Full text of "Proceedings of the United States National Museum"

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U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PROCEEDINGS

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Vol. V.
1882.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1883.

ADVERTISEMENT.

•

The extension of the scope of the Kational Museum during the past
few years, and the activity of the collectors sent out in its interests,
have caused a great increase in tlie amount of material in its possession.
Many of the objects gathered are of a novel and imijortant character,
and serve to throw a new light upon the study of nature and of man.

The importance to science of i)rompt publication of descriptions of
this material led to the establishment, in 1878, of the present series of
publications, entitled "Proceedings of the United States National Mu-
seum," the distinguishing peculiarity of which is that the articles are
published in signatures as soou as matter sufficient to All sixteen pages
has been obtained and printed. The date of publication being i)laiuly
expressed in each signature, the ready settlement of questions of priority
is assured.

The articles in this series consist: First, of papers prepared by the
scientitic corps of the National Museum ; secondly, of papers by others,
Ibnnded upon the collections in the National Museum; and, finally, of
interesting facts and memoranda from the correspondence of the Smith-
sonian Institution.

The Ijul'etins of the National Museum, the publication of which was
commenced in 1875, consist of elaborate papers (monographs of families
of animals, &c.), while the present series contemplates the prompt pub-
lication of freshly acquired facts relating to biology, anthropology, and
geology ; descriptions of restricted groups of animals and plants ; the
settlement of particular questions relative to the synonymy of species,
and the diaries of minor expeditions.

This series of publications was commenced in 1878, Avith volume I,
under the title "Proceedings of the United States National Museum,"
by the authority and at the expense of the Interior Department, and
under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution.

The present volume, constituting the fifth of the series, has been pre-
pared under the editorial suiiervision of Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, curator
of the department of fishes.

SPENCER F. BAIED,
Director of the TJ. S. National Museum.

United States National Museum,

Washington, June 20, 1883.
(u)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Beau, Tarletoa H. Notes on Fishes collected by Capt. Charles Bendire, U. S. A., in

Washington Territory and Oregon, May to October, 1881 89-93

Note on the Occurrence of a Silver Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard) in Louis-
iana 117-119

Notes on Birds collected during the summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia 144-173

(Translator.) Note on the Habits and the Eearingof the Axolotl (Ambly stoma mexica-

num). ByM. Carbonnier 221-222

Description of a Species of Whitefish, Coregomis hoyi (Gill) Jordan, called "Smelt" in

some parts of New York. 658-000

Description of a Now Species of Alepidosaurus (A. cesculapius) from Alaska 661-CC3

(See, also, under GOODE & Bean.)
Belding, li. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made at various points along the "Western

Coast of Lower California, North of Cape St. Eugenio 527-.";!2

Catalogueof a Collection of Birds made nearthesouthernextremity of the Peninsula of

Lower California 532-ooO

Bendire, Capt. Charles, U. S. A. On the Eastward Distribution of the Black-tailed

Deer { Curiacus columbianus) 348-349

Carbonnier, M. (Translated by Tauleton H. Bean.) Note on the Habits and the Eear

iug i.f I ho Axolotl {Amblystoma mexieanum) 221-222

Uall, \V. II. Note on Cluster Flies 635-637

Dn^t-M, tt»rof. Alfretl. (Translated by FUEDEIUCK W. True.) Observations on Four

MulesiuMilk 223-225

G ill, Theodore. On the Family Centropomidce. With one plate (Plate xi) 484-485

Nomenclature of the Xfjj/mds 4S5-486

On the Family and Subfamilies of Carangidtv. 487-403

Note on the Leptocardians 515-516

Note ou the ilf.i/zonte or Mardpobranchiates .516-517

Note on the Bdellontomidce and Myxinidce 517-520

J^Jttt,} ou the Pctromyzontids . 521-525

Supplementary Note on the Pedicidati 551-556

Note on the Pomatoniidcp- ^^7

Note on the Affinities of the EphippUds 557-560

On the Relations of the Family Lobotidce 560-561

If ote on the Relationships of the Echemidlds. With one plato (Plato xii) 561-566

Note on the Genus Spd-ros 566-567

On the Proper Name of the Blueflsh 567-570

Ooode, «•• BrowQ, and Bean, Tarleton II. A List of *,he Species of Fishes recorded

asoccurringiu the Gulf of Mexico 234-240

Descriptions of twenty five New Species of Fish from the Southern United States, and

three New Genera, Letharchus, loglossus, and Chriodorus 412-437

Halves, Oeorge W., PIi. W. On a Phosphxtic Sandstone from Hawthorne, in Florida. 40-48

Hegcwald, t.ieHt. J . T. t'.. U. S. A. (See underSwAiNE & Hegewald.)

Ininan, S. M. Catalogur of a Coll.i-tiou of Samples of Raw Cotton, presented to the United

States National Museum by the luternatioual Cotton Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, 1881. 644-G45
Jordan, David S. Description of a New Species of Blenny (Isesthes gilberti) from

Santa Barbara, California 349-351

Jordan, :>avid S., and Gilbert, Charles H. Description of four New Species of

Sharks from Mazatlan. Mexico ■ 102-110

Description of a Now Shark (Carcharias lamiella) from San Diego, California 110-111

Description of a Now Cyprinodont (Zygnnectes imirus) from Southern Illinois 143-144

Description of a New Species of Uranidea (TJranidea polUcaris) from Lake Michigan 222-223

Notes on Fishes observed about Pensacola, Florida, and Galveston, Texas, with

Description of New Species 241-307

Description of a New Species of Conodon {Conodon serrifer) from Boca Soled.ad, Lower

California 351-352

(III)

IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Jordan, David S., and Oilbcrt, Charles H. Catalogae of the Fishes collected hy
Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas, which are now in the United States National Mu-
seum, with Descriptions of eight New Species 353-371

List of Fishes collected by John Xantus at Colima, Mexico 371-372

List of Fishes collected by Capt. John M. Dow, now in the United States National

Museum 373-378

List of a Collection of Fishes made by Mr. L. Belding near Cape San Lucas, Lower

CaUfornia 378-381

List of Fishes collected at Panama by Rev. Mr. Rowell, now preserved in the United

States National Museum 381-382

Descriptions of two New Species of Fishes (Sehastichthys umbrosus and Citharichthys

stigmcevs) collected at Santa Barbara, California, by Andrea Larco 410-412

Description of a New Species of Goby {Gobiosoma ios) from Vancouver's Island 437-438

On certain Neglectt-d Generic Names of La C6p6de 570-576

On the Synonomy of the Genus Bothus Raflnesquo 576-577

Description of a New Species of Artedius (Artcdius fencstralis) from Puget Sound... 577-579

Description of a Now Species of TTrolophus ( Urolophus asterias) from Mazatlan and

Panama 579-580

Notes on a Collection ot Fishes from Charleston, South Carolina, with Descriptions of

three New Species 580-620

List of Fishes now in the Museum of Yale College, collected by'Prof. Frank H. Brad-
ley at Panama, with Descriptions of three New Species 620-032

Descri])tion of two New Species of Fishes (Myrophis vafer and Chlnroscombrus or-

queta) from Panama 645-647

Desciiption of a New Eel (Sidcra castanea) from Mazatlan, Mexico 647-648

( )ii t he Nomenclature of the Genus Ophichthys 648-651

Kalb, Ocorge B. (See under Swain & Kalh.)

Iicsquercux, It. Contