studied. 


4. SALMO CLARKI Richardson. 
Subspecies CLARKI. 


Salmon Trout of the Columbia. 


1836—Salmo clarkii RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, ili, p. 224. 
Salmo clarkii STORER, Synopsis, p. 197, 1846. 
Salmo clarkiti HERBERT, Frank Forrester, Fish and Fishing, Supplement, p. 40, 
1850. 
Salmo clarkii SuCKLEY, Nat Hist. Washington Terr. p. 344, 1860. 
Salmo clarkit SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 112, 1874. 
Salmo clarkii JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 359, 1878. 
Salar clarkiti JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 430, 1878. 
1856—Fario stellatus GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila, p. 219. 
Fario stellatus GIRARD, Rept. Pac. R. R. lxpl. p. 316, pl. 69, f. 5-8, 1858. 
Fario stellatus SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 346, pl. 69, f. 5-8, 1860. 
Salmo stellatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 117, 1867. 
Salmo iridea var. stellatus SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 130, 1874. 
1856—Fario tsuppitch GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. vili, p. 218, (not Salmo tsuppitch 
Rich.). 
Fario tsuppitch GIRARD, Rept. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, p. 300, 1858. 
1858—Salmo gibbsii SucKLEY, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. vii, p. 1, 1858, (substitute for 
tsuppitch Gra.). 
_ Salmo gibbsii SuckiEy, Nat. His. Wash. Terr. p. 332, 1860. 
Salmo gibbsii GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus, vii, p. 119, 1867, 
Salmo gibbsiti SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 141, 1874. 
Salmo gibbsii JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
1861—Salmo brevicauda SucKLEY, Ann. N. Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. vii, p. 308. 
Salmo brevicauda GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 120, 1867. 
Salmo brevicauda SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 140, 1874. 
Salmo brevicauda JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 


Subspecies AURORA. 
Missouri River Trout. Utah Trout. Yellowstone Trout. 


1856—Fario aurora GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila, viii, p. 218. 
Fario aurora GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, p. 308, pl. 68, 1858. 
Salmo aurora SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p, 343, 1860. 
Salmo aurora GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 119, 1867. 
Salmo aurora SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 110, 1874. 
Salmo aurora JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
Salmo clarkit var. awrora JORDAN, Man. Vert. ed. 2d, p. 359, 1878. 

1856—Salar lewisi Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, p. 219, 1856. 
Salar lewist GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Surv. Fishes, p. 29, pl. 71, 1858. 
Salmo (Salar) lewisi SuCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 348, 1860. 
Salmo lewisi GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 122, 1867. 
Salmo lewist SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 139, 1874. 
Salmo lewisi JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 


78 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


1856—Salar virginalis GrrarD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. viii, p. 229, 1856. 
Salar virginalis Girarn, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 320, 1858. 
Salmo (Salar) virginalis SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. —, 1860. 
Salmo virginalis GiNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 123, 1867. 
Salmo virginalis Corr, Hayden, Geol. Surv. Montana, 1871, p. 469, 1872. 
Salmo virginalis SucKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 135, 1874. 
Salmo virginalis Cope & Yarrow, Zo6l. Lieut. Wheeler’s Expl. W. 100th Mer. 
p. —, 1876. 
Salmo virginalis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
1872—Salmo carinatus Cope, Hayden’s Geol. Surv. Montana, 1871, p. 471, 1872. 
Salmo carinatus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
1874—Salmo utah SucKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 136, 1874. 
Salmo utah JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 

Examination of a very large series of the Salars with hyoid teeth has 
convinced the writer that all (excepting S. stomias and S. henshavwi) be- 
long to a single species, although two, and possibly three, or even four 
subspecies or varieties may be distinguished. For this species the 
name Salmo clarki is the name to be retained, as almost the only import- 
ant character which Richardson was able to assign to this species is 
that of the patch of teeth on the hyoid bone. No other species of this 
group possessing this character is as yet known from the Columbia. 

Specimens examined from Utah, from the Rio Grande, from the head- 
waters of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Platte, and Snake Rivers, as well 
as the types of Fario aurora from the Columbia, possess much smaller 
scales than typical clarki (i. e., stellatus Grd.). These may be really spe- 
cifically distinct, but intermediate specimens occur; and until this Rocky 
Mountain species can be better defined as distinct from the Columbia 
River species, it is best to consider it as var. aurora of the latter. 

The typical specimens of Fario stellatus Girard are still preserved. 
I consider them as typical of Salmo clarki. This perfectly distinct 
species is almost the only one described by previous writers, which Dr. 
Suckley ventured to discard, he confounding it with S. irideus, yet of 
all our species of Salar, irideus and clarki (stellatus) are technically the 
most distinct. 

The types of S. brevicauda Suckley are still preserved, but are almost 
decayed. One of them is certainly a clarki, probably sea-run; the other 
is past recognition. 

The types of Fario aurora are still preserved in the same condition 
as when first described and figured. They are well kept as to the 
bodies, but the scales are all rubbed off, an accident apparently not 
noticed by Dr. Girard’s artist, which accounts for the peculiar squama- 
tion shown in the published figure. These specimens are young, and 
very chubby; but as they have hyoid teeth and show no points of dis- 
tinction from S. lewist Grd., I identify them as belonging to the same 
species. The remarks of Dr. Suckley on the description of such speci- 
mens as new species are so pertinent that I will quote them here. They 
would perhaps have sounded better, however, if he himself had sup- 
pressed his own Salmo warreni, Salmo gibbsii, aud other more or less 
purely complimentary species. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 79 


“The naming of Salmonide, and the description of new species, based 
on the characters of young, partially grown fish, cannot be too strongly 
reprobated. There is already too much confusion in the synonymy of the 
different kinds; and if the practice of describing and naming new 
species from the characters of unidentified immature individuals is not 
stopped, the study of the relations of the species will become so com- 
plicated, that useful classification will be next to impossible, and the 
principal object and usefulness of scientific arrangement, such as sim- 
plifies the study of natural history in other branches, will be greatly 
impaired.”—(Suckley, Monograph Salmo, p. 113.) 

The types of Salar lewisi are still preserved. The one figured by Girard 
seems to be a female specimen, in very flabby condition. It is quite deep- 
bodied and has a smaller head and mouth than is nsual in this species. 
Other specimens from the same waters agree more or less completely in 
these respects with S. virginalis, so that it does not seem possible to 
consider the Missouri River Trout as even varietally distinct. 

The types of Salmo carinatus I have not seen. They were from the 
Yellowstone, and so far as the description is concerned seem to belong 
to this species. 

The types of Salar virginalis are likewise preserved. They represent 
the ordinary form of this species in the Rocky Mountain region, and 
hence are typical of what I call var. aurora. 

The original type of Salmo gibbsii, a stretched skin in poor condition, 
is now lost. If the species is not identical with Salmo clarki, it is likely 
to remain uncertain. 

Salmo clarki Richardson is identified by Dr. Giinther with Salmo pur- 
puratus Pallas (Salmo mykiss Walbaum) of Kamtschatka. Giinther’s 
Salmo purpuratus, however, appears to be Salmo irideus, and not the 
present species, and an identification of a fresh-water salmon from Cali- 
fornia with a Kamtschatkan salmon is very uncertain. In regard to the 
migratory salmon, however, the case is different. 


5. SALVELINUS SPECTABILIS (Girard) Gill & Jordan. 
Pacific Red-spotted Trout. 


1856—Salmo spectabilis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. p. 218, (not Salar spectabilis 
Valenciennes). 
Salmo spectabilis GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 307, 1858. 
Salmo spectabilis SUCKLEY, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 342, 1860. 
Salvelinus spectabilis JORDAN, Man Vert. ed. 2d, p. 360, 1878. 
Salvelinus spectabilis JORDAN, Cat. Fishes N. A. p. 430, 1878. 
1861—Salmo parkei SuckLEy, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, p. 309. 
Salmo parkit GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 121, 1867. 
Salmo parket SUCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 149, 1874, 
Salmo parkei JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List, p. 144, 1876. 
Salmo parkit HALLOCK, Sportsman’s Gazetter, p. 347. 
1861—Salmo campbelli Suckiry, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. vii, p. 313, (substitute for spectabilis). 
Salmo campbelli GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vi, p. 148, 1867. 
Salmo campbelli SuCKLEY, Monograph Genus Salmo, p. 118, 1874. 
Salmo campbelli HALLOCK, Sportsman’s Gazetteer, p. 349. 


80 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The Charrs, or Salvelini, form a strongly marked group, which has 
several times been distinguished as generically or subgenerically differ- 
ent from the true Salmons. The absence of teeth on the shaft of the 
vomer has been the character most usually relied on to distinguish the 
Charrs. A more important character is, however, seen in the form of the 
bone, which is boat-shaped, with the shaft short and depressed. The 
Charrs are further distinguishable by the very small size of the scaies, ; 
and also by the coloration, they being always red-spotted, and with the 
lower fins peculiarly colored. 

No one who examines the skull of the Charr can doubt its generic 
distinctness from Salmo. The question of the nomenclature of the 
genus is a matter perhaps of some uncertainty. The group has long 
been known as Salvelini, but that name was hardly given by Nilsson 
in the usual generic or subgeneric sense, but merely as a plural noun 
referring to an assemblage of species. 

In 1836, Richardson used the name Salvelinus for the ‘ subgenus” of 
Charrs. The use of the name in nomenclature therefore dates from 
Richardson. 

In 1842, DeKay founded his genus Baione on the young of one of the 
species of Charr (S. fontinalis); Batone is therefore a synonym of Salve- 
linus, although given under a different supposition. 

Somewhat later, the genus Umbla was proposed by Rapp for those 
Salvelint which have teeth on the hyoid bone. As Salmo salvelinus L., 
the presumable type of Salvelinus, has such teeth, Umbla probably is also 
amere synonym of Salvelinus. That the character of hyoid teeth is not 
a generic one in this case is evident from the close relationship of such | 
species as S. oquassa and S. spectabilis, with hyoid teeth, with 8S. fonti- 
nalis and WN. bairdi, species destitute of such teeth. The teeth in SV. spec- 
tabilis and S. oquassa are too few and small for their absence or presence 
to be a generic character. In the subgenus Salar, the case is precisely 
the same. 

In 1867, Dr. Giinther proposed a genus Hucho for the Salvelini with- 
out hyoid teeth. The genus cannot stand on that basis, but neverthe- 
less it appears to be valid, its type, Salmo hucho L. (Hucho germanorum 
Giinther), being a Pike-like fish, very unlike, both in form and habits, 
the genuine species of Salvelinus. The single known species of Hucho 
as thus restricted, inhabits the Danube. 

The remaining subdivision of the old genus Salmo, for which the 
name Cristivomer has been proposed by Dr. Gill and myself, is peculiar 
to the lakes of the northern part of America. 

The relations of Cristivomer are entirely with Salvelinus, a fact which 
has not hitherto been noticed. Its vomer differs, however, from that of 
Salvelinus in being provided with a raised crest flush with the head or 
chevron of the bone. This crest is posteriorly free from the vomer for 
some distance, and is armed with a series of stout teeth. There is also 
a strong band of hyoid teeth, the dentition generally being more com- 
plete than in most other Salmons. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 81 


The scales in Cristivomer are quite small, and the species are gray- 
spotted. There are probably but two species, Cristivomer namaycush * 
(Walbaum) and Cristivomer siscowet (Agassiz). 

The species of Salvelinus known within the limits of the United 
States are compared below. The species from British America, Salve- 
linus stagnalis (Fabricius) (= S. nitidus and S. alipes Rich.), S. rossi Rich., 
S. hoodi Rich., S. lordi Giinther, 8. arcturus Giinther, and 8S. tudes Cope, 
I have not seen. Most or all of them are probably valid. Salvelinus 
bairdi, of the Pacific coast, is very near Salvelinus fontinalis, and may 
be a variety of it; but never having seen it in life, 1 am not by any 
means prepared so to consider it. 


Common characters :—River Salmon, not anadromous, with the vomer boat-shaped, some- 
what carinate below; a few teeth on the posterior part of the chevron; none 
on the depressed shaft: scales very small, more or less imbedded in the skin, 
in 200-250 transverse series, those of the lateral line considerably enlarged - 
fins moderate, the Jast ray of the dorsal not lengthened, shorter than any of the 
other developed rays; caudal fin rather short, usually but little emarginate in 
the adult, forked in the young: sides of the body with round red spots; lower 
fins with a pale marginal band anteriorly, succeeded by adarker band; in sea- 
run specimens, these spots and other markings are often obliterated, and a 
more or less uniform silvery tint prevails: species not of the largest size, the 
sexual peculiarities not very strongly marked, the adult male usually with a 
fleshy projection at the tip of the lower jaw, which fits into a slight emargi-- 
nation of the upper jaw. 


a. Hyoid bone provided with a median band of teeth. 

b. Body elongate, slender, considerably compressed, the depth about .20 of the 
length of the body: caudal peduncle long and slender: head quite small, .2L 
of length of body; its upper surface flattish, .13} of length, the interorbital 
space about .07: mouth quite small, the maxillary short and moderately 
broad, .03 of length, not extending to the posterior margin of the eye; man- 
dible .12 of length; snout, .05: scales quite small, in about 230 transverse 
rows: caudal fin well forked; adipose fin rather small: coloration dark blue, 
the red spots confined to the sides of the body, round, smaller than the pupil: 
hyoid teeth numerous, small. Lakes of Maine ....--....---.------ OQUASSA.t 


bb. Body stout, not greatly compressed, the back elevated, the depth .24 of the 
length: head large, stout, broad, and flattened above, about .28 of length, its. 
upper surface .17 of length, the interorbital space .08: mouth large, the max- 
illary extending beyond the eye .11 of length ; the mandible, .16; the snout, .07: 
hyoid bone with very few (3 or 4), rather strong teeth (sometimes deciduous): 
fins short, the caudal slightly forked ; adipose fin unusually large, its length 
in adults nearly twice that of the eye: scales very small, in about 240 trans- 
verse rows: red spots on the sides quite large, about the size of the pupil; 
back covered with very distinct spots, similar to those on the sides, but rather 
smaller, the dorsal spots said to be cream-colored or greenish in life, rather 
than red. Streams west of the Sierra Nevada .........--..----- SPECTABILIS. 





* Namaycush Salmon, Pennant.— Salmo namaycush Walbaum, 1792, = Salmo namaycush 
Bloch, 1801,— Salmo pallidus Rafinesque, 1817, = Salmo amethystus Mitchill, 1818, — Salmo 
confinis DeKay, = Salmo symmetrica Prescott, 1851, = Salmo adarondacus Norris, 1564, = 
Salmo toma Hamlin, 1863. 

t Salvelinus oquassa (Girard) Gill & Jordan.—Salmo oquassa, Girard, 1854, 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 73 -——6 August 6, 1878. 


82 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


aa. Hyoid bone without teeth. 

c. Body elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the depth .2% of 
length: head large and long, notably so in the adult, nearly .30 of length, .22 
to .25 in the young; top of head .14 to .18 of length; interorbital space broad, 
.07 to .084 of length; snout rather conical and pointed, .09 of length, blunter 
in the young; mandible .22 of length in adult, .15 in young: eye small, nearly 
in a line with the axis of the body: scales very small, similar to those in the 
other species, in about 230 transverse rows: caudal fin little forked ; adipose 
fin quite small, shorter than the eye; pectoral and ventral fins not elongate: 
red spots about the size of the pupil, confined to the sides of the body, the 
back being nearly plain. Rivers west of the Sierra Nevada.-...-.-.-. BAIRDI.* 

cc. Body oblong or elongate, moderately compressed, not much elevated, the 
depth .20 to .30 of length: head large, but not very long, its length .21 to 
.24 of length, the top abo ut .14, the rather broad interorbital space about .07: 
mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond the eye, about .10 of 
length; the mandible about .15: eye large, more or less above the line of the 
axis of the body: scales very small, in about 230 transverse rows: caudal fin 
slightly lunate in the adult, forked in the young; adipose fin small; pectoral 
and ventral fins not especially elongate: red spots on body chiefly confined to 
the sides, rather less than the size of the pupil; the back and vertical fins 
more or less barred or mottled ; coloration often plain in sea-run individuals. 
Rivers from Little Tennessee in Georgia to Lake Superior and Hudson’s Bay. 

PONTINALIS.t 


The original type of S. spectabilis and of S. campbelli, the latter being 
merely a substitute name, is still preserved in the National Museum. 
Although badly decayed, its identity with the species here called spec- 
tabilis is evident. The types of Salmo parkei are now lost, but that the 
species is the same as S. spectabilis seems unquestionable. The name 
spectabilis should now be retained for this fish, as the spectabilis of 
‘Valenciennes, being a Salar, belongs to a different genus. 


6. GILA OREGONENSIS (Richardson) Jordan. 


1836—Cyprinus (Leuciscus) oregonensis RICHARDSON, Fauna Bor.-Americana, iii, p. 305. 
Leuciscus oregonensis DEKAy, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 215, 1842. 
Leuciscus oregonensis Cuv. & VAuL., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, p. 326, 1844. 
Leuciscus oregonensis STORER, Synopsis Fishes N. A. p. 412, 1846. 
Ptychocheilus oregonensis GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. p. 209, 1856. 
Ptychocheilus oregonensis GrRaRD, Pac. R. R. Expl. Fishes, p. 298, pl. 64, figs. 5-9, 

1858. 

Leuciscus oregonensis GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 239, 1868. 
Ptychochilus oregonensis JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List of Fishes, p. 151, 1876. 
Gila oregonensis JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 424, 1878. 

1855—Ptychocheilus gracilis AGassiz, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, xix, p. 229. 


Specimens from the Clackamas River agree in all essential respects 
with the descriptions given by Agassiz, Girard, and Giinther. The 


* Salvelinus bairdi (Suckley) Gill & Jordan.—Salmo bairdii, Suckley, 1861. 

t Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) Gill & Jordan.—Salmo fontinalis, Mitchill, 1814.— 
Salmo allegheniensis, Rafinesque, 1820.—Salmo nigrescens, Rafinesque, 1820.—? Salmo 
hearnti, Rich., 182-.—Salmo canadensis, H. Smith, 1834.—Salmo erythrogaster, DeKay, 
1342.—Baione fontinalis, DeKay, 1842.—Salmo immaculatus, H. R. Storer, 1850.—Salmo 
hudsonicus, Suckley, 1861. The names immaculatus and canadensis were given to the 
Canadian Salmon-Trout, which is a Brook-Trout run into the sea. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 83 


teeth are 2, 4-5, 2, not 2, 5-5, 2, and the folding of the lips, which sug- 
gested the name Ptychochilus, is not an evident feature to me. 

This species, which is the type of the genus Ptychochilus, is a true 
species of the genus Gila as the characters of that genus are now under- 
stood. The general physiognomy is similar, the head is long, slender, 
and depressed, the mouth is very large and overlapped by the snout, 
the caudal peduncle is slender; the scales are similarly small and 
loosely imbricated, the dorsal fin is slightly behind the ventrals, the 
anal fin is not elongate; the lips are normal; the pharyngeal teeth are 
two-rowed, the inner row 5-4 or 5-5, and the intestinal canal is short. 
In all these respects, the type of Ptychochilus agrees with the type of 
Gila, and as no generic difference has been shown, Ptychochilus becomes 
a synonym of Gila. At present, the fishes called Clinostomus by Girard 
are referred to Gila. The two groups ought to be generically distin- 
guishable. The typical species of each are very different in physiog- 
nomy, but at present, as has been shown by Professor Cope, we are 
unable to draw a line between them. 

The other species referred to Ptychochilus are probably distinet from 
oregonensis, but should ve compared with species of Gila and with each 
other. If rapax and lucius have really the teeth 2, 4-4, 2, it may be 
necessary to frame a separate genus for them, as they would hardly be 
referable to Notropis or to Gila. 


7. ACROCHILUS ALUTACEUS Agassiz & Pickering. 
Hard-Mouths. 


1855 —Acrocheilus alutaceus AGASSIZ & PICKERING, Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xix, p. 96. 
Lavinia alutacea GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila. 1856, p. 184. 
Acrochilus alutaceus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 276, 1868. 
Acrochilus alutaceus JORDAN & COPELAND, Check List Fishes, p. 146, 1876. 
Acrochilus alutaceus JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes N. A. p. 418, 1878. 


Several fine specimens of this very interesting species are in Mr. 
Stone’s collection. As no detailed account has been given of the fish, 
and as none of the authors mentioned in the above synonymy, excepting 
Professor Agassiz, seem ever to have seen it, I give a description of one 
of the specimens. The relations of this genus are doubtless with 
Chondrostoma, but its teeth are fewer and differently formed. 

General form and appearance of the species of Gila, but the head not 
depressed, and more blunt forward. 

Body elongate, not much compressed, its sides more so than the cau- 
dal peduncle; the greatest depth, over the ventrals, 4 inlength; caudal. 
peduncle very long and very slender, unusualiy broad, nearly terete, its 
length contained 42 times in the length of the body, its least depth 23 
in length. 

Head moderate, 44 in length of body, bluntish, the profile considera- 
bly rounded, the interorbital space strongly convex. Mouth horizontal, 


84 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


subinferior, overlapped by the broad, blunt snout, its breadth considera- 
ble, but the maxillary not extending far back, not to opposite the front 
of the eye. Upper jaw protractile, covered with a fleshy lip, inside of 
which is a small, straight, cartilaginous plate, similar to that on the 
lower jaw, but much smaller and not evident externally. Lower lip 
covered with a firm cartilaginous plate, sharp externally, the upper 
surface being formed by its bevelled edge. The transverse width of this 
plate is between four and five times its (longitudinal) breadth. The 
plate extends in nearly a straight line from one angle of the mouth to 
the other; its transverse width is contained 22 times in the length of the 
head. Eye rather large, 54 in head, 12 in snout, its position anterior 
and not high up, 24 in interorbital space. 

Fin-rays: Dorsal I,10. Ventrals, 9. Anal I, 9. Dorsal long, rather 
low, its first ray just behind the first ray of ventrals, about over the 
middle of the latter fin, midway between the snout and the middle of 
the base of the caudal fin ; caudal fin very long, the lobes about equal, 
longer than the head, widely forked, the accessory rays at its base 
very numerous and recurrent on the caudal peduncle; about eight of 
these may be distinguished on each side of the fin. Anal fin rather 
large; ventrals broad, not reaching vent. Pectorals moderate, not 
reaching two-thirds of the distance to the ventrals. 

Seales quite small, somewhat imbedded in the skin, very loosely 
imbricated, or often scarcely imbricated at all, the exposed surfaces 
longer than high, profusely punctate; squamation quite irregular; the 
scales smaller on back and belly than on sides, most exposed on caudal 
peduncle. Scales 21-85-13. Lateral line broadly decurved. 

Coloration very dark, belly paler, but nearly all parts of the body 
studded with minute dark points. 

Teeth 5-4 (5 on the left side, 4 on the right), hooked, somewhat club- 
shaped, with a broad masticatory surface. 

Peritoneum black ; intestines much elongate, filled in this specimen 
with vegetable substance, apparently fine leaves and branches of a 
Sphagnum-like moss. 

Length of specimen examined, one foot. 


8. MYLOCHILUS CAURINUS (Richardson) Girard. 


1836— Cyprinus (Leuciscus) caurinus RICHARDSON, Fauna Boreali-Americana, iii, p. 304. 

Leuciscus caurinus DeEKay, Zoology N. Y. Fishes, p. 215, 1842. 

Leuciscus caurinus CUvieER & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, xvii, p. 
325, 1844. 

Leuciscus caurinus STORER, Synopsis Fishes N. Am. p. 159, 1846. 

Mylocheilus caurinus Girarp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p- 169, 1856. 

Mylocheilus caurinus Girard, Pac. R. R. Expl. x, p. 213, pl. 46, f. 1-4, 1858. 

Leucosomus caurinus GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. vii, p. 270, 1868. 

Mylochilus caurinus JORDAN & COPELAND, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 155, 1876, 
(name only). 


Mylochilus caurinus JORDAN, Catalogue Fishes, p. 427, 1878. 


oo eS 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 85 


1855— Mylocheilus lateralis, AGASs1z, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, p. 231. 
Mylocheilus lateralis GrrARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 169, 1856. 
Mylocheilus lateralis GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. p. 213, pl. 48, f. 5-8, 1858, 
Mylochilus lateralis JORDAN & COPELAND, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 155, 1876. 
1856—Mylocheilus fraterculus GIRARD, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 169. 
Mylocheilus fraterculus GIRARD, Pac. R. R. Expl. x, p. 215, pl. 45, f. 1-4, 1858, 
Mylocheilus fraterculus COOPER, Nat. Wealth Cal. by Cronise, p. 496, 1868. 
Mylochilus fraterculus JORDAN & COPELAND, Bull. Buttalo Soc. Nat. Hist. p. 155, 
1876, (name only). 


Habitat.—Northern California to British Columbia. 

My specimens agree perfectly with Dr. Giinther’s description of his 
Leucosomus caurinus, which was taken in part from Richardson’s orig- 
inal types, except that the size of the eye in my fishes is proportionally 
larger. Agassiz’s account of Mylocheilus lateralis answers in a general 
way, except that I find no trace of anything which can be called a horny 
sheath on the jaws. There is nothing in Girard’s trivial description of 
Mylochilus fraterculus to indicate distinction. I therefore follow Dr. 
Giinther in considering J. lateralis and M. fraterculus as mere synonyms 
of M. caurinus. The genus Mylochilus resembles in form, squamation, 
ete., the genus Gila. It has, however, a much smaller mouth than most 
of the species of that genus. Its relations are rather with Pogonichthys 
and Platygobio, from both of which it differs in the peculiar form of its 
teeth as well as in the number of teeth. I find in the specimen before 
me the teeth 2, 5-5, 2, the teeth of the smaller row quite small and close 
together, and the innermost of the larger row much enlarged and trun- 
cate, gradually diminishing in size to the uppermost, which is slender, 
compressed, and hooked. I find no trace of a third row in my speci- 
mens. 

The genus Mylopharodon Ayres is perfectly distinct from Mylochilus, 
the upper jaw being non-protractile, the dorsal behind the ventrals, 
and no barbel at the angle of the maxillary. Mylopharodon thus far 
apparently contains but a single species, the types of Gila conocephala 
B. & G. and Mylopharodon robustus Ayres being, so far as I can see, 
conspecific. 


A REVIEW OF THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS SCOPS, 
SAVIGNY. 


By ROBERT RIDGWAY. 


Previous to the publication, some two years since, of Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s 
admirable work on the Strigide,* I had paid considerable attention to 
the study of the American Scops-owls, but the lack of sufficient material 
prevented my reaching any very positive conclusion as to several forms 
of questioned validity. More recently, however, through the assistance 
of several friends, among whom I may name in particular Mr. Osbert 








* Catalogue of the Striges, or Nocturnal Birds of Prey, in the Collection of the British 
Museum. By R. BowdlerSharpe. London: Printed by order of the Trustees. 1875. 


86 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Salvin, of England, and Mr. George N. Lawrence, of New York City 
(both of whom have kindly loaned me their entire series), I have been 
enabled to bring together a collection amply sufficient to settle former 
doubts. 

The inference derived from a careful study of the material first in 
hand was, that a greater number of species existed than were usually 
recognized as valid; certain forms ‘allied to S. brasilianus (Gmel.), 
named, but generally considered synonymous with some other spe- 
cies, being represented by typical specimens, while there were no exam- 
ples of intermediate character, the differences between these several 
styles being moreover so obvious that it seemed scarcely possible they 
could intergrade. I was therefore quite convinced that additional 
material would confirm the view of their distinctness. Being thus 
prejudiced, as it were, in my views of the relationship of the several 
forms alluded to, I at first attempted to divide the new series accord- 
ingly. Determined and repeated efforts failed, however, until I fully 
realized the utter hopelessness of the attempt. Thus I was irresistibly, 
though quite against my previous convictions, led to the same conclu- 
sion as tbat reached by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and subsequently 
adopted by Mr. Sharpe, that the several supposed species allied to S. 
brasilianus are merely geographical, local, and individual variations of 
the same species. No other view seems justifiable, in view of the com- 
plete and unquestionable intergradation between the most extreme vari- 
ations. The only alternative is to allow a very much greater number 
of forms even than have been named, admitting at the same time the 
intergradation of each with the other. 

It has been remarked by an eminent author* that few, if any, birds 
vary more in their feral state, both individually and otherwise, than 
the owls, and that of all the genera of this family tbe present one is 
the most variable. In this opinion I fully agree, for I have rarely had 
ainore difficult and, I may say, more unsuccessful task than my attempt 
to elucidate the several species and “races” treated in the present 
memoir. 

In the first place, the plumage is characterized by confused markings 
in the form of zigzags, “ herring-bone” picture, and minute vermicula- 
tions, having much the same general character in all, the difference 
between the several species in the pattern of coloration being exceed- 
ingly difficult of description. Next, there is the perplexing condition 
of ‘dichromatism”, the same species having two very distinct phases 
of plumage—a gray phase, which may be considered the normal dress, 
and a rutous phase, which is an extreme development of the variation 
called “-erythrism”. These two extreme phases, which it is to be remem- 
bered do not depend at all upon age, sex, or season, being purely an 
individual peculiarity, are in each species so very unlike that corre- 
sponding phases of the several really distinct species resemble one 





* Sharpe, t.¢., p. 44. - 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 87 


another very much more closely than do the two extreme phases of any 
one species! The geographical variations are also unusually pro- 
nounced, while last, but by no means least of the obstacles presented, 
is the very great range of individual variation within even a limited 
area of country. 
Genus SCOPS, Savigny. 
= Scops, SAVIGN., Deser. de Egypte, 1809, 291 (type, Strix scops, Linn.).—Cass., in 
Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 51.—CouEs, Key, 1872, 202.—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. 
hii, 1874, 47.—<SuHarpg, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 43 (includes Lophostrix, 
Less. ). 
= Ephialites, Krys. & Buas., Witb. Eur. 1840, p. xxxiii (type, Strix scops, Linn.—Nec 
Schrank, 1802). 
? Pisorhina, Kaup, Isis, 1848, 769 (type, Scops menadensis, Quoy & Gaim.). 
= Megascops, Kaup, |. c. (type, Strix lempiji, Horsf. ). 
? Acnemis, Kaur, 1. c. (type, Scops gymnopodus, Gray). 
? Ptilopsis, Kaup, l.c. (type, Strix leucotis, Temm.). 
= Lempijius, BONAP., Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 542 (type, Otus semitorques, Schleg.). 


Generic Characters—Small owls with distinct ear-tufts, the tarsus 
more or less feathered (usually completely feathered), the wings ample 
(more than twice the length of the short, slightly rounded tail), the 
plumage exceedingly variegated with vermiculations, cross-bars, and 
mottlings; toes naked or bristled—never completely feathered, except 
toward the base. 

The above brief diagnosis is sufficient to characterize this group. In 
general aspect the species of this genus are miniatures of those which 
belong to the genus Bubo, and are perhaps as nearly related structu- 
rally to the latter as to any other members of the family. 

All the American species have the outer webs of the scapulars mostly 
light-colored (generally white, with a blackish terminal border—rusty- 
ochraceous in flammeolus and the darker forms of brasilianus), producing 
a more or less distinct stripe along each side of the dorsal region; the 
feathers of the upper and lower parts usually with blackish shaft- 
streaks, those beneath generally with narrow transverse bars; outer 
webs of the remiges with light-colored spots, and the tail more or less 
distinctly (never sharply) banded. All the species are, in some part of 
their range, dichromatic, having a bright rufous phase, quite different 
from the “ normal” grayish plumage. 


Key to the Species. 


A.—Toes and lower half (or more) of tarsus completely naked....1. S. nudipes. 
B.—Toes alone (or with merely lower end of tarsus) completely 


MAKE lemme ete see selere onic os nisiace coclceeisnemmmeceeiasie cet 2. S. brasilianus. 
3. S. barbarus. 
4. S. flammeolus. 
C.—Toes strongly bristled, sometimes densely feathered at base. .5. S. asio. 
6. S. cooperi. 


By the above characters, the American species of this genus are 
readily divided into three groups. It now remains to distinguish 


88 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


between the species of each group, which is a much more difficult matter. 
Passing by group A., which contains only S. nudipes, the three species 
belonging to group B. may be distinguished as follows :— 
a.—Toes stout, with strong claws. Wing exceeding 5.75 inches (rare- 
ly less than 6.00, and ranging to nearly 8.00 inches); tail 
more than 3.15 <<. = <5 stehsasee alge alm la eit adele een 2. S. brasilianus. 
b.—Toes weak and slender, with weak claws. Wing less than 5.75 
inches (ranging in length from 5.10 to 5.60); tail less than 
3.15 (2.60-3.10). 
Feathers of the outer margin of the face with their shafts pro 
duced into slender, soft, hair-like, curved bristles, forming a 
conspicuous ruff, the anterior side concave. Plumage coarsely 
spotted, above and below .... .-.... ...<------ .----- ------ = 3. S. barbarus. 
Feathers of the outer margin of the face with their shafts not 
conspicuously developed. Plumage finely vermiculated, 
above and below, the outer scapulars having orange-buff 
Apots/on the OUter WEDS ees see ee oat alae eae ea 4, S. flammeolus. 


The above brief diagnoses are probably sufficient to distinguish these 
three very distinct species in all their numerous variations. The difter- 
ences are very much more easily perceived than defined, the birds having 
an entirely different aspect when compared with one another. Of the 
three, S. brasilianus varies almost indefinitely, but may always be 
known by its much stouter toes and stronger claws, as well as by its 
larger size, even in the smallest race (8. cassini), although the differ- 
ence in dimensions is sometimes so slight as to be perceptible only 
by actual measurement. S. barbarus is distinguished by the coarseness 
of its markings, which partake of the character of roundish or trans- 
versely-oblong spots, rather than fine vermiculations, and by the peculiar 
development of the shafts of the facial feathers. SS. jlammeolus is 
slightly smaller than S. barbarus, and of quite different build, having 
an extremely light and slender body, with small head, the wings thus 
seeming very long in proportion. As to colors, it may ordinarily be 
distinguished from all the other species by the pronounced orange-buft 
tint of the outer webs of the outer row of secapulars, these being in most 
others white, or, if not white, of a more sombre shade of buff and ful- 
vous, the plumage being otherwise quite different. According to Mrs. 
M. A. Maxwell, who has in her finely-mounted collection of Colorado 
birds a very beautiful specimen, the iris of this species is of a deep 
hazel, or umber-brown; should this prove constant, it will afford an 
excellent character, since the iris in nearly if not all the other species is 
known to be a bright lemon-, or gamboge-, yellow. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 89 


A.—Lower half or more of the tarsus completely naked, like the toes. 
1. SCOPS NUDIPES. 


Bubo nudipes, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. 1807, pl. 22. 
Scops nudipes, Cuv., Reg. Anim. 1829, 347.—SrTrRICK.., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 203.—Lawr., 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1868, 132 (Costa Rica).—Satvin, P. Z. S. 1870, 216 ( Veragua).— 
Sct. & SaLtv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 117 (Costa Rica to Columbia).—SHARPE, Cat. 
Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 121 (Veragua; Costa Rica).—Bowuc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 
( Veragua). 
Ephialites nudipes, Gray, Genera B. I, 1844, 38. 
Acnemis nudipes, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 542. 
Strix psilopoda, ViEtLL., Nouv. Dict. XVI, 1817, 46. 

Hab.—Costa Rica and Veragua. 

DiaGnosis.—‘‘Adult. Above sandy rufous, vermiculated with black, 
much darker on the back than on the head, the dorsal feathers black in 
the centre, barred and spotted with sandy rufous, these bars more dis- 
tinct on the scapulars, the outermost of which are silvery white, exter- 
nally tipped with black ; wing-coverts decidedly darker than the back, 
the innermost of the least series uniform blackish brown, the rest spot- 
ted and barred with sandy rufous, the bars especially broad on the 
greater series, Some of which have a tolerably large buffy white spot 
near the tip of the outer web; spurious quilis externally notched with 
sandy rufous, inclining here and there to whitish; primary coverts 
nearly uniform blackish brown, with a few bars of sandy rufous near 
the tips of the outer webs; quills blackish brown, the inner webs of 
the primaries quite uniform, excepting for a few yellowish bars near the 
bases of the interior feathers, the secondaries indistinctly barred with 
ashy brown on the inner webs, all the quills externally barred with 
sandy rufous, paler and more fulvous on the outer web of the primaries, 
the innermost secondaries mottled and barred with sandy rufous, and 
resembling the scapulars; tail blackish brown, with seven feebly indi- 
cated narrow bars of sandy rufous; head and neck decidedly clearer 
than the back, and somewhat inclining to chestnut, the feathers black 
in the centre, and laterally barred with the same, giving a generally 
barred appearance to these parts; lores and sides of face bright bay, 
the loral plumes blackish at tip, and the ear-coverts with a few indis- 
tinct cross bars of black; over the eye a few white-barred feathers, 
forming a faint eyebrow; ear-tufts lighter than the crown, orange 
rufous, broadly barred with black at the tips; under surface of body 
sandy rufous, many of the feathers coarsely vermiculated with black, 
the breast-feathers streaked and laterally barred with black, these black 
markings less distinct on the flanks and abdomen, on which parts are 
tolerably distinct bars of white; leg-feathers bright orange-rufous, with 
a few narrow brown bars on the tibia; under tail-coverts white, barred 
across with sandy rufous; under wing-coverts fulvous, thickly mottled 
with brown near the outer edge of the wing, which is white, the lower 
Series dark brown, like the inner lining of the quills; bill yellowish; 


90 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


feet yellowish, claws horn-colour. Total length 10 inches, wing 6-8, 
tail 4:1, tarsus 1:55, bare part of latter 0°85. (Mus. Salvin and Godman.) 

“© Obs. My description is taken from a specimen obtained at Calobre, in 
Veragua, by Arcé, and kindly lent to me by Mr. Salvin. He has at the 
same time lent me another specimen, obtained by the same collector in 
Costa Rica. This latter bird differs in several puints from the one 
described, having more of the general aspect of Scops pennatus of the 
Himalayas; it is clear sandy in colour, the black forming regular bars 
across the plumage, the subterminal one very broad, and giving the 
appearance of large black spots to the upper surface; feathers of the 
crown centred with black, the sandy-colored interspaces forming very 
distinct spots, the ear-tufts being still lighter, and barred across with 
whitish ; the white spots on the scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer webs 
of primaries very distinct, as are also the white bars on the lower sur- 
face, many of them being apparent also on the chest-feathers ; the quills 
barred with ashy brown on their inner webs, inclining to sandy buff on 
the secondaries. Total length 9°5 inches, wing 6°8, tail 4, tarsus 1:45, 
bare part of the latter 0-65.” 

The only specimens of this species which I have seen are several 
borrowed from Mr. Salvin, and returned to him without descriptions 
having been taken from them. I therefore quote Mr. Sharpe’s account 
of the species (1. ¢.). 


B.—Toes only, or with, at most, the extreme lower portion of the tarsus, 
completely naked. 
2. SCOPS BRASILIANUS. 


a. brasilianus. 


Strix brasiliana, GMEL., S. N. I, i, 1788, 289 (ex Briss., I, 499). 
Strix choliba, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. xiv, 1817, 39 (ex Azara, Apunt. IT, 218). 
Strix decussata, Licut., Verz. Doubl. 1823, 59. 
Strix crucigera, SP1x, Av. Bras. I, 1825, 22, pl. 9. 
Strix undulata, Spx, t. ¢. pl. 10. 
? Scops lophotes, Less., Traité, I, 1831, 107. 
Ephialites argentina, Licut., Nomenel. 1854, 7. 
B. atricapillus. 
Strix atricapilla, “Narr.”, TEMM., Pl. Col. II, 1838, pl. 145, 
Ephialites watsoni, Cassin, Pr. Phila. Acad. IV, 1849, 123. 


y. ustus. 
Scops usta, Scu., P. Z. S. March 9, 1858, 132. 
0. guatemala. 


Scops brasilianus, subsp. 6. Scops guatemale, SHARPE, Cat. Striges Brit. Mus. 1875, 112, 
pl. ix. 


&. cassini. 


Scops brasilianus, e. cassini, RipGw., MS. 


The above synonymy will serve to show what names I would bring 
together under the specific head of Scops brasilianus (Gmel.) on account 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES‘ NATIONAL MUSEUM. 91 


of the complete intergradation of the forms which they designate; it 
will also indicate the number and names of the more pronounced races 
I have been able to make out, arranged in chronologica! sequence, the 
full synonymy of each being given separately further on. 

There are now before me 44 specimens of Scops-owls from Tropical 
America, different specifically from 8. barbarus, S. flammeolus, and 8S. 
nudipes, and also very distinct from the hairy-toed members of the 
genus. This series appears, at first sight, to be made up of several 
distinct species, there being no less than six very pronounced types 
of coloration represented ; these different styles being so exceedingly 
different in appearance that in the absence of intermediate specimens 
no one would hesitate to recognize their specific distinctness. 

These different styles are more or less characteristic of separate geo- 
graphical areas; thus, the “ brasilianus” type prevails over Eastern 
South America, ‘ustus” in Upper Amazonia and in Columbia, “ guate- 
male” in Central America, and ‘cassini” in Eastern Mexico. They 
thus partake somewhat of the nature of geographical races; were they 
strictly such, the case would be very much simplified; but such, unfor- 
tunately, is not the case, since it frequently occurs that extreme speci- 
mens of one form may be found in a region of which it is not typical, 
while several, if not all, of them may be represented in a sufficiently 
extensive series from a single district! Thus, we have true “ guatemala” 
from Bahia, Brazil; pure brasilianus from Costa Rica and Guatemala; 
and a specimen apparently very much like “ustus” from Sta. Catarina, 
S. E. Brazil. 

In the absence of specimens of neutral or intermediate character, 
these facts would not be antagonistic to the theory of specific distinct- 
ness of the forms named above, but, on the contrary, would be decidedly 
confirmative, since they would do away with the probability that the 
variations are purely the result of geographical impress. Generalized 
specimens, however, or those which are not typical of either one or the 
other of the several reces, constitute a very large proportion of the 
whole.* 

It is in consideration of all these facts that we are led to conclude 
that the several particular forms we have named above, however distinct 
they may appear when the most specialized examples are compared, 
are but “strains” of a single species, tending toward the establishment 
of permanent geographical races (and in the course of time distinct spe- 
cies), but which, in consequence of the non-extinetion of specimens of 
a generalized nature, have not yet passed the incipient stage. 

The variations in this species involve not only differences in the 
colors themselves, but in the character and distribution of the markings, 
scarcely two examples being exactly alike. Variations of a purely 


mediate between guatemale and brasilianus that it cannot be referred more properly to 
one than to the other. 


92 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


individual nature, however, are best treated under the head of each 


particular race. 
a. brasilianus. 


Le Hibou de Brésil, Briss., Orn. I, 1760, 499 (Brazil ; = rufous phase, with feathers of 
lower surface distinctly rufous below the surface, and sharply barred). 

Strix brasiliana, GMEL., 8. N. I, i, 1788, 289 (ex Briss., 1. ¢.). 

Scops brasilianus, Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47 (part).—Sci. & Satv., P. Z. 8. 1868, 629 
(Venezuela); 1870, 782 (Merida, Venezuela) ; 1873, 304 (E. Peru); Nom. Neotr. 
1873, 117 (part).—SHarPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 108 (Bahia; Para; 
Island of Mexiana; Upper Amazons ; Cayenne ; Trinidad ; Caraccas ; Antioquia; 
Columbia).—Finscu, P. Z. 8. 1870, 557 (Trinidad *).—Bovc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91. 

Ephialites brasiliensis, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 35. 

Otus brasiliensis, TEMM. & SCHLEG., Fauna Jap. 1845, 25. 

Scops brasiliensis, BoNAp., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, 112.— 
ScHLEG., Mus. P.-B. Oti, 1862,21; Rev. Acc. 1873, 11. 

Megascops brasiliensis, KAuP, t. ¢. 228. 

Asio brasiliensis, BONAP., Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543. 

Choliba, Azara, Apunt, II, 1802-05, 218. 

Strix choliba, ViFILL., Nouv. Dict. XVI, 1817, 39 (ex Azara, I. ¢.), (= “ brasilianus” 
style, with feathers of lower parts distinctly orange-rufous below surface, 
etc.). 

Ephialites choliba, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38.—PeEtz., Orn. Bras. 1870, 9. 

Scops choliba, D’ORB., Voy. Ois. 1835—44, 132.—TscuupI, Fauna Per. 1844, 118.— 
Srrick.., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 204.—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII, 1862, 462 (New 
Granada).—Scu. & SALv., P. Z. S. 1866, 198. 

Strix decussata, Licut., Verz. Doub]. 1823, 59. 

Scops decussata, BURM., Th. Bras. IT, 1856, 126 (grayish phase). 

Striz crucigera, Sprx, Av. Bras. I, 1824, 22, pl. 9. 

Strix undulata, Sprx, t. ¢. pl. 10. ; 

Ephialites argentina, Licut., Nom. 1854,7.—ScHLEG., Mus, P.-B, Oti, 1862, 21. 

Scops argentina, Gray, Handl. I, 1869, 47. 

? Scops lophotes, Less., Traité, I, 1831, 107.t\—PUCHERAN, Rey. et Mag. de Zool]. 1849, 22 





* “One specimen, agreeing with Brazilian specimens.” 

t “Tout le dessus du corps brun foneé, ponctué de roux, mais par points trés-ténus, 
trés-rapprochés et trés-nombreux. Les dessous du corps roux, flammé de noir, formant 
une masse brune sur la poitrine; les huppes élargies 4 la base. Patrie inconnue. 

“ Observ. On doit ajouter & ce sous-genre le HIBOU CHAPERONNE, Strix atricapilla, 
Temm.,, pl. 145, du Brésil, et le HInov NocTULE, Strix noctula, Reinw., Temm., pl. 99, de 
Java et de Sumatra, qui est peut-étre ’espéce 25, décrite sous le nom de Scops de Java.” 
[ Lesson, /. ¢.] 

From the description alone, as quoted above, it is absolutely impossible to decide to 
which of the races of S. brasilianus this reference belongs. It is quite as likely to be 
a synonym of the form we distinguish as atricapillus, Temm. (see p.95). Sclater and 
Salvin (Ex. Orn VII, 1868, p. 102), who have seen Lesson’s type, say that it is ‘‘ proba- 
bly only a paler form” of S. brasilianus. Another name, usually referred to S. brasili- 
anus, but which we are in doubt about, is Scops portoricensis, Less. (Traité, I, 1831, 
107.—“‘ Scops de Porto Rico”). We have never seen a specimen of this genus from 
any of the West Indiaislands, but think it quite likely that peculiar races exist there. 
Of this bird also, Messrs. Sclater and Salvin ‘“ have seen the type-specimens, . . . in the 
Paris Museum, and have been unable to distinguish it from S. brasilianus.” We quote 
below Lesson’s description in full :— 

“Dun gris-roux glacé, strié en long de flamméches roux-brun, plus finement strié en 
travers; deux huppes élargies et triangulaires sur les cétés de la téte; taille un peu 


plus forte, et teinte beaucoup plus blonde que l’espéce d’Europe. _Habite Vile de Porto- 
Rico. (Mus. de Paris, Maugé.)” 


PROCHEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 93 


(critical).—Bonav., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—Srricki., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 204.— 
Scr. & Sary., Ex. Orn. 1868, 102 (in text).—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47, 
Asio lophotes, BONAv., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543. 
? Scops portoricensis, Luss., Traité, I, 1831, 107.—Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1849, 26 
(critical). 
“« Ephialites portoricensis”, L&or., Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 57. 

REMARKS.—This style, which prevails over Eastern South America 
(Brazil, Paraguay, and Buenos Ayres), is characterized mainly by the 
very sharp detinition of the cross-bars on the lower parts, these being 
usually nearly pure black upon an almost pure white ground, and by 
the very distinctly orange-rufous bases of the feathers, this color show- 
ing conspicuously on the lower surface wherever the plumage is disar- 
ranged. 

Thirty specimens are before me, the localities represented being the 
following :—Brazil (13), Paraguay (1), Buenos Ayres (1), Ecuador 
(Napo 1), Columbia (Antioquia 2, Bogota 2), Costa Rica (9), and Gua- 
temala (1.) Six specimens from Costa Rica, collected by Mr. J. C. 
Zeledon, are almost undistinguishable from one another; the uniform- 
ity of their characters being indeed remarkable for this species. Two 
others which greatly resemble each other are one from Bogota, in 
Salvin and Godman’s collection, and one in my own collection (No. 
2270) from Guatemala. These are almost exactly alike; they have 
the upper parts of a dark grayish-brown color, very minutely and 
densely vermiculated with blackish, further relieved by occasional, 
inconspicuous lighter frecklings, and rather indistinct blackish mesial 
streaks, most obvious on the pileum; the feathers of the lower surface 
are distinetly bright buff below the surface, while the blackish mark- 
ings—both the transverse and the longitudinal ones—are sharply defined 
and very distinct. In their general aspect, these specimens agree very 
nearly with typical examples of the “ brasilianus” style, but are darker 
in their general coloring above, where the mottlings are finer and 
denser. 

A typical specimen of the style is No. 16431 (Nat. Mus.), from Para- 
guay. This has the lower plumage exactly like the two specimens 
described above, but the upper parts are lighter and more grayish, with 
the blackish mesial streaks in stronger relief. The Costa Rica speci- 
mens alluded to above greatly resemble this one, but are rather paler 
aud more grayish. An extreme example is No. 12400 (Nat. Mus.), 
from Buenos Ayres. This has the lower parts as described above, 
except that the orange-buff of the basal portion of the feathers is 
brighter, and the black mesial streaks broader. The upper parts 
are light tawny, or sandy clay-color (not rufous), with very minute 
and inconspicuous transverse vermiculations, the biack mesial streaks 
broad and conspicuous, especially on the pileum, where they form 
continuous stripes, while on the dorsal region they each have one 
or two expansions, so as to form a bead-like series. Quite similar to 
this, but darker above and with narrower streaks beneath, is a male in 
Salvin and Godman’s collection from Antioquia, Columbia. 


94 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The most aberrant of the South American specimens before me is an 
example from Sta. Catarina, 8. E. Brazil (Mus. Salvin and Godman). 
This has the upper plumage much as in the specimen last described, 
but the outer webs of the scapulars are bright buff, instead of white, 
and the pileum is suffused with blackish, the streaks of this color 
being thus rendered less distinct. It isthe lower parts, however, which 
differ most: there is an entire absence of the usual sharply-defined, 
transverse, blackish markings, but in their stead exceedingly irregular 
and ragged markings of rusty rufous, into which the very obvious but 
ill-defined broad mesial streaks gradually blend; the whole pectoral 
region, the throat, and the face have a uniform rusty-buff ground-color, 
relieved by few markings. This individual apparently approaches the 
form named by Sclater S. ustus. 

Besides the above variations, there is another, involving the intensity 
of the buff on the basal portion of the feathers of the lower parts; in 
many, this is so bright as to show conspicuously wherever the feathers 
are the least bit disarranged, while in others only the merest trace of it 
can be discovered by careful search. Between all these variations, 
however, there is every possible intermediate condition in different 
individuals. 

Mr. Sharpe (I. c.) remarks that this race does not assume the bright 
rufous phase so common in the form named guatemale. I have seen, 
however, a specimen from Bahia, an adult female, which is as brightly 
rufous as any specimen of guatemala, or, for that matter, even S. asio. 
The upper parts are deep brick-rufous, all the feathers with blackish 
shatt-streaks, these broadest on the pileum and back; the upper tail- 
coverts and the sides of the neck only are without these streaks. The 
outer webs of the exterior row of scapulars are pure white; the feathers 
of the dorsal region show fulvous transverse spots on the basal portion, 
mostly concealed, except where the feathers are disturbed, and larger 
across the nape than elsewhere. Each feather of the sides, flanks, and 
abdomen has a mesial streak of blackish-brown (with here and there a 
slight external suffusion of paler and more rusty-brown), which color 
expands into two rather wide, transverse, externally pointed spots on 
the basal half of the feather,—the terminal half having two or three 
narrow, finely zigzag, transverse lines of dark brown, here and there 
mixed with rufous;—making an average number of four bars on each 
feather, of which the two anterior are wider and more rufous. 

This specimen resembles the rufous phase of “ cassini” very much 
more than that of “ guatemale”, but is very much larger in all its 
dimensions. 

A young bird, from Costa Rica, in the collection of Messrs. Salvin 
and Godman, differs from the adult as follows: ground-color light- 
bufi, deepest above, relieved by narrow transverse bars of dusky, 
equally distinct above and below. 


—— 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 95 


List of Specimens Examined.* 


























6 - 

A i 2 

a 5 Localit Date “ a @ 2 

5 8 ; ocality. I bi 3 2 a 5 

B 5 K 4 3 S & og 

a a R ae aa cot) Ee To 
12400 | U.S. Obra DUCNOS)AVRCS\- one calaacamisise ae | eee sete 6.55 | 4.00 | .58 | 1.10 . 82 
16131 | U.S. Oleg |\"Paraguay = 25.03. 22k June, 1859 | 6.55 | 4.00 | - 98 | 1.20 » 90 
16430 | U.S. OF res SSL RZ lee os ool arate nite Aug., 1859 | 6.40 | 4.05 | .60 | 1.20 . 85 
— |S. &G.|—juv.b.}...... GOP eeeee et eset atel eels ee ae 4.30} .65 |] 1.20 - 90 
— |S.&G.| —br. |:...-- OO i... sssSemsesesiccss neem sim ACO Hie O08 | We SO) nme neie 
SOG e—— pr. | Brazill(Bahia)eesssceeseee ceoeeels 4.00 | .57] 1.20 . 85 
— |S.&G.| — gr. |..---- OP eee nettse ies niawisne aia | ae eel BOs | eee - 60 | 1.20 - $0 
— |S.&G.| —br. |..-... CORee eter ee naeecsatreseee 3.80 | .55 | 1.10 85 
— |S.&G.} ad.r. | Brazil (St. Catherine’s) 5. 20 65} 1.40 | 1.00 
eGo Cro AOsDsn|| (BLA esoe ee ee eee seen ee ceases A5AON eesee 1. 28 -95 
en Gu Nios AOst es le eee Ope chp es ease ae -ewsiscsese 4. 00 «02 | 1. 20 - 85 
eR Gre Nils} nce Len || SEAZAL (babia) ne ascceccines ances a SON roe) lao 75 
= (GeRoied vols |legosee ON eoaatauilaces. ANOO) |) 52) (elec ON eee 
50946 | U.S. Ope | ssouthern Brazil secsts\ca>- ae se 4.90 65 | 1.50} 1.00 
7205 | M.C.Z.| ad.g. | Brazil (Pernambuco) 3. 80 60 } 1.15 25 
SOIGGN Wa S2) || Adar.) |eicuador (Napo)i------5---cceee ASSO) |Masee 1. 30 - 98 
— |S &G.| or. | Columbia(Medellina) 4.20 | .60) 1.20 . 98 
eR GCN res |i) Che Tame leiarsisies GOe seve deca tie seccsaccwess 4. 60 GU |) ae - 98 
— |S.&G.} ad.g. | Columbia (Bogota) ............. 4. 30 60] 1.15} 1.00 
nn (GaN | ads yi |aeaenee OM eee eee cere eames rae 4,50 | 2551.25] 9290 
Q2tOe pikileen ||madies a Guatemalat sts eo s5l eect aay ies 4. 40 65 | 1.20 95 
30416 | U.S. ad. g. | Costa Rica (San José) x : 4.10 58 | 1.12 . 90 
GIB) | BUASS)|/ ju. bowl! Costar Ricaiset sien sees ce Sl fete te etek ater aetna fermented Sere 
Gr8is | WSs | tw. Ds) | <== — Oe eo einialeissinws vein mniales aisiaa | Saale sare ain ae mintal| Comores | Socio) easoee | eee Sees 




















*In these tables, the initials in the column headed Museum stand for the following: ‘‘ U.S.”,—United 
States National Museum; ‘‘S. & G.”,= Museum Salvin & Godman; ‘'G. N. L.”,= Museum of George N. 
Lawrence, esq. ; ‘ M. C. Z.”,= Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. ; ‘‘R. R.’’,= Museum 
of R. Ridgway. In the next column, the letters g, 7, and b indicate the gray, rufus, and brown (or 
intermediate) phases respectively. The measurement of the culmen does not include the cere; the 
tail is measured to the extreme base of the coccyx, and the middle toe to the base of the claw. 


B. atricapillus ? 


? Strix atricapilla, ‘‘Natt.”, TEMM., Pl. Col. IT, 1838, pl. 145. 
Scops atricapilla, STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XIII, pt. 2, 1826, p. 51, pl. 39.—Cuv., 
Reg. Anim. ed. 2, 1829, 347.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—Kaup, Contr. Orn. 
1852, 112.—Srrickt., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 202.—Burm., Th. Bras. II, 1856, 128. 
Ephialites atricapilla, GRay, Genera B. I, 1844, 38, pl. 13, fig. 2 (head).—PEtz., 
Orn. Bras. 1870, 9 (?). 
Megascops atricapilla, Kaur, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 228. 
Asio atricapillus, BonaP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543. 
? Ephialites watsoni, Cass., Pr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. IV, Dec. 1848, 123; Journ. Phila. 
Acad. IT, 1852, 95, pl. xii, fig. 1. 
Scops watsoni, BONAP., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47. 
Asio watsoni, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1€54, 543. 


DIAGNOSIS.—A dult male, gray phase (Mus. O.S. & F. D. G., Engento do 
Gama, Brazil, Aug. 18, 1826; Natterer)— Wing, 6.80; tail, 4.00; culmen, 
.0o; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe, .80. Facial circle, ear-tufts, and pileum 
sooty-blackish, on the latter broken by minute grayish and faint fulvous 
mottling, this prevailing on the forehead and eyebrows; outer webs of 
ear-tufts nearly uniform blackish, but inner webs conspicuously spotted 
or indented with pale fulvous and whitish. Orbital region dusky—con- 
Spicuously so in front of and above the eye—the face growing paler on 
the cheeks, next the blackish facial ring, where the color is pale grayish, 


96 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


indistinctly undulated with darker. Occiput crossed by a quite con- 
spicuous light-colored band, the feathers of which have the basal portion 
pale fulvous and the terminal portion whitish, with irregular dusky bars. 
Upper parts in general finely mottled grayish-brown, with indistinct 
streaks and zigzags of dusky and minute mottlings of very pale ochra- 
ceous; outer webs of scapulars whitish, more or less stained with buff. 
Tail dusky, with about seven bands of pale fulvous, each inclosing a 
narrower and more irregular dusky band; outer webs of primaries 
marked with quadrate spots of dusky and pale fulvous, the latter 
smallest, growing deeper-colored toward the shaft, and having occa- 
sional dusky mottlings centrally, the former mottled with fulvous gray 
along the edges of the feathers. Lower parts uniform pale dull buff, the 
feathers with narrow, but distinct, dusky, mesial streaks, and with scat- 
tered, irregular cross-bars of the same color, the latter averaging about 
two on each feather, and situated near the end; on tke breast these 
markings more numerous and irregular, and the general surface broken 
by irregular spots of white. Tarsi pale buff, with faint mottlings of 
rusty-brown on the outer side; under tail-coverts with a sing’e faint 
spot at the end of each feather. 

REMARKS.—The appearance of this owl] is peculiar from the dusky 
coloring of the face, especially around the eyes, the peculiar shade of 
the pale buff lower parts (which lacks the bright orange tint of other 
races), the sparseness of the markings below, and in the pinkish tinge 
of the axillars and under wing-coverts. 

While it is all but certain that the specimen described above is the 
same as Lphialites watsoni, Cassin, there is considerable doubt as to 
its being equivalent to Strix atricapilla,Temm. The plate of the latter 
represents a much smaller bird, with altogether grayer tints above, and 
pure white, instead of fulvous, beneath. In fact, this plate calls instantly 
to mind the form described in this paper as S. cassini (see page 102), 
and were it not that the habitat of Temminek’s bird is given, on 
good authority, as Brazil, I should not hesitate to identify it with the 
latter form. The writer examined some years ago the type-specimens of 
Lphialites watsoni, in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy, and 
as he recollects them they correspond quite closely, if not entirely, 
with the specimen described above. Still, they may be somewhat dif- 
ferent. The figure given by Cassin in the “Journal” of the Academy 
(p:. xii, fig. 1) is extremely inaccurate as regards the details of colora- 
tion; but it may be observed that the coloring represents almost exactly 
the peculiar shades which we consider one of the chief characteristics 
of the present form. The following is the original description of 
Ephiatites watsoni, in fall :— 

“Summit of the head black, with a few very minute pale spots, more 
numerous on the front and eyebrows. Shorter feathers of the ear-tufts 
black, others black also, but with their inner webs spotted or mottled 
with white. A semicircle above the eye, extending to the ear-tufts, 


PROCEEDINGS. OF UNITED STATES NATIOWAL MUSEUM. 97 


black; rigid feathers at the base of the bill black, with pale grayish 
terminations; feathers immediately below the eye gray, mottled and 
broadly tipped with black. 

‘* Diseal feathers grayish white, many of them speckled, and all tipped 
with black, presenting a white and black semi-collar or ruff on each side 
of the neck. Plumage of the throat with fine alternate bars of black 
aud nearly white. 

‘Neck above with a well-defined collar, the feathers ecmposing 
which are strongly fulvous, terminated with white and speckled with 
black. 

“ Back, rump, tail, and wing-coverts mottled and freckled with gray- 
ish white, upon a black ground, many of the feathers having about three 
to five very irregular transverse bands of whitish; on the wing-coverts 
and back some of the pale marks are almost circular with black centres ; 
others are of irregular form also enclosing centres of black. 

*¢ [external webs of the primaries black, with subquadrate nearly white 
bars, nearly all of which have black centres, assuming, also, a more or 
less well defined square form. Internal webs of primaries with alter- 
nate bands of different shades of black. 

“ Rreast and entire inferior parts pale fulvous, every feather conspicu- 
ously marked on the shaft longitudinally with black, and with very 
irregular transverse bands and irregularly mottled with black; the 
black markings most numerous and most irregular on the breast. Many 
of the feathers on the breast with very pale, nearly white spots, having 
somewhat the appearance of being distributed in pairs. 

‘¢ Tail black, with about seven or eight narrow irregular grayish bands,, 
many of which have central lines of black. 

‘“Tarsi feathered to the toes, pale fulvous white, mottled with black. 

*¢ Bill horn color at the base, whitish at the tip. 

‘Total length (of skin) about 94 inches, wing 7, tail 34 inches. 

“Younger? Piumage above paler, with small spots and minute: 
freckles of grayish white, scarcely assuming the appearance of bands. 

‘“ Breast with the dark markings predominating, and tending to form a 
broad pectoral band; lower parts of the body bright fulvous, with black 
marks. 

“ Hab. South America. 

“This species bears some resemblance to Ephialites atricapilla, (Natt.) 
Temm. pl. col. 145, but is much larger, and bas only one nuchal collar. 
The general color above is also much darker; the fulvous colouring of 
the inferior surface of the body is also a striking difference. 

“One specimen of this species in the Rivoli collection is labelled ‘ Ore- 
noque’, and another in the collection of the Academy is probably from 
South America.” 

The description given in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy 
(vol. ii, p. 95) is essentially the same as the above. 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——7 August 15, 1878. 


98 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
y. ustus. 


Scops usta, Scu., P. Z. S. March 9, 1858, 132 (ga, Upper Amazons.—Mus. Norwich); 
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 265, pl. lIxi.—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47.—Bouc., 
Cat. Av. 1876, 91.—ScL. & Saxyv., P. Z. 8. 1866, 198; Ex. Orn. 102. . 
Scops brasilianus, subsp. a. Scops ustus, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 111 
(Sarayacu and Chamicuros, HE. Peru; Venezuela ?). 

Habitat.—Upper Amazonia (Ega; Scu., l. ¢.; Chamicuros and Sara- 
yacu, E. Peru, and Venezuela? ; SHARPE, l. ¢.). 

This form I have never seen, and therefore have to give descriptions 
at second hand. The original one (Sclater, J. ¢.) is as follows :-— 

“ Supra saturate castaneo-brunnea, plumis omnibus nigro subtilissime 
vermiculatis ; facie et gula pure castaneo-brunneis, hac pallidiore : linea 
post regionem auricularem, cornuum capitis extantium marginibus latis 
et pileo supero nigtris: alarum pennis pallide castaneo-brunneis nigro 
punctulatis, intus autem ochracenti-albidis, quinque et sex fasciis latis 
in pogonio externo, maculas quadratas efiicientibus, nigris trans-vitta- 
tus; cauda ex eodem colore sed fasciis nigris pene obsoletis: subtus 
clarius brunnea, lineis augustis longitudinalibus, scapus plumorum 
occupantibus, nigris parce notata: tectricibus alarum inferioribus sor- 
dide albis: tarsis pallide fulvis: rostro et pedibus flavis. 

‘“« Long. tota 8.5, alee 7.0, caudee 4.0, tarsi 1.2. 

“ Hab. Ega, on the Upper Amazon (H. W. Bates).” 

The above description, and the plate accompanying it, represent a form 
of Scops of which I have never seen typical examples. It seems clearly 
to belong to S. brasilianus, of which it is probably a peculiar ‘“ strain ”— 
hardly to be called the rufescent extreme (since the latter is to be found 
in the bright rufous phase of “ guatemale”), but rather showing a very 
highly-colored condition, in which the rufous tint is spread rather than 
intensified, so as to more or less completely obliterate the usual white 
markings. The case seems to be somewhat parallel to that of S. kennicottt 
as compared with S. asio, and is probably more or less closely connected 
with climatic peculiarities of the district inhabited by the race; for 
instance, an excessive rain-fall and a prevalence of denser and darker 
forests than generally exist to the eastward. 

According to Mr. Sclater (Jl. ¢.), this form “is distinguishable from 
every South American member of the genus .... . by its rich brown 
coloring above and below, and by the longitudinal lines below not being 
crossed as in 8. choliba and 8S. atricapilla.” 

Among the uumerous specimens of Scops brasilianus in the series 
betore me, is one which seems to approach quite nearly to the characters 
of this race, being devoid of sharply defined black bars below, where, 
jn their place, are extremely irregular ragged zigzags of rusty rufous, 
the blackish shaft-streaks being unusually broad, and externally suffused 
with rufous; only the terminal half, or exposed portion, of the abdom- 
inal feathers is white, the entire breast, tibiz, and tarsus having a 
uniform deep ochraceous ground-color. Among other differences from 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 99 


typical brasilianus may be mentioned the deep buff or ochraceous outer 
webs of the scapulars, inner webs of the ear-tufts, and indeed all the 
markings of the upper surface, which are white in that form; these 
peculiarities being among the distinguishing features of the ustus type. 
This specimen, however, is from Sta. Catarina, S. E. Brazil. It belongs 
to the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. 

In his description of this form, Mr. Sharpe describes what he terms 
its ‘gray phase”, but which seems to be decidedly more brown than 
gray, and, to judge from the description, quite different from anything 
I have seen. I quote the essential parts of the descriptions of this 
form given by Mr. Sharpe :— 

“Adult male (gray phase). General color above dull earthy brown, 
so finely vermiculated as to appear almost uniform at first glance, a 
few fulvescent cross markings more conspicuous on the scapulars and 
secondaries, very slightly indicated on the hind neck, and not forming 
a distinct collar; crown of bead rather blacker than the back, the 
feathers infinitesimally freckled with sandy rufous, the ear-tufts blackish, 
scarcely vermiculated at all;......... ear-coverts sandy brown, indis- 
tinetly barred across with blackish brown, and narrowly shaft-streaked 
with white ...... 5 rest of under surface ochraceous buff, thickly 
sprinkled with wavy lines and vermiculations of dark brown, especially 
on the side of the chest, some of the breast feathers streaked with 
black and barred across with white, the flanks scantily barred with 
dark brown, inclining to white near the tip, the markings scanty, as 
also on the under tail-coverts...... Total length 9.5 inches, wing 
6.6, tail 3.9, tarsus 1.3. 

“Adult female (ru‘ous phase). General characteristics as in the gray 
phase, but rufous where the other bird is brown, and slightly more 
mottled on the upper surface with rufescent cross bars; below nearly 
uniform rufous, deeper on the chest, some of the feathers slightly 
streaked with black, more narrowly on the breast and abdomen ; on the 
chest a few dull brown vermiculations, the abdomen indistinetly barred 
with fulvous. Total length 9 inches, wing 6.55, tail 3.4, tarsus 1.3. 

‘* Obs. The principal characteristics of this race are the uniformity of 
its upper surface, and the comparative absence of streaks; scapulars 
fulvescent, not white. These remarks apply both to the brown and 
rufous phases, neither of which shows any collar on the hind-neck. 

“ Tab. Upper Amazons.” 


0. guatemale. 


 Scops brasilianus”, Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IX, 1868, 132 (San José, Costa Rica).—Sa1- 
VIN, P. Z. 8. 1870, 216 ( Veragua). 
Scops brasilianus, subsp. 8. Scops guatemala, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 112, 
pl. ix, both phases (Guatemala; Acoyapa, Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Veragua). 
Scops quatemale, Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 (Central America). 


REMARKS.—In Central America, from Veragua to Guatemala, a form 
prevails which, in the absence of extralimital specimens or of examples 


ferruginous, with ‘of the other styles, I gill 
in the middle portSpecies. This style is * Ss le 08 
are white, with th7pe (J. ¢.), to which probav.y as many as 90 per ce’ 
streaks are render ought from those countries may be referred. It hap- 
Regarding the + whil absolutely typical specimens of the “ brasili- 


p. 114):— ‘ur fro' both these countries, specimens of typical 
“The rufous ph?cur in ‘azil, thus annulling the importance of geo- 
that I have seen ftious; —‘e, as a further proot of specific identity, 
color, with the headimens > cannot be referred to either one or the 
to a blackish patch; orm hich are in every respect intermediate, 
black, as is also the/!- 
tions of bars.” As ture riety are, a confusedly-mottled. r- ~ 
sometimes assume A lo ge, and a darker upper surtac “ 
i A specimen in tli t ess and clearness of all the u 
iM Qcea; Mus. Salvin 2° form; the bright orange-butf bases 
of sns described above | , 80 usual (but not constant) in typical 
spesk shaft-streaks ar? ‘le, is also absent in all the specimens 
I havand throat, the ed ‘ty, the individual variations in “ gua- 
temalae, and the paler ta! th us to the shades of coloration and 
feral adi with a rufous & rincipal of these are the following :— 
Gray’ ences are AN. ivin & Godman, Coban, ‘*’ere iP 4” 
Jan. — ~~ ‘gpk 4 -Pre ~ .ug color above pale bro’. ifisi, ve. 
coarsely * pale buff and grayish-white, and with larger and 
very irre ‘Spets of blackish, these nowhere assuming the form of 
shaft-str ‘ven on the crown; sides of the forehead or “eyebrows” 


appreci’ ,; Jt not abruptly, paler (mottled whitish). Face, throat, 
sides of heck, and jugulum dirty whitish, finely and quite regularly 
undulated transversely with brownish, the dusky facial circle not dis- 
tinct. F-st of lower parts soiled white, the whole surface relieved by 
very irregular, ragged, and confused zigzag lines of dusky brownish, the 
feathers showing very irregular, but quite distinct, mesial, blackish 
streaks, with which the transverse markings unite. 

The above description is of a specimen representing the extreme gray- 
ish phase, so far as shown by the series before me; others, in Messrs. 
Salvin and Godman’s collection, exhibit a gradual transition to the 
rufous phase, scarcely two specimens being alike in the precise shade 
of brown, while positively none agree in the details of pattern. Thus, 
two males from Veragua (‘‘Arcé, 2401”, and “Arcé, 1806”) have the 
upper parts so nearly devoid of coarse mottlings as to appear of a nearly 
uniform ligbt umber-brown. On the other hand, a specimen from Vera 
Paz (“O. S, 2348”) has the general dusky coloring above relieved by 
very conspicuous, large, and, in places, regularly-oblong, transverse 
spots of pale fawn-color. In the latter specimen, the white on the outer 
web of the scapulars is broken by transverse wide bars of mottled fawn 
and dusky, while in nearly all the others this white is unbroken, having 
only the terminal blackish border common to nearly all the species of the 
genus. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL 


typical brasilianus may be. on as to the markings c 
webs of the scapnlars, inne: cous, and extremely r. 
m equently appearing u, .u.confused; in two sp: 
one from Choctum, Vera Paz, the other from Bahia, } 
the transverse markings are much fewer, wider 
regular, the average interval being, in the lager spe 
25 of an inch! “pe 
The most aberrant specimen in the series deone fro 
1873”), which, however, appears, from th, quiture of 
a young bird. In this all the markings rts of-y fin 
tions, there being no longitudinal strea or 
»oo the feathers of the breast. ,i color al of « 
So fii with those of others in the sjalmost ur 
fe .pecimen of gray plumage from ,/conspicuoWle: 


mus.; John Xantus), agrees strictlpn the hindCl eS 
scribed above in the markings of thether black's: ts 
are grayer, with conspicuous mesial stundy rufove ate 
form, agreeing exactly in this respect: . . ear-coe nus” 
from Pernambuco, Brazil, in the eolleown, ane apara- 
tive Zodlogy (No. 7805). » surface . 
« “ko extreme rufous phase is repreisulation fp) speci- 
w) ti. Guatemala (belonging tur, Bos £, jp, Natural 
History). These are bright brick-rufous above, %) a ws of the 
scapulars pure white, in strong contrast, and the feathers e pileum 
with mesial streaks of black,—thus very closely resemh"’ -1€ Corre- 
sponding phase of S. asio. The face, throat, and jugulu.. 'so of a 


paler, but quite uniform, rufous, relieved by few or no marking s of any 
kind ; the rest of the lower parts are white, the feathers with i distinet 
mesial streaks of dusky brownish and faint and ragged crovs-bars of 
pale rufous. These specimens resemble the extreme rufous phase of 
* brasilianus”, as described above, except that there are no distinct 
blackish streaks on the back, where also the feathers are devoid of the 
basal fulvous spots, while the bars on the lower surface are much less ~ 
distinct and regular. 

Two other specimens of this phase in the collection of Messes. Salvin 
and Godman are quite different. One, from Coban, Vera Paz, is a 
young bird, with remnants of the immature plumage. The new dress 
however, largely prevails. In this example, the whole dorsal region is 
varied by an exceedingly faint, yet obvious spotting of a paler rufous, 
and narrow blackish shaft-streaks, and the lower parts are much more 
distinctly and regularly barred, the bars being, moreover, of a consid- 
erably darker shade. It thus approximates quite closely to the rufous 
specimen of * brasilianus” above referred to. The other specimen is from 
Las Salinas, Vera Paz (“ March, O. 8. 2349”), and is still more different. 
The upper parts are so dark as to be almost chestnut, while the back 
is distinctly spotted with black. The breast is nearly uniform dark 


NGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


distinct and wide blackish shaft-streaks, and broken 
ion by whitish bars; the remainder of the lower parts 
e transverse bars of blackish so broad that the mesial 
ed nearly obsolete. 

cufous phase of this variety, Mr. Sharpe remarks (l. ¢. 


ase of S. guatemale is quite different from anything 
rom South America, being entirely of a foxy rufous 
| never darker than the back or showing any approach 
the back is generally rather narrowly streaked with 
head; and there are in some examples slight indica- 
stated on p. 94, however, the Brazilian bird does 
his bright ** foxy rufous” phase. 
ie bright rufous phase from Jalapa (S. BE. Mexico; 


D & Godman) differs from the two Guatemala speci- 
mné » in the paler rutous of the pileum (where the. usual 
blac 2 almost entirely absent), the paler rufous of the 
face : sarser and more ragged markings of the lower 
surfac| rsi. In other respects, however, it is identical. 
Compa specimen of S. cassini, from the same locality, 
the differ much more conspicuous. The latter is more like the 
correspondin, iase of 8S. barbarus, being distinctly variegated above 


with paler spotting and numerous blackish shaft-streaks, and the picture 
of the lower parts more distinct. 


{ List of Specimens Examined. 


J 




















1 
26 L. Guatemala ....... Beane —Jg 6.80 | 3.90 | .58 | 1.30 90 
=P Mee f altace oie GO-e- 42 55 deve-|-+- — 4g. 6.55 | 3.80 OS) OL eOr setae 

2401 Arcé.| Chitra, Veragua..--- : 3 g. 6.20 | 3.60 55 | 1.12 85 

2352 O.S.| Coban, Vera “Paz i <aele — gy. 6.50 | 4.00 | .52 | 1.20 - 90 

2348 O.S.| Vera Paz, Guatemala. — 9. 6.60 | 4.10 | .55 | 1.15 .85 

— Choctum, Vera Faz - — 4g. 6.60 | 3.90 | .58] 1.18 . 80 
1806 Arcé. | Calovevora, Veragua - Bl eles 6.60 | 3.€5 | .58 | 1.15 85 
1873 Arcé.| Chiriqui........ Pes. -| Juv. gr. | 6.20 | 3.50 | .60 | 1.10 20 

— Bahia, Brazil -..\..... ube c samen |Peee -.| Ad.gr. | 6.50 | 4.00 | .55 | 1.25 . 80 
2349 O.S.| La Salinas, Vera Paz. .| Ad. red. | 6.50 | 4.00 | .55 | 1.18 . 85 

— Coban, Vera Paz ..... 4] CAG red aitGo04)| (oa90) | aoeee 1. 20 . 85 

— Guatemala oso 222.1 Ad. red. | 6.30 | 3.80 | .58/ 1.20 . 82 

=> esee5s OGRE en tee ee Sosa eee eee Ad. red. | 6.48 | 3.70} .55 | 1.30 . 82 

23793 | Mazatlan, W. Mex ... Ad. gr. | 6.00 | 3.70 | .50 | 1.18 . 82 
— E. Mexico papa) .| Ad. red. | 6.20 | 3.60 | .55 | 1.25 . 80 
50978 =| Costa Rica. - AG eT. | |Os 00) des Om| pomeranian aemtaret 


€. Cassini. 


“ Scops atricapillus (NatTT.) STEPH.”, RipGw., in B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 48 
(foot-note). 

Scops brasilianus, §. cassini, Ripaw., MS. 

Habitat.—Eastern Mexico (Mirador; Jalapa). 

DIAGNOSIS.—Wing, 5.80-6.10; tail, 3.20-3.50; culmen, .45-.50 ; tar- 
sus, 1.20; middle toe, .80. 

Gray phase ; adult.—Above grayish-brown, finely mottled with lighter 
and darker shades, the general dusky brownish hue interrupted by two 
conspicuous lighter bands, one across the nape, and the other across 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 103 


the occiput, where the pale brownish buff spots are very large and the 
darker markings correspondingly reduced in size. Beneath whitish, 
the feathers with ragged mesial streaks of blackish and transverse ver- 
miculations of the same. 

Rufous phase; adult—Above cinnamon-rufous, with blackish shaft- 
streaks. Beneath white, with blackish mesial streaks and irregular 
transverse base of rufous and blackish. 

REMARKS.—This very distinct race, which I refer somewhat doubt- 
fully to S. brasilianus, so closely resembles S. maccalli, both in size and 
colors, that, were it not for the perfectly naked toes, certain specimens 
of the two could scarcely be distinguished. From 8S. barbarus, with 
which it agrees in the nakedness of the toes, it may be readily distin- 
guished by the much stouter feet (both relatively and absolutely), as well 
as by certain well-marked differences in the coloration, Of the other 
races of brasilianus, it most closely resembles the one we have described 
under the name of atricapillus (see p. 95), having, like that style, a very 
distinet lighter nuchal collar. It is considerably smaller, however, and 
presents well-marked differences in coloration, which may be expressed 
as follows :— 

S. ATRICAPILLUS.—Wing, 6.80; tail, 4.00; tarsus, 1.15; middle toe, 
80. Ground-color below pale buff; face and crown nearly uniform 
dusky. Hab., Brazil. 

S. CASsINIL—Wing, 5.80-6.10; tail, 3.20-3.50; tarsus, 1.20; middle 
toe, .80. Ground-color below white; face grayish or brownish white, 
coarsely barred with dusky ; crown coarsely spotted with blackish, pale 
brown, and grayish-white. Hab., Eastern Mexico. 

It will be seen by the above, that while cassini has the wing and tail 
very much shorter than in atricapillus, the feet are, on the other hand, 
actually longer, the two birds thus having quite different proportions, 
in view of which fact it may ultimately prove advisable to recognize in 
S. cassini a distinct species. Compared with 8S. barbarus, which is 
sometimes exceedingly similar in plumage, the difference in the feet is 
still more striking; while the only other form which resembles it—s. 
maccalli—has the toes distinctly bristled, whereas in the present form 
they are perfectly bare. 




















27115 | U.S Gr. ad. Biirad or, IM@X1COls eee side ceces|saneeeoeeseee 6.10 | 3.50] .50 | 1. 20 80 
oO etree Gur vase On ean Oo seeetcic sc cicjeeieine siel~ inal Noy. —, 1863} 5.90 | 3.40 .45 | 1.20 80 
12372 |M.C.Z| Ruf. ad. | J: earn Mexico . .| Apr. 9, 1869} 5.80 | 3.20] .50 | 1.20 80 

















3. SCOPS BARBARUS. 


“ Scops flammeola”, SALVIN, Ibis, 1861, 355 (nec Licht.). 

Scops barbarus, Sci. & SALv., P. Z. 8, 1868,57: Ex. Orn. I, 1668, 101, pl. li; Nom. Neotr. 
1873, 117 (Guatemala).—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47.—Snarpr, Cat. Strig. Brit. 
Mus. 1875, 107 (Sta. Barbara, Vera Paz, Guatemala).—Bovc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91. 


Habitat.—Guatemala. 
DIAGNosIs.—Wing, 5.25-5.60; tail, 2.90-3.10; culmen, .45; tarsus, 
1.00-1.05; middle toe, .70-.75. Shafts of the auriculars produced into 


104 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


long, slender, hair-like bristles, forming a conspicuous ruff round the face, 
the anterior side coucave. Gray phase (adult):—Above brown, thickly 
spotted with black, the black prevailing on the pileum; outer webs of 
scapulars white, bordered terminally with black. Beneath whitish, the 
feathers marked with transverse bars and mesial stripes of black, the 
white of opposite webs having the form of roundish vr oblong spots. 
Rufous phase (adult): —Above cinnamon-rufous, all the feathers (except 
upper tail-coverts) with wide and distinct mesial streaks of black. Be- 
neath white, the feathers with shaft-streaks of black and wide cross- 
bars of rufous having black borders. 

REMARKS.—This very distinct species is apparently most nearly 
related to 8. flammeolus, with which it agrees in the extreme weakness 
of the feet. It differs, however, from that form in being of much stouter 
build, more “fluffy” plumage, the head appearing larger and the body 
stouter in consequence of the greater length and looseness of the feathers. 
The plumage also is quite different, the markings being altogether coarser. 
The differences between the two have been more precisely expressed on 
a preceding page. From S. cassini, which it sometimes very closely 
resemLles in colors, it may be immediately distinguished by its much 
weaker feet and different proportions, as follows :*— 

SCOPS BARBARUS.—Wing, 5.25-5.60; tail, 3.10; tarsus, 1.00-1.05; 
middie toe, .70-.75. Hab., Highlands of Guatemala. 

SCOPS CASSINI.—Wing, 5.80-6.10 ; tail, 3.20-3.50; tarsus, 1.20; mid- 
dle toe, .80. Hab., Eastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, etc.). 





| 


| «25 





42776 | U.S. Ad. | Central Guatemala. ...-.)..... (2)..--.| 5.60 | 3.10} .45 1. 00 
— |S.&G.| Ad. gr. | Vera Paz, Guatemala. ...] —— —, 1862] 5.60 | 3.10 | .45 | 1.00 | . 70. [Type ] 
— |8S.&G.|} Ad.r. | Sta. Barbara, Guatemala.} Apr. —,1860 | 5.35 | 3.10 | .45 | 1.00 | . 70. [Type.] 





4, SCOPS FLAMMEOLUS. 


“Strix flammeola, Licut., MS.,in Mus. Berol., unde.” 
Ephialites flammeola, Licut., Nom. 1854, 7. 
Megascops flammeola, Kaur, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 226. 
Scops flammeola, Scu., P. Z. 8. 1868, 96.—ScuHieG., Mus. P.-B. Oti, 1862, 27; Rev. Ace. 
1873, 14.—ScL. & Satv., P. Z. 8. 1868, 57; Ex. Orn. VII, July, 1868, 99, pl. 1; 
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 117 (Mexico ; Guatemala).—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1870, 47.—EL- 
LIoT, Illustr. Am. B. I, 1869, pl. xxviii—Cours, Key, 1872, 203; Check List, 
1873, 65, No. 319.—Rip@w., in B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 58, fig. 
(Guatemala; Mexico; Sierra Nevada, n. to Ft. Crook, Cal., where breeding) ; 
Field & Forest, June, 1877, 210 (Boulder Co., Col.; March.—‘‘Iris umber- 
brown” !); Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 335, in text (Nevada, Cal.?).—HENSHAW, Orn. 
Wheeler’s Exp. 1874, 135 (30 m. south of Apache, Ariz. ; Sept. 11).—SHARPE, 
Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 105 (Duenas, Guat.; W. Mexico; Valley of Mexico).— 
Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 (Mexico). 
Flammulated Owl, COUES, l. c. 
Feilner’s Owl, B. B. & R., lL. ¢. 


Habitat.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico, north to latitude 40° 
in the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains of the United States. 





* SCOPS FLAMMEOLUS.—Wing, 5.10-5.60 ; tail, 2.60-3.00 ; tarsus, .90-1.00 ; middle toe, 
.60-.68.— Hab., Highlands of Guatemala, Mexico, and Western United States north to 
about 40°, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 105 


- DiAGenosis.—Wing, 5.10-5.60 ; tail, 2.60-3.00; caulmen, .35-.40; tar- 
sus, .90-1.00; middle toe, .60- 68. Adult.—Above finely-mottled gray- 
ish, the feathers with irregular blackish shaft-streaks. Outer webs of 
scapulars more or less strongly washed with orange-rufous on a white 
ground; outer webs of lower middle wing-coverts white, forming con- 
spicuous spots. Ground-color below white, the feathers with very 
distinct mesial black streaks, from which proceed narrower transverse 
lines, mostly toward the end of the feathers. Juv.—Above finely-mot- 
tled grayish, but the mottlings all transverse and the shaft-streaks 
wanting; below coarsely and rather dimly barred with dark grayish 
on a dull whitish ground, and with no longitudinal markings. Iris 
umber-brown ! (fide Mrs. M. A. Maxwell). 

REMARKS.—Specimens vary chiefly in the amount of rufous wash on 
different parts of the plumage. A wash of this color is usually present 
on the pileum, while it sometimes spreads over the face, throat, and 
back; Mr. Sharpe (J. ¢.) even mentions a specimen, from Guatemala, 
which is entirely orange-rufous above, and strongly pervaded by the 
same color on the lower surface, especially on the throat, where it 
forms a large patch. He also mentions ‘a perfectly gray bird, on 
which scarcely a tinge of orange coloring remains, either above or 
below, while the whole appearance of the specimen is dingy, owing to 
the closeness and frequency of the vermiculations.” I have never seen 
a specimen representing either of these extreme phases, all the speci- 
mens before me (Seven in number) being of average coloration. 











42157 Wes: Aids” |(Orizaba: Mexseas.s-/<'s0<<c0- Feb. 3, 1865] 5.50 | 2. 80 40 80 65 
24172 U.S. o juv.| Fort Crook, N. Cal..-...-- Aug. 23, 1860} 5.50 | 3.00 35 92 60 
— Jigs: Ad. | 30 miles S. of Apache, Ariz .} Sept. 11, 1873 | 5.28 | 2.73 |...-..].--.--]------ 
— |M.A.M.| Ad. | Boulder, Colorado*.....---..- Bees Cees 5,00) | 3; 100) 35 95 . 60 
— S. & G. Ad Duetias, Guatemala . .--.| Jan. —, 1863 | 5.50 | 2.90 | .40 | 1.00 . 68 
— S. & G. JAG ee een OLE ASS oiecepESeebeoa —— —, 1863] 5.50 | 2.90 40 90 . 60 
_ S. & G. Ad Valley OLMMOXiICOje- aise ma | Soe ceases eee 10 | 2.75 35 90 . 60 








* Tris wmber-brown! 


C.—Toes partly covered with hair-like, bristly feathers, the terminal 
seutelle only completely naked. 


In this group are ineluded only S. asio, S. trichopsis (?), and S. coopert, 
all of which belong to the country north of the Isthmus of Panama, 
there being, so far as known, no South American species with hairy toes. 
The species of this group may be distinguished as follows :— 

S. asto.—Bars of the lower surface coarse, and frequently double, 
especially on the flanks. Hab., Whole of the United States; south to 
Guatemala; north to Sitka. 

S. TRICHOPSIS ?—Bars of the lower surface fine, nearer together than 
in S. asio, and more uniformly distributed. General aspect paler, with 
much finer vermiculations. 

S. COOPERI.—Bars of the lower ‘surface i in form of dense, fine, zigzag 
vermiculations. 


106 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The differences between Scops asio and the species here called S. tri- 
chopsis do not, it is true, seem to be very great, according to the charac- 
ters given above. It is not the amount of difference, however, between 
these two forms which has induced me to recognize them as distinct 
species, but the constancy of the differences pointed out; S. asio having 
in every one of its numerous geographical and local races the bars of 
the flanks, ete., coarse and frequentiy double, while all the specimens 
of 8. trichopsis which have come under my notice have these bars much 
finer and denser, with no disposition to be arranged in pairs. Mr. 
Sharpe also lays stress upon the same differential characters. 


5. SCOPS ASIO. 
a. asio. 


Strix asio [rufous phase], LINN., S. N. I, 1766, 132 (based on Noctua aurita minor, 
Catesb., Carol. I, 73.—Asio scops carolinensis, Briss., Orn. I, 497). 

Scops nevia [= gray phase], GMEL., S. N. I, i, 1788, 289 (based on Mottled Owl, Arct. 
Zool. II, 1785, 231, no. 118, t. xi). 

Bubo striatus [ = gray phase], VieiL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1°07, 54, pl. 21. 

? “ Pyhialites ocreata, Licut., in Mus. Berol.” 


§. maccalli. 


Scops McCallii, Cass., Ilustr. B. Cal. Tex. &c. July, 1854, 180; in Baird’s Birds N. Am. 
1858, 52. 
Scops asio, var. enano, “‘LAwrk., MS.”, Ridgw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200. 


y- kennicotti. 


Scops kennicottii, Extior, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69; Illustr. Birds Am. 1869, p. 
xxvii, pl. ii. 
6. floridanus. 
Scops asio, var. floridanus, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200. 
e. maxwellia. 


Scops asio, «. maxwellia, RipGw., Field and Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213. 


The chief differential characters of the several geographical races of 
this widely distributed owl may be expressed as follows :— 


Colors smoky-brown or dusky umber, and pale fulvous, with little or none of pure 
white. Outer webs of scapulars pale fulvous. Never bright rufous. 

1. Wing, 6.85-7.60; tail, 3.50-4.50. Apparently not varying to rufous Hab., The 
Northwest coast, from Oregon to Sitka; Idaho-......---.---.--..y=kennicotti. 

Colors much lighter, some shade of ashy-gray or grayish-brown above, pure white 
beneath. Outer webs of scapulars pure white. Sometimes bright rufous, with 
white and black markings. 

2. Wing, 6.10-7.80; tail, 3.30-4.35. Varying, in the Eastern, but not in the Western, 
Province, to bright rufous. In the rufous phase, white prevailing on the lower 
surface, where the red markings are not broken into transverse bars. Hab., 
Whole of the United States, except the high western mountains, and the Gulf 
COBBU cee 3d ise s wes ones Sa cewc sce eee ee ee eC EE EEE eee eee. Cee a. asio. 

3. Wing, 5.50-6.00; tail, 2.75-3.10. Varying to bright rufous; in the rufous phase, 
red prevailing on the lower parts, where the markings are much broken into 
transverse bars. Hab., Florida and S. Georgia.........-.....--- 6. floridanus. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 107 


4, Wing, 5.50-5.90; tail, 2.80-3.50. Varying to bright rufous; gray phase like that 
of asio and floridanus, but the mottling above much coarser, and the nape 
with a strongly indicated collar of rounded white spots, in pairs, on opposite 
webs. Red phase much more spotted above than that of asio or jloridanus. 
Hab., E. Mexico and highlands of Guatemala. ..---.-.....----.--- Bp. maccalli. 

5. Wing, 6.80-€.90; tail, 3.90-4.10. Not varying to rufous. General aspect much 
paler than any of the preceding; above pale ash-gray, or very pale cinnamon- 
gray, the white of the outer webs of the lateral scapulars very conspicuous, 
the white spots of the outer webs of the primaries sometimes confluent. 
Beneath pure white, much more sparsely marked than in asio and other races. 
Hao., Mountains of Colerado:22.. 282. 2 P2se. 28. WES .Sifones 26) naawelliw. 


The characters given above are sufficient to distinguish typical speci- 
mens of several well-marked geographical forms of Scops asio. It is of 
course understood that specimens possessing intermediate characters 
frequently occur; but it is equally true that a very large majority of the 
specimens from either one of the regions indicated above are typical of 
the form characteristic of the locality. 


a, asio. 


The Little Owl, CATESBY, Carolina, I, 173148, 7, pl. 7. 
Noctua aurita minor, CATESB., I. ¢. 
Asio scops carolinensis, Briss., Orn. I, 1760, 497. 
Le Petit Duc de la Caroline, Briss., 1. c. 
Strix asio, LINN., S. N. I, 1766, 132 (based on Noctua aurita minor, Catesby, Carol. I, 7.— 
Asio scops carolinensis, Briss. I, 497).—GMEL., 8S. N. I, i, 1788, 287.—Laru., Ind. 
Orn. I, 1790, 54; Gen. Hist. I, 1¢21, 314.—Daup., Tr. Orn. II, 1800, 216.—Snaw, 
Gen. Zool. VII, 1809, 229.—Wits., Am. Orn. V, 1812, 83, pl. 42, fig. 1—TEmM., 
Pl. Col. II, 1838, pl. 80 (gray phase).—Bonap., Ann. Lye. N.Y. II, 1826, 6; Synop. 
1828, 36; Isis, 1832, 1139.—Jarp., ed. Wilson, I, 1831, 307.—Aup., Orn. Biog. I, 
1832, 486; V, 1839, 392, pl. 97.—NuttT., Man. I, 1832, 120.—BrEWER, ed. Wilson, 
1852, 687.—Hoss., Nat. 1855, 165. 
Scops asio, BONAP., Comp. List, 1838, 6; Consp. I, 1850, 45.—LeEss., Traité, I, 1831, 
107.—Kaup, Contr. Orn. 1852, 112.—Cass., Ilustr. B. Cal. Tex. &c. 1854, 
179; in Baird’s B. N. Am. 1858, 51.—HEERM., Pacific R. R. Rep. LH, 1855, 35.— 
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 199.—Brewer, N. Am. O6l. 1857, 65.—Batrp, 
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, no. 49.—? ScHLEG., Mus. P.-B. Oti, 1862, 27; Rev. Acc. 
1873, 9.—Gray, Hand-l. I, 1369, 46.—CoopeEr, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 420.—Mayn., 
Naturalist’s Guide, 1870, 131 (MJass.).—Covurs, Key, 1872, 202; Check List, 
1873, 65, no. 318.—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 49.—Snarpr, Cat. 
Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 114 (Delaware ; Toronto) —Ripew., Bull. Essex Inst. 
Oct. 1874, 172 (Sacramento, Cal.); Orn. 40th Par. 1877, 336, 389, 518, 571 (Sa- 
cramento and Nevada, Cal.).—D’HaMonpDy., Ois. Eur. 1876, — (Europe).— 
Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91. 
Bubo asio, VIFILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 53, pl. 21—Aup., Synop. 1839, 29; Birds 
Am. I, 1840, 147, pl. 40.—DrKay, Zool. N. Y. 1844, pl. 12, figs. 25, 26.—Grraup, 
Birds L. I. 1844, 28.—Max., J. f. O. 1858, 23. 
Otus asio, STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool, XIII, ii, 1826, 57.—Scu.ea., Fauna Japon. 
1845, 25. 
Asio asio, LEss., Man. Orn. I, 1827, 117. 
Ephialites asio, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38; List B. Brit. Mus. 1844, 96.—-Woopk., 
Sitgreaves’s Exp. 1853, 62. 
Megascops asio, KAuP, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1859, 228. 


108 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Strix assio, capite aurito, corpore ferrugineo, the little screech owl, BARTRAM, Travels, 1791, 
289. 
Red Owl, PENN., Arct. Zool. II, 1785, 231, pl. xi, fig. 1. 
Mottled Owl, PENN., t. ¢. pl. xi, fig. 2. 
Strix nevia, GMEL., 8. N. I, i, 1788, 289.—Laru., Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 55; Gen. Hist. I, 1821, 
321.—Daup., Tr. Orn. II, 1800, 217.—SHaw, Gen. Zool. VII, 1809, 230.—WILs., 
Am. Ornstll, 1812516; pl. 195 fess 
Asio nevia, Less., Man. Orn. I, 1827, 117.—Bonap., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543. 
Otus nevius, Cuv., Reg. Anim. ed. 2, 1829, 241. 
Surnia nevia, JAMES., ed. Wils. I, 1881, 96, 99. 
Bubo striatus, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 54, pl. 21. 
* Bphialites ocreata, Licur., in Mus. Berol.” 
“ Scops asio var. maccalli”, HENSHAW, Orn. Wheeler’s Exp. 1874, 135 (Gila R., Camp 
Grant, and San Pedro, Arizona) ; ib. 4to Rep. 1875,405 (Arizona and New Mexico). 


Without repeating here a detailed description of the plumages of 
this form, for which the reader is referred to the ‘ History of North 
American Birds” (vol. iii, pp. 49-51), a few remarks concerning local 
and geographical variations may suffice. The most noteworthy point 
in this connection is the apparently established fact that while this 
bird very frequently varies to bright lateritious-rufous in the HEast- 
ern Province of the United States (this erythrismal phase even very 
largely predominating in some localities*), it seems never to assume this 
plumage in the Western States and Territories. At the same time, 
there seems to be no difference whatever in specimens of the gray phase 
from the Atlantic States and California, as well as other of the Western 
States and Territories, if we except those districts inhabited by different 
races (i. €., kennicotti, maxwellie, etc.). There are now before me the fol- 
lowing specimens representing the adult of this phase, belonging to my 
own collection: a pair from Niecasio, California, a male from Sacramento, 
a male from Arizona (San Pedro River), a female from Southern Illinois, 
a male from the District of Columbia, and another from Virginia. Of 
these, the two California specimens and the examples from Illinois and 
Virginia are so precisely similar that were their labels taken off or inter- 
changed it would not be possible to distinguish them by colors and 
markings. The Arizona example differs solely in being of a purer ash- 
gray shade, the others being of a more brownish-gray; the Sacramento 
specimen is similar to those from Nicasio, only lighter-colored, being a 
midsummer specimen, in faded plumage, while the others were killed in 
October, and consequently in possession of the new fall dress. The 
skin from the District of Columbia differs from the others in having a 
very decided cinnamon cast to the plumage, thereby exhibiting a ten- 





* Whether the relative number of specimens of the two phases in a given locality 
has anything to do with geographical or climatic considerations, I have not the mate- 
rial to enable me to determine. Certain it is, however, that while in the States 
bordering the Atlantic the gray phase is generally quite as common as the other, it is 
so extremely rare in the Lower Wabash Valley that I have seen there but two indi- 
viduals in the course of many years’ observation, the red specimens constituting 
fully 95 per cent. of all. This has also been the experience of others whom I have 
questioned regarding the matter. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 109 


dency toward the rufous phase; all the markings, however, are as in the 
grayish birds. The measurements of these specimens are as follows :— 











| 

— |R. R. | od ad. | Nicasio, Marin Countyne Calc eieeseesees Mar. 2,1877| 6.30 | 3.50 aes 
—— | "Re Reo ads |...--- do.- 25 saciccisericee | Mar. 2) 1877 | 6.60 | 3.65 | Sessec|eceens 
152 | R.R.| o ad. | Sacer amento, Cal. PRE Ee June 21, 1867 | GeOb SHGOR Reese eee 
2749 | R. R.| ¢ ad. | San Pedro Riv OL VATIZONAT dos. seccne seer OCte 4518731 LGNGOs eser0n pace aaloesoese 
—! || ROR Otads|eMonntiCarmel,|S, Wl).:2 2.2250 Hoss. Oct. 7,1876}| 6.40 | 3.50 |--22--|------ 
— |R.R.| Co ad. | Fairfax County, Virginia.............-.-. Nov. 4, 1876 6.50 | 3. 70 

== | Reo sy ads |ADistrictio£) Columbias2eccecce saeco sees Dec. 7,1874| 6.35 | 3. 


25 cet pte 





Three specimens in the rufous phase, also in my collection, measure 
as follows :— 


> 


953 a ¢ ad. | Mount Carmel, Ill - May 1,1869] 5.90 | 3.20 ].-....|....-- 
954 | R.R.| ¢ ad. (OA See eae 8 ase aly? 30), 1870)| 6200) 2 300! | teenie | seeeee 
2606 pee R. | | Q ad. | ‘District of Columbia Nov. 8, 1860} 6.50 | 32160) |oedene 











The first of these specimens inclines very decidedly, both in measure- 
ments and plumage, to var. floridanus ; and, in view of the fact that 
typical specimens of Ortyx virginianus fioridanus, Tinnunculus sparve- 
rius isabellinus, and other Southern forms occur in the same locality, 
may be perhaps best referred to that form. 


B. maccalli. 


Scops McCallii, Cass., lustr. B. Cal. Tex. &c. July, 1854, 180 (Texas ; Northern Mexico); 
in Baird’s B. N. Am. 1858, 52; ib. ed. 1860, pl. xxxix (part).—Bairp, Mex. 
Bound. Survey. II, pt. iv, Birds, 1859, pl. 1; Cat. N. Am. B. 1558, no. 50.— 
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 200.—Sct. & ne , Lbis, 1859, 220.—Gray, Hand-l. 
I, 1869, 47. 
“ Scops trichopsis”, GRAY, Hand-l. I, 1869, 47 (Sharpe).—Scn. & Saty., Nom. 1873, 117 
(Mexico; Guatemala). 
Scops asio var. enano, ‘LAWR.”, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200 (H. Mexico ; 
Guatemala); in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 48 (do.). 
Scops enano, Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91 (Mexico). 
Scops ‘asio, subsp. y. Scops enano, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 118 (Mexico ; 
W. Mexico). 


Habitat.—Kastern and Northern Mexico; Guatemala; Texas (Cassin). 

DIAGNOSIS.—Wing, 5.60-5.90; tail, 3.10-3.50; culmen, .40-.50; tar- 
sus, 1.60-1.15; middle toe, .70-.75. Gray phase (adult).—Similar to the 
gray adult of S. cassini, but toes bristled, the occipital collar nearly 
obsolete, and the nuchal collar less distinct. Red phase (adult).*— 
Above dull rusty, much broken across the nape by a collar of pale ochra- 
ceous spots, the whole surface elsewhere being also more or less mottled 
with paler rusty than the ground-color, and relieved by ragged mesial 
streaks of black. Lower parts pale rufous, each feather crossed near 
the end by a wide white bar, and with two to three narrow, somewhat 
irregular lines of blackish. 

Youny.t—Above brownish-gray, transversely mottled with darker 
and paler, and without dusky shaft-streaks. Below grayish-white, with 





* Duenas, Guatemala. In Mus. Salvin & Godman. 
tCoban, Vera Paz. In Mus. Salvin & Godman. 


110 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


badly-defined bars of pale grayish-brown, the feathers somewhat ochra- 
ceous beneath the surface. Wings and tail as in the adult. 

REMARKS.—The gray phase of this form is exceedingly similar in gen- 
eral appearance to that of S. cassini, not only above but also on fhe 
lower surface. The upper parts are more coarsely mottled, however, 
and the pale bands across the lower part of the nape and occiput are 
less conspicuous, especially the latter. The rufous phase is more like 
that of S. barbarus, the upper parts in particular being quite similar, 
On the lower parts, however, there is more rufous, while the black cross- 
lines are more distinct as well as more numerous. The species may be 
distinguished from all the other Mexican and Tropical American species 
(except from S. cooperi, from Costa Rica) by the distinetly bristled 
toes. In the latter feature, it agrees with S. asio of the United States, 
but is considerably smaller, while the red phase is very different from 
the corresponding plumage of that species. It is also smaller, uoless 
compared with the small race bird distinguished as var. floridanus, which 
differs in colors and markings, as explained in the remarks respecting 
that form on page 113. . t 

The Scops McCallii of Cassin seems to be the present form rather than 
what has been so called by most subsequent writers (i. e., true asio and 8. 
trichopsis ?), the description corresponding exactly, while the habitat is 
nearly the same—i. e., Texas and ‘ Northern Mexico”. 

S. McCallii is described as follows :— 

‘‘In form and general appearance like the preceding, (S. asio), but 
much smaller ; short and robust; wing with the fourth quill longest; 
tail short, slightly curved inwards; tarsi rather long, fully covered; 
toes partially covered with long hair-like feathers. ADULT. Male.— 
Much resembling in color the adult of the species immediately preced- 
ing, [7. e., S. asto,| but darker ; entire plumage above ashy brown, nearly 
every feather with a longitudinal stripe of brownish black, and with 
humerous irregular transverse lines and points of the same; under 
parts, ashy white, every feather with a longitudinal stripe of brownish 
black, and with well-defined but irregular transverse lines of the same; 
flanks and sides tinged with pale fulvous; quills brown, with several 
transverse bands of pale reddish-white, assuming the form of quad- 
rangular spots on the outer webs, and pale reddish ashy on the inner 
webs; tail ashy brown, with about ten narrow transverse bands on all 
except the two central feathers, well-defined on the inner webs; scapu- 
lar feathers and some of the greater coverts of the wings, edged with 
white; bill greenish horn-color, light yellowish at the tip; irides yellow. 

“DIMENSIONS. ‘Total length, 74 to 8 inches; wing, 6; tail, 3 inches. 
Male. 

“Hap. Texas (Mr. Schott); Northern Mexico (Lieut. Couch). Spee. 
in Mus. Acad. Philada., and Nat. Mus., Washington City. 

“Ons. This species very considerably resembles the adult or gray 
plumage of the Scops asio, but is uniformly much smaller and darker 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 111 


in color. The transverse lines on the under surface of the body are 
better defined and more numerous.” 

In the above description, those characters which fit ‘“‘enano”, and not 
“ trichopsis”, I have taken the liberty to italicize. 

In the “ Birds of North America” (p. 53), a rufous specimen is de- 
scribed, which renders it still more certain that Cassin’s Scops McCallii 
is the form which we have hitherto called ‘“‘enano”. The specimen 
there mentioned as in the National Museum from Florida is not this 
form, but has since been made the type of S. asio var. floridanus.* 





) 
w 
o 


Boston Soc.-| Gray ad. Guatemala. -............- eee ae 





! 
ert | 5.60 | 3 55| 1.05 | .70 
— |S. &G...... Gray ad. San Bernardo, Guatemala.) Oct. —, 1862] 5.70 | 3.10 |.50| 1.15 | .75 
= se OO cn 55- Gray ad. o. | V. de Fuego, Guatemala.) Jan. —, 1874} 5.90 | 3.35 0} 1.12 | . 75 
——tNeErOO nscsces Ruf. ad. Duefas, Guatemala_-...-- —— —, 1861] 5.85 | 3.50°|.50] 1°05 | .72 
ey een Oia Guay juvens|iCoban, Viera;Paz-2-.-.-2-|.<.<.- Gyr 5.60 | 3.25 |.45] 1.00 | .7 
—|G.N.L...--. Gray ad. IW GET OD Sas 5heeasapsssd es lsecses((H)esocs| base bcease woe s)eteeee|eeee 
| | 





y. kennicottii. 


? Scops asio, Coop. & SuUCKL., Pacific R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860, 155 ( Washington Terr.).— 
Lorp, Naturalist in Vancouver I., II, 1866, 292. 
Scops kennicottii, ELxtoT, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1867, 69; Illustr. Birds Am. 1869, p. 
xxvii, pl. 11 (Sitka, Alaska ; March, 1866).—DaLu & Banntst., Tr. Chicago 
Acad. I, ii, 1869, 273 (do.).—BatrD, id.*311, pl. xxvii (do.).—Gray, Hand-]. I, 
1869, 47, no. 492.—F imnscu, Abh. Nat. Brem. III, 1872, 28 (Alaska).—Bouc., Cat. 
Av. 1876, 91. 
Scops asio var. kennicotti, RipGw. in Coues’ Key, 1872, 203.—CougEs, Check List, 
1873, 65, no. 318 a.—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B., IIT, 1874, 48, 53 (‘from Columbia 
River northward ; Idaho”). 
Scops asio, b. kennicottiit, CouES, Birds N. W. 1874, 303. 
Scops asio, subsp. a. Scops kennicotti, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1875, 117 ( Van- 
couver I.; ‘w. side Rocky Mts.”). 
Kennicott’s Owl, AuCT., l. ¢. 


Habitat.—The Northwest coast district, from Oregon to Sitka; Idaho ; 
Vancouver Island (Sharpe); British Columbia (Sharpe). 

Dracnosis.—Adult (¢, 59,847, Sitka, Alaska, March, 1866; Ferd. 
Bischoff. Elliot’s type):—Above umber-b: own, with a slightly reddish 
cast; feathers confusedly mottled transversely with dusky, and showing 
rounded spots of rufous, most conspicuous on the nape; each feather 
with a conspicuous mesial, broad, ragged stripe of black, these stripes 
most conspicuous on the forehead and scapulars; outer webs of scapu- 
lars light rufous, bordered terminally with black. Wings of a more 
grayish cast than the back, but similarly variegated ; lower feathers of 
the middle and secondary wing-coverts each with a large, oval, pale 
rufous spot, covering most of the lower web. Secondaries crossed by 
six narrow, obscure bands of pale rufous ; primaries with seven, some- 
what rounded, quadrate spots of the same on the outer webs, forming 





* Since the above was put in type, I have seen, through the courtesy of Dr. E. Coues, 
a series of this species collected in Southern Texas (by Mr. G. B. Sennett), and conse- 
quently the true S. maccalli. They agree exactly with typical ‘SS. enano”, which fact 
therefore settles the question of the pruper name of this form. 


112 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


as many transverse series ; each light spot with a central dusky mot- 
tling. Tail more finely and confusedly mottled than the wings; the 
bands, though present, so indistinct as to be scarcely traceable, and so 
irregular or badly defined as to be of uncertain number. Ear-tufts black 
and rusty, the former along the shafts, and in transverse spots; on the 
outer webs the black predominating, on the inner, the rusty. 

Lores and basal half of the frontal bristles white, the terminal half 
abruptly blatk ; eyebrows about equally blackish and paler, the former 
bordering the feathers; eye surrounded by dark snuff-brown; cheeks 
and ear-coverts pale rusty, transversely barred with deeper rusty ; 
facial circle not well defined, black.. Chin and lores only white. 

Ground-color of the lower parts dilute-rusty, becoming white on the 
flanks; each feather of the throat, jugulum, breast, sides, and flanks 
with a broad mesial stripe of black, this throwing off very narrow, 
rather distant, bars to the edge; the spaces between these bars alter- 
nately paler and deeper dilute-rusty; the black marks broadest on the 
sides of the breast, where they have an external deep rusty suffusion ; 
the abdomen medially and the anal region scarcely maculate rusty- 
white; the lower tail-coverts each with a central, cuneate, longitudinal 
stripe of black. ‘Tibia, tarsi, and lining of the wing plain deep rusty. 
Wing-formula, 3 = 4,5-2,6-1=9. Wing, 7.40; tail, 4.00; culmen, 
65; tarsus, 1.50; middle toe, .80. 

No. 59,068 (Idaho; Dr. Whitehead), is considerably darker than the 
type, the ground-color above approaching snuff-brown; it differs, 
however, in no other respect as regards coloration ; the size (as might 
be expected) is considerably smaller, measurements being as follows: 
Wing, 6.80; tail, 3.50; culmen, .60; tarsus, 1.20; middle toe, .80. 
Wing-formula the same as in type. 

No. 4,530 (Washington Territory; Dr. Geo. Suckley) is just interme- 
diate, in all respects, between typical kennicotti and asio, being refer- 
able to either with equal propriety, though perhaps inclining rather 
more to the former. 

A very obvious character of this race is the smaller size, more quad- 
rate form, and more rufous color, of the spots on the primaries, and the 
greater indistinctness of the bands on the tail; but this is merely in 
consequence of the greater extension of the brown markings, thus 
necessarily contracting the lighter spots. In these respects only, does 
the Washington Territory specimen differ from the two typical examples 
before me, having the larger, more whitish spots on the primaries, and 
more distinct bands on the tail, as in asio. 

There is a wonderfully close resemblance in general aspect between 
this form of Scops asio and S. semitorques (Schleg.) of Japan, caused by 
the exceeding similarity in size, form, and coloration, both as regards 
tints and pattern. Indeed, the only very obvious difference cunsists 
in the distinctly white jugulum and well-defined lighter occipital and 
nuchal collars of semitorques, which has also the pencillings of the 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 113 


lower surface narrower or more delicate. The differences between the 
two may be tabulated as follows :— 

S. SEMITORQUES.*—A_ well-defined nuchal collar, of mottled pale 
ochraceous; jugulum immaculate white centrally. Feathers of the 
lower parts with their transverse pencillings growing fainter toward 
the middle line, which is unvariegated white from the central jugular 
spot to the anal region. Wing, 6.60-7.25 ; tail, 3.60-3.85 ; culmen, .60; 
tarsus, 1.25-1.40; middle toe, .80-.90. Hab., Japan. 

S. KENNICOTTI.—No well-defined nuchal band; jugulum closely 
barred centrally ; feathers of the lower parts with their transverse 
pencillings not growing fainter toward the middle line, which is unva- 
riegated white only on the abdominal portion ; the medial black streaks 
to the feathers of the lower surface much broader, and transverse pen- 
cillings rather coarser. Wing, 6.90-7.30; tail, 3.50-4.50 ; culmen, .60- 
.65 5 tarsus, 1.35-1.45 ; middle toe, .80-.90. Hab., North Pacific coast of 
North America from Sitka to Washington Territory, and Western Idaho. 


0. floridanus. 


“ Scops asio”, ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. II, 1871, 338. 
Scops asio var. floridanus, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. V, Dec. 1873, 200 (Indian R., Flo- 
rida); in B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. III, 1874, 48, 51. 
Scops asio, subsp. 3. Scops floridanus, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus, 1875, 118. 
Scops jfloridanus, Bouc., Cat. Av. 1876, 91. 

Habitat.—F lerida and Lower Georgia. 

DIAGNOSIS.—Similar to var. asio, but much smaller, and the colors 
deeper. The gray stage very similar to that of var. asio, but the red 
phase very appreciably different, there being a greater amount of rufous 
on the lower parts, the breast nearly uniformly colored, and the rufous 
broken elsewhere into transverse broad bars, connected along the shaft. 
Wing, 5.50-6.00; tail, 2.75-3.10. 

This extreme Southern form is much smaller than the more Northern 
ones, being about the same in size as S. maccalli of Guatemala and East- 
ern Mexico, and S. cassini, also from the latter country. The colors are 
also darker and richer. 

In the collection of the National Museum are two specimens of this 
race, one in each phase of plumage. The red one (No. 5,857, Indian 
River) measures, wing, 5.50; tail, 2.70; culmen, .55; tarsus, 1.05; mid- 
dle toe, .65. The colors are much darker than those of Northern and 
Western specimens; the rufous of the neck, all round, shows indistinct, 
darker, transverse bars; the black border to the white scapular spots 
is restricted to the tip of the feathers; the inner webs of the ear-tuft 
feathers are scarcely paler than the outer; the neck and face are deeper 
rufous, while on the lower parts this color predominates, and is disposed 
chiefly in transverse rays; and the tibiz and tarsi are plain rufous, 
Only the middle of the abdomen and the anal region are pure white. 





* Otus semitorques, SCHLEG., Fauna Japon. Aves, 1845, 25, pl. 8. 
Scops semitorques, BoNaP., Consp. I, 1850, 46.—SHarPEs, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus, 1875, 83. 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 73 ——8 August 15, 1878. 





114 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


e. maxwellie. 


‘ Scops asio”, RipGw., Bull. Essex Inst. Nov. 1873, 185 (Colorado). 

Scops asio, «. maxwelliw, RipGw., Field and Forest, June, 1877, 210, 213 (Boulder Co., Colo- 
rado ; resident; breeding). 

Mrs. Maxwells Owl, Ripew., !. ¢. 

Habitat.——Mountains of Colorado (Boulder Co.; resident and breed- 
ing; Mrs. Maxwell). 

Dr1AGNosis.—Ground-color above pale gray or grayish-brown, relieved 
by the usual ragged mesial streaks of black, and irregular mottlings 
and vermiculations of lighter and darker shades. The ground-color, how- 
ever, never inclining strongly to reddish, and not darker in shade than 
a very light ash-gray or brown. The white spots on outer webs of the 
primaries frequently confluent, the darker spots, in extreme cases, being 
hardly visible on the basal portion of the quills when the wing is closed. 
Face grayish-white, with faint vermiculations of darker grayish. No 
rusty gular collar, but in its stead sparse, narrow bars of brown or 
rusty on a white ground. Wing, 6.80-6.90; tail, 3.90-4.10; culmen, .60; 
tarsus, 1.45-1.50; middle toe, .80-.85. 

The characteristics of this form are remarkably constant, a series of 
a dozen or more specimens affording no instance of notable variation. 


6. SCOPS TRICHOPSIS? 


?Scops trichopsis, WAGL., Isis, 1832, 276 (Mexico).—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 46.— 
STRICKL., Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 201.—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 314.—Bouc., Cat. Av. 
1876, 91 (Mezxico). 
Ephialites trichopsis, GRAY, Genera B. I, 1844, 38. 
Megascops trichopsis, Kaup, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond. IV, 1862, 227. 
Asio trichopsis, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 543. 
Scops asio, subsp. 6. Scops trichopsis, SHARPE, Cat. Strig. Brit. Mus. 1874, 119 (WW. 
Mexico). 
“ Ephialites choliba”, Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. VI, 1853, 4 (nee Vieill.). 
Scops asio var. maccalli, COUES, Key, 1872, 203; Check List, 1873, 65, no. 318 b.—Ripe@w,, 
in B. B. & R. III, 1874, 49, 52, 

Habitat.—Western Mexico, and the extreme southwestern portion of 
the United States (Texas; Cassin. New Mexico; Nat. Mus. Stockton, 
Cal.; Mus. G. N. Lawrence.) 

DIAGNosts.— Adult (No. 9,147, New Mexico, Feb. 10, 1854; Kennerly 
and Mollhausen) :—Above light ash-gray, minutely vermiculated with 
dusky and grayish-white, each feather with a distinct mesial stripe of 
blackish, showing in strong relief; these stripes broadest on the fore- 
head. Outer webs of the exterior row of scapulars white, without 
black terminal borders; outer webs of two or three lower, middle, and 
greater wing-coverts also white; outer webs of primaries marked with 
transverse series of white spots, these forming about eight bands across 
the larger quills. Tail crossed by about eight narrow, pale bands. Ear- 
coverts, cheeks, throat, and jugulum finely and uniformly barred trans- 
versely, or vermiculated, with dusky and grayish-white; the facial 
circle interrupted across the throat, where, in its place, is a series of 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 115 


longitudinal, black dashes. Lower parts grayish-white, with numerous, 
very narrow, transverse bars of dusky, each feather with a mesial 
stripe of black, these stripes forming on the breast conspicuous spots; 
tibiz and tarsi dull soiled-white, spotted with dark brown; crissum 
immaculate white. Wing, 6.50; tail, 3.30; culmen, .55; tarsus, 1.15; 
middle toe, .70. 

Young, in down, but nearly full-grown (No. 16,932, Cape St. Lucas, 
Lower California; J. Xantus) :—Remiges and rectrices as in the adult. 
Rest of the plumage, above and below, including the head, narrowly 
barred with dusky and grayish-white, the former predominating above, 
the latter prevailing below; eyebrows and lores white; wing-coverts 
finely mottled transversely with dusky and white, the latter forming 
spots on the lower feathers ; tibize and tarsi with numerous dusky bars. 

REMARKS.—An adult from Stockton, California (EK. S. Holden), kindly 
loaned me by Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence, and the only United States example, 
besides the one described above, that I have seen, differs from the 
specimen from New Mexico in having the general tint of the plumage 
rather more brownish, and the mesial blackish streaks of the upper parts 
less distinct. It measures, wing, 6.20; tail, 3.10. 

The form of Scops-owl represented by the specimens described above, 
as well as by those from which Mr. Sharpe’s descriptions are drawn, is 
certainly to be distinguished from the several styles of S. asio treated 
in the foregoing pages; but whether it is a distinct species, or merely 
another geographical race of asio, cannot be decided without additional 
material. For the present, however, I keep it separate, on account of 
the different pattern of the markings on the lower plumage, which in 
S. asio is exactly the same in all the several races. 

There is also considerable doubt as to the name this form should bear. 
Wagler (l. ¢.) describes an owl from Mexico which may be this bird, 
but the only pertinent character which I am able to glean from his 
description is that the toes are bristled ; it is, therefore, either this bird 
or one of the forms of asio; but in identifying the Scops trichopsis of 
Wagler with the bird under consideration, I merely adopt the determi- 
nation of that name as made by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and, sub- 
sequently, by Mr. Sharpe. 

That this is the bird which Mr. Sharpe describes as Scops asio, ‘subsp. 
6. Scops trichopsis” (1. ¢.), there can be no doubt, his description fitting 
perfectly the example described above, while his additional remarks 
on pp. 120, 121, show that he fully appreciated the character of the 
differences between it and true asio. We transcribe Mr. Sharpe’s 
remarks :— 

‘Obs. This is a small race of S. kennicotti [qu. lapsus calam. for 
asio?|; but, as far as can be determined, it has only a grey phase and 
no brown one. Its measurements distinguish it at once; and it may 
also be told by its narrowly barred under surface, every feather being 
streaked with black, and barred with the same, from the chin to the 


116 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


lower abdomen and flanks. It is larger than Scops enano [i.e., maccallt|, 
and differs from that bird also in not having a rufous phase; the cross- 
barring of the under surface in the latter is of the same character in 
S. enano as in S. asio; that is to say, the bars are often double, whereas 
in S. trichopsis they are single and very distinct.” 

The specimens in the British Museum, two in number, are both from 
Western Mexico; and it would seem that the species is mainly confined 
to the Pacific slope of that country, though ranging sparingly into the 
Southwestern United States, where, however, true S. astio is much 
more common. 

7. SCOPS COOPERI. 
Scops cooperi, RipGway, MS. 

Habitat.—Costa Rica. 

Sp. cu.—Very similar to the grayish style of S. brastlianus, but with 
he toes very distinctly bristled. 

g ad. (No. 74,207, Santa Ana, Costa Rica, Sept. 4, 1875, José O. Zele- 
don):—Above grayish umber-brown, very finely vermiculated with 
dusky, the feathers of the pileum and back having mesial, chain-like 
streaks of blackish; outer webs of exterior scapulars somewhat varied 
with white spotting; outer webs of primaries marked with quadrate 
spots of pale fulvous, bordered with blackish, there being about ten of 
these spots on the longest quill (the fifth); tail crossed with narrow 
bands of the same color, likewise bordered with a narrower dusky bar, 
these light bands about 10-12 in number. Face brownish-white, finely 
but distinctly barred with dusky brown; superciliary region lighter and 
more coarsely mottled; face bordered laterally ov posteriorly by a distinet 
narrow band of dusky spots. Lower parts white, densely marked with 
blackish and umber-brown zigzags, imparting a light brownish appear- 
ance to the whole surface; feathers of the tibize and tarsi light rusty- 
umber, thickly barred with deeper brown. “Iris lemon-yellow; cere, 
bill and feet, yellowish green.” Wing, 7.00; tail, 3.75; culmen, .62; 
tarsus, 1.25; middle toe, 1.00. 

2 juv. (No. 74,552, San José, Costa Rica, May 10, 1866; José C. Zele- 
don) :— Toes distinctly bristled, excepting on the two or three terminal seu- 
telle. General color above light grayish-brown, relieved by very minute 
and rather indistinct, transverse vermiculations of dusky, and larger, but 
still inconspicuous, transverse marks of white, these larger and more 
obvious on the lower webs of the middle wing-coverts. Remiges and 
rectrices pale grayish-brown, minutely vermiculated with dusky, and 
distinctly banded with pale reddish-fulvous (color of sulphate of man- 
ganese). Lower parts dirty-whitish, crossed everywhere with transverse 
vermiculations, or ragged, narrow lines of dusky, strongly suffused with 
brownish across the jugulum, where the vermiculations are minute and 
confused ; flanks and crissum with the bars broad and distinet, the inter- 
spaces nearly pure white, and wider than the mottled-brownish bars. 
Bill pale horn-color, yellowish at the end; “iris yellow”; claws very 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 117 


pale horn-color, darker terminally. Culmen, .60; tarsus, 1.30; middle 
toe, .S8* 

REMARKS.—It is very difficult to express, by a mere description, the 
points of difference in coloration between this new species and the grayish 
phase of Scops brasilianus. Specimens of the latter, collected in Costa 
Rica, by Mr. Zeledon, are hardly appreciably different at a casual glance. 
Upon close comparison, however, it may readily be seen that the lower 
parts of S. coopert are much more densely vermiculated,t the legs much 
more rufescent and more distinctly barred, the white variegation of the 
outer scapulars far less conspicuous, and the light bars on the remiges 
and rectrices narrower and more numerous. Compared with one of these 
specimens of S. brasilianus, having the wing the same length (7.00 
inches), it is found that the tail of S. cooperi is much shorter, its length 
being only 3.75 instead of 4.25; this shortness of the tail in the present 
species causes the legs to appear proportionately longer, the claws reach- 
ing considerably beyond the end of the tail, while in S. brasilianus they 
do not reach to within half an inch of the tip. This greater elongation 
of the legs is not merely apparent, however, the tarsi being absolutely 
longer and the toes both longer and stouter ; the claws in particular are 
decidedly stronger than in SN. brasilianus. 

It is not necessary, however, to make a minute comparison of 
markings and proportions in order to distinguish between these two 
species, the single character of the toes, being strongly bristled in S. 
coopert and absolutely naked in S. brasilianus, being sufficient for the 
purpose. WS. cooperi is, moreover, the only bristly-toed member of this 
genus found south of Guatemala, so there is no need of confounding it 
with any other species of the same group. 

I have named this species, at the request of Mr. Zeledon, the collector 
of the type-specimens, after Mr. Juan Cooper, of Cartago, Costa Rica, 
a particular friend of his, to whom he is much indebted for many inter- 
esting contributions to his collections. 





*Being a very young bird, and the remiges and rectrices but partly developed, 
measurements of the wing and tail would of course be of no value. 

tNot more so, however, than in some specimens typical of the var. guatemala, 
Sharpe. 


118 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


NOTES ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF SOUTHERN TEXAS, BEING A LIST OF 
BIRDS OBSERVED IN THE VICINITY OF FORT BROWN, TEXAS, FROM 
FEBRUARY, 1876, TO JUNE, i878. 


By JAMES C. MERRILL, Assistant Surgeon U. 8S. Army. 


The post of Fort Brown, Texas, in the immediate vicinity of which 
most of the following observations were made, is at the extreme 
southern point of the State, in latitude 25° 53’ 16”, longitude 97° 
13’. It adjoins the town of Brownsville, on the left bank of the Rio 
Grande, and across the river is Matamoras, in the Mexican State of 
Tamaulipas. Tbe nearest part of the Gulf coast is about eighteen miles 
distant. The surrounding country is level, and mostly covered with 
low chaparral; towards the coast this becomes more sparse, and gives 
place to extensive prairies, broken by shallow, brackish lagoons and 
sand ridges, with a scanty growth of cactus and yucca. The average 
annual temperature is about 73° Fahrenheit; snow and ice are unknown, 
and slight frosts are rare. But little rain falls from March to Septem- 
ber. This region offers an excellent field for the ornithologist. Besides 
a very large number of northern migrants that either remain throughout 
the winter or pass farther south, there are many forms characteristic of 
the river valley, and other Mexican species, either regular summer vis- 
itors or stragglers that are new to the United States fauna. A namber 
ot the latter class were obtained within our limits for the first time,* and 
others by Mr. G. B. Sennett; but there are doubtless many more yet to be 
found.t 

Of the localities mentioned in this list, Brazos and Padre Islands are 
the parts of the Gulf coast nearest the fort; they are long, narrow sand 
ridges, almost destitute of vegetation. A similar formation is seen in 
the outer beach on the south shore of Long Island. Santa Maria and 
Edinburgh (now Hidalgo) are on the river, about twenty-eight and sixty 
miles respectively above the fort by road. Here the character of the 
country changes; the trees are much higher, and near the last-named 
settlement the land begins to rise. The avifauna, too, is somewhat dif- 
ferent, and three speciest in particular stop abruptly there. Asa matter 
of local interest, an asterisk is prefixed to those species that are known 
to breed within the limits of the fort and government reservation. 





* Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandieri, Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cyanospiza versicolor, 
Myiarchus erythrocercus var. cooperi, Amazilia fuscicaudata, A. yucatanensis, Nyctidromus 
albicollis, Sturnella magna var. mexicana, Molothrus wneus, Buteo albicaudatus, Parra 
gymnostoma, and Podiceps dominicus. 

tSeveral species of Parrots are found about Vittoria, ninety miles south of Fort 
Brown, some of which must occasionally cross the Rio Grande. During the summer 
of 1877, two specimens of a Trogon were killed north of the river, one near Ringgold 
Barracks, the second at Las Cuevas, some miles lower down. They were described 
to me by the persons whe shot them, but unfortunately they were not preserved. [Un- 
doubtedly T. ambiguus, Gould.—R. R.] 

tCampylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Auriparus flaviceps, and Callipepla squamata. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 119 


I desire to express my indebtedness to Dr. T. M. Brewer and Mr. R. 
Ridgway for their assistance in many ways, and for their notes, which 
add so much to the value of the present paper. 


1. Turdus fuscescens, Stephens. 
January 1, 1877. 


2. Turdus migratorius, Linn. 


Occurs rather sparingly during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1865, 475.) 

3. *Harporhynchus rufus var. longirostris, (Lafr.) 

This fine songster is a common resident, frequenting shady thickets 
and rarely seen in the open. In habits, it scarcely differs from the 
Eastern var. rufus, and the large number of nests found here were quite 
as well built as those found in New England. The usual number of 
eggs is three, often two, more rarely four: the ground-color varies from 
greenish to reddish-white, more or less thickly sprinkled with reddish 
and brownish dots and spots. One set is sparingly covered with large 
clouded blotches, giving the eggs an appearance unusual in this genus. 
Fifty-two eggs average 1.08 by .82, the extremes being 1.13 by .86 and 
.97 by .75. In some adult specimens, there is a decided tendency to 
whitish tips to the outer tail-feathers, as in var. rufus.—(H. rufus longi- 
rostris, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 3.) 


4. *Harporhynchus curvirostris, (Swains.) 

This Thrash is about as common as the preceding species, and is resi- 
dent. They are not often seen together, however, as this bird prefers 
more open and sunny localities, especially sparse chaparral, where the 
prickly pear grows. Here it passes much of its time on the ground, run- 
ning rapidly about in search of small land-shells and insects. I cannot 
confirm the praises of the song of this bird given by Couch and Heer- 
mann: it seems to me to be one of the most silent of the song Thrushes. 
Its alarm note is a sharp whit-whit. The nests are usually placed among 
the fleshy joints of the prickly pear, or in some of the many thorny and 
almost impenetrable bushes found in Southern Texas: they are often 
seen in the dense prickly hedges that surround most Mexican jacals. 
They are, as a rule, readily distinguishable from those of the Texas 
Thrasher and Mocking-bird by the almost invariable lining of yellow 
straws, giving a peculiar appearance to the nest. They are also more 
compactly built, are well cupped, and often have the edges well guarded 
by thorny twigs. The eggs are usually four in number: the ground- 
color is a deep greenish-blue (more rarely pale yellowish), rather sparsely 
sprinkled over the entire surface with very fine brown dots. They 
average 1.13 x .80: extremes 1.18 x .83 and .94 9 .72.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1865, 482.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 4.) 


5. *Mimus polyglottus, (Linn.) 
A very common resident. By the 20th of May, many pairs have eggs 


120 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


of tlie second brood.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 481.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 3.) 


6. Galeoscoptes carolinensis, (Linn.) 
A few seen during the migrations: some pass the winter here. 


7. Sialia sialis, (Linn.) 

Uncommon. Two pairs, seen at Edinburgh in May, 1876, were un- 
doubtedly breeding.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.—-SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 6.) 


8. Regulus calendula, (Linn.) 
Found in some abundance from November to March.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1865, 476.) 

9. Polioptila czrulea, (Linn.) 

Abundant during the migrations, a few passing the winter and a con. 
siderable number remaining to breed. A nest taken April 24, 1877, was 
placed on a dead lichen-covered branch of an ebony-bush about six feet 
from the ground., It was supported by three upright twigs, and was 
so well concealed that I did not notice it till the female flew off, though 
I had been standing with my head within a foot of it. It contained five 
eggs that would have hatched within a few days.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1865, 485.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 6.) 


10. * Lophophanes atricristatus, Cassin. 

A common resident. The usual notes of the species are like those of 
the Eastern Chickadee: it has, in addition, a loud whistling song, much 
like that of the Cardinal. A nest found near Edinburgh, April 26, 
1876, was in a decayed branch, about fifteen feet trom the ground, and 
contained six nearly fledged young: the males had well-developed 
crests. The nest proper was composed of various soft materials like that 
of Parus atricapillus. About four weeks later, the same pair were mak- 
ing preparations for a second brood in an old Picus scalaris excavation 
just above my tent, but I was obliged to leave before any eggs were 
laid. A nest found about the middle of May of the following year was, 
Tam confident, of this species. It was in a vertical hole in a stump, 
enabling the five eggs to be plainly seen: these seemed somewhat 
larger than eggs of P. atricapillus, but otherwise were similar. As the 
parents were not seen, I left, intending to return in a short time, but 
was prevented from doing so for several days, when the eggs had been 
destroyed by some animal. Another nest, found April 18, 1878, was 
placed in a deep crack in the trunk of a tree: it contained several 
young.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 485.—SENNEWT, B. Rio Grande, 6.) 

Notkr.— An unidentified egg from Matamoras, but not distinguishable 
from one identified by Mr. Sennett as of this species, measures .62 by 
.48, is of an oval shape, has a white ground finely sprinkled over with 
purplish-brown dots. These are more abundant about the larger end, 
and forma ring arcund the latter. Fine, indistinct shell-markings give 
a purplish cast to the ground, which is, however, of a pure white.—T. M. B. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 121 


11. Auriparus flaviceps, (Sund.) 

I have not observed this species in the immediate vicinity of Fort 
Brown, but it was rather common at Edinburgh in April and May, fre- 
quenting mostly amargosa chaparral. Several of its curious nests were 
found placed on horizontal branches of ebony and amargosa bushes 
about five feet from the ground. ‘The outside was composed of thorny 
twigs well interlaced: the inside was warmly lined with fur and feath- 
ers. The entrance was at one side, barely large enough to admit the 
bird, and somewhat projecting, giving the entire nest an oval shape. 
The birds were excessively shy,and were obtained with difficulty.—(SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 6.) 


12. * Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandieri, Couch. 


A rather common resident, and found in ail situations. Its song and 
habits are probably not different from those of the Great Carolina Wren. 
Although several pairs breed each year within the fort, I did not succeed 
in finding their nests, which I think were placed in some thick brush 
piles and fences. At least two broods are raised, and the scarcely 
fledged young show the characteristic rufous of the under parts. A 
set of four eggs of this variety now before me, taken near Edinburgh in 
an old Woodpecker’s excavation, average .73 X .54. In three, the gronnd- 
color is white with a reddish tinge, thickly dotted with reddish and pale 
lilac, especially at the larger end. The fourth bas the ground-color a 
warm reddish, like many eggs of the House Wren. <A young brood fre- 
quented a pile of brush near camp at Edinburgh: they were very tame, 
coming into my tent and examining its contents with the greatest inter- 
est, not minding my presence in the least. The notes are loud and 
varied, but Iam not able to say how much they may differ from those 
of var. ludovicianus.—(T. ludovicianus berlandieri, SENNETT, B. Tio 
Grande, 8.) 


13. *Thryomanes bewicki var. leucogaster, Baird. 


Thryothorus bewicki, Scu., P. Z. S. 1859, 372 (Oaxaca); Catal. 1861, 22, No. 141 
(part).—Scn. & Satv.,Nom. Neotr. 1873,7,No. 11 (Mexico).—Covurs & 
SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 
9 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, 'Texas).* 

Thryothorus bewicki var. lewcogaster, BARD, Review, 1864 127 (San Antonio 
and Ringgold Barracks, Texas; Sta. Rosalia, Tamaulipas, and New Leon, 
Mexico). 











* Mr. Sennett’s specimens having been compared with the extensive series, embrac- 
ing the several races of this species, in the National Museum collection, prove to be 
the var. leucogaster of Baird, and not the true bewicki. ‘The National Museum possesses 
two specimens of the latter from Waller County and Brazos, Texas, but none from the 
Rio Grande, where probably only the var. leucogaster occurs, while it also probably 
does not penetrate farther into the State. The two specimens of true bewicki alluded 
to above were captured December 13 and 14, 1876, and were perhaps merely winter 
visitors. They are absolutely typical of the race,and, when compared with Mr. Sen- 
nett’s specimens, the great difference in colering is at once apparent.—R. R. 


122 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


A common resident about Fort Brown, but fifty or sixty miles higher 
up the river it becomes less abundant. Few birds have a greater vari- 
ety of notes than this species, and I have frequently been led by a 
strange song through dense chaparral only to find this little bird 
perched upon the topmost twig of an amargosa bush apparently enjoy- 
ing my disappointment. Their principal song is much like that of the 
Song Sparrow, but sweeter. It probably raises three broods, as I have 
seen it leading fully fledged young as early as March 27. Its nests are 
placed in a variety of situations. I have found them in an old Wood- 
pecker’s nest, placed between three or four joints of the prickly pear, 
forming a bulky stracture, and among the twigs of various dense 
thorny bushes. A set of six eggs, now before me, average .68 X .50. 
L have no eggs of var. bewickit at hand with which to compare them. 
A second set of five, taken on the 2d of May from a nest among the 
joints of a cactus, are smaller than the preceding, averaging .62 X .50; 
the markings are much fainter and finer,and the two sets are quite 
different in appearance. Three other sets taken subsequently vary 
greatly in size and markings. In some, the latter are very fine and in- 
conspicuous; in others, there are heavy markings of reddish and lilac. 
Thirty eggs average .63 by .45, the extremes being .70 by .52 and .60 
by .46. 

Notrre.—The eggs of YT. leucogaster, as compared with those of bewicki 
and spilurus, exhibit many points incommon, and do not vary more than 
the eggs of the same species are often found to differ. Nine eggs of 
the Texan form, leucogaster, are, in size, a trifle the largest, and all of 
them are much more deeply marked with larger and more confluent 
blotches of reddish-brown. In size, six eggs of bewicki, from Mount 
Carmel, Ill., collected by Mr. Ridgway, are not quite equal to leucogaster 
and a little less strongly marked, the spots being nowhere confluent. 
Five eggs of spilurus from California are still less in size, and their 
markings are smaller, fewer, and of a lighter color, one being of an 
almost immaculate white.—T. M. B. 


14. Troglodytes aédon, Vieill. 
Rather uncommon during the winter months. 


15. Troglodytes aédon var. parkmanni, Aud. 

A single specimen of this variety was taken in the autumn of 1877. 
16. Telmatodytes palustris, (Wiis. ) 

One obtained December 16, 1876. 


17. Anthus ludovicianus, (Gmel.) 

Very abundant from October to March. I have seen a few as late as 
April 28.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.) 
i8. Mniotilta varia, (Linn.) 


Common during the migrations; a good many pass the winter.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.) 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 123 


19. Helminthophaga chrysoptera, (Linn.) 
Several specimens taken in the spring.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 


20. Helminthophaga pinus, (Linn.) 
One specimen taken at Edinburgh (Hidalgo) in May. 


21. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, (Wils.) 

A male obtained in April approaches the supposed ‘ var. ocularis ” in 
the restriction of the yellow of throat.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.— 
SENNETT, LB. Rio Grande, 12.) 


22. Helminthophaga celata, (Say.) 
Rather common during the colder months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
478.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 12.) 


23. Helminthophaga peregrina, (Wils.) 
Less common than the preceding. 


24. Parula americana, (Linn.) 
Occurs during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.—SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 11.) 


25. Parula nigrilora, Coues. 

Arrives about the third week in March, and passes the summer among 
thick woods and near the edges of lagoons where there is Spanish moss. 
Here they are quite common, and their song is constantly heard. A nest 
found July 5, 1877, was in a small bunch of the moss about eight feet 
from the ground: with the exception of four or five horse-hairs, there 
was no lining. It contained three young.—(COUES & SENNETT, Bull. 
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, Feb. 5, 1878, 11.) 


26. Dendrceca estiva, (Gmel.) 
Not uncommon during the migrations.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 


27. Dendroeca coronata, (Linn. ) 

This is perhaps the most common of the winter residents, and is found 
in the greatest abundance from the latter part of October to April. 
About the latter part of March, there is an arrival of males from the 
south in nearly full breeding plumage.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.— 
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.) 


28. Dendrceca maculosa, (Gmel.) 
Rather rare in the spring.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 


29. Dendrceca blackburnie, (Gmel.) 
A female taken May 3 at Edinburgh.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 


30. Dendroeca dominica var. albilora, Ridg. 
One of the first migrants to return in the autumn, when it is not rare. 


124 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


A few pass the winter.—(J). superciliosa, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.—D. 
dominica albilora, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 18.) 


31. Dendreeca pennsylvanica, (Linn.) 
Several seen in April and May. 


32. Dendreca striata, (Forst.) 
A single specimen taken in August. 


33. Dendrceeca castanea, (Wils.) 
Not rare in the spring migration.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 


34. Dendreeca virens, (Gmel.) 


Taken in May and November.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 477.—SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.) 


35. Siurus nzvius, (Bodd.) 

Rather common in the spring and fall.—(S. noveboracensis, DRESSER, 
ibis, 1865, 477.) 
36. Siurvs motacilla, (Vieill.) 

March 31, 1877.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.) 


37. *Geothlypis trichas, (Linn.) 
Found throughout the year. Summer birds approach var. melanops, 
and are perhaps referable to that variety.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 476.) 


38. Geothlypis philadelphia, (Wils.) 

A female taken within the fort on September 7, 1877.—( DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1865, 476.) 

39. *Icteria virens, (Linn.) 

A common summer resident, arriving at Fort Brown about March 26. 
Here it is much more common than higher up tbe river. Individuals 
breeding in Southern Texas are decidedly smaller than those taken in 
New England, bearing about the same relation to them that Icterus var. 
affinis does to var. spurius. Thirty-three eggs average .87 x .64.—(SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 13.) 

40. Myiodioctes mitratus, (Gmel.) 

Several specimens taken in April, 1876.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 
41. Myiodioctes pusillus, (Wils.) 

Abundant during the migrations, returning in autumn about the 10th 
of August.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 


42. Myiodioctes canadensis, ( Linn.) 
May 2, 1877.—(DREssER, Ibis, 1865, 478.) 
43. Setophaga ruticilla, (Linn.) 


Not rare in spring and fall—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.—SENNETT, 
B. Rio Grande, 14.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 125 


44. Progne subis, (Linn.) 
Occurs during the migrations. 1 have seen them as early as Janu- 
ary 20.—(P. purpurea, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.) 


45. Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say.) 

Very common from early in April until the latter part of August. It 
is one of the most abundant of the summer visitors, and is the only Swal- 
low that breeds here. I have not been able to detect P. swainsoni, Sel., 
of Mexico.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 15.—Hirundo |., DRESSER, Ibis, 
1865, 479.) 


46. Hirundo erythrogaster var. horreorum, Barton. 

The latest Swallow to arrive in the spring and the earliest to return 
in the autumn; first seen about April 12, or earlier, and August 9.— 
(H. horreorum, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 15.) 


47. Tachycineta bicolor, (Vieill.) 

Common during the migrations. Some of this species must pass the 
winter at no great distance from here, as I have frequently seen small 
flocks in November, December, and January, after a few warm days.— 
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 15.) 


48. Cotyle riparia, (Linn.) 
Not rare during the migrations. One of tie latest Swallows to returao 
in the autumn.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.) 


49. Vireosylvia olivacea, (Linn.) 
May.—( Vireo 0.. DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 480.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 
16.) 
50. Vireosylvia flavovizidis, Cassin. 
Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cassin, Pr. Phila. Acad. V, Feb. 1851, 152; VI, pl. u 
(Panama).—ScL., P. Z. S. 1856, 298 (Cordova); 1859, 375 (Oaxaca ; 
April); Catal. 1862, 44, No. 264 (Guatemala).—ScL. & Satv., Ibis, I, 
1859, 12 (Guatemala); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 11, No.3 (Mexico to Panama).— 
BarrD, Review, May, 1866, 336 (Monterey, Mazatlan, and Rosario, near 
Colima, Mexico; San José, Costa Rica; Isth. Panama).—SUMICHRAST, 
Mem. Boston Soe. I, 1869, 547 (Orizaba ; Alpine Reg.).—BoucarD, Cat. 
1876, 215, No. 6665 (‘‘N. America’’). 
Vireo flavoviridis, BarrpD, B. N. Am. 1858, 332. 
Phyllomanes flavoviridis, CABAN., Journ. 1861, 93 (Costa Rica). 
A single specimen, a male, taken within the fort, August 23, 1877. 
51. Vireosylvia gilva, (Vieill.) 
October 2, 1877.—( Vireo gilvus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 480.) 
52. Lanivireo solitarius, (Wils.) 


August 23, 1877.—( Vireo s., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 481.) 


53. *Vireo noveboracensis, (Gmel.) 
A common resident, breeding abundantly.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
481.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 16.) 


126 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


54. Vireo belli, Aud. 
A single specimen taken.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 481.—SENNETT, B. 


Rio Grande, 16.) 


55. Ampelis cedrorum, (Vieill.) 
Seen in small flocks during the migrations ; doubtless pass the winter 
here.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 480.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 16.) 


56. Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides, (Swains.) 

Abundant from about the first of September until April. I do not 
think that any remain to breed.—(C. ludovicianus excubitorides, SEN- 
NETL, B. Rio Grande, 16.—Collyrio ludovicianus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
480.) 


57. *Pyranga estiva, (Gmel.) 
Not rare during the migrations; a few remain here all summer.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 14.) 


58. Chrysomitris tristis, (Linn.) 
Not rare during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 479.) 


59. Passerculus savanna var. alaudinus, Bon. 


February.—(P. alaudinus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 487.) 


60. Pooecetes gramineus var. confinis, Baird. 
Spring and autumn.—(P. gramineus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 487 —P. 
gramineus confinis, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 17.) 


61. Coturniculus passerinus, (Wils.) 
January.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 487.) 


62. Chondestes grammica, (Say.) 

This species is most abundant during the migrations in April and 
September; but a few pass the winter, and some remain to breed. In 
this vicinity, they appear to build indifferently on the ground or in 
bushes. When in the latter situation, the nest externally is rather 
bulky, but is neatly finished inside with hairs and rootlets.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1865, 488.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.) 


63. Zonotrichia leucophrys, (Forst.) 
Abundant during the colder months.—(SENNET?, B. Rio Grande, 19.) 


64. Zonotrichia intermedia, Ridg. 

This variety seems to be about as common during winter as the pre- 
ceding.—(Z. gambeli, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 488.) 
65. Zonotrichia albicollis, (Bon.) 


On May 11, 1877, I heard the unmistakable song of this species within 
the fort. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 127 


66. *Amphispiza bilineata, (Cass. ) 

Much more common in summer than winter. The nests are placed in 
low, thick bushes, rarely more than two feet from the ground. The eggs, 
when fresh, have a decided bluish tinge.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 
18.—Poospiza b., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 488.) 


67. Spizella socialis, (Wils.) 
Apri]l.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 489.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.) 


68. Spizella pallida, (Swains.) 


Very abundant during the winter months, but I do not think that 
any remain to breed.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 488.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 19.) 


69. Melospiza melodia, ( Wils.) 
February and December. 


70. Melospiza lincolni, (Aud.) 


Very common in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 489.—SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 18.) 


71. Peucea arizone, Ridgw.* 


Found in some abundance on a salt prairie about nine miles from 
Fort Brown, but obtained with difficulty, as they could rarely be flushed 
from among the tall grass. Its notes were frequently heard, and are 
quite pleasing. A nest found June 16, 1877, was placed among the 
roots of a tussock of grass: it was made of blades and stems of grasses, 
and was rather deep, but so frail that it fell to pieces on removal. The 
eggs, four in number, were quite fresh. They are unspotted white, 
strongly tinged with greenish-blue, and measure .82 by .63. 


*The great variation in size and color between the set of eggs of P. arizone and 
those of P. estivalis appears to me to be inconsistenf with their belonging to birds of 
the same species. In North American Birds, I speak of the color of e@stivalis as being a 
pure, almost brilliant, white, and their size .74 by .60. This is probably a little smaller 
than the average. An egg taken by Dr. Bryant in Florida measures .76 by .61. 
Three eggs, taken by Dr. Gerhardt in Northern Georgia, measure .80 by .62, .78 by .61, 
and .72 by .60. Their color is crystalline white, similar in brilliancy to the eggs of a 
Woodpecker. On the other hand, the four eggs of P. arizone measure .+5 by .64, .83 by 
.64, .82 by .65, .20 by .62, averaging .824 by .632, the average of wstivalis being .77 by .61. 
The eggs of P. cassini have the same crystalline whiteness as those of @stivalis, while 
those of P. carpalis correspond in color with those of arizona, and average .73 by .58. 
The color of the eggs of P. arizone is of a very light blue, with just a tinge of green, 
but to some eyes it appears to be a greenish-white.—T. M. B. 

[ Without specimens of this form in good plumage, it is quite impossible to determine 
the question of its relationship to P. ewstivalis by the skins alone. All the specimens I 
have seen are, unfortunately, in the greatly worn and faded midsummer plumage, and, 
though resembling examples of P. wstivalis in corresponding dress, are easily distin- 
guishable. Considering the latter fact,in connection with the radical difference in 
their eggs, as insisted on by Dr. Brewer, I think, upon the whole, that the bird may 
yet prove to be a distinct species.—-R. R.] 


128 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


. 
72. Peuceea cassini, (Woodh.) 


Arrives about the middle of March, its sweet song attracting atten- 
tion at once. Found in rather open chaparral, but usually keeping in 
thick bushes, where alone it permiis a near approach. It usually sings 
while bidden in some bush, and, I think,. rarely utters its notes on 
the wing unless the female is sitting. Its nest is difficult to find; three, 
taken April 28, and May 4 and 22, 1877, respectively, were placed at the 
foot of small bushes and scarcely raised from the ground. They were 
composed of dried grasses, lined with finer ones and a few hairs, but 
were very frail. Thirteen eggs taken from these nests are pure white, 
and average .74 by .57. Feet and legs are peculiarly light yellowish- 
white; bill pale horn-color, darker above; iris light hazel.—( DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1865, 489.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 18.) 

73. Embernagra rufivirgata, Lawr. 

A common resident, frequenting thickets and brush-fences, and per- 
mitting a close approach. The only note I have heard, besides a chip 
of alarm, is a repeated chip chip-chip, begun slowly, but rapidly increas- 
ing till the notes run into each other. I have found the nests with eggs 
at intervals from May 9 to September 7. These are placed in low 
bushes, rarely more than three feet from the ground: the nests are 
rather large, composed of twigs and straws, and lined with finer straws 
and hairs; they are practically domed, the nests being placed rather 
obliquely, and the part above the entrance being somewhat built out. 
The eggs are from two to four in number: thirty-two average .88 by 
.65, the extremes being .97 by .67 and .81 by .61; they are pure white. 
Two, and probably three, broods are raised in a season.—(SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 22.) 

74. Calamospiza bicolor, (Towns.) 

Kiuther common during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
490.) 

75. Buspiza americana, (Gmel.) 


Common during the spring migration of 1877.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
49).—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 19.) 





76. *Guiraca cerulea, (Linn.) 

A rather common summer visitor, four or five pairs having nests in 
patches of tall weeds on the reservation.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.— 
Goniaphea c., SENNET'T, B. Rio Grande, 19.) ; 


77. Cyanospiza cyanea, (Linn.) 
Not rare in April and May. 


78. Cyanospiza versicolor, (Bonap.) 

First taken April 23, 1877. This beautiful species seems to be rather 
abundant in this vicinity, frequenting mesquite chaparral. Its song has 
some resemblance to that of the Indigo-bird, and is constantly uttered. 
I did not succeed in finding any nests. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 129 


79. Cyanospiza ciris, (Linn.) 
A not uncommon summer visitor.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 20.) 


80. * Spermophila moreleti, (Puch.) 

This curious little Sparrow is uot uncommon during the summer 
months, and I am inclined to think that a few may pass the winter. 
During the breeding season the male has a very sprightly song, much 
resembling that of the Indigo-bird, but sweeter; this it frequently 
utters while perched on the topmost twig of a bush. ‘Lhey are usually 
seen in patches of briers and low bushes, at no great distance from 
water; they are very tame, and will permit a person to approach very 
closely. At least two pairs built within Fort Brown during the season 
of 1877. One of these nests, found nearly finished early in May, was 
in a bush about three feet from the ground: it was not pensile, but was 
placed on a small branch between three or four upright twigs, and was 
entirely composed of a peculiar yellow rootlet: it was destroyed by a 
violent storm before eggs were deposited. A second nest, found May 
25, in a young ebony-bush, four feet from the ground, was deserted im- 
mediately after completion. It is a delicate little nest, supported at the 
rim and beneath by twigs, and built of a very fine, dried grass, with 
which a few horse-hairs, a leaf or two, and a small rag are interwoven: 
it is 1.70 wide by 1.50 in depth. Both these nests are open and trans- 
parent. Itis worthy of remark that none of the males seen or killed 
here were in the typical adult plumage, but in that described by Mr. 
Lawrence as S. albogularis. 

The stomachs of the specimens killed were filled with small seeds. 

A third nest, found May 5, 1878, was attached to a hanging rim about 
four feet from the ground. ‘The nest was partly pensile, and was built 
of delicate rootlets. It contained three young. 


81. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Bon. 

Of this species I cannot say much. At times abundant, particularly 
in the spring, it often escaped observation for months; and though it 
probably breeds here, I was unable to find any nests. The birds are 
usually seen in thickets and about brush-fences, and females are more 
frequently seen than males.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—SEnNET?, B. 
Rio Grande, 21.) 


82. *Cardinalis virginianus, (Briss. ) 

A common resident. Some summer specimens approach var. coccineus 
in the almost entire absence of grayish borders to the feathers of the 
back and rump.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 491.—SENNET?, B. Rio Grande, 
21.) 

83. Eremophila alpestris var. chrysolema, (Wagl.) 
Common during the winter months. I am confident that this species 


breeds rather plentifully on a prairie within ten miles of Fort Brown. 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-——9 Sept. 30, 1878. 


130 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Many pairs were seen May 16 and June 2 and 16, 1877, though no nests 
were found.—(E. cornuta, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 486.—Z. alpestris chry- 
solema, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 9.) 


84. Molothrus ater, (Bodd.) 

Very common during winter, arriving early in September and leaving 
in April. The males frequent the stables and picket-lines in large flocks, 
with three or four other species of Blackbirds: the females are much 
less common.—(M. pecoris, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 492.) 


85. * Molothrus ater var. obscurus, (Gmel.) 


Common during summer, replacing var. pecoris when it leaves. I have 
found the eggs or young in nests of Pyrocephalus var. mexicanus, Vireo 
noveboracensis, Icteria virens, Amphispiza bilineata, Embernagra rufivir- 
gata, Icterus cucullatus, I. var. affinis, and Ageleus pheniceus.*  TVifteen 
eggs now before me average .78 by .61, which is considerably larger than 
the measurements given by Dr. Brewer.j—(I. ater obscurus, SENNEYTT, 
B. Rio Grande, 22.) 


86. * Molothrus zneus, (Wag].)—The Red-eyed Cowbird. 
a. mneus. 


Psarocolius eneus, WAGL., Isis, 1829, 758.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 426. 
Molothrus wneus, CABAN., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 192.—Scu., P. Z.S. 1856, 300; 

1859, 365 (Jalapa), 381 (Oaxaca); Catal. 1861, 135, No. 819 (Jalapa).— 
Sci. & SALyv., Ibis, 1860, 34; Nom. Neotr. 1873, 37.—OweEn, Ibis, 1861, 
61 (Guatemala; descr. eggs).—Cass., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1866, 18 
(Mazatlan, Manzanillo, and Jalapa, Mexico; Yucatan; Nicaragua: 
Costa Rica; Panama).—SuMmIcHR., Mem. Bost. Soc. I, 1869, 552 (Vera 
Cruz; hot and temperate regions. Vulg.: ‘‘ Tongonito”; “Enmante- 
cado”’).—SALVIN, P. Z. S. 1870,191 (Chitra and Calobre, Veragua).— 
Lawre., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1868, 104 (Costa Rica); Mem. Bost. Soc. 
II, 1874, 281 (Mazatlan, Manzanillo Bay, and Mts. of Colima, W. 
Mexico. Habits); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876,24 (Tapana, Isth. 
Tehuantepec; April.—‘ Iris red ”).—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
I, Noy. 1876, 88 (Ft. Brown, Texas; very abundant); ib. II, Oct. 1877, 
85 (habits; deser.of eggs and young.—“Iris blood-red” in adult; 
brown in young).—Covurs & SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. 
Surv. Terr. Feb. 1878, 23 (Fort Brown, Tex.—Syn., diag., remarks). 

Molothrus robustus, CABAN., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 193; J. f.O. 1861, 81. 


B. armenti. 


Molothrus armenti, CaBAN., Mus. Hein. I, 1851, 192; J. f. O. 1861, 82.—Cass., 
P. A. N.S. March, 1866, 18 (Demarara; Savanilla, New Granada). 


*On June 13, 1877, I found an egg of this variety in a nest of Amphispiza bilineata 
that contained three young and two addled eggs. The Cowbird’s egg was cracked 
almost entirely across the middle, and in it was one of the addled Sparrow’s eggs. This 
must have been done by some idle Mexican. 

t Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, North American Birds, ii, 157. 


‘PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. l131 


Sp. cH.—Adult male: Head, neck, back, and lower parts soft, silky 
bronze-black, of a peculiar shade, having a brassy greenish-olive cast, 
much like the plumage of the body in Quiscalus aneus; the feathers 
violet-black immediately beneath the surface, the basal portion of the 
feathers slaty-grayish; scapulars and rump more violet; wings in gen- 
eral, tail-coverts, and tail lustrous silky steel-blue, the tail-coverts and 
upper wing-coverts more violaceous, the primaries and rectrices more 
greenish in certain lights; tibiz and anal region silky black; lining of 
the wings silky violet. Bill and feet deep black; iris blood-red. Wing, 
4.60-4.80; tail, 3.70-3.80; culmen, .85-.90; tarsus, 1.15-1.25; middle 
toe, .85-.95. Young male: Uniform dull black, with a faint violet lustre 
on the back and rump, and a slight gloss of bottle-green on the wings 
and tail. Adult female: Uniform brownish-gray, darker above, where 
very faintly glossed with dull bluish, and paler beneath, many of the 
feathers of the wings and tail showing indistinctly paler edges, and 
feathers of the breast exceedingly indistinct darker sbaft-streaks. Wing, 
4.10; tail, 3.25; culmen, 0.75; tarsus, 1.05; middle toe, 0.85. 

Has.—Mexico and Central America, from the Rio Grande Valley (in 
the United States) to the Isthmus of Panama. 

I have nothing of importance to add to the following notes, which 
appeared in the October (1877) number of the Bulletin of the Nuttall 
Ornithological Club, pp. 85-87 :— 

‘““The occurrence of this species north of Mexico was noted in the 
Bulletin of November, 1876 (Vol. I, p. 88). It is now more than a year 
since it was first observed, and during that time I have had ample op- 
portunity to study its habits, a short account of which may be of interest. 
This Cowbird is found in Mexico, Guatemala, and Veragua, as well as 
in Southern Texas; how far it penetrates into the latter State I am 
unable to say. My first specimens were taken at Hidalgo, on the Rio 
Grande, seventy miles northwest of Fort Brown, where, however, they 
are not so abundant as lower down the river. Here they are common 
throughout the year, a small proportion going south in winter. Those 
that remain gather in large flocks with the Long-tailed Grackles, com- 
mon Cowbirds, and Brewer’s, Red-winged, and Yellow-headed Black- 
birds ; they become very tame, and the abundance of food about the 
picket-lines attracts them for miles around. d/. wneus is readily distin. 
guishable in these mixed gatherings from the other species by its blood- 
red iris and its peculiar top-heavy appearance, caused by its habit of 
putting out the feathers of the head and neck. This habit is most 
marked during the breeding season and in the male, bat is seen through- 
out the year. 

‘About the middle of April the common Cowbird, Brewer’s, and 
Yellow-headed Blackbirds leave for the North; the Long-tailed Grackles 
have formed their colonies in favorite clumps of mesquite trees; the 
Redwings that remain to breed have selected sites fur their nests; the 
dwarf Cowbirds (Molothrus ater var. obscurus) arrive from the South, 


132 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


and M. eneus gather in flocks by themselves, and wait for their victims 
to build. The males have now a variety of notes, somewhat resembling 
those of the common Cowbird, but more harsh. During the day they 
scatter over the surrounding country in little companies of one or two 
females and half a dozen males, returning at nightfall to the vicinity of 
the picket lines. While the females are feeding or resting in the shade » 
of a bush, the males are eagerly paying their addresses by puffing out 
their feathers, as‘above noted, strutting up and down, and nodding and 
bowing in a very odd manner. Every now and then one of the males 
rises in the air, and, poising himself two or three feet above the female, 
flutters for a minute or two, following her if she moves away, and then 
descends to resume his puffing and bowing. This habit of fluttering in 
the air was what first attracted my attention to the species. In other 
respects their habits seem to be like those of the eastern Cowbird. 

“My first egg of MW. wneus was taken May 14, 1877,{*| in a Cardi- 
nal’s nest. A few days before this a soldier brought me a similar egg, 
saying he found it in a Scissor-tail’s (Milvulus) nest; not recognizing it 
at the time, I paid little attention to him, and did not keep the egg. I 
soon found several others, and have taken in all twenty-two specimens 
the past season. All but two of these were found in nests of the Bul- 
lock’s, Hooded, and small Orchard (J. var. affinis) Orioles. It is a curious 
fact that although Yellow-breasted Chats and Red-winged Blackbirds 
breed abundantly in places most frequented by these Cowbirds, I have 
but once found the latter’s egg in a Chat’s nest, and never in a Red-wing’s, 
though I have looked in very many of them.[{t| Perhaps they feel that 
the line should be drawn somewhere, and select their cousins the Black- 
birds as coming within it; the Dwart Cowbirds are not troubled by 
this scruple, however. Several of these parasitic eggs were found under 
interesting conditions. On six occasions I have found an egg of both 
Cowbirds in the same nest; in four of these there were eggs of the right- 
ful owner,t who was sitting; in the other two the Cowbirds’ eggs were 
alone in the nests, which were deserted: but I have known the Hooded 
Oriole to sit on an egg of M. wneus which was on the point of hatching 
when found; how its own disappeared I cannot say. Once two eggs of 
ceneus were found in a nest of the small Orchard Oriole (var. affinis). 
Pwice I have seen a broken egg of e@neus under nests of Bullock’s Ori- 
ole on which the owner was sitting. 

‘“‘ Harly in June a nest of the Hooded Oriole was found with four eggs 
and one of M. eneus, all of which I removed, leaving the nest. Hap- 
pening to pass by it a few days later, I looked in, and to my surprise 
found two eggs of wneus, which were taken: these were so unlike that 





*In the Bulletin misprinted 1876. 

t Since writing this, I have found this Cowbird’s egg in a deserted Redwing’s nest. 

¢“It would be interesting to know what would have become of the three species in 
one nest, and had the latter been near the fort, where I could have visited them daily, 
I should not have taken the eggs. It is probable, however, that M. aneus would have 
disposed of the young Dwarf Cowbird as easily as of the young Orioles.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 133 


they were probably laid by different birds. Still another egg, and the 
last, was laid in the same nest within ten days. But the most remark- 
able instance was a nest of the small Orchard Oriole found June 20, con- 
taining three eggs of wneus, while just beneath it was a whole egg of 
this parasite, also a broken one of this and of the Dwarf Cowbird. Two 
of the eggs in the nest were rotten; the third, strange to say, contained 
a living embryo. As the nest was certainly deserted, I can only account 
for this by supposing that the two rotten ones were laid about the first 
week of June, when there was considerable rain, and that the other 
was deposited soon after, since which time the weather had been clear 
and very hot. On one occasion I found a female eneus hanging with a 
stout thread around her neck to a nest of the Buliock’s Oriole. The nest 
contained one young one of this Cowbird, and it is probable that its pa- 
rent, after depositing the egg, was entangled in the thread on hurriedly 
leaving the nest, and then died ; it had apparently been dead about two 
weeks. This case supports the view that the eggs or young of the 
owner are thrown out by the young parasite, and not removed by its 
parent, though I could find no trace of them beneath this nest. 

‘¢ Twenty-two eggs of Ml. wneus average .90 by .70, the extremes being 
9D by .75 and .82 by .65. The color is a greenish white, unspotted, 
soon fading to a dull opaque white. There is more than the usual vari- 
ation in shape. Some are almost perfectly elliptical, others are nearly 
round ; some are quite pointed at the smaller end, while others still 
are there abruptly truncate. 

“The young, soon after leaving the nest, have the plumage uniform 
dull black; cheeks and sides of head bare; iris brown.”* 


87. * Agelzeus pheeniceus, (Linn.) 

A common resident, breeding abundantly. The nests and eggs are 
smaller than the average of those found in more Northern States.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 492.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 24.) 

88. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, (Bonap.) 

Rather rare during winter, and [ do not think that any breed, in this 
immediate vicinity at least.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 492.—SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 24.) 

89. *Sturnella magna, (Linn.) 
Common during winter.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 24.) 





*In the Ibis of January, 1861, pp. 61, 62, are the following notes by R. Owen 
on the supposed eggs of this species:—‘‘ The eggs are pale greenish white, and measure, 
axis 1 inch, diam. .75. A few eggs of the ‘Tordito’, taken from the nests of the 
‘Chorcha’ (/eterus) and the ‘Cien-Sante Mejicano’ (Mimus gracilis). The Indians here 
all identify these eggs as those of the ‘’Tordito’. However, personally, I have never 
surprised the bird on the nest of any other species. At ihe same time I may add that 
I have never seen it either building or occupied in any other domestic occupation what- 
ever, which somewhat confirms the statement aforesaid. The eggs are found most 
commonly in the nests of the ‘Choicha’ and the ‘ Cien-Sante Mejicano’, and occasion- 
ally in that of the largest species of ‘ Chatillo’ (Pitangus derbianus).”—T. M. B. 


134 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


90. Sturnella magna var. mexicana, Scl. 

“ Sturnella magna”, SWAINS., Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 436. 

“ Sturnella hippocrepis”, Scu., P. Z. 8. 1856, 30, 301; 1859, 58, 365, 381.—Scn. & 
Saxy., Ibis, 1859, 19; 1860, 34.—Lawre., Aun. Lye. N. Y. VIII, 1865, 177 
(David, Veragua). 

Sturnella mexicana, Scu., Ibis, 1861, 179; P. Z. 8. 1864, 175 (City of Mexico); 
Catal. 1861, 139, No. 842 (Jalapa).—Cass., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 
1866, 24 (Mexico; Guatemala).—SaLvIn, P. Z. 8. 1867, 142 (Veragua). 

“ Sturnella ludoviciana”, SALy., P. Z. S. 1870, 191 (Veragua). 

Sturnella magna var. mexicana, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B, H, 1874, 172 (Mexico; 
Central Am.).—Lawkr., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 24 (Barris and 
Sta. Efigenia, Isth. Tehuantepec; Sept., Feb.). 

Sturnella magna, a. mexicana, Couns, Birds N. W. 1874, 190. 


Summer specimens of the Meadow Lark found at Fort Brown have 
been identified by Mr. Ridgway as typical mexicana. Its notes and 
habits, as observed there, do not seem to differ essentially from those of 
S. magna. It is abundant from April until October. 

[Tnis Southern form may be easily distinguished from true :nagna by 
its smaller general size (including the bill) and much larger legs and 
feet, which are not only relatively, but absolutely, longer and stouter than 
in S. magna. The two specimens examined by me were obtained at 
Fort Brown, August 21 and September 13, 1877. They agree exactly 
with Mexican examples.—R. R.| 


91. Icterus auduboni, Giraud. 


This fine Oriole is found in moderate abundance, and is the only spe- 
cies that is resident. During the sammer months, it is usually found in 
deep woods at some distance from houses, but during the winter it is 
less shy and retiring. They are frequently captured and offered for sale 
by Mexicans in this vicinity, but several | have kept would not sing at 
allin captivity. When free, their usual song is a prolonged and repeated 
whistle of extraordinary mellowness and sweetness, each note varying in 
pitch from the preceding. If once heard, it can never be forgotten. I 
have not succeeded in finding any nests. There is considerable varia- 
tion in the extent of white edging to the wings and tail, some specimens 
closely approaching var. melanocephalus.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 26.) 


92. Icterus cucullatus, Swains. 


This is perhaps the most common Oriole in this vicinity during the 
summer, arriving about the last week in March. It is less familiar than 
Bullock’s Oriole, and, like the preceding species, is usually found in woods. 
The nests of this bird found here are perfectly characteristic, and can- 
not be confounded with those of any allied species; they are usually 
found in one of the two jollowing situations: the first and most fre- 
quent is in a bunch of hanging moss, usually at no great height from 
the ground ; when so placed, the nests are formed almost entirely by 
hollowing out and matting the moss, with a few filaments of a dark hair- 
like moss as lining; the second situation is in a bush (the name of 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 135 


which I do not know) growing to a height of about six feet, a nearly 
bare stem throwing out two or three irregular masses of leaves at the 
top; these bunches of dark green leaves conceal the nest admirably ; 
it is constructed of filaments of the hair-like moss just referred to, with 
a little Spanish moss, wool, or a few feathers for the lining; they are 
rather wide and shallow for Orioles’ nests, and, though strong, they ap- 
pear thin and delicate. A few pairs build in Spanish bayonets ( Yucca) 
growing on sand ridges in the salt prairies; here the nests are built 
chiefly of the dry, tough fibres of the plant, with a little wool or thistle- 
down as lining; they are placed among the dead and depressed leaves, 
two or three of which are used as supports. <A large series of eggs 
now before me are quite characteristic, and can readily be distinguished 
from eggs of our other Orioles by the absence of irregular blotches and 
pen-marks and by the white or very slightly bluish ground-color. The 
markings are chiefly at the larger end in an irregular ring of spots of 
varying shades of brown and lilac. Some sets are precisely like large 
Vireos’ eggs. The average size is .82 by .59, with comparatively little 
variation.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 25.) 


93. *Icterus bullocki, Swains. 

Common summer visitant. The breeding habits of this bird are 
quite unlike those of the Hooded Oriole. Instead of concealing its nest 
admirably in bunches of leaves or hanging moss, it is conspicuously 
placed at the extremity of an upper branch of a mesquite or ratama tree, 
usually at the edge of a prairie or near houses. One set of eggs has 
the ground-color a beautiful pinkish buff.—(SENNE1T, B. Rio Grande, 25.) 


94. Icterus baltimore, (Linn.) 

Two specimens taken in April. Ithink that Mr. Drésser is in error 
in stating in the [bis that this Oriole breeds at Matamoras.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1865, 493.) 


95. *Icterus spurius var. affinis, Lawr. 


This small race of the Orchard Oriole is found rather plentifully from 
the latter part of March until August. Nests found here are much 
smaller than Eastern ones; in size and shape, they are more like Vireos’. 
This species and Bullock’s are frequently found breeding in small, irregu- 
lar colonies composed of both species ; the Hooded Oriole does the same, 
but with individuals of its own species only.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
493.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 25.) 

96. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, (Wagl.) 

Brewer’s Blackbird is very abundant from about the first week in 
October until April—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 493.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 27.) 

97. * Quiscalus macrurus, Swains. 


This handsome Grackle is a very common resident, and large numbers 


136 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


breed on the reservation. Early in April, after several weeks of noisy 
courtship, they begin to build in irregular colonies, and by the middle 
of the month have eggs. The nests are perhaps most frequently placed 
near the top of one of the main upright branches of a young mesquite- 
tree. They are strongly built of straws, leaves, and grasses, mud being 
used freely. Where Spanish moss is plentiful, the nests are sometimes 
composed entirely of it, and I have found them among tule-reeds where 
several species of Herons were breeding. I have also found their nests 
either supported by the lower part of the nest of the Caracara Eagle or 
in the same tree. The eggs, usually three in number, vary greatly in 
appearance; the ground-color is usually a greenish-white or purplish- 
brown, more or less heavily spotted and dashed with several shades of 
brown and black. These markings are apt to be heavier at the smaller 
end, which frequently has a much darker ground-color than the Jarger ; 
and this is so often the case as to be rather characteristic. Forty-five 
eggs now before me give the following measurements:—average, 1.26 
by .85; largest, 1.44 by .91; smallest, 1.16 by .82. The annual moult takes 
place in August. Unlike the Boat-tailed Grackle, the males of this race” 
do not leave the females while incubating, but are jealous of intruders, 
and take their share of feeding the young. The various notes of this 
bird are quite indescribable, and must be heard to be appreciated. The 
long and heavy tail of this Grackle makes it easily recognizable at a long 
distance, but is rather inconvenient when there is much wind. At such 
times, the birds are obliged to ‘ head up” wind, like so many sloops at 
anchor. They have a frequent and curious habit of throwing their heads 
up and far back, so that the reversed bill is almost parallel with the 
back.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 493.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 27.) 

98. Xanthura luxuosa, Less. 


The Rio Grande Jay is a common resident about Fort Brown and 
higher up the river, but does not seem to pass much into the interior of 
Texas. Itis a noisy and gaudy species, soon making its presence known 
by its harsh cries or by its green and yellow plumage, seen fora moment 
as it moves about. Though at times shy, itis often very tame and bold, 
entering tents and taking food off plates or from the kitchen whenever 
a good opportunity offers. Large numbers are caught by the soldiers 
in traps baited with corn, but the plumage is their only attraction as a 
cage-bird. Its eggs and nest were first described in vol. i, p. 89, of the 
Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Since that time, I have 
found several other nests, but they do not affect the statements above 
made in regard to their breeding habits—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 495.— 
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 29.) 

99. Sayornis fuscus, Gmel. 

Not uncommon from October until April—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 473.) 

100. Sayornis sayus, Bonap. 


More abundant than the preceding during the winter months.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 473.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 137 


101. Contopus borealis, (Swains.) 


Not rare during the migrations.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.) 


102. Contopus virens, (Linn.) 


Breeds; a few pass the winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.—SEN- 
NET, B. Rio Grande, 33.) 


103. Contopus richardsoni, (Swains.) 


August.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.) 


104. Empidonax minimus, Baird. 


Septem ber.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 33.) 


105. Empidonax acadicus, (Gmel.) 


Two specimens taken in the spring.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.) 


106. Empidonax pusillus var. trailli, (Aud.) 
August 7, 1876.—(E. trailli, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 474.) 


107. Empidonax flaviventris, Baird. 


A single specimen taken.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.) 


108. Tyrannus carolinensis, (Gmel.) 


Rather common during the migrations, arriving about the first week 
in April and September.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 472.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 31.) 


109. * Milvulus forficatus, (Gmel.) 


Common summer visitor, arriving about March 20 and leaving in Sep- 
tember and October. Several pairs of this exquisite Flycatcher build 
in the low trees surrounding the parade-ground of the fort. The nests 
resemble those of the Kingbird, but are smaller, and, as a rule, are not 
more than six or seven feet from the ground. The eggs are from three 
to five in number, and are deposited by the latter part of April. The 
annual moult takes place in July and August. About the middle of 
October, 1876, just before sunset, a flock of at least one hundred and 
fifty of these birds passed over the fort: they were flying leisurely 
southward, constantly pausing to catch passing insects ; and in the rays 
of the setting sun their salmon-colored sides seemed bright crimson.— 
(DRESSER, ibis, 1865, 472.) 


110. Myiarchus crinitus, (Linn.) 
Taken in March and April. Iam confident that none of this variety 


remain to breed.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 473.—SENNET?T, B. Rio 
Grande, 32.) 


138 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


111. Myiarchus erythrocercus var. cooperi. 
? Tyrannus cooperi, Kaup,* P. Z. 8. Feb. 11, 1851, 51 (“ Northern America and 
Chili”). 

Myiarchus cooperi, Bard, Birds N. Am. 1858, 180; Catal. N. Am. B. 1859, 
No. 132.—Sct., P. Z. S. 1859, 384; Catal. 1861, 232, No. 1428 (Mexico; 
Guatemala).—Scu. & SALy., Ibis, 1859, 122, 440; 1870, 837 (coast Hon- 
duras).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix, 1869, 202 (Yucatan). 

Myiarchus crinitus, ¢. var. cooperi, Cours, P. A. N. 8. July 2, 1872, 67 
(Tehuantepec, Mazatlan, and Guadalajara, S. W. Mexico; Guate- 
mala ?). 

Myiarchus crinitus var. cooperi, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 351 
(Mazatlan, Tehuantepec, and Yucatan).—Lawr., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
No. 4, 1876, 28 (Tapana and Sta. Efigenia, Isth. Tehuantepec ; April; 
Dec.). 

? Tyrannus mexicanus, Kaup,t P. Z. 8. Feb. 11, 1851, 51 (loe. incog.). 

Myiarchus mexicanus, LAwr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869, 202 (Yucatan); 
Pr. Boston Soc. June 7, 1871 (Tres Marias Islands, W. Mexico).— 
Sumicur., Mem. Boston Soc. I, 1869, 557, 560 (Vera Cruz; hot re- 
gion). 

Myiarchus yucatanensis, Lawr., P. A. N.S. Nov. 21, 1871, 235 (Yucatan, Mus. 
G. N. L.=M. mexicanus, Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869, 202!). 

Myiarchus crinitus erythrocercus, Cours & SENNETT, Bull. U. S. Geol. and 
Geog. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 32 (Ft. Brown, Texas). 

Alguacil de Moscas, Tres Marias vernac. (fide Lawr., l. ¢.). 


The occurrence of this variety within our limits was noted in the April 
(1878) number of the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club. Since 
that time I have paid particular attention to the species, and find that it 
is the only one of the genus that breeds on the Lower Rio Graade, which 
it does in considerable numbers. In its notes and habits, it appears to 
closely resemble the J. crinitus. Seven identified sets of thirty-two 
eggs average .93 by .66, the extremes being 1.03 by .73 and .82 by .65. 
With one exception, no snake-skins were used in the construction of any 
of these nests. They were composed of felted locks of wool and hairs, 
and were placed not far from the ground, either in old Woodpeckers’ 
holes or in natural hollows in decayed trees or stumps. 

Nore.—tThe eggs of the Myiarchus, as a genus, have a very remark- 
able family resemblance. They are of a rounded-oval shape, in some 
instances the relation of the axis to the diameter being as 84 to 74, and 
averaging about 84 to 7. The ground-color varies from a light buff to 
a dark cream-color; over these are distributed twv sets of markings, all 
of them having a longitudinal direction, often narrow lines, leaving 
broad, unmarked spaces between them, and not unfrequently expand. 





* COWS niin ce 2 se : ; : ee 
With shorter wings than mexicana, but with longer bill, like crinita; throat and 


over breast light gray, not so dark as in crinita; the black stripe along the inner webs 
of the tail-feathers is broader, like stolida.” [Type in Brit. Mus. ] 

+“ With short wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with rufous margins ; 
breast light ash-gray ; above lighter.” [Type in Brit. Mus. ] 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 139 


ing into broad and confluent patches about the larger end. This genus 
is represented in my collection by the present species, and M. crinitus, M. 
mexicanus, M. cooperi, and M. validus, of Jamaica. In all these, except 
the last, the two very distinct colorations are more or less noticeable: 
these are a deep shade of reddish-brown and a lighter marking of dark 
stone-color or slate, with slight tinge of purple or lilac. In the Myiarchus 
crinitus, the dark brown is the predominant color; in M. erythrocercus, 
the stone-colored markings are much more abundant than in any of the 
others; in M. validus,on the contrary, these are wholly wanting. The 
set of eggs identified by Dr. Merrill, five in number, range from .99 to .94 
of an inch in length and from .69 to .74 in breadth, averaging .97 by .724. 
Another set of three, not identified, but undoubted, average 1.02 by .72. 
A third set, from the collection of the late Dr. Berlandier, and hitherto 
supposed to belong to M. mexicanus, are marked with stone-colored 
dashes that are much darker and havea decidedly purplish tinge. These 
average .95 by .74. 

A set of five eggs, from California, of 1. mexicanus, average .84 by .69, 
and another set .84 by .68. In these, the markings of both kinds are fewer, 
and the greater part of these in slender lines, the purplish-slate being 
about as abundant as the reddish-brown stripes. Five eggs of M. eri- 
nitus average .95 by .713, are deeply marked, and chiefly with the brown 
stripes. The eggs of IM. cooperi average .915 by .73, and are very simi- 
lar to those of I. mexicanus, except in size. The egg of M. validus is 
marked by but one kind of colored stripe, a combination of lilac and 
red-brown. The ground-color is more distinctly a deep and warm shade 
of cream: measurement, .84 by .69.—T. M. B. 

NotrE By Rk. R.—The preper name of this species has been a sub- 
ject of much discussion and difference of opinion, but it seems now 
generally settled that it is to be known as erythrocercus, Scl. & Salv. 
Admitting that two races may be distinguished (a smaller Southern, and 
a larger Northern, with grayer colors), it is less easy to decide what name 
the Northern race should bear,—the Southern one being, of course, the 
typical erythrocercus. As to point of date, the choice evidently lies 
between Tyrannula mexicana and T. cooperi (1857), both these names first 
occurring on the same page, but mexicana first, and therefore entitled to 
priority. The difficulty is that neither of the brief diagnoses accompa- 
nying these names give any character of even the least importance, and 
are therefore no aid whatever in determining what species is meant. 
The types of both these birds are said to exist in the British Museum ; 
and Dr. P. L. Sclater, who has examined that of 7. mexicana, says that 
it is the same as the bird called M. coopert (Kaup) by Professor Baird, 
in Birds N. Am. 1858, 180. If this be true, it raises the question as to 
whether Professor Baird’s identification of Kaup’s 7. cooperi was correct, 
since it seems strange that the latter author would, on the same page, 
describe different specimens of the same bird as distinct species! It 


140 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


seems to be generally conceded, however, that Professor Baird was right 
in this determination ; therefore, as Dr. Coues surmises (Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
Phila. 1872, p. 68), Tyrannula mexicana, Kaup, and T. cooperi, Kaup, 
must have been based upon variations of one species—the one under con- 
sideration ! 

In attempting to determine to which of the two forms of the species Dr. 
Merrill’s specimens belonged, I found it necessary to carefully examine all 
the material available. This consisted of twenty-four specimens, belong- 
ing chiefly to the collection of the National Museum. After taking care- 
ful measurements of every specimen, and submitting all to the closest 
scrutiny and comparison, I found myself forced to a conclusion different 
from that reached by Dr. Coues (see Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 
Terr. IV, No. 1, pp. 32, 33), in whose opinion regarding the matter I had 
previously coincided. I now find, that (1) while extreme examples of 
var. cooperi are astonishingly different from erythrocercus proper, such 
individuals form a very small proportion of the whole, and are chiefly 
from Western and Southwestern Mexico, where several other species of 
birds, notably Pyranga cestivu (var. cooperi, Ridgw.), attain the same 
great development of the bill (and, in fact, all the measurements); that 

2) nearly all specimens from Mexico and Guatemala should be referred 
to cooperi, examples referable to erythrocercus on account of dimensions 
and shades of color being comparatively rare. Besides averaging larger 
than var. erythrocercus, var. coopert has usually a grayer cast of plum- 
age, in this respect corresponding to the Mexican race of Tyrannus 
melancholicus (var. couchi, Baird), Myiarchus lawrencit, and numerous 
other birds of similar geographical distribution. The only satistac- 
tory test, however, which I have been able to apply in determining to 
which race doubtful specimens should be referred is that of size, as 
follows :— 

Var. ERYTHROCERCUS.—Wing, 3.40-3.95 (average, 3.77) ; tail, 3.60- 
4.00 (average, 3.82); bill, from nostril, .55—.68 (average, .61); tarsus, 
85-.88 (average, .86).* Hab.—Eastern Tropical America, from Para- 
guay to Southern Mexico, but chiefly southward of the latter country. 

Var. COOPERI.— Wing, 3.85-4.45 (average, 4.15); tail, 4.00-4.60 (aver- 
age, 4.25); bill. from nostril, .60-.82 (average, .69); tarsus, .88-.95 (av- 





* Six specimens, as follows :-— 

















ne 8 
e 2 S 
A cohaei|s Pe | Lag 
a ~ g Locality. Date. Ate 
ea sath te | ‘i g 1s 
Shh | hegre ane 
a Bde | Fla; ala 
| A ier Eee oe 
16348 | 9 ad. | U.S. | “Brazil” 225... hy, Ee --.| Aug. —, 1859 | 3.65 | 3.60} .58 | .85 
16349 |) ——ad. U.S: | Paragnay- 2s. s 2:25.55 eeu May —, 1859 | 3.75 | 3.80 | .60| .85 
20423 | —ad. | U.S. | Costa Rica ..... ee et a oe | 3.90 | 3.80 | .62| .88 
39210 dg ad. | U.S. | Merida: Yucatan: 2-2.) ses saan --| May 29,1865 | 3.95 | 3.95) .68 1] .85 
S013 | Pads WIS!) .2 2 ido 2. Ls 22... oes eee | Apr. 9, 1865 | 3.40 | 3.75 | .55 | .88 
57649 | gad. ; U.S. | Sta. Efigenia, Tehuantepec.........------ Dec. 18, 1868 | 3.95 | 4.00 | .65 | .85 
| \ 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 141 


erage, 92).* Hab.—Mexico (including Lower Rio Grande Valley in 
Texas) and Guatemala. 
The principal references to var. erythrocercus are the following :— 


?Tyrannula irritabilis, BONAp., Consp. I, 1850, 189. Supposed to belong here from 
quotation of Azara. ‘‘ South America.” Not Tyrannus irritabilis, Vieill.! 
Myjiarchus crinitus, b. var. irritabilis, Cours, P. A.N.S. July 2, 1872, 65 (Central and 
South America, Paraguay, Rio Parana, Bahia, Venezuela, Yucatan, Guate- 
mala, Costa Rica). 
Myiarchus crinitus var. irritabilis, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 331 (Paraguay 
to Costa Rica). 
Myiarchus erythrocercus, Scu. & Satv., P. Z. 8. 1868, 631, 632 (Venezuela); Nom. Neotr. 
1873, 52.—? SEMPER, P. Z. 8. 1871, 271 (Sta. Lucia, W. I.!); 1872, 650. 
Pyrocephalus erythrocercus, GRAY, Hand-list, I, 1869, No. 5522 (s. g. Myionax. Quotes 
“crinitus, p., Hartl.; irritabilis, p., Bp.; ferox ¢, Burm.”). 
Pipperie gran-bois, St. Croix vernae. (fide SEMPER, I. c.). 


112. Myiarchus cinerascens, Lawr. 
Only two specimens of this variety were taken.— 
SER, Ibis, 1865, 473.) 


(M. mexicanus, DRES- 


113. Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus, Sclat. 

Resident, but more abundant in summer than in winter. During the 
breeding season, the male frequently utters a peculiar twittering song 
while poised in the air about thirty feet from the ground; during the song, 
it frequently snaps its bill as if catching insects. Its note of anger and 
alarm is a mew. Except during the breeding season, the birds are 
decidedly shy. The nests are usually placed upon horizontal forks of 
ratama-trees, growing upon the edge of a prairie, and rarely more than 
six feet from the ground. They bear considerable resemblance to nests 
of the Wood Pewee in appearance and in the manner in which they are 
saddled to the limb; the bottoms are made of small twigs, over which 


* Kighteen specimens, as follows :— 











































| Wee 
S t 
a | & z 
g = a Locality. Date. q i 
= a 5 | . © aD 
® a o | oo a s = 
Biel (ipl 5 ee) oleate es 
mtr) ge Bie Fila|a& ila 
9100 | —ad. | U.S. | “Mexico” (MM. cooperi, Baird, B. N. Am.)..}..---.---...-. 4.10 | 4.00 | .69 | .90 
Qo590) ee aU SE LP Moxicoy wipe 265-00) flo: Secu nN eae a ee 4.05 | 4.05 | .62 | .88 
37364 | —ad. |} U.S. | Tres Marias, Western Mexico ....-.-..-.- Jan, —, 1865} 4.10 | 4.20 .70 | .93 
DZSLOU ee uada| tos) Mazatlan dexico. =i: 2-.- coe =- sacccse sas) sete epee 4.30 | 4.20} .70]} .95 
1182 | gad.| RR. Wo Riese. ok ada nie So se seme eee nee eee ees 4.30 | 4.40 | .72| .95 
2397 | Sade |PRo Re 18,1868] 4.05 | 4.05 | .65 | .92 
—) legiad. |) RoR: 24,1868 | 4.00 | 4.25 50 (NOD 
57640 | Q ad. | U.S. . 16,1868] 4.25 | 4.55 | .60 | .90 
58644 | tad. | U.S. 5, 1869 | 3.85 | 4.00 | .72 | .88 
58845 | cad. | U.S. Apr. 27,1869] 4.10 | 4.30 | .68 | .92 
59617 | —ad. | U.S. 8, 1869 | 4.15 | 4.25 | .68 | 88 
73631 | gad. | U.S. Apr. 11,1871] 4.10 | 4.20 | .68 | .95 
73632 | ciad. | U.S. 27,1871 | 4.40 | 4.60 | .75 | .95 
73633 | oad. | U.S: May 27,1871 | 4.05 | 4.15 | .73 | .98 
42537 | —ad. | U.S. Guntalajata: Southern Mexico . Bee ee emeeeeee 4, 45 | 4.60 | .82]|.95 
71138 | Q ad. | U.S. | Fort Brown; PR OXAG io 2 sinister eietete ---| May 10,1877 | 4.05 | 4.20 | 165 | .90 
ion chim el aed O) 6 os 45... 5. sao enee S Apr Pak cal | ae (ee | acc ae é 
Bas =i Rum sealer cite rinlad. 212 Cale ae eh MeO em el cee 4,15 | 4.15 | .62| .90 
| 


142 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


are various soft materials felted together; a few hairs or a little wool 
form the lining; the rims are covered with lichens; the cavity is slight, 
varying from .8 to 1.25 inch in depth by 2 in width, and the whole 
structure is easily overlooked. The usual number of eggs is three; the 
ground-color is a rich creamy-white, with a ring of Jarge brown and 
lilac blotches at the larger end. Fourteen eggs now before me average 
.73 by .54. A nest of this species, found May 19, 1877, contained a 
young Dwarf Cowbird and three addled eggs, which latter I removed. 
On revisiting the same nest ten days later, I found three fresh eggs, on 
which the female was sitting. As the young Cowbird could not have 
been fledged by this time, it would seem as if the Flyeatchers, on find- 
ing that their eggs had been removed, had thrown out the parasite and 
laid again.—(P. rubineus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 475.—P. rubineus mexi- 
canus, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 34.) 


114. Ceryle alcyon, (Linn.) 
Not common from October until April.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.— 
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 36.) 


115. Ceryle americana var. cabanisi, (Tschudi.) 

Two specimens, obtained in May and October respectively. The 
scarcity of Kingfishers on the lower Rio Grande is doubtless due to the 
muddy water, that renders it difficult for them so see their prey.—(C. 
americana, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 472.) 


Genus NYCTIDROMODS, Gould. 


Nyctidromus, GOULD, Icon. Av. II, 1838. (Type, N. derbyanus, Gould.)—Gray, List Gen- 
era B. ed. 2, 1841, 10; Gen. and Subg. 1855, 11; Hand-list, I, 1869, 60.—Gray 
& Mircu., Genera B. I, 1849, 48.—Cassin, P. A. N. S. 1851, 179.—Scu., P. Z. S. 
1866, 144.—Sci. & Saty., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 97.—Boucarp, Cat. Av. 1876, No. 
2291. 

Eucapripodus, Lesson, 1843 (fide GRAY). 

Lucapripodus, LESSON, 1847 (fide GRAY). 


Cu.—Similar to ‘“Antrostomus ”, but having the tarsus longer than the 
middle toe, and completely naked ; the tail about equal to the lengthened 
wing (instead very much shorter), and the third instead of the second 
primary longest; lateral toes less than half as long as the middle toe, 
including the claw. 

The characters given above are all that 1 am able to discover as dis- 
tinguishing the present form from the species referred by most writers 
to the so-called genus Antrostomus, Gould. After very careful compari- 
sons of species of true Caprimulgus (as restricted) with those of the 
so-called genera Antrostomus and Stenopsis, Iam at aloss to find charac- 
ters of generic importance between them. A. carolinensis, the type of 
the former genus, differs, it is true, from all the others in possessing 
lateral filaments to the rictal bristles, while A. nuttalli is aberrant in 
other respects. There is such a difference in the details of form between 
almost every two species, however, that it is seriously questionable 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 143 


whether they should not all be included under Caprimulgus. The only 
alternative seems to be a further subdivision of one or more of the so- 
called genera, especially ‘“‘Antrostomus”, leaving A. carolinensis as the 
typical and only species, referring A. vociferus to Caprimulgus, and insti- 
tuting a new genus for A. nuttalli. The following scheme may serve to 
show the nature of the differences between the three North American 
species usually included in Antrostomus and the genus Nyctidromus ;— 


A.—Tarsus feathered in front almost to the toes, and shorter than the middle toe; first 
quill longer than the fourth. 

1. CaprimuLGus.—Rictal bristles without lateral filaments. Sexes with the tail 
differently marked. Tail rounded. (Including C. vociferus.) 

2. “ANTROSTOMUS.”—Rictal bristles with fine lateral filaments. Sexes with the 
tail differently marked. Tail rounded. (Including only the type, 4. caroli- 
nensis. ) 

B.—Tarsus entirely naked in front, and longer than the middle toe ; first quill shorter 
than the fourth. 

3.—Tail even, much shorter than the wing. Sexes with the tail not differently 
marked. Plumage with a peculiarly soft, velvety surface. (C. nuttalli only.) 

4, NycTipRomMus.—Tail rounded, equal to the wing. Sexes with the tail differently 
marked. 


116. * Nyctidromus albicollis.—Pauraque Goatsucker. 


Montvoyan de la Guyane, Bu¥r., Hist. Nat. des Ois. VI, 1779, 549. 

Crepaud-volant ow Tette-Chevre roux, de la Guiane, BuFr., Pl. Enl. 733 (=@ ). 

White-throated Goatsucker, LatH., Synop. II, pt. ii, 1785, 596, No.7. 

Guiana Goatsucker, Larn., t. ce. 598, No. 9. 

Caprimulgus albicollis, GMEL., S. N. I, ii, 1788, 1030 (ex Laru., U. ¢.).—Laru., Ind. 
Orn. II, 1790, 575, No. 7.—ViEILu., Enc. Méth. 1823, 536, No. 4.—LIcHT., 
Verz. Doubl. 1823, 59, 606.—D’OrB., Guerin’s Mag. 1837, 67.—HARTL., Ind. 
Azara, 1347, 20, 310.—D’OrB. & Larr., Rev. Zool. 1837, 67.—CABAN., in 
ScHOMB. Guiana, III, 1848, 710, No. 204. 

Nyctidromus albicollis, BuRM., Th. Bras. II, 1856, 389, No. 1.—Sct., P. Z.S. 1866, 

124 (fig. of bones of foot), 144 (S. Mexico to 8. Brazil).—Sci. & SALv., ib. 
193 (Ucayali, E. Peru); 1867, 752 (Huallaga, E. Peru), 978 (Upper Ama- 
zon); 1869, 252 (Maruria, Venezuela), 598 (Conispata, Peru) ; 1870, 782 (S. 
of Merida, Venezuela), 837 (coast of Honduras); 1873, 186 (Peru), 290 (E. 
Peru); 1875, 237 (Venezuela); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 97 (Central America; S. 
Am. to Brazil) —Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. IX, 1869, 204 (Yucatan); Pr. 
Boston Soc. 1871, — (Tres Marias Islands, W. Mexico; common); Mem. 
Boston Soe. IT, 1874, 291 (Mazatlan, Colima, and Tres Marias, W. Mexico); 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 31 (Isth. Tehuantepec).— Wyatt, Ibis, 
1871, 375 (L. Paturia, New Granada).—Lekg, Ibis, 1873, 134 (Buenos 
Ayres).—LAYArD, ib. 389 (Pardé).—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Nov. 
1876, 88 (Fort Brown, Texas, April and May; not rare; breeding). 

Caprimulgus guianensis, GMEL., S. N. I, ii, 1788, 1030 (based on BuFr., Pl. Enl. 
733).—LaTH., Ind, Orn. IJ, 1790, 586, No. 8.—Max. Beitr. III, 1831, 318, No. 4. 

Nyctidromus guianensis, Cass., P. A. N. 8.1851, 183,189 (Cayenne; Surinam) ; 

Catal. Caprim. Mus. Phila. Acad. 1851, 12.—Burm., Syst. Ueb. II, 1856, 
391.—Scn., Catal. Am. B. 1862, 281, No. 1690 (Orizaba; Bogota; Vera Paz; 
Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Trinidad); P. Z. 8. 1864, 176 (City of Mexico).— 
Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 90 (Trinidad).—Lawr., Ann, Lye. N. Y. VII, 1861, 290 
(Isth. Panama).—Scu. & Sary., P. Z.8. 1864, 364 (Isth. Panama).—PEtIz., 
Orn. Bras. 1871, 13.—SaLvin, P. Z. 8. 1870, 204 (Veragua). 


144 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Ibiyau, Azara, Apunt. 1801, No. 310. 

Nyctidromus americanus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. 8. 1851, 179, 180; Catal. Caprim. Mus. 
Phila. Acad. 1251, 12 (Nicaragua).—Scu., P. Z. 8. 1856, 285; 1859, 367 
(Jalapa, E. Mexico).—Sci. & Satv., Ibis, 1859, 125, 173 (Guatemala).— 
CaBAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 92 (Jalapa; Porto Cabello; Guiana; 
Brazil).—Lawre., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VII, 1861, 290 (Isth. Panama).—SatLvin, 
Ibis, 1866, 203 (Guatemala).—CourEs & SENNETT, Bull. U. 8S. Geol. Surv. 
Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 34 (Brownsville, Texas). 

Nyctidromus afinis, GRAY, List B. Brit. Mus. IT, 1844, 11, No. 2. 

Nyctidromus derbyanus, GOULD, Icon. Av. II, 1838, pl. 2.—Gray & MITCH., Genera 
B.I, 1849, 48.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 62. 

Caprimulgus grallarius, W1ED, Mus. Lugd. (teste Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 62). 

Nyctidromus grallarius, BoNaP., Consp. I, 1850, 62 (Brazil).—Cassin, P. A. N.S. 
1851, 179, 183; Catal. Caprim. Mus. Phila. Acad. 1851, 12 (Bogota).—Buro., 

Th. Bras. IT, 1856, 392. 
Caprimulgus laticaudatus, DRAPIEZ, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. VI, 1824, 169 (deste Cassmy). 


Sp. cn.—Adult male: Wing, 6.75; tail, 6.75; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe, 
80. Tarsus and heel-joint completely bare. Above, finely mottled 
brownish-gray, the crown with a central series of black, longitudinal 
dashes, the scapulars beautifully variegated with black and creamy-buff 
or ochraceous, in large, somewhat V-shaped, markings; wing-coverts 
with large terminal spots of creamy-buff or ochraceous. Basal portion 
(sometimes almost the basal half) of the exposed portion of the larger 
primaries white, including both webs, and forming a conspicuous patch ; 
remainder of the quills uniform plain dusky. Outer tail-feather (on 
each side) nearly plain blackish throughout; next feather chiefly white, 
with the greater portion of the outer web blackish ; third feather chiefly 
white, with the outer web margined more or less with dusky ; four middle 
tail-feathers without any white, the ground-color being mottled-grayish, 
variegated by ragged, badly defined ‘“ herring-bone” blotches of black- 
ish along the shaft. Lower parts deep buff or creamy-ochraceous, the 
throat crossed by a distinct collar of pure white, the remaing portions 
transversely barred or “ rayed” with dusky, these bars wider apart 
posteriorly. 

Adult female: Wing, 6.00-6.30; tail, 5.80-6.00. Generally similar to 
the male, but smaller, the colors less pure, the markings less sharply 
contrasted, and the white areas of the primaries and rectrices more re- 
stricted. General hue of the plumage decidedly more brownish; white 
patches on the primaries situated rather farther toward the ends of the 
feathers, occupying only the outer four (instead of six) quills; of smaller 
extent than in the male, and more or less tinged with ochraceous. White 
of the rectrices occupying only the terminal portion (from 0.75 of an 
inch to 1.75 inches) of the inner web of the second and third tail-feathers 
(counting from the outer), the blackish portions of these feathers broadiy 
though somewhat irregularly barred and mottled with ochraceous. 
White gular collar less distinct than in the male. 

With a somewhat close general resemblance to the Whip-poor-will 
(Caprimulgus vociferus), this species may be at”once distinguished by 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 145 


the wholly naked tarsi, the white patch across the primaries, which are 
also destitute of ochraceous spots, by the much longer and differently 
marked tail and other features. It is,in fact, a far handsomer bird, and, 
not excepting even the ‘“‘Antrostomus” nuttalli, is by far the most beau- 
tiful of the Caprimulgide which occur in the United States. Itis aspecies 
of very wide distribution, its range comprising the whole of the inter- 
tropical portions of America on both sides of the equator, with the ex- 
ception of the West India Islands, from none of which it has thus far 
been recorded. It is subject to considerable variations of color, which 
have given rise to a number of synonyms, as may be seen by reference 
to the citations given above, but the variations seem to be of an individual 
and sexual nature, rather than geographical.—R. R. 

This interesting addition to the avitauna of the United States proves 
to be arather common summer Visitor, arriving early in March, at least 
a month before any others of the family, and remaining as late, at least, 
as November 16, on which date I have taken two specimens. My first 
specimen was shot on the Ist of April, 1876, and its capture noted in 
the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. 1, p. 88. Since that 
time, I have taken quite a number of specimens, and found several sets 
of eggs. The habits and eggs of this species, in addition to its anatomi- 
cal characters, show its affinity with the Whip-poor-wills rather than 
the Nighthawks. It frequents shady thickets and copses (where these 
can be found), and when flushed dodges rapidly and silently among the 
bushes, but soon alights, only to repeat the short flight when again ap- 
proached. The eggs are deposited in such a situation, usually at the foot 
of a bush; the parent, when started from her eggs, makes no attempt to 
decoy one away, but flying a few yards alights to watch the intruder, 
frequently raising herself on her legs and nodding in a curious manner, 
uttering at the same time a low, whining sound. ‘Their notes are among 
the most characteristic night sounds of the Lower Rio Grande, and are 
constantly heard at evening during the summer months. They consist 
of a repeated whistle resembling the syllables ewhevw-whew-whew-whew- 
whe-e-e-e-e-w, much stress being laid upon the last, which is prolonged. 
The whole is soft and mellow, yet can be heard at a great distance. 
The preliminary «chews vary somewhat in number, and late in the season 
are often omitted altogether. The eggs are a rich creamy-buff color, 
sparingly marked with a deeper shade of the same and with lilac. 

Specimens average 1.25 by .92 inches. 

On the 15th of May, 1876, I found a set of eggs near camp at Hidalgo, 
and on returning in about fifteen minutes to secure the parent, who had 
disappeared among the thickets, I found that she had removed the eggs, 
although they had not been touched. At least two pairs breed annually 
within Fort Brown, part of the reservation affording them the shade 
and shelter they always seek. 


117. Antrostomus carolinensis, (Gmel.) 
A few taken during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 470.) 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 10 Oct. 2, i87s. 





146 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


118. Antrostomus vociferus, (Wils.) 
Rather uncommon in spring and autumn. 


119. Chordeiles popetue, (Vieill.) 
Appears to be a ratber rare visitant in spring and autumn.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.) 


120. Chordeiles popetue var. henryi, Cassin. 

Abundant during the summer months, arriving about the Ist of 
April, and leaving in September. Deposit their eggs near the edges 
of prairies. Specimens said by Ridgway to be smaller than typical 
henryi.—(C. henryit, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.) 


121. * Chordeiles acutipennis var. texensis, Lawr. 

Common summer visitor, arriving early in April. While var. henryi 
is usually found about prairies at some distance from houses, the pres- 
ent species is most plentiful just outsideof Brownsville, and I have tound 
several sets of eggs within the fort. These are usually deposited in ex- 
posed situations, among sparse chaparral, on ground baked almost as 
hard as brick by the intense heat of the sun. One set of eggs was placed 
ona small piece of tin, within a foot or two of a frequented path. The 
female sits close, and when flushed flies a few feet and speedily returns 
to its eggs. They make no attempt to decoy an intruder away. I have 
ridden up to within five feet of a female on her eggs, dismounted, tied 
my horse, and put my hand on the bird before she would move. This 
species is more strictly crepuscular than var. henryi or popetue, and is very 
seldom seen on the wing during the day. The notes are a mewing call, 
and a very curious cal] that is with difficulty described. It is somewhat 
like the distant and very rapid tapping of a large Woodpecker, accom- 
panied by a humming sound, and itis almost impossible to tell in what 
direction or at what distance the bird is that makes the noise. Both 
these notes are uttered on the wing or on the ground, and by both sexes. 
The eggs vary considerably, but exactly resemble the surface on which 
they are placed. The ground color is usually clay: some are very spar- 
ingly dotted with brown; others mottled with light-brown and obscure 
lilac; others still are so thickly marbled with brown and lilac on a dark 
ground as togive them a granite-like appearance. They average 1.07 
by .77.—(C. texensis, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 471.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 34.) 


122. Chzetura pelagica, (Linn.) 

Not uncommon during the migrations, arriving about March 20 and 
returning in September. : 
123. Trochilus colubris, Linn. 


Abundant during the spring and autumn migrations, but I was not 
able to satisfy myself that any remained to breed or to pass the winter, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 147 


though I have seen them as late as December 7 and as early as March 9.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 470.—SENNETT?, B. Rio Grande, 35.) 


124. Amazilia fuscicaudata. 


Trochilus fuscicaudatus, FRASER, P. Z.S. Feb. 11, 1840, 17 (Chachapoyas, Peru). 
Hylocharis fuscicaudatus, GRAY & Mircu., Genera B. I, 114, sp. 26. 
Saucerottia fuscicauda, REICHENB., Troch. Enum. 1855, 8, t. 696, figs. 4552-53. 

Trochilus riefferi, BourctER, Aun. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Lyon, 1843, 45; Rev. Zool. 

1843, 103 (Fusagasuga, New Granada). 

Amazilius riefferi, Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 78; Rev. Zool. 1854, 254.—Sct., 
P. Z. 8. 1856, 140; 1857, 16 (Bogota) ; 1859, 145 (Pallatanga, Ecuador). 

Amazilia riefferi, REICHENB., Ay. Syst. Nat. 1849, pl. 39; Aufz. der Colibr. 
1853, 10; Trochil. Enum. 1855, 8, t. 775, figs. 4798-’99.—GouLDb, Morog. 
Trochilid. V, 1853, pl. 311.—Scu., P. Z. 8. 1859, 145; 1860, 94 (New 
Granada), 283 (Babahoyo, Ecuador), 296 (Esmeraldas, Ecuador) ; 
Catal. Am. B. 1862, 314, No. 1878 (Coban, Vera Paz; Baranquilla, 
New Granada; Esmeraldas, Ecuador).—Scu. & SAtv., Ibis, 1859, 130 
(Guatemala); 1860, 40 (Duefias, Guatemala); 1864, 365 (Panama) ; 
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 92 (Mexico; Central America; New Granada; 
Ecuador).—Satvin, Ibis, 1860, 195, 270 (Coban, Vera Paz); P. Z.S. 
1867, 156 (Veragua) ; Ibis, 1872, 320 (Nicaragua).—WyattT, Ibis, 1871, 
378 (San Nicolas, New Granada; alt. 3,000 feet). 

Polytmus riefferi, GRAY & Mircu., Genera B. I, 1849, 108, No. 72.—Gray, 
Hand-list, I, 1869, 132, No. 1680 (S. Mexico; Guatemala; ‘Andes.’’— 
Subg. Amazili). 

Pyrrhophena riefferi, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 36.—GouLp, 
Introd. Trochilid. 1861, 158 (“Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and along 
the Andes to Ecuador”); P. Z.S. 1870, 803 (Citado, Eeuador).—LawRr., 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. Oct. 23, 1665, 184 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ib. IX, 
1868, 127 (Costa Rica); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 33 (Guichi- 
covi, Isth. Tehvantepec)—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Nov. 
1876, 88 (Ft. Brown, Texas, June, 1876; 2 specimens). 

Eranna riefferi, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 188 (New Granada). 

Trochilus aglaiw, Bourc. & Muts., Ann. Soc. Phys. Se. Lyon, 1846, 329; Rev. 

Zool. 1846, 316 (hab. incog.).—MULs., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch. I, ——, 319. 

Polytmus aglaiw, GRAY & Mircu., Genera B. I, 1849, 109, sp. 73. 

Amazilius aglaie, BONAP., Consp. I, 1850, 71. 

Saucerottia aglaiw, REICHENB., Aufz. der Colibr. 1853, 10. 

Chlorestes aglaiw, REICHENB., Troch. Enum. 1855, 4. 

Hemithylaca aglaiw, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 38, note 13. 
Ornismya amazili, DELATTRE, Echo du Monde Say. No. 45, June 15, 1843, col. 1069. 
“ Trochilus arsinoides, Sauc., in Mus. of Berlin ” (GOULD). 

Trochilus dubusi, Bourc., Soc. Agric. Lyon, 1852, 141. 

~ Amazilia dubusi, REICHENB., Aufz. der Colibr. 1853, 10; Trochil. Enum. 1855, 
8, pl. 778, figs. 4809-10 

Eranna dubusi, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 188 (Veragua; Guatemala; Costa 
Rica; 8. Mexico). 

Amazilius dubusi, BONAP., Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854, 254.—Sct., P. Z. 8. 
1856, 287 ; 1859, 386; 1860, 296. 

Pyrrhophena dubusi, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 36. 

Eranna jucunda, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 188 (Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador). 

Pyrrhophena sauvis, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 38 (Cartagena, New 

Granada). 
Eranna sauvis, HEINE, J. F. O. 1863, 188 (Cartagena). - 


Sp. cH.—Above metallic grass-green (varying to gulden-green), more 


148 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


bronzy on the crown and rump; longer upper tail-coverts cinnamon- 
rufous. Tail deep chestnut-rufous, the feathers tipped and edged for a 
greater or less distance from their ends with metallic. greenish-bronze, 
glossed with purple; wing-coverts metallic green, like the back; rest of 
the wing uniform dusky slate, with a distinct violet purple gloss in cer- 
tain lights. Side of the head bronzy-green, the lores bright cinnamon- 
rufous. Throat, jugulum, breast, andsides metallic green, most brilliant 
on the breast and jugulum, where bright emerald in certain lights, duller 
and more bronzy on the sides; throat-feathers grayish-white beneath 
the surface, this color showing wherever the feathers are disturbed. 
Abdomen pale mouse-gray; crissum deep cinnamon-rufous; anal tufts 
and thighs cottony-white. Bill reddish at the base for a greater or less 
distance (pale brownish in the dried skin), the terminal portion black- 
ish; feet blackish. Wing, 2.00-2.35; tail, 1.45-1.70; culmen, .70-.90. 
Sexes alike in color. Young similar to the adult, but with the plum- 
age duller, the ramp more extensively tinged with rufous and the fore- 
head washed with rusty. 

With very numerous specimens before me, representing various loca- 
lities, from Eastern Mexico to Guayaquil, Ecuador, I am unable to dis- 
cover any differences coincident with locality, even in specimens from 
the most remote districts. There is a considerable range of individual 
variation, involving the amount of blackness of the maxilla (some speci- 
mens having the upper mandible wholly biackish except the extreme 
base, while in others only the end is dark-colored), length of wing and 
bill, ete. These differences, however, appear to be purely individual, 
and not at all, so far as I can see, local.—R. R. 

The occurrence of this species within our limits was noted in the Bul- 
letin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, vol. i, p. 88.. I have nothing 

to add to the brief note there published. The specimen was captured 
by a soldier and brought to me. After describing the bird, I returned 
it to him, as he wished to keep it, but it escaped in a day or two. 

Found from Southern Texas to Ecuador. 


125. *Amazilia yucatanensis. 
Trochilus yucatanensis, CABOT, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. 1845, 74. (Yucatan.) 
Amazilia yucatanensis, GOULD, Monog. Trochilid. V, 1853, pl. 308.—MULs., 
Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouch. I, ——, 295. 
Pyrrhophena yucatanensis, GOULD, Introd. Troch. 1861, 157. 
Eranna yucatanensis, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 187 (Yucatan). 
Amazilius cerviniventris, GOULD, P. Z.S. June 10, 1856, 150 (Cordova, Mexico).— 
Sct., ib. 287 (Cordova); 1857, 17. 
Amazilia cerviniventris, GOULD, Monog. Troch. V, 1853, pl. 319 (Cordova).— 
ScL., Catal. Am. B. 1862, 314, No. 1877 (Tlacotalpam, S. Mexico).—Sc.. 
& Sarv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 92 (Mexico).—BoucarD, Catal. Avium, 1876, 
350, No. 10,966 (Yucatan).—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, II, Jan. 
1877, 26 (Fort Brown, Texas, Aug. 17, 1876).—Cours & SENNETT, Bull. 
U.S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, Feb. 1878, 35 (Browns- 
ville. Texas). ; 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 149 


Pyrrhophena cerviniventris, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. III, 1860, 56 
(note).—GouLp, Introd. Trochilid. 1861, 157 (Cordova). 

Eranna cerviniventris, HEINE, J. f. O. 1863, 187 (Cordova). 

Polytmus cerviniventris, GRAY, Hand-list, I, 1869, 132, No. 1079 (Mexico.— 
Subg. Amazili). 


Sp. coH.—Above metallic grass-green, varying to golden-green, duller 
on the crown and more bronzy on the upper tail-coverts, which are 
sometimes slightly tinged on the edges with rufous. Tail cinnamon- 
rufous, the intermediz more or less glossed with greenish-bronze (some- 
times entirely of this color); the other feathers bronze terminally, this 
color usually following the edge for a greater or less distance from the 
tip. Wing-coverts metallic grass-green, like the back; remainder of 
the wing uniform brownish-slate, with a very faint violet-purple gloss 
in certain lights. Throat, jugulum, and sides of the head and breast 
brilliant metallic-green, almost emerald in certain lights, the feathers 
dull white beneath the surface, thus breaking the continuity of the 
green, especially on the throat, where the feathers are broadly tipped 
with green. Rest of lower parts pale fawn-color, or dilute cinnamon- 
buff, deepest on the crissum ; sides glossed with bronze-green ; anal tufts 
and thighs cottony-white. Bill reddish (light brown in the dried skin), 
the terminal third blackish. Feet dusky. Wing, 2.15-2.20; tail, 1.50- 
1.60, depth of its fork about 0.20; culmen, 0.80. Sexes alike in colora- 
tion. 

Hazs.—Eastern Mexico, from the Rio Grande Valley (United States 
side) to Yucatan. 

The two examples in the National Collection (No. 24,873, Jalapa, and 
70,949, Fort Brown, Texas) differ in some minor details of coloration 
Thus, the former has the middle pair of tail-feathers entirely greenish- 
bronze, except a very small space on each web concealed by the longer 
upper tail-coverts; the bronzy ends of the other feathers are distinctly 
glossed with dark purple, and the outer pair of feathers have scarcely a 
trace of bronze at their ends. The latter specimen, on the other hand, 
has the basal two-thirds of the intermediz wholly rufous, the bronzy 
ends of the other feathers destitute of a purple gloss, and the outer pair 
of feathers very distinctly tipped with bronze and edged for their whole 
length with a darker shade of the same color. These differences, how- 
ever, are doubtless only individual, or, possibly, sexual. The Fort 
Brown specimen is a little the larger, but the difference in size is very 
slight. Neither bas the sex marked. 

I have not seen a specimen of the so-called “ yucatanensis, Cabot ”, but 
follow Mr. Elliot (MSS.) in considering it the same as the bird after- 
wards described by Mr. Gould as cerviniventris.—R. R. 

This Hummer, also new to the avifauna of the United States, and 
heretofore known only from Mexico, was first taken on the 17th of August, 
1876, and its capture noted in the Bulletin of January, 1877, p. 26. It 
proves to be an abundant summer visitor, and I have nowhere found 


150 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


it so abundant as on the military reservation at Fort Brown. Here it 
seems perfectly at home among the dense, tangled thickets, darting 
rapidly among the bushes and creeping vines, an is with difficulty 
obtained. A rather noisy bird, its shrill cries usually first attract one’s 
attention to its presence. A Hummer’s nest, undoubtedly made by this 
species, was found in September, 1877, within the fort. It was placed 
on the fork of a dead, drooping twig of a small tree on the edge of a 
path through a thicket: it was about seven feet from the ground, and 
contained the shrivelled body of a young bird. The nest is made of the 
downy blossoms of the tree on which it is placed, bound on the outside 
with cobwebs, and rather sparingly covered with lichens. Internally, 
it is somewhat less than one inch in depth by one-half inch in diameter. 
The external depth is one and one-half inch. 

Nov1E.—Besides these two species of Hummers actually taken, I have 
seen two others that are certainly new to our avifauna, but have not 
been able to capture them. One of these is a large, green species, with 
a long tail; the other, a very small bird, of a deep purplish-brown color. 


126. Geococcyx californianus, (Less.) 

This curious bird is abundant, and is a resident. Its food consists of 
insects, field-mice, small snakes, and snails. Of these latter, one spe- 
cies (a variety of Bulimulus alternatus) is very common, passing the dry 
season on bushes and cacti, and of this the bird is very fond. Quite 
large piles of the broken shells are constantly to be seen along the road- 
sides about some fallen branch on which the bird breaks them. Asa 
rule, the ‘“road-runner” is a silent bird, but occasionally it is heard to 
utter one of two notes. One is a “ kook-kook-kook-kook”, much like the 
call of the Yellow-billed Cuckoo, but louder, and usually heard during 
the breeding season. The other is a note of alarm or anger: it is a low, 
growling sound, accompanied by a chattering of the bill. The nests are 
usually placed in low, thorny bushes, and are thick, clumsy structures, 
with but a slight depression for the eggs. The latter appear to be 
deposited at intervals of several days, and a perfectly fresh egg is often 
found with one on the point of hatching. I have never found more than 
four eggs or young in one nest.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1565, 466.—SENNETT, 
B. Rio Grande, 36.) 


127. *Coccyzus americanus, (Linn.) 


Not uncommon summer visitor; breeding rather plentifully—(DREs- 
SER, Ibis, 1865, 467.—SENNET?T, B. Rio Grande, 38.) 


128. * Picus scalaris, Wagler. 

Common resident. In notes and habits, this little bird is so like the 
Downy Woodpecker that there is little to be said about it. Eighteen 
perfectly identified eggs now before me average .81 by .64, which is much 
less than the measurements given in Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, II, 
519.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 468.—SENNE! T, B. Rio Grande, 33.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 151 


129. Hylotomus pileatus, (Linn.) 

Late in May, 1876, I saw one specimen near Santa Maria, and have 
seen several holes that from their size were probably made by this 
bird.*—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 469.) 


MeEm.—Perhaps this was a Mexican species. 


130. * Centurus aurifrons, (Wagl.) 

This handsome Woodpecker is found abundantly, perhaps rather more 
so than P. scalaris. Its habits and mode of nesting do not differ from 
those of other Woodpeckers of the same size. In places where there is 
only low chaparral, the poles of the government telegraph line are 
completely riddled by this bird. The eggs are usually four in number, 
and are rather fragile; before they are blown, they are a beautiful shade 
of pink. Seven specimens average 1.03 by .76.—(SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 39.—C. flaviventris, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 469.) 


131. Strix flammea var. pratincola, Bon. 

This Owl seems to be a rather common resident. Near Hidalgo it 
breeds in holes in the banks of the Rio Grande, and in Brownsville 
a few nest in ruined buildings.—(S. pratincola, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 
330.—S. flammea americana, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 39.) 


132. Asio accipitrinus, (Pall.) 

During the latter part of January, 1877, a small gathering of these 
Owls frequented a patch of tall grass in an open field near Browns- 
ville.—(Brachyotus cassini, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 330.) 


133. Scops asio var. maccalli, Cass. 

Common resident. Near Hidalgo, on May 6, 1876, I captured a 
female of this race on her nest in an old hollow_stump about five feet 
from the ground. There were two eggs, nearly hatched, placed on a 
few chips at the bottom of the hole: these were of a dull white color 
with yellowish stains, and measure 1.40 by 1.15 and 1.39 by 1.13. The 
parent made an interesting pet for a few days, but finally escaped 
from my tent with ona of the pegs to which it had been tied.—(S. asio 
maccalli, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 39.—S. maccalli, DRESSER, Ibis, 
1865, 330.) 


134. Bubo virginianus, (Gmel.) 

Probably resident. I have seen them occasionally in deep woods, 
and on one occasion in a perfectly open prairie, miles from timber of 
any size.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 39.) 


135. Speotyto cunicularia var. hypogea, (Bon.) 

The Burrowing Owl is rather abundant during the winter months, 
but I do not tbink that any remain to breed.—(Athene hypogea, 
DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 330.) 


* This may possibly have been the Mexican species H. scapularis (Vigors).—R. R. 





152 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


136. Falco communis var. nevius, Gmel. 
Rather common on the prairies near the coast during winter.—(F. 
anatum, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.) 


137. Falco fusco-czrulescens, Vieill. 

Until recently but two specimens of this beautiful Falcon had been 
taken within the United States, one in New Mexico, the other in Texas. 

Daring 1876 and 1877, I had occasionally seen a Hawk that I felt 
confident was of this species, but did not succeed in obtaining any 
specimens. 

On the 16th of June of the latter year, I found a nest placed in 
the top of a low Spanish bayonet growing in Palo Alto prairie, about 
seven miles from Fort Brown. After waiting a long time, I wounded 
the female, but she sailed off over the prairie and went down among 
some tall grass, where she could not be found: the male did not come 
within gunshot, though he twice rose from the nest on my approach. 
The nest was a slightly depressed platform of twigs, with a little grass 
for lining. The eggs, three in number, were rotten, though containing 
well-developed embryoes. They measure 1.81 by 1.29, 1.77 by 1.33, and 
1.88 by 1.33 respectively. This set is now in Dr. Brewer’s collection. 

On May 7, 1878, a second nest was found within one hundred yards 
of the one just mentioned, and the parent secured. The nest in situa- 
tion and construction was precisely like the other, except that the 
yucca was higher, the top being about twelve feet from the ground. 
The eggs were three in number, all well advanced but one, with a 
dead embryo. They measure 1.78 by 1.34, 1.82 by 1.29, 1.73 by 1.32 ; the 
ground-color is white, but so thickly dotted with reddish-brown as to 
appear of that color; over these are somewhat heavier markings of 
deeper shades of brown. 

A single egg, without history, sent to me from Hidalgo, Texas, by 
Dr. S. M. Finley, U. S. A., measures 1.73 by 1.36: it is probably of 
this species, but its general appearance is much more reddish than 
either of the above sets. 

Since becoming more familiar with the habits of this Falcon, I have 
Several times observed it among yuccas and prickly pears on open 
prairies, and it is probably a not very uncommon summer resident in 
such places in this vicinity. 

Note.—The egg referred to by Dr. Merrill as without history presents 
a very interesting problem, only to be solved when eggs precisely 
Similar can be found with their parentage satisfactorily established. 
It may be an egg of femoralis, but is quite as likely to be something 
else. It resembles in the color and peculiarities of its markings no 
eggs of the femoralis I have ever seen. It has neither the beautiful 
vandyke-brown markings of the egg figured in my Odlogy, nor any 
of the more abundant raw-sienna dottings found in both the speci- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 153 


mens from the Pampas, and which is the only color present in the 
specimens identified by Dr. M. Instead, it is marked all over its surface 
with handsome spots and blotches of a deep reddish-buff, almost 
cinnamon in shade, completely obscuring the ground. Excepting in 
size, it most resembles an egg of Hierofalco islandicus.—T. M. B. 


138. Falco columbarius, Linn. 


Not uncommon during winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.—SENNETT, 
B. Rio Grande, 42.) 


139. Falco sparverius, Linn. 

Abundant from about the middle of September until the early part of 
April. All the specimens obtained were var. sparverius.—(SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 42.—Tinnunculus s., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.) 


140. *Polyborus cheriway, (Jacq.) 

A common resident, but more abundant in winter than in summer. 
This seems to be due to a partial migration, from the north, of birds in 
immature plumage, for the number of mature individuals does not seem 
tovary. I donot think that the perfect plumage is acquired for at least 
two years. I have but little to add to the many accounts already given 
of this bird, except to say that, at times at least, it is more active than 
some of the descriptions would lead one to infer. I have seen a Caracara 
chase a jackass-rabbit for some distance through open mesquite chapar- 
ra], and while they were in sight the bird kept within a few feet of the 
animal and constantly gained on it, in spite of its sharp turns and 
bounds. If one bird has caught a snake or field-mouse, its companions 
that may happen to see it at once pursue, and a chase follows very dif- 
ferent from what is seen among true Vultures. The nests are bulky 
platforms of smaJl branches, with a slight depression lined with fine 
twigs, roots, and grasses, or sometimes altogether without lining: they 
are placed in trees or on the tops of bushes, at no great height from the 
ground. Both sexes incubate. I have not found more than two eggs in 
one nest, and these are laid at an interval of three or four days. Eleven 
eggs average 2.28 by 1.84. The ground-color is a deep chocolate or red- 
dish-brown, more or less thickly covered with several darker shades of 
the same.—(P. tharus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 329.—P. tharus auduboni, 
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 42.) 


141. Blanoides forficatus, (Linn.) 

This beautiful bird I have observed on but few occasions, and do not 
think that it breeds in this immediate vicinity. Nothing can be more 
graceful than its movements when pursuing insects, and for such a large 
bird it is very active.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 42.—Nauclerus fur- ° 
catus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 325.) 


142. Hlanus leucurus, (Vieill.) 


Seen on a few occasions, but is rare. 


154 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


143. Circus hudsonius, (Linn.) 

Probably the most common species of Hawk during the winter 
months, arriving in September and leaving in April. A large propor- 
tion are in immature plumage.—(DRESSER, [bis, 1865, 328.—C. cyaneus 
hudsonius, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 40.) 


144. Nisus fuscus, (Gmel.) 
Found sparingly in winter.—(Accipiter f., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.) 


145. Nisus cooperi, (Bon.) | ; 
Like the last.—(Accipiter ¢., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 323.—SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 42.) 


146. Antenor unicinctus var. harrisi, (Aud.) 

Resident and quite abundant. In its habits, this bird resembles the 
Caracara Eagle, but is not so active. The nests are hardly distiuguish- 
able in situation or construction, and the two eggs are also deposited 
at an interval of three or four days. Six eggs average 2.08 by 1.62; 
they are dull bluish or yellowish-white, faintly stained with yellowish- 
brown.—(Cravirex unicinctus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 329.— Buteo unicine- 
tus harrisit, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 42.) 


147. Buteo pennsylvanicus, (Wils. ) 


Uncommon winter visitor.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 325.—SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 43.) 


148. Buteo swainsoni, Bon. 
Occurs sparingly in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.) 


149. Buteo borealis, (Gmel.) 


A pair seen January 10, 1877, near Fort Brown, seemed to approach 
var. kridert in the extent and purity of white beneath, although the 
subterminal band of black on the tail was very distinct. The birds 
sailed several times quite near me, and I had avery good view of 
them.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.) 


150. Buteo harlani, Aud. 


Karly in November, 1876, I observed a single specimen of this species 
sailing in easy circles at no great distance from the ground; but, not 
having my gun, I was unable to secure it.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 324.) 


151. Buteo albicaudatus.—The White-tailed Buzzard. 
Aquila coliblanca, AZARA, Apuns. I, 1803, 69. 
Buteo albicaudatus, VrEt..., Nouv. Dict. LV, 1816, 477 (ex AzaRa, l. c.). —STRICKL., 
Orn. Syn. I, 1855, 35.—Satvin, P. Z. S. 1870, 215 (Veragua). 

Tachytriorchis albicaudatus, SHARPE, Cat. Acc. Brit. Mus. I, 1874, 162. 
Craxirex albicaudatus, RipGw., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1875, 92. 
Buteo (Craxirex) albicaudatus, RipGw., t. c. 98 (monographic). 

Spizaétus leucurus, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. XXXII, 1819, 59. 
Buteo leucurus, Larr., Rev. Zool, 1849, 100. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 155 


Falco pterocles, TEMM., Pl. Col. I, 1823, pls. 56 (adult) and 139 (young). 
Buteo pterocles, Less., Man. I, 1828, 103.—Gray, Gen. B. I, 1849, 12; Hand- 
list, I, 1869, 8.—CaBan., in Schomb. Guiana, III, 1848, 739.—Kaup, 
Contr. Orn. 1850, 75 (subgen. Tachytriorchis).—BuRM., Th. Bras. II, 1855, 
49.—ScHLEG., Mus. P.-B. Buteones, 1°63, 13; Rev. Acc. 1873, 110.— 
PELZz., Orn. Bras. 1871,3, 396.—ScL. & Satv. P. Z. S. 1870, 782 (Andes 
of Merida, Venezuela); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 119 (Mexico to Brazil).— 
Lawe., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 41 (Tapanz, 8. Mexico, July).* 
Tachytriorchis pterocles, KAUP, Siiug. Vog. 1844, 123.— Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 
Ze 
Buteo albicauda, Less., Traité, 1831, 81, pl. 15, fig. 2.—PuCHERAN, Rev. et Mag. 
Zool. 1850, 214. 
Buteo tricolor, Hartu., Ind. Azara, 1847, 1 (nec D’ORB.) 
“Buteo erythronotus”, Scu., P. Z. S. 1859, 389 (Oaxaca) (nce King).—SaLviIn & 
Sci., Ibis, 1860, 401 (Antioquia, Guatemala.)—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
IX, 1868, 133 (San José and San Antonio, Costa Rica). 
“Buteo harlani” (supposed young), SHARPE, Cat. Acc. Brit. Mus.I, 1874, 191 
(= juv.t). . 


Has.—The whole of Middle America, north to the Lower Rio Grande 
Valley in Texas (on the eastern side), Colima (west coast), and the City 
of Mexico (central plateau); Eastern South America as far as Paraguay. 

Diagnosis.—Wing, 14.50-18.00; tail, 7.70-10.50; culmen, .95-1.05 ; tar- 
sus, 3.30-3.70; middle toe, 1.55-1.80. Form: Third quill longest; first 
intermediate between sixth and eighth. Tail even in adult, slightly 
rounded in young. Color: Adult, tail white (the lateral feathers much 
tinged with ash), crossed by a broad subterminal band of black; the 
white portion crossed by faint lines or narrow bars of plumbeous. Above 
dark plumbeous; rump and lower parts pure white; throat plumbeous- 
black or bluish-plumbeous. Flanks, rump, and lining of the wing 
usually faintly barred with ashy, dusky, or rufous. ¢: Lesser wing- 
coverts with a restricted patch of rufous on the anterior portion; longer 
scapulars strongly tinged with rufous. ¢: Rufous patch on lesser wing- 
covert region extended over nearly the whole of its area; longer scapu- 
lars scarcely tinged with rufous. Young: Tail hoary-grayish (the inner 
webs mostly white), growing gradually darker terminally, and passing 
narrowly into dull whitish or rufous at tip; crossed by numerous nar- 
row and very indistinct bars of darker, these growing gradually obsolete 
towards the base.t General color brownish-black, the lower parts more 
or less variegated (most conspicuously on the posterior portions and on 
middle of the breast) with ochraceous or whitish. 

Remarks.—The identity of specimens of the two plumages described 
in the diagnosis as “adult” and ‘“‘young” is proven by specimens in 
which part of the tail-feathers are of one plumage and part of the other. 
Such a specimen is in Mr. Lawrence’s collection from the City of Mexico. 

The older individuals in the immature dress are colored as follows :— 
Tail hoary ash, growing darker terminally, and passing narrowly into 





* Tris hazel-brown ; cere greenish; fe t yellow. 
t Fide SALVIN, Ibis, October, 1874, 314. 
t These bars are sometimes entirely obsolete on the outer webs. 


156 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


brownish-white at the tip—the inner webs mostly white; the terminal 
half with just discernible obscure bars of darker, these becoming gradu- 
ally obsolete on the basal half; sometimes they are entirely obsolete for 
the full length of the outer webs. Upper tail-coverts pure white, usually 
immaculate, but sometimes barred; inner webs of primaries ashy, the 
two or three outer ones more whitish, and sometimes barred with dusky. 
In males, the middle of the breast, the tibiz, and crissum are usually 
ochraceous, irregularly spotted with brownish-black. 

The darker-colored individuals in this stage are distinguishable from | 
the dark examples of the young of B. swainsoni only by the very much 
stouter and longer tarsi. 

The adults vary but little. The white of the jugulum usually reaches 
forward medially into the plumbeous of the throat, and in one (4 ad., 
Tehuantepec, Mexico; Sumichrast) it extends—interruptedly, however— 
to the chin. Another male from the same locality has the scapulars 
almost entirely rufous, with black shaft-streaks. The white of the lower 
parts in the adult is of a pureness and continuity strikingly character- 
istic of this species. 

A very young specimen from Paraguay has the tail more brownish, 
more distinctly barred, and more ochraceous on the tip; the upper tail- 
coverts are ochraceous, marked’ with broad crescentic bars of blackish, 
and the upper parts generally are variegated with ochraceous. 

The specimen collected by Dr. Merrill (No. 74,464) is an adult male in 
fine plumage. It agrees strictly with Mexican examples of correspond- 
ing sex and age. Dr. M. furnishes the following notes on this specimen :— 
“Length, 19.20; extent, 47.40; wing, 15.30; tail, 7.20. Feet and legs 
yellow; cere greenish yellow; tip of bill dark, basal half bluish green ; 
iris brown.” 

Material examined.—United States National Museum, 13; Museum of 
the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 6; Museum of G. N. 
Lawrence, Esq., 1; other specimens,* 4. Total number of specimens ex- 
amined, 24. 














Measurements. 
seca Wing. Tail. Culmen. Tarsus. Middle toe. | Specimens. 
Co ad. 16. 30—16. 70 7.50— 9.00 - 95—1.1 3. 30—3, 55 1. 60—1. 80 5 
o juv. 14. 50—16. 75 8. 60— 8.75 1.02—.... 3. 30—3. 60 1. 55—L. 65 3 
2 ad. 17,.75— . 8, 25—._ 2... 1. 00—.-... 3. GO—. - - 1.75—.... 1 
Q juv. 17. 00O—17. 75 8. 40—10. 30 - 95—1 05 3. 30—3. 70 1, 60—1. 80 3 





This fine Hawk is a rather common resident on the extensive prairies 
near the coast, especially about the sand ridges that are covered with 
yucea and cactus. Its habits appear to be like those of the allied spe- 
cies of Prairie Hawks. On the 2d of May, 1878, I found two nests, each 





* These are specimens collected on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec by Prof. F. Sumi- 
chrast, and not entered in the Register of the National Museum. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 157 


placed in the top of a yucca growing in Palo Alto prairie, about seven 
miles from the fort. The nests were not more than eight feet from 
the ground, and were good-sized platforms of twigs, with scarcely any 
lining. While examining these nests, the parents sailed in circles over- 
head, constantly uttering a cry much like the bleating of a goat. Each 
nest contained one egg. The first was quite fresh, and measures 2.35 
by 1.91. It is of a dirty-white color, with a few reddish blotches at the 
smaller end. The second egg was partly incubated. It resembles the 
first one, but the reddish blotches are rather sparsely distributed over 
the entire egg. It measures 2.35 by 1.85. 


152. Rhinogryphus aura, (Linn.) 

Very common at all seasons. Deposits its eggs on the ground, some- 
times on the open prairie; at others, in more or less dense chaparral.* 
—(Cathartes a., DRESSER, Ibis, 1865, 322.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 
44.) 


153. Catharistes atratus, (Bart.) 

About as common as the preceding species, and, like it, breeds on the 
ground. I have not heard of either species building in trees here, as 
they are said to do in other parts of Texas.—(Cathartes a., DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1865, 322.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 45.) 


154. Columba flavirostris, Wag]. 

This large and handsome Pigeon is found in abundance during the 
summer months, arriving in flocks of fifteen or twenty about the last 
week in February. Though not very uncommon about Fort Brown, it is 
much more plentiful a few miles higher up the river, where the dense 
woods offer it the shade and retirement it seeks. Three nests foundina 
grove of ash-trees, on the bank of the Rio Grande, near camp at Hidalgo, 
were frail platforms of twigs, such as are usually built by other Pigeons. 
Each contained one egg. It would appear from Mr. Sennett’s observa- 
tions, which are more complete than mine, that this Pigeon rarely, if ever, 
lays more than one egg. These are of a pearly whiteness, and average 
1.50 by 1.08. Both sexes incubate. <A perfectly fresh speeimen has the 
soft parts as follows :—Terminal half of bill pale horn-color; basal half 
light pink; margin of eyelids and a ring near its base deep pinkish-red ; 
iris bright orange-yellow, lighter yellow at pupillary margin; legs and 
feet vivid purplish-red.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 23.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 45.) 


155. * Melopelia leucoptera, (Linn.) 

Very common during the summer months. The nests as a rule are 
smaller and more frail than those of the Carolina Dove, and the eggs 
have a decided creamy tinge, which is rarely lost after blowing, at least 


~ [have looked carefully for 2. burrovianus, but without success, although Mr, Dresser 
(Ibis, 1865, p. 322) states that he has seen it on Palo Alto prairie, not more than seven 
miles from the fort. 


158 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


not for months. Thirty-four eggs average 1.17 by .88; extremes 1.30 by 
.95 and 1.05 by .80. The note is a deep, sonorous coo, frequently repeated, 
and heard at a great distance.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 24.—SENNETT, 
B. Rio Grande, 47.) 


156. * Zenzedura carolinensis, (Linn. ) 

Although this species is found throughout the year, it is decidedly 
uncommon during the winter months; probably not more than 5 per cent. 
or less remain at that season. One habit noticed here I have not seen 
mentioned before,—that of occasionally occupying old nests of the Great- 
tailed Grackle for their second brood.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 24.—SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 47.) 


157. * Chamepelia passerina, (Linn.) 


Quite abundant, particularly in summer. The small and rather com- 
pact nests are placed on the horizontal branch of a stout bush or tree, 
and are lined with a few straws. On one occasion, I found the eggs ina 
roughly made nest on the ground on the edge of a prairie.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 24.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 48.) 


158. *#ichmoptila albifrons. 


Z[enaida] amabilis, McCatu, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1851, 220 (between Mata- 
moras and Camargo). 

“Leptoptila albifrons, Gray, List Spec. Brit. Mus. p. 15.”—Bonap., Consp. II, 
1855, 74.—Scu., P. Z.S. 1859, 363 (Jalapa); 1860, 289 (Babahoyo, Ecua- 
dor) ; 1864, 178 (City of Mexico); 1870, 838 (Honduras).—S CL. & SALv., 
Ibis, 1859, 222 (Duefias, Guatemala); P.Z.S 1864, 370 (Gnatemula; 1'u- 
nama) ; 1862, 60 (Mexico; Guatemala) ; 1870, 838 (coast of Honduras) ; 
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 133.—Lawr., Pr. Boston Soc. 1871, — (Tres Marias 
Islands, W. Mexico; common. Vulg.: ‘ Paloma”); Mem. Boston Soe. 
II, 1874, 305 (Mazatlan; Tres Matias; habits); Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
No. 4, 1876, 44 (Isth. Tehuantepec. “ Iris orange; bill black; bare or- 
bital space bluish; feet carmine ”).—CovugEs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
Il, July, 1877, 82 (Hidalgo, Texas, April 18, 1877; not uncommon; 
breeding). 

Achmoptila albifrons, CouUES & SENNETT, Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. 
Terr. vol. iv, No. 1, 1878, 49 (Hidalgo, Texas). 

Peristera albifrons, BoNAP., Consp. II, 1855, 74 (Mexico; ‘* Cuba”; ‘‘ Colum- 
bia”; ‘‘ Carthagena”).—Gray, Hand-list, II, 1870, 242 (Mexico. Subg. 
Leptotila). 

“ Peristera brachyptera, GRAY, MSS.” (SCLATER). 


[A good description of this species having already been given by Dr. 
Coues in Mr. Sennett’s paper, I give here only a list of references, mostly 
additional to those already published.—R. R.] 

This Pigeon is not rare in the vicinity of Fort Brown, but is shy 
and not very often seen. I can give nothing very definite in regard to 
its habits. The only nest I have found was taken on June 8, 1878, on 
the government reservation. It was about seven feet from the ground, 
supported by the dense interlacing tendrils of a hanging vine growing 
on the edge of a thicket. The eggs, two in number, were quite fresh. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 159 


They measure 1.16 by .86 and 1.19 by .89. They are much like eggs of 
M. leucoptera, but have a strong olive-buff instead of a creamy-buff tinge. 


159. Ortalida vetula var. maccalli, Baird. 


The Chachalac, as the present species is called on the Lower Rio Grande, 
is one of the most characteristic birds of that region. Rarely seen at 
any distance from woods or dense chaparral, they are abundant in those 
places, and their hoarse cries are the first thing heard by the traveller 
ou awaking in the morning. During the day, unless rainy or cloudy, 
the birds are rarely seen or heard ; but shortly before sunrise and sun- 
set, they mount to the topmost branch of a dead tree, and make the woods 
ring with their discordant notes. Contrary to almost every description 
of their cry I have seen, it consists of three syllables, though occasion- 
ally a fourth is added. When one bird begins to ery, the nearest bird 
joins in at the second note, and in this way the fourth syllable is made; 
but they keep such good time that it is often very difficult to satisfy 
one’s self that this is the fact. I cannot say certainly whether the female 
utters this cry as well as the male, but there is a well-marked anatomical 
distinction in the sexes in regard to the development of the trachea. In 
the male, this passes down outside the pectoral muscles, beneath the 
skin, to within about one inch of the end of the sternum; it then doubles 
on itself, and passes up, still on the right of the keel, to descend within the 
thorax in the usual manner. This duplicature is wanting in the female. 
These birds are much hunted for the Brownsville market, though 
their flesh is not particularly good, and the body is very small for the 
apparent size of the bird. Easily domesticated, they become trouble- 
somely familiar, and are decided nuisances when kept about a house. 
Beyond Ringgold Barracks, this species is said to become rare, and soon 
to disappear; and it probably does not pass more than fifty miles to the 
north of the Rio Grande. The nests are shallow structures, often made 
entirely of Spanish moss, and are placed on horizontal limbs a few feet 
from the ground. The eggs, commonly three in number, are about the 
size and shape of common hens’ eggs; they are of a buffy-white, and 
are roughly granulated ; they average about 2.18 by 1.55.—(O. maccalli, 
DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 24.—0O. vetula, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 50.) 

160. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. 

Found in abundance in all suitable localities, but not in the immediate 
vicinity of the fort; birds taken here present the characters of var. 
mexicana well developed. Two eggs taken near Hidalgo by Mr. G. B. 
Senuctt, and presented to me, are quite unlike; one measures 2.41 by 1.84, 
and in color and markings is like a typical egg of the domestic turkey ; 
the other egg, 2.33 by 1.72, is of a pale creamy-white, the spots being few 
and very pale.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 25.—SENNET’, B. Rio Grande, 53.) 
161. Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta, Ridgw. 

Iam informed by a person perfectly familiar with the bird that the 
Prairie Chicken is occasionally seen on the prairies about Miradores 


160 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ranch, which is about thirty miles north of the fort and a few miles 
from the coast. This is probably about the southernmost point in the 
range of the bird.—(C. cupido, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 26.) 


162. *Ortyx virginiana var. texana, Lawr. 

The Texan Quail is very common, and in its habits resembles the 
Eastern Quail in all respects, except that it does not lie well to a dog. 
They are with difficulty flushed, but run at once into chaparral, from 
which it is almost impossible to dislodge them. The only nest I sue- 
ceeded in finding was at the foot of a small stump, surrounded by a 
small, but dense, growth of offshoots; the nest was rather elaborately 
built of grasses, and was well domed. On the 21st of May, it contained 
sixteen fresh eggs. These average 1.15 by .95, the extremes being 1.18 
by .95 and 1.12 by .92. Four odd eggs from different nests are rather 
larger than this average.—(O. texanus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 27.—0. 
virginiana tecana, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 53.) 


163. Callipepla squamata, (Vigors.) 

This beautiful Partridge is found in great abundance at Ringgold 
Barracks about 120 miles from Fort Brown, but does not come very 
much farther down tbe river. Hidalgo is about the limit of their range 
in this direction, though on September 13, 1877, I killed one within two 
miles of the fort. This was one of a covey and the only one flushed, 
and I did not recognize it until I picked it up; the others were not 
distinctly seen, but were probably of the same species.—(DRESSER, 
Abis, 1866, 28.) 

164. Aigialitis vocifera, (Linn.) 

Common resident.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 33.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 53.) 

165. Agialitis wilsonia, (Ord.) 

Resident, breeding rather abundantly along the coast.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 34.) 

166. Hematopus palliatus, Temm. 

Breeds on Padre and Brazos Islands.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 34.— 
SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 53.) 

167. Strepsilas interpres, (Linn.) 


The Turnstone is found on the coast and adjacent lagoons throughout 
the year, and I feel confident that it breeds in spite of the latitude. Dur- 
ing May and June pairs in full plumage may daily be seen in the same 
localities.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 34.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 54.) 





168. Recurvirostra americana, Gm. 


Common during winter, a few pairs remaining to breed.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 35.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 54.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 161 


169. Himantopus mexicanus, (Miiller.) 

Common resident. Breeds in the marshes about the middle of May, 
making its nests on wet grassy flats and laying three or four eggs. The 
nests are platforms of straw and grasses, often wet, and barely keeping 
the eggs out of the water. Twenty-two eggs average 1.75 by 1.19, the 
extremes being 1.88 by 1.25 and 1.60 by 1.10.—(HZ. nigricollis, DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 35.—SENNETT, Bb. Rio Grande, 54.) 


170. Gallinago wilsoni, (Temm.) 

Plentiful during the winter, though the great majority go farther 
south. The time of their arrival in the autumn is uncertain. In 1876, 
the first were shot on the 18th of September, and they soon became 
abundant; this was said to be at least a month earlier than usual. In 
1877, the main flight arrived on the 28th of November, during a cold and 
wet ‘‘norther ”.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 36.) 


171. Macrorhamphus griseus, (Gmel.) 
Common from September until April.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 36.) 


172. Tringa alpina var. americana, Cass. 

On May 16, 1877, I found the Red-backed Sandpiper rather common 
about some lagoons in the salt marshes; the males were in full breed- 
ing plumage. 

173. Tringa bairdii, Coues. 


Two females taken March 30, 1876, on a sand-bar in the river. 


174. Tringa maculata, Vieill. 

Common during the migrations, returning in the latter part of July. 
They do not seem to pass the winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 36.—SEN- 
NETT, L. Rio Grande, 55.) 

175. Tringa fuscicollis, Vieill. 
Common in winter. 
176. Triniga minutilla, Vieill. 

Common in winter.—(Tringa wilsont, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 37.) 
177. Calidris arenaria, (Linn.) 

Common in winter on Padre and Brazos Islands, where I have also 
seen it in July. 

178. Ereunetes pusillus, (Linn.) 
Common in winter.—(L. petrificatus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 37.) 


179. Micropalama himantopus, (Bonap.) 
October 13, 1877.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 37.) 


180. Actiturus bartramius, (Wils.) 
This species arrives in small flocks about the second or third week in 
March, and is found abundantly on the grassy prairies. On its arrival 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——11 Oct. 2 i878. 


162 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


in spring, it is in poor condition, and soon goes farther north, though a 
few linger until about May 10. Late in July some reappear, and by the 
first of September they are abundant ; by the middle of this month, they 
begin to leave, and few are seen or heard after the first week in October.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 38.X—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.) 


181. Tryngites rufescens, (Vieill.) 

The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is found in the same localities and at 
the same seasons as the Upland Plover, which it closely resembles in 
habits, but is much less shy and suspicious.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 39.) 


182. Limosa fedoa, (Linn.) 

Taken in spring and autumn.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 39.—SENNETT, 
B. Rio Grande, 55.) 

183. Symphemia semipalmata, (Gmel.) 

Breeds rather plentifully in suitable localities. Four eggs, somewhat 
advanced in incubation, were found on May 2, 1877, placed on a few 
grass-blades under a weed in a dry part of the marsh. Two of the eggs 
were broken by the carriage-wheel ; the others measure 2.06 by 1.52 and 
2.05 by 1.50. I donot think that any remain during winter.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 37.—Totanus s., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.) 


184. Gambetta melanoleuca, (Gmel.) 

Abundant during the migrations, many passing the winter bere.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 38.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.) 
185. Gambetta flavipes, (Gmel.) 

Like the last, but perhaps less common in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1866, 38.) 
186. Numenius longirostris, Wils. 


Common during winter, many remaining to breed on the partially 
dry marshes near the coast. Found recently fledged young June 16.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 40.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 55.) 


187. Numenius borealis, (Forst.) 
Common during the migrations, some passing the winter.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 40.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 56.) 


188. Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus, Borck. 
Not rare in winter.—(C. virginicus, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 33.) 


189. Tringoides macularius, (Linn.) 
Rather rare in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 38.) 


190. Tantalus loculator, Linn. 


On the 10th of April, 1876, I saw a pair of these birds on the edge of 
a shallow lagoon near Fort Brown.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 163 


191. Plegadis guarauna, (Gm.) 


Resident, but much more common in summer than in winter. On the 
16th of May, 1877, Mr. G. B. Sennett and I visited a large patch of tulé- 
reeds growing in a shallow lagoon, about ten miles from the fort, in 
which large numbers of this Ibis and several kinds of Herons were 
breeding. ‘The reeds covered an area of perhaps seventy-five acres or 
less, growing in water three or four feet in depth. Irregular channels 
of open water traversed the reeds here and there, but the bottom was 
comparatively firm, and there was little difficulty in wading in any 
direction. Besides the Ibises, the Great and Little White Egrets, Lou- 
isiana and Night Herons, and several other birds were breeding here. 
Often nests of all these species were placed within a few feet of each 
other, but there was a tendency towards the different kinds forming 
little nesting groups of ten or fifteen pairs. The reeds grew about six 
feet above the surface of the water, and were either beaten down to 
form a support for the nests, or dead and partly floating stalks of the 
previous year were used for that purpose. 

It was impossible to estimate the number of the Ibises and different 
Herons nesting here. On approaching the spot, many would be seen 
about the edges of the lagoon or flying to or from more distant feeding 
grounds, but upon firing a gun a perfect mass of birds arose, with a noise 
like thunder, from the entire bed of reeds, soon to settle down again. 

Both nests and eggs of the Ibises were quite unlike those of any of the 
Herons, and could be distinguished at a glance. The nests were made 
_ of broken bits of dead tulés, supported by and attached to broken and 
upright stalks of living ones. They were rather well and compactly 
built, and were usually well cupped, quite unlike the clumsy platforms 
of the Herons. The eggs were nearly always three in number, and at 
this date were far advanced in incubation; many nests contained young 
of allsizes. Fifty eggs now before me average 1.95 by 1.35, the extremes 
being 2.20 by 1.49 and 1.73 by 1.29; they are decidedly pointed at the 
smaller end, and are of a deep bluish-green color. 

On May 7 of the following year, I revisited this heronry, but there were 
no nests, and very few Ibises or Herons were to be seen. I am inclined 
to think that they moved to some other part of the extensive prairie, in 
several parts of which were beds of reeds similar to the one above 
described, but I was prevented by sickness from making any further 

investigations. 

The young, when first hatched, are clothed in blackish down; the bill 
is whitish, with dusky base. When nearly fledged, the wings and back 
have a very marked metallic lustre; the base of bill, with terminal one- 
fourth inch and a two-fifths inch median band, black; the intervening 
portions pinkish-white.—(Zbis ordi, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.—Falcinel- 
lus g., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 56.) 


164 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


192. Ibis alba, (Linn.) 
A few observed at all seasons, but I was unable to find any locality 
where they nested.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 166, 32.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 


58.) 


193. Platalea ajaja, Linn. 
Not rare, but more common near the coast. It must breed in the 
vicinity.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 33.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 58.) 


194. Ardea herodias, Linn. 
Common resident. Found nesting abundantly on Padre Island by 
Mr. Sennett.—{DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 58.) 


195. Herodias egretta, (Gm.) 

Common resident, but more plentiful in summer. Breeds abundantly 
in the same locality as the preceding species. The nests, as a rule, 
were distinguishable by their large size; the eggs and young were also 
quite characteristic. Twelve eggs average 2.14 by 1.54.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 59.) 


196. Garzetta candidissima, (Jacq.) 

Abundant during the summer, a few passing the winter. Breeds in 
great numbers. Its nest and eggs are only to be confounded with those 
of the succeeding species.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 59.) 


197. Hydranassa tricolor, (Miill.) 

Common summer visitant. I do not think that any are found here 
during winter. In visiting the heronry already referred to, the Louisi- 
ana Heron was found in abundance. The birds seemed more shy in 
leaving their nests than the two preceding. The nests and eggs closely 
resembled those of the Little White Egret, and could not be positively 
identified without seeing the parent; but, as a rule, the nests were 
smaller, and the eggs a little larger and of a deeper shade.—(SENNETT, 
B. Rio Grande, 60.—Demiegretta ludoviciana, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.) 


198. Dichromanassa rufa, (Bodd.) 

Not uncommon during the summer. In the latter part of March, 1878, 
Mr. Sennett found this species breeding in large numbers on Padre 
Island. The nests were placed on low prickly pears or on the ground.— 
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 60.—Demiegretta rufa, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 
31.—Demiegretta pealii, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.) 


199. Florida cerulea, (Linn.) 
Seen throughout the year, but most abundantly in summer. Breeds on 
Padre Island.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 31.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) 


200. Nyctiardea grisea var. nevia, (Bodd.) 
Rather common resident, but many go farther south in winter. 
Found breeding with the other species among the tulés, but in fewer 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 165 


numbers. The nests differed from those of the others by twigs and 
small branches being generally used in their construction, which must 
have been brought from a considerable distance. They were but slightly 
above the surface of the water, and most of the nests contained nearly 
(fledged young.—W. gardeni, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.—N. navia, SEN- 
NETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) 


201. Nyctherodius violaceus, (Linn.) 


Rather uncommon. Probably breeds at no great distance, but I found 
no nests.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) 


202. *Butorides virescens, (Linn.) 

Common in summer, but rare in winter. Several pairs breed within 
Fort Brown, placing their nests on horizontal branches of mesquite-trees. 
Several sets average 1.49 by 1.15.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 32.) 


203. Botaurus lentiginosus, (Montag.) 

Occurs in moderate numbers during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1866, 32.) 
204. Ardetta exilis, (Gmel.) 

A few pairs were seen in the heronry already referred to. No nests 


were found, but the birds unquestionably breed there.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1866, 32.—SENNETT, BL. Rio Grande, 61.) 


205. Grus americana, (Linn.) 

Not rare, especially on the prairies near the coast. I do not think 
that either species of Crane breeds in this neighborhood.—(DRESSER, 
Ibis, 1866, 30.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) 


206. Grus canadensis, (Linn.) 

Decidedly more abundant than the White Crane during the winter 
months, and not so shy.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 30.) 
207. Pcrzana carolina, (Linn.) 

Common during the migrations. I am quite positive that a few pairs 
breed near here in suitable localities —(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 40.) 
208. Gallinula galeata, (Licht.) 

Parents and eggs obtained on the 16th of May among beds of reeds.— 
(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 61.) 
209. Ionornis martinica, (Linn. ) 

Doubtless breeds, for I have taken young birds in September that 
were scarcely able to fly —(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 41.) 


210. Fulica americana, Gm. 

Very common resident. Breeds among patches of tulés, making a 
rather bulky platform of bits of dead reeds scarcely raised above the 
surface of the water. Fourteen is the greatest number of eggs I have 
found in one nest.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 40.—SENNETT, L. Rio 
Grande, 62.) 


166 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family PARRIDA: The Jacanas. 


Parrida, “SEtys, 1842”.—Gray, Hand-list, III, 1871, 69.—Sci. & Sarv., Nom. Neotr. 
1873, viii, 142.—BovucanpD, Cat. Av. 1876, IX, 11. 

< Rallide, Vicors (fide GRAY).—LILLJEBORG, P. Z. 8. 1866, 17. 

= Parrine, Gray, List Genera B. 1840, —; 2d ed. 1841, 91 (< Palamedeidaw).—GRAY & 
Mirci., Genera B. 4to, III, 1849, 588 (< Palamedeidw); Genera and Subg. 1855, 
119 (< Palamedeidw).—LILLJEBORG, P. Z. 8. 1866, 17 ( < Rallide). 

< Palamedecide, Gray, l.c. 

< Gallinulide, Buas. (fide GRAY). 


Cu.—Small-sized wading birds, combining the general appearance of 
Rails and Plovers, but differing from either in the remarkable and ex- 
cessive elongation of the toes and claws, the latter nearly straight and 
much compressed, that of the hallux much longer than its digit and 
slightly recurved. 

The above brief diagnosis is sufficient to distinguish the Jacanas from 
all other wading birds. Their nearest allies appear to be the Plovers, 
from which they differ chiefly in the character of the feet, as pointed 
out above. The single American genus Parra, Lath., is further charac- 
terized by the presence of leaf-like lobes at the base of the bill, and a 
sharp, conical spur projecting from the inside of the bend of the wing, 
in the possession of which features they present a striking analogy to 
certain Plovers, as the genera Lobivanellus, Strickl., and Hoplopterus, 
Bonap. The genus Parra, of which there are several species, all Ameri- 
can,* is characterized as follows :— 


Genus PARRA, Linneus. 


< Jacana, Briss., Orn. V,1760,121. Type, Parra jacana, Auct. (Includes Hydralector, 
Wagl., and Metopodius, Wag).) 

< Gallinula, Ray (fide GRAY). 

< Parra, Linn., 8. N. I, 1766, 259. Type, P. dominica, Linn.,= Lobivanellus brissoni, 
(Wagl.)! (Includes also Chauna and Jacana.)—LatuaM, Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 762. 
Type, P. jacana, Linn. (Includes Hydrophasianus, Wagl., Chauna, Illiger, and 
Metopodius, Wagl.)—Gray, Hand-list, III, 1871, 69 (subg. Parra). 

= Parra, Gray, List Genera, 2d ed. 1841, 91; Gen. and Subg. 1855, 119, No. 1976.— 
Gray & Mitcu., Genera B. III, 1849, 288.—Sct., P. Z. S. 1856, 282 (synopsis of 
species).—Scu. & Saty., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 142 (list of species) —BoucaRD, Cat. 
Ay. 1876, 11 (list of species). 


Cu.—Remiges normal. Rectrices much abbreviated, very soft, entirely 
concealed by the tail-coverts. Forehead with large, leaf-like lobe, free 
laterally and posteriorly, adhering centrally and anteriorly; rictus orna- 
mented by a smaller lobe (rudimentary in P. gymnostoma). 

The above characters are chiefly those which distinguish the Ameri- 
can genus Parra from its Old World allies Hydrophasianus,+ Metopo- 





*For a synopsis of the species of this genus, see Sclater “On the American Genus 
Parra”, in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1856, p. 282. 
+“ Hydrophasianus, Wagler, 1832.” Type, H. chirurgus (Scopoli). 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 167 


dius,* and Hydralector.t I am unable to state in just what essential 
particuiars the two latter differ from Parra, never having seen speci- 
mens of any species of either form. The first, however, differs very 
widely in the great development of the rectrices, of which the inter- 
mediz are excessively elongated; in the curious attenuation of the 
primaries, which are, moreover, of very unequal length, and in the entire 
absence of lobes about the base of the bill. These characters I have 
drawn from figures of the single species, H. chirurgus (Scopoli), not hav- 
ing seen the bird itself. 

In addition to the generic characters given above, the following also 
may be mentioned :— 

Bill somewhat Plover-like in form, the basal half with the upper and 
lower outlines nearly parallel and decidedly approximated, the terminal 
half of the culmen strongly convex, the gonys nearly straight, and 
decidedly ascending terminally; nostrils small, horizontal, elliptical, 
situated about half-way between the anterior angle of the eye and the 
tip of the bill. Primaries 10, reaching to the tips of the tertials, the 
three outer quills longest and nearly equal, their inner webs slightly 
narrowed near the end. Tarsus and bare portion of the tibia covered 
by a continuous frontal and posterior series of transverse scutella, these 
sometimes fused into continuous sheaths; middle toe (exclusive of its 
claw) about equal to the tarsus (sometimes a little shorter); outer toe 
equal to the middle toe, but its claw a little shorter; inner toe a little 
shorter than the outer, but its claw considerably longer; hallux about 
equal to the basal phalanx of the middle toe, but its claw reaching nearly, 
if not quite, to the end of the middle toe. 


211. Parra gymnostoma. 

Parra gymnostoma, WaAGLER, Isis, 1831, 517.—Sct., P. Z. S. 1856, 283 (S. Mexico 
to New Granada. Diagnosis and synonymy); 1857, 206 (Jalapa).— 
Sci. & SaLy., Ibis, 1859, 231 (Belize, Honduras; Peten, Guatemala) ; 
Nom. Neotr. 1873, 142.—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 315 (Honduras).—SaLvIn, 
Ibis, 1870, 116 (Costa Rica); P. Z. S. 1870, 218 (Costa Rica).—Lawer., 
Mem. Boston Soe. II, 1874, 312 (Mazatlan, Manzanillo Bay, Zacatula R., 
and Rio de Coahuyana, W. Mexico. Habits. Descr. nest and eggs) ; 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 50 (Isth. Tehuantepec).—MERRILL, 
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, I, Nov. 1876, 88 (Ft. Brown, Texas; 1 pair; 
August). 

Parra cordifera, LESS., Rev. Zool. 1842, 135 (Acapulco, Descer. adult).—DEs 
Mors, Icon. Orn. 1845, pl. 42. 


Sp. cH.—Adult: Wing, 4.50-5.40; culmen, 1.15-1.40; tarsus, 1.90- 
2.35; middle toe, 1.85-2.25.¢ Head, neck, jugulum, and extreme an- 
terior portion of the back uniform black, with a faint silky glossy-green 
gloss below. Rest of the plumage mainly uniform rich purplish chest- 
nut, with a faint purple gloss, brightest or most rufescent on the wings, 





* Metopodius, Wagler, 1832.” Type, Parra africana, Lath., fide Gray. 
t “ Hydralector, Wagler, 1832.” Type, Parra cristata, Vicill., fide Gray. 
t Extremes of, thirteen examples. 


168 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


more purplish on the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, and of a rich 
dark purplish maroon shade on the breast and sides; anal region, tibiz, 
and crissum duller and more grayish. Remiges (except the tertials) pale 
yellowish pea-green, bordered terminally with dull dusky, this border 
very narrow, and strictly terminal on the secondaries, but broader and 
involving more or less of both edges of the quills on the primaries, where 
it increases in extent to the outer quill, which has the entire outer web 
blackish ; alule and primary coverts dull blackish. Tail-feathers uni- 
form rich chestnut. ‘Iris dark brown; bill, alar spurs, and frontal leaf, 
bright yellow; upper base of bill bluish white, the space between it and 
the nasal leaf bright carmine; feet greenish” (Sumichrast, MS., fide 
Lawr., Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, p. 50). 

Young: Frontal leaf rudimentary. Pileum grayish-brown, bordered 
on each side by a wide and conspicuous superciliary stripe of buffy 
white, extending to the occiput; below this stripe, another narrower 
one of black or dusky, beginning at the posterior angle of the eye and 
extending along the upper edge of the auriculars to the nape, which is 
also of this color; remainder of the head, with the entire lower parts, 
except the sides, continuous buffy white, more strongly tinged with buff 
across the jugulum. Upper parts in general (except the remiges) light 
grayish-brown, the feathers bordered terminally with rusty buff in the 
younger stage, but uniform in older individuals; rump more or less 
tinged with chestnut. Sides and lining of the wing dusky black, but 
in older examples more or Jess tinged with chestnut. Memiges asin the 
adult; rectrices grayish-brown. 

The downy young is unknown, or at least if described I have been 
unable to find out where. 

In the considerable series of specimens of this species contained in 
the collection of the National Museum, notable variations in size and 
proportions occur among specimens of the same age and sex, but 
apparently without regard to locality. Cuban specimens do not differ 
in the least from Mexican and Central American examples. 

The following note was published in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Orni- 
thological Club, vol. i, p. 88. I have nothing to add to it, except that 
during a recent visit to Washington Mr. Ridgway showed me some 
skins of this curious bird, and I was enabled to positively identify them 
with the birds I saw:—*‘ Early in August (1876) I saw a pair of water- 
birds quite new to me on the borders of a lagoon near Fort Brown. 
I was on horseback at the time, and did not have my gun, but had a 
good opportunity to observe them carefully. The next day I winged 
one of them, but it fell into a dense bed of water-plants, and could not 
be found, and the survivor disappeared. Respecting a letter describ- 
ing the bird as seen, Mr. Ridgway writes: ‘The bird you describe is un- 
doubtedly Parra gymnostoma; * * * the chestnut back and yellow 

greenish-yellow) wings settle the species beyond a doubt.’ ” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 169 


212. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless. 

Early in January, 1878, a fine specimen was brought into Brownsville 
alive by a Mexican, who said that it was caught on a lagoon by one of 
his dogs. It must have been wounded, though I could see no sign of 
this. Either this species or the Trumpeter Swan is said to be not 
uncommon near the coast during winter. 


13. Anser albifrons var. gambeli, Hartl. 

The first of the Geese to return in the autumn, usually about the first 
week in October. Comparatively few of this or the other species of 
Geese remain throughout the winter, but during the migrations this one 
is only surpassed in numbers by the Snow Goose. I have seen a flock of 
at least two hundred pass over Fort Brown as late as the 18th of April.— 
(A. gambeli, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.) 


214. Chen hyperboreus, (Pall.) 


Very abundant, especially on the salt prairies near the coast.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 41.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 62.) 


215. Branta canadensis, (Linn.) 
Not rare, but the least common of the Geese in this vicinity.—(Ber- 
nicla ¢., DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.) 


216. Branta hutchinsi, (Sw. & Rich.) 


More abundant than B. canadensis, but less so than A. gambeli.— 
(Bernicla h., DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.) 

217. Dendrocygna autumualis, (Linn.) 

This large and handsome bird arrives from the south in April, and is 
soon found in abundance on the river banks and lagoons. Migrating 
at night, it continually utters a very peculiar chattering whistle, which 
at once indicates its presence. Called by the Mexicans patos maizal, or 
Corn-field Duck, from its habit of frequenting those localities. It is by 
no means shy, and large numbers are offered for sale in the Brownsville 
market. Easily domesticated, it becomes very tame, roosting at night 
in trees with chickens and turkeys. When the females begin to lay, the 
males leave them, and gather in large flocks on sand-bars in the river. 
My knowledge of the breeding habits is derived from Dr. 8. M. Finley, 
U.S. A., who had ample opportunity of observing these birds at Hi- 
dalgo. The eggs are deposited in hollow trees and branches, often at a 
considerable distance from water (two miles), and from cight to thirty 
feet or more from the ground. The eggs are placed on the bare wood, 
and are from twelve to sixteen in number. Two broods are raised, and 
the parent carries the young to water in her bill. Twelve eggs received 
from Dr. Finley average 2.11 by 1.53, with but little variation in size: 
they are of the usual duck shape, and in color are a rather clear yellow- 
ish-white. The birds leave in September, but afew late broods are seen 
as late as November. The soft parts in a full-plumaged living male were 


170 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


as follows: iris brown; bill coral-red, orange above; nail of bill bluish; 
legs and feet pinkish-white.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1862, 42.—SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 62.) 


218. Dendrocygna fulva, (Gmel.) 

I cannot say much in regard to this species, though it is about as 
common as the preceding in this vicinity. Like the Corn-field Duck, it 
is a summer visitant, and both species frequent the same places. The 
notes while flying are somewhat different. I know nothing definite in 
regard to the breeding habits, buf they probably do not differ much 
from those of the other bird. Dr. Finley tells me that he did not meet 
with it at Hidalgo. In a fresh specimen, the bill was bluish-black; legs 
light slaty-blue.-—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.) 


219. Anas boschas, Linn. 
Not uncommon during the winter months.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.) 


220. Anas obscura, Gm. 


Not common; afew remain to breed on the marshes near the coast.— 
(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 42.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.) 


221. Dafila acuta, (Linn.) 

Rather plentiful—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 63. 
222. Chaulelasmus streperus, (Linn.) 


Probably the most common Duck in this vicinity during the winter. 
My game register shows that a greater number of Gadwalls were killed 
each winter than of any other Duck. Some remain throughout the 
summer.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.) 


223. Mareca americana, (Gm.) 

Rather common, especially in spring and autumn.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1866, 43.—SENNETT, B: Rio Grande, 62.) 

224. Nettion caroiinensis, (Gm.) 

Common, especially during the migrations.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 
225. Querquedula discors, (Linn.) 

Common, arriving early in September. A few remain during the 
winter, but the great majority go farther south, returning about the 
middle of March.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 

226. Querquedula cyanoptera, (Vieill.) 

Not rare during the migrations; more are seen in spring than in 
autumn. 

227. Spatula clypeata, (Linn.) 


Very common in winter. I have seen several pairs on the marshes 
during the breeding season.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.) 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 171 


228. Fulix marila, (Linn.) 
Rather rare.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 


229. Fulix affinis, (Eyton.) 


Decidedly more common than the last—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.— 
Fuligula a., SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.) 


230. Fulix collaris, (Donov.) 
A few specimens killed.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 


231. Aythya americana, (Eyt.) 
Not uncommon.—(dthya a., DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 


232. Aythya vallisneria, (Wils.) 


Rarer than the last species; but few specimens shot.—(dithya v., 
DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 


233. Bucephala albeola, (Linn.) 
Rather plentiful.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 43.) 


234. Erismatura rubida, (Wils.) 
Abundant. 


235. Lophodytes cucullatus, (Linn.) 
A few seen during winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.) 


236. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, (Gmel.) 

Rather common, and seen at all seasons. I was unable to find any 
breeding places of this species, but they unquestionably nest near the 
coast, and also at no great distance from Hidalgo.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 
1866, 45.—P. trachyrhynchus, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 63.) 


237. Pelecanus fuscus, Linn. 
Common resident. Found breeding abundantly on Padre and neigh- 


boring islands by Mr. Sennett in March, 1878.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 
45.—SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 64.) 


238. Plotus anhinga, Linn. 


Occasionally observed about Fort Brown, but appears to be more 
aburdantin the lagoons higher up the river.—( DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 45.) 


239. Graculus mexicanus, (Brandt.) 
Common resident. I did not find any nests, but think they are placed 
in the dense growth of trees and thorny bushes that borders most of 


the lagoons about here.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 45.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 64.) ; 


240. Larus argentatus, Gm. 


Not rare along the coast in winter. One shot near Fort Brown on the 
3d of March, 1877.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 64.) 


172 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


241. Larus delawarensis, Ord. 
Common in winter.—(SENNEYT, L. Rio Grande, 64.) 


242. Chrcecocephalus atricilla, (Linn.) 

Common resident, breeding near the coast, and also on the salt prai- 
ries near the fort.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.—Larus a., SENNETT, B. 
Rio Grande, 64.) 


243. Sterna angiica, Mont. 
Rather abundant. Found breeding in company with Forster’s Tern.— 
(SENNEDT, B. Rio Grande, 64.—S. aranea, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.) 


244. Sterna caspia var. imperator, Coues. 
Breeds on Padre Island.—(SENNETT, B. tio Grande, 65.) 


245. Sterna maxima, Bodd. 


Breeds on Padre Island.—(S. regia, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.) 


246. Sterna cantiaca, Gm. 
Breeds on Padre Island.—(SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 65.) 


247. Sterna forsteri, Nutt. 

On May 16, 1877, Mr. Sennett and I found a colony of these Terns nest- 
ing on a nearly submerged grassy island, among lagoons and marshes. 
They had but just begun to lay. About two dozen eggs were obtained, 
and a few parents shot for identification. The nests were slight depres- 
sions among the short grass, and the eggs were frequently wet.—(SEN- 
NErT, LB. Rio Grande, 65.) 

248. Sterna antillarum, (Less.) 

Common in summer, and some pass the winter. Deposit their eggs 
on sand-bars in the river.—(S. /renata, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 44.—S. 
superciliaris antillarum, SENNETT, B. Rio Grande, 60.) 


249. Hydrochelidon nigra, (Linn.) 

Rather plentiful during sammer.—(ZH. plumbea, DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 
45.) 
250. Rhynchops nigra, Linn. 


Not rare in summer.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 45.—SENNETT, B. Rio 
Grande, 66.) 


251. Podiceps dominicus, (Linn.) 


Arather common resident. Several nests, undoubtedly of this Grebe, 
were found on May 16, 1877, while visiting the heronry already referred 
to. They were made of water-plants and pieces of reeds slightly fas- 
tened to one or two tulé-stalks, and forming a wet, floating mass. No 
eggs were obtained.—_(SENNET?, B. Rio Grande, 66.) 

NotTE.—So far as it appears, Dr. Merrill’s claim (Bull. N. O. C. I, 88), 
to have been the first to have really added this species to the North 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 173 


American fauna, must be admitted to be well founded. It was certainly 
‘new to the American fauna”, unless it had been previously ascer- 
tained to be entitled to be so ranked. Unless Dr. Gambel’s attributing 
this bird to California be admitted, which it cannot be without confir- 
mation, no one can properly make any suchclaim. The Berlandier eggs— 
there were no birds—are unidentified, though probably genuine, but of 
Mexican origin. It is also ineluded in Dr. Coues’s Birds of the North- 
west, where, however, it is only given as occurring “north to the Rio 
Grande”—not ‘north of the Rio Grande”. As Dr. Coues gives no 
authority for regarding it as known to be North American, but stops 
at the boundary line, the inference is that its presence was conjectural 
and not positive.—T. M. B. 


252. Podilymbus podiceps, (Linn.) 
Occurs in winter.—(DRESSER, Ibis, 1866, 46.) 
August 1, 1878. 


ON A NEW SERRANOID FISH, EPINEPHELUS DRUMMOND-HAYI, FROM 
THE BERMUDAS AND FLORIDA. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON IE. BEAN. 


The National Museum possesses two specimens of a Serranoid fish, 
apparently undescribed, for which we propose the name Jpinephelus 
Drummond-Hayi, dedicating the species to Colonel H. M. Drummond 
Hay, C. M. Z.8., of Leggieden, Perth, Scotland, formerly of the British 
Army, by whom the species was first discovered at the Bermudas in 1851. 

The species is easily recognized by its numerous, small, star-like, white 
spots on-a dark ground, a type of coloration not found in any other 
representative of this family hitherto described. 

A collection of water-color drawings, lent to the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion by Colonel Drummond Hay, contains an excellent sketch of one of 
these fishes, which was taken by him on the outer reef of the Bermudas 
in 1851. This specimen weighed 524 pounds. The drawing is on the 
seale of one-fifth. 

The smaller specimen (No. 16,795) is fifteen and three-quarters inches 
long. It was received in May, 1876, from Mr. E. G. Blackford, and was 
for some days on exhibition in the large glass refrigerator in the Gov- 
ernment Building on the Exhibition Grounds in Philadelphia. It was 
said to have been brought from Southern Florida by one of the New 
York market fleet. A cast of this fish was made, as well as an accurate 
sketch in water-colors. 

A second specimen (No. 21,255) was received early in May, 1878, from 
Mr. Silas Stearns of Pensacola, Fla. Its length is sixteen and three- 
quarters inches. The following description has been prepared from these 
two specimens. We have seen other specimens of this species in the 


174. PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


New York Aquarium, which were said to have been brought from the 
Bermudas. The fish belongs to the genus Serranus as defined by Giin- 
ther, and to the genus ELpinephelus as limited by Gill, having, in distine- 
tion from the allied genus Trisotropis, nine rays in the anal as well as 
other characters. 

There is a remarkable uniformity in the measurements of the two 
specimens as given in tabular form below. That from Pensacola has 
longer fins, and the snout also a trifle longer. This is perhaps due to 
some slight distortion of the specimens, owing to the greater length of 
time which the first had been in alcohol. 


Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi, sp. nov., Goode & Bean. 


Diagnosis.—Length of head about one-third of total length (includ- 
ing caudal), and three-eighths of length without caudal. Greatest 
height of body equal to length of head. Least height of tail equal 
to half the length of external caudal rays, and approximately to that 
of snout. Praeoperculum finely and evenly serrated; denticulations 
somewhat coarser at the angle. Suboperculum and interoperculum 
denticulated for a short distance on each side of their common junction. 
Maxillary bone nearly and mandibular quite reaching to a line drawn 
vertically through the centre of the orbit. 

Eye circular, its diameter contained six and one-third times in the 
length of the head, and slightly less than the width of the interorbital 
area, Which is half the distance from the snout to the centre of the 
orbit. 

Distance of dorsal from snout equal to the greatest height of the body, 
and twice the length of the mesial caudal rays or of ventral fin. The 
length of the first spine is less than half that of the second, and more 
than one-third that of the fourth, and longest. The length of the first 
ray is equal to or greater than that of the longest spine; that of the 
last ray, to the diameter of the eye. 

The distance of anal from snout equal to twice the height of the 
body at the ventrals; the length of its first spine about equal to that of 
the first of the dorsal; the length of the third spine equal to that of the 
snout. The length of the first ray is about equal to that of the maxil- 
lary; that of longest ray nearly half the length of head; that of the last 
ray nearly equal to that of the second anal spine. 

Caudal truncate when expanded; slightly emarginate when in nat- 
ural position ; covered with small scales nearly to its tip. 

Length of median rays half that of the head, that of external rays 
equal to two-thirds the distance from snout to pectoral, and also to the 
length of that fin. 

The distance of ventral from snout about twice its own length. 

Radial Formula.—D. XI, 16; A. II, 9; C. + 14 +; P.I, 16; V. I, 5. 

Scales in lateral line, 125; above lateral line, 32; below, 56-57. 

Color, light umber-brown, everywhere densely spotted with irregular, 








Proc. Nat. Mus, 1878. 


Plate I. 











Caprimulgus nuttalli, f. Utah. (§.) 
































Nyctidromus albicollis, ¢. 57747. Tehauntepec. @) 


3 


Caprimulgus vociferus, 3. Maryland. (3.) 

















Proc. Nat. Mus. 1878, Plate II. 





Nyctidromus albicollis, 3. 57747. Tehuantepec. (Nat. size.) 





Oaprimulgus vociferus, ¢. Maryland. (Nat. size.) 








Plate Ti: 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 1878. 


(‘£) ‘OOBXOPY ‘ZNIQ VIO A "TERT “pV P ‘wworsowwhb niwog 





(‘OZIS JUN) ‘OOTXOTT 


‘DNIQ VIZA ‘“TE8T “po P Dwmwozsouwhl n1wmg 





(8ZIS VN) ‘SvlIVpy 801], 


(¥) ‘sBErey sory, 


‘8638S 


‘aguRG °P ‘suosfiqin nyydounp Ay 





*P ‘suosfiqyo nyydouryoay 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 175 


somewhat stellate, white spots, except upon the lips and under margin 
of the body. There are about forty of these patches between the gill- 
opening and the base of the caudal. A slight tendency to coalesce may 
be observed in the spots upon the sides. 

At Pensacola, this fish is called the Hind; at the Bermudas, it is the 


“John Paw”. 
Table of Measurements. 














CUrrenpMUMDeSL OLS PCCM ON. - oceic os civielsieicisicnic os calanisieiniaiae 16,795. 1955: 
S. Stearns. 
ADC RUDY sienna e Aen = a «lelaiclsnicints/omsina ioe nicisiele se sincere eteisea cies Bermuda. Pensacola, Fla. 
Millim. | 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths. 
Extreme length (to base of caudal) .............----2-.26.--. S30 ewe actnes S60) |(nesteeceee 
Length to end of middle caudal rays.........---...-.---.---- B99 sti. cess 426, | see. S55eee 
Body: 
Greatest height (behind ventrals)-.---..-..2<2---eeescen|oewetemcss 38) y|P=-as= soe 38 
GI BhiataVON Ula Se eesece em a= oaan mena aoa en mene ama acinise ein sotoneas 30) |oscaesees 36 
Weasels eb Obs talline ost tta eens) cide sie aismtnia ceeisloin = = « se coee Hee 1 soso. 11 
Head: 
Grentestileng thse pas cop eee he semicdace semiccemenocineseeeee| smote cee SS en eeeeeaeeae 38 
WHOL OL MUCTOLDILAN ALCA —cs cscs occnw cece seececscnececc| scone sncins leniboseaceec 7 
Hone thiotesnouts-cacsc=s sere rine Erno ss sece caeeicie ase wcll ee ean inate LOS oonse eee 11 
menptih of operculum (to.end of flap). --<---scc-sscnecccce|scececcoes 12M -etacieeanee 12 
Meneth otsmmaxillaryss ace cciacasaces = esheets cee ceenls cl oeeilise asco ctae Diep aaeeee eee 17 
Menxthro hin an GD Oyameceecee rcs sire saecseiiasaceicisiasisasices|s eerie ect 2 | eereeesee 204 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit .......-...-..-----|.--------. 14? | Soedecnee 14 
DIAMOCEIAOL POY Clee os ce cote csccees cinisiesisais cen cosece css leocoes cate Git |Seecee cscs 6 
Dorsal (spinous) : 
VISHANGE ELOM: SNOM bats acia scien asso atecievininciseees some <ane|Saoetos a= ISP il ccaeeosce | 39 
on vt Gis aAseicase cise soieee cmos eee ce se cee eleaas seca a)ais ciel csinwisce ais Diet Seecneesae 29 
Men STO ATSHSPINGs cass c cas ciniee se enicescinecia-=sssecescon|iieodesnises 4 \isseseseer 43 
Men SMO BECONGISPINO Kae eos aeecsaccicc tase ewlcc cess ccor|tecoeees =: LO) Sooo oeeee 11 
Dorsal (soft) : 
Men SthiolLsDaseiteccasccec sc cesses ec ecc seco cece eccs|o-cceccce QOS Sosncimes 24 
NGen PUN OfTSUT By ooiese oles se esis ceieeieiasiseeaaenises ociciecl|- oe eh olieoe ISM |ecoewoeetee 13 
MON GLOMIONTESULAY- foccsceSecece cote ctescccse sees ere | sctsccccse (Gth) 145 esse econ. (4th) 15 
env ihOmlashraye-ssecsc.- nes ae So -cee ns Ja -/siiscdue ees |soseec seat GP Gecoentoce 6 
Anal: 
WISTAN Ce PEOM SNOW aes sevewas ce sina soeclon eee esceeeeceas eee sen cece 70 
NESH LOU ASO ene scceiteeicetclcciececiseccls secce salsa sttccic fenscmc cme 16 
Wen Shh! Of Mrsti SPINE ls << es one aoe so -osee 4 44 
Length of second spine ...............- s 9 
Length of third spine---- 10 
Length of first ray ..--.- ae . 5 17 
Length of longest ray ...-.....------..- t (4th) 183 
Mensthomlashiwaye--co-s<---sec eres res se cecce 8 5 8 
‘Caudal: 
Men CtMOL MING OTAYS scceciecic- cece scccmcs--cccses ; 19 
Menebh Of ExtornaghrAays!< sos. -csset sen eueccannlsce awaseicce|aectmaimas 22 
Pectoral : 
Distan cad rom psnouGs po-Asseskescece se cnsa st cares osckwcfoacrectace Boi tan neee as 34 
IRON EEN seem eee aaa caccu cic casce sein cis's tiewciceccucsacnccealecoesccees QL. | estesekes 22 
‘Ventral: 
DINLaAnCOMroOMmsNOUUeresetaescocancciscanssaccea. cose ace ae | aeceancas 98) eho cemcese 40 
Length ..... een Ree ee usd: Cases te wa oss eet etccee es ee accoeas LOM Reaevesecs 19 
Bran CUIOSte MRIS eerie ene sseci ane cecc acces ue scccsiccsamccinG Tian mnecn'e ise (al eeieitescees 
VOGAL Peas ee eee oe tee aes ee Cae heed Mee Soleil G) oeectos soos OG |Peecuceses 
BACT ellie eke seem cae ee acleele site asst ace ele ceets ce ctieacemaiaue EEO) as socks BLO see ee ses 
Oandaleey. ase ee Geer sae Vea ce bteasas ce ae cee etna tse stosbeceees +14+ Sse eate |e fail atatet || erctemceeeine 
IReCtorale ere emae else onac nace fs cksapacctebasecsearecaetices £16) Geen tore ce 1=16;\Faesee= eee 
eViential ose Sethe oe ease es eke, Saseee eo ot tec ew ewiee L=Onleamaeetss ss Ta Oilliswo cc eeteats 
Number of-scales:in lateral line. 2-25.50 soeee ey oints Saice ans 25 glas sodas ee 1054/22 eee 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line.-......-.-.----- (32) eaocteeiesine 2) |seeeeacees 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line .......-.----.--. (BH) sects ST |zeey see 








WASHINGTON, May 25, 1878. 


176 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF FISHES, LUTJANUS BLACK- 
FORDII AND LUTJANUS STEARNSII, FROM THE COAST OF FLORIDA. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


Recent explorations on the coast of Florida have brought to light 
several undescribed species of large fishes. Some of them have already 
been named by us. Two species of Pristipomatoid fishes are character- 
ized below. 


Lutjanus Blackfordii, sp. nov.,Goode & Bean. 

The well-known Red Snapper of our Southern coast has, strangely 
enough, never been scientifically described. This is due to an errone- 
ous identification of this species with a common West Indian form, 
Lutjanus aya, from which it differs in several particulars, notably in the 
size of the eye and of the scales. 

The species is dedicated to Mr. Eugene G. Blackford of New York 
City, to whom the National Museum is indebted for many hundreds of 
specimens of rare fishes, and by whose vigilant study of the New York 
fish-markets several species have been added to the fauna of the United 


’ States. 


We base our description upon a fresh specimen (No. 21,330), sent from 
Pensacola, Ila., May —, 1878, by Mr. Silas Stearns, which is twenty-six 
inches long, and weighs 114 pounds; also two well-executed casts, one, 
No. 12,515, obtained by Mr. Milner, in Washington City market, 1874, 
thirty inches long, and one, No. 20,978, thirty-three inches long, ob- 
tained from the Savannah Bank, March, 1878, by Mr. Goode. 

Diagnosis.—Body much compressed ; its upper profile ascending from 
the snout, with a slight concavity in front of eye to the origin of the 
spinous dorsal, thence descending in a long curve to the base of the 
caudal; under profile much less arched. Upper and lower jaw of even 
extent. The greatest height of the body equal to length of head. Least 
height of tail equal to one-third of the distance from the snout to the 
pectoral. Greatest height of head slightly less than one-third of total 
length, including caudal and three-eighths of length without caudal. 
Preoperculum finely and evenly serrated, except at the angle, where the 
denticulations are coarser: a slight emargination above the angle, in 
which is received an elevation upon the interopercular bone, and two 
Shallower emarginations above. The maxillary falls short of the verti- 
cal line from the anterior margin of the orbit, the mandibular bone of 
that from the middle of the orbit. Eye circular; its diameter contained 
seven and one-third times in the total length of the head. Length of 
snout nearly equal to that of maxillary. Length of mandible equal to 
half the height of the body at ventrals, and equal to or slightly less 
than distance from snout to centre of orbit. Distance of dorsal from 
snout about three times the length of snout; its length of base nearly 
equal to that of the pectoral. The length of its longest spine is equal 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 177 


to twice the second anal spine, and about three times that of the first 
dorsal spine. The first dorsal ray is twice as long as the first dorsal 
spine, its longest ray nearly equal to the first ray of the anal. 

Distance of anal fin from snout equal to two-thirds of total length 
(caudal excluded), twice as far from snout as is the pectoral; the length 
of its base slightly more than that of mandible; its first spine half as 
long as its second spine; its third spine slenderer, and slightly longer 
than the second ; its first ray is about twice as long as its second spine ; 
its longest ray equal to middle caudal ray, or, in young specimens, much 
longer ; its last ray half the length of the first. 

Caudal much emarginate, crescent-shaped; the median rays two- 
thirds as long as the external rays. 

Pectoral midway between snout and anal; its length twice that of the 
maxillary. Distance of ventral from snout equal to the height of the 
body; its length three times that of second anal spine. 

Radial Formula.—B. VII; D. X,14; A. I,9; C.+ 17+; P.1,16;. 
WE,5: 

Scales.—8, 50, 15. Seales extending half the length of the anal rays. 
on the membrane; on the external caudal rays nearly to tip, and with 
slight traces upon the spinous dorsal in front of the spines; and in the- 
soft dorsal somewhat more extended. 

Color.—Uniform scarlet. Centre of scales lighter, also belly, which is. 
silvered; inside of axil of pectoral darker maroon. 

This species is elosely allied to the Lutjanus torridus of Cope, but dif- 
fers in several particulars, notably (1) the smaller eye; (2) the greater 
number of dorsal and anal rays; (3) the smaller and more numerous 
scales; (4) the less emargination of the tail; (5) the shorter ventral fin. 
(according to figure of Cope); (6) the higher occipital crest ; and (7) in: 
coloration. 

Professor Cope’s type measured 14 inches ; ours range from 33 to 174. 

Lingual teeth in two patches; the anterior cordate, with emargina- 
tion posteriorly ; the other ovate-lanceolate, broadest anteriorly. Vom- 
erine patch a quadilateral figure, with concave sides, and with the 
longest sides posteriorly. Palatine patches somewhat spatulate, broadest 
posteriorly. 

Proc. Nat. Mus, 73——12 Oct. 4, 2878. 


178 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Table of Measurements. 





Current number of specimen .....-..--.-----+---------+----+--- peeeeeee eae eae 21,330. 


Locality .....--. 022.2202 cece ene e ene ence enn e nec neeennccecnee See a eel Pensacola, Fla. 





Millim. | 100ths. 











Extreme length.....-...........-.------------s------ 960) || p=ciseecicas 
Length to end of middle caudal rays 654 pil: See 
Body: 
Greatest height. a2 - seas = elm ene = ete fae ete alate oletet a etal atmo ole eile tet 3% 
Height at ventrals.---0--ssce sons emieae es eta aa eee 363 
Least height of tail----.-< .5-sacjecomec lemme ee entoitee miele olete elds (=o ere = ete | eee il 
Head: 
Greatest length’. 2-525 - - cee. «-cweciceemeen eam erste etlete eisai allele siesta erate eter a elle 374 
iWadthiof inferorbital area = sass oases ie oat ete ale eae 83 
Length of snout. 2_. 222.2 sca. aoc seen me selene eee ele misters ele etsete late al etete = ateien eetateteatee 14 
ength or maxillary <<. - .o.np~ - ace on2 oes e eee eee eee eee es eee eee eee eee 143 
Length of mandible..-..... obs od slong nin ccloctcade eats sods euecsatetease cates seeteot|peeesemmee 18 
Distance from snout to-centre Of Orbit. =. nse. ose —sese an = ene eee lean 174 
IDiameterior (eye sone. se> «see eee = = ace ae ees Selene tele ae ete tete eee a ate eee etter ete te Steele 
Dorsal (spinous) : 
Distance from snouts 22<.oe acces oe eee eee es aeeeceemmeemeeesmesecee 7 seni eee Sema 
ensth: of base Sees «=< ss cases cetee es aoose see see e een cme ens See eae eee eee 
Length of first spine ....... 


Length of second spine... 
Length of longest spine. - - : 
Height at lastiapimes sosec cose cael <5 ose eee ne Ree ate eos eae eae rele 
Dorsal (soft) : 
Length of base ...tc.s220<stecc cote ete cemicciem aaeiceee he shee teem s secs =-oee eee hee eeereet 
benrthof first TAY <i. - co~cesecac s- oe eee peeee neers a= tome aan eee seem a aeee nae | ase eater 
Length of longest ray -----..----------- i 2OR\ see mseteesio sce sheen ae. ase: aaecee| se eeceeees 
Heightiat last ray 2. .2c sc. ~ecsce mae cece eeeieee seeoae ae eee eae sess eee ee eee 
Anal: 
Distance from snout. so< «ics sscousto cap ccacanenaas cossucarcwenpecta cece eseacelas saan ers 683 
Length of: base). ssc... seShseeidde Sue ees tebe cee cee saree oe mae ee se etee Cte ee eee eee 154 
ength of first :spine .22.)...cb- esac chases see cee cancer one lce egeeeeee een eee ee Ease eee 3 
Length of second spine . ... -.35cetoat. esa soasae- seen cee eaten - ere eens eet ee eee eee 63 
Length of third spine: -25050 26+ -ssccneceep ss mode sees lacie pion eon ema meee nee [eee ene 7% 
Length of first ray ..2025. Nok. Sc bet O ds ca ee cdae ae seen ae no een ce pee eee one ee aaa 12 
Length: of longest ray «,.--- 522-2. 0.22=-joseeooe ne daerRuassacse owes essen aeeece | Sn ee eee (3d) 164 
Length’ of last ray’ .2.2 25... 25s2.20 en. a She ca tee ee eee cane eR Een eee | een 6 
Caudal: 
Gength of middletrays\22.. 2 tka Uiil eee ak ceS ccc ee ceeee eee cen eee eee eee eee SEER 16 
Length of external rays 
Pectoral : 
Distance from snout 6: . 2222252 256505 c52cbbeso0 one eee nie oeeee ae eee eereee eee 33 
Gength:. 2.2. JfeR 2c Pes Se US. Tee a eee es | eens 30 
Ventral: 
Distance from 'anouti..- «0. ssas<ses5. ec aoe ee eaoet nee Peete eer ree me een e eer eee 37 
TON UH 15. <0 sinitid' oan ne ysiewe nok tien sem se eee ceeie iene Ree Ieee ee Se eee | ee 194 
Branchiostegalh. "|e. eee eee eC ee ee ee ee ere ML Sccteenae 
Dorsal awa bimige ob eS eetes ode Bebe esas te poten BEERS Ee eee ee eee ae X daueeesas 3? 














PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 179 


Table of Measurements—Continued. 





Current number 


Locality 


Extreme length 


Length to end of middle caudal rays 


Body 


Groutoat height (behind ven) 
Height atiwentralsin. -Somicsceewtesaeeb ae |sceestes 
Least height of tail 


Head: 


of specimen 


Greatest length (to end of opercular flap). 


Width of interorbital area 
length of snouts ..--2--e seinen eee ease ce 
Length of upper jaw 
Length of mandible 


Distance from 


Diameter of eye 


Dorsal (spinous): 
Distance from 


Length of base 
Length of first spine 
Length of second spine 
Length of longest spine 


Length of last : 
Dorsal (soft) : 


Length of base 
Length of first ray 
Length of longest ray 


snout to centre of orbit 


snout 


spine 


Length OfastTrayi.2=2 42205 <= 


Anal: 


Distance from snout -- 
Length of base .-.-....-. 


Length of first spine...--- 


Length of second spine 
Length of third spine 
Length of first ray 
Length of longest ray 
Length of last 1 TV asa oeesiscie eee sseee 


Caudai: 


Length of middle rays 
Length of external rays 


Pectoral : 

DIStANCOHLOMISNOWU se eeisasceeieae tee canoe eiee a 

On DUN y gees oe baa win aints sic ab s cbse se bec |inseniqnsts 
Ventral: 

Mistancefromisnout eens. -ceisctseescen cet toe ccn - 

ene the socees see cete sccwcceceeheecacescltaases 4 
Branchiosterals: << /sinmionjsesclsonscae=ni4 se 
DOSE a 5 ebeaSob ens Baa aes ee X, 14 
PAS Beer eee eee eee me naples Ses ee eee III, 9 
Wau alee ae ee neon coaacoceecaene +17-+ 
PEC LOLA eae mere acne Meena weciincet I, 16 
GNU ei a Go a 8 eno Te 
No. of scales in lateral line .........-..---. 50 
No. of transverse rows above lateral line. - . 9 
No. of transverse rows below lateral line... 16 
WiOl eli Givee era ececisceejon seine pounds. - 153 


Gulf of 
Mexico. 





650 


wee ee eet ewe cee ee welt eee ee 














B. 


Gulf of 
Mexico. 


Millim. |L00ths} Millim. 


100ths 








(245) 


374 
36 
11 


38 
8 
14 
15 
18 
18 
3 


43 
Q74 


Lad 


— ee 
D ve 09 OD 209 OT 


Rr RPh tb 














Cc. 1s 
Gulf of Gulf of 
Mexico. Mexico. 
Millim. |100ths} Millim. | 100ths 
46D; |-enee: SEQ) |Se ee 
540 |(213™)) 445 | (17gin) 
ee aasien S64" |e se.<ccmare 374 
ier & 254 |e ees 2aGE 
Datsaeiters Det esracteetas tT 
wajarayator is Ou evsralestotera 374 
a Ae Bais. 38 8 
me aiairieiate 14 i Seer 14 
eb paet TUES eee sonal) da’ 
peek 1745 Peer leet 
SLE vances 17k |$-22 202 |GuIe 
a 5p Pe eeeah ae 6 
ee eee 41 cone eae 
win Sere Blets QM eee cetens 28 
yeasts Sy Heck it al ane 
ae aaa Oo: REE: P22 0 
Sr voeber 125 races ese hoe 
reese els Be Peeseaee 9 
nee DORN seen LONE 
A OF lsee. See Oe 
wale ieiot POPS a. Sees 12 
woe Lees 62) S45 6 
F2h 
15 
5 
9t 
93 
125 
164 
i 
wotomee’s G0 | eet ate 17 
Bost 26: || Same sos 26 
fe pee Sat lps 28 353 
 aretaeiets Bois slike ts eres 32 
pee 36j4 22 eee | aoe 
Soe Qir? |Sceeeess Q1 
Able rae aerated 
Xd 4G esos EXOST Gales tore 
TET eee PTE Os | eooeee 
Sir sre oa eee 
16) | eeeee 16a Serco 
Pbilteseee 5 eosee 
00) Geese HU eee 
Ours ee: OT Bs aster 
LG sce 38 LG! |!Ss22z/- 
O! Waziers ete aislatetomre|{lsr.cretetls 











Lutjanus Stearnsii, sp. nov., Goode & Bean. 

A single specimen of the Mangrove Snapper of Pensacola was sent 
by Mr. Silas Stearns, to whom the species is dedicated, as a slight 
acknowledgment of his services in securing for the United States 
National Museum large collections of fishes from the Gulf of Mexico 
and fresh waters adjacent to Pensacola, Fla. 

Upon this individual (catalogue number 21,337), our description is 
based, having been drawn up from the fresh specimen. 
Besides the alcoholic preparation, the Museum has also a 
cast and a color-sketch. 


193 inches. 


Its length is 


180 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Diagnosis.—This species may be readily distinguished from L. Black- 
fordii by its different color, lower and less compressed body, shorter 
head, shorter pectorals and ventrals, and by other characters which 
appear in the table of measurements. 

Body similar to that of L. Blackfordii in shape. It greatest height 
equals length of head, twice length of mandible, and twice that of ven- 
tral. Its height at ventrals equals four times width of interorbital area. 
Least height of tail equals first anal ray and twice the last dorsal ray. 
Greatest length of head equals greatest height of body, twice length of 
mandible, and twice ventral length. The width of interorbital area 
equals one-fourth of height at ventrals and two-thirds of least height 
of tail. Length of snout equals second anal ray. Length of maxillary 
equals twice length of second dorsal spine, which equals second anal 
spine. The mandible equals the ventral in length. Hye contained 
slightly more than six times in greatest length of head. : 

Distance of dorsal from snout equals three times, and base of spinous 
dorsal twice length of snout. First dorsal spine about equal to first 
anal. Second dorsal spine equals second anal and twice first anal. 

Longest dorsal spine (fourth) equals one-third of greatest length of 
head. Last dorsal spine about equal to half distance from snout to 
centre of orbit. Base of soft dorsal equals three times second spine of 
dorsal. First ray of dorsal equals three-fourths of first anal ray, which - 
equals least height of tail. Longest dorsal ray (fourth) equals twice 
diameter of eye, and the last equals half of Jeast height of tail. 

Distance of anal from snout equals slightly more than six times least 
height of tail; its length of base somewhat exceeds length of second 
anal ray. First anal spine equals half the second, which is half the 
length of upper jaw. Third anal spine equals half second anal ray, 
which equals length of snout. First anal ray equals least height of 
tail; second equals length of snout, and last equals half length of snout. 

Middle caudal rays equal one-sixth and superior external rays one- 
fourth of total length. Inferior external rays s!ightly less than length 
of pectoral. 

Distance of pectoral from snout about equal to length of head. Its 
length almost twice least height of tail. 

Distance of ventral from snout nearly three times length of snout ; its 
length equals half length of head. 
Racial Formula —B. VIL; D.X,14; A. II], 8; C.4+ 17+; P. 1,15; 

ti). 

Scales.—6, 45, 14. 

Color.—General color scarlet below, shading into reddish or purplish 
brown above. Plum color on sides and top of head. Below the lateral 
line, the posterior half of the exposed portion of the scales is white tinted 
with scarlet; the basal portion reddish and much darker. Under part 
of head light scarlet. Vertical fins darker than the body. Pectoral 
and ventral white roseate. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 181 


Teeth.— Vomerine teeth in a patch shaped like a spear, with concave 
cutting edges and acutely produced angles. 


Table of Measurements. 


Currentuambely Olas pecimen cee aps oeae cc eee e ee eee ee eee ete eee 21,337. 


WGOUAGyemenes Sees aise eee cee ec cc sane escewcaases ib aeeee seenee acne mes seeee nec Pensacola, Fla. 


Millim. | 100ths. 














Hatremonon ctu thet Caudal: ser senses. cBofactasiak <5 es sas = aoe enn ec clenc eens 430) |n-.pae kee 
ee to end of middle caudal PLY Noss eee ee si aes tk le Se netae een dee cee sees sloe 50L (198 i in.) 
ody: 
Greatestheich tenes assess eee eee nese acess paces tk et cs eo eslesteeeanisee se acces Ratayatoeisin ote 34 
ELSI on G.ateventrals) sci. vee. aamm ethene arma Side <bras ctwes aint aes sewelsoasc acme decelacwsise tee 32 
Mens opHelcht OMitailsaeseociseeet cee cc mecha ne cis cece cece rene cce came ceun se oee col lnomemen ae 12 
Head : f 
Giremtes ton go Che acc sere eee cen rac om icniindiccvaccocsed nope ces sutinaeets end tease esise 34 
Nugdilotsimarhtpitalancat ae Mee ahs. ceacbieeaasecee ob occ c ke steues cent Ant eles 8 
Men StnOmsanOl caer cmee neta otal cocas aeon tam oninaciaciseun alneadiontercicseicterle ee iiees 13 
Length Of OPOrGHlnMy acer eer. jsoeti is «bbl 5) SB ceisse oss ssh sakeesacenjaaas|-sedeniee ae ul 
Men MENOr Maxey eee e eee ae erase coe cameo seem eee eet ms cacis nck acne cenmct eee citeener 14 
seneih Ol sm andibl oss sees. eae eels aeeee oloe ee os cb stade lob oes Reni ett Mes lbossetee 17 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit .........--.-------------+---------- torelesensaseee 154 
DiamMeteriOt Oye: a2 eens sass = cise Seas ee sq vec scesmenceccoscssteed as -euscksnca eas. gosees 54 
Dorsal (spinous) : 
WMishancopromusn Ow bere ses alee coe ae caaccekinien a niece wa wiecie cme urs Walote Suc mromisige (ees wetisister 394 
RCO UNO tM ASO pene esse oe oe eae outs heme ce Bache owe ced Cea ceecigons soc ece cee oommee 26 
Len gth G SaePTS 718 UM Ome eae ate eee a atelal=late a elaieeie acle) see (eoe mae ao anna steeeisec || rae'e ia 3} 
Length OTESGCONMES DIN Oma eee af atarote we alaicle eile ee orale a cleeieien etelaaiere ate as ofa aterete 
Wencrhtofiancestisping. se eee A SAUER WEEE es A SE Ee. [ee eee (4th) 113 
Le ngth of last | SPINGL- cartes capsonseramisewet wwe. sacri whe is ce oe so Copse> weal we win Sioa |aa/o alesis isete 74 
Dorsal (soft) : 
Wsenguhvofpbas@a oss one ce cance criceecmcccsie dso eran a ldlwmioa ices oe wtmeeweees ens sone ee ueeeane 21 
Length OMfiTsh ra yess ae ht eke Bs 0e) cake eC a dee - ALES cee coe 9 
Men gunomlonges ura yor assess ose ee aaa cae os cee cesrcsobiee cua cioeeteeeas een neeteeeee (4th) 11 
Menethtotlastinaysseececcosc cs teeee coc cce cots Snide woe cc scatncdecesccsies sieioesi ere ee 6 
Anal: 
Distance iLOMIsnou bis stemae sess ee os Semele ce oe ee ak elas Hace eSeeeina s Neneeeee seal acteeae oe 73 
Men's thiol bases cece S422 Ae tae hs Sobek A Jose sbi ei behest. ob aks ee tae S| SERRE 134 
Were thtottirs bis pile jssace ele nse oe oer a cient eines oslo ene = acl /eo ae aelem sta el =e 34 
Length of second spine « - .- . 0.20.22. 2. ceens cone cen n= - n-ne nn nnn ne eeen ene semn|pnnsseses- a 
Len eth OfsuhITGS PING ee sas sess betes or sone seem eioneeta cs sen aeon bcm See seems 64 
Length of first Paylies . shes 12 
Length of longest ray - (2d) 13 
Length of last ray .....- 6 
Caudal: 
Menpi noi middleirayaees ecco cease ccs cc celeste sos siacincienisc ee secsic = snl stontel= 16% 
L nee l superior - 25 
CNC MOMORCERN A TAY S <a ciccasin ieinn nie s/e1a viele alu(eivie|sinieiemn'wrivic= = 5 art anioe 23 
Pectoral : 
Mistancewpront snoubiss seek skbeadedeswees. tele Leweccesctemscs accede sshiaceeaa<a|hesee eects 333 
NSC TO eee eee areata om & Selec sis aw eicie) sa nie wir ccs etoile eaais a esaciels ao wreejemetee aac ane) | ates emer 234 
Ventral: 
DISHANCOMPOMISH OU bee ce caaiciwets ls omivicie Mae b oimpie Solna hic cine SEER Ie Cecio seme eeeee ra 
FET Lee ere ae eae as Sele eee cinta wiovaen ec re slaves aint ela bide Siena pretntelaleleiaaraiarels 
Branchiostegals Deeper aa mes set eisbre stamina te injois bya sisjcie Seale win in ail Ioiescisjaciee sige eerie 
BL Tse ee ee ee ee ey Peed ce aknabebs ccsmoaeteee ateceeeusecs 
PA Ae ee Senn ERM EEE A. Ph coh kc Cale dots oebus ee abo d ce tae cece ceeee seceee 
aud ee ene sean mene «ee Ce ie ce deeasesmapeceuiass fs ye ee ce 
POG CON Aas sae Ce eee en hed el FW i ba dick cates oes oe Sere eclateee Sistattats 
Wen cralee ee eee eae es tes SS cise o dabicme Mtoe poe Seer oSe ee eemabe et oeiet 
Numberotscalesinilateral lines). o<c. 222 sliccc cosine tele wiclejemaie sa creeeecieniaioe 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line 











A NOTE ON THE GULF MENHADEN, BREVOORTIA PATRONUS, GOODE. 
By SILAS STEARNS. 


The Gulf Menhaden are first seen about Pensacola in April. They 
enter the harbor in small schools, swimming at the surface, rippling the 
water as they go. I have never seen any large schools, perhaps not 
more than four or five barrels in one body; but the number of small 
schools which might be seen in a few hours at the right place and ina 


182 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


favorable time would make an immense school or schools, if consolidated. 
The fishermen report them in small bunches outside and offshore. I 
have never seen one in the spring which would measure over six inches, 
and the greater number measure less than that; all the fishermen con- 
firm this. 

They seem to stay in brackish water until they get accustomed to the 
change, and lose their parasite,* and then go directly into the fresh 
water. About May 27, I hauled a seine in a fresh-water stream near the 
head of the bay, and caught nearly a barrel of Brevoortia patronus. 
Their color was darker, and I did not find any parasites in their mouths. 
Their stomachs were full of food, but I could find no traces of spawn or 
milt. I do not know exactly when they return from fresh water, but 
last October Major Staples and I caught about two dozen in a gill-net 
with a mesh of 34 inches. I remember that they were gilled very hard, 
and therefore judge that they must have been quite large. I am quite 
positive that they belonged to the same species. 

PENSACOLA, FLA., June 6, 1878. 


A NOTE UPON THE BLACK GROUPER (EPINEPHELUS NIGRITUS (HOL- 
BROOK) GILL) OF THE SOUTHERN COAST. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


Among the specimens from Pensacola sent by Mr. Stearns, there is 
the “ Jew-fish ” of West Florida, said to attain the weight of three or four 
hundred pounds. 

The specimen (No. 21,329) measures in length 29 inches, and weighs 
16 pounds. It was described while in a fresh condition. 


SYNONYMY. 


Serranus~nigritus, HOLBROOK, Ichthyology of South Carolina, p. 173, pl. xxv, fig. 2.— 
GUNTHER, Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection 
of the British Museum, I, 1859, p. 134. 


Epinephelus nigritus, GILL, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
delphia, 1865, p. 105; Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and 
Fisheries for 1871-72, 1873, p. 806; Catalogue of the Fishes of the East 
Coast of North America, 1873, p. 28. 


DESCRIPTION. 


Diagnosis.—Body oblong, thick, tapering very gradually from the 
insertion of the dorsal and the end of the ventral. Its greatest height 
(behind ventrals) is contained three and one-sixth times in total length 
(caudal included) and about equal to length of head. The height of 
body at ventrals is slightly greater than one-third of total length with- 





*This species is infested by the same parasite which is so common in the mouths of 
the common Menhaden in Southern waters, the Cymothoa pregustator (Latrobe) Say. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 183 


out caudal, double the greatest width of the body, and three times the 
least height of tail. 

Head a trifle longer than greatest height of body and slightly less 
than twice the length of the pectoral. The width of the interorbital 
area is half that of the head, and nearly double the diameter of the eye. 
The length of the snout is about equal to that of the operculum. The 
preoperculum is finely serrated on its posterior limb, slightly produced 
at the angle, the edge of which is obtusely rounded, and armed with 
stronger denticulations. Upon the inferior limb in front of the angle 
is one stout spine. Lips scaleless. Maxillary with a few minute scales 
arranged in a narrow band. Length of the upper jaw nearly half the 
length of head and quite half the greatest height of the body. Length 
of mandible about double that of the operculum. Length of mandible 
slightly more than that of pectoral. 

Eye circular, its diameter nearly nine times in length of head and 
nearly twice in width of interorbital space. Its anterior margin is mid- 
way between the tip of the snout and the posterior edge of the pre- 
operculum. : 

Dorsal as far from the snout as ventral, its length of base three- 
fourths that of the head. The length of the first spine slightly exceeds 
the diameter of the eye, the second spine is as long as the base of the 
anal fin and about equal to the longest anal ray. The length of the 
last spine is twice that of the first. The length of base of soft dorsal is 
four-fifths that of the spinous dorsal, which is exactly double the length 
of the longest dorsal ray. The last ray is half as long as the first ray 
of the anal. 

The distance of the anal from the snout is three-fourths of the length 
of the body without caudal. Its length of base is equal to the length of 
the second dorsal spine. The relations of the length of the spines and 
rays of the anal fin are exhibited in the table of measurements. 

Caudal fin rounded, its middle rays half as long as the head, the 
exterior rays slightly shorter. 

The pectoral is very broad and rounded, its insertion considerably in 
advance of the end of the opercular flap. Its length slightly exceeds 
that of the middle caudal rays. 

Ventrals broad, distant from snout three-eighths of the length of the 
body and as long as the pectoral. The ventral spine is as long as the 
last dorsal spine. 

Scales of moderate size, with minute pectinations, truncate at the 
attached end. When detached, their shape is nearly oblong. 

Color, dusky brown above, lighter below; fins darker; no traces of 
markings upon body or fins. 


184 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Table of Measurements. 





Current number of specimen. .....------- a cececcacsceconcce da nkGUssJocsckasseseees 21,329. 
Locality ..-...0..---..--- errr rere rrr reer er tite eer Pensacola, Fla. 





Millim. | 100ths. 









Extreme length . .....-.-------0cccece conene cee en nen an cncse ene cennnes (29 inches) - . 610 \|s2caeeneee 
Length to end of middle caudal rays --.-...--.2+-220---- 22s ee ne ee nee eee eee eee 735i. Ste oes 
Body: 
Greatest height .---...-...-sccccene nec en een e cence cece n enw ene ween sent ee nnn leneeneen= 39 
Greatest Width. ...--- 2.220 20 eens een nen ewww nw ee cece nen e semen wenn es |e nnn ne ==: 17 
Height at ventrals .....-2.--- 202 eee eee eee c nee ee cee eee eee ee cee eee een nn|enne ne enee 35 
Beast height of tail << .0 22.5. ooo ceca ence me ieee nie See amo Sener 12 
Head: 
Greatest length 40 
Greatest width 1% 
Width of interorbital area .. 2... 2... n nw nnn ene een wn we won chen en scene mms [a nnnn eens 83 
Length Of snout ).c-- 2c. .- cas enecew cocniat aumwae cons eees som semen ee = === omni] em mnie sla 10 
Mength of operculum --.<-- . <5... <eceeennineme = seeneceninmne = == pie oe rite eine ee ae 11 
Menrth of maxillary <<. cece cs <= sem ieee ae eels aie sla e ease ale aaa leet ole ialat | alee eim alot 193 
Length of mandible... ok. ae cee eae eee eee epee aster el: [eee aes 223 
Wistance from snout tO OLVIG css. sais cess specie cae eelo an soe cocwen = so naafeeeee | ea'aleecie ais 134 
Diameter of, orbit=--2... 2200 soso nace ose eae ee tee peels oad = See ae retin eee 4} 
Dorsal (spinous) : 
Distance from snout 374 


MET UNTOL DANO se sec eas sales ane a ae eee eee ae ee ee ee eee | ete 31 










Greatest height. --.- 164 
Length of first spine .... 5 
Length of second spine 163 
OTS GEOL LA OTS PUNO eters eee ela ete eee ote le eee lee lee 10 
Dorsal (soft) : 
J arya ee CGY Sassou ocodaedsenees “er codcc S46 sates sa8sosne sdsccceasoseedsdel Gea seso ce 244 
Length of first ray-..-......-.:--5. bowed ce bate Shea ct tte sdaeds ebdatoeerse 4] Uemseeuee 14 
wensth of lonsest ray, (SOVeNUn) pease eee eac ese ie ele ees eee aie ele ie ait cena eae 154 
Length of Jastiray i of.s. cd 355. ee asb ont Soe matte nc oeseckcnn CceGee tens ten cine he ne eeee 7 
Anal: 
Distance from snout .-...--..--+.-.- SPaldcidd Dee one SE. Cede cu oa desea oe eee outs Mors toe eine Sate 76 
en ethioibase 2 spaces ie ae se ee ee See ae le eet ate ete tte ete 164 
Length of first spine --.. 24 
Length of second spine -. 64 
iBencth' of third spinot vss se-t. ce coe es ce eee eee cde tees see ace e Re nee e nen ne ae ee eee 94 
en gth Of firsusaye --~ <oce > eee ee mises ste cies ele ie eee tee see ee eet 143 
Beneth or longest:rays(S@CONG) Se--csee ce sesame eee ae eee inate eee teeter 16 
Length of last Tay. ate «sen siecis canis sc wole stepnes eae ok bic oe neue cb emede ome ae aimee eae ees 9 
Caudal: 
Beneth of middlorays << <s-scc scceew ic dane chdcecs ase gees) ---peevesese ease. each eos ees 203 
imength of ‘exterhal TAYS\ = sacce. ccc ccesces os ieee cen ee eeeeee eer eeees mere sree] sanenmeee 194 
Pectoral: 
Distance from snout '..5. odessesasccasceteccemecc soe ete seen ea secee reece arse | soeeesieee 35 
Length. .sissdsceevisisveseed [den coda’ det seek eee bandos sce aetedesen.teee este tees 214 
Ventral: 
Distance from, snout ~~. .i222--s5i do ke ees Pewee tem See beeedee -eek eee Meeeebee Ssh 5 cee 374 
WGN GUN 21s scacp.cocesc sean ca canweae oe oe Tae eee eee ee eee eae ener eae Re Q14 
Branchiostegals . =<... sscos<t assem Sclco coc eem cote eeu e re eee eee ae tes oe ene eee (ie Cereee a. 
MOTSA So 2c aig 5 noc once Sesdesees erase ec Re bigs Come Eee ete ee ene eee a eeememeeas 2X, 15sec caeeeces 
Aol goiabieeseeud te ast thidsee aie 1 ee DLE 9 je Ssskk =. 
DAUD Sos6 5 aicicias newness oni owieieig rec aqe oem ane cet en Oa EE eee en aon een ene eee UY ee a Seren 
Pecoterali.:..fscjsce secu ben hbo ee 5c a, a ee Sees ae it 2} 16 ea aetna 
Mentrall, 207 oo seccsccts sScieahls bee sane com eine oe ee eee oon Vohitee@ as cacacss wes Lb eeeS eaee 
Number of scales in lateral line’. .2¢=. )-a.22:s:bss-cnds sen ecmee eaeee Romeeereas Jedees 115) |. Seeded 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line .........----=--sesee~ eeaene-+o---=-- Q4e aap ens 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line....-...--.-.---------+--eeeceeeene-- 52 |-<2.2- oe 





WASHINGTON, June 1, 137s. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 185 


CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF ST, VINCENT, FROM COLLECTIONS MADE 
BY MR. FRED. A. OBER, UNDER THE DIRECTIONS OF THE SMITH- 
SONIAN INSTITUTION, WITH HIS NOTES THEREON. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


Before Mr. Ober’s final visit to Dominica, he made collections in An- 
tigua and Barbuda. These were left with the United States consul at 
Antigua, to be forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution when there 
was an opportunity todo so. This was in September, 1877; but they 
have not yet been received. 

After completing his investigations in Dominica, he went to St. 
Vincent, whence he writes under date of October 9:—*‘As soon as I 
reached the mountains I was taken sick. It has been quite discourag- 
ing. Ihave suffered from another attack of fever. I feel pretty well 
now, and hope to keep so.” He wrote under date of December 10 :—“*I 
expect to leave for Grenada January 15.” But unfortunately he had a 
relapse of fever, by which he was completely prostrated, as, in a letter 
dated January 25, he says :—“‘ I am just convalescing from a long fever; 
camping in this very wet weather brought it on. I have been laid up 
since December 19. I lost all my flesh, and was so weak when I first 
left my bed that I could scarcely stand. Though I have been here a 
long while, I have accomplished little, owing to the rains and the actual 
impossibility of working the woods then, without a pull-up such as Lam 
getting. I hope to be all right in a week, and, as drier weather is at 
hand, to rapidly finish this island, and then push through the Grena- 
dines to Grenada. From there, retrace my steps here for mails, &c., 
and then go to Martinique.” 

Mr. Ober’s long sickness, together with the rains, prevented him from 
making but a moderate collection at St. Vincent. He was to leave for 
Grenada on the 29th of February. 

The collection from St. Vincent was kindly taken in charge by Rear- 
Admiral Trenchard, commanding the United States steamer Powhatan, 
early in March. It was received at the Smithsonian on the 25th of that 
month, and forwarded to me a few days thereafter. It consists of but 
ninety specimens, and some of the species are poorly represented in 
numbers. 

The subjoined account from Mr. Ober, of the geographical position 
of the island, with its natural and zoological peculiarities, seems to con- 
vey valuable information. This, with his observations on the habits of 
birds, &c., are indicated by quotation-marks :— 

“St. Vincent, February 28, 1878. This island lies in latitude 13° 15° 
north and longitude 61° 10’ west. It is about 100 miles due west of 
Barbadoes, and is one of the long chain of volcanic islands extending 
from latitude 17° 50’ north to latitude 12° north. 

** Like Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, and Grenada, 
it is very mountainous ; nearly the whole surface is tossed with hills, 
and even the level land, as it is called, is of this character. 


186 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


«« Like the other islands of the chain, it has a longitudinal axis in the 
shape of a range of hills extending its entire length. Here and there 
are peaks approaching the dignity of mountains, the bighest about 3,000 
feet. In the northern part is the famous ‘ Souffriere’, a mountain with 
a crater a mile in diameter, a slumbering volcano which, in 1812, by a 
tremendous eruption, spread havoc and ruin all around it. Before this 
eruption, the mountain was probably much higher than at present, as 
the top was blown completely off and a new crater opened. Hvidence 
of its work may be seen at the present day in the deep gullies scooped 
out of the mountain side and the plain beneath by the lava flow in its 
great rush to the sea. I counted five of these dry rivers in sailing along 
the leeward coast. The most extensive is on the windward coast, at 
least 500 yards in width. 

“St. Vincent has more cultivable land than Dominica, owing to the 
windward side sloping gradually from the foot hiils to the sea, a tract 
from one to two miles in width of undulating surface, though rough and 
elevated in places. 

‘As will be seen, the avifauna resembles much that of Dominica— 
some birds of the same species in greater or less abundance, a few re- 
placed by others of near affinity, and one or two new forms. 

“The Island Parrot Chrysotis guildingt is peculiar to this island, but 
I doubt if there are other birds whose habitat is restricted to this small 
range. Were I possessed of all the information I hope to get by the 
time my investigations are completed, I might speak of the peculiarity 
of these insular faune, by which I find, in islands separated by a nar- 
row breadth of water—say, from 15 to 30 miles—birds found in one that 
never visit the other. Notable examples could be given, but I wish to 
speak authoritatively and from more extended experience. 

“Tt is strange that in an island more than two degrees south of 
Dominica, I find so little difference in the plumage of birds; hardly 
any increase of those tropical species of bright plumage, which are so 
abundant further south in Tobago and Trinidad. In fact, so far as the 
fauna of each island is concerned, and in external character of surface 
and soil, and even in the component elements of the latter, Dominica 
and St. Vincent could searcely be more alike. To a superficial observer 
these facts are apparent, as well as to one who studies them. 

‘* In numbers, as well as in species, this island is greatly deficient. To 
what cause to attribute this disparity when the forests and fields teem 
with bird-food, and islands further south teem with birds, Iam at a 
loss. Perhaps the reason may appear later, in the process of careful 
investigation. 

“The most striking instance of the absence of any particular form or 
family, is that of the Picidw. Countless trees, decaying and dead, under 
the influence of a never-ceasing destructive power, which would afford 
food for thousands of birds; which are infested and alive with ants, 
borers, &c., found in every forest. Not a woodpecker; millions of nut- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 187 


and seed-producing trees, and you may look in vain for any member of 
the squirrel family. 

‘And among birds and among quadrupeds, there is no animal here 
that takes their places. 

‘These few notes, hasty and crude, may aid in the conception of the 
appearance of animal life here, and only for that purpose are they 
offered. 

‘‘T send, by the same conveyance with the birds, 46 specimens of 
Carib hatchets, axes, knives, &c., illustrating the crude state of advance- 
ment in which they existed, as compared with their enemies and co- 
existent tribes of the larger islands. 

“Allow me in this connection to acknowledge the courtesy of the offi- 
cials and planters of St. Vincent. To His Excellency George Dundas, 
Esq., C. M. G. Lieut. Governor of St. Vincent; Edward Laborde, 
Colonial Secretary ; and to Hon. Henry Shaw, Treasurer of the island, I 
am especially indebted for facilities in prosecuting my work, as well as 
for social pleasures that have greatly relieved the tedium of life in a 
new place. 

‘To the proprietorsand managers of the different estates, lam greatly 
indebted; to James Milne, Esq., of Rutland Vale, for a residence in the 
country when recovering from fever; to Messrs. D. K. Porter & Co., 
Kingstown, for letters of introduction, horses, and men. Finally, it is 
only incumbent upon me to add that I have received nothing but kind 
treatment, and have found most unbounded hospitality throughout the 


island. 
‘“* FREDERICK A. OBER.” 


Fam. TURDIDZ. 


1. Turdus nigrirostris, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1, p. 147. 

‘¢Thrush, 9. Length, 94 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 43. 

‘¢ Found on lower ground than Margarops montanus. Not numerous.” 
2. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.). 

‘Have heard the unmistakable whistle of this bird, and have seen it 
as it flitted by in the dusk of the high woods, but have not obtained it.” 


3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.). 
‘¢ Found only in high woods and valleys. Not very abundant. Ihave 
not seen the larger species of this genus.” 


4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould. 

“¢Trembleur’. ¢. Length, 9 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 4. 

‘¢ Not so abundant as in the woods of Dominica, but still plentiful. 
Iris yellow.” 


5. Mimus gilvus, Vieill. 
“¢ Mocking bird,’ 


‘‘ Male, length, 104 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 44. 


188 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“Female, length, 92 in.; alar extent, 123; wing, 43. 

‘«« Pretty common in the lowlands and cleared places. In shape and 
habits it resembles the Mockingbird of the States. Its habit of 
dodging in and out of the palm tops, recalls the American species. It 
is vastly inferior in song however, but trills very sweetly a few notes.” 

There are five specimens in the collection, differing in no respect from 
an undoubted example of this species from Guiana. 


Fam. SYLVIIDZ. 


6. Myiadestes sibilans, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 148. 


“¢Souffriere Bird’ 

“Length, g, 74 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33; tail, 3. 

“ Length, 9, 74 in.; alar extent, 114; wing, 33; tail, 3. 

“This bird has been an object of search for fifty years, and has so 
long eluded the vigilance of naturalists and visitors to the mountains, 
that it is called the ‘invisible bird’, From being seen only on the 
Souffriere Mountain, it has acquired the name of the ‘ Souffriere bird’. 
It is popularly believed to be found only on the Sulphur Mountain, but 
is an inhabitant of all the high ridges containing deep woods and 
ravines. Shy and exceedingly observant, it was not until my third 
search for it that I captured it. Though I fear the popular belief 
that it is a resident of this island only is erroneous, still I was piqued 
at the reputation it held of being invisible, and resolved to capture it. 
To do this I camped five days and nights on the mountain top, 3,000 
feet above the sea, in a cave on the brink of the crater. I got five 
birds by using all my arts of allurement, calling them within shot by 
using a call taught me by the Caribs. 

‘¢ The bird is mentioned in Gosse’s Birds of Jamaica, and considered 
identical with the ‘Mountain Whistler’ (Myiadestes genibarbis) of 
Dominica and Jamaica. This was merely conjecture, and should it 
prove nothing else, I can claim the credit of settling the doubt. 

‘There are differences in the notes of the two birds, though great 
similarity in their habits. I send you seven specimens.” 

Mr. Ober quotes Mr. Gosse as considering the St. Vincent bird to be 
identical with the one inhabiting Jamaica. But Mr. Gosse does not 
precisely say that, but says concerning it (Birds of Jamaica, p. 200) 
that he received the following note from Mr. Hill :—T find among some 
detached notes of mine the following memorandum respecting a similar 
bird in the smaller West India islands. ‘The precipitous sides of the 
Souffriere Mountain in St. Vincent,’ says a writer describing the vol- 
cano which so disastrously broke out there in 1812, ‘were fringed with 
various evergreens, and aromatic shrubs, flowers, and many Alpine 
plants. On the north and south sides of the base of the cone were two 
pieces of water, one perfectly pure and tasteless, the other strongly im- 
pregnated with sulphur and alum. This lonely and beautiful spot was 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 189 


rendered more enchanting by the singularly melodious notes of a bird, 
an inhabitant of those upper solitudes, and altogether unknown to the 
other parts of the island ; hence supposed to be invisible, though it cer- 
tainly has been seen, and is a species of Merle.’” 

Neither does Mr. Gosse allude to its being similar to the bird found 
in Dominica. Mr. Ober was misled probably by Mr. Gosse using M. 
genibarbis (which is the correct name for the Dominica species) as a 
synonym of M. armillatus, which he supposed the Jamaica Solitaire to 
be, but which has been given a distinct name by Professor Baird, viz, 
Myiadestes solitarius. 


Fam. TROGLODYTID Zé. 


7. Thryothorus musicus, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 149. 


“Wren; ‘ Wall Bird.’ 

“ Length, 54 in.; wing, 21; alar extent, 73. 

‘‘The sweet warble of this lively little bird may be heard morning, 
noon, and night about the houses and sugar-mills, as well as far up the 
mountain sides and valleys. It is quite plentiful and often has deceived 
me in its note, as it was mistaken for that of a warbler. It builds its 
nest in the walls of houses and holes in trees. Saw one constructing a 
nest in October. Found on the Souffriere, 3,000 feet above the sea.” 


Fam. SY LVICOLID Ai. 


8. Leucopeza bishopi, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 151. 


‘“ Wren? 

“Length, ¢, 53 in.; alar extent, 83; wing, 23. 

‘“ While engaged in my search for the Souffriere bird, I noticed a 
sprightly little bird that came skipping through the trees at my call. It 
seemed rather shy, but this may be owing to the presence of man in such 
a secluded situation, and it was with difficulty I shot two. Since then I 
have shot another; none of them below 1,000 feet altitude. Its note is 
very sharp; either the male or the female gives utterance to the syllable, 
‘few, few, few,’ etc., eight or ten times, immediately answered by the 
mate with, ‘whit, whit, whit,’ etc., the same number of times.” 


9. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 
“« Not often seen.” 


Fam. VIREONIDZ. 


10. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr. 
“¢ Vireo calidris ? Everywhere abundant. 
‘Length, 6, 52in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3. 
“Length, ?,6in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34.” 


190 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. HIRUNDINID. 


11. Progne dominicensis (Gm.). 

“ Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 53. 

“‘T saw the first this month, February, at the same time with, and in 
the same place as, the Tropic bird (Phethon). I think, however, both 
are residents.” 


Fam. CASREBIDAK. 


12. Certhiola atrata, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 150. 

“ Certhiola ? 

‘Length, ¢, 4g in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 23. 

“ Length, 2, 4 in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 23. 

‘‘ This black species seems to have almost entirely replaced the black 
and yellow one of Dominica, ete. It is abundant mixing with the ‘ black 
bird’ (Lowvigilla noctis) in the cotton-trees and plantains, so as to be 
hardly distinguished. The love for the flowers of the banana and plan- 
tain, and the fruit as well, is the same trait possessed by the Dominica 
species.” 

13. Certhiola saccharina, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 151. 

“ Certhiola. 

“Length, ¢, 42in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 24. 

“ Length, 2, 44 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 23. 

“ Not so abundant as the preceding. Called the ‘Molasses bird’.” 


Fam. TANAGRID:. 


14. Huphonia flavifrons (Sparm.). 
“Length, 3, juv., 5 in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 23. 
“Only observed in the high valleys, and only one seen. A quiet, 


unsuspicious bird ; feeds on a berry known here as the misseltoe, and 
hence called the ‘ misseltoe bird’.” 


15. Calliste versicolor, Lawr., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 153. 

“Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 38. 

“Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 34. 

‘““At ‘Carabries ’, the highest place of residence in the island, I first 
found this bird, feeding on the gommier seeds and others; frequently 
flying into the high woods, but remaining principally in the more open 
tracts bordering the negro provision grounds. In the heat of the day, 
and when it was windy, they kept more in the low shrubbery, feeding 
on the seeds of a low bush.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 191 


Fam. FRINGILLIDZ. 


16. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 

“¢ Black-bird.’ 

“ Length, ¢, 541in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3. 

‘Length, 2, 5 in. ; alar extent, 84; wing, 23. 

‘The young at first are like the females—gray. Its favorite tree is 
the silk-cotton ; it is very plentifully distributed.” 

There is but one pair of this species in the collection; they are of 
rather smaller dimensions than examples from Dominica. The bill is 
also somewhat smaller, but yet very much larger than that cf the bird 
from Guiana, which | called var. propingua in the Dominica catalogue ; 
the last is of a much smaller size. 


17. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 

‘““¢ Ground Sparrow.’ 

“Length, ¢, 44. in.; alar extent, 62; wing, 2. 

“ The most numerous of apy species; everywhere it is found, except, 
perhaps, in the depths of the ‘high woods’. It breeds in nearly every 
month from February to October; its nest is dome-shaped, like nearly 
all those of small birds in these islands. JI procured many nests and 
eggs in Dominica.” 

Fam. ICTERID:. 
18. Quiscalus ? 

“A bird called the ‘ Bequia Sweet’, from its note; a black bird, much 
resembling the Crow Blackbird, though smaller, the female the color of 
the female Cowbird; is plentiful in the adjacent keys, and a few have 
been blown here by storms.” 


Fam. TYRANNIDZ:. 


19. Elainea martinica (Linn.). 

‘¢ Flycatcher. 

“Length,é, 62 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 34. 

“The most common of these birds; much frequents the silk-cotton 
tree and the low bushes on hill sides.” 


20. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr. 

‘‘ Flycatcher ; ‘ Piperee.’ 

‘Length, d, 84 in.; alar extent, 125; wing, 4. 

“A companion of the preceding species, and found in the same locali- 
ties.” 


21. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl. 
‘* Piperee. 
** Length,3, 9 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 43. 
‘*Common in town and country.” 


192 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. TROCHILID:. 


22. Eulampis jugularis (Linn.). 
‘Few are seen below the high valleys, and there, even, it is by no 
ineans common.” 


23. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 
‘¢ Hxceedingly scarce, and like the above species found more frequently 
in the highlands than in the lowlands.” 


24. Orthorhynchus ornatus, Gould ? 

“¢ Doctor bird.’ O. exilis ? 

‘The only species which is numerous, especially in the gardens. The 
most interesting Hummingbird’s nest I have yet seen is one of this 
bird’s, being attached to a hanging rope, and containing two eggs; 
found in October.” 

Mr. Ober sent but one pair of this species, which he qneries if not 
O. evilis. The male agrees closely with O. ornatus, Gould, as described 
and figured by him (Mon. of Trochilide), having the ends of the crest- 
feathers decidedly blue. 

Mr. Elliot (Ibis, 1872, p. 355) remarks as follows :— This species, if it 
is really entitled to such a distinction, is found exactly between 0. cris- 
tatus of Barbadoes and St. Vincent, and O. exilis of the Virgin Islands 
and Nevis. It has perhaps a little more blue upon the crest; but if 
the locality is wanting, it is not an easy matter to separate specimens 
from O. exilis, to which the present bird bears a close resemblance.” 

Mr. Elliot gives as its localities ‘“‘ Martinique and St. Lucia”, and 
names “St. Vincent and Barbadoes” as the homes of O. cristatus. I 
have O. cristatus from Barbadoes, but the bird now sent from St. Vin- 
cent agrees well with O. ornatus, and Mr. Ober states that it is the only 
species of Orthorhynchus found there, and is abundant. I have not 
seen specimens of this genus from either Martinique or St. Lucia. I 
have examined examples of O. exilis from several islands, and they have 
been remarkably uniform in appearance, the ends of the crest-feathers 
being bluish-green, while in O. ornatus the termination of the crest is of 
a clear blue; in each the color of the tip gradually merges into the 
golden-green of the other portion of the crest. In O. cristatus, the two 
colors of the crest, violet-blue and golden-green, are about equally and 
‘trenchantly divided. 


Fam. CYPSELIDZ. 
25. “Chetura ? 


‘““Skims the country everywhere; is different from the Dominica spe- 
cies. Nests have been found in chimneys in the country districts.” 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 193 


Fam. ALCEDINID. 


26. “Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 

“Not abundant. The same habits as the Northern Kingfisher; must 
be aresident. Have seen it in Dominica in April and September; here 
from October to February.” 


Fam. CUCULID. 


27. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 

“ ¢Cuckoo, Manioc.’ 

‘¢ Wherever there is a field with low bushes, or dense clumps of man- 
goes with open spaces intervening, on hillsides as well as plains, this 
bird may be found. Its peculiar cry is said to be heard always before 
arain, giving it the name of ‘ Rain Bird’—a name, however, not confined 
to this species, as local names are given without any reason, except the 
fancy of the people bestowing it.” 


28. Crotophaga ani, Linn. 
“sTick Bird” ‘Chapman Bird’ . 
*‘ Introduced, but assimilates well. A lazy, unsuspicious bird, fre- 
quenting cattle-fields, and delighting to congregate in bunches of half a 
dozen or so in the tops of small trees. Is Said to eat the cattle ticks, 
and for this purpose was introduced. Is always in a state of emaciation, 
but the stomach is generally well filled with ticks and small Coleoptera.” 


Fam. PSITTACID 2. 


29. Chrysotis guildingi (Vigors). 

“‘ Length (fresh), g, 184 inches; alar extent, 324; wing, 104; tail, 732. 

‘“ Length (fresh), 9, !9 inches; alar extent, 33; wing, 11. 

“Ts confined to the great central ridge running through the island ; 
on this, and on the thickly wooded spurs this parrot is found. Like 
the Ramier, it feeds in the tops of the highest trees, and its season of 
good condition is the later months in the year. Mates in February, 
March, and breeds in April and May. Is then most easily approached, 
though ever shy and vigilant. Is sometimes caught (but only by break- 
ing a wing by a shot) and takes kindly to confinement. The governor 
of St. Vincent, G. Dundas, Esq., C. M. G., has two which can articulate 
afew words. As a rule, however, they are difficult to teach. This is 
the only species on the island.” 

I have appended a description of this rare and beautiful species. 

Male.—The sinciput is of an ashy-white; the feathers of the top of the 
head have their bases pale orange, which color increases until on the occi- 
put the feathers are entirely of a fine orange; lores and around the eye 

| grayish-white; cheeks pale orange; the feathers of the sides of the neck 
and throat are orange at base, terminating with pale blue; the feathers 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——13 Oct. 15, 1878. 


194 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


of the hind neck are light olive-green, orange at base, and terminating 
conspicuously with black; back, rump, and smaller wing-coverts of a 
brownish-rufous or bay color, the feathers narrowly edged with black; the 
tail-feathers are varied with dark green and blue, with their bases bright 
orange and their ends dirty pale orange; the terminal half of the pri- 
maries is black, the basal portion orange-yellow ; the speculum on the 
secondaries is of a deep orange, succeeded by green and then dark-blue 
on the outer webs to their ends; the inner webs are black; the tertials 
are olive-green, with the outer webs of a lighter blue; edge of the wing 
orange; the breast and sides are of a duller bay color than the back, and 
the abdomen dull olive-green ; all the feathers edged with black; the 
under tail-coverts are dull orange, ending with green; the bill is horn- 
white, the end of the upper mandible dusky, and the sides with just a 
tinge of orange; feet dark ash. 

The female does not differ essentially in plumage from the male, except 
that the sinciput is whiter and the throat of a clearer orange, possibly 
due to difference of age. 

Each specimen is labelled— Parrot. J. Kirkland, Esq., Langby Park, 
Dec. 15, 1877.” 


Fam. STRIGIDAL. 


.30. Strix flammea var. nigrescens, Lawr. 

“Owl. ‘Jumbie Bird.’ 

“Length, 9,12 in.; alar extent, 32; wing, 10. 

“There are two species, it is said; but I have seen but this one, and 
doubt whether there be another. Evidence from the natives should 
never be accepted without proof. This species is a frequenter of cliffs. 
I know nothing of its habits.” 


Fam. FALCONIDA. 


31. Pandion haliztus (Linn.). 
‘‘ Not seen, but said to appear along the coast to the windward.” 


& 


32. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.). 


‘Everywhere abundant. Called the ‘Chicken Hawk’. Every speci- 
men yet examined very light in color, except the last.” 


33. Urubitinga anthracina (Nitzsch) ? 

““¢ Black Hawk.’ 

“Length, g, juv., 21 in.; wing, 15; tail, 9; tarsus, 34. Cumberland 
Valley, Feb. 1, 1878. 

“An inhabitant of the mountains and higher valleys, feeding on crabs, 
cray-fishes, ete., and frequenting the mountain streams. This specimen 
is evidently not in mature stage of plumage. They are very shy, little 


seen, not molesting poultry. A young one of this species has been sent 
to the London Zoological Gardens. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 195 


‘¢ One pointed out to me as the Black Hawk had the shape and appear- 
ance of the Black Vulture (Cathartes atratus); the short tail and pecu- 
liar flight. This not according with my observations of the hawk pre- 
viously, in the forest, leads me to think that it was C. atratus. If so, it 
is the first seen. A ‘Black Hawk’ I had before seen had all the appear- 
ance of the American Duck Hawk. They breed on a shelf of some 
high cliff.” 

The single specimen sent is immature, but it does not agree satisfac- 
torily with a Mexican example of U. anthracina, in a somewhat similar 
stage of plumage, and if U. gundlachi inhabiting Cuba is a distinct 
species, a comparison with that will be necessary to determine its true 
position. 

It is (though a male) rather larger, and apparently stouter, with a 
shorter wing than the specimen from Mexico, which is a female; it is 
blacker, with the bands on the tail less in number and double the width 
of those on the tail of the Mexican bird; but there is probably a differ- 
ence of age, and, without precise knowledge on this point, a comparison 
is unsatisfactory. 

The specimen alluded to by Mr. Ober as having been sent to the 
Zoological Society of London is doubtless the one spoken of by Mr. J. 
H. Gurney (Ibis, 1876, p. 487); he says:—‘*I may also mention that a 
specimen of U. anthracina from the island of St. Vincent is now living 
in the Gardens of the Zoological Society ; this example was in immature 
dress when it arrived at the Gardens, but is now in full plumage, with 
the exception of a slight tinge of rufous brown on the back and sides of 
the head, and also on the tertials,” ete. 

On page 488 he also remarks :—* The Urubitinga found in Cuba was 
erected into a distinct species by Cabanis, who assigned to it the specific 
name of gundlachi (vide Journ. fiir Orn. 1854, p. 80); this, however, is 
treated by Mr. Sharpeas a synonym of U. anthracina, whether correctly 
or not I cannot say, as I have never seen a Urubitinga from Cuba,” ete. 


Fam. FREGATID. 


34. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 

. “A common sight is that of the ‘ Man-o’war Bird’ flying high above 
the water. It breeds in numbers on the island of Balliceaux, 15 miles 
distant from St. Vincent.” 


Fam. PH A THONIDA. 


35. Phzthon ethereus, Linn. 

“ Length, 3d, 37 in.; alar extent, 38: wing, 124. 

‘¢ Breeds in the cliffs on the Leeward coast; habits, etc., same as the 
Dominica bird. I found this species in great numbers, at Balliceaux, a 
small key near St. Vincent ; found a young bird and one egg; they 
breed later in the season.” 


196 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. PELECANID. 


36. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.). 
“Length, dé, 46 in.; alar extent, 80; wing, 20. 
‘¢ Seen off the'coast, but not in any abundance.” 
37, Sula fiber (Linn.) ? 
“An inhabitant of the Leeward coast.” 


Fam. ARDEIDA. 


38. Ardea herodias, Linn. 
‘“‘ Visits the island, but not often seen; called the ‘Gray Heron’.” 


39. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.),. 


‘“‘ Very few ever seen.” 


40. Florida czerulea (Linn.). 
‘Tn small numbers.” 

41. Butorides virescens (Linn.). 
“‘Length,?, 17 in. ; alar extent, 25; wing, 7. 
‘¢Common; the only Heron plentiful.” 


Fam. COLUMBIDA. 


42. Columbo corensis (Gm.). 

“ Length,?, 16 in.; alar extent, 254; wing, 82. 

‘Abundant, but shy; inhabits the high woods. Feeds on the berries 
of the gommier tree and many others. Is in best condition in Novem- 
ber and December; but most easily obtained in February and March, 
when the woods resound with its call notes and loud cooing. Is strictly 
arboreal, never touching the earth.” 


43. Zenaida martinicana, Bp. 

“ Length,?, 104 in.; wing, 53; tail, 34. 

“« Turtle Dove.” Balliceaux Island, near St. Vincent. Breeding abun- 
dantly.’” 


44, Chamepelia passerina (Linn.). 

“Length, 3, 6% in,; alar-extent, 104; wing, 33. 

“Abundant, more so than in Dominica; especially will it be found in 
rocky situations near the shore.” 


45. Geotrygon montana (Linn.). 
‘Length, é, 103 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 64. 
“Length, 2, 93 in.; alar extent, 164; wing, 54. 
‘Rather plentiful in the high woods, where only it resides. Is as 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 197 


strictly terrestrial as the Ramier is arboreal. Feeds on fallen seeds 
mostly; when alarmed, springs into a tree, or flies a short distance and 
alights in a low tree, whence it soon seeks the ground.” 


Fam. RALLIDZ. 


46. Porphyrio martinicus (Linn.). 

“Gallinula martinica ? Seen by me in October, but not obtained. 
One has since been shot in Dominica, and is awaiting my return there. 
It is undoubtedly the same species as this.” 


Fam. CHARADRITDZ. 


47. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.). 
“Autumn migrations.” 


48. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh. 

‘‘ Visits the island in the months of September and October, but does 
not remain. There are few open fields, rounded hills, or lowlands, so 
that the Plover make but a very short stay.” 


49. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bp.). 


50. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.). 
“ In October.” 


Fam. SCOLOPACID A. 


51. Himantopus nigricollis (Vieill.). 
52. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.). 
“ Only in winter months.” 
53. Tringa minutilla, Vieill. 
54. Calidris arenaria (Linn.). 
55. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.). 


56. Tringoides macularius (Linn.). 


“Length, ¢,7 in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4. 
“A visitant; remains through the winter months. Some few may 
remain the whole year; not very plentiful.” 


57. Numenius longirostris (Wils.). 


“Of the preceding, eight species are on the authority of a resident. 
There is no doubt that they occur. All are migrants, visiting only in 
autumn,” 


198 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. LARID AE. 


58. Sterna maxima, Bodd. 

‘¢ Sterna regia. 

‘‘T am very sure that the Tern seen here is of this species, though I 
have not yet obtained it.” 


Fam. PODICIPITID. 
59. ‘‘Pcdiceps ? 
“A species of ‘diver’ is often spoken of as occurring during the 
autumn months. I have not obtained it.” 


‘“‘A few ducks and one species of teal visit this island, but do not 
remain. There are few ponds or bodies of water, no salt-water lagoons 
and no marshes of any extent, so that all kinds of water fowl soon 
leave for better feeding grounds.” 


New York, July 22, 1878, 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPAROID FISH, SARGUS HOLBROOKD, 
FROW SAVANNAH BANK. 


By TARLETON Ii. BEAN. 


A preliminary description of this species was published in Forest and 
Stream. June 13, 1878. Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Curator of the 
United States National Museum, found it on the 29th of March, 1878, in 
the market of Charleston, 8S. C., where it is known as the “ Bream ”. 
Prof. D. 8. Jordan has recently collected the species at Beaufort, N. C. 

The description is drawn from the six specimens (United States Na- 
tional Museum Catalogue, Fishes, No. 20,979) sent by Mr. Goode from 
Charleston. These specimens range from 256 to 300 millimetres (10}5 
to 1143 inches) in length to end of middle caudal rays. This measure- 
ment is the basis of comparison for all the rest. 

The species is dedicated to John Edwards Holbrook, M. D., author of 
the “Ichthyology of South Carolina”, &c., &c. 


Sargus Holbrookii, Bean, sp. nov. 


Body ovate, resembling Sargus vulgaris, Geoffr., in shape, rather than 
S. caudimacula, Poey, compressed, a very slight protuberance above the 
upper anterior margin of the orbit, and a very marked one in the supra- 
occipital region. Height of body at ventrals, measured from origin of 
ventral to origin of spinous dorsal, is contained slightly less than 24 
times in length of body, and usually equals the distance of the dorsal 
from the end of upper jaw. Least height of tail is about equal to length 
of middle caudal rays, slightly exceeds the length of upper jaw, and is 
contained from 10 to 104 times in total length. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 199 


Greatest length of head is contained 33 times in total length. Inter- 
orbital area is about § of length of head. Snout, measuring from end 
of upper jaw to perpendicular through anterior margin of orbit, is 7'5 of 
total length, and about equals mandible. Length of maxillary nearly 
equals length of middle caudal rays. Mandible is contained 93 times 
in total length. The eye is contained 41 times in head, and almost 16 
times in total length. 

Distance of spinous dorsal from end of upper jaw is nearly equal to 
height of body at ventrals. Longest dorsal spine is contained from 84 
to 10 times in total length. The first dorsal spine does not equal the 
first anal, and is contained from 14 to 2 times in the second dorsal spine. 
The last dorsal spine equals longest dorsal ray. The rays of the soft 
dorsal gradually diminish in length from the first to the last but one, 
which is shorter than the last. 

Distance of anal from snout is contained 12 times in total length. 
The first anal spine is usually 4 the length of the second, which is some- 
what longer and stronger than the third. The second anal spine is con- 
tained 12 times in total length. The third anal spine is, in most cases, 
scarcely greater than the last dorsal spine. The anal rays diminish in 
length to the one before the last, which does not equal the last. 

The middle caudal rays are about ,5, as long as the external rays, and 
7p of total length. 

The distance of pectoral from snout is contained 34 times and its 
length about 3 times in total length. 

The distance of ventral from snout is about 4, of total length. Ven- 
tral length is usually twice length of snout. 

Radial Formula.—B. V1; D. XU, 13—14; A. IIT, 13—14; P. 15—16; 
Vi I+. 

Scales.—8, 60—62, 16. 

Teeth—Hight incisors in each jaw; their greatest width equal to half 
their length. Many small, granular teeth behind the incisors. Three 
rows of molars in the upper jaw; two in the lower. Two of the speci- 
mens examined show a slight tendency to increase the number of rows 
of molars. 

Color.—Dorsal, caudal, anal, ventrals, axil of pectoral, posterior 
border of operculum, blackish. A black spot on the caudal peduncle, 
extending almost as far below as above the lateral line, and involving 
about eight longitudinal rows of scales. Upper part of head very dark 
brown. Cheeks and greater part of body dull silvery. No cross-bands. 
I have not seen the living fish. 

Notes.—In the table of measurements, all the measurements except 
the first are given in hundredths of length to end of middle caudal rays. 

Mr. Goode informs me that the “Bream” was abundant in Charleston 
market at the time of his visit, and that it met with a ready sale. 

Prof. D. S. Jordan, writing from Beaufort, N. C., has kindly furnished 
me the following information concerning the species :— 





900 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“There is a species of Sargus, very abundant here, which J take to be 
your 8. Holbrookii, as I know of no other Sargus on our coast. ......” 
(From the description which Professor Jordan includes in his letter, I 
have no difficulty in recognizing the Sargus which he has observed as S. 
Holbrookii.) ‘* This fish abounds off the wharves here. ... The fisher- 
men call it Pinfish (Panfish?), not distinguishing it from Lagodon. I 
have obtained 50 or more specimens, all of them about 3 inches long; 
none over four. ......... Colorsilvery; bluish above; afew rather 
faint narrow dark bars along the sides and a broad and conspicuous 
dark blotch at base of caudal peduncle above, extending down the sides 
likea bar. Specimens seen, allsmall. ........... The black bar on 
the caudal peduncle is very conspicuous. The fish may be known by 
this spot when in the water.” 


Table of Measurements. 
































Current number of specimen............-.-..------- 29,979 a.'20,979 b.}20,979 c. |20,979 d.}20,979 e. 20,979 f- 
Moeklityiss-ssos 22 eee sleet see oes cee eee eee scene Savannah Bank, Charleston. 
Length to end of middle candal rays... .-millimetres. 256 278 300 274 261 264 
ody: 
Height at ventrals=-o. 3.253.552: 52 tte seeee eee: -41 -41 - 413 41 42 . 42 
east ineight of tail sscee secs ece = == mae eee eee . 093 . 093 . 095 . 094 .10 - 093 
Head: 
Greatest length .; .2.-3..escc<ssecaeaaseemeceenee . 263 - 263 . 264 . 264 - 263 . 263 
Width of interorbital areaiisc.-o.2 2. ecco sane ee . 083 09 - 0&4 . 09 . 09 . 09 
Men ouNOr SNONb.. ssae2 se cove sees Se Nee Eee eeene . 10 -10 . 10 - 103 - 103 .10 
Gength' of maxallary «@.../..Jasctec~c senceanaseees . 09 0935 . 092 .09 . 094 - 094 
enethiot mandible. . 2.2.5 <2 css hes .cse- eee .10 . 103 . 103 - 104 Aiki . 104 
Miameterofieye $5255). WA w= -5- bees ee eee - 063 . 065 . 064 . 064 . OOF . O62 
Dorsal (spinous) : 
Diguancetrom isnout:-2-s<<s..see. + eecnnee eee 41 . 413 -4L . 393 44 . 41 
Groabest belebtnoo:.caduces meee ane Cee eee .10 . 103 22 ee tes abe . 104 
Menvth of firstispine.:... js Posseccesen ewe ee . 04 . 04 . 033 - 032 . 032 . 044 
Length of second spine... 2-2 -.-ssss—4seenene O58 = saae -O7 . 063 . 06 O55 
ength of last spine ..2--<2-2.-sc02 s.seecne seco BUY e pese ence . AOU see ee . 08 . O74 
Dorsal (saft) : 
en giniol Arsh Tay. 5... seseses sos see ae Oe SOU cco kos WS = eee 08 . 07 
ene thief longestiray.-. 5252. 2----scLeceeneeneens O72 -.<< 535 alaseetecs| Geaeeeee 08 -07 
Hength of lastivay -..-.2ccecnes see ee eo oreraee . 063 JOT PSS PELE Ee Bee ate soe s eee eee 
Anal: 
Diskakce from Snoub’.c-- sete soeee eee ee eee eee . 62 . 62 . 603 . 62 . 622 62 
Iboucthof first spine: 22. scse-oecs eee eee eee . 042 .05 . 043 . 042 . 043 
isength of second ‘Spine:.c2 cesses eecee eee eee . 083 . 083 . O84 . 083 04 . 08 
Length of third spine..............-- ~jane eee eeee . 073 . 072 . 083 . OTF . 082 - 074 
enpih of Wirshray..-co< clos ese seer eos ee eees . 073 . 083 08 . 073 . 083 . O73 
Bensth of lonrest ray -.s.-< scenes ae eee . 074 . 083 08 073 . O84 074 
Heng ihordastiray l£225.. -s0 ceceaws ee eeee eee SOGE) 0 PROT teen es Maree .063} .06 
Caudal: 
enpthiof middlerays-.o.-)-22.--- 2.) see .093} .10 093) .10 093} =. 10 
Length of superior external rays .......-.-.---. 24 . 243 NOAA cs send a . 243 
Pectoral: 
Distance from snout ..---..---..2..2-..020c2-2-- 283}. 28 . 28 . 28 298). 28 
PSR OUN n apie ae -secee tes seen e see eee ESOHL er oe Baste ola os - 303 
Ventral: x 
Wistance from snont)...- -—-- s2s<scsc-ecee eee 348 . 343 . 36 . 854 . 363 - 35 
enue eas seek cteccsees hace a . 20 ~213| +. 194 - 20 19 
Branchiostegals VI VI VI VI VI 
Woraalleee es oscenac- see XII, 14 |XII, 14 |XII, 13 |X, 14 |XII, 14 
NER ene oe 3) eS) EE 4. |S, 13) Se a es 1 
Pectoral’ s. Jc. sess. 15 16 15 16 16 
WTB eee see ee ee cosas 2. sac 5. ae ay es 15) Es I,5 
Number of scales in lateral line.................-.- 61 62 60 60 60 61 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line. .:.... 8 8 8 8 8 8 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line. .-...- 16 16 16 16 16 16 














WASHINGTON, D. C., August 12, 1878. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 201 


CATALOGUE OF CASTS TAKEN BY CLARK MILLS, ESQ., OF THE HEADS 
OF SIXTY-FOUR INDIAN PRISONERS OF VARIOUS WESTERN TRIBES, 
AND HELD AT FORT MARION, SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLA., IN CHARGE OF 
CAPT. R. H, PRATT, U.S. A. 

The attention of anthropologists in later years has been directed very 
closely to the shape of the head, of the lineaments, and of the external 
form generally of mankind during life, instead of being confined to that 
of the cranium and the skeleton, and every opportunity of securing 
accurate casts, in plaster, of the native races of a country is eagerly 
embraced. The face masks made by the brothers Scblagintweit, of 
Asiatic tribes, are well-known standard objects in the principal eth- 
nological collections of tbe world and constitute the largest single 
series yet brought together. 

It has always been difficult to obtain face casts of the North Ameri- 
can Indians. They manifest a deeply rooted aversion to the process 
required, and, indeed, a superstitious fear generally of beiug imitated 
in any manner, even by the peucil or camera. The face masks from 
nature now in existence have, for the most part, been taken from the 
dead, with the consequent lack of vital expression, and the opportunity 
of obtaining life-like similitudes of 64 Indian prisoners of war, of at 
least six different tribes, was promptly embraced by the Smithsonian 
Institution. No difficulty was experienced in securing these casts, as 
the Indians had every confidence in the statements of Captain Pratt, 
who had them in command, that there would be nothing detrimental to 
either soul or body in the process, and, indeed, he himself was first sub- 
jected to it to reassure them. In fact, understanding that the casts 
were destined for the city of the Great Father at Washington, there to 
be preserved forever, one invalid whose treatment was deferred until the 
last could scarcely be satisfied even with the assurance that he should 
not be neglected.—S. I. BarrD. 


Letter from Captain Pratt. 


Fort MARION, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA., 
February 9, 1878. 


Prof. SPENCER F’. BAIRD, 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.: 

DEAR SiR: In reply to yours of the 25d of January, [am authorized to 
forward the categorical list and offenses of the prisoners, compiled 
from the official reports of the officers having the matter of looking up 
offenders in charge at Indian agencies. I have added to that list the 
date and place of arrest or capture, and the date of death of those who 
have died. To give the other information asked, I add in general some 
account of our later dealings with these people. This you can abridge 
or rearrange to your purpose. 

Down to less than thirty years ago these tribes roamed without hin- 
derance from the Platte River to the Gulf of Mexico, ranging through 


202 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


New Mexico, Eastern Colorado, the western parts of Kansas, the Indian 
Territory, and Texas, having little care. or oversight from the govern- 
ment. From time to time their limits were decreased, until, in 1867, 
they had been given fixed reservations in the Indian Territory; the 
Cheyennes and Arapahoes west of the Cherokees and nortk of the 
Washita River, with hunting privileges in Western Kansas, while the 
Kiowas and Comanches were south of them and west of the Chickasaws, 
With privileges to hunt in Northwestern Texas. The opposition to 
abridgment of their ancient freedom required an active military force 
to get them within these limits. At the end of 1868, after several 
engagements and continued unrest from pursuit of troops, they were 
brought directly under care of their agents upon their reservations. The 
period of quiet was short. They soon commenced raiding along the 
frontier, more particularly on those parts they had thought their own. 
The few cases of punishment received in these forays from the troops 
or outraged border settlers were only sufficient to give them a relish. 
Buffalo hunters invaded their territory and angered them by a whole- 
sale destruction of the best resource of their nomadic life. Individual 
Indians were not held accountable for notorious offenses, and their 
reservations grew to be places of refuge, from which they raided and 
to which they fled in comparative protection. Moving in small parties 
they enforced terror far into the settlements and wreaked vengeance 
upon the weak and isolated, not sparing women and children, whom 
they sometimes carried captives to their camps. This was their war, 
and recitals of adventure on these incursions formed a staple interest 
in their ceremonies and around their camp-fires. Stealing horses, mules, 
and cattle from settlements near was largely indulged in. This stock, 
if not desired for home use, found purchasers on another border or 
within their own limits. Sometimes the thieves were traced out and 
called upon to return the stock, but oftener it was clear gain. In this 
business they had strong competitors and much encouragement by con- 
tact and example from the bad white men who leech upon the sparsely 
Settled districts of the frontier. The worthy settler suffered many losses 
from these men, who, often personating the red man, organized a system 
of depredations of incredible magnitude, and succeeded in attaching 
much additional blame on the Indians. Throughout 1870, ’71, 72, and 
73, things went on from bad to worse. Texas furnished their richest 
field, but all settlements bordering their reservations suffered; so that 
in these years scarcely a neighborhood but could tell of some murders 
or depredations. Surveying parties, emigrants, the lone settler, wagon- 
trains with supplies for the military, their own consumption, or traders’ 
use, all fell under their lawlessness and barbarous rapine. The counsels 
and urgings of their agents and other authorities were fling to the 
winds. 

Early in 1874 it was determined to end by force what other measures 
were clearly unable to stay. To this end, a day was fixed, about mid- 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 203 


summer, on which all Indians of these tribes who wished to be at peace 
were to come to their agencies, submit to an enrollment, such roll-calls 
and other oversight as might be established to hinder their absence. 
Those who remained out after this date were to be declared hostile and 
forfeit whatever rights and privileges, heretofore enjoyed, the govern- 
ment might determine to remove. This intention was fully published, 
but many were incredulous, and when the day arrived, about half each of 
the Kiowas and Comanches, with a greater proportion of the Cheyennes 
and a few Arapahoes, had accepted hostilities. They found their error 
when commands from Kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and the Indian Ter- 
ritory moved upon them simultaneously, and throughout the fall of 
1874 and the subsequent winter followed them to their supposed safe 
retreats on the Staked Plains, or in the canyons of Red River. By 
spring all of the tribes named, except a few score of Quahada Co- 
manches, were driven in about their agencies. Many were captured in 
the open field and sent in, while others, evading the troops, threw 
themselves upon the mercy of the government by surrender to the mili- 
tary authorities at the agencies. As fast as they were taken, or sur- 
rendered, all horses, mules, and war material were taken from them, 
and the warriors confined or paroled within close limits. All against 
whom good evidence of having committed crime could be found were 
taken out, and charges were alleged with a view to legal action. An- 
other class, composed of those who were notoriously guilty of crime, 
but against whom no good evidence could be brought, and also of those 
who were notoriously insubordinate and stirrers up of bad feeling, was 
selected to be sent east for confinement in some fort. Not many of the 
first class could be found, because of difficulties in identifying, as usu- 
ally, in Indian murders, none live to tell the tale, and Indian testimony 
is not accepted. When the time came to send them east, for some rea- 
son the first class accompanied the second, and all were sent here, where 
they arrived on the 21st of May, 1875. 

In looking up these cases, it was found difficult to strike amiss among 
so many offenders. Those who accepted the position of friendship to 
the government by remaining at their agencies, averaged little better 
than the hostiles, their opposition and offenses, generally, simply ante- 
dating those of the hostiles. 

Personal history sufficient for your purpose will probably be found in 
the list, but the charges are only alleged and not proven. 

It is simply just to say that since being here these men have set an 
example to civilization in good behavior; twenty-two of them have 
learned to read and write, understandingly; while in the matter of labor, 
at such as could be given, they have not failed or weakened in the 
slightest degree. 


Respectfully and sincerely yours, 
R. H. PRATT, 


U. S. Army. 





204 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


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206 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


30676 


30677 


30678 


30679 


30680 


30681 


30682 


30683 


NOTES ON THE PRECEDING LIST. 
CHEYENNES. 


(1) Heap of Birds.—Chief. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. Died October 9, 1&77. 
Ringleader. 
(2) Bear Shield.—Chief. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Killed Watkins. 
(3) Minimic.—Chief. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
(4) Medicine Water.— Warrior. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
5, 1875. 

Charge 1st.—Wilful and deliberate murder. Did kill or 
assist in killing a party of surveyors, white men, consisting 
of Capt. Oliver F. Short and his son, F. D. Short, James 
Shaw and his son, J. Allen Shaw, and J. H. Renchler, resi- 
dents of Lawrence, Kans. Also, Henry C. Jones. 

Charge 2d.—Abduction. Illegal detention. Kidnapping. 
Did carry off or assist in carrying off Catherine, Sophia, 
Julianne, and Mary Germain, aged, respectively, 18, 13, 7, 
and 54 years. Held the first two as captives from Septem- 
ber 11, 1874, until March 1, 1875, 

Long Back.—Subchief. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
18, 1875. 

Held and abused Germain girls. 

(6) White Man.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
5, 1875. 
Accomplice in Short and Germain murders; pointed out 
by Medicine Water. 
(7) Rising Bull.— Warrior. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
5, 1875. 

Accomplice in above murders; pointed out by Germain 
girls. 
Cohoe.— Warrior. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, January 
9, 1875. 

Accomplice (pointed out by Big Moccasin and Medicine 
Water) in Germain murder. 


(5 


wa 


(8 


~~ 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 207 


30684 (9) Bear’s Heart.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Accomplice (pointed out by Big Moccasin and Medicine 
Water) in Germain murder. 
30685 (10) Star.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
No offence charged., 
30686 (11) Howling Wolf (Minimic’s Son).—Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30687 (12) Making Medicine.—JVarrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30688 (13) Antelope.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30689 (14) Come-uh-see-vah (Wolf's Marrow).—Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indiau Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30690 (15) Little Medicine.— Chief. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30691 (16) Shave Head.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30692 (17) Roman Nose.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30693 (18) Big Nose.—Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory. April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30694 (19) Squint Eyes.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30695 (20) Little Chief.— JVarrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 


2908 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


30696 (21) Matches.— Warrior. 
. Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
, 1875. 
Ringleader. 
30697 (22) Buffalo Meat.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875 
Ringleader. 
30698 (23) Buzzard.—Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne “Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Ringleader. 
30699 (24) Soaring Hagle.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Fort Wallace, Kansas, December 25, 1874. 
Brown murder, near Wallace. Had Brown’s pistol when 
captured by Lieutenant Hinkle. 
30700 (25) Moconista.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Fort Wallace, Kansas, December, 25, 1874. 
Brown murder. 
30701 (26) Left Hand.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Fort Wallace, Kansas, December 25, 1874. 
Brown murder. 
30702 (27) Chief Killer.—Warrior. 
Arrested at Staked Plains, Texas, September 24, 1874. 
Participated in the killing of the Germain parents and 
son and daughter, and in the carrying away into captivity 
of the four sisters. 
30703 (28) Mochi.—Squaw. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
5, 1875. 
Put an axe in head of Germain girls’ father. 
Grey Beard.— Chief. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. 
Jumped from the train en route, near Houston, Fla., May 
21, 1875, and was shot by the guard and died in two fone 
Einetuadee : 
Big Moccasin.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, Decem- 
ber 14, 1874. Died November 4, 1875. 
Captured by Captain Keys, and pointed out by Medicine 
Water. 
Ringleader and murder. 
Lean Bear.— Chief. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. Died July 24, 1875. 
Ringleader. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 209 


Shaving Wolf.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. Died December 5, 1876. 
Ringleader. 
Spotted Elk.— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, April 3, 
1875. Died January 2, 1877. 
Ringleader. 


ARAPAHOES. 
30704 (29) Packer.— Warrior. 


Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
5, 1875. 

Charge.—Wilful murder. Killed Leon Williams, a Mexi- 
can herder in the employment of the United States Govern- 
ment, at Arapahoe and Cheyenne Agency. | 

30705 (30) White Bear.— Warrior. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, March 
5, 1875. 

Attempt to kill. Did shoot at, with intent to kill, F. H. 
Williams, an employé of the United States Government, at 
the Arapahoe and Cheyenne Agency. 


KIOWAS. 
Woman's Heart.—Chief. 


Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October 
3, 1874. Released by order of the Secretary of War, April 
18, 1877. 

Participated in the assaults on Amos Chapman and party, 
and on Major Syman’s train, near the source of the Washita 
River, Texas, September 9 to 13, 1874. Participated in the 
murder of Jacob Dilsey, on the North Fork of the Canadian 
River, below Camp Supply, near Cottonwood Grove, Indian 
Territory, November 21, 1873. 


CADDOES. 


30706 (31) Huh-nah-nee.—Prominent Man. 
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 7, 1875. 
Killed E. P. Osborne (Black Beaver’s son-in-law) near the 
Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, August 22, 1874. 
30707 (32) White Horse.—Chicf. 
Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, 17th December, 
1874. 
Led the party killing Manuel Ortego and Lucien Munés, 
near Dr. J. J. Sturms, on the Little Washita River, Indian 
Territory, August 22, 1874. Participated in the Howard’s 
Wells Texas massacre, 1872. Led the party killing the Lee 
family and abducting the Lee children, near Fort Griffin, 
Proc. Nat. Mus, 78-——14 Oct. 17, 1878. 


210 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


- Texas, 1872. Led the party killing Mr. Koozier,near Hen- © 
rietta, Texas, and carrying his wife and four children in 
captivity, 1870. Led the party attacking the mail stage, 
dangerously wounding the driver, robbing the stage, killing, 
wounding, and robbing the stage of its mules, near John- 
son’s Station, 25 miles west of Fort Concho, Texas, July 
14, 1872. Notoriously a murderer and raider. 

30708 (33) Wo-haw (Beef).—JWarrior. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October 
3, 1874. 

Participated in the murderof Manuel Ortego and Lucien 
Munos. Was in the party killing Jacob Dilsey. | 

30709 (34) Bird Chief, alias Bird Medicine, alias Bad Eye.— Warrior and Leader. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October 
3, 1874. 

Participated in the assaults on Amos Chapman and 
party, and Major Syman’s train near the source of the 
Washita River, Texas, September 9 to 13, 1874. Led the 
party, killing Jacob Dilsey on the North Fork of the Cana- 
dian River, below Camp Supply, near Cottonwood Grove, 
Indian Territory, November 21, 1873. Was in the party 
killing J. H. Martin, Mr. Canala, and Mr. Himes near Ki- 
owa or Medicine Lodge Creek, Barbour County, Kansas, 
June 16, 1874. Participated in the murder of Earnest 
Modest; seized Modest by the wrist and held him while 
another shot him, near Wichita Agency, August 22, 1874. 

30710 (35) Double Vision.—Pelty Chief. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October 
3, 1874. 

Was in the party murdering Earnest Modest. Held the 
bridle of Romero’s horse all the time the murder of Earnest 
Modest was being accomplished. . 

30711 (36) Sa-a-mi-da (Bear in the Clouds).—Leader. 

Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October 
3, 1874. 

Participated in the murder of Earnest Modest. Took 
care of the horses of the party, while the other Indians 
hammered Earnest to death with their hatchets. 

30712 (37) Lone Wolf.—Chief. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Headed a party of Kiowas, killing two buffalo-hunters, 
Dudley and Wallace, on the Canadian River, below Adobe 
Walls, early in 1874; led a party of 100 Indians, more or: 
less, in assailing a party of non-combatants, citizens of the 
United States, viz, E. P. Osborne, E. H. Barrett, Jackson 
Clark, and Charles Losson, and did murder, or aid in, assist, 





30713 


30714 


30715 


30716 


30717 


30718 


30719. 


30720. 


7 x et A 
PROCEEDINGS OF neo TES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 211 


and abet the murder, with firearms of three of the aforesaid 
non-combatants, viz, Osborne, Barrett, and Clark. 
(38) Zo-tom (Biter).— Warrior. : 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was in party headed by Mah-mante, killing two colored 
men on Salt Creek Prairie, between Jackson and Belknap, 
Texas, 1870 or 1871. Participated in the attack on buffalo- 
hunters at Adobe Walls, early in spring of 1871. 

(39) On-ko-eht (Ankle).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Bad man; was with Mah-mante, killing two colored men, 
&e. 

(40) Ohet-toint (High Forehead).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was with Mah-mante when he killed the man in the 
wagon; was with Lone Wolf killing two buffalo hunters. 

(41) H-tah-dle-uh (Boy).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, a River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was aan Lone Wolf killing buffalo-hunters (Dudley and 
Wallace); was in the party attacking buffalo-hunters at 
Adobe Walls, early in spring of 1874. 

(42) Zo-pe-he (Toothless).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Participated in the killing of two colored men. Went to 
Texas with a party of Comanches and participated in the 
killing of two men on the Clear Fork of the Brazos in the 
summer of 1873. 

(43) Tsah-dle-tah (White Goose).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Soy River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was with Lone Wolf, killing two men, buffalo-hunters, 
Wallace and Dudley ; was ce icone in the attack on troops 
at the Washita, August 22, 1874; helped to kill the white 
men Modest, Osborne, and others. 

(44) Zone-ke-uh (Teeth).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, February 18, 1875. 

Was with Mah-mante killing the two colored men. Was 
with Lone Wolf killing two buffalo-hunters, Dudley and 
Wallace. 

(45) Beah-ko (Old Man).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 

ruary 18, 1875. 


SR 


212 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


30721. 


30722 


30723 


30724 


30725 


30726 


30727 


30728 


Helped rob Shirley’s store at the Wichita Agency, In- 

dian Territory, August 22, 1874. 
(46) To-un-ke-up (Good Talk).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Stealing in Salt Creek Valley, Texas, late in 1871. Was 
with Lone Wolf killing Dudley and Wallace, buffalo-hunt- 
ers. 

(47) Ko-ba (Wild Horse).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was with Mah-mante stealing a lot of mules in the Brazos 
country in 1872. Participated in the attack on General 
Davidson’s command at Wichita Agency, August 22, 1874. 

(48) Mau-ko-peh (Flat Nose).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Stealing horses, and was with Mah-mante stealing a lot 
of mules in the Brazos country in 1872. 

(49) Au-lih (Wise).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was with Lone Wolf killing Dudley and Wallace. Was 
with Mah-mante when he killed the man in the wagon. 
Stealing horses. Helped rob Shirley’s store. Participated 
in the attack on General Davidson’s command. i 

(50) Ko-ho (Kicking).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Was with Lone Wolf killing Dudey and Wallace. Was 
with Mah-mante killing the two colored men. Helped rob 
Shirley’s store. Participated in the attack on General 
Davidson’s command. Stealing mules. 

(51) To-o-sape (Bull with Holes in his Hars).— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. : . 

Was with Mah-mante killing the two colored men. Was 
with Lone Wolf killing Dudley and Wallace. Stealing 
mules. 

(52) Tsait-lkope-ta (Bear Mountain).—/JVarrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Helped rob Shirley’s store. Stole horses. Was with 
Lone Wolf killing Dudley and Wallace. 

(53) Pedro.— Warrior. 

Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 18, 1875. 

Killed a colored man, known as Frenchy, near the 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 213 


Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, August 22, 1874. Was 
in a party killing two white men below Fort Griffin, 
Texas, in the winter of 1872~73. One of the men was 
riding a mule, and the other a horse, at the time. Was 
a prominent character in the party robbing Shirley’s store. 
Stole horses and mules. Was with Mah-mante killing the 
man in the wagon. 
Th-pa-yah (Straightening an Arrow).—/Varvior. 
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, February 18, 1875. 
Died October 5, 1875. 
Stealing horses in or near the Salt Creek Valley, Texas, 
in the spring of 1873. 
Co-a-bote-ta (Sun).— Warrior. 
Arrested at Sulphur Ct. H., Indian Territory, October 
23, 1874. Died May 24,1875. Participated in the murder . 
of Jacob Dilsey. 
Ah-ke-ah, alias Pah-o-ka (Coming to the Grove).— Warrior. 
Arrested at Cheyenne Agency, Indian Territory, October 
3, 1874. Released by order of Secretary of War, April 18, 
1877. 
Participated in the murder of Jacob Dilsey. 
Mah-mante, alias Swan (Man who Walks above the Ground).— Chief. 
Arrested at Salt Fork, Red River, Indian Territory, Feb- 
ruary 13,1875. Died July 29, 1875. 
Led a party, killing two colored men, on the Salt Creek 
Prairie, between Jacksboro’ and Belknap, Texas, 1870 or 
1871. Killed a man on the road south of Fort Griffin, Texas, 
some time in 1870. Two men were riding in a lone wagon, 
Mah-mante lay concealed and shot one. Led a party steal- 
ing a large lot of mulesin the Brazos country in 1871. One 
mule was spotted. Killed a white woman and child in re- 
venge for the loss of two of his men, while on a raid in South- 
western Texas, in fall of 1874. Was with Lone Wolf, killing 
two buffalo-hunters, Dudley and Wallace, &c. 


COMANCHES. 


30731 (56) Hck-e-mah-ais (Buck Antelope. )— JVarrior. 
Arrested at Elk Creek, Indian Territory, October 26, 1874. 
Was in Texas with a party and stole horses about Decem- 
ber, 1873. 
30732 (57) Wy-a-ko (Dry Wood).—/Jarrior. 
Arrested at Elix Creek, Indian Territory, October 26, 
1874. 
Has been in Texas stealing horses; was in Texas last in 
the winter of 1873-74. 


214 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


30733 


30734 


30735 


30736 


30737 


(58) Black Horse.—Chief. 


Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, March 7, 1875. 

Talked defiantly in council with Governor Davis at Fort 
Sill, Indian Territory, 1873. Killed a white man near Fort 
Cobb, Indian Territory, 1867. The man went in his com- 
pany on a hunt, and it was thought at the time that Black 
Horse procured him to go for the purpose of killing him. 
That the Indian Agent Leavenworth and an inn-keeper 
named Lewis had engaged him to do the job on account of 
some trouble they had had with the man, who was a bad 
character. 


(59) Mad-a-with-t.— Warrior. 


Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, March 7, 1875. 
Died July 21, 1877. 

A raider. A bad man, Always trying to persuade young 
men to go off into Texas, always going himself. 


(60) Ta-a-way-ite (Telling Something).— Warrior. 


Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 18, 1875. 

A raider. A bad man. Always stealing horses or on 
a war-path. Never brings his horses to Sill. Steals them, 
and takes them to the Quahada Camp on the Staked 
Plains. 


(61) Pe-eh-chip (Tail Feathers).—/Varrior. 


Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 18, 1875. 

He is one of the five fellows that shot their father and 
was outlawed; that Captain Lee (Tenth Cavalry) was sent 
down to Double Mountain after, in the fall of 1873. He has 
been on the war-path ever since. 


(62) Tis-cha-kah-da (Always Sitting Down in a Bad Place).— Warrior. 


Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 18, 1875. 

A bad man. Always off trying to steal horses, or on the 
war-path, &c. He is one of the desperadoes Captain Lee 
(Tenth Cavalry) was sent down to Double Mountain after 
late in 1873. 


Quoi-yo-uh.— Warrior. 


Arrested at Fort Sill, Indian Territory, April 8, 1875. 
Bad man. Stealing horses. Stole thirty or more horses 
from the Chickasaws. 


Pa-voor-ite (Little Prairie Hill).—Varrior. 


Arrested at Wichita Agency, Indian Territory, Decem- 
ber 25, 1874. 

Helped steal forty-six horses from near Fort Sill belong- 
ing to K[iowa?] and C[omanche?] Agency and John Mad- 
den, citizen, May 11, 1874. Threatened to kill Mr. Clark, 
Comanches inn-keeper, on the day of the Wachita disturb- 


ance, August 22, 1874. Drew pistol on Clark. 


Di 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 215 


SYNOPSIS OF THE PEDICULATE FISHES OF THE EASTERN COAST OF 
EATRATROPICAL NORTH AMERICA, 


By THEODORE GILL. 


The present sketch of the North American Pediculate Fishes is ex- 
tracted from a general work on the fishes. of the corresponding region, 
which it is proposed to publish in instalments and as convenience 
may dictate. The issue of that relative to the Pediculates seems to be 
at least as much called for as any other on account of the recent addi- 
tions to our knowledge of the group and the rarity of the volumes in 
which those additions have been recorded. The recent discovery, too, 
of so many northern and deep-sea forms not far from our eastern coast 
renders it possible that any of the types herein enumerated may be 
found in the same waters, and the present synopsis may lead to their 
ready identification. The knowledge qf the northern forms is chiefly 
due to Dr. Liitken. 

Synopsis of Families. 


la. Branchial apertures in or behind the inferior axille of the pectoral fins; anterior 
dorsal ray superior; mouth more or less opening upwards; the lower jaw 
generally projecting beyond or closing in front of upper. 
2a. Pseudobrachia with three actinosts ; pseudobranchixe not developed. 
da. Pectoral members geniculated, with elongated pseudobrachia; ventral fins 


developedyecee. sa seecctc rete elite see she ee See ANTENNARIID&. 
3b. Pectoral members not geniculated, with moderate pseudobrachia; ventral 
TMSES UP DRESSEU rere censaaee ise etenc cease eyaeia arate na ree CERATUD. 


2b. Pseudobrachia with two actinosts; pseudobranchi developed. 
3. Pectoral members little geniculated, but with elongated pseudobrachia ; 
ventral fins separated by wide interval]. ........---..----..:.- LopHupD&. 
1b. Branchial apertures in the superior axille of the pectoral fins; auterior dorsal ray 
in a cavity overhung by the anterior margin of the forehead; mouth sub- 
terminal or inferior, the lower jaw being generally received within the 
WP POEs 5 sociales icicle sae ssiefen sw ceisiom sistem ais) slaruelale se tanec se MALTHEID.E. 


ANTENNARITD A. 


Pediculates with elongated geniculate pseudobrachia, provided with 
_ three actinosts, 7. ¢., 

Pediculates with a compressed body; the mouth opening’ upwards; 
the branchial apertures perforated in the lower axils of the pectorals; 
no pseudobranchie; the dorsals represented by (1) at least a frontal or 
superior rostral spine, and (2) an oblong soft dorsal; the pectoral, mem- 
bers distinctly geniculated, with elongated pseudobrachia and three 
actinosts; and with well developed and approximated ventrals. 


ANTENNARIIN 4, 


Antennariids with the body oval and with tumid abdomen, the head 
compressed, the mouth quite large; teeth on the palate as well as jaws ; 
spinous dorsal represented by three spines; soft dorsal quite elevated ; 
and pelvic bones elongated. 


916 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
PTEROPHRYNE.* 


Antennariines with skin naked and smooth; caudal peduncle free; 
mouth oblique ; dorsal spines completely exserted ; soft dorsal and anal 
expanded vertically; pectorals and wrists slender, and ventrals elon- 
gated. 

Pterophryne histrio. 


Common Frog-jish. Mouse-fish. 


1758—Lophius histrio, Linné, Systema Nature, 10. ed., p. 287; 12. ed., t. 1, p. 403; Gmel. 
ed., t. 1, p. 1481. 

1815—Lophius gibbus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., v. 1, pl. 4, f. 9. 

1837—Chironectes pictus, Cuv. §- Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 393, pl. 363. 

1837—Chironectes tumidus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 597. 

1837— Chironectes levigatus, Cuv. §° Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 399. 

1837—Chironectes nesogallicus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 401. 

1837—Chironectes marmoratus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 402. 

1839—Chironectes levigatus, Slorer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p. 383; Rep. Ich. 
and Herp. Mass., p. 73. 

1842—Chironectes levigatus, Defay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 165, pl. 27, £83. 

1842—Chironectes gibbus, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 164, pl. 24, f.'74. 

1853—Chironectes levigatus, Storer, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Se., n. s., v. 5, p. 270) 
Hist. Fishes Mass., p. 104, pl. 18, f. 3. 

1861—Antennarius marmoratus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 185. 

1863—Pterophryne levigatus, Gill, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., [v. 15,] p. 90. 

1878—Pterophryne histrio, Gill, Proe. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 216. 


Pterophryne with the skin of head and body, as well as dorsal fins, 
emitting cutaneous tentacles, which are generally most numerous on the 
second and third dorsal spines and abdomen ; the first dorsal spine short 
and filamentous with a smaller tip surmounted by asmall tag; the color 
light for the ground, with spotted white dots and marked with blackish 
brown around the ocular region, with several dark radii diverging from 
the eyes, and on the fins more or less interrupted blackish bands, five 
or six obliquely crossing the soft dorsal, three rectangularly crossing the 
anal, and others on the pectorals, ventrals, and caudal. 

An inhabitant of the Sargassum Seas, but occasional straggler to the 


North American coast. 
CERATITD~. 


Pediculates non-pediculate and deprived of ventral fins, é. e., 

Pediculates diversiform in shape, with the mouth opening more or less 
upwards; the branchial apertures in the lower axils of the pectorals ; 
no pseudobranchiz ; the dorsals represented by at least a frontal or 
superior rostral spine, the pectoral members not geniculated, with short 
pseudobrachia and three actinosts, and without ventrals. 

Apparently inhabitants of the depths of the ocean in their adult con- 
dition, and, in some cases at least, near the surface in their juvenile 
state. All the known species are unicolored and blackish. 





*Pterophryne, xtepov, wing, quasi fin, and opuvy, toad. If considered to be too near 
Pterophrynus, the genus may be called Pterophrynoides (dpvvoeidyc, toad-like). 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 217 


« Synopsis. 


la. Mouth moderate; cephalic spine with its basal element exserted and continuous 
with the distal; pyloric ececa developed (2). 
2a. A second dorsal spine typically developed ; mouth with the cleft subvertical ; 
Ist D. with few rays; branchie in 24 pairs; branchial arches unarmed; 
skin with scattered spinigerous scutelle ......-...------ CERATIINZ. 
Ceratias. 
la. Mouth moderate ; cephalic spine with its basal element subcutaneous, procumbent, 
and at right or acute angle with the distal; pyloric ceca none. 
2a. A second dorsal spine developed ; branchise in 24 pairs; branchial arches un- 
armed; body naked. 
3. Body and head. compressed ; mouth with the cleft nearly horizontal, and 
mandibular articulation behind eye-.--.....-...----.---- ONEIRODIN ZG. 
Oneirodes. 
2. No second dorsal spine developed; branchiz in 424 pairs; branchial arches 
armed with dentigerous tubercles; body with scattered tubercular 


scutelle. 
3. Body and head compressed ; mouth with the cleft oblique; mandibular 
articulation under or behind eye- .--.---.-------- HIMANTOLOPIIIN 2. 
4a. Body oblong oval; dorsal fin with about 9 rays, and pectoral with 
ADOULM OTe csecce ce cams soenrons Seat faa Sere cee ca ae LEUMantoLop huss 
4b. Body sbort oval; dorsal fin with 4 rays, and pectoral with about 
Mipse se aelanis acts seis sia caine Soalstoeus/sdoe/sisicnieid satawes eeisres ts Corynolophis. 


CERATIINAL. 


Ceratiids with the body and head compressed ; moath with moderate 
and almost or quite vertical cleft; branchiz in 24 pairs; branchial 
arches unarmed ; spinous dorsal represented by a rostral spine, as well 
as, generally, by a second, whose basal element is exserted ; soft with few 
rays, placed quite far back of the head ; pyloric cceca developed (2°. 


CERATIAS.* 


Ceratiines with an oblong form; skin prickly; vomer toothless; 
cephalic spine elongated and with a simple capitate extremity; second 
dorsal spine well developed, and pectorals multiradiate (7. é., with about 
20 rays). 

Ceratias Holboliii. 


1844—Ceratias Holbéllii royer, Naturhist. Tidskrift, 2. rekke, b.i, pp. 639-649. 
1861—Ceratias Holbélli Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 205. 

Ceratias with cephalic spine reclinable beyond base of caudal fin, and 
caudal fin longer than body exclusive of head. 

Deep sea along Greenland (known from several specimens). 


ONEIRODIN Ai. 


Ceratiids with the body and head compressed ; mouth with moderate 
and almost horizontal cleft; branchia in 2$ pairs; branchial arches 
unarmed ; spinous dorsal represented by a (1) rostral spine, whose basal 





* Ceratias, xepatiac, ov, p, one that has horns, in allusion to the frontal ray. 


218 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


element is procumbent and subeutaneous;, and (2) a second spine, about 
intermediate between the first and the dorsal fin; soft dorsal with about 
4 rays; and without pyloric ceca. 


ONEIRODES.* 


Oneirodinz with oval form; the skin naked; the vomer dentigerous ; 
and the cephalic spine with a bulbous termination, surmounted by slen- 
der filaments in several transverse rows. 


Oneirodes HEschrichtii. 


1871—Oneirodes Eschrichtii Liitken, Overs. over Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1871, 
pp. 57-74 ; res. fr., pp. 9-18, pl. 2. 


Oneirodes with the terminal element of the cephalic spine rather 
longer than the proximal subcutaneous; the caudal shorter than the 
distance between its base and the branchial apertures; and the color 
black except the terminal half of the spinal bulb, which is whitish. 

Deep sea off Greenland: known from a single specimen 205 millimetres 
long. 


HiIMANTOLOPHIN i. 


Ceratiids with the body and head compressed, with moderate oblique 
cleft mouth, the mandibular articulation under the eyes; branchiz in 
324 pairs; branchial arches armed with dentigerous tubercles; spi- 
nous dorsal represented only by a rostral spine, whose basal element is 
procumbent and subcutaneous; and soft dorsal with about 5—9 rays. 


HIMANTOLOPHUS.t 


Himantolophines of an oblong oval form, a dorsal of about 9 rays, and 
pectorals with about 12 rays each (?). 


Himantolophus Groenlandicus. 


1837—Himantolophus Greenlandicus Reinhardt, Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. og Math. 
Afh., 4. rekke, b. 7, p. 74. 


Himantolophus with the height of the body equal to two-fifths of the 
length, and the frontal ray provided with 11 tentacles (Liitken). 


Habitat.—Sea off Greenland (known only from the remains of a speci- 
men 23 inches long). 
CORYNOLOPHUS.+ 


Himantolophines of an abbreviated oval form, a dorsal of about 5 
rays, and pectorals with about 17 rays each. 





*Oncirodcs, ’overpadne, dream-like, in allusion to the small and almost covered eyes. 

tHimantolophus, iuac, Gvroc, a thong, and Aogoc, a tuft. 

{ Corynolophus, kopdvn, ne, “a stick with a knob at the end”, or club, and Aodgog, a 
tuft. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 219 


Corynolophus Reinhardti. 
1878—Corynolophus Reinhardti, Liitken, K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Nat. og Math. 
Afh., 5. rekke, b. 5, p. 321, ete. 
Corynolophus with the height of the body equal to three-fourths of the 
total length, and the frontal ray furnished with 8 tentacles. 
Habitat—Sea off Greenland (described from a specimen 14 inches 


long). 
LOPHIID/. 


Pediculates with pseudobranchiaz, ¢. e., 

Pediculates with the body differentiated into a wide depressed head and 
contracted conical trunk; the month opening forwards and upwards; the 
branchial apertures in the inferior axi!s of the pectoral members ; pseado- 
branchiz; the spinous dorsal represented by a group of independent 
cephalic spines (3) and a small postcephalic finlet (with 3 spines); the 
pectoral members scarcely geniculated, but with elongated pseudobra- 
chia, and with three actinosts; and with ventrals well developed. 


LOPHIUS.* 
Lophiids with vomerine teeth. 


Lophius piscatorius. 
Bellows-fish. 
1758—Lophius piscatorius, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., t. 1, p. 286 (12 ed., t. 1, p. 402; 
Gumi. ed., t. 1, p. 1479). 
1815—Lophius foliatus, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., v. 1, p. 467. 
1815—Lophius piscator, Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y., v. 1, p. 467. 
1837—Lophius piscatorius, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 344, pl. 362. 
1837—Lophius americanus, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 381. 
1839—Lophius piscatorius, Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., v. 2, p.3c0; Rep. Ich. and 
Herp. Mass., pp. 71, 404. 
1842— Lophius americanus, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 162, pl. 28, f. 87. 
1853—Lophius americanus, Storer, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts and Sce., n.s., v. 5, p. 267; Hist. 
Fishes Mass., p. 101, pl. 18, f. 2. 
1861—Lophius piscatorius, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 179. 
1861—Lophius americanus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 181 (d.s.). 
1872—Lophius piscatorius, Lyman, 6th Ann. Rep., Inl. Fish., p. 44 (Waquoit Weir). 


Lophius with a tridentate humeral spine, 11-12 rays in the dorsal fin, 


and the mouth behind the hyoid bone immaculate. 
Habitat.—Coast waters from Newfoundland to North Carolina. 


MALTHEILD A. 


Pediculates with the branchial apertures in the superior axils of the 
pectorals, 7. ¢., 
Pediculates with a depressed body; the mouth subterminal or inferior, 
and the lower jaw generally received within the upper; the branchial 
apertures in the superior axils of the pectoral fins; no pseudobranchia ; 


*Lophius, the ancient Latin name of the type of the genus. 


921) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the spinous dorsal represented by a tentacle in a cavity overhung by the 
forehead, and the soft small and far behind; the pectoral members: 
strongly geniculate, and with long pseudobrachia and three actinosts ; 


and the ventrals well developed. 
Inhabitants of temperate and tropical seas at moderate or great depths. 


MALTHEIN Ji. 


Maltheids with a cordiform cephalic disk and a stout caudal portion, 
and with the frontal region elevated. 


MALTHE.* 


Maltheines of unique genus. 
Malthe vespertilio.t 


1758—Lophius vespertilio, Linné, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., t. 1, p. 236 (12 ed., t. 1, p. 402; Gmel. 

ed., t. 1, p. 1480). 

1837—Malthea eet) Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des uiseane. t) 12, p. 440. 

1837—Malthea nasuta, Cuv § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 452. (In part.) 

1837—Malthea notata, Cuv. § Kal, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 453. (In part.) 

1842—Malthea nasuta, Delay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 167. (In part; not 
figure.) 

1842—Malthea notata, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 167. 

1842—Malthea vespertilio, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 167. 

1861—Malthe vespertilio, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 200. 


Malthe with the forehead produced into a more or less elongated sub- 
conical process, its width greater between the anterior angles of the 
orbit than between the posterior cones, and the frontal cavity higher 
than wide. 

Newfoundland to West Indies. 

Malthe cubifrons. 


1836—Lophius (Malthe) cubifrons, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Am., Fishes, p. 103, pl. 96. 

1837—Malthza nasuta, Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 452. (In part.) 

1842—Malthea nasuta, DeKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, p. 166, pl. 28, f. 89. (In 
part, i. e. fig., copied from Richardson.) 

1861—Malthe cubifrons, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 203. 


Malthe with the forehead decurved and in front with a betton-like 
tubercle, the width between the anterior angle of the orbit nearly equal 








*Malthe, w@297, the Greek name of a loose-bodied fish.—*‘ M@A0y signifie de Ja cire ra- 
mollie. Oa trouve ce nom dans Oppien parmi ceux de plusieurs grands poissons cartila- 
gineux, et l’espéce qui le porte y est désignée comme remarquable par sa mollesse. 
Suidas, qui la place dans une énumération du méme genre, dit qu’elle est difficile 4 
vaincre. Sur ces deux traits Bélon a pensé que la malthée était la baudroie, et, bien 
que son opinion n’ait pas été adoptée, et n’ait peut-étre pas da l’étre, M. Cuvier cru 
pouvoir s’en prévaloir pour dériver de yarn le nom de malth@a, qwil a donné & un petit 
genre démembré de celui des baudroies.”—Cuv. et. Val.. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, 
p. 438. 

t Whatever may be the value of the nominal species introduced by Cuvier and Va- 
lenciennes, all those found along the United States coast, recently examined by myself, 
belong to one species. I think, however, that formerly I saw a second species of the 
M. vespertilio type. 





3 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 221 


to that between the posterior ones, and the frontal cavity much broader 
than high. 

Until lately, known from a single specimen obtained in Labrador by 
Audubon, the ornithologist, and now preserved in the British Museum. 
There is, however, a specimen in the collection of the Smithsonian In- 
stitution from St. Augustine, Florida, whence it was sent by Dr. J. M. 
Laing, U.S. A. 


The relations of the North American genera to the other members of 
the families in question will be exhibited in the subsequent notes. 


NOTE ON THE ANTENNARIIDZ. 
By THEODORE GILL. 


The relations of the only known North American representative of 
the family of Antennariids to the other members of the family is exhib- 
ited in the following analytical synopsis, which is essentially the same 
as that published by the author in 1863. In the present synopsis, how- 
ever, the most generalized forms (or those supposed to be such) are 
placed first and followed by those successively more aberrant or spe- 
cialized. The two species hitherto retained under the generic designa- 
tion Brachionichthys are also differentiated as distinct generic types. 
Dr. Liitken has recently expressed the opinion that Pterophryne and 
Histiophryne appear to be congeneric, but they really seem to be not 
‘even closely related. 
la. Head compressed; the rostral spine or tentacle as well as two other robust spines 

developed ; soft dorsal well developed. 


2a. Body oblong claviform ; mouth comparatively small; palate unarmed ; second 
and third spines approximated and well connected by membrane and 


forming a fin; pelvic bones short.-.-.......--. BRACHIONICHTHYIN#, 
3a. First dorsal spine connected with second, and third with soft dorsal fin 
byaniincisedumoembran 6! /on\- sepnjesem see et aie Sympterichthys. 


3b. First dorsal spine free from second, and third from soft dorsal fin. 
Brachionichthys. 
2b. Body oval, with tumid abdomen; mouth quite large; palate armed with 
teeth; second and third spines distant and not at all or scarcely con- 
nected; pelvic bones elongated..........--...2....- ANTENNARIINE. 
3a. First and second dorsal spines disconnected; the first filamentous, with 

tentacle at end. 

4a. D. 12, A.7. Caudal peduncle free; skin smooth or scarcely granular ; 
mouth oblique; wrists and pectorals slender; ventrals elongated ; 
dorsal spines free from membrane; dorsal fin more than half as long 
as body; anal extended downward..-..........-...-.--- Pterophryne. 
4b. D.12, A. 7—8. Caudai peduncle free; skin rough with spines; mouth 
vertical; wrists and pectorals widened; ventralsshort; 3d dorsal spine 
partly immersed in skin; dorsal fin less than half as long as body; 
analroblonyess-ce sscess Need eeereetiae ets a ailaniciee seme Antennarius. 


922 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


4c, D. 15, A. 8. Caudal peduncle with dorsal and anal attached by mem- 
brane ; skin smooth; mouth vertical; dorsal spines scarcely exserted 
from SKIN -.----- ----2- 2-26 woes sens eeee == on 22 naan Histiophryne. 
3h. First and second dorsal spines connected; the first slender, but rigid, and 
with tentacle at end . 22. L210 «cp ~ee eeemite ines ioe === = 2-1 sar ea 
1b. Head cuboid; a rostral spine or tentacle only developed ; soft dorsal low. 
CHAUNACINE. 
Chaunas. 
The references to the original descriptions of these genera, as weil as 
to their typical species and habitats, are indicated in the following enu- 
meration :— 
BRACHIONICHTHYIN &i. 


SYMPTERICHTHYS. 


Sympterichthys, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, p. 222, 1878. 
Type: Sympterichthys levis = Lophius levis Lac. 
Sea near Van Diemen’s Land. 


BRACHIONICHTHYS. 


Brachionichthys, Bleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind., t. 7, p. 121, 1854. 
Type: Brachionichthys hirsutus = Lophius hirsutus Lae. 
Sea near Van Diemen’s Land. 


ANTENNARIIN 48. 


PTEROPHRYNE. 


Pterophryne, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., [v. 15,] p. 90, 1863. 
Type: Pterophryne histrio = Lophius histrio Linn. 
Tropicalia and warm streams in floating seaweeds. 


ANTENNARIUS. 


Antennarius, Commerson, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 1, p. 421, 1798. 
Les Chironectes (Antennarius), Cuvier, Reégne Animal, le éd., t. 2, p. 310, 1817. 
Chironectes, Cuvier, Mém. Mus. @Hist. Nat., t. 3, p. 418, 1817 (not Illiger). 
Type: Antennarius chironectes Comm. 
Tropicalia, in coral groves chiefly. 


HISTIOPHRYNE. 


Histiophryne, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila., [v. 15,] p. 90, 1863. 
Type: Histiophryne Bougainvillii = Chironectes Bougainvillii Cuv. § Val. 


Unknown. 
SACCARIUS. 


Saccarius, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 183, 1861. 
Type: Saccarius lineatus Gthr. 
Sea off New Zealand. 


CHAUNACINAEH. 
CHAUNAX. 


Chaunax, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, v. 3, p. 339, 1846-49. 
Type: Chaunax pictus Lowe. 
Atlantic Ocean off the island of Madeira. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 223 


ON TME PROPER SPECIFIC NAME OF TEE COMMON PELAGIC 
ANTENNARIID PTEROPHRYNE. 
. 


By THEODORE GILL. 


The most common and widely distributed of the Antennariids, and 
which is the peculiar species of the high seas, has been entered in the 
most recent systematic lists under the names Antennarius marmoratus* 
and Pterophryne picta.t In this connection, it has been assumed that 
the species had first received names from Bloch and Schneider in 1801. 
I propose, however, to show, (1) that the species itself had long before re- 
ceived a name from the founder of the binomial nomenclature, and (2) that 
neither of the names of Bloch and Schneider is referable to these species. 
Long ago recognizing that the names of Bloch and Schneider had 
nothing to do with a Pterophryne, but without the bibliographical aids 
for certainly ascertaining what name had priority, I have hitherto 
adopted the provisional name Pterophryne laevigata, as Liitken has also 


recently done. 
I 


It behooves us, first, to inquire what was the basis of the Lophius 
histrio of Linnzeus. 


In 1747, in his “ Wiistgéta resa forriittad ar 1746”, Linnaeus described, 
as ‘ Balistes, qvae Guaperva chinenis”, asinall fish scarcely exceeding in 
length the last joint of the thumb, in the following terms, as translated 
in the German edition of 1765.4 

“ Balistes, quae Guaperva chinensis. Corpus acutum, compressum. 
Dorsum antice gibbum. Pectus compressum, pinnis pectoralibus termina- 
tum, prominulum. JZatera corporis picta lituris lacteis, annularibus, 
interruptis, puncto centrali lacteo notatis. Caput magnum, thoraci 
immersum, dentibus minutissimis instructum. Jilamentum subulatum, 
erectum, loco narium. Pinna dorsalis anterior retrorsum falcato-sub- 
ulata, mollis, alta, e gibbere dorsi juxta caput enata, radio I. Pinna 
dorsalis posterior radiis 12. Pinne pectorales brachiorum instar mann- 
bris instructae, et antrorsum manuum instar inflexae (quod in pisci- 
bus singulare), radiis 10. Pinnae ventrales approximatae, radiis 5. 
Pinna caudae radiis 9. Pinna ani radiis 7. Tris oculorum alba. Magni- 
tudo totius piscis vix extimum pollicis articulum superat. Diversissima 
species a Guaperva Ionstoni T. VL. f. 6. quam ex America possideo. Die 
Figur dieses Fisches in natiirlicher Grosse ist die 5t¢ auf der 3" Tafel, 
wo er bey a von der Seite, bey b aber auf dem Riicken vorgestellet ist, 
dass die Aerme an den pinnis pectoralibus deutlich in die Augen fallen.” 

The acute compressed body, the round milky spots, the small ros- 
tral filament (none is represented in the figure), the well developed fins, 





* Antennarius marmoratus, Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit Mus., v.3,p. 185, 1861; Bleeker, 
Atlas Ichthyologique Indes Orient. Néérland., t. 5, p. 23, 1865. 

+Pterophryne picta, Goode, Bull. U. S. Nat Mus., No. 5, p. 20, 1876. 

tLinné, Reisen durch Westgothland. 8vo. Halle, 1765. p. 160, S. 138. 


994 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the five rays of the ventrals, and the white irides all better suit the com- 
mon Pterophryne than any other Antennariid. 

In 1754, in his Catalogue of the Museum of King Adolphus Fred- 
erick,* eaeens again described, under the name ‘“Lophius tumidus”, evi- 
dently the same species, as follows :— 

“tumidus. LOPHIUS pinnis dorsalibus tribus. 
Balistes que Guaperua chinensis. It. W. goth. 137. t. i, £5; 
Guaperaa. Marcgr. bras. 150. Will. icht. 50. t. H. 2. f. 2. 

Habitat in Pelago inter Fucos natauntes. 

Corpus molle instar Ranae, adspersum ramentis cutaceis, Apertura 
branchiarum ad axillas brachiorum s. pone pinnas pectorales, que de- 
currit ad pulmones; alia apertura nulla, quod indicat affinitatem cum 
Ranis. Pinne in dorso tres: prima radio uno capiti insidet; altera pec- 
tori radio uno instructa; tertia dorso radiorum duodecim, quorum duo 
vel tres bifidi. Pectorales radiis 10, que ulnis s. brachiis instructe. 
Ventrales radiis 5, he ante pectorales basi ad pectus connexe. Ani 
radiis 7 bifidis. Caudae radiis 10 bifidis.” 

The soft body like that of a frog (and therefore naked and not rough) 
and the cutaneous filaments are additional characters which corroborate 
those given in the former work, and certify the relevancy of the descrip- 
tions to the common Pterophryne. The habitat is also not the least im- 
portant element in the determination of the Linnzean species, inasmuch 
as the true Antennarii, so far as known, frequent chiefly coral.groves, 
while the Pterophryne is a pelagic species, principally affecting the 
floating sea-weeds. There can then be no reasonable doubt that the 
Antennariid of Linnzeus was the common Pterophryne. 


In 1758, in the tenth edition of the “Systema Nature”, Linneus first 
introduced, and in 1766, in the twelfth edition, retained, the name 
“ Lophius histrio”, and in the synonymy of the species included refer- 
ences to the two works just cited. The entire passage relative to the 
species is as follows, in the twelfth edition (p. 403) :— 


‘chistrio. 3. L. compressus. 
Chin. Lagerstr. 21. Lophius pinnis dorsalibus tribus. 
Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p.56. Balistes s. Guaperua chinensis. 
Tt. agoth. 137. t. 3. 7.5. Balistes s. Guaperua. 
Marcgr. bras. 150. Guaperua. 
Pet. gaz. t. 20. f. 6. Piscis bras. cornutus. 
Will. icht. 50. 1. E. 2. f. 2. Guaperua. 
Osb. iter. 305. Lophius tumidus. 
Habitat in Pelago inter Fucum natantem. 
Pinnae D.I, 1, 12% aPC Dee Al. (CA02 

The reference to Petiver’s Gazophylacium was added in the twelfth 
edition. 





*Musem S:*¢ R.#¢ M.tis Adolphi Friderici. Car. Linneo. Fol. Holmix, 1754. p. 56. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 225 


Although the descriptions of Linnzus are unequivocal and based 
solely on specimens of Pterophryne, in the synonymy above copied are 
confused several species. As he seems, however, only to have known 
through autopsy the species of Pterophryne, and to have been unpre- 
pared for the polymorphous character of the type, his confusion under 
the synonymy is not at all to be wondered at, and is paralleled by many 
modern naturalists, especially Giinther. His compatriot, Osbeck, had 
also the same species of Pterophryne in view in his description* of the 
Lophius histrio, viz :— 

* Die Flossquabbe, Lophius Histrio L. S. N. Lophius tumidus Mus. 
Reg. p. 56, und Linn. Westgoth. Reise Tab. 3, Fig. 3, aber der Faden 
und die erste Riickenflossfeder sind an den Spitzen borstig, die Borsten 
weich. Der ganze Korper ist mit einer schleimigen Haut, und kleinen 
blattrigen Stiitzen (fuleris) bedeckt, die man ausser dem Wasser kaum 
bemerkt, weil sie fest anschliessen. Der Rachen und Bauch sind gross, 
damit sie viele Krebsarten oder junge Krebse verschlingen kénnen. 
Vielleicht hat die Vorsicht diesen Fisch deswegen so blittrig gekleidet, 
damit ihn die Raubfische mit dem Seegrasse verwechseln und nicht gar 
ausrotten mdchten.” 

The smooth skin and the tag-like appendages evidently proclaim the 
fish of Osbeck to be a Pterophryne. 

It is also to be remarked that the naturalist who first recognized spe- 
cific differentiation among the Antennariids (Shaw), in his “General 
Zoology” (v. 5, p. 384, pl. 164), restricted the name to the Pterophryne, 
and gave, under the term Lophius histrio, a quite recognizable figure of 
that form, whose only great fault is the delineation of the first spine. 


Me 


The names subsequently applied to Pterophryne now demand consid- 
eration. 

Those accepted by the latest systematists have been attributed to 
Bloch’s Systema Ichthyologiz, edited by Schneider, but, as will presently 
be shown, erroneously. 

In the Systema Ichthyologiz (p. 142) only one species of Antennariids 
is admitted under the name Lophius histrio, but four varieties are distin- 
guished under it, viz :— 

Var. a, “Striated Loph. Shaw Miscell. No. 58” ; 

Var. b, pictus ; 

Var. c, marmoratus ; and 

Var. d, ocellatus. 

As no references have been made to previous publications, except in 
case of var. a, it seems to have been generally assumed that the varietal 
names originated in the work in question. This, however, is not the 
case. 


* Osbeck, Peter. Reise nach Ostindien und China. 8vo. Rostock, 1765. p. 400. 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——15 Dee. 9, 1878. 


226 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


In 1794 (as appears from the dates on the plates), Shaw published a 
number of his ‘Naturalists’ Miscellany”, in which he described three 
fishes under the generic name Lophius. These were designated as— 

(1) Lophius striatus (the Striated Lophius), pl. 175 ; ‘ 

(2) Lophius pictus (the Variegated Lophius), pl. 176, upper fig.; and 

(3) Lophius marmoratus (the Marbled Lophius), pl. 176, lower tig. 

The originals of these are evidently the varieties (a, b, aud c) of Lophius 
histrio admitted by Bloch and Schneider. tis quite clear that the first 
two were based on species of typical Antennarius (not Pterophryne), 
while the third is incomprehensible, and, if the figure is at all correct, 
must represent a factitious fish; it most certainly has nothing to do 
with Pterophryne. The other species, however, notwithstanding the bad 
figures, are readily identifiable. 

The Lophius striatus (as has recently been recognized by Giinther)* 
is the first name of an Antennarius peculiar to the Pacific, and quite dis- 
tinct from the Caribbean Antennarius scaber (=A. histrio Gthr.), with 
which it was at first confounded by Giinther.t 

The Lophius pictus was evidently based on the species or variety of 
Antennarius which was afterwards named Antennarius phymatodes by 
Bleeker, and it agrees very closely, in the distribution of colors, with a 
specimen figured by that ichthyologist,j and would probably be consid- 
ered by Giinther § as a variety of his Antennarius Commersoniti. 

But whatever may be the value of the forms embraced under the 
name Antennarius Commersonit by Giinther,—whether species or varie- 
ties,—the name Antennarius pictus must be revived from Shaw, either 
especially for the Antennarius phymatodes of Bleeker or for the collection 
designated as Antennarius Commersonit. 

It has thus been demonstrated (1) that the Linnean name Lophius 
histrio was originally created for the common Pterophryne, and (2) that 
the names generally employed for the Pterophryne were originally ap- 
plied to very different forms, and members of even a different genus, 
Hence, if the laws of priority as formulated by the British and Amer- 
ican Associations for the Advancement of Science are to guide us, there 
can be no question that the species of Pterophryne must hereafter be 
designated as Pterophryne histrio; if, however, it is allowable to go be- 
hind even the tenth edition of the Systema Nature, and to take the 
oldest binomial name, without other considerations, the designation tu- 
midus must be revived. It seems best, however, to follow general 
usage. 

*Giinther, Andrew Garrett’s Fische der Siidsee, v. 1, p. 162, 1876. 

t Giinther, Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 188. 

t Bleeker, Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néérlandaises, t. 5, pl. 199, fig. 5, 
1865.—It must be remarked that Shaw represents 5 ventral rays in his A. pictus, while 
Bleeker attributes 6 to his A. phymatodes. 

§ Giinther, in Cat. Fishes in Brit. Mus., v. 3, p. 195, has referred Shaw’s name to “An- 
tennarius multiocellatus var. y.=leucosoma”, but in jie “Fische der Siidsee” did not 


refer to the L. pictus, and places the L. marmoratus as a synonym of A. Commersonii, 
having evidently transposed the names of the two. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 227 


NOTE ON THE CERATIID®. 


By THEODORE GILL. 


Since the publication of the third volume of Giinther’s ‘ Catalogue of 
the Fishes in the British Museum” (1861), and the present author’s Note 
on the Pediculati (1863), the then monotypic family of Ceratiidw has 
received notable additions, and this year (1878) one genus or rather type 
of hitherto doubtful character has been substantiated, and two new allied 
ones added. All the representatives of: the group appear to be inhabi- 
tants of the deep or open seas. The relations of the genera seem to be 
approximately as follows:— 

Synopsis. 


la. Mouth moderate; cephalic spine with its basal element exserted and continuous 
with the distal; pyloric coeca developed (2). 

2. A second dorsal spine typically developed; mouth with the cleft subvertical; 

1st D. with few rays; branchie in 2} pairs; branchial arches unarmed; 


skin with scattered spinigerous scutella....-.--.-.-.-.--- CERATIINA, 
3a. A second dorsal spine developed, and two fleshy tubercles behind it ; pec- 
torals' with nearly 20/slender rays: -<- <<. 222005 Moscne cee -<= Ceratias, 


3b. No second dorsal’spine developed, but two fleshy claviform tubercles exist- 
ing as in Ceratias ; pectorals with about 10 slender rays-.--M/ancalias. 
1b. Mouth moderate ; cephalic spine with its basal element subcutaneous, procumbent, 
and at right or acute angle with the distal; pyloric ceca none. 
2a. A second dorsal spine developed; branchiz in 24 pairs; branchial arches un- 
armed; body naked. 
3. Body and head compressed; mouth with the cleft nearly horizontal, and 
mandibular articulation behind eye....--..----.-.----- ONFIRODIN A. 
Oneirodes. 
2b. No second dorsal spine developed; branchiw in 324 pairs; branchial arches 
armed with dentigerous tubercles; body with scattered tutercular 
scutelle. 
3a. Body and head compressed; mouth with the cleft oblique; mandibular 
articulation under or behind eye. ..-..--...------ HIMANTOLOPHIN&. 
4a. Body oblong oval; dorsal fin with about 9 rays and pectoral wih 
about 1292. sno co. 2225 < leit sclnaeis teers aieintew cinioie elaine Himantolophus. 
4b. Body short oval; dorsal fin with 4 rays and pectoral with about 17. 
Corynolophus. 
3b. Body and head depressed ; mouth with the cleft vertical or inclined for- 
wards ; mandibular articulation under or in advance of snout 
AEG EONICHTHYIN&. 
Asgaonichthys. 
lc. Mouth enormous; (cephalic spine with its basal element subcutancous, procum- 
bent, and at an acute angle with its distal ?). 
2. No second dorsal spine developed. Mouth with the cleft subvertical. Ist D. 
with about 14 rays; branchie in 2} pairs; branchial arches un- 
armed ; skin naked....-...--+-- +-----+s2--2+ 202-20 MELANOCETINZ:. 


Melanocetus. 
CERATIIN As. 
CERATIAS. 


Ceratias, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskrift, 2. rekke, b. 1, p. 639, 1844. 
Type: C. Holbolli’ Kroyer, 
Deep sea ott Greenland. 


998 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


MANCALIAS.* 


Mancalias, Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v. 1, pp. 227, 228, 1878. 
Type: M. uranoscopus = Ceratias uranoscopus, Murray, Wyville Thompson, Voyage 
of the Challenger, v. 2, p. 67, with fig., 1878. (Am. ed.) 
Atlantic Ocean (taken at a depth of 2,400 fathoms), between Canary and Cape Verde 
‘ 


Islands. ONEIRODINZA. 


ONEIRODES. 


Oneirodes, Liitken, Overs. over d. K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., 1871, pp. 56-74 
(fr. pp. 9-18). 
Type: O. Eschrichtii Liitken. 
Deep sea off Greenland. 


HIMANTOLOPHIN i. 


HIMANTOLOPHUS. 
Himantolophus, Reinhardt, K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Nat. og Math. Afh., 4. rekke, 
v. 7, p. 74, 1837; Liitken, 1878. 
Type: H. Grenlandicus Reinhardt. 
Deep sea off Greenland (adults). 
CORYNOLOPHUS. 


Type: Corynolophus Reinhardtii = Himantolophus Reinhardtii Liitken. 
Deep sea off Greenland (adult), and open sea between Africa and America (young)? 


AGHONICHTHYIN A. 


AAGAONICHTHYS. 
ZEgeonichthys, 7. FE. Clarke, Trans. New Zealand Institute, v. 10, p. 245, 1878. 
Type: A. Appellii T. Z. Clarke. 
Deep sea off the island of New Zealand. 


MELA NOCETIN Zi. 


MELANOCETUS. 


Melanocetus, Giinther, Proc. Zoo]. Soc. London, 1864, p. 301. 
Type: Melanocetus Johnsonii Giinther. 
Deep sea off the island of Madeira. 


In the words of Liitken,t “‘ the general form and the physiognomy es- 
pecially are quite similar in the [known] genera; common to all is, also, 
the absence of ventral fins, of the lateral line and its ramifications, of the 

air bladder, of the pseudobranchiaz, and of the teeth of the lower pha- 
ryngeal and palatine bones; t the smallness of the eyes and of the pectoral 





* Mancalias, from mancus, defective, with a quasi-diminutive termination, to corre- 
spond with Ceratias. The single specimen obtained was only 90 millimetres long. 

t Vidensk, Selsk. Skr., 5. rekke, Naturv.og Math. Afd., 11te Bd. V, fr. tr., p. 343. 

tIn Melanocetus, according to Giinther, ‘‘the vomer is armed with a transverse series 
of single teeth, and extends across the whole width of the roof of the mouth; the 
palatine and pterygoid teeth are situated at some distance behind the vomer, and form 
two bundles irregular in form”; but, according to Liitken (and since admitted by Giin- 
ther), ‘the so-called palatine and pterygoid teeth” “ belong in reality to the upper 
pharyngeals.” : i 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 229 


fins, the short peduncles of the latter, the conformation of the teeth, 
the black color, the number of branchiostegal rays (6) as well as of the 
rays of the anal (4) and caudal (9), and the half-spongy consistence of 
the skeleton are also, apparently, characters common to all the [known] 
genera.” 

Another character shared in common by all the species, and at least 
as noteworthy as several of those thus enumerated by Dr Liitken, is the 
differentiation in the color of the extremity of the bulbiform termination 
of the cephalic spine. In all the known species (unless Melanocetus 
may be excepted), the apical portion or. elements of the bulb are of a 
grayish or whitish color, and thereby quite abruptly differentiated from 
the rest of the spine, which is of a black color. Some special significance 
is probably inherent in this characteristic, and it is quite possible, if not 
probable, that the difference of color is expressive of a differentiation in 
histological structure, and that the grayish portions are phosphorescent. 
When tie complicated “ angling” apparatus of the fishes of this group 
is considered, it will be thought not unlikely that their power of attrac- 
tion should be enhanced by a luminosity which may excite the attention 
or curiosity of their prey, and still more strongly tempt them within the 
easy reach of their capacious mouths. It is certainly scarcely likely 
that the characteristic in question, manifested as it is in such widely 
diverse types, should be a simple immaterial color feature, destitute of 
other significance. The not few pelagic and deep-sea animals that ex- 
hibit phosphorescence enhance the probability of the attribute suggested. 
The verity of the suggestion must, however, be established by histo- 
logical and physiological data. It can only now be assumed that there 
is a teleological import in the differentiation of color, and that it is more 
probable that the whitish area has a phosphorescent property than that 
it simply serves as a relief for the filaments of the bulb. Especially is 
this more probable in view of the great depths which the species in- 
habit, and the consequently limited quantity of light which they enjoy. 
That the provision, whatever it may be, is an effective one, is apparent 
from the variety of the forms already discovered, and it seems probable 
that the family is not only quite characteristic of, but well represented 
in, the depths of the ocean. 

As to Melanocetus, it is simply said, by Dr. Giinther, to have the ce- 
phalic filament ‘‘more than half as high as the head, and dilated into a 
small lamella at its extremity”. The ‘“lamelliform” character of the 
dilatation at least requires confirmation, and it is not very unlikely 
that the dilatation will be found not to be thin or compressed to such an 
extent as to be entitled to the designation of “lamella”, and that the ex- 
tremity will be ascertained to be whitish. The mode of articulation of 
the cephalic spine also requires investigation. Dr. Liitken has corrected 
Dr. Giinther’s error of mistaking pharyngeal teeth for palatine and 
pterygoid, but has not elucidated the points indicated. 

The several recognized genera are mostly widely differentiated, 


230 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


and represent as many as five groups, distinguished by characters which 
are generally indicative of at least family value; but the close agree- 
ment which they otherwise exhibit among themselves forbids separation 
to that extent, and yet the groups seem, at any rate, to demand distine- 
tion as sub-families. We would scarcely be prepared to believe that 
two genera, distinguished, one by a compressed head, and the other by 
a depressed head, could be so nearly related as are apparently Himan- 
tolophus and Ageonichihys, but the modifications in question in these 
genera are probably expressive of the compression on the one hand, 
and the depression and bowing outwards on the other, at the hyoman- 
dibular articulations, and not of any fundamental osteological modifica- 
tions. . 

With regard to the Himantolophines, there is occasion for difference 
of opinion, and it may be that the Himantolophus Grenlandicus and Rein. 
hardtii do not even differ specifically. The statements by Reinhardt as 
to the characteristics of the former are, however, unequivocal, and, as 
he appears to have been a careful and exact observer, they are probably 
correct, while those of Liitken regarding the latter are unquestionable. 
In view of the mode of variation in the family, the differences noted 
seem to the present author to be indicative of more than specific value, 
and’ consequently the respective species are considered as distant gene- 
ric types. There is a singular agreement between the type named 
Corynolophus and the A?geonichthys of the New Zealand seas in the 
radial formula; and while such agreement might tend to throw doubts 
on the actual differences supposed to exist between Corynolophus and 
Himantolophus, it tends far to confirm the generic value of the differ- 
ences, if they really exist. It may even be that the two genera are not 
as closely related as are Corynolophus and Avgceonichthys, but such is 
scarcely probable. 

The habitats given must be regarded simply as the expressions of our 
present state of knowledge, as it is more than probable that the ranges 
of most of the species are quite extensive in the bathmic zone in which 
they dwell. It is also probable that the number of representatives of 
the family will be considerably increased hereafter. A most interesting 
coincidence is the discovery, in the same year, of the closely related 
Himantolophine and dAfgewonichthyine at antipodal localities. There 
are already, too, indications of several other types, apparently members 
of the family, but too imperfectly known to be introduced into the sys- 
tem. The present state of our knowledge in respect to such imperfectly 
known forms is well summarized by Dr. Liitken in the following words :— 

‘Les collections de petits poissons péchés en haute mer, du Musée de 
Copenhague, renferment en outre quelques Lophioides apodes d’une taille 
plus petite encore (5—8™™), trouvés en plein Océan Atlantique, qui 
annoncent peut-étre existence d’une troisitme espéce d’Himantolophe 
ou dun genre voisin, et different de VHimantolophus Reinhardti par le 
nombre des rayons (D: 6; A: 6; C: 10), probablement aussi par la 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 231 


taille moindre des adultes, puisque quelques-uns de ces embryons 
offrent déja un rudiment de huppe frontale analogue a celle que posséde 
le jeune Lophioide, dépourvu non-seulement de ventrales, mais aussi de 
dorsale et d’anale, indiquant ainsi, selon toute probabilité, ’existence 
@un type générique nouveau, que lon ne tardera point a découvrir a 
létat adulte, 4 mesure que l’étude justement commencée de la faune abys- 
sale de Vocéan aura fait de nouveaux progrés. Peut-étre aussi que le 
“Ceratias uranoscopus” annoncé comme dragué par ’expédition sifameuse 
du “Challenger” a la profondeur surprenante de 2400 brasses, entre les 
iles Canaries et du Cap Vert, sera reconnu comme formant un genre & 
part—a en juger par une photographie (reproduite en xylographie dans 
“The Atlantic” de Sir Ch. Wyville-Thomson, II, p. 69), qui m’a é{é com- 
muniquée avec la plus grande obligeance par feu M. Willemoés-Suhm, 
dont la mort prématurée a été tant déplorée par ses amis et par ceux 
de la science. 

“On trouvera dans le rapport préliminaire de M. Murray (Proc. Roy. 
‘Soc., xxiv, p. 590-94) des renseignements sur les profondeurs des huit 
localités ot! ont été dragues, lors du voyage du “Challenger” des Lo- 
phioides bathyphiles, en partie probablement nouveaux pour la science. 
Dans son rapport préliminaire sur les draguages exécutés, en 1878, dans 
les profondeurs du Golfe de Mexique, M. Al. Agassiz fait mention 
dun poisson resemblant 4 un tétard enorme a téte ronde, gigantesque, 
cartilagineuse et sans yeux, et de quelques autres a téte allongée et 
deprimée, aux yeux trés petits et a filaments enormes pendant des 
extremités des rayons des nageoires pectorales et caudal.” 


NOTE ON THE MALTHEID &X. 
By THEODORE GILL. 


Since the publication of the great systematic works on fishes, the fam- 
ily of Maltheide has received a couple of notable additions which fur- 
nish a good idea of the range of variation occurring in the group and at 
the same time fully corroborate the justness of the segregation of its 
members under two distinct families. The distinctions thus apparent 
are indicated in the following analysis. All the genera are monotypic 
except Malthe. 


MALTHEID/4. 
la. Body with disk cordiform and caudal portion stout; frontal region elevated, and 
snout more or less produced or attenuated forwards......-.- MALrTHEINzE. 
Malthe. 


1b. Body with disk subcircular or expanded backwards and caudal portion slender ; 
frontal region depressed, and snout rounded and obtuse in front. 
HALIEUTEINE. 
2a. Palate edentulous; rostral tentacle developed ; carpus exserted from common 
membrane. 
3a. Disk subtriangular; mouth small; branchiw reduced to 2 pairs (I, 0; II, 
eee tr bY), O— 0) cisaciselemeleneinesinas|+ som cca ceicscse Dibranchus. 


232 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


3b. Disk subcircular ; mouth large; branchiz in 23 pairs (1,0; II,1—1; III, 


Meth eT Vig —O) ow wl alm ett ale el teeter 2 eee 

2b. Palate dentigerous; rostral tentacle obsolete; carpus inclosed in common 
membrane. 

3. Disk subcircular; mouth small......-....----.----..- 2+. Halieutichthys. 


The genera have been made known as follows :— | 


MALTHEIN 4. 
MALTHE. 


Malthe, Cuvier, Régne Animal, 1¢ éd., t. 2, 311, 1817. 

Malthea, Cuvier § Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 438, 1837, 
Type: Malthe vespertilio. 
Atlantic coasts of America from Brazil to Labrador. 


HALIEUTAIN As. 


DIBRANCHUS. 


Dibranchus Peters, Monatsber. K. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1875, p. 736. 
Type: Dibranchus atlanticus Peters. 
Atlantic Ocean, in deep water, near the coast of Africa. 


HALIEUTAA. 


Halieutza Cuv. § Val., Hist. Nat. des Poissons, t. 12, p. 455, 1837. 
Astrocanthus Swainson, Nat. Hist. and Class. Fishes, etc., v. 2, p.—, 1839. 
Type: Halieutea stellata Val. § Wahl. 
Pacific Ocean, off China and Japan. 


HALIEUTICHTHYS. 


Halientichthys, Poey, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., [v. 15,] pp. 89, 90, 1863. 
Type: Halieutichthys reticulatus Poey. 
Atlantic Ocean, off the Island of Cuba. 


NOVEMBER 9, 1878. 


CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA, FROM 
COLLECTIONS MADE FOR THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BY 
MR. PRED. A. OBER, WITH MIS OBSERVATIONS. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


These collections were made by Mr. Ober in August and September, 
1877. They were left in charge of the United States consul at Antigua, 
to be forwarded to Washington when an opportunity offered, and were 
sent soon thereafter; but from want of a proper notification or some 
other cause, their arrival was not known, and they were supposed to 
have gone astray. 

In July of this year, they were ascertained to be in a public store in 
Brooklyn, where they had been since November, 1877. 

The only bird sent of special interest is a species of Burrowing Owl 
from Antigua, which, on investigation, I considered to be undescribed. 

The names given by Mr. Ober, with his observations, are inclosed in 
quotation-marks, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 233 


From Antigua. 


Fam, TURDEDA: 
1. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.). 

‘¢ Thrush. 

‘In the valleys among the southern hills, where are about the only 
rivulets and trees, we find this bird. Itis not common, rather rare, and 
its song is heard only morning and evening; at this season little more than 
acall-note. Think itidentical with the ‘ Gros Grive’—Large Thrush—otf 
Dominica. Not yet out of moulting stage; resident.” 


Fam. SYLVICOLIDZE. 
2. Siurus nevius (Bodd.). 
‘Water Thrush. 
“Rare; along a river bed among the hills, very shy; when it would 
perceive me, it hastily ran along a few rods, and then darted into the 
thicket, reappearing at some distance up or down the stream.” 


3. Siurus motacilla (Vieill.). 
4. Dendreeca petechia (Linn.). 

‘Yellow Bird. Length, 54; alar extent, 7; wing, 23. 

“ Not abundant; inhabits the acacia fields.” 
5. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 

‘¢ Redstart. 

“ Rare ; seen only in the upper valleys of the southern hills. In per- 
fect plumage and fat; evidently not a migrant. The people told me it 
was with them all the year.” 


Fam. VIREONID. 


6, Vireosylvia calidris (Linn.). 
‘‘ Vireo. Iris hazel. 
‘‘ Found among the poisonous Manchineel trees, near the coast.” 


Fam. CGfREBID Zi. 


7. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor. 
“ Yellowbreast. 
“Abundant, but not in the numbers found in Dominica.” 


Fam. FRINGILLID. 


8. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 
‘“‘Sparrow. Resident.” 

9. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 
**Grass Bird. 


“In large numbers, probably the most abundant spécies, sharing this 
honor with the Loggerhead and Sparrow Hawk.” 


934 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. TYRANNIDE. 


10. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl. 

“Loggerhead. Resident. 

“‘ Hxtremely abundant; its ery of piperee, piperee, heard everywhere 
from morn till night. Old pastures its favorite haunt; but where the 
‘Cabbage Palm’ is found (the Oreodoya olivacea) there the Piperee de- 
lights to stay, passing half the day perched upon the extreme tip of the 
terminal apex of the tree, leaving it only to chase and capture some 
insect flying by, or to sport a while with its mate.” 


Fam. TROCHILIDE. 


11. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 
«‘ Violet-breast Hummer. Rather numerous.” 


12. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.). 
“Crested Hummer. Very common. 
‘‘ More in the fields than the gardens; especially likes the Tamarind 


trees.” 
Fam. CUCULID~. 


13. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 
‘our o’clock Bird. Sparsely distributed. Resident.” 


Fam. STRIGID i. 


14. Speotyto amaura, Lawr. 

“Owl. Length, ¢, 84 in.; alar extent, 214; wing, 63. 

‘“ Length, 2, 84 in.; alar extent, 21; wing, 64. 

“Tris bright yellow. Called here, ‘coo coo’, from its hoot at night. 
I considered it for a time as almost mythical, reports concerning its ex- 
istence were so conflicting. Some described it as a large Bat, others 
asserted that it was (judging from the size of its eyes) as large as a ‘Gui- 
nea Bird’; all agreed that it was a night-bird, that it lived in old drains, 
holes in the cliffs and ruined walls ; and that its hoot would strike 
terror to the stoutest heart. 

‘* Like its congener of Dominica, it has a bad name; and though it 
may not be called here, as in Dominica, the ‘ Jumbie Bird’ or bird of 
evil spirits—the name implies more than that—still it has the reputation 
of being a bad character. The blacks declare that it will not hesitate 
to tear the eyes out of any individual unfortunate enough to meet it at 
night. ‘Me rudder see de Debbil, any time’, is their forcible way of 
testifying to the powers, supernatural and otherwise, possessed by this 
poor Owl. Finding it impossible to shoot one, I offered a reward of two 
shillings for the first Owl brought me, and within three hours had three 
living birds which the men dug out of a cliff in the Chalk-hills. One 
that I kept two days gave frequent utterance to a chattering cry, espe- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 235 


cially if any one approached, but it did not hoot. It feeds upon lizards 
and mice, it is said.” 

Male.—Upper plumage of a fine deep brown color, marked with round- 
ish spots of light fulvous; the spots are smallest on the crown, hind 
neck, and smaller wing-coverts; they are conspicuously large on the 
other wing-coverts, the dorsal region, scapulars, and tertials ; the quills 
are blackish-brown, with indented marks of pale reddish fulvous on the 
outer webs of the primaries, and large roundish paler spots on the inner 
webs ; under wing-coverts reddish fulvous sparsely mottled with black ; 
tail dark brown, of the same color as the back, crossed with four bars 
(including the terminal one), of light reddish fulvous, which do not quite 
reach the shaft on each web; bristles at the base of the bill black, with 
the basal portion of their shafts whitish; front white, superciliary 
streak pale fulvous; cheeks dark brown, the feathers tipped with ful- 
vous; upper part of throat pale whitish buff, the lower part grayish- 
white, with a buffy tinge, separated by a broad band of dark brown 
across the middle of the throat, the feathers of which are bordered with 
light fulvous; the sides of the neck and the upper part and sides of the 
breast are dark brown, like the back, the feathers ending with fulvous, 
the spots being larger on the breast; the feathers of the abdomen are — 
pale fulvous, conspicuously barred across their centres with dark brown; 
on some of the feathers the terminal edgings are of the same color; the 
flanks are of a clear light fulvous, with bars of a lighter brown; under 
tail-coverts fulvous, with indistinct bars of brown; thighs clear fulvous, 
with nearly obsolete narrow dusky bars; the feathers of the tarsi are 
colored like the thighs and extend to the toes; bill clear light yellow, 
with the sides of the upper mandible blackish; toes dull yellowish- 
brown. . 

Length (fresh), 8 in.; wing, 63; tail, 3$; tarsus, 13. 

The female differs but little from the male in plumage; the bars on 
the abdomen appear to be a little more strongly defined, and at the base 
of the culmen is a small red spot. There are two females in the collec- 
tion, the other also having the red spot; in one the tarsi are feathered 
to the toes, in the other only for two-thirds their length. 

Length of one (fresh), 8 in.; wing, 63; tail, 2; tarsus, 13. 

Length of the other, 8$; wing, 64; tail, 3; tarsus, 13. 

Mr. Ridgway suggested a comparison with his S. guadeloupensis, the 
type of which belongs to the Boston Natural History Society, and by the 
courtesy of Dr. Brewer I have been able to make it. 

Compared with guadeloupensis, the prevailing color is dark brown, 
instead of a rather light earthy-brown, and the spots on the interscapu- 
lar region are much larger ; it is more strikingly barred below, the other 
having the breast more spotted ; the bars on the tail are four instead of 
six. In the Antigua bird each feather of the breast is crossed with but 
one bar, while those of the other are crossed with two. 


936 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM: 


Mr. Ober (who arrived here November 13) informs me that he could 
learn of no species of Owl inhabiting Guadeloupe, nor does the museum 
there possess a specimen. 


Fam. FALCONIDE. 


15. Pandion haliztus (Linn.). 
“Tish Hawk. Seen September 1st.” 


16. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.). 
‘Sparrow Hawk. ‘Killee, Killee.’ 
‘¢Tn large numbers all over the island. Resident.” 


17. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.)? 
‘‘ Hawk (seen), resident. Apparently same as the larger hawk of 
Dominica.” 


18, Falco? 
‘A large black hawk spoken of as appearing with the flocks of ducks.” 


Fam. FREGATIDE. 


19. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 
‘Man o’ war Bird. 
‘Resident. Plentiful in harbor of St. John’s.” 


Fam. PELECANID A. 


20. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.). 
‘‘Brown Pelican. 
* Breeds abundantly on small islands off the coast. Resident.” 


Fam. ARDEID. 


21. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.). 

*“* White Gaulin.’ Resident. 

“ Everywhere abundant; frequents the dry hills and plains (feeding 
upon grasshoppers, lizards, &c.) in preference to the pools and moist 
tracts.” 

22. Florida czrulea (Linn.). 
*¢ Blue Gaulin. Resident. 
“Abundant. Habits same as the preceding.” 


23. Butorides virescens (Linn.). 
‘“ Green Heron. 
“In small numbers. Resident.” 


24. Ardea herodias (Linn.). 
“ Great Blue Heron. 
“Said to arrive later in the season.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 237 


Fam. COLUMBID44. 


25. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.). 
‘Ground Dove. Abundant everywhere.” 


26. Columba leucocephala (Linn.), 

‘¢White-headed Pigeon. 

‘* Rare among the southern hiils. Think this their southern breeding 
limit, save perhaps Montserrat.” 
27. Zenaida martinicana, Bp. 

‘‘Turtle Dove. Not common among the hills.” 


Fam. TETRAONIDZ4. 
28. Ortyx virginianus (Linn.). 

@Ouail.” 

‘The pastures abandoned are fast becoming populated with quail; 
the acacia scrub forming agreeable shelter for them and protecting 
cover. So far as I can ascertain they were introduced; but at what 
period no one seems to know. They are now in sufficient numbers to 
make good sport. Think they breed at about the same season as the 
northern quail, as young but half-grown were plentiful in July and 
August.” 

The single specimen sent, a male, resembles most the primitive north- 
ern stock ; it differs in being smaller, the skin measuring in length 84 
inches, wing 44, and in having the crown and hind neck blackish, in 
this character resembling var. floridanus, but not otherwise; the trans- 
verse markings below being of the same size as those of the northern 
bird, which in the Florida race are twice the width. 

In its upper plumage it is much like the male of O. cubanensis Gould (of 
which I have mounted specimens of both sexes), but they differ in their 
under plumage, the Antigua bird being like O. virginianus, but in O. 
cubanensis the black extends’ from the throat over the breast, and the 
feathers of the abdomen are rufous, with arrow-head markings of black 
and irregular tear-shaped white spots. The wing measures four inches. 

The female of O. cubanensis has transverse inarkings on the under 
surface as in the typical form, but more strongly defined and wider; but 
they are not so wide as in var. floridanus; the crown, hind neck, and 
sides of the head are blackish where reddish-chestnut prevails in the 
northern bird; the back is grayish-ash, with no appearance of the pink- 
ish-red, which exists in the female of O. virginianus on the back and on 
the upper part and sides of the breast. 


Fam. RALLIDZE. 


29. Rallus ? 

‘‘ Rail. Moor-hen. Resident; plentiful apparently, but shy.” 
30. Fulica ? 

*** Coot.’ Not seen; migrant.” 


238 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. CHARADRITD 4, 


31. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh. 

* Golden Plover. 

“Sept. 7th, first of the season; generally arrive by last of August, 
or first storm after Aug. 25th. First of September rarely fails to bring 
them, but this year no storm hastened them along and they are very 
late. They arrive in large flocks and spread over the pastures, hills 
and plains, affording exciting sport. It is not an unusual thing to bag 
three or four dozen in a morning. Every one owning a gun turns out, 
and great slaughter ensues. If suffered to remain, they would acquire 
fat and stay for weeks, but they soon wing their way further south. 

‘‘They are accompanied later in the season by Curlew, Yellow-legs, 


etc.” 
Fam. SCOLOPACID. 


32. Himantopus nigricollis (Vieill.). 
“ Black-neck Stilt. 
“Rare; seen early in July.” 


33. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.). 
‘ Koglish Snipe. 
‘‘Occasionally; authority of sportsmen.” 


34. Ereunetes petrificatus (TIIl.). 
* Sandpiper. 
“Abundant, in flocks of four to six, along sandy shore. Resident.” 


35. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.). 
“ Willet.. Rare.” 


36. Gambetta melanoleuca (Gm.). 

* Yellow-legs. 

“In all the salt ponds or ‘fleshes’; sufficiently numerous, at times, to 
afford sport; said to be resident in small numbers; I found it here early 
in July.” 


37. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.). 

** Sandpiper. . 

‘“‘Not common, but seen singly in every part of the island. I shot 
three specimens on the summit of McNish Mountain—the highest hill— 
where is a spring-hole of small size. From this mountain, by the way, 
the entire island can be viewed, as well as the islands of Barbuda, Gua- 
deloupe, Montserrat, Redonda, Nevis and St. Kitts—a most delightful 
prospect.” 


38. Numenius hudsonicus (Lath.). 
“Curlew. Not common.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 239 


Fam. LARIDA. 


39. Sterna dougalli, Mont. 

“Tern. 

‘Breeds in large numbers on the islands and rocks off shore; now 
finished breeding or young fully grown, though notin perfect plumage.” 


40. Sterna, sp.? 


“A larger Tern than the above, with black back; not many seen. 
Resident.” 


41. Larus atricNla (Linn.). 
“Gull. Resident.” 
Fam. ANATID 2. 


42. Dafila bahamensis (Linn.). 


“Dueck. Resident.” 
From Barbuda. 


Fam. TURDID Ei. 


1. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould. 
‘Thrush. Grive.” 


Fam. SYLVICOLIDA. 


2. Dendreeca petechia (Linn.). 
‘¢ Yellow Warbler. 


“ Not plentiful. Resident; breeds.” 
Fam. CGAREBID2. 


3. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor. 
* Yellow-throat. Common; resident.” 


Fam. FRINGILLIDA. 


4. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 
‘Sparrow. Resident; breeds. 
‘¢ Now in small flocks in the overgrown fields. Abundant.” 


5. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 
“Grass-bird. Resident; breeds. 
“ Very familiar about yards. Abundant.” 


Fam. TYRANNIDZ. 


6. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr. 

“ Flycatcher. 

‘“‘ Infrequently met with in the thicle laurel scrub; cry sharp at long 
intervals ; shy.” 


240 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


7. Tyrannus rostratus, Sel. 
“* ¢ Loggerhead.’ 
“Common; resident; breeds.” 


Fam. TROCHILIDZ. 


8. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 

* Hummingbird. 

‘Common, especially about the prickly pear and the cacti near the 
beach.” 
6. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.). 

‘*Orested Hummer. 

‘* Most numerous. Saw only these two species, but Rev. Mr. Couley 
(one of the proprietors) described a larger species, visiting the island 
later, resembling exactly (be said) the Mango, of which he had a colored 


plate.” 
Fam. CUCULIDZ. 


10. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 
** Cuckoo; ‘ four o’clock bird’; not common.” 


Fam. FALCONID.A. 


11. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.). 
“ Sparrow Hawk. 
‘* Very common; resident; breeds.” 


12. Falco communis var. anatum, Bp.? 
‘‘ Hawk; answers to description of Duck Hawk; arrives with the 
flocks of Plover, etc., forages upon the wild-ducks.” 


Fam. FREGATIDA. 


13. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 
“ Vrigate Bird. 
** Resident; breeds, lays in June, some young yet in nest.” 


Fam. PHASTHONID A. 


14. Phethen flavirostris, Brandt. 
*<Propit, Bird: 
‘* Breeds in cliffs at east end of island.” 


Fam. PELECANIDA. 


15. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.). 
“ Brown Pelican. Breeds.” 


Fam. ARDEIDA. 
16. Ardea herodias. 


‘¢ Great Blue Heron. , 
“Arrives with the migratory birds about Sept. 1st.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 241 


17. Herodias egretta (Gm.)? 
“A large White Heron was described to me as visiting the island.” 


18. Florida czrulea (Linn.). 
‘¢ Small Blue Heron. 
“ Very numerous; resideut; young white.” 


19. Butorides virescens (Linn.). 
‘‘Green Heron. Common; resident, breeds.” 


Fam, cA NATID A: 


20. Dafila bahamensis (Linn.). 
‘¢ White throat Duck.’ Resident; not common.” 


21. Clangula glaucion (Linn.). 
‘Whistler. Migrant; arrives in October.” 


Fam. COLUMBIDA:. 


22. Columba leucocephala, Linn. 
“ White-head Pigeon. 
‘“‘ Resident ; breeds in great numbers in June and July.” 


23. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.? 
“Turtle Dove. Extremely abundant; breeds.” 


24. Chamzpelia passerina (Linn.). 
‘‘Ground Dove. Exceedingly numerous; breeds.” 


Fam. NUMIDIDZ. 


25. Numida meleagris, Linn. 

‘Guinea Fowl. 

“ Plentiful; breeds abundantly ; thoroughly wild. Introduced over 
one hundred years ago.” 


Fam. RALLID Ai. 


26. Rallus ? 
“Rail. Not common; resident.” 


27, Fulica ? 
‘“¢Coot. Migrant.” 


Fam. CHARADRIIDZ:. 


28. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh. 

* Golden Plover. 

“Arrive in immense flocks first storm (N. W.) after Sept. 1st. Good 
shooting through September and October if weather is stormy ; if fine, 
the bulk of them keep on.” 


29. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bp.)? 
‘¢ Ring-neck Plover. Not common.” 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——-16 Dec. 10, 1878. 


942 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. SCOLOPACID 2. 


30. Himantopus nigricollis (Vieill.). 
‘ Black-neck Stilt. Not common. Resident”? 


31. Gallinago wilsoni (Temm.). 

«+ Snipe. 

“A species not seen by me, described by Mr. Hopkins (one of the 
lessees of the island) as an English Snipe, in color, flight and voice ; 
in small numbers ; resident.” 


32. Ereunetes petrificatus (Ill.). 
‘« Least Sandpiper. 
“ Resident ; breeds; now in flocks of 4-6.” 


33. Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.). 
‘‘ Willet. Common; said to breed.” 


34. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.). 
“ Yellow-legs (smaller). 
‘Common; resident, or nearly so.” 
35. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.) ? 
‘¢ Sandpiper. 
“Resident; solitary about the lagoons and fresh-water ponds.” 


36. Numenius hudsonicus (Jath.). 
“Curlew. Resident; breeds; common.” 


Fam. LARID/. 


37. Sterna maxima, Bodd.? 
‘* Royal Tern. Seen only.” 


38. Larus atricilla, Linn. 
“Gull. Breeds; resident.” 


Fam. PODICIPITIDA. 


39. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.)? 
‘6 ¢ Diver’ (Grebe 2). 


‘Think it resident, as it is irregular in its appearance and disappear- 
ance.” 


New York, November 14, 1878, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 243 


NOTE ON PERCA FLAVESCENS.’ 
By Dr. FRANZ STEINDACHNER. 


Dr. Franz Steindachner, in the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna 
Academy for July, 1878, makes some interesting statements regarding 
the American Yellow Perch, of which a translation is given below:— 

““Perca flavescens of Mitchill, Cuvier, and others, can be regarded only 
as a variety of Perca fluviatilis, and the opinion of the ichthyologists 
prior to Cuvier was the correct one. 

The pronounced striation of the operculum, which is a characteristic 
of P. flavescens, is not always present in American specimens, and 
Holbrook has already remarked in his description of Perca flavescens 
(Ichthyology of South Carolina, p. 3), ‘‘ with radiating striz# more or 
less distinct.” 

During my stay at Lake Winnipiseogee, New Hampshire, I frequently 
saw specimens with very indistinctly striated, or with perfectly smooth 
opercles. A much stronger argument for the identity of Perca flavescens 
with Perca fluviatilis lies in the fact that in the vicinity of Vienna 
occasional individuals with more or less strongly furrowed opercles are 
taken, and also in the Neusiedler Sea; in the Sea of Baikal and its 
tributaries I obtained several specimens with very strongly striated 
opercles. During my travels in England I was able to find only the 
typical European form of Perca fluviatilis with the smooth opercle. 

In my opinion, only two species of Perca can be distinguished, namely, 
Perca fluviatilis, Linn., with two not very sharply defined varieties, viz, 
var. europea and var. flavescens or americana, and the high northern form 
Perca Schrenkii, Kessl. 

In the number of longitudinal and vertical rows of scales, Perca 
Auviatilis cannot be distinguished from P. flavescens, both varieties 
having 7 to 10 (generally 7-9) scales between the base of the first dorsai 
spine and the lateral line, in a vertical row. 

In Western North America there are known no members of Perca or 
any nearly allied genus, while in South America the rivers of Southern 
and Middle Chili and of Patagonia are inhabited by several (apparently 
only two) species of the Perca-like genera Percichthys and Percilia.” 





* Prepared by G. Brown Goode. 


244 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ON THE DESTRUCTION OF FISH IN THE VICINITY OF THE TORTUGAS 
DURING THE MONTHS OF SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER, 1878. 


By Lieut. J. P. JEFFERSON, Dr. JOSEPH Y. PORTER, and 
THOMAS MOORE. 


The following information, relative to the dying of fish in the Gulf of 
Mexico during the month of September last, will be found of much 
interest, as bearing upon the sudden destruction in large numbers of 
marine animals, and their accumulation in geological strata——EDITOR. 


ForT JEFFERSON, DRY TORTUGAS, FLA., 
October 16, 1878. 


I have the honor to enclose herewith the skin of a fish* which was 
found on the beach here. I send it because many old fishermen say that 
they never before saw one like it. Some five or six were picked up 
from a multitude of other fish; and to report this great mortality 
among them is my principal reason for addressing you. Some three or 
four weeks ago, the fishing-smacks over in Florida Bay lost about all 
their fish in their wells, and attributed it to fresh water, which they sup- 
posed had from some cause or other come down in great volume from 
the mainland. On the 9th instant, the sailing-vessel which connects us 
with Key West met water of a dark color about midway between 
here and there, but saw no dead fish. On her return, on the night 
of the 11th, she struck it off Rebecca Shoals, about 25 miles east 
of here, and found it extending some 10 miles out in the Gulf. That 
same night it came down upon us here, and the next morning the beach 
and surface of the water, as far as the eye could reach, were covered with 
dead fish. The appearance of the water had entirely changed ; instead 
of the usual clear blue or green, it was very dark, like cypress water, 
and when viewed at depths over 10 feet, was almost black, precisely 
like the Saint John’s River. We could not perceive any change in the 
saltness of the water but not having any other means of determining 
this, had to depend upon taste. There was no appreciable change in 
temperature. From the fact that almost all the fish that first came 
ashore were small and of such varieties as frequent shoal water, I infer 
that the dark water must have been of less density than the sea; still, 
great numbers of “ grouper” have been seen, and these are generally 
found in 3 or 4 fathoms, I believe. The destruction must have been 
very great, for here, on a key containing but a few acres, and with a 
very limited extent of beach, we have buried at least twenty cart-loads; 
they have come ashore in such numbers that it has been a serious mat- 
ter how to dispose of them. 








*This on examination by Professor Gill was pronounced to be Aulostoma coloratum. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 245 


It is said that in 1856 or ’57 there was a similar occurrence of limited 
extent over in the bay, and frequently the smacks fishing near shore 
along the coast meet fresh water which kills their fish; but all the fish- 
ermen here unite in saying that nothing of this kind has ever, to their 
knowledge, happened out on the reef. As to the extent of this I have 
no means of knowing; will endeavor to have forwarded with this, how- 
ever, copies of the Key West papers, which will probably contain a more 
complete account than I have been able to give. One other fact in con- 
nection with this: among the dead fish were mullet, which, I believe, 
run up fresh- or brackish-water streams. Almost all the conchs around 
here were killed also. Whether or not sponges, coral, &c., have been 
affected, we have not been able to determine, the weather having been 
too rough to visit the beds. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
J. P. JEFFERSON, 


Lieutenant Fifth United States Artillery. 
To Professor BAIRD. 


Fort JEFFERSON, DRY TORTUGAS, FLORIDA, 
November 4, 1878. 


PROFESSOR: I have taken the liberty to forward you, by express from 
Key West, a box containing two “ribbon fish” preserved in alcohol. 
One of them was brought over to me by Mr. Moore, lighthouse-keeper 
at Loggerhead Light. The remaining specimen of “ribbon fish” in the 
jar (which is perfect) was picked up on a neighboring key this a.m. I 
am informed that these fish are a rare species, and very seldom seen. 

The destruction of fish in Florida Bay and in this vicinity has been 
great this season. I obtained some sea-water, but not having the appli- 
ance for analyzing it, I have also taken the liberty to enclose it in the 
same box with the jar of fish. 

Should you discover anything abnormal in the water which will ac- 
count for the recent destruction of the fish in this vicinity, I will be 
under many obligations if you will inform me. 

JOSEPH Y. PORTER, 
Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, Post Surgeon. 


P. S.—Since writing the above, Mr. Moore brought me some 
curious specimens of fish;* and a curious eel-like fish with but one eye, 
evidently an abnormality, has been found, which I have also enclosed 
in the box. 








* The following is a list of species of fishes forwarded by Dr. Porter.—EDITOR. 
Aulostoma coloratum, Miill. & Trosch. Monacanthus pardalis, Riipp. 
Dactylopterus volitans, (Linn.) Lac. . Blepharichthys crinitus, (Akerly) Gill. 
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus, (Mitch.) Gill. Belone sp. (head). 


246 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The dark cypress looking water previously alluded to made its appear- 
ance here a day or so ago, but did not fortunately remain more than 24 
hours, but during that period there was again destruction of fish. 


Oct. 11th, at 7 a. m., saw the water a very dark color and dead fish 
drifting southwest; 9a. m., dead fish on the beach and drifting by as 
far as we could see east and west of the Key. 

Oct. 12th, 4 p. m., fish of all kinds on the beach, weighing from a few 
grains up to Jewtish, weighing about 150 Ibs. 

Oct. 13, 14, 15, and 16.—Dead fish drifting on this Key and at Fort 
Jefferson, distance from this Key 32 miles. 

Names of some of the dead fish :— 





Jewfish, ( Common Garfish, 
Yellow Tails, : Sucking Fish, 

Mutton Fish, Lump Suckers, 
Grouper, Murvena, 

Skipjack, Armed Enoplossus, 
Runners, Pennant’s Globe Fish, 
Grunts, Horned Ostracion, 
Porgie, Great Pipe Fish, 
Pogie, Porcupine Fish, 
Three-tailed Porgee, Ribbon Fish, 


and fish we call Parrot, and numberless fish I have no name for. There 
is a fish called Snapper that we could not find dead, and have not seen 
since alive up to the 27th, but the water remains quite clear. 
Oct. 30 and 31.—The water colored a light brown. Ido not see any 
fish dead or alive. 
THOMAS MOORE, 
Keeper of Loggerhead Light, Florida. 


Canthorinus occidentalis, (Giinther). Heliastes insolatus ?, Cuv. & Val.,= Chromis 
Tetrodon levigatus, (Linn.) Gill. ( fide Gill). 

Chilichthys testudineus, (L.) Miill. Pomacentrus leucostictus, Miill. & Trosch. 
Ostracium quadricorne, Linn. Apogon sp., probably imberbis. 


Acanthurus nigricans, Linn. Pareques acuminatus, (Bl. Sch.) Gill. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 247 


DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES AND GEOGRAPHIUICAE, 
RACES OF BIRDS CONTAINED EIN THE COLLECTION OF THE 
UNETED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By ROBERT RIDGWAY. 
RHODINOCICHLA ROSEA. 


Specimens of this species from Western Mexico, while agreeing with 
Central American ones in the color of the throat, breast, ete., differ very 
conspicuously in their upper plumage, which is a clear slate-color, the 
flanks almost cinereous instead of dusky black. This difference is 
entirely constant in the four specimens before me, compared with five of 
the typical form. The Northern form being unnamed, it may be char- 
acterized as follows :— 


Khodinocichla rosea, 3. schistacea (Ridgw. MS.). 


Cu.—Above clear slate-color, the wings darker, with paler, nearly 
cinereous edges to the feathers; lores and auriculars dark slate; entire 
sides clear slate, becoming more ashy on the flanks. Adult male: A con- 
tinuous superciliary stripe, the anterior half of which is intense rose- 
red, the posterior half rosy-white; chin, throat, malar region, middle 
of the jugulum, breast, and abdomen, and the whole crissum, pure, 
beautiful rose-red, most intense on the jugulum, narrower and paler on 
the abdomen ; edge of the wing and anterior lesser coverts also pure 
rose-red; lining of the wing partly grayish-white. Adult female: Simi- 
lar, but the red replaced by rich, tawny rufous, the middle of the abdo- 
men whitish. Bill horn-yellowish, the maxilla mostly dusky; iris red 
(Xantus, MS.) or brown (Grayson, MS.); feet dark horn-color. Length, 
8.25; wing, 3.45-3.60; tail, 3.75-3.90 ; bill, from nostril, .60-.65 ; tarsus, 
1.00; middle toe, .70-.75. Hab.—Western Mexico (Sierra Madre of 
Colima, Xantus; Rio Mazatlan, Grayson). 

The distinctive characters of the two forms may be contrasted as 
follows :— 


a. rosea.—Upper parts, sides, and flanks sooty-black, the flanks scarcely paler. Wing, 
3.25-3.45; tail, 3.40-3.80 ; bill, from nostril, .52-.60; tarsus, 1.00-1.10; middle toe, 
.70-.80.  Hab.—Central America (Panama; Veragua). 

B. schistacea.—Upper parts, sides, and flanks clear slate-color, the flanks almost cinere- 
ous. Wing, 3.45-3.60; tail, 3.75-3.90; bill, from nostril, .60-.65; tarsus, 1.00; mid- 
dle toe, .7U-.75. Hab.—Western Mexico. 


In R&R. schistacea, the red is very slightly paler than in R&. rosea, but the 
difference can be appreciated only on close comparison; the rufous in 
the female, however, is equally deep. The number of tail-feathers is 
occasionally 13, this being the number possessed by specimen 30,160. 
A note on the label of Colonel Grayson’s male specimen is to the effect 
that the species is ‘‘a superb singer”. 


948 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 




















a. rosea. 
aad x 
HBO MO: Stee Caden | Panama) sees ss sane aelaee ete ete a ela) oe ee 3.45 | 3.80 | 0.60 | 1.00) 0.70 
45626 | U.S... of ad. | Veragua (Santa F6) ...-..----|--.--.- 22.22. 3: 30 1/23. 70" | 10, 559) 2105.) 2.0.75 
Soha oe R; Ricess| GO ad. |.-----0O.<. 42... sseetee ce nee <u eat meeateee cee Oe eOsSO NIAC dOD Mielest OM i OTSO 
53910 | U.S .-..| 9 ad. | Panama.......------.---------|-----.-------- 3.25 | 3.40 | 0.52] 1.00) 0.75 
45627 | U.S..--| 9 ad. | Veragua (Santa Fé) ...-.-.---|------.--.---- e20) ||) detD | 0.02 | AOD Ono 

I 

GB. schistacea. 

30160 | U.S .| ¢ ad. | Sierra Madre, Colima Apr. —, 1863 | 3.45 | 3.90 | 0.60 | 1.00 | 0. 70 
34057 | U.S dog! adel! Mazatlan sos en cme aie June —, 1862 | 3.50 | 3.80 |...... 1.00 0. 70 
3016L | U S .| ¢ ad. | Sierra Madre, Colima -.-.-...-... Apr. —, 1863 | 3.60 | 3.75 65 | 1.00] 0.75 
34058 | U.S .---| 9 ad. | Mazatlan.......-.--.. 8 oe June —, 1862 | 3.45 | 3.75 |.....- 1.00} 0.70 











EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA, Lawr. 


Specimens from Merida, Yucatan, of which there are three before me, 
differ from all other Mexican examples in the collection, as well as those 
from Texas, in the very sharp definition and dark color of the stripes 
on the crown, these being a very dark brown—almost black—anteriorly, 
the broad stripe between a pure ash-gray, without a trace of olivaceous 
tinge. The bill is also very much darker in color, the maxilla being quite 
black in some examples, while the feet are also of a darker brown color. 
In the light grayish color of the flanks and the very pale buff of the cris- 
sum, these Merida examples agree much more closely with Texas speci- 
mens than those from Mexico. 

Mexican examples are like those from Texas in the character of the 
head-stripes and in the color of the bill and feet, but they are very 
different in their lower plumage, not only from the true rujfivirgata, but 
also from the Yucatan race, the flanks being a dark raw-umber tint, or 
deep drab, almost like the back, and in strong contrast with the white 
of the abdomen, while the crissum is of a deep fulvous, or dark grayish- 
buff. 

It thus appears that three well-marked geographical races of this 
speies may be defined, their characters being as follows :— 

A. Maxilla reddish-brown; legs and feet pale brown. Stripes of the head not sharply 
defined, uniform reddish umber-brown, the broad vertical stripe olive- 
green throughout, or only tinged with ash anteriorly. 

a. rufivirgata—Bill slender, its depth .25, the length of the maxilla from the 
nostril to the tip being .35-.38. Flanks pale grayish-buff, or light grayish- 
fulvous; crissum pale buff. Wing, 2.60-2.65; tail, 2.50-2.70; tarsus, 
.90-.95; middle toe, .60. Hab.—Rio Grande Valley of Texas. 

B. crassirostris.—Bill very stout, its depth .28-.33, the length of the maxilla from 
the nostril to the tip being .35-40. Flanks deep drab, or raw-umber 
brown; crissum deep fulvous. Wing, 2.55-2.75; tail, 2.30-2.70; tarsus, 
.85-.90; middle toe, .58-.65, Hab.—Mexico. 

B. Maxilla dark brown, or brownish-black ; legs and feet deep brown. Stripes of the 
head sharply defined, black anteriorly, chestnut mixed with black pos- 
teriorly, the broad vertical stripe clear agh-gray throughout. 

y. verticalis—Bill slender, as in rufivirgata, its depth being .26-.28; its length from 
the nostril .35-40. Flanks and crissum pale, as in rufivirgata. Wing, 
2.50-2.68; tail, 2.60-2.80; tarsus, .25-.95; middle toe, .60. Hab.—Merida, 
Yucatan. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 249 


Following is a list of the specimens examined :— 


a. rufivirgata. 


wb | 2 (3g. 
RS 3 a 3 oO 
E | é |=* 
aoeniee ReRaasealicmads || DOXAS co ceecunaciec acer teaeericcscceni| her OOM EeoOOM KOsdO 020% (10-90%! sOnGO 
eee RoiRe-2-.) dv a oe dae -UOAne acces c eas = te =| Mars 28, 18%! 2nGor |peac0n | pOncome Osco) | On90) | O60 








7 * The first number indicates the length of the bill from the nostril; the second, its depth through the 
ase. 


B. crassirostris. 


| 
eee Gaels || oy ad. || Cordoval..-0- sessasece oak wel 2. 85 . 32 


215 0.40 0.32} 0.90 | 0.60 
29200 PU os OM Aden OMIZAD A osatcn aces os ae e's May 4,1858] 2.55 | 2.40 | 0.35 >< 0.30 | 0.85 0. 65 
DFA SiO ape er Gerdes | Mexico lun hostesses aioe chee: 2.55 | 2.70 | 0.38 0.33) 0.90} 0.65 
23890) || Ui. S:---- 2 ad. | Venado Island, W. Mex.t| June —, 1861 | 2. 60 | 2.36 | 0.35>< 0.28] 0.90} 0.53 





} This specimen is somewhat intermediate in coloration between rujivirgata and crassirostris, but 
seems decidedly nearer the former. It differs from both, however, in the very sharp definition of the 
stripes on the head, which, however, are clear, uniform chestnut, and in the bright buff yellow cast of 
the crissum and tibia. It is quite possible that this specimen, which is not in good condition, may rep- 
resent a fourth race, peculiar to Western Mexico. 


y. verticalis. 








| 
50 | 2.60 | 0.35 0. 26 0.85 | aces 


*39282 | U.S.....| Q ad. | Merida, Yucatan ...-.... May 25, 1865 | 2. 
37894 | U.S..... Grads sonatas OOse a secees sete siete Feb. 28,1865 | 2.60 | 2.80 | 0.40 0.28 / 0.90 | 0. 60 
selene Rae eece | Q) ad.) ice. -s00. 22+ <ceeceeo ees] Mar, 19) 1865 | 25.68) 2675))|0.40/<0..28') 059550 0260 
l 





Following are the chief references to this species :— 


a. rufivirgata. 

Embernagra rufivirgata, LAwn., Ann. Lye. N. Y. April 28, 1851, 112, pl. v, fig. 2 (Rio 
Grarde, Texas).—BarrD, B. N. Am. 1858, 487 (Ringgold Barracks, Texas ; Nuevo 
Leon, N. E. Mexico); Mex. Bound Survey, I, Birds, 1859, 16, pl. xvii, fig. 2; 
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 373.—BuTcHER, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, 150 (La- 
redo, Texas).—Cours, Key, 1872, p. — ; Check List, 1873, No. 209.—B. B. & R. 
Hist. N. Am. B..II, 1874, 47, pl. xxviii, fig. 3—MERRILL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
I, Nov. 1876, 89 (Ft. Brown, Texas; descr. nest and eggs); Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. I, 1878, p. 128 (Ft. Brown, Tex.; biogr.).—SENNETT, Bull. U. §. Geol. 
and Geog. Survey Terr. IV, No. 1, 1878, 22 (Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas ; 
common). 

Brown-striped Olive Finch, Lawn. l. ¢. 

Texas Finch, BatrD, 1. ¢ 


Green Finch, COUES, l.¢. 
B. erassirostris. 

? “ Zonotrichia plebeja, Licut.’, Bonar., Compt. Rend. XLIII, 1856, 413.* 

“ Embernagra rufivirgata”, SCL., P. Z. S. 1856, 306 (Cordova); 1859, 380 (Playa Vicente); 
Catal. 1861, 117, No. 709 (Orizaba).—Lawr., Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 
22 (Huemelula, Isth. Tehuantepec)—Sumicur., Mem. Bost. Soc. I, 1869, 551 
(Vera Cruz; temp. and hot reg., up to 1,200 metres). 

Embernagra rufivirgata var. crassirostris, BAIRD, MS. 


y. verticalis 


“ Ember nagra rufivirgata ”, ” Lawre., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869 (Merida, Yucatan). 


* [have at present no means of verifying this reference, and therefore adopt, provi- 
sionally at least, Professor Baird’s MS. name of crassirostris. 


250 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
LOXIGILLA VIOLACEA. 


A specimen of this species from the Bahamas differs from Jamaican 
examples in larger bill and feet and much more intensely black plum- 
age; the chestnut-red of the throat, etc., being also deeper and richer. 
These differences being probably geographical, the Bahaman form seems 
entitled to a distinctive name, and I therefore propose that of baha- 
MeENSIS. 

The characters of the two races may be defined as follows:— 


a. violacea.—Plumage of the body more or less decidedly slaty posteriorly ; lining of 
the wing white. Throat, eyebrow, and crissum bright cinnamon-rufous. Wing, 
3.00-3.30; tail, 2.90-3.20; bill, from nostril, .40-.45; depth of bill, .40-.48; tar- 
sus, .70- 80; middle toe, .55-.60. Hab.—Jamaica. 

B. bahamensis. epiamase of the body lustrous black posteriorly; lining of the wing 
dark grayish. Throat, eyebrow, and crissum rich purplish rufous. Wing, 3.25; 
tail, 2.95; bill, from culmen, .45; depth of bill, .50; tarsus, .85; middle toe, .65. 
Hab.—Bahamas. (Type, 74,707, Nat. Mus. Bahamas; Dr. Bryant.) 














a. violacea. 
4711. | U.S. 3-.-|| oad. || Jamaica. 2-2 ennseae Feb. —, 1865} 3.30 | 3.20 | 0.45 0.48] 0.80] 0.60 
Satielee R. mie Oo ad. 200542 3 eee (2) 3.00 | 2.90 | 0.40 0.40 | 0. 70 0. 55 
1800 | R. R-...-.- @ ad. ide babes ce's renraies Aug. 8, 1859 | 3.10 | 3.00 | 0.420. 40 | 0.80 0. 60 
B. bahamensis. 
74707 [v-s...| Jo ad. | Bahamassis.censeeeceee | (2) | oe | 2.95 0.493<0.90| 0. 85 | 0. 65 





ANAS ABERTI (Ridg., MS.). 


Sp. cH.—Adult female: Size of Querquedula discors and cyanoptera, 
but in coloration closely resembling A. fulvigula. Prevailing color och- 
raceous-buff, but this everywhere relieved by brownish-black spots or 
streaks. Head, neck, and lower parts streaked, the streaks finest on 
the neck and sides of the head, broadest on the jugulum and crissum, 
which is somewhat tinged with rusty, and assuming the form of oblong 
spots on the abdomen, thighs, and anal region; throat immaculate. 
Back, scapulars, and rump with the blackish predominating ; the feath- 
ers bordered with ochraceous; those of the back and the scapulars 
with irregular indentations and occasional bars of the same. Lesser 
wing-coverts brownish-slate, bordered with dull earthy-brown ; middle 
coverts with their exposed portion velvety-black, forming a distinct bar. 
Secondaries widely tipped with pure white (forming a conspicuous band 
about .35 of an inch wide), this preceded by a velvety-black bar of 
about equal width, the basal half or more (of the exposed portion) con- 
sisting of a metallic speculum of dark grass-green, varying to blue and 
violet in certain lights. Tertials opaque velvety-black exteriorly, the 
inner webs brownish-slate; primary-coverts and primaries brownish- 
slate, the latter edged with lighter. Tail brownish-gray, the feathers 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 251 


edged and coarsely spotted with light buff. Bill light yellowish-brown, 
darker on the culmen, the unguis dusky; feet light yellowish (probably 
orange in life). Wing, 8.50; tail, 3.25; culmen, 1.65; greatest width of 
the bill, .60; depth of maxilla through the base, .50; tarsus, 1.30; mid- 
dle toe, 1.70. 

Type, No. 12,789, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Mazatlan, Mexico; Colonel Abert. 

REMARKS.—This remarkable little duck is very different from any 
other species known to me. In its small size, and, to a certain extent, 
the narrow bill, it is like the species of Querquedula, but its coloration 
calls instantly to mind the Anas fulvigula from Florida, and the species 
from the Sandwich Islands, recently described by Mr. Sciater. The 
specimen is marked as being a female, so it is possible that the male 
may be more brilliant in plumage. 

In addition to the characters given above, it may be mentioned that 
there is a distinct indication of a narrow, dusky, postocular streak, and 
of a wider and less distinct loral stripe, thus separating a light super- 
ciliary stripe from the light color of the cheeks. The lining of the wing 
and the axillars are pure white, the latter with a segregation of dusky 
spots near the carpo-metacarpal joint. 

In the collection of the National Museum, there is a female specimen 
of the recently described Anas wyvilliana of the Sandwich Islands. 
Mr. Sclater’s description was fortunately seen just in time to prevent the 
renaming of the species. Since Mr. Sclater describes only the male, 
however, a description of the opposite sex, which seems to differ but lit- 
tle in coloration, may not be out of place in this connection :— 


ANAS WYVILLIANA, Sclater.* 


Adult female: Smaller than A. boschas or A. obscura, but somewhat 
resembling the female of the former in plumage, being much darker, 
however. Prevailing color a mixture of rusty ochraceous and brownish 
dusky, the latter predominating on the upper surface, the former on the 
lower, the abdomen considerably paler. Eyelids pure white, forming 
a distinct but narrow orbital ring. Head and neck finely and densely 
streaked with blackish and pale ochraceous, the pileum nearly uni- 
form blackish; jugulum and breast with broad crescentic or U-shaped 
marks of dusky, each enclosing a cuneate or oblong longitudinal spot 
of the same along the shaft; abdomen and anal region thickly spotted 
with lighter grayish-brown ; flanks with markings similar to those on 
the breast, but much larger ; crissum strongly tinged with bright rusty, 
the larger feathers uniform black towards ends. Back and scapulars 
dusky, the feathers with ochraceous borders, enclosing another V- or U- 
shaped mark of the same; rump blackish, the feathers with only the 
external ochraceous border; upper tail-coverts blackish, marked much 
like the scapulars, only more irregularly. ‘Tail brownish-slate, the 
feathers edged with whitish, and with three or four narrow bars of pale 


*P. Z. 8. Mar. 19, 1878, p. 350. 





952 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSZUM. 


buff (V-shaped) on each feather, more apparent on the outer rectrices. 
Lesser wing-coverts dark grayish-brown, distinctly bordered with dull 
ochraceous; middle coverts with the concealed portion brownish-gray ; 
this succeeded by a paler grayish shade, the most of the exposed portion 
being opaque velvety-black, forming a distinct broad band ; secondaries 
metallic dark bluish-green, changing to blue and violet, this succeeded 
by a subterminal band of opaque velvety-black, about .25 in width, and 
this by a terminal band of pure white of the same width; outer webs 
of the two lower tertials opaque black, the rest grayish-brown, more 
brown on outer webs; primaries brownish-slate, with slightly paler 
edges. Bill dusky (probably dark olivaceous in life); legs and feet light 
yellowish-brown (probably orange in life). Wing, 9.00; tail, 3.65; cul- 
men, 1.75; greatest width of bill, .68 ; depth of maxilla, through base, 
55; tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, 1.70. [Described from No. 20,319 U.S. 
Nat. Mus.] 

Unlike the somewhat similar species from Mazatlan (A. aberti), as well 
as the female of A. boschas and both sexes of A. fulvigula, the whole 
throat is densely streaked, like the neck. The entire lining of the wing, 
with the axillars, is pure wilt, as in allied species. 

Gray’s Hand-list quotes, under A. boschas, an “A. freycineti, Bp. ” with 
the locality ‘‘ Sandwich I.” standing opposite. No indication is given, 
however, as to where Bonaparte’s bird is described, and I have been 
unable to find any further clue. Should the locality of A. freycineti” be 
the Sandwich Islands, it is very probable that this is the same species. 

The female of A. wyvilliana scarcely needs comparison with that of 
A. boschas. It is much smaller, the colors altogether darker, the specu- 
lum green instead of violet, and preceded by a wide black instead of a 
wide white bar. The white ocular ring is also a peculiar feature. 

NOVEMBER 18, 1878. 


DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS FROM COSTA 
RICA, AND NOTES ON OTHER RARE SPECIES FROM THAT 
COUNTRY. 


By ROBERT RIDGWAY. 


A small collection of birds brought from Costa Rica by Mr. José C. 
Zeledon includes several exceedingly rare and interesting species, 
among which may be mentioned a young male of Carpodectes nitidus, 
a second specimen of Porzana cinereiceps, Lawr., the recently described 
“Zonotrichia” vulcani, and Phenoptila melanoxantha, besides Pyrgisoma 
capitalis, Panterpe insignis, Geotrygon costaricensis, ete. In addition to 
the above are the two following, which are believed to be undescribed :— 


1.—THRYOPHILUS ZELEDONI (Lawrence, MS.). 


SP. CH.—Wing, 2.50-2.60; tail, 2.15-2.45; bill, from nostril, .48-.50 ; 
tarsus, 1.00; middle toe, .62-.65, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 253 


Above brownish-slate, becoming more olivaceous on the rump, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail. Remiges with very indistinet (scarcely observable) 
darker bars. Tail heavily but somewhat irregularly barred with dusky 
black, the black bars about as wide as the interspaces. A sharply defined 
and conspicuous superciliary stripe of white; a wide stripe of brownish- 
slate (like the crown) along upper half of the auriculars. Chin, throat, 
cheeks, and lower parts in general grayish-white, with a faint grayish 
wash across the jugulum, more distinct on the sides of the breast. Flanks, 
anal region, and crissum light fulvous. Lining of the wing grayish- 
white. [Type in Mus. R. BR.] 

This well-marked species, although perhaps most like 7. modestus 
(Caban.), is very distinct from that bird. The size is much greater, the 
plumage altogether grayer, and the bars on the tail broader and more 
sharply defined. Their characters may be more precisely contrasted, as 
follows :— 

T. modestus.— Wing, 2.30; tail, 2.25-2.35; bill, from nostril, .40-.45; tarsus, .80-.90; 
middle toe, .52-.58. Above, grayish-umber, becoming gradually more grayish 
on the pileum. Tail cinnamon-umber, with narrow and rather indistinct bars 
of blackish less than half as wide as the interspaces. Lower parts buffy-white, 
without grayish shade across the jugulum; sides, flanks, and anal region, and 
crissum deep ochraceous. Hab.—Highlands of Costa Rica. 

T. zeledoni.—Wing, 2.50-2.60; tail, 2.15-2.45; bill, from nostril, .48-.50; tarsus, 1.00; 
middle toe, .62-.65. Above, brownish-slate, more olivaceous posteriorly. Tail gray- 
ish-brown, with broad and sharply defined bars of blackish, equal in width to the 
interspaces. Lower parts grayish-white, with a distinct grayish shade across the 
jugulnm ; flanks, anal region, and crissum light grayish-fulvous. Hab.—Atlantic 
lowlands of Costa Rica. 


2.—PSEUDOCOLAPTES LAWRENCII (Ridgway, MS.). 


Sp. coH.—Wing, 4.15-4.35; tail, 4.15-4.30; bill, from nostril, .50; tar- 
sus, 1.00-1.05; middle toe, .68-.70. Primaries, primary-coverts, greater 
and middle wing-coverts brownish-black, the first more brownish ; both 
rows of wing-coverts tipped with bright ochraceous. Tufts on sides of 
neck creamy buff. 

Adult: Pileum, nape, and auriculars brownish-black, streaked with 
rusty-fulvous ; nape more conspicuously streaked with light fulvous or 
buff; a narrow superciliary streak of buff. Back, scapulars, lesser wing- 
coverts, and tertials ferrugineous, the feathers of the back very indis- 
tinctly bordered terminally with dusky. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and 
tail bright brick-rafous, immaculate. Chin, throat, and sides of the 
neck creamy-buff, the latter deepest, and immaculate; the throat faintly 
barred with dusky ; jugulum and breast light buff, the feathers bordered 
with dusky, producing a conspicuously siriped appearance—the dusky 
prevailing laterally, the buff medialiy ; middle of the abdomen plain 
deep buff. Sides and flanks ferrugineous, considerably lighter than the 
back; crissum plain rusty-ochraceous. Bill blackish, the gonys whit- 
ish. Feet horn-color (greenish-olive in life). Iris dark brown. 


254 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Immature: Similar, but pileum and auriculars plain brownish-black ; 
chin and throat more heavily marked (squamated) with dusky, and sides 
brighter rufous. Superciliary streak obsolete, except above the auricu- 
lars. 

Hab.—La Palma and Navarro, Costa Rica (altitude about 3,500-5,000 
feet). 

The most striking characters of the two known species of this genus 
may be contrasted as follows :— 

P. boissoneauti.—Tufts on side of neck pure white. Primaries and wing-coverts fer- 
rugineous-umber. Jugulum faintly squamated with dusky. Hab.—New Granada 
and Ecuador. 

P. lawrencii.—Tufts on side of neck creamy-buff. Primaries and wing-coverts brown- 
ish-black. Jugulum heavily striped with dusky. Hab.—Costa Rica. 

The proportions of both species are exceedingly variable, as may be 
seen from the accompanying table of measurements, and are therefore 
of no use as specific characters. 

The new form (P. lawrencii) was also obtained by Mr. A. Boucard at 
Navarro, Costa Rica, but that gentleman evidently overlooked the more 
important differences of plumage, though he alludes to the different color 
of the neck-tufts (Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1878, p. 59), adding that he does 
not ‘for the present consider this difference sufficient to make another 
species of it”. 

Following is a more detailed description of P. boissoneauti, and tables 
of measurements of both species. 


PSEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONEAUTI, Lafr. 


Sp. cH.—Wing, 3.85-4.65; tail, 3.70-4.60; bill, from nostril, .42-.70; 
tarsus, .95-1.10; middle toe, .58-.70. Primaries and wing-coverts umber- 
brown, like the tertials; primary-coverts, dusky. Tufts on sides of 
neck pure white. 

Adult: Pileum, auriculars, nape, and anterior portion of back brown- 
ish-black, streaked with pale fulvous, these streaks much broader, 
and very conspicuous, on the nape and back. Lower part of back, 
scapulars, and wings ferruginous-umber, the middle and greater coverts 
tipped with fulvous. Rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail deep brick- 
rufous, immaculate. A narrow superciliary streak of pale buff. Chin 
and throat white; neck-tufts pure silky white. Jugulum and breast 
buffy white, or very pale buff, faintly squamated with dusky, these 
markings heavier on sides of the breast. Rest of lower parts plain 
ochraceous-rufous, slightly paler on the middle of the abdomen. Bill 
black; lower half of mandible whitish. 

Young: Pileum and auriculars plain brownish-black ; superciliary 
stripe obsolete, except above the auriculars. Bill wholly black, but 
somewhat paler on gonys. 


i tcl emi we 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 255 


P. boissoneauti. 





























a a) eae aie (eur 
saeees G@N.t.., Juv. | Bogota, Golnmbiags 2 elle ee 4.15 | 4.20 | 0. 42 | lnrelee,. 
eee GANS L=- BOG ecerGO), soccsccccade vos scene ee pean eee eee Seer Ev 00 | oe | 1.00 | 0. 60 
SSMU Sues | clad: |...... dO see A) aes eee |e Sacaaene | 3.90 | 3.70 | 0.70 | 0.95 |...-.- 
Agi Me Sees) — ad. |.....- Mose. sa 2252 eee eee ea eee | 4.50 | 4.55 | 0.48 | 0.95 | 0.58 
ee GN Ee) 2) ads ||------d0.. 2... --.2-----24-a<be:|snnwnesscner ened: 008) 4. 40 | 6. 48 | 1.00) 0.60 
eens G. N. 2 ad. Quito. Hicuador. <2. cmcle scion reseine seins seen Ra LOL P4000 O60 101.000 e ere 
f5272 | U.S..-.. See AC | soe Oss cetera 4.65 | 4.30 | 0.52 | 1.10} 0.62 
63922 | U.S. =——Faduilecsece Oe Seether OES a RES ES oa 4.60 | 4.60 | 0.52 | 1.10] 0.70 
30945 | U.S..... rad ilies ese dO seat Soe eee | pe eee, 4.40 | 4.50 | 0.50} 1.10} 0.65 

| 
P. lawrencii 
Batra WES aac J Tae alma, Costa: Ricaees=. ale cate see ee ee nae om aul | 0550713000 O70 
Bee WSe.8 DEES OMS Boe $e sess ca 5c eal eee eee ol ADs E430) ORSON ELAODE MEON OS 


























CARPODECTES NITIDUS.—A presumed young male of this excessively 
rare species, from Pacuare, Costa Rica, resembles the adult male, except 
that the terminal half (of the exposed portion) of the primaries is uni- 
form dusky blackish, while the secondaries have a considerable part of 
their concealed portion dusky, the amount decreasing toward the inner 
ones, the tertials being entirely white; the primary-coverts have also 
their terminal half grayish dusky, while of the alulie one feather on 
one side and two on the other are of the same color. The rump is also 
somewhat obscured by a grayish tinge. The pileum seems to be of a 
deeper shade of fine pearl-blue in this specimen than in an adult male 
in the National Museum from Nicaragua. Mr. Zeledon’s specimen 
measures as follows:—Wing, 5.40; tail, 5.00; bill, from nostril, .45 ; 
tarsus, .95; middle toe, .85. 

JUNCO VULCANI (Boucard).—This interesting new species was origi- 
nally discovered by Mr. Zeledon in 1873, but the specimens which were 
then forwarded by him to the Smithsonian Institution, along with other 
species then new, but since, like the present one, rediscovered, never 
reached their destination. Specimens more recently collected by Mr. 
Zeledon are now before me, and upon examination I find that the spe- 
cies should be referred to the genus Junco, rather than to Zonotrichia. 
In fact, it agrees perfectly in its generic characters with the former, 
except that the back is streaked, while there is no white on the lateral 
tail feathers. Like J. cinereus of the highlands of Mexico, and J. alti- 
cola of Guatemala, it has a bright yellow iris. Its alpine habitat— 
the summit of the Volcan de Irazu—still further favors this view of its 
affinities. 

NOVEMBER 18, 1878. 


256 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO GADOID FISHES, PHIYCIS CHESTERE AND 
WALOPORPHYVRUS VIOLA, FROM THE DEEP-SHA FAUNA OF THE 
NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


Three specimens of an undescribed species of Phycis were obtained 
by the U. S. Fish Commision during the past season. The larger one 
measured 0.242™ without caudal and two otkers respectively 0.143" and 
0.128". The former is the basis of the following diagnosis; the others 
being evidently immature and having the characteristics of the species, 
especially the length of the fin-filaments, less pronounced. 


Phycis Chesteri, sp. nov. 

Head contained in body (without caudal) 44 times, height of body 5 
times. Diameter of orbit in length of head 34 times, maxillary twice. 
Barbel about one-third of diameter of orbit. Vent situated under 12th 
ray of second dorsal, and equidistant from tip of snout and end of second 
dorsal. Distance of dorsal fin from snout equal to twice the length of the 
mandible; the third ray of the first dorsal isextremely elongate, extending 
to a point (33d ray of second dorsal) two-thirds of the distance from snout 
to tip of caudal, its length more than twice that of the head, and more than 
four times as long as the rays immediately preceding and following it. 
Anal fin inserted immediately behind the vent, its distance from the 
root of the ventrals equal to that of the dorsal from the snout. As in 
the other species of the genus,* the ventral is composed of three rays, the 
first two much prolonged. The first is contained three times in the 
length of the body, the second is almost three times as long as the head, 
reaching to the 40th anal ray or ? of the distance from snout to tip of 
caudal; the third is shorter than the diameter of the orbit. 

The pectoral is four times as long as the operculum. Scales large 
and thin, easily wrinkling with the folding of the thick loose skin, par- 
ticularly in the median line of the sides of the body. Lateral line much 
broken on the PuRberou half of the body. 

Seales 7, 90-91, 

Radial fava ay 9 or 10, 55 to'57. Al 56." ©. 5, 18 to 21, 6. Pt 
17-18. V.3. 








*A critical study of the ventral fins of Phycis compels us to believe that the ventral 
fin is composed of three rays covered at the base with a thick skin in such manner as 
to obscure the third, short one, and to join the other two so that they appear like a 
single bifid ray. In young individuals of Phycis chuss, the third ray has its extremity 
protruding from the sheath, though in adults it becomes entirely enveloped, thus © 
giving rise to the false definitions which have been given for this genus. An adult 


specimen of Phycis furcatus, Flem. (No. 17,371 of the National Museum collection), has 
the third ventral ray protruding. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 257 


Table of Measurements. 





Current number of specimen ...... aiccauenecanaatees 


Docaligfyi-scen=-c0----50 atenin setae eo siam aac eee 


Extreme length (exclusive of caudal)...........---. 
Length to end of middle caudal rays...-...-.....--. 
Body : 
Greatestyherwhtaeas eset owas cadcicaesscicacececscs 
Greatest width ee saecjecesen\sacocwicls «sos ca- oes 
PUGH Nt AbpVONbEUGkasadee enc ntcbocsccssccsecaces 
Mesh Nel hb Otataeconeccicasccsloccacecccces sos: 
Head : 
Greatest leno thees amore s<ins)-/cene esaceseoccs- 
HER ih tsbAL Ole ec eseesiccsiccece -aecc- senses 
Gresibostiwidthe etre s.esemaclc Socios ccceccce cscs 
Width of interorbital area..-... ....-..----5..-. 
ene ot SNOuiy sees. = lesceewcccecics ess 
Menoth of opercalnms sa. -< 2 <.ccse00-s-o sl 
MPH SHO MMAXTMAT Ys sea on\cs oicitscocicos oo 
Length of mandible -......,-......---..--- 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit 
EN AMELCTIO le OND Ute a\talso- aaooccalcesecese soa 
Dorsal (first): - 
AGA COMLOM) SNOUU ssseccina-ces acco mece cis sceiscs 
Men ethh Ol: Dases=sascn oases wens Secs occee cee cs 
IBN Ot Ol ee SO Maye aisic cise ainiele se aecieweccls cece 
MECN Sth OLsSCCONAgM AY =~ acre aam ao ew soc. oon as 
AON TUM OMUNINOULB VARs seciseecis cs ccscosseics=s 
Mencthroh founthrays.-seec cocsiec cece cesc--.---- 
Wene th of Wasiray, oso sscceccccnsoscecccsceccsase 
Dorsal (second) : 
Men Suni ts DANOie ea eae a aisee a Aetela/sss S05 sos ssa 
ene Pn Onirstma yee saeciac sacs ccc ccc eens 
Length of longest ray (40th) -.-..-..-..--..----- 
Men Sih OMlastiPAay ccs ec\scscecccesmcccesacs sess 
Anal: 
PHSTAUCOMLOMUSNOUL seneelasiacem= sae saceece recs 
Length of base ---..-- 
Length of first ray --- 
Length of longest ray (37th) . 
ENON MANleTDyiete esate] cece s ccc secs csssc5 
Caudal: 
Hienethorm middle ways <—c--c occ ces cecccsccns 
Length of external rays ............2.+--....-0- 
Pectoral: 
DIStan Ce frOMiSNOUbiercesece~ 52-5 ec snacccses= 
ONG Ue seen e ew eeeeces eaiscicaveccecwoserecas 
Ventral: 
DistancernomisnOwbreans Joc <-- <2 ~ 505 2s-c~s<s's 
Mens thvomuustosypereas oes es. ae = co sces se = 
beng thot MamMents one -a\scocecissasececcsscccns 
Moncilotysecond Tay ac<.c-- qocsss-2-seoclesse sce 
Branehigsieralyese scene tere aa: ve oe oars els eee cosas 
DOusal ete aee serene nce weuescssecswssescseccess= 









SONIC eee pes pee oem ee fe oe nenieees Swcaccoccces se 
Number of scales in lateral line .............------- 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line 

















21,840. 


Trawl 174. 


42 miles E. $S., 
Cape Ann, 140 
fathoms, Aug. 
27, 1878. 


Millim. 








100ths 


seercees 








21,841. | 21,842. 


Traw!] 194. 


Trawl 194. 


33 miles E. by S., Cape Ann, E. 
Pt., 110 fathoms, Aug. 31, 13872. 











| 
100ths 100ths 


of Millim.| of 
length. length. 

















Haloporphyrus viola, sp. nov. 


Two specimens of an undescribed species of the genus Haloporphyrus 
of Giinther were brought in, August 24, by Captain Joseph W. Collins, 
of the schooner “ Marion” of Gloucester; they were taken on a halibut 
trawl-line on the outer edge of Le Have Bank, at a depth of four or five 
Dec. 17, 1878. 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 17 





258 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


hundred fathoms. <A species of this genus was described, under the 
name Gadus lepidion, by Risso,* from Mediterranean specimens. Giin- 
ther, who referred the species to the new genus Haloporphyrus in 1862,t 
had a specimen trom Madeira. Giinther published preliminary notices 
ot two species, H. rostratus and H. australis, in “ The Annals and Maga- 
zine of NaturalHistory”, July, 1878, pp. 18 and 19, which were collected 
by the Challenger. The affinities of the four known species are indi- 


cated below. 
Table of Affinities. 














TTaloporphyrus lepidion. Haloporphyrus viola. 

Heads cee eos ee Contained 4 times in total length (with- | Contained over 4 times in total length 
out caudal). (without cauda!). 

Oxnbiiteess eer e-ssie With diameter j length of head.......- With diameter } length of head or slightly 

more. 

Maxillary. = --c- Not extending to the vertical from pos- | Extending to vertical from posterior 
terior margin of orbit. margin of orbit. 

Ranpellas ee een Longer than diameter of orbit ....-..--.. Scareely equal to half diameter of orbit. 

Wienb..-.-25--- 2-1 Inserted under 12th ray of second dorsal | Inserted under 19th ray of second dorsal 
fin. fin. 

AND 4) och cca Inserted directly behind the vent, with | Inserted behind the vent at a distance 
slight depression in its middle, and equal ta length of 2d anal ray, with a 
terminating in advance of termina- considerabls depression in its middle, 
tion of dorsal. and terminating ina line with termina- 

tion of dorsal. 

Pectoral i.-:....- More than half aslong as head.........-. More than four-fifths as long as head. 

Vientral.:.2.-+.-.-'. Inner ray as long as head, and reaching | Inner ray shorter than head (Z) and reach- 
to the vent. ing half-way to the vent. 

Radialiformula,;. --| ID. 4554 AS4A9i. Wel seach eenceee essen D. 4,53; A. 40; V.6. 

Dewes--sssaccaces In lateralLinet2l0e 5. e ace coe cee seas In lateral line, 115. 

Above laterallineyls 22 asec ceccscaaccce Above lateral line, 11. 

Habitates-.s~- 2-7. Madeira ti... 22-be oJ een cone natmieaes Le Have, 400-500 fathoms. 

Haloporphyrus rostratus Haloporphyrus australis. 

PENA eases csce sisn|'sasoco ur eecelqesaan cuceeeh ase ane neeeeeen One-fourth of total without caudal; depth 

of body two-fifths. 

Ang erect. sees sot Imperfectly divided, approaching, in 
thatrespect, the genus Mora. Giinther 
makes this the type of a distinet sab- 
genus, Antimora. 

Radial formula...) B. VIL; D.4, 51-56; A.38-39; V.6.-..--| D.9,50-52; A.53; V.8. 

ian bitati: 2.25. 25 | Deepsea, midway between Cape of Good | Puerto Bueno, Magellan Straits, 55-70 
Hope and Kerguelen’s Land; east of fathoms. 
the mouth of Rio Plata, 600 and 1,375 
fathoms. 











Description.—Extreme length of type-specimen (No. 21,837, U.S. N 
M.) without caudal 0.435™ (171 inches), with caudal 0.48u™: 


length of 


collateral type (No. 21,838) without caudal, 0.545"; with caudal, 0.603™. 
The shape of the body resembles that of the species of the genus Phycis, 
though somewhat shorter, higher, and more compressed, its greatest 
Leight contained about five times in its length (without caudal), its 
height at the ventrals slightly exceeding one-eighth of its total length, 





+ Ichthyologie de Nice, 1810, p. 118, pl. xi, fig. 40. 
t Catalogue of the Acanthopterygii, Pharyueeenaean and Anacanthini i in the Col- 
lections of the British Museum, 1862, p. 358. 


t 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 259 


its height at the middle of the caudal peduncle one twenty-ninth of the 
same. 

Scales arranged in about 115 vertical rows and about 38 horizontal 
ones, about 11 being between the origin of the dorsal and the lateral 
line and about 27 below the lateral line. Lateral line slightly curved 
upward in the anterior fourth of its length. 

Length of head contained more than four and one-quarter times in 
that of the body; its width half its length and less than double that of 
interorbital area. 

The barbel is short, its length being scarcely equal to half the diame- 
ter of the orbit and about one-tenth the length of the head. The width 
of interorbital area is about equal to the longitudinal diameter of the 
orbit, in the larger specimen slightly greater. The diameter of the orbit 
is equal to or slightly greater than one-fourth the length of the head. 
The length of the snout is equal to that of the operculum and less than 
width of interorbital area. 

The maxillary extends to vertical from posterior margin of the orbit, 
its length about equal to the greatest width of the head. Mandible 
equals one-eighth of total length without caudal. 

Snout equal to operculum in length, obtusely pointed, much de- 
pressed, ‘its lateral outline subconical, a conspicuous keel extending 
backward along the lower line of the orbit to its posterior margin. 
The head and mouth closely resemble those of some species of Macru- 
rus, except that the keel is covered with small, smooth scales and is not 
overhanging. Lips scaleless. 

Teeth in the jaws imperfectly serial, villiform, recurved; a small ob- 
long patch of similar teeth on the head of the vomer; none on the 
palatines. 

First dorsal fin inserted at a distance from the snout somewhat greater 
than twice the height of the body at the ventrals; its first ray is much 
prolonged, its length greater than that of the head, and nearly as long 
or longer (in the larger specimen) than the distance from the snout to 
the beginning of the dorsal. The second ray is contained less than four 
times, the third six times or-less in the first, the fourth about ten times. 
The length of the base of second dorsal is somewhat more than twice 
the distance of its insertion from the snout; its greatest height, which 
is in the posterior fourth of its length (near the 40th ray), is contained 
about six or seven times in the length of its base. 

The vent is situated at a point equidistant from snout and tip of cau- 
dal, under the 19th ray of second dorsal fin. The anal fin is inserted at 
a distance behind it equal to length of second anal ray. Its length of 
base is slightly more than half that of second dorsal. . It has a consider- 
able depression in its middle outline. The last rays of dorsal and anal 
are of equal length, and are directly opposite each other. 

The caudal seems to be somewhat rounded. The length of the middle 
rays contained more than nine times in total length without caudal, and 
more than ten times in length including caudal. 


260 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Pectorals narrow, inserted under the base of first dorsal. In the 
smaller specimen they reach to the perpendicular from the ninth ray of 
the second dorsal, in length equalling the greatest height of the body. 

Ventrals inserted at a distance from tip of snout equal to half the 
length of anal base; the second ray nearly twice as long as the first, and 
in the smaller specimen, in which it is unmutilated, nearly as long as the 
head. 

Radial formula :—D. 4,53; A. 40; C.5, 20 or 21,5; P. 1,19; V.6. 

Color.—Deep violet or blue. 

Table of Measurements. 























Current number of specimen! 7-22.22 sscntenececeee senses 21,837. 21,838. 
Moealitves sss es. coos one eee nee eee eee eee Edge of Le Have Bank. 
100ths 100ths 
Millim. of Millim. of 
length. length. 
Extreme length (withont caudal). .............-.-22----00- ASD I iaoecis\sas aa 545) | wa cecea= 
Length to end of middle caudal rays..........-.....---..- ASV (bs a 603) | Ses 
Body: 
Greatest height /.225...225-.52-25stoecsccseeeccaeeceeee ca. 83 LD i Sasoecip nies) peetete reper 
Gieatest width :.<52. 02.26 cc'c2ectemcsencceeeocem sects 44 10). | ndiesesciccn| Sesser 
Height at ventrals.:.<ccsc0-cs7 sess ee seeeneeesee cecnes a5 DAS | le ciciar\< sini dee smiles 
Tepst height.of tail S205. ceseea oe anise eeeeeeees coe 15 Bt oe eke tc eee 
ikength of ‘candal peduncles. .: (sc. ccenemcceet eee =aoese/ 19 ZN GES Banos leecadecot. 
Head : 
Greatest leneth: :.-.. 32-2 ssickcectccccecc ces eeesenecser 100 23 125 23 
length ofsbarbel:~. -.- 5-2-5 -teree er esse ee eeeerere 10 24 13 2 
Greatest wid bl esceete ae ae ewes ceeesee se ae eee eee ee 50 14 63 114 
Width of interorbital ares j./ss-.s....4eseeeeeaseneenesces 27 64 35 64 
MoengihOot SHOU :<s..c nsec ccceesee sce ceeeeeeeemeniceeete 25 6 27 5 
Length of operculum.....-.......... eee eee 25 6 27 5 
shen oe thiOL Maxillary <-cccssmcsececoeeeee De 49 11 62 114 
Menoth of mandible.. 22. 3. «cae occ ceeten scene eeeneee 55 124 74 13 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit........-....-.-. 44 10 50 94 
Diameter of orbit (longitudinal) .........--.........-.- Q7 64 32 6 
Dorsal (first) : 
DIRtANCertrOM) SHOWUb so. 26. css. ctese ce ceamels ekeee sees 113 26 136 25 
Tene un Ol, DaSO). -3-\..' sesh seeecee eee eeeaaseeeheeeeee 16 4 25 43 
Mone thot Mirsu Tay ss .= <=) iosreen cones ee eee eneceeiae wee 107 243 140 254 
Aen ObHVOL SCCONGITAY, «501 sissies aes ope leletce enimeieeie ses 20 6 33 6 
Hsenouh-of third ray.¢.<t.iccsssccsases sccccsoeeeccea aces 19 4} 22 41 
Weng thiof fourth Tay oss... nce ccincesacccence scuees seme 10 24 14 Q5 
Dorsal (second) : 
Menprth! Gf base ..- 2) sccecesccceene cae ee Gee eceeenee eee 273 
DStaAnce tLOM SNOUG'..-s0e-e ces. ns cee lee coon cee easeee 133 
ength of firsat Vay.-- ote a-s2 sees -cee = aideeeemne aoe 27 
Length of longest ray (41st) ...... 2.2200. ees cenecs ence 32 
Ihength of lastiray. <oo2- socesec ceases es seeeeeee ee enees 8 
Anal: 
Mistance from SNout...< soccer deasceekeeoeee es Eee eee . 266 









Length of base...... 142 
iden Hh Of first Tay: << scceeseasceberesee oe 10 
Length of longest ray (26th) 35 
engthiofilast Tay... 2... sccssasscticcegceeseeeeeeeeeeeee 8 
Caudal: 
icengih of middle ‘rays. -- 5. -22a-ssccesere ee ee eae eees ca. 45 
Pectoral : 
Mishance from snout)... 05. -csccuceceebeseeeeeenerienee 104 
TGR EU eo ain ee = «cle cwcieice seca sees see ceeeeeeeeee ner eee 83 
Ventral : 
DISTANCE MLOMUSNOUY. on. < 02 ascncncecccmeosenecn ence val 16 
een EUPOMMATSUD RY conc cned anne ace conan oe Mee eee none 48 il 
PAT MID TERCCONGUTAY ..5 oc. ce coin cvenccceuuntee eee 2 21 
BRANEMORIE PAR) © sono ase sc econ de daaccaseen teen cree Eee avails 
NO OTSA ee creer ee aa eat enciscc soc scacesaccencnte ore eee Eee 4, 53 
SAAN! ee Meee sh cw scicdeedesiescecc scree s Doe lee eee || Eee 4 
wiicsc| ao soeereee 5, 20 or 21,5 
1,19 
6 
ea. 115 
ca. 11 
ca. 27 





NOVEMBER 21, 1878. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 261 


DESCRIPTION OF ARGENTINA SYRTENSIUM, ANEW DEEP-SEA FISH 
FROM SABLE ISLAND BANK. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


The United States Fish Commission has lately received from Capt. 
Joseph W. Collins, of the schooner Marion, of Gloucester, Mass., and 
from Mr. R. L. Newcomb, of Salem, who accompanied him on this voyage 
as a collector, an apparently undescribed species of Argentina. A single 
specimen was taken September 4, 1878, from the stomach of a hake 
(Phycis tenuis?) hooked on a halibut trawl-line, set in 200 fathoms of 
water, on Sable Island Bank, off the coast of Nova Scotia. This fish 
(No. 21,624) is about 17 inches long and in a dilapidated condition, hav- 
ing been partially digested by its first captor. The tips of the fins, 
especially, are much frayed out. The measurements, however, are 
believed to be very nearly exact. 


Argentina syrtensium, sp. nov. 

Description.—Body compressed, resembling in form that of Silus Ascanii 
Reinhardt (= Argentina silus (Asc.) Nillson); its height contained about 
54 times in its length without caudal, and slightly greater than twice 
the diameter of the orbit; its greatest width one-tenth of total length ; 
its height at ventrals contained about 53 times in the same and equal to 
thrice least height of body at the caudal peduncle. 

Length of head slightly less than twice its greatest height, and slightly 
more than one-fourth of the length of the body; its greatest width is 
twice that of the interorbital area. The length of the snout equals that 
of the operculum, is slightly greater than that of the maxillary, and is 
contained not quite 33 times in the length of the head. 

The first dorsal fin is inserted midway between snout-tip and adipose 
dorsal fin; its basal length equal to theheight of its first ray, and slightly 
more than half that of the longest ray; it is also equal to the orbital 
diameter and the length of the mandible; the last dorsal ray is slightly 
longer than the height of the caudal peduncle. 

The adipose dorsal fin is inserted in the perpendicular from the seventh 
anal ray; its basal length, which is two-thirds of its height, being about 
equal to one-tenth of the length of the head. 

The anal fin is inserted in the perpendicular from the 44th or 45th 
scale of the lateral line, its length of base slightly greater than length of 
the mandible, its first ray one-third as long as its third ray, its last ray 
equalling in height the adipose dorsal. 

The caudalis deeply forked, its external ray 24 times as long as its 
median rays. 

The pectoral is inserted close to the branchial opening ; its length is 
equal to three-fifths of the distance of its insertion from the snout-tip, 


262 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


extending posteriorly to about the twelfth scale of the lateral line and 
more than half-way to the origin of the ventrals. 

The veniral is inserted midway between the snout-tip and the insertion 
of the caudal fin, and in the perpendicular from the posterior dorsal 
ray ; its length equals half the distance from the origin of the pec- 
toral to that of the ventral. 

Radial formula.—B. VI; D.12; A.13; C.13, 18,12; P. 18; V. II, 12. 

Scales.—34, 60, 4. The scales are cycloid, with the posterior edge 
emarginate, the exposed surface covered with minute asperities ; as in 
some, and perhaps all other members of this group, single rows of scales 
saddle the dorsal and the abdominal ridges of the body. The seales 
are very large: one from the abdominal row, directly behind the ventrals, 
measuring 64 x 4$; one from the lateral line, 5$ x 34, the unit of meas- 
urement being the hundredth of body-length. One of the scales of the 
lateral line, detached, is broad enough to cover the exposed surfaces of 
five others in the same line. 

Colur.—The color is considerably obliterated, but appears to have 
been similar to that of the common smelt (Osmerus mordax), with per- 
haps more of a metallic lustre. 

The species, according to Mr. Newcomb, has a cucumber-like smell, 
resembling that of the smelt. 


Table of Measurements. 








Curent numberof specimen. s-— seseme sence = ee aa eee ee ee ete ee 21,624. 
iLaOnIN ing © ssn bansessssocersseone sec 5554 ee ae tee ee eee eee Sable Island Bank. 
Stomach of Hake. 
Millim. 100ths. 
xtreme length withouticandal .~.. -...052.<2¢ccie -Soee comeines apes eseeee SB2eyi' acta ee aes 
Length to end of middle caudal rays ..........-..--..----- Peace seen eee ae AUB em rcteisinas 
Body : 
Greatest heicht .- sons < se wceca ac = cries ae ele aaiate = miele ia mete are Reet fmt 19 
Groatéstiavidth: « . =222 secs fk ss So Sak. Ue eine ee te ne cre ree ae pets | eee ere 10 
ELSTON G ih WOM GTA S ee oo oie ies cae orm eee pee a em me teal eee | ee 17.5 
Least height of tail... 2.2265 ic.3-.ce eee s bet eeea- pede chee ee ee a aaeeie les eet ee asks 5. 75 
encth-of- caudal peduncle ..-.- <s-nsc<c-54e = see ace se awiow aeeceeie seamen ere otra ae eer 
Head: 
Grentest Jen oth. 25.5.2. os, cenelo dele csp e me cite cla else ae ae eee ote Sa areata 26 
Greatest height - 26650554 coc ec ct ew ku ceccee nae eeeeeee Ce te eee oh minister e aia aint ere ete aed ee 
Greatest Width ...00<.20s.sececs cacciceekmon emcee Beeates See EEE Re eee ee en one eee 10 
Width of interorbital area ...... sisicc. cos bee a coe eee Sen te aaa ee ne Oh Sante tetones 5 
Menethiof spout... 6505-008 s-pen— ccs «pane cose eee co tee een ee eee eee eee eee tg 
eneth of operculum... 2. oc st fle cck wenn oes bee cee aoe Cone eam eee | Ramee sete 7 
Megethiof maxillary... 2. ..25 oa ccdeesscocarscdenehe pea casera tet eee = Eee eee 63 
Meneth of mandible... eo eee eee ee oe eee eae eee 9 
WAMECED OL OrDis - . 0... ccc acess moc eee elena eee ee ae ee eee eee 9 
Dorsai (first) : 
DistwnGe TFOM SsNOUt .n.. ccc. ceed so soc cccmademedcemende pees tere Ee eeeees aie eee oe 43 
MEME MIOLDASO sc ccc cueccecce vee we eee ee oc Be ee ca ee Ee oe ae Eee 9 
iene ohyof don pest ray js c222s 2 cccisoe ce cea cect Seen pee oe ee ee ee eee ee 17 
PFU STMVOHDTSE TAY - nc. co ac ccm med wae Sale Se nim Be ne ee te ate ete | ere 9 
MOneyh Gi second [ray - .) ni. 2 sx. st Me sie cae o ole bic eon ae aS eee ois eee eee | Be ee 153 
encthvoPlast Tay ..c66 255.00: ccacac ceca co ance SERRE e eee ee eee area | eee eee 6.3 
Dorsal (soft): 
DSTO OR DASG a a.55 2c oslo once cece ececctc cocaee bes COR COE ee eR REE eases al ae 243 
Pistince from snout isn). cece scdces cccdek te oe po eee eee ee eee chee eee alt See eee 85 
Anal: 
Distance from jRnORt conde ees cinecececccm-ccce es eet ene eee een eee ree eee | tee 83 
Benthiot base: sasssccce = =. sem. wee ewe ceed eens cee ee eee eee meee niate ne tee ete . 9% 
eneth ofifinstiray-. 2. sco. lsc ec ke be Ee ee ee ee eee a eee ne 3 
Teen eth of LON POS WAY, ci ones sane Hep e oeire cena ec eee eee Ee EPR Or EE eae aoe ae eee eas 9 


Mength of last ray tetas she wees pease. Soc ch ELSE Be eo Pe adeeb etek oe 2. 66 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 263 


Table of Measurements—Continued. 
Millim. 100ths. 


Caudal: 
Mens Of middle rays sac sasecas stan sticidane ssaclegheper epee Gaascccsecess|soseseceren 
Length of external rays 

ectoral-o io sees ee ee sk 
Distance from snout .- 
IRON Othe 33s Pssst cheese dckkeasah evades descent mecnas casecidscoseeeeemucsl eas ccdldeccencl ca. 154 

Ventral: 
IRtANCOMTOM SNOUt) <<. ose eedaslwels. sda daciewacsescaeee! we ctacstebedcieceee dose sects dooce. 50 
MOD SUN ae ee wa Mere gate inuneecine ci san ace ota sees pecme wes osesee ecltecmemennee ee ca, 12 

MSTANICHIOSCEP ASO a <n a Neo mote eae teen cee canta FERR ee oot ese seseocecaeee Wels |e aeeeea- 

NOTA Tee rene ts ena OE aoa ee Naie oe per ts Saints a Sey ay cfr cia mae neta se 2p leases 

PSTN Me ert Cas Sere a ee ae ee ee Meee Seas a se tote eee gee a 

OIA aE eee meee see Ee a eee nok pens oe enedeamenadat subere teams oeeenc 1S SX rere 

18 





SVG Mina ret ha cree et an A ee Poti sev crs ee oye cla Scie aiojay din wise ae mee acettomworeoe DTI wees cece 
MNunthenOnscalesimilaternulineneescssece cases teceae cacee tote esteem een eet Ca O0N Eee ose 
Number of transverse rows above lateral line........-.--..------ssesscessece. Cada) sels ijeeraiaiss 
Number of transverse rows below lateral line............---.--200---ee-eneeee CAN Ay nae altos 











WASHINGTON, November 23, 1878. 


ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE OCEANIC BONITO, ORCYNUS PELAMYS, 
(LINNE) POEY, IN VINEYARD SOUND, MASSACHUSETTS, 


By ViINAL N. EDWARDS. 


Mr. P. Stewart has caught between 80 and 100 of them in his pound* 
in about three weeks. He caught 52 one morning. In Luce’s pound* 
they have caught between 60 and 70. They catch them witha northerly 
wind; none with the wind off shore. They will not live long inthe pound, 
but will run themselves to death, and their brilliant blue color all fades 
out as soon as they are dead. 

Woop’s Hott, Mass., October 1, 1878. 


NOTES ON THE WESTERN GIZZABRD SHAD, DOROSOMA CEPEDIA- 
NU HETERURUM, (RAF.) JORDAN. 


By SAMUEL WILMOT. 


Sir: I send you by post a small fish taken by one of our fishermen at 
Sarnia on Lake Huron. It was sent to me by one of our officers, with a 
request that I should let him know what sort of fish it was. It seems 
they think it to be a young shad. Fish very similar in appearance to 
this one have been known in Lake Ontario and other of our waters for 
many years; I recollect them forty years ago. They were not taken 
numerously in those days, a few being captured at times in seines, and 
sometimes in gill-nets, which were set out in very deep waters in the 
lake for the purpose of taking salmon trout: those taken in the gill-nets 
would be sometimes a pound in weight; the great run of them, however, 





“These pounds are in Menemsha Bight, Martha’s Vineyard. 


2964 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


never exceeded three to six inches in length. Strange to say, how- 
ever, that during the past four years these little fish have become so 
numerous throughout the length of Lake Ontario that millions can be 
taken in one haul of a seine almost anywhere along the shore of Lake 
Ontario during the month of June. The whole shore for a long distance 
out, during this time, becomes so dense with these little fish that people 
dip them out with their hats,—rather a novel method, but it is a fact, 
and given for illustration of their immense numbers: vast quantities of 
them die along the shore. In a few days, sometimes a fortnight, they 
all disappear, and we see nothing of them again till the following year, 
excepting an odd one that may be taken at times. They invariably run 
from two to six inches, seldem larger. They are not prized for food, 
being seldom eaten, and are not marketable. They have been called 
here the “* Moon Eye”, as they resemble the fish spoken of by me as 
having been taken in the deep waters, which have always been known 
by that name. Again, in 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and this year, these 
little fish have been alike abounding in myriads all along the north shore 
of Ontario. Since that time, the trout and other predaceous fishes have 
become very scarce in the lake, and these ‘* Moon Eyes” have conse- 
quently wonderfully increased in numbers, to such an extent as to spread 
themselves in the immense number spoken of all along the shore of the 
lake. 

The specimen sent may not be one of these ‘‘ Moon Eyes”, but the 
resemblance is very great.* 

Professor BAIRD, i 

Commissioner of Fisheries, &c., Washington, D. C. 
NEWCASTLE, November 23, 1677. 


THE OCCURRENCE OF THE CANADA PORCUPINE IN WEST 
VERGINIA. 


By G. BROWN GOODE. 


The National Museum has obtained from Mr. H. D. Renninger, of 
Washington, a living specimen of the Canada porcupine (Hrethizon dor-. 
satus (Linn.) F. Cuv.—var dorsatus), captured by him November 13, 1878, 
near Cranberry Summit, Preston County, West Virginia. This locality 
is in or near lat. 8394 N., and this is believed to be the most southern oc- 
currence of the species. The inhabitants of Cranberry have never before 
known of the occurrence of porcupines in that region. 

DeKay statedt that the species ranged south to the northern parts of 
Virginia and Kentucky. Mr. Allen believes that his statement was 
founded on a remark of Catesby. Audubon and Bachman write:{ ‘It 
num heterurum, (Raf.) Jordan. 


tNat. Hist. N. Y. 1842, 1, p. 79. 
¢ Quadrupeds of N. America, 1, 1846, p. 286. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 265 


does not exist in the southern parts of New York or Pennsylvania. 
DeKay states that it is found in the northern parts of Virginia and Ken- 
tucky. We, however, sought for it without success in the mountains of 
Virginia, and could never hear of its existence in Kentucky.” 

Professor Baird states* that the species is found as far south as 
Northern Pennsylvania in some localities, in which State it is not rare 
even now. 

Mr. J. A. Allen, the most recent writer on the poreupines, remarks,t 
that Professor Shaler had failed to hear of the species in Kentucky and 
Virginia. He was informed by Dr. J. M. Wheaton that a few. porcu- 
pines still survive in Clark, Champaign, and Ross Counties, Ohio, and 
that it was common ten years since in Putnam County; and by Mr. E. 
W. Nelson that the species was formerly rather common, though never 
abundant, in all of the wooded region north of the Ohio River, but that 
it is not now found (west of Ohio) south of the forests of Northern Wis- 
consin and Northern Michigan. 

DECEMBER 12, 1878. 


CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS OF GRENADA, FROM A COLLECTION 
MADE BY MR. FRED. A. OBER FOR THE SMITIESONIAN INSTITU- 
TION, INCLUDING OTHERS SEEN BY HIM, BUT NOT OBTAINED. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


In my Catalogue of the Birds of St. Vincent, I stated that Mr. Ober 
expected to leave that island for Grenada on the 29th of February. He 
must have left about that time, as some of his notes from Grenada are 
dated early in March. His collection from there was received at the 
Smithsonian Institution on the 22d of May, and sent to me a few days 
after. It consists of but 66 specimens, 

In the following communication from Mr. Ober, he gives the geograph- 
ical position of the island, with other matters of interest. 

Under most of the species found there, are his notes of their 
habits, ete. 

His communications are marked with inverted commas. 

“Grenada, the southernmost of the voleanic islands, lies just north 
of the 12th degree of latitude north of the equator, that parallel just 
touching its southern point. 

“Tt is about 183 miles in length, from N. N. E. to S. 8. W., and 73 
miles in breadth. 

“From Kingston, the principal town in St. Vincent, to St. Georges, 
that of Grenada, the distance is 75 miles; from the southern end of St. 
Vincent to the northern point of Grenada the distance is 60 miles; the 
intervening space being occupied by the Grenadines. 

*Mammals of North America, 1859, p. 568. 


+t Monographs of North American Rodentia, by Elliott Coues and Joel Asaph Allen, 
1877, p. 393. 


2966 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“It is very rugged, the interior of the island being one mountain 
chain with its offsets, and there is a less area of fertile land than in St. 
Vincent. The valleys that make up from the coast, and the levels lying 
between the hills and some portions of the coast, however, are very fer- 
tile. It is not a promising island for ornithological research, though at 
first glance it would seem to be able to afford rich reward. 

‘The mountains in the interior are voleanic; there are several extinct 
craters, in the largest of which is an attractive lake, 2,000 feet above the 
sea; it is 24 miles in circumference and has an average depth of 14 
feet. St. Georges, the only port of any size, lies on the southwestern 
coast, and is highly picturesque in location, but not so attractive in the 
eyes of an ornithologist as it might be; the surrounding hills are rocky, 
and those not rocky are cultivated, so that they are inhabited by very 
few birds. 

“Across the bay from the town, on the borders of the ‘lagoon,’ which 
is fringed with mangroves, may be found a few water birds, and in the 
sloping pastures at the foot of the high hills a small variety of the smaller 
birds. 

“The southern point, Point Saline, is an excellent place for the migra- 
tory birds: plover, duck, ete., which visit this island in quantities, and 
some points on the eastern coast are equally good. 

“T spent two weeks in and near St. Georges and St. Davids,. and two 
weeks in the mountains and on the eastern coast. . 

“As this island is so near the South American continent, being but 
100 miles from Trinidad and 70 miles from Tobago, I expected to find 

‘some forms of animal life different from thdse in the northern islands 
among the resident species. But with the exception of now and then a 
straggler being blown to these shores, there is no species (if we may ex- 
cept two) that would indicate proximity to a great tropical country. 

‘“‘Some species common in the northern islands, from Guadeloupe to 
St. Vincent, have disappeared, and in one or two cases their places taken 
by others ; notably is this the case in the instance of Hulampis jugularis 
being replaced by Glaucis hirsutus. 

‘There is no parrot as in St. Vincent, and the two species of thrush, 
locally known as the ‘ grives’—Margarops densirostris and M. montanus— 
do not exist here. Other minor differences oceur, which will be apparent 
upon examining the catalogue. 

‘The most interesting fact regarding the higher order of animal life, 
is the existence here of an armadillo, once common in all the Lesser An- 
tilles, but now extinct in all the northern islands. 

‘A species of monkey also lives in the deep forests of the mountains; 
a Skin of one has been sent to the Museum. 

“The most interesting portion is undoubtedly that of the mountains 
immediately adjacent to the mountain lake; but, if it were possible for 
a naturalist to spend an entire year in the island, doubtless the more 
southern portion would reward him better in species: for the season of 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 267 


migration would probably bring many stragglers from the continent, that 
do not make a longer stay than a few days. 

“Tt is only a matter of regret with me that I could not give the requi- 
site time to this island during the ‘winter months’. I am satisfied, 
however, that the few resident species are now fully known. 

“EREDERICK A. OBER. 


“My thanks are due to Wm. Sharpe, Esq., Wm. Simmons, Esq., Dr. 
Wells, Canon Bond of St. Andrews and John Grant Wells, Esq., for 
courtesies shown me.” 


Fam £URDIDA. 


1. Turdus nigrirostris Lawr. 

“Thrush (‘Grive’). 

“Length, ¢, 9in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 5. 

“Leneth, ?, 9 in.; alar extent, 145; wing, 43. 

‘In the deep woods one may be startled by a low note of alarm from 
this bird, like the single cluck of the Mocking-bird of the Southern 
States. Searching carefully, you may discover the author of it sitting 
upon a low tree, with head protruded, eagerly examining the surround- 
ings for the cause of the noise your coming makes. Discovering you, it 
hastily makes off, with a parting cluck. Its song is often heard in the 
high woods, strange notes, ‘ fee-ow, fee-oo,’ ete., often repeated. Anothet 
ery it has when alighting and unexpectedly discovering your presence, 
similar to the ery of the Robin as heard at evening time in spring—a 
harsh cry mingled with softer notes. I have only found it in the high 
forests. It must be well along in the nesting period, judging from the 
condition of those dissected.” 

I was much pleased to find four specimens of this species in the col- 
lection, as but one was obtained in St. Vincent, and that had the plum- 
age somewhat soiled. These are in good condition and more mature: 
they have the color of the throat as originally described, 7. e., the feathers 
of a dull white, with shaft-stripes of brown; there are no rufous termi- 
nations to the wing-coverts, as in the St. Vincent specimen; and the 
irregular rufous-brown markings on the upper part of the breast, as’ 
seen in that, are only just perceptible in two of the specimens: they have 
the breast and flanks of a darker shade of brown: the bills of these are 
not so dark throughout as in the type—shading into brown on their ter- 
minal halves: this difference of color is doubtless attributable to age. 


2. Turdus carribezeus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. vol. 1, p. 160. 

“Thrush. 

“Length, 94 in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 5. 

“Tris wine-red; naked skin around the eye, 2 inch wide, yellow; 
beak olive-green, tipped with yellow. I am positive that I heard this 
bird in St. Vineent, but only once, and did not obtain, or even fairly see 
it. Its ery is peculiar, and once heard could not be mistaken. Itresem- 


268 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


bles the ery of the Whippoorwill in the morning, just as it utters the 
‘poor-will’, and just preceding the final cluck. It was not a stretch of 
the imagination, either, to fancy a ery like ‘how de dew’ (as uttered by 
the country gentleman when saluting an acquaintance), with the stress 
upon dew. It has also, when alarmed or when threading a strange 
thicket, the soft call-note of the Thrushes, similar to that of the grive or 
Mountain Thrush. It inhabits the thick growth of old pastures, and 
seems to prefer the dark recesses beneath the overhanging trees and 
bushes of the hillsides on the borders of the opens.” 
3. Mimus gilvus, Vieill. 

‘S Mocking-bird. 

“Length, ¢, 93 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 44. 

‘Rather plentifully distributed on the hills sloping seaward; found 
also well up the sides of the mountains, but not in the high woods, nor 
far away from cleared land.” 


Fam. TROGLODYTIDA. 


4. Thryothorus grenadensis, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 161. 

owren's: “God-bird? 

“Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 24. 

“A sprightly bird, found in houses in the country, in the forests and 
in the towns. 

“Its song is a pleasing warble, and this, with its bright ways, make 
it a welcome visitor. The blacks will eat nearly every bird but this and 
the corbeau; but this, they say, ‘make you dead,’ for it is God’s bird. 

“Found an old nest in the house at Grand Etang, but the young had 
gone (‘it make child, but he go’), I was told. They were hatched in 
February. A nest under the veranda now has four young, recently 
hatched. Going down to examine them one day, I found one of them 
had about four inches of a ‘God’s horse’ (‘Walking-stick’) (Phas- 
mida) protruding from its mouth. The nest is of dried grass, lined with 
feathers. Had it not been that these little beggars excited feelings of 
compassion in my breast, I would have added the old ones to my col- 
lection, well knowing that they would be valuable acquisitions.” 


Fam. SYLVICOLID®. 


5. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 


‘‘Only one seen. This was shot, but lost in the thick matting of the 
loose leaves that covered the ground. It was near the border of the 


mountain lake.” 
Fam. VIREONID 4. 
6. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr. 
“6 Vireosylvia. 
“Length, 3, 6in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 33. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 269 


“Length, 9, 6 in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34. 

“Through the woods came a strangely familiar note, ‘peow, peow’. 
The bird I could not discover at first, but thought I detected a note akin, 
and was confirmed that it was an old aequaintance of Dominica and St. 
Vincent, when I had it in my hand. Not very abundant.” 


Fam. HIRUNDINID. 


7. Progne dominicensis (Gm.)? 

“ Progne. 

“One species seen, but never within shot; to all appearance, it was 
identical with that obtained in St. Vincent.” 


Fam. CHAREBIDZE. 


8. Certhiola atrata, Lawr. 

“Certhiola. Scarce. Resident. 

“Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 7#; wing, 23. 

“This bird is not found in great numbers, as in some of the northern 
islands; indeed, I have seen it but twice—on the mangrove flats of Point 
Saline, where its habits were in great contrast to those of its northern 
congeners, being shy and retired, while in other islands bold and obtru- 
Sive.” 

Fam. TANAGRID. 
9. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparm.). 

“Louis V@Or. Rare. Resident. 

“Length, 5 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 23. 

“T have not seen this bird here alive. These specimens were shot by 
A. B. Wells, Esq., of St. Davids. It is not easily discovered, more from 
its rarity than from its shyness. Frequents the skirts of woods and 
nutmeg groves.” 

10. Calliste versicolor, Lawr. 

‘““Sour-sop Bird. Abundant. Resident. 

“Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 3. 

“Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 34. 

“Though in St. Vincent I saw the bird only in small numbers and 
solely in the mountains, here it is everywhere. The same chattering cry, 
noisy in feeding, calling one to another, gregarious. is greedy in its 
search for food, a flock of from 8-12 may be seen swarming over a 
small tree or bush. It is very partial to the seed of the Sour-sop, which 
gives it its local appellation. It is now nesting.” 


Fam. FRINGILLIDA. 


11. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 

“Length, ¢, 54in.; alar extent, 85; wing, 23. 

“Length, 2, 54 in.; alar extent, 82; wing, 23. 
_ “One of the most common birds, second only to the small ‘ grass bird’ 
_ (Phonipara bicolor).” 


2970 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


12. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 

‘6 Phonipara bicolor. ‘Si Si Zerbe.’ 

“Everywhere abundant, so common in fact that, thinking I could 
obtain it at any time, I devoted my attention to other rarer birds, and 
finally left without a specimen.” 


Fam. ICTERIDZ. 


13. Quiscalus luminosus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci. v. 1, p. 162. 

‘Blackbird. Resident. 

‘Length, ¢, 104 in.; alar extent, 154; wing, 5. 

“Length, ?, 92in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 43. 

‘‘This bird first occurs in the Grenadines. It has seldom been seen 
in St. Vineent, although abundant on the small islands of Balliceaux 
and Bequia. The latter is not ten miles distant. It is there called the 
‘ Bequia Sweet’, from its notes: ‘ Bequia sweet, sweet.’ 

“Tt is social, gregarious, seeming to delight in company, spending a 
great part of the day in sportive play. The first I saw were in Balli- 
ceaux, one of the northernmost of the Grenadines. I was struck with the 
similarity of a habit of theirs to one of the Boat-tailed Grakle of Florida 
and the South, as I had observed it on the banks of the St. John’s River. 
A party of them had come down to drink at a small pool in one of the 
pastures. After drinking, each male would lift its beak perpendicularly, 
spread out its wings and one leg, and give utterance to a joyous ery, as 
though giving thanks for the enjoyment afforded by the drink. Then 
the whole crew would join in a general outburst, both females and males. 
Then they would adjourn to a near fence rail, and keep up a social con- 
versation, stretching their legs and wings and showing their glossy 
feathers to the sun. The air would then resound with the cries, said by 
the islanders to be, ‘Bequia sweet, sweet, sweet’ That was in Febru- 
ary. Though I then expected to get them to send home with the St. 
Vincent collection, I was disappointed, as our boat was smashed on a 
neighboring rock next day, and we were picked up and carried to St. 
Vincent without an opportunity for getting the birds. 

“In Grenada I found them in abundance again, flying in flocks and 
inhabiting exclusively the lowlands, the swamps and borders of the 
lagoons. It is easily attracted by unusual sounds, as I once proved 
while hunting Yellow-crowned Night Herons in a swamp on the eastern 
coast, by calling around me not less than forty, who filled the bushes 
and trees around and above me, staying a long while. 

“Think it is exclusively confined to Grenada and the Grenadines.” 


Fam TYRANNIDZ. 


14. Elainea martinica (Linn.). 
“Flycatcher. Resident. Rather numerous. 
“Length, ¢, 73 in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33. 
“Length, 2, 63 in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 3}. 


Le 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 271 


15. Myiarchus oberi, Lawr. 
“Blyeatcher. Not abundant. 
“Length, ¢, 9in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 44. 
“Length, 2, 83; alar extent, 125; wing, 4. 


16. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl. 

“T. rostratus. Resident. Abundantly distributed. 

“Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 5. 

“Length, ¢,9in.; alar extent, 143; wing, 43. 

“Occurring at all altitudes, but preferring the lowlands, open fields, 
and hills. Delights in a shrub with bare protruding prongs, or an open- 
foliaged tree like the trumpet tree and bread fruit. Its ery is a shrill 
‘piperee, piperee’; hence itsname. Especially partial to the tall cabbage 
palm (palmistes), making its home in the fronds, and darting thence upon 
any passing insect. 

‘More abundant in Antigua than elsewhere. Its large flat bill, the 
concealed flushes of yellow beneath the wings, and the beautiful silken 
feathers of saffron and crimson concealed in the crown, make it an 
interesting specimen in the hand, though it is a very ordinary looking 
bird as seen in activity.” 


17. Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieill. 

“ Tyrannus ———. The first seen. 

“Length, 3, 9 in.; alar extent, 144; wing, 43. 

“The first bird of this species shot seemed fatigued from a long flight, 
and I thought it must have come from another island, Tobago or Trini- 
dad. Ithas never been seen by those who observe the birds of the 
island. I still think it a straggler from Tobago.” 

Two specimens are in the collection. This and the following species 
(Glaucis hirsutus) are the only South American forms that were procured, 
showing how strictly this and the islands north of it are defined as a 
distinct zoological province. In the islands to the south, viz, Tobago 
and Trinidad, the birds assimilate to those of the South American conti- 
nent. 


Fam. TROCHILID. 


18. Glaucis hirsutus (Gm.). 

“Brown Hummer. (New to me.) 

“Length, ¢, 53 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 24. 

“Length, 2, 54in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 24. 

“This species entirely replaces the Garnet-throat (Eulampis jugularis), 
of which latter I have not seen a single specimen. This one is confined 
to the same haunts, viz, the cool depths of the high woods, and is never 
seen in the valleys or below the last ring of high cliffs and forest-trees. 
So closely does the plumage of this hummer assimilate with the color 
of the fallen leaves, dry as well as green, that I lost my first specimen 
and found the others only by long search.” 


272 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


19. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 

‘‘Green-throat. ‘Colibri’ Scarce. 

“ Length, 2,5 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 23. 

“ Feeding from the crimson flowers of a huge cactus, I saw this hum- 
ming-bird this morning, in a hedge row bordering the road to St. Davids. 
It does not occur in the abundance that I find of the small crested hum- 
mer, and I have not seen it in the mountains.” 


20. Orthorynchus cristatus (Linn.). 

“ Q, evilis? March 16th. 

“Length, d, 38 in.; alar extent, 5; wing, 2. 

‘The crest seems brighter and deeper than in those of Dominica and 
St. Vincent. It is distributed profusely throughout high woods, hills, 
upper valleys, and sea-coast; everywhere I see its glancing crest, hear 
the whirring of its wings. Just a year ago I found a nest in Dominica; 
here in the mountains they have not yet built their nests, though it is 
possible they may have commenced in the lowlands. They are in the 
thickets between the Grand Etang and the deep woods, visiting the 
different flowers so frequently that it seems to me they must be ex- 
hausted of sweets and insects.” 


Fam. CYPSELIDZ. 
21. Cheturasp.? 
“Twas unfortunate with this bird, never getting one within range. 
It is of the same shape, size, and color of the species obtained in Domi- 
nica. Only one species seen.” 


Fam. ALCEDINID. 


22. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 


“Length, J, 124 in. alar extent, 204; wing, 64. 

“Though nearly a year has passed since I first saw the Kingfisher of 
these islands (in Dominica), this is the first island in which I have been 
able to shoot one. It is very shy, and somehow I have always just 
missed it, in Dominica as well as St. Vincent, in neither of which islands 
is it plentiful; and it was only by the most artful bushwhacking that I 
at last got this one. Not abundant; resident.” 


Fam. CUCULID&. 


23. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 

“Cuckoo manioc.’ Abundant; resident. 

“Length, ¢, 123 in.; alar extent, 16; wing, 53. 

“The harsh ery, resembling somewhat that of the Yellow-billed Cuc- 
koo, may be heard almost any day, proceeding from the low growth of 
some overgrown pasture or hillside. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 273 


“Of unsuspicious demeanor, this bird will allow a near approach; if 
it flies, it is but for a short distance, to a low tree or thick shrub, where, 
if unmolested, it hops about with apparently aimless intent, though 
keeping a good lookout for its food, butterflies, moths, ete. 

“Very common on the hillside beyond the Carenage.” 


24. Crotophaga ani, Linn. 

*“¢Corbeau.’ Abundant; resident. 

“Length, ¢, 15 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 6. 

“Length, 2, 14 in.; alar extent, 163; wing, 54. 

“Called the ‘Tick-bird’ in St. Vincent; here the ‘Corbeau’, French 
for Raven. Said to have been blown over from Trinidad in a gale some 
years ago. It has increased wonderfully ; not held in favorable repute; 
eats ticks, bugs, ete., but also eats corn and guinea-grass grain. The 
same stupid unsuspicious bird everywhere; breeds abundantly; grega- 
rious. Where one goes and persistently calls, the rest of the flock, from 
6 to 12, will surely follow. In a tree or bush they cluster close together ; 
have a squeaking cry. 

“They build a large loose nest, and lay in it eggs of a greenish color. 
A curious habit of theirs is to build a second nest upon one already 
filled with eggs. The only nest I have examined had not a full comple- 
ment of eggs, and I cannot tell just what number they lay.” 


Fam. STRIGIDA. 


25. Strix flammea var. nigrescens, Lawr. 

“Owl; ‘Jumbie Bird’ Rare. 

“Length, ¢, 12 in.; alar extent, 303; wing, 10. 

“In different parts of the island are the towers of ancient wind-mills, 
which, in various stages of ruin and dilapidation, are going to decay. 
Being made of stone, and generally covered with ivy and running vines, 
without roof and full of holes, they offer excellent places of abode for 
the owls, and there is rarely a ruin without its occupant to frighten 
the negroes to the verge of insanity with its nocturnal hootings. From 
a superstitious dread of the ‘Jumbie bird,’ and from the fact that these 
old mills are well hung with the nests of ‘ Jack Spaniard ’—a wasp, it is 
difficult to get a negro to climb into a tower to dislodge the owl. 

‘“‘T am indebted for this one to Mr. Goddard, the manager of the Estate 
of Clarke’s Court.” 


Fam. FALCONID. 


26. Pandion haliztus (Linn.). 
“An infrequent winter visitor on the east or Atlantic coast.” 


27. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils. ). 
“Length, ?, 154 in.; alar extent, 35; wing, 11. 
“At this time (March 25) it is engaged in incubation. Not abundant; 
resident.” 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78——18 Feb. 13, 1879. 


274 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


28. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.). 
“Very rare, and, so far as I can ascertain, confined to the eastern 


coast.” 
Fam. FREGATID 2. 


29. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 
‘‘ Breeds on the rocks north and northeast of Grenada, sparingly, but 
in increased numbers on some of the smaller Grenadines.” 


Fam. PHATHONIDZ:. 


30. Phethon ethereus, Linn. 

“Cannot tell if it breeds in Grenada, but am of the opinion that it 
does. The specimens obtained in the northern Grenadines were included 
im the St. Vincent catalogue.” 


Fam. PELECANIDE. 


31. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.). 
“ Breeds on the rocks north of Grenada as well as throughout the 
Grenadines.” 


32. Sula fiber (Linn.). 
“Tnhabits the rocks off the northern coast. Most plentiful in the 


Grenadines.” 
Fam. ARDEID. 


33. Ardea herodias, Linn. 

“Extremely wild. I have seen it on different occasions, and in the 
different islands in different months, and pronounce it a straggling resi-. 
dént (if this term be allowable), that is, one or two may remain after the 
spring migrations and may breed, though I have heard of no authentic 
instance of its breeding.” 


34. Garzetta candidissima (Gm.). 

**¢Gaulin blane.’ 

“Length, 23 in.; alar extent, 37; wing, 11. 

“The abundance of this species is in striking contrast to its scarcity 
in St. Vincent. This may be attributed to the increased extent of low 
wet land, swamps, and lagoons. 

“Only Antigua exceeds this island in the mane of this species. As 
in Dominica and the other French-speaking islands, it is called the 
‘Gaulin blane’, and the heron in the blue plumage ‘Gaulin noir’ or ‘bleu’. 
This is second in point of numbers of the herons, the ‘Gaulin bleu’ third, 
and the yellow-crowned fourth. The B. virescens is the most numerous 
of the whole. It breeds in the mangroves bordering the lagoon later in 
the season.” 


35. Florida cerulea (Linn. ). 
“Tt is not so common as the ‘Gaulin blanc’ and exceedingly shy.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 275 


‘36. Butorides virescens (Linn.). 

“Length, g, 18 in.; alar extent, 25; wing, 7. 

“As my boat skirted the fringe of mangroves bordering the lagoon 
across the bay from St. Georges, it ousted numbers of this small species. 
They would fly a little ways, then dive into the deep foiiage of the man- 
groves, where a very close inspection might detect it crawling among 
the spider-like roots, or threading its way through the mesh-work of 
acrial suckers seeking the mud. . When started by the boat or gun, it 
gave utterance to its guttural cry, and as we moved along, the crackling 
and shutting of oyster shells accompanied us throughout.” 


37. Nyctiardea violacea (Linn.). 

““A very shy and cautious bird, inhabiting the swamps near the sea- 
coast. Ihave at different times waited for hours for a shot at it in the 
deep mangroves, which it loves to frequent.” 


Fam. PLATALEID. 


38. Platalea ajaja (Linn.). 
‘““A very rare migrant, said to have been seen here.” 


Fam. COLUMBID 2. 


39. Columba corensis, Gm. 

‘¢¢ Ramier.’ 

“Qength, J, 16 in.; alar extent, 264; wing, 9. 

“T arrived at the Grand Etang, the lake in the mountains, about noon; 
within an hour, the only man living there started with me around the 
lake. After walking half an hour or so, we reached comparatively open 
woods, the trees thick and very high. We heard a pigeon coo, and 
after some time found him perched on the topmost branch of a tall 
‘figuer’ tree, so high up that I at first mistook him for a ‘grive’. At 
the report of my gun, he started wildly, flew a few yards upward, and 
then fell hurtling through the air, striking the ground with a thud. His 
crop was full of hard seeds, large as small bullets. They seem to be in 
these woods in good numbers.” 

“They are now (March 12th) mating. In November, December, and 
January, they visit the islands off the coast in great numbers, and are 
said even to extend their flight to Tobago, in which latter island they 
are not resident.” 


40. Zenaida martinicana, Bp. 

“<¢Tourterelle’ Not plentiful. 

“QLength, 6, 114 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 63. 

“Length, ?, 11 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 6. 

“In the mangroves berdering the bay of ‘Clarke’s Court’ estate, near 
the southern end of the island, [found this dove. It was near noon of a 
very hot day, as the manager and another friend accompanied me into 


276 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the deep shade of the ‘mang’ (as it was called), where the mud was haif 
knee-deep, and stagnant pools crossed the surface. At that time the 
doves came in from the surrounding hills for the shade, and we did 
very well with them and the Ground Doves, as a dish of them at dinner 
amply testified. It is abundant outside of these mangrove swamps; it 
prefers the vicinage of the sea-coast.” 


41. Chamepelia passerina (Liun.). 

‘¢Ground Dove.’ Abundant; resident. 

“Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 3}. 

“Length, ¢, 65 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 34. 

‘¢ Among all the dry hills about St. George’s this little dove can be seen 
and heard. It frequents the pastures, the cane-fields, and, in the heat 
of the day, the mangroves for shade. Equally abundant on the east 
coast.” 

42. Geotrygon montana (Linn.). 

ei Perdix,’ 

““T saw several of this species in the forest around the Grand Etang, 
and shot a fine female, which was unfortunately lost. By some strange 
mischance, I did not finally succeed in securing any specimens. 

“They are exactly the same in size and coloring as those of Dominica 
and St. Vincent. I discovered two nests, each containing two eggs. 
They choose strange places for their nests, generally placing them upon 
some great parasite, attached to a small tree, 4-6 feet from the ground. 
Upon a slight covering of leaves they lay two coffee-colored eggs; the 
season for incubation is March and April.” 


Fam. RALLID. 


43. Gallinula galeata (Licht.). 
“Gallinule. Not common; resident. ; 
‘Length, 2,144 in.; alar extent, 21; wing, 7.” 
44. Porzana ? 
45. Fulica ? 


‘This was described as occurring in the volcanic lake near the north 
coast; also the preceding species.” 


Fam. CHARADRIID 2. 


46. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh. 
“At time of migration.” 


Fam. SCOLOPACID. 
47. Tringoides macularius (Linn. ), 
‘* Sandpiper. 
“Length, ¢, 74 in.; alar extent, 124; wing, 44. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 277 


“ Shot on the east coast; frequents the coast and rivers in small num- 
bers and seems to be a resident.” 


48. Numenius hudsonicus (Lath.)? 
“At time of migration.” 


Fam. LARIDE. 


49. Anous stolidus (Linn.). 
“The Noddy Tern.” 


50. Sterna maxima, Bodd. 
“ 8. cayenensis.” 


51. Sterna dougalli, Mont. 
52. Sterna fuliginosa, Gm. 


53. Larus atricilla, Linn. 
“This and the preceding four species of tern breed in the smaller of 
the Grenadines, principally upon the southern coast.” 


Fam. PODICIPITID. 
54. Podiceps ? 
‘« Podiceps. 
‘““Not seen by me, but described with sufficient accuracy to identify 
it as a Podiceps.” 


“Tt was greatly my desire to visit the curious voleanie lake, near the 
northeastern coast, which is said to be well supplied with water-fowl. 
Strange as it may seem, in an island black with negroes, I could get no 
one to transport my necessary equipments, nor could I get a horse to 
carry me until too late for the purpose.” 


“The Grenadines! 

‘¢ Consist of small islets and rocks forming a chain between St. Vin- 
cent on the north and Grenada on the south. Unlike the other islands, 
they are not volcanic, have little elevation, no running streams, and are 
rather barren. 

“ Bequia, Mustique, Cannouan, and Carriacou are the largest, and 
some portions of these’ islands are cultivated. The inhabitants subsist 
principally upon fish. Some cotton is raised; also sugar. 

‘“ From their conformation and from their barrenness it will be readily 
seen that the birds characteristic of the larger islands cannot be found 
here. The Ground Dove (Chameapelia passerina) and the Turtle Dove 
(Zenaida martinicana) are very abundant, as the low serub, with which a 
great part of the islands are covered, afford them protection and food, 
while the shallow water-holes give them the little necessary drink. 


278 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“The Blackbird (Quiscalus lwminosus) is very abundant. The Cuckoo 
manioe (Coccyzus minor) is also found here, as well as the Certhiola sp.?, 
the small Sparrow (Phonipara bicolor), the Mocking-bird (Mimus gilvus), 
the Green Heron (Butorides virescens), and the Chicken Hawk (Buteo penn- 
sylvanicus). In one of the islands, Union, the Cockrico (Ortalida rufi- 
cauda) has been successfully introduced, and some attempts have been 
made with the American Quail (Ortyx virginianus). Some of the islands 
are in private hands, and have been stocked with deer and goats, which, 
having become thoroughly wild, afford excellent hunting. 

‘The sea birds frequent the small islands, and the outlying rocks of 
the larger, in myriads, where they breed. 

“The Little C ‘rested Humiming-bird of Grenada and St. Vincent is also 
found in the Grenadines.” 


New York, December 10, 1878. 


ON THE BREEDING EXABITS OF THE SEA-CATFISH (ABIOPSIS 
MEILBERTI?). 


By PROF.N. VT. LUPTON. 


VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, 
Nashville, Tenn., February 19, 1877. 
Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD: ; 

About the middle of July, 1868, while on a visit to Mobile, Ala., I ac- 
companied a party of friends on a fishing excursion to Fish River, a 
small stream on the eastern side of Mobile Bay, some 25 miles below 
the city. This river near its mouth widens out, forming Berwicks Bay, 
a Sheet of water about three miles wide by Ase in length. This Ber- 
wicks Bay is a favorite fishing-ground, being the resort, especially after 
a storm in the Gulf, of immense schools of mullet. A great variety of 
other fish, such as the croaker, trout, redfish, &c., abound in this bay. 

Captain Wemyss, who owned a large saw-mill on the bank of the 
river, and whose hospitality we were enjoying, kindly proposed to show 
us the different kinds of fish which frequent these waters, and to this 
end furnished a large seine and the necessary force to draw it. 

While examining the fish my attention was called to several cat, each 
about 10 inches in length, which seemed to have a wonderful develop- 
ment of the throat. On examination, the enlargement was found to be 
caused by small catfish and eggs which were carried inthe mouth. From 
the mouth of one I took out eleven small fish, each about an inch in 
length, and from another eight or nine eggs the size of a small marble, 
the eyes of the embryonic cat showing distinetly through the thin mem- 
brane enveloping the egg. 

On inquiry made of several old ighewarue in the neighborhood, and of 
a large number elsewhere, I have failed to find one who knew anything 


PROCEEDINUS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 279 


whatever of this habit of the catfish. If the observation is new, and it 
‘deserves to be placed on record, you are at liberty to use this in any 
way you may deem proper. 
Very respectfully, 
iN, 2 LUPTON: 


ON THE OCCURRENCE OF STICH 2ZZUS PUNCTATUS, (FABR.) KROYER, 
AT ST. MEICHIAEL/’S, ALASKA. 


By TARLETON H. BEAN. 


A single specimen of the species above named was collected June 29, 
1874, at St. Michael’s, Alaska, by Mr. Lucien M. Turner, who sent it to 
the United States National Museum. The species is now apparently for 
the first time recorded from the coast of Northwestern North America. 
The total length of the specimen is 145 millimetres (511 inches). It has 
been compared with an individual of the same species from Greenland. 
(probably from the Danish Colonies, as it was presented to the Museum 
by the Danish Academy), and another from Halifax, Nova Scotia, where 
it was taken September 4, 1877, by the United States Fish Commission, 
at the mouth of the harbor, in 20 fathoms of water. In order to show 
at a glance how the St. Michael’s specimen differs from the other two, 
the proportions of the different parts of the body of all the specimens to 
the total length without caudal are exhibited in tabular form. The 
average proportions of the three individuals are given in another table, 
and they may serve as a basis of a description of the species. - From this 
average the specimen from St. Michael’s differs in the following par- 
ticulars: 

1. The maxillary is longer. 

2. The mandible is longer. 

3. The pectoral is longer. 

4. The ventral is inserted somewhat nearer the snout. 

In the number of anal rays, the Alaska specimen is intermediate be- 
tween the other two. The differences indicated fall within the limits of 
individual variation, and in the absence of sufficient material it is not 
practicable to separate the St. Michael’s example from the other two, 
even as a variety. 

Sticheus punctatus is recorded from the coast of Greenland (Danish 
Colonies?), Newfoundland, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. Michael's, 
Alaska. 


980 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Table of Measurements. 









































Current number of specimen... --------- 21,718. 4,588. 21,068. 
Woeahitynees =e erarec re area ; St Micheal % Greenland. Halifax. 
Milli- {100thsof | Milli- |100thsof; Milli- | 100ths of 
metres. } length. | metres. | length. | metres. | length. 
Extreme length (without caudal)=ss--- 26 Ob He since eee Obes oer a TOON os eee eee 
Length to end of middle caudal rays ---- 145 | (512 in.) DU eee epee 18244: Sees 
Body: 
Re datout height - ..-------.---2----22|--2-5--2-% 17 |.--------- 13) | =e === 164 
Height at ventrals. ...---------------|---------- WA /ssockssose 2a eeeeceeeee 13 
Least height of tail ...--.--.---------|---------- 7 |.--------- 7 |-----+---- 6 
Head: 
Greatest length --.....-.-.----------|---------- ee ee eet 2 | aseee eee 22 
Greatest width......--------+-------]---------- OWS ances IO) Este T oe. 94 
Width of interorbital area -.--..-.----|---------- ee ee Oe peta 2 
Length of snout....-----------------]---------- Ge Wee aes 5G? | ptcmoce ee 6 
Length of upper jaw ----------------|---------- 89 |e cenaeed Gigieeseceeee 7 
Length of mandible -.-----.---------|---------- OO eee ete a eee 9 
Distance from snout to centre of orbit; -------.--- Sonera (lpoeeree ee Tt 
inmeter Ot orpltie Macao oe = 45- seer Petes De See OD [aeeocoee er 4h 
Dorsal: 
Wissancee from SNOWb.s- ss] 5 ee ae) se wlole atwiolel ee eee eee et ere eters 203 
Length of base .....-----------------]---------- (05 estate Bi) oSsaoH ise 3 80 
Anal: 
Distance from snout..-...----------.|--------=- 46h eee ec a te AGA) -cerez ase 47 
Length of base..-....---------------|---------- Oe eerie Doug ES net ae 54 
Caudal: 
Length of middle rays ..-.----------|---------- ii | Sees acisbe oe ee eer 14 
Pectoral: 
Distance from snout. ..-.--.------.--|.--------- ela einen Sei eminem ama 225 
Wength..2.---2-..- 2.052 34--- 4-0 -oeee| tonsa am Sra Eee 2 mG {eas ese 164 
Ventral: 
Distance from snout. .--------------- late to eae NG) Gee ete = 2 AER bees 23 
Length .......----------------<-----}2<-2------ (ite eee eee Beye tee eee 6 
Branchiostegals - .....--:---------------- Wile) does tet ee VEL et-to ere tos Vista. cece 
ema eae ee ere ane saeco eee BBWS. snranteine Uap eerae ene AS eat 
PERU a oe area ole aa ale SUN aan reset Ble eset GD | tae seeieee 
Oibaeea este econ a precice tara eat Babess tenes QO he 222 ce cenlbeerigacicee Pees eee 
PR GCEOTA cee ees eeesininct eee enne eee Gs Rese one Monee osac aes Ba iomaice 
Mentralne2tsos.ttsa- eee 2 seo s-peaees Shee eat eeese SuNseee he see SAieseeh eee 
Table of Proportions. 
Number of specimen ...-.-----------------------------=+-------- | 4,588. 21,718. 21,068. 
WGOCRIG Yoo =) Seen seein oo elas n= «eer ae ee ee ee Greenland. | St.Michael’s.| Halifax. 
Length of head in total length without caudal (times) -.----.---- 4.76 4. 55 4.55 
Tnterorbital area in total length without caudal (times)...-.---. - 40 - 40 50 
Snout in total length without caudal (times) -.-..--.-------------- 17. 65 16. 67 16. 67 
Upper jaw in total length without caudal (times). -----.--------- 15. 38 12. 50 14. 29 
Mandible in total length without caudal (times) ....---.----.--- 1 ‘12 -10 aT 
Distance of dorsal from snout in total length without caudal 
RGRINION lone Conon fein! Scere oo ae eine Oe clae a ape eet oe eat 4.55 4.76 4. 88 
Base of dorsal in total length without caudal (times). ----------- 1.25 1. 28 1. 25 
Distance of anal from snout in total length without caudal (times) Dae 2.20 2.13 
Base of anal in total length without caudal (times) ..----.--..--- 1, 82 1, 85 1. 85 
Distance of pectoral from snout in total length without caudal 
ATER: attr Un cis Sete ob eps ee oS ee Oe ee ee 4.44 4. 65 4. 44 
Length of pectoral in total length without caudal (times). ------ 6. 25 5. 55 6. 06 
Distance of ventral from snout in total length without caudal 
MERINIOR) presen oot = a hie oa ohn S 5 cron hate Eee ee ee 4.76 5. 26 4.35 
Length of ventral in total length without caudal (times) ---.----- 12. 50 13. 33 15. 38 
Branchiostegnls : Wal VI aval 
MOrsalTAy See +2222 32522505 S25 cdl eee Boe ene eee A0 48 48 
PAUIAIRD ANS occa opiate jain. ols doe we nen - cae cn See EEE eee 37 35 33 
amnaliravaten- Acces = eee 22 2 Imperfect. 
Pectoralirays aoe seins == 955 = 155 15 15 5 
Wentralitaystss 20s. oof etkeccois ood LS ee ee Oe ee 3 3 3 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 281 


AVERAGE OF THE SPECIMENS. 


Length of head in total length without caudal (times) ...........-....-.-.---- 4. 62 
Interorbital area in total length without caudal (times)....-.....--..--------- 43 
Snout in total length without caudal (times). 322222 sS2a5-2sece tie cec co esie- te 17 
Upper jaw in total length without caudal (times).............------------ --- 14. 05 
Mandible in total length without caudal (times)....-...-... ------ .s-2- oe eee 11 
Distance of dorsal from snout in total length without caudal (times)..-.....-- - 4.73 
Base of dorsal in total length without caudal (times)-.---.----..----.---------- 1, 26 
Distance of anal from snout in total length without caudal (times)...-...----. 2.17 
Base of anal in total length without'caudal (times) ..-.-........----.-.---.--. 1.84 
Distance of pectoral from snout in total length without caudal (times).....-.. 4.51, 
Length of pectoral in total length without caudal (times)..-......-...-.-----.- 5. 95 
Distance of ventral from snout in total length without caudal (times).......--. 4,79 
Length of ventral in total length without caudal (times)...--..----...--...--- 15. 74 
Branchiostegals GES EISNER OE ee sd PA aE SSS hea oe VI 
Worsalmaysiis 2 set sseee staat selsen ee see dese sh ayes’: 3 5 tee ER Ee eect 48-50 
PAA ATHY Se im ee oe og alm aresinra ear waco miare ayeh diate wedistes tise acne hiseimsieneicieee eo eewietere 33-37 
Cad aleraysn sense wavs cece = slsinisis2 a isleia[sisie, sintssc inser Siaensiceeis cine cise, Sess a,cesiemals 21-22 
BOCLORAl ean Sree ne emia cite cis sees bain at asians a ciasale sin aetna ets slaieiapeeisc niece eee 15 
Merit lary emer ee ene scene niccsieice sae oes Sas aticlniea cine sists wianiacieietsrelsie's 3 


U. S. NATIONAL Museum, Washington, December 4, 1878. 


REPORT ON THE LIMPETS AND CHITONS OF THE ALASKAN AND 
ARCTIC REGIONS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPE- 
CIES BELIEVED TO BE NEW. 


By W. H. DALL. 


The following report has been drawn up chiefly from material collected 
in Alaska from 1865 to 1874 inclusive, but includes references to the 
few Arctic or northern species which are not common to Alaskan waters. 

The northwest coast of America, which I have already stated I have 
reason to think is the original center of distribution for the group of Doco- 
glossa, at least of the littoral forms, is unquestionably the richest field 
where these animals may be found. This is true not only in regard to 
the number of species, but also in regard to the number of peculiar and 
remarkable forms of genera and subgenera; in one sense, the develope- 
ment and specialization of the soft parts, even at the expense of the 
shelly envelope, is a test of relative rank in restricted groups. Hence 
it may not be erroneous to regard the gigantic Cryptochiton as represent- 
ing the highest developement of the group, though belonging in the 
section of Irregular Chitons; especially as paleontological evidence 
shows part of the section of Regular Chitons to represent the Chitons of 
paleozoic times and embryonic structure. As was pointed out in my 
previous paper on the phylogeny of the Docoglossa, the embryonic 
types, represented by Lepeta and Cryptobranchia among the Limpets, are 
represented on the N. W. coast by a larger number of species and by 
larger individuals than in any other region; so the embryonic types of 

Chitonide in the same district are here to be found more largely repre- 


982 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


sented in species and by larger individual species than anywhere else in 
the world. “That this is also true of other groups of Mollusca, such as 
the Fissurellide, Trochide, Haliotidw, Buccinide, and others, I hope here- 
after to be able to show conclusively. 

Since I have elsewhere* treated in considerable detail the Limpets of 
the northwest coast of America, I shall here present only a list of the 
species with such additional material as six years’ study and collections 
have brought to hand, and reserve for the Chitons a more detailed ac- 
count. This is the more desirable, since this group has been very gen- 
erally neglected, and even the most modern descriptions often fail to 
-give those details by which a species can be assigned a place among its 
proper associates. 

Had the late Dr. Carpenter survived, the report on this group would 
have been delegated to his more able hands; the material passed for a 
time into his possession, but his premature demise came to pass before 
anything except the identification of the already known species and 
some correspondence on the general subject had been accomplished. 
For sufficient reasons, it is not to be hoped that his materials for a mono- 
graph of the group, as a whole, will be published for some time, and I 
have therefore been authorized to use some extracts from his MSS. 
which have a direct bearing on the particular species here referred to. 
I have in all cases followed him in framing descriptions of species, and 
have quoted his original descriptions (giving due credit) where it was 
practicable. Research into several undecided questions has resulted in 
decisions in several cases different from those he had anticipated; but 
in which conclusions, from my intercourse with him, I have no doubt he 
would have eventually coincided, had he lived to follow out the investi- 
gations he began. 

The caution; in assigning values to the higher divisions of this singu- 
lar group, which was exercised by Dr. Carpenter, has been fully justified, 
and it does not seem that our knowledge of them is yet sufficiently com- 
plete to authorize definite conclusions. Examination of the radula, 
heretofore almost wholly neglected, emphasizes the necessity of con- 
tinued caution. The numerous characters presented by the insertion- 
plates, the characters of the girdle, branchix, sexual organs, develope- 
ment, radula, and the presence or absence of pores on the upper sur- 
face, are apparently interchangeable to a greater extent than would be 
supposed. In this sense they present a remarkably homogeneous group. 
In spite of numerous important and peculiar features, their position, as 
a subdivision of the Gasteropodous Mollusca, appears to me to be defi- 
nitely settled beyond any reasonable question. By very numerous 
characters, their continued association in the neighborhood of the Lim- 
pets as their nearest (if still somewhat distant) relatives appears to me 
to be assured, and requires only some knowledge of the embryology of 





*‘On the Limpets,” &c., Am. Journ. of Conchology, vi, pp. 228-282, pl. 14-17, April, 
1871. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 283 


Limpets to be placed on a definite footing. That any classification 
founded on single characters, or a small proportion of characters, may 
result unfavorably to this view, I am not prepared to deny; but what- 
ever advantages such a method may present, it is not one which appears 
worthy of the name of philosophical treatment, or likely to endure as 
our knowledge becomes more definite and extended. 

It is not yet certain how far the indications of the dentition may be 
relied on in this group, as will presently be shown. Whether, as in the 
implacental mammalia, the teeth will prove an insecure basis for gener- 
alization beyond genera, or whether a classification based upon them 
will present a more favorable aspect when a larger number of species 
have been examined, it is yet impossible to say. What ts known pre- 
sents some anomalies to which the key is at present wanting. So far 
as investigation has proceeded, greater weight seems due to the charac- 
ter of the shelly plates than to any other single feature, and the tenta- 
tive classification of Dr. Carpenter is in this way justified. Any division 
of the group into families seems premature without more light. The 
genera and subgenera are, in most cases, reasonably sure on their founda- 
tions; but on an examination of the dentition, such as is contemplated by 
Dr. Troschel, and is urgently needed, much will depend. But until this 
has been made very full and thorough, it is to be hoped that generic 
distinctions based on the teeth alone may be suspended, or at least left 
without names. 

A sketch of the outlines of Dr. Carpenter’s classification will not be 
out of place here, but is best preceded by an explanation of certain 
terms used in description. 

In all Chitons with exposed valves, the seven posterior valves are 
divided more or less plainly by lines radiating from the apex to the 
opposite anterior edge. The sculpture of the posterior triangular areas 
(are laterales) thus cut off is almost uniformly like that of the whole 
anterior valve and the part behind the apex (mucro) of the posterior 
valve. The central or anterior triangles (arew centrales) are sculptured 
alike, but generally in a different pattern from the sides. The arew la- 
terales are usually raised a little above the rest. It is very rare that the 
bounding diagonal lines cannot be traced, and they usually correspond 
to the slit in the side-lamine of insertion, which project into the zone or 
girdle, and are free from the peculiar porous superficial layer character- 
istic of the exposed test in the whole group of Chitons. This super- 
ficial layer usually projects over the anterior and posterior laminz of 
insertion or teeth (dentes) in the first and last valves, forming what Dr. 
Carpenter terms the ‘eaves’ (subgrunde). These may exhibit the spongy 
character of the layer of which they are formed, or may be varnished 
over at their edges with a thin layer of true shelly matter, as in the 
Ischnoid group. In the typical Chitons they are short, leaving the 
teeth projecting; in the Mopaloids they are hardly developed, and in 
some groups they quite overshadow the teeth. 


284 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


In many genera there is a small portion of peculiar sculpture marked 
off along the ridge of the median line of the back. This is the area 
jugali, and corresponds to the sinus or space between the inner termina- 
tions of the two anterior sutwral lamine which pass forward from each 
of the posterior seven valves under the valve in front. The sutural 
laminz are also destitute of the porous layer. The sinus is either open, 


A 
A cS&éE 





Fic. A.—Chiton olivaceus Sowerby. A, anterior, B, middle, and C, posterior valve, 
seen from outside; D, FE, F, the same valves, from within; g, sinus jugali, between 
the two anterior sutural lamine ; h, h, dentes, or teeth between the notches or slits in 
the laminz of insertion; i, k, slits in lamina of insertion; 1, outer end of line separa- 
ting the area lateralis of the middle valve from the area centralis; m, end of the line 
separating the central area of the tail-plate from the posterior portion; the angulation 
of this line in the median line of the animal forms the mucro. 

Fig. B.—Enoplochiton niger Barnes.—A, anterior valve from above, showing the lam- 
ine of insertion and notches; B, the middle valve, from above; g, sinus jugali, in front 
of the jugum, or area jugali, and between the two sutural laminzx; i, 1, notches between 
the sutural and insertional lamin, and forming the ends of the line forming the an- 
terior border of the lateral and posterior border of the central areas; C, tail-plate; 
g, sinus jugali; m, end of line separating the areas; D, anterior valve, from within, 
showing teeth (h, h) and notches of lamina of insertion; FE, middle valve, from 
within; g, jugal sinus, between the sutural lamine ; i, notch, between sutural lamina 
and side-lamina of insertion. 


or part of the jugular area projects forward between the sutural lamine, 
forming a false apex; or a keystone-like piece, either solid, or fimbriated 
like the teeth of a comb, may exist between the lamin and partly fill 
the sinus. The sinus posticus is the wave, notch, or indentation which 
in some genera is found in the posterior edge of the posterior valve. In 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 285 


some of the Irregular Chitons, posterior sutural lamin are found, but 
these are very exceptional. 

In the vast majority of genera, the side- laminz of insertion have only 
one slit on each side of the valve; occasionally a valve may be abnormal 
in a regular species, and the number of slits in the anterior and posterior 
valves may vary within moderate limits. 

The girdle (zona), which is distinct from the true mantle, is variously 
ornamented with scales, bristles, spines, down, or hairs, either singly or 
combined, which exhibit most beautiful forms tolerably constant in 
generic groups, and worthy of a special and exhaustive research.* These 
may be solid or hollow, shelly or keratose, single or combined in bunches, 
and in some forms are hollow and annulated, precisely like the sete of 
Brachiopods. In certain genera they issue from pores, usually at the 
sutures, and these pores have a certain value as a systematic character, 
but much less than has been assigned to them by some authors. 

The Chitons in the adult condition are destitute of eyes or tentacles, 
and exhibit evidences of degradation anteriorly. The anus is always 
median and posterior; on each side of it are the sexual openings or 
Jenestre. These may open by several slits or pores directly into the 
perivisceral cavity, or form the aperture of a sexual duct. The gills, as 
pointed out by me in 1871, are composed of a row of branchive, starting 
from near the tail, extending a third (posticw), half (medic), or all the 
way (ambientes) save the head, each leaflet of which corresponds to a 
whole branchial plume, such as is found in Aemewa. Each single gill is 
conical, with the lamelle projecting inward, somewhat resembling in 
outline the shell of Carinaria. The mantle, inside the coriaceous mar- 
gin of the girdle, often forms a lamina or fringe. A lappet called the 
‘veil’ generally surrounds the front of the rostrum, which has some- 
times a double veil. The muzzle is semicircular, usually plain, and ex- 
hibits a tendency to form a lobe at the two posterior corners. The 
radula is always present. Like the Limpets, Chitons possess a lami- 
nated crop before the true stomach. The nervous system, beautifully 
worked out by Brandt? in a paper singularly overlooked by most writ- 
ers, is also comparable with that of Patella vulgata (simultaneously 
examined and figured), though by no means identical. The cephalic 
ganglia appear to be suppressed, forming another evidence of the degen- 
eration or want of developement of the cephalic region in this group. 
A valuable paper by Dr. H. von Ihering of Erlangen, I have not yet 
had access to, but understand that it contains a description of the ner- 
vous system of Chitons.¢ 








*Cf. Reincke, Beitr. zur Bildungsges. der Stacheln, u. s. w.; Zeitschr. fiir Wiss. 
Zool. 1858. 

tSt. Petersb. Imp. Acad. Sci. Mélanges Biolog. vii, p. 146, f. 2, 1868, Acanthochiton 
Jascicularis. 

¢ Since this paper was written, I have been kindly furnished by Dr. v. Ihering with 
copies of his extremely important work on the ‘‘ Anatomy of the Nervous System and 
the Phylogeny of the Mollusca,” and two valuable papers concerning the Chitonida 


286 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Since differences exist between the results obtained, in working out 
the nervous system of Chiton, by different naturalists, it is thought best 





(from Gegenb. Morph. Zeitschr. iv, April, 1877), and their allies. In the first-men- 
tioned work, the author comes to somewhat different conclusions from Brandt in regard 
to the details of the nervous system, both in Chiton (cinereus) and Patella vulgata, 
though the differences are not so fundamental as a first glance at the somewhat dia- 
grammatic figures might suggest. In the ‘‘ Anatomy” the author considers as a sepi- 
rate phylum (Amphineura) the Chitons, together with Neomenia (Solenopus Sars) and 
Chetederma, placing them under Vermes, while the Docoglossa and most of the Proso- 
branchiate Mollusks form the third phylum (dArthrocochlides Thr.) of the Mollusca. 
In the later paper on Neomenia, &c., Ihering seems disposed to concede a more intimate 
relation between the Fissurellide and Limpets on the one hand and the Chitonid@ on 
the other. His figures would indicate a more near relation between Jissurella and 
Chiton than between the latter and Patella, so far as the nervous system goes. It 
must be borne in mind, while considering his differences with Brandt in regard to 
Chiton, that the species examined by Ihering, Trachydermon cinereus Lowe, is one of 
the lower forms of Chitonida, closely related to the lowest existing genus, Leptochiton ; 
while that dissected by Brandt belongs to the higher of the two great groups of Poly- 
placiphora. It would be natural, therefore, that the nervous system of the former 
should more nearly resemble the wormlike forms from which the Chitons may have 
come out. and that the latter should be closer to the Limpets, which, though less 
specialized, I can hardly doubt sprang from the same original stock. It is also within 
the bounds of probability that in the details of the nervous system, as in all other 
details, the characteristic variability (within certain limits) of the group of Chilonida 
may assert itself. . 

I cannot refrain from expressing, here, my conviction that there are at least two 
points of view from which the classification of these invertebrates may be regarded in 
a scientific sense. The army of embryologists, to whom, in these later days, we owe 
so much new light, with the enthusiastic self-confidence born of successful innova- 
tions, as a general rule deny the existence of more than one scientific point of view. 
More than one of them has dogmatically asserted that science in natural history now 
consists in the study of embryology alone, and phylogenetic classifications deduced 
therefrom. It has been said that careful and minute anatomical investigations and 
histological researches based upon adult animals no longer deserve the name of sci- 
ence. It has even been averred that the only object of classification now is the rep- 
resentation in words of phylogenetic diagrams, or the derivative relations of animals 
according to the particular author’s hypotheses. It is therefore somewhat refreshing 
to find that a school of naturalists is gradually forming, for whom anatomy as com- 
pared with pure embryology has still some attractions. 

No one denies that a classification may be grounded exclusively upon the embry- 
onic developement, and may possess a high scientific character, nor that among the 
higher animals such a basis must form a principal part of the foundation of any scicn- 
tific classification which may be applied to them. 

But what seems to be lost sight of by some of those who have escaped from the 
bonds of the Cuvierian system, is the fact that some of the derivatives from two par- 
allel stocks may resemble one another more closely than specialized forms derived 
from the same stock; that in the early stages of the developement of organisms before 
well-defined lines of specialization for the adults had been fixed by natural selection 
and other factors, variations were necessarily rather the rule than the exception 
among the embryonic forms, even when of common origin; that the missing stages, 
“abridged developement,” etc., reported by most later embryologists, are, in all prob- 
ability, the traces of the original vacillations and accelerations of primal evolution, 
and that a truly philosophical classification must take these things into account. 

It must not be forgotten that we have to deal with results as well as methods, with 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 287 


to reproduce here the accessible material, and wait for more information 
before considering the subject as fully decided. 

The figure here given, after Brandt’s researches on Acanthochiton fas- 
cicularis, may be supposed to present the general features of the nervous 
system in the higher members of the group. 

The accompanying figure (C”) of part of the nervous system of Chiton 


ie 






oP 





Acanthochiton 
fascicularis, 





NB 


Trachydermon 
cinereus 


Rigs 


Fic. C.—PBC, pedo-branchial commissure; NVB,nervi branchiales ; VP, nervi pedales; 
nl, nervi labiales, small filaments numerous and hardly traceable; ns, nervi pharyng. 
superiores; gpv, ganglia pedo-visceralia seu pedo-branchialia; iape, inter-anterio- 
pharyng. commissure; ippe, inter-pedo-pharyngial commissure; App, anterior inferior 
pharyngial ganglia; dipe, anterior inferior pharyngial commissure; pipe, posterior 
ditto; gv, ganglia vascularia, resting on bv, a blood-vessel (the small commissure sep- 
arating these ganglia is called by Brandt the intervascular commissure); sp, anterior 
superior pharyngial ganglia; Psp, posterior superior pharyngial ganglia; x, superior 
posterior post-pharyngial ganglion; 2, anterior superior pharyngial commissure; Isp, 
inter superior pharyngial commissure; 00, anterior inferior pharyngial nerves; pp, 
posterior ditto. 


termini as well as routes, with adults rather than embryos. We do not live in a world 
of embryos alone, in any but the most metaphysical sense. We cannot learn the rela- 
tions of animals, as they are, to each other from the embryological phylum alone, any 
more than we could understand the nations of modern Europe and their political 
boundaries from a map of the Aryan migrations. 

To apply this reasoning to the matter in hand in detail would require much more 
space and time than are at present available. Yet it may be said that we have high 
authority for considering that the mollusks and worms are derived from a common 
origin, and that, in fact, the former derive their characteristic features from the ten- 
dency to specialization and developement within the compass of a single segment, or a 
very small number of segments, while the worms are characterized rather by redupli- 
cation of more simple segmental partsin great number, but small variety among them- 
selves. Various groups of mollusks may owe their greater or less participation in fea- 


\ 


288 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


(Trachydermon) cinereus is from Ihering. It will be seen that there are 
comparatively few important differences between the two; the pedal 
commissures (npc); the separation of the ganglia App from close con- 
nection with the anterior (iape) and posterior (pipe) loops; the larger 
and more conspicuous buccal ganglia (Sp) and the less complete coales- 
cence of the strands forming the pedo-branchial commissure (PBC) are 
the most conspicuous features. Further research is required to deter- 
mine how much of these differences is due to the diagrammatic character 
of the figures, and how much to the systematic difference between Tra- 
chydermon and Acanthochiton. 

The nervous system of Acanthochiton fascicularis chiefly consisi’s of 
two large angular ganglia bound together by a large flat commissure. 
These two principal ganglia, which lie on the sides of the buccal mass, 
may be taken as a consolidation of the ganglia pedalia and the ganglia 
branchialia seu visceralia ; thence springs out a nervus pedalis, which 
supplies the foot and muscles with minute rami on each side of the 
nerve; also a nervus branchialis, which passes along a furrow on the 
inner edge of the mantle, giving out secondary rami to the branchie. 
The cerebral ganglia.are wanting, unless we consider with Middendorf 
that they form part of the pedo-branchial commissure. Brandt objects 
to this view on the ground that the commissure throughout its whole 
breadth is similarly formed and gives out similar nerves; namely, nervi 
labiales from in front, and a multitude of minute nerves to the pharynx 
behind. As Chitons have in the adult condition neither eyes nor tenta- 
cles, so the absence of these ganglia (from which in other forms nerves 

e given out to those two organs only) seems very natural. ‘This com- 
missure may also be called the pedo-branchialis, and it may correspond 
with the commissura cerebralis, from which similar nerves have been 
demonstrated to spring. This commissure also presents resemblances 
to the nerves and ganglia of the stomato-gastric system, common to 
many gasteropods, in its intense yellow color. A commissure binds each 
pedo-branchial ganglion with a little inferior pharyngial ganglion, and 
the same also connects these inferior pharyngial ganglia with one 
another by an inferior interpharyngial commissure (as in Patella vulgata, 





tures, generally more characteristic of Annulosa, from the different times at which 
they started from the common stock on an independent career of specialization. 

All this in no wise authorizes the combination in one group of worm-like mollusks 
and molluscoid worms. The writer has persistently opposed such ill-considered con- 
glomerations as wholly unphilosophical.. Even were there embryological identity, 
which no one has claimed, such a course seems to him to indicate an ignorance of the 
meaning of terms in systematic nomenclature, or the confounding of the two starting 
points for classification, to which allusion has been made. He will even venture to 
predict that when the anatomy and developement of two hundred, instead of two, 
species of Chitons and Limpets, are worked out, a single phylum will express their 
relations to the worms, to each other, and to the other true gasteropods; and to assert 
that, in his opinion, nothing is so likely to conduce to this simplification than the 
continuation and amplification of the really admirable work upon which Dr. v. Ihering 
and others have of late been engaged. 


e 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 289 


in which also it is bow-shaped, with the concavity forward), and through 
still another commissure with the two upper pharyngial ganglia. 

From each inferior pharyngial ganglion, a long, thin commissure ex- 
tends, binding it with a large subovate ganglion, which may be called 
the posterior inferior pharyngial ganglion; and the others must then 
take the name of the anterior inferior pharyngial ganglia. The two 
former are connected by a little arched commissure, and lie behind the 
aorta. From the anterior inferior pharyngial ganglia three pairs of 
nerves proceed before and one behind the buccal muscle. The anterior 
superior pharyngial ganglia are connected by five commissures with 
each other and other ganglia. From the superior anterior pharyngial 
ranglia proceed two small nerves for the upper buccal muscles. The 
posterior superior pharyngial ganglion sends out a small nerve to the 
upper lateral buccal muscle, and from the superior posterior post- 
pharyngial two small nerves are traceable to the radula. 

Circulation—Our knowledge of this is due to Middendorf, to whose 
ponderous and not very satisfactory monograph of Cryptochiton Stelleri 
the student is referred. More light is needed on this subject. 

Sexual Organs.—The Chitonide are of two sexes, wherever they have 
been examined by the writer, and the number of forms which has passed 
under review is so large that there can be no doubt this is the rule 
throughout the group.* The histological characters of the male and 
female gland resemble those of the Limpets, at least in general appear- 
ance. The most superficial observer can separate the sexes when the 
characters have once been called to his notice. It is true that Midden- 
dorf found, or believed he found, spermatozoa in the ovisac of Chiton 
(Symmetrogephyrus) Pallasii, but this may be accounted for in another 
way; and I may say, definitely, that I have examined both males and 
females of that species. The glands of both sexes open on each side of 
the anus, in some species quite close to the latter, in others much further 
forward and in advance of the most posterior branchizw. The opening 
may be a simple pore or small aperture forming the termination of a. 
sexual duct, or it may consist of what I have termed a fenestra, or 
elongated slit, crossed by several bands of tissue, so that there may 
seem to be from two to seven oblique slits, each extending partly behind 
the front end of the slit behind it. In these cases, I have not beén able 
to determine the existence of a continuous oviduct, and am inclined to 
believe that the ova may pass from the oviduct into,the perivisceral 
cavity, and from thence, through the fenestra, reach the exterior. 

The ovisac and spermsac are more or less convoluted and asymme- 
trical. They are probably the result of fusion of two original glands in 
the median line, if, indeed, they are not partly separated in some spe- 
cies, as seemed in one or two instances to be the case. The ducts, when. 
carefully examined, are seen to spring from the anterior abdominal side 
of the sac, not from the posterior end. 





* Dr. vy. Ihering arrives at the same conclusion. 
So 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 19 Feb. 13, 1879. 





2990 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Clark observed the eggs being ejected in a sort of stream from the 
openings into the water and settling in loose clusters on adjacent objects. 
Verrill and Carpenter have confirmed these observations, and add that 
the hinder part of the foot is so raised as to form a sort of funnel, out of 
which the eggs emerge. But these eggs, in some cases at least, are 
already impregnated, and somewhat far advanced in developement before 
they leave the oviduct. I have myself observed, in several individuals 
which had been some years in spirit, eggs developed as far as the first 
stage figured (47a), which had never left the ovisae. In this connection 
it may be observed that, if the sperma be ejected into the water, there 
is nothing to prevent the spermatozoids from entering the wide aper- 
tures of the fenestrze (in some species at least), and thus impregnating 
‘the eggs in the ovary. In this way may be explained the presence of || 
spermatozoa in the female Chiton Pallasii noted by Middendorf. In 
some species with very small ovarian openings, this internal impregna.- 
‘tion would be attended with more difficulty. In some species, a large 
so-called “slime gland” is present, lying under the middle line of the 
ovisaec. Gray states that in some Chitons the egg is enfolded in a thick, 
vesicular, folded envelope, but I did not notice anything of the kind in 
those I examined. I observed no micropyle, but having only specimens 
hardened by long immersion in spirits these observations cannot be 
deemed conclusive. In all the species specially examined to determine 
the character of the ova, the eggs were spherical, with a rather tough 
skin, quite smooth, with no trace of lime in it, and apparently in no 
way attached to the walls of the ovary when ripe.* 

Developement.—Nothing later than the brief but admirable researches 
of Lovén, now thirty years old, has come to hand. His figures are here 
reproduced, with a summary of what has been observed, to stimulate 
further enquiry in those favorably situated. 

The Chitons differ from most Mollusks in that the shell does not appear 
on the embryo until some time after they are hatched. In this connec- 
tion, the observations of Krohn on Marsentide may be referred to. 

The embryo of Chiton cinereus is oval, with no trace of shelly valves 
or depressions for them, and is divided into two nearly equal parts by < 
transverse depression, the margins of which are ciliated. On the middle 
of the upper part is a tuft of filaments which move slightly. At each 
end of the depression are two dark points, representing the eyes. 

The young when hatched (Fig. 47 b, c) become more elongated, the 
front part is finely ciliated, and the tuft occasionally vibrates. The 
hinder part extends more rapidly and becomes conic. The back is 
marked by seven furrows; between these the first rudiments of the shelly 


* Dr. v. Ihering describes the egg of C. squamosus as covered with peculiar thorns, 
five-sided solid columns, expanding at the distal end into a cup whose edge is cut into 
five points. C. Cajetanus and fascicularis had eggs covered with a grooved and irregu- 
larly furrowed membrane, as described by Gray, but without thorns. The vesicular 
membrane thus may be considered as a chorion. In the immature stages, the eggs are 
enclosed in follicles of the tissues of the ovisae. 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 291 


‘valves make their appearance in the form of fine granulations. Soon 
after this, the animal can crawl as well as swim, and the mantle becomes 
epee from the foot by an indentation. The eyes are placed on the 
ventral side, and hardly visible from above. The upper anterior part of 
the animal is marked with acute tubercles. The mouth is not yet visible. 
The valves first appear in the form of seven narrow bands with irregular 
margins; the tuft disappears. The head and mouth then develope 
(Fig. 47 e). The eyes are on distinct lateral protuberances. No gills 
have appeared. The mantle and front valve advance over the head 
(Fig. 47 f) and eyes; the tuberculated area in front of the valves is 
gradually diminished, and the tail-plate appears behind the seventh. 
The valves are at arse irregular, but increase from below, and deep 
‘notches, persistent in the adult, are formed on the front edges, one on 
each side! It will be seen that the valves are formed each in one piece, 
and not by the coalescence of parts corresponding to the various areas 
‘of the adult valve. There are eight valves in all Chitons, though mon- 
sters with seven valves have been occasionally reported; they lack the 
horny jaw possessed by Limpets. 

Renal Organs.—Middendorf indicated the existence of a renal organ 
in the delicate glandular structure which in some species covers the up- 
per posterior surface of the foot below the viscera. This does not seem 
to be uniformly present; at least, I did not detect it in some cases, and T 
failed to find any excretory opening. It is probable that this exists, but 
the contraction of the tissues of my specimens by alcohol may have 
obliterated it.* Schiff in C. piceus did not detect any renal organ, and 
‘unless in an abortive condition it seems probable that it is not alv rays 
present. : 

Dentition—The dentition of the Chitons has received hardly any at- 
tention. The only figures which have been given, so far as known to 
me, are those of C. levis and C. cinereus by Lovént in his original paper, 
‘the latter of which has been copied by Gray;t a figure, intended to rep- 
resent the radula of C. Stelleri, by Middendorf;§ of C. piceus by Sehiff;}| 
of “C. marmoratus” by Eberhard;{] and a figure of Chitonellus sp. by 
Gray.t Of all these only the figure of Lovén possesses any value, the 
others being more or less erroneous, or conveying an erroneous impres- 
sion. Even the number of teeth is not correctly represented by any 
one but Lovén. On the basis of the teeth, the Chitons were combined 
with the Dentalia and Limpets in the order Docoglossa by Troschel, a 
proceeding justified by that single character; for the characteristics of 





* Disc. . Ihering has succeeded in finding an orifice immediately below the anus, in 
some species. 

tOfv. K. V. Akad. Forh. June 9 ieee t. 6. 

{Guide to Brit. Mus. 1857, pp. 182, 187. 

§ Beitr. Mal. Ross. i, pl. iii, f. ‘ie 1847. 

|| Zeitschr. Wiss, Zool. ix, pl. ii, Beitr. zur Anat. v. Chiton piceus. 

{ Programm Herz. Realschule zu Coburg, 1865, f.77. (Since the above was written, 
Prof. Sars has figured the dentition of several species. ) 


| 


292 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the teeth in composition and general form (though not in number) are 
somewhat similar to one another and differ from all other groups much 
more than they differ among themselves. But other characters of 
greater importance seem to turn the scale unequivocally in favor of a 
somewhat wide separation of these groups, and the term Docoglossa was 
adopted by the writer some years since for the order containing the 
Limpets alone. ; 

The teeth agree in number and in general character in all the genera 
and subgenera of Chitons which I have been able to examine; compris- 
ing about half of the groups recognized by the late Dr. Carpenter. No 
large group of genera or subgenera remains of which some form has not 
been studied. Hence we may reasonably infer, until the contrary is 
proved, that all the genera agree in the most essential characters of the 
dentition. Some doubt exists in my own mind as to the proper distri- 
bution of the eight side-teeth into true laterals and uncinals, since the 
fifth from the centre is constantly spatulate, yet separated from the 
cuspid teeth by two boss-like or non-cuspidate teeth resembling uncini. 
The formula therefore may be read either as 

1 1 nt 
5 tte Soy | 3 a bo) | aera 

The most natural division is into six uncinal and two true laterals. 
For convenience in description, I shall term the spatulate third uncinus 
the major uncinus, the second lateral the major, and the first the minor 
lateral. The “inner” side of a tooth is that toward the middle line of 
the radula. In all Chitons examined, there is a simply cuspid rhachidian 
tooth, and on each side a translucent minor lateral of varying form; a 
major lateral larger than any of the other teeth with a conspicuous black 
cusp, Which may have from one to four denticles; two boss-like or thick- 
ened uncinal plates of irregular shape; a twisted spatulate uncinal and 
three scale-like or slightly thickened external uncini. With the excep- 
tion of the spatulate uncinus (which is abortive in a very few species), 
none of the uncini are much raised above the plane of the cdontophore, 
and none present any characters of importance. The characters of the 
other teeth, though preserving a tolerable uniformity within the partic- 
ular subgenera, so far as observed are rather variable within a certain 
narrow range, and on the whole it would be premature to say that they 
offer more than specifie distinctions. 

The absence of any well-marked types by which the order might be 
divided into families, or even subfamilies, is very remarkable, and in 
this respect the variations of the dentition agree with the other charac- 
ters of shell-plates, girdle, and internal structure. This has already been 
remarked as regards the girdie and shell by Dr. Carpenter, who recog- 
nized that even his chief divisions of the order into Regular and Irreg- 
ular Chitons failed to posssess distinet family value. 

The only other dental formula which.recalls in any degree that of Ch- 
tonide is that of Triopa lacer as figured by Gray in his Guide. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ?93 


The teeth of the Chitons are excessively difficult objects to make out, 
though some of the species are quite large. The teeth project strongly 
from the odontophore, so that only a small portion of any one tooth can 
be had in focus at one time. Moreover, they overlie one another to such 
an extent that part of them, especially the two inner uncini, are hidden 
from view. The radula has to be pulled to pieces, to get at the form of 
the individual teeth. They will, like the teeth of Limpets, disintegrate 
under prolonged boiling in liquor potassa, so that it is difficult to clean 
the radula from adherent mucus or remains of food. The teeth on the 
anterior edge of the radula are always worn or broken by use; those at 
its posterior termination are of course immature and pulpy; the scaly 
uncini differ slightly in form with age. The rhachidian tooth is usually 
more or less embraced by the wings of the minor laterals, so that it ap- 
pears as if set on a plate or in an open box, and must be disentangled 
before its form can be made out. 

In these descriptions, the front of a tooth is taken to be the side oppo- 
site to that by which it is attached to the radula. The figures of denti- 
tion do not pretend to represent the transverse rows as they appear on 
the unbroken radula. On the contrary, the teeth are represented dia- 
grammatically as they would appear if separated from one another, yet, 
as nearly as practicable, in their relative positions. Only in this way 
could any idea be given of their forms and number. A series of exquisite 
drawings, made by one of the best zodlogical draughtsmen living, for Dr. 
Carpenter, nearly led me into serious error, and have been totally re- 
jected, because they represented only what could be seen without dis- 
membering the radula. The diagrams given, if somewhat rude, are, it 
is believed, tolerably reliable, and the result of a surprising amount of 
work, considering their small number, 

The rhachidian tooth, as has been stated, always has a simple cusp, 
which may possess a somewhat sinuous edge or a tendency to a median 
sinus. The points by which it is attached to the odontophore are darker 
than the rest, and, seen through the translucent shaft, modify its appear- 
ance. <A side view of the tooth generally presents an S shape, and it 
usually projects from the surface of the radula in a conspicuous manner. 
The shaft and base have not been observed to present any ornamentation. 

The minor laterals present many inodifications of form which may be 
referred to one type fundamentally. They consist of two parts, a shaft, 
and wings bearing the same relation to the shaft that the sides of a leaf 
do to its midrib. One or both of the wings may be almost abortive, 
leaving only the shaft twisted into a cusp at its apex, or the edges of 
the wings may be bent over into a cusp at the top of the tooth, and a 
small process like a bud or button is thus sometimes formed on the outer 
upper angle of the tooth. The most common form is that where the teeth 
are somewhat leaf-shaped, with both wings partly developed. The outer 
wing aborts before the inner one. ‘These wings meet the midrib at an 
angle with each other, and this an,zle is sometimes less than a right angle. 


244 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Usually, the two inner wings nearly meet one another behind the rhachi- 
dian tooth, while the two outer ones extend toward each other before the 
rhachidian tooth. In the unbroken radula, the rhachidian teeth each 
seem as if enclosed or fenced in by this arrangement of the two adjacent 
laterals. 

The major laterals show fewer modifications. They are always the 
largest and most prominent teeth on the radula. They consist of a 
recumbent shaft, which is partly hollow or excavated behind, crowned 
by a cusp whose opaque consistengy contrasts strongly with the brown 
translucent shaft and other teeth. This cusp is usually black, or yellow- 
ish with a black margin. In some species, a peculiar areolated spot is 
visible on the margin, and this may exist in some species in which I have 
not figured it, as it is difficult to observe except with a very strong re- 
flected light. It does not appear to mark a pore or indentation, but from 
its constant occurrence in some species must have a certain significance. 

The cusp may be rounded, or ovate, or elongated and simple, or it may 
be divided into two, three, or four denticles of uniform or varying size- 
The value of these characters cannot yet be definitely stated; they can 
hardly yet be said to present more than specific value, so far as the num- 
ber of cusps is concerned, yet the general features agree, for the most 
part, in the same or nearly related groups. 

In Leptochiton, the cusp is greatly elongated, with a small secondary 
denticle on the inner side, which is abruptly turned up, and, on an ordinary 
view, resembles a spur or thorn set on the principal cusp. In general, 
the northern species show a tendency to elongated cusps, simple or 
divided; the tropical species, including the typical Chitons, a tendency 
to a rounded, simple cusp. The majority of all species, however, have 
a tridentate cusp. 

The shaft and cusp are separated by a distinct line of demarcation 
where the color changes from black or opaque to translucent. The shaft 
tapers from the cusp to the lower extremity, which is usually a little 
expanded. Extending downward from the base of the cusp, the groove 
or tube in the back part of the shaft is clearly visible. There are thin 
expansions of the shaft on each side, and sometimes a median keel on 
the front of the shaft, which in several species is produced into a slender, 
translucent process, of lanceolate or varied form, extended somewhat 
inward (toward the rhachidian tooth) and upward toward the cusp of the 
tooth upon whose shaft it is borne. These processes are most strongly 
marked in the teeth of the typical Chitons. 

The two inner uncini, between the major lateral and the spatulate or 
major uncinus, are very irregular in form, even on the same radula. 
They lie prone on the radula and possess no true cusps, though thickened 
and elevated into knobs of various form. The major uncinus rises from 
a very small base, which is twisted and bent under it (as if the tooth 
was kneeling), and has a twisted, slender shaft, which is expanded at 
its extremity into a spatulate or feather-formed cusp. The whole tooth 


4 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 295 


is so twisted and bent that the distal ends of the major uncini, as a rule, 
are protruded between the cusps of the major laterals. In a very few 
species, chiefly of Cryptoidea, the shaft and cusp are abortive, leaving 
only the small base or knob from which they spring in other species. 
No very salient characters are afforded by the major uncini. 

The outer unecini have essentially the same characters in nearly all 
the species. They are flat and scale-like, their edges free and overlap- 
ping slightly. The outer ones forming the edge of the radula are usually 
more transverse than the others. In C. articulatus, they are remarkably 
transversely extended. ; 

It will be seen from this description that, except in their construction 
and chemical character, the teeth of Chitons are quite dissimilar to those 
of Limpets, or, indeed, any other deseribed group. 

While not affording grounds for generic distinction by itself alone, 
the dentition of Chitons, as far as yet investigated, confirms, in many 
respects, the classification adopted on other grounds by Dr. Carpenter. 
For instance, his separation of the northern Tonicelle from the tropical 
Tonicie of Gray, with which they have usually been united, is fully 
justified by differences in the dentition. It is possible that when the 
dentition of the majority of species is determined, some reformation in 
the limits of subordinate groups may be made practicable by its indica- 
tions, but this is not yet the case. 

The following list of the chief groups recognized by Dr. Carpenter, 
with the character of the dentition when known, will give a clue to the 
extent of the work done, and that which is still a desideratum. 


A.—REGULAR CHITONS. 
LEPTOIDEA. 


Leptochiton Gray. (Type L. asellus Lowe.) 

L. cancellatus Sby. Minor lateral reduced by abortion of the wings nearly to a 
simple shaft. Cusp of major lateral elongate bidentate; inner denticle much the 
smallest, spur-like; shaft simple; other teeth quite simple. Fig. 1, 1 a, showing 
major lateral from above. L. rugatus agrees. 


Hanleyia Gray. (Type H. debilis Gray.) 
H. mendicaria M. & Ad. Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral triden- 
tate; major uncinus short, other uncini with thickened edges. Fig. 2. 
Deshayesiella, Microplax, and Hemiarthrum not examined, 


ISCHNOIDEA. 


Trachydermon Cpr. (Type I. cinereus Lowe.) 

T. ruber Lowe. Minor lateral normal, leaf-shaped, with the upper edge of tho 
outer wing bent over into a sort of cusp; cusp of major lateral with one large and 
one small denticle on the inner side, shaft normal; major uncinus short, with a 
widely expanded apex with fine radiating grooves on the edge. Fig. 3; 3 a shows 
the major uncinus from below. 

T. albus L. Minor lateral with small wings bent backward; shaft cusped at the 
top; major lateral bidentate, as in the case of 7. ruber, but with the small denticle 
on the outer side; major uncinus long, spatulate. Fig. 4. 

Trachyradsia, Callochiton, and Stereochiton not examined. 


2996 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Tonicella Carpenter. (Type T. marmorea Fabr.) 

* T. lineata Wood. Minor lateral with a long shaft, bi-alate, normal; major lateral 
with two small denticles on the inner side of the cusp and one large outer denticle, © 
shaft normal; major uncinus spatulate, normal. Fig. 5. 

T. marmorea Fabr. As in the last, but with only one small inner denticle on the 
cusp of the major lateral. Fig. 6. 

T. submarmorea Midd. Minor lateral shaped like a ploughshare; other teeth much 
as in the last. Fig. 7. 


Schizoplax Dall. 
S. Brandtii Midd. (Type.) Minor lateral a broad shaft with a simple cusp, base 
with a groove or sinus, no wings; major lateral tridentate. Fig. 8. 
Leptoplax not examined. 


Chetopleura Shuttleworth. (Type C. Peruviana Lam.) 

C. gemma Cpr. Rhachidian tooth broad and short; minor lateral normal, outer 
wing inconspicuous; major lateral tridentate, shaft keeled, keel with a small elon- 
gate cuspidate process. Fig. 9. 

?C. Hartwegii Cpr. Minor lateral reduced to a broad cusped shaft with a remnant 
of an inner wing and a thickened base; major lateral tridentate, with no keel or pro- 
cess, shaft normal. Fig. 10. 


Maugerella Cpr. 

M. conspicua Cpr. (Type.) Minor lateral bi-alate, top of inner wing and shaft bent 
into a twisted cusp with a small process extending outward from the apex of the 
shaft; major lateral tridentate, shaft with a keel and cuspidate process. Fig. 11. 

Spongiochiton not examined. 


ISCHNOCHITONS. 


Heterozona not examined. 


Stenoradsia Cpr. 


S. magdalenensis Hinds. (Type.) Shaft of minor lateral with a cusp and process, 
inner wing normal, outer wing inconspicuous; major lateral tridentate, with a keel 
and cuspidate process on the front of the shaft. Fig. 12. 


Stenoplax Cpr. 


S. limaciformis Sby. (Type.) Rhachidian tooth very small; minor lateral normal, 
shaft with a minute hook at the apex; major lateral with a simple cusp, shaft bear- 
ing a keel and cuspidate process; major uncinus very small. Fig. 13. 


Ischnoplax Cpr. 

I. pectinatus Shy. (Type.) Minor lateral with broad, stout, cusped shaft, inner 
wing expanded, outer wing reduced to a rudiment, with a linguiform process; major 
lateral with a simple rounded cusp, shaft with a triangular keel but no projecting 
process. Fig. 23. 

Ischnochiton Cpr. ex Gray. (Type I. longicymba Quoy.) 

I. cooperi Cpr. Minor lateral with the outer wing reduced to a button near the 
eusp of the shaft, inner wing small; major lateral with simple cusp, shaft with a 
keel, bearing a cuspidate process; major uncinus broad, spatulate, thicker near the 
edges. Fig. 15. 

I. interstinetus Gld. Minor lateral composed of a shaft with large, twisted, hooked 
cusp, and possessing only slight rudiments of wings; major lateral tridentate, keeled 
on the shaft, with a spatulate process on the keel; uncini rugose, major uncinus 
sharply bent, strengthened by narrow ridges on the spatulate cusp. Fig. 16. 

I. regularis Cpr. Teeth closely resembling those of I. Cooperi, but minor lateral 
with a small outer wing. Fig. 14. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 297 


. Ischnoradsia Cpr. non Shuttleworth. 
2 : “ : 6 
I. trifida Cpr. Minor lateral with no outer wing, but a small process near the 
apex of the shaft, which may represent it; inner wing normal; major lateral shaft 
normal, cusp bidentaté, with a spot behind the notch (Fig. 17a); uncini rugose, 
normal, Fig. 17. 


Lepidopleurus Cpr. non Risso. 


L. Mertensii Midd. Minor lateral with no outer wing; shaft cusped at apex, inner 
wing normal; major lateral with a simple cusp, shaft normal, deeply channelled 
behind. Fig. 18. Fig. 18 a@ shows the appearance of the minor laterals and their 
wings extending behind the rhachidian tooth as they do when in their natural posi- 

p. ‘tion. 
Lepidoradsia Cpr. (Lophyrus pars Adams.) 
L. australis Shy. Minor lateral with a singular mushroom-like cusp with rudi- 
- ment of inner and no outer wing; major lateral bidentate, shaft keeled with spatu- 
late process; major uncinus short, broad, other uncini rather small. Fig. 19. 
Callistochiton Cpr. 
“ C. palmulatus Cpr. Minor lateral with a narrow inner wing parallel with and no 
: wider than the shaft, cusped at the top, outer wing absent or represented by a 
minute cuspidate process; major lateral with a simple cusp, shaft with an anterior 
keel bearing a sublanceolate process. Fig. 20. 
Callistoplax, Ceratophorus, and Newcombia not examined. 


Pallochiton Dall (= Hemphillia Cpr. MSS. nom. preoc.). 


P. lanuginosus Cpr. Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral tridentate, shaft 
normal. Fig. 21. 


Na 


LOPHYROIDEA. 


Chiton Cpr. Lin. not Adams. Type C. tuberculatus Lin. (Lophyrus H. & A. Ad. not Poli). 


C. articulatus Shy. Minor lateral with no outer wing, shaft small, narrow, prone, 
from which extends the greatly elongated cusped inner wing external to the rha- 
chidian tooth; major lateral with a simple rounded yellowish cusp with a black 
margin marked by a peculiar spot; shaft normal, with an inner lateral expansion pro- 
duced into a linguiform process; major uncinus broad, long, spatulate; outer unci- 
nus transversely elongated. Fig. 22. Fig. 22a, side view of rhachidian tooth. 

C. Stokesiti Brod. Minor lateral with expanded inner wing, shaft cuspidate, cusp 
twisted and outer wing reduced to a portion of this cusp or absent; major lateral 
with an elongated simple cusp, shaft thick, strong, keeled in front, keel bearing a 
blade-shaped process attached to the keel at two points, with a small foramen between 
them; major uncinus short, broad, somewhat plume-shaped. Fig. 24. Fig. 24a, 
major uncinus, from below. 

C. Cumingii Frembly. Minor lateral normal, with wings recurved above and on 
each side; major lateral with simple elongate cusp, shaft with a strong keel bent 
outward below and produced above into a strong spoon-shaped process; two inner 
uncini nodulose ; major uncinus with a slender and rather straight shaft. Fig. 25. 

C. assimilis Rve. Minor lateral; shaft with small or nearly abortive wings, base 
long and recurved; major lateral with a simple rounded cusp, a keel on the shaft 
bearing a spatulate process; major uncinus feather-shaped, the vane on the inner 
side. Fig. 26. 

Tonicia Gray. 

T. elegans Frembly. (Type.) Minor lateral leaf-shaped, normal, apex curved for- 
ward; major lateral with an orange, black-edged, rounded, simple cusp with a spot 
on the margin, shaft normal; major uncinus very much twisted and decurved, 
spatulate. Fig. 27. 

Radsia, Fannyia, Hudoxochiton, and Craspedochiion not examined. 


298 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ACANTHOIDEA. 
° Sclerochiton, Francisia, Dinoplax, Dawsonia, Beania, and Arthuria not examined. 


Acanthopleura Cpr. ex Guilding. 

A. spinigera Sby. (Type.) Minor lateral large, shaft long, cusped, wings long, 
narrow, linguiform; major lateral with a simple rounded cusp, shaft keeled, keel 
with a cuspidate process; inner uncini nodulose; major uncinus short, broad, thick. 
Fig. 28. 

Lucia Gld. 

L. confossa Gld. (Type.) Minor lateral twisted, peculiar, outer wing broad, re- 
curved at tip, inner wing small, strengthened by a branch from the shaft (Fig. 29a); 
rhachidian- minute; major lateral with a quadridentate cusp, shaft with its inner 
expansion terminating in a cuspidate process above; inner two unciniridged; major 
uncinus feather-shaped, vane on the inner edge (29b). Fig. 29. 


Corephium Gray (not Brown). 

C. echinatum Sby. (Type.) Minor lateral with the shaft expanded above, with a 
cusp confluent with the upper edge of the small inner wing, outer wing small; 
major lateral with a rounded tridentate black-margined cusp bearing a spot on the 
middle denticle, shaft keeled in front, keel produced into a thin linguiform process; 
major uncinus asymmetrical, somewhat spoon-shaped. Fig. 30. 


Wuittallina Cpr. 

N. scabra Rye. (Type.) Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral normal, 
with plain shaft and tridentate cusp; major uncinus long, slender, with small ex- 
pansion at the tip. Fig. 31. 

Phacellopleura Cpr. ex Guildiny. 


P. porphyritica Rve. sp. unica. Minor lateral with an inner but no outer wing, 
otherwise normal ; major lateral normal, with plain shaft and tridentate cusp; inner 
uncini nodulose; major uncinus normal, spatulate. Fig. 32. 


B.—IRREGULAR CHITONS. 


SCHIZOIDEA. 


I have not been able to obtain the radula of any of the few species comprised in 
the genera Lorica, Aulacochiton, Schizochiton, Enoplochiton, and Onithochiton. 


PLACIPHOROIDEA. 
Placiphora Cpr. ex Gray. 

P. Carmichaelis Gray (= C. setiger King and Fremblyi Brod.). Type. Rhachidian 
tooth with its edges folded inward. Minor lateral with a large narrow inner wing, 
small outer wing, and a median keel on the slender shaft; major lateral with a large 
tridentate cusp, shaft slender, normal; major uncinus with a small expansion at 
the tip. Fig. 33. 

Luplaciphora, Fremblyia (= Streptochiton Cpr.), and Guildingia not examined. 


MOoPALoIpDEA. 
Mopalia Cpr. ex Gray. Ls 
M. ciliata Shy. (Type, = muscosa Gld. ++ Hindsit Gray.) Minor lateral normal, 
bi-alate; major lateral normal, tridentate with a plain shaft; inner two uncini 
ridged; major uncinus rather short, normal. Fig. 35, 35 a. 
M. Wossnessenskii Midd. (Kennerlyi Cpr.). Similar to the last with a longer major 
uncinus. Fig. 34. 


Placiphorella Cpr. 


P.velata Cpr. (Type.) Rhachidian very large; minor lateral unusually small, 
both normal ; major lateral tridentate, normal. Fig. 36, 36 a. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 299 


Katherina Gray. 
K. tunicata Wood. (Type.) Minor lateral thin and coalescent with the inner wi 
above, outer wing small; major lateral normal, tridentate; uncini ridged or knobby, 
except major uncinus, which is elongate and narrow. Fig. 37. 


Acanthochiton Herrm. ex Leach. (Type A. fascicularis Auct.) , 

A. avicula Cpr. Minor lateral with the shaft branched at base, leaf-shaped; major 
lateral with tridentate cusp; shaft with triangular keel, of which the tip is bent 
outward; mafor uncinus short, normal, Fig. 38. 

A, spiculosus Rve. Minor lateral normal, bi-alate; major lateral and other teeth 
much as in the last. Fig. 39. 


Macandrellus Cpr. (Type M. costatus, Ad. & Ang.) 


M. costatus? Ad. & Angas. Like Acanthochiton avicula, but the shaft of the major 
lateral normal without a keel. Fig. 40, Specimen from Port Jackson, Australia. 
Stectoplax and Notoplax not examined. ; 


CRYPTOIDEA. 
Cryptoconchus Blainv. 
“ ©. monticularis Quoy. (Type.) Minor lateral normal, leaf-shaped, base geniculate ; 
major lateral with tridentate cusp and plain normal shaft; a rugosity on the second 
uncinus projecting inward over the first; major uncinus slender, short. Fig. 41. 
Amicula Gray. (—Symmetrogephyrus Midd., Stimpsoniella Cpr.) 

A. vestita Sby. —= EmersoniiCouth. Gld. (Type.) Minor lateral bi-alate, normal; 
major lateral tridentate, with plain shaft, whose lateral expansions are bent back- 
ward to the radula, forming a vaulted hollow arch beneath the upper part of the 
shaft; major uncinus aborted. Fig. 43. 

A, Pallasii Midd. (Type of Symmetrogephyrus.) As in the last, except that the 
sides of the major lateral are bent forward, and the major uncinus is present and 
normal. Fig. 42. 

Chlamydochiton not examined. 

Cryptochiton Midd. Gray. 

C. Stelleri Midd. (Type.) Minor lateral normal, leaf-shaped; major lateral with 
tridentate cusp and a small keel on the shaft; inner two uncini ridged, major un- 
cinus aborted. Fig. 44. 


Chitonellus Blainville. 

C. fasciatus Quoy. (Type.) Minor lateral bi-alate, with a strongly curved shaft; 
major lateral normal, tridentate with a plain shaft; uncini more or less ridged, major 
uncinus nearly straight, long, slender, spatulate. Fig. 45, 45 a. 

It will be seen that Gray’s figure (here reproduced) is very erroneous, and seems 
to have been taken from the immature end of the radula. 


A RAZR NG 


SRN) A 
O96 BWA 4 i) U 


Fic. D.—Teeth of Chitonellus, after Gray. 





Choneplax, Chitoniscus, and Cryptoplax not examined. 


Nomenclature.—The nomenclature of Chitons has suffered greatly from 
neglect of various writers to specify or adopt types of the genera they 
proposed or used. The neglect of internal characters in assorting spe- 
cies into genera has also been fruitful of difficulty; the Messrs. H. and 


300 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


A. Adams being among the greatest sinners in these respects. ‘The re- 
vision of the nomenclature by Dr. Carpenter with the co-operation of 
the writer was incomplete at the time of his death, and is not yet per- 
fected. It would be out of place here, even if ready for publication; but 
a few words on the genus Chiton as restricted by Carpenter may not be 
superfluous. 

1758.—Linné described the genus Chiton in the tenth edition of the Systema Nature, 
according four species to it, of which only one, C. tuberculatus, is identifiable. 

1766.—S. N. ed. xii. Nine species were described by Linné, of which the first is 
unrecognizable and the second is C. tuberculatus. 

1776.—Miiller (Prodr. Zool. Dan.) describes several species, but selects no type. 

1784.—Spengler monographs the group; his first species is C. tuberculatus L. 

1798.—Tabl. Elém, p. 391, Cuvier gives an unrecognizable C. punctatus as his sole 
example. 

1799. 
Lin. 

1801.—Lamarck (Systeme An. s. Vert. p. 66) gives as an example C. gigas Chem- 
nitz, not a Linnean species. 

1815-18.—Wood (Gen. Conch. and Index Test.) gives as his first species in both 
cases C. tuberculatus L. These works antedate Lamarck’s Hist. An. s. Vert. 

1854.—Messrs. Adams selected, as the type of Chiton, C. aculeatus Auct., an unfortu- 
nate proceeding, since the C. aculeatus of Linné is unrecognizable. This arrangement 
was properly rejected by Dr. Gray and Dr. Carpenter. 





Lamarck (Prodr. An. s. Vert. p. 99) gives as his sole example C. tuberculatua 


From the rules for zodlogical nomenclature it follows that a type can- 
not be selected by any one for a genus proposed by any author which 
type was not known to and included by that author in his original list 
of species, if he himself omitted to specify a type. 

C. tuberculatus, though described from an imperfect seven-valved spe- 
‘imen, is recognized by Hanley as Chiton squamosus of Born. It is 
figured by Reeve as C. squamosus L. var. 3 (Conch. Ie. pl. iv, f. 23), and 
in the index is called “striatus Barnes.” It has not been generally 
united with the C. squamosus of L. (S. N. ed. xii), but is not improbably 
a variety of it, and belongs to the same restricted group. It comes from 
the West Indies. Under the circumstances, there can be no doubt that 
it should be considered as the type of the genus, not only because it is 
the only recognizable species of those orginally described, but because 
it was selected by Lamarck as his sole example of the genus in 1799, and 
served as the first species in many of the earlier works in which the 
Chitons were enumerated or described. The genus Chiton was called 
Lophyrus by Adams, from the name applied to the animal by Poli, who 


was a non-binomial writer. It was more correctly treated by Gray and 


by Dr. Carpenter in his later writings, though at one time he had, with- 
out investigation, followed the lead of Messrs. Adams. 

The first authors to whom science is indebted for discriminating the 
different groups or genera of Chitons are chiefly Guilding, Lowe, Shuttle: 
worth, and Gray. As all the characters were not perceived at the out- 
Set, even these writers were not perfectly consistent in their grouping, 
as has since become evident. But this was inevitable, and it only 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 301 


remains to rectify the disorder by the light of present knowledge, a task 
which may not long be delayed. If some modern authors, who have 
instituted wholesale changes in nomenclature, had followed a consistent 
and uniform plan, and not neglected or hurriedly decided on doubtful 
points, the work of rectification might have been much more simple, 
though perhaps not less urgently needed. 

A few words may be added in regard to the names given by Midden- 
dorf. Inspite of the opportunities afforded by his study of the Russian 
Chitons, this distinguished savant seemed to fail to catch the permanent 
as distinguished from merely individual characters, and his classifica- 
tion and nomenclature are not borne out by subsequent researches. 
His chief characters were derived from the dimensions of the soft or 
coriaceous girdle, dimensions which differ not only in the same species, 
but in the same individual, respectively, if preserved in spirit (when it 
may be broad) or dry (when it shrinks to a narrower compass). From 
this cause it is not surprising to find the same species figuring in both 
of his chief divisions of Chitons with exposed valves. In the attempt 
to utilize this impracticable classification, and unwilling to admit that 
the Chitonide@ contain more than one genus, he adopted a singular 
nomenclature, in which the genus was divided into a great number of 
sections, subsections, sub-subsections, ete., so that his work can hardly be 
classed as binomial in the Linnean sense. Fortunately, without excep- 
tion, the groups indicated had previously been properly named by Gray, 
and only by courtesy can the genus Cryptochiton, on which his industri- 
ous research was largely expended, be assigned to him as authority, 
since it was denominated by the same name by Dr. Gray but a short 
time previously, the researches of each being unknown to the other. 

To Blainville, in 1816, is due the credit of first recognizing the anom- 
alous characters of the Chitonide, and their separation as an independent 
group from other gasteropods. While the value of a class in view of 
later researches may be held to be too high, yet few will be disposed to 
deny them the ordinal value assigned by Gray in 1825. The name is 
preferably spelled Polyplaciphora, though numerous other forms have 
been used. 

The order Polyplaciphora can with certainty be asserted to contain but 
one family, so far as our present knowledge is concerned. No groups of 
subfamily value have yet been recognized, and it is a question whether 
any exist. It would be out of place here to attempt any résumé of the 
various systems of classification proposed by authors who have written 
on Chitons, as that proposed by Dr. Carpenter has solely been followed, 
and the process would occupy too much space. 

Dr. Carpenter’s arrangement is founded upon the plan of strueture in 
the valves, the extent of the branchi, and the ornamentation or char- 
acter of the girdle and its covering. He divides the Polyplaciphora into 
two great divisions: 

I. REGULAR CHITONS. 
Head and tail plates of similar character. 


302 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


II. IRREGULAR CHITONS. 
Tail-plate with a sinus behind. 


The Regular Chitons comprise— 


i A. Leptoidea. 
Destitute of teeth or slit insertion-plates. 
B. Ischnoidea. 
Insertion-plates slit, sharp, thin; protected by eaves. 


This contains by far the largest number of species, and might be con- 
sidered typical; but the organization is not as complete in all points as 
in the next group. 

C. Lophyroidea. 
Insertion-plates broad, pectinated ; jugular sinus broad, dentate. 
D. Acanthoidea. 
Insertion-plates sharp, grooved externally, eaves furrowed beneath, mucro 
posteriorly extended. . 
This forms a passage toward IT. 
The Irregular Chitons comprise— 
E. Schizoidea. 
Mantle and tail-plate both slit, behind. 
F. Placiphoroidea. 
Posterior insertion-plates only represented by a pair of swollen ribs. Mantle 
hairy. 
G. Mopaloidea. 


Tail-plate with one slit on each side and waved behind. 
H. Cryptoidea. 


Valves covered, or nearly so, with posterior as well as anterior sutural laminew. 
I. Chitonelloidea. ; 


Tail-plate twisted into a funnel, body anteriorly extended. 


Of these groups, Dr. Carpenter says: “I have purposely abstained 
from giving the usual terminations in 7de@ and ine because I am not sure 
that the groups here proposed are entitled to rank even as subfamilies.” 

It seems to the writer that these groups are by no means of equal value, 
and that the Regular Chitons might well be reduced to two: Leptoids, 
and the remainder combined into one group; while the second section 
might be assorted into Schizoids (including F and G), Cryptoids, and 
Chitonelloids. . 

The opinions of Dr. Carpenter, the result of years of study, and an 
examination of all the principal collections of these animals in the world, 
are, however, not to be lightly set aside. 

The Chitons of Alaska forming the principal subject of this report, 
together with notes on allied or extra-limital forms, are now in order. 
For the use of the figures illustrating this article, and many other favors 
and facilities for study, I am indebted to the Smithsonian Institution, in 
charge of Prof. 8. F. Baird. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 303 


CHITONES IRREGULARES. 


MOPALOIDEA. 
Genus MOPALIA Gray. 


Mopalia Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 478, 
1854. (MM. Hindsii Sby.) 
Molpalia Gray, Guide, p. 184, 1857 (err. typ.).—Gould, Otia, p. 118. 


Lorica regularis; laminae longiores, suffulte; v. ant. plurifissata, v. 
cet. unifissate, ad caudam sinuate ; sinus angustus; mucro medianus, 
depressus; suture indentate; zona latior, setosd, interdum .simplex, 
interdum postice fissata, interdum antice projecta; branchiz media. 
Subg. Mopalia s. str. 

Zone sete irregulariter obsite. (M. Hindsii Sby.) 
Sect. cz, normales; Sect. 3, aberrantes, 
Subg. Placiphorella Cpr. 


Zone sete ad suturam fasciculate. (P.velata Cpr.) 
Sect. a, zoné antice dilataté. (P. velata Cpr.) 
Sect. 8, zona et loricé normales. (P. sinuata Cpr.) 


The genus JJopalia is the most regular in growth of all the Irregular 
Chitons. It is characterized by a hairy or lanugate girdle extending on 
- or between the valves to some extent in all the species, thin insertion- 
plates with one slit on each side of the hind valve, which is waved in- 
ward from behind in the median line. There is generally a pronounced 
wave or Slit in the tail end of the girdle, but this is an inconstant char- 
acter even in the same species. The anterior valve has six or more 
slits in most cases.. The typical subgenus is divided into normal and 
aberrant forms, the latter having the anterior portion of the girdle much 
produced, as in VW. Blainvillei Brod.; both sections having the hairs irre- 
gularly distributed. In Placiphorella the hairs or part of them issue in 
fasciculi from pores at the sutures. These also are divided into two see- 
tions, the first having the anteriorly expanded girdle as in the last see- 
tion of Mopalia, while the second resumes the normal type of shell and 
girdle. Many species have been described, but it becomes necessary, 
as will be seen, to reduce the number. 


Mopalia ciliata. 

Chiton ciliatus Sowerby, Conch. Ill. p. 79, 1888.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chi- 
ton, pl. xix, f. 124, 1847. 

Mopalia ciliata H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 478, 1854. 

Chiton setosus Sowerby, Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p. 150, pl. 41, f. 17, 1839 (not of Sow. 
1832). 

Chiton Colliei Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl). xxi, f. 136, 1848. 

Leptochiton Colliei H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854. 

Chiton muscosus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 145, July, 1846; Moll. 
Expl. Exp. p. 313, f. 436, 1852.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 475, 
1854.—Gould, Otia, p. 6, 1862, 


804 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Mopalia ciliata. 
Chatopleura muscosa Gould, Otia, p. 242, 1862. 
Mopalia muscosa Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 648. 
Chiton Wossnessenskii Midd, Mal. Ross. i, p. 101, 1847; in part only; figure and 
part of diagnosis excl. 
Chiton armatus (Nutt.) Jay, Cat. 1839, No. 2678. No descr. 
Chiton ornatus Nuttall, MS. Brit. Mus. Col. ete. and 
Chiton consimilis Nuttall, MS. loc. cit. never described. 


Subsp. Mopalia lignosa. 

Chiton lignosus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 142, July, 1846; Otia, p. 
3, 1862; Exp. Sh. p. 330, f. 424, 1852. 

Chetopleura lignosa Gould, Otia, p. 248, 1862. 

Mopalia lignosa Carpenter, Supp). Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 648. 

Chiton Merckit Midd. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. t. vi, p. 20, 1846; Mal. 

* Ross. i, p. 115, pl. xi, f. 5-6, 1847. 

Chiton Eschscholtzii Midd. Bull.1.c. p.118; Mal. Ross. 1. c. p. 114, pl. xi, f. 4 (t. 
jun.). 

Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) Merckii Midd. |. ¢. p. 34. 

Chiton Montereyensis Cpr. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 231. 

Chiton vespertinus Gould, Moll. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 323, f. 426, 426 a, 1852. 

Chetopleura vespertina Gould, Otia, pp. 230, 242, 1862. 

Mopalia vespertina H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 479, 1854. 

Mopalia Simpsoni Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 69.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 
479, 1854; Brit. Mus. Coll. In all cases name only; never described. 
(From type.) ; 

Chiton californicus (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, Conch. Ic. Mon. Chiton, pl. xvi, f. 89, 1847. 

Var. M. Hindsii. 

Chiton Hindsii (Sowerby MS.) Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xii, f. 67, a, 
b, 1847. 

Mopalia Hindsii Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 69, 169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 
i, p. 478, pl. liv, f. 7, 1854.—Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 213. 


M. t. intus, v. postica ad caudam sinuaté; v. centr. unifiss., v. ant. 
octofissata; dent. longis, suffultis, sepe extus rugosis; subgrundis mini- 
mis spongiosis; sinu minimo, acuto, lam. sutur. ab apice antico solum 
separatis; zona setifera seu lanuginosa; valvis parum postice, antice 
valde apicata; zona postice haud seu varius fissata. 

Lon. 25-60, Lat. 15-40 mm. Diy. 140°. 


Hab.—Shumagin Islands (rare) to California; Dall! between iti vanes 
and at lowest water. Many specimens (hundreds) examined. 

Typical form: sculpture variable, but strong; girdle thickly set with 
tubular hairs, varying from long, strong bristles to fine, soft pile. The 
best distinguishing features are brown or blackish olive color outside; 
inside, bluish green and lilae; jugular and caudal sinuses narrow, the 
latter often not visible externally. 

Subsp. lignosa: sculpture faint; inside greenish; sinus variable; hairs 
of the girdle variable, but always softer and shorter than in well-marked 

_ ciliata, often hardly perceptible in dry specimens; external colors gray- 
ish or greenish, with streaks and flammules of brown and white. 

Var. Hindsii: exterior uniform, smoothish; sculpture evanescent; color 
outside, light olive to nearly black; inside, whitish, carmine in the me- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 305 


dian line; tail notched in the young, but not in the adult; tail-sinus visi- 
ble outside; girdle with few and short hairs. 

_ This species can be distinguished from all varieties of Wossnessenskii 
by its blackish and proportionately much narrower girdle, and by a sort 
of prolongation of the external layer of the shell forward under the apex 
of the next anterior valve in the median line, forming a sort of anterior 
false apex, which is hidden until the valves are separated. In Woss- 
nessenskii this part is squared off, the girdle is yellowish (when alive), 
and the valves are much less transverse. 

It will be surprising if those who have only observed these animals by 
a few dry specimens in collections are willing to accept the synonymy 
above given. I confess that not long since I would have been unwilling 
to believe that the rough, bristly, typical museosa and the dark, smooth 
ITindsii could be properly combined under one name with each other or 
with the finely reticulated and painted lignosa. But the study of a large 
multitude of specimens has convinced me no arbitrary line can be drawn 
anywhere in a fully representative series, beginning with coarsest ciliata 
and ending with a practically smooth Hindsii. The characters of girdle, 
sculpture, and form are not only variable in themselves, but are found 
variably combined, except that it is rarer to find coarsest sculpture with 
a downy than with a bristly girdle. However, even this occurs. On 
the other hand, out of such a series a dozen forms might be selected 
which, if only the characters were constant, every one would acknowledge 
as good species. 

In his description of Wossnessenskii, Middendorf, according to Dr. Car- 
penter, had both species under his observation, and did not observe it. 
His figures, however, belong solely to the following species. Sowerby’s 
setosus, in the Zoology of the Blossom’s Voyage, is not his species so 
named in 1832, and the former was renamed Collici, by Reeve, in the 
Conch. Iconica. The sculpture figured by Sowerby was not character- 
istic; Reeve’s figure is better. From an examination of the type, Dr. 

‘arpenter became convineed that the undescribed J/. Simpsoni Gray was 
identical with lignosa. There is very little doubt that Middendorf’s 
Chiton Eschscholtzii was merely a young ciliata. Dr, Gould’s original 
types have been consulted during the preparation of this description. 
Mopalia Wossnessenskii. 

Chiton Wossnessenskiti Midd. Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersh. t. vi, p. 119, 
1847 (pars); Mal. Ross. i, p. 101 (diagn. maj. pars), pl. xi, f. 1-2, 1847. 
Chiion (Hamachiton, Platysemus) Wossnessenskii Midd. Mal. Ross. 1. ¢. p. 34, 


1847. 
Chiton coclatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xvii, f. 101, 1847 (loe. err.).— 


H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 475, 1854. 

Mopalia Kennerleyi Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 648; Proc. Phil. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. April, 1865, p. 59. 

Mopalia Grayi Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. 1. ¢. p. 603, name only. 

M, Kennerleyt var. Swanii Cpr. Suppl. Rep. 1. ¢. p. 648, 1863. 


M. t. valyis haud antice apicatis; v. post. extus valde sinuata; intus 
vy. post. late ad caudam sinuata, et v. centr. 1-, y. ant. 8- (rarius 9-, 10-) 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 20 Feb. 14, i879. 





306 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


fiss.; sinu latiore; zona postice fissata, setis tenuioribus, planatis, pal- 
lidis, minus confertim obsitaé. Lon. 50, Lat. 25 mm. 
Var. Swanii: t. omnino rufa, sculptura tenuiore. 


Hab.—Unalashka, Aleutian Islands (rare and small) to Sitka, and 
southeastward to Monterey, California; from low water to twenty fath- 
oms, adhering to solid objects, stones, and shells! Two hundred and 
fifty-four specimens examined. 

This species may be recognized by its broad, yellowish, downy girdle, 
when fresh, often encroaching far into the sutures; by the absence of 
false apices, such as are found in ciliata ; by its color, in which vermillion 
and verdigris green are beautifully mingled (except in the var. Swaniti, 
which is pure red); and by the softness of the flattened and less crowded 
hairs. The girdle-fissure is not constant, though usual. It is nearly 
white inside; the sinus is broader and the valves, as a whole, longer in 
an axial direction, making them less transverse than in ciliata. It is one 
of the most beautiful of all Chitons, when closely examined. 

An examination of the soft parts afforded the following notes on this 
species: 

The “fringe,” or true mantle-edge, is entire, extending around the whole 
body within the edge of the girdle, and slightly notched at the posterior 
sinus of the girdle. Veil short in front and broad at the sides, ending 
behind in two broad, squarish lappets, the edge crenulate throughout. 
Anus median, distinct. Ovary single, tortuous, overlying the viscera, 
with no distinct oviduct, so far as could be observed. In texture, the 
ovary resembles that of Acmea. If there be an oviduct, it passes from 
the under side of the sac, one-third of the way forward from the poste- 
rior end of the ovary. Behind the ovary are two “slime glands” (Midd.), 
one on each side, opening outward by a plain opening in a fold of the 
integument, one on each side between the branchiz and the anus. They 
are not present in all Chitons. Schiff did not find them in C. piceus. 
Gills about thirty-eight in number on each side, extending forward about 
two-thirds the length of the foot. 


‘ Extra-limital Species. 


Subgenus PLACIPHORELLA Cpr. 
Placiphorella sinuata. 
Mopalia sinuata Cpr. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1865, p. 59. 
P. t. lam. sutur. planatis, ab apice antico-externo separatis, sinu an- 
gustissimo; dent. valde suffultis. 
Hab.—Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay, Cal. 


Placiphorella imporcata. 


Mopalia imporcata Carpenter, 1. ¢. p. 59, 1865. 


P. t. lam. sutur. et apice antico ut in P. sinuatd, sinu paullo minus 
angusta; dent. parum suffultis; v. ant. octofissata. 


_ Hab.—Puget Sound; Santa Barbara Ids., Cal. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 807 


These species are known to me only by the types; they may extend 
their range into the Alexander Archipelago. 


In Placiphorella velata Cpr., type of the subgenus, the gill-rows are as 
long as the foot, branchiwe about twenty-five in number, widely separated 
behind. Mantle-edge behind narrow and plain; in front produced and 
fringed with long fleshy. processes. No oviduct could be traced, though 
the ovary was crowded with eggs, some of which were 0.25 mm. in length. 
In them the embryo could be plainly distinguished. There were no fur- 
rows for the shelly plates, but the eyes were quite prominent and the 
cephalic lobe comprised nearly half the animal. There were no bands 
of cilia, but the edge of the cephalic lobe was strongly ciliated. 


CRY.PTOIDEA. 
Genus AMICULA Gray. 


Gray, Syn. Brit. Mus. 1840, also ed. 1842 (no description); P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 
169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 480, pl. 55, f. 2, 1854.—Gray, 
Guide, p. 187, 1857. 

Type Chiton vestitus Sowerby. 

Corpus regulare; loricé exposita parva, mucronata, seu subcordata; 
laminz insertionis mopaloidez, lam. sut. post. magne; zona plus mi- 
nusve pilosa, interdum porifera. 

Subgenus Amicula s. str. (Gray). 

Branchiew mediz. A. vestita Sowerby. 
Subgenus Chlamydochiton (Dall). 

Branchie ambientes. C. amiculata Pallas. 

Both groups are provided with pores bearing faseiculi of bristles of a 
soft or horny character, and which, while often irregularly disposed or 
even almost entirety absent (in particular individuals), have a tendency 
to arrange themselves in two rows on each side of the median line, one 
row behind the exposed point of the valve and another near its sub- 
merged lateral posterior angle, on each side. The mantle is also pro- 
vided with a coating of fine, chaffy, deciduous scales. 


Subgenus AMICULA (Gray) Dall. 


Amicula Gray, 1. ¢. 1847. (C. vestitus Sow.) 

Symmetrogephyrus Middendorf, Mal. Ross. i, p. 98, 1847. (C. Pallasii Midd.)—-Chennu, 
Man. i, 383, 1859. 

Stimpsoniella Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 155, 1873. (C. Pallasii Midd. and Em- 
ersonii Couth. ) 

Middendorfia Carpenter, MS. 1871. 


Amicula vestita. 
Chiton vestitus Sowerby, Zool. Journ. iv, p. 368, 1829; Conch. Ill. f. 128, 1284 
(from type-specimen), 1839; Zool. Pcouey.s ie Pp. 150) pl. xl tela. 
1839. 
? C. amiculatus Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 1, f. 12, 1828 (probably).—Reeve, Conch. 
Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xi, f. 59, 1847, 


308 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Amicula vestita. 


Amicula vestita Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, pp. 65, 69, 169.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. 
Moll. i, p. 480, pl..55, f. 2, 1854.—Gray, Guide, p. 187, 1857. 
Amicula vestita Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155. 


(? Var. Bmersonii. ) 

Chiton Emersonii Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 83, pl. iii, f. 10, 1838. 

Chiton Emersonianus Gould, Inv, Mass. p. 151, f. 19, 1841.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. 
Mon. Chiton, pl. xi, f. 59, 1847. 

Amicula Emersonii Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. 
i, p. 481, 1854.—Gray, Guide, p. 185, 1857.—Stimpson, Smithsonian Checklist 
of East Coast Shells, 1860.—Binney’s Gould, p. 264, f. 527 (bad), 1870. 

Amicula vestita Stimpson, Shells of N. Engl. p. 29, 1851. 

Stimpsoniella Emersonii Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155. 

A. t. valvarum parte exposita (huic generi) majore, lata, subreni 
forme, antice acuta sed haud prolongata, lateribus rectangulatis, postice 
bilobatis, sinu latiore; ar. jug. centr. et lat. haud definitis; tota superficie 
granulosa, supra jugum leviorl; circa marginem undique (nisi ad mu- 
cronem in sinu postico) bicostata; intus, v. post. typice mopaloideo, utr. 
lat. unifissata, sinu caudali lato, breviore; v. centr. 1-, ant. 6-fiss.; 
laminis acutis, fissuris parvis, sulcis ex fissuris haud loricam tenus con- 
tinuis; lam. sut. ant. haud separatis, sinu lato, brevi; post. minoribus 
sed 4 sinu postico alto latiore omnino separatis; (Cpr.) Zona tenui, 
leviore; setulis furfuraceis et fasciculis setarum plus minusve irregu- 
Jaris supra zonam exposita. Lon. 50, Lat. 35 mm. 

Hab.— Arctic Ocean, extending southward in the Pacifie region to 
Hagmeister and St. Paul Islands, Bering Sea; on the Atlantic south on 
the New England coast to Cape Cod; in 5-30 fathoms, mud and stones. 
Two young specimens, not certainly of this species, in 60 fathoms, Cap- 
tain’s Bay, Unalashka. Thirteen specimens examined. 

The “ovarian” openings, bilaterally symmetrical, are situated just be- 
hind and, as it were, under the shadow of the posterior branchia on each 
side. They are not simple orifices, but fenestrae, compsoed of two open- 
ings somewhat oblique and linear; the anterior a little nearer the girdle 
and a little larger than the posterior one. 

I have no doubt whatever that the original vestitus of Sowerby (from 
Beechey’s original locality I have examples) is identical with the Hmer- 
sonit of Couthouy. 

Much has been said about the presence or absence of ‘pores’ and 
hair-tufts. I find from examination of a series that the young Hmersonit 
is usually smooth, the large ones always setiferous. These sete are, as 
described by Dr. Gould, in two rows on each side, or rather six in all if 
we count the pretty constant tufts behind the exposed apices of the 
“Shell. These rows are (1) two behind the shell points as above; (2) two, 
one on each side at the posterior angle of the submerged expansion of 
the valve; (3) a series, more or less irregular, along the margin of the 
girdle. Beside this, in old ones, there are irregular tufts all over the 
girdle, and some of the regular tufts may be missing. - 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL -MUSEUM. 309 


Dr. Carpenter, seeing young specimens, could not recognize the pore- 
tufts of Gould. Shortly before his death, however, he sent me speci- 
mens which showed them plainly; it is evidently a character in this 
group of very little importance. 

As regards its identity with vestita; when dry, the New England form 
precisely resembles the figures from Sowerby’s type-specimen in his 
Conchological Tlustrations, taken from a dried specimen. He consid- 
ered Hmersonii a synonym, and I fully agree with him, but have kept 
the two separated in the foregoing synonymy fer the convenience of 
those who may doubt this. 

This species is very close to A. Pallasii, but is distinguishable by the 
larger and laterally much more expanded exposed portions of the valves, 
by its flatter form, and proportionally sparser and longer sete. When 
dry, the whole form of the valves is visible in vestita from above, like 
the bones of a Peruvian mummy; in Pallasti, however, the integument 
is sO much more coriaceous and thick, that in dry specimens hardly any- 
thing of these outlines is visible. Middendorf’s figure, copied by 
Chenu, well represents A. Pallasit when fresh. In cabinets it is rare, 
and is not common in the field where collectors have searched for it. 


Aniicula Pallasii. 


Chiton Pallasii Midd, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vi, p. 117, 1847. 

Chiton (subg. Pheenochiton, sect. Dichachiton, subs. Symmetrogephyrus) Pallasit 
Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 98, 1847; Sib. Reise, p. 163, t. xiii, f. 1-9; t. xiv, f. 
1-6, 1851. 

Amicula Pallasii H. & A. Ad. Gen. i, p. 481, 1854.—Chennu, i, p. 383, 1859. 

Stimpsoniclla Pallasii Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. 1873, p. 155. 


A. t. valvarum mucrone cordiformi solum externe conspicud; intus 
v. post. mopaloidea, utr. lat. unifissata, sinu caudali minore, lamina po- 
stica, extus rugosa lato, brevi; v. centr. 1-, v. ant. 6-8-fissatis; lam. 
acutis ex fissuris umbonem tenus suleatis; lam. sutur. ant. modicis haud 
separatis, sinu lato brevi; post. latis, regulariter arcuatis, 4 sinu postico 
lato alto separatis, (Cpr.) WLimbus (zona) luxurians in pallium extendi- 
tur, totum animalis dorsum rotundatum obtegens, valvas obvolvens et 
occultans, solis octo aperturis minutis, rotundatis, in linea mediana, qui- 
bus aditus ad umbonem valvarum patet; color squalido Iutescens; epi- 
dermis dorsalis undique versum fasciculis pilorum crinita. Lon. 67, Lat. 
48, Alt. 21mm. Div. 120°. 

Hab.—Okhotsk Sea, Midd.; Pribiloff, Aleutian, and Shumagin Islands, 
Dall! 3 to 10 fathoms, very rare. Seven specimens examined. 

The rounded back, tough and hairy girdle with minute holes for the 
tips of the valves, the valves themselves less transverse as a whole and 
much less exposed than in vestita, are the characters by which this spe- 
cies may be readily distinguished from the latter. My specimens have 
only six fissures in the anterior valve against eight in a specimen of 
vestita of the same size. 


310 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


It is even rarer than the last species, and hardly known in collections. 
The gills are median; mantle-edge broad and even; the veil is pecti- 
nated and the anterior edge of the muzzle has a sort of rim or margin, 


besides. 
Subgenus CHLAMYDOCHITON Dall. 


Amicula Cpr. pars; non Gray, Adams, ete. 
Chlamydochiton Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 1, Jan. 1878. 
Chlamydochiton amiculatus. 


Chlamydochiton amiculatus Dall, 1. ¢. 

Chiton amiculatus Pallas, Nova Acta Petrop. ii, p. 241, pl. vii, f. 26-30, 1788.— 
Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3206, 1790.—Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 13, 1815.—Dill- 
wyn, Cat. Rec. Shells, i, p. 6, 1817.—Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvi, p. 
546, 1825.—Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 96, 1847.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. 
Moll. i, p. 480, 1854. 

Not C. amiculatus Sowerby, Conch. Il. f. 80, 1859, nor of Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, 
pp. 65, 69, 169, —=C. Stelleri Midd. 

Not C. amiculatus Wood, Ind. Test. f. 12, 1828, = C. vestitus (probably).—? Reeve, 
Conch. Icon. Chiton, f. 59, 1847. 


C. t. extus Cr. Stelleri, jun. simili, sed apicibus valvarum rotundatis 
extantibus ; intus, laminis v. post. mopaloideis, utr. lat. (et v. centr.) 
unifissatis ; sinu caudali lato, altiore; lam. sut. anticis modicis junctis, 
sinu lato; posticis majoribus, regulariter arcuatis, extus haud sinuatis, 
postice sinu lato, alto, subapicem planato, haud laminato; fissuris usque 
ad apices sulcatis; zona coriacea, leviore poris seriebus 2 circa suturas 
et marginem, majoribus; seriebus inter valvas et irregulariter supra 
zonam sparsis, minoribus; setis porarum paucis, longioribus, haud 
spiculosis. Lon. 75, Lat. 40 mm. (Cpr.) 


Hab. Japan,” London dealer; Kuril Islands, Pallas and Steller ; 
Yarallones Islands, California, Newcomb! Two specimens examined. 

This species probably has about the same distribution as C. Stelleri, 
though much rarer, and may by collectors have been taken for an im- 
perfect or immature specimen of that mollusk; when dry, to a casual 
glance they appear very similar, the minute apices of the valves being 
hardly visible. The coating of the girdle is, however, of a wholly 
different character. Dr. Carpenter would have reserved the name 
Amicula Gray for this species, but that name cannot legitimately be 
separated from its typical species (vestita), which belongs in the other 
subgenus. The ambient gills are the only sound character. The pores, 
which gave Dr. Carpenter a great deal of unnecessary trouble, are in 
this group not even of specific importance. I have only seen specimens 
in Dr. Carpenter’s hands, and insert his description of the characters. 
It is doubtless one of the very rarest of the Chitons. Its nearest allies 
are A. Pallasti and vestita. } 

The figures given by Pallas are sufficient to identify the species very 
well, but in his remarks he quotes notes by Steller, which refer to the 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 311 


great Cryptochiton Stelleri of modern authors. Some specimens of Stel- 
lert in the Berlin Museum are marked amiculatus on very ancient labels, 
so there can be little doubt that the two species were confounded by the 
earlier authors. 


Genus CRYPTOCHITON Midd. and Gray, 


Midd. Mal. Ross. i, pp. 1-96, pl. 1-9, 1847. Type C. stelleri Midd.—Gray, P. Z. S. 
1847, pp. 65, 69, 169; Guide, p. 185, 1857. 

Valve omnino in zona immerse; laminz insertionis rude mopa- 
loidez ; lam. sutur. tam postice quam antice juncte, postice trisinuatee ; 
zona minutissime fasciculatim pilosé ; branchiz ambientes. 

This genus was simultaneously described under the same name by 
Gray and Middendorf, apparently without knowledge of each other’s 
labors, and both having the same species in view, though Gray errone- 
ously supposed his type to be the C. amiculatus of Pallas, and called it. 
by that name; his diagnosis and synonymy, however, showing that he 
really referred to C. Stelleri. 

It appears probable, from some of Pallas’ specimens examined by me 
in the Berlin Museum, that he included this species with the amiculatus 
in his distribution, and, in fact, unless carefully examined, almost any 
one might do the same. 


Cryptochiton Stelleri. 

Chiton Stelleri Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 116, 1846. 

Chiton (Cryptochiton) Stelleri Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 93, t. i-ix, 1847; Mém. 
de VAcad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb. 6me sér. vi, p. 101, 157, 1849.—Schrenck, 
Amur-Land Moll. p. 271, 1867. : 

Chiton amiculatus Sowerby (not Pallas), Conch. Il. f. 80, 80 bis, 1839.—Gray, 
Pe ZnS: 1847, pp. 65,695 169. 

Chiton sitkensis Reeve, Conch. Icon. Chiton, pl. x, f. 55, 55 b, 1847. (Not C. 
sitkensis Midd.) 

Chiton chlamys Reeve, 1. c, pl. xi, f. 60, 1847 (from type, Cpr.). 

Cryptochiton Stelleri Gray, Guide, p. 185, 1857.—H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. 
Moll. i, p. 479, iii, pl. iv, f. 1, La, 1854.—Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Brit. As. 
1863, p. 648. 

(Patella longe Rondeletii auf Kurilisch Kéru, Steller, Beschreib. Kamtsch. 
p. 177, 1774.) 


C. t. intus; v. post. mopaloidea, mucrone obtuso ad posticam trien- 
tem; sinu caudali alto, lato; fissuris utr. lat. una, subposticis, con- 
spicuis; lam. sut. anticis latioribus, junctis, sinu jugali alto, modico, 
subplanato; v. ant. mucrone ad quartam partem posticam, normaliter 
utr. lat. 1- et ant. 3- (id est omnino 5-, sed interdum 4-6-, seu 7-) fissata ; 
lam. sut. posticis longis, lateraliter conspicue sinuatis, medio junctis, 
sinu postico altissimo, pyramidali, frustrato; v. centr. mucr. ad quintam 
partem posticam; haud seu interdum 1-fiss.; lam. lat. et sutur. ant. 
haud separatis, sinu jugali angustiore, altissimo, irregulariter arenato, 


312 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


haud planato; lam. post. super-suturalibus minoribus, longis, 4 sinibus 
marginalibus conspicue separatis; sinu postico altissimo, irregulariter 
gothico, lam. junctis; valvis omnibus mucronatis, mucrone seu umbili- 
coideo seu punctato seu pustuloso; zona omnino faseiculis minutis 
spicularum minimarum irregulariter conferte instructa. (Cpr.) Lon. 
200, Lat. 75mm. Div. 130°. , 

Hab.—Japan Sea; Sakalin Id.; Kuril Ids.; Kamchatka (southern 
extreme); the Aleutian Islands and the whole coast southward to 
Monterey and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Usually found 
just below tide-marks, and often cast up on the beach in great numbers 
by severe gales. Collected abundantly at Unalashka and Sitka, also at 
Monterey; Dall! 

This the largest and in many other respects the most remarkable of 
all Chitons is readily recognized by its wholly covered valves, no indi- 
eation of which is evident, even under the skin, in freshexamples. It is 
covered with cells, each holding a fascicle of small spines, which, when 
dry, have an urticating effect upon the skin of those who may handle 
them. The foot and softer parts are used as food by the Aleuts and 
Indians; they are eaten in the raw state. The back is of a fine ferru- 
gmous red when fresh; dried specimens are usually more or less dis- 
torted and mauled; one of those figured by Reeve appears to have been 
partly rotten. 

There is a good deal of variation in the size and relative proportions 
of the valves in different individuals, and the fissures are sometimes 
partly abortive or abnormally multiplied. 

The soft parts of this species have formed the subject of an extensive 
monograph by Dr. Middendorf in his first part of the Beitr. Mal. Ros- 
sica. To that work the student is referred for details. 





Genus KATHERINA Gray. 


Katherina Gray, P. Z. 8.1847, p.65. Type K. tunicata Wood. 

Lorica parva; zona levis, in suturas valde expansd; laminze valde 
antice project, v. post. sepe lobate; sinus altissimus, spongiosus; 
branchiz ambientes. 


This is an aberrant genus. In the smallness of the exposed portion 
and smoothness of the girdle it resembles Phacellopleura; in the extreme 
anterior projection of the plates, and in the deep spongy sinus, it is most 
like Nuttallina, of which it might be regarded as an exaggeration with 
a smooth girdle; but the tail-plate has most affinity with the Mopaloidea. 
Specimens may be found with many lobes like Phacellopleura; but on 
comparison of many individuals it will be found that the normal ar- 
rangement is a mopaloid slit on each side, with an angular sinus at the 
tail, and that the extra slits are extremely irregular and secondary. In 
Nuttallina, the plan, on the contrary, is perfectly regular, and Phacello- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 313 


pleura appears to be of the regular type. Middendori’s figures of the 
plates are inaccurate, and Gray’s description in the Guide differs from 
his more correct account in the Proc. Zool. Sce. (Cpr. MS.). 

In the sole species of this genus, the ovary is convoluted and single. 
The ovarian openings are found on each side between the line of the 
branchize and the side of the foot. They are placed in the vicinity of 
the fifth branchia from the posterior end of the row. There are no slime 
glands. The organ of Bojanus appeared to be represented by a glandu- 
lar deposit on the floor of the visceral cavity behind. The muzzle is 
plain, drawn down to corners behind on each side, but without flaps. 
Veil narrow, thin, plain, produped in a flap on each ‘aide of the muzzle. 
Mantle-edge narrow, plain. Branchix about sixty on a side in a row as 
long as the foot. Anus papillate, median, witha ridge extending each way 
from it. Soft parts yellowish to deep orange, girdle shining blue black, 


Katherina tunicata. 

Chiton tunicatus Waod, Gen. Conch. p. 11, fol. 2, f. 1, 1815; Ind. Test. Chiton, 
pl. 1, f. 10, 1828; Ib. ed. Hanl. 1856.—Sowerby, Beechey’s Voy. Zool. p. 
150, t. xli, f. 15, 1889.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton¢f. 61 (good), 1847. 

Chiton (Phanochiton, Hamachiton, Platysemus) tunicatus Midd.—Mal. Ross. i, p. 
98, t. x, f. 1-2, 1847. 

Katherina tunicata Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 69; Ib. Guide, p. 185, 1857.—Cpr. 
Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 648, 

Katherina Douglasie Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 69. 

Katherina tunicata H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 479, iii, pl. 54, f. 8, 
1854, 

K. t. extus, valvis postice fere rectangulatis; area jugali longissima, 
antice inter lam. sutur. projecté, tenuissime punctulata; area centr. 
rotundatis, quincuncialiter fortiore punctata; ar. lat. haud definitis, fere 
obsoletis; mucrone subpostice mediano, elevato; intus, v. post. laminis 
ad caudam angulatim sinuatis, precipue utr. lat. unifissatis, sed inter- 
dum in lobas irregulares 4, 4, 3, 3, ¢ fiss.; v. centr. 1-, ant. 7-fissatis; 
laminis prelongis, antice valde projectis, acutis, extus striatis, fissuris 
parvis, suffultis, ad subgrundas solidas, curtissimas valde spongiosas, 
sulcis continuis; sinu altissimo, angusto, spongioso; lam. sutur. separa- 
tis, prelongis; zona nigra, supra valvis tenui, omnino levi. Lon. 50, 
Lat. 20 mm. 

Hab.—Kamchatka (Cpr.); the entire Aleutian group; on the north 
side of the peninsula of Aliaska to Port Méller, and on the south side 
east to Cook’s Inlet, and south to Catalina Island, California; low water 
(chiefly), to 29 fans Several hundred specimens examined. 

This unmistakable shell, characterized, when fresh, by its broad shin- 
ing black girdle and Hist covered rales is eaten raw by the natives 
of the northwest coast, and is said to act as an aphrodisiac. The sup- 
posed second species of Gray is merely a result of an irregular drying 
of the girdie. The soft parts are of a salmon color in northern speci- 


314 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


mens. The less important details are very variable in different indi- 
viduals. 


In taking leave of the Irregular Chitons, a few notes on exotic species 
of this section may be properly incorporated. 

In Chitonellus fasciatus, the representative of the most highly devel- 
oped type of Chiton, the gill-rows are confined to the posterior quarter 
of the foot, but the separate branchize of which they are composed are 
very large, twenty-six or eight in number, and rather long. There was 
no well-marked crop, as in ordinary Chitons. The muzzle was inconspic- 
uous, angulated at the posterior corners, with no veil. Mantle hardly 
visible. There seemed to be two oviducts leading from a single ovary 
(compounded of two?) to small orifices, one on each side of the anus. 

In Cryptoconchus monticularis Quoy, which much recalls the northern 
Katherina, the girdle varied from black to light brown. A veil was 
present, but narrow and simple, while the mantle-edge was hardly per- 
ceptible. Gill-rows one-third as long as the foot, containing each about 
eighteen branchize. Muzzle very transverse, with flaps at the posterior 
corners. Ovisa¢ single. 


CHITONES REGULARES. 


LEPTOIDEA. 
Genus LEPTOCHITON Gray. 


Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 127; Guide, p. 182, 1857. 

< Leptochiton H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854.—Chenu, Man. Conchy1. i, 
p. 381, 1859, ete. 

< Lepidopleurus Risso (ex Leach MS.), 1826.—Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegiz, p. 110, 
1878. ; 


Lam. insertionis nullis; zona minutissime sabulosa; sinus levis; haud 
laminatus; branchize breves. Type ZL. asellus Lowe. 

The diagnosis of Gray determines the genus, but he includes in the 
examples cited C. albus L., which is a Trachydermon. Two out of twenty- 
five species cited by the brothers Adams are real Leptochitons; the 
example cited by them as typical is not a Leptochiton, neither is the 
example cited by Chenu. The other Leptoid genera are as follows: 
Hanleyia Gray, Guide, p. 186, 1857. 

Anterior valve with an unslit insertion-plate; other valves without even the 
plates. H. debilis Gray. 
Hemiarthrum Carpenter, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, p. 44, 1876. 
Insertion-plates present on all the valves, but entire without slits. H. setulosum 
Cprwive: 
Deshayesiella Carpenter MS. 


Loricé elongata; valve curvate, antice tendentes; mucro planatus, zon4 spicu- 
los’; lam. insert. nullis; lam. sut. triangulares, extantibus. D. (Leptochiton) 
curvatus Cpr. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 315 


Microplax H. Adams. 
Resembling Chitonellus externally; submerged laminz unslit, entire, fused in an 
undistinguishable manner with the parts which usually constitute the sutural 
lamin. Jf. Grayi Ad. & Ang. 

The paleozoic Helminthochiton Salter, Priscochiton Billings, Grypho- 
chiton Gray, and several unpublished names of Dr. Carpenter, all belong 
to the Leptoidea. A large number of the fossils described as Chitons 
(for instance Sulcochiton Grayi Ryckholt) are not mollusks; many of 
them being valves of Balani or fragments of isopod crustaceans. 
Leptochiton cancellatus. 

Chiton cancellatus Sowerby (as ? of Leach MS.), Conch. Ill. f. 104-5, 1839, 

Chiton albus Pulteney, non Lin. fide Hanley. 

Chiton cancellatus Reeve, Conch. Ic. pl. lix, f. 152, 1847. 

Chiton asellus Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 122, 1847, not of Lowe. 

Chiton cancellatus Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 410, pl. lix, f. 3, 1853 
(outlines inverted in figure). 

Leptochiton eancellatus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 478, 1854. 

Chiton cancellatus Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 217, 1865; v, p. 198, pl. lvi, f. 1, 
1869. 

Chiton alveolus Jeffreys, 1. c. iii, p. 218, 1865; not of Sars. - 

Chiton Rissoi auct. not of Payraudeau. 

Lepidopleurus cancellatus Sars, Moll, Reg. Are. Norv. p. 111, t. 7, f. 6 a-h, 1878, 
dentition t. I. f. 8, (imperfect). 

? Lepidopleurus arcticus Sars, 1. c. p. 112, t. 7, f. 7 a-h. 

? =Chiton islandicus Gmelin, S. N. 3206, 1788.—Schroter, Einl. iii, p. 509.— 
Dillwyn, Rec. Shells, i, p. 10, 1817. 

L. t. minima, elongata, valde elevata, regulariter arcuata; jugo nullo; 
aurantia plus minusve cinereo tincta, interdum albida; valvis angus- 
tioribus, haud rectangulatis, apicibus nullis; mucrone centrali, valde 
elevato, sculptura ut in L. asello, sed granulis parum majoribus; areis 
centr. parum divergentibus, areis lat. satis definitis, vix elevatis; intus, 
laminis sut. minimis, triangularibus; sinu latissimo, marginibusque 


x 


valvarum a sculpturé externa paullulum crenulatis; zond, angusta, 
squamuliis tenuibus, haud imbricatis, haud striulatis, dense obsita. 
Lon. 6, Lat.3 mm. Diy. 80°. 


Hab.—British seas; Norwegian coast in 50-100 fms.; Greenland ; 
Gulf of Lyons (Jeffr.); Lofoten, 300 fms. (Sars); Vigo, Spain (McAn- 
drew); Dalmatia (Brusina); Alaska, at Unalashka, Shumagins, Port 
Etches, and Sitka Harbor, 6-100 fms. Dall! Ninety-four specimens ex- 
amined. 

This species without careful inspection will usually be confounded 
with small specimens of Trachydermon albus, but a glance at the sculp- 
ture is sufficient to separate it. From several other species of Leptochi- 
ton it is less readily distinguished, and a magnifier is indispensable. 
The differential characters are as follows: 

The pustules which constitute most of the sculpture are arranged 
like overlapping coins or a solid-linked chain in lines which in the dor- 


316 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


sal area are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis of the animal. 
The lateral areas are distinct, and the pustules upon them are arranged 
in rather indistinct lines radiating toward the lateral ends of the valves, 
at nearly right angles to the lines on the dorsal area. The sculpture on 
the mucro is more delicate than elsewhere. The apex of the posterior 
valve is not sunken, and is not so sharp as in other species compared 
with it here; the girdle is scaly, with also some small spinose transpa- 
rent scales near the margin. There are five gill-plumes on each side, 
prominent and near the vent. There appear to be two fenestre on each 
side. The lateral areas and other portions of the valves are nearly 
always colored with blackish or ferruginous patches, but these, as with 
Trachydermon albus, seem to be really composed of extraneous matter. 

In L. fuliginatus Ad. & Rve., the pustules are much smaller, and while 
having a general longitudinal arrangement on the dorsum, do not form 
regularly defined rows or chains. The areas are not raised above the 
dorsum. The shell is much larger and more elevated, with a somewhat 
sunken and quite sharp posterior mucro. The other mucrones are not 
raised, but about them the sculpture is more regularly aligned than 
elsewhere. I have compared the.valves of a typical specimen from 
Korea collected by Belcher. Reeve’s figure of the sculpture is very bad, 
as are most of his details. JZ. alveolus Sars is a very distinct species, 
though it has been confounded with this. Its sculpture is composed of 
larger and rather more sparse, isolated pustules, absolutely irregular in 
distribution and of the same size on the mucro and elsewhere. Nowhere 
do they form lines. The arch of the back is peculiarly round, the lateral 
areas not raised and barely distinguishable. The girdle seems similar. 
I have compared typical examples. 

L. concinnus Gould, from the types, is of a different color, and has a 
much stronger and different sculpture, like lines of rope. 

L. internexus Carpenter and var. rugatus Cpr. are more like concinnus, 
but distinguished from either by the peculiar girdle covered with sub- 
equal scales. 

LL. nexus Carpenter more nearly resembles cancellatus, but the seulp- 
ture is of separate, not lapping, rounded-rhomboidal pustules; the mu- 
crones are much more pronounced, and the white ground is prettily 
marbled with black and gray inherent coloration. 

The name cancellatus is a misnomer, since it is only in certain lights 
that any trace of reticulation can be observed faintly. The young are 
flatter than the adults. It bears noresemblance to Z. asellus, with which 
Middendorf united it, probably without a comparison. 

LL. areticus of Sars seems to be a finely grown variety of this species, 
if one may judge from the figures; at least no differential characters are 
given which seem to be of a permanent character, and not subject to 
variation within the limits of a species. 

The specimens of this species obtained by me in Alaska were at first 
‘referred to fuliginatus by Dr. ‘arpenter, and some specimens were dis- 
tributed under that name, or the name of fuliginosus, before I had the 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 317 


opportunity of making the correction, which, had Dr. Carpenter survived 
_ to finish his work, he would undoubtedly have done himself. 

In the hurry of field-work, the specimens were confounded with young 
T. albus, and hence no observations on the living animal were made. 
Had attention been drawn to it, it might, doubtless, have been obtained 
throughout the Aleutian chain, but no specimens occurred in the collee- 
tions from more northern localities. Jeffreys states that the under edge 
of the girdle and the soft parts are yellowish white, tinged with flesh 
color; also that littoral specimens from Herm are larger than those found 
in deeper water. In Alaska it has been obtained only with the dredge. 

The gills occupy a space corresponding to the posterior quarter of the 
foot; there are about eight or ten on each side. The mantle-edge is 
plain and thick. The veil is plain. The muzzle is rounded, with a little 
papilla at the posterior corner on each side. 


Leptochiton alveolus. 


Leptochiton alveolus (Sars MS.) Lovén, Ind. Moll. Lit. Scand. p. 27, 1846. 
Not of Jeffreys, ete. } 
“4 Lepidopleurus alveolus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Nor. p. 110, t. 7, f. 3 a-i; t. 
I, f. 7 (good), 1878. 


Hab.—Bergen, Lofoten, Finmark, 150-360 f. (Sars); Gulf of St. Law- 
rence, in 220 fathoms, between Cape Rosier and the 8. W. point of Anti- 
costi Island, Whiteaves! St. George’s Bank, Gulf of Maine, 150 fathoms, 
U.S. Fish Com., 1872! 

This extra-limital species is inserted here because of its possible rela- 
tions with the next species, and also to call attention to the addition to 
our Northeast American fauna made by Mr. Whiteaves. It is a remark- 
ably distinct species, and if typical examples had been examined by the 
authors who have referred it to L. cancellatus, it would seem unlikely 
that it would have been so referred. 

Leptochiton Belknapi. 
Leptochiton Belknapi Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 1, Jan. 1878. 

L. t. elongata, valde elevata, dorsaliter angulata; albida plus minusve 
cinereo et nigrotineta; valvis elevatis, apicibus distinctis ; mucrone cen- 
trali conspicuo; sculptura ut in L. alveolo, sed granulis in areis dorsalis 
sparsim et quincuncialiter dispositis. Valva postica sub apicé coneava, 
posticé sinuata. Zona minima, spiculis tenuibus versus marginem mu- 
nita. Lon. 10.0, Lat. 3.0 mm. Div. 90°. 

Hab.—North Pacifie Ocean, in lat. 53° 08’ N., lon. 171° 19’ W., at 
a depth of 1006 fathoms; black sand and shells. Brought up in the 
sounding-cup by Capt. Geo. E. Belknap, U.S. N., on the sounding ex- 
pedition of U. S. S. Tuscarora in 1874, bottom temperature 55°.5 F. 
(Specimens obtained by H. M. 8S. Challenger in Balfour Bay, Royal 
Sound, Kerguelen Id., Southern Ocean, in 20-60 fms., for examination 
of which I am indebted to the courtesy of Rey. R. J. Boog Watson, are 
apparently identical with Capt. Belknap’s species.) 


318 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


This specimen much resembles L. alveolus, to which I at first referred 
it. A careful microscopical examination, however, shows differences _ 
which I am disposed to consider specific; but I have but one specimen, 
and others might show modifications in these particulars. 

The differential characters are as follows: In alveolus the pustules are 
distributed evenly, closely, and in no pattern whatever, all over the sur- 
face. In Belknapi, they are more widely separated, and arranged in quin- 
cunx on the dorsum, the spaces seeming to radiate from the median 
dorsal line. In alveolus, the lateral areas are barely perceptible; in Bel- 
knapi, they are raised, concentrically rugose, and the pattern of the pus- 
tular arrangement is different and more irregular than that on the dorsum. 
In Belknapi, also, the girdle is very thin, narrow, and sparsely set with 
small pellucid spicules near the margin. The posterior mucro, or apex of 
the posterior plate, in Belknapi,is prominent, overhangs a shallow con- 
cavity, and from its point there diverge anteriorly four depressed lines, 
the outer two to the anterior lateral angles of the plate, the inner two 
equidistant from each other‘and the outer lines. Between these lines 
the plate is swelled, forming three rounded ridges, extending forwayd 
like the leaflets of a trefoil or clover. Nothing resembling this has been 
observed on any of the other species which have come under my notice. 

The soft parts, in spirits, appear to resemble the other species com- 
pared with it. It is evidently adult. 

It was certainly unexpected that a stone-clinging mollusk like a Chiton 
should reach such great depths as those from which this was obtained. 
In the same region, and at about the same depth, a Cylichna and a 
Natica, both apparently identical with certain Arctic species, were also 
obtained in the same way. Its enormous range in latitude, as indicated 
by the Kerguelen specimens, reminds one of the range of species in 
earlier geological times, and points out how relatively modern our littoral 
marine faunze may be. It is not the only form common to the southern 
and northern oceans. 

Extra-limital Species. 
Leptochiton asellus. 


Chiton asellus (Chemn. Spengl.) Lowe, Zod]. Journ. ii, p. 101, pl. v, f. 3, 4, 1825. 
Chiton cinereus Montague, Turton, and others, not of Linné. 
? Lepidopleurus cinereus Sars, 1. ¢. p. 112, pl. 7, f. 8 a-h, 1878; as of Linné. 


Hab.—Northern seas of Europe; Lofoten Ids.; Greenland? (Morch); 
not New England, as erroneously stated by authors. The cinereus of 
Linné, from his type, was a Trachydermon. 

Leptochiton fuliginatus. 
Chiton fuliginatus Ad. & Rye. Conch. Icon. pl. xxvi, f. 174, 1847. 

Hab.—Korea, Belcher. . 

Leptochiton concinnus. 
Leptochiton concinnus Gld. Otia, p. 117, 1860. 

Hab.—Hakodadi, Japan; Stimpson. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES ‘NATIONAL MUSEUM. 319 


Leptochiton nexus. 
L. nexus Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 650. 


Hab.—California, Cooper. 


Leptochiton internexus and var. rugatus. 
L. internezus Cpr. MSS. 
Hab.—California, Cooper, Canfield and Hemphill. 


Hanleyia mendicaria. 
Chiton mendicarius Mighels & Adams, Boston Journ. N. H. iv, p. 42, pl. iv, 
f. 8, 1842. | 
Hanleyia mendicaria Cpr. N. Engl. Chitons, 1. ¢. p. 154, 1873. 
Hab.—Casco Bay; Grand Manan, Stimpson; Portland Harbor, Me.,’ 
U.S. Fish Commission. Deep-water specimens much larger than those 
from shallow water. 


Hanleyia debilis. 
Hanleyia debilis Gray, Guide, p. 185, 1857. 
Chiton Hanleyi Bean, Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 252, f. 57, 1844.—Sars, l. c. p. 109, 
pl. 7, f. 5 a-i, 1878. 

Hab.—British seas northward; Mageroe near North Cape, 25-300 f., 
Sars. Stellwagen Bank, Mass. Bay, 38 fathoms, gravel; U. 8S. Fish 
Com., 1878. Type of the subgenus. <A recent addition to our North- 
east American fauna. . 


Hanleyia (?) abyssorum. 
Chiton abyssorum M. Sars, MSS.—G. O. Sars, 1. c. p. 109, pl. 7, f. 4 a-c, pl. I, 
f. 6 a—c, 1878. 
Hab.—Bergen, Norway, 150-200 fathoms, Sars, 1. ¢. 


The teeth of this species as figured by Sars agree pretty well with 
those of H. mendicaria, but neither Prof. Sars’ figures nor his deserip- 
tion afford means for determining its generic position. The valves of 
the two specimens figured exhibit rather remarkable differences, and, 
this variation admitted, the question arises, Is this more than a gigantic 
form of the preceding ? 


Hanleyia tropicalis. 

A large and beautiful species from the deep waters of the Gulf of 
Mexico is the only other recognized species of the genus, and will be 
deseribed by the writer in the Report on the Deep-sea Dredgings made 
under the supervision of Prof. A. Agassiz, on the U.S. Coast Survey 
steamer Blake, in 1878. 


ISCHNOIDEA. 
Genus TRACHYDERMON Opr. 


Trachydermon Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 649, as a subgenus of Ischnochiton, type 
Chiton cinereus Lowe. 

Lepidoplewrus sp. auct. 

> Craspedochilus G. O. Sars, 1. ¢. p. 114. 


320 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Lophyrus sp. G. O. Sars, 1. e. p. 114, not of Poli. 
<Boreochiton G. O. Sars, 1. c. p. 115. 
Leptochiton sp. auct. 


Char.—Lamine inserentes acute, leves; valve extus et intus Isch- 
nochitoni exacte simulans; zoné non porifera, squamulis minutissimis 
levibus confertissime granulaté; branchiz breves. 

This name was originally proposed as a subgenus of Ischnochiton to 
include Gray’s second section, ‘‘mantle scales minute, granular” (P. Z.S. 
1847, p. 147; Guide, p. 182, 1857). In 3 Pas 
all other conchological characters, the 
' group accords With that genus, but the 
animal differs in having the gills either 
entirely posterior or reaching forward ( } 
from the tail only to about the middle v\ 
of the foot, while in Ischnochiton and ‘d 

5 5 rs Tic. E.—Teeth of Trachydermon cinereus 
Chiton they travel to its anterior ex- Lowe; after Lovén. 
tremity. These characters indicate a transition between the Ischnoid 
and Leptoid Chitons by means of Trachydermon and Tonicella. Guilding 
called the radula of Chitons “Trachyderma”; but as the name has not 
been adopted, no inconvenience is likely to ensue. (Cpr. MSS.) 

The genus is chiefly northern in its distribution. Chiton marginatus 
of authors (Pennant’s species being indeterminable) and C. cinereus (Linn.) 
Lowe, are identical, according to Dr. Carpenter, the best authority on 
the subject, as well as Hanley and others. The “ Lepidopleurus” cinereus 
of Sars is not the Linnean species, which is the type of Trachydermon, 
but a Leptochiton. His Craspedochilus marginatus (whether the Chiton 
marginatus of Pennant or not) is a Trachydermon, and not improbably 
the true cinereus of Linné, which has been recognized, not from the 
insufficient description in the Syst. Nature, but from his typical speci- 
mens, through the invaluable labors of Mr. Hanley. 





Trachydermon ruber. 

Chiton ruber Linn. S. N. ed. xii, p. 1107, 1766.—Lowe, Zod]. Journ. ii, p. 101, 
pl. 5, f. 2, 1825.—Gould, Inv. Mass. p. 149, f. 24, 1841.—Forbes & Hanley, 
Brit. Moll. ii, p. 399, pl. lix, f. 6; AA, f. 6, 1853.—Hanley, Shells of Lin. 
p. 17, 1855.—Sowerby, Conch. Ill. Chiton, f. 103-4, 1839.—Reeve, Conch. 
Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. 25, f. 175, 1847.—Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 224, 
18655; v, p. 199, pl. lvi, f. 4, 1869.—Binney’s Gould’s Iny. Mass. p. 260, f. 
523, 1870. 

Chiton cinereus O. Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 428, 1780; not of authors, nor of Linn. ; 
Ib. Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Sh. p. 12, 1817. 

Chiton minimus Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. iv, 1, 1797, fide Lovén, not of 
Gmelin and Chemnitz. 

Chiton levis Lovén, Ind. Moll. Lit. Scand. p. 28, 1846; not of Montague, 
Forbes and Hanley, ete. : 

Chiton levis Pennant (probably), Brit. Zool. ed. iv, vol. iv, p. 72, pl. 36, f. 3, 
1777 (bad). 

Chiton latus Leach, Moll. Brit. p. 231, 1852, Dec., fide Jeffreys; not of Lowe, 
1825. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 321 


Trachydermon ruber. 


Chiton puniceus Couthouy (MS.).—Gld. Otia Conch. p. 5, 1846 (probably). 

Leptochiton ruber H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854. 

Chiton (Lepidopleurus) ruber Jeffreys, Brit. Moll. iii, p. 210, 1865. 

Trachydermon ruber Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 153, 1873. 

Boreochiton ruber G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Norv. p. 116, t. 8, f. 4 a-l, t. II, f. 
3 a-c (imperfect), June, 1878. 


Tr. t. mucrone mediano, satis elevato: intus, v. post. 9-11-, ant. 8-11., 
centr. 1-fiss. levi; dent. interdum solidioribus, interdum postice rugu- 
losis; subgrundis modicis; sinu lato, planato; zond normali; branchiis 
submedianis. Lon. 25, Lat. 8 mm. 


Hab.—Northern seas, widely distributed; whole coast of Norway, low 
water to 40 f. (Sars); Arctic and northern seas of Europe; Adriatic? 
(Olivi!); Spitzbergen, Iceland and Greenland, New England, Gulf of St. 
Lawrence and Labrador coasts; Tartary (Lischke); Kamchatka; and in 
Alaska from the Pribiloff Islands westward to Attn and southward to 
Sitka, low water to 80 fathoms, on stones and shells; probably also to. 
Bering Strait northward. Two hundred specimens examined. ? Orange 
Harbor, Patagonia, as C. puniceus. ; 

This shell is apparently smooth, as described by Forbes and Hanley, 
but under a high power appears finely reticulated, as observed by Jef- 
freys. Its color is very variable, being usually marbled red and whitish, 
like Tonicella marmorea, but the valves may be uniform dark red or nearly 
pure white. I have one specimen with the four central valves dark red 
and the rest white; one valve in a specimen is often dark red, while all 
the others are marbled. It is most likely to be confounded with Toni- 
cella marmorea and some varieties of T. lineata, both of which have 
leathery girdles, while this species: can almost always be determined by 
its farinaceous girdle, dusted with alternate red and whitish patches, the 
latter nearly opposite the sutures. 

The identity or locality of Dr. Gould’s specimen, described as C. puni- 
ceus Couthouy, and supposed by Dr. Carpenter to be probably the same 
as our northern species, seems questionable. 

This species has been much confused by European authors, who have 
persisted in referring the Linnean name to 7. marmorea Fabr., and resur- 
recting the indeterminate figure of Pennant for this species, though Mr. 
Hanley has determined the identity of the Linnean specimen with this 
species, and he did not possess the marmorea. ‘The synonymy here quoted 
is only such as certainly belongs to this species. 

Though not collected ina fresh state by me north of the Pribiloff Islands, 
T have little doubt that broken valves found in bird-dung at Plover Bay, 
near Bering Strait, are properly referable to this species. It is one of 
the most abundant Alaskan Chitons, and grows to the length of an inch. 

The gill-rows extend forward for three-quarters the length of the foot, 
each row containing twenty to twenty-five branchiz. The mantle-edge 
is very narrow and plain; there is no veil, and the muzzle is plain, some- 

Proc. Nat. Mus. 73-——21 Feb. 14, 1879. 


322 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


what produced behind into two corners. The eggs in part of the ovisae 
were well developed, and resembled the figure of the youngest stage 
given by Lovén. Anus median, inconspicuous, close to the mantle-edge. 
On each side of it, midway between it and the posterior ends of the gill- 
rows, is a fold containing the ovarian fenestra. The number of openings 
varies from three to six in different individuals. Theyare linear, oblique, 
and close together. They are more strongly marked in this species than 
in any other Chiton I have examined. 

Trachydcrmon albus. 


Chiton albus Lin. S. N. ed. xii, p. 1107, No. 8, 1766.—Lowe, Zool. Journ. iil, p. 80, 
1826.—Fabricius, Faun. Grénl. p. 422, 1780.—Sowerby, Conch. Il. Chiton, f. 
99, 100, 1889.—Gould, Iny. Mass. p. 150, f. 21, 1841.—Lovén, Ind. Moll. Lit. 
Scand. p. 27, 1846.—Middendorf, Mal. Ross. i, p. 120, 1847.—Forbes & Han- 
ley, Brit. Moll. ii, p, 405, pl. Lxii, f. 2, 1853.—Hanley, Shells of Lin. p. 17, 
1855.—Stimpson, Sh. of New Engl. p. 28, 1851; Ib. Mar. Inv. Grand Manan, 
p. 22, 1853.—Jeffreys, British Conch. iii, p. 220, 1865; v, p. 199, pl. lvi, f. 3, 
1869.—Binney’s Gould, p. 263, f. 525, 1870. 
? Chiton oryza Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. Bd. iv, Hft. 1.1797 (fide Jeffreys). 
Chiton aselloides Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 103, t. 5, f. 3, 1825.—Wood, Ind. Test. 
Suppl. pl. 1, f. 9, 1828. 
‘Chiton sagrinatus Couthouy, Am. Journ. Sci. xxxiv, p. 217, 1838; Ib. Bost. 
Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 82, 1838. 
Leptochiton albus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854. 
C. (Lepidopleurus) albus Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 210, 1865. 
Trachydermon albus Carpenter, New Engl. Chitons, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 153, 
1873. 
C. (Leptochiton) albus Mérch, Moll. Greenl. 147, 1875. 
Lophyrus albus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Norv. p. 114, t. 8, f.2 a-b (probably 
not t. I, f. 9 a—b), June, 1878. 
? Lophyrus exaratus G. O. Sars, 1. ce. p. 118, t.8, f. 1 a-k, t.ii, f. 1 (bad). 
? C. minimus Gmel. 8. N. p. 3205, 1788. (Bergen.) 

Tr. t. mucrone mediano, parum elevato; intus, v. post. 10-, ant. 13-, 
centr. 1-fiss.; dent. acutissimis, posticis interdum serratis; subgrundis 
spongiosis; sinu modico, undulato, haud angulato, levi; zoné squamu- 
lis solidioribus; branchiis medianis. Lon. 10, Lat. 5-6mm. Div. variable. 

Hab.—Ayrctie and boreal seas, Atlantic and Pacific. British seas 
south to the Isle of Man; Scandinavian seas, 10 to 100 fathoms (as ex- 
aratus to 200 fathoms); Spitzbergen; Iceland; Greenland, White Sea ; 
Gulf of St. Lawrence; Massachusetts Bay; on the Pacific from the 
Arctic Ocean south to the Shumagins and west to Kyska and probably 
to Attu, low water to 80 fathoms, on stones and shells. Two hundred 
and forty-eight specimens examined. 

The synonymy of this species might have been much enlarged under 
the old name of Chiton albus, but to no particular purpose. It is a well- 
known and characteristic Arctic shell. American and particularly deep- 
water Alaskan specimens are larger, finer, and better display the scales 
of the girdle than European specimens. Sars’ evaratus would seem to 
be probably of this description. 

It seems also to be more common to the westward. Its chief pecu- 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 323 


larity is that the central plates of the tail-valve are broken by serra- 
tions, and that the scales are large and gravelly. 

The gills are twenty to twenty-five in number, the rows extending to 
the head. Mantie-edge narrow, plain. There is no veil, and the semi- 
circular muzzle is also plain. Anus terminal, papillate. Ovarian open- 
ings single, on each side, the posterior end of the gill-row passing be- 
hind them. The oviducts, as in some other species, could not clearly be 
made out. The ovisac or ovary is irregularly shaped and single. 

The figure (pl. I, f. 9 a) strongly suggests that Prof. Sars, by inadvert- 
ence in selecting a specimen for examination of the radula, got hold of 
one of the extremely similar Leptochitons, since it does not resemble the 
radula of 7. albus, of which I have examined both American and Euro- 
pean specimens. On the other hand, the not particularly commendable 
figure of the radula of Z. exaratus Sars looks more like albus than any- 
thing else. 


? Trachydermon lividus. 
Chiton lividus Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 124, pl. xiii, f. 3 a—-g, 4, 1847. 

Hab.—Sitka, Alaska Territory. 

This species (and C. scrobiculatus Midd. from California) probably be- 
longs to this genus, but the descriptions and figures are not sufficiently 
clear to have admitted of their identification up to the present time. 
The character most emphasized by Middendorf in C. lividus is a key- 
stone-like projection filling the anterior sinus between the two sutural 
laminze. The specimen on which the description was based was a very 
small and perhaps immature creature, with faint sculpture, somewhat 
recalling Mopalia Hindsii. 

Eetra-limital Species. 
Trachydermon cinereus. 


Chiton cinereus (Lin.) Lowe, Zod]. Journ. ii, p. 99, 1825.—Forbes & Hanley, 
Brit. Moll. ii, 402, pl. lviii, fig. 1, 1853 (not of Sars). 
Trachydermon marginatus Cpr. New Eng]. Chitons, 1. c. p. 153, 1873. 
Craspedochilus marginatus Sars, 1. ¢. p. 115, t. 20, £.16 a-h, t. II, f. 2, 1878. 
Hab.—British and Seandinavian seas, north to Lofoten, south to Vigo 
Bay, between tides and to the Laminarian zone. Type of the genus. 


Trachydermon dentiens. 
Chiton dentiens Gld. Otia, pp. 6, 242, 1862. 
Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) pseudodentiens Cpr. Suppl. Rep. 1. ¢. p. 649, 1863. 
Hab.—Puget Sound and Vancouver Island. 
The fact that the ‘‘teeth” are merely peculiar color-marks does net 
render it necessary to dispense with the origmal name of Dr. Gould. 


Subgenus TRACHYRADSIA Cpr. MSS. 
Trachydermon, valvis centralibus bi- seu pluri-fissatis. Type Chiton 
Sulgetrum Reeve. 
Trachyradsia aleutica. 
T.. aleutica Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 1, Jan. 1878. 
T. t. parva, rufocinerea, oblonga, fornicata, jugo acutissimo; mucrone 


324 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


submediano, apicibus prominentibus; ar. lat. inconspicuis; tota& super- 
ficie quincuncialiter minute reticulata; intus, v. ant. 16, post. 11, centr. 
2-fissaté; dent. parvis perspongiosis, late separatis; subgrundis spon- 
giosis, curtis; sinu parvo; zond squamulis minutis obsité. Lon. 6, Lat. 
3 mm. 

Hab.—Kyska Harbor, Kyska Id. Constantine and Kiriloff Harbors, 
Amcehitka Island, and Nazan Bay, Atka, in the Western Aleutians, at 
low-water mark, under stones on the beach, Dall! Fifteen examples. 

This modest little species is of a dull livid purplish red, with an ashy 
tinge, especially on the narrow girdle. Except for the well-marked 
ridges of growth, it appears smooth, but possesses (like all Chitons) a 
fine reticulation, only visible under a magnifier. The lateral areas are 
not distinct, the back is very much rounded, and the valves well hooked 
in the median line. The substance of the valves from within appears 
remarkably spongy, as if rotten, or even like vesicular pumice, espe- 
cially under the eaves. The anterior slits are marked by radiating lines 
of holes, though the teeth between them can hardly be made out. The 
posterior valve, however, has not this aid to counting, and in the general 
sponginess it is almost impossible to say how many teeth or denticles 
exist. It bears no marked resemblance to any other species of the re- 
gion. 

Genus TONICELLA Cpr. 


Tonicella Cpr. Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 154, 1873. Type T. marmorea Fabr. 
Tonicia sp. Adams, Gray, Cpr. and others. 
< Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arc. Norv. p. 116, June, 1878. 

Valve, mucro, lamin et sinus plerumque ut in Ischnochitone; zond 
ut in Tonicia, coriacea, levis, seu subleevis: branchiz medi. 

The genus Tonicia Adams and Gray, to which the species of Tonicella 
have often been referred, has pectinated insertion-plates and ambient 
gills like the typical Chitons, while Tonicella has sharp plates and short 
rows of gills. The two groups also differ in their dentition. The major 
lateral of Tonicella is strongly tridentate; in Tonicia the cusp of the 
major lateral is scoop-shaped, rounded, with a plain edge, and the radula 
recalls that of Chiton (typical) and Corephium. Prof. Sars appears to 
have been unaware of Dr. Carpenter’s publication on the New England 
Chitons. 

Tonicella marmorea. 


Chiton marmoreus Fabricius, Faun. Griul. 420, 1780.—Midd. Mal. Ross. i, p. 103, 
1847; Sib. Reise, 182, 1851.—Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii, p. 414, pl. 
Iviii, f. 2, pl. lix, f. 4, 1853.—Jeffreys, Brit. Conch. iii, p. 227, 1865, v, p. 
199) pl. lvi, £7, 1869. 

Chiton ruber Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. fv, p. 92, 1797.—Lovén, Ind. Moll. 
Scand. p. 28, 1846; not of Linné. 

Chiton levigatus Fleming, Edin. Encyel. p. 113, t. vii; Brit. An. p. 290, 1828.— 
Reeve, Conch. Icon. Chiton, pl. 27, f. 179, 1847. 

? Chiton punctatus Strém (Jeffreys)?, Acta Nidr. iii, p. 433, t. vi, f. 14. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3825 


Tonicella marmorea. 

Chiton latus Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii, p. 103, pl. 5, f. 6-7, 1825.—Sowerby, Conch. 
Til. Chiton, f. 113, 1839. 

Chiton fulminatus Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 80, pl. 3, f. 19, 1838.— 
Gould, Inv. Mass. i, p. 148, f. 3, 1841. 

Chiton pictus Bean, Thorpe’s Brit. Mar. Conch. p. 264, pl. —, f. 56, 1844. 

Chiton Flemingius Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit. p. 230, Dec. 1852. 

Tonicia marmerea H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854. 

Tonicetla marmorea Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. v, p. 154, 1873. 

Borcochiton marmoreus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 116, t. 8, f. 3 a-l, 
t. H, f. 4 (mot good), 1878. 


T. t. elongata, valvis ut in “Trachydermon ruber” pieturata; zona 
coriaeed, expansa, levi; intus, v. post. 8-9, v. ant. 8-10, v. centr. 1-fis- 
sata; sinu angusto, altiore, levi. Lon. 40, Lat. 24 min. 


Hab.— Aleutian Islands, 8-10 fms., rare; east coast of North America 
from Massachusetts Bay northward to Greenland; every part of the 
North Atlantie north of Great Britain, and as far south as Dublin Bay 
on the west and the shores of Holland on the east; in 5-100 fathoms, 

_according to temperature. 

This well-known species has almost exactly such a eolor-pattern as 
Trachydermon ruber, and in dry specimens the pilose girdle of the latter 
is the most convenient means of distinction. A comparison of European 
with Greenland specimens shows that the latter are usually more ele- 
vated, and the posterior valve has usually seven slits instead of eight or 
nine. This form, of course, is the typical one; those from Europe may 
perhaps retain the varietal name of 7. latus Lowe. The Alaskan speci- 
mens, as is often the case with mollusea of this region, are more like 
European than East American specimens, and in the fresh condition ex- 
hibit a very broad, smooth, yellowish girdle, sometimes as wide on each 
side of the valves as the whole width of the shelly part. Otherwise they 
agree with Norwegian specimens. The measurements given above are 
for the very largest; they average about an inch in length. It doubtless 
extends to the Arctic Ocean on the shores of Alaska, though all our 
specimens happened to come from the Aleutians. 

Jeffreys states that this may be identical with C. punctatus Strém, but 
the name would be an evident misnomer, as it is in no way punctate, 
and the identification requires further confirmation. 

Middendorf found a variation in the number of anterior slits, being 
five to seven, and in posterior slits six to nine, in all, in the specimens 
he examined, which came from the White Sea and Arctic coast of Russian 
Lapland. 

An attempt has been made to identify this species with C. ruber Lin., 
but the examination of the Linnean Chitons by Mr. Hanley has left this 
theory no sound foundation, and it hardly requires further notice. 

The gill-rows of this species extend forward three-quarters the length 
of the foot, and each contains twenty to twenty-five branchize. Mantle- 
edge plain, inconspicuous, very narrow. The margin of the muzzle is 


326 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


puckered up in front, with the posterior corners produced into lappets. 
There is no veil. Oviducts not clearly made out. The ovarian openings 
are simple and close on each side of and a little behind the anus, from 
which a ridge extends in front of them on each side. But there appear, 
also, to be two openings in the vicinity of the fourth or fifth branchia 
from the posterior end of the gill-rows, ohe on each side. The contracted 
condition of the specimens, from the effect of the alcohol in which they 
were preserved, prevented a satisfactory confirmation of these appear- 
ances. 

Tonicella lineata. 


Chiton lineatus Wood, Gen. Conch. p. 15, pl. 2, f. 4-5, 1815.—Midd. Mal. Ross. 
i, p. 109, t. xii, f. 8-9, 1847.—Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. vii, f. 
33, 1847. 

Tonicia lineata H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854. 

Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) lineata Midd. M ee Ross. i, p. 34. 

Tonicella lineata Carpenter, MS. 


T. t. mucrone antice mediano, satis elevato; intus, v. ant. 9-12-, v. 
post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1-fissata; dent. obtusioribus (t. jun. acutis), posticis 
curtioribus, vix interdum rugulosis; subgrundis curtis, spongiosis; sinu 
angusto, alto, levi, angulato; branchiis medianis; test& externa subele- 
vata, tegmentum lve, areis lateralibus vix distinctis; flavum aut fus- 
cum, lineolis albis pictum, zona coriacea, oculo nudo levis. Lon. 30, 
Lat.15 mm. Diy. 120°. 


Hab.—From Bering Strait south, on both coasts; westward to Japan 
and the Okhotsk Sea; eastward to the Bay of Monterey, California, and 
including the whole Aleutian chain; low water to 60 fathoms. Two 
hundred and eighty specimens examined of the typical form. 

The painting of this very characteristic species is very variable, even 
on different valves of the same individual. Nothing can appear more 
distinct than the coloration of typical specimens of some varieties, but 
in a large series the differences do not hold equally good. The number 
of slits is also somewhat variable, occasional abnormal or injured speci- 
mens having only six or seven slits in the tail-valve. But fine and nor- 
mal specimens of both varieties show no more than individual variations. 

Middendorf, while pointing out the distinctions between the following 
species and 7’. marmorea, appears to have overlooked the connection be- 
tween the former and 7. lineata, and his description does not always 
agree with his figures. 

From Tonicia lineolata Sowerby, from South America, beside the in- 
ternal generic characters, the exterior differs by the absence of punctures 
aud raised granules at the sides. 

T. submarmorea is further distinguished from lineata by the somewhat 
raised lateral areas, which are hardly perceptible in the present form. 
It is one of the handsomest Alaskan Chitons. The southern specimens, 
especially those from Monterey, generally have the yellow and brown 
lines marginated with blue, which produces a peculiar color-eftect. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 327 


The gill-rows extend forward two-thirds the length of the foot. They 
contain about twenty-seven branchiz on each side. The mantle-edge is 
very narrow, hardly distinguishable around the head. There is no veil. 
The edge of the muzzle is narginated all around, and drawn into flaps 
at the posterior corners. 


Tonicella submarmorea. 


Chiton submarmoreus Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersburg, iv, No. 8, 1846; 
Mal. Ross. i, p. 98, 1847; Ib. Sib. Reise, p. 178, pl. xiv, #. 7-10, xv, f£. 7-8, 
1851. 

Chiton insignis Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xxii, No. 149, f. 148, 1847. 


T. t. ut in forma precedente, sed testa externa ex rosea flavoque alba, 
maculis flammulisque sed rufis, sed albis picta; tegmentum zone levius- 
culum, nitidulum, flavum aut fuscum pictum. 


Hab.—Japan and the Okhotsk Sea, Aleutian Islands to Sitka and 
Fuca Strait. It has not been found north of the Aleutians or south of 
Washington Territory. 

In the description of this form, Middendorf, in distinguishing it from 
T. marmorea, seemed to overlook its relations to 7. lineata, from which, 
for some time, I was indisposed to specifically separate it. The peculiar 
color of the valves is reproduced sporadically on some valves of 7. line- 
ata in occasional specimens; though these may be due to hybridization. 
The dentition, elsewhere figured, indicates, however, that the two forms 
are specifically distinct. The soft parts are very similar to those of T. 
marmorea in every respect except that the openings near the anus were 
absent. The specimen was a male, and the structure of the spermsac 
recalled that of Acmea. Some of these differences may be sexual; at 
all events, the subject requires investigation from living specimens. 


Tonicella saccharina. 
Tonicella saccharina Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 2, Jan. 1878. 

T. t. parva, oblonga, tota superficie saccharina rufo et albescente picta; 
mucrone submediano, inconspicuo; ar. lat. inconspicue elevatis, ar. dors. 
sanguinosis, eque quincuncialiter lente reticulata; v. ant. 10-11-, v. 
post. 8-10-, v. centr. 1-fissata; dent. parvis, spongiosis; sinu parvo; sub- 
grundis spongiosis, mediocris; zon& coriacea ut in Tonicellw aliis. 
Branchiis mediis. Lon. 6.5, Lat. 4 mm. 


Hab.— Aleutian and Shumagin Islands; Kyska, Unalashka, and IKoni- 
ushi, 3 to 13 fathoms on stones! St. Paul. Pribiloff Ids., 15 fathoms. 
Seven specimens examined. 

This interesting little species has the lustre of rock-candy, through 
which the microseopie reticulation is barely perceptible. It is marked, 
in all the specimens obtained, by the red wine colored dorsal areas con- 
trasted with a waxy white color of the lateral areas, rendering its rec- 
ognition easy. The girdle is dark, leathery, narrow, slightly pubescent, 


328 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


and furnished at its extreme margin with a fringe of fine spiny hairs or 
spicules, as in 7. marmorea. 


? Tonicella Sitkensis. 
Chiton Sitkensis Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 121, 1846; Mal. Ross. 
i, p. 112, t. xiii, f. 1-2, 1847. 
Tonicia Sitkensis H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854. 
Not Chiton Sitkensis Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 55, 1847. 

?T. t. externa depressa; tegmentum leviusculum, areis lateralibus 
indistinctis, sub lente sparsim granulosum, rubicundum; limbi levius- 
culi epidermis zonalis submicroscopio stroma exhibet spinulis latenti- 
bus erectis munitum; v. ant. 8-, v. post. 10-, v. centr. 1-fissata; branchiz 
postice, parce, no. cire. 24. Lon. 10, Lat.6mm. Div. 130°. 

Hab.—Sitka, one specimen (Midd.). 

The above species described by Middendorf, if not a variety of one of 
the others, has not yet been identified or collected by any other natural- 
ist. His description differs very much from his figures, while the ante- 
rior teeth are figured as grooved outside; if correct, an unusual charae- 
ter. It is said to be nearest to T. submarmoreus, and may well be a 
young specimen of one of its numerous varieties. 


Genus SCHIZOPLAX Dall. 


Schizoplax Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 2, Jan. 1878. 
Tonicia sp. H. & A. Adams. 
Schizoplax Cpr. MS. (subgenus of Tonicella). 


Testa et zona Tonicelle simulans; valve centrales sulco jugali medi- 
ano, antico argute incise; branchiz subambientes. 

For this remarkable form, which is distinguished from all other known 
Chitons by the median slit in all the central valves, I propose to adopt 
the MS. name suggested by Dr. Carpenter on Middendorf’s figures, rais- 
ing its value, however, to the rank of a genus. The specimens obtained 
by us appear to be the first obtained by any one since the original spe- 
cimens of Middendorf. 


Schizoplax Brandatii. 
Chiton Brandtii Midd. Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 117, 1846; Mal. Ross. 
i, p. 128, 1847. 
Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) Brandtit Midd. Sib. Reise, p. 174, t. xv, f. 
1-6, 1851. 
Tonicia Brandtii H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 474, 1854, 
Schizoplax Brandtii Dall, Proc. Nat. Mus. p. 2, Jan. 1878. 

S. t. ovali, longiori, angustiori, satis elevata; jugo rotundato; oliva- 
ceo-fusea, caeruleo seu strigata, seu maculata seu nebulosa; sape irregu- 
lariter castaneo; mucrone centr. irregulariter subplanato; v. post. om- 
nino satis regulariter excurvati; ar. jug. nonnisi colore definitis, ar. lat. 
vix definitis, tot&a superficie leviore, sub lente conspicue quine. granu- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 329 


lata; zona angusta, olivaceo-cinereo maculata, confertim spinulis minutis 
ornata, oculo nudo sublievis; submicroscopio epidermis dorsalis pubes- 
cens, Stroma spinulis rarioribus latentibus erectis; mucro indistinctis 
in summa tamen linea mediana valvarum intermediarum superne sulcus 
decurrit linearis, longitudinalis, argute incisus; sinu jugali modico, alto, 
haud laminato, conspicue spongiosa, subegrundis minimis, maxime spon- 
giosis; v. ant. 11-, post. 11-, centr. 1-fiss. Branchie cire. 22, subambi- 
entes. Lon. 16, Lat.5mm. Div. 140°. 

Hab.—Shantar Bay, Okhotsk Sea, Midd.; Aleutian Islands eastward 
to Sitka Harbor, low water to 12 fathoms on stones and shells; Dall! 
Ninety-three specimens examined. 

This very remarkable species is very prettily marbled with olive, 
chestnut, and blue; the girdle generally dark olive, dashed with ashy 
spots and in fine specimens having a pubescent appearance. The slit 
is occupied by a cartilaginous substance of a dark brown color, most 
visible from within. The branchiw appear to reach nearly to the head. 
Tt is quite possible that it may reach as far south as Puget Sound. 

The soft parts are yellowish white. The gill-rows extend three-fourths 
of the length of the foot forward from their posterior termination, and 
each contains about twenty-two branchie. Mantle-edge thick, plain; 
veil small, plain. Muzzle small, plain, with two large squarish lappets 
at the posterior corners. The supposed oviducts open on each side 
through a small rounded papilla in the vicinity of the third or fourth 
branchia counting forward, and between the line of the gill-row and 
the side of the foot. 


Genus CHA TOPLEURA Shuttleworth. 


Chetopleura Shuttlew. Bern. Mitth. Juni 1853. Type Chiton Peruvianus Lam. 
<Chetopleura H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 475, 1854. 
<Acanthopleura Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 67. 


Testa Ischnochitoni similis; zoné plus minusve pilosé. Branchiz 
ambientes. 


Cheetopleura Hartwegii. 


Chiton Hartwegii Carpenter, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 231. 
Trachydermon Hartwegii Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 649. 


C. t. colore olivaceo, cinereo seu rufo-fusco seu cupreo-viridi, spe 
eleganter maculoso; intus, intense czeruleo-viridi; mucrone mediano 
satis elevato; valvis singulis tumentibus, eleganter arcuatis, apicibus 
conspicuis, suturis marg. distinctis; ar. diag. haud nisi costis tumenti- 
bus subobsoletis discernendis; tota superficie super granulis minimis, 
sub lente solum distinguendis, granis parvis ubique sparsis; super ar. 
diag. et v. term. granis majoribus irregulariter verrucosis; intus v. post. 
9-12-, ant. 10-11-, centr. 1-fissatis; dent. solidis, obtusis, interdum subru- 


330 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


gulosis, valde separatis; subgrundis spongiosis, parum extantibus; sinu 
alto, lato, planato, spongioso, haud laminato; pagina interna eallosa; 
zona fusca, minutissime granulosa, inter granulas setis pellucidis mini- 
mis hue et illue decurrentibus. Lon. 25, Lat. 16mm. (Cpr. MS.) 

Hab.—Columbian Archipelago, probably reaching the southern bor- 
ders of Alaska, and southward to Magdalena Bay, Lower California. 
Forty specimens examined. 

This species having been originally described from imperfect speci- 
mens, I insert Dr. Carpenter’s amended diagnosis. It has not occurred 
in our collections, but being abundant in the Vancouver region, doubt- 
less occurs in Southeastern Alaska. It is an aberrant species, and at 
some time may require to be separated from the genus to which Dr. Car- 
penter and myself have provisionally referred it. 


Chetopleura Nuttallii. 
Chiton Nuttallii Cpr. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 231. 
Trachydermon Nuttallii Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 649. 

C. t. mucrone satis planato; intus v. post. 11-, ant. 8-, centr. 1-fissata; 
aliter ut in C. Hartwegii formata. 

Hab.—With the last, also probably in Alaska. 

All the specimens examined appear to differ from C. Hartwegii in the 
broad non-swelling valves, squared at the sides, and not beaked or waved. 
It may yet prove merely a variety. The characters of the mantle and 
interior are aberrant, as in the last species. 


Genus ISCHNOCHITON. 


Ischnochiton Gray §*, P. Z. S. 1847, pp. 126-7. 
Lepidopleurus Ad. Gen. Rec. Moll. i, 471, 1854. 


Testa tenuior; lam. insert. regulares, acute, nec pectinatz nec serra- 
te; subgrunde majores; sinus plerumque levis; zona squamosa, squa- 
mis plerumque striatis; branchie elongatie. (Cpr.) Type I. longicymba 
Quoy. me 

The main character of this genus, which includes by far the largest 
munber of species of any single group of Chitons, consists in the row of 
Sharp smooth insertion-teeth, surrounded by more or less projecting 
eaves, as first described by Dr. Carpenter in the Mazatlan Catalogue 
(p. 194), and in the scaly girdle. Dr. Carpenter has divided the group 
by its minor characters into the following subgenera: 


LS Steno Dh OC Pik cisco «= Sooo sce eRe en ese eae afeaeraeine C. limaciformis Sowerby. 
Body elongate. Scales elongate, chaffy, striated, irregular, and crowded. 

2. SLEROKAUSIAROMT: cess =L = cake oes eee (hee eee ee C. magdalenensis Hinds. 
Like Stenoplax, with numerous side-slits. 

a SCV NOplar iO pleases a) aca. s 2 2c ce wo cane = Soe eee ee C. pectinatus Sowerby. 


Like Stenoplax, but with occasional large scales rising above the rest, and a mul- 
titude of short striated bristles. Mucro raised, subposterior. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 331 


© 


4. Heterozona Cpr ...--- Bein cas tah Seas iaee lsh seb stol denies is nests I. cariosa Cpr. 
Body elongate; two kinds of rather solid, striated scales. 

5-s lschnochiton (restricted) Cpr... ..-ce. co-w ose aaceereee eae C. longicymba Quoy. 
Scales transverse, flattened, somewhat imbricated, generally striated. 

6. Ischnoradsia Cpr.-ex Shuttleworth .............--.- Side worsetseur C. dispar Sowerby. 
Scales striated. Central valves with many slits. 

7. Lepidopleurus Cpr .------ See ee ee ote eee nace eas Ex C. Mertensi Midd. 
Scales solid, imbricated, smooth. 

SPC IAOTGNSth) CTs canis sans cee asice ores seiscnicneleceoseesicns ,C. australis Sowerby. 


Similar to the last, with many slits in central valves. 
The only Alaskan species of the restricted subgenus, so far as known, 
is the following form. 
Ischnochiton interstinctus. 
Chiton interstinctus Gould, Moll. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 322, pl. 27, f. 423, a, b, 1852. 
C. (Leptochiton) interstinctus Gould, Otia, p. 230, 242, 1862. 
Callochiton interstinctus H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. i, p. 471, 1854. 


Trachydermon interstinctus Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1853, p. 649. 
Ischnochiton interstinctus Cpr. MS. 1871. 


I. t. mucrone antice mediano, satis elevato; intus v. post. 12-, ant. 10-, 
centr. 1-fiss.; dent. acutis; subgrundis modicis; sinu lato, planato; zona 
squamulis subovalibus, tenuissime striatis. Lon. 17, Lat. 7mm. Div. 
110°. 

Hab.—Sitka Harbor, 12 fathoms, mud and gravel! south to Monterey 
and the Santa Barbara Islands, California. Eighty-seven specimens 
examined. 

This is a modest little species of a dark red color, mottled with light 
about the jugum. The riblets are somewhat broken into tubercles by 
the lines of growth. It appeared to be very abundant at Sitka in the 
locality where it was found. There are no other species likely to be con- 
founded with it in this district. 

The gill-rows are nearly as long as the foot. The muzzle is produced 
into lappets at the corners. No data in regard to the fenestre could be 
obtained from the dry specimens. 


Ischnoradsia trifida. 


Trachydermon trifidus Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, p. 649; Proc. Phil. Acad. 
Nat Sci. 1865, p. 60. 


I. satis magna, satis elevata, regulariter ovali; rufo-castanea, pallidiore 
et intensiore maculata; jugo acutiore, gothico; mucrone mediano, pla- 
nato; tota superficie vix minutissime granulata; ar. centrali lineis trans- 
versis, jugo perpendicularibus cire. VIII altissime punctatis; ar. lat. 
valde definitis, costis obsoletis II-LV, interdum ad interstitiis punctim- 
depressis; intus, pagina interna albido-carnea, radiis IL rufo-purpureis 
ab umbonibus planatis divergentibus; v. post. 13-, v. ant. 13-, centr. 2- 
fissatis, dentibus acutis interdum ad margines serratis, interdum extus 
striatis sed interdum normaliter levibus; subgrundis conspicuis sub- 


332 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


spongiosis; sinu minore, laminato, lamina atroque latere et interdum 
in medio fissata; zonaé squamulis perparvis, solidioribus, irregulariter 
instructis levibus, instructaé; branchiis fere ambientibus, per valvas 
VI posticus continuis.. Lon. 40, Lat. 26mm. Div. 135°. 

Hab.—Sitka, Port Etches, 9-18 fms., gravel, rare; south to Puget 
Sound. Six specimens examined. 

This rare and fine species is not particularly handsome, being of dull 
and livid colors, but is peculiarly characterized by the straight trans- 
verse ribs on the dorsal areas, with spongy interspaces, and by the 
pretty regular division of the lateral areas into three well-marked radi- 
ating cost, which are separated in the insertion-plate by two fissures. 
No other species of the region resembles this in sculpture. Muzzle with 
a pectinated margin in front produced into rounded lappets at the 
corners. Gill-rows as long as the foot, containing each 28-35 branchiz. 
Veil absent. Mantle-edge plain, narrow. There is a small spherical 
lump on each side of the girdle just behind the posterior ends of the 
gill-rows, which are turned out toward the girdle and widely separated 
behind. The anus is large, median, and crenate, opening on the upper 
part of the hinder end of the foot. No ovarian openings could be 
detected, and the species presents some peculiarities which call for 
further research with more material. 


Subgenus LEPIDOPLEURUS s. 8s. Cpr. 
Lepidopleurus Mertensii. 


Chiton Mertensiit Midd. Bull. Ac. Sci. St. Pétersb. vi, p. 118, 1846. 

Chiton (Phenochiton, Hamachiton, Stenosemus) Mertensii Midd. Mal. Ross. p. 34, 
125, pl. xiv, f. 1-3 a-h, 1847. 

Leptochiton Mertensii H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll. i, p. 473, 1854. 

L. t. colore rubido, interdum intensiore nebuloso; mucrone subcen- 
trali, haud elevato; intus v. term. 9-12-, centr. 1 fiss.; dent. acutis; sub- 
grundis majoribus; sinu lato, planato, leevi; zond rubida seu pallidiore, 
squamis ovoideis, nitentibus, levibus vix regulariter confertissime im- 
bricata. Lon. 20, Lat.6 mm. Diy. 100°. 

Hab.—Sitka and vicinity, south to Monterey, Cal. Many specimens 
examined. 

Middendorf’s description and figures of this shell do not agree well 
together. Its fine red color, sharp and prominent sculpture, usually 
free from erosion or nullipore, and beautifully shining-and regular scales, 
render this one of the most attractive and easily recognized of the 
Alaskan Chitons, There are no others in that region likely to be con- 
founded with it. It rarely shows a white valve or a dash of white on 
some of the valves. 

The Soft parts of this species are whitish. The anus is on a papilla. 
Mantle-edge narrow, granulose, forming on each side behind the last 
branchia a rounded lump or tumor. Near this the ovarian openings 
were thought to be detected. Muzzle semicircular, cornered behind on 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 333 


each side. No veil. Gill-rows three-quarters as long as the foot, each 
containing about forty branchiz. 

(In Lepidoradsia australis, the gill-rows were found to extend the 
whole length of the foot, and to contain forty-seven branchiz in each. 
Mantle-edge plain, thin; muzzle plain, semicircular, without a veil; 
the ovarian openings situated close on either margin of the anus.) 


ACANTHOIDEA. 
Genus NUTTALLINA Cpr. MS. 
Lorica elongata, valvis antice projectis; mucro posticus, elevatus; 
lamine acute, leves, (nisi v. post.) elongate; v. centrales bifissate; 
sinus haud laminatus, planatus; zoné spinosa. 


From Acanthopleura this genus differs in the smoothness of the sharp 
teeth, in their great length and Radsioid slitting; in the thrown-back 
mucro, which often projects beyond the margin; in the throwing forward 
of the rest of the shell, as in Katherina, and in the deep spongy flat 
sinus which interrupts the sutural lamine. The name is given in honor 
of the late Thomas Nuttall, Esq., once professor of natural history at 
Harvard College, and the original discoverer of the typical species, as 
well as many others of the shells and plants of California. (Cpr.) 
Nuttallina scabra. 

Chiton scaber Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Chiton, pl. xvii, f. 105, 1847. 
Chiton californicus (Nutt. MS.) according to Carpenter. 

Not Chiton californicus (Nutt. MS.) according to Reeve. 
Acanthopleura scabra Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc. 1863, p. 649. 


N. t. mucrone postico, sed haud terminali, maxime trans marginem 
posticum elevato; v. post. 7-8-, v. ant. 10-11-, centr. 2-fissatis; dent. 
acutis, levibus, (nisi postice) prelongis, antice valde projectis; valvis 
centralibus dent. post. minoribus; subgrundis parvis, haud suleatis; 
sinu altissimo, lato, planato, spongioso, haud laminato; zona lata crassa; 
spinis testaceis curtioribus densissime obsita. Lon. 36, Lat. 10 mm. 

Hab.—Vancouver district, south to California, probably in the south- 
ern islands of Alaska; at and above high-water mark, in crevices of the 
rocks; at Monterey abundant. 

This singular species, not yet obtained from Alaska, but which will 
probably be found there, like some Litorinas, seems habitually to prefer 
positions where it can at most be reached by the spray in storms, on ex- 
posed headlands, where the breeze comes in damp and cool from the sea. 
The pointed valves overlap each other so much that when the ereature is 
curled up they project from the girdle, giving a pectinated outline, un- 
usual in Chitons. The valves are almost always eroded, even the prom- 
inent mucro is often hollowed out, and the sculpture can rarely be seen 
except in young specimens. The color is grayish or brownish, with 
whitish streaks; the girdle has the aspect of dead brownish-black moss, 
sometimes with ashy spots at the sutures. 


334 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


OrpER DOCOGLOSSA. 
Suborder ABRANCHIATA. 


Family LEPETID&. 


Genus LEPETA Gray. 
Lepeta Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168.—Dall, Am. J. Conch. v, 1869, p. 140. 


Subgenus LEPETA Dall ex Gray. 
Lepeta Dall, Mon. Fam. Lepetide, Am. J. Conch. v, 1869, p. 141. 


Lepeta czca. 
Patella ceca O. F. Miiller, Prodr. Zoédl. Dan. 1766, p. 237; Ib. Zoél. Dan. i, 
. 12. 
ies ceca Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168.—Dall, 1. ec. p. 141, pl. 15, f. 4. (Type.) 

Hab.—In Alaska, in 23 fathoms, off the Sea Horse Islands, near 
Point Barrow, Arctic Ocean north from Bering Strait (Smith! 3 
specimens). Elsewhere, northern seas of Europe and Eastern North 
America generally, 10-100 fathoms (Sars); Massachusetts Bay north- 
ward, in America. In Europe northward from Danish waters; on the 
Norwegian coast; the Hebrides, ete. 

This species has not been found, though reported, erroneously, south 
from Bering Strait on the Pacific side. Such references refer to L. (C.) 
concentrica. Jeftreys found it in six hundred and ninety fathoms off 
Holsteinborg in Greenland, and it ranges from that depth to a few 
fathoms. That it has a curved, nearly spiral, deciduous nucleus when 
very young, was announced by me in 1869, and is confirmed by Dr. Jef- 
freys in his Report on the Mollusca of the Valorous Expedition. It is 
the Patella candida of Couthouy, P. cerea of MOller, and probably the 
Lepeta Franklini of Gray MSS. 


Subgenus CRYPTOBRANCHIA Dall ex Midd. 


Cryptobranchia Midd. (pars), Sib. Reise, p. 183, 1851.—Dall, Mon. Lepetide, 1. c. 1869, 
p. 143. 

The name Cryptobranchia was previously used by Gray, Fleming, and 
Deshayes for different groups of mollusks of family or greater value, but 
has in none of these cases been used or adopted by other naturalists, and 
hence was not preoccupied for the group of Middendorf. 


Cryptobranchia concentrica. 
Patella (Cryptobranchia) ceca, var. B concentrica, Midd. Sib. Reise, p. 183, pl. 
xvi, f. 6, 1851. 
Cryptobranchia concentrica Dall,1. c. p. 143, pl. 15, f. 2 a-f. 
Lepeta cwcoides Cpr. Suppl. Rep. Br. As. 1863, pp. 603, 651. 
Hab.—North Japan, Stimpson! Schrenck!, eastward throughout the 
Aleutians, along the southern coast of Alaska (Dall!), British Columbia 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 335 


(Fisher!) to Puget Sound, W. T. (Swan and Kennerly!). Abundant 
from low water to eighty fathoms on stones and shells, sometimes attain- 
ing the length of an inch, but usually about four-tenths of an inch long. 
Five hundred and twenty-seven specimens examined. 

This is the largest and most abundant species of the family. In it, 
beside differences in dentition, the apex is simply pointed or blunt, not 
deciduous, as in the typical Lepeta. The sculpture is usually faint, but 
sometimes raised in beautiful concentric frills, from which the name was 
derived. Small specimens from slight examination have been quoted as 
LI. ceca by authors. It has not yet been found north of the Aleutians. 


C. concentrica var. instabilis. 
? Cryptobranchia instabilis Dall, 1. c. p. 145, pl. 15, f. 6. 

IT am now convineed that the provisional name which I applied to this 
singular form is only of varietal value. It seems, from later specimens, 
to be a form which, from living on the stalk of Nereocystis, has become 
peculiarly areuated and greatly thickened, much like Acmea instabilis, 
which has the same habit. It has only been found at Sitka in small 
numbers, dead, in 10-15 fathoms. 


Cryptobranchia alba. 
C. alba Dall, 1. c. p. 145, pl. 15, f. 3 a-d, 1869. 


Hab.—Plover Bay, E. Sib., Dall! Seniavine Straits, Stimpson! 
Akutan Pass, Aleutian Islands, Dall! Dead on beach. Alive at six- 
teen fathoms, gravel. Twenty-four specimens examined. 

This species appears to fill the gap between the distribution of Z. 
ceca and C.concentrica. It is easily distinguished from the latter by its 
smooth surface and rounded apex and back, beside anatomical charac- 
ters. It rarely reaches nearly an inch in length, and is of the purest 
whiteness. 

Extra-limital Species. 


Subgenus PiLmpIum Forbes. 


Pilidium Forbes, Atheneum, Oct. 6, 1849, p. 1018.—Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii, 
p. 440, 1849; not of Middendorf, Sib. Reise, p. 214, 1851.—Dall, 1. ¢. 1869 
(synonymy, ete., in full). 

Tothia Gray, not Forbes, 1854 (ef. Dall, 1. c. 1869). 

Tectura Jefireys, 1865, not of Gray (1847), nor of authors, 

Scutellina Chenu (pars), Sars, not of Gray, 1847. 


Pilidium fulvum. 


Patella fulva O. F. Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 227, 1776. 

Pilidium fulvum Forbes, Athenzeum, |. c. Oct. 6, 1849.—Dall, 1. c. 1869. 
Pilidium rubellum Stm. Checklist Sh. N. Am. E. Coast, No. 312, 1865. 
Tectura fulva Jeffreys, Br. Conch. iii, p. 250, 1865. 

Patella forbesit J. Smith, Wern. Soc. Mem. viii, p, 107, pl. ii, f. 3. 
Scutellina fulva G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 122, 1878. 


Hab.—Northern and Arctic seas of Eastern America and Europe; 
doubtfully reported from the Adriatic, where, if it be correctly identified, 


836 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


it is probably the remnant of a polar colony, like that in the Gulf of 
Lyons. It ranges from five to one hundred and fifty fathoms. 

This species, like Cryptobranchia, has a rounded non-spiral apex. 
When the Arctic shores of Alaska are more carefully searched, it may 
turn up there; but it does not seem to be a common species anywhere. 

The name Pilidiwm has been used for a stage in the larva of certain 
invertebrates, but not as having an assured standing in systematic 
nomenclature. I see no reason, therefore, why it should be replaced by 
any other. It is hardly necessary to point out that it does not belong 
even to the same family as the Tectura of most authors, though erro- 
neously called Tectura by Adams and others. It was sent by Morch, 
under the name of Patella rubella Fabr., to Dr. Stimpson, which led him 
and the writer to erroneously unite that species (which is an Acmca) 
with the present one in 1865 and 1869. To Prof. Sars is due the credit 
of pointing out the true place of the P. rubella. Clark speaks of find- 
ing the fry entangled in the mucus of the foot, but this can hardly be 
more than an accident. 


Suborder PROTEOBRANCHIATA. 
Family ACM.AIDA Cpr. 


Acmeide Dall, 1. ¢. p. 237, 1871. 


Genus ACMAA Eschscholtz. 


Acmea Esch. Appendix to Kotzebue’s New Voyage around the World (Dorpat, 1828), 
London reprint, vol. ii, p. 350, 1830.—Dall, 1 e. p. 237, 1871. Type A. 
mitra. 


Having shown by evidence which cannot be successfully controverted, 
that the name of Acmea has precedence in time of application over 
Tecture Aud. (Tectura Gray), no apology is necessary for following the 
lead of Forbes, Woodward, Hanley, Philippi, and Carpenter, in adopt- 
ing the prior designation. Its very extensive synonymy will be found 
in my paper above quoted. 


Subgenus ACMA Dall ex Eschscholtz. 


Acmea Dall, Am. J. Conch. vi, p. 241, 1871. Type A. mitra Esch. 
Erginus Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Mar. 1877, p. 231. 

Tectura Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 121, 1878. 

Acmea mitra. 


A. mitra (Esch.) Rathke, Zool. Atlas, v, p. 18, No. 1, pl. xxiii, f. 4, .1833.— 
Dall, 1. e. p. 241, 1871, pl. 14, f. 1. 


Hab.—Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, westward to Kyska in the Aleu- 
tians, and eastward and southward to Sitka, Oregon, and the coast of 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 337 


California as far south as the Santa Barbara Islands, from low-water 
mark to eighty fathoms, Dall! Seventy-four specimens examined. 
I showed in 1871 that this species has nothing in common with the 
_ genus Scurria, to which it has often been referred, except a very super- 
ficial resemblance of form of the shell. It is not very abundant any- 
where. The partially striated variety tenuisculpta Cpr. has not been 
found in Alaska. A. mitra varies from white to pink or green, and is 
frequently covered with regular nodules or papille of nullipore, when 
it is A. mammillata of Eschscholtz. It is the most unmistakable shell 
of the genus, the members of the restricted subgenus Acmea presenting 
a singular contrast with one another in respect to their shelly covering. 
Acmeza insessa. 
Patella insessa Hinds, An. Nat. Hist. x, p. 82, pl. vi, f. 3. 
Acmea insessa Dall, 1. c. p. 244, pl. 14, f. 3. 
Hab.—Sitka Harbor (one specimen), southward to San Diego, Cali- 
fornia, Dall! Thirty specimens, mostly from the beaches. It seems 
very rare in Alaska. 


Acmea instabilis. 
Patella instabilis Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 150, 1846. 
Acmea (?) instabilis Dall, _- yp. 245. 

Hab.—Sitka, Fort Wrangell, very rare; southward to Vancouver 
(abundant), and Monterey, Cal. (rare); dead on beaches. 

This species, like the last, lives on the stems of the giant fuci com- 
mon to this coast, and I have never seen a fresh specimen with the soft 
parts. But a radulaextracted from one by Mr. H. Hemphill, and kindly 
sent to me, enables me to say with confidence that it is a typical Acmea.. 


Extra-limital Species. 
' Acmea rubella. 


Patella rubella Fabr. Fauna Gronl. p. 386, 1780. 

Pilidium fuloum (pars) Dall, Am. J. Conch. v, part iii, 1869. 

Tectura (Erginus) rubella Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 231, Mar. 1877. 
Tectura rubella G. O. Sars. 1. ¢. p. 121, pl. 8, f. 5 a—-b, pl. ii, f. 11, 1878. 

Hab.—Greenland, Fabr., Moller, Jeffreys; Norway, in Finmark, Sars;. 
5 to 40 fathoms. . 

The shell is generally of a much more brilliant orange color than the 
Pilidium, with which it has been confounded. I am not sure that some 
very young and minute specimens of Limpets found in the Aleutian 
Islands may not belong to this species, but they are too small to deter- 
mine their relations with any certainty. 

It is unfortunate that Prof. Sars, while recognizing in part the char- 
acters which I used to separate this subgenus from Collisella in the 
genus Acmea in 1871, should have applied the name Tectura to the true 
Acmeas, and used Acmea for Collisella, in his very valuable work on the 
Arctic Mollusks of Norway; thus exactly reversing the original arrange- 
ment and inadvertently transgressing the laws of nomenclature. 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78-——22 Feb. 14, 1879. 


338 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Acma virginea. 
Patella virginea Miiller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 257, 1776. 
Acmea virginea Hanley, Br. Marine Conch. p. xxxii, 1844. 
Tectura virginea of authors. 
Acmaa virginea Dall, Am. J. Conch. vi, p. 243, 1871, q. v. 

This species extends from Iceland and Northern Norway south to the 
Azores, but does not reach the shores of America. It ranges from low- 
water mark to sixty fathoms. The Ancylus Gussoni of Costa, which has 
been united with this species, belongs to the Siphonariide. 


Subgenus COLLISELLA Dall. 


Collisella Dall, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Feb. 1871. (Acmea pelta Esch.) 
Acmea Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 120, 1878. 

This group is distinguished by slight but constant external differences 
and by dental characters from the typical Acmzas. It comprises most 
of the Alaskan species as well as many from other parts of the world. 


Acmea (Collisella) pelta. 
A. pelta Esch. Rathke, Zool. Atlas, v, p. 19, 1833.—Dall, 1. e. p. 246, pl. 14, f. 
6, 1871. 
Tectura cassis von Martens, Malak. Blitt. xix, p. 92, pl. 3, f. 9-10, 1872. 

Hab.—Aleutian Islands and the southern coast of Alaska south and 

‘east to the Santa Barbara Islands, Cal., between or near tide-marks. 
Five hundred and ninety specimens examined from my own collection 
and many thousands in the field. 

_ The numerous names which the variations of this species have re- 
ceived, and some account of its varietal forms, have been given by me in 
the paper alluded to. Only one of these forms, A. pelta var. nacelloides 
D. (1. ¢.) seems sufficiently constant to deserve a separate name. In the 
examination of hundreds of these most variable shells, one’s notions of ~ 
the characters sufficient among them to constitute a species or variety 
become so enlarged as to receive little sympathy from those who know 
the group in question from a few specimens on a museum tablet. Con- 
stant field and museum experience for more than twelve years has 
only confirmed my conviction of the propriety of the views of Dr. Car- 
penter, on the west coast species, which have been expressed in his 
various publications. It is true that in selecting from simultaneously 
published names, if he had known at first all that we now know, perhaps 
a different selection might have seemed more judicious; but [agree with 
Dr. v. Martens that any change, now that those selections have become 
history, would be most objectionable, and not to be countenanced. 

The strongly ribbed variety of A. pelta, which Dr. v. Martens has so 
well figured, and has identified with the cassis of the Zool. Atlas, appears 
to be the same. However, the Martensian shell (which I have repre- 
sented by some magnificent examples) is so closely connected, specimen 
by specimen, with others nearly smooth, that I cannot admit that it re- 
quires or should receive a separate name, even if the identity were 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 339 


proven. Other varieties, almost without number, might be selected from 
the series before me, which taken singly seem quite as distinct, and 16 
seems preferable to err, if at all, in the matter of naming mere varia- 
tions, on the side of conservatism. 


Acmea (Collisella) persona. 
Acmea persona Eschscholtz, Rathke, 1. ¢. p. 20, pl. xxiv, f. 1-2, 1833.—Dall, 
ca pacod. pl. 14. tf 8: 
Tectura digitalis von Martens, |. c. p. 93, t. 3, f. 3-4. 
Tectura persona Ib. 1. ¢. p. 95, f. 5, 6. 

Hab.—Adakh Id., Aleutians (one specimen), paumagins, Cook’s Inlet 
(Martens), Port Etches, and southward to California as far as the Santa 
Barbara Islands, between and sometimes above tide-marks. One hun- 
dred and twenty-eight specimens collected. 

The varieties of this shell are often very beautiful, and, taken by them- 
selves, apparentiy well marked; but in a large series these differences 
disappear in the general interchange of characters In a way which is 
impossible to fully realize without a very large series. The synonymy 
will be found in my paper above cited, and contains several variations 
much more striking than those separated by von Martens. 


Acmea (Ccllisella) testudinalis. 
Patella testudinalis Mill. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 237, 1766. 
Collisella t. Dall, 1. c. p. 249, pl. 14, f. 138, 1871. 

This well-known form was supposed by me to be pretty easily sepa- 
rable from C. patina Esch. in 1871, but the result of several years’ addi- 
tional study of the region about the Aleutian Islands has rudely shaken 
that cherished belief. There is a pretty constant difference in the rela- 
tive size and proportion of the teeth on the radula of large and fully 
grown specimens; but of other characters (with seven hundred and thirty 
specimens before me of all sizes, ages, and localities) I find it impossible 
to formulate any. Dr. Carpenter at one time thought them distinct, bat 
a re-examination by him resulted in his confessing his inability to dis- 
tinguish one species from the other by the shells, and I can confidently 
assert that the exterior of the animals affords no characters whatever. 
Indeed, some of the varieties of what we have called typical patina are 
more different from the type than testudinalis can possibly claim to be. 
Specimens of adult patina from Sitka and the Aleutian Islands are 
indistinguishable from specimens of testudinalis of the same size from 
Eastport, Maine. It has been found impossible to rightly assort a mixed 
lot by every one who has tried it. Jam therefore forced to divide the 
species as follows: 

Collisella testudinalis var. testudinalis. 

Hab.—M Alaska from the Arctic Ocean southward (on both sides of 
Bering Sea) to Sitka.. On the eastern coast of America from Long 
Island Sound to the Aretie Ocean, Cumberland Gulf (Kumlein), and 
South Greenland. In Europe, it extends from the English Channel 


340 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


northward to Finmark. In Asia, according to Schrenck, it reaches Yesso 
and the Tartarian coast. ‘ Mexico” is quoted, ex B. M. tablet, by Jef- 
freys; of course due to ballast or some mixture of specimens or labels. 
North of the Pribiloff group, in Bering Sea, it appears to be the sole 
form of the genus. 


C. testudinalis var. patina. 
Acmea patina Esch. Rathke, 1. c. p. 19, pl. xxiv, f. 7-8, 1833. 
C. patina var. normalis sive pintadina (Gld.) Dall, 1. ¢. p. 247, pl. 14, f. 4, 1871. 
Tectura patina Martens, 1. c. p. 93, pl. 3, f. 7-8, 1872. 

Hab.—Aleutian Islanfis, eastward and southward on the Alaskan side 
to San Diego, California. Six fathoms to high-water mark; usually 
between tides. 

The characters assigned to patina by most naturalists are those of 
southern specimens (which were described as Patella pintadina by 
Gould), nineteen-twentieths of the specimens in museums having come 
from California. 

In northern waters these distinctions are more or less obsolete, but 
on a comparison of Californian with Massachusetts Bay specimens it is 
very easy to draw the line between them, and this holds good for indi- 

‘viduals as far as the Aleutians, but not for the generality. 


C. testudinalis var. alveus. 


Hab.—Sitka northward and elsewhere with the typical form in At- 
lantic seas, a variety formed the residence of the individual on a narrow 
frond of seaweed or Zostera. Tectura alveus of authors. 


C. testudinalis var. Cumingii. 
Patella Cumingii Reeve; Dall, |. ¢. p. 248. 

Hab.—F¥ rom the Pribiloff Islands southward with var. patina. Com- 
monest toward Cook’s Inlet, rare at the northern extreme of range and 
southward of Vancouver Island. Usually near low-water mark, and 
most frequently in isolated rocks washed by the surf. 


C. testudinalis var. ochracea. 
Dall, 1. c. as var. patina, p. 249, pl. 17, f. 35. 


‘Hitherto found chiefly in California, but reported from Vancouver 
Island by Hepburn; rare. 

My largest specimen of var. patina is two and three-quarters inches 
long; another is an inch high. Every imaginable fluctuation in color, 
elevation, smoothness or striation, width in proportion to length, &c., 
may be found somewhere in the series before me. Yet, after uniting 
patina to the older form, there is a certain facies which distinguishes the 
species from any other with tolerable readiness. It is the commonest 
of all the species in Alaska and over the whole northwest coast of 
Aierica. 


| 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 341 


Acmeza (Collisella) peramabilis. 
A. peramabilis Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei. iv, p. 302, Dec. 1872. 


Hab.—Shumagin Islands, low water to six fathoms. Six specimens. 

This most lovely species is most like some reddish varieties of patina, 
but none of them approach it in color, while numerous other features 
testify to its distinctness; which I have, as yet, seen no reason to doubt. 
It appears to be exceedingly local and rare, but all the specimens pre- 
sent a very uniform appearance. 


Acmea (Collisella) sybaritica. 
‘Collisella sybaritica Dall, Am. J. Conch. 1. ¢. vi, p. 257, pl. 17, f. 34 a-c, 1871. 

Hab.—Pribiloff Islands southward on the west to Hakodadi, Japan 
(Stm.!), throughout the Aleutians, and on the southeast to Chirikoff 
Island, and perhaps Kadiak; from lowest water to twenty-five fathoms. 
One hundred and ninety specimens examined. 

This beautiful little species, of which only a few specimens were 
known when it was described, has since been found over a very large 
area, and usually in rather deep water for the genus. It seems to rep- 
resent Acmcea virginea on the Pacitie side, though not very similar to it 
in appearance. The largest specimen found is an inch in length, but 
they are always very much flattened. 


Acmea (Collisella ?) triangularis. 
Nacella (? paleacea var.) triangularis Cpr. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 213, 1866. 
Collisella? triangularis Dall, 1. ¢. p. 254, 1871. 

Hab.—Sitka to Monterey, Cal.; dead on beaches. 

This species varies from narrow, high, and elongated to rounded and 
rather flat, according to the place of its growth, as on a frond or leaf of 
some marine plant like Zostera, or on a flat ufilimited surface. It ap- 
pears very rare in Alaska, only one specimen having been collected 
there, but is tolerably common on the coast of California. I have never, 
however, been able to get it in the living state, so as to definitely de- 
cide its generic place. 


Acmea (Collisella?) apicina n.s. 

Testa parva, conica, tenui, rotundata, plus minusve elevata; albida 
seu isabellina, apice erecto, luteo; intus luteo, albido, seu fusco, levi; 
extus striulis incrementis subobsoletis munito. Lat. 5 mm., Lon. 6 mm., 
Alt. 4 mm. 


Hab.—Pribiloff Islands on the north, the Aleutians from Amchitka 
eastward, extending to the Shumagins; twenty-two specimens, all dead 
except two, one of which was found at low water and the other dredged 
in seventy fathoms. 

Among other small shells obtained from time to time on the beach or 
in the dredge, occasional specimens occurred which at first were sup- 
posed to be the young of A. mitra or pale specimens of A. sybaritica. 


342 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


After climinating some of these, there remained, after careful study, a 
residue, which do not appear to coincide in character with any described 
species. They are small, thin, conical, with a blunt, erect apex marked 
by a light yellow spot, the rest of the exterior white or faintly yellowish, 
marked by obsolete lines of growth, smooth, or nearly so, but not pol- 
ished. Within, fresh specimens are yellowish, whitish, or orange-col- — 
ored, and quite polished. The outside is almost always covered with 
nullipore. The chief characters are the rounded base, regularly conical 
and yellow spotted apex, with a thinner shell than young A. mitra. 


Fame PALE LED: 
Genus NACELLA Schumacher. 


Nacella (Schum.) Dall, 1. ec. p. 274, 1871. Type N. mytilina Gm. 


Wacella ? rosea. 
Nacella? rosea Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 270, pl. 1, f. 2, Oct. 1872. 


Hab.—Dead on exposed ocean beaches at Kyska Island, Aleutians, 
and Simeonoff Island, Shumagins. Alive on fuci off shore? Forty-five 
specimens obtained, all dead. 

This exquisite little rose-leaf of a shell exactly resembles the type of 
the genus Nacella in form, and is the only one of the so-called Nacelle of 
the northwest coast which has not been proved to be an Acmeid. It 
is only provisionally referred to this family, and may prove, like the 
others, non-patelloid when the animal becomes known. 

In this connection it may be of interest to quote the words of Esch- 
scholtz in describing thg genus Acmea,* words which at one time were 
partially discredited, but which the march of science has proved literally 
true:— Here” (at Sitka) are found “ six species of a genus which from 
its simple unwound sheli would be immediately taken for a Patella; the 
creature, however, closely resembles the Fissurella, with the difference 
that only one gill is visible in the fissure over the neck. It is remark- 
able that on the whole northwest coast of America, down to California, 
no Patella, only animals of the genus Acmaa were to be met with.” 

It will be noticed from the preceding documents that in the Alaskan 
region fourteen species of Limpets, not counting the innumerable varie- 
ties, and twenty-six or seven species of Chitonide, are known, most of 
which have rewarded our researches, and a part of which are absolutely 
new. Additional species may be expected to recompense additional 
and more minute research; but that the chief members of these groups 
native to this region have been determined there is little reason to doubt. 





*From the English reprint, published in the spring of 1830, but dated by the author 
at ‘‘Dorpat, Jan. 7, 1828.” I found the first edition in the Royal Library at Stock- 
holm. It passed the censor in March, 1829, was issued in the winter of 1829-30, and 
is dated on the titlepage 1830. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 343 
Extra-limital Species. 
Genus PATELLA Linné. 


Patella Lin. 8. N. ed. x, 1758.—Dall, 1. c. p. 266, 1871 (full synonymy). 


Patella vulgata. 
P. vulgata Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, p. 1258.—Dall, 1. c. p. 268, pl. 15, f. 23, 1861. 


British and North European seas from the Mediterranean to the 
Northern Lofoten Islands, between tides. Type of the genus. 


Genus PATINA Leach. 


Patina Leach, MSS. 1819; Moll. Gt. Brit. 1852, p. 223.—Dall, 1. c. p. 279. 
Helcion Jetireys, not Montfort. 
Nacella H. & A. Adams, Sars, not Schumacher. 


Patina pellucida. 


Patella pellucida Lin. 8. N. ed. xii, p. 1260. 
Patina pellucida Leach, 1. ¢. p. 224, 1852.—Dall, }. c. p. 280, pl. 16, f. 20, 1871. 


British and North European seas, northward to Lofoten; in most 
cases living on the stalks and fronds of large fuci. 
DECEMBER 16, 1878. 


LIST OF THE FIGURES. 


PuaTeE I. 


. Leptochiton cancellatus Sby., Alaska: a, major lateral from above. 

. Hanleyia mendicaria Mighels & Adams, Casco Bay, Maine. 

. Trachydermon ruber Lowe, Greenland: a, major uncinus from below. 
. Trachydermon albus Lin., Alaska. 

. Tonicella lineata Wood, Alaska. 

T. marmorea Fabr., Greenland. , 

T. submarmorea Midd., Alaska. 

. Schizoplax Brandtit Midd., Aleutian Islands. 

. Chetopleura gemma Cpr., California. 

. C. ? Hartwegii Cpr., Calitornia. 


OMNANA Wwe 


—_ 
So 


e 


PLaTeE II. 


11. Maugerella conspicua Cpr., California. 

12. Stenoradsia magdalenensis Hinds, California. 

13. Stenoplax limaciformis Sby., west coast of Mexico. 

14. Ischnochiton reqularis Cpr., California. 

15. Ischnochijon Cooperi Cpr., California. 

16. Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld., Alaska. 

17.,Ischnoradsia trifida Cpr., Alaska: a, cusp of major lateral from above. 
18. Lepidopleurus Mertensit Midd., Alaska: a, rhachidian in situ. 

19. Lepidoradsia australis Sby., Port Jackson, Australia. 

20. Callistochiton palmulatus Cpr., California. 


- 


PLATE III. 


21. Pallochiton lanuginosus Cpr., California. 
22. Chiton arliculatus Sby.: a, side view of rhachidian tooth. 
23. Ischnoplax pectinatus Sby., West Indies. 


344 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


24. Chiton Stokesii Brod., Peru: a, major uncinus from below. 

25. Chiton Cumingii Frembly, Chili. 

26. Chiton assimilis Reeve, West Indies. 

27. Tonicia elegans Frembly, Chili. 

28. Acanthopleura spinigera Sby., Aden. 

29, Lucia confossa Gld., Patagonia: a, minor lateral; }, major uncinus. 
30. Corephium echinatum Sby., South America. 


Puate IV. 


31. Nuttallina scabra Reeve, California. 

32. Phacellopleura porphyritica Reeve. 

33. Placiphora Carmichaelis Gray, South America. 

34. Mopalia Wossnessenskii Midd., Alaska. 

35. Mopalia ciliata Sby., Alaska: a, minor lateral. 

36. Placiphorella velata Cpr., California: a, minor lateral from inner side. 
37. Katherina tunicata Wood, Alaska. 

38. Acanthochiton avicula Cpr., California. 

39. Acanthochiton spiculosus Rve., West Indies. 

40. Macandrellus (costatus ? Ad. & Angas), Australia. 


PLATE V. 


41. Cryptoconchus monticularis Quoy, New Zealand. 

42. Amicula Pallasii Midd., Alaska. 

43. Amicula vestita Sowerby, Massachusetts Bay. (Hmersonii Couth.) 

44. Cryptochiton Stelleri Midd., Alaska. 

45. Chitonellus fasciatus Quoy, Gaspar Straits: a, minor lateral from outer side. 

46. View of the anterior end of a Chiton from below: a, muzzle; b, veil; c, fringe or true 
mantle-edge; d, lower surface of girdle; e, end of row of ‘‘ambient” branchia; 
Ff, lower surface of foot. 

47. Developement of larval Chiton, Trachydermon cinereus Lowe (T. marginatus Jeffreys), 
after Lovén: a, embryo, in the egg; b, dorsal view of larva, showing the com- 
mencement of the grooves for the valves; ¢, lateral view of the same; d, larva 
further advanced, the valves beginning to be formed; e, the same, from beneath, 
showing the foot and eyes at the sides of the head; /, dorsal view of an older 
individual, showing the diminished size of the anterior tuberculate lobe or head. 


Notr.—tThe figures of dentition are diagrams, not portraits, designed 
to indicate the form of the individual teeth rather than the superficial 
appearance of the undisturbed radula. While the photographic relief 
process, by which these plates were obtained from the original drawings, 
has not been as satisfactory in its results as was at first hoped, it is be- 
lieved that, inartistic as they may appear, the figures are more charac- 
teristic than if they had been redrawn and subjected to the artistic 
modifications of a professional draughtsman unacquainted with the sub- 
ject. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 345 


ON THE IDENTITY OF EUVUCHALARODUS PUTNAM, GUILE, Witt 
PLEURONECTES GLABER, (STORER) GILL, WITH NOTES ON THE 
HABITS OF THE SPECIES. 


By TARLETON HI. BEAN. 


In October, 1864, Prof. Gill described a remarkable new genus of 
pleuronectoids under the name of Huchalarodus,* from specimens sent 
to him from Salem, Massachusetts, by Prof. F. W. Putnam, which has 
ever since been considered an anomaly among flat-fishes. Huchalarodus 
Putnami is little known except through the excellent description of its 
founder, the few specimens collected being shared by only two museums— 
that of the Peabody Academy, Salem, and the U.S. National Museum. 
In contrasting Huchalarodus with other American genera of Pleuronec- 
tine, Prof. Gill says:t “‘From the American genera Pseudopleuronectes, 
Blkr., Liopsetta,|t] Gill, Myzopsetta, Gill, and Limanda, Gottsche, it is at 
least distinguished by its squamation, oculo-scapular ridge, nostrils, 
dentition and structure of the dorsal and anal fins. It is most nearly 
related to Pleuronectes,[§] with which it agrees in the free tongue, but 
the more perfect union and the triangular form of the wholly united 
lower pharyngeal bones, the want of an anal spine, and, above all, the 
movable teeth and scarcely perforate anterior nasal tubes will especially 
distinguish it, not only from that genus, but from any other known one. 
So anomalous indeed are the characters of dentition and nostrils, that 
only after I had felt each tooth could I be convinced that they were 
really normally movable, and that the condition was not the effect of 
disease, an idea which, improbable as it was, occurred to me. The re- 
maining genera of the subfamily of Pleuronectinee—Platichthys, Grd., 
Parophrys, Grd., Lepidopsetta, Gill, Glyptocephalus, Gottsche, Microsto- 
mus, Gottsche, Pleuronichthys, Grd., Hypsopsetta, Gill, Heteroprosopon, 
Blkr., and Clidoderma, Blkr.—are equally or still more distinct than 
those already mentioned.” 

From the above and from an examination of the types it is evident 
that we should compare Huchalarodus with Pleuronectes. This I have 
done, employing for the purpose the types of the description of Hucha- 
larodus Putnami, Gill, and specimens of Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill, 
and Pleuronectes platessa, Linn. My investigations force me to the con- 
clusion that these are all members of one and the same genus, Pleuro- 
nectes, since they possess in common the characters of that genus as 
defined by Bleeker, as well as those by which Huchalarodus was differ- 
entiated from Plewronectes. Huchalarodus, by the way, has an anal spine. 


* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, pp. 221 and 222. 

t Op. cit. p. 222. 

[{] The Platessa glabra of Storer, for the accommodation of which this genus was 
proposed, has since been referred to the genus Plewronectes (Art.) Bleeker, by Prof. Gill. 

[§ ] Pleuronectes (Art.) Bleeker, Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke Akademie 
van Wetenschappen, Deel xiii, Amsterdam, 1852, pp. 427, 428. 





346 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Take the most salient characters of the genus Huchalarodus—the mov- 
able teeth and scareely perforate anterior nasal tubes—the same condi- 
tions may be observed in Pleuronectes glaber and P. platessa. Huchala- 
rodus Putnami, in fact, is the male of Pleuronectes glaber, and differs from 
it only in having more of its seales ciliated. The young are like the 
adult male in this respect. Had all the examples of Plewronectes platessa 
exhibited movable teeth, it would have led to the belief that Huchalarodus 
after all might be applied to the species of Plewronectes with movable 
teeth, but one of them has the teeth firmly fixed, another has some in 
the upper jaw movable, and a third has all the teeth reclining and freely 
movable. The explanation of this condition is yet to be sought. 
The materials used in this examination are as follows: 


5368. Types (2) of Luchalarodus Putnami. Salem, Mass. Putnam. (Teeth of larger 


movable. ) 
20910. Pleuronectes glaber, g. Portland, Me. Tarleton H. Bean. (Teeth movable.) 
20920. Fe »  ¢@andg. Salem, Mass. C.F.Putnam. (Teeth movable.) 
20954. 50 » .(7 young*). Bucksport, Me. C.G. Atkins. (Teeth fixed.) 
14657. a »  (half-grown). Portland,Me. Summer, 1872. (Teeth fixed.) 
14659. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14662. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14666. ” ”? ”? ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14667. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14669. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14673. ” ” ”? ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14677. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14678. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ”? ” ” 
14579. ”? ” ” ”? ? ? ” ” ” ”7 
14581, ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14682. ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14683, ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” 
14634, ”? 9 ”? >? ”? ? ? 7 ”? ” 
14685, ”? 97 ) 7 ” ”? ”? ” ” ”? 
14658, ”? ”) (adult 2 ). ”? ” 7 ? ” ” 
14661, ”? 9 ) ) ? 9 ? ”? ” ” 
14663. ” %? ” ” ” ? ”) ”? 7 ” 
14664, ” ” 7) 7 ” ? ” ” ”? 7 
14665, oP ” 9 9? ? ”? ” ”? ” ”? 
14671, 9) ? 9 33 ? ” ”? ” ” ” 
14672, ”) 7 ? 7 ) 2? > P ” 7 ”? 
14674. ? ”) 2 7 ” 2 ) 7 ” ? 
20873. a » (lg and29). 3 », Dec. 15, 1877. (Teeth mov- 
able.) 
20954. 1 »  (3spent?). Bucksport, Me. Mar. 4, 1878. (Teeth transi- 
tional.) 


Tt will be seen that the teeth of the adult male and female are freely 
movable only during the breeding season, and that those of the young 
are fixed. 

10029. Pleuronectes platessa. Kiel. Dr. Mobius. (Teeth fixed. ) 

10061. Ff 3 Christiania, Norway. R. Collett. (Teeth movable.) 
21175. a 3 France. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris. . (Some teeth of upper 
jaw movable.) 








*The longest of these is 140™™ jn length. All have rough scales. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 347 


As before remarked, Euchalarodus Putnami is not even specifically 
distinct from Pleuronectes glaber, a species well distinguished from Pleu- 
ronectes platessa by its more continuous and pronounced oculo-scapular 
ridge, its radial formula, and other characters. The synonymy of Ple:- 
ronectes glaber is as follows: 


Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill. 

Platessa glabra, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1843, p. 180; Mem. Amer. 
Acad. viii, 393, pl. xxxi, fig. 1; Hist. Fishes Mass. 1867, p. 199, pl. xxxi, fig. 1. 
—PutTNnaM, Bull. Essex Inst. vi, 1874, p. 12. 

LTiopsetta glabra, GIL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 217. 

Pleuronectes glaber, GILL, in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish and Fisheries, 1873, p. 794.— 
GoopE & BEAN, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, xiv, 1877, p. 476; xvii, Jan. 
1879, p. 40. 

Luchalarodus Putnami, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, pp. 216 and 221; 
in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish and Fisheries, 1873, p. 794.—PUuTNAM, in Storer, 
Hist. Fish. Mass. 1867, p. 279.—GoopE & Buan, Amer. Jour. Sci. and 
Arts, xiv, Dee. 1877. 


The smooth plaice, Pleuronectes glaber, (Storer) Gill, was described by 
Storer from the coast of Massachusetts. Specimens from Salem Harbor, 
November 15, 1872, are in the Museum of Peabody Academy. The 
U.S. Fish Commission found it very abundant, during the summer of 
1872, in Bluelight Cove, Casco Bay, Maine, and they seined the young at 
Salem in August, 1877. Mr. C. A. Putnam of Salem took specimens 
at Beverly Bridge in January, 1858,—the specimens which formed the 
types of Huchalarodus Putnami. I add the following from my notes: 

December 15, 1877, ten specimens were found among the flat-fishes 
(Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Weshington Market, which had come 
from Portland, Me., by way of Fulton Market, New York. Nine of these 
were gravid females, and one was a male, which was smaller than the 
average of the females, and had rougher scales. 

December 18, 1877, thirteen specimens were again taken from among 
the flat-fishes, nearly all of them from one stand. All were females, 
most of them gravid. The weight of the largest was 23 ounces avoirdu- 
pois; of its spawn, 7 ounces. The ovary of the blind side extended from 
the origin of the ventral to the end of anal (74 inches). The ovary of 
the eyed side was 6,8; inches long. The eggs were one-thirtieth of an 
inch in diameter. The length of the fish was 154 inches. The smallest 
of the thirteen weighed 3? ounces, and contained eggs about as large as 
those of the preceding. There is considerabie variation in the extent of 
the ventrals. é 

January 10, 1878, two fresh specimens were received through Mr. C,. 
F. Putnam, from Salem, Mass., a male and a gravid female. The weight 
of the male is 5 ounces; of the female, 21. They are called “ fool-fish” 
in Salem, because they will bite even at a rag. It is said that they ap- 
pear about Christmas in numbers, and remain only a short time. They 
probably come into the harbor to spawn. There is no record of the oe- 


348 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


currence of the species farther south than Salem, though from the exter- 
nal resemblance of the male and the young to Pseudopleuronectes ameri- 
canus, it might easily be overlooked. “Christmas-fish” is another name 
for the smooth plaice at Salem. 

U. S. NATIONAL Museum, December 31, 1878. 


THE IDENTITY OF RMINONEMUS CAUDACUTA (STORER) GILL WITH 
GADUS CIVIBRIUS, LINN. 


By G BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


In 1848, Dr. David Humphreys Storer described a gadoid fish from 
Massachusetts Bay, to which he gave the name Motella caudacuta.* In 
1863, a special genus, Rhinonemus,t was framed for it by Professor Gill, 
and the species has since been called Rhinonemus caudacuta (Storer) Gill. 
After a critical examination of European and American specimens, we are 
convinced that this species is separated by no valid characters from that 
described by Linnzeus under the name Gadus cimbrius.t A specimen 
of the latter in the National Museum from Christiania, Norway (No. 
10058, R. Collett), agrees precisely with specimens of A. caudacuta, so- 
called, from Massachusetts Bay (collected in 1877 and 1878 by the U. 
S. Fish Commission), in proportions of body and fins, shape of head, 
numbers of fin-rays, and coloration. The radial formula is misstated by 
Storer, who gives it D. 53, A. 48, and this evidently misled Professor 
Gill, who noted that Rhinonemus caudacuta was “very closely related to 
the Motella cimbria of Europe,” but who evidently had at the time of 
naming the genus never seen a specimen of the species from either side 
of the Atlantic. Storer’s description of color, cited by Gill as separating 
his species from that of Linnzeus, applies very well to the latter: “the 
posterior margin of the second dorsal and anal fins, as well as the edge 
of the caudal fin of a dark slate color.” 

The radial formule of four specimens studied stand as follows: 


10058 (Christiania). 1D50., PASAA P16. BVe 

21918 (Massachusetts Bay). D.49. A.43. P.16. V. 

21919 (Massachusetts Bay). D.51. A.44. P.16. V. 

21919 a (Massachusetts Bay). D.52. A.45. P.16. V. 

The genus Motella was not proposed in proper form until the publiea- 

tion of the second edition of Cuvier’s Régne Animal in 1829, although 

in its French form—Les Mustéles—it was applied by Cuvier to the genus 

in 1817. The name of Risso, published in his “Europe Meridionale” in 
1827, must therefore be used as Professor Gill has indicated.§ 


nN 


oO 
. 


On Yt 








* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii, 1848, p. 5. 

t Proc, Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863 (Sept. ), p. 230. 
}Systema Nature, ed. 12, 1766, p. 440. 

§L. c. p. 241. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 349 


The sole character which separates Rhinonemus from Onos is the pres- 
ence of a nasal cirrus, a character to which we are unwilling to allow 
more than a subgeneric value. We believe that the species should be 
called Onos cimbrius (Linn.), but are willing to aecept provisionally the 
name Rhinonemus cimbrius. We have examined numerous specimens 
which purported to belong to Ciliata argentata (Reinh.) Gill, and have 
found them in every case to be the young of this species, for small indi- 
viduals of R. cimbrius are found swimming at the surface, although the 
adult fishes inhabit only the deeper parts of Massachusetts Bay. Eng- 
lish ichthyologists now regard Ciliata as the larval form of “ Motella,” 
and if this be not the case, we doubt if this genus has ever been ob- 
served in the Western Atlantic. The National Museum has specimens 
of Onos mustela (Linn.), Onos tricirratus (Bloch), and Onos maculatus 
(Risso); the specific individuality of the latter two seems very doubtful, 
as well as that they are distinct from Onos ensis (Reinh.) Gill, described 
from the coast of Greenland. 

The synonymy of Onos cimbrius is given below. 


Onos (Rhinonemus) cimbrius (Linnzus) Goode & Bean. 
Gadus cimbrius, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat. ed. xii, 1766, p. 440.—Lactpkpr, Hist. 
Nat. Poiss. ii, 1801, p. 442. 
Motella cimbria, BELL, Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, iv, 1859, p.209.— 
GUNTHER, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. iv, 1862, p. 367.—G1ILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. 
Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 241. 
-Enchelyopus cimbricus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch’s Systema Ichthyologiz, 1801, p. 50, 
pl. ix. 
Motella cimbrica, N1ILsson, Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 48; Skand. Fauna, iv, 1855, p. 
587. —YARRELL, Hist. Brit. Fishes, 2d ed. 1841, ii, p. 274. 
Motella caudacuta, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iii, 1848, p. 5; Mem. 
Amer. Acad. Sci. 1867, p. 411; Hist. Fishes Mass. 1867, p. 183. 
Rhinonemus caudacuta, Gru, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, p. 241; Cat. 
Fishes E. Coast N. Am. 1873, p.18.—Goopr & Bran, Am. Journ. Sci. and 
Arts, xiv, Dec. 1877, p. 476, 
WASHINGTON, December 31, 1878. 


CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS COLLECTED IN MARTINIQUE BY MR. 
FRED. A. OBER FOR THE SWITTHSONIAN EINSTILTUTION. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


After completing the exploration of Grenada, Mr. Ober left there the 
fore part of April and visited the island of Tobago, where he remained 
for more than two months, and did not arrive in Martinique until the 
beginning of July, remaining there until the latter part of August. His 
collection was made “from July 9th to August 20th.” It consists of 
ninety-one specimens. 

He gives an interesting account of the island, which, with his other 
observations, are indicated by quotation-marks. 


350 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“6 Sketch of Martinique. 


‘Martinique is the largest of the Lesser Antilles, being about 50 
miles in length and containing, it is estimated, about 380 square miles. 

“The surface is very uneven, the interior being one grand region of 
hills and mountains. The highest of these is Mount Pelée, northwest of 
the principal town, St. Pierre, and in the northwestern part of the island. 
It is over 4,000 feet in height; it is a volcano, and has emitted smoke 
and ashes within thirty years; now, however, there are no signs of an 
eruption. There are in all 5 or 6 extinct voleanoes. Here may be seen 
in great perfection those picturesque pitons, or peaked mountains—coni- 
cal peaks. One group in the interior shows itseif in great beauty from 
Fort de France. Mineral and warm springs occur in various parts of 
vhe island, and some of the rivers are of good size. 

“To one glancing at a map of the island—with its high mountains, 
dark ravines, gloomy gorges, tracts of elevated table land, numerous 
bays and streams—this would seem the promised land for birds. Situ- 
ated, too, midway the volcanic chain, it should possess birds that no 
other island could boast. Yet I have found it otherwise, and in Domin- 
ica, only 30 miles of latitude further north, J obtained more species and 
found birds in greater profusion. This is owing to at least two causes— 
the hand of man being manifest in both—Ist, the dense population (the 
island having a population of not less than 130,000); 2nd, to the thorough 
cultivation of all cultivable land. From the coast to the hills, and even 
up the mountain sides, cane is grown; and when that is not practicable, 
are the provision grounds of the negroes. The rest is pasture land, 
trees, and rocks. I found great difficulty in getting a place of abode 
outside the city, and it was a week or two after my arrival before I could 
get even a floor to sleep upon. There are no hotels outside of St. Pierre 
and Fort de France, save at the two warm springs, and no inns or hos- 
telries. 


r 


“Had it been practicable, I would have made a camp in the mountains; 
but this I could not do, as I did in Dominica and St. Vincent. Notwith- 
standing all this, I secured a roof and a room in a little hamlet in the 
mountains called Morne Ronge, and from there made excursions to 
Morne Calebasse, Morne Balisier, Mountain Pelée, and Champ Flore. 
Birds were unusually searce from the incessant persecution they are 
subject to from boys and men; later on, after returning to St. Pierre, I 
went to Fort dg France. After losing several days there, I crossed the 
bay of Fort Royal to Trois Islets—where I had great difficulty in getting 
shelter. Fortunately I found a host in the proprietor of an estate near 
Trois Islets; the estate was none other than ‘L’habitation de la Page- 
rie’, where the Empress Josephine was born and passed her earlier years. 

“Finding lodgings in the negro barracks, and procuring sustenance 
at the house of my friend the proprietor, I passed some time, obtaining 
there nearly all the birds that I secured at all in the island. | 

“Trois Islets is about 20 miles south of St. Pierre, on the Caribbean | 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 351 


side. From there I scoured the hills and valleys to ‘Ance du Diamant’ 
on the southern point, near the famous Diamond Rock, and thoroughly 
canvassed that historic ground, trodden 100 years ago by the feet of the 
beautiful Empress of the French. In the Jardin des Plantes, in the sub- 
urbs of St. Pierre, I had permission to shoot, through the courtesy of 
the directeur, Monsieur Chs. Belanger. But though these gardens are 
extensive and beautiful, crowded with trees and shrubs of the Tropics, 
secluded and forbidden to the ordinary chasseur, I found very few spe- 
cies and no great numbers of any one species. 

“Throughout the island there exists such a dread of the ‘serpent’, 
the Iron lance (Trigonocephalus lanceolatus), that I found it impossible to 
obtain a good boy, to assist me in finding the haunts of birds. More 
than once I have been startled by the ery of ‘serpent’, and found that 
my coloured brother had absconded. 

‘Though at first inclined to believe in the oft-repeated stories of deaths 
from snakebites, I soon found that the number of serpents was either 
grossly exaggerated, or they took good care to keep out of my way, for 
in all my tramps I saw but two large ones. 

“There are, however, numerous deaths from these noxious reptiles 
during the cane season. The serpent prefers the cane fields, where he 
hunts the numerous rats; and, as my ground for hunting is any but the 
cane, for birds, this may be the reason we met so seldom. I cannot say 
that I was anxious to find one, however; though I did not let the possi- 
ble presence interfere with my regular work. 

‘My thanks and those of the Institution are due to Capt. W. A. Gar- 
field, U. S. Consul; Monsieur Chs. Belanger, directeur du Jardin des 
Plantes, and Monsieur Louis Hartmann.” 


‘Fam. TURDIDA. 


1. Margarops herminieri (Lafr.). 

““<Grive 4 pieds jaunes.’ 

*‘ Rare, owing to the persecution of hunters.” 
2. Margarops densirostris (Vieill.). 

“Gros Grive.’ 

““Not common, being the chief bird sought by the hunters in the hunt- 
ing season, consequently shy.” 

3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.). 

*“¢Grivette’ Iris yellow. 

“Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 14; wing, 44. 

“Like the same species of Dominica, it prefers the higher hills and 
mountains, the deep woods and their borders, and detached wood with 
deep shade. As numerous apparently as in Dominica.” 
4. Cinclocerthia gutturalis (Lafr.). 

“<Trembleur.” Resident. 

“Length, ¢, 95 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 44. 


352 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“This Trembleur, known also as the ‘Grive trembleuse’, is not found 
so easily and frequently as in Dominica. This I attribute wholly to the 
fact that it is pursued here with greater vigor than in the other island. 
So dense is the population of Martinique, that nearly every bird is con- 
sidered as fit for food, and anything above a sparrow is classed as game. 
Even the sparrows, the ‘péres noires’, are caught with snares and shot 
with blowguns, by the little negroes of the country. In fact, they would 
always await my return from an excursion to obtain the mutilated birds 
that T would discard as useless. 

“It is not strange that ‘Le Trembleur’, val all his queer ways and 
familiar habits, should now commence to disappear; not many years 
hence he will not be found in Martinique.” 


5. Ramphocinclus brachyurus (Vieill.). 

““¢Gorge blane. Iris hazel, in some red. 

“Length, 3, 8? in.; alar ne 12; wing, 4. 

“Length, ? "8h in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4. 

“Obtained eer specimens my Trois Islets in August. I saw one 
also in the Jardin des Plantes, at St. Pierre. Mr. Semper found it in 
St. Lucia. Not found in the other islands. The first I have seen I shot 
in this island. It seems confined to Martinique and St. Lucia. Loves 
deep woods and the borders of streams; is easily attracted by an imita- 
tion of its note. That is the reason Iam able to record the capture of 
so many specimens.” 


Fam. SYLVIID. 


G6. Myiadestes genibarbis, Sw. 

“¢Siffleur Montagne.’ 

“Length, g, 73 in.; alar extent, 104; wing, 33. 

“Length, 2, 7$ in.; alar extent, 11; wing, 33. 

“The fittest place in which I could have discovered my old favorite 
of Dominica, was in a charming ravine through which flowed a limpid 
stream, at ‘Champ Flore’. He was clinging to a liane on which grew 
numerous wild pines, and whistling exactly the same as his Dominica 
congene>. 


“irom the appearance of the female and from my observations in 
Dominica I think they breed late.” 





Fam. TROGLODYTIDZ. 


7. Thryotiorus martinicensis, Scl. 
“Wren. ‘Rossignol.’ 
“Length, 3,5 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 23. 
“An inhabitant of the woods; I have not seen it near houses or sugar 


mills, only in the forests of the hills, and along the borders of streams 
where the bushes are thick.” 


Mr. Ober sent but a single specimen of this species: its dimensions are — 


' 


: PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 353 


somewhat larger than given by Mr. Sclater. Compared with T. rufes- 
cens, the bill is longer; the color above is duller, being brownish; the 
under surface is very much paler; in rufescens the bands on the tail are 
more numerous and better defined. 


Fam. SYLVICOLID/:. 


8. Dendrceeca rufigula, Baird. 

“Yellow Bird. ‘L’Oiseau Jaune.’ 

“Length, ¢,5in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24. 

“Ts generally distributed throughout the island. In the old fields 
once cultivated for cane, and now suffered to return to pasturage, where 
generally the guavas are abundant, this bird will be found, searching 
about the stems and leaves of the shrub for insects. These same guava 
bushes are also the chosen hiding places of the venomous spiders—the 
Tarantula, and many a hairy monster came to grief, while myself and 
‘little black assistants were beating the bushes for birds. It is a most 
thorough exterminator of the small insects of the island.” 

This species is surely the one referred to Sylvia ruficapilla, Lath. 
(Motacilla ruficapilla, Gm.), by Vieillot (Nouv. Dict. xi, 1817, 228), sup- 
posing it to be the same. They differ very materially, the entire head 
and throat being rufous in the Martinique bird, and so described by 
Vieillot; whereas in D. ruficapilia, the crown only is stated to be rufous. 

Martinique is the locality given, also, for D. rujicapilla, which prob- 
ably was the cause of Vieillot being misled. 

As the name of rujficapilla belongs to another species, Prof. Baird 
(Rev. of Amer. Birds, p. 204) applied to Vieillot’s species that of rufi- 
gula. He then speaks of a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia 
Academy of Sciences, labelled “S. rujicapilla,” without indication of 
locality. He says: “ It agrees very well, especially in the greater exten- 
sion of the rufous of the throat, with the Sylvia ruficapilla of Vieillot. 
from Martinique; and it may be really a West Indian species.” 

Since then, in “ North American Birds,” p. 217, under D. rujigula, 
there being under examination a bird from Panama, which it was 
thought might be the species described by Vieillot, he has in a footnote 
the following remark: ‘Should Vieillot’s species be really from Mar- 
tinique, in all probability the present bird will be found to be diiierent, 
and therefore not entitled to the name here given.” 

It now being established that Martinique is the true patria of this 
form, Prof. Baird’s name of D. rujfigula must be used for it. The 
male agrees with the description given by him of Vieillot’s species, viz, 
in having “the rufous of entire head extending down the neck to jugu- 
lum.” The measurements of the wing and tail are just the same as 
given by Prof. Baird, 1%. e., wing, 2.25; tail, 2. 


There is but one specimen of the female in Mr. Ober’s collection, in 
Proc. Nat. Mus. 73——23 Mar. £0, 8879. 


Pee Sas a 


354 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


very poor condition; it has the upper plumage olivaceous, and on the 
crown is of a rather deeper shade. 
9. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 

“+ Te Gobe-mouche aurore’ 

‘¢ Not often seen.” 


Fam. VIR EONIDE. 


10. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr. 
Ce ULECL. 


Fam. HIRUNDINID/AE. 


11. Progne dominicensis (Gm.). 

‘Flying above the sea near the clifis between St. Pierre and Fort de 
France.” 

Fam. CHAREBIDA. 
12. Certhiola martinicana, Reich. 

SUCK 

“Length, $, 4§ in.; alar extent, 73; wing, 23. 

‘Not so abundant as in Dominica, but in greater numbers than im 
St. Vincent and Grenada. The Jardin des Plantes, near the city of St. 
Pierre, is the only place in which I have seen it plentiful. In the trees 
overhanging the suburbs of the city it is not an infrequent visitor, espe- 
cially to the tamarind tree. 

“ As it lives for a while contentedly in a cage, many are caught by the 
negro and colored boys, with bird lime, and by the use of the blowgun. 
Hence their searcity; I have walked some days for several miles with- 
out seeing this or any other bird, along the shore of the west coast.” 


Fam. TANAGRIDZE. 
13. Buphonia flavifrons (Sparm.). 

“+ Perrouche.’ 

“Length, ¢,5in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 24. 

“Nowhere is this bird abundant. I have already chronicled its dis- 
covery in Dominica, St. Vincent, and Grenada, but in no island is it 
numerous. I might set it down as rare, did I not think it possible that 
it may occur in greater numbers than my researches have led me to sup- 
pose, from the fact that its secluded habits and its peculiar food cause 
it to betake itself to the tops of the highest trees, where it might be 
passed a hundred times without discovery. Though undoubtedly gen- 
erally associating in small flocks, [have not as yet (with one exception), 
found it otherwise than alone. Its stomach always contains a peculiar 
viscid green flat seed, the name of which I cannot at this time reeall.” 
14. Saltator guadeloupensis, Laft. 

“¢ Gros-bec! 

“Length, 6, 8} in.; alar extent, 12; wing, 4. 

“Length, 2, 8in.; alar extent, 12; wing, BE. 








: 
: 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 355 


“ Prefers the skirts of woods and open fields, utters a sharp whistle, 
not very loud, and flits from bush to tree in low flight. Rather abun- 
dant at Trois Islets on the hillsides. More numerous than I found it in 
Dominica; even plentiftl in the low scrub, or second growth, that coy- 
ered the hillsides upon old plantations.” 


Fam. FRINGILLIDZ:. 


15. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 

“<¢ Pere noir’ * Moisson,’ 

“Length, ¢, 54 in.; alar extent, 9; ee ay 

“Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 84; wing, 22. 

‘In the French eunie and in those in w area the patois is spoken, 
the names of this bird are the same; the male is called the ‘ Pere noir’, 
the female the ‘ moisson’. 

“They are as abundant here as any species and confined to the open. 
fields and cultivated districts without regard to altitude.” 


16. Phonipara bicolor (Linn. ). 

‘*Mangeur des herbes.” Seed-eater. 

‘¢ Length, 2, 43 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 2. 

“The most ee species, I think, in the island. Feeds principally 
upon the seeds of grass and noxious weeds, and hence cannot be other- 
wise than of great benefit to the island.” 


Fam. ICTERID/. 


17. Icterus bonana (Linn.). 

“¢Carouge? 

‘Length, ¢, 8 in.; alar extent, 10$; wing, 

“Length, 2, 74 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 3 

“Y saw my fir s specimen of this bird at Morne Ronge, another half- 
way up the volcano of Montagne Pelée; but did not obtain one until 
my visit to Trois Islets, south of Fort de Franee. It is not in abun- 
dance that one sees it; separately and in pairs. I found it chiefly in 
clearings on the hills and elevated plains. It prefers the vicinity of 
gardens and hedges, and shuns thick woods; though I have found it in 
dense serub. Upon the hills near Trois Islets I secured it in such a 
situation. I was reclining beneath the shade of a low tree, one very hot 
day in August, fae 6 out over the beantitul bay of Port Royal, when 
I was suddenly brought to my feet by the shock of an earthquake, 
which, repeated twice, startled the birds as well as myself. Then I 
noted for the first time this bird in the scrub beneath the trees.” 


34 
2 


18. Quiscalus inflexirostris, Sw. 
“the Merle’ Inis, ¢, hazel; ¢°, pale: yellow. 
“Length, ¢,104in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5. 
“Length, 2, 9 in.; alar extent, 13%; wing, 43. 


356 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“This is the first island in-which I saw this bird, unless the black- 
bird of Grenada and the Grenadines be the same. It is abundant in 
the Jardin des Plantes and very numerous at Morne Ronge. Its notes 
are entirely different from the ‘Bequia sweet’ of the Grenadines; but 
that may be owing to the difference in season. The savannas of this 
high region contain many in parties of from 3 to 5. 

“At Trois Islets they were in abundance and there I got many, show- 
ing the different changes in plumage from youn e'to adult. There they 
built their nests in a tall silk-cotton tree. They love the fronds of the 
palm as a retreat, doubtless feeding upon the berries that hang beneath 
the overarching boat-shaped spathes in large bunches. Their cry is not 
like those of the Grenadines, nor like that of the north, the Q. versi- 
color—but has notes in it reminding me of both. Gregarious.” 

I have followed Mr. Selater in referring this bird to Mr, Swainson’s 
species; he says (P. Z. 8. for 1874, p. 175): “In order to avoid giving it 
a fresh name I eall it Q. inflexirostris, Sw., though the bill certainly does 
not quite agree with Swainson’s figure (An. in Menag. p. 300).” The 
specimens before me differ from Swainson’s figure of the bill spoken of 
above in being apparently shorter and stouter. Swainson says, |. ¢.: 
“Size and colour precisely like Q. lugubris; but the great difference in 
their bills induces me to consider them quite distinct. In this the bill 
is longer and much more slender,” &e. 

A comparison with @. lugubris shows the present bird to closely re- 
semble it in coloration: it is, however, somewhat larger, the bill longer 
and more curved, but proportionately not more slender. 

Mr. Cassin in his Study of the Icteride (Proce. of Acad. Nat. Sci. of 
Phila. 1866, p. 407) refers a specimen in the Museum of the Academy to 
Q). inflecirostris, Sw.; he says: “One specimen only in the Acad. Mus. 
seems to be this species, but which is, unfortunately, without label 
stating locality. The bill is exactly the length and otherwise very 
nearly as given by Mr. Swainson as cited above, though somewhat 
thicker. It is the only specimen that I have ever seen in which the com- 
missure is an uninterrupted curve or are of a circle,—not straight nor 
sinuated as in all other species known to me (except Q. niger of St. 
Domingo) and described in this memoir.” 

The dimensions given by Mr. Cassin are about the same as those of 
specimens from Martinique, but the bills differ; he gives, “chord of up- 
per mandible about one and four fifth inches.” In the present bird it 
measures but one and a quarter inches. 

A specimen of Q. niger from St. Domingo, presented by Prof. Gabb, is 
of about the same size, and differs in coloration only in haying the breast 
and abdomen without lustre—the bills thongh are very different, that 
of (. niger is wider at the base, longer, straighter, and narrower at the 
end; the commissure is nearly straight, and the ridge of the upper man- 
dible is perceptibly flattened. The locality of Mr. Swainson’s type is 
unkuown, and possibly it may not be the Antillian species referred to 





my 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 357 


‘ it; but for the present, it is doubtless best to let it remain as Mr. Swain- 
 son’s species. 

On looking at my Q. lwminosus from Grenada, I find it has a longer 
and more curved bill than the Martinique bird; the chord of the upper 
mandible measures one and a half inches. But with its highly lustrous 
and more violaceous plumage, together with the decided bright green 
color of the wings, it does not agree with the description given of Q. 
inflexirostris. 

In the account of Q. luminosus I stated that it was the only West 
Indian species of Quiscalus I knew of in which both sexes were not 
black; but the female of the present bird is brown also. Of that sex, 
Mr. Ober sent but one adult example; the upper plumage is of a smoky- 
brown, the feathers of the crown edged with fulvous; the tail-feathers 
have their inner webs black, the outer webs are brown; sides of the 
head and the throat light ashy-gray; the breast and upper part of the 
abdomen are brownish-ash; lower part of abdomen, flanks, and under 
tail-coverts dark smoky-brown; thighs dull fulvous-brown; bill and feet 
black. 

Fam. TYRANNID. 


19. Hiainea martinica (Linn.). 

“Wlyeateher. ‘Gobe mouche.’ 

“Length, 3, 7 in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 34. 

“Length, 9, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 34. 

“Vary few of this species to be seen; frequents the high hills, espe- 
ciaily the wooded hollows and ravines.” 

20. Myiarchus sclateri, Lawr. 

“ Flycatcher.” 

The upper plumage is deep dark olive, the head above blackish-brown. 
Unfortunately, the only feathers left*in the tail are the outer four on one 
side; the outermost two are dark brown and without rufous edgings on 
the inner webs; the other two feathers are brownish-black, with their 
inner webs edged with light rufous for about one-quarter their width; 
quills dark brown, their inner webs bordered with pale salmon-color; 
wing-coverts edged with dull white; under wing-coverts light ash, with 
just a tinge of yellow; throat and breast of a clear cinereous gray; ab- 
dlomen and under ‘tail-coverts dul! pale yellow; sides cinereous; bill and 
feet black. 

Length (fresh), 74 in.; wing, 33; tail, 33; tarsus, 1; middle toe and 
claw, +3; hind toe to end of claw, 3. 

The single specimen sent is of about the size of AM. erythrocercus, Sel., 
but the plumage of the new species above is dark, with no approach to 
the earthy-brown color of the other; below they do not diiter so much, 
but in M. selateri the yellow is duller and more restricted; they differ 
materially in the rufous markings on the inner webs of the tail-feathers; 
in M. erythrocercus this color ceeupies about one-half the web on the 


ae 


858 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


outermost two feathers, and on the others two-thirds or more; the new 
species differs conspicuously in its much longer and stronger tarsi and 


toes. 
Named in compliment to Mr. P. L. Sclater. 


21. Tyrannus rostratus, Scl. 

“¢Piperee.’ Resident. 

“Length, g, 9$in.; alar extent, 142; wing, 42. 

“Length, 9, 10 in.; alar extent, 153; wing, 43. 

“These two specimens are the only ones I have seen. Though un- 
common, in Dominica, it may be considered rare here. Its local name, 
‘Piperee,’ is in use throughout the islands, and is derived from its ery.” 


Fam. TROCHILID AE. 


22. Hulampis jugularis (Linn.). 

‘“¢Colibri gorge rouge.’ 

“Length, g, 54 in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 3. 

“Length, 9, 54in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 3. 

“The most abundant of the humming-birds in the mountain districts, 
but of rare occurrence in the lower portions of the island. Not so abun- 
dant, however, as in Dominica.” 


23. Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 

“Length, g, 42 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 24. 

“Length, 9, 42 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 24. 

“This species is found in the mountains as well as in the valleys of 
the lowlands. It is found in the Jardin des Plantes, and on the elevated 
plateau of Morne Ronge and Champs Flores. In the elevated districts 
it is not in the numbers of HL. jugularis.” 


24. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.). 

‘66 Fou fou.’ 

“Length, g, 34 in.; alar extent, 43; wing, 2. 

“Length, 9, 34 in.; alar extent, 432; wing, 1f. 

“This little gem is found all over the island, though not in such profu- 
sion as I found it in Dominica. In the Jardin des Plantes it is the most 
numerous species, perhaps. At Morne Ronge and at Trois Islets, [found 
it occasionally. 

“As in the other islands where the French and French patois is spoken, 
this little bird is known to the common people as ‘fou fou’, or crazy crazy, 
from its eccentric motions while in flight. 

“They have also a superstition that if you eat its body it will make 
you crazy, and in their ignorance they believe it is used by the physi- 
cians in some mysterious medicine—hence its vulgar name in the English 
‘Slands of ‘Doctor Bird’.” 





—— 


: PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 359 


Fam. CYPSELIDA. 


25. “Cheetura. Seen. 
‘ Apparently the same as my Dominica specimens.” 


Fam. ALCEDINID A. 


26. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 
“Seen; rare and shy.” 


Fam. CUCULID. 


27. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 

“Coucou manioe.’ 

“Length, ¢, 14 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 6. 

‘“TLeneth, 2°, 134 in.; alar extent, 163; wing, 6. 

‘“T found this species abundant, if one can say that any species is 
abundant in an island so barren of birds as this. At least I could find 
one almest any day, by beating the scraggy bushes upon the hillsides 
of Trois Islets. The same in habits and notes as the ‘Coucou’ of the 
other islands.” 


Fam. FALCONIDZ:. 


28. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.). 
= 


“Seen; uncommon.” 


Fam. FREGATIDZE. 


29. Fregata aquila (Linn.). 
ee Seer.” 
Fam. PH ATHONID AS. 
30. Phzthon flavirostris Brandt. 
“Tt undoubtedly has its haunt in the cliffs near St. Pierre, south, as 
I have seen it near there and the cliff wall is honeycombed with holes, 
just such as the Tropic bird chooses for itself.” 


Fame PEL BCANID ZA. 


31. Pelecanus fuscus (Linn.). 
“Seen.” 


Fam. ARDEID. 

$2. Ardea herodias (Linn.). 

“Seen flying high above Champs Flores from the mountain forest to 
the ocean.” 
33. Florida cerulea (Linn.). 

“Seen; in blue and white plumage.” 
34. Butorides virescens (Linn.). anh 

“The most common, though not plentiful.” 


360 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
Fam. COLUMBID. 


35. Columba oo oe (Gm.). 

‘¢Ramier. Iris yellow. 

“Though persistently hunted, this bird still inhabits the mountains, 
making its home especially upon the volcano of Mountain Pelée. In 
ali the highest hills and mountains it may be found in sparse numbers. 
Several attempts that I made to secure this species, on the sides of the 
volcano, were fruitless owing to its wildness.” 


86. Zenaida martinicana, Bp. 
“<Tourterelle.’ 
‘Rarely seen, but inhabits the dry slopes near the sea.” 


37. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.). 

“¢Ortolan.’ Resident. 

“As the extent of cultivated and pasture land is greater than in Do- 
nunica, so is this bird found in greater numbers, though not abundant 
in either island.” 


33. Geotrygon montana (Linn.). 

““*Perdix.’ Iris gold; resident. 

“Length, ¢, 114 in. alar extent, 19; wing, 63. J 

“Though this species is far from abundant, the natives occasionally 
bring the birds in for sale.. The ‘Ramier’ is, perhaps, more plentiful, 
but from its more secluded habits and from its keeping itself in the air 
and on the tallest trees, never touching the ground, is less subject to 
persecution than the ‘Perdix’. As in the United States, the snare and 
trap kill two to one killed by the gun; and the springes of the natives 
will soon exterminate this bird from the island and add it to the already 
growing list of animals that were and now are not.” 


Fam. SCOLOPACIDL. 


39. Tringoides macularius (Linn.). 

‘** Becasse.’ 

“Length, g, 74 in.; alar extent, 134; wing, 44. 

“A resident, but merely a straggling one, left from the flocks that 
visit here in the winter months.” 


Fam. LARIDA. 


49. Sterna dougalli, Mont. 

‘“*¢ Hirondelle de Mer,’ 

“Yhe sea birds are mostly found on the Atlantic side of the island, 
which I did not visit. This species is common, now (August), about the 


Shores of Port Royal Bay.” 
New York, December 31, 1878. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 361 





NOTE ON PLATESSA FERRUGINEA, D. EH. STORER, AND PLATESSA 
ROSTRATA, H. RB. STORER. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON Hi. BEAN. 


In a paper on the Fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, published in 
1857,* Mr. H. R. Storer described a species of flounder under the name 
Platessa rostrata. This species has been a puzzle to ichthyologists. Dr. 
Giinther, in 1862, ventured the remark, that it ‘‘appears to be allied to 
Pleuronectes limanda.”+ Professor Gill, in 1861, referred it to his nominal 
genus Myzopsetta, and in 1864 to Limandat While investigating the 
fauna of the Nova Scotia coast in 1877, the naturalists of the United 
States Fish Commission made especial efforts to find this species, but with- 
out success, which was a matter of some surprise, since nearly all the spe- 
cies recorded from the Gulf of St. Lawrence were observed in the course 
of the summer.§ In 1878, several specimens were trawled in Massachu- 
setts Bay, which were strongly suggestive of Storer’s Platessa rostrata, 
and which, upon comparison with his description, were found to agree 
with it in every particular except that in relation to the relative size of 
the scales on the superior portion of the operculum and the neighborhood 
of the lateral line, a matter apparentiy of individual variation. A more 
extended study of the subject has convinced us that the individuals at 
first studied, as well as the ones described by H. R. Storer, should be 
identified with Platessa ferruginea, D. H. Storer, a species which should 
undoubtedly be reierred to the genus Limanda of Gottsche. Limanda 
was established by Gottsche in 1835 in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- 
geschichte (p. 160), and is synonymous with Myzopsetta, described by 
Professor Gill in 1864, || distinguished by him from Limanda by the fol- 
lowing characters: ‘‘snout retuse” (instead of “‘conic”); “mouth very 
oblique” (instead of ‘moderately oblique”). 

* Observations on the Fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, with Descriptions of New 
Species. By Horatio R. Storer. p. 268, pl. viii, fig. 2. < Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist., 
vi, 1857, pp. 247-270, pl. vii, viii. 

t Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum, iv, 1862, p. 447. 

¢ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 217. 

§ Regarding the habitat of Platessa rosirata, Storer wrote as follows: ‘‘ With the 
exception of one specimen at Red Bay, this species was met with only at Bras d’Or, 
where it is very abundant, inhabiting however a far ditferent region from the 
(Platessa) pluna just mentioned. Instead of sheltered bays and harbors, it delights in 
the surf of the ocean beaches exposed to the waves of the whole Gulf, and is here 
taken in great numbers at the drawing of the herring seines.”—Op. cit. p. 269. 

|| Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1864, p. 216 (in synopsis). 





362 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The following enumeration of the radial formule of eleven specimens 
of Limanda ferruginea should be placed on record: 











| Pectoral rays. 
4 ear | : Dorsal Anal Ventral sandal 
Cat. No. Locality. rays. rays. | rays. uk 
Right. | Left. 
DAG20 2 | eialifas,, NUS 2.515 00ee cee ee [2 Sa os OR EROS 15: ju 6 18 
ae t3 GO) See race eae Wiaitew 81 59 a 10 6 18 
eae GOs ae a ao ce eee eee 79 57 11 10 6 18 
ee RI Leese, oe G0. 35 eter eee 85 63 DE ae oho 26 18 
21902 | Gloucester, Mass-.-...--2--.22-. 83 63 107 5 \ pedo 6 18 
21903) i\-22se QO wetierasieekck Beceem 87 | 66 DT alee ILE 6), S| ewer aes 
Rom mS Ieee ee CO eee eee ese eee eee 80 60 3 Dea Cee eee 
esa dO Shee eo ee DT Tdi | te gan eg 
Ce CO ee ea oe ee 83 61 oC Sea 6 we emo see 
nae GO Sn he eee eee fie | 58 11 | 10 6 A AES ober 
cena Go esece Po. See Se Cease teaser 76 | 59 1) el ako 6 Seis 
| 
| | 











| 
| 
| 


Certain individuals exhibit black spots instead of the ordinary mark- 
ings of yellowish red; this may be sexual, but is more probably due to 
the color of the bottom on which they live. Adult individuals almost 
invariably exhibit markings of a lemon-yellow hue on the white under 
side of the body, contiguous to the tail. 

The synonymy of the species stands as follows: 


Limanda ferruginea, (Storer) Goode & Bean. 

Platessa ferrugined, STORER, Report on the Ichthyology and Herpetology of 
Massachusetts, 1839, p. 41, pl. 2.—DEKay, Zoology of New York, Fishes, 
1842, p. 297, pl. xlviii, fig. 155. 

Pleuronectes ferrugineus, GUNTHER, Catalogue of the Fishes in the British 
Museum, iv, 1862, p. 447. 

Myzopsetin ferruginea, GILL, Catalogue Fishes of Eastern Coast N. A. 1861, 
p.51; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 217. 

Platessa rostrata, H. R. Storer, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. vi, 1850, p. 268, 
pl. viii, fig. 2.—-GUNTHER, op. cit. p. 447 (considers it to be amtied to Pleu- 
ronectes limanda). 


Myzopsetta rostrata, GILL, Catalogue Fishes of Eastern Coast N. A. 1861, p. 51. 
Limanda rostrata, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, p. 217. 

Limanda ferruginea is closely related to Limanda vulgaris, Gottsche, 
from which it is distinguished by its shorter pectorals, smaller scales, 
lower dorsal and anal fins, and the greater average number of rays in 
those fins. It is certainly a strongly marked geographical subspecies, 


and must for the present be regarded as a distinet species. 
DECEMBER, 1878. 


ON THE IDENTITY OF BROSMIUS AMCEBRICANUS, GELL, WITH 
BROSMIUS BROSME, (ULLER) WHITE. 


By G. BROWN GOODE and TARLETON H. BEAN. 


Dr. D. H. Storer, in his Report on the Ichthyology and Herpetology 
of Massachusetts, parshed in 1859, catalogued the common cusk of 
the New England coast under the name Brosmius vulg garis, considering 





, PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 363 


a 
: 


it to be identical with the European species of the same genus. In this 
he was followed by Dr. DeKay, in his Fishes of New York, published 
in 1842. In 1845, in his Synopsis of the Fishes of North America, Dr. 
Storer adopted for the American cusk the name Brosmius flavescens, 
whieh had been given in 1819 by Le Sueur to a supposed new species 
from Marblehead, Mass., characterized in his figures and descriptions by 
a prolonged lower jaw and a double barbel.* 

We believe that the specimen described by Le Sueur was a deformed 
individual of the common species, but this is a mere matter of opinion, 
and in any event the name cannot be used. In 1863, Professor Gill 
substituted the specific name americanus for the name flavescens adopted 
by Storer. 

After a careful examination and comparison of two specimens from 
Europe (No. 17,366, Norway, Bergen Museum) with specimens from Mas- 
sachusetts Bay, we are compelled to believe that the common cusk of 
New England is identical with that of Europe. In the proportions of 
their bodies they agree exactly, and the Norwegian specimens agree in 
every respect with Storer’s description of Brosmius flavescens in his His- 
tory of the Fishes of Massachusetts. The radial formule of three speci- 
mens are given below: 


No. 17366 A. Bergen. Dele aA; 
No. 21813. Gloucester. D. 97. . A. 75. 
No. 17366 B. Bergen. DOO Se Aaa. 


DECEMBER, 1878. 


ON THE MORTALITY OF FISHES IN THE GULE OF MEXIC®@ EIN 1878. 
By Lieut. J. P. JEFFERSON, U.8&. A. 


KEY WEST, FLORIDA. 
Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD, 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.: 

PROFESSOR: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your 
valued favor of October 50th, which reached me after a delay, I being 
absent from Fort Jefferson. This absence, coupled with my wish to get 
all possible facts in regard to the destruction of fish in these and ncigh- 
boring waters, will account for my apparent tardiness. 

Since my communication in October another large body of the dark- 
colored water described therein made its way down the coast, across 
Florida Bay, striking Tortugas about the 20th of November, and extend- 
ing up the reef as far as Key West, probably further. At Key West its 
approach could be seen distinctly; at first, belts of it, some narrow, 
others broad, came into the harbor, following the various channels lead- 
ing to the northward, and only in these belts were the fish affected; in 
the course of twenty-four hours, however, all the water in the harbor was 
similarly colored, and the surface was covered with dead and dying fish. 





* Mémoires du Muséum, v, 1819, p. 158, pl. xvi. 


364 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


They seemed to be affected very much as I have seen them when “fish 
berries” were thrown into a pond—coming to the surface, swimming 
around in cireles, sometimes on the side or back, the movements growing 
weaker rapidly and ceasing altogether in 20 or 30 minutes. I noticed 
one fact which may or may not be of importance: I took a small fish, 
known here as a cow-fish, from the water when just about dead, and, 
having examined it for a minute or two, cast it back, when, to my sur- 
prise, it swam off briskly, going down at once. 

As in the previous instance, the shores at Fort Jefferson and neigh- 
boring keys were covered with fish, and here, at Key West, the north 
side of the island was in similar condition. From correspondence and 
conversation I have gathered, in addition to the above, the following 
facts, some, and possibly all, of which may be of interest. 

A fishing-smack sailed some 70 or 80 miles to the westward from Fort 
Jefferson without getting clear of the water. Another smack found the 
surface of the water out some 15 miles in the Gulf Stream covered with 
dead fish—large sharks, turtles, king-fish, &c., but no porpoises, and, as 
far as I have heard, no dead porpoises have been seen. An officer 
coming over from New Orleans by steamer was more than 12 hours 
passing through a field of dead fish. Oysters in Tampa Bay were killed 
by the water. In October the Caloosahatchee River overflowed its banks 
along its entire length except at a bluff at Fort Meyers, and the whole 
country in that section was under water, reported to be the result of the 
overflow of Lake Okeechobee. A gentleman who knows that part of 
the State well tells me that the swampy land bordering on Okeecho- 
bee is grown up largely with dogwood; the water in the lake gradually 
rising and spreading over the surrounding marshes or swamps probably 
kept these dogwood trees wholly or partly submerged for weeks, until 
the divide between Okeechobee and the headwaters of Caloosahatchee 

River gave way. In the possible poisonous effect of water impregnated 

with dogwood, &c., a theory of the cause of the loss of fish-life may be 
found. I understand from Dr. Joseph Y. Porter, U.S. A., that he for- 
warded to your address a bottle of water. I amin hopes that an analysis 
of it will enable you to settle the question; if so, I would be indebted 
greatly to you if you would inform me. 

In regard to my former letter, you can make any use of it you desire, 
as well also as this. I am happy to know that you consider the subject 
of some importance. I feared that I might be imposing upon your valu- 
able time. 

If there are any of the small fish of this vicinity which you desire I 
will be glad to do what I can towards obtaining them, either preserved 
in spirits or the skins. Please give me common names, if possible; for I 
have no books and no technical knowledge. 

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
J. P. JEFFERSON, 
Lieutenant Fifth Regiment Artillery. 





DECEMBER, 1878. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 365 


NOTES ON THE FISMES OF BEAUFORT HARBOR, NORTH CAROLINA. 
By DAVID S. JORDAN and CHARLES i. GILBERT. 


In the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences 
for 1877, pp. 203-218, is a paper entitled ‘Notes on the Natural History 
of Fort Macon, N. C., and Vicinity (No. 3),” by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, which 
treats of the species of fishes obtained by Drs. Coues and Yarrow in 
Beaufort Harbor and neighboring waters during the peried of their 
residence at Fort Macon. 

During the past summer (1878), the writers, accompanied by Prof. A. 
W. Brayton and a party of students from Butler University, spent three 
weeks in the month of August at Beaufort, the chief business of the 
party being the collection of fishes. We obtained, in all, about seventy- 
five species, many of which are not included in Dr. Yarrow’s list. 

For the purpose of making as complete a showing of the Ichthyology 
of the North Carolina coast as possible, we here include not only the 
species which we have ourselves observed, but also those taken by 
Drs. Coues and Yarrow. Brief notes on the local habits or distribu- 
tion of each species are given, as well as occasional critical remarks on 
the nomenclature. The sequence and nomenclature are essentially as in 
Professor Gill’s Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North 
America, 1873. The vernacular names here given are only those used 
by the Beaufort fishermen. 


Family LOPHIIDA. 


Genus LOPHIUS Linn. 


1. Lophius piscatorius L.—All-mouth. 
(Lophius americanus Gill, 1. ¢.) 


Not seen alive; two sets of jaw-bones picked up on the beach below 
Cape Lookout. Said to be occasionally taken by the fishermen. Until 
some evidence other than the difference of habitat is offered to show 
that the American “ Angler,” Lophius americanus DeKay, is distinct from 
the European Lophius piscatorius L., it seems to us that the burden of 
proof is on the side of the doubtful species. It seems better to consider 
the two forms on opposite sides of the Atlantic as identical until proved 
to be distinct, rather than distinct until proved to be identical. In the 
case of this and numerous other northern fishes of wide range, Dr. Gill 
(1. c.), on the contrary, has “preferred to retain the names given to the 
American forms as distinct species, although he is inclined to believe 
that they will eventually be found to be co-specifie with other forms.” 


366 PROCEEDINGS CF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


DIODONTIDZ. 
Genus CHILOMYCTERUS Bibron. 





2. Chilomycterus geometricus (L.) Kaup.—Swell-toad. 
Very abundant; taken in every seine; sold by small boys as curiosi- 
ties, at from one to five cents each. 


TETRODONTID. 
Genus LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson (Gill). 


(Tetrodon Gill, 1. ec. The genus Tetrodon, as first restricted by Swainson, is essen- 
tially equivalent to Arothron Miiller, which differs from Lagocephalus in its closed nasal 
tentacles. The name Lagocephalus is therefore accepted by Professor Gill for the pres- 
ent genus. ) 

3. Lagocephalus levigatus (L.) Gill. 

Found by Dr. Yarrow “in small streams running through salt marshes. 
But few seen.” 

Genus CIRRISOMUS Swainson. 


(Chilichthys Miiller, Gill, le. The genus Cirrhisomus of Swainson (1839) is based on 
Crilichthys spengleri ( Tetrodon spengleri Bloch), and therefore antedates and must super- 
sede Chilichthys Miiller (1841).) 

The name is given in allusion to the short, fleshy appendages or bar- 
bels along the sides in the typical species. These are not found in the 
other species of the genus, but the name cannot be set aside on that 
account. Chilichthys may perhaps be retained as a subgeneri¢ hame tor 
fhose species without fleshy slips. 

Cirrisomus ditfers from Lagocephaius chiefly in the ferm of the fins. 
In the latter genus, the dorsal and anal are faleate, of 11 to 14 rays each, 
and the caudal fin is forked. In Cirrisomus, these fins are all more or 
less rounded, and the dorsal and anal contain but 6 to 8 rays each. In 
Lagocephalus, the body is elongate, the caudal pedunele especially so, the 
skin comparatively smooth, except on the inflated part of the abdomen. 
There is a fold of skin, along each side of the tail below (usually well 
marked, but nearly obsolete in Z. levigatus). The coloration is peculiar, 
the skin having a metallic lustre. In Cirrisomus, the body is compara- 
tively short and broad, with short caudal peduncle. There is usually no 
fold along the lower side of the tail. The coloration is usually variegated, 
and without metallic lustre, and the prickles are variously arranged. 
Four species of Cirrisomus ave found on our Atlantic coast: C. turgidus 
(L.), C. testudineus L., C. trichocephalus (Cope), and C. spengleri (Bloch). 
The first is common; the others are rare, or occasional visitants. 


4. Cirrisomus turgidus (L.) Jor. & Gill).—+Swell-toad 3 Puffer. 
Very common everywhere about Beaufort; taken in the nets with 
Chilomycterus geometricus. 


_— 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 367 


OSTRACIIDAK. 


Genus LACTOPHRYS Swainson. 


5. Lactophrys trigonus (L.) Poey. 

A specimen in the State Museum at Raleigh, from Beaufort. Two 
specimens were found on the beach at Fort Macon by Dr. Yarrow. Nu- 
merous specimens of another species (Lactophrys quadricornis (L.)), from 
the coast of South Carolina, are in the U.S. National Museum. This is 
a common West Indian species, not before recorded from our coast. 


BALISTID AL. 
Genus ALUTERA Cuvier. 


6. Alutera cuspicauda DeKay.—Fol-fish. 
Rather common in Beaufort Harbor. Numerous specimens obtained. 


7. Alutera aurantiaca (Mitchill) Jor. & Gilb.—Jol-fish. 
(Ceratacanthus aurantiacus Gill, 1. ¢.) 
Rather common; with the preceding. We find no warrant for the genus 
Ceratacanthus Gill, based on this species. It is certainly very closely 
related to the preceding. 


Genus STEPHANOLEPIS Gill. 


The genus Stephanolepis of Gill is essentially equivalent to AZonacan- 
thus as properly restricted by Bleeker and others. In this large genus 
there are two types, which may be called genera, each represented on 
our coast by one species. One of these, which contains the most of 
the species, and for which the name of Stephanolepis may be retained, 
has the abdominal flap small, and not exceeding the ventral spine. Mon- 
acanthus proper has the abdominal flap greatly developed, much exceed- 
ing the spine. Monacanthus setifer Bennett, of the former group, is 
very common on our coast. Monacanthus occidentalis Giinther, of the 
latter group, is probably a straggler fromthe West Indies. Canthorhinus 
Swainson, occasionally used for this latter group, is apparently synony- 
mous with Liomonacanthus Bleeker, over which name it has priority. 
Canthorhinus, thus defined, differs from Monecanthus in having the ven- 
tral spine immovable, and the dorsal spine without barbs. 


8. Stephanolepis setifer (Bennett) Gill. Common Fool-jish. 
One of the commonest fishes in Beaufort Harbor, swarming every- 
where about the wharves. 


HIPPOCAMPIDZ:. 
Genus HIPPOCAMPUS Cuvier. 


9. Hippocampus antiquorum Leach. 
Not common. Preserved Ly fishermen as a curiosity, and sold to 
visitors at about twenty-iive cents each. 


368 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


SYNGNATHID Zi. 
Genus SIPHONOSTOMA Raiinesque (Gill). 


10. Siphonostoma fuscum (Storer) Jor. & Gilb. 
(Syngnathus fuscus et peckianus Storer.) 

Very common among weeds along the Beaufort shore. The specimens 
taken were all small. Drs. Coues and Yarrow found this species and 
others of which we obtained many specimens, “rare,” and vice versa. 
The chief reason of this discrepancy is found in the fact that our head- 
quarters were in the village of Beaufort on the mainland, and our chief 
_ collections of small fishes were made among the wharves. Their head- 
quarters were at Fort Macon, on one of the long sand islands or sand- 
spits which make such a characteristic feature of the North Carolina 
coast. On this outer island, “ Fool-fish,” ‘“Pipe-fish,” Blennies, and the 
like, are not found. 


FISTULARIID. 
Genus FISTULARIA Linn. 


11. Fistularia tabaccaria L. 
Two specimens observed by Dr. Yarrow. 


SOLEID 2. 
Genus APHORISTIA Kaup. 


12. Aphoristia plagiusa (L.) Jor. & Gilb. 

Abundant. Many young specimens taken on the sand-shoals. This 
species belongs to Aphoristia, and not to Plagusia, as the latter genus is 
restricted by Kaup and Giinther. The proper orthography of the specitie 
name is apparently plagia, not plagiusa, unless the latter was originally 
a misprint for plagusia. 


Genus ACHIRUS Lacépede. 


13. Achirus lineatus (L.) Cuy. 

But one specimen seen by us at Beaufort. We obtained this Sole in 
the Neuse River, at Goldsboro’, in completely fresh water, with Belone 
longirostris, Ioa vitrea, Alvordius crassus, Noturus eleutherus, Boleosoma 
maculaticeps, Luxilus chlorocephalus, Zygonectes atrilatus, Hybognathus 
nuchalis, Micropterus pallidus, ete. 


PLEURONECTEDERE: 
Genus PSEUDOPLEURONECTES Bleeker. 


14. Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walb.) Gill. 
Rare (Yarrow). Not seen by us. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 369 
d Genus PSEUDORHOMBUS Bleeker. 


(Chenopsetta and Ancylopsetta Gill. ) 


In Professor Gill’s Catalogue of the Fishes of the East Coast of North 
America, from Greenland to Georgia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861), 
many new genera are proposed without description or remark, most of 
them being defined at a later period. Two of the genera of Flounders 
there noted, Chenopsetta and Reinkardtius (proposed in 1861; defined in 
1864), are apparently identical with Pseudorhombus and Platysomatichthys 
of Bleeker, proposed and defined in 1862. It is necessary, therefore, to 
substitute the latter ill-chosen names for the preferable names of Dr. Gill, 
if we hold with the present writers (and most others,—see Dall, Nomen- 
clature of Zodlogy and Botany, 1877, pp. 17, 35) that a generic name 
without a diagnosis, placed before the names of one or more species, has 
no more claim on our recognition than an unpublished manuscript name. 
The adoption of either isa matter of courtesy or convenience, not of duty. 

If the Pacific coast genus Paralichthys is truly sinistral, as supposed 
by Dr. Gill (Proé. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 197), it is probably identi- 
cal with Pseudorhombus, and as the prior name it should supersede the 
latter. 

The genera of North American Flounders which seem to be worthy 
of retention may be thus compared: 


* Pectoral fins well developed. (PLEURONECTID £. ) 
+ Mouth large, the broad, flat maxillary extending to below the eye; teeth nearly 
equal on the two sides of the jaws. 
t Ventral fins both lateral, neither of them on the ridge of the abdomen. (Hippo- 
glossine. ) 
a. Body dextral. 
6. Caudal fin emarginate; teeth strong. 


c. Lateral line arched in front......--.-------------------- HIPPOGLOSSUS. 
ce. Lateral line not arched ..--.-...---.-.----------- PLATYSOMATICHTHYS. 
bb. Caudal fin entire, its middle rays produced; teeth moderate; lateral line 


not arched. 
inning over eye; scales moderate, mostly ctenoid. 
HiPPOGLOSSOIDES. 
dd. Dorsal begiming in front of eye; scales very small, cycloid. 
PSETTICHTHYS. 


d. Dorsal bes 


¥ 
So 


aa. Body sinistral; lateral line arched in front. 
e. Caudal fin entire. (Pseudorhombus or) .----+---++--- PARALICHTHYS. 
ee. Candal fin emarginate...-.....--.------ -----+------=- UROPSETTA. 
tt Ventral fin of the colored side on the ridge of the abdomen; body sinistral; 
teeth small. (Rhombine.) 
f. Lateral line nearly straight; no vomerine teeth: dorsal rays all 
SUM ple eeteeeereetec—ace = CITHARICHTHYS. 
ff. Lateral line arched in front; vomer with teeth; anterior rays of dor- 
sal branched; scales cycloid.. LOPHOPSETTA. 
ttMouth small, the short, narrow maxillary scarcely reaching beyond the front of 
the eye; teeth mostly on the blind side, 
( Pleuronectine.) 
g. Teeth slender, acute, in several series; body dextral ; lateral 
line nearly straight, with a dorsal branch. 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 24 Maar. £1, 1879. 





_” 


370 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


h. Lips plicate; dorsal fin anteriorly twisted over to the blind 


Sid ene -etre ace mateo eers PLEURONICHTHYS. 
hh. Lips simple; dorsal fin anteriorly on the dorsal ridge. 
HYPSOPSETTA. 
gg. Teeth blunt, usually compressed, in one series, forming a cutting 
edge. 


i. Body dextral. 
j. Lateral line with a recurrent dorsal branch. 

k. Lateral line nearly straight; scales cycloid, those on 
the cheeks similar —- =. ¢.--..--= PAROPHRYS. 
kk. Lateral line arched in front; scales ctenoid; those on 

the cheeks stellate or tuberculate. 
LEPIDOPSETTA. 

jj. Lateral line simple. 
1. Lateral line arched in front; scales ctenoid.. LIMANDA. 
U. Lateral line nearly straight. 
m. Dorsal rays less than 80. 
n. Scales ctenoid, closely imbricated. 
PSEUDOPLEURONECTES. 
an. Scales small, smooth or rough, searcely imbri- 
Caio thee ene ae rete PLEURONECTES. 
mm. Dorsal rays more than 100; body elongate; scales 
smodbhias-—seeeeneeeaa-re GLYPTOCEPHALUS. 
ii. Body sinistral, covered with scattered stellated tubercles; 
lateral line nearly straight....PLATICHTHYS. 
** Pectoral fins wanting (in our species); mouth twisted toward the colored side. 
(SOLEIDZ. ) 

o. Vertical fins free from the rounded caudal; body 
dextral; ventral of the colored side con- 
tinuous with the anal. (Soleine.) 

p. Scales very rough; lateral line straight; teeth 
villiform, on blind side only. .----. ACHIRUS. 

oo. Vertical fins confluent around the pointed tail; 
body sinistral; ventrals free from the anal. 
(Plagusiine. ) 

q. No lateral line; teeth minute, on blind side 
only; ventral fin of blind side only present; 
lips not fringed; snout not hooked; scales 
ChOMO Cae) tere See ete APHORISTIA. 


15. Pseudorhombus ocellaris (DeKay) Lyman.—Flounder. 
(Chenopsetta ocellaris Gill, 1. ¢.) 
Very common. 


16. Pseudorhombus dentatus (L.) Jor. & Gilb. 


Tolerably abundant (Coues and Yarrow). 


17. Pseudorhombus quadrocellatus (Gill) Jor. & Gilb. 

Brownish olive, with four large ocellated spots, round or elliptical in 
shape; the first above the arch of the lateral line; the three posterior 
torming an isosceles triangle; the posterior one in the apex on the lateral 
line; body oval, compressed and much elevated, highest at middle of 
body; profile with an abrupt angle at anterior margin of orbit; lower 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 371 


eye beginning in front of the upper; mouth rather small, maxillary 
reaching to below middle of orbit; teeth comparatively small, about 14 
on each side in the lower jaw, the canines of upper jaw little developed ; 
dorsal fin beginning in front of pupil; its anterior rays -long, filiform, 
and with free tips; anal fin beginning well forwards, but little behind 
the insertion of the ventrals; ventral fin of colored side much the longer ; 
gill-openings comparatively narrow; branchiostegal membranes broadly 
connected at base; gill-rakers short and strong, few in number, less than 
10 below the angle of the arch; head 523 in length to base of caudal; 
depth 12. D.70. A. 55. Lat. 1. about 90. 

Two specimens were obtained in Beaufort Harbor, from one of which 
the above description was taken. This is probably the species noticed 
by Dr. Yarrow as Chenopsetta oblonga. It is a rare and little known 
species, noticed but once before on our Atlantic coast. Professor Gill’s 
original type came from Pensacola, Fla. 





Genus LOPHOPSETTA Gill. 


18. Lophopsetta maculata (Mitch.) Gill.—Plaice. 
Common on the sand bars. 


GADID 4. 


Genus PHYCIS Bloch & Schneider. 


19. Phycis regius (Walb.) Jor. & Gilb. 
( Urophyeis regius Gill, 1. ©.) 
One specimen taken by Dr. Coues. Another Gadoid was described 
to us as being sometimes taken. 


OPHIDIID2. 
Genus OPHIDIUM Linn. 


20. Ophidium marginatum Dek. 
One specimen observed by Dr. Coues. 


ZOARCIDA. 


| Genus ZOARCES Cuvier. 


21. Zoarces anguillaris (Peck) Storer. 
Two specimens taken by Dr. Yarrow from the wharf at Fort Macon. 


BLENNIIDA. 


Genus BLENNIUS Linneeus. 


22. Blennius geminatus Wood. 
Very abundant, especially about Dunean’s wharf in Beaufort. Most 
of our specimens were taken from clusters of Ascidians. The specimen 


372 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


referred to by Dr. Yarrow as Blennius fucorum is probably of this spe- 
cies. t , 
Genus HYPLEUROCHILUS Gill. 
23. Hypleurochilus punctatus (Wood) Gill. 
Abundant with the preceding and the next along the Beaufort shore. 


Genus CHASMODES Valenciennes. 


24. Chasmodes bosquianus (Lac.) C. & V. 

Tolerably abundant along the Beaufort shore. Specimens of both the 
nominal species C. bosquianus and C. novemlineatus were taken. They 
differ only in coloration, and we have no doubt that the latter is the male 
and the former the female of the same species. We have received speci- 
mens of both forms, taken in Chesapeake Bay, from Prof. P. R. Uhler. 
This is the species called Chasmodes quadrifasciatus by Uhler and Lug- 
ger. The true quadrifasciatus, which may not be American, has never 
been recognized. The coloration in the male (?), or ‘ C. novemlineatus,” 
is in life as follows: Olive-green, with about nine horizontal narrow blue 
lines, these somewhat irregular and interrupted, and converging towards 
the lateral line; opercular membrane and a broad stripe through the 
middle of the spinous dorsal deep orange-yellow; anal fin dark, the fins 
with white membranaceous tips; head with fine black dots. 

The female (?), or C. bosquianus, is dark olive-green, reticulated with 
narrow pale green lines and with several broad dark vertical bars, which 
are more distinct posteriorly; vertical fins similarly marked. 


BATRACHIDZ:. 
Genus BATRACHUS Linneus. 


25. Batrachus tau L.—Toad-fish. 
Everywhere extremely abundant near the shore. 


URANOSCOPIDZ. 


Genus ASTROSCOPUS Brevoort. 
26. Astroscopus anoplus (C. & VY.) Brey. 


One specimen taken by Dr. Coues. 


TRIGLID. 
Genus DACTYLOPTERUS Lacépede. 


27. Dactylopterus volitans (L.) Lac.—Flying-jish 

Rather common. Some ten specimens obtained from fishermen sein- 
ing in the harbor about Beaufort. The*%brilliant coloration in life is ex- 
tremely variable. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 373 


Genus PRIONOTUS Lacépeéde. 


28. Prionotus punctatus (Bloch) Cuy.—Slim Flying Toad. 
Two specimens taken. 
29. Prionotus tribulus C. & V.—Common Flying Toad. 


Very abundant in Beaufort Harbor. This is doubtless the species 
mentioned as Prionotus carolinus by Dr. Yarrow. Dr. Gill omits this 
strongly marked species from his Catalogue, apparently confounding it 
with P. carolinus (palmipes Storer), which it resembles in color, although 
its real relations are entirely with P.evolans. We have seen no specimens 
of “P. carolinus” from the coast of Carolina, and we do not see how, from 
the Linnean description, P. carolinus could be distinguished from P. tri- 
bulus. It becomes, therefore, perhaps an open question whether Lin- 
neus’s Trigla carolina was P. tribulus, or “P. carolinus,” or both. Lin- 
neus’s Trigla evolans is apparently equally uncertain, so that the present 
nomenclature of the species must be accepted as provisional only. 


30. Prionotus evolans (L.) Gill.—Striped Flying Toad. 
Abundant in the harbor with the preceding species. 


The following is an analysis of the characters of the species of Priono- 
tus found in the United States. P. pilatus Storer is not included, it being 
probably identical with P. carolinus. 


*Mouth small: the mandible not reaching the vertical from the front of the orbit: a 
distinct transverse groove connecting the upper posterior angles of the orbit: 
preopercular spine simple, without basal cusp: head short, the spines on its 
upper part comparatively weak: blotches on spinous dorsal well defined, 
ocellated. (Subgenus Prionotus. ) 

t Body very slender: sides with numerous roundish brown or bronze spots. 
P. punctatus (Bloch) C. & V. 

Coloration dark olive above: back and sides covered with numerous round 
spots of different sizes, and not arranged in series: these spots bronze color in 
life, becoming brownish after death: spinous dorsal dusky, with lighter streaks: 
a distinct black spot on upper half of spinous dorsal, between the fourth and 
fifth spine, this spot being ocellated below and behind: a second black blotch 
on upper half of first spine and membrane, also ocellated behind: second 
dorsal and caudal spotted and finely blotched with black: anal largely black, 
with a pinkish border: pectorals blackish: ventrals pale: branchiostegals 
pinkish: first dorsal rather high: head 3} times in length to base of caudal: 
maxillary one-third length of head. D.X—13, A.11., lat. 1. about 75. 

+t Body rather robust: sides with conspicuous round spots. 
P. carolinus (L.) C. & V. 

Coloration brownish above, clouded with darker: throat and branchiostegal 
membrane dark: a distinct black blotch on upper half of spinous dorsal, this 
ocellated below: second dorsal with oblique whitish streaks: preopercular 
spine strong: pectoral appendages strong, always (?) dilated at their tips: 
maxillary bone one-third the length of head: head 3 in body. D. X—13, A. 12, 
label. cac55, ; 





374 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


** Mouth large, the mandible reaching beyond the vertical from the front of the orbit: 
no distinct transverse groove between and behind orbits: preopercular spine 
with a smaller one at base: dark blotches on spinous dorsal difluse, not ocel- 
lated. (Subgenus Chriolax* nobis.) 

t Sides of body with one or more distinct dark longitudinal bands: spines on head 
moderate, compressed. : 
P. evolans (L.) Gill. 

Coloration olive-brown above, mottled and spotted with darker and lighter, 
whitish below: a narrow dark streak along the lateral line, with a broader 
one below it, which terminates behind in a series of spots and blotches: lower 
parts of head sometimes bright orange-yellow: pectorals blackish, surrounded. 
by olivaceous and edged with orange, sometimes with numerous transverse 
dark lines: a black blotch on membrane of dorsal fin between the third and 
sixth spines: soft dorsal plain or with two black blotches at base: ventrals. 
and anal deep orange: pectoral appendages slender, dark-colored: spine at 
upper posterior angle of orbit but little developed: body robust: head 23 in 
length. D. X—12, A. 11, lat. 1. about 55. 

tt Sides without longitudinal bands: spines on head all well developed, those 
above closely compressed. 
P. tribulus C. & VY. 


Dark brown on sides and above, blotched with darker: a black blotch on 
membrane of dorsal between the third and sixth spines: second dorsal with 
several series of brownish spots, these forming oblique bars: soft dorsal with 
two dark blotches at base, the posterior of which is continued obliquely 
downwards and forwards to below the lateral line: pectorals olive-brown, 
with dark bands, which are more distinct towards the tip of the fin: pectoral 
appendages strong, tapering, marked with series of dark spots: body heavy 
forwards, short and thick: occipital and supraorbital spines strong and. 
‘flattened like sword-blades”: head 24 in length to base of caudal. D. X—12, 
A. 11, lat. 1. about 50. 


LABRIDZ ne 
Genus TAUTOGA Mitechill. 


31. Tautoga onitis (L.) Gthr.—Oyster-fish. 

Rather common. The young abundant about the wharves at Beau- 
fort. 

Genus PUSA Scopoli (fide Gill). 
(Cherojulis Gill; Halichaeres Rupp.) 

32. Pusa grandisquamis Gill. 

The original type of this species came from Beaufort. Another was. 
secured by Dr. Yarrow. 
33. Pusa sp. (? radiata L.). 

A young specimen which we supposed to belong to this species, but 
which was mislaid or lost before we had a full opportunity for com- 


parison, was taken near Captain Duncan’s wharf at Beaufort. Its life- 
coloration was as follows: 


Bright green: a dark brown lateral band covering two rows of scales: 





*vpsta, want: OAas, furrow. 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 375 


above this, three bronze bands with green interspaces; below it, a band 
of crimson; these bands running forwards, and meeting on the snout: 
dorsal fin bright vermillion, with a large blue spot ocellated with yellow 
near its middle, a smaller dark-blue spot at base of last dorsal ray, and 
another at base of caudal: anal red, with a yellowish streak: caudal 
nearly plain: iris red. Length 13 inches. 

Professor Gill informs me that the name Pusa Scopoli was first applied 
to a species of this most beautiful genus. If this be true, it has many 
years’ priority over Cherojulis, Halicheres, ete. 


XIPHIIDAK. 


Genus XIPHIAS Linn. 


34. Xiphias gladius L.—Sword-fish. 
‘Heard from’ off Cape Lookout by Dr. Yarrow. 


TRICHIURIDZ:. 
Genus TRICHIURUS Linn. 


35. Trichiurus lepturus L. 
Several seen by Cope and Yarrow; none by us. 


SCOMBRID Ai. 
Genus SARDA Cuvier. 


36. Sarda pelamys (L.) Cuv. 
Taken off Shackleford Banks (Yarrow). Not seen by us. 


Genus ORCYNUS Cuvier. 


37. Orcynus thynnus (L.) Goode.—BDonito. 
(Oreynus secundodorsalis Gill, 1. ¢.) 


Frequently heard of, but not seen by us. 


Genus CYBIUM Cuvier. 


38. Cybium maculatum (Mitch.) Cuy.—Spanish Mackerel. 

A highly valued food-fish, taken in great numbers in the fall, on the 
banks. No extensive fishing is done in August, and we did not see this 
species at Beaufort. A large one leaped on board our steamer in Albe- 
marle Sound on our return northward. 

39. Cybium regale (Bloch) Cuv. 
One specimen seen by Dr. Yarrow. 


376 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


~~ CARANGID-. 
Genus VOMER Cuvier. 


40. Vomer setipinnis (Mitch.) Ayres.—Moon-jish; Sunfish. 
Taken on the outer beach in the fall; not seen by us. 


Genus SELENE Lacépéde. 


41. Selene argentea Lac.—Moon-fish. 
Taken on the outer beach in the fall; not common; one specimen 
obtained by us. 
Genus ARGYRIOSUS. 


42. Argyriosus vomer Lac.—Woon-fish. 
Less common (Yarrow). Not seen by us. There seems to be no good 
evidence that Argyriosus capillaris is a species distinct from this. 


Genus ALECTRIS Rafinesque. 
(Blepharis, ete., Cuvier; Blepharichthys, ete., Gill.) 


43. Alectris crinitus (Akerly) Jor. 

A few individuals taken by Dr. Yarrow; none seen by us at Beaufort. 
Most of the Scombroid fishes about Beaufort are taken by the fishermen 
on the outer banks in the fall, and hence escaped our notice. 

The genus Blepharichthys Gill seems unnecessary, as the prior use of 
Blepharis in Botany does not, in accordance with the general custom of 
naturalists, prevent its use in Zodlogy. The distinctions between Ble- 
pharis and Alectris, being merely in the degree of obsolescence of the spi- 
nous dorsal, do not seem to us important. 


Genus CARANGUS Girard. 

44. Carangus chrysus (Mitch.) Gill.—Sumjish. 

Rather common in Beaufort Harbor. Several young specimens taken 
among the wharves. 
45. Carangus hippus (L.) Gill. 

In Dr. Yarrow’s list; not seen by us. 
46. Carangus pisquetos (C. & V.) Gill. 

(Paratractus pisquetos Gill, 1. ¢.) 
One specimen seen by Coues and Yarrow. 


Genus TRACHYNOTUS Lacépéde. 
47. Trachynotus ovatus (L.) Gihr.—Allovericore (Albicore?). 


One young specimen taken at Beaufort. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 377 


48. Trachynotus carolinus (L.) Gili.—Pampano; Sunfish. 

Very abundant on the outer banks. The young goin great schools 
in the surf, and may be readily taken in a net, and sometimes by hand 
when thrown on shore by the waves. 





Genus SERIOLA Cuvier. 
(Halatracitus and Zonichthys Gill.) 


49. Seriola zonata (Mitch.) Cuy. 

One specimen observed by Dr. Yarrow; not seen by us. Nawerates 
ductor, included in Dr. Yarrow’s list on the strength of information de- 
rived from fishermen, we here omit: the species is too easily confounded 
with the present. 


STROMATEID. 
Genus PORONOTUS Gill. 


50. Poronotus triacanthus (Peck) Gill. 
Rare; seen by Coues and Yarrow—not by us. 


SCLAINIDZ. 
Genus CYNOSCION Gill. 


51. Cynoscion carolinensis (C. & V.) Gill.—Speckled Trout. 
An abundant food-fish. 


52. Cynoscion regalis (Bloch) Gill.—sSea Trout. 
A common food-fish, although less abundant than the preceding. 


Genus POGONTAS Lacépede. 


53. Pogonias chromis Lacép.—Sea Drum. 
Very common. , 
Genus LIOSTOMUS. 
54. Liostomus xanthurus Lacép. 

Abundant in the fall (Yarrow); not seen by us. 
55. Liostomus obliquus (Mitch.) DeKay.—Spot. 

Next to the Mullet, this is the most abundant food-fish about Beau- 
fort, the young swarming everywhere in the harbor. It is universally 
known as Spot, the Robin or Pin-fish being Zagodon, and the Hog-fish 
Orthopristis. These vernacular names have been transposed by Dr. 
Yarrow. 

Genus BAIRDIELLA Gill. 
56. Bairdiella punctata (L.) Gill.—Perch. 
Rather common among the wharves. 


378 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ; 


Genus SCLZNOPS Gill. 


57. Scizenops ocellatus (L.) Gill.—Drum. 

A rather common food-fish; numerous specimens obtained from the — 
fishermen. One specimen obtained had teco ocellated spots on the can- 
dal peduncle. Ae 

Genus MENTICIRRUS Gill. 

58. Menticirrus littoralis (Holbr.) Gill._—Sea Mullet. 

Rather common. The young abundant in the surf on the outer beach, 
with Trachynotus carolinus. 
59. Menticirrus alburnus (L.) Gill. 

Not seen by us. 
60. Menticirrus nebulosus (Mitch.) Gill. 

Not seen. Dr. Yarrow says that this species and the two preceding 


are “all more or less abundant in the fall, when they are found in com- 
pany with the Mullet on the sea-beach.” 


Genus MICROPOGON Cuvier. 


61. Micropogon undulatus (L.) C. & V.—Croaker. 
Very abundant; next to Mullet, Spot, and Hog-fish, the commonest 
food-fish in Beaufort Harbor. 


GERRIDA. 
Genus EUCINOSTOMUS Baird & Girard. 


62. Eucinostomus argenteus B. & G. 
Common in the harbor, along the Beaufort shore. Only very young 


specimens seen. 
PIMELEPTERID. 
Genus PIMELEPTERUS Lacépéde. 


63. Pimelepterus bosci Lac. 
A single specimen taken near Dunean’s wharf in Beaufort. 


SPARID/E. 


Genus LAGODON Holbrook. 


64. Lagodon rhomboides (L.) Holbr.—Robin; Pin-fish. 

Excessively abundant everywhere in the harbor. Taken by the thou- 
sand by boys with hook and line, from the wharves. This species does 
not attain a large size, and is seldom used as food in Beaufort, where 
larger fishes are so plenty. Its value there is about one-tenth of a cent, 
and it is thrown away by the fishermen. As elsewhere noticed, the 
“Spot,” “ Robin,” and “ Hog-fish” of the fishermen have been in some 
way misunderstood or confused by Dr. Yarrow. 


4 
‘ 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 379 


Genus ARCHOSARGUS Gill. 


65. Archosargus probatocephalus (Walb.) Gill.—Sheepshead. 
Abundant; we saw but few specimens, however, the proper Sheeps- 
head season being passed. 


Genus SARGUS Cuvier. 


66. Sargus holbrooki Bean.—Spot-tailed Pin-fish. 

Extremely abundant everywhere along the Beaufort shore. This 
species was first described by Dr. Bean during the past year. That so 
strongly marked and so abundant a species should have so long escaped 
notice is very remarkable. Dr. Yarrow does not seem to have noticed 
it and Dr. Coues obtained but one specimen, the generic characters of 
which seem to have escaped Professor Putnam’s notice, as he speaks 
of it as “an individual resembling S. argyrops,” but differing in color. 
This species has broad incisors and wants the recumbent dorsal spine. 
Its color is bright silvery, with a large black biotch on the upper part 
of the caudal peduncle, which is very conspicuous while the fish is in 
the water. It reaches but a small size, and is not at Beaufort used as 
food. The fishermen call it Pin-fish, and as such it is beneath their 
notice. Most of the fishermen, indeed, did not distinguish it from La- 
godon rhomboides. 


Genus STENOTOMUS Gill. 
67. Stenotomus argyrops (L.) Gill. 
Not very common; hardly noticed by the fishermen. 
PRISTIPOMATID. 
Genus HAAMULUM Cuvier. 


68. ? Hemulum arcuatum C. & V. 


Not seen by us; given in Dr. Yarrow’s list, but evidently confused. 
with the next species, so that its occurrence at Beaufort is questionable. 
The proper orthography of the generic name (aiva, blood; odjov, gums) 
is Hemulum, not Hemylum, nor Hemulon. 


Genus ORTHOPRISTIS Girard. 


69. Orthopristis fulvomaculatus (Mitch.) Gill.—Hog-fish. 
Extremely common everywhere in the harbor. 


SERRANID ZA. 


Genus EPINEPHELUS Bloch. 


70. Epinephelus morio (Cuy.) Gill. 
One specimen noted by Dr. Yarrow. 


380 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
Genus CENTROPRISTIS Cuvier. 


71. Centropristis atrarius (L.) Barn.—Black-fish. 
Common, the young abounding about the wharves. 


PERCIDZE. 
Genus ROCCUS Mitehill. 


72. Roccus lineatus (Mitch.) Gill.—Rock. 

Not seen in Beaufort Harbor, but abundant in all river-mouths, as 
in New and Neuse Rivers. Dr. Yarrow states that the “young are 
abundant” in the harbor. As the striped female of Hydrargyra majalis 
is called by all Beaufort fishermen “ Rock,” and as it is there usually 
supposed to be the young of the Striped Bass, Dr. Yarrow’s statement 
may perhaps be an error. 


Genus MORONE Mitehill. 


73. Morone americana (Gmel.) Gill.— White Perch. 


Not found about Beaufort, but said by Dr. Yarrow to abound in the 
New and Neuse Rivers. 


HPHIPPID. 
Genus PAREPHIPPUS Gill. 


74. Parephippus faber (Cuv.) Gill.—Porgee; Pogy. 
Common; used as a food-fish. 


POMATOMID Zi. 


Genus POMATOMUS Lae. 


75. Pomatomus saltatrix (L.) Gill.—Blue-fish. 
Extremely common. The taking of this fish is the favorite amuse- 
ment of the higher grades of summer boarders in this delightful port. 


ECHENEIDID. 
Genus ECHENEIS Linneus. 
(Leptecheneis Gill.) 


In 1862 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 239), Prof. Gill divided the 
Linnean genus Echeneis into two genera, Echeneis (the slender species: 
type EH. naucrates L.) and Remora (the stout-bodied species: type F. 
remora). Subsequently (op. cit. 1863, 88), Remoropsis (which has not 
been sufficiently distinguished from Remora) and Rhombochirus were 
added. Still later (op. cit. 1864, 60), Prof. Gill found, “on examining 
the works of Linnzus and Artedi, that H. remora was the only species 
referred to that genus by Linneus in the early editions of the Systema 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 381 





_ Nature, and by Artedi, and that in the later editions, Linneus placed 
| that species at the head of the genus.” For that reason, the name Eche- 
 neis was retained for H. remora, and a new name, Leptecheneis, conferred 
on B. naucrates and its allies. 

As, however, according to the custom now prevalent in Ichthyology, 
we are not to go behind the tenth edition of the Systema Nature, and 
as the placing of a species “at the head of the genus” had no signifi- 
cance with Linneus, we think that Dr. Gill’s first restriction of Eche- 
neis Should have precedence over the second. 

The genera of Heheneidide thus far known are, then, the following: 

1. ReMOoRA Gill: type Echeneis remora L.; HEcheneis jacoboa Lowe. 

2. REMILEGIA Gill: type Hcheneis australis Bennett. 

3. RHOMBOCHIRUS Gill: type Heheneis osteochir Cuvier. 
4. ECHENEIS Linn.: type Hcheneis naucrates L. 7 
5. PHTHEIRICHTHYS Gill: type Heheneis lineatus Menzies. 

76. Echeneis naucrates L. 


Two specimens seen by Coues and Yarrow. 
Genus REMORA Gill. 


77. Remora jacobeea (Lowe) Gill. 
(E£cheneis remora L.) 


Specimens seen by Dr. Yarrow, taken off Shackleford Banks. 
SPHYRAENID ZL. 
Genus SPHYRANA Bloch. 


78. Sphyreena spet (Haiiy) Goode. 

Young specimens common in Beaufort Harbor. Our species is usually 
called Sphyrena borealis DeKay, without comparison with allied forms. 
What fish DeKay had in mind is not clearly known. We identify our 
Beaufort specimens with Sphyrana spet (EHsox sphyrena L., Sphyrena 
vulgaris Auct.), the common species of Europe and the Middle Atlantic. 
Whether the West Indian 8. picuda also occurs northward, to help 
form the dubious Sphyrena borealis, is still uncertain. 


MUGILID. 


Genus MUGIL Linnzus. 


79, Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.— White Mullet. 
Very common in the harbor. 
80. Mugil plumieri Bloch.—Striped Mullet. 
The commonest food-fish of the North Carolina coast; everywhere 
very abundant on the shoals in the harbor. 


Two species of Mugil certainly occur on our Atlantic coast, but they 
have been confounded or misunderstood by nearly all writers except 


382 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Dr. Giinther, who correctly describes them under the names Mugil line- 
atus and Mugil brasiliensis. The nomenclature of both is uncertain. 
The oldest specific name, Magil albula L., is apparently not available, as 
its deseription applies equally to either, and is in some respects incorrect. 
It is, however, perhaps as applicable to JL. brasiliensis as that of Trigla 
evolans is to our striped Prionotus. The following is Linnzeus’s descrip- 
tion: 


“Mugil Albula. M. pinna dorsali anteriore quadriradiata. D. 4,9. P.17. V. 4. 
A... C.20, xxx. Habitat in America. D.Garden. Simillimus MW. cephalo.”—(Syst. 
Nat. xii, i, 520, 1766). 


The diagnostic characters and the apparent synonymy of the two 
species are the following: 


° 


Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz. 


White Mullet. 
?Cateshy, ii, pl. 5. 
? Curema Macey. 181, Pison 70. 
? Mugil alhula Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii, i, 520, 1766. 
Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Bras. 234, tab. 72 (fide Giinther).—Giinther, Cat. 
Fishes Brit. Mus. iii, 431. 
? Mugil incilis, Hancock, Lond. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1830, 127 (fide Giinther). 
Mugil curema Cuy. et Val. xi, 87, and of authors. 
Mugil petrosus Cuy. et Val. xi, 89, and of authors. 
Mugil lineatus Storer, Hist. Fishes Mass. 89, pl. 16, f. 4 (good). 


Body somewhat compressed: angle made by the dentary bones about a right angle: 
space at the chin between the dentary bones somewhat eclub-shaped: scales larger, 
running up on the soft dorsal and anal fins: coloration bluish above, the sides silvery 
without conspicuous dark stripes, but with shining streaks, produced by the striation 
of the scales: a dusky blotch at base of pectorals: tips of caudal and soft dorsal 
blackish. Anal rays III,9. Scales 38—12. Size less than the next. 


Mugil plumieri Bloch. 
Striped Mullet. 


Mugil plumieri Bloch, t. 296, and of authors. 

Mugil lincatus Mitchill, Cuy. et Val. xi, 96, and of nearly all authors. 

Mugil albula DeKay, New York Fauna, Fishes, 146. 

Mugil berlandieri Girard, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Iehth. p. 20, pl. x, fig. 1 (not fig. 4, which 
represents the young of MW. brasiliensis). 

Body little compressed: angle of mandible obtuse: space between dentary bones 
broad and short, rounded anteriorly: scales smaller, pot running up on the dorsal and 
anal fins. Coloration dark bluish above; sides silvery, with series of darker spots, 
one on each scale, forming conspicuous lateral stripes: a dusky spot at base of pecto- 
rals. AnalraysIII,8. Scales 42—13. The common ‘ Mullet,” so extensively split and 
salted as a food-fish. 


The two species seem to occur on the same shores, and both range 
from Massachusetts to South Carolina at least. 





. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 383 


ATHERINIDA. 


Genus CHIROSTOMA Swainson. 





81. Chirostoma menidium (Linn. ) Gill.—Sardines. 

We fail to find any evidence that Chirostoma notatum (Miteh.) Gill and 
C. menidium are distinct species. Very abundant in the harbor, where it 
is found generally in company with EKngraulis vittata, both being known 
by the fishermen indiscriminately as Sardines. 

Genus ATHERINA Linnieus. 


82. Atherina carolina Val. 
A few specimens noted by Drs. Coues and Yarrow. 


BELONID. 
Genus BELONE Cuvier. 


83. Belone longirostris (Mitch.) Gill. 
Very abundant in Beaufort Harbor. 


84. Belone hians C. & V. 

One specimen obtained. This is a West Indian species, not recorded 
from our coast until this summer, when Prof. Goode received a number 
of specimens from the coast of North Carolina. It is probably a resident 
on our coast, as the specimen taken was quite young. 


SCOMBERESOCID ZK. 
Genus EXOCQGTUS Linneus. 


85. Exoccetus melanurus Val.—Flying-fish. 
** Occasionally seen” (Dr. Yarrow). 


Genus HALOCYPSELUS Weinland. 


86. Halocypselus evolans (Linn.) Gill. 
One young specimen taken in Beaufort Harbor. 


Genus HEMIRHAMPHUS Cuvier. 


87. Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Ranzani. 
Very abundant in the harbor, along the edges of shoals. 


Genus SCOMBERESOX  Lacépéde. 


88. Scomberesox scutellatus Le Sueur. 
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow. 


384 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


CYPRINODONTIDZ. 
Genus CYPRINODON lLacépéde. 


89. Cyprinodon variegatus Lac.—‘‘ Sheep's Head.” 
One specimen seen by us. 
Genus FUNDULUS Lacépéde. 
90. Fundulus heteroclitus (Linn.) Gill. 


Very common. ‘The species called F. pisculentus \Mitch.) Val. and F. 
heteroclitus are unquestionably identical. 


Genus HYDRARGYRA Lacépéde. 


91. Hydrargyra majalis (Walb.) Val.—Rock Fish (9). 
Very abundant. 


92. Hydrargyra swampina Lac. 
Reported as exceedingly abundant by Drs. Coues and Yarrow. 


SYNODONTID A. 
Genus SYNODUS Bloch. 


93. Synodus fcetens (Linn.} Gill.— Pike. 
Abundant in the harbor. 


ALBULIDA. 


Genus ALBULA Gronovius. 


94. Albula vulpes (Linn.) Goode.—Lady Fish. 
(Albula conorhynchus Gill, op. cit.) 


Reported by Dr. Yarrow on the authority of a fisherman. 


ELOPIDA. 
Genus ELOPS Linnzeus. 


95. Elops saurus Linn.—‘‘ Horse Mackerel.” 
One very large specimen seen. 


Genus MEGALOPS Lacépéde. 


96. Megalops thrissoides (Bl. & Schn.) Giinther. 
Reported by Dr. Yarrow as very rare, on the authority of fishermen. 


CLUPEIDA: 
Genus BREVOORTIA Gill. 


97. Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe) Goode.—Fat Back; Yellow Tail; Bug Fish. 
Very abundant. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 385 
Genus ALOSA Cuvier. 


98. Alosa sapidissima (Wilson) Storer. 
Probably not found in Beaufort Harbor. Reported by Drs. Coues 
and Yarrow as excessively abundant in the Neuse River. 


Genus OPISTHONEMA Gill. 


99. Opisthonema thrissa Gill. 
Several specimens obtained. 


Genus POMOLOBUS Rafinesque. 


100. Pomolobus pseudoharengus (Wilson) Gill. 
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow as not abundant. 


101. Pomolobus mediocris (Mitch.) Gill. 
Recorded by Dr. Yarrow as abundant. 


ENGRAULIDID. 


Genus ENGRAULIS Cuvier. 


102. Engraulis vittatus (Mitch.) Bd. & Girard.—Sardine. 

Extremely common, occurring in large schools. There is no good 
evidence that the West Indian H. browni (Gmel.) Val. occurs on our 
coast, or that we have more than one Atlantic species. 


SILURIDZ. 


Genus ALURICHTHYS Baird & Girard. 


103. Ajlurichthys marinus (Mitch.) Bd. & Grd. 
Several specimens obtained. 


Genus ARIOPSIS Gill. 
104. Ariopsis felis (Linn.) Gill & Jordan. 


(Ariopsis milberti Gill, op. cit.) 
Several specimens seen. 


ANGUILLID 5. 


Genus ANGUILLA Thunberg. 


105. Anguilla vulgaris Turton.—JLcl. 
(Anguilla bostoniensis Gill, op. cit.) 
Common. 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 25 March 20, i879. 





386 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


ACIPENSERID/. 
Genus ACIPENSER Linnzus. 


106. Acipenser sturio Linn.—Sturgeon. 
A large skin found in the harbor near Cape Lookout. 


CEPHALOPTERID 4. 
Genus CERATOPTERA Miiller & Henle. 


107. Ceratoptera vampirus (Mitch.) Gill.—Devil-jish. 
Fishermen state that they are occasionally found in the harbor. 


MYLIOBATID. 
Genus AETOBATIS Miiller & Henle. 


108. Aétobatis narinari Miill. & Henle. 
One large specimen seen. 


Genus MYLIOBATIS Duméril. 


109. Myliobatis fremenvillei (Les.) Storer. 
Tail of one specimen observed. 


DASYBATID Zi. 


(Trygonide Gill, op. cit.) 


Genus DASYBATIS Rafinesque (fide Gill). 
(Trygon Gill, op. cit.) 
/110. Dasybatis centrurus (Mitch.) Gill, MSS.—Sting Ray; Stingaree. 
Very common. 


Genus PTEROPLATEA Miiller & Henle. 


111. ? Pteroplatea maclura (Le Sueur) M. & H.—Skate. 

Several specimens about one foot long, the young of some broad species. 
They do not answer Le Sueur’s account of the present species, and there 
is no trace of a caudal spine, which on a Sting Ray of the same size is 
fully developed. If not the young of Pteroplatea, they will constitute a 
“new genus. 

The following are the characters shown by our specimens: 

Disk very broad and short, its width nearly twice its length without 
‘the tail; tail short, slender and small, its length about one-third that of 
‘the disk; a dermal fold above and below; whole disk and tail covered 
with smooth skin, without spine or roughness of any kind; snout pro- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 387 


jecting and pointed; the pectorals broadly expanded on each side, leav- 
ing a marked concavity in the outline of the body along their anterior 
margins on each side, in front of which is a convexity which terminates 
in the mucronate snout. 

Mouth small; teeth triangular, rather pointed; nostrils well apart, 
contluent with the mouth; a broad flap behind and between them, which 
seems to form an upper lip. 

Color brownish olive, beautifully marbled with grayish, and marked 
with roundish stellate spots and finer markings of dark brown; edge of 
disk with rounded pale spots, forming semicircles on the border; tail 
with four dark blotches above, forming half-rings. 


TORPEDINID A. 


Genus TORPEDO Duméril. 


112. Torpedo occidentalis Storer. 
Recorded as rare, by Dr. Yarrow, on the authority of fishermen. 


RAID. 


Genus RAIA Linneus. 


113. Raia levis Mitch. 


Recorded by Dr. Yarrow as common. 


CARCHARITD A. 
Genus CARCHARIAS Rafinesque. 


(Odontaspis Agassiz; Lugomphodus Gill.) 


114. Carcharias americanus (Mitch.) Jor. & Gilb. 
(Lugomphodus littoralis Gill, op. cit.) 
One pair of jaws seen. The name Carcharias has priority over Odont- 
aspis, as Dr. Gill has shown, and our species seems hardly generically 
distinct from the European. 


SPHY RNID. 
Genus SPHYRNA Rafinesque. 


115. Sphyrna zygeena (Linn.) Miill. & Henle. 
A single specimen recorded by Dr. Yarrow. 


Genus RENICEPS Gill. 


116. Reniceps tiburo (Linn.) Gill.—Shovel-headed Shark; Bonnet-head. 
Abundant. 


388 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


GALEORHINID. 
Cenus SCOLIODON Miller & Henle. 


117. Scoliodon terrez-nove (Rich.) Gill.—Sharp-nosed Shark. 
Very abundant in the harbor. 


AMPHIOXIDA. 
Genus AMPHIOXUS Yarrell. 


118. Amphioxus caribzeus (Sundevall) Jor. & Gilb. 

Abundant in the harbor, on Bird Shoal; not, however, obtained 
by us. 

DECEMBER, 1878. 


A PARTIAL LIST OF THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. 
By L. BELDING, of Stockton. 
Edited by R. RIDGWAY. 


The present paper is based upon observations extending through 
about twenty years’ residence in California, and collections made chiefly 
during the last two years, which have, from time to time, been forwarded 
by Mr. Belding to the National Museum.* The list is believed to be a 
tolerably complete one, Mr. Belding’s long residence in the State and 
his active interest in ornithology having enabled him to become quite 
familiar with the bird-fauna of most parts of the interior of California. 
Still, observations made at a few outlying points, or extended for a longer 
period at localities already investigated, would, no doubt, add consider- 
ably to the number of the species. The editor’s remarks are either en- 
closed in brackets or followed by his initials (“‘R. R.”). Heis responsible 
for the nomenclature adopted, and the determination of the species— 
although, as to the latter, Mr. Belding had correctly identified them all, 
with a very few exceptions among the difficult forms, whose correct de- 
termination is hardly possible in the field. 

The asterisk before the number indicates that the species has been 
found breeding in Central California; and only those actually ascertained 
to do so are thus marked. In the list of specimens, the asterisk before 
the locality shows that the species breeds at that particular place. The 
number in these lists is that of the National Museum Register, in which 
the specimens sent by Mr. Belding are entered. Notes upon a few of 
the species collected by Mr. Belding have been published by the writer 
in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club for April, 1878, pp. 
64-68, to which those interested are referred.—R. R. 

*The collections thus far received from Mr. Belding amount to about 180 species 


(not including races) and 600 specimens. Notes were sent on 38 additional species, 
making a total of 217 treated in this paper.—R. R. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 389 


CENTRAL CALIFORNIA, where the collections and observations upon 
which this paper is based were made, is divided naturally into three 
quite distinct parts: (1) the valleys near sea-level; (2) the chaparral belt, 
familiarly known to Californians as the ‘“foot-hills”; and (3) the ever- 
green coniferous forests above the chaparral belt. The periods during 
which the collections were made are as follows:—At Stockton (valley 
region), March 6 to June 9, 1878, and during the succeeding autumn. 
At Marysville (valley region), from December 24, 1877, to March 5, 1878, 
and, incidentally, in June, 1878. At Murphy's (lower edge of pine region), 
from November 20, 1876, to May 3, 1877, November 22 to December 
22, 1877, and August 27 to September 6, 1878. At the Calaveras 
Big Trees (pine region), from May 3 to June 8, and from July 4 to 
August 27,1878. At Soda Springs (upper part of pine region), from 
August 25 to October 6, 1877, about a week of this time being spent 
at the Summit Meadows, near the summit of the Donner Lake Pass of 
the Sierra Nevada. 

STOCKTON, SAN JOAQUIN Co. (lat. about 38°, alt. 30 ft.), is on the 
eastern margin of the extensive tule swamp through which the San 
Joaquin River flows. Many of the birds peculiar to the inland waters 
of the Pacitic coast frequent this swamp in summer or winter, while 
others, among which are some of the water birds of the neighboring 
tule marshes, breed in the willows on the banks or natural levees of the 
river. During the spring migration, birds are truly abundant in the 
thickets by the river, and any one who has heard their songs at this time 
would not accuse California birds of being deficient in melody. 

The valley east of Stockton is very level, and sparsely timbered, 
though the principal water-courses are marked by a narrow strip of oaks 
and willows. In ordinary winters, water is plentiful, but in summer only 
the waters of the principal rivers reach the ocean. Owing to this 
searcity of water in the breeding season, birds are not numerous in this 
portion of the valley, while for this and other reasons few species are 
abundant in Central California. 

The climate is gemial and quite uniform, the heat of summer being 
usually agreeably tempered by the sea breeze. The winters are mild 
and the fields are green with short grass. 

MARYSVILLE, YUBA Co., is in latitude 39° 8’, the altitude being about 
150 feet above tide-level. It is situated at the junction of the Yuba 
and Feather Rivers, surrounded by an extensive tract of level plains, 
most of which are under cultivation. Over the uplands are scattered a 
few oaks, both evergreen and deciduous, while in the river-bottoms are 
dense thickets of poplars and willows, with an undergrowth of grape- 
vines, briers, weeds, and grass. These thickets afford shelter for the 
birds of the district, and in the breeding season nearly all the species 
are congregated in or near them. 

The sumimers are warm and dry, and, as elsewhere in the interior of 
California, the annual plants are either ripe or blighted by the first of 


390 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


June. The winters are mild; snow rarely falls, the plains after the first 
rains being covered with grass, which, however, does not grow much 
until March. Some of the species found at Marysville in winter are 
the following:—Turdus nevius, T. migratorius (var. propinguus), T. gut- 
tatus, Harporhynchus redivivus, Mimus polyglottus, Dendreca coronata, D. 
auduboni, Helminthophaga celata (var. lutescens), Geothlypis trichas, Vireo 
huttoni, Chrysomitris pinus, C. lawrencii, Eremophila alpestris (both the 
typical form and var. chrysolema), Sayornis nigricans, S. sayus, Picus 
pubescens,* P. nuttalli, Sphyropicus ruber, Melanerpes formicivorus, Asio 
accipitrinus, Speotyto “hypogaea,” Lanius don L. ludovicianus, Mélo-— 
spiza “ fallax,” and Pipilo chlorurus. In June, the following, among 
others, were noticed :—Turdus ustulatus, Thryomanes bewicki (var. spilu- 
rus), Lanivireo “cassini,” Vireo pusillus, Coccyzus americanus, Polioptila 
cerulea, Picus “ gairdneri,” P. nuttalli, Trochilus alexandri, and Chamea 
Jasciata. 

MuRPHY’s, CALAVERAS Co. (lat. 38° 7’, alt. about 2,400 ft.), is situated 
at the line of junction of the chaparral belt and the pine region; that 
is, between the upper edge of the former and the lower limit of the 
latter, the line between these two districts being sharply drawn by the 
abrupt rise of the mountains on the east. 

The climate of Murphy’s is nearly the same as that of Stockton, oie 
withstanding the great difference of altitude (over 2,300 feet). The 
days are rather warmer, even in winter, if the sky is unclouded: it is 
more subject to cold storms, however; but if snow falls, it soon melts, 
and the hills are invariably covered with green grass after the fall rains. 
It is above the winter fogs of the valley. The average rainfall at Mur- 
phy’s averages nearly twice as much as that at Stockton, the rainy 
season being longer, while the precipitation is more copious. 

The following species may be said to find the upper limit to their 
breeding range in the vicinity of Murphy’s :—Harporhynchus redivivus, 
Chamea fasciata, Polioptila caerulea, Lophophanes inornatus, Salpinctes 
obsoletus, Icteria longicauda, Phainopepla nitens, Carpodacus frontalis (var. 
rhodocolpus), Chrysomitris lawrencii, Cyanospiza amena, Pipilo “crissa- 
lis,” Icterus bullocki, Tyrannus verticalis, Myiarchus cinerascens, Picus nut- 
talli, Melanerpes formicivorus, Lanius ludovicianus (var. excubitoroides), 
Geococcyx californianus, and some others. This restriction, though not + 
absolute, is nearly so, and is due mainly to the abrupt change in the 
Paar: of the forest. 

About a mile east of Murphy’s, the road makes an unbroken ascent 
of ten or twelve hundred feet in two miles. For the next thirteen miles 
there is no material change in the altitude; but at this point there is 
another rise of about eight hundred feet. At the top of this rise is the 
“Big Tree” Grove. 


a “* Ty nical specimen sent from this locality!—R. R. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 391 


The following is a list of the birds observed at various times in the 


immediate vicinity of Murphy’s:— 


i 
2. 
*3; 
*4, 
. Sialia arctica. 
. Cinclus mexicanus. 
. Regulus satrapa. 


ost oon 


ro: 
*10. 
elute 
ple 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
aol. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
*26. 
#27. 
#28. 
*29. 
30. 
*31. 
*32. 
*33. 
. Pyranga ludoviciana. 

. Carpodacus ‘‘ californicus.” 
. Carpodacus “rhodocolpus.” 
. Chrysomitris psaliria. 

. Chrysomitris lawrencii. 


Turdus guttatus. 

Turdus nevius. 
Harporhynchus redivivus. 
Stalia mexicana. 


Regulus calendula, 
Polioptila coerulea. 
Lophophanes inornatus. 
Psaltriparus minimus. 
Sitta “aculeata.” 

Sitta canadensis. 

Certhia “ americana.” 
Salpinctes obsoletus. 
Catherpes “‘ conspersus.” 
Thryomanes ‘‘ spilurus.” 
Anthus ludovicianus. 
Helminthophaga ruficapilla. 
Helminthophaga ‘lutescens. 
Dendreca estiva. 
Dendroca auduboni. 
Dendreca coronata. 
Dendreca nigrescens. 
Myiodioctes ‘‘ pileolatus.” 
Icteria “ longicauda.” 
Progne subis. 
Petrochelidon lunifrons. 
Hirundo ‘‘horreorum.” 
Stelgidopteryx serripennis. 
Vireosylvia ‘‘ swainsoni.” 
Phainopepla nitens. 
Lanius ‘ excubitoroides.” 


9 


Chrysomitris pinus. 


. Passerculus ‘ alaudinus.” 
. Chondestes grammica. 
42. 


Zonotrichia intermedia. 
Zonotrichia coronata. 


. Junco oregonus. 
45. 
*46. 
47. 
48. 
49. 


Amphispiza belli. 
Spizella ‘arizone.” 
Melospiza ‘‘ guttata.” 
Melospiza lincoln. 
Peucea ruficeps. 


* In winter only. 





. Passerella ‘*megarhyncha.” 


51. Passerella ‘ townsendi.”* 
*52. Hedymeles melanocephalus. 


*62. 
*63. 


* x 
a> D 
OU 


* 
a D> 
gst & 


ok 


Ia ss So 


aAaNkwWwwes 


e 


* 


*k 


a 
os) 


* 
> 
oo 


a 
S 


ie} 


OO 
—_ 


*82, 
83. 
*84. 
“8D. 
)». Glaucidium gnoma. 

. Asalon columbarius. 


. Cyanospiza amena. 

. Pipilo ‘‘megalonyx.” 
. Pipilo chlorurus. 

. Pipilo “ crissalis.” 

. Sturnella ‘ neglecta.” 


. Icterus bullocki. 

. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, 
. Corvus americanus. 

. Cyanocitta “ frontalis.” 
Aphelocoma californica. 
Tyrannus verticalis. 

. Myiarchus cinerascens. 

. Sayornis nigricans, 

. Sayornis sayus. 

. Contopus borealis. 

. Contopus richardsoni. 

. Empidonax pusillus. 
Empidonax obscurus. 

. Empidonax hammnondi. 
. Ceryle aleyon. 

. Trochilus alexandri. 

. Calypte anne. 

. Selasphorus rufus.t 

. Stellula calliope. 

. Picus “harrisi.” 

. Picus ‘ gairdneri.” 

. Picus nuitalli. 

. Sphyropicus “ruber.” 

. Sphyropicus thyroideus. 
Melanerpes formicivorus. 
Melanerpes torquatus. 
Colaptes ‘‘ mexicanus.” 
Scops asio. 


. Tinnunculus sparverius. 


89. Accipiter fuscus. 
*90. Buteo ‘ calurus.” 
91. Rhinogryphus aura. 


2. Columba fasciata, 
3. Zenedura carolinensis. 


. Oreortyx picta, 
. Lophortyx californica. 
. Agalitis vocifera. 


97. Ardea herodias.t 
98. Herodias ‘ egretta.” 





+ In spring only. 


¢ This and the succeeding water birds visit us only in winter and spring. Probably 
none breed here. 


392 


99, Butorides virescens. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED 


STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


104, Tringoidos macularius. 


100. Nyctiardea ‘‘nevia.” 105. Anas boschas. 

101. Botaurus lentiginosus. 108. Mareca americana. 
102. 4Ardetta exilis. 107. Dytes ‘ californicus. ” 
103. Gallinago wilsoni. 108. Podilymbus podiceps. 


From August 27 to September 5, 1878, forty-two species were ob- 


served. 


Many of the summer residents had gone. 


Those remaining 


were— 
1. Turdus migratorius (var. propinquus). 22. Pipilo ‘‘megalonyx,” common. 
2. Harporhynchus redivivus, few. 23. Pipilo “ crissalis,” very common. 


) 
3. Sialia mexicana, common. 24, Sturnclla neglecta, common. 
4. Polioptila carulea (only one). 25. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, rare. 
5. Chama fasciata, common. 26. Aphelocoma californica, common. 
6. Lophophanes inornatus, common. 27. Cyanocitta ‘“frontalis” (one). 
7. Psaltriparus minimus, common, 28. Tyrannus verticalis (four). 
8. Salpinctes obsoletus, common. 29. Myiarchus cinerascens (one). 
9, Sitta ‘‘aculeata,” rare. 30. Sayornis nigricans, common. 
10. Troglodytes ‘‘parkmanni,” rare. 31. Contopus borealis (two). 
11. Dendraca estiva, rare, 32. Contopus richardsoni, rare. 
12. Hirundo ‘ horreorum,” common. 33. Lmpidonax pusillus, rare. 
13. Petrochelidon lunifrons, very rare. 34, Calypte anne, common. 
14. Vircosylvia ‘‘swainsoni,” rare. 35. Coccyzus americanus (heard one). 
15. Phainopepla nitens, rather rare. 36. Picus nuttalli, common. 
16. Lanius ‘‘ excubitorides.” 37. Melanerpes formicivorus, common. 
17. Pyranga ludoviciana. 38. Colaptes “mexicanus,” common. 
18. Carpedacus ‘‘rhodocolpus,” very com- | 39. Rhinogryphus aura, few. 
mon. 40. Zenedura carolinensis, common. 
19. Chrysomitris psaltria, very common. 41. Oreortyx picta (one seen).* 
20. Chondestes grammica, very common. 42. Lophortyx californica, abundant. 


21. Spizella ‘‘arizone,” common. 


Bic TREES, CALAVERAS Co. (lat. 38° 15’, alt. 4,500 ft.), is in the heart 


of the coniferous forest of the Sierra Nevada. 


In this locality the pines, 


firs, cedars, and other conifers attain their largest size and most perfect 
growth. Deciduous oaks constitute a very small part of the forest, but 
they are mostly confined to the more barren spots. The climate at Big 
Trees is agreeably temperate during a portion of May, and throughout 
June, July, August, and September. The winters are mild, considering 
the altitude; but snow, to a depth of one to four or five feet, usually 
covers the ground, although some seasons the surface is bare for the 
greater portion of the time. 

The summer avifauna of this locality resembles, to a considerable 
extent, that of Soda Springs and Summit Meadows, the more notable 
absentees being Pinicola “ canadensis,” Hesperiphona vespertina, Zonotri- 
chia intermedia, Picicorvus columbianus, and Picoides arcticus, all of which, 
however, probably visit Big Trees at some time of the year. 





“More were probably present, as a gentleman told mea flock had bred there the 
past season, on a level with Murphy’s. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 393 


Birds seen at Big Tree Grove, Calaveras County, from July 4 to August 
27, 1878. 


*1. Turdus migratorius (var. propinquus), | *33. Hedymeles nelanoccphalus, common, 


| 
abundant. *34. Pipilo ‘“megalonyx,” common. 
2. Mimus polyglottus, very rare. | *35. Pipilo chlorurus, common. 
*3. Cinclus mexicanus, common. | 36. Letcrus bullocki, very rare. 
*4, Sialia mexicana, common, 37. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, rare. 
5. Sialia arctica, rare. *38. Cyanocitta ‘‘frontalis,” abundant. 

*6, Regulus satrapa, rare. 39. Aphelocoma californica, common, 

*7. Parus montanus, common. 40. Tyrannus verticalis, very rare. 

3. Psaltriparus minimus, rather rare. 41. Myiarchus cinerascens, very rare. 

*9, Sitta ‘“aculeata,” common. 42. Sayornis nigricans, rather common. 
*10. S. canadensis, decidedly abundant. *43, Contopus borealis, common. 

11. S. pygmaa, rare. *44, Contopus richardsoni, common. 
*12. Certhia “americana,” abundant. 45. Empidonax pusillus, rare. 
*13. Troglodytes ‘‘parkmanni,” rather rare. 46. Empidonax obscurus, probably not rare. 
*14, Helminthophaga rujicapilla, common. *47, Empidonax hammondi, common. 
*15. Helminthophaga ‘‘lutescens,” common. 48. Empidonax ‘‘ difficilis,” very rare. 
*16. Dendreca estiva, common. | 49, Calypte anne, rare. 
*17. Dendraca occidentalis, very common. 50. Trochilus alexandri, rare. 
*18. Dendreca nigrescens, in July, rare. 51. Stellula calliope, rare. 

19. Dendraca auduboni, rare. 52. Selasphorus rufus, common. 
*20. Geothlypis macgillivrayi, common. *53, Picus “harrisi,” common. 

21, Myiodioctes ‘‘pileolatus,” common in | *54, Picus “gairdneri,” rather rare. 

August. *55. Picus albolarvatus, abundant. 

*22. Hirundo ‘“ horreorum,” common. *56. Sphyropicus ‘‘ ruber,” quite abundant. 

23. Petrochelidon lunifrons, rare. *57. ITylotomus pileatus, not rare. 

24. Tachycineta thalassina, abundant. 58. Melanerpes formicivorus, very rare. 
*25. Vireosylvia “swainsoni,” common. *59. Colaptes ‘‘mexicanus,” common, 
*26. Lanivireo ‘ cassini,” common. *60. Bubo ‘‘subarcticus,” common. 

"27. Pyranga ludoviciana, common. 61. Glaucidium gnoma, rare. 
*28. Carpodacus ‘californicus,” very com- | 62. Tinnunculus sparverius, rather rare. 
mon. *63. Zenedura carolinensis, common. 

29. Chrysomitris psaltria, rare. *64. Canace obscura, rather rare. 

30. Chrysomitris pinus, rare. *65. Oreortyx picta, common. 

“31. Spizella “arizone,” abundant. *66. Lophortyx californica, common. 
*32. Passerella ‘‘megarhyncha,” common. 





From May 3 to June 8, 1877, I found, in addition to most of those 
found in July and August, the following species :— 


1. Lanius “ excubitorides,” rare. 4. Sturnella neglecta, rare. 
2. Carpodacus cassini, common. 5. Corvus americanus, irregular visitants. 
3. Melospiza lincolni, rare. 6. Thryomanes ‘ spilurus,” rare. 


The Hawks and Owls peculiar to the mountains of California are prob- 
ably as numerous.here as in other parts of the Sierras, but the density 
and height of the forest make their capture difficult. 

At Moran’s and Dunbar’s Meadows, two or three miles west, and 
about 800 feet lower, I found the following in July and August, 1875 :— 


1. Chondestes grammica, common. 3. Sturnelld neglecta, common, 
2. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus (one juv. |\*4. Ceryle aleyon, rare. 
August 27). 5. Tringoides macularius (one), very rare. 


o 


394 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


I arrived at Big Trees May 3, 1877, and by May 10 nearly all the 
summer residents had arrived. Some of them had preceded me. Many 
of them, especially the Warblers, were seen on the route from Murphy’s 
to this place. 

The spring of 1877 was earlier than that of 1878, the winter of the 
former year having been very dry and mild. This probably accounts 
for the difference in the arrivals of some of the birds, as shown by the 
tollowing figures. Probabky I did not see some of them until some time 
after their arrival, especially if rare. 
























Arrival of birds at— 
5 Name of species. 
g Murphy’s.} Stockton, 
B 1877. 1878. 
A 
1 | Helminthophaga ruficapilla. . 5262 staseccewe en s2-emnene= (aensa=\nspes ean April Ail} smecee eee 
2) \Eelmanthopnagal Utescens. cs once nina noneeiee oe ee en eases ee ee eee Eee 20| April 22 
3°| Dendroeca nigrescens. ....-- shoes wcoaseee = saa eas cee eee eee eee eee eee 15 17 
4 Denar eed, stron < ! ia. ccna seceeemelacodae 5. sasepmeneeeea- et eneece ee eee 26 15 
5s Matodtoctes: ““nvleolata® s~ 22-2 ah eeseen eter eee cane emene ee Reese a aioli serak 18 | May 6 
6:,| Vireosylvia ‘ swainaatit,’ e220 Soe ee ae cee 32 a acne eee eee 26 at 
(| Hinundo ‘“horreoruim” - 2-2-5. eeepc eee Senden eet Rene sade sees March 15 | March 20 
8 I PetrochelidonlUnifrone occ sa. cosa tance matinee ee nace CORRE ee oe eee 15 1a 
9 | Stelgidopteryx sermipennis 2.225 teenies eos. cae eee map ena eiaeee Oi ene se eae = 
MOM POG SUDLS: «2 22 ain se emascasees secleemaeeennee toe bet crete Coe eee 13 | March 16 
S| heverais bultockt,- a 2sdeee = cls seca debe etine Se eecce oe Hos tant cee Dos ee eee 24 | April 1 
li2; || -Hedymeles melanocephaitsee- soe eaa eee ce saeco caret ee eee ee ean eee May 1 | May 6 
USE| ME YTANGalULOUClOnd © .\ 2. se nes = eee ene ete cee ee ee eee ne See April BOM ee aaaee anes 
14 | Phainopepla nitens (arrived at Jenny Lind, March 12, 1874) .........-..-- March: Si S323 55 re 
LO SD UZELL Gs HOTZ ONCE inne ccleaner a a ee eee April 17 | May 1 
164) LyPannies Verticals’: 2 aac ovens see ee oe a ee ee ee ee eee 12 | March 20 
A eilytorchus cinenascens =: Sao Seen sew oc ee nen eee een 17} April 27 
1S PENT DION OUSCUTUS e: Hee nee ce eee See eee See ae 28a) a5 sheen eee 
LON Einpidonax <<“ hamanondur, sosaceoe sasee sakes ee eee ee eee eens 25 | May 9 
20 Pipl Chloris s deja dain sae eee een soe Eee eee LT [Se ass 
21 | Polioptila cerulea..... 35 eard dates Goes ti as atten Bie oc een eee eee : 5} March 23 
® 








SoDA SPRINGS, PLACER Co.—This place is on the North Fork of the 
American River, ten miles south of the Central Pacific Railroad, on the 
west side of the “divide,” or crest-line, of the Sierra Nevada; Lake 
Tahoe being on the east side, ten or fitteen miles distant. Altitude of 
the springs, 6,009 feet; the latitude, 39° 11’. The mountains between 
this place and Lake Tahoe rise 2,500 or 3,000 feet higher. This is above 
the region of deciduous oaks, the trees being all evergreens, except a 
species of dwarf maple and a few alders, willows, and aspens, which 
grow along the river. It is a rugged, almost desolate, region, though 
an interesting one. Grouse and Mountain Quails are comparatively 
plentiful, and trout-fishing is quite good. The Warblers are well repre- 
sented here: I have found here the young of Dendreca auduboni, D. 
occidentalis, D. nigrescens, Helminthophaga ruficapilla, H. celata, and other 
species. 

On frosty mornings in September, birds were-exceptionally numerous 
in a few of the more sunny glades along the river, consisting chietly of 
Junco oregonus, Spizella breweri, 8. socialis,* Zonotrichia intermedia, Pas- 
serella megarhyncha, Pipilo chlorurus, Parus montanus, Dendreca audu- 
boni, ete., ete. The-Humming-birds fled when the first frost killed the 
flowers. ‘ 





* Certainly both species.—L. B. 


2 
« 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 395 


[The following species, all of which are known to occur in some part 
of California, have not been met with by Mr. Belding in the centr al 
portion of the State. Many of them are very local, while others occur 
only in certain districts, at particular seasons.—R. RB. | 


Polioptila melanura,* Lawr. | Nephocetes borealis, Kennerly. 
Polioptila plumbea,* Baird. | Calypte coste,* (Boare.). 


Parus oceidentalis,t Baird. Selasphorus alleni,t Henshaw. 
Parus rufescens,t Towns. Pandion carolinensis, Gmel. 
Cotyle riparia, (Linn.). Astur atricapillus,§ (Wils.). 


Vireo vicinior,* Coues. Squatarola helvetica, (inn. ). 
? ? 
?Loxia leucoptera,§ Gmel. | Charadrius virginicus, Borck. 
Aigiothus linaria,§ (Linn.). Aigialitis semipalmata, Bonap. 
. . . . . ye - . 
Leucosticte littoralis,§ Baird. Aigialitis nivosa, Cass. 
? ? 
?Centrophanes lapponicus,§ (Linn. ). Phalaropus fulicarius, (Linn.). 
Passerculus anthinus,t Bonap. Ereunetes pusillus. 


Tringa bairdi, Coues. 
Tringa maculata, Vieill. 


Passerculus rostratus,|| (Cass. ). 
Coturniculus perpallidus,§ Ridgw. 





Molothrus ater, (Bodd.). Colymbus torquatus, Briinn. 
Corvus carnivorus, Barty. Colymbus pecificus, Lawr. 
Corvus caurinus,t Baird. Colymbus septentr ionalis. Linn. 
Chetura vauxi, (Towns. ). | Podiceps hdlbolli, Reinh. 


Family TURDIDA: The THRUSHEs. 


*1. Turdus migratorius, 3. propinquus, Ridgw.—/Vestern Robin. 

This bird visits the valleys only in winter, when it is sometimes 
abundant, especially during the coldest weather. In summer it is rarely 
seen out of the pine forests, though about the first of September, 1878, 
twenty-five or thirty were observed in an orchard at Murphy’s. 

It was first seen** at Stockton, October 21, 1878. 





73866 | mada i MurphyiS2=-ocseee ss oasekin se Apr. —, 1877 








2. Turdus nevius, Gm.—Varied Thrush. 


This bird arrives at Stockton about the middle of N ovember and 
leaves in March or April, according to the season. It arrived at Soda 
Springs, October 1, 1877. 

it is usually a common winter sojourner of the foot-hills, and also of 

~ Probably confined to the southern portion of the State. 

tFound among the oaks of the plains east of Sacramento, in June, 1867, by the 
writer; common. 

t Probably confined to the coast district. 

§ Undoubtedly occur on the high Sierras in winter. 

| Found by Mr. Belding at Santa Cruz, September, 1870. 

§] Common at Sacramento, in June, 1867. 

** Sometimes, for the sake of variety, the word ‘‘arrived” isused. This, in all cases, 
must necessarily be but a substitute for the word ‘seen,” or ‘‘first seen.” Though, when 
constantly in the field, as was the case at Murphy’s in the spring of 1877, and at Stock- 
ton in the spring of 1878, if common, a species was probably seen soon after its arrival. 
“Was seen,” means by myself. The birds were all shot by me, unless credited to others. 


, 


396 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


the valley, in suitable localities, but I did not find it at Murphy’s from 
the middle of N ovember, 1876, to May, 1877, though the following No- 
vember and December it was abundant there. 

Its alarm-note is a short “chook,” its eall a prolonged, nearly 
monotonous “chee,” or “yee,” and I have heard it sing sweetly about 
March 1. I once mistook its call for the bleating of a distant lamb, 
although the bird was not far from me. 





C3867) icy ead. (SOGA Spring eeeee ae see eee Oct. 1, 1877 
73868 | f ad.} 0! RS ee Se ee he oan ee Oct. 1,1877 
43069) Gia tes Nir hia se ee eee eet a - | Oct. » 1, 1877 
16933)" Deadn| (Stochanes seen aa eee ee ean Nov. 8, 1878 
765384. Gf) -adbsse 2. & Gores: sro ee Nov. 8, 1878 


*3. Turdus ustulatus, Nuit.—Russet-backed Thrush. 

About a dozen of this species were seen in the willows at Marysville 
in June, 1878, and there were probably many more, as their songs were 
heard on several occasions in different parts of a thicket of willows, 
briers, ete. Iam not aware of meeting it elsewhere. Its delicious song 
is not likely to be forgotten by one who has heard it. 





74431 are | = Maryaville-tescee eee -----| June 22, 1878 
7 | wot ieee oes Oss see ae a an June 14, 1878 








4. Turdus guttatus, (Pall.).—Dwarf Thrush. 

The Dwarf Thrush is probably a constant resident at Stockton, as it 
is common in winter and as late as June 8, 1878, at this time being 
contined to thickets near water. In winter it is more generally dis- 
tributed, being often seen in gardens. It, or a near relative, is abun- 
dant at Murphy’s in winter, and leaves that place in April.* 

It seems to be very rare in the Sierras in summer, during which I 
have not been able to find it at Big Trees. Two or three were noticed 
at Soda Springs, all of them on and after September 22, 1877. 





73870 | — ad.| Marysville?................-.-.. Winter, 1877 
76085') — ad. | Murphy's.-....25.00. ill) 0.s Winter, 1877 
AG536 090 Sadi toc lation) sne ese eens ne eannne aa May 30, 1878 





*5. Mimus polyglottus, (Linn. ).—Mocking-bird. 

A single bird of this species, in first plumage, was shot July 22, at 
‘““Big Tree Grove.” It appears to be a constant resident of Marysville, 
where it has long been known to breed. A pair were often seen by a 
friend in Stockton during the past winter, and there are several young 
birds here that were taken from their nests at Hornitos, Mariposa Co. 
Still, it is by no means a common bird in this region. 

A specimen was seen in a garden at Stockton on the 24th of Decem- 
ber, 1878. 

Nearly any citizen of the valley will, on being asked, say he knows the 





* Quite certainly the present species.—R. R. 


% \ 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 397 


Mocking-bird, but when asked to describe it, gives the description of 
the Sickle-bill Thrush or the Black-headed Grosbeak, or, occasionally, 
the Long-tailed Chat.* 


73609 | — aii| *“Marysvalles: 22tes54 2 sees Dec. 26,1877 
76361; | — Juv. || * Bip “Drees! - =. sn) se --ea ce see July 22,1878 
| 








6. Oreoscoptes montanus, (Towns. ).—Sage Thrasher. 

- About October 1, 1877, at Soda Springs, I saw a strange Thrush, 
which may have belonged to this species, as I do not know what else it 
could have been. I had a good view of it, but did not shoot, because too 
near. I began to walk away from it, when it went into the bushes by 
the river. It had been sitting six or eight feet from the ground on a 
dead limb of a tree. When it flew, its course was downward, toward 
the thicket, a few feet distant. 


*7. Harporhynchus redivivus, (Gamb.).—Sickle-bill Thrasher. 

The Sickle-bill Thrasher is a constant resident at Stockton, Murphy’s, 
and Marysville, and is very common in the chaparral belt. It is rare 
at Stockton, for want of suitable ground. 


1 





(ST86) Goads| “Marysville: oo. otic cl € Jan. —, 1878 
74268 | gf ad.| *North American .-.....-......-- Mar. 15,1878 
738716 ——w ads | = Murphys osee eee ee eee oe Mar. 15, 1878 


Family CINCLIDA’: The WATER OUZELS. 





*8. Cinclus mexicanus, Swains.—dAmerican Water Ouzel; Dipper. 

This bird is in summer abundant in the clear streams of Calaveras 
Co., shunning those which have been muddied by mining operations. > 

I have several times seen it swim across the surface of one of the 
abandoned mining claims at Murphy’s, and, while fishing for trout in the 
streams of the Upper Sierras, have often seen it swim on the surface— 
at times floating with the rapid current; but it is proper to mention that 
this is not its usual habit. It sometimes swims a distance of twenty or 
thirty yards in still water. It is an occasional winter visitant to Mur- 
pity’s, below which I have never seen it. 





ional | — (ad. \*Soda Springs: =---.----.225:-.52- Sept. —, 1877 
oo jad: ||) Morphy see eoe so ese eee Hone Winter, 1877 
{ 





Family PTILOGONATID 4: The PTILOGONIES. 


*9. Myiadestes townsendi, (Aud.).—Townsend’s Solitaire. 
This appears to be a habitual visitant to Soda Springs in the fall, if 
not asummer resident, as I have found it common during each of several 
* A similar confusion of names prevails to a considerable extent in many parts of 


the Eastern States, where, however, the bird most commonly confounded with the 
Mocking-bird is the Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus.—R. R. 


398 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


visits I have made to the place in different years, and once shot a young 
one there as early as August 1. 

It is a rather rare summer resident at Big Trees, owing, probably, to 
the absence of its favorite food, the Jjuniper-berry. Once, while calling 
a companion with a policeman’s whistle, I heard a shrill note in the small 
oak-tree under Which I stood. Looking up, I discovered the author of 
the note, a male of this species, which had evidently been attracted by 
the whistle, and was answering my call. 





73610) io) cad. |= Biowireeaes ss eee ee May 4,1877 
73872 | — ad.! Soda SPRINGS: -nscetedseow eee Autumn,1877 
73873 | — ad.|...... MOR APS osinae eet ee eee Autumn, 1877 
75312 = juvs| Big greeky. es bee ae eepe! July 13, 1875 





*10. Phainopepla nitens, (Sw.).—Black Ptilogony. 

This is a rather common summer resident of the chaparral belt, out 
of which I have not seen it. It was observed several times on J uly 4, 
between Milton and Murphy’s. I shot a male near J enny Lind, toward 
the close of the hunting season of 1574, not later than March 12. Early 
in April I have found it mated at Copperopolis, Calaveras Co. 

Its manners are well described by Dr. Cooper in the Ornithology of 
California. The young in this collection was gorged with berries of the 
“wild coffee” of Murphy’s, which differs slightly from that of Big Trees. 
This berry is about half an inch in diameter, very round, red just before 
ripe, black when ripe. 








73534 | ¢ ad.| SIVigip hives 65 s- gece eee ee eee Mar. 13, 1877 
75313 | — juv. Snag ence essa ne emaceee eee | Aug. 29, 1878 
, Family SAXTCOLID Ai: The SAxIcoLas. 


“11. Sialia mexicana, Sw.—Californian Bluebird. 

The Californian Bluebird is a common constant resident of the valleys 
and foot-hills, and is also common as high at least as Big Trees in sum- 
mer. It arrives at Big Trees about the middle of May. There it is 
principally confined to the fields or meadows and their borders. 








73879 | os ad.| *Murphy’s ....- eee so aeete ce Winter, 1877 
73880 | & ‘ad.|......do ---| Winter, 1877 
73881 | One: Wo peau dO en es -| Winter, 1877 
CSOS2) By Cael tee eae ed Oe nan - | Winter, 1877 
16362 | gf juv.| *Big. Trees..........- --| Aug. 20, 1878 
76363 | of juv.|....-. GO ee --| Aug. 20, 1878 
76538 


yee Mirorr a hii ss ee ee a | Winter, 1877 
*12, Sialia arctica, Sw.—Rocky Mountain Bluebird. 

This bird is an irregular winter visitant to the foot-hills and valleys. 
It was first noticed at Stockton in the fall of 1878, on October 28. It 
was common in the following N ovember, showing a partiality for fences 
along roads, sometimes perching on telegraph wires, seldom being seen 
on trees. A flock was seen March 12, 187 8, thirty miles east of Stock- 


8 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 399 


ton, and a few, principaily young of the year, visited Big Trees, August 
20 of this year (1878). It was abundant in the middle of September 
at Summit Meadows, and was quite common during the same month at 
Soda Springs. I did not see it at Marysville in the winter of 1877-78. 

[Respecting the two species of Bluebirds, Mr. Belding writes, under date of Jan- 
uary 15, as follows :—“ Is it not remarkable that S. mexicana is now in the mountains 
and S.-arctica in the lowlands? The former more common than the latter, at least 


when I left the valley. As snow is now two feet deep at Big Trees, S. mexicana has 
probably left.”—R. R. ] 





| 
Tp yas eee aici = | Feb. 15,1877 


Stockton@es cess s=— c= seen | Oct. 28, 1878 


an 





Family SYLVIIDA: The TRUE WARBLERS. 


13. Reguius calendula, (Linn. ).—Ruby-crowned Kinglet. 

This is a very common winter sojourner in the foot-hills and valleys. 
L have not seen it at Big Trees in summer, though abundant at Soda 
Springs the last of August and afterward. 

By the middle of April, 1878, it was very rare at Stockton. The first 
seen the following fall was on the 3d of October. 


73877 | 3 ad. | Mae phyias ser ihy dsc 8 | et Ser 


| 


*14. Regulus satrapa, Licht.—Golden-crowned Kinglet. 

This bird was seen on several occasions at and near Big Trees in July 
and August, though not more than eight or nine in all. I had seen five 
or six at Soda Springs about October 1, 1877, and about the same 
number at Murphy’s in December of the same year, but nowhere was it 
so numerous as at Stockton. 

On the 15th of November, 1877, I found a flock of thirty or forty as- 
sociated with a smaller number of R. calendula, and three days after- 
ward saw a flock about as large about four miles from the spot where I 
had seen those on the 15th. These were also associated with a smaller 
number of FR. calendula. 





735385 | o sa Stocktonie= -eseeG- es bees eacet ——— nl OU 


75298 | —juv.| * Moran’s (altitude 3,800) -------- July 26,1878 
70940°] gf ad.| Stockton.-....--.---.---------- Oct. 28, 1878 
TOo4IN Chale | see Oman meee a ae ia= Gaetan l= =f Nov. .—, 1878 


*15. Polioptila coerulea, (Linn.).—Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 

This is a rather common summer resident of Murphy’s, and it was 
quite numerous at Marysville in June; at the former place frequenting 
the chaparral, at the latter, the willows. It was first seen at Murphy’s 
April 5, 1878; at Stockton, March 23. It is rare at Stockton, and was 
not seen there during the breeding season. Several were seen here in 
August, 1877, but one was seen at Murphy’s in parts of August and 
September. 


400 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Last spring I heard a pair uttering cries of distress, and iound upon 
proceeding to the spot a Blue Jay about to rob their nest. I shot the 
Jay, which was only about fifteen or twenty yards irom me, when the 
male Gnateatcher immediately came and perched on a bush not more 
than five or six feet distant, a little above my head, and poured forth 
a loud, cheery, musical strain of thankfulness (as it seemed to me), such 
as I did not think the little bird capable of producing. 

A nest found at Murphy’s was in the iorks of a small pine-tree about 
fifteen feet from the ground, or less. 








73878) oad.) * Murphy Sea .iae setae esis Apr. 5,1877 
73884 | of ad. Osco teeaacs samen meer Apr. .5, 1877 
7646:\-¢: -ad’| Stockton. s2-0.cecaoeosnceneeee Mar. 23, 1878 
T6047 |h ‘ads (Mianyavilletee -aaatem <n nema aoe June —, 1878 





Family PARIDZE: The TrTMIcE. 


*16. Lophophanes inornatus, (Gamb.).—Plain Titmouse. 

This bird is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills. 
I have not seen it in the pine forests. A nest found at Stockton, May 
29, was in the cavity of an elongated oak knot, eight feet from the 
ground. In drawing the nest out with a stick, the eggs were broken— 
the number was four, the color white.* The bird had been sitting about 
aweek. While the nest was being taken, the occupant, having retreated 
to the central hollow of the trunk of the large oak of which the knot 
formed a part, appeared a few feet above me, and silently watched the 
proceedings. 


73885) |) ——) ad.) Murphy's... 4-6 2 sene eeeee Apr. 5, 1877 
74256'| oi ad.| Stockton.....---.---.-61--.22..- Apr. 17, 1878 
ADO Sch aUle | ae otal GO) copie Sse isa eecis eee Apr. 9, 1878 


“17. Parus montanus, Gamb.—Mountain Chickadee. 

This is a very common summer resident of Big Trees, and I have 
found it abundant at Soda Springs and Summit in the fall. Big Trees 
is nearly the lower limit of its breeding range. 

I have found three nests, all in low, decayed stumps, two of them in 
a clearing, one in open forest. All were composed of wool, a consider- 
able quantity of which had been used in their construction. The eggs 
are pure white.t Seven appears to be about the usual number. The 
young birds, when nearly ready to leave the nest, hiss, as their parents 
do, when disturbed on the nest. 

In December, 1878, I saw a flock of this species at Copperopolis (alt. 
about 1,200 ft.), the first I have seen in the chaparral belt. 





73886 | — ad. | Big'Treess.-~sceeeteas eae May —, 1877 
*The eggs of this species, usually plain white, are sometimes, though rarely, spot- 
ted, like those of ZL. bicolor.-—R. R. 
tA curious fact; in all other American species of this genus, so far as known, they 
are heavily speckled with reddish brown.—R. R. 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 401 


*18. Psaltriparus minimus, (Towns. ).—Least Tit. 

The Least Titmouse is a common constant resident of the valleys and 
foot-hills. A few flocks were seen at Big Trees in July and August, 
though only at rare intervals.* I have not seen it above Big Trees. 








(essis|— ad.) Mromphyas <n) asco seielmeeania = Apr. —, 1877 
73888 | — juv.|.-.--.d0..-.--. ----------++------ Apr. 20, 1877 
M4433) |(eO dads Stockton .222-se22 = -cl-<e2 sie May 8, 1878 
5299) | —) ‘ads BroURreesi can -cceee ce saseeceees | OMY 3) LSTS 





Family SITTIDA: The NUTHATCHES. 


*19, Sitta carolinensis, 3. aculeata, Cass.—Slender-billed Nuthatch. 

This Nuthatch has not been abundant at any place where I have made 
collections, though often seen at all of them, especially in the pine forests. 
It was quite common in the groves of deciduous oaks near Stockton in 
May and the first week of June, 1878, and I supposed they had nests,, 
but was unable to find them. 








73608 | 9 ad. | *MamyS Valleys veisis sem ove eleraa cela Jan. 5, 1878 
73889 | ¢ ad.| Calaveras County ---| —— —, 1877 
TSEOQOL cht eas | sim see GOs f35 ocbcacemaccsen ~--| —— —, 1877 
PBST eQe sada eek ee does ees PE cecaess Se ae 
MBZ587| cor adei) SSLOCKOON, «oe calm mine mae omens = Apr. 9, 1878 





* 20. Sitta canadensis, Linn.—Red-bellied Nuthatch. 

This bird is abundant at Big Trees in summer, probably outnumber- 
ing the Robins or Jays. I found it rather rare at Soda Springs in the: 
fall of 1877. It is occasionally seen at Murphy’s in winter, and is a very. 
rare winter visitant to the valleys. 





i 


Ne0d4a | chawadlal | lOW NCCES) <tc wissicisisieis alsin = 27 ; May 19,1878 
ASSIA Pe fads) Wem hiya sats eclec nese nies sie asia = Mar. 3, 1877 
HOS9Su li, Oh vade) epee oye see seestcat me tcatclatoce Mar. 3,1877 
MOD4¢G eI ON Ad MS DOCK LOM essai nesses ciemiso aisieinielase Noy. 5, 1878 





*21. Sitta pygmea, Vag.—Pigmy Nuthatch. 

This bird seems to be very rare in Central California. I first met with: 
it at Big Trees in July, having been drawn to it by its notes. It was 
then associated with S. canadensis. 

I saw it only on two occasions, in July and August, the total number 
seen being only about a dozen. 





75300 | ——Va|| MBISEE Teese aeesercoelssicee ans’ | July 25, 1878 








Family CERTHIIDA: The CREEPERS. 
*22. Certhia familiaris, 3. americana, Bonap.—dmerican Brown Creeper. 


This bird is an abundant summer resident at Big Trees, and is rather 
common in the fall at Soda Springs. It is a rare winter visitant to the 





* Probably this and other species after breeding in the foot-hills, seeking to escape 
from the heat and drouth of midsummer, enter the cool shades of the cations and 
streams which lead eastward and upward. 


-Proe. Nat. Mus. 78 26 March 21, 1879. 





402 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


valleys. I saw two of these birds at Marysville in January and Febru- 
ary, 1878, and a pair was seen at Stockton October 27, 1878. 





| 
73899 Vast ad.| Murphy's. ..---.+--------se-=-c: Spring, 1877 
73900 a ad. | *BigvErees-- sss scceeiace=senees Spring, 1877 








Family CHAMAIDAi: The GRrounp Tits. 


*93. Chameza fasciata, Gamb.—Ground Tit. 

This bird is a constant resident at Murphy’s, Stockton, and Marys- 
ville. At the two latter places it inhabits the willow thickets, where, 
however, it is not numerous. It is very common at Murphy’s in the 
chaparral thickets. 

Its perfect spring song consists of three loud, high, staccato notes, 
immediately followed by a trill, starting in the same key, gradually de- 
scending about a minor third, the whole song occupying six or eight 
seconds of time. 





} 
ad: AMiurpbysssaescs esse ses eee eee: Apr. —, 1877 


73876 | — 

74253. | 0 ad. \| 7Stocktons 5:02 hesema-ceeeimeetes Apr. 13, 1878 
74254: ft) ad. |eene end On sesewenee meee esemeeres Apr. 2, 1878 
T4255. 1 Gy eat eee 0 rudeness seeeee sees Mar. 30, 1878 


Family TROGLODYTID®: The WRENS. 


*24. Salpinctes obsoletus, (Say).—Jock Iren. 

The Rock Wren is a common constant resident at Murphy’s. I have 
also seen it at Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., in April and December. I 
have not seen it in the pine forests. 





73895 | — ad. -Morphy)s-ssteaee stance se aenee Dec. —, 1877 
25. Catherpes mexicanus, 3. conspersus, Ridgw.—Canon Wren. 

This Wren was quite common at Murphy’s in February and the first 
half of March, 1877. It was much given to penetrating the piles of 
broken rocks in the abandoned mining claims, and was with difticulty 
shot, and then at close range only. I have not seen it on the dry hills 
irequented by Salpinctes obsoletus. I have observed it only at Murphy’s, 
at the time stated, and not elsewhere, though there is but little suitable 
ground where I have been. There are many places on the Calaveras 
River, in the chaparral belt, where it should be found, but these locali- 
ties I have not visited in many years. 





73035 | = ad.| Murphiy/s.c-nc- sees sees eee Feb. 7, 1877 








*26. Thryomanes bewicki, 3. spilurus, (Vig.).—Californian Bewick’s Wren. 
This Wren is an abundant constant resident at Marysville, where it 
inhabits the willow thickets along the streams. I have not found it 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 403 


abundant elsewhere, though it is rather common in spring at Murphy’s, 
where it is occasionally seen in winter also. 

At Marysville, in. the summer of 1878, a pair of these birds raised a 
brood of young in a seam of one of the timbers of a railroad trestling, 
notwithstanding frequent jars from passing trains. ’ The nest was about 
two feet below the rails. 





73602 | — ad.| Calaveras County..-......--. --| dan. 5, 1878 
75805 |'— ads)! *Marysvillej- oc j2-. <-cmcecmin Winter, 1877-8 
F3896h i Ads Lene GON eeaseonees acseeeee oe) Waterson —o 
P3897 ell p— PA ee nO Ort ae onto sac iceicc cml ans Winter, 1877-8 
7B SOSa lead eee NO Opteron ec on ece oe meee | ber) Sii—8 
MODS 2 ——v NeLClel SLOG DOM mc ciselcaiele|=\sic/-1-'aye'mi= = May 8, 1877 





*27. Troglodytes aédon, 3. parkmanni, Aud.—Parkmann’s Wren. 
8 


I have not seen more than a dozen of these birds while making this 
collection. Most of these were at Big Trees. 


MOSO4 8 | ——rj Uva ISM TCOS am oelclal~i-'e oats nia’eateml= July —, 1878 
76543 | —juv.| Steckton....-. Uthijeeetsemeiveseee June 3, 1878 
76544 | —juv.|.-.--- On see nec =e oriricenearaettce Oct. 28, 1878 








28. Troglodytes hyemalis, 3. pacificus, Baird.—Californian Winter Wren. 





77078 | 20 NO phyeSes eee ce ence emcee Jan. 6, 1879 
77079 | — ad.|..---. Ome saasaesececeeaccceeeee Jan. 6, 1879 


*29,. Telmatodytes palustris, 3. paiudicola, Baird.— Western Long-billed Marsh Wren. 

This Wren is an abundant constant resident of the tule marshes near 
Stockton. In the breeding season I have examined more than twenty 
nests without finding an egg, though the anxious or angry owner or 
owners would follow me closely, constantly scolding, as I examined each 
nest, as though having an equal interest in all. 


713339))|(— ‘ad. Marysvalleposes-coc once cota ase Dec. —, 1877 
(443232) —s Bday) boCkboNec erties: -micsict cece ae June —, 1878 
76545 | —juv.|.-.--. ND AP | Sept. 29, 1878 


Family MOTACILLID 2: The WAGTAILS and TITLARKS. 


30. Anthus ludovicianus, Gmel.—American Titlark. 

The Titlark is a common winter sojourner of the valleys and foot-hills. 
I saw a flock of these birds near Murphy’s, 3,400 feet above the sea, on 
the 10th of December, 1877. It left Stockton about May 1, 1878, and re- 
turned September 18 of the same year, at which time it was only found 
in the edge of the tule swamp, but soon became distributed through the 
surrounding country. It has not, up to the present time (November 
27), appeared in the streets, as is its usual custom in winter, 


73875 
76549 


— ad. 


Mura YS) ce kat eceecae eee sse Mar. 3,1877 
— ad. 


SHOCKLON 35s 4eesane cece cets Sept. 18, 1878 











404 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family MNIOTILTIDA): The AMERICAN WARBLERS. 


*31. Helminthophaga ruficapilla, (Wils.).—Nashville Warbler. 

This Warbler arrived at Murphy’s April 11, 1877, and was rather 
common the remaining portion of the month, frequenting the deciduous 
oaks on sunny hillsides, outnumbering at that time any of the Warblers 
except D. auduboni. In the pine forests it frequents low bushes. 

A nest found at Big Trees in May was built on the ground in a thick 
erowth of an evergreen shrub. It was formed of pine-root fibres, and 
contained five eggs, white, thickly spotted with reddish brown, mostly 
concentrated on the large end, forming a prominent ring. 

It does not breed much below Big Trees—I have not seen it in the 
valley, its range extending from 2,500 feet upward. 





| 

73036 | Jv ad. | Mri hiy'8 2 seietalet = etal eee in| eT eel el origt 
73037 | & ad.|- UO. Lente eae ee ee cae Apr A, 1877 
73038 | o ad.| “Big TOES See sis nce ae eee May —, 1877 
73624 | Q ad.| Soda Springs. -...----..--------. Autumn, 1877 
MaosOlnl chi 20-.|) Win p hive Sasa e ares ieee tee —_— => —- 
75308 | — juv. | Big JE TCOS = se -Gre= = aeee ree July 16, 1878 

oe DS ee a eae | July 16, 1878 


75309 | —juv.|...-.. do 





*32. Helminthophaga celata, 3. lutescens, Ridgw.—Californian Orange-crowned 
Warbler. 

This bird was first noticed at Murphy’s on the 20th of April, 1877, and 
was rather common until about May 1. A few were seen at Stockton 
April 22, 1878, after which time it was rarely seen—in no instance after 
May 10.* 

A few were seen on difterent occasions in January and February, 1878, 
in the wild-grape and brier patches of the bottom-lands near Marysville. 

In spring it feeds among the deciduous oaks. Later in the season, in 
the pine forest, it is confined to low shrubbery. 

It is a common summer resident of Big Trees,} and is abundant at 
Soda Springs in fall. 





) 
feels, | —jiy. Ww Bis Treesiecceccsmacciseaaseeecs | May —, 1877 


73614. | — ad.) Marysville. .... .c..0-ciseerensenee Jan. 8, 1878 
713925) \| = sds | Sodaispmingss ssc aae a eenenaane Autumn,1877 
73926 | —juv.|.---- GO fio son winaic eke teee sae Autumn, 1877 
74006 || —julv.|) Bio Ureesisoseseecsee seises ees = May —, 1877 
73791 | go ad. Ma AP'YVSVillO 2u- cenceieseseesaeece Feb. 12,1878 


76550 | Q ad. Stoektone. 2cenc nee oeeenene aes epEmopelers 
| : 


*33. Dendrceeca estiva, (Gmel.).—Yellow Warbler. 

This well-known species is common in the valleys and foot-hills in 
summer, and is often met in the pine forests during the same time, where 
it is principally confined to the willows and aspens in and around 
meadows. It arrived at Murphy’s April 26, 1877, and at Stockton April 
16, 1878, at which time Mt. Diablo and the ‘Coast Range” were white 


*Under date of December 28, 1878, Mr. Belding writes that it was then found at 
Stockton, but was rare.—R. R. 


tIts breeding range scarcely extends below this altitude. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 405 


with an unusually late fall of snow. It left Stockton previous to Sep- 
tember 7, 1878. 


73908 Pes acl, *BigUPrees) se neeoesee eee ore eee | Spring, 1877 
d Spring, 1877 








34. Dendrceeca coronata, (Linn.).—VYellow-rump Warbler. 

This species appeared to be quite abundant at Murphy’s in December, 
1877. D. auduboni was also present, but less numerous than this species, 
though their similarity at this season rendered their positive identifica- 
tion difficult. It was also found at Marysville in January and February, 
1878, but it appeared to be less numerous than D. auduboni. In Febru- 
ary it and many other small birds wore yellow throats and breasts, 
which they acquired by feeding among the willows, which had just 
blossomed. 





; A 
fOr — ad.) Maryawalle: 255-222 -ico eascce Feb. —, 1878 


73912 | — ad.|. DO ies Joins Sais Set | Feb. 15, 1878 
73913 lees ad. Murphy's SE e eae ee | Dec. —, 1877 


73914 | — ad.|.....d0...--.. ee ee Dec. —, 1877 





*35. Dendreeca auduboni, (Towns. ).—Audubon’s Warbler. 

This bird is a very common winter sojourner in the valleys and foot- 
hills. It undoubtedly breeds at Big Trees, where I have seen its young 
scarcely able to fly, though at this time rather rare. It was abundant 
at Soda Springs and Summit about October 1, 1877. It left Stockton 
during the first week of May, 1878, in very warm weather, and returned 
September 18. By October 6 it was common. 

It appears to be unable to endure very cold weather, as during a 
freezing spell at Marysville, in January of this year (1878), it was often 
found unable to fly. One that I found in the streets in this condition 
was soon restored by being warmed. Several dead ones were found in 
the city. 





| 
73910 | 


o ad. | MuEDhy, eee ete eat eeeres etait s | Spring, 1877 
73911 | o ad. | -qo77-O - -- 222+ eee ee eee eee renee Spring, 1877 
74441 | fad.) Stockton haeinjate ojos seltiminice cicrane sink | Apr. 25, 1878 
76375 | gf ad. 





“Bigs Trees posse sccsios ese eecioa: | July 7, 1878 





*36. Dendreeca occidentalis, (Towns. ).—YVellow-headed Gray Warbler. 

This species was more numerous at Big Trees in July, 1878, than all the 
other Dendrece combined, and was rather common at Soda Springs in 
August and September, 1877. In July and August, at Big Trees, it was 
usually in the evergreens, though it was often, at all hours of the day, 
in a thin strip of willows in the meadow, having apparently been drawn 
there as much by the abundance of insects which swarmed in the willows 
as by the water that flowed through them. There they would allow 
me to go within a few yards of them, and were slow in fearing: to fear 
@ gun. 

At Big Trees, in May, 1877, this species frequented the deciduous oaks, 


406 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


and I rarely saw it anywhere else: one was observed on the bare ground, 
moving deliberately about the end of a decayed log. In its movements 
it somewhat resembles the Nashville Warbler, and it is not shy, com- 
pared with most birds. At Soda Springs it was quite common, keeping 
generally under forty or fifty feet from the ground, though they some- 
times go from the lower to the upper limbs of tall trees by short flights, 
especially if the sun is shining only on the tree-tops. 

T recognized but two at Stockton: these were in the willows on the 
natural levee of the San Joaquin River. 


ad. | Big Wirees.rce= snee. cee ease eee | May 20, 1877 





73039 | o | 

73040 | 9 ad.|.-.... OGis: ces séosss seemeeeeeeacee | May 20, 1877 
T3020 ct ads |... aedo.s be. suleen ec menace | May 20, 1877 
TSQ21 || POs ad yee es Owe een ene reer | May 20,1877 
73922 | — ad.| SodaSprings...........-.-.-.--- Autumn, 1877 
74439 | g ad.|/ Stocktom.----.---- 2-2-2. 52-025-. | May 9, 1878 
7444.0 | OLD UGS) Skeeter O remem eta ae see eenn alee stat May 18,1878 
oo 05M ete IBIS ERECES) ce. a coat neiae eee | July. 8,1878 
15804 59 juivelico- an GOP aes See certs ee eerie Aug. 24, 1878 
75305 | —juv.|...... COP ie seccticstpsce eee eta | July 17, 1878 
75306 | —juv.|...--- Got as che, San lee | July 5, 1878 
T5307) | java eee oP Pe aie oe AS lee ae aa July 25, 1878 


wesmeslipeseheises Poa See July 16, 1878 


37. Dendroeca townsendi, (Nutt.).—Townsend’s Warbler. 

I have not noticed anything peculiarin the habits of this bird. Those 
I have seen were unsuspecting, and rather slow in their movements, 
being much like D. nigrescens in this respect. 

I shot what I supposed was a female of this species near Stockton, 
June 3, 1878, but did not find it. 

The specimens in the collection are all I positively identified at Stock- 
ton in the spring of 1878. 











73919) | — ‘ad. Soda)Sprimgs-o-..-.-.s2-56 =e | Autumn, 1877 
(4251 || og? ad. Stockton! =s.-.ce, nanos =3 --| Apr. 29, 1878 
744387 |. oad. |'-=--2- GO! aso eeseeeee Apr. 29,1878 
74438 | ? 


ads) 22-==- CO? ie. tsetse ee ones | May 17,1878 


*38. Dendreeca nigrescens, (Towns. ).— Black-throated Gray Warbler. 

This bird arrived at Murphy’s April 15, 1877; at Stockton April 17, 
1878. It is a summer resident of Big Trees, though far from abundant 
there or at any of the places where I have found it. It was more nume- 
rous in August than in July, though it seemed to be constantly present 
during both months. It disappeared from Soda Springs about the mid- 
dle of September, 1877, or rather it was not seen after my return from 
the Summit, September 22, and was rare when I left on the 15th. 


| | 


73915 | — Jad.) SodaiSprings2eceecmesseet meee Fall, 1877 
73916 | — ad.i ....- do. EEC ee Sept. —, 1877 
MSO07: || — vad.)| Moump iy sean eee ees teeters j Apr. 15, 1877 
WeO18))| — vad: “BiguMTrees yqeiasaese sees e eres. June —, 1877 
75301 | — ad.'...... dO 52 saccdnacbeoteneeesaice Aug. —, 1878 
75302 | — ad.|.-.-.. CO: : atte nee Ang. —, 1878 
“76551 | QO, ad..|| Stockton -c2. saceeceeneeeeeeaaet May 1,1878 








— 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 407 


*39. Geothlypis trichas, (Linn. ).—Maryland Ye ellow-throat. 

Two or more of these birds were seen at Marysville January 2, 1875, 
and occasionally thereafter until about the middle of the month, when 
their favorite cover was flooded by the Yuba River. It was not seen at 
Stockton during the following March, nor until April 12, soon after 
which it became abundant in the thickets near water and in the edges 
of tule swamps near sloughs. It was also found there in December, 
1878, but was rare. I have not seen it in the mountains. 

It became rare at Stockton after about November 1, 1878. 


| 
74263 
76552 


o -ad. 
o juv. 


*Stockton..-.------------+-+--- Apr. 13, 1878 
eee Cee ane eee a eceo eID 3, 1872 











*40. Geothlypis macgillivrayi, (Aud. ).—Maegillivray’s Warbler. 

I have not seen this bird below an altitude of about 3,800 feet. It is 
rather common at Big Trees in the summer months, but was rare at 
Soda Springs in September. It 1s seldom, if ever, found out of low 
shrubbery in the Sierras. 





73923 | — ad.| *Big Trees..-.-.---------------- June 3, 1877 
75310 | — juv. |------ QO esse eeeeeeese ences aii July 22,1878 
75311 | —juv.|.----- GOs eee seeatcelein == | July 22,1878 


*41. Icteria virens, 3. longicauda, Lawr.—Western Yellow-breasied Chat. 

This is a very common summer resident at Stockton, especially in the 
thickets along the rivers, which it follows into the mountains as high 
as Murphy’s. I first noticed it at Stockton on May 9. It left previ- 
ous to September 7. 








73905 | — ad.| *“Murphy’s....------------------ | June 9, 1877 
74434 | oi ad.| *Stockton.------------------+---- | May 9, 1878 
74435 | fo ad. 


See Omer a esaceee neces | May 18, 1878 





42, Myiodioctes pusillus, 3. pileolata, (Pall. ).—Californian Black-capped Green 
Warbler. 

Arrived at Murphy’s April 18, 1877. It was first seen at Stockton 
May 6, 1878. The last seen during the spring migration was on May 
27, Between the dates given it had been abundant in the willows along 
the San Joaquin River. 

At Big Trees it was common from about the middle of May to June 8, 
1878, while at Soda Springs it was abundant in fall. I did not find it at 
Big Trees from July 4 to August 4, though after this it was common. 

Tt is usually found among low bushes in the pine forests, but, like 
many other birds, frequents deciduous oaks when the leaves are young. 





73906 | — ad.| Murphy’s . —, 1877 
73907 | — ad.|.----- Gy otesssS= Apr. —, 1877 
74436 | Q ad.| Stockton---.----- ay 9, 1878 
76553 | gi ad.| Murphy’s rp, —, 1877 


| 


SE: 





408 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
Family HIRUNDINIDAl: The SwWALLows. 


*43. Progne subis, (Linn.).—Purple Martin. 

Though common or even abundant in Stockten in the spring of 1878, 
it was seldom seen in the surrounding country, and then only when birds 
domiciled in town had wandered a short distance from home. 

It arrived at Murphy’s in 1877 on March 13; in 1878, at Stockton 
March 16. It left Murphy’s previous to August 27, 1878, and Stockton 
previous to September 6, 1878. I have not seen it in the pine forests. 





73973 o aa | 
| 





Murphy’ siss ss. 5 ose ences Mar. 15, 1877 
*44, Petrochelidon lunifrons, (Say).—Cliff Swallow. 

A few of these birds were occasionally seen at Big Trees in July. It 
was rare at Murphy’s about September 1, and I did not find it at Stock- 
ton on or after September 6. It is abundant at both the latter places 
during the breeding season. 

At Stockton it builds under the eaves of buildings; at Murphy’s, in 
the limestone boulders exposed by mining. 

It arrived at Murphy’s March 15, 1877; at Stockton March 17, 1878; 
and at North American Hotel March 12, 1878. On the morning of the 
13th, at the latter place, four or five of them occupied a solitary old nest 
under the gable of the hotel, and forty or fifty of their fellows were fly- 
ing and twittering around as though trying to dislodge them. 





73974 | — Jad.) “Murphy 'ss2-oo--s-es--aereee | Mar. 15, 1877 





*45. Hirundo erythrogastra, 3. horreorum, Barton.—barn Swallow. 

The Barn Swallow is common at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Big Trees 
in summer, many of them breeding at these places, and was the only 
Swallow seen at Stockton from September 6 until October 7, when a 
flock of Tachycineta bicolor was observed. 

It arrived at Murphy’s March 15, 1877, and at North American Hotel, 
30 miles east of Stockton, March 12, 1878, while it was first noticed at 
Stockton, March 20, 1878. It disappeared from the latter place about 
October 15, 1878. 

At Big Trees, Dunbar’s, and Moran’s Meadows, it frequented barns 
aad other buildings, and did not seem to be generally distributed through 
the forest. 





| | 
(3977 | go ad.| *Murphy’s:--.cs-seee~seseee eee | Mar. 15, 1877 





“46. Tachycineta bicolor, (Vieill. ).—WVhite-bellied Swallow. 

This bird was seen at Marysville February 1, 1878, and nearly every 
day thereafter until March 5. During the following March and April 
it was very abundant at Stockton, flying over the country in all direc- 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 409 


tions, especially over the tuleswamps. In May, whenit was less abund- 
ant, I noticed two nests in casings over doors of private dwellings. 

I have not recognized it at Murphy’s or Big Trees. <A large scattered 
flock was seen at Stockton as late as December 5, 1878. 





73976 | — ad.| *Marysville....-- pate esters yaietaere esate Feb. —, 1878 
MODDaaGe 2s || SOOC KON sesce oe Hecate ceaenoeies Oct. 15, 1878 
76555 | 9 juv.|..---. Fit aie e Metadata a Se Oct. 15, 1878 
60905 |= ads lee eed Ores ee jose elton sa erie ceetats Oct. 15,1878 
F650 tale vads pee ten OOlescaseecce jake aecsecee.| OCs olomlars 
16558) || 1o} -tadsiFo2=—- GO-ssebesos32 02 rates Oct. 12,1878 





*47, Tachycineta thalassina, (Swains.).—Violet-green Swallow. 

This beautiful bird was first recognized August 7, at Dunbar’s Mill, 
where at least a hundred were in sight. Three days afterward it was 
seen flying over the meadows at Big Trees, and thereafter nearly every 
day until August 27, 1878. 

They chose as a resting place the top branches of a tall dead pine near 
the hotel, out of shooting range, and often when flying were so high as 
to be seen with difficulty ; occasionally, however, they mingled with the 
Barn Swallows near the ground. 





75314 | of juv. | *Dunbar’s Mill (alt. 3,800 ft.)....| Aug. 7, 1878 
MOSTOM Rt] UV) |e to Ohare aca seid te isis shen a: | Aug. 7, 1878 
ODDO" | Gp ads | BiGy Drees act sie sarase ne yatta oe | Aug. 10, 1878 
| 








48. Stelgidopteryx serripennis, (Aud.).—Rough-winged Bank Swallow. 

This bird arrived at Murphy’s March 15, 1877, and remained until 
May 3, and probably later. They constituted only a fraction of the 
multitude of Swallows of the place, and were, perhaps, altogether not 
more than two dozen in number. I have not seen it elsewhere. 





OT Ou ne clay VERT INES eke er claret eleinie teense =i Mar, 15, 1877 











Family VIREONIDZ!: The VIREOS, or GREENLETS. 


*49. Vireosylyia gilva, 3. swainsoni, Baird.—/Vestern Warbling Vireo. 

This bird I have found at all places where [ have collected in summer, 
but nowhere abundant. It arrived at Murphy’s April 26, 1877, and at 
Stockton May 1, 1878. 

It was rare at Murphy’s about September 1, and was not seen at 
Stockton on or after the 7th of that month. 
| 


| 
ads) “Bio: Trees) 22 <-25-sseteeenieeee May —, 1877 


] 
73043 | — 
. G01 |r eid. || “Mir by :S ees iis eee Spring, 1877 
f 73902 | — ad.|....-- Oe desess areas oeeeeesinse | Spring, V1877, 
73903 | — ,ad.|...--- Oy spes ee be pea ele ere Spring, 1877 
O04 gl Wa ee Ole ees COl-, sch ae cee aeemen eee or Spring, 1877 
74442 | Oy 2205 |s* Stockton s. sonas8. 5 sos yseHiogse May 41,1878 





410 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


*50. Lanivireo solitarius, 3. cassini, Baird.*—Cassin’s Vireo. 

This bird is a common and generally distributed summer resident at 
Big Trees. 1 have here found it more abundant than at any other place. 
I often saw it at Soda Springs in the last of August and the first half 
of September, and it. was quite common in the willows near Marysville 
in June. At Stockton, it was seen in the willows along the San Joaquin 
River, about the middle of May only, the entire number being but four 
or five. In May and June, 1877, at Big Trees, its sweetly expressive song 
was more attractive to me than the song of any bird of that locality. 

About the first of June I found a nest of this species at the Big 
Trees. The bird remained on it until my eye was within three feet of 
her head, so that I had a good view of her. I think large numbers breed 
at the Big Trees and vicinity, as they were very numerous June 8, when 
I left there. 





l 
73041 | ads|\Biowiineese. sss sere anaes | May 10, 1877 





Ss 
13042;| x0) } ado. bd Os Baa seen stereo eee May 10, 1877 
(BODE ||\i—-n Ads, BID COs wen eteeem anise sa eae eee May —, 1877 
T4445 |" ‘ad: *Marysyvilletssasa- cee ae eeeee June 13, 1878 
74446 | gf ad. SECO ep ee snc ase oan eae nee June 14, 1878 
74447 | — .ad.| Stockton...-......--.2........-- May 9,1878 








51. Vireo huttoni, Cass.—Hutton’s Vireo. 

This bird appears to be very rare in Central California. I found five 
or six of them in the willows at Marysville, January 20, 1878, and a few 
days later saw two or three others. 


| | 
Marysville: 222% sas st csee nee Jan. 20, 1878 


Big Dreest-= 2505.24. se-e eases Jan. 20,1878 


73838 
76368 


— ad. 
— ad. 











*52. Vireo pusillus, Coues.—Least Vireo. 

This very interesting little bird is common in summer in willow thick- 
ets at Stockton and Marysville. It arrived at Stockton about April 15, 
1878, and left before September 7. It is active, restless, noisy or musi- 
cal, and does not fail to make its presence known, occasionally giving 
its tail a side jerk, reminding one, in this respect, of the small Fly- 
catchers. When a nest is being built, the male does all the singing 
and the female all the work, though the former encourages the latter 
with its presence as well as song. 

A nest taken May 28 had three eggs in it; on the 24th or 25th it had 
two. I think this pair had a nest destroyed by cattle, though there 
could not have been more than one or two eggs in it; but those eggs 


* Having recently, in conjunction with Mr. Henshaw, carefully studied the Western 
specimens heretofore called by us and others ZL. solitarius, I have been unavoidably 
led to adopt Mr. Henshaw’s conclusion that ZL. solitarius proper does not occur at all in 
the West, being replaced in the Pacific Province by ZL. cassini, and in the Middle Pro- 
vince by L. plumbeus. My note in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 
(vol. iii, No. 2, pp. 65, 66), regarding the asserted occurrence of solitarius in California, 
based upon Mr. Belding’s specimens, therefore refers solely to cassini. Mr. Henshaw’s 
views, shortly to be published, will explain the matter more fully.—R. R. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 411 


should be added to these if my surmises are correct. When the lining 
of cattle hair had been placed in the nest I supposed the nest complete; 
the lining of down was added. and finished in about an hour. They lin- 
gered near the spot long after the nest was taken. 





74259 | g¢ ad.| *Stockton.-.----.---------------- Apr. —, 1878 
74260 | & ad.|..---- Gee eceme sees e ese aa Apr.—, 1878 
TADBIU iy BOs eee ee Onan emeei im ien a Soe Apr. —, 1878 
TADBO Ny ean nase OO iam aoe enim nme | Apr. —, 1878 
74443 | ¢ ad.| *Marysville...--..-------------- June 12, 1878 
74444 | gf ad.| Stockton..---------------++-7°7" May 18, 1878 
76562 | 9 ad.| Marysville.-------------------- June 13, 1878 
76563 | Q ad.| Stockton..------------------+--- May 11, 1878 





Family LANIJD 4: The SHRIKES. 


53. Lanius borealis, (Vieill. ).—Great Northern Shrike. 
This Shrike was comparatively common at Marysville in the winter of 
1878. It was generally confined to willow thickets. 





73615 | — ad.| Marysville...------------------- Jan. 2,1878 
73616 | — ad.|------ GOtne ace saeco esictein = ial Jan. 8, 1878 
76564 | — ad.|.----- Oe eee noe cose nein Feb. 5,1878 


ff Anes Ee 
*54, Collurio ludovicianus, (Linn. ).—Loggerhead Shrike. 

This Shrike was rather common at Marysville in January and Feb- 
ruary, and appeared to be the prevailing type of the species at that 
time and place. 

The only Shrike seen at Summit Meadows (fall of 1877) was the juv. in 
this collection. 

Nore.—The Loggerhead Shrikes collected by Mr. Belding include two forms: a 
dark-colored style, like true ludovicianus of the Gulf States, only, in some specimens, 
even darker, and one with lighter colors generally, and nearly white upper tail-coverts. 
None of the latter, however, are the true ‘‘ excubitorides type.”—R. R. 





73617 | — ad. Marysville......----++---------- Jan. —, 1878 
FOGIS ihe AC eens OO eweco nw amen cman a Jan. —, 1878 
73972 | —juv.| *Summit Meadows...---------- Sept. 16, 1877 





54 u. Collurio ludovicianus, (3. excubitorides, (Swains. ).— White-rumped Shrike. 
This appears to be the form which is resident at Stockton and Mur- 
phy’s, and is very common in the intervening country. 
In May, 1877, two White-rumped Shrikes were seen at Big Trees. 





ad. 












73971 | — *Murphy’s -----+---++-------777° | Dec. —, 1877 
76575 | ov ad.| Marysville. - - Be ese tote Feb. 20, 1878 
76576 | Gi ad.|.-.-.-d0 .----+-------2--0--- 202° Feb. 22, 1878 
76577 | —- ad.| Stockton. ---------------------<- | Apr. 1, 1878 
TGnTeu lh w adil c-cd eres ce -be =e ee ease | Apr. 9, 1878 
76579 | — ad. | peor dove eee ae eee | Nov. 8, 1878 





Family AMPELIDA!: The WAX-WINGS. 
55. Ampelis cedrorum, (Vieill.).—Cedar Wax-wing. 
The Cedar-birdtis sometimes found in the extensive orchards of Marys- 
ville, and may also visit those of Stockton, but I have not seen it at the 
latter place. 


412 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Dr. Davenport, of Stockton, has ten specimens, which he got about 
June 1 at Camp Seco, Calaveras County. 
The people of Camp Seco say that these birds visit that place only 
when the cherries are ripe, when they come down from the mountains, 
oo Ee eee 


f0560"/%gy ads) (Canip Secosese = ae- see ae ee } Last of 
76061 | 2 ad. ¢ May, 1878* 











Family TANAGRIDZ: The TANacERs. 


“56. Pyranga ludoviciana, (Wils. ).— Western Tanager. 

This handsome bird is a common summer resident of Big Trees, where 
it is generally distributed through the forest. It is quite common at 
Soda Springs in August and September, less common in the latter than 
in the former month. About September 1, I noticed several flocks or 
families of three or four, all of them females or young of the year, at 
Murphy’s. These were in the scattered oaks in the chaparral, feeding 
on the “ wild coffee.” It breeds but little below Big Trees. 





ad) Miomp iy) see aae Sees en | Apr. 30, 1877 


73982 | ov 

(A983) 3) cad || = Birw i reegese ssa emn nt ene June —, 1877 
73984. Il gf) Mas |PSssszdoy eee. Saat eee eee June —, 1877 
13980))| QO) Sadaiseonne GON eee e ee ate eee ene June —, 1877 


Sat Es 
Family FRINGILLIDA: The Fincuss. 


57. Loxia curvirostra, . americana, Wils.—American Red Crossbill. 

October 7, 1877, I saw at Summit Meadows what I am tolerably cer- 
tain was a flock of these birds, and shot one, which I did not get, as it 
lodged in a tree; do not think I have seen it at any other time. 


58. Hesperiphona vespertina, (Cooper).—Evening Grosbeak. 

A flock of these birds was observed at Soda Springs, August 25, 1877, 
and flocks were occasionally seen in September, though they were not 
numerous. A few years since I saw a fine adult male at Lake Tahoe. 
previous to August 1. Except upon these occasions, I do not remem- 
ber having met with it. 


SSS ee 


73538 | &@ ad.| Soda Springs.................... tSept. —, 1877 
73792 | 2 juv.|...-.- OD Yeseroes ane merce ar aes Sept. 10, 1877 


| t 








“59. Pinicola enucleator, 3. canadensis, (Briss. ).— Pine Grosbeak. 
A few of these birds were at Soda Springs in September, 1877. This 
is the only place where I have seen them. 





73539 | o juv. | Soda Springs. .......-.<-.-...... Sept. 22, 1877 


Sa ee ee 


* These specimens, shot from a flock of 16, were collected by Dr. E. C. Davenport. 
tThe latter part of the month. 








PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 413 


*60. Carpodacus cassini, Baird.—Cassin’s Purple Finch. 

This bird probably sometimes breeds at Big Trees, as I found it there 
from May 3, 1877, to June 8, though it was apparently not there in July 
or August of 1878. It was abundant at Summit Meadows, August 25 
and September 21, 1877, and was often seen at Soda Springs in August 
and September of the same year. I have not seen it below Big Trees. 


| Or eaOs WY BiowlReGa=azs.6c0. = ss ceee esac June 8, 1877 





*61. Carpodacus purpureus, ~. californicus, Baird.—Californian Purple Finch. 

This is an abundant species at Murphy’s in winter, and at Big Trees 
in summer. I did not see it at Soda Springs nor at Summit Meadows 
in the fall of 1877. It rarely visits the valleys in winter. <A flock of 
thirty or forty visited Marysville in February, 1878, snow at that time 
lying unusually low on the mountains. 

It left Murphy’s about the last of March, 1877; but a few returned 
April 17, during a slight fall of snow. At Murphy’s it frequents cha- 
parral in the pine forest—the evergreens usually—though sometimes it is 
on the ground feeding on seeds of plants. 


73829 | — ad.) Marysville .-.- esis -.| Feb. —, 1878 
73927e| gf ad. Murphy’ Ss wee -| Apr. —, 1877 
73928 | 9 ad.| *Big Trees May —, 1877 





O92 OO Oradea lsc snd Oni-b te sock masoeccee cence May —, 1877 
73980) Oe ad. 525-320 at soc ekk oe Jos Scene. May —, 1877 
MB 9aNe | OW Adele O00. ses eee obo see tee May —, 1877 
TAZGOT OAR ads SOC LON Bes se eeee see See see cee May 1, 1878 
O5v1a|eoumada|PDIOU ETOCS sas - erie esas ont July —, 1878 





*62. Carpodacus frontalis, y. rhodocolpus, Caban.—Californian House Finch. 

This is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills of 
this region. i ave seen a large flock in December during very mild 
weather, nearly a thousand feet above Murphy’s, although very few 
breed above that place. 





73932 | 





o ad. Seep Sia 322 tseacsee oe ----| Spring, 1877 
TOOSSY tec eats See O Re eee ete oe nae nae Spring, 1877 
MB0S4-|" OF cada eon Se Rea el Se Re at Spring, 1877 
WAAR NS) ads sStocktonee so ses atte ices oe June 8, 1878 
76570 | J Aa pert (0) ee Se seidae HO ares aioe ere Oct. 9, 1878 





*63. Chrysomitris tristis, (Linn.).—American Goldfinch. 
The Thistle-bird is a common constant resident of Stockton and Marys- 


ville, being quite abundant at the latter place in winter. I have not 
seen it above Murphy’s. 





73630 | — nid | Murphy?) si Stse-fenteen ae eocee Jan. —, 1878 





*64. Chrysomitris psaltria, (Say).—Green-backed Goldfinch. 

This bird is an abundant constant resident of Murphy’s. It was con- 
stantly present at Big Trees in July and August, though not numerous. 
It was also seen at Dunbar’s and Moran’s Meadows (altitude 3,800 feet) 


414 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


during the same time. Inthe pine forest I have seen it only in and near 
cultivated fields. 

It seems to be arather rare winter sojourner of the valleys and an 
accidental summer visitant to them. A small flock was observed in 
Stockton May 16, 1878. 








| 
73937.) Co jad.) * Murphy's 2. o-occeeee eee eee | Feb. 6,1877 
T3194 |S ad?) Marysvillewsee eos ee eee — —,1878 
T3795 | Sea Se es ON BS eee nee — —,1878 
73796 || gi tad! essa een eene see | eee eReT Ey 








* 65. Chrysomitris lawrencii, Cass.—Lawrence’s Goldfinch. 

This does not seem to be an abundant species in any part of this 
region. It was first noticed at Murphy’s March 21, 1877, from which 
time until May 3 flocks of three or four were occasionally seen, but the 
total number was not more than fifty. 

At Marysville, winter of 1877-78, only a dozen or less were seen. I 
have not seen it above Murphy’s, where it was generally found in the 
chaparral, sometimes in low trees (pines or oaks), occasionally on the 
ground. 


73629 | — dl + Marysville <2 20 ops ays sete is eioicie Jan. 9, 1878 


Te935"! (oy ad. Mio yes ene eee eee Mar. 12, 1877 
73936 Oe shes cots Oo ae a ae ee eee eee Mar. 12, 1877 





*66. Chrysomitris pinus, (Wils.).—Pine Goldfinch. 

A few of these birds were probably breeding at Big Trees in July and 
August, 1878, and I noticed it at Soda Springs August 28, 1877. 

At Murphy’s, in December, 1877, I found a flock of a dozen or more 
familiarly associated with a larger number of C. psaltria, feeding on the 
ground on a rocky hill. They were seen for six or seven consecutive 
days, or as long as I remained at Murphy’s, and appeared to associate in 
perfect harmony. At Marysville I found, a few weeks later, both species 
again as familiarly associated. In this case there were but three C. 
pinus, with about twice their number of C. psaltria, all sitting on a tele- 
graph wire along the railroad track. They soon alighted on the track 
near me, four of them forming a group by themselves not covering more 
than a square foot of ground. Twoof this group were C. pinus, which I 
shot, leaving a single survivor of this species among those remaining. 

A few days after this, near the same spot, on February 23, I saw a 
single specimen of C. pinus familiarly associated with a flock of C. tristis, 
feeding among the short grass in a pasture about two hundred yards 
from a willow thicket; perhaps this was the surviving C. pinus above 
mentioned. 

Iam pretty certain they were breeding there, for many times I saw 
Single birds come to a spring, and depart in the direction from which 
they came. 





| 
73520 1| tom mad): 22. 2. ee epee — — 1877 
fefoo nl i—— jv.) Marysville: osssenesees sees eee — —,1878 
1636619" 7ad>| *Bio“Treess: 2 aas eee eee Aug. 10,1878 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 415 


67. Passerculus sandvichensis, y. alaudinus, (Bonap.).— Vestern Savannah Sparrow. 

This appears to be the only Passerculus found in this region. At 
Stockton its first and last resorts appear to be the margins of the tule 
swamps, though nearly all the time while remaining it is distributed 
throughout the country, in stubble-fields, closely grazed pastures, on 
fences, often in trees—in fact, everywhere. 

It left Stockton about May 1, 1878, and returned September 18. It is 
a common winter sojourner at Mie phys. 





| 
73625 | — ad.} Summit of Sierra Nevada, lat. 399).......---.-.-. 
73626 | — ad.|. Marysville?...........--.--..--- ——, —, 1878 
TBC OTA a pads | SCONE ean a ee ASSES | ESE STs 
73051 | oad. Murphy’s Beta ats ot teuate a awa ayciereeve lh Apr —, 1877 
A264 Pee ads |S UO CIbOME = cae etsetaicine rc tea | Apr. 27,1878 
W42G DF IREO Avan | Marre fC Oveisias bai te cles (ctminis, eric eae Apr. 27, 1878 
WaK9O —wad. | Marysville: cs eaten snes p= sa S78 
73800 |= ad.|.-.--. Lome eee 88 ee ere 
(KOD 2) | —wwad.|| Stocktone..-s-2eeee se a= see ee | Sept. 18, 1878 
AGB TaN pee ads ee ido® col es east en ee | Sept. 24, 1878 





68. Pceecetes gramineus, 3. confinis, Baird.—/Vestern Grass Bunting. 

This appears to be a rare species in Central California. A few indi- 
viduals were scattered in the pastures at Summit Meadows in Septein- 
ber, 1877. I have not recognized it elsewhere. 


877 


7 ao 


ae 








lien 
73542 | — ad.) Summit Meadows..-....-.------ 








“69. Chondestes grammica, (Say).—Lark Bunting. 

This bird is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills, 
as high as Murphy’s. It was seen in the meadows near Big Trees (alti- 
tude 3,800 feet) in July and August, 1878. 





73541 | — ad. | UMinmp iy Stcesca= scisosesee asses Feb. —, 1877 
79. Zonotrichia leucophrys, (Forst.).— White-crowned Sparrow. 

While collecting near Summit Meadows in September, 1877, I found a 
flock of fifteen or twenty of these birds. Something in their movements, 
perhaps their tameness (for Z. intermedia was unaccountably wild), 
induced me to survey them through a field-glass, which resulted in their 
identification. I saw them nearly every day of the following week, at 
nearly the same spot, at times associated with Z. intermedia, but usually 
separated from them. 





73543 | — ad.) Summit Ice Lakes .--......-.--- Sept. 16, 1877 
73928 | — ad.| Summit Ice Lakes, 1 mile south | Sept. 16, 1877 
of Summit Meadows. 


OOZ OE it ACs ie eee Ol sat cine coat cee ae aanomee s 








71. Zonotrichia intermedia, Ridgw.—/Vhite-lored White-crowned Sparrow. 
This bird was very abundant at Summit Meadows and Soda Springs 
in the fall of 1877. I have not seen it at Big Trees in summer. 


416 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


This appears to be the form of the White-crowned Sparrow which is 
abundant at Murphy’s in winter. It left there about the middle of April 
in 1877. 





73926 | — ad. | Murpliy{s)s25-0c-s=- ee ae ears | winter, 1877 
73927 | — ad.|- sQ0\2 sAnesen oa sete apes eran Winter, 1877 
76595 | — "ad. | Stockton. cls.ce-.2 -so-cceoeeeee Apr. 13, 1878 
76586) || —" ado |e 222-0 fee aaa eee Apr. 26, 1878 
T6087) | P— sn eee Oe eee eee eee Apr. 26, 1878 


72. Zonotrichia corenata, (Pall.).—Golden-crowned Sparrow. 

This bird is an abundant winter sojourner of the valleys and foot-hills. 
It left Stockton about May 1, 1878, and returned about October 21, 
soon after which it was abundant. It departed from Murphy’s about 
the 15th of April in 1877.* I have not seen it in the pine forests, though 
it probably migrates through them. 





73950 | 3 ad. Murphy's seiiare Reet aot eens see } Winter, 
73951 | 9? ad. SQOw boo 26 ols mecic soe Sener 1877-78 
\ 





*73. Junco oregonus, (Towns.).—Oregon Snowbird. 

This bird is very common at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Marysville in 
winter, and breeds at Big Trees, but not much below that point. It was 
first noticed at Stockton on the 25th of October in 1877. It was last seen 
at the latter place April 25, 1878, but during this month it was rare. 


ad. | Stockton ? HaSgre eee eee ae | Nov. —, 1877? 
ad. | Mir pls tise. eee see eee | | Spring, 1877 


73952 


So 
73953 | 9 
74. Amphispiza belli, (Cass. ).—JBell’s Sparrow. 

The specimen in the contribution of February 11, 1879, is one of a 
pair of these birds, shot at Murphy’s February 1, 187! ). They were on 
a high, steep hill, a was thickly covered Cain a stunted growth of 
cedar chaparral, or chemisal, the same hill where I found the specimen 
of Peucea ruficeps. As soon as I saw them I knew they were strangers 
to me, and thought they were A. belli. This species is a good singer. 


75. Spizella socialis, 3. arizone, Coues.— Western Chipping Sparrow. 

This bird arrived at Murphy’s April 11, 1877, soon after this time 
becoming very common. I first found it feeding in the deciduous oaks 
on the hillsides, but a few days later it was seen in gardens. 

Many breed at Big Trees, where, in 1877, they arrived previous to 
May 15. ; 

It was unexpectedly rare at Stockton in the spring and summer of 
1878. The first seen at this place in the spring of this year was on May 1 
None were seen in the fall after September 6 











73544 | — ad. | Soda Sprints): 2iaeeeeeee eae 

73628 | — ad.|-*Calaveras County-.-.-.--------- Spring, Tet 

(add) 6g cad. *Stocktonk cas-eeeeee eee eee Apr. 30, 1878 

73928 | — ad.| Calaveras County..-.-...-.-.--- Spring, 1878 

76089 |. ——juw. | Marysville..2-22552--e22sse-— ee June 15, 1878 
: | 








* The spring of 1877 was considerably earlier than that of 1878. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 417 


76. Spizella breweri, Cass.—Drewer’s Sparrow. 

Brewer’s Sparrow is undoubtedly abundant in the higher Sierras in 
summer, though I did not find it at Big Trees in July and August. 

I saw but two specimens at Stockton during the spring of 1878. 


SodaiSprimnests-eeest- ee cceaeiee Sept. —, 1877 
| 


73939 | ae ad 








77. Melospiza fasciata, y. guttata, (Nutt.).—Musty Song Sparrow. 

This was an abundant species at Marysville in the winter and spring 
of 1878, as late as March 5, and probably later. It was quite generally 
distributed among the weeds and grass of corn-fields in the bottom-lands,, 
as well as along sloughs, being strikingly different from JM. heermanni in. 
this respect. It is a winter sojourner of Murphy’s, where it is restricted 
to edges of ponds. 

It was first seen at Stockton (in the fall of 1878) on November 14. 
Here I saw no more than one specimen of this species in the spring (1878), 
and three or four in the fall of the same year (to November 28). The 
latter appeared to be migrating, and one of them was found in wheat 
stubble two or more miles from a slough: 


73619 | — ad.) Marysville .-.-.-. eateries | Jan: —, 1878 
T3050) | Woeadel eNUurpyss ease eee eee | Mar. 20, 1877 
(6574: |i" ‘ad. |>Marysville = 622 54 5-30 s-nsc0se | Feb. —, 1878 
76575 | — 


BCE Bessretss LON crarete tay aie) = erence clare area sjeie ls | Winter, 1878 


77 a. Melospiza fasciata, 0. fallax, Baird.—Rocky Mountain Song Sparrow. 

While collecting at Marysville in wifter, I often at first glance mis-. 
took for MW. lincolni what may have been this species. This confusion 
lasted but two or three weeks, however. Later in the season I tried to 
duplicate the specimens I had shot, but was unable to do so. 


73621 | 










— ad.| Marysville ---| Jan. —, 1878 
“76576 | — ad.].----- do . -| Jan. —, 1878 
76577 | — .ad.|.-.---do - -| Jan. —, 1878 
76078 | — ad.]|.....-do.. -| Feb. —, 1878 
76579 | — ad.| Stockton. -| Mar. 22, 1878 
76580 | — ad.]|.-----do ..- Bs SOCAN EERO ORE Nov. 17, 1878 


“77 b. Melospiza fasciata, ¢. heermanni, Baird.—Californian Song Sparrow. 

This is an abundant resident of Stockton, and appears to be equally 
abundant in summer and winter. JI have seen two nests in the tule 
marshes made entirely of flags, while those I found on solid ground were 
made of grass or weeds, lined with fine grass. 

It is the only Melospiza found here in summer, and almost the only one 
in winter. 





(3620%)\(—s ad. |h Stockton! = --ne-ee se aes ee oe July —, 1877 
EQ ce Adal. 2 SOOM. cae sep re eee Apr. 27, 1878 
74272 | — ad.|.....- CO). ds doe chen oe cteae ceeaeeerse Mar. 29, 1878 
74273 | — ad.|.--.--- Goss es5e 4 eae ee eee ae Nov. —, 1877 
(42 TAN eg Somade|ee 522 Oise cesses = cote eee -..| Apr. 20, 1878 
ono ia pale ews) Ol casas neo ce ee ene |e NOS 
73798 | — ad.|-..---- Cones Rae ees ee sete s* = eee serait ato 
76581 | — ad. )..---- CO: 22 ata sete seen eae ae Nov.° 17, 1878 
WODS2a tae kd Map biyiSenoc ease aeons eee Dec. 18, 1877 
76583 or SLOCKtON eee ace eee eee | Sept. 19, 1878 





Proce. Nat. Mus. 78——27 March 21, 1879. 


418 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


78. Melospiza lincolni, (Aud.).—Lincoln’s Sparrow. 

This bird was common at Marysville in the winter and spring of 1878. 
It frequented the thick dead grass at the edge of sloughs. 

The first I had seen the previous fall at Soda Springs was on the 2d 
of October. It was found at Summit Meadows October 7, 1877. At Big 
Trees I have seen itin May. At Stockton it has not been seen up to 
November 28, this year. 

This is the only Melospiza I have found in the pine forests. 





| 
73545 | — ad. Soda Springs=-2 2) 2922 2-22 - sea Oct. 2, 1877 
73622 | — ad. | Maryawillo? 2. 2 2822-7) e= Siocena | ae eee eee 
73628: |’ —. ‘ad:|- sen AOraeseec. gate ee eee eee een 
T3B2A| =, ade cle edo: SLE EG Bee. Seem RAR Ree 
73940 |— 


af | Mur phygs 2% as ceisemenesenene Mar. 2,1877 





a9: Benes ruficeps, (Cass. ).—Rufous-headed Sparrow. 

Only a single specimen of this species has been recognized while mak- 
ing this collection. It was shot while drinking from a spring in a growth 
of our largest species of fern, on a “cedar-chaparral” hill. 





+ 


| 
73941 | ==; (20), |) Mianphy a. o2c-s ence cencke ace eee | Dec. 13,1877 


80. Passerella iliaca, 3. townsendi, (Aud.).—Townsend’s Sparrow. 

A few of these birds were found in the willow-thickets at Marysville 
in the winter of 1877-78. Only one was seen at Stockton after March 
6. This was in the edge of the tules, and was evidently migrating: 








| 
73942 | — a Murphy’s?. Spring, 1877 
73923 | — an Marysville. ..| Mar. 2, 1878 
74266 | @ ad.| Stockton. -- =-|, Apr, 8.1878 
73943 | —ads)) Marysvillesc-5 sseneseaeeneessee Mar. 2.187% 





80. Passerella iliaca, y. schistacea, Baird.—Slate-colored Sparrow. 





77081 - ads) |¢Miomphiyis seo ae eeietete eae Jan. 4,1879 





*80b. Passerella iliaca, ). megarhyncha, Baird.—Thick-billed Sparrow. 

This bird is a very common summer resident at Big Trees, below 
which but few are seen in the breeding season. I found it abundant at 
Soda Springs and Summit Meadows in the fall of 1877. This or the 
preceding species, perhaps both, is common at Murphy’s in winter. 





73049 | 6 -Ad: Big wireegeeeeesa eens ees May —, 1877 


HOOSA | aglt)| SSO eee ee ete ee eee Spring, 1877 
73045 | — ad.|...... Or. ase ae See Ee Spring, 1877 








“81. Hedymeles melanocephalus, (Swains.).—Black-headed Grosbeak. 

This bird is a common summer resident of all parts of this region. It 
urived at Murphy’s about May 1, 1877, end was first seen at Stockton 
May 6, 1878. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 419 


A few were still at Big Trees August 27, but it was not seen in the 
ten succeeding days at Murphy’s, nor did I find it at Stockton Septem- 
ber 7 and later. 

It was abundant in the willows by the San Joaquin River in May. 
On the 21st of the latter month I found a nest containing two young 
and an egg, and on June 3 full-fledged young were seen. 


aT 2 S 
BEIM EPCOS te seta lafeliemciateisie aera May 10,1877 
ee CLO Wars aria (cine ere eiore eatery it May 10,1877 


T3954 
73955 


Cua: 
@ ads 








*82. Guiraca ccerulea, (Linn.).—Dlue Grosbeak. 

The males of this species arrived at Stockton May 6, 1878, the first 
females being seen on the 13th of that month. It was very common in 
the willows by the San Joaquin River, and was unexpectedly tame. A 
nest found there May 18 was in the forks of a willow, fourteen or fifteen 
feet from the ground. It left Stockton before September 7. 


TASS Oech aad | Sbocktonessee-e 4 sss ee a | May 9,1878 
74451 | & juv.|.----- Oye eee aera May 23, 1878 
74452 | 9“ ad.|...... Veja aan 5 ae AO GS ale May 23, 1878 
76588 | ¢ ad ORs Se eee eae aoe May 9,1878 
76589 | @ ad. Cots 2 a Se ese ee | Maye 14 1878. 





“83. Cyanospiza amcena, (Say).—Lazuli Bunting. 
The “ Blue Linnet” was rarely seen ac Stockton in May and June, 1878, 
though it is sometimes a common summer resident of this place. It was 


first seen here May 8, 1878, and departed before September 7. I have 
found it common at Murphy’s in June; it left there previous to August 28. 





76591 | Pasi CTO IetOne a ore cede csee, June 3,.1878 


a 





*84. Pipilo maculatus, 5. megalonyx, Baird.—Long-clawed Towhee. 

This is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills as 
high as Murphy’s, and is a common summer resident of the pine forest 
up to the summit of the Sierras. 








73962 
76590 


Gu ad: |i Maryswille seseesaacee oe laa Feb. —, 1878 
— juv.|------ Oe eeeee ee age a1 UNG —— ORS, 





*85. Pipilo chlorurus, (Towns. ).—Green-tailed Towhee. 

This bird is a common summer resident at Big Trees, Soda Springs, 
and Summit Meadows. It does not breed much below Big Trees. A 
few were seen at Murphy’s April 17, 1878, after a slight fall of snow. I 
have seen but one in the valleys; this was at Marysville on February 
12, 1878. It was in a burr-patch near the Yuba River, which was at 
this time flooding the thickets on its banks, and had perhaps driven the 
bird from its winter home. 


A2() PROCKEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


One specimen was seen at Murphy’s on the 12th of February: this, 
also, was in a burr-patch, in the corner of a hog-corral. 





73963 | == (ads|, *BigUlreess.-: eee eee ee eee May 19, 1877 





*86. Pipilo fuscus, 3. crissalis, (Vig.).—Brown Towhee. 

This is a common or abundant constant resident of the foot-hills, and 
is found in the valleys in suitable localities. It does not breed much 
above Murphy’s. : 








73956: | — ads|*Marysvalleme toes ceesee eee Mar. 2,1878 
T3957 | —= Ad: ||. 22000, ce semeiene a he oe een eee Mar. 2, 1878 
13958. |. — (ad. 45.45. OR ssc52 base go eee eee Mar. 4, 1878 
73959 | ¢ ad.|...... dis coh BOs ens ee eee Mar. 4.1878 
73960 | of ad.}.----. G0 ss eee ee eee Mar. 2,187 
T3961.) (O° (adsl <52- Oren sacee aerest a aemeeeee Mar. 1,187 
74275 | ¢ ad.| North American® .....-..-..---- Mar. 12, 1878 
| 








Family ICTERIDA.: The AMERICAN STARLINGS. 


*87. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, (Bonap.).—Yellow-headed Blackbird. 

This is an abundant summer resident of the tule marshes of the val- 
leys: a few may remain in winter, but I do not remember seeing any at 
that time. 

it arrived at Stockton April 6, 1875, and was rather rare until May. 
But few have been seen since October 15, those mostly young of the 
year, mixed with Red-wings (Agel@i). The only one seen after the first 
of November of this year (1878) was on the 19th instant, when a young 
bird was noticed in a flock of Red-wings. 

Late in the summer and fall it daily visits the grain-fields east of 
Stockton, returning at evening to the tules. 





~1 


4976 | & ad.| Stocktonvs2.  desccaacee ee ceess Apr. 17,1878 
| | 





88. Ageleeus phceniceus, (Linn. ).—Wed-and-buff-shouldered Blackbird.t 

This form of the Red-wing was very abundant at Stockton in the 
spring of 1878 up to about May 10, when it disappeared during sum- 
mer-like weather that followed. I have not seen any of the Red-wings 
in the mountains. 


aad Marysville ssn. scenseecseaee eae Feb. 14,1878 


73835 | 
73836 }).O") gidj\ekoeel ate sees eae emi Feb. 14, 1878 
73897 ||| O) ad! | Seeeee domes aaeenae bese FAS Feb. 14, 1878 
£6594: || of “ad. Stocktonwecesee meee ne nee Apr. 4, 1878 





*88a. Ageleus pheniceus, /}. gubernator, (Wagl.).—Red-and-black-shouldered Black- 
bird. 

This is an abundant constant resident of Stockton. -The unmistak- 

able adults mated early, while the immature of this species and A. phe- 








* Thirty miles east of Stockton. 
t The specimens sent by Mr. Belding are perfectly typical of the species, and not 
distinguishable from examples from more eastern portions of the country.—R. R. 


a 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 421 


niceus kept in flocks. Young pirds able to fly were observed May 20, 
1878. 











73830 | 3 ad.| Marysville..------------------- Feb. 14,1878 
73831; o ad. Sr dO ence ee nee cisee =a Feb. 14, 1878 
73RD | ad. |.2...100:nssseneet-ce~ c2eene onas Feb. 14, 1878 
73833 | ov < ‘eb. 14, 1878 
73834 | ov al. 14, 1878 
74277 | 2 ar. 29, [878 
74278 | 2 3 \ -, 17, 1878 
PEROO ce tad eee nU0lenmaa =< enemas Apr. 4, 1878 
76093 | ow ad.|..---- dome onsen eceateee === an | Spring, 1878 





89. Ageleeus tricolor, (Nutt. ).—Red-and-white-shouldered Blackbird. 

The A. tricolor appeared to avoid Stockton in the spring of 1875. I 
recognized but four during the spring and summer. Two of these were 
seen March 22 and two on April 5. 

° 


ene ai i a ee in 


| 
73987 | S | Stockton...--------------+---7*> Spring, 1875 





<90. Sturnella neglecta, Aud.— IVestern Meadow Lark. 

This bird is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot- 
hills as high as Murphy’s. Tt is also a summer resident of some of the 
more suitable localities of the Upper Sierras. 


73989 | 3 aa. | «Murphy’s:----------------++-*- | Spring, 1877 
SO. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, (Wagl. ).—Brewer’s Blackbird. 

This is an abundant constant resident at Stockton, probably equal- 
ling, possibly exceeding, in numbers the Red-wings, especiaily in autumn. 
It is also a constant resident at Murphy’s, and in summer is found in 
suitable localities in the pine forests. It was very common at Summit 
Meadows in September, 1877. At Stockton many breed in closely- 
trimmed ornamental evergreens. 





| | 
73988 | gf ad.| *Murphy’s---------------------- Spring, 1877 
76595 | ¢ ad.| Stockton. ...--.----------------- Sept. 30, 1878 
76596 | 9 ad.|.-----0 ----------- 2272 eens os | Sept. 30, 1878 








~92. Icterus bullocki, (Swains. ).—Bullock’s Oriole. : 

This Oriole is a common summer resident of the valleys and foot-hills. 
An adult male was shot at Big Trees July 13,1878. This is the only 
one I have seen in the pine forests. 

The males arrived at Murphy’s March 24, 1877; at Stockton April 1, 
1878. On April 6, 1878, the first female was seen. The species left 
Murphy’s previous to August 97 and Stockton previous to September te 

A nest found May 11 in a willow, eight feet from the ground, contained 
two eggs. 


*Murphy’s---------------------- Mar. 24,1877 
*Stockton. ---------------------- Apr. 1, 1878 


73986 | o ah 
74453 Jo ad. 


eee Se 





422) PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family CORVIDAS: The RAVENS, Crows, and JAYS. 


*93. Corvus americanus, (Aud.).—Common Crow. 

[Mr. Belding states that this species (which, however, he mistakes for 
O. caurinus) is “an abundant resident of Central California.” The 
specimen he sends is true americanus, and not C. caurinus. The Crows 
which the writer observed in the Sacramento Valley, in June, 1867, were 
certainly CO. americanus, their notes and habits in no wise differing from 
those of the Eastern birds of this species. It is probable that C. cawrinus 
is, like the Eastern C. ossifragus, a strictly littoral species, never found 
away trom tide-water.—R. R.| 





76597 | — ad.) Stockton .-- 20. o-- sesseciecee= == Nov. —, 1878 








Pe 
*94. Picicorvus columbianus, (Wils.).—Clarke’s Nutcracker. 

This species is very common at Soda Springs and Summit Meadows 
in the fall, and is said to be a rare winter visitor to the Big Trees. 


*95, Pica nuttalli, Aud.— Yellow-billed Magpie. 

This Magpie is a common constant resident of Marysville, and, during 
some years, at Stockton also, but I did not see it at the latter place from 
April 1, 1878, to October’ 18 of the same year, though it was seen in 
June at many places on the route between Stockton and Marysville. 
On December 22, 1877, I saw it at Salt Spring Valley, between Milton 
and Murphy’s (altitude about 1,200 feet). It probably occasionally 
breeds at Murphy’s.* 





(38s | ct .adt:| “Marysville. 2532) eee enon Feb. —, 1878 


*96. Cyanocitta stelleri, 3. frontalis, Ridgw.—Californian Mountain Jay. 

This Jay is very common in the pine forests in summer, and is a win- 
ter sojourner of the chaparral belt, especially that part nearest the pine 
forest. A few breed down to an altitude of 3,000 feet or a little less. 
It is an occasional winter visitant to the live-oak groves in the Sacra- 
mento Valley, ten or twelve miles north of Marysville. 


73890 | — “ad,| Miicphy's: eee eee ee Apr. 12, 1877 
| \ : 





“97. Aphelocoma californica, (Vig.).—Californian Valley Jay. 

This is a common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills, and 
appears to be quite numerous in the pine forests in summer, as high as 
Big Trees, where I found it in July and August, 1878; also at Gardiner’s 
Meadow, three miles east of Big Trees, the altitude the same as that of 
Big Trees ; and at Dunbar’s and Moran’s Meadows (altitude 3,800 feet). 
In the pine forests above Murphy’s it was confined to the thickets in 





*T lived at Murphy’s from the spring of 1857 to 1860, but in summer only. Think I 
have seen it there formerly, but not recently. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 423 


apd around meadows. It is more abundant in the valleys in winter 
than in summer. 

Once, having shot a Quail which fluttered violently, one of these birds 
pounced upon it and began to tear it. 





73829 
76598 


— ad. 


*Marysville.--------------+----- | Feb. —, 1878 
— juv. 


Big Trees. .----------------+7-=- | July —, 1878 











98. Perisoreus canadensis (y. obscurus, Ridew. ?).*—Oregon Gray Jay. 

On October 7, I saw at Summit Meadows what I supposed to be this 
bird. It is said to breed in the high parks of Castle Peak, a few miles 
north of the Summit Meadows. 


Family ALAUDID: The TRUE LARKS. 


99. Eremophila alpestris, (Forst. ).— Horned Lark. 

The Horned Lark was common at Marysville in the winter of 1877-78, 
in flocks of not more than twenty-five or thirty, generally less. A small 
flock was seen at Summit Meadows in the fall of 1877. 

ih cane ue 2 ee 


| 
73788 | ¢ ad.| Marysville...-------------+----- Feb. —, 1878 


ETBOM ie dle eee = ae LO alae ete a Cal Feb. —, 1878 
73970 | — ad. Summit Meadows. -------------- Oct. 6, 1877 
| . | 





+99. Eremophila alpestris, }. chrysolema, (Wagil.).—Southern Horned Lark. 

This form of the Horned Lark is an abundant resident at Marysville, 
in summer frequenting the dry plains, especially those near the low, 
rolling hills on the eastern margin of the valley, where the growth of 
vegetation is meagre. In December, 1878, if was abundant on the low, 
rolling hills east of Stockton, on the road to Copperopolis. 

The difference in appearance between a flock of these while on a 
field of short, green grass in bright sunshine, and that of a flock of the 
northern variety is so great that any collector could not fail to observe it.t 


ad.| *Marysville -..-----------:------- | Feb. —, 1878 


73787 | o 

73964 | — ad.| *Calaveras County (at Milton) -. Spring, 1877 
73965 | — ad.|------ GOW Georee sere eee eae | Spring, 1877 
73966 | oh ad.| Marysville..--.----------------- | Feb. —. 1878 
BOG Tico reel lees Oe raat ate ieee aa Feb. —, 1878 
TAOGRIIT im ale ese a Onan eater ia | Feb. —, 1878 
BOGOU|| can AClall eee i OO ea aii clon cin = ia Feb. —, 1878 
76599 | g ad.|.----- il) sacedsed ose peocease=sons | Feb. —. 1878 
76600 | Q ad.|.----- Ot ee eee cya ei-ts = Feb. —, 1878 


*Tt is somewhat uncertain whether the birds alluded to above are of the Oregon 
form (obscurus) or the Rocky Mountain race (B. capitalis, Baird). Judging from an- 
alogy, however, in the cases of Cyanocitta and Aphelocoma, they should be the former, 
a probability strengthened by the fact that Mr. Henshaw obtained specimens of ob- 
scurus at Camp Bidwell, in the northern Sierra Nevada.—R. R. 

+The fine series of this very strongly marked race, sent by Mr. Belding, shows 
unusual uniformity of characters for birds of this genus, there being little variation 
among individuals. The light pinkish gray tints of the more northern and eastern 
forms (alpestris and leucolema) are replaced by a very deep cinnamon color, cr rusty 
brown, while the size is decidedly smaller. ‘They agree quite closely with Mexican 
examples, as described in History of North American Birds (vol. ii, p. 144).—R. re 


424 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family TYRANNIDA: The TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. 


*100. Tyrannus verticalis, (Say).— Western Kingbird. 

This bird arrived at Murphy’s April 12, 1877, and at Stockton March 
20, 1878. It is an abundant summer resident at Stockton, Murphy’s, 
and Marysville. Two were seen at Big Trees in May, 1877, and one at 
the same place August 10, 1878. It was very rare at Murphy’s August 
27, 1878, and had left there before September 7. 





73991 | — ad. | AMurphySeees-@ sce eee | Apr. 12, 1877 








*101. Myiarchus cinerascens, Lawr.—Ash-throated Flycatcher. 

The Ash-throated Flycatcher was first seen at Murphy’s April 17, 
1877; at Stockton April 27, 1878, where it was abundant in the thickets 
by the San Joaquin River during the first half of May. A few were 
seen there afterward, and these may have had nests, although I have 
generally found them during the breeding season in oak groves. 

It is quite a common summer resident at Stockton and Murphy’s, and 
a young one was shot at Big Trees August 10, 1878. It was very rare 
at Murphy’s August 27, 1878. It was not seen at Stockton on or after 
September 7. . 





—- 7 
73546 | f° ad.| *Murphy's.....- il ea eee Apr. 17, 1877 
73092" =a). “se dO eae eee ok ee ee eee eee Apr. 17, 1877 


74281 | of a BS toe leben 4.) een teas eel are Apr. 27, 1878 


“102. Sayornis nigricans, (Swains.).—Black Pewee. 

This bird is a common constant resident of Stockton, Murphy’s, and 
Marysville. It frequented the willows by the streams in the meadows 
at and near Big Trees in July and August, 1878. Since il was oftener 
seen in August than in July, it may have made a short vertical migra- 
tion from lower down after the breeding season. 


73614 | <——guv.|*Stodktou..L/LeLco seat eee *July —, 1877 


TA000 he — rade Mita hiv soe ee ee ee ae Winter, 1877 
T4279) |g) Wad.) "Stockton. ssa. 252-2 ae ee Apr. 9, 1878 


T4280 ig As Ee a0) aoe cere Ue eas eer Apr. 1,1878 





103. Sayornis sayus, Bonap.—Say’s Pewee. ’ 

This Pewee is a winter sojourner at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Marys- 
ville, where, however, it is rarely, if ever, common. It was first noticed 
at Stockton in the fall of 1878, on October 17. 





73999 | == ad.) Stocktone? 20235. ce eee Nov. —, 1877 
76601 == ad. |....--do star ot ar rose see eee Oct. 17,1878 


*104. Contopus borealis, (Swains.).—Olive-sided Flycatcher. 
This is a very common and generally distributed summer resident at 
Big Trees. I shot one July 7, 1878, which had materials for a nest in 








* Albinescent 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 425 


its bill. About a week later I found a young bird which could scarcely 
fly, and which, on being caught, proved very pugnacious. Its song is a 
loud prolonged “ three deer,” the last syllable being much shorter than 
the first. Both are occasionally prefaced with a short note in a lower 
key. Its other very common, not unmusical notes, I once copied with 
the syllables “ chu-chu-chu” ; again, “pu-pu-pu”; again, “ pip-pip”, the 
notes apparently varying with the individual. These notes follow each 
other rapidly, sometimes consisting of groups of two, usually of three, 


-oceasionally of four, a call almost invariably ending with groups of the 


same number as that with which it began. It is usually uttered from 
the top of a dead tree, often two hundred feet from the ground. It 
appears to prefer the tops of the tallest dead trees as a foraging centre. 
They utter notes while chasing one another, which I once described as 
resembling those of Flickers, but I am not now satisfied with that de- 
scription. 








73993 | — Be Eng ere eer oar eae May 25, 1877 
75316 | Q ad.|...---d0:..---0-:e--2-s-00---o-2- | July 7, 1878 


75317 | So oe eens Oeee saeco ee eee eenioe a= July 16, 1878 





*105. Contopus richardsoni, (Swains.).— Western Wood Pewee. 

‘This species was first noticed at Stockton during the spring of 187 8, 
on May 9, soon after which it became common in all suitable localities. 
It is common in the pine forests in summer. Tt was rare at Murphy’s 
August 27, and was not seen at Stockton in September or later. 


| 
Tabada eeeenee *Murphiys----<<:---=- Sere Reet a 


3904) Semencer *Big Trees..----.----- ------ ..- | May 25, 1877 
7gg0 od geeeeeee eae ome ase pe tH | Spring. 1877 
74454 | L eeeaioe BCH Wollaoinsonocdseoas sounes Uone vy 15,1878 





76602.) ----- -<- Murphy’s.---------------+-:--- | Sept. —, 1878 
\ i 








*106. Empidonax difficilis, Baird.*— Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. 

Only two of these birds were recognized at Stockton in the spring of 
1878, the first being noticed on May 1. Two or three were seen at Big 
Trees in July and August. These were in willows at the head of ravines, 
near springs. Those seen at Stockton were in opent oak groves. 





| | 
75318 | fg ad.| Big Trees..--------------------- | July 27, 1878 


Rese ee sinh © NS) SGN eee a 
*107. Empidonax pusillus, (Swains. ).—Litlle Ilycatcher. 

This is a common swnmer resident at Stockton and Marysville. It 
seems invariably confined to willow thickets, and to occur wherever they 
do, whether in valleys or mountains. 





*In my report on the Ornithology of the U. 8. Geological Exploration of the 40th 
Parallel (Clarence King), p. 544, I considered this bird as specifically distinct from Ei. 
flaviventris, chiefly on account of supposed great differences in the Jocation and charac- 
er of the nest and eggs. Facts subsequently brought to light, however, by Messrs. 
H. A. Purdie and S. D. Osborne (see Bull. Nutt, Orn. Club, Oct. 1878, pp. 166, 187), show 
that the two do not differ in these particulars. Notwithstanding this, the difference be- 
tween the two forms in coloration and proportions is so marked that there should 
never be any difficulty in easily distinguishing them.—R. R. 

+ That is, not darkly shaded, the trees scattering, and with no undergrowth. 


426 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


It was first noticed at Stockton April 30, 1878, and was not seen here 
in September or October. 





73044 aia: || Shoe ktoneces eases sae ee | July —, 1877 
73996 | —" ads) =.) dO \Gco-82 ea. Soo ee July —, 1877 
74455 | f° ad.|. TOONS SEES Re See eee May 11, 1878 
75321 | — 


ad.) *Big Tree@S 7-2 22 Sk eee eee ae | Aug. 3, 1878 





*108. Empidonax obscurus, (Swains.).— rights I’lycatcher. a 

This bird was first seen at Murphy’s on April 28, 1877, at which time | 
it was rather common. It perched on the lower dead limbs of small 
trees which grew on hillsides, from which it would make short flights 
over the valley below, and return to the same perch. I have not recog- 
nized it in the valleys. 


July 8, 1878 
Apr. 28, 1877 


75319 | J ia | “Big Trees 

73047 | ff ad.| Murphy’s... 
73997 | — _ad. | eons. 
75320 | — juv. | Big Trees. 





July —, 1878 





*109. Empidonax hammondi, Xantus.—Hammond’s Flycatcher. 

This small Flycatcher is a common summer resident of the pine forests, 
out of which I have not seen it except when migrating. It arrived at 
Murphy’s April 25, 1877, and at Stockton May 9, 1878 

At the latter place it was rare, and confined to the willow thickets on 
the river-banks. 


ad.| Murphy’s. 





3045 | of Apr. —, 1877 
73046 | o ad.| CMO ard -| Apr. 28, 1877 
73998 | — ad.) Soda Springs -. -- | Sept. —, 1877 
76603 | ¢ ad.| Stockton.--......-.........---. | May 9, 1878 

| 


Family TROCHILID2: The HUMMING-RIRDS. 


*110. Stellula calliope, Gould.—Calliope Humming-bird. 

While making this collection I have seen but two of these birds in 
spring plumage: these were at Murphy’s, in April. It was very rare at 
Big Trees in July and August. I have never seen it in the valleys. 

At Soda Springs, in the fall of 1877, Humming-birds were abundant. 
I shot a number of them. They were young or moulting, and so did not 
preserve them. They were principally Selasphorus rufus, but perhaps 
the present species was among them. 


4005.) ot ‘ad..) Murphy 's222--- eaeeceoeee eer ee Apr. —, 1877 
5325.| 2 ad.; | Big Eres pcnsepee ses cece eee Aug. 1, 1878 


*111. Trochilus alexandri, Boure. & Muls.—Black-chinned Humming-bird. 

This bird was common in the open parts of the willow thickets at 
Marysville in June, 1878. It was not observed at Stockton from March 
6 to June 8 igus not more than five Humming-birds were seen during 
that time, and five or six are all I have seen at Stockton during the pres- 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 427 


ent season. I do not know whether this is usually the case or not, as 
this was my first spring and summer collecting here. Nearly every one 
seems to know the Anna Humming-bird, but I did not see it here last 
spring. 

T. alexandri must have been rare at Big Trees, as I did not see an 
adult male in spring plumage, and was not certain of the species to 
which the one which I shot there belonged. 









74462 | dad. | *Marysville. ---- Ge eee eee | June 21, 1878 
Berni Gnas _.--.-----| June 22, 1878 
75823 | oi juv.| Moran’s Meadow -.-------------- | July 24, 1878 





75324 Big Trees..--:----------2--02"7 | July —, 1878 


74463 | — juv. 
| — juv. 


*112. Calypte anne, (Less. ).— Anna Humming-bird. 

This Hummer is abundant at Murphy’s and in the hills below during 
a large portion of the year. It was seen at Copperopolis* on the 12th 
of December of the present year. There were no wild flowers, except- 
ing those of the “¢Manzanita.” Specimens shot there were very fat, and 
had been feeding on a sweet gummy substance exuding from pertora- 
tions made by Woodpeckers in the bark of an evergreen oak. 


74001 | @ ad.| *Murphby’s ---------------------- Jan. 30, 1877 
74002 | fi ad.|.-----do .| Spring, 1877 
74003 | g ad.|.----- .| Spring, 1877 
74004 | Q ad.|.----- ..-| Spring, 1877 
75322 | Q ad.| Big Trees Aug. 1, 1878 








*113. Selasphorus rufus, (Gmel.).—Rufous-backed Humming-bird. 

This species is common at Big Trees in summer, and abundant at 
Soda Springs in the fall. I have seen afew at Stockton and Murphy’s 
in spring. 





Apr. 30, 1878 
July 25, 1878 


Stockt0n..--------+---==-----="" 


Big (Mrees\.2---2+-----=--- <== "= 97 


74267°| 9 ad. 
75326 | —juv. 











Family CAPRIMULGIDA: The GOATSUCKERS. 


114. “Antrostomus”* nuttalli, (Aud. ).—Poor-will. 
The specimen in the collection is the only one I have seen in two years. 


pies ee ee Se 


73978 | — ad.| Stockton. ---------------------7=- July —, 1877 


*115. Chordeiles popetue (Vicill.) (3. henryi, Cass. ?).—Night Hawk. 

The Night Hawk is abundant at Soda Springs in July and August 
and during the first part of September. 

T suppose a few occur at Big Trees in July or August, as (in 1878) I 
heard of “ Whippoorwills” there which roosted on trees, but I could not 
find any. 


* Copperopolis is in the pine belt, about 1,200 feet above sea-level. 


» 


428 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family PICIDA: The WooDPECKERS. 


“116. Picus villosus, «. harrisi, Aud.—Harvris’s Woodpecker. 

This is a common summer resident of Big Trees. It is also numerous 
at Soda Springs and Summit Meadows in the fall. I have seen it at 
Murphy’s in winter, but not in summer. It breeds but little below Big 
Trees. 1 have not seen it in summer below an altitude of 3,500 feet, 
nor have I ever seen it at Stockton or Marysville. 


PEB5G IG (Edie eee eeee eee Ree eee *1877 
TBBST Wa (AG cc's ony Shc cers eee ee oe 1877 
73858") (Ov wads |eecee vaca cee Os pete es ee Le 1877 
73859 | 9 


DOE a So neaine ele ae eehiene =e seen | 1877 





117. Picus pubescens, Linn.—Downy Woodpecker. 


A single individual of this species was shot at Marysville, as below 
recorded. 





73606) |) sad.) Marysvillee---sseessses cece ece Dee. 27, 1877 











“117 a. Picus pubescens, 3. gairdneri, Aud.—Gairdner’s Woodpecker. 

This bird was abundant in the willows at Marysville in the winter of 
1577-78, and was often seen at the same place the following June. 

It appears to be generally distributed in the pine forest, but I have 
not found it abundant nor even scarcely common. 








136074) 9: sads| “Marysville ss ce. 2-6 oo eceae Dec. 27, 1877 
T3S0G il rhs ead | aero Sane aes ae ee ea Feb. —, 1878 
(380TH G5 ads | secesdO ye coerce taacee =. eee Feb. —, 1878 
738084) 692 O05 4-250) ashe seaetee nee ease Feb. —, 1878 
73809 | Q ad. QO eet eesst cccaseteee se Feb. —, 1878 
€3860 \|) ‘oy (a0. | romps eco. eae es ase Feb. —, 1877 
OOOL, |eay rade |eeaer COU, co sseeece rn eee eee Feb. —, 1877 
74259 ||\9 ad: Marysvillez:o: .cac-<c-foeceecee June 14, 1878 
76360) |'—— Juv, || eBirvitrees ss aes ae July 26, 1878 





“118. Picus nuttalli, Gamb.—Nuttall’s Woodpecker. 

This is a common constant resident at Stockton, Murphy’s, and 
Marysville. I have not recognized it in the pine forests. One seen at 
Marysville in June was red from bill to nape. It was too near to shoot.t 
The iris of all I shot at Marysville was dark blood-red. 








73033 lo od: |*Murphyis= se-se-cosenceateeseese | Apr. —, 1877 
73801 | ad. |*Marysville.-.. 2 | Feb. —, 1878 
73802 | gi ad} ..--. dora: ..| Feb. —, 1878 
73803 oe ad aesaues dove: .-| Feb. —, 1878 
738045) 9 - adsl) Se. dOeaee eee eemee ---.| Feb. —, 1878 
73805 | 9 ad.} ..... GO eee ae eee oe eaters Feb. —, 1878 
73855 |S ad.) Murphy sien dsscese seme eee Apr. 20, 1877 
76605 | 


ad.}| Stockton...... sae teh de aes Nov. 13, 1878 





*119. Picus albolarvatus, (Cass. ).— White-headed Woodpecker. 


I have found this bird abundant at Big Trees in summer, and com- 
mon at Soda Springs and Summit Meadows in fall. In December, 1877, 


*Mr. Belding writes in regard to these specimens that one was from Big Trees, one 
from Murphy’s, and two from Summit Meadows.—R. R. 
+ Probably a young male.—R. R. 


¢ 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. | 429 


one was seen near Murphy’s at an elevation.of about 3,000 feet, the low- 
est point at which I have observed it. 

It breeds in low stumps, fallen and standing trees, rarely more than 
fifteen feet from the ground, often but three or four. When chasing 
one another around the trunks or through the branches of trees, their 
ery is (wiek-wiek-wick-wiek-wick-wick,” syllable rapidly following syl- 
lable. However, they do not often indulge in play. 


| 
75854 | ov a *Big Trees.-..--.----------+---- | May —, 1877 





120. Picoides arcticus, (Swains. ).—Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker. 

In the fall of 1877 I shot one of these birds at Soda Springs and one 
at Summit Meadows. It was very rare at both places. I have not seen 
it at Big Trees, nor below that altitude. 





73862 | 9 ad.| Soda Springs.-.------------------| Sept. —, 1877 
76706 | 9 ad. | Summit Meadows. -------------- Sept. —, 1877 
*121. Sphyropicus varius, 33. ruber, (Gmel.).—Ied-breasted Woodpecker. 


Next to P. albolarvatus, this is the most common Woodpecker at Big 
Trees in summer. I also found it common at Soda Springs in fall, and 
shot two young birds, which were probably hatched there. It is a 
rather rare winter sojourner at Marysville and Murphy’s. 





| 
73951 | — ad.| Murphy’s..-------------------=- ee 
73852 | — ad_| PEGs RS eS | ¢ Winter and 
Ps a | emer eee Omni ener ee ee | (spring, 1877 
76607 | — Juv. | Big Trees..--------------------- | July —, 1878 





122. Sphyropicus thyroideus, (Cass. ).—Black-breasted Woodpecker. 

I saw five or six of these birds at Soda Springs in the fall of 1877, and 
in December of the same year shot one at Murphy’s (altitude about 2,400 
- feet). These are all I have recognized. 












73849 |} Q ad.| Murphy’s.--.------------------- | Dee. —, 1877 
73850 | Q ad.) Soda Springs-.-------- .-| Sept. —, 1877 
TanAsnl adel ce a= COW meee eee eee ...--| Sept. —, 1877 
73549 | 9 | Reed DO a eee cae eee | Sept. —, 1877 








*123. Hylotomus pileatus, (Linn.).—Pileated Woodpecker. 

This bird is often seen at Big Trees in summer, and some years ago I 
observed that it was quite common in the Coast Range of mountains on 
the North Fork of Eel River in Mendocino County. It does not appear 
to be abundant in any part of Central California. 


73848 | Q ad.| *Big Trees.--------------------- Spring, 1877 
76359 | oi ad.|--...- GO) Ramee seee oe eect July 28, 1878 
| 


ee ee ee 


» 


430 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


*124. Melanerpes torquatus, (Wils.).—Lewis’s Woodpecker. 

This is a common resident of Stockton and Marysville, and appears to 
be more numerous in the valleys than in the foot-hills or the Upper 
Sierras, where, however, it occasionally occurs. 

Those I have seen in the pine forests were apparently traveling in 
straggling scattered flocks. Ihave not found it at Big Trees in breeding 
season. 


T3823 | — ads *Marysvillet ooo. cssssseseeesee Feb. —, 1878 
73824 | — ad.|...--- G0 7A) 23 VS. 250 eR Feb. —, 1878 
TA282! | sf. iad.) *Stocktone sate. = seme sae eee Mar. 27, 1878 
74283 | ‘ad: |/-2- =- QOeemerce tense emer Apr. 9, 1878 





*125. Melanerpes formicivorus, (Swains.).—Californian Woodpecker. 
This is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills. 
I shot one at Big Trees in August, but considered it a straggler. 





13825))|;ou a2dn\ = Manyavalle sence. eee eee see *Feb. —, 1875 
73826 | o ad.|...--- dO}is2 28s ceetenoseeseeea Feb. —, 1878 
73827 | Q ad.|.....- pate wea Acme Feb. —, 1878 
73828 | Q ad.|- BG (Tessas rebcicapee aaeuaae Feb. —, 1878 
73865 | 2 ad. *Murphy’ SSenep sae tone ee eae Spring, 1877 
76708 | of ad.| Marysville:--22--2---22--< Beans Winter, 1878 





*126. Colaptes auratus, 3. mexicanus, Swains.—Jled-shafted Flicker. 
This is a common constant resident at Stockton, Murphy’s, and Marys- 
ville, and is a common summer resident of the pine forests. 


73601)" Cy ads) Marysville: ease eee Dec. 29,1877 
73605')| ig ends |e. GdoR eos eee ee eee Dec. 29,1877 
TASLON (a SSA On cos oe eemee eae ee Winter, 77-78 
TEB204l Moe KA bone = Ol Satins coh aeeeeiaa ee cone Feb. —, 1878 
3821" | Bp “ads |ecene= OO 2a esos see een eee Feb. —, 1878 
Ta822)| o ado|eeeces Ot eae Pee aa nce eer Feb. —, 1878 
76609) 10) “ad. Sto Gletoniege snc caamhst pena ee Oct., 3, 18738 
76610 | 2 Juv. | Marysville as: cena ssssee ne eeer June —, 1878 





“126 a. Colaptes auratus, y. hybridus, Baird.—‘“‘Hyhrid” Flicker. 

The plumage of probably half the numerous Flickers which I shot in 
January and February, 1878, at Marysville was variously intermediate 
between that typical of the supposed species C. mexicanus and C. au- 
ratus. Those with uniformly golden shafts were unquestionably the 
rarest of all. Quite a large number of those I had the good fortune to 
shoot in January had well-developed red nuchal crescents, and the iris 
was usually dark blood-red.t No trace of black in the cheek-patches 
was observed in any of them. At Stockton, in March, 1878, I found it 
somewhat difficult to find a specimen in which the shafts were all yellow, 
or in which this color even predominated, though the number of speci- 
mens taken here at differ ent times satisfied me that “hybrids” \ were not 


* Tris milky white, tinged with pale pink or carmine ; feet pale pea- green. ”_Note 
to one of the above specimens.—R. R. 

tThis is frequently the color of the iris in very adult specimens of both mexicanus 
and auratus, and is, perhaps, a mark of high maturity, possibly a mere individual 
peculiarity.—R. R. 











PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 431 





/ uncommon residents. It occurred to me while in Marysville, in June, 
| that by shooting more young from a family, some light might be thrown 
on the subject,* but in no case did I succeed in getting more than one. 
[This series is one of great interest, as showing that the so-called 
“Hybrid Flicker” is by no means confined to the region where the 
ranges of the true auratus and mexicanus join or blend. Dr. Cooper re- 
cords (Orn. Cal. i, p. 412, note) “two or more specimens” from near 
Oakland, Cal.; and the writer observed, on several occasions, in the 
extreme Savon n portion of Nevada, Bicone having pure yellow shafts, 
and so much resembling, at the distance from which they were observed, 
the C. auratus or C. chrysoides, that they were doubtfully referred to one 
| or the other of these species (see Orn. 40th Parallel, p. 557). This proba- 
| ble error was based upon geographical enon) the chances against 
| their being the C. hybridus being the assumed scarcity of this species 
west of the Missouri region, taken together with the known tendency of 
strictly Eastern species to straggle westward. even to the very frontiers 
of California (e. g., Tyrannus carolinensis and Ectopistes migratoria in 
western Nevada), and the possible northward extension of the range of 
C. chrysoides to the district indicated. 

None of the specimens collected by Mr. Belding have black moustaches, 
and he says that he has seen none thus marked. He considers the occur- 
rence of the scarlet occipital crescent quite frequent, however, as is also 
the admixture of yellow feathers in the wings and tail, or the entire 
replacement of the red of the one species and the pure yellow of the 
other by a tint more or less intermediate between the two. One speci- 
men corresponds very nearly to C. “ayrest” of Audubon, having red 
moustaches, gray throat, and yellow shafts; the latter have a decided 

‘orange cast, however, while there is merely a trace of the occipital 
crescent. The most inter esting specimen of all is one of which, unfor- 
tunately, only the wings and tail were sent. In this, the remiges and 
rectrices are deep red as in typical mexicanus, with the exception of the 
middle pair of the latter and one secondary (the corresponding one) of 
each wing, which are pure gamboge-yellow, without a trace of orange, 
the contrast being thus very striking. Another specimen, of which only 
the tail was sent, is similar, except that the middle tail-feathers are pale 
pinkish instead of yellow. 

It may be remarked, as a noteworthy fact, that in all the specimens 
sent by Mr. Belding, the pattern of coloration is perfectly symmetrical, 
so far as opposite sides of the bird are concerned; that is, when there 
are one or more feathers of ‘‘abuormal” color in one wing or in one-half 
of the tail, these are represented by corresponding ‘ones on the opposite 
side. How far this rule will hold good when other specimens are ex- 
amined I do not know, but my opinion, based upon my recollection of 


* The securing of the entire family—that i is, both the parents and thei ir young—w vhen- 
ever the occasion offers, is a much needed aid to the determination of the real charac- 
ter of these so-called ‘‘hybrid” Flickers.—R. R. 


432 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


many other specimens, is that it will be found of nearly universal applica- 
tion.*—R. R.] 





1 





73602 | ¢ Pog 

73603 | — 2 . 29, ——| Tail only. 
73604 | — . 29, — Do. 

VS8LL. | — adic. = 2200). oe Sane elac epiaht pele See Re eee eee 

73819 | vo ¢ —, 1878 

73863 | Q ¢ 1, 1877 

73864 | Q ¢ 1, 1877 

74458 | 2 « June 8, 1878 

FGELL |e CG a ce ra se rete eee ee mctenten May 18, 1878 | Wings and tail. 





Family ALCEDINID A: The KINGFISHERS. 


*127. Ceryle alcyon, (Linn.).—JBelted Kingfisher. 

The Kingfisher is a common resident at Stockton. It is also occasion- 
ally seen at Murphy’s, at all seasons. It is rarely found in the mountains 
of this region. 


*StOCKtON 2 =. ae -.se sen eoneees Apr. 15, 1878 





74284 | 9 ad. 


Family CUCULIDE: The Cuckoos. 


*128. Geococcyx californianus, (Less.).—Road Runner; Chaparral Cock. : 

The Road Runner is a rare resident of the chaparral only. Many 
years ago I saw one between Vallecita and Angel’s (altitude about 2,009 
feet), and I have seen a few others in Calaveras County, below this ele- 
vation, three in Marysville buttes, one in the hills east of Marysville— 
in all about a dozen—in twenty or more years, though I have hunted a 
great deal in the foot-hills—lived at Murphy’s and San Andreas from the 
spring of 1857 to October 1862. 


*129. Coccyzus americanus, (Linn. ).— Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 

The Yellow-billed Cuckoo was common in the willow and poplar 
thickets at Marysville in June, 1878, but whether generally distributed 
in the extensive thickets of like character so abundant along the rivers 
of Northern California, I am unable to say. I heard one at Murphy’s 
about September 1, 1878. 


| 
14457510 Vads) *Marvavillereesn sees a= eee June 22, 1878 
76604 Gf ‘adils-coce Ue esa ses eee eee June 13, 1878 











- *My. Henshaw informs me that he examined a specimen taken at San Francisco, 
which had all the rectrices of one side of the tail red, those of the other half being 
yellow !—R. R. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 433 


Family STRIGID 2: The OwLs.* 


*130. Strix flammea, (. pratincola, Bonap.—American Barn Ouwl. 
The Barn Owl is a common resident of the valleys, especially in the 
willow thickets near Stockton. I have not seen it in the mountains. 





| | 
76612 | — ad.| *Stockton.....-..:.--..--------- Wing only. 
76613 =" Eile eetnae Open ea eee ene weseiese nn Do. 





131. Asio accipitrinus, (Pall.).—Short-cared Owl. 

This Owl is common at Stockton and Marysvillein winter. It left the 
former place about the first of April of the present year, and reappeared 
on or before September 30 following. 


Summit Meadow...--..--------- | Sept. 16, 1877 
Stocktones sc sc coteoneacseeeeen | Mar. 30, 1878 
| 


74298 | — ad. 
74299 | of ad. 











132. Asio wilsonianus, (Less. ).—Long-eared Owl. 
T have seen this Owl at Marysville in former years, but do not think L 
have seen it anywhere within the last two years. t 


*133. Bubo virginianus, 6. subarcticus, Hoy.— Western Great Horned Owl. 

This Owl is very common at Big Trees in summer and is oecasionally 
seen in the valleys in winter. I do not remember seeing it in the val- 
ley during summer, nor did I see or hear it at Soda Springs or Sumunit 
Meadows in the fall of 1877, though I was informed that it is sometimes 
found there. There is one mounted at the Big Trees, which I shot there 
several years ago. It is often seen at Marysville, especially in winter. 


+134. Scops asio, (L.).—Little Mottled Owl; Screech Owl. 

This Owl is quite abundant at Stockton. I have seen it among the 
foot-hills, but not in the pine forests. [‘These- specimens, like all others 
from California and the Western Province in general, so far as known, 
are in the gray plumage.—R. R.| 








l 
76614 | 2 ad. | Stockstonwecseeesreeaeesete ea == | Nov. 12, 1878 
76615 | & ad.|...--- GO nee RA TR 28 | Nov. 13, 1878 


76616 | = ad. eee GOs es kethe ar eeeccees AP (tOct. —, 1878 


*T have never shot a bird of the genus Syrnium in California, though on October 
25, 1878, I saw in an oak grove two large ash-colored Owls, which may have belonged 
to a species of this genus. They were nearly as large as the Great Horned Ow], and 
appeared to see wellin the brightsunlight. No ear-tufts were noticed. At Big Trees 
I tried several nights to shoot a large Owl, which may have been a Syrnium, but did not 
succeed. One evening it flew, at a sharp angle, to the top of a dead pine-tree, out of 
the reach of shot, where it sat silently for about half an hour. [NotE.—In the ab- 
sence of any other known species to which the above description will apply, and 
allowing for the cireumstances under which the birds were seen, it is quite possible 
that they were the grayish variety of Bubo vi rginianus.—R. KR. } 

+ While attached to the U. S. Geological Exploration of the 40th Parallel, I found 
this Owl very abundant in the willow thickets at Sacramento City, in June, 1567.— 
Re AR: 

t Found dead. 


Proce. Nat. Mus. 78 28 March 22, 1878. 





434 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


oO 
*135. Speotyto cunicularia, y. hypogza, (Bonap.).—North American Burrowing Owl. 
This is an abundant resident species of the valleys, out of which I have 
never seen it. 








76617 | —— ad) | ShOC KLAN see ee ers Soeeeiae Novy. —, 1878 





136. Glaucidium gnoma, (Wag]l.).—Californian Pigmy Owl. 

This Owl was oftener seen at Murphy’s in winter than any other. 
There it was sometimes found during the day, on or near the ground, in 
low chaparral, but quite as often in lone leafless trees; once, at least, in 
bright sunshine. The specimen in the collection was seen to catch and 
eat a-Parus montanus. 





73845 | — aa. Soda Springs.--.-..2--25.--2.02_-) Sept. 13; 1877 


Family FALCONIDA): HAwks, EAGLES, KITES, ETC. 


137. Falco communis, 3. nzvius, Gmel.—American Peregrine Falcon. 

The Duck Hawk is a somewhat rare winter sojourner in the valleys 
of Central California. I have not seen it in the mountains. 

[The two specimens sent are in very dark plumage, being quite uni- 
formly black above and very heavily marked beneath. They are quite 
identical, however, with Eastern specimens which I have seen, and are 
fully as large.—R. R. | 


| 
76618 | OOitly. || Stoektons soso. e+-peccseeeerees hoes 27, 1878 
76619 | 9 juv.|....-. ob: )sSsscbeesee nese eee Oct. 29, 1878 


| | 


= 


138. Falco mexicanus, 3. polyagrus, Cass.—Prairie Falcon. 

I saw a few specimens of this Faleon at Marysville in the winter of 
1877-78. I think that I saw one at Stockton, November 19, 1878. The 
one in the collection is the only specimen seen at the Summit Meadows 
in the fall of 1877. 

[The single specimen in the collection is in the very rare perfect adult 
plumage. This is transversely barred above with pale reddish umber 
and bluish gray, quite unlike any other American Falcon.—R. R.] 





76620 | ¢ ad.| Summit Meadows.......-------- | Sept. 16, 1877 





139. Asalon columbarius, (Linn.).—American Merlin; Pigeon Hawk. 
The Pigeon Hawk is occasionally seen in the valleys and foot-hills in 
winter. I have never seen it in any part of this country in summer. 





Stockton.o.27.) hee ee eee Nov. 2, 1878 
soe CO: on salatetenc ate ee eee a Oct. Aral eis 


do juv. 
J juv. 











“Weight 23) pounds; feet pale greenish yellow. 











, 
— 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 435 


*140. Tinnunculus sparverius, (Linn.).—American Kestril. 

This is a very common constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills 
as high as Murphy’s, and is a common summer resident of the pine 
forests. 





74290 | ff juv.| *Soda Springs.......----.-- -----| Fall, 1877 
M4291" of had. | Morphiy?s\22 20s 5 see as eee = Spring, 1877 
74292 | 9 ad.|.----- WORSE esate eas aeesena2 ee a Spring, 1877 


141. Pandion haliaétus, 3. carolinensis, (Gm.).—American Osprey; Fish Hawk. 

I do not remember seeing this bird in California. This may be owing 
to the fact that so many of the streams are muddied by the extensive 
mining operations in the mountains. I have known it well since a boy, 
consequently it could not have escaped my observation. I am told, 
however, that it inhabits the Upper San Joaquin Valley, and it is quite _ 
likely that it does the Upper Sacramento also. 


*142. Elanus leucurus, (Vieill.).— White-tailed Kite. 

This is a common constant resident of Stockton, where I have seen 
as many as twenty at the same moment within a circle of half a mile. 
I have seen it at Marysville in winter. It is rarely out of the tule 
marshes. 

The specimens I sent were stained by falling in muddy water or from 
catching mice in a large alfalfa field in the “reclaimed” tule ground. 
Some of them I tried to wash, but with indifferent success. 





ESSA e— a LO A SUOC KGOM ee aie ee a ejiee eae stele Mar. —, 1878 

Weoto. |u— wads coeer sO sees nee Pupiage ae eecee ore Nov. —, 1877 

74293 | Qmraden Racer Oe ere era acces Apr. 17, 1877 

74294 | 9 ad.|.....- Agee ee fone hale IES Apr. 20, 1877 

74295. | 9 ad.|------ Op: cess aspis sites ses cease es Apr. 14, 1877 
| 





143. Circus hudsonius, (Linn.).—Marsh Hawk. 

The Marsh Hawk is a very common resident of the valleys, but is 
most numerous in winter. The adult plumage of the male is quite 
common. 





zoo | OF rads Stockton s2c- 525 sae): ten shee aon tame eaten 








144. Accipiter cooperi, (Bonap.).—Cooper’s Hawk. 

This Hawk seems to be rare in the interior of California, since I have 
seldom recognized it within the last two years. I was well acquainted 
with it in Pennsylvania nine or ten years ago. In the fall of 1877 I 
winged, at Soda Springs, what I think was a specimen of this bird, and 
in December, 1878, I shot one at Copperopolis. 


145. Accipiter fuscus, (Gmel.).—Sharp-shinned Hawk. 

This Hawk is common during summer in the upper Sierras, and is 
occasionally seen in the foot-hills and valleys in winter. I aid not see 
it at Big Trees in July and August, nor do I remember having seen it 
at Marysville last winter. 


436 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED. STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The one in the contribution of December, 1878, is all I have seen at 
Stockton since September 6. It was often seen at Soda Springs and 
Summit Meadows in fall. 


73843 | @ JUV: Soda Springs. s2eeeee- cee eee ee eae eeteeeee 
T3844 [tO juve | ses Set O| ase ca eee eee | ee 
76623 | ¢ juv.| Stockton... --| Sept. 24, 1878 
76624 | Oavs| Marphys oes so eee ete | Spring, 1877 


| 








*146. Buteo borealis, 3. calurus, (Cass. ).— Western Red-tailed Hawk. 

This Hawk was oftener seen at Soda Springs in the fall of 1877 than 
any other species of the genus. Two of the four which were shot there 
were young birds, nearly grown. I have seen one specimen, which was 
shot at Marysville about November 1. 

Red-tailed Hawks are very common constant residents of the valleys, 
and in stmmmer are quite as common in the mountains. 


74296 || —juve|| Soda Springs) 32-2 002 espe aeceee oe | Sept. 15, 1877 


76629, | —juv. | Brew rées sare ico eeaae ee July —, 1878 
TGG2 Gal oi Sys] Us| te GOG kobe se pst ee ee Oct. 29,1878 
TOG2T  QeN ads |SSS-EUO Me eee cat eee ee eee *Oct. 25, 1878 





*147. Buteo lineatus, (. elegans, (Cass.).—Ied-bellied Hawk. 

Buteo elegans is very common at Stockton in summer. It was quite 
abundant as late as October 1, 1878, but was rarely seen after the 15th, 
although individuals were observed November 10 and 16. A nest seen 
June 8, in nearly horizontal linbs of an oak, was forty or fifty feet from 
the ground, irregular in shape, about eighteen inches thick, and, judging 
by the leaves attached to some of the twigs, was built of dead and living 
twigs and sticks. The cavity of the nest must have been shallow, as its 
occupant could be seen at a short distance from the base of the tree. 





T4297) chs) AStOCR tones ee eee May 1,1878 


148. Archibuteo lagopus, 3. sanctijohannis, (Gmel.).—American Rough-leqged Hawk. 

The Rough-legged Hawk is the only Archibuteo I have been able to 
shoot at Stockton this season, and I think this is the first I have seen 
since September 6. It had a larger companion. I saw two of these 
Hawks in a cage at Marysville last winter; both had been slightly 
winged. They were very tame. I have seen only three or four black- 
plumaged specimens in the past three years. One of these was at Big 
Trees last August, and one at Stockton April 1, 1878. 





76628 | — juy. | Stockston.<25 25. ae seen eee tNov. 23, 1878 


“Weight 3 pounds 5 ounces. Iris brownish-orange. 

tIn a letter dated December 28, Mr. Belding observes that it had been rare up to 
that date at Stockton.—R. R. 

{ Iris pale brownish yellow; web of mouth rich lemon-yellow. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 437 


149. Archibuteo ferrugineus, (Licht. ).—California Squirrel Hawk. 
T saw a splendid specimen of this fine Hawk at Marysville last winter. 
It was shot about January 1. 


*150. Aquila chrysaétus, (. canadensis, (Linn. ).—American Golden Lagle. 

This Eagle is rarely seen in Central California. I saw one near Stock- 
ton May 14, 1878, and two young ones that were caught in the mountais 
of Tuolumne County in 1877 by Indians; also one at Soda Springs in 
1876. These are probably all I have seen in three years. Formerly it 
was more pumerous in the valleys. 


151. Haliaétus leucocephalus, (Linn.).— White-headed Eagle; Bald Eagle. 

The Bald Eagle was formerly common in the valleys, particularly in 
winter. It now rarely visits Stockton or Marysville, but is said to be 
eommon in the southern part of the San J oaquin Valley. 


Family CATHARTID: The AMERICAN VULTURES. 


*152. Rhinogryphus aura, (Linn.).— Turkey Buzzard. 

The Turkey Buzzard is a common resident of Central California, 
being found as high up in the mountains as Murphy’s. It was seen 
nearly every day at the Big Trees in July and August. 





| 
| | 
76629 | — a Murphys 22-96 Gopo-2> sescr| Spring, 1877 





153. Pseudogryphus californianu (Shaw).—California Condor. 
The California Condor appears to be very rare in this region. I have 


seen it on no more than two or three occasions in Yuba County in 


winter, and do not think I have seen it at any other place. They prob- 
ably visit the vicinity of Marysville only in winter, and are never 
common. 


Family COLUMBIDZ: The PIGEONS or DOVES. 


*154. Columba fasciata, Say.—Band-tailed Pigeon. 

L have seen but few of these birds in the Sierras in summer, though 
it probably breeds there, as I have oceasionally shot young birds at Big 
Trees, apparently abont a month old. They were at that age excellent 
food, whieh cannot be said of it at any other time, its flesh being very 
bitter from eating acorns in winter and oak-buds in spring. 

It is sometimes common in the foot-hills in winter, but never abundant 
as compared with the abundance of the Passenger Pigeon of the Atlantic 
States. 





76631 | go ad. 





Murphy’s..-..------------+----- Dec. —, 1877 


ee ee SS 





438 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


*155. Zenzedura carolinensis, (Linn.).—Mourning Dove. 

The Mourning Dove is abundant in all parts of the valleys and foot- 
hills in summer, at which time it is rather common between Murphy’s 
and Big Trees, though found principally in the open places of the forest. 

It is rare at Stockton in winter, though quite common at Marysville 
during the same time. Flocks of fifty or a hundred may be found every 
winter at the latter place, although not nearly so abundant at that time 
as in Summer. 

At Murphy’s, August 29, 1878, I found two nests, both of which con- 
tained eggs. Two days later I found young birds in one of them. 


Family TETRAONID: The GROUSE. 


*156. Canace obscura, (Say).—Dusky Grouse. 

This fine game bird is quite abundant near the summit of the Sierra 
Nevada, latitude 39°, and a few breed at Big Trees, where I once found 
a nest containing seven eggs, which is about as many as they ever lay, 
judging by the many flocks of young birds of less number which I 
have seen. They utter, from a tree, when alarmed, the same “ kuk, kuk,” 
as nearly as I remember, a Prairie Chicken (Cupidonia cupido) does 
under similar circumstances. In August and September the males keep 
by themselves, and are generally found singly. Toward the last of Sep- 
tember I have had much difficulty in finding this bird at places where it 
had previously been common. The explanation may be that they are 
then in the tall, dense evergreens, or have, as they are said to do, gone 
well up the adjacent peaks, or, possibly, lower down; but this last is not 
likely, as they do not appear to be more numerous at Big Trees or the 
lower portion of their range in winter than in summer. I have not seen 
it at or several hundred feet above Murphy’s. 

It is said to remain in particular trees much of the time in winter, and 
to be found by hunters by its droppings on the snow. 


Family PERDICID: The PARTRIDGES and QUAILS. 


“157. Oreortyx picta, (Douglas).—Californian Mountain Quail. 

This Quail is a common summer resident of the Sierra from an ele- 
vation of about 4,000 feet to 8,500 feet, and is generally distributed 
through the forest except where there is unusual searcity of water or 
where the herbage is closely grazed by sheep. A few breed near Mur- 
phy’s and between that place and Big Trees. Every winter it is common 
in the upper edge of the chaparral belt in Calaveras County, and it is 
usually common in November in Yuba County at an altitude of six 
hundred feet or less; while near Oroville and on the Honeut Creek, I 
have seen it nearly on a level with the Sacramento Valley. 

When scattered, their call is much like that of young turkeys. In 
breeding season, the male has a loud, modulated, very agreeable note. 
They hatched at Big Trees about July 8, 1878. Their eggs are cream- 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 439 


colored, unspotted, and the usual number is about fifteen. This bird is 
easily shot when not quite grown, and appears to become confused when 
migrating, especially in fall, when they are inexperienced; but when 
grown, and have learned to fear the hunter, they are bagged with diffi- 
culty. Whenmaking their vertical migrations, the Indians catch many ot 
them in compact brush fences about two feet high, running obliquely from 
a creek or canon over a hill. Occasional holes are left in the fence in which 
snares of hair or twine are placed. Some of these fences are more than 
a fourth of a mile long. Many of the birds are taken alive from the 
snares and sold tothe “ whites.” They soon become tame in cages, and 
could probably be domesticated with little trouble. The Indians claim 
to distinguish sex by the length of the plume, but I have reasons for 
doubting their ability to do so. 

A nest found at Big Trees in July, 1878, contained 13 eggs, was built 
on the ground in a thick growth of “Rock Rose,” an evergreen shrub 
about two feet high, without branches until near the top; leaf very 
minutely divided. I did not see the nest until the eggs were nearly 
hatched. 

[Mr. Belding observes in one of his communications that these’ birds 
are very fond of the service-berry (fruit of the Amelanchier canadensis), 
and adds: “Mountain Quail are very plentiful, and easily shot, at Soda 
Springs, in September and October, and when travelling from one 
locality to another.”—R. R.] 





73979 co ad.| *Murphy’s .----- ---------+----- Dec. —, 1877 

73980: |G ads |t--2-< GW soba eesodeaasbcuneeSEoos Mar. —, 1877 
| 

*158. Lophortyx californica, (Shaw).—Californian Valley Quail. 

This is an abundant constant resident of the valleys and foot-hills. 
It is also common in summer in the pine forests as high as Big Trees, 
where, however, it is found only in and around the fields and meadows 
near human habitations, returning, at the approach of winter, to the 
chaparral belt. 

Tn the mating season I have seen the males fight fiercely, much as 
turkeys do, the others of the flock appearing to take a great interest in 
the combat, in the mean time making a great outery. In the first of the 
hunting season they are not very wild, and run a great deal, but when 
they have been shot at, scattered, persistently followed, and thoroughly 
frightened, they lie very close, especially if driven from their thickets 
to stubble-fields and ploughed ground. They do not increase much in 
the foot-hills after a dry winter. This Quail is attached to certain locali- 
ties, —drinks, feeds, and hides in its own favorite places. The latest 
broods are hatched in the early part of September. 





Se eee 


73981 | Gs ad) *Murphy’s <<--<enas--3-= =~ | Spring, 1877 


t 














440 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family CHARADRHDA: The PLovErs. 


159. Aigialitis montana, (Towns.).— Mountain Plover. 

This species, known here as the “ Bull-head Snipe,” usually arrives at 
Stockton and Marysville in November, and I have seen a few in Octo- 
ber. It frequents the dry plains, but is oftener found in fields that have 
been prepared for or sown with wheat than any other localities. It 
sometimes visits the low, rolling, gravelly hills to the east of the valley, 
and is often abundant, especially previous to the severe rains of winter. 
Some winters, however, I have not seen it at all in California. It was 
unusually abundant at Stockton in December, 1878. 


75637 eee \eao mal ween) eee ee een TNO OI STS 
76622 | — juv. | MOMs See ee Ro creerers Nov. 3, 1878 


“160. Aigialitis vocifera, (Linn.).—/ill-deer Plover. 

The Kill-deer is a common resident of the valleys and foot-hills. I 
have not seen it higher up than Murphy’s. 

Family RECURVIROSTRID4: The AvocEets and STIs. 
161. Recurvirostra americana, Gm.—American Avocet. 

The Avocet is very rare in the interior valleys. It is occasionally 
seen at Marysville in spring. I have not yet observed it at Stockton. 
*162. Himantopus mexicanus, (Miiller).—Black-necked Stilt. 

The Stilt is a common summer resident at Stockton. It was first seen 
here April 13, 15878, and had left by September 7. It breeds both here 
and in Sutter sear 


| 
76693 | 2 ad. | *Stockbomijs erass at oes oe | Apr. 13, 1878 
1 





Family SCOLOPACID AL: The Snipes, SANDPIPERS, ete. 
163. Gallinago wilsoni, (Temm.).—JVilson’s Snipe. 

This bird is a common winter resident of Central California, being 
found in suitable localities in the foot-hills as high up as Murphy’s. It 
sometimes remains as late as May 15, and was seen at Stockton as early 
this year as September 7 

A few are said to breed here, but this is very doubtful. 





| 
74287 | — ad.| Ie StOCKLON Gs capes. pea eee eee Spring, 1878 
76638 | el I HRI Gt see se ee ee Ae eee nie | Och ——wters 





164. Macrorhamphus eriseus, (Gmel.).—Red-breasted Snipe. 

This bird was first seen at Stockton April 20, 1878. The first seen in 
the following fall was on November 5. It is sometimes, though rarely, 
quite common, but it appears to be very irregular in its movements. 





74285 | @ ad. | Stockton::222 535-5 saeee ee eeeee Apr. 25, 1878 
ADS G i Ope ill y=: CLG es tel Apr. 25, 1878 
TOG89i KOoMad? | 2525 d0t ee Se Novy. 5, 1878 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 441 


165. Tringa minutilla, (Vieill.).—Least Sandpiper. 


An abundant winter resident of the valleys. Is found at Stockton 
from about September 18 till the first of April. 





76640 | == JUV: |) SHOCKLOM cece ses oe eicee ee csc Fall, 1877 





166. Gambetta melanoleuca, (Gm.).—Tell-tale. 


The Tell-tale is rather common in spring and fall. I shot one May 
23. It was first seen at Stockton April15. I have not observed it since 
the first of November. 








76635 
76636 


— ad. 


Stocktonesces css c aces eee. 
— ad. do 


Head only. 
Do. 











167. Gambetta flavipes, (Gm.).— Yellow-legs. 


Of this bird I can only say that I shot one September 13, and a few 
days afterward saw what I thought was another. 





76634 | a PLAS | SOO CKUON seer eric ceeereee ecear | Sept. 13, 1878 
! | 





168. Tringoides macularius, (Linn.).—Spotted Sandpiper. 

This seems to be a rare bird in Central California. I saw three at 
Stockton in the spring of 1878, and the same number the following fall. 
It was first noticed at Stockton May 1. None were seen after Octo- 
ber 3. It appears to stay with us about a month in spring and the same 
time in fall. 

A bird of this species nightly visited a pond in the rear of the hotel 
at Murphy’s in September, 1878. It came about dusk, after the Swallows 
and Flycatchers had retired and Bats had taken their places, and circled 
over the water as if catching flies, although it never made an abrupt 
curve or checked its rapid flight. It kept usually about three feet from 
the water, but went as high as six or eight feet occasionally. 








FEO Till = 4a |* Big reese. Sess Sse tastes | Aug. 3, 1878 





169. Numenius longirostris, Wils.—Long-billed Curlew. 

I shot one of these birds at Stockton May 25. It is seen at rare inter- 
vals in winter, fall, and spring, but I do not know that it remains here all 
summer. I do not think I have seen it in this State later than May 23. 


170. Numenius hudsonicus, Lath.?—Hudsonian Curlew ? 

In the spring of 1871, I shot at Marysville a small grayish Curlew, 
which was not N. longirostris, and may have been N. borealis.* It must 
be rare in this part of California. It was in a flock composed of others 
like it. 

“As N. borealis has not yet been recorded from west of the Rocky Mountains, the 
species was probably WN. hudsonicus.—R. R. 





442 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Family ARDEIDAi: The HERONS. 


*171. Ardea herodias, Linn.—Great Blue Heron. 
An abundant constant resident. 


*172. Herodias alba, 2. egretta, (Gm.).—American Egret. 

This species was first noticed at Stockton, in the spring of 1878, on 
the Ist day of April. It is common in summer, and my impression is 
that it is a constant resident, as it remained here this year up to the 5th 
of December.* On the 7th of December, 1878, I saw a flock of forty 
or fifty at Stockton. 





76641 | — ads ObOCKbONs se s0ccaces ae Pee aero ee Sept. 24, 1878 





*173. Garzetta candidissima, (Gm.).—Lesser Egret. 

The first of this species observed after March 6, 1878, was a flock of 
seven or eight on May 21. It was rarely seen after October 4, and I sup- 
posed it had gone, but on the 20th of November I saw a flock of nearly 
a hundred. I have not noticed it since that time, though it may have 
gone to the centre of the tule swamps. It is an abundant summer resi- 
dent at Stockton. 








76642 | — ad.| *Stockton.-...-..........-.-.--- July —, 1877 





*174. Butorides virescens, (Linn.).—Green [eron. 

The Green Heron is an abundant summer resident of the valleys. It 
was first seen at Stockton April 15, 1878, and disappeared in the first 
week of October. 

Many built their nests in the willows by the San Joaquin River. I 
examined three nests. In one of them were six eggs; in the other two, 
four eggs each. 


TS tOCKbOM: so4 = m/eeisce sys) eeeeee 
Murphy2sos—eeee- serene mee 


Apr. 15, 1878 
May —, 1877 


74300 
74301 


3 ad. 
— ad. 














*175. Nyctiardea grisea, 3. nevia, (Bodd.).—Black-crowned Night Heron. 
This Heron is:a common resident of the valleys. I noticed it at 
Marysville in the winter of 1877-78. 





74302)||| Gi ads *Stockton= ue. cs= see nearer May 1,1878 











*176. Botaurus lentiginosus, (Montag. ).—American Bittern. 
The Bittern is a very abundant resident in the vicinity of Steckton. 
I also saw it at Marysville last winter. 





76643 | o ad.) *Stockton.- 7. -. 22 <= s2.es—--- = | Apr. 138, 1878 











-*The date of writing.—R. R. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UslTED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 443 





177. Ardetta exilis, (Gm.) —Least Bittern. 

The Least Bittern is very rare,—certainly not often seen. I saw a 
straggler or migrant at Murphy’s in the spring of 1877, and one at 
Stockton during the fall of 1878. These are all I have met with in two 
years. 





Taken from a Butco 


F 76644 | 9 juv.| Stockton..| Sept. 14, 1878 
; elegans. 














Se oe 


. - Family IBIDIDZ!: The Intses. 
178. Plegadis guarauna, (Linn. ).—W hite-faced Glossy Ibis ; Bronzed Ibis. 

The Glossy Ibis was first seen at Stockton in the spring of 1878, on 
June 9, when three were noticed. A small flock was observed here on 
September 18. 

- TI have shot it here, some years ago, as early as July or the first of 
August, and have seen several flocks July 25, 1870, in Sutter County. 
“It is at times quite common in Sutter County in spring. 


Family GRUIDZ: The CRANES. 


179. Grus canadensis, (Linn.).—Sand-hill Crane. 

A common winter resident of the valleys, arriving the last of Septem- 
ber and leaving about the first of May. I shot one at the Summit 
- Meadows in August. 


Family RALLID 2: RAILs, GALLINULES, and Coots. 


180. Rallus virginianus, Linn.— Virginian Rail. 
This Rail appears to be a rare bird in California, though occasionally 
seen in winter. 


2 ee eS SE 
76645 | 9 ad.*| Stockton---.--.----------------- Apr. 9,1878 








181. Porzana carolina, (Linn.).—Sora Rail. 
I have seen but five or six of this species in California. One of them 
was shot in winter at Marysville. 


182. Porzana jamaicensis, (Gm.) 2—Little Black Rail. 
I remember shooting a very small dark Rail at Stockton more than 
twenty years ago, and suppose it was this bird. It must be very rare. 


*183. Gallinula galeata, (Licht. ).—Florida Gallinule. 
A rare constant resident in the vicinity of Stockton. I have seen on 
an average about three annually. 





*Stockton....---------------+---- Sept. 16, 1878 


ee ey) 


76646 | — juv. 





* Web of mouth, eyelids, or iris (or both) vermilion. 


ne 


444 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


*184. Fulica americana, Gm.—American Coot. 

The Coot is an abundant constant resident of the valleys. The only. 
place where I have seen it in the foot-hills is Salt Spring Valley reser- 
voir, between Milton, Calaveras County, and Murphy’s, altitude about 
1,200 feet, and there only in winter and spring. 





6627 |G. ds) "Stookton 2s: .0o2 cee se desee ae Apr. 24, 1878 


Family ANATIDZ: The SwAns, GEESE, and DUCKS. 


185. Cygnus americanus, Sharpless.— Whistling Swan. 

I saw C. americanus in market November 6, 1878, and a few Swans | 
flying in November, 1878. 

The American Swan is the only Swan I have shot in California. I 
may add, however, that I have not shot many. Ter ;ears ago I hunted 
all winter in Mason County, Ulinois, and saw and heard Swans there 
which impressed me as being different from Swans I had shot here.* 


186. Chen hyperboreus, (Pallas).—Snow Goose. 

The Snow Goose is abundant in California in winter. It arrives in 
the valleys in October. Was first seen this year (1878) on the 12th of 
that month. It usually remains until about May 1. 


187. Chen albatus, Cass.—Lesser Snow Goose. 

Regarding this obscurely known species, which appears to bear to C. 
hyperboreus about the same relation that Branta hutchinsi does to B. 
canadensis, Mr. Belding’s notes give the following valuable information: 

“Shot at Stockton, Oct. 18, 1878. Weight, 3 lbs., 1 oz. Flesh light 
colored ; iris bluish brown; bill deep black. No companion of its kind 
with it, but accompanied by a small flock of Mallard Ducks. IL pre- 
served the wings of one of this species at Marysville in the winter of 
1874. It was killed during unusually cold weather, and the person 
who shot it said that it wasalone. I left the wings with a shooting club, 
and last winter was told they had not been able to duplicate them! I 
was attracted by the dark centres of the tertials, their silky texture and 
their length.. The color of the tarsi, their slenderness, and the color of 
the flesh—to say nothing of the plumage t—makes me think it a very 
different bird from A. hyperboreus (perhaps A. albatus). The tarsi were 
pale dirty blue, or bluish clay-color.” 








| 


| | | % 
76654 | —juv.| Stockton.---.-..--------0-+2--- | Oct. 18, 1878 





188. Chen rossi, (Baird).—Ross’s Snow Goose. 
[Mr. Belding says that according to the information of a friend, a 
sportsman residing in Stockton, this Goose is “‘ quite common” on the San 





*The latter were probably C. buccinator.—R. R. 
tThe last character, however, is of no importance, the young of C. hyperboreus hay- 
ing exactly the same colors.—R. R. 


] 


: PRCCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 445 
Joaquin River, coming south with other Geese in the fall. It is said to 
become very tame when winged, following its captor after being kept 
a little while.—R. R.| 


77163 | — ad.| Stockton market.-----3----.- Dec. —, 1878 





189. Anser gambeli (Hartlaulb).—American White-fronted Goose. 

The White-fronted Goose was first seen at Stockton September 7, 
1878, though rare until October. It is more abundant than any other 
of the Geese which visit California, usually coming first and leaving last. 

Geese, in the aggregate, are very abundant in the valleys, and are in 
some localities so destructive to young wheat that farmers resort to 
various expedients to protect their grain from their ravages; among 
others, that of hiring hunters to ride over their fields and drive them 
away. 


76651 





Fe 
_ a Stocktonitip= ssseeens emcee Head only. 


190. Branta canadensis, (Linn. ).—Canada Goose. 


This species usually arrives and departs at about the same time as the 
Anser gambeli. Toward the middle of March, when hunting in the foot- 
hills, sometimes not far below the snow-line, on pleasant sunny morn- 
ings, flocks of ‘‘Honkers” have often been seen, high above the hills, 
going toward the summit of the mountains, probably on their way to 
the valleys and lakes east of the Sierra Nevada. 


76648 | — ad. | Stocktoniecrea setae seea- ees cnt 


| 
191. Branta hutchinsi, 3. leucoparia, (Brandt).— IV hite-cheeked Goose, 

[In regard to this species, Mr. Belding writes:—“TI send head and 
wing of a ‘brant,’ which I cannot match with any of the descriptions in 
vol. ix, Pacific R. R. Reports. You must be well acquainted with it, as 
it is abundant in California in winter. It is by some called the 
‘Squawking Goose.’ Tail-feathers 16.”—R. R.] 


| ipl eee aD 
GOO RTA: S COC bon eee eens eee reece eee | Head only. 
76649 | —ad.|...... GO! 2) -2elsdrmotest sais seers aeciects Dec. —, 1878 | Head, wing, and tail.* 


192. Dendrocygna fulva, (Gm.).—Fulvous Tree Duck. 

This Duck is rarely seen in the interior at or north of Stockton. I 
have seen one in market here; also a fine specimen shot at Marysville 
last winter. It is said to be more common in the southern part of the 
San Joaquin Valley. 


*193. Anas boschas, (Linn.).—WMallard; Green-head. 


The Mallard is a common constant resident of the valleys, and a few 
breed in the lakes of the Upper Sierras. It is sometimes abundant in 





*“Squawking Goose. Rarely grows any larger.” 


446 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NA'IIONAL MUSEUM. 


the valleys in winter, and is at that time an occasional visitant to the | 
ereeks and ponds in the foot-hills. A brood of young was noticed at 
Stockton May 9, 1878. 


*194. Chaulelasmus streperus, (Linn.).—Gadwall. 
The Gadwall is a common constant resident of the valleys. Its favor- 
ite haunts are the tule swamps, both in summer and winter. 


195. Nettion carolinensis, (Gm.).—Grcen-winged Teal. 

The Green-winged Teal is a common, sometimes abundant, winter 
sojourner of the valleys, where it remains from about September 15 to 
April 15. It is an occasional winter visitant to the foot-hills, as high as | 
Murphy’s. 


*196. Querquedula cyanoptera, (Vieill.).—Cinnamon Teal. 

This Duck begins to arrive about March 1, and from about April 1 to 
October is quite common in the tule marshes. A few remain as late as 
October 15. 








| 
PADUA | <2 ad ASboolbON: sase-e ee es a tee Apr. 13, 1878 
TAOS || Vee andl |See odo rg alee. Roe con eae Apr. 81878 
ea OF BO sie CO bias eae oes san see eee Apr. 8, 1878 





197. Mareca americana, (Gm.).—Bald-pate; American Widgeon. 

The Widgeon is an abundant winter sojourner of the valleys, at which 
time it occasionally visits the foot-hills. A pair were seen at Stockton 
as late as May 28, 1878. 


198. Dafila acuta, (Linn.).—Sprig-tail; Pin-tail. 

The Sprig-tail is a common winter sojourner of the valleys. A pair 
was observed on May 28, 1878, at Stockton. There was at that time a 
slight rise in the river. Few, if any, breed here. 


199. Spatula clypeata, (Linn. ).—Shoveller; Spoon-bill Duck. 

The Spoon-bill Duck is a common, though never abundant, sojourner 
of the valleys in winter. It was not seen at Stockton after May 9 in the 
spring of 1878, though it generally remains as long as any of the winter 
ducks—in fact, is usually the last of them to leave. 


*200. Aix sponsa, (Linn.).—Summer Duck; Wood Duck. 
The Wood Duck is a common resident of Central California. I have 
shot it in winter as high up as Murphy’s. 


201. Fulix marila, (Linn.).—Scaup Duck; Greater Black-head. 
The Seaup Duck is a rather rare winter sojourner in the valleys. 








I 
76652 | od ad.} Stockton...-.-- oes seese = Apr. 1, 1878 





202. Fulix affinis, (Eyton) ?—Lesser Black-head. 
T am not certain in regard to this species, but think I have seen many 
of them on the sloughs near Marysville in winter only. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 447 


I can say nothing of F. collaris. Have shot it, I believe, at Stockton 
and Marysville. 


203. Aythya vallisneria, (Wils. ).—Canvas-back Duck. 
The Canvas-back is quite common at Stockton and Marysville in win- 
ter, especially when the streams are high and gales prevail on the coast. 


204. Aythya americana, (Eyton).—Red-head. 
The Red-head is rather a rare winter visitant to the interior valleys 
of California. 


205. Bucephala clangula, /. americana, (Bp.).—American Golden-eye. 
Two of these Ducks were found in the Stockton market, February 5, 
1879. It is a rare winter visitant here. 





77165 | 9 ad. | Stockton market --------------- Feb. 5, 1879 











206. Bucepbala albeola, (Linn. ).—Buffle-head ; Butter-ball. 
The Butter-ball is a somewhat rare winter sojourner at Marysville and 
Stockton. , 


207. Erismatura rubida, (Wils. ).—Ruddy Duck. 
The Ruddy Duck is usually common at Stockton in winter. 





76653 | 9 ad.| Stockton.-..--------------------- Oct. 11, 1878 


Boy els eae rea i= Fes 9 Se 


Head, wing, tail, and foot. 














208. Mergus castor, 3. americanus, (Cass. ).—American Sheldrake. 
209. Mergus serrator, (Linn. ).—Red-breasted Sheldrake. 

[Mr. Belding does not mention these species separately, or either of 
them, by name, but a note headed “ Mergus ———” is to the effect that 
he “has shot tewo species of Fish Ducks” in California. They were most 
probably these species.—R. R. | 


210. Lophodytes cucullatus, (Linn. ).—Hooded Sheldrake. 

The Hooded Merganser was quite often seen at Marysville last winter, 
but it was not numerous, nor have I ever seen it so. It is a winter 
sojourner of the valleys. 


Family PELECANID Ai: The PELICANS. 


211. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, Gm.—American White Pelican. 

Pelicans are irregular winter visitors to Stockton and Marysville. I 
shot one at the former place, March 15, nearly three years ago, which 
was probably an adult male. 


Family GRACULID A: The CoRMORANTS. 


212. Graculus dilophus, (. floridanus, Aud.—Double-crested Cormorant. 

Four Cormorants shot at this place in the spring of 1878 appeared to 
belong to the same species, and to resemble the Cormorant so common 
here (Stockton) in spring. 


448 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


They have probably sought more suitable ground. No Cormorants 
have been seen from September 6 to the present date (December 3), but 
formerly they were abundant at all seasons, particularly where sloughs 
penetrated the oaks of the uplands. 

[Norr.—I cannot distinguish these specimens, nor, indeed, other Ca- 
lifornian ones, from Eastern examples referable to the so-called “ flori- 
danus.”—h. KR. 








| | 
76656") 9 ads) Stockton? 2222 sscc2. o<cee eee ae 
do 


Apr. 6, 1878 
76655t) aa) Beers 1G ink ae tenet chee ne Leas 


Head only. 
Mar. 22, 1878 








213. Graculus violaceus, (Gm. ).—Violet-qreen Cormorant. 
I have seen G. violaceus at Marysville in the spring. 


Family LARIDA!: The GULLS and TERNS. 


214. Larus californicus, Lawr.—California Gull. 

Gulls rarely visit the vicinity of Stockton, and then only when there 
is a gale from the coast. The specimen sent is different from the Gulls 
which usually visit us. It was alone. 








76657 | — ad. 


Stockton’. -..-2s5-40cves= ou eee tOct. 15, 1878 





*215. Sterna forsteri, Nutt.—Vorster’s Tern. 

Forster’s Tern was first seen at Stockton April 17, 1878, two days 
after which it became common. It left Stockton previous to Septem- 
per 7. 





74289 @Q ad.| *Stockton................ see | Apr. 17, 1878 


*216. Hydrochelidon nigra, (Linn.).—The Black Tern. 

The Black Tern was first seen at Stockton April 24, 1878. It was 
abundant from that date until June 8, and probably later. It left 
Stockton before September 7. : 


——— . a 
74288 | 9 ad.| *Stockton.--..-...-....--------- Apr. 25, 1878 
| | : 





Family PODICIPID 2: The GREBEs. 


217. 4achmophorus occidentalis, (Lawr.).—/Vestern Grebe. 


I have seen four of these Grebes at Stockton during the present sea- 
son (1878). I have shot four of them, two in spring, two in fall. Those 


* 





‘Tris green; eyelids bordered with rounded spots of bluish white.” 

t “‘Hyes sea-green; eyelids bordered with rounded spots of pale blue; interior of 
mouth metallic cobalt-blue, extending far down the throat, where it assumes a black- 
ish hue.” : 

t “Tris blue, or brown-blue; web of mouth and eyelids orange-red, like spot on 
mandible; legs and feet pale clay-fleshy.” 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 449 


found in fall were shot with much less difficulty than the spring birds, 
perhaps because they were young. Ido not know whether they breed 
here. 


74460 | Biliad:| Stacktonseteae sete oes tos: | June 3, 1878 





218. Aichmophorus clarki, (Lawr.).—Clark’s Grebe. 


[There are no notes concerning this species.—R. R.] 





TAO OS Ricerca ge SLOG R GOES ee eee eee ere ee Apr.26, 21878 
(OG09E (Adal eee OMmes one eeae ee a eee eee Oct. 3, 1878 
76658 | = ad.|...... ath SES Ae Seae a ae *Sept. 24, 1878 





219. Dytes auritus, 3. californicus, (Lawr.).—American Eared Grebe. 


' The bird shot at Murphy’s and the one shot at Stockton are all I have 
seen of this species in two years. 





Apr. 16, 1877 
May 9, 1878 


‘*Tris and eyelids red.” 


| 
73846 | ==" 20.) Murphys: .<s2acoccsicccies<cme <ic 
74461 | Do. 
| 


So Fig SHOCK TON Poe ccieaa seine > soadeaseu's 








220. Podilymbus podiceps, (Linn.).—Thick-billed Grebe. 

The specimen sent was the only one seen at Murphy’s in the spring of 
1877. It was apparently only avisitant. I have seen them in the small 
lakes near the summit in fall, and they are not rare in the sloughs in 
the valleys in winter. 





| | 
Tosta— ada MUunphySseasccsensssaceeceec =e 


| } . i 





Spring, 1877 





CATALOGUE OF A COLLECTION OF BIRDS OBTAINED EIN GUADE- 
LOUPE FOR THE SVETTHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BY TViR. FRED. A. 
OBER. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 


Mr. Ober collected in Guadeloupe during August and September, 
1878, and sent to the Smithsonian 152 specimens of birds; in his notes 
he enumerates 45 species. 

arly in October he engaged his passage to New York, and went on 
board the vessel, but she was detained in port for over two weeks by 
adverse winds, and did not arrive here until November 13. Mr. Ober 
left the United States in December, 1877, making an absence of nearly 
two years. The result of his explorations has proved to be quite as 
satisfactory as was expected. 

While in Guadeloupe, Mr. Belanger gave him acopy of Dr. L’Herminier’s 
catalogue of the birds observed in Guadeloupe; it enumerates 135 spe- 








* «Bill bright yellow, except ridge; space before eye white; ridge of bill brown; 
iis orange. Length, 24.00.” 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 





29 April 22, 1879. 


450 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


cles. 


I think it is of much interest, and the number of species being so 


greatly in excess of those reported by Mr. Ober, I have thought best to 


subjoin a copy of it. 


As will be noticed, a large number of the species named in it, and not 
procured by Mr. Ober, are migrants, but yet of the others, there are 


many that might be supposed to exist there still. 


Through the exertions 


of Mr. Vitrac it is to be hoped the number of species given by Mr. Ober 
will be greatly increased, and some of those named by Dr. L’Herminier 


be rediscovered. 


Catalogue des oiseaux observés a la Guadeloupe par le Docieur IF’. L’ Herminier, de 1827 41844. 


Nora!—Les espéces marquées d’une croix ont également été observées & la Mar- 


tinique. 


x Falco peregrinus Gmel. 


x 4,  sparverius Gmel. 
x ,,  columbarius Gmel. 
x 4,  cyaneus Lesson. 


»  haliaetus Gmel. 

x Strix nudipes Daudin. 
Psittacus purpureus Gmel. 
Picus L’herminieri Lesson. 

x Picus varius Wilson. 

Cuculus minor Gmel. 

x Crotophaga ani Lath. 

x Alcedo torquata Lath. 

x  ,,  aleyon Lath. 

x Ornismya cristata Lesson. 

x Trochilus granatina Lath. 

x 59 holosericeus Lesson. 
Cypselus (Acanthylis oxyura) Bonap. 

> collaris Wilson. (Hirundo 
pelagica.) 
Caprimulgus virginianus Gmel. 
Sciurus guadeloupensis. 

x Nectarina antillensis: Lesson. 

x Sylvia varia Lath. 

>< Thriothorus littoralis Vieill. 
Ramphocinelus tremulus Lafres. 

< Turdus densirostris Vieillot. 

x Turdus L’herminieri Lafres. 

x Turdus montanus Lafres. 

er: auroecapillus Lath. 
Turdus superciliaris L’herm. 
Ficedula canadersis Brisson. 

x Muscicapa ruticilla Lath. 

Be a cinerea L’herm. 
Muscicapa sp. 

>< Hirundo rufa Lin. Lath. 

x 5 albiventris Vieillot. 

x 34 riparia Linn. 

< Pipra musica Gmel. 

x Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. 





x Tyrannus matutinus Vieill. 
a sp. 

Plathyrinchus L’herminieri Less. 
x Muscicapa olivacea Wilson. 
X Quiscalus versicolor Vieillot. 
xX Fringilla noctis Gmel. 
x Emberiza olivacea Gmel. 
x 9 oryzivora Gmel. 
x Loxia portoricensis Daud. 
x Columba aurita Temm. 


x 55 leueoptera. 

SK s leucocephala Lath. 
x Pr martinica Gmel, 

>< 3 mystica Tem. 

Se <5 portoricensis Tem. 
x . passerina Tem. 


x Ortyx virginianus. 

x Fulica atra Wilson. 

X Gallinula galeata Bonap. 

x Fulica martinicensis Gmel. 
x Rallus crepitans Gmel. 

xX 5,  carolinus Bonap. 

x Charadrius pluvialis Lesson. 


x ng vociferus Wilson. 

x iS wilsonius. 

x< ES semipalmatus Bonap. 
xX rs helveticus Bonap. 


x Vanellus cayennensis Bonap. 
x Calidris arenaria. 

x Himantopus nigricollis Vieill. 
x Totanus flavipes Vieillot. 
melanoleueus Vieillot. 
a semipaimatus Tem. 

Be campestris Vieillot. 

»»  macularius Tem. 

»  hypoleucus Tem. 

»»  melanopterus L’herm. 
” sp. 

x Limosa hudsonica Swain. 


”) 


XX XK XK XK X 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


x Limosa Isabellina L’herm. 

x Scolopax gallinago Wilson. 

>< Macrorhamphus griseus Bonap 
x Tringa canutus Lin. 

x 5, maculata Vieillot. 

»,  rufescens Vieillot. 

»,  schinzii Bonap. 

», pusilla Wilson. 

»)  pugnax Gmel. 

5,  semipalmata Wilson, 

»,  himantopus Bon. 

»  interpres Gmel. 

x Phalarepus Wilsoni Bon. 

x Numenius hudsonicus Lath. 

x x4 borealis Lath. 

x 3 longirostris Wilson. 
x Ibis faleinellus Vieillot. 

x Ardea cayennensis Gmel, 

xX ,,  herodias Wilson, 


xX KX XK X 


x , cerulea Wilson. 
x ,  garzetta Gmel. 
<5) vartescens) ath: 
xX ,  egretta Gmel. 


X Ciconia alba Tem. 
x Platalea ajaja. 

Podiceps carolinensis Lath. 
x th Dominicanus Gmel. 
xX Sula fulica Vieillot. 
x Tachypetes aquila Vieillot. 
x Phaeton «thereus Lesson. 





451 


| < Lepturus candidus. 


x Lestris caribeus L’herm. 
Larus atricilla Lesson. 

x Sterna stolida Gmel. 

»  galericulata. 

»,  hirundo Lin. Lath. 
x 5, minuta Gmel. 

»  bicolorata L’herm. 

»,  deplorans L’herm. 

»  fuliginosa Gmel. 
xX 5, cantiaca Tem. 
x  ,, anglica Montague. 
xX > £argentea. 

Rhynchops nigra Tem. 

xX Procelaria diabolica L’herm. 
xX 6 mauping L’herm. 
x Thalassidroma leachii Bonap. 
x Puffinus major. 
x< op L’herminieri Less. 
x Sp atterrimus L’herm. 
x Anas boschas Lin, 


x ,, arborea Lin. 
xX 5, Cyanoptera Vieill. 
x ,, Dominica Bonap. (Erismatura 


dominica. ) 


' x Anas marila Lin. 


xX 5, americana Gmel. 
i X ,, acuta Lath. 
xX ,, clypeata Lath. 


. GUADELOUPE. 


“This island is situated on the 16th parallel of latitude, and compre- 
hends, under its general name of Guadeloupe, two islands, separated 
only by a narrow creek, called Riviere Salée. The larger, known as 
Guadeloupe, proper, is very mountainous, a ridge running its entire 
length, north and south. There are several extinct craters in this ridge 
of mountains (as many as fourteen, it is said), and in the southern ter- 
mination is a voleano yet somewhat active. Smoke and steam and sul- 
phur fumes are emitted, though there has been no eruption during the 
present century. Guadeloupe is well watered. More than fifty rivers 
descend from the mountains to the sea on either side. The forests are 
large and dense, but contain in them less animal life than one would ex- 
pect. 

“The adjacent island, called Grande Terre, is not quite so large as the 
other, being about 20 miles in length and 10 to 15 in breadth. It is low 
and flat, no elevation occurring of any height. This portion is well cul- 
tivated, and there are no forests or even tracts of wood. 

‘The formation of Guadeloupe, proper, is volcanic, while that of Grande 
Terre is of coral, though probably built upon volcanic tufa. The prin- 


452 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


cipal port, Point a Pitre, is situated near the Riviére Salée and in Grande 
Terre. It contains a small muscum, the Musée de Lherminier, which, 
under the energetic superintendence of its directeur, Monsieur L. Vitrac, 
promises to become of importance. 

‘Tt was founded by the late Dr. L’Herminier, who was an ardent natu- 
ralist, and discovered many new birds in this island and Martinique, 
some 40 years ago. His collections, containing type-specimens, and 
all his manuscript notes (I cannot ascertain that he ever published the 
results of his observations), perished in a disastrous fire that swept over 
Point a Pitre a few years since. Few birds are, as yet, in the museum; 
but there are very excellent and complete collections of crustacea, ete., 
and many fine specimens of aboriginal implements. It owes much of 
its progressiveness to its present directeur, and to Messieurs L. Guesde 
and St. Félix Colardeau, both of whom, one in archeology and the other 
in ornithology, take active part in promoting its advancement. 

‘‘There are a few birds here I did not find in any other island. The 
most prominent one is the Woodpecker, locally known as the ‘ Tappeur’, 
and named by Lesson Picus Lherminieri. I made a special excursion’ to 
obtain this bird, which is not abundant anywhere, and only found in 
certain localities. 

‘Another bird, the ‘Perdix croissant, I found in this island, not hay- 
ing seen it, or even heard of it, in any other. Of this species I brought 
three alive to New York, of which two survived the passage. 

‘My collections here were made during the months of August and 
September; in obtaining them I visited the volcano and all adjacent 
forests on the west side, a valley half way down the west coast, the 
north side of the island, and places contiguous to Point a Pitre, and 
about the southern end of Grande Terre. 

‘To the gentlemen named above and to Monsieur G. Hurd, the Diree- 
teur dIntérieur, and the U.S. consul, Capt. Chas. Bartlett, I am indebted 
for assistance in various matters. 

“FREDERICK A. OBER. 

‘BEVERLY, MAss., Jan. 1, 1878.” 


Fam. TURDID. 


1, Margarops herminieri (Lafr.). 


“¢ Pied jaune.’ 

‘¢ Length, d, 103 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 54. 

“Length, 2, 10 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 53. 

‘* A resident of the wooded hills and mountains; found in Dominica 
in the same localities as the Perdix, woods sufficiently free from under- 
brush to afford places for scratching. The places where they have dis- 
turbed the earth by scratching are frequently seen in the paths, where 
the woods are thick, and in the open forest. They will come quickly at 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 453 


the call if within hearing, but are shy, flying cautiously from tree to 
tree, never long at rest.” 


_ 2. Margarops densirostris (Vicill.). 

“¢Gros erive.”’ Very shy. 

“Length, ¢, 114; alar extent, 174; wing, 54. 
iat eneth, 9, 114; alar extent, 174; wing, 53. 


3. Margarops montanus (Vieill.). 
‘¢¢ Grivette’. 
“Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5. 
“Length, 2°, 94 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5. 
‘¢ More numerous than the large ‘Gros grive’.” 


4. Cinclocerthia ruficauda, Gould. 
“¢Trembleur” Not so abundant as in Dominica. 
“Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 4. 
“Length, 2, 10 in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 4.” 


Fam. TROGLODYTID. 


5. Thryothorus rufescens, Lawr. 

‘| Wren.” 

“Length, ¢, 42 in.; alar extent, 6$; wing, 2. 

“Length, 2, 42 in.; alar extent, 63; wing, 2. 

“T found this bird only in the second growth of the hills, and in a 
wood in the flat portion of the island.” 


Fam. SYLVICOLID. 


6. Siurus nzvius (Bodd.). 
“Water Se Rare and shy. 
“Length, 2, 6in.; alar extent, 94; wing, 3. 
‘In the ero Tes bordering the Riviere Salée, near Point a Pitre.” 


7. Dendrceca pétechia var. melanoptera, Lawr. 


“¢ Jaune,’ poe 

“Length, ¢, 5in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 24; tail, 1. 

‘6 Length, 2, 41 in.; alar extent, 7; wing, 24; tail, 14. 

‘“ More numerous than in Dominica; with the two sparrows the bird 
most commonly met with in the gardens and coffee plantations. In the 
latter, I find it chiefly in the pois douce trees, which, originally planted 
as wind-breaks for the coffee jee protection, seam the hills all around 
in long rows. These trees were the haunt of the sparrows in Dominica, 
and of the warbler that [ found there. They bear a pea-like pod, con- 
taining seeds surrounded with a sweet pulp, hence their name: pois 
douce, or sweet bean.” 

Male: The crown as far as the occiput is of a brownish-rufous; the 


454 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


upper plumage is greenish-yellow; the middle tail-feathers, the outer 
webs and ends of inner webs of the others are dark olive, blackish along 
the shafts; the margins are pale yellow; the inner webs are clear light 
yellow, except at their ends; wing-coverts black, all margined with pale 
yellow; tertials and outer webs of the other quills black, inner webs of 
a lighter shade of black, having a grayish tinge; all the quills are edged 
with yellow, extending around the tips; under wing-coverts clear light 
yellow; sides of the head and of the throat light yellowish-rufous; all 
the under parts clear gamboge-yellow, marked with narrow stripes of 
dark rufous, except on the lower part of the abdomen and the under 
tail-coverts; upper mandible dark brown, the under plumbeous; tarsi 
and toes light hazel. 

The female is rather darker above, and is without the rufous crown 
and longitudinal stripes below; it has the under mandible whitish. 

This species most resembles var. ruficapilla, Gm., from St. Thomas, 
St. Croix, &c. Besides the striking feature of its black wings, it differs 
in being smaller, the wing measuring but two and a quarter inches, 
which in the other are two and a half; the tarsi and toes are more deli- 
cately formed; the tarsus measures +4 in. against +2 in. in ruficapilla ; 
the rufous streaks below are narrower and damier. the color of the 
crown is darker than in specimens from St. Thomas and Porto Rico, 
and the yellow margins of the wing-coverts are not so wide. 

In my investigation of this species I find D. petechia of my Dominica 
sratalogue to be the same; that island is the nearest south of Guade- 
loupe, and not very distant. But at a further distance to the north 
in Antigua and Barbuda, the species of Golden Warbler proves to be 
var. ruficapilla, Gm., as might be expected ; agreeing with specimens 
from St. Thomas and Porto Rico, considered to be the form entitled to 
that appellation. 

In Martinique is found a very different form, viz., D. rufigula, Baird; 
in Barbadoes still another, D. capitalis, Lawr. 

From St. Vincent and Grenada Mr. Ober sent no Golden Warblers. 

8. Dendreca plumbea, Lawr. 
“Length, 3, 54in.; alar extent, 74; wi 
“Length, ?, 54 in.; alar extent, 7; eo 24 


‘to 


Se 


RL 


we 


9. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 
“‘ Length, ¢, e in.; alar extent, 74; wing, 24. 
“Length, ?, 54 in.; alar extent, 7 ‘4; wing, 23.” 


Fam. VIREONID ZK. 


10. Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr. 

** ¢ Peow-peow.’ 

“Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 34. 

“Length, 2, 64in.; alar extent, 93; wing, 34. 

“Known everywhere by its ery; frequenting chiefly trees bearing 
small seeds.” 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 455 


Fam. HIRUNDINID#. 


11. Hirundo horreorum, Barton. 


Fam. CHREBID 2. 


12. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor. 

s¢¢ Suerier.’ 

“Length, ¢, 5 in.; alar extent, 8; wing, 23. 

“¢ Not so abundant as in Dominica, where indeed it is more numerous 
than in any other island. It seems to me that the adult males here are 
brighter than any I have found elsewhere.” 

When I examimed the collections from Antigua and Barbuda, and de- 
termined the species of Certhiola from these islands to be OC. dominicana, 
I quite forgot Prof. Baird’s species C. frontalis (N. A. Birds, vol. i, p. 
428) from Antigua. Upon a comparison of it now with a large series 
of C. dominicana from Dominica, I find some females precisely like the 
type of ©. frontalis. There are specimens of both sexes having their 
fronts more or less white: it is probably a mark of immaturity. Prof. 
Baird’s name of frontalis must therefore become a synonym of domini- 


cana. 
Fam. TANAGRIDZ. 


13. Buphonia flavifrons (Sparm.). 

“¢Ta petite Perrouche verte.’” 

The subjoined description of the male was given to Mr. Ober when in 
Guadeloupe by Monsieur Colardeau. 

‘¢ Length, 5 inches; extent, 8 inches. 

“Bill. Short, thick, strong; black above, whitish-blue below; broad, 
alinost triangular, slightly hooked at the end of upper mandible. 

‘‘Nostrils. Large, deep seated. 

‘* Head. A beautiful bright yellow spot in front over the nostrils; 
from this yellow spot, which extends no higher than the eyes, the whole 
head is of a pretty shade of blue; this coloring extends to the back of 
the neck, where it curves somewhat towards the throat but not around 
the neck; the cheeks are bluish olive-green, more yellowish under the 
throat. 

“Back. .A uniform bright olive-green, becoming more yellow on the 
rump. 

“Wings. Dusky black, tinged with olive along the outer vanes of 
quills; wing-coverts olive, streaked with black. 

‘Belly. Bright yellowish-olive; lighter near vent. 

“Tail. Twelve feathers; dusky black tinged with dark olive; short, 
having two-thirds concealed above and below by feathers of rump and 
vent. 

“yes. Black. 

“Legs. Short, strong, dirty bluish color. 

“Claws. Same color; back claw the strongest. 


456 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“Tongue. Short, broad, and thick; split at the end. 

“This bird feeds on small, soft, seedy berries; never eats grain or 
seeds like sparrows or Canary birds. Has no song, except a low chatter- 
ing when feeding, and a plaintive ery when flying or alighting.” 

The female has the front of a lighter yellow than the male, and the 
black border narrower; the blue color on the head is not much different ; 
sides of the head dull light green; upper plumage yellowish-green, 
gradually becoming more yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; 
throat pale dull yellow; under plumage greenish-yellow. 

In pattern of coloration the sexes are alike, but the male can be dis- 
tinguished from the female by the front being of an orange-yellow, 
and the black border which entirely surrounds this color being wider ; 
the lores are black; the cheek-patch is deep blackish-green ; the back 
is dark bronze-green; the rump is of a decided yellow, the throat of a 
clearer yellow, and the under plumage of a much brighter yellow. 

This species was found in all the islands visited by Mr. Ober, except 
Antigua and Barbuda; it would seem not to be abundant in any of 
them, as in no instance were more than two examples obtained. Though 
in certain localities it is not uncommon, as Mr. Ober wrote from Guade- 
loupe that Dr. Colardeau informed him that sometimes it was quite 
abundant on his estate. 

In Mr. Sclater’s “Synopsis Avium Tanagrinum” (P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 271), 
the male is described as having black upper plumage. I fully expected 
to receive some from Mr. Ober that were black above, and supposed 
those marked male to be immature, though in fine condition. I wrote 
to Mr. Ober, stating that the adult male was said to be black above, 
and to try and obtain it in that plumage; he replied that he had met 
with none so marked, and was informed by persons very familiar with 
the bird—notably Dr. Colardeau—that they had never seen any having 
black upper plumage. 

Mr. Sclater (I. ¢.) is the only one I know of who has described the 
male; but at that time he considered Desmarest’s types (¢ and ¢) in 
the Paris Museum (named by Bonaparte LH. sclatert) to be the same as 
Jlavifrons. HE. sclateri is now known to be a distinct species, and I be- 
lieve is found only in Porto Rico; the male of this is black above. The 
male of H. musica, from St. Domingo, also has the upper plumage black; 
both of these have been somewhat mixed up with H. flavifrons, which 
no doubt led to the supposition that the male of that species had the 
upper plumage black. 

An examination of the specimens sent by Mr. Ober from the different 
islands, together with the assertions of residents, I think, show con- 
clusively that the adults of the two sexes are correctly described above. 

Latham’s description is supposed to be that of the female; but it is 
not so stated. 

It may have been ascertained that the male of LH. flavifrons had its 
upper plumage green; if so, I have never seen it so described. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 457 


14. Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr. 

*“ Grosbec,’ 

“Length, 2, 9in.; alar extent, 13; wing, 44. 

“ Not abundant; same habits and frequents same places as that of 
Martinique and Dominica.” 


Fam. FRINGILLID ZG. 


15. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 

we Cre NOI? d 4° SMomson? oS. 

“Length, 3, 54 in.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3. 

“Length, ?, 54 in.; alar extent, 82; wing, 23. 

‘Rather numerous. The female of this species is here called the 
‘eros bee’; in the other French speaking islands the ‘moisson’. In all, 
however, the ‘ pere noir’ is applied to the male. It was a long while 
before I found out that these two were the same species, they are so 
dissimilar. The young of the first year resembles the female, as I first 
surmised in St. Vincent and proved in Dominica.” 


16. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 
‘“¢Mangeur d’Herbes.’ 
“Length, ¢, 44 in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 2. 
“Length, 2, 41 in.; alar extent, 64; wing, 2.” 


Fam. ICTERID, 


17. Quiscalus guadeloupensis, Lawr. 

¢¢ Merle,’ 

‘For a long time, says my friend Monsieur St. Félix Colardeau, these 
birds might be found on the east bank of the Riviere des Bananiers, and 
never north of it. This remained a boundary line for many years, but 
at present the bird is spread over all the lowlands of the island. «Very 
common in the island of Grande Terre, which is flat and low.” 

Male: The general plumage is of a deep purplish-violet ; the wing- 
coverts have a decided green lustre; tail black, glossed with green ; 
quills black, with a greenish tinge; bill and feet black. 

Length (fresh), 10} inches; wing, 5; tail, 4; tarsus, 15,. 

Female: The crown is ashy-brown; hind neck and upper part of back 
olivaceous-brown ; lower part of back and upper tail-coverts blackish- 
brown; wings and tail black, the latter slightly glossed with green; 
throat ashy-white, a narrow dusky line extends down on each side of it 
from the under mandible; lower part of neck and breast dark ash tinged 
with fulvous; lower part of abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts 
smoky-brown; bill and feet black. 

Length (fresh), 93 inches; wing, 43; tail, 34. 

At first sight, this species appears much like Q. inflevirostris from 
Martinique, but it is a little larger and the bill is straighter. The 


458 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


plumage is more violaceous, and the tarsi and toes appear to be stronger 
than those of that species. 

The females differ much in appearance, the female of Q. inflexirostris 
being above of a more decided brown, and having the under plumage 
grayer; the wings and tail are brown, but the single adult specimen of 
that species sent has the plumage much worn, which may account for 
its brown appearance. 

From Dominica, intermediate between the Ee of the two forms, 
no species of Ges is recorded. 


Fam. TYRANNIDAE. 


18. Elainea martinica (Linn.). 

‘Length, ¢, 64 in.; alar extent, 10; wing, 

‘Length, 2, Gin.; alar extent, 9; wing, 3. 

‘In the eter and ponne rose hedges near Riviére Ronge, not 
abundant near Matouba.” 


Fam. TROCHILID. 


19. Eulampis jugularis (Linn.). 

“ Garnet-throat Hummer. 

‘* With the Violet-breast about equally distributed, almost solely in 
the mountains. The numerous flowers that are now in bloom attract it, 
with the other, but it is nowhere so abundant as in Dominica.” 


20. Hulampis holosericeus (Linn.). 

‘* Violet-breast Hummer. 

“Length, ¢, 44 1n.; alar extent, 61; wing, 24. 

“ Leng oth, ?, J in.; alar extent, 6; wing, 2. 

“‘T saw in tbe Musée at ior teioe a humming-bird much resembling 
this species, with the breast and throat the same, but having the chin 
for a half inch or so beneath the bill of the same garnet coloring as in 
the Garnet-throat, just as if a fragment of the gorget of the Garnet- 
throat had been removed from that bird and attached to this. I really 
thought it was a manufactured specimen, but a close examination failed 
to detect any defect. Mr. Belanger said there were others in the garden 
like it, but I never saw them, though I often hunted there. Mr. Belanger 
is a good botanist, but nothing of an ornithologist. Since Dr. L’hermi- 
nier left nothing has been done respecting the birds of the islands. 
This specimen was a mounted one in a private case in the side building 
of the garden. 

“ Dr. Colardeau held that this is none other than the young of FZ. jugu- 
laris. He says he has had the young in a nest, and that they were all 
like this, and that the old female (which came to feed them) was exactly 
like the highest colored of this species.” 

21. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.). 


“Length, ¢, 34 in.; alar extent, 5; wing, 2. 
“Length, 2, 33 in.; alar extent, 44; wing, 2. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 459 


‘¢ As in Dominica, this species is the most abundant and most gener- 
ally distributed, though, as there, I find it more numerous in the higher 
hills. It seems to me that both species are here, the exilis and ornatus, 
as I have seen several with the darker throat.” 


Fam. CYPSELID~4. , 


22 Cypseloides niger (Gm.). 
“ Swallow. 
“Length, ¢, 62 in.; alar extent, 15}; wing, 6.” 


Fam. ALCEDINID/4. 


23. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). 

“ Ceryle.” 

24. Ceryle torquata (Linn.). 

‘This bird appeared in the list given me by Mr. Belanger, of the Jardin 
des Plantes, Martinique, but I doubted if it was obtained in Guadeloupe. 
I was assured, however, by Monsieur L. Vitrac, the conservateur of the 
Musée de L’Herminier, that he had shot that same species here. There 
are two, a male and a female, in the Musée.” 


Fam. PICID. 


25. Melanerpes l’herminieri (Less. ). 

‘ Picus I’herminieri. ‘Tappeur/ 

“Length, é, 11 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 53. 

“Length, 9, 103 in.; alar extent, 17; wing, 5. 

‘¢ The only island in which I have seen a Woodpecker of any species.” 

“This species frequents the hills and mountains; it is not common ; 
in its habits reminding me of the Hairy Woodpecker of the North. Iris 
reddish-chocolate.” 


Fam. GCGUCULID. 


26. Coccyzus minor (Gm.). 

“¢Cuckoo manioc’ in all islands. 

‘The second growth on the hills, where once flourished the coffee-trees, 
affords a good feeding ground for this species, but it is not abundant in 
these higher hills. I saw one to-day (Aug. 30) insome high trees, in the 
mountains, feeding, and occasionally crying out. It is little attracted by 
my bird call, though manifestly disturbed by it, as I drew it from one 
tree-top to another, though too high to shoot.” 


Fam. FALCONID. 


28. Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm.). 
“'T’. sparverius. ‘Gli gli’ 
“Length, ¢, 10 in.; alar extent, 18; wing, 63. 
“Length, 2, 11 in.; alar extent, 21; wing, 74. 


460 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


“In Dr. L’Herminier’s catalogue as furnished me by M. Belanger of 
the Jardin des Plantes, Martinique, there are six species of hawks, viz, 
Falco peregrinus (FE. sparverius, F. tinnunculus), F. columbarius, F. 
cyaneus, F. haliaétus. The 2nd and 3rd are undoubtedly the same. I 
have seen the Duck Hawk in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, 
Martinique, and the Pigeon Hawk, but whether they were from that 
island or not, I cannot tell, neither could M. Belanger, the Directeur, as 
there were birds from Cayenne as well, and from France. Doubtless, in 
the 35 years since the collection of. Dr. L’Herminier was finished, many 
changes have taken place in the fauna of the island ; that I do not find 
all found by him is not strange either, as he had the advantage of 30 
years’ residence in the island. I do not know if any printed list of the 
birds colleeted by him isin existence ; M. Belanger said not, that this list 
was from a manuscript list in the Musée.” 


Fam. PHATHONTID 4. 


28. Phzethon ethereus (Linn.). 


Fam. ARDEIDA. 


29. Butorides virescens (Linn.). 
“Green Heron. ‘Chaugh.’ 
‘“ Abundant in the mangrove swamps.” 


30. Nyctiardea violacea (Linn.). 
‘“N. violaceus.” 


Fam. COLUMBIDA. 


31. Columba corensis, Gm. 
‘“Ramier. 
“Length, ¢, 15 in.; alar extent, 24; wing, 8. 
‘“¢Not so abundant as in Dominica and Grenada.” 


32. Zenaida martinicana, bp. 


‘‘Tourterelle. 
‘‘ Found mostly on the Grande Terre, the lowland among the canes and 
in the mangroves along the rivers where they breed.” 


33. Chamepelia passerina (Linn.). 

‘‘Ortolan. 

“ Abundant, especially in the mangrove swamps bordering sugar 
plantations, where it breeds and seeks refuge when disturbed.” 


34. Geotrygon mystacea (Temm.). 
““¢ Perdix croissant.’ 
“Length, ¢, 119 in.; alar extent, 20; wing, 7. 
“This is a Perdix more brilliantly colored than the ‘ Perdix rouge’ and 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 461 


a trifle larger. It derives its name from a white crescent-shaped stripe 
under the eye. The feathers of the breast have metallic reflections much 
different from the P.rouge. Theiris, too, is blood-red, and there are many 
material differences which stamp it as a different species altogether. The 
‘Perdix noir’ is the female of the P. rouge, and has peculiarities in com- 
mon. Whether the males and females of this species differ I cannot tell, 
having as yet (Sept. 27) no specimens to dissect. I have two Perdix on 
board in a cage in mutilated plumage, which I shall try to carry home 
alive. At the ‘Hotel des Bains’ are eight in beautiful plumage; they 
- take kindly to captivity and thrive. I do not know whether they mate 
and breed in confinement. They live in the mountains, habits same as 
the Perdix rouge; caught in springes.” 

Mr. Ober brought three living examples of this species to New York, 
which he kindly presented tome. One died soon after its arrival, and on 
examination proved to be a female; there is no noteworthy difference of 
plumage between this and the male sent in Mr. Ober’s collection. 

The other two specimens, which from their actions I judge to be male 
and female, are alike in plumage; for the past three months they have 
been in the Central Park Menagerie, where they appear to be contented 
and in good health. 


Fam. RALLID AL. 


35. Rallus crepitans, Gm. 
‘¢ Rallus.” 


36. Gallinula galeata (Licht. ). 
‘¢Poule Veau.’” 


Fam. CHARADRIIDA. 


37. Charadrius virginicus, Borkh. 
‘¢Golden Plover.” 


38. Aigialitis semipalmata (Bp.). 
‘‘Ring-neck Plover. 
“Length, 2, 7 in.; alar extent, 15; wing, 5. 
‘All the Plovers and Sandpipers that visit the Antilles are found here.” 


Fam. SCOLOPACIDZ. 


39. Tringa maculata (Vieill.). 
40. Breunetes petrificatus (IIl.). 
‘‘ Peep.” 


41. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.). 
‘6 Sandpiper.” 


462 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Fam. LARIDA. 


42. Larus atricilla, Linn. 
“ Larus.” 


43. Sterna maxima, Bodd, 
“Sterna elegans?” 


44. Sterna dougalli, Mont. 
“6¢ Mauve a bee noir.’” 


45. Sterna fuliginosa (Gm.). 

‘‘Sooty Tern.” 

In the collection is a full-grown specimen of the young of this species, 
in dark plumage; it is entirely of a smoky black, with the exception of 
the inside of the wings and a space on the lower part of the abdomen; 
the feathers of the back and wings are conspicuously margined with 
white. 


This completes the series of catalogues of the birds ascertained by 
Mr. Ober to inhabit the islands of the Lesser Antilles visited by him.* 

The result has been of very great value, and has contributed much to 
the knowledge of the ornithology of the islands explored. ‘There was 
no perfect knowledge of the avifauna of any, and of some we knew abso- 
lutely nothing. 

Yet the work is incomplete; there are several islands that were not 
visited, and in some of those explored there are species known to inhabit 
them that have not been identified. 

As so much has been accomplished, it is to be hoped that ere long an 
investigation of the islands not examined by Mr. Ober will be under- 
taken. 

New York, December 31, 1878. 


ON TWO FISHES FROM THE BERMUDAS MISTAKENLY DESCRIBED 
AS NEW BY DR. GUNTHER. 


By G BROWN GOODE. 


In the February number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural His- 
tory is published a paper by Dr. Giinther, describing two “‘ new” species 
of fishes from the Bermudas,} collected by Mr. J. Matthew Jones, and 
which, as a well-merited compliment to the naturalist who has so thor- 
oughly and enthusiastically explored those islands, he has christened 
Gerres Jonesti and Belone Jonesii. Strangely enough, both species had 

* Those preceding it are as follows: Dominica, p. 48; St. Vincent, 185; Antigua 


and Barbuda, 232; Grenada, 265; and Martinique, 351. 
tOn two new Species of Fishes from the Bermudas. <Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 


(5th series), iii, 1879, [Feb.], pp. 150-151. 





ti 


ier & 
PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 463 


previously been described by the writer; the latter under the very same 
name which is now proposed .by Dr. Giinther. A detailed description 
of Belone Jonesii was published in October, 1877, in the American Jour- 
nal of Science and Arts.* Dr. Giinther’s description of, Belone Jonestt 
and my own coincide in all essential details, and, furthermore, I had the 
opportunity of seeing Mr: Jones’s specimens on the day they were col- 
lected and before they were putin spirits. My specimens were collected 
within a few days of the same time, and from the same locality. 

-Gerres Jonesii, Gthr., is apparently identical with the species de- 
scribed by me in 1874 under the name Diapterus Lefroyi,t and subse- 
quently referred to in the Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas{ as 
Eucinostomus Lefroyt. 

This species was discovered in Cuban waters at nearly the same time 
by Prof. Felipe Poey, and was by him named Hucinostomus productus.§ 


DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF LYCODES (L. TURNERE) FROM 
ALASKA, BELIEVED VO BE UNDESCRIBED. 


By TARLETON H. BEAN. 


The first species of the genus Lycodes known from the North Pacific 
is in the United States National Museum, where it was sent by Mr. 
Lucien M. Turner, who took it at St. Michael’s, Alaska, March 28, 1876. 
There is no record of the depth at which it was taken. The single speci- 
men secured is 330 millimetres (13 English inches) in length, and is 
well preserved. This is one of six species described as scaleless—polaris 
(Sabine), 1820, length of type 7 English inches; mucosus, Rich., 1859, 
types 7 and 11 inches; Lossi, Malmgren, 1864, type 32 millimetres ; 
gracilis, M. Sars, 1866, type 45 millimetres ; Sarsii, Collett, 1871, type 
44 millimetres, being the other five. I have brought together polaris, 
mucosus, Verrillii, and Turneri in a table of comparative measurements, 
so that the relations of the North American species may be seen at a 
glance. It is difficult to determine the exact relations of all the species 
of Lycodes of the Arctic and Subaretic regions, since nearly half of them 
were described from small individuals; but, so far as the original descrip- 
tions and measurements furnish a guide, L. Turneri is quite different 
from all the rest. 

The species is dedicated to Mr. Lucien M. Turner, to whose diligence 
the Museum is indebted {or large and valuable additions to its collections 
from Alaska. 





*A Preliminary Catalogue of the Reptiles, Fishes and Leptocardians of the Ber- 
mudas, with Descriptions of four Species of Fishes believed to be new. <Amer. Journ. 
Sci. and Arts, xiv, 1877, (Oct.), pp. 289-298, (p. 295). 

+Amer. Journ. Sei. and Arts, vii, 1874, (Aug. ), p. 123. 

{Catajiogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas, p. 82. 

§ Enumerat’o Piscium Cubensium, .. . Madrid, 1875-76. p. 5d. 


% ’ 
464 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


DEscnripTion.—The greatest height of the body is contained 8} times, 
and its width just behind the pectorals 9 times, in totallength. The great- 
est circumference equals 3 times the height. The height at the ventrals 
equals the width immediately behind the pectorals. The height at the 
vent is contained 104 times in total length, and the width at the same 
place is contained 4+ times in the length of the head. 

The head is depressed; its greatest width equals ? of its length, which 
is contained 44 times in total length. The distance from the tip of the 
snout to the nape is nearly equal to the greatest width of the head, or 
% of total length. The distance between the eyes equals 4 of the dis- 
tance from the snout to the nape. The nostrils are tubular, nearly as 
far apart as the eyes, and slightly farther from the eyes than from each 
other. The length of the upper jaw equals half the length of the head, 
the maxilla extending to the vertical through the hind margin of the 
orbit. The mandible is twice as long as the snout, and extends beyond 
the vertical through the hind margin of the orbit. On the intermaxil- 
laries there is one full series of teeth, and in front of these a few smailer 
teeth form an outer imperfect series. There is a naked space at the 
symphysis, and the first tooth on each side of this is larger than all the 
rest. There is one complete series on the mandible, and in front of it, 
about the symphysis, are two irregular short series. A few teeth are in 
a cluster on the head of the vomer. The palatines have a short single 
series. All of the teeth are slender, slightly recurved, and a little worn 
at the points. The distance from the snout to the orbit is twice the 
length of the ventral, equals the length of the longest dorsal ray, and 4 
of the distance of the ventral from the snout. The long diameter of the 
eye is contained 9 times in the length of the head. 

The distance from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the dorsal 
is 4 of the total length. The length of the first dorsal ray is contained 
5 times, and of the longest 32 times in the length of the head. 

The distance from the tip of the snout to the beginning of the anal is 
slightly more than $ of the total length; the vent is in the middle of the 
total length, immediately behind the third cross-band and wnder the 21st 
ray of the dorsal; the distance from the origin of the ventrals to the vent 
equals twice the length of the pectoral. ‘The first anal ray is contained 
53 times in the length of the head, and the longest, 44 times. 

The extended pectoral reaches the 10th ray of the dorsal; the dis- 
tance of its base from the snout is contained 4§ times, and its length 63 
times in the total length. 

The distance of the ventral from the tip of the snout is 5 times the 
distance from the snout to the orbit, and is contained 44 times in the 
total length. The length of the ventrals is contained 64 times in the 
length of the head, and twice in the distance from the tip of the snout , 
to the orbit; they extend to a vertical through the anterior margin of 
the base of the pectoral. 

Radial formula: B. VI; D. (including half of caudal) 85; A. (inelud- 
ing half of caudal) 67; P.18; V. 3. 





é 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 465 


Color: The ground-color is light umber; abdomen grayish brown; 
lower parts of head cream. A band of cream on the anal extends from 
the origin of the rays to about their middle. A crescentic band of the 
same color, mottled with umber, crosses the nape, and continues behind 
the pectorals, blending there with the first lateral band. A streak of 
cream, more or less interrupted by umber, extends backwards from the 
eye across the cheek, almost to the end of the operculum. Ten bands 
of cream-color, bordered with dark umber, start from the tips of the 
dorsal rays and extend into the lower half of the body, becoming wider 
and somewhat broken below the middle of the body. These cross-bands 
are located at the second, ninth, seventeenth, twenty-fifth, thirty-fourth, 
torty-third, fifty-second, sixtieth, sixty-eighth, and seventy-seventh dorsal 
rays. There is, besides, a very indistinct caudal tip of cream-color. 

In the table of proportions appended, a statement appears as to how 


_many times the length of different parts of the body is contained in the 


total length, or in’ the length of the head, when that seems more con- 
venient. 
Table of Measurements. 










































| 
| Lyeodes mucosus. L. Verrillii. | L. Turneri. 
= | 
Current number of specimen: ----.----..------ 16,930. 21,013. | 21,529. 
‘ | Cumberland Off Nova St. Michael’s, 
SEO 2 yao et eit ; | Galt. Scotia. | Alaska. 
| 
Millim. | 100ths.| Millim. | 100ths. | Millim. | 100ths. 
| gi 1 fe 
Lensth to end of middle caudal rays ----..----- ASS Sees ce Din Feeces ts.) Sa0uIBee sare 
Ody : 
(Grentes traci lih sane cas Weeeseet emery cok ale ie Seats SION exe ee eee Bs |iscke ss ee ie pte) 
CORB SUES b WRG ON se oe rec cee es Cole iecce see cne PUT. | Soese = Se. Se it Pesca ae 
AVVO Urata Ups see ie isan sete eae | eae es a Ok ES: ee bo sete eee: Sa ehoe eae 54 
eer aren bral S\22-/a\-aseie seetee ae ose tee|ak ae ca ES oe aw eae aioalin sya eaoall se Sacer 11 
Heion trait) VON bis secas aoee ee ace cease =e [Session Sol cect= Semeter| Macc e ateoecemeaee 9% 
Head: gs 
(Gureatestinlenc thes. 4 sae ms caer ese Ie DB Pcer center ses oe Sere 23 
Distance from snout to nape-....:-.-2--4----|_..-+-.-:- 20M Sates elec |anioe Sac eee acca He 16 
Grenties bawiG thik see fe Seo oe ecm ee niscot eal ee cose ne eA oreo ere Cs sce eee: 7 
Waidthionimterorbitaltared.-— 2+ - acess cose ooloe ees ee Ay eee eee 2 4. |!seeeies =e 4 
en pchyvor snomte essa a seeee es tenes eal enoee oes OPO see G3) eb et ee 63 
Distanceoft nostrils fromyeyes- => 2-2 22- sae-|eoSed-c 25: Gee ere acces Ns ote ee ee ne . 
eM Eh TORU Pers ayes te. osc ae ne oe Soe eae ae Gime Rae seneee 2 Sey ese 113 
Ibeneuhvotsmian diblers serene scence ee mea be cee a oats 15) ty | Bees ee Sills 2c 2 5 ae See 3h 
Distancestronl snout to orbit. se. oe dees sa|oeseen eo. OF ses Set al econ ee ae | eee 1 
Hone: diameterlOk OVO. Sass sce aa ces see oee al eeaceace Dyeilehens aoe By Ales ses 5) 24 
Dorsal : 7 
IDPBiMCeMNOMTSNOWU 5 sone ce ee eon eso oee teense eoe Sle os) Soyer see DOM eeeee sees 25 
Meno hveimirat rae sce ook = eacice Re tee ene Someta pp [cea ee | Reese ae ie 2 AO 4h 
enethiomlongest Tayi... -.2 5-60 aacsecaceeeleactaaeme oe Teg eee ae |e es | Oe ee, = oc.0s ! Te 
Anal: 
Digtancertromrsnowbraccs - aj-s6 aces cs secs saeac|ee sa cee 5b Mbsepraeee Sou eee sees 51 
TE TeTAV ea 0} EE TES Th A eee ee a ee I Oi yl eee es | Pea eerie co... 4 
iene thy of loneestiaiy te scs. sis eee oo eee bes | bomenen se Gan Reece pee meee Pete ce. <5] 54 
Pectoral: : - % 
ID ISHANCS ELOMUSUOU fesse = ai) <2 ss =< 5) = soe aera nas aoe OSs | es ee Ge esa cle 24 
(sear thiy soe eee pr see eee sake Sods sce loebekowees L5te | Sones Se aot s 15 
Ventral: i 
PSpAN Co {LOM SNOW eee see 2 ios coo ee ee sace nee Doe ees eee 1G) eeeeee hee 21 
eng thes a eee ee ae ee casio.) . Seo |ssoeeeee ee Op erage & BOs ose 33 
Branchiostegals SV ele ee ete ORL |, ae AVA | Seyascee ‘ 
Dorsal sae SE Pee eee ek fe 28 I oe OOM Nason Gomera ts 28 Shilowa 
eA atin Sok 2 Ae eRe AC ae a Sei sO GGA Roe ees 
Pectoral. 255. - TRG aes Mepis esis Bs | bease a 
Vientraltt =i aeceee ee ae es Slee eee (pte a ete SEP eees oe 
{ 
* At pectorals. + Near middle of body. t Behind pectorals. 


Proce. Nat. Mus. 78 





30 April 25, 1879. 


x 


466 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Table of Proportions of North American Species. 





\Lycodes polaris. 


L. mucosus. L. Verrillii. 





Current number of specimen..-..---- 


Locality 





Length to end of middle caudal rays. - 
30dy : 
Greatest height s.--). jesse = scarce 
Greatestiwidth.s-22 messes eae 
Wadithiat Went 2-1 .ce-seme meee ele 
Height at ventrals 
HMeipht at vento. cs ccect -mratete ee 
Head: 


Greatestiwidth.c 2. 52.0.2 skS eee 
Width of interorbital area .---..--- 
Beneth: of snoutisee a: eee eee see ee 
Distance of nostrils from eye 
Length of upper jaw 
Length of mandible...--...---.--.- 
Distance from snout to orbit 
Long diameter of eye 
Dorsal: 
Distance from snout 
Lene th of first way). o.- =. 24-6 - =.= 
Length of longest ray 
Anal: 
Distance from snout 
Meneth Of first Tayi-n.-- 22 saseac. --e 
Length of longest ray.....--..----- 
Pectoral : 
Distance from snout 
Length 
Ventral: 
Distance from snout 
Men Gh Waseem aera ae eee 
Seglestase sere. a5. sce e- aed eee 
Dorsal 
ATA bp Se oe ees ae ee Sheed ey eee Bae 
Pectoral 
Ventral 


* Exceeds twice its breadth. 


DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND 


Times in total 
length. 


? 


‘7 inches’ 


2 spines (?) 








wee es ewe eee eee) 





L. Turneri. 





16,930. 21,018. 
Cumberland | Off Nova Sco- 
Gulf. tia. 


Times in total | Times in total 


21,529. 


St. Michael’s, 
Alaska. 


Times in total 











length. length. length. 
430mm 127mm 330™m 
alae 
| (m head) 8 | (imhead) 34 | (imhead) 42 
8 133 9 
113 142 103 
3 a e 
58 9 6 
(in head) 6 (in head) 42 | (in head) 53 
| (in head) 3 (in head) 23 (in head) 33 
| (im head) 4% | (in head) 5 (in head) 5 
(in head) 1} (in head) 2 (in head) 2 
62 12 72 
103 21 1a 
| (in head) 102 | (in head) 53 | (imhead) 9 
34 4 4 
| Gm head) 52 (in head) 5 (in head) 5 
| Gn head) 4 (in head) 3% | (in head) 32 
yy 28 2 
| (in head) 9 (in head) 6% | (in head) 53 
(in head) 4% (in head) 4 (in head) 42 
33 Bi 44 
62 11k 63 
34 6 44 
| (in head) 11 (in head) 11 (in head) 64 
None. (h) None. 
90 92 85 
| 71 88 67 
18 15 18 
3 5 3 


+ Upper part of dorsal and all of anal naked; the rest scaly. 


RACES OF AMERICAN BIRDS, 


INCLUDING A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS TYRANNUS, CUVIER, 


By ROBERT RIDGWAY. 


I.—Synopsis of the Genus Tyrannus, Cuvier. 


Genus TYRANNUS, Cuvier. 


Tyrannus, ““Cuv., Legons Anat. Comp. 1799, 1800” (Agassiz). 


Type, Lanius tyrannus, 


Linn. ?—ViriILu., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 73.—Swains., Classif. B. II, 1837, 
225.—(=) Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 170.—(>) CaBan. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 
1859, 79 (restricted to T. carolinensis; includes also Pitangus caudifasciatus !).— 
(=) Gray, Hand-list, I, 1869, 364.—(=) B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 


314, 


““Drymonax, GLOGER, 1827” (Cabanis § Heine). 
** Myiarchus,” BuRM. 1850” (nec Caban, 1844), 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 467 


Dioctes, REICHENB., Av. Syst. Nat. 1850, pl. 66, fig. (type, D. pyrrholema, Reichenb., 
= Tyrannus carolinensis ?; no description !). 

Satellus, REICHENB., |. c. (type, Tyrannus vociferans, Swains. ?; no description). 

> Laphyctes, REICHENB., l. c.—CaBan. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 76 (includes 7. 
melancholicus, T. ‘‘satrapa”, T. apolites, T. vociferans, and T. verticalis). 

> Melittarchus, CABAN., J. f. O., Noy. 1855, 477 (type, Tyrannus magnirosiris, D’Orb.; in- 
cludes also 7. crassirostris and T. dominicensis).—CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. 
II, 1859, 80. 


GEN. Cu.—Tyrant-birds of large, medium, or rather small size, with 
strong, conical bills, strongly bristled rictus, even, emarginated, or 
slightly rounded tail, and the ends of the outer primaries abruptly nar- 
rowed (except in 7. luggeri). Crown with a concealed colored crest (red, 
orange, or yellow); plumage without streaks or bars. 

The above brief diagnosis, although imperfect, will suffice to distin- 
guish the members of Tyrannus from those of allied genera. Milvulus 
agrees in the attenuation of the outer primaries, the colored crest, and 
many other features, but the tail is excessively forked, the lateral 
feathers twice or more as long asthe middle pair. Pitangus is also quite 
similar in many respects, but has the bill more elongated, less depressed, 
the outlines straighter, while there are various other differences. Upon 
the whole, the genus may be considered quite a natural group. 

The species vary among themselves not only in colors, but in other 
respects also, each one (with a single exception so far as I know*) hav- 
ing its own peculiarities of external form, so that were all identical in 
coloration they could even then be readily distinguished.. Attempts 
have been made to subdivide the genus, but all have proved unsatisfac- 
tory. There is, truly, a vast difference in size and form between the ro- 
bust, almost gigantic, T. magnirostris, and the little 7. aurantio-atrocris- 
tatus; but other species are variously intermediate, so that it seems best 
to consider the variations of form and size in this genus as of mere spe- 
cific importance. 


Conspectus Tyrannorum. 


A. White beneath, the chest shaded with pale grayish (very faint in T. magnirostris). 
a. Tail distinctly emarginate at end. Bill very large, much longer than tarsus (measur- 
ing from nostril to tip). Tail not sharply tipped with white (= Melittarchus, 

Cabanis, part). 

1. Wing, 5.20-5.30; tail, 4.00-4.25; bill, from nostril, 1.00-1.05, its depth at 
base .42-.46, width .60-.64; tarsus, .88; middle toe, .72. Grayish brown 
above, the head blackish snuff-brown. Hab.—Cuba; Bahamas. 

T. MAGNIROSTRIS. 

2. Wing, 4.70-4.75; tail, 3.85-4.20; bill, from nostril, .92-.95, its depth 
.34-.40, width .58-.60; tarsus, .70; middle toe, .58-.62. Plumbeous-gray 
above, the head similar. Hab.—Guiana, Trinidad, Isth. Panama (?), and 
messersAminlles 33s soe tye eee eee Serie eee rcs oss T. ROSTRATUS. 

3. Wing, 4.45-4.80; tail, 3.50-4.05; bill, from nostril, .75-.82, depth .30-.36, 
width .47-.55; tarsus, .70-.75; middle toe, .52-.60. Colors of rostratus, 
but somewhat lighter plumbeous above. Hab.—West Indies and adja- 
(CENT COMBS REE ase sonia cele eae eee eine aici 6! .c>= as T. DOMINICENSIS. 





t a 
*T. rostratus and T. dominicensis are alike in the details of structure. 


468 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


b. Tail slightly rounded. Bill small, much shorter than tarsus (measuring from nostril 


totip). Tail sharply tipped with white (=Tyrannus, as sometimes restricted), 


4, Wing, 4.45-4.75; tail, 3.40-3.75; bill, from nostril, .50-.57, depth .24-.27, 


width .37-.40; tarsus, .70-.78; middle toe, .55-.60. Dark plumbeous 
above, the head and tail black. Hab.—KEastern North America; south to 
PAMam as so Sis DOES eo See race ee eee T. CAROLINENSIS. 


B. Yellow beneath, grayish or whitish anteriorly. 
a. End of outer primaries more or less attenuated (= Laphyctes and Satellus, Reich- 


enbach, and Melittarchus, Cabanis, part). 


5. Bill excessively stout, all its outlines convex. Tail even or faintly emar- 


J 


1 


© 


10. 


at 


ginate. Wing, 5.00-5.50; tail, 4.00-4.50; bill, from nostril, .75-.81, 
breadth .55-.60, depth .38-,43; tarsus, .72-.78; middle toe, .63-.68. 
Above olivaceous-gray, the wings and tail browner, the head darker; 
crown-patch lemon-yellow; malar region, chin, and throat white, the 
jugulum faintly ashy ; rest of lower parts sulphur-yellow. Hab.—Mexico. 

T. CRASSIROSTRIS. 


». Tail decidedly emarginate. Wing, 4.25-4.85; tail, 3.70-4.50; bill, from 


nostril, .60-.77, breadth .40-.52, depth .24-.35; tarsus, .60-.80; middle 
toe, .56-.60. Head light ash-gray, lighter beneath, the throat sometimes 
quite white; back, ete., greenish gray; wings and tail dusky, with 
lighter edgings; lower parts, including breast, rich lemon- or gamboge- 
yellow, the breast tinged with olive. Hab.—The whole of Tropical 
America, except West Indies. ..25. 22. -2- 22.22. 222-0. MELANCHOLICUS. 


. Tail decidedly emarginate. Wing, 4.00; tail, 3.42; culmen, .60; middle 


toe, .50. Similar to melancholicus, but cheeks and throat pure white, the 
wing-edgings whitish green, instead of light cinereous. Hab.—Northern 
forest-recion of Brazil... 24 sconce eee eee T. ALBIGULARIS. 
Tail decidedly emarginate; wing, 4.00; tail, 3.65; culmen, .65; tarsus, 
.60; middle toe, .60. Above brown, washed with olive-gray, the back 
indistinctly spotted with darker. Head cinereous, the feathers of the 
bright yellow crown-patch tipped with black. Wings and tail brown, 
the remiges edged with whitish, the outer tail-feathers with rusty. 

Throat cinereous; breast and belly sulphur-yellow. Hab, ———? 
T. APOLITES. 


. Tail———? Wing, 4.10; tail, 3.10. Above cinereous, the back suffused 


with olive; crown-patch yellow; wings and tail black, edged with whit- 
ish; upper tail-coverts black, edged with olive. Beneath pale yellow, the 
throat and fore-neck pure white, the breast washed with gray. Hab.— 
Hevadoness hs sate ee eee eee Sess Sees T. NIVEIGULARIS. 
Tail even. Wing, 4.75-5.25; tail, 3.65-4.00; bill, from nostril, .50-.55, 
width ,35-.38, depth .25-.28;. tarsus, .68-.77; middle toe, .55-.58. Head, 
breast, and back cinereous, paler beneath, the chin nearly white, the back 


washed ‘with light olive-green.. Wings brownish dusky, indistinctly ~ 


edged with paler; upper tail-coverts and tail black, the outer pair of rec- 
trices with their outer webs white, in marked contrast. Abdomen, aial 
region, and crissum sulphur-yellow; lining of wing light grayish yellow. 
Crown-patch deep orange-red. Hab.—Western United States and Western 
MGXICO | csan sciek isle hiee pe San. Sate ee ee ee ee sce nine VIR RPC nS 
Tail even. Wing, 5.00-5.40; tail, 3.70-4.20; bill, from nostril, .55-.60, 
width .35-.45, depth .27; tarsus, .72-.78; middle toe, .55-.60. Head and 
jugulum deep cinereous, the chin whitish; back and breast olivaccous-gray, 
lighter beneath. Wings light brownish-gray, with paleredgings. Upper 
tail-coverts and tail black, the tip of the latter and the outer webs of the 
lateral rectrices pale grayish, sometimes nearly white. Abdomen, anal 
region, and crissum sulphur-yellow; lining of the wing sulphur-yellow. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 469 


Crown-patch deep orange-red. Hab.—Central America, Mexico, and South- 

western United States; northward along eastern base of Rocky Mount- 

ains as far as the 40th parallel; south to Costa Rica.....T. VOCIFERAXS. 
b. End of outer primaries not at all attenuated. 

12. Tail even, or very faintly emarginated. Wing, 4.15-4.25; tail, 3.25-3.20; 
bill, from nostril, .52, width .40, depth .28-.32; tarsus, .75-.20; middle 
toe, 65. Head dull cinereous, with an indistinct grayish-white streak 
above the auriculars. Crown-patch pure gamboge-yellow. Throat pure 
white centrally, streaked with ash-gray laterally and across the jugulum ; 
sides of breast deep olivaceous; rest of lower parts deep gamboge-yellow. 
Back, scapulars, and rump dull brownish olive-green; wings and tail 
dull brownish, scarcely edged with paler, except in young. Hab.—Guiana 
(GavenmecandsD emrerara) x « sacias S-ccecoae, cists oc woe oe eee T. LUGGERI. 

C. Mouse-gray beneath. 
13. Tail very slightly emarginated. Extreme end of outer primaries ab- 
ruptly attenuated. Wing, 3.50-4.00; tail, 3.10-3.30; bill, from nostril, .40, 
breadth .30, depth .20; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .42. Pileum black, with 
a concealed central patch of gamboge-yellow. Above, dull smoky slate- 
color, the secondaries narrowly edged with whitish. Lower surface uni- 
form mouse-gray. Hab.—Bolivia and Eastern Peru. 
T. AURANTIO-ATROCRISTATUS. 
1.—TYRANNUS MAGNIROSTRIS. 
Tyrannus magnirostris, D’ORB., in La Sagra’s Cuba, Ois., 1839, pl. 13 (Cuba).—BryYAnT, 

Pr. Boston Soc. IX, 1866, 66 (Inagua, Bahamas).—Scu. & Satv., Nom. yewtr, 

1873, 58 (Cuba). 

Melittarchus magnirostris, CABAN., J. f. O. 1855, 477; Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 80.— 

GUNDL., Report, 1865, 238. 

Tyrannus matutinus (part), VIEILL., Ene. Méth. 1823, 850. 
“ Muscicapa dictator, Licuy., in Mus, Berol.” (Caban. & Heine). 


Sp. Cu.—Wings, 5.25-5.30; tail, 4.00-4.25; bill, from nostril, 1.00-1.05, 
its depth .42-.46, width 60-645 tarsus, ‘88 ; middle toe, .72. Tail 
slightly emarginated. Five outer primaries attenuated at the end by 
the abrupt emargination of the inner webs. 

Above brownish-slate, becoming much darker (blackish sepia-brown 
or blackish slate) on ithe head, the wing-coverts and secondaries broadly 
bordered with grayish white, ihe rectrices and wing-coverts tipped with 
the same; primaries and rectrices brownish dusky, narrowly and indis- 
tinetly edged with grayish; concealed crown-patch bright orange-red 
(the feathers tipped with blackish), surrounded by white, the latter en- 
tirely concealed. Lower surface entirely white, the sides and breast 
washed with a faint (scarcely perceptible) ash-gray shade, the lining of 
the wings tinged with sulphur-yellow. 

The following specimens, in the collection of the National Museum, 
have been examined :— 











| | 
342 od ad. | Remedios, Cuba. 7 Dec., 1873 | iN. H. Bishop. 
Soe —— Ad. | Bahamas) 2soce--|eeeee oases) Or A. Bryant. 
554474] gad. | Cuba ...-......-. | LL GAM | Dr. J. Gundlach. 








470 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


2.—TYRANNUS ROSTRATUS. 
Tyrannus rostratus, SCL., Ibis, Jan., 1864, 87 (Trinidad ; Guiana).—TaYLor, Ibis, 1864, 
87 (Trinidad).—ScL. & SALy., P. Z. 8. 1864, 361 (Isth. Panama ?); Nom. Neottr.. 
1873, 58. —SEMPER, P. Z. 8. 1871, £72 (Sta. Lucia, W. I.); 1872, 651 (do. — ‘ Pip- 
perie”).—LAwRr., Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. I, 1878, 60 (Dominica), 191 (St. Vin- 
cent, common), 234 (Antigua, extremely abundant), 240 (Barbuda, common). 
“ Tyrannus magnirostris,” SCu., Catal. 1861, 263, No. 1449 (nee D’Orb.). 


Sp. Co.— Wings, 4.70-4.75 ; tail, 3.85-4.20; bill, from nostril, .92-.95 
depth at base .34—40, width .58-.60; tarsus, .70; middle toe, .58—.62 
Adult: Above uniform clear plumbeous, the auriculars darker (nearly 
black); feathers of the pileum with blackish shaft-streaks, and pure 
white at the base; a concealed patch of bright orange-red. Wings and 
tail blackish slate, the larger wing-coverts and secondaries edged with 
whitish gray; rectrices faintly paler along edges and at extreme tips. 
Lower parts white, shaded across the breast with pale ash-gray, the 
sides of the breast strongly of this color; lining of the wing white, the 
axillars (in some specimens) tinged with sulphur-yellow. 

Has.—Northern coast of South America and the Lesser Antilles. 

REMARKS.—This bird so closely resembles 7. dominicensis in color and 
form as to suggest the probability of its being a local race of that spe- 
cies. It is proper to state, however, that I have never seen an interme- 
diate specimen, though many of both species have been examined, and 
the slight difference in coloration (noted under the head of 7. domini- 
censis and in the synoptical table), as well as the quite marked difference 
in size, may be found entirely constant. 


3.—TYRANNUS DOMENICENSIS. 


Tyrannus dominicensis, Briss., Orn. II, 1760, 394, pl. 38, fig. 2.—Ricn., List, 1837,—.— 
GossE, Birds Jam. 1847, 169.—Bairp, B. N. Am. 1858, 172 (coast S. Carolina; 
Florida Keys; West Indies); Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 125.—NrwtTon, Ibis, 
1859, 146 (St. Croix, W. I.; biogr.).—Cass., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1860, 143 
(Cartagena, New Granada).—BRYANT, Pr. Boston Soc. 1866, 248 (Porto Rico). 
* —B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 315, 319, pl. 43, fig. 8 (Cuba, Jamaica, 
St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, Sombrero, and St. Batholomew, W. I.; Cartagena, 
New Granada; Greytown, Nicaragua; Florida Keys; coast of 8. Carolina; 
accidental in Massachusetts).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. II, No. 3, 1871, 
300 (St. Augustine, Florida; May, several). 
Lanius tyrannus, var. 8. dominicensis, GMEL., S. N. I, 1788, 203 (ex Buff. Pl. Enl. 
537). 
Melittarchus dominicensis, CABAN., J. f. O. 1855, 478 (Cuba); Mus. Hein. II, 182, 
80, footnote (Hayti and Cuba). 

Muscicapa dominicensis, AUD., Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 392, pl. 46; Birds Am. I, 1840, 201, 
pl. 55. 

Tyrannulus dominicensis, JARD., Contr. Orn. 1850, 67 (Bermudas). 

Tyran titiri, Burr., Pl. Enl. 537. 

Tyrannus griseus, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 76, pl. 46.—Swatns., Quart. Jour. 
Sci. XX, 1826, 276.—Gray, Gen. I, 1844, 247.—Bonap., Consp. I, 1850, 192.— 
Scu., Catal. 1861, 236, No. 1450 (Jamaica).—Marcu, P. A. N.S. 1863, 287 (do. )— 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 471 


TAYLOR, Ibis, 1864, 169 (Porto Rico).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII, 1854, 
99 (Sombrero); 1865,183 (Greytown, Nicaragua).—BRyYANT, Pr. Boston Soc. 
1866, 90 (St. Domingo). 

Tyrannus matutinus (part), VIEILL., Enc. Méth. 1823, 850.—D’ORB, in La Sagra’s Cuba, 
Ois. 1839, pl. 14.— Gray, Gen. I, 1844, 247. 

Tyrannus tiriri, TEMM., Tabl. Méth. 1886, 24. 

Gray Kingbird, Barry, 1. c., et Auct. 


Sp. Cu.—Wing, 4.45-4.80; tail, 5.50-4.05; bill, from nostril, .75-.82, 
depth at base .30-.56, width .47-.55; tarsus, .70-.75; middle toe, .52-.60. 
Adult: Similar to 7. rostratus, but lighter plumbeous above, and the 
lining of the wing decidedly yellow. Young: No colored patch on the 
crown; smaller wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices distinctly 
bordered with pale rusty; lining of wing deep sulphur-yellow, and 
crissum strongly tinged with the same. 

Hab.—West Indies and adjacent coasts of the continent from Florida 
to New Granada. Accidental as far north along the Atlantic coast of 
the United States as Massachusetts. 

“REMARKS.—The specimens in the National Museum Collection rep- 
resent very nearly the known distribution of the species. Specimens 
from Greytown, Nicaragua (40438, H. EK. Holland), and from Cartagena, 
New Grenada (17885, A. Schott), are quite indistinguishable from Antil- 
lean examples. 


4.—TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS. 


Muscicapa corona rubra, CATESB., Carol. I, 173148, 55, pl. 55. 

Tyrannus, Briss., Orn. II, 1760, 391. 

Lanius tyrannus, LINN., 8. N. I, 1758, No. 4; ed. 12, I, 1766, 1365 (ex Catesby, 1. ¢.).— 
Latu., Ind. Orn. I, 1790, 81. 

Muscicapa tyrannus, Wits., Am. Orn. I, 1808, 66, pl. 13, fig. 1.—Bonap., Synop. 

1828, 66.—NutTrT., Man. I, 1832, 265.—Aup., Orn. Biog. I, 1840, 453; V, 1842, 
420, pl. 79; Synop. 1839, 40; B. Am. I, 1827-’30, 204, pl. 56.—Giravp, B. Long I. 
I, 1844, 39. 

Gobe-morche de la Caroline, BuFF., Pl. Enl. 676. 

Lanius tyrannus, var. y. carolinensis, GMEL., S. N. I, 1788, 302 (ex Pl. Enl. 676). 

Tyrannus carolinensis, TEMM., Tabl. Méth. 1836, 24.—Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 171; 

Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 124.—CaBan. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 79.— 
Coor & SuckKL., Pacific R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860, 167 (Washington Terr. ).— 
HAYDEN, Rep. 1862, 157.—BLakistT., Ibis, 1862, 3 (Forks Saskatchewan and 
Saskatchewan Plains; breeds).—Lorp, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. 1864, 113 (Brit. 
Columbia).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. VIII, 1865, 183 (Greytown, Nicaragua) ; 
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 1876, 28 (Japana, Isth. Tehuantepec; May).— 
Cooper, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 311 (Western records; not in Calif. !)—STEPHENSON, 
Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, 463 (Colorado).—MERRIAM, ib. 1872, 689.— 
HOLDEN & AIKEN, Pr. Boston Soe. 1872, 205 (Colorado and Wyoming).— 
ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. IIT, 1872, 179 (Utah and Wyoming).—Covurs, 
Key, 1872, 169; Check List, 1873, No. 242; Birds N. W. 1874, 235.—Ripew.. 
Pr. Essex Inst. Nov. 1873, 184 (Colorado); ib. Jan. 1875, 17 (Truckee R., W. Ne- 
vada), 30 (Salt Lake City, Utah), 33 (Parley’s Park, Utah); Field and Forest, 
June, 1877, 208 (Colorado).—GENTRY, Pr. Phila. Ac. 1874, 103 (habits).—B. B. 
& R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 1874, 316, pl. 43, fig. 4. 

Muscicapa rex, BARTRAM, Fragments N. H. Penn. 1799, 18. 


472 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Tyrannus pipiri, VIEILL., Ois. Am. Sept. I, 1807, 73, pl. 44.—CaBan., J. f. O. 1835, 
478 (Cuba).—Sct., Catal. 1862, 236, No. 1451.—GUNDL., Repert. 1865, 239 
(Cuba).—Scu. & Satyv., P. Z. S. 1866, 189 (Nauta, R. Ucayali, E. Peru! *); 
1870, 837 (coast Honduras); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (‘‘Am. centr. et merid. ad 
Boliviam”).—CouEs, Proc. Phila. Acad. 1871, 26. 

Tyrannus intrepidus, VIEILL., Enc. Méth. III, 1828, 849; Gal. Ois. I, 1824, 214, pl. 183.— 
SwalIns., Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 368; Quart. Jour. XX, 1826, 274.—Sw. & Ricu., 
F. B. A. II, 1831, 137.—Bonap., Comp. List, 1838, 24.—Woopun., Sitgr. Rep. 
1853, 73.—Sct., P. Z. S. 1857, 232; 1858, 302 (Oaxaca); 1859, 383 (Oaxaca; 
March, February), 439 (‘‘whole of Mexico”).—Sci. & SALv., Ibis, 1859, 120 
(Guatemala).—Moore, ib. 55 (Honduras).—Sumicur., Mem. Bost. Soe. I, 
1869, 557 (Vera Cruz). 

Myiarchus inirepidus, BURM., Verz. Mus. Hal. p. 46. 

Muscicapa animosa, Licur., Verz. Doub]. 1823, 54. 

Tyrannus leucogaster, STEPHENS, Gen. Zool. XIII, ii, 1826, 132. 

Tyrannus vieillotii, Swarns., F. B. A. IL, 1881, 188 (based on Vieill., Gal. Ois. pl. 133). 

King Bird; Bee Bird; Bee Martin, VULG. 


Sp. CH.—Wing, 4.45-4.75; tail, 5.40-3.75; bill, from nostril, .50-.57, 
depth at base .24-—.27, width .37-.40; tarsus, .70-.78; middle toe, .55- 
60. Adult: Above black, becoming plumbeous on the back, scapu- 
lars, and rump; large wing-coverts and remiges edged with whitish; 
upper tail-coverts bordered with white, and tail broadly tipped with the 
same. Below pure white, strongly shaded with ash-gray across the jugu- 
lum. Middle of the crown with a concealed patch of bright orange-red. 
Young: Above dusky brownish slate, the wing-coverts bordered with 
pale fulvous, the remiges with dull whitish; upper tail-coverts bordered 
with pale rusty; tail tipped with pale fulvous, or brownish white. Be- 
neath as in the adult, but jugulum tinged with pale fulvous. No colored 
patch on vertex. 

Has.—Temperate North America, except parts of the Pacific and Mid- 
dle Provinces; Middle America, and Western South America to Bolivia; 
Cuba and Bahamas. 

tEMARKS.—No difference is perceptible, either in color or proportions, 
between specimens from Tropical America and those from the United 
States, although the former may, perhaps, average a trifle smaller. 
Western examples are likewise identical with Eastern. The species 
breeds at least as far south as the Isthmus of Panama, as is evident 
from young specimens, in first plumage, in the National Collection, from 
the line of the Panama Railroad. 


5.—TYRANNUS CRASSIROSTRIS. 


Tyrannus crassirostris, SWAINS., Quart. Journ. Sci. XX, 1826, 278; Philos. Mag. 1827, 
368.—SCL., Ibis, 1859, 439 (Mazatlan); Catal. 1861, 236, No. 1448 (Mazatlan, W. 
Mexico).—Scu. & SALy., Ibis, 1860, 399 (Escuintla).—Lawn., Bull. U. 8. Nat. 
Mus. No. 4, 1876, 28 (Chihuitan, Tehuantepec, and Los Cues, Oaxaca). 








*«“Tndistinguishable from North American specimens.” Said to have been seen by 
D’Orbigny as far South as Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia! 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 473 


Melittarchus crassirostris, CABAN., J. f. O. 1855, 478.—-CaBAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. 
‘II, 1859, 80, footnote (Mexico). 
Megarhynchus crassirostris, Finscu, Abh. Nat. Brem. 1870, 329 (Mazatlan). 
§Vuscicapa gnatho, Licut., in Mus. Berol.” (Caban. and Heine). 


Sp. Cu.—Length, about 9.50; extent, 15.50; wing, 5.00-5.50; tail, 4.00— 
4.50; bill, from nostril, .75-.81, depth at base .38-.43, width .53-.60. 
Tail even, or very slightly emarginated; two to three outer primaries 
slightly narrowed at ends, and the edge of the inner web faintly sinuated 
near the middle. Adult: Above, olivaceous-gray, the head darker, 
approaching sepia-brown, especially on the auriculars; wings and tail 
darker and more brownish than the back, all the feathers faintly edged 
with pale brownish. Malar region, chin, and throat pure white; jugu- 
lum pale ash-gray, tinged with ent yellowish olive laterally and pos- 
teriorly; rest of lower parts, including lining of wing, clear, rather 
pale sulphur-yellow. Crown with a concealed patch of clear lemon- 
yellow. Bill brownish black; feet deep black; iris brown. Young: 
Head ‘pale ash-gray, tinged with light brown, the lores and auriculars 
darker; no colored patch on crown; back similar to the head, but tinged 
with olive-green; wing-feathers distinctly bordered with yellowish white 
(tinged with pale rusty on the coverts); tail-feathers edged with pale 
yellowish fulvous, becoming more rusty around the terminal border of 
the feathers. Lower parts as in the adult, but the abdomen, ete., mixed 
with patches (new feathers) of bright lemon- or gamboge-yellow. 

HaBs.—Mexico, including both coasts; north to Orizaba and Mazatlan. 

REMARKS.—This very strongly marked species is decidedly the most 
robust member of the genus, although considerably inferior to 7. mag- 
nirostris in general bulk. The bill is peculiarly stout, being almost as 
deep as it is wide through the base, all its outlines being more decidedly 
convex than in any other species. 

Following is a list of specimens examined, with measurements : 





| | 








29401 | United States.| ~ ad. | Colima ......--.- | Jan. —, 1863} 5.50 | 4.50 | 78 | .60 | .38 | .78 . 68 
RPA |e oetitoe -aeeeoene Ola dea We Tauzoit lana Seeeee heart eee 5.25 | 4.00 | .78 | .54 | 40 | 72 | .65 
p76at |e dol lec oe Q ad. | Tehuantepec.--.| Dec. 1,1868) 5.00 | 4.20] .75 | .57 | .40 | .72 We 
EASES See) Soseeeeee — ad. |.--.do....:...-...| Nov. 24,1868|| 5.00 | 4:10.) .81 | .60.) .43 | .78 | .65 
GOOGOn een kdl e sa esae- OM Alp | haemo istsete cia clete tetas |ttegamraisicr oe natete sez) | Ae) Verse Su leeeten lien hon la Ge 
DAOUG Meee CO) cfeieel= mci: ¢o ad. | Mazatlan ..--..-.- josterr tse 5.45 | 4.35 “80 | 153 - 43 79 | .65 
Sone Bas eeee eres Gey ly. Orizaba .....---.| July 13, 1866 nese ese 228] 2256 Sep Fee 
| 








6.—TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS. 
a. melancholicus. 


Suiriri quazu, AZARA, Apunt. II, 1805, 152, No. 198. 

Tyrannus melancholicus, VIniILu., Nouv. Dict. Xxxv, 1819, 48 (ex Azara, l. c.); Enc. Méth. 
IT, 1823, 851.—D’Ors. & Larr., Mag. de Zool. 1837, 44.—D’ Orn., Voy. Ois. 
1839, 311.—BurmM., Th. Bras. I, 1856, 464; Reis. La Plata, II, 1861, 452.— 
Bairp, B. N. Am. 1858, 176 (part—not deser.).—Scu., Catal. 1862, 235, No. 
1443 (Brazil).—Scu. & SALy., P. Z. 8. 1868, 142 (Buenos Ayres);.Nom. Neotr. 
1873, 53 (part).— EULER, J. f. O. 1857, 227 (Brazil; descr. nesting, etc.).—PELZ., 
Orn. Bras. 1871, 117 (S. Brazil; numerous localities). 


474 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Laphyctes melancholicus, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Heine. II, 1859, 76 (Brazil; excl. 
syn. albogularis, Burm.). : 
Muscicapa despotes, Licut., Verz. Doubl. 1823, 55. 
Muscicapa furcata, Sprx, Av. Bras. II, 1825, 15, pl. 19. 
Tyrannus furcatus, Max., Beitr. ITI, 1831, 884. 
Tyrannus crudelis, SWAINS., Quart. Jour. XX, 1826, 275 (Brazil). 


B. couchi. 


Tyrannus couchi, BAIRD, B. N. Am. 1858, 175 (‘‘ Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande”); 
ed. 1860, pl. 49, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 128.—Sct., Ibis, 1859, 439 
(Orizaba) ; Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1445 (Mexico).—DREssER, Ibis, 1865, 472 (com- 
mon near Matamoras and Brownsville). 

Tyrannus melancholicus var. couchi, B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. IT, 1874, 329, pl. 43, 
fied 

Tyrannus melancholicus couchi, COUES & SENNETT, Bull. U. 8. Geol. & Geog. Surv. 
Terr. IV, No. 1, 1878, 31 (Hidalgo, Texas ; common). 

€ Tyrannus melancholicus,” SCL. & SALV., Lbis, 1859, 121 (Duefias, Guatemala; descr. eggs); 
(2) P. Z. 8. 1870, 837 (coast Honduras); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (part).—TAYLOR, 
Ibis, 1860, 113 (Honduras).—OwWEn, Ibis, 1861, 63 (San Geronimo, Guat. ; descr. 
nest).—Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. Y. IX, 1869, 204 (Yucatan).—Sc.u., P. Z. 8S. 1870, 
439 (Cordova, Jalapa, and Oaxaca, Mexico; Guatemala). 

Tyrannus satrapa” (part), SCL., Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1444 (specs. ex Vera Paz and Ori- 
zaba). 

Couch’s Flycatcher, BAIRD, 1. ¢. 

y- satrapa. 


“Tyrannus melancholicus,’ Tscuupi, Wiegm. Archiv, 1844, 12 (?); Faun. Per. Aves, 
1844-46, 131 (?).—CaBAN., in Schomb. Guiana, ITT, 1848, 700.—Scz., P. Z. 8. 1855, 
150 (Bogota); 1856, 141 (David, Chiriqui); 1858, 70, 457; 1859, 55; 1860, 92 
(. Ecuador); 281 (Babahoyo, Ecuador); 1867, 342 (Lima, Peru),—Bairp, 
B.N. Am. 1858, 176 (part; specs. described from “ Vera Cruz” and Panama).— 
Sci. & SALY., P. Z. 8S. 1864, 360 (Isth. Panama); 1867, 279 (Mosquito coast), 578 
(Para), 751 (Huallaga R., E. Peru); 1869, 189 (Nauta, Peru), 598, (Conispata, 
Pern); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (part).—Cass., Pr. Philad. Ac. 1860, 143, (New 
Granada).—Lawr., Ann. Lyc. N. Y. VII, 1861, 295 (Panama); IX, 1869, 237 
(Puna I., W. Ecuador).—Tay Lor, Ibis, 1864, 87 (Trinidad; Venezuela).—SatL- 
vin, P. Z. 8. 1870, 199 (Veragua).—FInscu, ib. 572 (Trinidad).—WyatTT, Ibis, 
1871, 334 (New Granada, up to 7,000 feet; iris brown). 

Laphyctes satrapa, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, Oct. 15, 1859, 77 (Guiana; Caracas; 
ex “ Muscicapa satrapa, Licht., in Mus. Berol.”).—CaBan., J. f. O. 1861, 251. 

Tyrannus satrapa, SCu., Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1444 (part; specs. ex Tobago and Sta. 

Marta and Bogota, New Granada).—Scu. & SALY., P. Z. 8. 1854, 360 (Isth. Pa- 
nama). 

© Tyrannus verticalis,” LYOT., Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 213 (nee Say). 


Sp. Cu.—Tail more or less decidedly emarginate (depth of the fork 
.20-.85 of an inch); five outer primaries more or less narrowed at the 
ends by the emargination of the inner web (nearly obsolete in some 
females and in the young). Wing, 4.25-4.85; tail, 3.70-4.50; bill, from 
nostril, .60-.77, width .40-.52, depth .24-.35; tarsus, .60-.80; middle 
toe, .50-.60.* Head cinereous, the auriculars perceptibly darker, the 
malar region, chin, and throat paler (whitish in more northern specimens). 
Back, secapulars, and sides of the breast greenish cinereous, the green 








* Forty-eight adults measured! 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 475 


tinge more decided on the breast from the invasion of the yellow of the 
abdomen. Wings and tail dusky, with lighter edgings. Lower parts 
(posterior to the breast) rich lemon-yellow. Billand feet black. Adult: 
Crown with a central concealed patch of bright orange-red; wing-edg- 
ings light cinereous, sometimes (more especially in northern examples) 
tinged with pale yellow. Female smaller than the male, the colored 
patch on the crown more restricted, the tail less deeply emarginate, the 
primaries less conspicuously narrowed atends. Young: Crown without 
colored central patch; wing-edgings pale rusty on all the coverts; upper 
tail-coverts and rectrices likewise bordered with rusty. 

Han.—The entire Neotropical Region, excepting the West Indian 
islands; north to Texas (Lower Rio Grande Valley) and Mazatlan; south 
to Buenos Ayres and Peru. 

REMARKS.—In all examples of this species from the South Brazilian 
Region (embracing, besides Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and 
Buenos Ayres), the colors are considerably darker than in any from 
more northern localities, the throat being decidedly cinereous, and the 
back a quite dark olivaceous gray. This series also averages consider- 
ably larger in size, and has the tail more deeply forked. Specimens 
from northern South America (Amazonian and Columbian districts) 
show decidedly lighter throats, but are otherwise scarcely different, ex- 
cept in their usually smaller size. To the northward, the tendency to 
gradually lighter colors inereases in direct ratio with the latitude, cul- 
mninating with the northern limit to the range of the species, in Northern 
Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Taking examples from 
the latter region, and comparing them with those from the extreme 
southern range of the species (Buenos Ayres and contiguous provinces), 
the difference is quite obvious, although still not conspicuous, even on 
comparison; but the points given by Professor Baird, in “ Birds of North 
America,” for distinguishing his 7. couchi (the northern form) from true 
melancholicus, are found to hold good. The ample series at hand, how- 
ever, embracing more than fifty specimens, from every part of the known 
range of the species, proves beyond question the gradual transition 
between the extremes, in intermediate localities. 

The specimens from northern South America having been named. 
satrapa by Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein. H, p. 77), this name may be 
used to characterize an intermediate form showing a tendency in a 
nearly equal degree toward the distinctive character of both melan- 
cholicus and couchi. It may be observed that while examples of sa- 
trapa agree best with the northern form in the whiteness of the throat, 
and with the southern one in the dark shade of the wings and tail, they 
are, as a rule, much brighter yellow beneath than either. Costa Rican 
specimens agree more nearly with true satrapa than with Mexican exam- 
ples (cowehi). 

A rather more than ordinary amount of individual variation in this 
species is shown by the very careful measurements of a large series. 


476 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


This variation extends to all parts of the external anatomy, and is by 
no means equally correlated, as specimens having the wing or tail of 
average length, or even unusually lengthened, may have the bill or the 
tarsus unusually small, and vice versa. The tarsus, in forty-eight speci- 
mens, varies from .60 to .80 of an inch,—a variation amounting to nearly 
one-third of the mean length. The bifurcation of the end of the tail varies 
even more remarkably, the depth of the fork ranging from .20 to .85 of 
an inch in specimens having the feathers of this member fully developed 
and otherwise normal ! 

In the series under examination there are a few specimens more or 
less noticeable on account of deviations from the usual coloration in one 
respect or another. No. 16710, from the Amazon (Lieut. Herndon), has 
the crown-patch clear yellow instead of orange-red, while the wings are 
almost devoid of the usual light edgings. The plumage, however, of this 
specimen is much abraded. Specimen No. 39900, from the headwaters 
of the Huallaga River, Eastern Peru (W. 8. Church), is one of the 
darkest in the entire series. It agrees almost exactly in colors with 
No. 55701 from Conchitas, Buenos Ayres; but the sides of the breast are 
dark greenish slate, quite as dark as the color of the back, in very 
marked contrast to the much paler yellowish olive of the central portion 
of the breast. No. 37956, from Merida, Yucatan, an adult male, has the 
orange-red crown-patch surrounded by a strong suffusion of olive green, 
like the color of the back. A very highly colored specimen from Costa 
Riea (No. 33392, J. Carmiol) has the two longer lower tail-coverts chiefly 
dusky, with wide borders of pale yellow. 

Autumnal specimens of couchi have the conspicuous paler edgings to 
the wing-feathers strongly suffused with sulphur-yellow, and the back 
more decidedly green than in summer examples. The single young 
example of this Northern race (No. 58849, 6, Tehuantepec, June, 1869; 
Prof. Sumichrast) differs conspicuously from four individuals of the 
same age from Bahia, and one from Costa Rica (the latter being exactly 
like the former), in the borders of the wing-coverts being pale sulphur- 
yellowish instead of light cinnamon-rusty, and in the more creamy yellow 
of the lower parts. It is perhaps doubtful, however, whether other 
examples from Mexico would not agree more closely with Southern 
ones. ; 

The dimensions vary in this species not only with the individual, but 
also to a very considerable extent with the locality. Thus, dividing the 
large series before me into groups representing the several zo0o-geograph- 
ical provinces into which Tropical America is divisible, and taking the 
average of the several measurements of each, the following is found to 
be the result: 





. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 477 


-—te———— 


I 




















| ck me ohese es 

| 2 = = eieMNes o | "a 

= | aia | Sate b= s HD S | a 

Zoo-ceoeraphical j mete | ae) eral ee as Se 

oo-geographical province. bere Up Open eA as a | © = 

| Se : Se | Se | Ss unless 4 

lee a re Seaimae, 4 | x H 

° i 3S mm iS S 3 S 5 

| 4 Pee eet INE ese ed ei et 

| 

Brazilians ee = agers eee eiais sabes ce obec | 7 | 4.61 | 4.09 71 47 30 | Siena DD . 69 
Amazonian (including Guiana) ......-.-.---. | 5 | 4.48 | 3.97 67 45 31 AOE 308 |. 6 OL 
Columbian (including Western Ecuador) . - - -| 14 | 4.47 4.03 68 AGH line 2Salae GO 58 | . 61 
Cen traleA Men CAN ae Se ne sas ee aaa 6 | 4.67 | 4.08 65 AOU eon aes = D4 In 200 
Mexican (including Guatemalaand Honduras).| . 15 | 4.60 | 4.04 68 43 | vol Son mao! 42 








The result would of course be somewhat changed with a different 
proportion of specimens representing the several regions; but in any 
case it would probably be shown, that the general dimensions increase 
in proportion to the distance of the locality from the equator, and that 
the tail is most deeply emarginated in the most southern examples, 
becoming gradually less forked toward the northward. 


7.—TYRANNUS ALBIGULARIS. 


Tyrannus albogularis, BuRM., Th. Bras. IT, 1856, 465 (northern forest-district of Brazil).— 
Prwz., Orn. Bras. 1871, 117 (Goiaz, Cuyaba, Matogrosso, and 8. Vicente). 
Tyrannus albigularis, FINscu, P. Z. S. 1870, 572, in text sub ZY. melancholicus 
(eritical).—Scu. & Satv., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53. 
* Muscicapa albigula, NATTERER, Catal. Msc.” (Pelzeln). 


Sp. Cu.— Head gray; middle of the crown fire-red; back green; 
throat white; breast and belly yellow; wings and tail more brownish, 
the feathers with lighter edges. 

“A little smaller than the preceding species [7. melancholicus], more 
slender and of more graceful form, the beak especially. Crown, as far 
as the eye, and nape light whitish gray, rictal region (‘‘Ziigelgegend ”) 
and upper half.of the ear-coverts blackish, the cheeks and the lower half 
of the ear-coverts as well as the throat, pure white. Back and lesser 
wing-coverts (““Achselfedern”) olive-green, the upper tail-coverts brown- 
ish. Wings and tail-feathers grayish brown, the first narrowly edged 
with whitish green, the latter with rust-yellow, particularly towards the 
base; the inner edge of the wing of the same color, but broader, wanting 
on the tail-feathers. Only the three first primaries attenuated and emar- 
ginated, but the tip (““Absatz”) much shorter and blunter [than in 7. me- 
lancholicus|. Breast, belly, thighs and anal region lemon-yellow; there 
is no gray shade on the breast, but the yellow color with greenish tint 
extends here as far as the neck. Beak and legs blackish brown, iris 
brown; the beak on the whole smaller, considerably shorter, with a dis- 
tinct though blunt ridge and moderately convex; .... the toes longer. 

“Total length 8”, culmen 7’, wings 4”, tail in the middle 3”, along 
the outer feather 3” 4”, commissure 8’, middle toe without claw 6’. 

‘The species inhabits the northern forest-region of Brazil, near Bahia, 
and Pernambueco; it entirely resembles the preceding in its habits and 


478 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


also much in its appearance, so much that it certainly has been con- 
founded with it by most authors.” 

REMARKS.—Never having seen a specimen referable to this species, 
I follow Messrs. Sclater and Salvin in recognizing it as distinet from 
T. melancholicus, without knowing, however, their grounds for doing so. 
In his remarks upon 7. melancholicus, in the “‘ Proceedings” of the Zo- 
ological Society of London for 1870, p. 572, Dr. Finsch alludes to 7. 
albigularis, as follows: 

“In contradiction to the views of Dr. Cabanis, I agree with von Pelzeln 
in considering 7. albigularis, Burm. (Bras. ii, p. 465), to be specifically 
distinct from 7. melancholicus. A specimen from Brazil in the Bremen 
Museum shows the chin and throat decidedly white; whereas these parts 
in 7. melancholicus are whitish gray. Four specimens from Northern 
Brazil (Ceara) all show this latter character.” 

Unfortunately, the other distinctive characters of Burmeister’s species 
are not alluded to. That mentioned by Dr. Finsch, 7. e., the whiteness 
of the throat, seems of little account, since, according to the specimens 
which I have seen from that region, it is customary for 7. melancholicus 
from northern South America to have the throat nearly, if not quite, 
white. The only characters given in Burmeister’s description which 
appear really distinctive are the smaller size and the whitish green 
instead of pale grayish edgings to the wing-feathers. It is, therefore, 
solely upon the presumption that Messrs. Sclater and Salvin and Dr. 
Finsch have good reason for considering the species distinct from me- 
lancholicus that I so here consider it. 


8.—TYRANNUS APOLITES. 
Laphyctes apolites, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, Oct. 15, 1859, 77 (hab. incog.). 


Sp. Cu.—‘Supra plumis dorsalibus fuscis, late olivascente-griseo- 
limbatis, itaque dorso quasi obsolete maculato; capite cinereo, pilei 
plumis basi splendide luteis, apice nigris, loris striaque postoculari 
nigrescentibus; alis caudaque fuscis, remigibus primariis minime, 
secundariis teetricibusque alaribus alboscente-, rectricibus extus an- 
guste rufescente-marginatis, tectricibus caudz superioribus fuscis latius 
rufescente-limbatis; subtus gula cinerascente, pectore abdomineque sul- 
phurescentibus, illo densissime cinerascente adsperso; rostro nigro; 
pedibus fuscis.—Long. tot. 7 6”, al. 4”, caud. 3” 8’, rostr. culm. 8’, 
tars. 7, dig. med. exc. ung. 6/",” 

REMARKS.—Although this supposed species is not recognized by 
Messrs. Selater and Salvin in their Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium, 
it would seem from the description above quoted, and the remarks which 
follow (of which a literal translation is given), to be very distinct from 
any other species of the genus. The black encirclement of the yolk- 
yellow crown, the spotted back, and several other characters mentioned, 
certainly cannot be reconciled in any other known species, 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 479 


“A quite typical Laphyctes, with strongly forked tail and the character- 
istie tapering to the points of the five outer primaries; smaller than L. 
melancholicus and L. satrapa, hence the smallest known species of the 
genus. Distinguished by the weaker and shorter beak, the dark encir- 
clement of the vivid yolk-yellow crown, the darker back, appearing pe- 
culiarly spotted, and the lighter sulphur-yellow color of the under parts. 
Unfortunately, the only specimen which has reached us is without any 
indication of its habitat.” 


9,—TYRANNUS NIVEIGULARIS. 


Tyrannus niveigularis, SCu., P. Z. 8. May 22, 1860, 281 (Babahoyo, Ecuador; Mus. P. 
L. §.—‘“‘Irides hazel; bill, legs, and feet black”); Catal. 1861, 237, No. 1452 
(Babahoyo). 


Sp, Cu.— Supra cinereus, dorso olivaceo perfuso, capitis crista interne 
flava ; loris et regione auriculari nigricante-cinereis : alis nigris, primariis 
stricte, secundartis et tectricibus late albido limbatis: cauda nigra unicolore, 
rectricum apicibus et parum externarum marginibus externis viv albicanti- 
bus: caude tectricibus superioribus nigris, olivaceo termi natis: subtus pal- 
lide flavus, gutture et collo antico pure albis, hujus lateribus et pectore 
summo cinerco vix lavatis : rostro et pedibus nigris. 

“ Long. tota 7.0, alee 4.1, caudie 3.1. 

“ Hab. In rep. Equator. 

“Mus. P. L. 8. | 

‘One ex. “Irides hazel: bill and legs black.” 

“A species of true Tyrannus, looking to its general structure and acu- 
minated primaries, distinguishable by its small size, pure white throat 
and neck, and black tail. The primaries of the single specimen are not 
tully developed; but the three first are somewhat obtusely acuminated, 
quite as much as in T. melancholicus.” 

REMARKS.—From the description above quoted, this species would 
appear to resemble somewhat the T. verticalis of North America; but 
whether such are its real afiinities, its describer does not explain. 
The description does not state whether the tail is even, emarginated, or 
rounded,—quite an important question in this connection. 


10.—TYRANNUS VERTICALIS. 


Tyrannus verticalis, SAY, Long’s Exp. IH, 1823, 60.—NvtTT., Man. IT, 1840, 360.—Bonap., 
Comp. List, 1888, 35; Consp. I, 1850, 192.—Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 175; 
Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 126.—HEERM., Pacific R. R. Rep. ROT SD OS vil toe 
Coop. & SUCKL., ib. XII, ii, 1860, 168.—ScL., Catal. 1862, 235, No. 1447.— 
HaypeEn, Rep. 1862, 157.—Lonrp, Pr. Roy. Art. Inst. IV, 1864, 118 (Brit. 
Columbia).—BRYANT, Pr. Boston Soc. X, 1865, 96 (Plympton, Maine).— 
Cours, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1866, 59 (Arizona); Key, 1872, 170; Check List, 
1873, No. 244; B. N. W. 1874, 236.—CooreEr, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 312.—STEVEN- 
son, Rep. U. 8. Geol. Sury. Terr. 1870, 463 (Colorado).—MERRIAM, ib. 1872, 


480 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


690.—ALLEN, Bull. M. C. Z. 1872, 179 (Kansas, ete.).— AIKEN, Pr. Boston Soc. 
1872, 205.—ScL. & Saty., Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53.—SNow, B. Kans, 1873, 3 
(abundant in E. Kansas!).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. IL, 1874, 324, pl. 43, 
fig. 2.—Jouy, Field and Forest, April, 1877, 178 (District Columbia ; 1 spec. ).— 
Ripew., ib. June, 1877, 208 (Colorado). 

Muscicapa verticalis, BoNaP., Am. Orn, I, 1825, 18, pl. 2, fig. 2; Synop. 1828, 67.— 
Nutr., Man. I, 1832, 273.—Aup., Ont Biog. IV, 1838, 422, pl. 359; Synop. 
1839, 39; B. Am. I, 1840, 199, pi. 54. 

Laphyctes verticalis, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. II, 1859, 77, footnote. 


Sp. Cu.—Wing, 4.75-5.25 ; tail, 3.65-4.00; bill, from nostril, .50-.55, 
depth at base .25-.28, width .35-.38; tarsus, .68-.77; middle toe .55-.58. 
Adult: Head, neck, and back bluish ash-gray, paler beneath, the chin and 
upper part of the throat being nearly white; lores and damoaine darker; 
back and breast tinged with olive-green, lighter beneath. Wings dusky, 
the feathers edged with slate-gray, these edgings broader and lighter on 
the secondaries. Upper tail-coverts and tail deep black, the outer webs 
of the lateral pair of rectrices yellowish white, in sharp contrast. Lower 
parts, posterior to the breast, deep sulphur-yellow, paler on the crissum; 
the lining of the wing strongly tinged with olive-gray. Crown with a 
concealed patch of bright orange-red or vermilion. Young: Head above 
and back light brownish-gray, the latterstrongly tinged with olive-green ; 
superciliary region paler than the crown, in quite marked contrast with 
the dusky-gray auriculars and lores. Chin, throat, and malar region 
white, gradually passing into pale brownish gray on the jugulum, the 
breast similar, but tinged with pale olivaceous ; remaining lower parts 
pale creamy ighar yellow. Tail as in the adult; wings dusky, as in 
the adult, but the feathers widely edged with pale yellowish gray. No 
colored patch on the crown. 

Han.—The Western Province of North America, straggling occa- 
sionally entirely across the Eastern Province; Western Mexico, south to 
Isthmus of Tehuantepec* and Colima.t 


11.—TYRANNUS VOCIFERANS. 


Tyrannus vociferans, SWAINS., Quart. Jour, XX, 1826, 273 (Mexico); Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 
368.—BairD, B, N. Am. 1458, 174; Mex, Sie Sury. II, 1859, pt. ii, 8, pl. 
10; Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 127.—Sci., P. Z. S. 1859, 383 (Oaxaca; Feb.) ; Ibis, 
1859, 439 (Oaxaca ; Guatemala); C Gata 1862, 235, No. 1446 (Los Nogales, Sono- 
ra); P. Z. 8S. 1864, 176 (City of Mexico).—Scu. & SALY., Ibis, 1859, 120 (Vera Paz, 
Guatemala); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 53 (Mexico and Coser. —-COUuES, Pr. Philad. 
Ac. 1866, 59 (Arizona); Key, 1872, 170; Check List, 1873, No. 245; B.N. W. 
1874, 258.—Cooprr, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 314 (Southern Cal.; breeding north to 
Sta. Cruz; wintering north to Los Angeles).—AIk&EN, Pr. Boston Soe. 1872, 205 
(S. E. Wyoming).—MrrriaM, Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, 690.—Sumicur., 
Mem. Boston Soc. I, 1869, 557 (Vera Cruz).—B. B. & R., Hist. N. Am. B. II, 
1874, ay pl. 48, fig. 5—Ripew., Bull. Essex Inst. Nov. 1873, 184 order 





250,00 0, @ ad. ae Tehuantepec, April 29, 1869; I. Sumichrast. 
735,054, ¢ nae Plains of Colima, October, 1853; J. Xantus. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 481 


Field and Forest, June, 1877, 208 (do. ).—STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7, 
1877, 12 (St. Tomas Bay, Pacific side, Lower California). 
Laphyctes vociferans, CABAN. & HEINE, Mus. Hein. I, 1859, 77 (Mexico). 
Tyrannus cassini, LAwR., Ann. Lye. N. Y. June 3, 1850, 39, pl. 3, fig. 2 (Texas). 
“¢ Muscicapa satelles, Licu’., in Mus. Berol.” (Caban. § Heine). 


Sp. Cu.—Wing, 5.00-5.40; tail, 3.70-4.20; bill, from nostril, .55-.60, 
depth at base .27, width 35-45; tarsus, .72-.78; middle toe, .55-.60. 
Tail even. Adult: Head and neck deep plumbeous, somewhat lighter 
beneath, where passing somewhat abruptly into white on the chin; back, 
scapulars, and breast grayish olive-green, lighter beneath; remaining 
lower parts sulphur-yellow, the crissum and lining of the wings paler. 
Wings light brownish gray, the feathers quite distinctly bordered with 
grayish white. Upper tail-coverts and tail black, the latter faintly tipped 
with light brownish gray, the outer web of the lateral pair of rectrices 
more or less widely edged with the same. Crown with a concealed patch 
of bright orange-red. Bill and feet black; iris brown. Young: Head, 
neck, back, and breast dull grayish slate, paler on the jugulum, the 
chin and upper part of the throat whitish, the back tinged with brown; 
lores and auriculars darker. Wing-coverts bordered with light fulvous 
or rusty buff. Abdomen, ete., pale creamy sulphur-yeilow. No colored 
patch on the crown. 

HAB.—Mexico and Guatemala, extending into the southern part of 
the Western Province of the United States; along the eastern base of 
the Rocky Mountains, north to about 41°; along the coast of California, 
to about 37°; south to Costa Rica. 

REMARKS.—Many localities in Mexico (both coasts and interior), 
Guatemala, and Costa Rica, are represented by specimens in the collee- 
tion of the National Museum. 


12.—TYRANNUS LUGGERI. 


Tyrannus luggeri, Ripaw. MS. 

Sp. Cu.— Wing, 4.15-4.25; tail, 2.25-2.30; bill, from nostril, .52, width 
at base .40, depth, .28-.32; tarsus, .75-.80; middle toe, .65. Tail very 
slightly emarginate. Ends of primaries not at all attenuated! Above, 
greenish olive, the wings and tail dusky brownish, the head dark cine- 
reous, with an indistinet grayish streak above the auriculars. Throat 
pure white, streaked with ash-gray laterally and across the jugulum. 
Sides of breast deep olivaceous; remaining lower parts, including lining 
of the wing, bright gamboge-yellow. Bill and feet blackish. Adult: 
Crown with a large concealed patch of bright gamboge-yellow. Wings 
and tail very faintly edged with lighter brown. Young: Crown-patch 
much restricted (nearly obsolete). All the wing-feathers (coverts and 
remiges) and rectrices distinctly bordered with light rusty. 

HAB.—Guiana (Cayenne, Demerara. Mus. G. N. L. & R. R.). 

REMARKS.—With a closer resemblance to 7. melancholicus than to 

Proce. Nat, Mus, 73——31 May 22, i879. 





482 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


any other of the species of this genus with which I have been able 
to compare it, Tyrannus luggeri is, nevertheless, so very distinct as not 
to need any special comparison. In size and general form it corresponds 
almost exactly with TY. carolinensis, while the bill is much more like 
that of the latter species in size and shape than that of any of the 
yellow-bellied group. The totally different coloration, however, allies it 
more closely to the group represented by JT. melancholicus, while the 
broad-tipped primaries constitute a feature entirely unique in this genus. 

Although it seems rather strange that a new species of this genus 
should be found in a district so well explored ornithologically as the 
habitat of the present bird, I have nevertheless been unable to find a 
description at all applicable to it. 


13.—TYRANNUS AURANTIO-ATROCRISTATUS. 


Tyrannus -aurantio-atrocristatus, LAFR. & D’ORB., Mag. de Zool. 1887, 45 (Bolivia).— 
D’Ors., Voy. Ois. 1839, 312 (Corrientes, Paraguay; Valle Grande, Bolivia).— 
Burm., Reise La Plata, II, 1861, 453.—ScL. & Satv., P. Z. 8. 1866, 190 (Ucay- 
ali, E. Peru); Nom. Neotr., 1873, 53.—Hupson, P. Z. S. 1870,.113 (Buenos 
Ayres, rare; Entre Rios). 

Tyrannus yncea, Licut., Nomencl. 1854, 16 (Brazil; Guiana). 

Tyrannus inca, SCL., P. Z. S. Nov. 26, 1861, 383 (Bolivia; Mus. P. L. 8S. et Berol. ; 

ex ‘Licht. in Mus. Berol.”); Catal. 1861, 237, No. 1453 (Bolivia).—PrELZ., Orn. 
Bras. 1871, 118 (Goiaz, Rio Vermelho, Serrado, and Cuyaba). 

? Tyrannus auriflamma, BuRM., J. f.O. July, 1860, 246 (Mendoza). 


Sp. Cu.—Wing, 3.50-4.00; tail, 3.10-3.30; Dill, from nostril, .40, 
width at base .30, depth .20; tarsus, .60; middle toe, .42. Tail even, or 
(apparently) very slightly emarginated. Extreme end of outer primary 
attenuated.* Above dull smoky slate, the wings and tail with narrow 
paler edgings. Below mouse-gray, becoming paler and (in young at | 
least) somewhat tinged with pale sulphur-yellow posteriorly. Bill and 
feet blackish. Adult: Entire pileum black, with a central concealed 
patch of clear lemon-yellow. Young: Pileum smoky brownish slate, 
like the back. . 

Has.—Bolivia (Lafr. & D’Orb.); Paraguay (D’Orb.); Buenos Ayres 
(Hudson); Brazil (Pelzeln); Pebas, Peru (Mus. Vassar College). 

REMARKS.—This very strongly marked species is so very different 
from the other Tyranni in both coloration and the details of external 
form as to suggest strong doubts of its being properly referable to 
this genus at all. It surely presents a very great contrast to 7. mag- 
nirostris. There are, however, such variations of form among the spe- 


*Dr. Sclater, in his description of Tyrannus inca (l.¢.), says that ‘the external pri- 
maries are acununated towards the points, the first three being also deeply emarginated 
0-4 inch from their extremities.” This is very different from the shape of the quills in 
the single specimen I have been able to examine (an immature female, belonging to the 
Museum of Vassar College), in which all the quills except the first are very broad at 
the ends, the first only being emarginated and attenuated at the tip. This discrepancy 
may, however, be owing to difference of sex or age. 





PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 483 


cies usually assigned to this genus, as here restricted, that a further 
subdivision would necessitate a considerable number of generic groups— 
almost one for every species—so that, upon the whole, it may be better 
to leave this species in the genus Tyrannus, and consider it as repre- 
senting the opposite extreme of size and form from 7. magnirostris. 
The above diagnosis is drawn up partly from Dr. Sclater’s description 
of the adult as cited, and in part from an immature female in the 
Museum of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., collected at Pebas, 
Ii. Peru, by the late Professor Orton. | 


Il.— Descriptions of New Races. 


1.—LICHENOPS PERSPICILLATUS, 8. ANDINUS. 


Lichenops perspicillatus, 3. andinus, RipGw. MS. 

CH.—NSimnilar to L. perspicillatus (a. perspicillatus), but having the white 
on the primaries restricted to that portion of the quills beyond the sinua- 
tion of the outer webs.—Hab. Western South America, from Chili to 
New Granada. 

An examination of the series of Lichenops in the collection of the 
National Museum reveals a very marked and constant difference between 
specimens from Buenos Ayres, Brazil, and Paraguay on the one hand, 
and those from western South America on the other. In the former, 
of which there are nine adult males before me, representing the above- 
named localities, the white patch on the primaries extends anteriorly to 
the end of the primary-coverts, almost the whole extent of the outer 
webs of the seven exterior quills being of this color, while the shafts 
are in some specimens pure white throughout; the latter, however; is by 
no means usually the case, but, on the contrary, decidedly exceptional. 
In the Chilian examples, of which there are three adult males, the black 
at the base of the primaries, which in the Eastern form is wholly con- 
cealed by the overlying primary-coverts, extends as far as the sinuation 
of the edge of the quills, the white being thus restricted to only a little 
more than half the length of the quills from the ends of the coverts. 
Only six, instead of seven, of the quills have white on the outer webs; 
the shafts are black throughout, while the black on the inner web is 
increased in proportion with that on the outer. 

A careful measurement of the whole series gives the following result : 


Eastern specimens. 

Wing, 3.45-3.65 ; tail, 2.45-2.70; tarsus, 1.05-1.12. 
Western specimens. 

Wing, 3.60-3.80; tail, 2.55-2.70; tarsus, 1.05-1.15.* 


T am not able to discover any tangible differences between the females 
of the two races beyond the larger size of the Chilian examples, the 





*The mimimum is represented by the specimen from Bogota, except in regard to the 
tarsus, which is shortest in a Chilian example. 


484 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


measurements of the two series comparing as follows, there being three 
specimens of each in the collection: 


Eastern specimens 
Wing, 3.10-3.35; tail, 2.55; tarsus, 1.05-1.10. 
Chilian examples 
Wing, 3.20-3.25; tail, 2.50-2.70; tarsus, 1.08-1.12. 
Following is the principal synonymy of the species: | 
LICHENOPS PERSPICILLATUS. 
a. perspicillatus. 


Le Clignot, ow Traquet a lunette, Burr., Hist. Nat. Ois. V, 1806, 234. 
Spectacle Warbler, LATH., Synop. I, 2, 1784, 452, No. 50. 
Motacilla perspicillata, GMEL., S. N. I, 1788, 952 (quotes Buff. & Lath., Il. ce.). 
Sylvia perspicillata, LAtTH., Ind. Orn. II, 1790, 524. 
(nanthe perspicillata, VIEILL., Nouy. Dict. XXI, 1818, 433 (Paraguay). 
Ada perspicillata, D’ORB., Voy. Ois. 1839, 339 (Bolivia). 
Lichenops perspicillata, DARWIN, Zool. Beag. III, 1841, 51, 52, pl. 9 (La Plata),— 
Bownap., Consp. I, 1850, 194 (part; La Plata).—Caban. & Hrrnr, Mus. Hein. 
II, 1859, 47 (Brazil).—Scu., Catal. 1862, 203, No. 1239 (S. Brazil; Bolivia).— 
Scr. & Saty., P. Z. 8. 1858, 141 (Buneos Ayres).—Hupson, P. Z. 8. 1869, 432 
(do.).—STERNBERG, J. f. O. 1869, 262 (do.).—DuRNF., Ibis, 1878, 60 (do. ; deser. 
nest and eggs). 
Fluvicola perspicillata, D’OrB. & Larr., Mag. de Zool. 1837, 58.—Hartu., Ind. 
Azara, 1847, 12, 15. 
Suiriri chorreado, AZARA, Apunt. III, 1805, 453, No. 182. 
Muscicapa nigricans, VIEILL., Nouv. Dict. XXI, 1818, 454 (Paraguay; ex Vieill., l. c.); 
Enc. Méth. 1823, 828. 
Elainea nigricans, GRAY, Gen. I, 1849, 251. 
Perspicilla leucoptera, SWAINSON, Jardine’s Nat. Libr. X, Flycatchers, 1838, 106, pl. 9 
(quotes ‘‘Azara, ITI, 453”). 
Lichenops erythroptera, GOULD, Zool. Beag. III, 1841, 51, 52, pl. 9 (banks of the Plata ; 
quotes ‘‘ Swainson’s Nat. Libr. X, p. 106”). © 
Ada commersoni, Lrss., Traité, I, 1831, 383 (—g ad.; Paraguay). 


B. andinus. 


“Tichenops perspicillatus,” AucT. (ex Chili). 
2.—DACNIS PULCHERRIMA, £. AUREINUCHA. 


Dacnis pulcherrima, B. aureinucha, RripGw. MS. 

Cu.—Wing, 2.55; tail, 1.60; bill, from nostril, .43; tarsus, .60; mid- 
die toe, .50. Similar to D. pulcherrima, but bill much longer and less 
conical; the nuchal crescent deep golden orange, instead of straw-yellow; 
the chin and throat dull gray, instead of deep black. 

Head (except underneath), anterior portion and sides of back, scapu- 
lars, and upper tail-coverts deep velvety black; wing-coverts dark 
ultramarine blue; remiges and. rectrices black, edged with dark blue ; 
inner webs of two outer rectrices with a large terminal patch of white. 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 485 


Middle of the back (longitudinally), whole rump, and entire lower parts 
pale grayish buff, the abdomen and crissum whitish, the jugulum clearer 
buff, and the rump decidedly “ opalescent.” Chin and throat dull gray. 
Nape crossed by a large crescentic patch of deep golden orange, alto- 
gether different in color from the jugulum. 

The bill of this race is so very different in form from that of typical ° 
D. pulcherrima, and more especially from that of the other Dacni, as to 
almost refer it to another genus. 

The type-specimen is from Ecuador, and was received from Mr. Ber- 
nardo Thiel, through my friend Mr. José C. Zeledon, of Costa Rica. 

The differences between this species and its nearest relative, D. pul- 
cherrima, may be more precisely expressed as follows: 

a, PULCHERRIMA.—Nape bright straw-yellow, not conspicuously different from the 
color of the jugulum; throat deep black, abruptly contrasted with the butf of the 
jugulum. Jill moderately elongated, measuring, from the nostril, .30-.37, along the 
culmen, .45-50. Wing,-2.60-2.75; tail, 1.65-1.80.—Hab., New Granada to Eastern 
Perus : 

8, AUREINUCHA.—Nape deep golden orange, totally different in color from the jugu- 
lum; throat dull grayish, not abruptly contrasted with the color of the jugulum. 
Bill much elongated, measuring, from the nostril, .43, along the culmen, .70. Wing, 
2.55; tail, 1.60.—Hab., Ecuador, 


3.—PARUS RUFESCENS, 6. NEGLECTUS. 
Parus rufescens, 3. neglectus, RipGw. MS. 


Ch.—Sinilar to typical rufescens, but sides grayish, only slightly 
tinged with rusty, instead of wholly bright chestnut-rufous, or rust-red. 

HAb.—Coast of California. 

All of the many Californian specimens of this species which have 
come under my notice agree in the above characters, by which they 
may be readily distinguished from more northern examples. The 
typical race extends at least as far south as the Columbia [iver, 
Mr. Henshaw having the past summer obtained it along that stream in 
Northern Oregon. The specimens which he secured show no approach 
to the Californian form, being quite indistinguishable from Sitkan ex- 
amples. So far as I have been able to discover, the difference, so far as 
coloration is concerned, consists solely in that indicated above—the 
entire sides in true rufescens being bright rust-red, or chestnut-rufous, 
quite as uniform and continuous as that of the back, but lighter. The 
bill is also decidedly more slender. 





*Five specimens measured. The principal synonymy of the typical race is as follows: 
DACNIS PULCHERRIMA, a. PULCHERRIMA, 
Dacnis pulcherrima, Scu., Rev. et Mag. Zool. Oct. 1853, 479 (New Granada); P. Z. S. 
1854, 252 (do.); 1855, 84, 137; Catal. 1861, 51, No. 315, pl. 8 (New Granada); 
Ibis, 1868, 316 (Bogota; monographic).—Cass., Pr. Philad. Acad. 1864, 270.— 
Sci. & Satv., Nom. Neotr., 1273, 16, No. 9 (Columbia).—Bovuc., Cat. Ay. 1876, 
239, No. 7430. 
Nemosia torquata, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Brux, XXII, 1855, 155. 


486 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The principal synonymy of each of the two forms of this species is 
as follows: 


PARUS RUFESCENS. 


a. rufescens. 


Parus rufescens, TOWNS., Jour. Philad. Acad. 1837, 190 (Columbia River).—Aup., Orn. 
Biog. IV, 1838, 371, pl. 353; Synop. 1839, 80; B. Am. II, 1841, 158, pl. 129.— 
Barrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 394 (part); Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 295; Review, 1864, 
33 (part).—Coor. & SUCKL., Pacific R. R. Rep. XII, ii, 1860, 194 (Washington 
Terr. ).—Scu., Catal. 1861, 14, No. 86 (Ft. Steilacoom).—DaLt & BANNIST., 
Tr. Chicago Acad. I, 1869, 280 (Sitka).—Cooprer, Am. Nat. 1869, 75 (Mon- 
tana); Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 47 (part).—CovEs, Key, 1872, 81 (part); Check List, 


1873, No. 34; B. N. W. 1874, 22 (part). 


Pecile rufescens, BoNaApP., Consp. I, 1850, 230. 


Parus ‘‘sitchensis, Kirry.” (Gray, Hand-l. I, p. 232). 


B. neglectus. 


‘Parus rufescens,” GAMB., Pr. Philad. Acad. 1847, 155 (Monterey, Cal.; abundant).— 
Heerom., Jour. Philad. Acad. II, 1852, 364 (near San Francisco, June); Pacific 
R. R. Rep. X, 1859, pt. vi, 42 (California).—Cass., Illustr. B. Cal. Tex. ete. 
1853, 18 (part).—Batrp, B. N. Am. 1858, 394 (part; specs. from California); 
Review, 1864, 83 (part)—Coorrer, Orn. Cal. I, 1870, 47 (part).—Brewst., 


Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Jan. 1878, 20 (descr. young). 


A GENERAL CATALOGUE OF THE BIRDS NOTED FROM THE IS- 


LANDS OF THIE LESSER ANTILLES VISITED BY MR. 


FRED. A. 


OBER; WITH A TABLE SHOWING THEIR DISTRIBUTION, AND 
THOSE FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES. 


By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. 



































a 

3S So asa = 

alalzi¢/2/8lels 

Birds of the Lesser Antilles. eS se oy ce Ne ese es 

r B/em|S)/8)/2/e214)] 28 

ei\Sl(elalBiF 181s 

ala e So S 43 - a 

Ald |/oO/AlAlH O/B 

| 

19) Rordus Diorirostris, Laws 2 so4.-.ocreeer == «aes = amie ne J aelsoselcmarl eck eaelusts . 

oO ."PurdusiCaribbrmeus, Laiwiiseocess l= 6s eceeee bests monseecseaaeene rs A EE ee See es ee 

US 8s Fn erate sare tape pm = mre el in let ee Bef ae eee tae eer eee 
4) Marearops herminieri (Latr.)) <= .- 2 ee. seme ee eee abien= = == edz ee) Se TSR Sen] =e 
5 | Margarops densirostris (Vielll.) ..--...--.--------- 2 =~... - |. ae Sa oE | sce Sleeee| omens 

6 | Marearops montanus (Vieill)! = 2-255. <2 8 os2- eee e nae eoee[----] +] ee] te] + a 
7 | Ramphocinclus brachyurus (Vieill.) ..-.-.........------.----- eel oot ale eeele cect elas Reel 

§ | Gimelocerthia ruficauda, ‘Gould... 2. --cacs.- sc -eee ee ce e ede ees + j.---] + ~Socl seri ote leet 

9) | Cinclocerthia subturalis, Tair 2o- so. 225 oe arene meen ete ote Aaa ees mal ere 
LoMMaimnos cilvus, VIewle. >) sce. cceseseciceeemceeaaceeae see eee ee Bees atee ae lec at ene Srey econ paee 
Hie wivaadestes senibarbis, Sw--sc- -.-- sce eos ee eee see ance Se cctos epee |) Sete | te. ape were parr 

12 }|-Miviadestes sipilans, Juawr .. 225-2562 Seeeee = ot epee eee ee eee cee Weel ode eene les cclae ac] ite | Ceeal ee 
13.4. hryothorus rafescens, ALAWT).2.\2.= cost scene eoneekeepeeceines ee woee]----] | + =f ariel stele te 
14) Dhryothorns! musicus; Lawes. - 2s. as-steccecr emcee e-ss- anes Pea eee e wae ae 5 2 | <n al eta eed See 
15 |°Chryothorus grenadensis, Lawi=.22--2 25.262 -- ce ccccemccew cs See lemse [aes e| = © | 22 ce] eeeeeeta Pea 
1G); Lhryothornsmartinicensis, oGls.-- eee s-a- eee eee cee 21530) Se See eed ea ste He Sel Ss 

17. Sinras mys, (Bodd.)*: J... esc swaseee aoc eee eete teeeeeene ane se | ete | ee asl oh see ee 

13 ASLUPUS Mopacila. (Viel) 2 oe eae eee ewe ree ace eee eens reset bes ale pepe [espe Sc) Feppene (Sh  fest 

19} |*Dendroecavirens(Gin:)'>. 22.266 «een oes Pee ee eee peeled seq’ oleae le colle al| Cate 
20 | DHendoeca plumbea Lawn. -..262 528.5. poceesgdaepe son ene eee Reet se cet tery! ee oe el cic aoe 
21 | Dendreeca petechia var. ruficapilla (Gm.)...-..---------------- See ate |S a eA os ie tee pee ed eme 
22 | Dendreeca petechia var. melanoptera, Lawr ..-..---------.-+-.- Sate eae | bee nae ea) eee eaters 
230. DendreecarutignlamBaind 5... oct 5s foacenn = see cceeem = Saeeeee Beles lose Gallet sek Peake loess 
24° \ eucopeza bishop wuawer..<----..os..- cose e tee ee cee ne seneees Pages sca[aceals Soe eee |e stall ee mal eee 

25 | Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) -.--.-.-----..-222.--2-0sece-- scenes ----} +] eit) te} 4a ee] t+ 
26 Vireosylvia calidris (Linn.) ----- own wig Gt ae eiacnlai te eee alert ae oe te fre eethe Doral leeia at cinrell See wien tne 
27 | Vireosylvia calidris var. dominicana, Lawr ..-...-....---.----. ee Seep een ee teeeren ee ee (eres 


ee ee Oe 


PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 487 


A Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles, §-c.—Continued. 
























































1 Eee 
lel e/2ig| 18 
Peiliatrie (ooh SS ail 2 
Birds of the Lesser Antilles. Ey) a | aie laisig 
Lele Sle l ele 1a ls 
a|jAls ° ha] | ares a A 
ales /alala 1o |p 
Progne dominicensis (Gm.) ...-.----------------+0------------ Mefe clei asi hte t al ate atea tS HS Bare 
Hirundo horreorum, Barton. .......---------------+----------- Veerlecoslicteleeectactes ete cheelSnets 
i@erthiolardominicansa, Taylors s-s2=-2-cecn= = sans 2 -eceomnenes= + sf Peta ese tees | oases 
@erthiolasaccharina, awit): <2 22 25.-- 2. -m\e\cee seep ene cic nn = wiSsiclc kl eae bates eos EEE a 2ee 
Cerntoiolaaoratastcawite see ceceese asec eael cise anise iateiel ini wos | Sete Soe sparse ete me | ete | tava lictenete 
Cernthiolamartinicana,uReleh pee cos sean enn c cress acco ea == nae lls creSlaate eee a letots Kaa Se, Ne age 
Hophoniaflavitrons (Sparni.)- 222. - ~~ 25 ssa eeeuiee oes ee Se re a ean aa a 
@alliste versicolor; Lawn -.-.---..-2.2 2-222. -- 22 -.e00005----- se Soe aciecen oa etre AEE ete 
Saltator guadeloupensis, Lafr......---..----.22-2.-2..-------- Sacha eee uD ete hve tatolle ler, | bee css epee | are 
Hoxisilla noetis!(iman.): =2----c2s---+<-c6 +t) aept i] atta |e | + fee. 
Phonipara bicolor (Linn.) -....22..-.-... +l+i]+}+y+ i+] +ie-- 
Quiscalus luminosus, Lawr See pelts Aol erat ste |e esl El tae eae 
Quiscalus inflexirostris, Sw rofeiel| as Sate | lone] vatedell ote all Soeceisll eecterellleemtare 
Quiscalus guadeloupensis, Lawr .---.-..-------.-------------- Sess (Maes WiKts Samat sone [eeerlract cates 
PELCLEES IO MAN aU NI) setts ee pie alanis = Sars alsiots = aintmleletaleiaim ate. ata Es relia cell errea| tty [eis 0] Ge ee eee 
Madness angaT Gay (eT) pee sete = teins ace im = alnieie = lae\aiey sim el=i='= sadebsccelefy fete tba lect) [itp Pocs 
Migarchirs OD awn: smecnee ssi chicle os anole se einlaimie s cisiniei= icine apo [is Sie latcresal|' ten llores lt cei ibis lees 
Vinge useselaherl wlrci vlan iso ot selqci eis csiniss <le'e sistsals@=iei=ieemimiais ae [etree lspacisle ete lesion | eeeeell eee aleniae 
Blacicus brunneicapillus, Lawr...--..-..-.---------+---------- Be rela eee lots yat lle lates leetars| asses | eet 
Py PEM Ne rOSURAwHS MCh. ay sone eco eats a= alee p ei sicinaie == c= +] + f----) +] +] +) + ee 
Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieill......-.-.-- Go eee eee eles ciate sd letepe eee etre ate ie teecitaate | eae 
Glancisshirsatms) (Galle) saeccee eas cosas seine eesisaieini-e c= imiseare= Ee pals wml stelecietieweleeetetcste lisee 
Ewlampis jugularis (Linn.)-........-.---- Sasa [Peace Mest an teat Ui ectaa l tang eno] 
Eulampis holosericeus (Linn.) .---.--- telctsly cle Natal Sha etal oie aes 
ohana a waelent. (GUesss leita aloes e/sielaisie ete Cima ia le jen e< cal ae Gre terse dieil Metta jadi Sonate tell Bt ote 
Orthorhy nehus exilis (Gaim ene ere eetcicle siete eects eine rate eye aioraiers +) +] +) +) + |----]----]--- 
Orthorhynchus ornatus; Gould: 222.0. 9o lb .n tos -2 sls Bie sai PSE ec canal ete alates 
Orthorhynchus cristatus (Hann) os ee ee aba soe sae Eee Re eles oe |enerl Laeelpeten ete 
Chietura een yawn ae ie Se cts oe eee cameo cere eee ale yale eral ieee o | Berar peters 
Cheetura sp. ? eee ee eee a alamo cect easel ee eer emis cier| ++ |----]--- 
Che taransps ys has seetss cee eceeset en acene wap riasetine em bien Suse ae ceacleee= 2 5 oll heeds | a 
Syyilhtspy WM Meee ee ceee coe sec tecieoe melee acieeuaae acca s Sera betel foi arene Ba eee 
Cypseloidesimig er: (Gate) eee ae eto woe sees ae ee eae eee heal 2a seletas| foo clea 2 alte 2 ze 
Melanerpes Pherminieri (Less.) Retin soe ee teeta aero ee pera pects | orotate eee | estan et 
Ceryle aleyom (Linn.) -..-..2..-25. ceeef Be He LHe 4a +e ee 
Ceryle torquata (Gian os ee ee cia ee | tel acre Meat es cla | cera lar 
Woeeyazus minor (Gain) oo ste. se eee septs a tiee eee aelseeecls +/+ty+!i4+ i+] ++ 
Crotophaga THIN MOAT Saree ees. « wc cinic siete manele Saou ors hei ye eater Niger [A Set en ate ener 
Chrysotis augusta (NaC) Pee SE ae See etna te tet ie a Re aa RE NS b ets | CN Osl ae caatecle 4 
Chrysotis § guildinz (Vig.) Sol ata See RS eae CON Ra ae Sree ae see era Be Ame aoc sees Stan else | arate 
PATO GES Psst eer he eee eno e late te eo cle eee ae en mre Raat cial ren ete 4 Se cee aes 
Strix flammea var: nigrescens, Lawr--..----2-----.+-.s------- Sal eer late) =F + ! + |..-- 
Speotytolamanra, Jhaiwire aA os ae ace ewmaceetese secs eee. ere O | Cee bee dll ae Nie Re izes 
Randionsmaliaetus: (aimee ne eee eee eemine Seer ees aceeniee Sek Waatern eee hes erates eaten lhe ste 
‘Buteo pennsylvaniiensi(Wils:)i oe sos ose oo eeiessue eee eeene ces Se | eatow | erect siete fereeie fen | petal =f 
Wribiiimeaanthracinan(Natzsehs)/ta-ce soeeisececsteine sales Sees ce | aclselle cine|etsic dletncclelets ieee | ees 
Hal corcommnunis:var: anatumy, Bpetess scsseere seasetees a aice Ses dee oa sel ene lace sloeee lets. 
Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum (Gm )iesee--saceleseee +/+) + {++ i----) + |---- 
BEA tea g wlan (han) oe cna erat ee este cre aac ans cieceeins + [+t fe---; +) 4+) 4+ ])4+]4+ 
Bhethonetherens) (lint) Mosces seseoneeecens sone ere ee selec Bee |eere lo ateta | eeeere er ass teeter lee || scorer 
Pie thonshavanToOstris Bian dass pee ecules eae co elate ates stale ee ieee ee eran rater emt repeal (miele, =|) ot 
Relecaniis fUSeus (Muir) esses o semetineaeterees wae reese +} pf bl ey eee yt 
Sulla ber (ins) ies see ee re ee es ee eee One als ones pee NEF ces ey cee erate [areharel Bea eiees linet she 
PATMea Ih eng ids. (insists es Pees Nek oe lame en acee more ee hes lets Campo feral) =F te 
Herodias egretta (Gm.)? Be Gece afk et ean: mean) ie Uae Na owt aN aI 2 ee ps | Saree mole chete ct nee ot 
Garzetta candidissimay(Gm:) scence cae cor bean ene cece es cemewe cee Satta ere (estan ere ste fucks ia 
eBtoridaccern| Gan(nint.) co caste eeu athe, eee re eee seem ce sear TS (Petey | Re a [rte tt 
Butonidlessyvinescens (Lasin:)\secescces oneness ee ceeee eee eeeeee: t+l+i+tyt]+}4+)4+)]+ 
MNinctiardea-violaceai(linn.)|- = cose. cns-e cepeek os nae enna ecece Bere eee ar yon (ete (relat (aera atau |e 
elatalenyayas (inns) 6c. sccecceeeesceeee s ats estas erodes eaters lleieiate |lovwimis(icten | dete 
| Dafila bahamensis (Linn.)........-...-.---- | eee ete tay oat teeters [foie alia,= =a] 's arele| minted 
Clangula glaucion (Linn.)..-..-..------.----+ Ate we I ee Ste eee mien eee sho. faa yo 
@olaubucorensis Gin. 1... 06s se nooo ee eS ae nese) EN Patoh |e epa| =fo note eens 
Columba leucocephala, Linn. ..-...---------------------------- ave eet ope ese aecare:| cies | cece etre Id 
ACTA UEMARUNTI CATIA, VIB }). so 212 os jane serine eeenen cee cens ee niaae ey eae ee ey se pecs 
Chamepeliapasseriia (inn). s2sccneseeeeo meee epee eae steps ee Pee a ey es 
Geom comanontae) (Linn.)!- 050+ 2seececcmes ss cnmecienmebeneee Beeaieeeelese=[- loe | ee ea 
Geotryconamystaces)(Lemim.) 0220 soot ease eee eee ue ee meee Lows seejece|esecpseee 
PeNinnichunrelecvonmiss (arin) \- 05.20% conse uel nea ane Gem aeeneinanS $f |e---|---2[-- ef ee eben eejegeede nee 
Ortyx virginianus (Linn.) SiS ast sth re aie Sire eter te ee ee Ee | sas 2 eee era=ln| oe ts 
Rallweerepitanss (Gunes 2s l= 2-2 lessee seen eee yess eRe area eres | oe eleeee[eeee|eeee] ob 
ROTATION Beer aw ee oe LOS GS seperate tea sere Bo ta taatc hee te Senter 
Porphyrio martinicus (Linn.) ..------ ail, {ere es ee. 
Gallinula galeata (Licht.) ...-------.- Bo |eae=| te oo -[2--1 cf | at 
EEUU fe Re alone Coane eee oa + | + jeeee[-- eee oleae: | sapere 
SC Nataroladely ChiGay CLINN,)) jo<nn o's 2 cs oon eco cleimcecineisicnuaee cn Teese eae sletereis tetera Vawee! fo: Noce ell =f 


A88 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


A Catalogue of the Birds noted from the Islands of the Lesser Antilles, §c.—Continued. 









































| | ea | oi 
ls | 5 | 43 = 
cd edad ey ot = 
Birds of the Lesser Antilles. < = tale 3 
2 eae He | — “> = o 
a\eleielale| ela 
cs i = a] 5 
Al4ajSlAlAaAla);sje 
Caos ie Piss, ae ae ik Owe ole, “ake aulipene. 
| ' 
104.5) Charadrius yirginicus: "Borkh 222022 ses nene anne eet seneee eee ar et sehen 
105) -An gialitis semipalmata(Bp.)"==-ese ase a2 snemee ee ae ee nena Se. one) Se Neo eae a he gel at 
LOG) fotrepsilasinterpres) (linn) cose. staece se acee abe eee eae eee eee etl aot -| + fee- | + 
107. | Himantopus micricollis: (Views) 2252 8se-2 22822 s eee ee Se ead ea ee Seri oa eto 
103)|Gallinaco-wilsenn (Temm.) 2-225 bes oe tees Peer eee eee ene He Nate Mle oe haat satel asoaeeee este 
1095 |) Drines mmifella.sVieill yess ssthonc oeeee eee ee rete een en eee Sie im winia| eerie tetera ee le ha ee ae 
10.0) |||. Ermea maculata) (Vieill:)\es32-2e se Fels Se See Ree seececeee SE eel Seles clare toa eee eats 
Li || Caldrisiarexiana, (isinn:) e- / 2csssh Geeta ress Ak eeeee seer see ae HSS. CSR OSES an Ne | ee nak 
L12:|-Brennctestpetrificatus (Ml) 52 22st Sse ceates cee eee ee Eee se ara el ere reese te Nel 
113 | Symphemia semipalmata (Gm.) --...--..-. 2222 .----5-----ns- == + 1+ |---+|-n2s fee eal eer 
114 )\"Gambettailavipes: (Gm>)\s----seaseceeet ese + tein sccheseescoemes Se eel toe cl eee etc t t= U ee beae 
115) || \Gambetta melanoleuca:(Gmm.) Sse te teceeectes ec cee cece eee cee wees ost We ole aell satel Salley | iets 
AIG Rhyacophilus solitarius: (Wis) 2: oes ease eee eee eee +/+it+ LS ee eeE Sees 
177) “Trineoides macolanrizs (iin): 2c: eee eee eee oe a cid|s eos] wena] y steulleestoutl esteallsts hese 
118 ))| Numeniuslonairestris (\Wils.)i-2 -= = cs be nee. ceca ck ene ear oP atte c ceee ol esse eee etoal Hee 
119))| Numeninsihudsonieus (Laths) 22.2 ektek eee et ote eee. ee Sele Se ie aE oe | vaste yah ae [a 
120") Anous:stohiduag (inns) icte ce 522 chke ete eee ee eee ae DS obo RR eth SS a 
#217) Sterna minima ssodd.t. 2 25 OES Eee eh eee eee eee se eee bccn tein art oil foi nee 
122, aehernaGdonralla: Mont. SsscccsccuMces tacee eens comer emer eens weed | tee ema eet ote eee tea er 
123 Sterna antilloram (ess?) k-0.255 2 -Geeseett Sere. chee eee nee eee Ska ass -| JES alse aolioeete + 
1244 Sterna faligimosa(Gmi.) casccee bene cees oe ore: tae eee ee | ee eee ane sel eet 
129 \\ Stem ansestheta; Scop.) -.222¢2-0- .neses ses = oe eecien ce aa ~ see oe weal ayaa Sesto k al ea eal era ees + 
126" vLannsatricilladsinn tess clc ee pee em en ener sees eee cee ee +/+] |----l- | +l + 
127 3) Absbrelatar? $8), boas peak e ek Le ee ne ee eee ee oe vese[eeee[eee-| at Wa of Seemed ghee: Se 
128, Podilymbus;podiceps (Giinn:) 3.222252 5-222- co tee cece se cmce eee SA eee | pete staan ie aces +)+!)4+ 
1 { 


The separate catalogues comprised in the above general one are all 
published in the “‘ Proceedings of the United States National Museum,” 
Washington, Volume J, that of the Birds of Dominica occupying pp. 
46-69; that of St. Vincent, pp. 155-198 ; those of Antigua and Barbuda, 
pp. 232-242; that of Grenada, pp. 265-278 ; that of Martinique, pp. 349- 
360; that of Guadeloupe, pp. 449-462. 

NEw York, March 20, 1879. 





Page. 
Apranchiatay - astaasewescsss=sscte ste aeseete 334 
Atcanthochitonyn: sescnce sete oes eae ceete 288, 299 
Acanthochitonavicula -.::--.22..s22-Ni-c8 299, 344 
Acanthochiton fascicularis ........---- 285, 287, 299 
Acanthochiton spiculosus ..-..-.-.-------- 299, 344 
Atcanthocypium peor. sheces ce ssecae sos eeee 5 
Me nnthoidea), so--3- acess sateen Lee. ee 302, 333 
NcanthopleuLayss assesses o- ee 298, 329, 333 
Acanthopleura scabra...-......::52+:----- 333 
Acanthopleura spinigera ....--.-.----.--:- 298, 344 
Acanthurus migricans..- sacs ess ose sce se 246 
ARE CIPILER COO PERL sa cageaee cet Coe eae cn ey ese 154, 435 
Accipiter fuscus ...------ Sate Meee SS 154, 391, 435 
IMCMARUS eos sciso neues SOLES ae Shiet cee eS 368, 370 
Achings\linestus cer toss. 5 eS 368 
Metals VANE 25s aea nee ao sttatwaseers & 28 
IRGIPCHSCL ss aseantoss ote ae eee ee 386 
INEIPENSCTION esoke ot Yas iets eee eee cee 386 
Womisegdienetn eacock =k Boece wre 285, 306, 336, 338, 342 
NGmeeajasml sz - casas chek se ee Set eee 47 
Acmea (Collisella?) apicina -........-....-. 341 
Acmea (Collisella) pelta.......-..-.-.-..--. 338 
Acmea (Collisella) peramabilis............. 341 
Acmea (Collisella) persona........-..-...-. 339 
Acmea (Collisella) sybaritica -...-......... 341 
Acmea (Collisella) testudinalis............- 339 
Acmea (Collisella?) triangularis .....-..... 341 
"Acinee aN SOSS8i+ 52 ~~ 22 eee eee ee eee 12, 29, 337 
Aemmadnstabilis: 2.222 scot ess bi Stele se 335, 337 
Aemea mammillata..<-- 2-22-24 525..82 20283 337 
Acmma mitra ..2255.228-2-2- 12, 29, 336, 337, 341, 342 
Meme pamela. i o28 222.2 5c5l Neh seaee es 340 
Aemeeaupelital sci: s 35252525552 eee see ee 338 
Acmea pelta var. nacelloides..........-...- 338 
wAvemseaiperamabilisicies. 2522 -s2se = sete ateee 341 
Mem@eanpersonar.- 62 hnss a2oce ase eee oe ee 47, 339 
eMemeaere Dolly: sesso se hae ao ste tee econ ees 337 
MEIN PASCAL 2222.52. 5s A Sseesee Ae ene 47 
Acmea (scabra var.?) Mérchii............-- 47 
Atom wasy PaEIbICa.=5 5545. 55% 5 Sass se oe tece = 341 
AteMiceck VACATED Seas Sas Seve eee ace 338, 341 
MEmMBIde eaten ssh s 25 23 Mele Sosteeeeee 33 
SPA CM OMS paste seas so ane be Fas oa cio Sates cee 87 
Acnemisimodipesiss..0 2. 22 sc2--eesoecue es 89 
Acrochilusialutacens- 22.25.22). 2222-2. 69, 83 
Actiturus*harpramiugs)?:---.-5.-.--2 20.502 161 
AdaiCOMMeETSONIN saeees- Sooo = 2a ese eee. 484 
ACen PELspicillatigese ssa Ih. c— <i oak ceo eee 484 
eXG ams; SMPCSSTSmEeGspA eos foe 299, 300 
/bchmophorus clarkit-.2-.2.--...---...-.- 449 
4£chmophorus occidentalis ............----- 448 
JEchmoptila albifrons )....22.2.2..6.22..2.. 158 
Als eonichthyinw! seseee) see. ole oss BS 227, 228, 230 





Page. 
AreoOnichthySas--s-seesee cone eieeseeies 227, 228, 230 
Aigeonichthys appellii.............--...-.- 228 
AP PIalibis MONtANA ssl teessis-cce~-s 25-4506 440 
eal tS) NLVOSLs «= ase saaeessen eae e see eee 395 
Higialitis semipalmata ......-- 197, 241, 395, 461, 488 
Aipialitis VoCiweral so2= + ssece tees 160, 391, 440 
AMcalitS wilSOMl@ssccsse eee sn se nosso 160 
PHO MIS inaAnlate ns Hee acee sae eee See See 395 
MANTECH UY Spain sare ate ate ainis amines a oe mies aes a 385 
Malarichthiys Marinus. cee ss-s)) cen cleanin 385 
AlsaloureolomMbArwUss so... one se ee 391, 484 
PASLEe lata ssh op) laeie «sare ha aie tees 488 
EMELO DOTS Facto te Mee ocean Cena eee 386 
AClLODAIS MARMAR 5 los. css aim om ames a 386 
INOASSIZAPTOb 22 as ste eee eae 69, 81, 82, 83 
Mireles phoeniceuse = tess- = eee 130, 133, 420 
Ageleus pheeniceus, Bp. gubernator.......-. 420 
A gelzeus tricolor.....--.--- Seen eee 421 
Ah-ke-ah; alias Pah-o-ka:..........--------- 213 
PAVE COS ee eerte monte wis cle oles ais elejam alesse iainieiaaa 205 
PAIS PONSA ee arate Se cin ete la eleralalaie = icles eee 446 
Alaska, Limpets and Chitons from........-. 281 
Alaska’ Inycodes from 0. o2-\-- 2. ese oman 463 
Alaska. Monluske from: a2 cecic <0 se'acisin'ee al 
PATON Pee ema eee maces aeleiieratiace eh teiciae 423 
BAU DW ee eee tetera ate ore iat erates oe lon el 384 
Albulaiconorhynchus-= -- 25.22. e-s.e2--ei= 384 
Jilly neseeshaad ase csasecna case sasssdae 384 
PAM We me ae seen sales oleate eee asd 
AT CEMINIGIS 6 om eetaracteccie were 62, 193, 272, 357, 432, 457 
HANCCAO) ACK OM rie cas Seminate ss ein iain ee 450 
PNICCCOTOLG UALR cas coe neiaielelc/seleeisien latina 450 
DANG GUTS peer aeatic oe icianiciset sf-laltainiinclae alain 376 
PAN CGUDISICIANUGIES a ciae era since oe) alata raarsinteileminte 376 
JN Giri RIEU RVoosinsines ebone apeuccoesaaee 2 
PAU BOTT reAN Elsen dan an acetals emeniseenes 58 
Aleuacil de Moscas ............-.---22....- 138 
Men OLA SAD shcccalcecacecs tesco e 264, 265 
Allovericore (Albicore?)........-..--..-.--- 376 
IMTOS Rises. eae ase ame aacec eb ccs ose 385 
Alosa pectinata .........- eee see ancien 30 
SAV OSA: SUPICISSIMANS etre patecteset aicastoes = /=.<2 5, 385 
Alpheus, Clicking sounds of...........-.-.- 7 
PAG Oras fe celeiames siete recicc soe = -ceaene 367 
Alnteraaurantiaca -—-. 2.6.8. e een 367 
PAUteraCUSpICANOa meee -cleae cies w <--> <n o= sce 367 
OUVONGIUS CLASSUA eee eccieccsle= 2s eseeincs 368 
Always Sitting Down in a Bad Place ...-.--- 205 
Amazilia dubusi..-...--.- Nester acceso 147 
Amazilia fascicandata.........----e---00--- 118, 147 
Amazilia yueatanensis ...........-------.- 118, 148 
Amazilivs AGB... 6. cece eee ene e ences 147 
Amazilius cerviniventris ..............----- 148 





490 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

Amazing dibs) secstebeesiss «26s 6sscees ee 47 4) Ava slls, ee oc eocenesssnc cenast one hae eens 385 
Amazilinsrieheritess: essccsc- s+ ceeese cess 147) “Anguilla Dostoniensis ..<s--22-=% 4-2 Jenene 885 
Amelanchier canadensis........--.------:-- 439°) “Ampmilla yl eanis ieee ce os = seis 385 
AMEFGANSAVOCED ooh. = == =~ =~ 2 nsdccweees = 220) CAs ellid 26> ooeeeene ete aoe eee 385 
AmericamBarn Owl! Stsc2 ec aces seen eee B83 a WATT er SES 2 SO Pie etna ce see ee eee tee 204 
American Birds, New Species and Races of. 449 | Anna Humming-bird ............-...--....- 427 
AUNETICAHSOLUFEIN (oss ace ceeteclbeseeeaarenar 442 | Anomia lampe:.-- 3. tcssscsesecne ses oseee ee 15 
American Brown Creeper ------.--.-22--2-: 401 | Anomia limatula...-...-.---.2-.--.--- 11, 15, 27, 28 
Hen ericam (oot s vscees awe eee ee eae 444) Anomia macroschisma -.......-=-------:-<- 15 
American Hared Grebe --.---<----------.os6 449 | Anomiasubcostata ..-....-5.2.-2.0se---2-- 1D 
DICLICANPUST OL cctewaetecceeisic koe eats eae 442) || Amous stolidus <-.../2.262 os ea see es ce ee 277, 488 
American Golden Hagle -- 2-5-5. 2-62 cre 437 | Anser albifrons var. gambeli.....-..---.--- 169 
American’ Golden-eye +.-3- <5 - ose nceceecey 447" | Amserigambeli. .<--.-55- Seen ees seneeaee 169, 445 
American Goldfinch <2 <= cccsss-.sehepeee= ALS || Antelopess.-':-. s.s--- nen cseeese beeen 204 
AIM CCICRHGGShER os ose feenee ae ene aeee ee 435 | Antelope, Warrior ..--- scteeccssee-ceseeocee 207 
American Merlin <2 o5 oe cne-e seen ee eee 434 | Antennariid Pterophryne........-----...-.. 223 
American OSpreyiccsocasine-ss-ceerrsbhas eee 435 | Amtennariidé, Note. on... -mi50--cctecetice 22a 
American: Quail, 3225225522 sctoseceee eee dee, ots), Antemiartings >. ies ieee ee een eee 215, 221, 222 
American ‘Red Crossbill ):/.222-- 22 2.-Snee 419 1" Amitennarids 3-3). 2=2)04- sate eee 225 
American Rough-legged Hawk .-......-.--- 436. | Antemmanios | 2.522222 .2 pe oesence 221, 222, 224, 226 
American Sheldrake .5..2.-s<s0s.cs--s5--40 447 | Antennarius chironectes ..........-2..----- 222 
AT SECA! SURO 2h eee eee mame eee 420°| Antennarius Commersonii.................. 226 
FAMNOLICAN SS WAL. on wee aceme tence cess qe. gees 444 | Antennarins histrio..222 5-4 be sabes eee 226 
American) Ditlaric..2 siete. sesame ebew 403 | Antennarius marmoratus...-...-----:.---<« 223 
American: V ultores \ <...c2s=5-s2=s6s deaatons 437 | Antennarius multiocellatus var. y. =leuco- 
AMERICAN WY AL DICKS) a «one ee oe pe pewerecre 404 BOMG jc 50% cer tee ee ene eee 226 
American Water Ouzel 5: -2-.-25-25.----.-0- 397 | Antennarius phymatodes...........---.---. 226 
American White Pelican -:-..-- ----s--s-s. 447 || Antennariusiseaber ~~~. .ace 0c. <p See 226 
American White-fronted Goose. -.-........-. 445 | Anthus ludovicianus .-........-.------ 122, 391, 403 
American Wad geonsa-< 22 cos asa aneccteat 446) |reAmtiguass: . oS eece vcssepe sees sees 185, 233, 488 
American Yellow Perch ...2.<.2.c00-:csece5 243 | Antigua, Catalogue of Birds of............- 232 
PATIO TIL petca nips a2 fh a peme eR ee eee 1, 299, 307, 310 | Antilles, Lesser: 
Amicula Emerson. .--e.icsssoesc=sincceewe 299, 308 Birds of the, found in the United States. 486 
Anno maiPallagyi! socecse-ceeeeceect 299, 309, 310, 344 Catalogue of Birds from the Islands of 
AMI CUIaAIVES b1ba). ai ee ace nies ae eee 299, 307, 308, 344 thé 2... S.4.20 sh aoubee ate ace eee ae 486 
Amicula vestita var. Emersonii.-....-.-.... 308 Distribution of the Birds of the..-..--. 486 
SBSH G)i GSB ater niet nie eieioo = =e eee £)1'S)| Abr OStOMUS 222: seee eee et Pe eee eee 142, 143 
AIMPSlis'CeALOTUM! -.s Fssccecbelscsoeceaewed 126,411 | Antrostomus carolinensis ...........-. 142, 143, 145 
ASD PD HIRCIIMAT cers te secant sos Sentence sane 286 | Antrostomus nuttalli.-............ 142, 143, 145, 427 
POON BOXES jo = sie Seineisieiela anim cf eee ee 388 | Antrostomus VOCIfErgs 2695.) ont e ee 148, 145 
ZENE DBO GUS fee See eee see eee ee een aes 388 | Aphelocoma californica ........-.. 391, 392, 393, 422 
Amphioxus caribzeus-...-..... Senet ee BOB.) “Aqhoristiayss-ctee- cee ks -caee selec ae 368, 370 
AEDS PLA DOL ee cew necks mce name eaieean 391, 416 |: Aphoristia plagiuisa. (0-220. 0 6 oo. ec ease 368 
Amphispiza bilineata.......52...-2----.--- 127, 130 APO GON soiee = cae a= miei ae ee ee te 246 
AMIDMISHA VeTSICOLOL. ances chem eclcene eeseme 12, 27,30 | Aquila chrysaétus, f. canadensis............ 437 
PATANS) AVCLUL capes ee ee ane eae ee eee aed 250, 252 | Aquila coliblanca. ..-.-.-:+ << 22. weeda+ sce 154 
PASTAS AGU DS. = a cee mlaainlels asset oe stealer eae B5104| “Amapahoesi!+42 0602.02 ce. ieee ee eee 202, 203, 209 
AMBB'AM CTICANE «5.56.0 e\sc52 esses eemeennee 451 | Arca PranUIS oe eee = eee a a 24 
PAMAS! AT DOLCS = 2 2le mele mnlaremte sap in\samie we ete CYT OOO OT bed feels e =e ial ae lee eee 11, 28 
MAMASIDOSCHAS 2 ss<mcs cece ee 170, 251, 252, 392, 445, 451 | Archibuteo ferrugineus ..-..--...-.----.--. 437 
Anas \clypeata ...---...- fiicbae chor peepee 451 | Archibuteo lagopus, g. sanctijohannis. --.--- 436 
ANAS CYANOPtELA.< - <5 “eb seeecenea se aeace 451 | ArGhOSAr US. aortic ace ce eee aeiams alae 379 
Anas dominica (Erismatura dominica)...... 451 | Archosargus probatocephalus .........-.... 3879 
AMES Oly Ona 2 ote so aeck acne neas secre 251, 252 | Arctic Region, Limpets and Chitons from... 281 
AAS TT GV EMME Mcciaia sods ecessnt tease Seer 252 Ardea Candidissima —-- <2... s.e.2 cana e ene 66 
AMA INA Ae amisa pice wc ciae ss sceee deme 451 || Ardea cayennensis!. -- 2-1-5. .Wanedamcemm ate 451 
ATIBS ODS CURA section -s oc se cesiniene e 170, 20-4 sArdea Gosrolegimeer—ae asain) <2 eee 66, 451 
PASH AS a Way VAG ee etneiols efeie = eae 201, 202) | Arden Cf vetbamercter = qmamaa< .---\-imam eee haere 451 
ASSIS -nio- = ete aemneneecee wee aed 239, 241,444 | Ardea garzetta ---.-----.-..-.2--c.ceneacie-- 451 
Anatomical Preparations, Protecting, from Ardea herodias. . 164, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 391, 442, 

ANBOCLS|: Sos = 32 Se SEER es on = ah eae 24 451, 487 
Ancedu Diamant 2 eemcnecle-scageee ac ae Spl) Ardea VWAneSCORS eet -a0 cee eee 451 
Anecylopsetta 22:))-teda eee eeewaenas- tee. 369) | Ardeidss 22222. 5-..- 66, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 442, 460 
Aneyins)GHSsonl\s~- 2s c-eeatee ateeees satees 338) | Ardetta exilist ase. = «=n = -ienneee neat 165, 392, 443 
Ambler iso 2osmccnse sere se ree eel 365), Arrentinasilasye..\ 2 <sacs-e-sneeseereeaeae 261 











INDEX. A91 
Page. Page. 
Arentina Syriensium:. 2... 5-<-.scse-snmns 261 | Bairdieila /....-.....- Gpeteteated ela tet 377 
PPTAVECULS 5 ae eee tare Sia sain Sele sieminat at 70 |, Bairdiella, punctata:-_..-..-.-...-s0as005 Pe 377 
PRP OIL OS USmaciinetr arse sees eas noe cece ae 376) |p Bald Macle ro. Se .seqnin\e paso sss esaaoprae 437 
IAT OV TOSS CAPUIATIC! 56-4502 2552 20552 Seaec SHG) esaldsaate ssa. Aaa oak os aes aoe 446 
PAT OS¥ tT OSES OTN 0 oa ice ane ac ice am alates 376 | Balistes que Guaperua chinensis.-.......--- 224 
PNT S IS emeyar cians aise sock nese tes aes 880) Balistid 2-2-2 «Jas ~emicinn ete nein ee 367 
PATO PSI SRLONSU eas secs cies oc in aol ag eee 380||@ band-tailed Pigeon cen scenes eeeieniesae - 437 
PATI OPSIS MVM DOT Ul scm sjanice saat oa acinee mice 380)" Bank. Snapper s2 on. tspjesqae-' = iiaeenine 2 sees 42 
Ariopsis Milberti, Breeding Habits of....-. PROM bar DCG naa = sents nacht emote Sete ioe 58 
DMCC ENO PLOSSUB ale | eee eee oe SABE | Barbud acsoct yes os ce atente oe ane ae tees 185, 239, 488 
PATO GENO Me ete fele eateae slate eees ae ie seme aes 366 | Barbuda, Catalogue of Birds of ......--..---. 232 
Arsenic Acid for Protecting Anatomical Ba Sea LOW, (on iaje mini iniet asin = eae ate eens eae 408 
LE DANA ULON Seale ars cele ste ve cians eee accel 24 | Barnstable Bay, Capture of Black-fish in... 18 
PAGO UM eter ere e Ss cife eae Sone © ome easement 381 | Barracks, Ringgold, Trogon killed near ..... 118 
PA TIEOCOCMIG GS erie= eo onsen e oats cote cine 286 | Bartlett, Capt: Charles). -.:. 522s. ---ece5s= 452 
BPROLMLL SID eee eee a ae a ee arse oe 298 | (Batalian oes aes c a tod sansuiesos Satan botenoeee 50, 56 
Aish-throated. Flycatcher ........--.....-2-- 7 la AT gi AT baad SATE hs 67 
ENSLOFACOIDIULINUS ese esoF 5 score eae cae T51SS90e433's| Bates el Wises ae cco cee e casa. etans see eee 98 
PORTO ee eee eect nee rs Meer 4|iceateag hitless cots oe oa capes San ane ee 372 
PANS OMUGRI COU AE poner eat Sateen ie eee oe Onisldabatrac huss Ok ee 9s ro eee tc 372 
PENS1O DLPASIICHSISG 6 soe sae Ae awe wales cee Ooh PRamac has tate. seen oee ee ace ene eee 372 
PAI OOP NOLES Mem ote naan mr anias ae cease OS ill apa MIO WILOR an o.oo ocemetisemieecters teae 6 
ASLO CE Vd Ae eee eee er ee eee a POSE tab eab Icom osetia. Sete Ue tee 205 
HANSIO SCOPS: CALOLINENSIS. 22. + snccec'odae oe LOG 07a ebeah-ko. (Old Man) .csc<use-: seereeeolesece = 211 
ENSIOFUICHODSIS ete cine coco aes ee oe 114 | Bean, Tarleton H. ..19, 24, 42, 173, 176, 182, 198, 256, 
SUS IO WV LUS OM ete ete eae tea pe ei scije close aaa 95 | 261, 279, 345, 346, 348, 361, 362, 379, 463 
PABLO WUSOMIAUU Pee eee ce nk swan Sid BOTY Soe in de ae oo. Se ee 298 
PRS ETOCANUNUS = Sete eters oh ee ce Deen ested 220M eBear inthe Clouds. jeans te ee eee 204 
JENS ULOSCOPUS Ent cena. Yacnene cise hoo Se 372 | Bear Kallen 7. oss docciys seieis Sstene seeweeeeene 204 
SAS TFOSCOPUS MMODIUS) «25-2 sees sane ce alec cele 372 | Beor Monntains soe meee aries semen scene 205 
NSU I LUE! CA PINUS eae a eee a pe ee 395 Pedr SNIOl ass soeGeewe sae bcac sensor eee 204, 206 
SiN aUSaD aba ce ss ccnss tess oma sae 12, 30 cRear's eeartec. soo see coer, eee ee ere 204, 207 
PANS i yTESES DEM oie scores See aes eee Be oe Dom seeatortaNe Cie piso ae a eee anaes 198, 199 
PAIS UYTES coUDCLOSD mreie a tin scincce acinomae, ies 29 | Beaufort, Notes on Fishes of..............-- 365 
PAGHONO EMV MOOD. cee cece se coe = Males io T5IWIMRR CASS seen eee Nee tee oh eae eed 360 
PAG ATOT AT Me ens ne cia aed Ae ore eS Best Bee DINd) 72 a%,. caste semsasn none eee erisiens aes 472 
PMB LIT A CUNOUMA ts sce ee ga MBER WATLING each. ooo eae See ee eRe 472 
BAUGIVO RIN CaO cyst te ese space iene ee BOF BGO etn ets Santee inuian oaie Vase ey eS 204 
PAUEMALIT SMU Greets no tee EO IN ol me Sigal permeer, Mir oo: coos c acne ee eists oe 449, 458, 459, 460 
SABLA EMO Grete tmdeeals seee e eG ee  eSOnT On bclancers Monsieur Chs...5. 2) 3-sedo<epeeseeee 351 
PANTER VERE LOIS Ere eee Rien ee tie pte SEOUO a Rel OS Mir. a Sito stain snow le emcee 431, 439, 444, 445 
PRU CUO ee each. eaten ne eee on 221964 | Belknap, Capt. George E .---.-..--c--ss0c0 1 
SAG MOONS) Wat Denes: sscc oe kas ee Za Cape| ASYN CGe 5 eae Anessa cee sae 383 
ARIACOCHILOM I eae ecco eae thee nee DORMER E lOve TIN Ss- oe 8 cas ee ee ee 383 
SATE LTT Mey eaten ae eee et ete hgh ee oe Se DOH wIO | sBeLONG SONOS a. «sor sei ocie/ sen Gana seme 462, 463 
ANlOSboMeaCOlorabum.- sss. sees ee 244,245 | Belone latimanus in Buzzard’s Bay, Mass --. 6 
AIA AEM SH uVICEPS:< Sas ssa eei ee se eee gion | Belone longirostris --- 0-5-2 -= 5 <e-cene =H 368, 383 
PEALE sie san ae ea ain ee hae ce Re Ee Tota le EeLOne spr (MEAG) ). se ace ajcei oan in eee 245 
PRO GELS EM sx Ney pase Ce eae ne ca Mee ee dS AU al AGLO NICE Sees sean an ass soap ake emew ces 383 
FAREED PAT OATENISIS, .-2 eee ee eee AA EQULOW SS Rite ncn ce cia oat Cue oh ah 219 
PASI EAT PLOLUN Ca erst osc occ ee ee PI GUOON PEELS SPAIVOW seein. Come sas ne cin si==cle 416 
w ONS TUES gs ca acaba A ec a Or ei AS Seu meelvedakcmn ofshep soe ho Se ae ee clan ec ate 432. 
MU UY eLIFOPI CAMA 5.25 oa ar wee es 171,447 | Bequia Sweet ....... Ape ee yee tals Fase ets 191, 270 
PACV UM reve SHENIE sce re os. oe 6 se ee eee AATa era OD SHE. je farina ese aes iene he 8 
TROnIMN OLS srs ear meme eS ee on ac aeeteee 7, 462 
Bermudas, Serranoid Fish from the -..---... 173 
Poets WelAGr le eWienene yee C 2. So. casas iin) Bernicha canadensis cs 2s.- 2 sic so-+ «suc oscreee 169 
Esso leeetoiye eens ee 2-0. eee 264 | Bernicla hutchinsi..............--.----.---- 169 
Bea Hiy Oren se eee renee o's sol. sos d oes ZU st eu NO GCARITIasaee etre ees sis ncahs'e ce keas eae 206, 207 
Bagas Rate olin icletaimlelmta|siclaim nls wimieie'a 2 2 oie .aisniaie ae Gis PBI NOSe WwATTIOn svc. -'=-.a.-s--ebcastare - 204, 207 
ROUGE Ware eee = Yost 80 | Big trees, Calaveras County .....----.------ 392 
Baione fontinalis ---.-- 0.222.222.2222. Seer 82 | Bird Chief, alias Bird Medicine, alias Bad 
Baird, Prof ::2-- 2.222% sere OS! 159) 140), 859) 363747 5), | web Operate ges ons at teehee Rea 210 
Baird, Prof., Belone latimanus taken Dyin 6 | Birds, American, Descriptions of New Spe- 
Baird, Prof., Craig Flounder taken DYj ses a- LON CIOs AHO BACES Oli. ann ae nscale ao eeresiia's 449 


492 INDEX. 
Page Page 
Birds, Catalogue of Martinique ..........-. 349 || Bonnetshead 2-2... c. ec snccwse sno eeeeneee 387 
Birds, Descriptions ot New Species .-...--- PAT. |r BOTCOCHILON seein jae Uist ante ait cee ees 320, 324 
Birds obtained in Guadeloupe, Catalogue of. 449 | Boreochiton marmoreus ....-...-.---------- 825 
Birds of Antigua and Barbuda,Catalogueof. 232 | Boreochiton ruber .............-----.------- 321 
Observations of F. A. Ober...--......-.- 232 | Boston Society of Natural History .--....-. 101, 235 
Birds:of Central California .---.--.222.--52 388 | Botaurus lentiginosus .-.--.......-.....165, 392, 442 
Birds of Dominica, Catalogue of..--.-.----- 48,| ‘Boncard iM os cocoon omens ease eee 8 
Birds of Dominica, Notes and Observations BOULCIOl oe eae sce pin coe e a tee eee 9 
Onl eet este eee ek eee el eee M81 (MBOY gene cle eae RENE Reo eay ae ae eer 205 
iLGSiOt Sb. VANCENbs feet seek cana eases 185 || Brachionichthyines =~ <7... = <2... cesseceee -221, 223 
Birds of the Islands of the Lesser Antilles. 486 | Brachionichthys.-.-.......-.....-..-.---.-- 221, 222 
Catalognerobsteagiee sete test ae. 486, 487,488 | Brachionichthys hirsutus ...... .-.-.-...--. 222 
Distribwmbiomsoft = 22. -2 5. e asee= eee 486"|. Brachiopods _~ 29-202 =— see ee 285 
Found also in United States ...-...-..--- 486 | Brachyotus Cassini 2c. 3. she. soos. eke acenee 151 
Birds; ropicgsssa<8. 5-502 -et eee eee 50 | Bramdt 242 ste oe eee eee 285, 445 
Birds, Two New Species of...... .....2---<< 252 | Bransford, Dr., Shells collected by, in Costa 
‘Bischof iberdinand s+" 8224 scc ees se See 111 WRiGar isso cc eosteel Slee a see cee , 23 
SeisO pe Nes bees A ae aan eae oe ae ee ee eer 469 | Branta canadensis --.:.- 2.5 --- 2-22 4essseen= 169, 445 
Biter she ceee neon See Dae eee ee See eee eee 204.) Branta hutebimsr =. 22 5222 siniccs-ise cee 169 
[Bithiumsasperum <s-se2se easace eeess eee 12, 29,30 | Branta hutchinsi, 8. leucoparia..........--- 445 
Bittium’ quadrifilatum..-.----.:-.--.-...<-- 12530.) SBYAZOB Nn. 52 ences ap oe ees So sea ease 118 
Blacicus brunneicapillus.-.........-......--- 59:):487. |) (Breame-252205 Saeed see se = oaccisiasee leer 198, 199 
cB laickesHiaiwiles celts oes Sac = toner senecene 194,195 | Breeding habits of Ariopsis Milberti.....-- 278 
iBlack-Horge; chief =< 2222 sadn eas =e see oe 205; 214 | Brevoortiat 245 )2825-64.02-2s.cenceseoatacsee 384 
BlacksBewee Ve. 6-'<'- oe os-te see eee wee 424 | Brevoortia, description of new species...... 30 
Black iP ilo cony sc-sest sacl seem eacncet 398 | Brevoortia menhaden ....--.....-.--..=----- 5 
‘Black: Tem 25/935 2345 nota sis ee 448 | Brevoortia patronus .........--.-----51, 39, 181, 182 
Black Lroutiof Lake-Dahoe’:...os-cscasaee< 72 | Brevoortia pectinata .:..-....-.--.---.<ee<. 31, 38 
SACK AV itl GUNG Stentaw eis eee ieee area 195 | Brevoortia, revision of American species. ... 30 
Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.....- 429 | Brevoortia tyrannus.........-..- 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 384 
TSROK DIE 5 ase ee er Sey 190, 191, 270, 278 | Brevoortia tyrannus var. aureus...--------- 30 
Black-breasted Woodpecker. .-.-..--..- eee 429 | Brevoortia tyrannus var. brevicandata.....- 34 
Black-chinned Humming-bird ...........--- 426 | Breyoortia tyrannus var. menhaden . -...--.. 30 
Black-crowned Night Heron........---.---- 44): | Brewer. Dr. Deseo s. See ee a0, 119,131, 235 
Biackohish sso 5 Jats cone eee eee ee 380. || Brewer's black bitds ..ep cece se eee 401 
Black-fish, Capture of ..-..-- Bere OY VIC 18 IBreedine) Ofi2. 2 sec eneene co cae eae 421 
Black-tish-'!melon”ss.3s23 32 ssooeeeeeae eee 18:4) Brewer's Sparrow. vesncejae2 5-295 -ea eee 417 
Black-fishymelon-oul >. --.}s--csutee-csceoes 17. | Brokenviver<.2- 2620s late Ae eee 204 
‘Black-fish) yieldof-oil=~-_ 2.42. J2Ses-se 4c es 182) wBronzedsEbisi ss s..06 teen occu ase eee ee 443 
iBlaicktords E.G stk eabs cece ek eee. 26,173; 176) | Brook rout, Pacificicosst..---4-----eseane 76 
Black-headed Grosbeak .--.-.....--......-- 418). | Bresnuus americanus... 2 --~--- Jaeceee nee 362 
Blackneck Stilticass.seeekee sees eee -258)242)440-|| Brosmius' DrOsme.~s2-2 = ssc=—c = — pease sens 362 
Black-throated Gray Warbler .....-.-..-.--- 406 | Brosmius flavescens -....-:---.02---2--sse0 363 
Blainville,t2 52 etek ot ete Stee tt ete eee 301 | Brosmius vulgaris. ...2~ 222222 2--< ences 362 
Binikese Ming Wiames eee e~ ener lee ee 24 | Brown, Fort, Texas, Birds observed near... 118 
‘BleOkOr, as caches sates soe See tee ene 226: | -Brown'Ebummer ..s.\\-<2.- <cis-- acest packes 271 
Blennid@D soo ccsueese sees MA eee 871): siBrowniPeligan. sic eec. .cesuoe eee 66, 236, 240 
lenniws \ -b=scse seen ct ees keene eee S01) lA Brown TowHee-«c-ncccosine once eensee Sees 420 
EBlermins fu cCOrun): F252 ese eee eee eeinee 372 Breedinay Of. fe. 52-57 aevcameEaoeSeeeee 420 
blennins,geminatus .22..2-2-tececee eee ase ee 371 | Brown-striped Olive Finch ........--..----- 249° 
iBlepharichth ys. ithe? e keceee ee eee eee 326, |) Bryant; (Dr: THs eee se oreo icin 68, 69, 469 
Blepharichthys crinitus ----...-.-.--...---- 245 . | SBribo is tet i eteen eek acce aie ahem secon Seiaee Sao, 
BIGpHATISuE=.--54<ct nc ateer eeaeee ee oe eee S76: | MBIIpO BRION. peer eea es hence ce ocaciscceaceeniet 107 
loch eeete esac = au. ste meee eee ee ome eae A; 220;,|\4Bubo TEGipes seesent-se- eee - soc eee eeee 89 
TES FONG Mere: Sco A Sk Ce) eee ee ee ee 236) |S Buapo Stratus sees eee soos e cee eee 106, 108 
Blae\Grosheakere 2. sceses sens seas sea 419) | Bubo subarcticussss----- =- 3 j5sseceeaeseees 393 
‘Blake Annee eean a= =2 es cece eas ee eee ee 419) | Balbo var einiants aos ec. = m= a = alent 151 
iBlne-fish! Seepereeseenee s: sats sok eee 380 | Bubo virginianus, 6. subarcticus..-.-...------ 433 
Blue-gray Gnateatcher -.- .....222.22.22-<- 39D). | Burecinidsesceecseuseeskic =. 1s .ctgeweeenecepes 282 
Boat-tailed Grakle.--2..--.-21.--2-220.00--- 270 | Bucephala albeola:......----....252.2sccsee= 447 
Boleosoma maculaticeps...-..........----.- 368 | Bucephala clangula, 8. americana..-.-..--. 447 
Bombycilia cedrorum 2-2... .---------.<-2 450° || Buck Antelope sc... =o 22shs—cesls aca sere 213 
Bonaparte collection, Craig Flounder from.. 19\"|.Bnitalo Oat oesatee cisco nese eee 204 
BOMtOHs eae epee een cclacte 375" |) Buffalo Meat, warrior, ...---254-<seese wanes 204, 208 
Bonito, Oceanic, on United States coast .... 24 || BadtiloScowteq cs <-<00ssocthecee saree aa seeiee 205 














INDEX. 493 
Page. Page. 
Buffalo qith Holein its: Har.-.-.. 522... 2... 205 ) Californian Winter Wren ..-.- Ree aeickisiers 403 
Buff-breasted Sandpiper -..---.---.-----..-.- 162 | Californian Woodpecker. .-...-...--..-.----- 430 
ibuiile-head= == seesaw ain se <= eal 447 | Calliope Humming-bird ......-..--...-..--- 426 
BOS WIS Deets esa tee eels) im sam oo <= leat 6, 384 | Calliostoma annulatum .....-...-...-------- 29 
_ Bulimulus alternatus..-.---.--.---- eee ee 150| | Callipepla squamata.-.....--..-.-..-.-.-.-- 118, 160 
‘PallsveaGesWIpPOls =.) sos sias ese ce ale cee 440 | Calliste versicolor ---.......-...---.--- 190, 269, 487 
‘BulloGks(Oriole!-23-2/j)4=5-tosteciess ese TQ e4eD in|, Callistochiton(+--.2522se—-sss-eeteaeee<-.—4 econ 
NGS oe see neler a aie me niala a maine alain 421 | Callistochiton palmulatus ..........------- 297, 343 
BUCO WIN ee O Wiltcasaeice a= ae eee eres = ij toteese. | Calla stop laxases saat epee ie ateiatasetetereeia = tn ah M207 
Buteoa| bicandare-es-seen— eee ie Hop Cen Och LOMMa sen as eben aie omnis seer 295 
Biuteo a bicauGatus s< ss-'- oat sees eae 118, 154 | Callochiton interstinctus ...---.- SNEED Tare ee 331 
Bubeoworeaiee es ests oee cece chew sawn leer 154 | Caloosahatchee River overflowed..-....---.- 364 
Buteo borealis, @. calurus -.-....-.--.-.----- 436) || Calypte anne 2= 2.2.2. 622255500. 9, 391, 392, 393, 427 
Buteo borealis var. krideri ..-...-.-..--.--- eae Galynte Costes ee se. oe genes oa alee aaeeiarele 395 
Bibeo +! CAlWAs ey. sso. iS foe a treciale Sains 391 | Campylorhynechus brunneicapillus ......-.- 118 
Buteo (Craxirex) albicaudatus...-.....----- A ie aT CC OWSGUL Ae = scmie sisiajsieis| ale dala aie~ slain eta 393, 438 
BUCO ele Cans oe ese eee eerie tala 443 | Canada Goose .-.------------.-------+------ 445 
Buteorerythronotus 2-2 ----02.-./82---=---=-- 155 | Canada poreupine, Occurrence of, in West 
BwLeOmManlanite es ose ee eastern acta e : 154, 155 BGT On Era Kehna rape oat ola tale otal afel inlet Pheiarntar= 264 
BuLeoloucurusesa-cc tease et oeser aaoe 164. | Ganadian-Salmon-Trout :.-.....-.---|---- 82 
Buteo lineatus, /. elegams ..-.--...--------- 436 | @ancellaiaeeeeeat eases aan l= te ore aimial~s = 12, 16, 29 
Buteo pennsylvanicus . .65, 154, 194, 236, 275, 278, 487 Gamble] des peers nee <2 = os ctaejeelstestacl~inte 47 
IBWUbED PHCLOCLES Hebe <soels sales see olaeis > miei 155 | Canon Bond of St. Andrews. .--..-.-.------- 267 
‘PULCOM WAINSONIS aes Sasi icinrcwecivin seer 154, 156 ie Gan onw reliance aac se eet aes see et 402 
Pebeombricolowesceucw se Bt edhe ha caek se oe 155 | Canthorinus occidentalis ....--..-.--------- 246 
Buteo unicinctus harrisi....-.-...---..----- Led @anwassbacknekssac-= os seam ole siaennn =e 447 
Butorides virescens -..66, 165, 196, 236, 241, 274,275, | Cape Cod, Capture of Black-fish off: .....--- 18 
278, 359, 392, 442, 460, 487 | Capes of Delaware ..---.------------------- 5 
BRESO INS) Ole ee meer saat = Gon) Oaprimnl oi dea eee elses e asain = eee t= 145, 427 
BIN (GSU ates ete reaps arate trate AGS @aprinil ons yee cee = ste statement /aaT= ele ai 142, 143 
Butter Ball .-.....--.-.----------+---------- 447 | Caprimuleus grallarins..-..-------.------- 143, 144 
Buz Zand yVabTlOWee ne ehss =ai-<( desea eee 204,208 | Caprimulgus guinensis ...--.-.-.----------- 143 
Caprimulgus laticaudatus ....--.----------- 144 
Caprimulgus virginianus ...-..------------- 450 
Cabanignr a seme ence cae == ae =e cate = = 478 | Caprimulgus vociferus ..........-.-------- 143, 144 
@Gabbareipalmss-seces se. sons - = ee eeeeees 234,271 | Caracara BB) eer oeetaa tees mse errata ae 154 
Wadd ces gos lity, sees pewess sbtesede ee BOO Or Road oho ae os oha JU drosee toe 154 
@adulustfasiformis ¢.52-5 esse eas -qeeeee 12, 28 | BR RES Sh gA DOO UCENOD eS Bons NOSED ECS onSseS 154 
GBkerO DI sapere east Aten cites Aeweae Sees 56, 190 | Geran o1dce ease see hs neers am saree sis) =1 376 
Galamospizaibicolor. . 52: 62-525 2. seer ee 128") Carangus.---.*=------------ besSilse Saisetie ates 376 
@aldnistarenarial.25--6>4-22-a-24-=5 161, 197, 450, 488 | Carangus chrysus.......--------------+---- 376 
California, Central, Partial Listof the Birds. 388 | Carangus hippms -.------------------------- 37 
@aliformiai Condor 5) s= emer eee 437 | Carangus pisquetos .....-----.--+++-------- 376 
California, Descriptions of New Shells from. AGU iGrmehartass. <ceni ss eo ca Sena ciceasile tistelelas ace 387 
California, Fossil Mollusk from Tertiaries of. 10) |) Carchariasiamericanus~ 2. .). ccc. -ce---- 387 
Galitionmie Gal eee ee mea ee eerie 448") *Warchariideews, 2 2sS.jscenio =e. a= etalon tere 387 
California, Postpliocene Fossils in Coast Cardinalis virginianus var. coccineus. ------ 129 
PR NG me speach Sete aie = mcf ie erate reel Sl eGardingls Mesh. ses -atge eos oeini--imie=ine 132 
California Salmons: 2552 4: : 22sec scene 69 | Cardium centifilosum -.....---------------- 28 
California Squirrel Hawk......-....--:----- Agzsl GardiumsCOnsors: .c2 0. e0s2-n-24 2 noe == 24 
Californian Bewick’s Wren. ..-.--..-------- _ »402 | Cardium procerum ............---- 11, 24, 27, 28 
Californian Black-capped Green Warbler... 407 | (iain acl anak eet eae etree etalon == 285 
GulivorniameBlaebind).co 2-2 )s 3. Sh etaeastoes SORm Ie Oar Olndiase anes 4 sees aaeeaisa aes st .s- = 476 
@aliformian House Finch ..-....-..--s.e-e<s AIST sGarolina Doverasaossacn oe sa = 2-20 += 27° = 157 
Californian Mountain Jay .----------------- 429 PERO nee eye ee neete le ode ania mis ne 157 
Californian Mountain Quail .....-.--------- MOBa ln @armnoe aes a aee eee ce on se--.>----2- == 355 
BNGN tS ee See. chess See Sees 439 | Carpenter, Dr-.-.---2, Bee 290, 2 292, 295, 300, 302, 505 
Californian Orange-crowned Warbler. .----- 404 | Carpodacus ‘‘californicus” ....------------" 391, 393 
@aliformianyPiomy, Owl as-sese~ =e2. s/-senie 434 | Carpodacus cassini -.....----.--------+---- 393, 413 
Californian Purple Finch.....:--=.:.---.-<- 413 | Carpodacus frontalis, y. rhodocolpus. ------- 413 
Californian Song Sparrow -.----.----------- 417 | Carpodacus frontalis (var. rhodocolpus)..---- 390 
INE StS) Wiios-5 saa ebaeP eee een soe- = See eese 417 | Carpodacus purpureus, /. ealifornicus ------ 413 
Californian Tertiary TWossils......-.-.------ 26 | Carpodacns ‘‘rhodocolpus” .-------------- 391, 392 
Californian Walley) ay -cnn.eeccie'-<---htla 422 | Carpodectes nitidus ..-.----------+------- .202, 209 
Californian Valley Quail..... Seeat= eines AZ9 | Cassin, Mr._.....----------- MEE amano cet 556 


494 INDEX. 
Page Page 

Cassin's’ Purple Kimeh) asses. 02 ces oncom ena 413 | Cheetura pelagica .....2....2...- Se SS 145 
Cagsin’s Vireo seo 20 so: 22a sae ee oe eee 410° | Chietara polttana'e 22 cessnd eae as 8 62° 
Casts ot Lndinn headsa-.. -.-. +5225 sss eee 2011) Ghieturalvatiscl teenesst =. casas Cee eee 395 
Catesby sesce ssc sceccseoses Sh eee ges | "Challengers 2 Shs25 ceycen cto geen 228, 231, 258 
Cathartes atratus-. 224.4 /5.7s. seen eee 157,195 | Chamea fasciata -...........222-.2t2-- 390, 392, 402 
Cathartidie.....--.... ididn23 aes 437>'| | Qharnceidea?: 146 eae amy 197, 238, 402 
Catherine Germain’ 2 5:- 523-5. 22 ce eee 206 | Chaméepelia passerina. . ..3, 60, 67, 158, 196, 237, 241, 
Catherpesconspersus” <= 222052 25.2 scee ss ool 276, 277, 360, 460, 487 
Catherpes mexicanus, #. conspersus......--. 402 NGBtS yeswedsctoscnt te ene 158 
Caulolatilus --.-- eee eae ee eee 45°) Champ Mores S22 sec .s-c2s8 does eee 550 
Canlolatilus: chrysops ~-2.-2- 3225. 3-352 2a2ee 42,43") Chaparral: Cocks. 225.2 -ues.c nd odepieamesaee 452 
Canlolatiloseyanops): o2-52.2c0 sess eee 42) | Ghapman Binds22222.2222<26sos00 52 eee 193 
Cantolatilus'micropst:ss-2 54eses se oe eee 47°43") Oliaradridie (25: -cp-<:eeeeee 67, 241, 276, 440, 461 
Cedar Wax-wint 5.5) secsa5seccecseenee ----. 411 | Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus.....-..--. 162 
Central Park Menagerie: --..-..+...--.2--2. 461 | Charadrius helveticus -...--- anes eeee eae 450 
? Centrophanes lapponicus. --.--.-...--.---- 395 | Charadrius pluvialis. ......:..-.... bears tec 450 
Ceniroprisiises-—c- 4c ae see ee eee eee eee 380 | Charadrius semipalmatus -........-..-.----- 450 
Centropristis airartus’ <.22--2-2- 22 e252 nee 380 | Charadrius virginicus -.... 67, 165, 197, 241, 276, 395, 
@enturus anrifvons:-22 5. 322-- = n-ceeeee eee 151 461, 488 
Centurus flaviventris:-------; 22225-5222. 151" |, Charadrius vociferms 2h. 3: 2252. -ceeseceeee 450 
Cephalopteridee)-s-c--<c-5 et aes ee ae eases 386 | Charadrius wilsonius ...235.-.5..052522..... 450 
Gerastoma Nuttall 22.5. (soos eee aces 12298): |. Gharrss Jc: 22k eh ae wes see ae 80 
Ceratacanthus aurantiacus......:-.--.---- 245367 | @ha-se-yun-nubwc nes 2. oso enss aoe eee ido ABER 
Cenratiass: once fs.ce eee pesbeshs seks MONT Do o2S" | /CHasmodes, 2c 20 Sac ate ieece aces tee 372 
Ceratias Wolboli -<2.52,cee2.hetsee ce ents 217. | Chasmodes bosquianus -.-..--.-:..-..-....-- 372 
Coratias uranoscopus: ... 2222-05-58 -e.b ees 228,231 | Chasmodes novemlineatus....-..:......-... 372 
@eratiids; Noteron® *. 235222225 eee eee See 297 | Chasmodes quadrifasciatus ..........-.----- 372 
Merits. cossces ee eee DISCDLGPOITNDIT |)’ OREM eee SER Ss ek oe de 55 
Geratophorus=-220.-55: soneae tte cece Gee 297 | Cation. 22ctwet eee cc es coe eee Rees ios 
Ceratoptera . 2227-22225. ces 48h. sce ec cee 886) | Chatigh., 35-6 ae cise arctewreSneeee eee eae 460 
Cératoptera vampirus’ -== 7-2 oisst essen 386 | Chaulelasmus streperus -.....-.----------: 170, 446 
Cerithidea sacrata......-.---- Pe) yee eS Snide" | Channacinze) Hab 35.520 ssa cae ee 222 
Cerithiopsis assimillata ...-..........2...--. TQ6o7: | Chaumnamy ce eS ea aya eee ee ae 222 
Certhia: ‘americana?’ = 2522-2 2 fsee- ce ues SO1h S03). Chana: pichus,-—o.jeonecn oes eee ee 222 
Certhia familiaris, 8. americana ...... ...-.- AOT | Chen \albatnsysst eo SS 444 
@éribitdes ! isis. 2352 kee: sas we ade 401. | Chen buccinator...:-<cs.<..-22-45 5.6 eee 444 
Gerhinivlat:<-- cates: Ue eee 190, 269° | Chen hy perboreus <<... acon Ske nee oes 169, 444 
Coexrchiola strata: --tece ees anes 190*269,.487 | Chem rossi. 2c 245225222 see eee 444 
Certhiola dominicana.........-. 5G 259): 2894455"487; | Cherdkees so2eeos stsa ans ccnsesa sense bene 202 
Certhiola frentalis.-..-- Tio SO ee eae 455) | Chesapeake. so.d205-\sa35 4-5 beeesee eee 5 
Certhiola martinicanae =. (4 2 te hoes ester BotedsT: | Cheswick i) 265 sosesh.2 5k k sian sake eS eer 55 
Certhiola saccharina:- 2). 322 02 2-2 s2 eae 199; 487° | @heyernesl 28.335. ides cee eae 202, 2038, 206 
Certhiblai spss... 222 asec cee ee doeion See 2HS\)” CHICKASRWSSss sos sate ajo Sixcime ais oe EC 202 
@eryler -sota speak gosta ee eee eee eee 459. | Chicken Hawke i2eee- seat esses 194, 278 
Ceryle aleyon ..... 62, 142, 193, 272, 359, 391, 393, 432, | Chief Killer, warrior ./..-...:2--.c.t..25.. 204, 208 

469487. | Chilichthysico..-.. 05 6cccaracecasneesees 366 
Geryle american :- 222225. face ebevsctbeeeee 142) | Chilichthys.spengleri: 222-22. 22ds eee 366 
Ceryle americana var. cabanisi.-:-.-----.--- 142 | Chilichthys testudineus. .......-......-.--.2 246 
Gerviletorquata.csss-ce ees seen cote eae 487; | Chilomy cterus....). 24-006 -2.<.seeenn ee eee 366 
(Whachalae . 2. . soc Soset see setaeeces eee ee 159 | Chilomycterus geometricus.-........----.--. 366 
heenopsetta - -- 2. 2 Pee eee eee can eee 569" || ‘@hione- dione. «22. - sesso soe temas es 24 
Chenopsetta oblonga ...--. .---.-22----2-<: Srl: )| ‘Chione. siniillimi:, #5220. .2eo2c 3eceak. sae 11, 28 
Cheenopsetta ocellaris --.2.-25.-2- 22222-2252 B70 "Chions succinetarces. 7.2.0. ce ekii=ne Se eatoe 3, 11, 28 
(Cheetoderma;..9is...22.8- sos sees eee 280) | @HiTORCCHES cc beriean= acne oe-™ aotaee eee 222 
(Ce TOMle Ma ects me ois eee ce ene nee 296, 329 | Chironectes Bougainvillii................--- 222 
Chrstoplenrajgemma. - 2.022.222 5-282 sece cee 296; 343 .| Chironectes pibbus.. ..222 2.2.20 22k Se dese 216 
? Cheetopleura Hartwegii .--...-.--.-.. 296, 329,343 | Chironectes levigatus.....-.....-----.--556 216 
Chietopleura lignosa:.-.2....05.02225. 0 eee 304 | Chironectes marmoratus .......-.-....-.-.- 216 
Chetopleura muscosa....-..-...- 22222 22b22 304 | Chironectes nesogallicus ......--...--..---- 216 
Cheetopleura niitaliil >. <--->. 2st Seeeeee 330 | Chironectes pictus ....-..-.....--2-.-.- Be ty 
Chietopleura Peruviana .................--- 296 | Chironectes tumidus ..... te cats Serene ea is 216 
Cheetopleura ‘vespertina’.--.....2.2-.2..225: D0L6|(Ohirostontares seen coe = ceccpeease me See ass 380 
Cheshure. £221 mace. emetaeteseeaemicns 26 vene ee 359 | Chirostoma menidium.............-5.css068 383 
Cheturaspie 2 ss. sn aeeeereneeece Ns 192, 272, 487 | Chirostomanotatum....... 2/262 --sse oe oeeles 383 
Cheetura dominicana.-./..---.-.-..---s2-c0s 487 || @his-1-se-dthh 1p ecu Adored each sb aweion 204 





ee 








INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Chiton abyssorum.....-.--.. csdeaesaececoes 319 | Chiton (Phenochiton, Hamachiton, Stenose- 
Cintonm 2culeatus see =e -i as ccs s\=- me ce oe 300 TUS) RMerbensile sone ee sc scan ccc ecm era cicee BBY 
Geilo pawe ees eatie tee oc\as cscs = aoe Dia koe 20) ONTOOR PlCON St meaee eer ea a nie = = cilia ee 291, 325 
Chitomalveolus.-....-.-.----.+--.---.-------- 315| | Chiton’punctatus:=2-25--2.-----2--..-. 300, 324, 325 
Chiton-amiculains 95-222... 2205 52 1307, 040) ls OIibon PUNICGUS..2-ca5-25-~ 5-2-5 0-c0-505--5 32 
HOM AEMIAGNS = —= = = arenes em animale = BUS) | @imeOU, RISSOls er aa 5o,heneraceecsieas Ac qe cele o15 
Chiton articulatus........-- wesaes 295,297 shies |. Chiiton mibel conc eco ole law le siceecceeee 320, 32 
Whiten asehodes---- 22 se. qe awn sessss> == - Soap le OU THOMESROT MN AGIIB oa See ore eee eae acts 322 
Cintonsaselasessocccedas- case god Oo. == 22010, 318) Chiton RGaEr PS ee ery eek aha ee ON Oy oS oo 
Chytonrassmmmliss: oo ses csan anaes =i we 20 T,o2d. | Ohiton SCrobiculatus)sssse5. cee esas 323 
O@hiton-ausoralis\ 22522. 7255c5.-255 = aceen sis, SOLS |e Chaiton SCHEER) ots na ceae eos seep eateec ees 298 
Ghitonrbrand tits 2252543 aa senccenm cscs 2,328 | Chiton sera sin By aiel Ce eLe Arlen eas ERD 303 
Chiton cajetanus.-...--..---.-------+------ AUN" Ghiton sithensis vcescc foresee cates seas 311, 328 
@hiton- californicus:-=+-2-.:=--.----cs--- 304, 333 | Chiton squamosus ..-.-.-------------------- 290, 300 
@hiton-cancellatus.....---...----2--+------- aay: Shiton Stell Griineisen eee oo ee 291, 311 
Ghiton chlamy ss sess cee aentea aera - = 311 | Chiton submarmorea .------.--2--2+-----4-- 327 
Chiton ciliatus -.-.......-.-----------+----- 3037 | Ghiton StOKESIL 2 osc ose ween ae 297, 810, 344 
Chiton cinereus ------.---. 290, 291, 318, 319, 320, 323 | Chiton (Symmetrogephyrus) Pallasii. ....--- 289 
Gintomcbelatns:> $229 525282 528s cccscaseclscs 305 | Chiton tunicatus ----.------.------i--- 297. 300, 313 
Chiton Colliei - ----.-.--------- wee--------- S0ah |e Chiton-vespertigns.:=-42--j-.ce <4 -i.-2-2° =e 304 
Chiton consimilis .<-.-.---.-2-.-.:---------- SOA Ie OhiROneVestUUS ee ee ee Conca seo 307, 310 
Ghiton:Cuminenisss523555 2 5Sc eee eee 297, 344 | Chiton Wossnessenskii....-...--.-..------ 304, 305 
@hitontidentions) sso ace cce. os was nse Gua |S Ohitonelloid edict. sass aes nates Sees oa eeeeaee 302 
(Ghifonmisnatasssase sees sa anes en aaa ee Soly jr GhitOwelOis! ce scsels aac on es so cosas seca 302 
Chiton Emersonianus .........2......-.---- BUOe ln Giigonellasin =< pers 0. = Memeo e ese sae ee 299 
Ghiton Emersonii .......-222.s-t0--.2------ 308 | Chitonellus fasciatus ......... Ea. 299, 314, 344 
Chiton Eschscholtzii ......-...-..---------304, 305 | Chitonellus BD. ee Ae Samteiys cesta secrete 291 
@hiton fascicularis:--.-5--<.2-222--2-.2--<-- 290) |) Clntones Irregularess.-- << 5.220. ---- <5 <r e~ 303 
Chiton!Memingins: 2-5. --)--5-K<\sa<05------ 325: | Chitones Regulares. :.-..---..----------~2-« 314 
Giiton halo onrami ea. oo ota on = ean ce eae isza) \s Chitonid es. cece cre 1, 281, 285, 286, 289, 292, 301 
Chiton-fulminatus---..----22:-.--7.-2.---- stSrano ml) CHILONISCUS! 352 0234 =o oss Seem So see ae ee 299 
Gltitonbonmagy asses See 25. Jeena 300 | Chitons -. 281, 282, 283, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 
Chiton (Hamachiton, Platysemus) Wossnes- 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 304, 311, 318, 320, 321 
RT SGP Leer oon ta slaty fete aloe sora ne sicre Besta) svom eC blamydoehitony: 24.6. <8 =e 1, 299, 307, 310 
Chiton (Hamachiton, Stenosemus) lineata... 326 | Chlamydochiton amiculata -.........--..--- 307 
GhitonpHantleyie soa—mcee = ai oe = eee aoe 319 | Chlamydochiton amiculatus ......--...----- 310 
@hiton: Hartwerit 92235. 2.0 45s so. ses cee 329, 330 | Chlamydochiton vestitus .......------------ 307 
Clrtonehind Sigs tena oe. Aes se cinerea rete ae 304; |) Chiorestes aclains.-.. 2.222... - == macs eee 147 
EMT POM GNIS Oi snes oleracea cinicicia leat sie eietars Bote nC MOrostoma Efeltterts...----<4--u--- cae 12 
G@nitonsiniandicos = s= 25 ee set acters Oe | ACH O CHING a = ose = seine cine mi = ois wie Phas cae oe ee 204 
Chilton yi Pats cna. cima ccicee we ence = a= See DOTOVMLIS = = Sate teste ean Ses) ae ee eee oe 374, 375 
Giitignilitey Seco 22-22 este eeeijcke ae Polen lateheleba oc: = c/s .cise -sSaces teas 92, 133 
Giitonslipuaes ssnccee see aces oe eee 320, 325 | Chondestes grammica...------ 126, 391, 392, 393, 415 
Chiton (Leptochiton) interstinctus. .-....-- Sp Wale Ol One pak oe Ms oe ones ke te na oo aoe ee 299 
@BiOONENOSHS!-o secs-cinsin oe eacneoe =e ee Uae Chan OS FONE © foe sac aa ic ae ore oie ea ee 83 
Chiton limaciformis ©: ....-..--...-..--.-=.. 330 | Chordeiles acutipennis var. texensis ---..-.- 146 
Choos. oe oa =e ees or seep eaee aes d2du) Chordeiles) Henryl ...- 2. .=5-~o~-0----e-ees= eis 146 
Chiton longicymba'-......--..-.-2.25--25--- 3aly|). Chordciles popetie .--=-4% -. 23 = eae 145 
Chiton magdalensis...---........----+---.-- 330 | Chordeiles popetue (@. henryi) ------------- 146, 427 
@iitonanarsinatos:s< <5. s-02-ndecicnnmeessices 220) | @hordeiles, tONensis.- =. -22- = sales eeeeee 145 
Ghitonmarmoratus. <-<.22-<s.5.ocnsoeececes POU Horestomia.k teers -.c2e<.ec255se5 osen'— <= 3 
Chiton marmoreus....-.-.-.--- eee ee ee Danette OTTO Lie oss 0S n/t o/s leita <a eaters etn/s wlaveeralee 374 
Chitowmendicarius /.2- 622.2... se. . 5. seeccne SOMO DTIStMAS SI: o> oon eee Seema aeee ome 348 
Chien Mer Chae sete se eas csi = cea ners 304 | Chreecocephalus atricilla .......---.-.------ 172 
ChitonMertiensitescssco.12o.ccoetecteonee AD ae OC NUGIMUSE —~2 ncn ecee Meee eecn aa acan a meets 246 
@Hiton Mintmuasesse. aos 2c ee ts ecee ee 320, 322 | Chrysodomus Diegoensis -...---.----------- 29 
Chiton Montereyensis -.-.......-.---..---<- 304 | Chrysomitris lawrencii..-..----------- 390, 391, 414 
GhiGormattds CONN See eee ae eens nc oi eee 303 | Chrysomitris pinus.--...--...----- 390, 391, 393, 414 
Ghivton* Narita: sss te te Std este co seoee 33 Chrysomitris psaltria.....----- 391, 392, 393, 413, 414 
Giitonolivaceuss ape eter... soe a-+ = sc. se 284 | Chrysomitris tristis ....-...----------- 126, 413, 414 
@inton’ omatus=) 322 sosoemes ses. 2.4 352 ee BUFo RONry SOLS AUCUStA\s 25 4- -=2 = 2) een ane 62, 487 
RGHILOMVOLY Zar. cae aera ois sisa- an “= SS S22) | Chrysousuildimget. .....-.2-- season - 186, 193, 487 
Ghiton Pallas eee canseeeee sa-e- = tenet 290,309':|/ Church, W.S ......----------------5-----== 476 
Chitonpechinatys pan weaga esses sss eee DUI CH COnG eee a sal ania, cle n = elena eal ainietn mince ieee 62, G4 
@hitontbermivianusis--..-sscinnocos oss sarose Seo eOICOMIR ALD As o- a's =a aei= eee ee aneen atlanta ale 451 





495 


‘ 


496 INDEX. 


Page 

@ien-Sante Mejicano res -e.2.. = 22. erence 133 
Cinta acces ee ceetee sities =< senna ae 306 
Ciliata argentata ....-------.-----------.-<- 349 
@inclidze seeeeeeeer eee oe ee eee 397 
Cinclocerthia gutturalis ...--..------------- 486 
Cinclocerthia ruficanda. ....-. -- -52, 187, 239, 453, 486 
CmelpshMBexicanus 5:2. --.eecnee eRe 391, 393, 397 
Cinnamon eal. =o oat ewes eee ae 446 
Circus cyaneus hudsonius .....---------.--- 154 
CirGus MNGSONIGS. spss -er 2 = ene eee eee 154, 435 
GirtisOMUs =e. sees = = ees ae eee 366 
Cirrisomus testudineus-.-....-.-.----------- 366 
Cirrisomus trichocephalus......---.-.------- 366 
CAMEISOMUS LHBCTOIS oe - seeele aetna 366 
Ciphanichtnys oases ce oneal inne eee 369 
Clackamas River, Notes on Fishes from .... 69 
Clackamas River, Trout from...........---- G2 
Clangula planciom (oon cee eee n= -241, 487 
lpr ee o catoen a aeatt ete eee en neta 290 
@lark Mills, casts of heads -.---.--..-.-..-- 201 
pricey Mts ghee ese ame tee ceo e ean meet 228 
Wilark's'Grehe cscs ca5e-5 sacs ao os een 449 
@larkis NutCraeker- cence ea 2- sae sae 422 
@lathurella Conradiana.........--.- eee enere 29 
Clementia subdiaphana..........-- can oe een 11, 28 
Chidodermge- sash acecs o5- 5s =e nana 345 
CGE SWOOW. «nace se scene same soho me see 408 
CUinOStOMUS sais << se se—rscs5 le ose ae a 83 
Glopic oll: 2 2 cos seeechee case seceeses 17 
Win phot s.- csc wes saaace cee essa oe eases 205 | 
Glupanodon Burevs=----- se.- ae see eee 30, 33 
Clnupeamenhaden) -- 026 ese cncnnceeaaee = ni 5, 30 
Clo peaoyVannUs ie. asec ees a een 30 
Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe --.....-.....--- 5 
MONUDGRIGS ons erer sce ace omega clan ee eeiet ae 384 
o-4-DObe-ta/26 =e o-cs sieceeieeee ao ee ece eee 213 
Coceyzus americanus .......---=-- 150, 390, 392, 432 
Coccyzus minor, 62, 193, 234, 240, 272, 278, 359, 459, 487 
RUDUISIIED eerae ince s cpe cas oneaseccce ay saints 278 
PENA SUN HERE = oc op chee samc noes siege 25a 18 | 
Wterepitee. 2 == ----s<c-se<-.5<1-% 233, 239, 269, 354, 455 | 
GEHUGES no ouecests ce neko asses sae eee 204, 206 
Colaptes auratus) --.-< << scoss-5--- == =r == 431 
Colaptes auratus, ?. mexicanus..-..-------- 430 
Colaptes auratus, y. hybridus ---...--..---- 430 
GIA DLES  (LYTOSL 0 once = ne fe eee eee ee 431 
Colaptes chrysoides .---...-..--.-s--------- 431 
Colaples bh vbridus --- co -scmcecep ote aeae 431 
Colaptes ‘“‘mexicanus” ..-.---2-.s.2--- 391, 392, 393 
MU OIArCEMUSe DT =~ scion a utan ming wie eee eee 456, 458 
Colardean, Mlonsiewh 25. 65.5222 snes 455 
Colardéau, Monsieur St. Félix ...--.---....- 457 
AC On le a miele == ne ge tei ae eae 60, 272 
COlsBENCOLTS TOUS -.. Sense e ee n-e e 358 
COME ee. ec ce roast eee eee ea OaS 
Collins; Capt. Joseph W ..- 22.2.2 25.52.22 257, 261 
@Cowiselaenmer cee tae -- > op eee 337, 338, 339 
COHIse la) paar ese ==... 6 ee eee 339 | 
Collisella patina var. normalis sive pinta- 

Cina asta See ene ernie oa oc oe ae 340 
Collisella sybaritica .--..---- See cee ee 341 
Collisella testudinalis var. alveus......----- 340 
Collisella testudinalis var. Cumingii .-.-..-.--- 340 
Collisella testudinalis var. ocbracéa ........ 340 
Collisella testudinalis var. patina........... 340 


. Page 
| Collisella testudinalis var. testudinalis ..... 339 
Collisella? triangularis...............-c.006 341 
Gollurio ludovicianus: ~~. 2+. .23-.-2-ceesee scent 
Collurio ludovicianus, g. excubitorides --.---. 411 
Collurio ludovicianus var. excubitoroides... 126 
Colorado, Mountains ‘of--2---2-<-- <-c<siees0 114 
Comanches. ...------ goons ee eseeneine ns 202, 208, 213 
Come-uh-see-vah (Wolf's Marrow)...---.-.. 207 
Gome-mh-sn-rahe bso csc es. 2 ease eee ee eee 204 
Gommon: Crow: = === --2555-2-<1-- anism 422 
Common Flying Toad ............--....---. 373 
Common Moolcfish. «22-2 <c.0--a5-' se bemeeeee = On 
Common. Erog-fshe.: -- = 2-<.saqseetnin sees 216 
Common Garfish: 2. * oon ones oe ee eee 246 
OCHS yao eae eles ee er 245 
Conspectus Tyrannorum ......-......------ 467 
Contopus borealis ....-.------- 187, 391, 392, 393, 424 
Contopus richardsoni.....-.--- 187, 391, 392, 393, 425 
Gontopusvarens-~ n-decane ee eer 137 
Gonna califormicusss. nc s=<=eaoeele eee 12, 30 
Cook; ‘Capt.i@aleb:- 2-2. -eeaen sc 2am 16 
Gook;, Solomon -.2)-/2.. 25. 2ate 2-0 2 eee 16 
GOR eee tare = Salm 43 
Cooper, Mri Jaan oso. 22. coon ce eee 117 
Cooper's Hawikt.eeees@a=-— == ane e eee 435 
CO0ba ee Se 55 sa sacmcee ace att a ee 237, 241, 443 
| (Cope, rots. 422 sees oe 2. ee See ee 75 
Copperopoligt see. ene eens a eee 427, 435 
Columba anritanc. se. 2. asa. ae eee ae 450 
Columba corensis ...-.----- 66, 196, 275, 360, 460, 487 
Colomba flavirostris.-..---2-- =. .-s-c-ncees- 157 
SHOR ip oo sme re inn cin ee ae ate me ca 
INGStSy2 Sass con a aha eee eee 157 
Columba) Taseiatay <2 wesmamc eto) iota 391 
Columba leucocephala Ree ons 237, 241, 450, 487 
Columba leucoptera ...------5- 2... .csecmne 450 
Columba martinicays-<.-< 3. s. eease a 450 
Columba mystios:, -=---- 2... 2266. oes 450 . 
Columba passerina ~~ =. - 2-2 -<5-— earner 450 
Columba portoricensis. ..-.------.- 222 .n. - 450 
Columbia Salmon...2- 52225 -5=s eee nee 69 
Columbide..... 66, 196, 237, 241, 275, 360, 435, 437, 460 
Colus Dupetithonarsi? ----.--.-.---- 29 
Colymbus.pacificns. 2c. ces caqmee see esinea cee 395 
Colymbus septentrionalis.---.....---..----- 395 
Colymbusitorquatus. 2. -= =. 2 26-ene-—ss--ae== 395 
Coming, tothe Grove -.).- soos 6 = =a eee 213 
Cordlimaiae Anak - paeeascatene els eee ees 245 
Corbeau -..... Bie eck «bers Sete inadceeceak 268, 273 
INIGSES apis se eee a aise sae ee elite ete 
Corbuladuteolate=s<c.282 2 Sse cea eee ee 127 
Gore phase se oe cela ata staat eie tele 298, 324 
Corephium echinatum.......---..---.....: 298, 344 
Cormorantsiraese.2 as ie oSnae a. eee 447, 448 
Comn-freld Duckie nas. oe ee == eee 169, 170 
Corvid@. .--... PRS be sn ad Sea 422 
Corvus: amermeanus-.--- .-- 2222-2525 5m 39, 393, 422 
Corvus CanTinusiese. -% -2 5 Jace eee 395, 422 
Corvus ossifraens <2... 5... cc. swine 422 
Corynolophustasse<-. == 52522 tem eae 217, 218, 227, 230 
Corynolophus Reinhardti.........---------219, 228 
Costa Rica, New Species of Birds from....- 252 
Costa Rica, Shells from Kitchenmidden .... 23 
Coturniculus passerinus .-.--..--.--------- 126 
Coturniculus perpallidus ......-.....-..--.- 395 














es 


INDEX. 497 
Page. | Page. 
Goilemiparigneczert=.as-6- 2 ciscmtinges See 12D NSO a MGuND OPLONAe® sae eack sin sie = S= scp ocean ose 250 
Wome nese se ae aoa ce = gaeicn siecle Selon 26 | Cyanospiza amcena .-..-------.-------- 390, 391, 419 
RGR e li OM are eerie = alma =a) oaln(ot oe oa AMD s |) GyaniUspisasciciaees ete: ens Sete 129 
Couch SPely Cake Cte ses =o 2 hr malelsieaeininia 474 | Cyanospiza cyanea .--------------.-=------- 128 
ConcommanioGee ls. <--2 sos S-assty==2eenes 359) Gyanospiza versicolor == =-.---2<-02<.------ 118, 128 
WOueS Rican Sasa < cos 140) 865.371, S024879; 880) | | Oy DIM yoo ce ccs se sere s csc = <4 ene nana 875 
Chace eWiMrObuee: so-ccb css sss cece oSeeoeee 265ml AG bi) ACORVUM E32 ee see ae eian aan 3)4 
Gian DUnd a sete eroeis aise once oe acl Logo aaton oh Gvibrumucalballas cece asa meinene emetic 3 
NOTH Niet eee rete ea ees ane eel teil 364 | Cybium immaculatum.......-.-.---.-.----- 5 
nAii eNO ets ase oso aes 665) Gy bium macolatumlsess.\ se soe -eensecn an 4, 875 
Crac Blounder of Hurope.---..-.-----.----- 19 | Cybium, Notes on American Species of. ---- 3 
Cranberry Sammity=.<*-.. 6s. ss)-- sh eeeecn == 260°) Ovbinmirecale:: .22.ca- ~coa-st sees ceneeeee 3, 4, 375 
Ora eS emer eee alee a= eee eee 443 | Cygnus americanus ....--.--------------- 169, 444 
Craspedoehwlas snc s- ance acer ccs ane sonia. SOM NC WLChiisi te see elenci cease ee eeeeneeeaa 318 
Craspedochilus marginatus.-....---..------ S20Na20) [AO ylichna alba sess cer ease aces oan eee 12; 28 
YAS MECOCHILON Ss ase saa ae oe See ee a= ao7 |, Cylichna cylindraceai-----22s-s-05a2- =< oa 29 
Cra xine xa DICAUGALUS se 2 = ae eaasein eine NAM OMNOSClON sass nae oceetoesssees S-meesems ene 377 
MORAREXS UNICIN GUUS c= oe cee seis en eatenen an 154 | Cynoscion carolinensis .---.---------------- 377 
WOREEDELS Nae R yao s a aes eee agaist 401 | Cynoscion rega.'s .-...--- we neewiiaice eee 377 
Crepaud-volant ou Tette-Chevre roux, de la ) GypprinOd OM eee. mee wie) eee mnie ni 384 
Gata ees waa eter ase epp Nas scpe 143 | Cyprinodon variegatus....-.......6-.--.-=5 384 
Grepidulavaduncar =: —9- = meen - nine anne ce nine 122 Hen | Any TINO CON Aas os saeeictaina=)njaln seis ean seine ate 384 
Crepidula navicelloides.....:------..-=---.- 29 | Cyprinus (Leuciseus) caurinus -...--..----. 84 
CrenidularprinGeps 2.2-.= 6s 22026-9456 omen L228!) Cyprintis OLESONEMSIS hs «.cj= deo <.ceim 6 oe eisin a 2 
(Cres GCP EMME 2 sor ere re cos a Soe at ae 240 Gi Ciyms Glide ees bese e ocneoae as 62, 192, 272, 359, 459 
Crested Humming bind oot a. ens ene 278 eOrgnSelOideS THEOL sa-h- nee ane eee eee eee 459, 487 
Crimson-throat Humming-bird ......--..--- 60 | Cypselus (Acanthylis oxyura)....-..--..--- 450 
EN EGU Sree. meee: chert ramsey 60 | Cypselus collaris (Hirundo pelagica) -.-.--. 450 
GRiSMVOMEM es «apse ee (oe ences eeteaG anak 73, 80, 81 | 
Cristivomer namaycush Seem eee iat ST ST Gr ee oe ee yey tees ee Cae 485 
Criseivomer siscCowets 6-3/2. lee ao -in- === 8} Daenis puleherrimars... see .yse aa eae 484, 485 
Croaker ..... Sac pe See ee La safe ae es 378 Dacnis pulcherrima, a. pulcherrima -.....--- 485 
oe om al ie ee ie 193, 273, 450, 487 | Dacnis pulcherrima, . aureinucha .--.---. 484, 585 
Growablack pind 5 osc snes eee yamine mies as 191 laachyloprenunse: <22 52.5 seh neo eee 372 
CYOWS « - +. 2-22-25 -2- 0220s etree ete teeter eee 422 | Dactylopterus volitans.........--.-------- 245, 372 
Cxucibulum: spinosum 2-2 os cee eels AAT nana nC EARG: oe Sues ee se ee 170, 446 
Cryptobranchia ..--.--.---++-- steteseese: 281, 336 | Dafila bahamensis..-...--.-.------+--- 239, 241, 487 
Cryptobranchia abba. ..-.-..-------.-------- 38D) || sa ai NaVyinn lense aa os ae 1, 3, 10, 23, 26, 46, 281, 369 
Cryptobranchia concentrica -......-.--.--- 304; 300" sMasy batide - 24-265) ss55 =<. access scales 386 
Cryptobranchia concentrica var. instabilis.. 335 | ADANWIIAEIS Sok oe ese ne eb 2 ee 386 
Cryptobranchia instabilis .......-.-..-..--- 335. | Dasybatis centrurus ....--.-.-------------- 386 
(Cry puoChiton= = 2 - s- ----nce= sn 5 281, 299, 301, 311 | Davenport, Dr. E. C...-+-.--ee+----se scenes 412 
Cryptochiton Stelleri......-......- PPV OTSA, 447 | Mw aonls Ho oace stoned doen cao cce eS eeeuehee 298 
Why PUD CON CRU ome aan feeeae esas Sareea 2090 ai and AS kee oe esata che Ree Nee 364 
Cryptoconchus menticularis........... PSU SOLELY EE SAR BIL: eee eR ce are 5, 45, 80, 264 
Cr prodon HEXUOSUS!. .--- 2225. - aes en sins 28) While kay eDr tenn: sc fe to oe 363 
Cryptoidea reat MD Gd alee ey) eo -295, 299, 302, 307 Demiegretta ludoviciana =} we [e ont os) enjte'd jen, mai es a lat a 164 
Cryptomya californica....------.....-----.. 28 | Dendrocygna autumnalis...-..-----.------- 169 
Cressy) aie at ala eee eee 299.| Dendrocyena fulva..2..- 2422--5+ nese se: 170, 445 
Cuba -.--------- 21. - ++. 22222 sees eee eee eee 4 Dendreca estiva ...-...-. 123, 391, 392, 393, 394, 404 
Cuckoo, four o'clock bird. --...2..-2-2.----: 240  Dendreeca auduboni......----. 390, 391, 393, 394, 405 
Cuckoo manioc..-....--..--...-... 1938, 272, 278,459 | Dendrceca blackburnie .-.. ... cals Rare vais 123 
GIG eae ae ae «oc mine ee 625,432) Dentnroaca Capitalis:-—a.+ conse - nc Ga caoc\-can Soe 
Cuculide - - 62, 193, 234, 240, 272, 859, 432, 459 | Dendreeca coronata .....--.--. 123, 124, 390, 391, 405 
AIR SEEN on ng oo wine eee 450 Dendreeca dominica albilora .......-..---.. 124 
Culebra, Shell-smounds of ..-....------------ 23. Dendreeca dominica var. albilora ........-.. 123 
Cumingia GUNA IND Geraeetome | oo ree ae HI 29e WendreacaInaAculOswes- seca: =. -sccbecesete 123 
Cupidonia etipidos so: 502 2. .b 6235-6 Sue 5a 160,438 | Dendreeca nigrescens.....-...---.-----391, 394, 406 
Cupidonia cupido var. pallidicincta ......... 159 | Dendraea “EAGLES ce 393, 394, 405 
BROT at are tee ln oan nln nmin 382°! Dendroeca pennsylvanica..--..--.---.------ 124 
Goumlenvie ena eee elt ose ecle an, 67, 238,242 Dendreeca petechia.--...-...----- 54, 56, 233, 239, 454 
(uiske sa 2et seer ee ee ens. ce es 362, 363 | Dendreeca petechia yar. faeueepee @ ---2 2. 453, 486 
(ee epee ease oo non |- apers 4,300,348 | Dendreca petechia var. ruficapilla ......... 486 
Cyanocitta frontalisi.2)2.22....<..::-2- 391, 892, 393 | Dendreeca plumbea.......-.--.--...---- 55, 454, 486 
Cyenocitta stelleri, @. frontalis..........--- 422" Dendrosca muti capillas- . 3: 5-0. sarljonpe -o seer 303 


Proc. Nat. Mus. 73 ——32 


May 23, 1879. 


498 INDEX. 

Page. "Page. 
Wendroeca radi cularsese ee. sage es 353, 454, 486 | Echeneis' jacobosa .--..... 2:22... 0--<e oe dee- 381 
Mendrreca wire. sees. cee cs. 5-2 oe eee ee 124 Echeneis linestus!-.. 225. 25-2 Ae 381 
Dendreeea superciliosa -..-.-<.---.:.------- 124 Echeneis'manerates:--=- - 1-5 -sssesee eae 380, 381 
Dendreca townsenda. . 2.0. --0isccee--coeee 406 Hcheneisiosteochine-3 6. —- 2. Lee ee 381 
MendrweavaTeNs sos... [oy sa dae eee ee eee 486: | Echeneis remora cess 208 eae oe ee 380, 381 
Merial ee eee coals Sos cence Roe eee 291 | Eck-e-mah-ats (Buck Antelope)............. 213 
Dentalium hexagonum .......2---.-..--<- 2) 27,29) \eek-@-nah-ats’ 22 0h)2 ems eames oe eee 205 
Dentalium semipolitum .-..........-..-.--- 29 | Ectopistes migratoria. }.-20.529.225.2..2e 431 
Mechayesiella saseaese. oe ee ee 995,914), din b ung hy soso ee ee 118 
Meyiaishe. 2252 hcee Sense a ne ae 386) Md wards).<2525 =. 23. eee ae ee 263 
IA DLOUM or Sos aoe See cone ate 5068> | Hel-ike fish/22-- s2.65s ose eee 245 
Miapterug DL ekoyl ceccns a eee eee eee 463 | Elainea martinica .......... 59, 191, 270, 357, 458, 487 
Wi branGhus ca. ese ee eee eee 931) 989", Wlainea nioricdn sia. seesss-cecesee aoe ee 484 
Mibranchusmplanticas.-s.sces ee eee 232:|. Elainea pagana. 2.22%. 22-2 ssuenssse Pabine 59 
MI CHAGhItOM =. 2: a: Sases coon eee ce ee eee 309) Hlaineawiisit, 3/35.22622 35 22 eee ee 59 
Michromanassairula sess sess. = ceek este eee 164°-| Hlaineasubpapana ss) -- 452. o8 osoee ae eeees 59 
Dinoplacs-\--\c< seat eee eee 298 | Elanoides forficatus -2.-.2222-ci-0.- 0-22 nee 1538 
MIOCLER eres ee ae eee cee ee aes 467)| SHlanusvleucorus:s:saee ees gece eee 153, 435 
Miocbesipy mholowis j-- sos -cee se eee 467, )|,Aolateri ds ies lass ta ae a i 
Digdontidiase eset ote see cas (ane ee 266) aeldrid eC Ma -esq)7-cesn- 2 ae ee 51 
PIPPEL case ha oe oe a Ce ae eee eee B07) || Hilliot;Min: ONG <= sae 2 eee 8 
BOT sake eee eee ee RC enter 198; | dilopidse s2--eo hes atss abe oe) oe 384 
Hiveni(Grevos) osc secseee se - sees eee see 240° || MODS. on amieee = ome neon tae ae 384 
MOCOSOSsae une Site Me 981/991 999,934 -| lope Saurus). - 2225. doascs sees seh eee 384 
MD OULOr BILd eesass ase eee Sate Ee ee 192,358 | Emberiza olivacea.......... 2.2... ..2---.2-4 450 
Mp ew OOU Soe cee. See eee ae 964 | Emberiza oryzivora,.2-- 252-222 l2seccsae- 450 
HV OMITIC AS oe) ok ioe Sis eae ta 48, 50,185,488 | Embernagra rufivirgata..........:128, 130, 248, 249 
Dominica, Catalogue of Birds of..........-. 48 | Embernagra rufivirgata, a. rufivirgata ....248, 249 
Wane wealifornicus..ciscsteeekee oles eee 3 | Embernagra rufivirgata, @. crassirostris...248, 249 
ion axatlexMOS Uses saves te ee eee ee 11,28 | Embernagra rufivirgata, y. verticalis...... 248, 249 
WMosimia ponders 22 os.- es soe ee 146.9728 °| Hmersonii, «Amiculae 202 noes 299 
Double Vision, petty chief -............... 2048210) | = Banertesay Miri 2e sn meen tan ee eee eee 46 
Double-crested Cormorant.............----- 447 | Empidonaxacadicus....--.<..--.2.-.25.cc0- 137 
DVGVE AGTOUNG -. e-tisste eco s eee 7 |: aumo pid onax difhicilis ® ssscees-e. aes seco eee 393, 425 
ios | it Wain, SAO ee ae eee 67 | Empidonax flayiventris ........... .-..-.- 137, 425 
ING S tices Secs hac 2 ae ete ee eee 67 | Empidonax hammondi....-........- 391, 393, 394, 426 
MO MES Se se sss saeco. aoe Oe ee 437 | Empidonax minimus .-.....---....-...-...- 137 
Downy Woodpecker .....2.....ss-622----- 150, 428 | Empidonax obscurus..-..--.../ *.. 891, 393, 394, 496 
Dire pee es Se bee ey ch ate 150 | Empidonax pusillus. .-..--.-..-....... 391, 393, 425 
rilligetemp Wes Ase SE Pee 12,27 | Empidonax pusillus var. trailli............. 137 
rillia pemionlatant ace cas aoe sae ee 12/28.;|' Emchelyopusicimbrieus).--25--22sceseno ee 349 
PD TAMAS Dee poe Sols rapist Oe ISa-k dee ee eee 29° | “Emolish Snipes: vases osetesce ode eee 238 
DDE 6 Sick Soe gin aie ete Sn ee ae etart e ees 878) | CEngraulidide =< 222 22se ao. aoe c eae een 
Drammond-Hay, Colonel; H. M., C/M.Z.'S:.. lve |) Bngraulis\ <2 29222 ak Ja comanni 2s eee oes 385 
DE WOON saoe 3s cera ates oe ee eee 2054 Bneranlis brownilS—cac-cs-oe = gece ee eee 385 
DO TVIMONA Kha tees cee nose eee ee es A66) | SHnegranhis vittatas»-2c,.-ccebssoeseaecs sees 383 
TDL A oe a tee 239.444'-| “Eneranlis vittatus:: = 24. 2.-ceeseeeceseeece 385 
nek: Hawkes ok. ance paescske mee oeaee coe 204604) SEnoplochiton sc... soos ssceeee eee eee ee 298 

Dundas, G.vesq..)C. MaGus velo. eens oe os 187,193 | Hnoplochiten Niger: <= \sose-eace eee eeee 2. 
Wapicy Grouse wos << oa wcne ow eae eee eee ee 2980] PD IANGES ease anes nos ac e\ae eee heen ee 87 
EOS nan Spiddal ae we CEES ee eee rne 438 | Ephialites argentina.---...........-.--.---- 90, 92 
INGSES Us '. cia’ sacdonneeeeens «eee mere 438:.| “Hiphialites aslo\csecs-tateseeem seu see 2 ee sel 107 
D yraiety COW DING | 3). 02k2 Lace oas soar eon 132, 138, 142 | Ephialites atricapilla .-..--..-.-.2.52.-22.2. 95, 97 
ay PASTS ies acs ates mae gee nee ee 396 | Ephialites brasiliensis --...2-.--.2.-- 022.0% 92 
Dytes auritus, 8. californicus ........-....- 449 | Ephialites choliba -...-.9-----2...2. 5.22252. 92,114 
Dyiess (Galernicus: 26225220 oo aces 392' | Ephialites flammeola,s---232--2- //sssee cues 104 
| iEip hinlites mudipesss-s-2-ce226=-<. eames. 89 
MAGI ES (ope teers aetalecian «2 <ic'ais- eee eee 434 | ?Ephialites ocreata................----..-. 106, 108 
Bia wl Gis Mead aaa anaes sn = 2 ee ee eet 204 | Ephialites portoricensis... -.....2.....2.-. 93 
Eastport, Me., Glyptocephalus acadianus | -Bphialites trichopsis #22: . $s-c22-e8¢es eases 114 
POT soe ie hci see he sc vee eee 19” | ‘Ephislites watsonivs 2. -- o2ssececcaeeneen 90, 95, 96 
Mperhand.: = 2225. Softee sees = icgeeene 291-)| SEiphippidneecareeesse- +o. ete oe ess ae eee 380 
MGHeNCIGIO ys Se nee etaw es aaa soe Sole 880s -aipmephelusieae sees. --..caeece=a se eee 174, 379 
Echeneis ..-... Sc sat cere eeeeteca: ca ccee 380, 381 | Epinephelus Drummond-Hayi....-- ...... 1738, 174 
Wehencis australis s2-22 .-eeeee eee cece sees 881) | -Hpinephelusimorio:. =<. 3. onset eens se 379 





i a re ea ie eaten setae = - . - == 





INDEX. 499 
Page. Page. 
Epinephelus nigritus......-....-.2+-------+ DS 2un PRIA Oy AMON oe eres emcees wlaincieinele\sieminnaee ats 77, 78 
Hranna Cerviniventris.....2...0.....2-2.... Aa Ot ariorelanikiies ence sesee sae sail lste ns misie cee 76 
irannaGubusiescasesiecee at sees = Saecen sm 147) (Wario paindMerd —eosee = saci =o asinine 76 
BPar a PUCUNG Ac Hs seen. s- 5 ices ew eons a 147..| Pario new Derriliss--26, sso assesses sc -nseenins 76 
IB TAN AMEN Ole ae es = escent oeciie sees cenale 1472 | Wari onsbellahuseoceasste eae 2 ciiee sem aisle ae a ste 77,78 
Ein aat esas =o eee aeons Sania eens alae ates 1Aiie | ALO CSU pie Wes eyeeeen ate tae alias alter satel 17 
Hranna yucatanensis ........./..2..-----.5- 1485 RascicularisChitontsssecq.sceeeesee cee ane = 290 
HKremophila alpestris -.....2-----.--------- BO SO esa lsat a AC acter erate ete layes aye ee alate alien oe 384 
Eremophila alpestris chrysolema.....-.---- 730) | penelmer si Owl sateen seen ee = see eennen =n 104 
Eremophila alpestris var. chrysolema ...-.-. 129 | Ficedula canadensis ------- Sas SP aerate ot 450 
Eremophila alpestris,@. chrysolema.--..... AOS SRI OUEE ULCOs ance eer oleate aes 275 
Mremoplila comutas..s-csaenen +22 sen =-—-0 13 Min Ches\<c.22 s.cn's as det aa aieis Sea rae oaee mate 412 
Preuhizonidorsahas:: 5-22-2252 coos sees [edn Eine y. Ors Sse. UW sscAs enna meet 152, 169, 170 
Ereunetes petrificatus.......-- 1612 2389249546) 4985 |einsehy M0 sae a sarees ae nieiale- emi eee 478 
HrounetLes PusWluUstssce-- sss. coe Saceeeeee.s AGI SObe | MES HOE a kaw see nian faite micte elaine =e 65, 236, 435 
SUEPINUS osonc ch ose se ohiSeace ccweeese cee 336 | Fish, Serranoid, from Bermudasand Florida. 173 
ISM AbUrA PU DIG @- ace accaces ae eecokcoes 171, 447 | Fishes, Bermudan, mistakenly described as 
PERT SLIS OLA seleiae eee eee cee ene See eee 204 new by Dr: Gimthers 4-55 5-ms4--snis-n ee 462 
SOUS Hyena ee teens Te eee seem cei 381 | Fishes, Clackamas River, Notes on ..--.---- 69 
IBSSE QUIN OMRIVER as cere wecieurenecacie cece eee 58 | Fishes, Destruction of, near Tortugas ..-..-- 244 
aR bei Leaves eis Re ete een ee cere ee aie 205, 211 | Fishes, Mortality of, in Gulf of Mexico..... 363 
Eneapripodus Seah Sale PIE CPD ona x RARE a a: A 142 | Fishes, New, from Florida............-.-... 176 
Ba chalarodusy sace Sedsce. ose n cee ee 142, 345, 346, 387 | Fishes of Beaufort, Notes on .----...------- 365 
Euchalarodus Putnami.........---.--- 345, 346, 347 | Fishes, Synopsis of Pediculate -.-.. .------- 215 
PNGINOStOMUS see ace = tet oe dee neces 378 | Fish-teeth from California Tertiaries -..-.-.- 12 
Eucinostomus argenteus ..............----- O72), MEUSSURG AN cee =e aa tesco sae ec e ee eer 342 
Eucinostomus Lefroyi-........--...2.-.---- 463) |ebussurellayvolecanG\=o--se.0- iis -oee ssn oo 12, 29 
Eucinostomus productus ........-..-..----- 463 | Fissurellide.--..-...-. Re oc aeeae cee beameeys 282, 286 
NG OXOCHILOM er et. cns ot vice cesincceeeocte 297 | Fissurellidea callomarginata...-....-.-..--- 12, 28 
Eugomphodus littoralis ..............-..-.- S77 EUS HULA eee hetcer ee mactrasene see See 368 
Eulampis holosericeus ..... 60, 61, 192, 234, 240, 272, | Fistularia tabaccaria .-..--.----..---------- 368 
358, 458, 487 | Fistulariida......-.----.-----.-.----------- 368 
Eulampis jugularis. .... 60, 192, 266, 271, 358, 458, 487 | Flammulated Owl -.---.--.-.--------------- 104 
MBLMAIMICANS Joo. ccs sesseass-o-e eee toes OO Tie OB Let NOS Gee sees eni rieg= asa nee =r 205 
Bilinear ae ee pest kee eae eet eee ee One lickers As eho es eens secon ck eecer eee ceeeee 43 
Euphonia flayifrons . ...56, 190, 269, 354, 455, 456,487 | Flint, Dr., Shells collected by, in Costa Rica 23 
HuphoniaimMusied acca c/s one coe eee ae 456 | Florida cxrulea ....--....- 196, 236, 241, 274, 359, 487 
Huphonia:sclatert =f. 5.5 ..s.cvetasatecsccese 57,456 | Blorida Gallinule =: ---5--...22-2-2--22----=- 443 
Waplaciphorazcsass.ceaccessee oes e Ser 298 | Florida, Two New Species of Fishes from.. 176 
MUSPI Za AM CLiCAns = ssas sees moe. che eae ee OSs AR OONEG CE =e ios Seats cae oot oe mene 370 
Bvening Grosbeak: sacs cksstesseeae wes cee 412 | Fluvicola perspicillata.......----..--..----- 484 
BX OG US HLS eee ee RCo anele ic Ag en 393 | Flycatcher .......-...------ 50, 191, 239, 270, 271, 357 
Pxoceetusimelanurus =. -4-2 eels. se eeeee Ss ele OAS hee ne oe eee naan ae eateries aries 372, 383 
AU OSA S hice aes ae atte aso ciate re ee eee 347, 367 
ra THOTSTOI SUC tc =a ene solvers alee 448 
Fabricius ...... ...---.--+--2-20e222-e eee ee 215 | shiprt deibrancel ses us caoe se seee eee eee eee 350 
Falcinellus guarauna .....-..--222-csies- 22-2 TGS al WER ye EeTio ara Onin: pete ee. Bien ceceeter ee 244, 245 
Falco ?.......--.+2-2-+2-2-2222-eeer eee ec ee 73, 236 | Fossils, Californian Postpliocene....--.----- 3 
Falco anatum. ..--.-.--.-----+++++-+-------- 152 | Fossils, Californian Tertiary ....-.- -------- 26 
Falco columbarius. ....--.............. T5BRA5 0. AGI ere Rares een eta ete ene ip aay Saas 61, 358 
Faleo communis var. anatum .......--.---- DAORAST Mani mololoche binds ee ese eae eal ene 234 
Falco communis var, nevius..........-..--- HDD I harcore seek a ites Neier EMR DEER Sec, _ 298 
Falco communis, B. nevius -...-......-..--- 434 | Fregataaquila..........---- 65, 195, 240, 274, 359, 487 
Falco cyaneus .....-.....--.--- wen ana eae 450,460 | Fregatide .......2.-.2--2--- 65, 195, 236, 240, 274, 359 
Falco fusco-cxerulescens -....-......---..--- 15a litremblyiaits oat eee. Sek SES 298 
HPS ANGMOST .Saci-ja\sc cc taclsscesee soa S {62 WYai pate Bindi = svete cs. -u2 sees cote Saee 240 
alcophaligeiugy ence Sue scl seccc ote lees 4505460 }|Skricate PeliGameseceser =e -(.2-25-- Ss assess 65 
Falco PELE AMUN ees ak ote lice on eee 450, 460 Fringilla MOCiCseaeeet es. sou 22 Se eee 450 
Falco pterocles voter ee cece eee eee eee ee eee 155 | Fringillide......... 57, 191, 233, 239, 269, 355, 412, 457 
Falco sparverius .............2.+2-2--e-2++ 168;450.|, Wulicat: Mees 2 0.0.22. scans 47, 237, 241, 276, 487 
Falco tinnunculus --....-......2.-22.22220 460 | Fulica americana.......--.-----+--e-ceeees 165, 444 
Falconide .--....... G5, 194. 236, 240, 273, 359, 494, 459 | Hulion atra .........+-c-2s-s<eseeeeeuo ene 450 
ao VID ne ae eee eee eee nnn eens 297.)| dulics martinicensis.-.<>. +> -secences-seee 450 
Pario argenteus 2. .-..--25.......--.2.2+-000 GH MMR atlistis, 2c. .cucucoctecseseceseant ee 171, 446 
PIBRIG IEE YT OUR 3 -iadnie scakaiee = eu Soc So oee ee ul eadisicoilaris..<.....1-.- cadessubeakente cae 171, 447 





500 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
Fulix marila .........2 Bee eeeet etree eet 171, 446 | Glyptocephalus ......... Se eee ner 19, 21, 345, 370 
En VOUS! PES Waukee cetelc sain aie sober eoseiee 445 | Glytocephalus acadianus. ......--...--.---- 19; 21 
PB land seeeeiee cee wee atl --/ sec ceaweeetes 384 | Glyptocephalus cynoglossus.-......-...----- 19, 21 
¥undulus heteroclitus.......-.--.---------- 384 | Glyptocephalus elongatus ..........--.--.-. 21 
Fundulus pisculentus .........2......-....- 384 | Glytocephalus saxicola ......-...-----..---- 21 
PRIS MAPTORG Lea's camino osc seaiciaee ae ieee 12°30 || GnO-VO-dNe os com cn est ieee ee ee a eee 205 
Goatsuckers.2 e275 cmt ac. ueee eee eens saeco 427 
Gobe mouche....2 2st sek cee sete ana ecie 357 
Gobe mouche de la Caroline .........-..---. 471 
Gabp! (Prot. csi. fecaceh ts ccewesmacieen=aaen= 90), (Godsbirdee soac eres cee core ee Rees See eee 268 
Gadideaecaenet cassie sees ecineis eee ere eee Onl. | (Goddard: May Jose sees ce eae eee 273 
Gadoid Fishes, Descriptions of......-.------ 296); Godman’ ands Salvin’ = ore sc. ccstensens aoe eee 93 
Gadus CiIMpHUS Jae omen nae cuelenidees aslceet late 6491) (Godman (Mire_ i= -ct2c-es eee seseet eee 99, 100, 101 
Gadus lepidion Sec. s. cc ssee re tee commen ee Ob NK OC SE RLOUSO eeemnmisaach Hehe eet oe eee ee 268 
GadwelllNeseopctoet eee acceanemen esse eee 170, 446 | Golden Plover..-..-. Swit Buh s eens 67, 238, 241, 461 
Gairdner’s Woodpecker -.....------ Bete ae 428 | Golden-crowned Kinglet..........--...-2-.- 399 
Galeonhnidse essen eaesan at ae cele eeine eee 166,388 | Golden-crowned Sparrow ......------------- 416 
Galeoscoptes carolinensis. ..--...-----.----- 120 | Goniaphea .:..... ion ise Ree ana fee eee 128 
Galerus filosus -.-.----.------.--:---.--+---<- 29 | Gonodactylus chiragra .......-...-..-.----- 7 
Gallinago wilsoni -..-- 161, 197, 238; 242; '392, 4405488.) Good: Malki s7s2 55s oe oak ae ee conta eee 205 
Caliente eee tee ae a eeiee aries otal le late exieteinte 166 | Goode, G. Brown, 8, 5, 6, 7, 19, 24, 30, 42, 173, 176, 182, 
Gallinula galeata.......... 165, 276, 448, 450, 461, 487 198, 199, 243, 256, 261, 264, 348, 361, 362, 462 
Gallinula/martinies spo c66 st masnciced ew cce es EON || GrorDuRCha 3.25022 282 ccecteeneoee Scions eae 71 
(Gallinalas cco ss.cy lest. oe ee eee aa 276,448 | Gorse’ blame, ... cc sd) 2cc-2ese ape ees 352 
Gambetta flavipes ...........-. 142, 162, 197, 441, 488 | Goubemouche .......-...----------- ne 59 
Gambetta melanoleuca ......-....-.--. NG2 04 405488" | Cea oud set = = soe see ar cee Ca were tee ra ee 
Garfield, Capt. W. A., United States consul. 351 | Graculus dilophus, @. floridanus.-.-.....---- 447 
Garnet-throat Hummer....--..s--..--5---- 271, 458 | Graculus mexicanuS.....-..-..cs00.--e5---- 171 
Garzetta candidissima..... 164, 196,236, 274; 442,487 | Graculus violaceus -...5260-.2..-c-csecesces 448 
Gasteropodous Mollusea........-.---.------ 282) || Gram puso. he eae aas= aan see eee 18 
Gauls blanc .2sseU 5. teases eee Leese bb ie 4) Cerandisaeamned aoe soe oe. Someone ee tee tactiaate 67 
Gaulin blew 23: 22245 of tos os dae eceneine 274. | Grande Perre 2222.26 o2os meee keee sence 451, 452 
Ganlin noins.tsacent sn cescksaees seeee eee. Bit. Gerasssbirdy. sao.cs seca eee awe oeeee 58, 233, 239, 269 
Cry IMCS eos anaes ance aetna ce semen eta ee er AB™| AGRA CE Eh tect chee came eee Seinen ae 290, 292 
RCE GRO rae ere sare eee eee ane ieee ania eine ees 169 * | (Gray Ones ce easone aoe eee Merce enc emer 300 
Genus Cybium, Notes on American Species Grayshlerone es tare se see cle ee sees eee 196 
OV) Baa eee see Eo cereus eso sasseseesce 3 (Gray Kin gbirdl. sen seeae see <= eee eae 471 
Geococcyx californianus..-......-..--- 150,390,432.) Great Blue Heron -.<20.. 2<22-204862 2222 236, 240, 442 
George's Bank, Occurrence of Hippocampus Great Neck Weir, Belone latimanus taken 
PIO COLMIn ON — see seneseaese< se eee eee 45 ON! cise Sees CASE Ee CUR Meee eaceeeste 6 
Geothlypis macgillivrayi .....---......--.- 393, 407 | Great Northern Shrike .....--..------------ 411 
Geothlypis philadelphia .........-.--...--.. 124°) (Great Pipe Hishi.c2 S220. oe eccaee cheneesenee 246 
Geothlypisitrichas: -..----=i2-.sse.s--.----. 407 | (Great White Berets.-_- 3-50-25. oceans 163 
Geothlypis trichas var. melanops .---.------ 122) Greater Black-heade-2s.-ssssosseeeseeee sae 446 
Geotrygon costaricensis .............-.-...-. 292 | Great-tailed Grackle........-----2------<---,:, 148 
Geotrygon montana ..........-- C7 A196 5276) SOO} 487 ‘NS Trape! aac once oeces oak cele ceteeeee eee eae 172, 448 
Geotry.gon Mystacea ~.55.. ccc cececnussa ns 4605487 "| Green inch. 5-2 ence Cece eee eee 249 
Germain; Catherine. sq teers settee cece ae 206: +E roencHenon a2 2 oe see oe eee 66, 236, 241, 442, 460 
Germain, Julianne ..<on 56 <ce <select 206 | Green or Blue-throated Humming-bird ..-.-. 60 
GE EMMOTT WVUAE acct che intelmt aceite wre site Re 206 | Green-backed Goldfinch........-------.---. 413 
Germain, Sophia. 2c -<csseesh sp soceeceaeee 2064): Greenshead once oe oe at Son ae ee ene neat 445 
GermescOneslis.<.<- ase ceo eeeeee sees 4624463 || (Gréen-talled Cowheescse-tee-ccees ee eseee 419 
SURI DOE ee ~='s's o/b a ales weeieia's oc nac eee O78, 444" Green-throat:: sncectrlscececsanes ashe <ceenciae 272 
(COUR iee hate o a> Seite wie us onic cece nc uees eee ee 83,85 | Green-winged Teal ......--..--.-.---------0 446 
Gulaiconoecephala\. ~...2i252 woceccekacedsmee BH NG renaddssics fo eeee eee enesee cee ce eee 349 
Galaoneponensis!: 22. - 2. .csc eset ecsaasPete ee 69,82 | Grey Beard, chief....--- eee eae re eee ee 208 
Gilbert Chlanlessmees. <li... eeemee ee SES. AiMonriVies. Sac s Roemer see» Fs aeie 52, 239, 268, 275 
Gill, Prof ..... 5, 19, 21, 31, 70, 73, 80, 215, 221,223; 227, | Grive & pieds jaunes.----.........-.-------< 351 
228, 231, 345, 348, 361, 363, 369,380 | Grive trembleuse.....--.--..--.....----.--- 352 
Girard Dyrss.occoeueawaiss ace Dee Ne 69) 7882086!) (Grivettaseeceateects aoa. >s\-paee aden aeen 351, 453 
Glancidinum\ onomarseeuaadass uel 2.5 391; 393) 494 ||'“GrostGrivec-screee- at. veo aneaee 52, 233, 351, 453 
Ggancisibinsntus scsesee eee cee scenes. 266; 271; 487). || "GrosheC)--saseseeas= on «oases eon le nl eb saey 
(Glee glass. << s =e seen Sees ean eaae 65 TOES he 5 sae eeeee aoe patgeeee carers 57 
Ga eee sae eae cae Sesame Se alesis cars 459 Nests..... Manes «on depart eee ees 57 
Glottidia albidars42s. 5 Jace se ees tee aces 28.) Ground Woyverce-seo--ecce dean ..67, 237, 241, 276, 277 











INDEX. 501 

Page. Page. 

GOUNGES PALLOW ie sa ae n'a ea) om Som Moose ets 191 | Hartmann, Monsieur Louis................. 351 
Ground Cline sees sao aes ce a le'satns Someta 402 aa wikis sn swte acerca coc wan wee aes aeeeee 236, 240, 434 
GTOUPEL ore bee ates secre ee. sacmiecinicene 2445046) «Heady Scotusi.chesee occed te asoesenes menace 67 
Grouper, black, NOte ON. -.-.2.<c.saseeesse 152) |) Heaprof Birds) ichiehi<2-s2.ce.02..2252ceee" 204, 206 
GrOURNG ees semssemes cote ccadewclcauedosochics 438 | Hedymeles melanocephalus ....... 391, 393, 394, 418 
GUE a ec sc ac ts ancinein sels a concte acetate 443 Nests:and:efesjrscccsa-tesciedccusaeeane 419 
Garaniseeeese cscs Sess Secs cce cea oe seek M46 bHeermann Drs -soccsees cosh seatecsteeaee 9 
Gmrnpicanadensis:..ac.cee oeee anda aeeeswee AGH 443s. Mel Clone, soma was eiterisheecasaucles demasteeseee 343 
(rv pPROCDILON) ==. cass snake ce aeons oes awe 3158| eHelcion’ pectinatus ssc. -- -nseceeasesce ate 47 
Guadeloupe sce sods set aes else sees 450;.451,488 | Heliastes insolatus ?.-........-.-s2csececce- 246 
Mera Alay ce eee Ae Nee ee aN SR ES On| Elelminthochiton'=--scedeaces senso. =aneoe NaS 
Guatemala, New Humming-bird from ...... g | Helminthophara celata-.-:-...<...-.---s<. 123, 394 
Gnesde, Monsieur a -255.22.222ccseseaeee nee 452 | Helminthophaga celata, @. lutescens.....-.-- 404 
Guiana Goatsucker. -..<dec26-c2s05025-<5 252 143 | Helminthophaga chrysoptera..............- 123 
(unl chin eee hate ee NR eo es ace 300 | Helminthophaga ‘‘Iutescens” ......... 391, 393, 394 
Gildin piayee vee. vod nee ecacoens on cc eeae 298 | Helminthophaga peregrina ....-...........- 123 
Guinea Bird..... See abun e ue ogee, Sug te 934 | Helminthophaga pinus --.--...2...-....-.-- 123 
Guineakhow) sess ose ee eecce oe eee 241 | Helminthophaga ruticapilla ......- 391, 393, 394, 404 
Guiracarccorulea cess tsac sence eee eam oe 128, 419 | Helminthophaga ruficapilla var. ocularis... 123 
GulBofeMexcoisetass cas seeee cere decane aes 7p eHemiaxthrom sec aces ncaa ee Osan 
Gulf of Mexico, Caulolatilus microps from. - 42 | Hemiarthrum setulosum .............--...- 314 
Gulf of Mexico, Mortality of Fishes in..... 363 | Hemirhamphus .--......-................-- 383 
Gollewset ee eee races sas tose rears ene. 209) 2408448) | eemirhamphus\unitasciatus: =. ss. ssseemeee eos 
Gundlach eprsdicetesa soon seoet eo oeewees 57, 469 | Hemithylaca aglaim .-..--....2..222.22.--2- 147 
Giinther, Dr. .20, 21, 26, 77, 79, 80, 82, 85, 226, 229, 361, | Hemphill, Mr. Henry ........ 10, 26, 28, 29, 30, 46, 47 
382, 462, 463 | Hemphill, Mr., Shells sent by..--........... 16 

Henshaw, Mir He aWecces os ste tee eee 72, 75, 485 

TST COWES sees ee eee es eae canes eee Pn 476 


Heematopus palliatus:...5..2:-.ss0s--.s-0-- 160 
ELS IMENTS eta neon ce aeaesatee sae ac 379 
¢ Heemulom arcuatum..- 2.2.2. -00...ececce 379 
Halatractus\s 2 s-s-5.0-sasee eset ecicc eee ae 377 
Haliaétus leucocephalus.- 2... .. 2. ..t-- 5. 437 
Haligheres:: sae acescsse es ce ceueseates sete 374, 375 
AME Whe Asso oeas acne Oeaceeee deca sence eee 232 
Halieutea stellata: sc ssc cect oases se 232 
HOMO MUP INE so ce f= eos See eec aoe akesceseees 231, 232 
ali eutiCbthy Sis. o-- -s20 secete. me eee este ee 232 
Halieutichthys reticulatus.....--.....------ 232 
Halifax, Craig Flounder taken at.........-.. 19 
Mali otide esses comb es sachets caaeee 282 
AOS! ASSINMNS 7-2. lence eee aees es ease aos 46 | 
TAO LS COLUM ORUUS, S--. == sass Sota Se ose 47 
Halious TULESCONS ss ecnsscenaveoscens see 47 
HVaLOGYPSELUS eases sinata sicnts serine oeeeeeias 383 
Halocypselus evolans 5.32122 532.42 195. tacks 383 
HalOporp My TUS te. eon cce ease eee see 257, 258 
Haloporphyrus australis.........-..----.--- 258 
Haloporphyrus lepidion .......--.-22.....-- 258 
Haloporphyrus rostratus ....2+-2...ésaden-- 258 
Haloporph yrs viola. sc.c-2...acescesseees 257, 258 | 
Haloporphyrus viola, Description of........ 256 
iHamachibonyeh 2s ok. wstes ade otek Panes 313, 328 | 
Hammond’s Flycatcher .... ....-------s.-s 426 
LAO y ries sae eee atc alie coets vectaaenestse 300 
SH anlevdeeeee es ee esis onciieSs sine a ceceenmene 295, 314 
Hanleyia(?) abyssorum..........-.-sce2--- 319 
Hoenleyiaidepilighen<2 5. sks5oeteoes: 295, 314, 319 
Hanleyia mendicaria ..2.-2..s2..i52:2. 295, 319, 343 
Hanle yaa TLOpioalisemearecs 022. occa oeetewe 319 
Eland -MOUGHS epee eeseca2n. osc scecscsmccvans 83 
Harporhynehus curvirostris.........--. --- 119 
Harporhynebus redivivus......--. 390, 391, 392, 397 
Harporhynchus rutus var. longirostris ...-. 119 
Harris’s Woodpecker. .........--.- sileetleaee 428 








Herodias alba, 8. egretta...5....-.2-.2....-. 442 


Herodias egretta ............-.---- 164, 241, 391, 487 
IBrEG Cin ei essere ans cee eee aan eee 164 
GOST eases ines ceeeeee oe cele SaaS eee 164 
INGSUieS cans sce cos se see he se ceeeeee aeeee 164 

Herons -.----- Bie coe ee eeee oe Seco ae 442 

Hesperiphona vespertina ....----....-..... 392, 412 

He tErOPrOSOPON\ 2 22 sees ecco gs aie ae eee 345 

Hieterozona:= 2255 Ss. Sas ss eoesttsccasasses 296, 331 

Heterozona cariosa ...-..---....-..s0.02 <5 331 

IAM COs Ja coetenae weciset en sateen Senne 118 

Hierofaleo islandicus):).+<-). gsSacctescaceeees 153 

MighvHorehead ya. -csaceuase ese sso sees 205 

Himantolophine -...........-: 217, 218, 227, 228, 230 

imantolophines..-- c= esses eeeie eee 230 

Himanitolophus...........-.-.-.-217, 218, 227, 228 230 

Himantolophus Greenlandicus..........-.. 218, 228 

Himantolophus Reinhardtii .........-.-..-. 228 

Himantopus mMexicanus <2. 2.2.2.2. -.22.ee. 161, 440 
IBROCCIN Geass sia eak aoe eee 161 
BES e ieee oneamecssee eee e nase eens 161 
WNests: occ ose teen ee Se Garces 161 


Himantopus nigricollis . ...161, 197, 288, 242, 450, 488 


Mink ev ieuh: sacs eab One eee eee ee ess oe 208 
Mippocampides's s--hss-cce ses eee cence 367 
Ep poOcamMp use ses sae eee eae ee ae ace 45, 367 
Hippocampus antiquorum...............-.. 367 
Hippocampus antiquorum, occurrence on 
George sibankpetesuge tase sce. o-seseceee 45 
Hippocampus guttulatus........ 2... 45 
Hippocampus hudsonius ......--.-..--...-. 45 
TEP PUSIORSING) eke saclca ves sa cm stk ina tarde 369 
II pPOLIOSSCIMES:~----/s2--sa.s<5c5 pe seeccaus 869 
IMU POSIOSSUSL onjacc se vost ams wwsaslseuaeseae 369 
TOM el] Or eeereria n= somes aes se eee 56 
Enrondelie: dey Mer-- 23. sc: o2- ese. eee eae 360 
EMITON CINE Hoss oe Henn ok 56, 190, 269, 354, 408, 455 


502 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

rund Osean ass2c seco eae cee ana okaatem 125))| Leterugisseaecneecns beets, 6h tiem eae ena 133 
Hirundo albiventris .........--.-----+--sess 450')| ‘Teterus audubonie-cess.-. so ssmeue seh ee cee 134 
Hirundo erythrogaster var. horreorum -..-.. 125 '| ‘Leterus baltimore:-22> 4. =~ << ~- sees eenae 135 
Hirundo erythrogastra, 8. horreorum .....-.- 408'4|, Teterus bonana +22.2 a2 -s8eee nes esceeeeee 355, 487 
Hirundo “ horreorum ”’....391, 392, 393, 394, 455, 487 | Icterus bullocki.....--..-. 135, 390, 391, 393, 394, 421 
HMirdndoO MOLECU. see — <6 2 = <email 125 Nests'and 0@es <. sci .-sacesesroset sees 421 
Hirundo pelagica...........-.-------------- 450))| Teteras cnuenlatus: 2222 2.022 -seiemne= === 13: 
SEER TT O MEE AND t= a= olel a= salsa ae teteile ee ett = 450 | Icterus cucullatus var. affinis .....-......-. 130 
HarmINLOMUty = -2 Saecsccsenn eee eee ee estes 450 | Icterus spurius var. affinis .......--..-..--- 135 
ESiTOpNEVnO ss. 2 525s seam aactem aise meee 2215, 222))| Leterus Var. afinis "25 a-tenean neste eee ae 124 
Histiophryne Bougainvillii.........-.------ 222 | ‘Icterus Var. Spurius.--.--.<------.22---02 25 124 
BIO SoS ie eae a ele enema enero 311g Ot9.||) RHELING, HD T.Wes VOM pss. eee mene s\n eae 285 
Hipet- TOLCN eee ee eee eee eee eee 2044 Wrerin gs Drv jase se Fee des eens lee ..---288, 290 
Holbrook, John Edwards, M.D .-...-...-..-- 198 | Ih-pa-yah (Straightening an Arrow), warrior 213 
Holland Hoek esee ss. oe de aesem eck niee eae Art.) Impenal Parrot = 2-5<s2<00-ceseeess eee ned 63 
HO Na-nisilOl sass const eeee ee ee aces 2044) Imray, Drie sesenssons states pads seeeawes 51, 65 
Honkensaserees c2bs sac oa sere seen eeeenecas 445 | Indian prisoners, casts of heads.--.......-. 201 
Hooded Mercvanser 222-2252. 5 2-2 ser - ean nna== 447 | Insects, Protecting Anatomical Preparations 
Hip oded \Oniole. eas acess cae ence nena tases 132, 135 PPOMIF2 | 5 Sos doses os aS a ee eee 24 
Moqded: Sheldrake@esssoe 2s =e oe sen= oe enee 447 \| Wuvisible: bird) .2- 32k 22sc5 225.525 22sec 188 
Hoplopterus...... Sees a iets een taaae 166 4) hoatwitregr. Lie. cece eee ton eee eae es 368 
Horned sane see 2 ccrce cere tala ae re ee aaa 423°] Tonernis martinicaice=s2.0. 2222+ e=cee eee eee 165 
EGER OC VOStraAGlOMNer. seeeee ae aes amen ere AGA ha O UNE cers note tes cere eaten eee ote tees 335 
Horse wtackerel,¢scc- 1 oe ss ieee een a 384.7) Myron bance)as sta easces teens see eee see 351 
Gy pO RWiOliestienceaae ce seca eee tare in 204 | Irregular Chitons ............. 281, 285, 292, 298, 302 
Howling Wolf (Minimic’s son), warrior --:. 207 | Isa-tah.<.......... 2... cccc5 5-0-2 e =e ees 204 
PEL AEL Omran foc ose lataice wis ala isin one sisle Sree arabe 80. Ischnochiton=.-- 5-2. 2 «tees 296, 319, 320, 330, 331 
Hucho germanorum -.-............-.---.---- 80), Ischnoehiton cooperl=-- <6 -=--5- ose. -=4- 296, 343 
Hudsonian Curlew? .-..-.....20...--------- . 441 | Ischnochiton interstinctus ----.-.-..---296, 331, 343 
Mh-nAh Nee dss Jeoes we cde go oe ese = 04, 209s | MBGhnochitonloneicym Dae cs. “eee ae 296, 330 
ehh -nOh-ON-C0-ahi twee ccee seine mio Sarina 204 | Ischnochiton regularis ............:...---- 296, 343 
TiRMIMer Ss NOS af - Cas ide ee ae ine eae 150 | Ischnochiton (Trachydermon) psendoden- 
Humming-bird from Guatemala ....-....--. 8 TIONS sews ade coche ce eRe semen ne eee 323 
ATAMMING-DiNdS* -sewies ce set oaatee= === 50, 240, 426 | Ischnochiton trifida --.....-.:..-.----.---5- 343 
Hurd, Monsieur G.....-.-..-... eee eee 452") Tgchnoid PrOUpieesatsacosa. aece sete eee 283 
Hutton’s Vireo .....-- A ditettntals pets setae tee ee 410; I Ischnoidea as. kates ee eee ae ees 295, 302, 319 
My bognathus nuchalis - 225-2. 5..--=--:-5--- 300s) Tlsennoplase ce sass-s aoe ee tee oes e te Nees 296, 330 
Teri PCCP) pan asin eta oe ete eee eran 430,431 | Ischnoplax pectinatus......-.--...--...--- 296, 343 
PIAA OCHOR. 2. x(a: isike iste wie sos eeeineeae= 166; 167. igehnoradsiay 4a-6+ eines. sana eedee seer 297, 33 
Hydralector chirurgus.<..........-...5.--- 166; 167 |) Ischnoradsia trifida---<..-.22+-5-- ==. Geaae 297, 331 
SHV ALAR ye mister tae a Sa eee re 384 
Hy drarpyramajalis <—- joc. s.\.<n-2-- eee eee 380, 384 
Hydrarryra swampina --- 2-22 sss BS | OMCANAT fasean aan so alsetete ne eine eee aaa 166 
Hydrochelidon nisra --.----:--+------2 2.2: 7 DNA Rel cel ACA AS oe een iene e ee eae eee eee 166 
Hydrochelidon plumbea ...2.....--.-------- 172 | Jack Spaniard .--.-.-.--.--..--1---s2---.2-- 273 
gal rophasianos 22s sae See eee neers 166 | Jackson, J. B.S., M. D.--.-.-----..-..-.--. 24 
Hylocharis fuscicaudatus...-.-.-.-.------+- 147 | Salapa....2-- 02-2220. nee e eee e owen ene 8,9 
Hylotomus pileatus)..+--..-cceseessees 151, 393, 429 | Jamaica Solitaire .....-.---.-....------..-.. 189 
Hiypleurochilus...<-.dss-csrsses- Se wie 972, | Janira dentata 2. - -. ---2-eaeue-eoneeee= 11, 28 
Hypleurochilus punctatus.....-....--..---- 372) | wanna orida 2. ~ Pare eae nner eee 28 
SENS SUMAN Ooo ets keh cee rer a a eee FTA AFL N00 Oo eR La tl ere a 453 
fivpsifario) kennerlyi:. o-2 2.02. -.se-ec'seeee- BETS | eS YES ete nt el 422 
PA MDRODSOULH sae ose \- sacs ote mgeeeeeeenee 345,370 | Jefferson, Lieut. J. P., U.S, A ...-244, 245, 363, 364 

Gitctah a rt. Wee ee OE ee eed ae 30 

DOWLSH 1eC seas cena te see a te oe cae 246 
Tipididea ye seseemen a eS ee see ae eee AAS | TOW MRE War Oe ot eee OS ee a 175 
DIS. A Diese eens as oat os Js nla ee epee 164 Jones, Henry Ol ee a eee 206 
hbistalcingllistes ere asc. co. 24 eee eee 451) Jiones! MrJ. Matthew-2---2-c--cessueecue. 462 
Ibis ordi...-...-.-.+-+--.---+--------------- 163 | Jordan, David S., M. D.....-.....- 69, 198, 199, 365 
Ibises ..---....--------------- e eee eee eee 1633443. |) Sombie Bird) aes soe 194, 234, 273 
Ty vena ere a eee ae Hine choc aes 1a rN CO er See So 2 ee ee ee 955 
iereria “Yonpicanda Asse. 5.2 Se $90%30T" +. Tunce alticalaseuws. Ce fon See ee 255 
MCvETIA VITENS ono saneneemen emis soa Sees aes 12491350 |}; JUNO ClNeCLEUS 222 cece ces Codeeoeee one eae 255 
Icteria virens, 8. longicauda............-... 407 | Junco oregonus -........-..---.------- 391, 394, 416 
Tcteridks-s2-nseseen see 1915'270,'390, 306; 420/457) |0 SUNnCOWUIBANE se scenes ca oceine cope ee etemeene 255 

















INDEX. 503 
Page. Page. 
CaN SIINA <td eee Ne web nlsncee se ceee 299, 312, 333 | Larus atricilla -....... 172, 239, 242, 277, 451, 462, 488 
Kpetherina Douglasiv..-- 222. 5... 2. 2se2- 6 Ld) Manus Californicuslsass msc. cose cee eeeeene 448 
Katherina tunicata 2.02 3.063.042 290, 312, 313, 344 | Larus delawarensis.......-..--cceccce----ce 172 
Kelley, Ezra eee ee ease =o See eee ee 16 | Las Cuevas, Trogon killed near. .-..- ~baees 118 
Kennerlyi, Alm Ol eaimac ss eknie crise eeionas LOY Mazo S| Wale UERO DO heen aoe eo eee ees cote eee nea 30, 31 
TEENMICOUDS OW sas ce sje see cee eenaee sli eeatro bes Benjamin Hes steseese ein eee eee 5 
eee CANO Celeste ts) eee eee Gel Msi giniacikubaced pies see acme ea ee 83 
Meta .... .-22.+-2-+-2seee esse sees ee eee eee ee “1 | Lawrence, George N.,48,86, 185, 232, 265, 349, 449, 486 
Keta vel kayko.---.+-----+-+++-2--++------- “1 | Tawrence’s Goldfinch ..:..:....--.2-..ss-<- 414 
ING Va NVWESU,SELOTIC aie ro n)acratnin clot otelt nets calcite Soon | var ulinsuntineas a. eee aan ene eee ee 419 
Kill-deer Plover ......----++-.+-2.+-2+-22++- 440 | Le Clignot, ou Traquet & lunette............ 484 
PON Ge KN Ee ac Ass woncus lace cae ooo eee eee ee 236 | Le Gobe-mouche aurore ..-..--.-----:-<-<+s 854 
ARG NOP BING sero eee ose eiosineaes wicca saeseee 472 | Le Have Bank, Craig Flounder trawledon .. 19 
IN PNSHERSee ea wees dass cepeces uke eene oe 627,432) ues boutd oe BYesill sacs sen seeeae ane ere 92 
ETO WAS AeaR RSet eee e cin eee ZOISD03 209! | isosenlonsesas coe sek aeenssaee bes see Scop 
Kitchenmidden Shells from Costa Rica. .--. 23 | Le Petit Duc de la Caroline....-....----.-.. 107 
TMCS . in. onan es ene eedeet ean setebeene 484 | D6 Sueur ...-.s.0-scceccee+cecceesceeeesces 363 
Ko-ba (Wild Horse), warrior ...........-.-- SDD retor arn lei meee eee eee 352 
Ko-ho (Kicking), warrior....-. isieisecieaeciste ZO BWI S aoa cares ae sees ee ees eee 208 
Ko-we-o-narre See eee eee tease eee eee 204) MibeastyBitherne.acskeoset soon semecoe eee enae 443 
Krohn. -----..-------2--+2eeeee nese eee eee e ee 290) tieash Sandpipenmcsiee sesoeeeces cose meee 249, 441 
Meas telites saseeseeiecrs -sencecseccces teeate 401 
Tia petite Perrouche verte .....-.-..----:--< 455 | Least Vireo .....-.------------2- eee eee eee 410 
MahorderHdwards< se vsiscsteewee ches <2245 187 Eggs «++ ---+ ++ sees ee ee eee eee eee eee 410 
OSL GILT ss, SRE I a ae aE 374 Nest .--------------+ 222022222222 ee eee 410 
IRCLOP LVS stan ceetes < se en ote seen cnee 367 Medarcealtecseeseee sas peace eeeeaae eae 11, 28 
Lactophrys quadricornis ...... ee aE oe ak 367 | Left Hand ............-.-.-.--------+---+--- 204 
MAchopurysrbricODUS sas. cSesce scree ee cece he 367 | Lempijius .........-..------2-------+++----- 87 
HACUTIASOUCUI esses ccna tees Bes nae 12 | Lepeta ..-.....------.-2--.------------ 281, 334, 835 
GG ASNATTTC Gy Ee hee ae ie a ae ee ey 12, 30 MLOPElAICLECHa kat sane t acer e cement ae 334, 335 
Herve Shearer feateet eo ee ele ed 304 | Lepeta ceecoides.....--.-.--------..-- eeeeee 334 
Mae oceplalusre duces: ses sess ota been se 266))| wepeta; (C:) concentrica.. 5525 --se nic tncc ne 334 
Lagocephalus levigatus......-......------- 366 | Lepeta Franklini.-..-...-.--..:----.2..-<.. 334 
POON ON eee tee ie Stee aces na 200) 377, B18) || UCD CC ee eo ia eee sieloemia aie cope ian ee 295, 334 
Lagodon rhomboides -........-.--.+.------ 378, 379 | Lephyrussp .---...----.---------------+---- 320 
aN PAD reds Mce, Wisc cA: essen eae ate ae cis 991 | Lépidopleurus...-..--. Sean 297, 314, 319, 330, 331 
Heke Okecchovee inc tn aces eee he aoa 964 | Lepidopleurus alveolus....--:..-.:-5..<:-- 316, 317 
Lake Tahoe, Black Trout of..-....-.. 0-2... 72 | Lepidopleurus arcticus: -.--...220-s-.--c5- 315, 316 
TWIT ATO Kee eee ee at ee a ee 500m pluepidopleurisasellus sec. aeoenin aor 314, 316 
HhamperkuMrsyCapuicscssess eoscsse cess cees 47 | Lepidopleurus canccllatus.-..--.-......--- olonelt 
BT eine Guts eect ee ae RB OFn S 49, 50, 54 Hepidopleurus\cimereus: <<. 5-4 nsi- ons 818, 320 
BIGEUTULT CL EE ops ae ee ee a Sat oes sk oe eee cee Att. |) Wepidoplenrusiconcinnus))-.---s2-s-c<ceseee 316 
BInINS HOreCaliges sos. 4. seek ence ee seen 390,411 | Lepidopleurus fuliginatus --.---.-.--....... 316 
Lanius “excubitorides ”.....0.2.....-: 391, 392, 393 | Lepidopleurus internexus ............-..-.. 316 
Lanius ludovicianus. ...... eae Ths 390, 397 | Lepidopleurus Mertensii ...-.......... 297, 382, 343 
Lanius Indovicianus (var. excubitoroides) .. 390 | Lepidopleurus nexus ..........---...--.---- 316 
Avis byLaMMUS sss eee ska comes se. 466,471 || uepidopleurus 8: 8... -2- <-n ne mance winiee ere 332 
Lanius tyrannus, var. 8. dominicensis ...-... A7T0n|) epidOpsetbacen= «ck qscmeccaraae case eee aan 345, 370 
Lanius tyrannus, var. y. carolinensis ......- Arita Geni COLAC Ae eta= mle = te nee Reel 297, 33 
Lanivireo cassiui .-.--. S eeecaiotetaee 390, 393, 410 | Lepidoradsia australis. .-........------ 297, 333, 343 
Pamivireo plimpeus. {2c ccccs ices cess ce ZHI | A 6G) oreo) Nee CIS oe sooncone SooSeesoerscupcn 880, 381 
Lanivireo solitarius ....-..-..--- Ceca cette 125547 OF Mle p DOC hLbON tee 2 eee aac eee ane mene =la 295 
Map MeChestee =e camciccien oo ae aisiameees 467, 468, 479 | Leptochiton albus ....-.......-.2.----...--6 322 
Taphyctesalboswlaris <2. J.. sce ccs se 474 | Leptochiton alveola ............----------- il 
MapRYGles apo mbes en ae once a= ce ae cesses 478 | Leptochiton alveolus ..............-.--.-- -317, 318 
Laphyetes melancholicus ..-..-.-...--.---- 474,479 | Leptochiton asellus:----.....-.--..<-- . 295, 318, 395 
BHaphyCtes!satrapa=- som. a2. - nena e ens - =e 474,479 | Leptochiton Belknapi ...........---..--..--- 1,317 
aphiyCbesivenvlcalisea ncn ciaccssssas=67-sace 480 | Leptochiton cancellatus ......--..-----295, 315, 343 
Taphycteswoeiteranses2 ss... .2.--2-ecase ne Agi | eptochiton Collie cease -- on + =-cesenm'eaa 303 
Wages CalitormCisies sec ae 22 oo ene ane 11, 29) Leptochitoniconcinnns).-.---- 2... -ecemcens 318 
Mane eit hrs Meme sete ies aie se ee iai's ccc ssa aiee 233))| eptochitonse@uryabus 2. 22). << ene scams ele 314 
Thani: <2 -Seasoss see eae ee 68, 198, 239, 277, 360,448 | Leptochiton internexus and var. rugatus... 319 
Marka UM tin eee see eat eke = Saas we miss = asieeis 415 | eptochiton Mertensii-..- <<... scccsascccs 332 
aU Seer te seal eee ee = oe See miele 4625) Weptochitonnexts-=- <5 s-0-saees cook aes 319 
TsAiS one enU NI See enacts te cee seer se as 171 | Leptochiton ruber ..--.....-.. peeccncscenas - oat 


504 INDEX. 

Page. Page. 
Leptochiton rugatus...... So Se Sece So enooe 295 || one Wolf, Chieis. 5-2. .c<snec nese eeveadade 20410 
Heptochiton Spiegovienvee<acccerins 1, 286, 294, 314,320 | Long Back, subchief..........0..2200s-c00 204, 206 
MUEVLOII EA nase eeeeew cee sees tee cee eas ee 302/314: '| ong-billed ‘Curlew... -asds ee coeneeee ce 441 
Deptoids eeackeeaee eae oes es eaeee wees 802) || done-clawed Towheeac2 «-scsuseceeeemaenes 419 
ALG PLO PLA eee cee se eee 1oe coe eee e eee ee 296. | Thong-eared! Owl coseacseo sees ee aera ee 433 
Leptoptila albifrons .2.2-. 2.2 S285 cee ewe 158 | Long-tailed Grackles.---.22..0-2ctesece-008 131 
Hepturus'eandidus -------.--essusecoemases 451" | Ghophitdaeijc cs se ooo + pe eee eeeee 215, 219, 365 
es Chiironectes, Cuvier ---25-. 25222 ----ce 209 | io phioides Szcasescceo meme cece eee eeeeee 231 
Aes MUSLOLES \: << sone coh esa so seeeessasennes 348. | Toophins oeccceero tee eoneer ad eae et aaee 219, 224, 365 
esser Antilles 22. essseeese=se ere seweneene 487,488: | Thophius americanus s.--.\-2. 2. ese te onewe 219, 365 . 
ibésser Black-head: =-:2-52---ceacea-neeecca- 446 | Lophius:compressus-2-<2 55-25... 2aeeedeues 224 
Messer Moretis. s-cecteisennt tosnteewaceaneedee 449 | Lophins foliatts\j+-c-oschs-ecsuwseieemeteties 219 
Lesser Snow Goose :--2s2 22-22 sec-eee sheets 444.) Wophius mibbustccheeeusa-e ees eee eee ee 216 
Lestrisicaribveus'’ss-. <2 osse% = -4 oso eee 451 | “hophinus hirsutus cece. h~-mnenses coeee eee 222 
WGGUCISCUS! 2 as]- +> 2-1 = ea = See eee AMM Gi oyed obs: blovicin te yacne sms ems Amie At 216, 222, 223, 225 
Leuciscus caurinus.-...----- Gade Reith Lot 84,85 | Lophius histrio, var. a, Striated ..........-. 225 
Leuciscus oregonensis .....--.-<------+-s--2- 82 | Lophius histrio, var. 6, pictus .............- 225 
Teucopeza Dishopis .--s.cs--- = sawn See elele 189, 486 | Lophius histrio, var. c, marmoratus ........ 295 
WOUCOPHTYS te eee este eects eters. 65 | Lophius histrio, var. d, ocellatus ........... 225 
eucosticte littoralissccceeceuetercmcce seme 995: | Mophinig lsevisiccles2t4 ce acenctep aneaeeee wee 222 
Lewis’s Woodpecker .-.....2s..----22-0--% 430 | Lophius (Malthe) eubifrons ....-...-.---..- 220 
L?Herminier, Dr: .$..2s2-<-ccessen 449, 450,458, 460 | Lophius marmoratus .............-------.06 296 
MiGhenopsee a2 222 es hewc en cemenc acetone. 483: | bophine pichise 2 -escce ane aaeceraateee 226 
Lichenops erythroptera .......----------+-- 484 | Lophius piscator -.--. 2... -c00 ceecnecceas= 219 
Lichenops perspicillatus.......------------- 484 | Lophius piscatorius .). 25. 2...-2-00encass 219, 365 
Lichenops perspicillatus, a. perspicillatus..483, 484 | Lophius striatus.-....--.--.-----..---.--ee+ 226 
Lichenops perspicillatus, ¢. andinus..--... 493004 | Lophius timidus,.3: 3.0.2--2S-eeee=sastenee 294 
WRAPNOSa = 36 ao oeee sass ectewmes ceeeeweeninn $05 ophius vespertilio--=..22<c-0.050.¢nceaceemes 220 
MSM H' sae Saeceescdeck cee cceesseceeee 345, 361,370 | Lophodytes cuculatus ...........-..------. 171, 447 
Tamanda ferrusinea .:-..---lo.c 6s .ce essen 362 | Lophophanes atricristatus..............-.-. 120 
Himanda rostrata. <-2222-2s. cstaeeeeeeeens 362 | Lophophanes inornatus..-....-..-.. 390, 391, 392, 400 
Limanda vulgaris .......- caved reread 362, | Lophopsettaz. <2 252-25. <caseaweccccseceens 371 
eimosatedoa ser. cmsce ave casmer seco eee eee 162) | Lophopsetta maculata.--. 2.5... cee esceee 371 
Mimosa hvdsonies cos. ceeeeeceeteeceete eases 450 | Lophortyx californica ........-..-- 391, 392, 393, 439 
Anmosalsabellina,. seeecceccenuec ee coon eens A451. | Dophostrim.,- Sas secem ase na ck aerseneseraecee 87 
Limpets. ..281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 291, 292, 293, 295 Lephyroideaisstiss easanse- soe eee nee 297, 302 
Eimpets, Report On.<t-.2s2ss23sa.2 22S O81" | hophy rus 2. ssee csc ee cote eee eeeeereoees 297, 300 
MAncoluis SPANO Wiss <2 a0'- csees sea = s-esse 418: || Lophyrus albus) <2 o.sc. soso eee eects 322 
NBIITIEOTIS te waco seer owe cuee soc ls SoeeeO Seem ee $81 | Wophyrus exaratus 2. coc csemceneeeeenm ae 29, 323 
(RONNG "soaaic Sew'esors see esieete eee a seemege eae S00! | Whorit@ econ sone ne tes eee eens eee 298 
MIOMONACANLHUSs> snow cece cuore eee erat ee aats 867? || dhouls @Or 24 29.3. eae eee eeeeserytiee 269 
THO psetbaaee 24. ca- ee eee aeicse seem aes eee 345 | Louisiana Heron: .- 2-6-2. ~-cerieles ane salar 163, 164 
ippsetta Clapra scene cosde~esos-ecee esses 347 TG OS ee tee ee ete eee eee 164 
AHOSCOMUS'.2scsclin odes seas eee Seen ae eaes 377 Neste. 23. J seasa cece sete eaienae eee ene 164 
Miostomis ODIGuuUs: s-seccesc ato ae msi ee BIT, | WON GMs ceen nonce Gana ce aoe te eee 8, 290, 291 
HIOStOMUS ANbOUTOS =. J.-S | Sete eels Bair laQv es. sists: Saeco ene a a eee eee eee 300 
Heri la SUDSPIAMIS\. sew eens oe eee eeerters 47 | Loxia curvirostra, @. americana ...... ------ 412 
TAGOTING 6 CU HW Wa cess ere secioe wie cee Aeenaiae 1DVOT Vl Milo Sia euCOpberal. 2. slceeeee see ceinee atte 395 
MeithlevBlack Rails... deccstcece sa see esssesce 443) | Oma POTLOTIGeNSissen.-emee ee eee aes 450 
Iittle Chief, warrior. ....---2-ssscee= 42520- BOA ZO || CEOS UCTR LA erate atela et -lole el a aie alae del tate 58 
MAGE MEAther .-5 2 o.<ck wince meee oe Emre 205 | Loxigillanoctis, 57,58,190,191, 233,239,269, 355,457,487 
anlesh sath ers << ss-ite asmcicr eee eee 425 | Loxigilla noctis var. propinqua..-...-..-.-.. 58 
Pattie Medicine, chief <..0-<.-sccnesos ts s>- 204,207 | Loxigilla violacea ....--..--------------+--- 250 
Mitte Mettled Owls. 2sstc. sesadeeeeee tee = 433 | Loxigilla violacea, B. bahamensis ......-... 250 
PP TULS OW elena «cm on ce ac ae ene eeemee LOT), || MGs pripodies ieee. miset= em = mel eee 142 
iurttle PraimievHall oc... sos sceueses salar 205. Titce’s; pound eee ea nin et snl 263 
Tattle ScreeehOwiless.<<.s (a csasee aww ce eee AML SL | CIO ses ol teeta le emai ole ala wl lta 83, 298 
Little White Egret ........... ei cusmeneeace 163, 164 | Lucia confossa .--.--------------+-+++----- 298, 344 
obinvanellusxccteswess <tc e3'- Saban nome 166 | Iucina acutilineata. .-..---.--.0----.ecce. 11, 28, 29 
Lobinvanellus brissoni .... 6.0... s0.-22--0< 166 |) EarcimacNuitallmesees-- =. cee weeeseeses 11, 27, 28 
TEG SCOR NCA saan iememnsem scans cae 60, 233, 234, 240 | Lucina tenuisculpta ---.-..--.2..-2---sasene 28 
ogeerhead hight cossececwes coe wescconre 246 || am pi Suckers areas <in 6 oc nccle mena eeee'p 246 
Logcerhead Shrike -...--<.wecssccwes senna SOT aI | Gaaptony Prot Ne eet cowie le wee sale aaa 278, 279 
Te Oiseaw de Sh Pierre seesecisesco scene sc eece IG) | Wary] SNS BA eee a ale ers ei otal eet ele iiateie ee 176 
Be Oiscau Vane ose o ees ebeseweeneces= wesc 353 | Lutjanus Blackfordii........,......- sigauens SeelcO, 

















INDEX. 505 
Page. Page. 
Hutjmnus Stearns ssscsssssoscsseS2shsecee 176,179 | Martinique, Catalogue of Birds of .......... 349 
Heubjanus tortidusrs2=2255222<2:-2222ss0s 45s 177 | Maryland Yellow-throat..-..-........ 02.068 407 
Baten Dre sceasssssteseessesosecs 215, 228, 229, 230 | Marysville, Yuba County. -=---.----..--.... 389 
Lusilus chlérocephalus: /:-5:.s:02:-s52.=52 868 Massachusetts Bay, Specimens of Craig 
MSY. COUES saesaececcassescssesasee aeetoe ee eels 463 Pounder fromiseeaacs sss sateaeooo ee sees 19 
ey codes eraciis-stsensesesscsssesse mane 463-4\ Matches} WarhlOL-\ascat telco eiteiniae seeese 204, 208 
isycodes MUCOSUS. s25--+< 52 5245sssses= 46377465; 466 || Manucerellal: 2235252532222 ee0e eects anaes 296 
Inycodes polaris -.c22.sdcb-tsccssees.csiee 463,466 | Maugerella conspicua :...-.-:.--22:----+-- 296, 343 
By codes Rossi: s<tesssccosstssesssesoees S25 463 | Mau-ko-peh (Flat Nose), warrior...---.... 205, 212 
Tiycodes Sarsii-: scasssesssco555ee8e025000 255 463. | Mauve a bee noire .ose cee. Feta ee Staies 462 
Hycodes Murneri: 22022225 4:258s9 55255: 463, 465,466 | Maxwell, Mrs. M.A :.-:.2---2scssees---200 88, 105 
Jiyeodes Vierrillii ss. 5.5 .ci2eess2-8sseeasen. AG5 ACG, | Mendow dharkissossacasesc ceeds secu cebenceee 134 
Medicine Water, warrior ....-..-.. 204, 206, 207, 208 
eda cao psi staoss assem aes sas seats tacos cmeeisee 384 
Macandrellus. :s:ssssssssss2dsses0sse.0052 2% 299 | Megalops thrissoides .....-..:----------+--- 384. 
Macandrellus costatus. 2.2.52 sses0ssss2200: 299, 344 | Megarhynchus crassirostris .......-.-...--- 473 
Macgillivray’s Warblers::s2-...2...2.s.-<s6 40 fel NIGONS COPS aaassaecst sae awed eeee eet caes 87 
Macomar expanse: -S2sssssccceses sc soonee 2S) | SMeCASCOpSaSlO.esatacs sedonedes see mie aeloe 107 
Macoma indentata: scs5ss0s50622-2--.282.-5: 11, 27 | Megascops:atricapilla:. 2. sc5c:ccceccenes ese 95 
Macoma (like) sabulosa.....--.--.-+.+.--+<. 11 | Mesascops' brasiliensis’: <-:5222420<5 5520608 92 
Macoma nasuta. .sscs2s-7asscsenccce- chen sce 11,27 | Megascops flammeola.............+2------2- 104 
Macoma sabulosa..---.52.:ss5.. Sea eee eae 28 | Megascops trichopsis:--..-----.-....205--.- 114 
MacComarSOCtai sree atlse se oeces es oen. Sood 11,27 | Melampus olivaceus.-.....---.-...... sates 17, 
Macrorhamphus griseus...-........--.161, 440, 451 | Melanclrolieusissesen te ae eee oe ee ine poeta 475 
Mactra californica -secesee8 So osece e252 80% 11, 27 Melanerpes formicivorus ------ 390, 391, 392, 393, 430 
Mactrataleatasss2s-csssc ont os seees eae 11,28 | Melanerpes Vherminieri ..........--.-..... 459, 487 
Mad-a-with-t, Warrier 5...t-222.--<.-22.225% 214 | Melanerpes torquatus ..................... 391, 430 
IMa-ha-ih-ha-chitsss. 255-2... 2a ce enn - 204 | Melanocephalus ...-.-....22--------+-2----- 154 
Mah-mante, alias Swan (Man who walks Melanocetinee ce seseeees ae ee seiancose eae 227, 228 
above the Ground), Chief. .....:.:.-...5... YIS«| Melanocetus: si22cses =3 Ssh hese bees ete 227, 228 
Making Medicine, warrior. .......+25 22.60. 204, 207 Melanocetus Johnsonii . 22.5.5. 6 sso2-aece. 228 
SVG PITY ieee ware tsteteoteteteetc oe eee site Serna acts 65 | Meleagris gallopavo:: =. .csss<s-<s-eucss-o- 159 
Mallard: so 3 2 tseataccscio Raed ie BEES ie 4457 |" Melittarehus)sse ae sees renee reas 467, 468 
Mentha nasutal sojpcscegtes.s-ccise e=- se 220 | Melittarchus crassirostris ..-.....-:-----.-- 473 
INMANtHO m2 lose, Beane ears s els ees 220, 231, 232 | Melittarchus dominicensis-.-.....-----.----< 470 
Maltho-eubifrons) asi. So Foekeheteste- 2: 220 | Melittarchus magnirostris.-....-:.--.---.--- 469 
Malthe wvespertilio . 5.52. sa .tet se eelssice 220 | Mellisuga heloise .........---------2225-2: 10 
Malth ea mmotatae soocedeec mene errccutrcrcteice 220 | Melopelia leucoptera --...-..--.. 2-2-2... 157, 159 
Maltherdss INOt6 ON sic2<cn22Sacc. cee teeeense 28 | INIGSES!:cakmeit ee ok een oa beeen ses eceeltes 157 
IMiilihexidee teecstenecorestec te sesceessiasc-e. 219!) Nelospiza,:dtallaxs? Sica co. sce meade 390 
IMAIGH EINE “cei. So eticseee See eees 215, 220, 231, 232 | Melospiza fasciata, y. guttata ..--..---...+ « 417 
Marninh MANTA ceases seeee se cetesee cee ae 12,16, 28 | Melospiza fasciata, 6. fallax .-....:-5.-.--25 417 
Man who Walks above the Ground.......-. 213 | Melospiza fasciata, ¢. heermanni -.-..--..-- 417 
NE MAC OM eee reece atecocieisatseeec a ees 50 | Melospiza guttata .....-..-.--..--..----.-4: 391 
Mancaliasy sac ccsacewecwoe eine eeesaete ~=s-227, 228 | Melospiza lincolni -...-...--.2--2-- 127, 391, 393, 418 
Mancalias uranoscopus..=. 22:25: s22s25--- 228 | Melospiza melodia....--...-..--22-<.2-..206 127 
Manceur dderbes*.. =. ----1.sbat<ganecs 355, 457 | Memoirs of the Wernerian Society-.-...----- 19 
Mangilia angulata ...-.200J..5-02¢sse-cacnce 12, 27.| Menemsha Bight, .u.¢12--oh<.swocidecoeeee eis _ 268 
Mangilia (four sp. undet.) --..:.--2.2.-252-6 2934/5 Menhaden of the Gulisoccesea a seme neen se 181 
Man ciliatvarietata 2.2.0 2-1. cectseees sees 29), |b vient GInTUS tae eee ore see aioe ee eee Reinet 878 
Mangrove Snapper of Pensacola......-.-.-- £79) |’ Menticirrus alburnus. 2-520 seses 2.3 o-e sae a 378 
IMOMT0G Teen ones come a= odes esses yee 62°] -Menticirrus Littoralise 2 5ceosooseoe ce ee ee 378 
MiaH-o Swiare ine. cco ee ce aia nodes eeeeeles 195, 236 | Menticirrus nebulosus..........0:222--n2s02 378 
MEAN - O NVA MELA WK = 5h cosoc acca wee Santi Seis 65 | Mergus castor, J. americanus ..-....--..--- 447 
Marbled hophinss-.-¢ .--. =. esis scuees tess 826), Mergus SeLrratota-c—canc-easicecer as ose 447 
Mareca americana:.2.--.522..-.22- 170, 380, 392, 446 | Merle -...-.2---------+-------- 6-22 = += see 457 
Margarops densirostris. ....52, 233, 266, 351, 453,486 | Merriam, G. F.....-....--..-....-------.-- 3 
Marcaropsiherminiert <2.s2- 2-2) 187; 851,452) 486 | Merrill) ris. sose-aseceos----seaccccasenn 152 
Margarops montanus....... 52S i266 .3014531486" | Wetapodwisye-- cme eenea. <eban saan cmeuaeae 166, 167 
IMGITI ON Gays seeemteee ne aes one asthe Gesiéeieds 2570261/-|-Mexicanusy Colaptesiecsec-<<'ci-o-nccseee=e 431 
Marseniidio i assassccsecssrs cc leceseme ons. 290))| Mex GowlaStOMMeccoasic-sosei= = 2 --===--n4=55 9 
Mamshivhanw ke asian seca aeecsemceseucestectet ee 435 | Mexico, Gulf of, new species of Brevoortia. 30 
Mabe aa scence eoneee ee adeseseciese cic 62 | Micropalama himantopus......--.-----+---- 161 
MarthalsiWaneyard. secose cece sss sav lels 2636) eNineroplaxt setae. o.accce encaaeeleeemar ners 295, 315 
ATHINIGUG Acai snisine a canine aelew omie's 4, 349, 350, 352, 488 | Microplax Grayi ........200------sceseees== 315 





506 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

IMACLOpOCON,. Fi. conaseser tees es sbelaeeences Si8e2| sMopaloidentes.-=-eer ea teres ase eee 298, 302, 303, 312 
Micropogon undulatus .....-----22----+-+-- S7G0\- Mopallomd 8's sceeaaieets tee seer eee eaten 283 
Micropteras;pallidys\s-'...jtee esa a-e-pine 5685, Mionar sees Oe tee Sever ten ciate tnt eee ote 52 
IMM CrOSTONTUS Pr sence mine's seine ails eee meme o4be|' Morne: Balisiar y.2- nwo seis isemecn ee ielome 350 
Middendorteve rosettes: oo ce 289, 290}:'291°301,.3052|: Morne/Calebasseleca.es scenes coeee coe ecm een 30U 
Middendorias aq. 5 sc chs2. 22 .chemeseeemeees Bion - MOorMsecROng6 jeeat steno aneere See ee Serene 300 
Mich AVeusl-MUp s- 5 55-025 semen nea ees Ee | VT THOT erate eee maine 380 
Milne; James... 2.222222 --2-c22-neeccccsen, » 187) Mortality of Fishes in’Gulf of Mexico-4.2-. 363 
EVITA S ya 12 2 Nada «otek oes wtasicmen Sot emedaes 132, 467 |. Motacilla perspicillata...--..----...--..---. 484 
Malvanlosstorncatisse.s- sei ease eS 137--| Motacilla, ruficapillas 2. eee ee cease 353 
Mamns els oe ee eee 187, 268,278 486\|’ Motagilitdes su. lescdeo2. ol ee een oe eee 403 
Mamis) eracilis:.2scecaca 0 beens hoes ac eee eee 133 | Motellaicss et taceteaacace ctl moet eeeeeeeere 348, 349 
Mimus polyglottus ....-..-...---.- 119, 390, 393, 396 |. Motella caudacuta......-.-..-..--22-.cenn- 348, 349 
Min =T- MiG Aste dase 3 8 Beate nmaae teen 204; 206) Motellacimbria wy. ones cecccs acme seiaeeeene 348, 549 
Mioceneiof Orecon):)4_ 2k --cgenseeee eels 14) Mottled: Onl 2202 <2) b iecemcses se ees 106, 108 
Missouri River rout. << c= =-n cc aceese aces 79>|\; Mount: Davids .2. = siescedunemencesae eee aes 65 
Miiinarm amirac = 2 2 aos aetna ane emote 12,30) ||: Mountain Chickadee 2... 5-2: Sae.cccecceeben 400 
Mmaotilia wartay ents coco sme ee scenes 1936\ Mountain ake. 22c725 cose athe rep eeeeece 56 
Mimo nitid aes 8 ook oe Joe hy Le ets aes 404>| Mountainerelée < 225-52 22 ae eeene see eee 350 
MOD ser Men Mets Donk tls ae ieee 246) | Mountain Plover 22.0 .ele- ceeene ode ee 440 
Moe casi iA VaEDlOl 3.2. wo Jose sans seers 208)'|) Mounitain' Qraal! > 222 52 SSaRe os 22 Seen 439 
Moehi, squaw -......-.-.- panwetassthenuee 2204208! Vion taimMihris hie ote cece eee aeeeeee ee 268 
MO chine bin se sere eae reese 187, 268, 278, 396, 397 | Mountain Whistler...............--....- 50, 53, 188 
MOconIShI | WarTlOTr = .<ss<<ssssccccsece senses 208 | MOMMA DONE yen emis ae ea einer 438 
IG sbN EM gery en ope saree ao =< ben acorsen on 28 OG Seat a ere nie crete tao waa tee ets 438 
Mo-6-ya0-hoy-iIsh c2.5.2s02nsceeoes see waes 204 WNestsriad 28 cs isc ate testeuce setae 438 
Mah he: wih-kio®.:2<scisiclscs sone eens eee 204i Mouse-fish\sctiuee sows Son ccccats ceseceemeirs 216 
SMIGHS SOM S22 os Sorts Safes hoe os We ae eee 07,300) 40 Miao! \.. cate eet 22h 5: scsceancpeeeneeesnen 381 
‘Molasses (birds .i2- 2 ose 3 soe doseece see 190%) Savino Pall byila a2 So se ener ere ei eect 382 
Mollusks, Fossil, from California Later Ter- Morel Berlandieriiassssaesases Coes meee 382 

SIDI GS aero hte thal sue rere Seeley ee yd 10s vie bras TENSIS. 22.6 aec mnie a eee mee easels 381 
Mollusks from Alaska 2).2 . scene =a'sscasee 1h Min gil Gephalo seo As odoeetcwats eae can eenes 382 
Molothrus eneus-.....-....--...0-- 118, 180;132, 183° Mugilicurema l=: 222 -2sse-s-ccs scene ceeceee 382 
Molothrus ceneus, a. eneus ...-..-.---..2-- 130°? Mer eiltineilig 3 3229 sae Saee8 soso eee 382 
Molothrus wnens, 6. armenti.......-...-...- TSO Mine Nin Cats sae ee ee ee aes 382 
Molpthmusianmentiv. 5. pas he eeeee ene J30y | Miucilpetrasus. = Atos ees ee neeadeeees 382 
Moploihinos Alero es. - /ho oe Se eee 130; 395°) Mugil plumieri-..---.-2-----.-----------=-881, 382 
Molothrus ater var. obscurus.......--....- TSO FPSU A Minoili dda 25 Sate ete sae amet aarcte aeimaeeeminiate 381 
IMplOdHTUS: PECOTISK: coc. 2e, seu see eeec uel TBO i erase ere stem nae pee eee lee 300 
Mlothrus tOPuStus ...2ccenss252 scene bones 1200 Svfarsena dS ree Gu ace ss ee een eee 246 
Mionatan (his coats tek acs de heme eee 367 | Murpliy’s, Calaveras County -...--....--..- 390 
Monacanthus occidentalis .-..............-. 367), Murray, M .222sc.cke. eS Sos aeeeiees a eeeeee 228, 231 
Monacanthus setifer:<-\s4.-0252-cemtedee cee o6ie |) Musticapa albivula oco.steoeeece sede seas 477 
Monacanthus pardalis.2..2)cc)-s5--ssseceee 249% |" Muscicapaanimosa.-....-----s-ces*-- eee 472 
Monoceros engonatum. <2 i222. .05 cesses 12, SOc AMuscicapacinGrea. soos so - = seen se eae 450 
Monsieur Ta Vitraess 1-12.10 cee names ste 452 | Muscicapa corona rubra..---..-..--- tas 471 
Montvoyan de la Guyane........----.--24-- 143°) Muscicapa despotes\...- 2... 2-00. .t.ceocee 474 
ENO GHEY, D joc einee apr oeeeee ene eee ee 264 | Muscicapa dictator .-....-:..--.------.----- 469 
NEG ON-HSH 5 - ue tems beeen keel eec eae 376 | Muscicapa dominicensis ........----...---.- 47 
MGOTSN EN. = -- 2-5 - semen aie aia eee ee 2a)! Mnscicapa tuteatace.-+-2-sce.sss4ss0eee oer 474 
Moore, Phomas: . 282 lnsecceeoe seat ee “244;246:.|' Muscicapa enatho.c Js eueseabecesstocss cae 473 
IMIG et Ta ee Se 6 fo mei eetajere elation Ee ee 298, 303 | Muscicapa nigricans......-.--.-..+...-.---. 484 
Mopalia, Blainyillei oss 5 20s ee eek ee eee 303 | Muscicapa olivacea..-...-.s0.-----.-------- 450 
MOpaliaeuigtay .. cg. -sosceeebaas: 298)308; 304; 3441) “Muscicapalrex s2-ese-ec-see-+ ee --- ee -eerr 471 
Mopalia Grayi-.-...... ~bahine eemnoce eee saee 305° | Musci¢apa raticilla:-~.-.---> ac-seccnassenee 450 
Mopaliavhinme sitet a2 os e> = «xan ce eeeene 303, 304, 323° | Muscicapa satelles:.----<22---2.4--26= socene 481 
Mopaliarimponrcatam css. catecacleese soeeenee 306") Muscicapaisatrapirrse-.ss.cl-<scecenc seen e 474 
Mopahaskenuenleyiieat=s- 3c----secene eeer= S05) (Muscles pars ceeeee cencanc- = -.acceteeenaes 450 
Mopalia Kennerleyi var. Swanii-...-....... 305°|, Muscicapa tyrannus. -5--..-...-5.-22--c2-6- 471 
Mopalia lignosa ..-.-----.-------.-----.---- 304 | Muscicapa verticalis ............2-2----+-++ 480 
Mopalia muscosaicpeceeeriecee---caeone 2985304; 305 "|)Mnttonebish! seseeee oo) Jo Stee eee eee 246 
Mopalia Simpsomi <2 -5s22e2cs--s2----5 2-0 304, 305 | Myiadestes armillatus...........-..-------- 53, 189 
Mopalia Sinuatajs-- soc enpetecinemeis== bem ste 306 | Myiadestes armillatus verus....------------ 53 
Mopalia vespertina...--....... BERS eet ctis 304 | Myiadestes genibarbis....-...-. 53, 188, 189, 352, 486 
Mopalia Wossnessenskil ..........2..00--- 298, 305 | Myiadestes ralloides............---..<.---2- 53 








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INDEX. 507 
Page. | Page. 
Myriad estes) SIDMANS «21s .-/c-'2a00 =a ca)= sere 188,486 | Neverita Recluziana var. alta ........-..... 12 
Moyiadestes solitarius’. :\..2 0.02.2. 2565--ee. 53, Leo Newerltavarvaltajs oct ncuse ees saeeee ees 27 
Myiadestes townsendi....-........-.-.-2-.- SOT NOW VOLK ae Zea 5 Meee jal. foes: Saeed ee 26 
Myiareclius RPO ere yes Ben rt VAS poh em PSS AGG Ml NEN COMI Mine Ra Ise tennis ca cize ocistamintenc beleete 261 
Myiarchus cinerascens, 141, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 424 | Newcombia .-:.--.-.2 022. -ccce eee ccccecccce 297 
MiavlArGhisiCOOMEL! = om 56 << 5.2m sscewec seas 138,139 | Nicholls, H. A. Alford, M.D .:..........:-.. 51 
Maar COUS CRUG 2s ia = silences fara o LST Aeoo| INTIS COOPELIEsA=H er eoeeneets ste eeeee sae 154 
Myiarchus crinitus, ¢c. var. cooperi...-..---- LESBNT ht rHenons.52sen ances ee renee eee 163 
Myiarchus crinitus erythrocercus .-...----- 138 CES hee Rees eee enc cee eee ees 163 
Myiarchus crinitus var. irritabilis........-. 141 ENeStis a.) ceekGuek cc oes ote ce eae ee 163 
Myiarchus erythrocercus.....--....--- Teo DEAL soda aNiehthamikdesee a Ayan se eae ae eee 145, 427 
Myiarchus erythrocercus var. cooperi-. -118, 138, 140 Breedin ots oan sso~ oer ae ee 145 
Myiarchus erythrocereus,var. erythrocercus 140 | Nilsson...-.---..--22-----e-cceecceeceeceeee 80 
Myiarchus imbrepidus -.-<.2.--0 5... sscciee-= S725 |b Nips fuscCus ee =ee at ae Cate cee eee 154 
Myiarchns Ly Wwrencil <2. =e. s--cces5s=-riee TSO NatidellaiG ouldinees scscase see a eee ee 12,27 
Myiarchus mexicanus. -..-..--+--=-.-. TSS leo pela Nock ko-istss2 apace see ae ae eee 204 
Miyiarchus: Obert. ~2-.. 5.22.6 2-. 99, 191, 239, 271, 487 | Noek-o-yo-uwh....-- Echiceus eee owes Sess 204 
Myiarchus sclateri s2+2-5:-.-s0.: ere aeieser SOO ipl NG*COsmis tas 3 cae cech eae Eee se cae ea 204 
Myrarchns) validma 2002.22 oo. cn seseees 139)))| Noctua aurita minor....c0-..2220-.-2--24- 106, 107 
Myiarchus yucatanensis...-....-.....:.---- 13 INogd yeR ernie Gels hae Somnath see her eee 217 
Myiodioctes canadensis..-....-.. 5.2:------ IDA NOH hun ali wilhes sey ose ssc la soe mene 204 
Myiodioctes mitratius..-. 2... 2.0.2.2. cae 1245|- Nomenclator Avi’: .s-ccccceeeeene ee 48 
Myiodioctes *pileolatus” ...---.-....- 391, 393, 394 | Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium ......- 78 
Miyiodioctes:pusulns). 2c: 2 =. socce eee =o 124 PEN OSMONBS Eis sacs ec so ode eee Leen DS wa 204 
Myiodioctes pusillus, @. pileolata....-....-. 407 | North American Burrowing Owl --.-.-.-..- 43 
BVIR CAS Soe Repos cle foe ne acta s Saree opie nto 76 | North American Pediculate Fishes......... 215 
My obabids 32/2, = 125.220 scsieisssebce sae ccase 386 | Northern Kingfisher.......-5-..-.----...--- 191 
EM OD AUIS Hi einen Nc Sd ea ner oS 386 | Notes on American Species of Cybium...... 3 
Myliobatis fremenvillei -...........-..-.--- 386 | Notes on Ornithology of Southern Texas... 118 
Mitochetlusicamminuss.s2..50s52 <= sees eee - SH il Notropignt es setae Soe see te eee ee 83, 299 
Mylocheilustraterculus:oats.c- = ss sees aa6 85.) Noturus eleutherus. .....2..-s2.-c0220 4.0.2. 368 
Mvlocheilus lateralis 2... 2. £2624. 4-52-20. SOM Nuculanexiona, » ses essesse sae eee eee 11, 27,28 
Wivlochilus se tenasssets 552 ose seee cee ak nce 85 | Numenius borealis ..........--..--.-- 162, 441, 45 
Mylochilus tratercnlus'>.2-\-s-..--22acesce 85 | Numenius hudsonicus.... 238, 242, 277, 441, 451, 488 
Miglopharodones-=s<-\s-0au- oss ese accsen ec 85 | Numenius longirostris...........-. 197, 441, 451, 488 
Miyurellausimplexs: 2-8. ob ce ds= eeene ae 12, 27,29. | Numidia meleagris -........:.-.--ss-scecee 241, 487 
SVG ZO OS Gi Gelinas ete ee tala lole SLO; SOLVE Namie. oe oe see ees we ae ee eee 241 
Myzopsetia ferruginea: ....--.--.2-2--22---+ SO2AeNmmen e-bisy ih 22ers cesta a ete eres 204 
Myzopsetta rostrata........2...--222-----+- S62ul> Nuthatches) 22. ccc ce ces sas oo eee 401 
Nuttallinal. 22 Sees eesee N.S asse ee 298, 312, 333 
INutiallinalscabras--2 assesses eee soc 298, 333, 344 
Nincellae rei sca ose eae A ola lae Tait 47, 342, 343. | Nuttall’s Woodpecker................-..--- 428 
eNeucetle my ilin aie eee sale eee B42), Nivctiard ea; gardenice 2. acres eee 165 
Nacella (? paleacea var.) triangularis ....... 341 |, Nyctiardea grisea, B. nwevia .-.--0.--. 2-26 442 
acelin OSGi arenas ose a Noe see esse cneee 342 | Nyctiardea grisea var. nevia .....2.-...---. 164 
Maida wiltth=tat.ary cece esata hats asl e ZOOmeNivictiand esi: nee Widnes ss ean eee ae seen ee 165, 392 
Namaveush Salmons we. cecc. ecto Le by 81) Nyctiard 6a. violac@a.cs <5. ssseesneeeee 165, 275, 460 
Nashville Warbler ..c225sctcolecsuewleeeess 404’ | Nyctiardea-violaceus..—....-2..<-22 220.202 460 
INASSAFOSSMla Wal =\<,-2 02.56 sasce ence LOMAS eos LN. ChiOTOMUS sso: Seance eee a nee see aes 142, 143 
ANGI amen (iGarens. =. tse a noose 1228. Ny ChidromUs atinig = see see eee ee eee 144 
NASSPERPINCUI Se = aceon 2 ois en Meine 12,27 | Nyctidromus albicollis -....-...........02- 118, 143 
NaBSaMiO PU Uocaee ccose acs bonne erate entices 12, 28 | Nyctidromus americanus ..--.............-- 144 
ANE SS Se So hae = a 318 | Nyctidromus derbyanus...........-:-..-.. 142, 144 
INA TICLETUSMUNCARUSS «cs 5 co occ cee one 153 | Nyctidromus guianensis................--. 143, 144 
AN DICratestlucborarsctee- 22 sa /c a sec ase oes 377 
WNectarinaantillensis .-.../o.c..0-scees< +25 450 
ENGI SON, AMET ER MWie eae omnes sce Se se yaeeece 265 | Ober, Frederick A..48, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 236, 267, 450, 
INeMOSIa GOrgQuataiee se eaee ete. os caet sor eee 485 452, 455, 456, 461, 462 
BNE OMEN acceso cece pec e teens cis snamecceces 286 | Ober, Fred. A., Birds noted from Islands of 
INeotnopicalvumie- semen see ose eee e a. Nese 48 the Lesser Antilles visited by ............ 486 
Nephoscetes|bonealigeeeees-=- ce ose one 895 | Ober, Fred. A., Collection made by. .......-- 185 
INGreOGYSUIS 3 >see e seas coe es Sec 335 | Ober, Fred. A., Guadeloupe Birds obtained 
NG SALMON co see ene Rca ne = ecu es 71 Diese creer ca chest tebe aba eee 449 
NGULOn/Canolinensisssesstees eae sen. 170,476 | Ober, Fred. A., Martinique Birds collected 
Neverita Recluzian® Joie 02-2 2.2 -.c-ssec- 12, 29, 30 Dyjeter eerste isc caic 6 oasis sis. ciao See eee aes 349 





508 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 

Ober, Fred. A., Observations on Birds of An- Oreodoya clivaces:s2scss- sus oe Ses ee Eee 234 

ticua and Barbuda... -.-.+---eseus-se ees 232 1 S@reorty< pitta 2sss2¢ b<.en/soe heen se 391, 392, 393, 438 
Ober, F. A., Collection of Birds from Domi- Oreoscoptes montanus.--..---2.s22-s5c-cenc 397 

ILO = eee Sete atch haa cies. eee Oat 48 - |) Ottoles” Nests sunset ees es see tee meee 134, 135 
Ober, F. <A., Collection of St. Vincent Ornismya amazilt==2 U2 2 oases ce teases 147 

SRN geese a. sccie ace se eee cee Sesame ena 185.) (‘Ormismyao eristalanseace-s. esse =o seers 450 
Oceanic Bonito on United States coast... --. 24 | Ornismya heloise - 2:25. :-J2saeisae-8 se ssh acee 10 
Oomehravarida:. 4.2. sso acee a. s Sae eles 29 | Ornithology of Southern Texas, Notes 
Odentaspis ==. -<= -e = sone eae eee eee ee AT | ROT Nl re 118 
O@dostomialeravida:..-c.. «---ece=c5=--oeeeee 12127 | Ortalida:maccalliy: 24 =2- 0-2 eee eases 159 
@COSLOMIA SP Hu contsiecsa ose cece nea eee 29 |..Ortalida roficandar~--ee <= eso io oe ene een 
Odostomia Swraminea 2-25-25. 1-4. --44eeen 29) | Onrtalidacy etoile see hase ees nein ae een 159 
@nanthe perspicillata.-22-.- -...2 222 28.c.22 484 | Ortalida vetula var. maccalli ............... 159 
Ore WOstOhs.. sec ost Geen sencscce ea cceeaeeeee 204 | Orthopristis< 5 -ee<s.e ache ee me ee ee ee 377, 379 
Ohet-toint (High Forehead), warrior. .-.-.. 205, 211 | Orthopristis fulvomaculatus.......--..-.--. 379 
Oiifrom: Grampus eee. ose e seem eae eae 18 4 SOrthorhynthuse-<2 924+ essen sneer cece sa ehOD 
Oil, Manufacture of Porpoise.......-..-.... 16 | Orthorhynchus cristatus ..-....--..--.192, 272, 487 
Goedh-Ha-bWh sarees se cease see eee 204.) (‘Orthorhynehus exilis) -- 25. cesses. eee 358 
GlduMeiniee: So2c0 = ace eee noe vee eee mosses 205 | Orthorhynchus exilis?...--. 61, 192, 240, 272, 458, 487 
Olivellabipligaiaicsc. aoa. e-- 2-6 cle ese ee 312,27, | -Orthorhbynchus ornatus.-.....2-25525-. 20 192, 487 
Olivella hoses =" tes. Sensei cetee Seeawaes 2537529. | sOntolam sash: ot $25.18 Se ep ene care 860, 460 
Olive-sided Flycatcher ..-...-2.222..-:22222 274 || @rtons Prot cutest hic nche soe eee seen eee 483 
@ncorhynchi 22¢-s22s-tuseelsceneee setae 72; |WOrbyx‘cubanensisic.-aj.2b-- <s25-/-- sep ae Ce 
OnconhyNe bWS! ee. ease he oneate eho eee ae TOMATO BOR LY SCOR ANUS ae eg Seales eee 160 
Oncorhynchus argyreus ......--:------+s--:- 70 | Ortyx virginiana texana ..........-----.---- 160 
Oncorhynchus confluentus.....-..---.------ 70 | Ortyx virginiana var. texana ..-..-----.-.-- 160 
Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. ......-.---------- HONG): | MOMS Varo INIANUS) 222 ot a en eee 237, 278, 450, 487 
Oncorhynchus kennerlyi -=--:. s..s06.-s22+2 70,72 | Ortyx virginianus floridanus ....-.........-. 109 
@ncorhynehus Keta-\-55-20 se seees wads ese ONT a} #OSeNOl Nelo eee settee Seo thn aa eee een 54 
Oncorhynchus lycaodon ..-..:.-2...-..0062. TO |POSMertis mordase --sasese=s— soon eee eeeee 262 
Oncorhynchus nerka ---5..-cossestdtsreueee T0P72. || OBtracidse~-= =) - 225 =o eee eee een 367 
Oncorhynchus paucidens..........++------- 70: | Ostractum/quadricorme *--2--22-5-2----2sa-16 246 
Oncorhynchus quinnat ........g2sscis0<8. 69, 70,72 | Ostrea-conchaphila -.....-...+-------------- 28 
Oncorhynchus richardi’:--. 25.2. <.s 0.455 70)" sOstreavbinida "<=-eekes- cree ne nese e eae ee mae 11, 28 
Oncorhynchus truncatus ......:2.-..------- 70: |, Ostres V Catehcetans -o=snesentne soe=e eee 11, 29 
@yveitwdes 22.2525. 222555 iguce aes 217 (2182970908 || @-t0-as ba b- NOs! a= t e eee nae ee eee 204 
Qneirodes Eschrichtii...-.~... .ce20 26.20 DIBNOVS |POLUSaS10 = tar = 525-2 shee k econ aera nee eente 107 
Oncingdinses oes cet cave ate ce aee D17,.907,998 || Ofusibrasiliensis= 22252 3.-* 2 osteo a ermine 92 
QOniscus pregustator .....-. 252 -sseeres isin 5 | Otis neyins:seas2s2 5252 ise see eeee ee 108 
Onithoeliiton! h-2e0- bes: oS. oe enacesesaeteue 298 | -Otus semitorques:-s<h- ---s ee =-os ee eeeeee 87, 113 
Qn-ko-eht (Ankle), warrior.......---.---:- 204,211.) O-hz0) 222 cease bea deeee danse eeeeemeteeee 204 
QNOS\= 3 Focedtccmarcsaccomntie noch huesews dein» Ot0s | Ol keste-wh.s * 222s sss eneet ene ceeee eee 204 
OnOS CIMPTIOS + 45 sees snces ace reese eee Ad Owen, Isaac sse2ssset see weno cels ce eee ees 133 
Qn0S\G08is- 2-4-6 ----- nee eee ante oe eee SIO LOWE see ee seams eae 50, 51, 64, 194, 278, 433 
Qnos maculatus! $< 2.- s-soaserer-aseer shear 349). |S Ow-us-Sait=<-45: saseee soon 2 eee seep 204 
@nos mustelae eo cesese cose eno a eeee BELEN | SO GSCI areal a ete reat o oc nae te let era 564 
Onos (Rhinonemus) cimbrius.-...-:-.----... Stone Oysters hyn asses ce sctse = face oie ees 74 
Onos tricirratus:...205¢. os sseste ees seen 349 
QOpaliaianomaly.....cansaveccoes -caseseeenes 12,20 
Q@palia varicostata 2.6. ..662. s2susgee sescie 12,29 | Pacifie Coast Brook Trout: -..:.-.-.--...--. 7 
Ophidiide ....--.----------s2-sss02-sese-- 371 | Pacific Red-spotted Trout .-...-..----- NaS ear ro 
Qphidium\.- 6.5. ss20.s Seeks ee asa eee Sie Paolcer: wantt0r ase sae ss ses ce eee = eee 204, 209 
Ophidium marginatum ...25....c52.-4.. 2265 STL. | Padre dslinus\so. 2b -cecces-e cc n= + one eceeees 118 
Opisthonenis -- ha. asc cu seuee sense eee POO) (PDC WIS iape nee ee eee inane selena eee 204 
Opisshonemathrissa | 2. - 2 \.2n sss eciee =e 385) Pah-0-ley Sos eee cera oie ares 213 
OgquassasSalyelinus: >. .s.sssesceacomeere eee 981;;| UPalamedeid2-5 Sec sen-s= 22-2 se mame aees tere 166 
Orchard! Oriole; .23.ce15 2235s 0csade- scnet oes 132/185 | Palinurus americanus -:---.-.....-2-+5-<.--% 8 
One VAs seen eeeese cram: ce sene Hare ere es 375. |; Palinurns-quadricornis..- -. 2-222. vecer seen 8 
Oreynus alliteratus-5.2=s ss: 2s: css-s22 cere 240) all OOMitO tate nemesen a == c=) sacar 297 
Oreynus pelamiys ones cs secede s4-weuweesienss 24 | Pallochiton lanuginosus ...---..-------- 297, 343 
Oreynus secundidorsalis. .-.---....-.------- By doa LN leet 5-1 513 Se aeRO aan eae te BoSeS. 271 
Orcynus thynnus..... sis e ee ties sbosda celeels S15) | Paimistesteresessn ccs )-S-s sere pan aeeenea 271 
Oregon, Fishes from.......2.-s0ssessss2ss05 69) RampanGeeesesetees sca Seas eee ae eet 377 
Oregon Gray Gay sson- sear ewewcencest scceeue 493 | Pandion carolinensis .-.--.- -..2...0--.----= 395 
Oregon Snowbird .....-<-...essass wauneevses 416 | Pandion haliztus:-.-/......---. 65, 194, 236, 273, 487 




















INDEX, 509 





ep Page. Page. 
Pandion haliaétus, 2. carolinensis....:.-..- prevail (Patagmiraizal oo eee oe coe ee ee 169 
MBAS He oS ole le eaB inion y)m ew oem ion ol 200 | Paucidens, Salmo. ..-- eae Aire Sir ae ee 70 
Panterpe insignis ..--...------------------- 252 | Pa-voor-ite (Little Prairie Hill), warrior.... 214 
Paralichthys .----------+--.--+--2---+sece<-- 369 | Peabody Academy -....--.-----...-------- 345, 347 
Paratractus pisquetos --..--..-------------- 376 | Pecten equisulcatus var ...----.....-..---- 11, 29 
Parephippus «---------.---------------+---- He00 SPeckentGnwminusi}ssees mast eaaeee aa eee 14,15 
Parephippus faber..-.....---------+-------- ae0h| SPeeten!expansuseeseesse-cse- sae sase se 11, 14, 28, 29 
Pareques acuminatus ......-.--.----------- 2200 SPectenthastatus esses oe ee aneeee eee ae 28 
Pavide -.----.----- +--+ 22. 2e-2eeeeeee ee ee ee 400) | Pecten Hemphillii: =. a0. 42-022. see asses ee 
Parkmann’s Wren..---.---------- Bor ececeee CURT NTT Bevis ali soteci) oe spouecestecoceeacodcesaee 11, 29 
Pa-roo-rite. -----.-+2-+-----------+----++---- 20by | ePectentisionlicnseess=. sees cceencmesee eee 11, 29 
Parophrys...---- waipin min iain sien nininie a peinin ac 345, 370 | Pecten paucicostatus.....-...---.---------+ 11, 27 
ACA ee eee eee meats 166, 167, 246 | Pecten propatulus.......-..-.-------------- 14 
TALL ARAGON Ais mele aan els alelnin wielpini<iie = =-le='= ein 16%. | RectensGtearneivers Gace tee een teeee 11, 14, 15, 29 
Be eu CLAS Velballoselt=ta- ele aipieleiais einen aie an Sie PectenvwenthCosus:sseue ee seas at eseeen nee 11, 29 
MATA COTCIOL Arse ee ie oon e mmmee Bee baa eee Lhe SP Setinl Goss erste ee reo 22 et hc i 15 
Parra COMM Ca. =e --emeee ince aee= vas aera 166 | Pediculate Fishes, Synopsis of .--..----.-.. 215 
Parra gymnostoma...... a eee ML ATS) 166) 16% 168) | Pediculati-: =. -2<cscce cee Even Neal 297 
Pe ONTAY | A CAN n= sea aria= seer een e ese ae S ee UGG Pedro swarriors-6- 422 te eoco ene cee eae eeene 205, 212 
BTS 2 a retell ee tela tie 166 | Pe-eh-chip (Tail Feathers), warrior .......205, 214 
ARRAN IC yaa aaa eeio winks citance blew Sacieiawisle eee HOS SPRep ces Seas Oe teetans tbe wees eee 461 
TEBISHO ons aoc cE pes= 26S 5 .e aA sess crease 50, 64, 487 | Pelecanidx..-........-. 66, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 447 
PArrod, LmMpenialete-se- apne esses see 49 | Pelecanus erythrorhynchus ........-...-~.171, 447 
Parrots a DOWh ValbtOM asec nese ets b oases ae 118 | Pelecanus fuscus . ..66, 171, 196, 236, 240, 274, 359, 457 
BRS 1 (GTS 0 re allot eee ee 160, 438 | Pelecanus trachyrhynchus ..-....--.------- 171 
Ea as evCAN Oe re aimee acne meester al Wea! UP OITCANStackiactin sauce cle asinine ree eeu oo camens 447 
PEAS MOT OPA ne pene winnaar sia ae eejalanie fa) | Pennants\Globesbish <3. .-cee<-se-e ssn oe 
PAUSE CAUSE aera Anarene ie ste = ION) “Pensacola eseeceeseas Sac neaene eater escort 176 
ParusMoOntanus sess serine = pee a sen 393, 394, 400, 434 | Pensacola Ice Company ...-.-..-..----.---- 42 
PaArUusOCCidentaligeee. <p sicspwicnsr eee set waes 390) |SPeOWwepGOWrcesce +> =Sc.ccsc=sh aes eee ee 454 
IPATUS ML eSCENS\ cc pace = acne wa asicoacene 395, 486 |. Perca flavescens, Note on....-.2....-------- 243 
Pais TULesccns, a. TULeSCONSe- cease see =e 200. | Perca fuviatilisi:---<-.ecaeccaccissseeaesoces 243 
arus rufescens, B. neglectus -----..------>- 485>| Perch sce occ cs Sebose ae otek seh eee eeenae 377 
Parus “‘sitchensis” #.neglectus.-..-...-... 486) PereichthyS--2tss-teesee ss scenes ote see 243 
ASSEN C CII COs a seenee eee eee == aSt WP ercilia 2 222. csccs = See oe eee eee 243 
Pesserculus’ “alaudinys’}.2 2 <0cs4snce- cress L2G 5391* | WPerdicids <5 Se see ablaca oe secaed ons eee 380, 438 
ASSErCHlUS AN EHINUS. josseesecs ssc sc cesses Aas *Perdime lsceece ste eee eee 50, 51, 67, 276, 360, 452 
Passerculus rostratus ..-..------- eee 395 TGCS eee eee eee aha Cer eter mere ere stererate 276 
Passerculus sandvichensis, y. alaudinus..-.. 415 INES b fepsce ba snes ce weet elceete Sa oes 276 
Passerculus savanna var. alaudinus.---..... 126 | Perdix croissant....-......-: be IE fafa 452, 460 
Passerella iliaca, B. townsendi ..-.--.--...-- ANS 3!“ Perdix noir, oo 20 =e n eee: eee eee 67, 461 
Passerella iliaca, y. schistacea....-..---...-. AtSo MP erdix LOUSPss- sen eese ae eRPeseneee namie 67, 461 
Passerella iliaca, 6. megarhyncha ..-..--.--. Adi SP Sr dia. Shes, sees se eeteeee ae aeeee 50 
Passerella megarhyncha.........-.---- BOIS aro04 ll “Pore moira. acest cscee eee cesese ses 57, 352, 355, 457 
Passerella ‘*townsendis.. 05... ---252 55-5 sol | Periplomaiarcentaria-—--.<-22.6 = Jessen ee 11, 27 
Se aie ere eet eee ae eee ee 342,343 | Perisoreus canadensis (y. obscurus) --..---. 423 
Noel aC paChae =a ak ae a seas iesasemclomae B54 7 Peristera, albifrons 22. .cce es <'-<clauice eee ses 158 
Me bella Canidae onan mlemieee eels ieleis 334 | Peristera brachyptera....---.....----...-<- 158 
Ree IEA CORCA oe os jaan ceiclsen feraeeceee 834 RE OF Rese rate aieteteteete 158 
Patella (Cryptobranchia) caeea, var. @. con- IN GS GU os sas abe eee ee cman ae eres 158 
RONG Cee eee manera cases eee eee ane pia |e OUCH AS eto e eects t becelatesseireianiae seta 354 
Patella Cumingii............-.....--....--. 340 | Perspicilla leucoptera.-.---.--+-----------+ 484 
eaiellaonbesyit- se ajn.c.c2o-ccseeeceeene MaMa mE GLO. cosece Sone ae kee alte ee ee einai aaa 5 
Babolat voce tciscc ante ucemeneee eee BORING GEC; 0s = jcetease Ure ue bee seatenaisccia > snore 50 
Mai IMS CORBA ets <ra-n/eisieis oie i eeeleee Sen e BATA MP Strel:. Jamal es scc\ckteee ates oes Sele ee come 68 
Paibellamstgbiliso sin coos ++ neice eicease 837 | Potricola pholadiformis? ......:.-...--..-.. 11,28 
Patella pellucida ..............-...--..----. 343 | Petrochelidon lunifrons ---125, 391, 392, 393, 394, 408 
(PatelloaspintadiMipaseand soos. =, siee eee eee 340 | Petrochelidon Swainsoni...--....-..---.---. 125 
Patellacrmapellayes = esos soc 2.222 = eee ee 336sdoT) | Beucen cestivalis.. --02-----.-<0.- == eeemmas 127 
Pipella testuamMaises cs eee see cece tee AIG Pou cosasATiZONiee ates cele coc ace eoeeeecoeens 127 
Patella yuleata..- 224s. o 285, 286, 288, 388, 343 | Peucwa carpalis........--.--+---002-se-222= 127 
Patelleevonmomondelatiivesescssesas.-eeeeem alle MbeuGea CASSIN on o.<.cn o[o% aml nels 127, 128 
PA heli dps sees eee eee eas occ anes See eee | Pouca TIMI COPS: ces. <<. os aclse os em ajalciee esa 391, 418 
eta yete eee ane cna ce te a Soul Phaceilopleutas- 2- ben -<oosnne eee ee 298, 312 
PAIN M PCUUCIIRe sees panenasccea cece teccee 343 | Phacellopleura porphyritica......-..-...- 298, 344 


510 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
IPHENOCHITON : b:tectaeintian acces odes sac anton 309, 313 | Pipra musica...:.. Hwa ae Socareeace 450 
Phenoptila melanoxantha.-.......---.----- 252 | {Pisorhina conteese=- nc cele ee reas 87 
Phethon «ethereus ..........- 195; 274,.451,:460;487 | itanguise 0. omen eee mccain meee aetee see 467 
Phethon Aavirostris /.cac. 5 eccew-Sasee she 65 | Pitangus canudifasciatus ..-....05....5 22-00 466 
Ph pbhonidei so... cscs ste 65, 195, 240, 274, 359, 460 | Pitangus derbianus Cee cio aia naa yale oe 133 
Pheeton flavirostris. wa. -.--ss-2 edse=s02 240;.359;487 | Placiphora : 25-s<5--¢<cnerecaiteupeassseeees 298 
Phainopepla nitens......-..--- 398, 390, 391, 392, 394 | Placiphora Carmichaelis....... Se sore 298, 344 
Phalaropus fulicarius ..-.:.-+s-+-.:---..--- 895 | Placiphorella.--.--.-----2--.-s2 12220. 298, 303, 306 
Phalaropus. Wilsoni <.. 45 ss-cceneseeeee sane 451 | Placiphorella imporcata -..........2.<02-.<s 306 
Phasmidas NESt= sss. ee coe eas ees eee 268 | Placiphorella sinuata..-....-. 2.02529 cecces 303, 306 
Phillips “Barnet ss cce- ose sasee eee 26 | Placiphorella velata......--....... 298, 303, 307, 344 
Phesbhe-bird so saecc. cise eeaasseceseereeen we pO) |) Placiphoroided es ee eeeane eee ae eee 298, 302 
Pholadidea ovoidea.-.----.-.----s--e0<6 .--: 11,28 | Placunanomia macroschisma .......-..-...- 28 
Phonipara bicolor. .58, 191, 233, 239, 269, 270, 278, 355, | Plagusiine ............0-.25-0 -20.-2ees sees 370 
457#4870,|| PAMGOL'S J.2-ccnceere ecenec enone eke eee aaee SUSE 
Dahiy Cio ae ste eee eee ee epee eae 256, 258-a71" | Plain Titmouse. «2s. seve ces cetoeeeeeeeeetee 400 
Phy Cisi@h GSterii. aan -eamaceereceeae eee 2568 | Platalea ajaja...<.-5 cel ece cece 164, 275, 451, 487 
PV CiS CHUSS! 22a. c<ph ses sae reise esate 256 || “Piptaleide: occ 2 sect soul e eaectsee seas «275 
PAYCisMarCAbOs oo. oem epee = ee - =e eee 256 | Platessa elongata. ......-oseeeeasse----cense 21 
PECs OPIS: Shae raise aisie pe eee ine Urol svi | Platessa ferragimeas. sc 225. oe. Seca cee oe 361, 362 
Be VCIS GOO US her Sateen ela een ot ence pte 261! | Platessa glabra. sac cecteee = ctecimetiare ce 345, 347 
Phyllomanes flavoviridis -...--.:------+«--. 125) || Blabessa pola 2 2s. cemelcraactiei=lean eee sels 21 
Phylonotus Miecitns f--- 22 -2-s60e.ce er = sale 24-| Platessa rostrata. s-qucencjecewee stereos 361, 362 
Picicorvus columbianus .-...--..-------- 392, 422 | Plathyrinchus L’herminieri.......---...... 450 
PIC de wos aes ceaes cece eee ae eeee TS 74288469: ||) PIS ONtH YS. Sescviccte orcs oroelbeienicee te Rice 345, 370 
Pieoidesarcticus -s- osasceseeeceec esskeee ee 3927429)" | Plaiby conIO Ce sec ies a - ncn secm nen ee enneeeeeee 85 
Piens albolarvatws sqsessees seeee sees eee S0a"4ade. ||) Blatysemus Si 0522t. eee etswecereecueeee 313 
igus M Cmrdmeri tay ce ces pt eee ey $90,/391;/398! | Platysomatichthys <.<2.5...2..-.Scnockese. 369 
Biche harrist, cate Losses eee eee eee 391,393 | Plegadis guarauna, /-..-..c.scte see ete eanae 163, 443 
Preus L Herminiert...5.2-22--.6¢==-s-6 450452)459. | Pleuronectes .icpeccec-tesucccbumereoss tas BioroID 
PAGES MGA ose soe oe cle nee 390, 391, 392, 422,428 | Pleuronectes cynoglossus.........-.------ 19, 20,21 
SIGHS PP DESCONS mere eee eae elm e ame eas = 390, 428 | Pleuronectes elongatus..-..-..-.--..---.--. 19, 20 
Picus pubescens, g. gairdneri ....---------- 428 | Pleuronectes ferragineus.......--2.-.-.---- 362 
Picus scalaris ---..--.---.s00..s--2- e550. 150; 151 | Pleuronectes glaber .-...---.2... 55.25. 345, 346, 347 
EHS soe epee ee ee oen= meee a nea ‘a+2- /150) | Pleuronectes manda .<<..-.c22 5. tet -- teen 361 
PPIGNAPATIUNS Sa ceaeiag sabe e ee ae Heke aa 450 | Pleuronectes nigromanus.....-......--..22% 21 
Pieus villosus, esharrisi!- 2.2 -e2 2c. sen ene 428 | Pleuronectes oculis a dextris totus glaber .. 21 
IPISd ANNE os ose cce awe oses er «see Paes 452 | Pleuronectes pinguis ...-.........-...---- ee 
PP On slaw ke eee so ese eek aes see e eee 434,460 | Pleuronectes platessa ........-........ 345, 346, 847 
PPA e OMS) Coosa heen esc laas «ee leeneeee eateet 437 | Pleuronectes pola .-.......sc.0sc-5022----0- 21 
Pigmy Nuthatch son. eosss--weeeoaee= soe = 401 | Pleuronectes saxicola..............22.-scce- 21 
IPIK GUE MEE Cstan awe eee ese este eee eoceeee 384) | Pleurohectidi:Jccstestcseccenseee see 368, 369 
IB etOt OG RN: pence nce eenec eee Dent ate PUD Pap nTOR SC tile 2.) mew acto cee seems See eee 369 
Pileated Woodpecker. .-..-..<...---.--------- S29) TELGUTOnIChth ys) s0.</e lt e ae aa see een 345, 370 
Peali@ram wesse oo ees eee eae see 335, 336, 337 | Pliocene Tertiary beds of California........ 13 
Pabdinm-fulynmystsssecsen sees clos aaa 335/337. | Plotus :anhinga 72.262. si.s22 ot wees 171 
Piidium Tubellum=: ives esse seo eee 335%|? Blower; ‘Goldenj.c< sc. Socens cu sakees soe 50 
iBmmelepteridz |. .ccen s => seecta setae eee ee BTS! Wi RIOMGRS.. lato a nisereleletsiele @ ierers's ater ee 67, 197, 440 
PBNELEPCOLUS:/ 2. cae eee eps esee eee ea eae ere SiGe | POCICEDSY wns —=aaahee ane Saee eee es 198, 277 
Pimelepterus bose. .s2s-=c-s- sees sesoee seus 378 | Podiceps carolinensis. .....2...020..5....20 451 
ipmecroldfinch 3Ss.as2-ss= cee see= ceases ee 414 | Podiceps dominicus -.-..-..-----.----- 118, 172, 451 
Breeding, .5-..J-coacteemnesee mas See ane 44 EN GShs coh eeereamaea seer eee eam eee sicae 172 
Pte TOS POak va... elsismee nae eee er seni 412. Podiceps: holbollae-eere-- vente ceue ses eee 295 
PineueDiaeaeco>: . ees co leeeecoaes 200,377, 378,509) | Podicipitidte -2-o oe ae ate~ ce eee ers 198, 242, 277, 448 
Pinicola ‘‘ canadensis” ..-....... ee eeeaeae 392 | Podilymbus podiceps.--..-.--- 173, 242, 292, 449, 488 
Pinicola enucleator, 6. canadensis ....------ 412°) Poscile rufegcens < ccccccencsnyre dees) seeeese 426 
Pin PAR ee Cea ocr ci. Sale inate etaeatate AS SROCYe PLO, MEN DOr er ais -5-eknec bee eee 3, 43, 468 
Pin-palloeeeeeeemeeists ner - decrease east ame ASG POP ONIAS eee see emietapa = ame aterm ole Seater ate ete ale 377 
IPApelee! see ee see a aie lm le aera 60, 191, 234,358 | Pogonias chromis ..........-.2.. 65 c.sctvcae 377 
Pipilo chlorurus. --.----.--.... 390, 391, 393, 394,419 | Poronichthys.2. 6.222... 5 eeccawcetertacee e 85 
SP ULIO Ns CLISSAL IN eyete alee seat ote sto = mere B80 /891N392) || TPO oo che seemless = sioae wale tere Sea alate . 330 
Pipilo fuscus,, G! \crissalis oo. ..<) 222.52. <c6 4904) Polit AOR MUNG Hiecimcliciainin cso a etarele Lae 452 
Pipilo maculatus, Jd. megalonyx..-....---.... ATS: | TPo-ka-do-ghe tos cove oes acsee cceuisredasleser Be 20D 
Pipilol ‘meralonyx.) seespeee ees mae a 391,'392,393.2) Polaris, day codes = c-.~ so sekee se enseee eens - 463 
PAUpperie; STan- VOWS. «d-ceee ae eaae eam aclep ces of 2 DANSE) ane ais ctetatet alee ate diste sixreoiatare eof telat alte 300 








— 7. 





INDEX, 511 

Page. Page 

Polioptila czerulea: ..-—....120, 390, 391, 392, 394, 399 | Psittacidee....-.-.........22.0- ees onnesecns- 62, 193 
Hohoptlaimelanura).o.\.s0n2- =<) se cawceeues 895 | Pseudocolaptes boissoneauti.......--.--..-- 254 
Polioptivlarplambea) i.e ates ee eh ancosee 395 | Pseudocolaptes lawrencii ..........:..-.... 253, 254 
Poly borusycheriway -s-0.<¢osescssate cone cee 153 | Pseudogryphus californianus.......---.---- 437 
aH Oates esmsctc sa ccistaueicia sas soeteet oe ces cee 153 | Pseudopleuronectes’---.-:.:.--.<..-2-- 345, 368, 870 
INGSUSK OR ee boca sect bt Sara ee ne 153 | Pseudopleuronectes americanus ....-.. 347, 348, 368 
obyDerus UMArUsssscscce esas ceseet eee eee 153) PEScudouhompus exes sense ae ne paeacnce samen 369 
Polyborus tharus auduboni. ...............- 153 | Pseudorhombus dentatus.......- Melatele(aiaa ata 370 
Poly placiphora,<ccasseacuases sees eee ke 286, 301 | Pseudorhombus occllaris .-.-..-. sence cesses 370 
POlytmMuUs alae... vic. cecassewsee oe ob aes 147 | Pseudorhombus quadrocellatus............. 370 
Polytmus cerviniventris......:.........-... 149) | CPsittacus;purpureus) ==> -o--- sneer eae ee cee 450 
Oly iMAUS WOMOLL, aa. to sSetiaceisces Bel Sees 147 || Pteronotusfestivus -.552- 2-5-5006 s2e2- 12, 27, 29 
Pomacentrus leucostictus .......---.- ee 246°| Pterophrynet.-... (0... .4- 216, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 
ePOTMAUOTAIO ES ites a -fneweciicatck eerste 280) | 2Bterophryney HIS ti) jo ccs wince o- nite eee 216, 222 
BES CHITA OU NUL Smedley pete an eee 380 | Pterophryne levigata .-\....-2--.--- 20. 00-- 216, 223 
Pamlacomins|saltatrise sa ao sees lanese eek aeete 1380) || Le cerophryme, pictars: 4-2 32. cannes fesce! 220 
IBamuolobusiea peta ese ee eee ena baes 385 | Pterophryne, Specific name of .......-...--. 223 
Pomolobus mediocnris.c-s-ces-coce see eee cee 985 | terophryNoldess oo cic ea aac own aioem cio me niee eee 216 
Pomolobus pseudoharengus ..........------ B85 dl entero plate ane scisineeineimelalet eto eee 386 
Poecetes gramineus, @. confinis...........- 415 | Pteroplatea maclura....-..--..-+. .--+-..-5 386 
Poccetes gramineus var. confinis.......-.-. 126 | Ptilogonatidee PEL ee ie Sect eI 397 
SE OOY Nt paoe Geet Paes. Det token as ea 407 sl eetilO CONES) cess cosas sdececabes soeee oes 397 
OOS pizay Dilineataressccckecceacscae eee Oia ee WIODSIS) sans - tele wia cit mininceee tases meee 87 
Porcupine Mishs <2 2 snaces pee see a soe 946 | Ptychocheilus gracilis... 22.20.50 2226 82 
IB oro Coeme eee een Renae Lene Nees 380 | Ptychocheilus oregonensis.......--......-. «82 
RAO OTS eect ait ere mace eee a aie ole DAG | et CHOCHIUS en /- clowe vine oe ee eee a eee 83 
HE ORGNO GUS es her ee etree) aL, Ue a ed 77) gtk Tete tet cteteietais/=laian ea cinelelisiemniclelsteeiee aa ee « ? 866 
Poronotus triacanthus.....2 6.222222 262 2 S77 |) Uns AoberrimMUs. =~ ace seeeleeetaeeeeos 451 
Porphymomartinicus-5....ss2cess2see 22-2 197,487 | Putinus L’herminieri’..-.-.-. 2.0. .cs.2t0:. 451 
Porpoise-jaw oil ........-- par aaa ae aay ni D7; || AES NA) Oe seoses ae siete Dee eee 451 
Porpoise-oil, Manufacture of ..............- 16)| Le WMNUSObSCurUs)s oso as- oer ac-eaetee eee 68, 69 
Porters Dry Joseph Were es saeasoN eae cee 244, 245 ON eGStrsetis we cisbinwiacee cece ceeas ere noo 69 
‘Poarterik Con MessrseDodkec onc tes esses lee fe72|ieurpleyMartins 2 ej teee eae eeacen seer 408 
POT Zana Pyss eek ke Pee eee ee 296, 487 | Purple-throat Hummer... ...--.....--....- 61 
IBOLZAN a Carolina so. <aaiae te eee ee 165, 443 | Purpura crispata -.-.----..-----....4..c200- 12, 30 
RGLZANATCINGTOICE PS). sacs asosekee ssw oes Bisa) PAUSE M ROU aed ataa Sea seaoebBone Gs ee oases o. 874, 375 
PorzanajamMaicensisi. gece ssw ee eae ee 449) (eeusa; prandisquamis so 2).-~ cee sacs esscene eee 37. 
Postpliocene Fossils in the Coast Range of Puna, © Ase lento s sweeec ies ne eee 346 
alitGrniays. eee yaa Sa aeutueeere. pe) |e otram, Mars CAC eee ees eae seine eee 347 
Hanledlicauaess 256s ccs. < eee- gee NEEL AG er eee eh eo SEI Walesa ee = mete nie aie) sole eel 126 
PPrainiesOhiclsent e+ ito Sea eee ata 157,438 | Pyranga estiva var. cooperi ...-..-..-...-.. 140 
PraiPiosWalcons 12x ccs-o eee ee eee 434 | Pyranga ludoviciana...-...--..- 391, 392, 393, 394, 412 
Prarie Hawke<2., sestane shred ae eas 156 | Pyrgisoma capitalis. ......-.-....... 220.025. 252 
Brat Oapts iE. MUaSAye seem reeen 201, 203, 205 | Pyrocephalus erythrocereus.....-.....-.--- 141 
Prion Gareib pwede ee see ee 50,68 | Psyvocephalus rubineus..........-..--..---. 142 
PONG tS ae see ade ae UG peer 373 | Pyrocephalus rubineus var. mexicanus . ...141, 142 
Prionotus carolinus......................... 373 | Pyrecephalus var. mexicanus.....----...... 130 
Prionotus evolans -2.)..-. 22.2.2... 373, 374 Pyrrhophena cerviniventris..-......--..... 149 
Prionotus pilatus Cie SRW Ted MeN ag ah nea a toatl 273 Pyrrhophena GQwbuUsiee oe > oe oeneeeeeoaeee™ 147 
Prionotus punctatus... ssoes es 873 Pyrrhopheena rieferi ..-.---.- tnceennacciane 147 
Prong was tri pUlUs can. weasel 373, 374 Pyrrhophena SAULVIS oe sels == -/see elena tenia eee 147 
PRCOCI OM ene cae ee. eae 315 Pyrrhophzna yucatanensis..--.-........--- 148 
Wristipanatides occ bek sec ea 379 | Pytthuloxia sinuata ......-----------------+ 129 
Procellariadiaholi cas 4: cnsoces soak Lane Balas @uahndac mise tess cwe es oS he 203 
Procellariampuping -_.j.0:..+ses/.cdecdeees SOMO Und senate een eee crt ccc cesses: 287, 438 
FPO CEM ami co Reese cel wens eec ae ae ee GER @uch-leesrmusece eeeOac met ce cece ce cweocos 204 
ESLOPMG Mama emer eee asia ai0k oe owese bade 269 Que ieee tet eee ee ca one ees ta cee 354 
Progne dominicensis\../.....--.<----a 56, 269, 487 | Querquedulsceee teeters te os cee eeeee eT ORT 
Progne purpurea ........ etslalociniei= sien laeeerae 125 | Querquedula cyanoptera.........--..-2.-.-- 446 
Progne SUDIS .-.0- 2.2.2 eee eee eee 125, 391, 394, 408 Querquedula discors. ..0....---.200ce+cee--170, 250 
Peres MG Ud (57). oe aa een ccc ay Lee ak SPOT GNC eames ne eye Ree UR LVS 3) Ea ee 59 
Proteobranchiata Einslutataleauiplaiafcis\sia cans Snem ee Bao Orinnnbhisalmon cele. cee econ ee aceee 69 
Psaltriparus MINUS) <2 24.) 2.2. 391//3925803"401,@uiscdluste vents nko ee eee eee 191, 357 
Psarocolius PNCUB ona a ssicielaio siawiao'dieow'scclee 130) Ouisestustmnens sl ccheses caecec cee eee 131 
FS BGCH Oh yay ics oe Ceo eee eee ec «ee. 369 | Quiscalus guadecloupensis .......... <eeas 457, 487 





512 INDEX. ; 
Page. Puge. 
Quiscalus inflexirostris....355, 356, 357, 457, 458, 487 | Rhinonemms...-..........----.. pinkie meee 348, 349 
Quiscalus lucubris eo. = + 8 ss seee men eee 356 | Rhinonemus caudacuta.....-...... ohne es 348, 349 
Quiscalus luminosus...........-.-- 270, 278, 357, 487 Identity with Gadus cimbrius........-. 348 
OIscahys MACKuriuS ooh <s-2 oene e seeeeceee 135 | Rhinonemus cimbriuis ..............--..-... 349 
Qaisealasmicer: —2 25.52. cece h couse eee 356 | Rhodinocichla rosea.....----..-2<------s002 247 
Q@uiscalus versicolor;..2....5.s.ccstsecsece 356,450 | Rhodinocichla rosea schistacea............. 247 
Ouoi-yo-wh; Warrior. ...2..-2:-sceneeesneenne 214 | Rhodinocichla schistacea........ ....-.-.-. 247 
MhoOmMpINB) 325 s5555540 foes sea ee eee eee 369 
Aa Sie esc use eee ieee 2 “go7. | Whombochirus, <<. -oscnes se =ssensse ease 380, 381 
FR e to! oo 8 os ol coed bol ete ee 387 | Rhyvacophilus solitarius .......-.......2 242, 461, 488 
Pata} Maa WAS oe oe boy eee a ns a se7 | bhynchops nigra... 22 s- se sasecee obec 172, 451 
BR silt Fe Mee Set ire SS Dayar dae) | Sebbon Wish 2229-22 aa ames e= cic eeee 245, 246 
Rain Binh eee ee ee ee 409) avichandson\-c--. 5250 ten sono eee o es eens 78, 80, 85 
Rallis 22. 166, 197, 237, 241, 276, 387, 443, 461 | Ridgway, Robert..8, 55, 65, 85, 116, 119, 235, 247, 252, 
Meeluges 252. Sos; eco e eee eee Bes 237, 241, 461 388, 439, 442, 444, 445, 466 
Mallus carolinus’c-..-2 = eseteee oo eee 45) | eemgneck Plover. -<o---a-s-e peepee nena 241, 461 
allascrepitans:--ssac hese eee 450, 461, 487 | Rising Bull, warrior...............----.... 204, 206 
Rallusuvareinianus.-. = cc soe cae seteece oes 443 | BRIS Osteen tae ee see ene eee 348 
PRamiers os ee ee ase st 50, 66, 193, 197, 275, 360,460 | Rissoina (like Woodwardi) -.....-..--...... 12 
IBTeeUS!> case acted heen e ore ee eee 193 | Rissoina Woodwardi? .......-....---..-.--- 27 
Ramphocinclus brachyurus......----.----- $520486; | dividre:Salée.. 2.2. saeuie- -=am sereneneeAnla aoe 
Ramphocinelus tremulus -.....-....-..----- 450:\) danvolycollection=- <3 <=ascsss snes ceeaeee 97 
Ranellg Moathewsonii:. 5.2. ..0ce0c-+--2-c se 20 Winona dg RUN ele en oo ie emma eee 150, 432 
Ranela-MuUrICuOrmMis. ..-.- eco See eae Oe eRe bin sea | nad lce nonce s corned sm eaeeee 377, 378 
WGADAN a as Hose ciicin th ce soe ae Aces e eel eee eee os INGCOUS Pe aaa) sn esa a easea se naaire ao eee 380 
RST Piste soe eae eee cata pk Rae Bon Roccus/lineatis ...30s¢..-8- soars 380 
BAVC ees Oe La wc teueaeece oe TS eat NO CSts ealehe aintrininle ia aleleiminia scale f= 380 
Recurvirostra americana ...-...5.----.c.-- 160;420 2) Bocls Wish S62. cane ctaen danse eee 384 
PRECULVIROSHEIO@ An. e cee eke ee ee eee 440; | Rocke W rena< 56 Shen ja sso lewaeeree eee 402 
ied Ambeloper.n- ss ceeencsss se aee eee 905 | Rocky Mountain Bluebird.-...............<: 398 
opel Owl ter so eco ba i nee ee eS 108 | Rocky Mountain Song Sparrow ..........-- 417 
REC SNAP HEL eee esos eee owe eee eee 176 | Roman Nose, warrior ......-.------- wanna s20e 207 
Red-and-black-shouldered Blackbird........ HOD il ROSCA Ls Seine come pales Os ee a ae Seer 50 
Red-and-buff-shouldered Blackbird ......--- 250), 2 Osean Bay Aen one eenmeemn eee nn ee sees 50 
Red-and-white-shouldered Blackbird ....... 497\- | Reséai Vialley i325 <ncace aseine cheeses 49 
Red-backed Sandpiper................-..... GIS | ROSSION Ol eee ance a alent neloae ee eee 352 
ed-Delied SHawik. tees sous Caen e eee eee. 436, |: Ross’s\snowi Goose -...-- 5s 52hee cnn oneeeesee 444 
INGSUS tee a sae etc Soe ee 436 | Rough-winged Bank Swallow ....-.-......-. 409 
Red pelliedsNathateh!ceesce J cuseeleceneene 401.) Aoyal ern! ee 2 sso. asanane aa naeee eee 242 
Red-breasted Sheldrake .-........-ce.------ 447. | Ruby-crowned Kinglet....22-2--. -se.ecer-= 399 
Red-breasted: Snipe. sesss5202 ec eed. 4p) ddd Duck: = eso. oo ee Se es 44 
Red-breasted Woodpecker..............-.-- MOQ) ee OS bee a en ee lane eee ote eee 30 
ede OA oc ae icawecue eeoeek Seen eae 447 | Rufous-backed Humming-bird.............. 427 
Med-shatted Mlicker socscsse ccc ecases ce eoeee 430 | Rufous-headed Sparrow...-......----cece<e 418 
hed-spotted Trout, Pacifio . 222-222-3262. 22: 792) PRNMNETS |. 205 cnt acne Gon abet eae eaeee 246 
Redstart “354M ee See oe aoe eee 55,233 | Russet-backed Thrush .............--2----- 396 
Red-winged Blackbirds. :....222..02-.6c--- igi; 182 | Rusty Song Sparrow --.-.---as0<+so=eenscne 417 
TREE 6 os ect spats ee oo ee ee ae 805 
Regular Chitons: .2.-.sc5...c2...5- 281, 292, 295, 301 
Regulus calendula-.s..50..5.-Socct ele: 120, 391, 399 | Sa-a-mi-da (Bear in the Clouds), leader....204, 210 
Regulus satrapa..-...5220sceskee Jcecess--398, 399) | Sacecarins lineatus.--.cese:<<osesce lee eeee 223 
embardt=\ocp 0. <-oLls oot eae sews atee se CaS ne Ole iS Ree ATAS OT aoe emai eae aa 397 
Reinhardtii, Himantolophus.............--. ZOD SORE =. ceca see aenapraetemenasce ces 73, 74, 75, 80 
VAM EC ING) .-. Ms «cee eee eee oe 369: Salar brevicand as pe esaccncs se ce awe cueeese 78 
PEDET ASRS CU ete te eo = <a oo eee O01 4 “Salar clankiis- = saeseeapaca. <i case eee eee 77, 78 
RUMI OLAS seer ckie sc ncac'c sass e Sea eRe ene 380) 361: s| saaliirtini deals sae see betes cichaisn a5 76, 73 
ROMOLA FACOG a =5 550 - ase en Seoeaseeeees 81a Salar lewisil [sees eteemee oes ane eee 77, 79 
PLEMOLOPSIS she setes=' as = once na sooner eos 380) | Walarstel ats topeeen = aresns, slbemnccinene eae 78 
Re CHICT it Me meee wees co ce ee eters 206.)|| Salat) VARGAS: on a's .n bis ae,-esen eel ne «eRe 78,79 
Renella muriciformis Var: ..-.2~.0ssces sss 12 | Salem, Craig Flounder trawled near.....--- 19 
BLONI CGPS Ge = Secs see eee mets scies Joa steers B87 |) SALMO. oon oars ch are oc ob eee Aes 70, 73, 75, 80 
Freniceps tibnro\sscoe- ees se ces <<a -e econ $87 "| Salmo adsrondacgs: <2 2 eos s. oan eee 81 
Review of American Sibeies of Scops ...--- 85 | Salmo allegheniensis ...................---- 82 
Rhectaxis punctocwlata.-.-....-..--<---=-- Hi, ‘27 | Salmo amethystus- *....o 522s. ne< see esenes 81 
Rhinogryphus aura ..... 22... ene8 157, 391, /302,;43% 1 Salmompoyw Cus) «po rcne pews ese io-hees ens 70 





7 as 


INDEX. 513 
Page. Page. 
Saas ete ONn tanto onan e <ceicne= hee Nie | ea Spun? OpyebT Or SUT Saree reeteneia 5 « (n'm mo a1siete ieiotassiaras 78 
Salmonboindueree Surat an cosa: sosaaceeeee < BDF e Solum Onynakrenl ee aes seek cae. olaxios sale ets 70,78 
Salmo; brevicanal ase ~|- soem scene emenninn nae Ciapsalm ony lead] 0 CKE Mira de wre !a nln sean 10 seein 75 
Salmo campbelli-........... eee scenes o= 79 | Salmon Trout of the Columbia ..-.-...--...--- 77 
Salmo canadensis..-.......---- RIOD BEF K Salmonides, 0s se eereoeeere ts aise: aie mtn eee 79 
PoC AOIS ee sea aoe ace eR 71 | Salpinctes obsoletus.......-.....-.390, 391, 392, 402 
WALTHOLCATINAUUS 2-55 2 psbise.s comsta saison ele 78 | Saltator guadeloupensis .......----- 57, 354, 457, 487 
Sa ONC ACKA Se << so 2 fos tes eens GOT Sst oO> | SalVGlNh pesancckannce sane ess seeeeee hace ss 380 
Salmo clarkii..--....-. Se eEe eee ee 76,77 | Salvelinus ......--- BAe AS ke Save Soe ea 73 
Salmo clarkii var. aurora ...........-....... G09. SSalvelints, alipes 4.2.40 ss sce esse sce aceleinale 81 
SATO MEO UTILS ao ese ne se opin cnnininicinis ejemiela' SE) Salvelinus Arcturus. --tcce sce eco s oem eee 81 
Salmorconnwenbussccos5 sss. cscs m cigs sewic scl FO, lla Salveunas) DALE = ~Ssiscs co see aatelee eee 81, 82 
SalmrorconSUetis == ssa cree nessa eeeetces Pio} asalvelinnis camp bellies aces sepa es ea eeae 82 
RD eaTOECO OM OU asta pian claim nto sree a ele eee clas mere Gl A Salvelinws TO GIN AIS 3 -ciae ciate solos = <ie cleanin lars 81, 82 
Salmo dermatimus:<-- <2. 2 - - cnc neen oni Ws Salvielinms hoodie 228 s<cace sss er enelne ete 81 
Salmo/erythrogaster.-.----.--.2--..--2.:-- BAW Salvi elinisslOreics oy ene clear erelsiove ersten 81 
RSSTILEEY QE O TUCO UNOS oe amine elie a atainiat la eel 80;'82| Salvelinus nitidus;-..¢. 2. /22 252.51. eset 81 
Ge Salmo sCAINOMOT Sse ete al cece ae ee nine wicker ntate TO Mia ee velinTS ROSSI Besse teeta oe eters ae ey 81 
ed LT NO TIE FOC Toate ara le ote age alte ete ale 71, 77,78, (9: | Salvelinus spectabilis ...-- 72... cccc00.00 69, 79, 82 
Salm ormorpuseh alan. saa te sees er ccc ae owe cana “1 | Salvelinus stagnalis -.--2--:-.--2--.-5.-=.-- 81 
Ber ulsOvh SeUCIN Meter fe ciatta aera nea ieee SZ, pial VelMUs TU eS. one saleme sen tcceis joie eee él 
Salmo henshawwls --s-se~0cescsec cnselson Too WS He SolvitandsG Odmam . osc e- selse Peer 94, 101, 102 
SHITONHUCHOR Rene ee eee astc tae assed <n SOE SalvaineVir tees. eeanet 48, 53, 86, 90, 99, 100, 101 
Soimo;hHOSOMCuS == tas -bsceas ossce ae coe ves SZ Roane cease = ana eeen ea aialaraiole ae seen 27, 28 
Salmo immaculatus=<22.2- 22+ esses nce one SA NST ed OAC Ue Sopa eos este sereelada a ores reer 389 
OTE OMT Base es ce cee cee commis a beemisneis asa TEST pNanulis hey, Cal ces. c secs. eee 3 
Salmo iridea var. stellatus ......-.--..--.--- Ta eoand-billG ranean. ssc seein mes seis ee oes 443 
SaIMOWEIOGUS!. pecetacae-roeee see 73, 74, 76, 78,79 | Sandpiper......-.---..-..50, 67, 238, 242, 276, 440, 461 
Sal OF ApPOMeNSISMee mee as eecseemeces seal 71 | Santa Barbara, Fossil Shells from-.-..---..-- 10 
Salmo keta vel kayko-.........---...5-....- Gigs Sanita Maria at asene cee ane ene we ee ceria 118 
Salmo lagocephalus:.--..--2.-----=<-----«n< lee SanbosWOming Ons saeene-c esse ceseneemeee 4 
PSSA OPEV LSet plate a= a ema mailman rae eeteral Pcie cee eet sea te ore nissan met Siete mieres 375 
alm ONY CAOMOMseecseae seecile=aneieinen= = sictaele Ae Same Clay S = ait se se actelels eieteintetaiaraiete orale 375 
Sal MOMMAS OM cee seo eso meat escinteceettans NGe  Sardineso se aakevcem nies Sees ome tee 383, 385 
Sal MON TRAST =e eis ao) oteiae = =ielnte ieee = ol=inlm mim WG) {Sareassunt Seas 2 ccessce tteem rem ae sel 216 
AEM OMNVICISS eee fo =a ae ameter lenin = 38 TOMI SARS eee cer as eee selene nolo es cheater 200, 879 
Salmo namaycush .......-.-.-.-.....--...-- 73,81 | Sargus caudimacula ........-......--.------ 198 
PS ORT Gj CLG ee metals miele at ater eee all aie mii TOs We Sanctis HOlbCOO kK =... asa asia oe ca inal eieele 379 
Sal MOM pveSCGHSen ssemsee eine se emcee oe S2aisarcus Ho) bro kil. oe a=. casas eel 198, 200 
almO OG UASS8 6. = — ene ee nanan men SO Slee Soros vill CATS jesee see melon os ai erealalole alee 198 
NaI O MO QUE OUIS eerie am ae eee eee erere Si Nara ee roty asec. sostese ees see e eet ioc 291 
salmompankely: 2.50). os2a5e.ch2 ceca -eacedaes WOvS2 ele Satellus,—-..ccescces eae ae oe eae cena 467, 468 
SHLMOpAUCIUONS ss n- «oe oes ieee FLD seu ESAS gee ei nai aetna aloe eer 475 
Salmo pleumiticus. -..-a<-see-cacsoe sce aam WA eis SOT COLOUR AM AIS = a ne ae repaeeoels 147 
Sal MO PLOLOUS se. ne ceaaetnns sees er scleece ss Tle |e Saucerobeia fUSCiGAldasen 24-26% ee a eeaeiae 147 
SAMO Purpuratus 522. s--a2cn.-n-ns~ TOoCO mets | sou VAM ANY Ban Kes sete ois ane isis oo) sine cioisintelaeee 176 
Sal OO CANA bs aes =a eey aes --- 69,71 | Savannah Bank, New Fish from .......----- 198 
SAMO MICHARAL 2 cane sins eee = ce cee gictatteme e's 70,71 | Savigny, Review of American Species of 
SALON V ALANIS )ote l= elec eiemaeeta er intenat aie 76 SCOP SRL ee ee are inideisin, eset ieeiaieieterate 85 
AMO SAMA e aie ale ais oho.e Sic wieisleinminis gesteeicies nom |S axic Olas ccc ke aioe o-oo asa oem eee nits 398 
MAIMION ORAL) MOWASE sos ohecccemcsweeicl caus iif SARA COMI GED Sees. od ere sake Ce eee arleetica ase 398 
Salmo (Salar) virginalis.................--.- TSn\esaxaid omus:aratus (jus) 2.2 -es sees -5 cee 11, 28 
Salmosalvelmus’ 222.22 22l bos Saa. cece et TanOO Mle SarOTMIS HOS GUS tte wae aneciaee nec aie cies 136 
Salmoseoulentee a. 22. =o: coco enlewaepere oe 71 | Sayornis nigricans ..-....--.-- 390, 391, 392, 393, 424 
Males Charan ete a sooo o- oc swe seeeene 75 | Sayornis sayus......... hee eae 136, 390, 391, 424 
Salmo spectabilis. ..-..-......---- 2 ees TOMB On Skyy sil CNV GOS. ae Sere coments ane larces ila 24 
Sa MMO SBM eames wera ss. «co 4aenciemean 73,74 | Scalaria bellastriata........-.---------s-<-= 16 
SHimo SiCliahusemere. oe sone aos occas seems ii eScalartaicernphilltiass-c-.- 22-5) -ha seme 12, 16, 29 
aOR OMIA eee me eens | soos ac om ae nee 74, 75,78 | Scalaria indianorum var.....-.-------- 12, 16, 27, 28 
Salmo stomias var. pleuriticus.....-.-.----. (4 | ‘Scalaria\subcoronata _......---..---.s-=5--i- 29 
SalmioSyMMEtricw..- sone ccs oso ccce cp anencss 81 ||) Scalaria, tinctas 2 2-22. occ s0n cae en aneesn ee 12, 29 
SWOLLEN ee SU Ch he ae 1G MS Gap OG he= eae cies oe nome = meiner 446 
Sitlnrons TUN CR bss oem ete cei cncise ents Fila SChi teen e Scenes oe on oe Se = anaes 291 
SaLMOMSUp DMUChiaes pe eee cence oe CORT oii tial SGhmeld erie sc Sasa cen eee oa een cee beset 226 
NaMOMNiah sss sees eae escieinicsciecs ace 7S A SCL ZOE MTL ONE seme a= 521 elias oacteweanie/aetein 298 





Proc. Nat. Mus. 78 oo 





May 26, 1879. 








514 INDEX. 
Page. Page. 
SGhizoidew. ovcce coeee mest ace => Doceeee eee 298/302 || cops foridanus'.ccc2cs.ssse2etsesacen teens 113 
Solnzoplaxi-peeeee- sear} sos eee eee eer 2,296; 328 || Scops guabemalwes--.--------- aes emcee ae 102 
Schizoplax Brandtii ..--.------.- 28 --- -296, 328, 343 | Scops symnopodus--22...----------c--25-- 87 
Schott, Mime os so... -- - ono neon 110, 471 | Seops kennicotti - Mime 2 10s 98, 106, 111, 113, 115 
Seisenidassee soos 6 sc sob os hae deee eee secretes 377 | Stops ilophotesieauc--- see) tee os ae eee 90, 92 
MOIS NS Sea e ene 2 a ein eee eee 178, | SSCOps MmaACcalll Steen emcee erect sceenn 103, 118, 151 
Scienops ocellatus........-.---- ne ee 378 | Scops McCallii ............1..02-- 106, 109, 110, 111 
SCISSOR ba Suc c2c aes Soe ee eee een ace 1327 "ScopsmenszdGusis 2-5 = se ee eee eee 87 
Sciurus guadeloupensis......--.----.--.---- 450 Scops nxvia....- eel eee aes eee 106 
DBCLiber and Salvill soe eee eee nee ene ae 476 || SOPs Nadi pes: -nee eee a se ae eee 87, 88, 89, 91 
PSOLALGI MiP ke Rte ese 48, 53, 57, 59, 86, 94, 98, 456, 482 SCOPS PeNNAMISs eos os see nee eee eee 90 
Scloters Mar Pe lisease ct ee = eee eee a 139, 358 | Scops portoricensis--....--.- in 5 o0 Saaoaes 92, 93 
Sclerochitomecco sets. seine eee eee apenas 298  Scops, Review of American Species ......-.- 85 
Scclecophagus cyanocephalus..... 135,391, 302;:393'1| ‘Seops Semitorques :32-..\e05--+ a. see ermes 112, 113 
421 | Scops trichopsis...-....--. 105, 106, 109, 114, 115, 116 
RCOWOd On namer mom einn etal eee 888 || (SCOPSUSlUS C= os asmcce hose ee eee 90, 94, 98 
Scoliodon terre-n0V = s2--2---+ 2 see ee 888 | Scops, var. enano, y. kennicotti..........--- 106 
: Scolopacid .-......67, 197, 238, 242, 276, 360, 440, 461 | SCOpS: watson: so. ecsceuesen een eae aoe eee 95 
Scolopax eallinago so. sme nee aaa 451 | Scops-owls, American ...-..1.....2-..--- 85, 91, 115 
Seompber maculatus: ..... 2-2 5...--2-- 5 eee 4 | ‘Scott's Head’ /.22.22.2..2 Cansteie oataia a to yaaa ree 67 
SCOMPENeE Clams panes < cee eens eee 26.) ‘Sereech* Onli os.5- 452s sieci-nas veaeeeiee 33 
NCOMHCL LOSMIS ee Maerc a eeeem eect see Aaa 4 | Benrrials) cesicst lel onecs caene eeeonemey ee 337 
Sgomiperccsociss eases asec seo-o-eae Laem oee 383. | 'Stutellina 22. -2,22-255-22 oso hec ko aeee core ee 335 
SCaMmDPCLEhOS feces ceo ewesc lesa caneecceees 385. ‘i Scutellinatulys se. chess cones ce ee eee 335 
Scomberesox scutellatus .....-..----------- 383 | Sea Catfish, Breeding habits of..........-.. 278 
EOM DINGS sac. est Pecsa ees cease comes 3i53 | PSea cnn ees ae eee hee ne ooo eee 317 
SUODS fe aon ae cea semen els eee ae O71) Sea Miniiet s. 2 52st ne nee eae 378 
COPS ALPCMhNs cel ke ee eee eee Ooi F Sede RCO b aes aaa ene neem = ee eee 77 
Scops asio. - ..87, 94, 98, 101, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111 | Seba OO SHUMOM 6 ees tem aol laren einai e ieia aa 75 
HAZ) 118, 114) TST SOL S38 9 |S Seed-Caber = enc = <meta eer ete ae icles 355 
COPS MS1O. | ESO seen eae cease tela ear 106,107 | Selasphorus alleni............------.----.-- 395 
Cops/asio, G.maccalili - > --- <= se eee 106,109 | Selasphorus heloisie....-.-.-------.-------- 9,10 
SCops asioy On HoridonMs= a4. - =) se eee 106 | Selasphorus rufus....---... Beneet 391, 393, 426, 427 
Scops asio, y. kennicottii -......-----.----- 106, 111 | pUlGH Gite Sa5 Sabo SHbosdeso se snectnasercsce 376 
Scops asio, e«. maxwellie ......---..--------- HOG) Selene are enue wo se aia a aeeieea oie am clave 37 
Scops asio, b. kennicottii. -..------.--.------ 14's) Semper Mires <) oe eeane aee oe erees 352 
Scops'asio maxwellize ..-2.0..-...---2-----. 114 | Sennett, G. B., Birds obtained by him in 
Scops asio subsp ....------------------ 113, 114, 115 MOXS Ea ce eet ieee ore apse sista t= pean ates 118 
Scops asio, subsp. a. Scops kennicotti-...... fl. “| SEM Olas sale ec ee ae oe ec ah <i eee ene 377 
Scops asio, subsp. y. Scops enano.-.-...-.--- NGOs CN erOltiaOn idee naman sen ae seep ee eee eee 377 
Scops asio var. enano....---...----+-------- * 909 4. ‘Serpula:sp; mdet-2-- 221-22 2b Sete 12 
Scops asio var. floridanus. -........-..----- 111,118 | Serpulorbis squamigerus......-....-...---- 12, 27 
Scops asio var. macealli.........--..--- 108) M4 Tos) Serranidm2c 1225-242 Se ee ee ees 379 
COPS unl apts: cma coneettaa = ese ee 98 | Serranoid Fish from Bermudas and Florida. 173 
Scopsatereapiblus joe -aee~ aes eee es ee 95) 1025903 4 *Serranus 223222220520 steo hese a saan eae eee 174 
Scops barbarus.......--.- 87, 88, 91, 102, 103, 104, 110 DELranus MFTIPNS es sese tes sewe ee eee 182 
Scops brasilianus....---- 86, 87, 89, 92, 98, 99,103,116 | Setophaga ruticilla. -..55, 124, 189, 233, 268, 354, 454, 
Scops brasilianus, a. brasilianus.-.-.......--. 90, 92 486 
Scops brasilianus, g. atricapillus?..-....---.- 95 | Sharpe, Mr. R. B......- 85, 86, 90, 94, 99, 102, 105, 166 
Scops brasilianus, y. ustus .--..------ erent 90198) Sharpe; Wis, C8) se rmpem sew cieeie a ate an eee il 267 - 
Scops brasilianus, 6. guatemale....-... 90, 94, 98,99 | Sharp-nosed Shark .-.........--..-.-.-.-.--. 388 
Scops brasilianus, e. cassimi....-.--.-...22.2 90,102 | Sharp-shinned’ Hawk.-.-.: 2... .--....-..-.- 435 
Secops brasilianus, subsp. a. Scops ustus..--- 98 | Shave Head, warrior ....-...-........-..-. 204, 207 
Seops brasilianus, subsp. B. Scops guate- Shaving Wiolt swarm eons. =n easem eee 209 
TORE Renee sees ne ooo oe = Se yaaa Ae Con See a eae SOC) |uShawice ces cease caren tom wine coo sas eee 225, 226 
COPS DLASTMENSIS!2 2 2255 acces sees eee eee 88924) Shaw, Hom Henryasseso.csccteosccsrsee ee 187 
Scops cassini..-..-..-.- 88;94, 96; 102°108; 104;990) 313) | “Shan, ef. Allen == -se 222 oo. ee ee is 206 
NEO psiChoWMameesrecas ia... eee eeaers 92°98).)| ‘Shawalh <6 ojcemmce= s2em's ocls-s ane nm ae melm 64 
COPS) CGOPGR emeetec mess <(-c.5 oe 87; 105, 110; IG; 117 || Sheep's iiead eens. soe oo cen ae eeeiatmininl= 384 
Heopside, dawaeaseses cass <2-s-S.c- ee eeaes 927) Shee pshentlvsees een @ se oR iae seater 379 
Scops,dewWortoRicosnce-o--2-2 322 ssscebeeee 92 | Shells, Descriptions of New Species from 
SCops tlecussabtassas-sese nanos - aoe awe 92 Caltforminihesnscs +--+ 22 eae ne cese nines 46 
CONS GNANG) sh! em ce eee een eke ee ls 109, 111,116 | Shells from Costa Rica Kitchenmidden..... 2: 
Scops*flammeolans.ctsessseeesse at --s eo ee 103, 104 | Shenton ein iercacs<2- ace enone 42 
Scops ilammeclus ....... eee ea ane 87,88; 917/104 |) “Short, Maecenas os cower n = -inieliman ie 206 














“ ‘ ! 

INDEX. 515 

: Page Page. 
SHOR ON ONE tee caels ceca win'a sas cneainsieninins 206 | Sparrow..-.-... See er eee er 50, 57, 232, 239, 278, 352 
Short-eared Owl......-.---...--.+----------° 43 Himorgiand ests ae seen ia nee “a eee Bio) 
Shovel-headed Shark ......-.-.--..--------- BON Ul Sparrows Hawi 2 = ants ase olin eletetet =e aisle 233, 236, 240 
SHO GE Gree etna ne nis xa as een eae meena 446 | Sparverius var. dominicensis. ..--..-------- 65 
NDIUGES Penreneteiaclaisina=s = siao ees seen sonia 40M) “Spatula clypeatal casiee--=s tems seme <= 170, 446 
Sint) OWORU Meese see <eiem sameeren ele amin S008 speckled Uromt =oasces seme 22 ae ae laa 377 
DH SIMMETD Bee pane coon calsiaa nice is Sale ten ore 58, 270) | sSpectacle Warbler 2: .---22-+2--baieo- ecm 5 =~ 484 
ENGR US igen no Se cree sia aa ernie ieinanics SoU lESpeNoleniescer er ae sree ee ewe aan) cece ee eet ieaiae 300 
PNe@siS/ ANG CSCS) ose c aaa amen = 58) |Speotytoamauta as-4--sosesree sees eae ae 234, 487 
PEATE GO saee as lceie cm enn ceils nats 391, 393, 398, 399 | Speotyto cunicularia, y. hypogra...------- 151, 434 
Sialia mexicana ......:.....---391, 392, 393, 398, 359 | Speotyto guadeloupemsis ----.---.---------- 235 
OES TAR Weer ccna lars see meee mielriciataia 120% |sSpenty tol ypoweeaes ste eae =a eee eener 390 
sickle-billPhrasher'. - 2. -- 222 ei ----nnn = 387 | Spermophila albogularis.......----..-+----- 129 
SOUT. a =) aie aha a eae ee ae 3_| Spermophila moreleti:~ =.= - 2-222. -..02222 <5 129 
Siffleur Montagne ....-.-.-..--------------- OBRGbe. || SQ lilyir a coos oacsoacesc cocdsnebacicocssece 381 
Sigaretus debilis-.....-.-------------------- 29 | Sphyreena borealis.....-...-..2.-.e.<------= 381 
PSE Vara Ch el tae eet meteor SSO ESD Liyreon cl Sp ume resem se ela stealer 381 
| SVs eas eh SSSR Sa a Se ease eeescencomar 261 | Sphyreena picuda..-.......---------+------- 381 
Silver Trout of Lake Tahoe. ......-.-------- (2 | Sphyrenawulearis)s-s2es-sss=--se=ee—-ee 381 
SiO NSH IW Gry CS [es seecbaeo seed seecesecs 267 | Sphwrenid ms sss. = 2-2 east eee eee eee 381 
Siphonarie..-...-----.------+---+++-+-+++---- GH) (Sites oo eeeeoo deeeegoucbaad=ceascerBsos- 387 
Siphonodentalium pusillum?.......-.------- 2D) | Shalivaenn vaveiernic ceeseseoseeaee Sars seooss 387 
Siphonostoma ----.-------------------- aeaes 368 WSplnwanid cesses - <a ine reno =n lem sais aa 387 
Siphonostoma fuscum -...--.--------------- 368i) Sphyropicus LUber - 2 .---2-s-- 25-5528 390, 391, 393 
Sitta ‘‘aculeata” .-.--.------.--------- 291, 392, 393 | Sphyropicus thyroideus......-.--.-------- 391, 429 
Sitta canadensis ..--.---------------------- 391,401 | Sphyropicus varius, 8.ruber......---.----- 429 
Sitta carolinensis, @. aculeata.-.....-..--.--- 401 | Spigaétus leucurus...-..-.--.-------------8 154 
SUG ben OUN LEA ana t\= nism ae alee neem al BOS, AOI IMG ixcts seats cise ae eeiaeae eee ook epee ec 30, 33 
PSU dee aaa talon 401 | Spizella ‘‘arizone”.......-.-.--.--391, 392, 393, 394 
Sih roaeinney ene MEA Se SSS Se Seer an aoe eas 124, 233, 486 | Spizella breweri--.---.--.---<-+-----+----- 394, 417 
RSIENTETL Sa0) LUE <e ele teers = 2 erelaye iets cle 54, 124, 233, 453, 486 | Spizella pallida...-..--..:--s----.------+--- 127 
NKcBiie ese See ets ata otiaeinteiata a aerate 386 | Spizella socialis ...-..--- Seaton cease 127, 394 
PSS GH | 0 ae ea ata oa tet te 246 | Spizella socialis, @ arizone...-.-.---------- 416 
Slate-colored Sparrow -.-.--- gate Yah eas ae ie AVS eSy) lib jaa aerate else eel aie 8 
Slender-billed Nuthatch ..-.........--.---.- AOIMIES PONG CS o> sae tase nee ne eine ene a ea 245 
Ppierna mel nyt 2 A eye ete ere ei lclat pate talee 373 | Spongiochiton ....-..--.---++----2--+-------- 296 
maa B la Gell CLOM sone eer aan eee 241 | Spoon-bill Duck...-.-.--...------+-.+------ 446 
Smal @hiwde s .ecaicn os a os ehe cae oe eee ee BAG || Sitios ocascancner psaobenon se saeceabsaecese= 377 
Small(Crested Hummer: - 2-22. 2-s—-oee oo Gl } Spot-tailed Pinfish ....-.--.-.....------:--- 379 
Smithsonian Institution, Birds from St. Vin- Spotted Elk, warrior .....-------+----2----+ 209 
cent collected for the. /---- 23.s.452-2-44-4 185 | Spotted Sandpiper...---.------------------- 441 
smooth plaice -------------- ee a SASL Oa es prie- tallies onsale es aie as Onassis 446 
yD eagle eo are oe are 246 | Squatarola helvetica......-.----------- 197, 395, 487 
SENOS ee rete erin as ree ace alee eee ee 242) 440 | Squawking Goose +... .-.----2-s-ses2-22-=- 445 
SO WMG OOSG Bene aio So see a iisee eer 169, 444 | Squint Eyes, warrior ...-.-.--.------:----: 204, 207 
Soaring Hagle, warrior ...-.-.---..----.--- 204,208 | St. Félix Colardeau, Monsieur.-....---.---- 452 
SHCA ODEO S as oon asst eee eee ayes 3940 Seeighnis: RIVER cis sce<cecseesseae See ES Sa oe 
Nolecurtus califormianus.----~2-5---b--s-+- AMO) Mi Qe etas ccs ce cclstacctts ot uese se eeatemaemee 352 
SOLIS tee terete tenis cake mem aaa SESS TOMS NCAT On cae Le See See bee ase te eee 52 
Moret Ooncher-. 2. s=cems oni- aa ocleen ae eee eee HOM aeMG Chars WANS kalo eee eeu sma se ees 279, 463 
SHISMTOSTCOUSS oc -so8- 2200s cds cue DOM Step Terr ate 20". euise cae see eee ener 350, 351, 352 
SGU PUSteee Me Seon Lo cols scr ane ae eae 28 Be LEC aVAITICOLL bee ese wan ce ae eer seee es aaeeaee aa 51, 488 
BS Cece eee lee alee alae ire 204 | St. Vincent, Catalogue of Birds .--..------- 185 
NO MIUANNG meyer ett = = anja es Se tcic carom eens ore DB Stars wanriOn .da.-c- sec eepcieaeesine==-=\-- =" 204, 207 
On Ev honnne rs a8 2 20 tk he eo eicepeeiee 462) Stearns, Mir: Silas. --..'5-2--4--.2---- 42,173, 179, 181 
SOD WIA ester ese sea c 2 255 ae eee SOBA Stacia plates eeet ner aaciee ae pee aeaocse mam 299 
SOLA a le coe e meee re sacs ace nec eeeee 443 | Stedman, Hon. William -...---.------------- dl 

MIGHICLELG) Pind | eee cctatoi = sise aia f< s Syoi= ain 188,189 | Steindachner, Dr. Franz -..--..--------+---- 24 
NOUE-SOD sbiltd = .ceeseen cae = a). nn e ool see 269 | Stelgidopteryx serripennis -..---------391, 394, 409 
Southern’ Horned Wark =. >..------.-----..-~ 423 | Stellula calliope .........-.------------391, 393, 426 
NOWGR DN ee i= acces minintsiemite ele .a 5 o,f o ainyn aia sratla BOD e Stenoplasssescencsse 5-i2.— s--e= ee ean 296, 330 
Spamishy bayonets ses s-s senses s -~ a. encce 135 | Stenoplax limaciformis -.......------------ 296, 543 
SpamishMMackerelssaececepe aa tos == oac'-e cu 375 | Stenopsis:---.----.6 0... --2+---0-ss-2-22- 142 
SPS cee = Soca ae Sees aeee wise we saastece BTSs SHON OLRESIAN: | cree ee oo ciel win cielm wig Sains leimtel ior 296, 330 
Sparoid Fish, Description of ...-..--.--.---- 198 | Stenoradsia magdalenensis ........---.---- 296, 343 





\ 
\ 
516 INDEX. 
“ Page. Page. 

Stenosemius: 2. bee etree siecese ocean coemea 328) || Strix mudipessceceses cases aSwin aarp cicstens uo cet aaetaD 
SfenObomMus eee ecdae) Oot atle ac ccmee ewes 379 | Strix pratincola .....- soasee sidceecsseedee Sim kent 
Stenotomus/argyrops.....--...0--2----.--.- _ 879 | Strix psilopoda.-.-..-. Seed a se oa eee ane “89 
Stephanolepis .-.-......- Cees See neat 867 | Strix scops .---.... S eciacsias ealseh lease eae 87 
Stephanolepts setifer - /-2<.2 2225.2 ose oes 367 4) “Surin Witsoe sea eEe ieee cate nectar 90, 92 
VCE COC MEO I yee nla Shel ale alot em ee eee 295 || ‘Stromateids oss: .c-see25 sce sseeos ae eeeee 377 
Sterna anzestheta---.....---2---5--2--- ==. 68, 488 | Strombus gracilior ........-2--....2...- pene 2¢ 
DieMiaaN OU CAt cs ace = eae aoe sles 24 OLN OS GOO ONS tse ee nae aa ne ameter eet ata ate 386 
Huern a antllaram 2 -ssss=se-22es <5 =e 68, 172, 488 | Sturnella hippocrepis: ----+... 22.2 2-.--6-.2. 134 
ern ALAN CA) = amie ace a— ee eee 172%) Sturnella ludoviciana: 2-2 5see-sesce= == se 154 
MLeTNa ALCeNLeR = a. nak emai Seem Se cet 451.) Sturmella maona-.2--ses-e=sseseee sae eee 133, 18 
Stermapicolorata. <<. <.e-cce === 451  Sturnella magna var. mexicana .--.....---. 118, 134 
5 Ge aL Leah GRIM TEN CUE ele reat = areola oeneiat ee eta 172, 451 | Sturnella mexicana. ....-....-.-- ails sehas oss 134 
Sterma-cayenensis':<--.--2-t4s-cecoceeeae-= «6201 | Sturnella metlecta cc .-- aes 391, 392, 393, 421 
NlernaGeplorans a2 .ca= saatiee c Aeee cee 201) -Suckino Bish see oe steer e es eee ecieee scene 246 
Sterna dougalli_.-....-........239; 277, 360, 462, 488 | Suckley, Dr. George:_-..2.-----22---- 70, 76, 78, 112 
Siprua Glegans’) .oscte.cn- nes cares eRe ee as 462) (Sucrier: casos ses. acee see eee ee eee 56, 354, 455 
Sterna forsteri: 22222225 Scdetesssc sen seen ne 172, 448 Wega sot eo aos cece Gaeeiee aeeee 56 
Slennan Renate aan ewe alesmees eaten = ee ee 172 Nests SnsS22eseee piece cea sae aoe 56 
Sterna fulicinosn -.2..5--2--25-+ 68: 277, 451,462,488 | ‘Sniriry chorreado\. cs) sees soo cteoe Jeeeene ees 484 
Sterna galericulata -.-..2---2:-:-2-=-2-te 2. 458 || Suiriviouazus.0 2320 see cee Sere 473 
Stemmawhingmnloiacssaosees ace see eos eee 451 Af Sula Heres teas celee sass see oe ae = ---196, 274, 487 
Sterna mas Biasente sie.cn ewan Mie 24 OTT 462,488: Silartimlreas!-p cee 2 eee se oe ce aera ee 451 
SGV MONNU TAS aiets <i oa = Sek eae ea See els 451 | Suleochiton .-......---. .--2-+------------++ 815 
SECM FEMI = ccs ta Seoe ios ee ce eo ee 172, 198 | Siimichrast, Profit esos ees eee eee 156, 476, 480 
SUSE MSPs ea cca nceiho scene ase seco sera 230), Summer Wu clen wean. ssseeet oo ct cckioeme enacts 446 
GLENNA SHOLIAA: Sse ae comer nat acces ee oeeere O8h fol “Sam aahees 2 oot see ee ee = oa 376, 377 
Sterna superciliaris antillarum ..-......-..- 172 | Surcula Carpentériama -......-....5...--- 12, 29, 30 
Ste wark Wire gems i ote se ee See cee tue aesee 263 | Surnia TUB VANc ocactenns eee eee ee eee 108 
Sticheugs punctatus -.--.....5..------------ B19! | SWANSON - ase sae cine a Paces oe epee 54 

Occurmencelin Adaskal22s-25- see ease cs QO" “SS walllOwsic cites Ssece neo eee ceeles ee ees . 408 
BSNL Sh ttets tem ets stare cel Soh te Ol Acre tere cere 440: |S WaNSi esac cto. oc lotsa a aeaeee ries 444 
Dumpsomiellat ss. as aceine\- G25 ele oe oleic 298. 307) I Swatts ete. 2 gota. te Gas o scents macs aee sees 62, 487 
Stimpsoniella Emersonii. .-.......--------.- 308 | Sword-fish......---.-- Wack oh fue oleate eames 75 
Sip Sonela WASH eee ee ea ee oe ere minim 309 | Sylvia perspicillata...-- PATE ha een 484 
ROC SOME. fare epee cane iememtas sete tee 389) | Sylviawuficapilla: 2. 22 secek cee eee a ee ee 353 
Stone, MireliviMestOn >: ks. ccases ose aisles eras OO FO | MRS WAV Lehy eu RL CU atm eet ore ats ee eco telat 450 
UOLELo ee ee nema n) a See 5, 45, 348, 362, 363 | Sylvicolide.-......-..--. 54, 189, 253, 239, 268, 353, 453 
HOrer NET Ree nea soos Sc o4 cite atecre cerns oo A ylviidee rss ene take ee epee eee ee 53, 188, 352, 399 
Strepsilas Interpres...--...----.--. 67, 160, 197,488 | Svmmetrogephyrus ....... ------..--.- 299, 307, 369 
DGUSTEO CHInG Hea ce Aetem Rie os tee tae eae 298 | Symphemia semipalmata ......-..----- 162, 242, 488 
Ubiave doo DUNS peers eee ee nle eet eae ieee letare 226 Breeds Goo oe sees. eee ee as oS eeeretees 162 
SENSI SENS oe ee aaa e noes 64, 85, 194, 234, 273, 433 IOUS, Sexe ce Seer e see ete sis ees See neee 162 
Sinipedwtivino Mond: specs. s ase eee Biso)) Sympbterichthys esse. eedes sales eee See een 
Siip Coen etc s ane ene cise oe aelcem eae 381,382 | Sympterichthys levis -.----..----------+--- 222 
NO S10 Sees ey eee alee ee ee LOG OTS Synonathides® 22 oct ss .se eet e ee eee anno 368 
Strix assio, capite aurito, corpore ferrugineo. 108 | Syngnathus fuseus et peckianus-.-------.--- 368 
Strix airicapillas.-sencato ssc ccec cece s=G0nes 90) SyMOd Ont sel see eae senna e eee eee 384 
Sétise brasilianaoscet et necce ee cose ace aehe GO GoM Ss VMOGUSs socee sesame ee ee sete eet naib 384 
ULES CN OMD A joe ceeemss ese esate la mete SO; 925 Synodus fostensrs =.= sees ee eee 38d 
SnlSaCLU CLO CNS joao ajstelee te eee lenin nein 90,92 | Synopsis Avium Tanagrinum .-.......-..-.- 456 
Stris decussata..-.--.--2--- -22--- ===. == SOMO SES varia sees eee eee ees erie tenet aie eet 433 
RERUN UII INOA 52) occ a a male cine ae eam miata 64 | Sysladobsis Lake, Maine ............--..--- 75 
Strix flammiea americana ...-.--.-.--------- 151 
Strix flammea, 8. pratincola ...-..-.-.-...-. 433 
Strix flammea var. guatemale ...---.--.---- 64 | Ta-a-way-ite (Telling Something), warrior. 205, 214 
Strix flammea var. nigrescens ..-.-.----- 64, 273,487 | Tachycineta bicolor .--..----.------.----=- 125, 408 

EO 1S oe ee wie aces wo ER eae een 64 | Tachycineta thalassina .-......---.--%---..- 409 

IN OS oie neonate ot ateinln ome sta erate tems 62 | Lachypetesiaqullac . -- 5 Soe nem ee 451 
Strix flammea var. pratincola........---.--. 151 | Tachytriorchis albicaudatus...-..-.-.------- 154 
NOR ONO OLE ate tarartetete nape <= =| ele ciel oale ea 104 | Tachytriorchis pterocles ..-...---.--------- 155 
NEEM ply eres een eees aca oo ns eee 87, |) Manacers seems eas. =< fore ee ee ee 412 
Saris G0 COLIS =: sec cee eeee eases oo aasentets Sie) elamatid see ca eae 56, 190, 269, 354, 412, 455 
Sis ee i ce ee eee omnia ois ceee 108 | Ta-na-ti .-.---.-------,--+- 2002-222 eee ee eee 204 
Strix noctula.......... Se Eee nese aae ena - 92) | Lantalusloculator---.22-7-2-22-----seesee ser 62 








INDEX. 517 
Page. Page. 
Mapes Stamina -\- 5.2m = 524-52 wanes 29 | Tinnunculus sparverius var. antillarum. . ..65, 236, 
eT atse) Ton meee ete ees alin oleae) eet eta 452, 459 240, 274, 359, 459, 487 
BRnOlG Oe Saree eectata ie stein m aimial= etme ola) eae ani) S725 tys-oha-kah (ai. —sstsctecsacipienn ales ares pew er 214 
STG OA OTUGIS pe lalate elai='= lnm a> = Soleil eimai 37 BIBI © Lesh seen Ch eae awa alate atm = aie 205 
MG Ch ieee eesiem a setea = oes olen aa lel semis = DOO TeO ORO Ma | Lets CL Os ilsay Eee ee areata ote feeiote siefeimelae = ele aie iele 17 
Maciel VOUSaoe a4 += =e cis saa ese lane S20 eS Ditien ene seas ee eee leases elses aioe =a 54 
TP aciniiny CORSE Sac npeeanbdorcosost Sense sao GUCn WED tank Seer eeeeeeseaeeeeee as ebaeeaaeismecce 403 
Pectura digitalis . ...---.--..0----0..------- Do OMT tT C Gh pata efel ata tee leant male ial ial 400 
Tectura (Erginus) rubella .........--.------ De (OOO eS Nees aaa se aaa ee sale sree tee eet 72 
Tectura fulva ......- See ee eae eee iliac aia SSO AEG PaO meatal sale ee elma orale metal etatelellsln 349 
Tectura patina .....-- Se eee eee eee S408 Tomarwe-nhy sa cee Seca ee meen Saeate aoe 205 
SECC GUL AGP OLSODA sae oma anemmeeaen eee aes a am Some LROnICell ayeae maces anise seine ae 2, 296, 320, 324 
Mechturera Dolla sae oseece teen staimeeistonee 3a -| _Ronicellalineatase fs. <= <= <--1- c= == - 296, 326, 327, 343 
Meerenannineimeae cen cas aeeee eee se ae = 338 | Tonicella marmorea.....-. 296, 321, 324, 325, 327, 343 
Tedrodonievigatus ..2-..--2--<---- = een 246)) “Tonicella'saccharina. .- <<. asec a<cierem nantes 2, 327 
Ween ee Cem as = stems ie ecient eee as 205°"? Tonicella\ SitKensis)..c-2 sececeee eee <= lon 328 
RellinaPBOGSTENSS os- 6 cc aene co aeceer aac 11, 28 | 'Tonicella submarmorea........--.----- 296, 327, 343 
Mga MNOMEStD «10. co cas ciseceeedssenicetec ces 27 ehl DONTE Olea seish eorcleloe caste a ataatate oicineiee tote 327 
Mille tal Qecema- aoa ee ee cieee see aes a aseces AAAS Poni Cia, Brand Gil vessencac= semaine asics amet 328 
Telmatodytes palustris®:-------2--2-<.-=--: 122 meni ClANClES any meee eee = loin aiaieisileer 297, 344 
Telmatodytes palustris, @. paludicola. ...--. 4037 paMonicia LncCOlatay sees sae wi newon la cle cee aie 326 
LerMn NOV ELA Che Same ceo cicisjse wen ie scenes 449) |SMonicia/ MALMOLEA)sa-cacicisecsicteemae cece a 325 
MOCTNS wevwa cece sein sess ose see 2 68, 172, 198, 239, 448 | "Tonicia Sitkensis: .-...-..---------...2.---- 328 
Tertiary beds, Pliocene, of California....... HSS ROTICIAIS DAE sees sae eee cocina 297, 324, 328 
Tertiary Californian fossils..2-....-.:.:-.-. 26 |) Tonicia submarmoreus .--......-.------\--- 326, 328 
Tertiary Fossil Mollusks from California. - - 10 | Toniciw .......--------++++++++- 222+ -0+2-+-- 295 
aPesraO MiG eos as 9 See oes so oe Sane eset a oasees 237,438 | To-o-sape (Bull with Holes in his Ears). - - -205, 212 
Retrodomeascsteesceh-sseseeckee sees a) os sNc~ S60) ehoounl assist nt seer yes Senisrsieinteeeteiate ator 205 
Metrodonispentlen-...+-- osc -c= sacaeersi--4- 366 | 'Tornatina cerealis......--..------e.----0--- 1d, 27 
Neirodomide 2-52 - 522 255sseasaceee aoe ae 366". Dornatina CxiMIia tls. ce. .=aciecic oe coe wie 11, 27, 28 
PU Gees PVG FN ae eset yo rama 2m ola lala acter ele 2A ON Mor pedinidcejsentaale sare = clea mnteel minal ial oto 387 
Shere} (Or bill Wee soeeoaecoridesoooleeseeensoscc 160 | MOT PCOOn ee eeta se ean eaaeena alana ee 133, 387 
IB Gees Aes a er cee Se eceeen eee te eee 172 | Torpedo occidentalis ....-.--..-.--.---.---- 387 
DWeSTS eete esr ase eter eer eejeiae ere 172 | Tortugas, Destruction of Fish near-.-...--- 24 
Texas, Southern, Notes on Ornithology of.. 118 | Totanus campestris --...-....-..--.----:--- 450 
PBhalassidromaTeachit soc cece amen el as a Aa POCA S TEL POS tastes ieleleisiem ele /ninisia'=e a/arattatarata 450 
halons wacleriy.soe4lc\seeececa sees 6 Asie Rotanus hy poleu cus. smcisessceie se <i ae 450 
Berm alanis Crap ens a ee ee ae aia 20S TotanusMmMacularius).css-=.sss5e-ccee os eneees 450 
PehiekebilediGrebe sce -s= acess eee a == 449 | Totanus melanopterus..-..---...-..----.--- 450 
‘Phick-pilled) Sparrow cs s-se-s\ssene sane sah AT 89 aeRO tants Spleseste cee ease ee niaresiaieaie ala at leterale 450 
hele Vin Berman Os. ieee oeeafee ene ara (s 485 | To-un-ke-up (Good Talk), warrior .......--- 212 
BR OMUP SOUS 2 oarc cn tos oa see hem een a eee 228 amourterclless: seseeee aa esieiaaes 50, 66, 275, 360, 460 
Whree=-taied! Porcies: j-csece oe ease ce eens 24 Townsend's SOlMtaInG'.6~ =n <jccema wc —=e anise ae 397 
Thriothorus littoralis. <-2.-...-----.-------. 450 | Townsend’s Sparrow .........-------------- 418 
AAS He es ess = 5,aeees 53, 187; 233, 239, 267,395 | Townsend’s Warbler. .---..-----2.20.-s-06 406 
Thryomanes bewicki, 8. spilurus...---.....-. 402 | Trachydermon .......-.- 1, 288, 295, 314, 318, 319, 320 
Thryomanes bewicki var. bewicki-.---..---- 122 323 
Thryomanes bewicki var. leucogaster ...... 121 | Trachydermon albus ...... 295, 315, 316, 317, 322, 343 
Thryomanes bewicki (var. spilurus) ----.--- 390 | Trachydermon cinereus .-..--- 286, 288, 295, 328, 344 
Mbryomaases lewcocasber sec sess ec ===) 122 | Trachydermon dentiens ....<....-..----..-. 323 
Lhiyomanes!:*spilurus” ./s2-c ocsns-cc--= 56 391, 393 | Trachydermon Hartwegii ..-..----.---..--. 329 
Thryophilus modestus.-.---..-------------- 253 | Trachydermon interstinctus---..:-..-.-.-.- 331 
Mhrvophius zeledoni- .--casseeas ves sea 202, 259) ee brachy @ermonahisasaseessscmesees = cnwe sae 325 
Mh yOCWOLNs DOWICKT. o.cecem cae. sane k= “121 | Trachydermon lineata........2.------------ 321 
Thryothorus grenadensis.-.-----.---.------ 268, 486 | Trachydermon lividus...............----.-- 323 
Thryothorus ludovicianus var. berlandi- Trachydermon marginatus .......-.---.--- 323, 344 
Cle he eeeprere etieecy, wae ode sea eteee 118,121 | Erachydermon Nuttallii..-..........---.... 330 
Thryothorus martinicensis -.-......----.-- 352, 486 | Trachydermon ruber .....--.-- 295, 320, 321, 325, 343 
RUT VOCHOLUSIMESICUS $2 2052-2 .\sseesias sess 189) 486))|\ Trachydermon\triidus.---4-1.scssossd<aase 331 
sPhey OCHOLUS KUCSCONSs ac 2 ~ esa -5=55 045405, 4000 ll DrachyMO isis caieclcdac ella =o innlaleciaw= walelele 376 
fehennns pelamy Steere aso. -<(osck seca sicce 26 | Trachynotns carolinus ....-..-------------- 376 
PICT le Lytle ee ee coals 193, 273 | ‘Lrachynotus ovatus.-......-- RIN Ber 376 
Tinnunculus sparverius ..!.... 65, 153/291 398435;0))) Dracbyradsides- == sco mine sm/ole > alemmnissm amie 1, 295, 323 
459) | Mrachyradsia aleuticay._-.6.s22.caccn-s-=> 1 
Tinnunculus sparverius isabellinus......--- 109) | Treat’s Island ..--...-..- Uccoceecdeeet en aeee 19 








518 INDEX. 

Page. . ‘Page. 
Trembleur .....++---+ Seah: 52, 187, 351, 852,453 | Turdide ...........52, 187, 233, 239, 267, 351, 295, 452 
Trenchard, Rear-Admiral ............ Re ae 185: |) Deas Be eee oe cia ta ct No oem an eee re 486 
TrichiuTride seeseseass Renee. tcteies “oes ga dDy | PLUMLUS AUTOCAD ILUSsemecos se ees: ae eee ... 450 
UAC UUIUTIN Che eenene saan )os a5 << eases » 870.) Lorduscaribbaeus.. soose. 25+ sen os eae 207, 486 

Trichiurus lepturus ..-.-...----. wear deste) Old) o UPd Sens ITOStTIS maaemeee ee none o aeee 45) 
EPI GL AVEAMOWT Mee ena ss ccinatineaiae cements Shae he) Rome as BISCESCENSS = anenc ese eee cena ee ees 119 
PRET ONOMOIAMS ao any © al wiye diem eielea eee steer =» po(o:) DurdusPattatus eee etw ise meee sce ee 390, 391, 296 
MPIC) foo. Stis tees stce Efe caaie eee -) 882) Derdusiiiherminiert—.. see. asecaee ele =e 450 
Trigonocephalus lanceolatus ......-..-. oss= gol) | Turdus migratorius ---. 2. -- wiaPias lan oe abate o1d9 
Tringa alpina var. americana ......-----.--- 161 | Turdus migratorius, 8. propinquus......... 395 
Byte, Nair’... specs oer ee eee eee eee 161,395 | Turdus migratorius (var. propinquus), 390, 392, 393 
RIN KA CANMUUS pes ee cine os sale e eee eae nace: . Sol | Durdus montanus - aco... ee e=see eee 450 
Trinca fuscieollis. .<--.- 2 cce. sacs aD aetetata Giles” Dads ms Vise. os . ee ee ee ae 390, 391, 395 
Mrin ga MinaAMtopUsses He. case caeme sso soe ae 451 | Turdus nigrirostris..... ee eee ase 187, 267, 486 
MPA IN herpres) jo. s.c sec. n---neeesetsesa es A451), hundus Supercianiss-..--s22-2 seen eee 450 
Mrincnamacniata esac ce.ese. 161; 895;;451,AG1,,488 | Curdus: nstilatusscopcsescsee sees ee eee. 290, 396 
Tringa minutilla ....-..-s--s2s-6- 161,197, 441,488; | Lurkey Buzzards. 22... 22-1 y-ccas oe oe ee 437 
ARTI aN PU SUA «2. - soak eee sare see awe 451 J “Durner, Mir. Tucicn Mi 2o2 sees ase eae 279, 463 

Mringa pusilla: sen. c<mec,cic occ cecetet seco 4510 || Danritella Coopeni#sssssoe esac eee 1259 
Drinvarufescens\-\) 25... 2-2 s-s~<<ceceeee mae 451.) Durritella Jewettil 2-2-2 osu tee see eecmber 29 
Meniiyeal ACHING eee eee eee ee eee ae 451, || Bustle Dove 222. s<25 5 tomaee seen 06, 87 eal oiT 
Tringa semipalmata ..-.-..-<--<-seessesenee a5 ROSGarorae 22a oman eeea eee ae ee 1 
SAITO A) WHS ONW= -ivslele crsio= eminent aS = TG). | Dewar Ole Socata es cee aie sien Santas 50, 68 
‘Tringoides macularius ....67, 162/197, 276, 360,392, | Lyman titint 22... - eee se Be et Ie 470 
393, 441, 488 | Tyramnide......... 59, 191, 234, 239, 270, 357, 494, 458 

Mmopalacery 2-20 - ms sackets oe \eieee cecal 202.) “Lymannula COOpSELes: «acne cease cate eee 139, 140 
PVISOLLOPIS 2s hc ese: Jot abd e catia eee oon 1744) ie yrann olan tabiis\ 4 -seneesce see ce soe 141 
SPRGOINO ee Aton seek esate ease ean ote nee, 458) | Dyranntla MeOxicane).=-sc =o sen eeeeee 139, 140 
Mrochlidee: eooce cosa est 60, 192, 234, 240, 271, 58 426 | Tyrannulus dominicensis.-..--...........-. 470 
Drochilug Ae lai): 23 sc spss eoene Sets 147 | Ay rans esse sie see 450, 466, 467, 468, 471, 479, 483 
Trochilus alexandri .-.-----3-.- 390, 391, 393, 426,427 | Tyrannus albogularis ....-...-....... 468, 477, 478 
Mrochilns arsinordles: 2 5s---s-6-cis stem 147, Dyramnus: spolivess sect she seee sees 467, 468, 478 
TTrnchiMS GolMpris’ = neon a eeeee core ses 145 | Tyrannus aurantio-atrocristatus....... 467, 469, 482 
Mrochilus! di bWSix:< alent = s,- at temodenesieere 147 | ?Dyrannus auriflamma -...-...----- terSae 482 
Rrochilus fuscicaudatis <<<... 2.s222-5s<--55,- 147 | Tyrannus carolinensis, 137, 431, 466, 467, 468, 471, 482 
Mrochilos pram atime. <. scceesc sah eee-peesee 450) || AOynANMS CSS oe cm ann ae eee eee 2,5 :48h 
Rrochilus)/holosericeus) =. -2.--=<-sassFee.4e0 450. || Tyrannus’eooperi -22222.-0- - jaoane ss eecke se 138 
Mrochilus riefleri - S25. acej- 0 cosnsceeteamemes 147). Tyrannus Couchi.~. cs. ssc eee nee eee 474, 475, 476 
Troplodytes acdon.. =< 5-- <5 sesscheten seus 122 | Tyrannus crassirostris ............----467, 468, 472 
Troglodytes aédon, B. parkmanni.........-. 403 | Tyrannus crudelis,.8. couchi....... .....:-. 474 
Troglodytes aédon var. parkmanni..---..... 122 | Tyrannus dominicensis.........--=-- 226-6: 467, 470 
Troglodytes hyemalis, 6. pacificus.......... 403m yan nis TOLCR GUS evens eee eee ore nee 474 
Troglodytes ‘“‘parkmanni” ...-:-2:-:--.-.. 392;,.893 |) LEX EANMUS PTISCUS S26 tose s unin Sa mece oy eee 470 
Troclodytids. .:...-----.-.- 54-0'80!,268; 3b2-402) 453) dbyrannws! mca, 0 2 2..5ca. soho eeee ee nramters 482 
Eroronambignus, «2-52-54 1.s-2e2so- San. JAS) |" Dyrannius intrepiduse:<---sets-=5--2.--asen 472 
Mrorsuislots:.scissestawndeeeccecc cee seme iwi £350,352 || DLyrannus leucovaster'i-=-<act eon seen bees 472 
Trophon orpheus ..-.-...---.-- gee seers 12, 29,30 | Tyrannus luggeri.-... aeeeai meee 467, 469, 481, 482 
Enbpic Bird: 2:32 5.22 e222 ce eseeee ses 50, 65, 240 | Tyrannus magnirostris.-...--. 467, 469, 470, 473, 483 
IBTORAS". splewtes ocuces cebeaat decee sere 65 | Lyrannus matutinus -..2..-=2-2------ 450, 469, 471 
PREOBEN OL fon cctn bate ceo RRO ae ae eee 291 | Tyrannus melancholicus- -271, 467, 469, 473, 474, 477, 
BRP RTOS OUT Ks ca ae ces che ee kas tage abe 423 478, 479, 481, 482, 487 
MesVWarblers, :t-. ..caadsestaseauepee sewed 899 | Tyrannus melancholicus couchi .-.-.....--- 474 
PruMipeter Swan +2 -<~ ssc seem ae saee 169 | Tyrannus melancholicus, a. melancholicus.. 473 
ERVGON Yio na" - == <2 sca seat eepeecesebnaee 386 | Tyrannus melancholicus, y. satrapa..-....-. 474 
TERVGonidsey: Sao. See)... =. hagaet atew cones 386 | Tyrannus melancholicus var. couchi.....- 140, 474 
Mryngibes TULesCeNS -2<-.526escbacaeescsese 162 |, Dyrannws mexicanyse se5-- 252 1-5. 22 see aeer 138 
Tryphena helois#..-..-........ ocd cpeeete pte 10 | Tyrannus niveigularis...................2.468; 479 
Tsah-dle-tah (White Goose), warrior ..--.-- 205,214) |. Seyrannis pipes assests ees 6 an ee 472 
Tsait-kope-ta (Bear Mountain), warrior....205, 212 | Tyrannus rostratus. - - .60, 191, 234, 240, 271, vd8, 467, 
PBSUDPLbeh Sian -eneeb esate (sees oS eh eeeeten 74 470, 471, 487 
Tenppinch Salmon sees sec ss scse ees etawte (2 Dyrannnsssatrapalec sn. 2c' +’. <ee aise Pee ene 467, 474 
Turbonillachocolatiageeneeee--s-s-2 cen ses oe 12,27 | Tyrannus, Synopsis of the Genus........-- - 449 
Lurbonilla stylinaisseeecscse oa sealers sue 2)28))|) “Wy remrs tie Pe eno 2 = om eee reininera en eiaie 471 
‘Eurbonilia torquata. ose. sseseewest ase 12, 27,29 | Tyrannus verticalis -. 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 424, 4C7, 
_ Tnrbonilla virgo ..-..... we eeeeseaceolen es Lee 12, 27 468, 474, 479 











e 
INDEX. 5rG 
Page. Page 
Tyrannus vicilloty 2.2.2... s-5--- 5-22 ee. SUCTSS GUE ENP) 5555 boc Sean Soo sess oe foes eran 54, 403 
Dyranwus VOCHerang .—-- o.oo cc. scce ne. 467, 469,480 | Waldheimia Kennedyi...................-.. 30 
SUI UUM CHe see tener cietee sete sce ee = 482 | Walking-stick.....- ORCL sec sivics Sea 268 
Fyrant Plycatchers)~....-----.ecece cc. 5 oe. 4287 | OWralll bind ces Sere ctitiane ioe ces one ee er «189 
Warbler Yellow veces cecesncrtceck occ eceeee 54. 
hleriandeLeoer: =< 0 25 ese scineiscines 372 Dee one a = 
TSreE Te PIR. oe Be) | ee eo eee acca oe et 
TR em de ae Mitra? Gare 30 W Bier Thrash Sees eee Gen eee see eeeenotnet 233 
Water Waataillsc. 6 ss seercnoeece meter eee 453 
Wp landsP loyeritc a... cesccinc esses temasc on 162 Serta See 
IURaMOSCOpil Sesser. siseccjee somata aes 372 WIR WIR gS. nm -oco 2 tewin =n eaae ane hyane a 
ae : WWielis; VAR IRE ae eet os Sake ce See ema 
Unibitineavanthracina?: 22. <2 sss. eesi- sce 487 Wells. D 9°67 
: : ) lS) DOR son seen et eterno eee ee eee 2 
MsOpby Cis CR TOS en nes oan n out Wells dichniGranty esq/esca. oases a aeeee 267 
Be SEE EME SN Mae eta, eat ee “rs West Virginia, Occurrence of Canada Por- 
eee Ghana kee 104, 195 | << CUPIME I. --- 2-2 eeeees ences eeee tones ane 
ESS rr eter aoe eRe eae aT veween |) NV EStELOTA lontinnS cst sees eees see ee aoe 2 
Urubitinga gundlachi ....-.-.---2-+-.+-s..- a Western Chipping Sparrow ---....-----.--. 416 
Western Grass Buntine-- 5. . +--+ esses oes 415 
MialenciennessM 2 = seztsacceeneenaade Sane oy 5 | Western Great Horned Owl .-...--.--2.:--- 433 
Niancd eubiltliniviersity-: sce. 2 oceesceecass mee P1S7 | PNVWESterm Grebeucse ses ence ke ee eee 448 
WMameling) cavenn ensiss.< ses ese vaso a ses 4pua i vestem Mine bird yiecetea ee ene 424 
Miartedebhrus bt ceaee Meeks sek Lu ele 395 | Western Long-billed Marsh Wren. ....----- 403 
iMariesatedubon hiuss 52. sn. \-2- nisninie Seis 226 | Western Meadow Lark.........--..------:- 491 
Venericardia monilicosta.......-.-----.--- 11, 28,30 | Western Red-tailed Hawk.........2....2... 436 
ie Gul ee meri aeee na ee aoe eae ence an 2o0) Wes berm INObIN: ccc classics ce sone cee ese 395 
Mestita, Amicilae 2-2 eee mene onieneacin 310 | Western Savannah Sparrow ...----..---.<.. 415 
BY ee Cpe teat edt ete etal clears 53. || Western Panager =. 2.is2..6.<-40-scenenetee 412 
Vaieillot's Myiadestes....--.......-.. Eee 53 Heedin oy. os See em ae cea eye 412 
Naiolet-breastEammomer: - <4... asees=.ee 6) 234, 4% | Western Warbler Vireo..-.....--...------- 409 
iVaoletzcpveen! Cormorant).—---<-sjceneece ses 448 | Western Wood Pewee.......-.-..-----2-0s 425 
Waoletereen' Swallow; 2c cqaaeiissese< sve 409 | Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher :.....-. 425 
RVSLT POR sage seein So ae wisi eae SS Hoe as 125, 233 | Western Yellow-breasted Chat..........--. 407 
pyr eouDellitn A. cee ae eeaeere seas IGS aweheasony Dts eles an saa cee sceeeeeeeree ee 265 
NaFEOGAIGTIC?. 2 eete lea ee Se rae 189 IWihip=poor-willitaesestesscncmas vee mees 144, 145, 427 
ARG OMAVONITICIS Hse cc7= 5 societies c Sareea OSC Wihistlers. na. scse ee eee eae 241 
MANA OF CU YS je (atc ott ote aa te ele eo cial 257)\" Wahistler, Moumtainue---sc-ss scenes eseueces 50 
WARCOLMUOLOD nae ce jcieinacce ses seweceaae S10e PihistlinoySwanteccecen. oases Soe eee see 444 
Vireo noveboracensis..........-.--.------- 125, 130 White Bear; warrior .....2-<-sse-<-.+-ces 204, 209 
VITSO|PUSULUS) 5 - oeesin- Sons ceteteree Hociae DOORN O NU tev Grantees cee eee eee eee an 165 - 
WiTGORVICINION 22 same sa ee msec cteee ees es SOOT. “Wihite:Gantlink alone eee eae. tee aoe 
WAT CONT: occa Mec see we wee 59,189;233; 268;'354, 454.) White Goose. 2-. ck veloc wee cbencds lcsadocen 205 
AVSIN COSMO OO SR oes oe =e nena name iee ee eae ate 135% Wahitesheron - esc eee eases ote ee 241 
WWANCOS Wlivadi == =[to mn elsaranieneesleeite ee netia/= eer 268 | White Horse, chief ..........--- -22.. 204, 209 
Vireosylvia calidris -..--..--..-...--+-55, 233, 486 , White Man, warrior .....-...-.2-----s--<. 204, 206 
var. barbadense ..-..--. 55\,| White Mulletuccsuvscc. soe kaon wae eee 381, 382 
var. barbatula....-..-=- Hon) WVihibereerChhe sssesss2 0. aoe aa. ker ean ae 380 
var. dominicana. ..189, 268,354, | White-bellied Swallow .......-...----..---- 408 
454,486 | White-cheeked Goose .......-..-0--------- 445 
Eggs ------------.- 55 | White-crowned Sparrow......-.--.-.------- 416 
IES) otéssocsodtade 55 | White-faced Glossy Ibis ...---..-.-..-..--- 443 
Vireosylvia flavoviridis -.....-.-.--...-... I IZ WVehiteheads Dretaacceescaseaccesseeeacesoce 112 
BVeeneOsihyles CULV Als sa ale maine ee melee eater ie 125) | SWihite-head-Biteonk]2-s-ce-haeseee ss - cea 237, 241 
Vireosylvia gilva, . swainsoni......-..-... 409\ | White-headed Eagle.-... 222.2 -2..--. .cae6 43 
Wireosylvia olivacea...- ..-:--5.2----<s sae 125 | White-headed Woodpecker.....--.-.-.:..-. 428 
Vireosylvia ‘‘swainsoni”.........- 391, 392, 393,394 | White-lored White-crowned Sparrow ......- 415 
MAN OUNIAAR Ra tess cinmnnelcs se cals seeneeesae 443") White-rumped Shrikes.2-.5 ----.-5.:.s-..c 411 
Vitrac, Monsieur L.-.-....... ae eeeteeeeee 450,459" |, White-tailed Tite) 255-- 2.2 - essa so eo 455 
RTO OMA SW eco wale) aoe co chem eee arate 12,27 | White-throat Duck ~~. .2...0. 252. 0.0.2 oscce 241 
Voices of Grustaceans--22.---..s.-cto--2--% 7s| Wihite-throat uum mens..\552--- s2eaccc. tees 61 
avealcamt Ceubn SO seeei tates Sdeceiecseseaceem ek 8 | White-throated Goatsucker ....-..----.---- 143 
Molutopsis"(sp.sundet.)).c-o2-.0--532- 2822252 DOr alld COtiee sameeer cea crelstaiaiaracintela mere oe eats 412 
avrolnnilan cylindeicaisees sae ae oe wed cele eal ioe! LD Oe. on WOU SER ONS G#eeminciiae saa Jen ect ceee ee ene 205 
WWOMILED =e sere ots Seem ene ck oe ick wae ee tote 376)|- Wallemoés—suhm) Mil. .c..2..csmcm sce tess 23 
AWOMLETSGtip TINS sae eer sane woe at. ec beee 70h) MLM OT SAM Olea wean c ons < vem emeics essere 263 
Nionprelzeln)monsewoctee ce sseewsece eaced at's 478i) WalSOD'S SHIP» o:.ccacveie mene clawainan ewes cs 440 


° 
520 INDEX. . 
Page. Page. 
MAROies ras oss tawen pe eanebauds ssa ostcaeioce 205 | Yellowbreast.... .... aaiass -2ia’anmatatnsatsals 233 
AWiO-han;(BebL) WRLELOL= sm.e.- 20 ovcee se aay 204,210 |' Yellow-breasted Chats -..... 222: .2cecn2-es 32 
‘Wolf's Marrow <.--.-..<..... eee 204,207 | Yellow-crowned Night Herons ...........-. 27 
Woman's Heart, chief........---..-----.--- 209 | Yellow-headed Blackbird................2. 131, 420 
WioOd! eerste eeet ccs sce s<c0>s nape aeeet aes 300 | Yellow-headed Gray Warbler ...-.-........ 405 
Wood Duck..... Di Fi ciel eee ARG |) Wellow-lagn ce haste se Mee eee cee ta 238, 244, 441 
WiQOGSPOMEO wen ess(= sere aah eneana= noes 141.| Yellow-rump Warbler ..............-..---. 405 
WOOO NECKOL sane sntiwan- oo ae seen eee 428,459" || Vellow-throntisess-- 02s cnscesataceecetee eee 239 
‘Wood's Holl, (Maassis. 5-0. .2-----.-steeu= aos .)}| SWiteea len span ae meetin meat ses oe ee aoe eee 135 
AWie-wh-ht-ih sen seee eae ae eee 204 , 
IVURETE-« aie eeimeeeiene 50, 54, 189, 268, 352,402,453 | Zeledon, José C.......----..---.--- 93, 116, 252, 485 
Wirishtis Mlycateher=.- on s-ses-- <2 =sp = ee 426 | Zeledon, Mr.: Specimens collected in Costa 
SYN TOL AUN ape ise eiclem a ini-in ae i era ee eae 204 IRCA ote ete ose ee mie Se eee ee ae 117 
Wy-a-ko (Dry Wood), warrior ...-..... 2.-205,213 | Zenedura carolinensis ....-... 158, 391, 392, 393, 438 
Wey ville- Thomson <2 =o. ccsenek ee see eee ace 228, 231 | Z[enaida] amabilis, McCall. ....-....:...... 158 
Zenaida martinicana. -.66, 196, 237, 241, 275, 277, 360, 
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus ....... 133, 393, 420 460, 487 
ManthumJaxn0sa...- seis. se eee sees 136 | ZOATCES -.-.+--++e2eeeee sere eens eee eeeeeee, BTL 
Mamie OHM eee ee ee SN 101, 115, 480 | Zoarces anguillaris .....---..--.+-.-)-.+---- 371 
Xiphias ...... petibciptn suit oh ele ain aN 875 | Zoarcide .-...------------- 2022s teense eee ee a7L 
ap itias PlAdUse eee eee ee ne een 375 | Zone-ke-uh (Teeth), warrior............... 205, 211 
SIGi TL vb sHge asc es asa coco one ea eens 375 | Zonichthys..-...---------+0--+-+----+--2e0- 377 
eyloiryasp. (tubes) essen~seosaocssoeseeee 28 | Zonotrichia .....-...----------------------+ 225 
Zonotrichia albicollis...... eee eee ee 126 
Zonotrichia coronata ....-....2--s---.0-0e- 391, 416 
PLATO Wr ELC, jocansicinveoeee 365, 371, 372, 374,379 | Zonotrichia gambeli.......-...--.:-----.-.- 126 
380, 385, 387 | Zonotrichia intermedia........ 126, 391, 392, 394, 415 
Mellow Bird <..ss0 oe hrc onsicsoes a oee eee 233, 353 | Zonotrichia leucophrys.....2........--.<<- 126, 415 
PL ONVs DAMS a sos oes case eeomiee a cee ciate res 246, 384 | Zonotrichia plebeja ..............--.. 2.2.00 249 
WellLow Warblers... foe con bs nee wee ees 239" 404 |) “Zonotrichiaswuleaniso.. seeceedocelcees odes 252 
Yellow-billed CucKoo ........-.-.----. 150, 272,432 | Zo-pe-he (Toothless), warrior...........-.. 205, 211 
IN ESE) ANG) CEES oo cane 2 Seppe ie eset maine 150 | Zo-tom (Biter), warrior........-.-..-..---- 204, 211 
Yellow-billed Magpie ....-..........---..22 422 | Zygonectes atrilatus........-....c0sserssece 368 














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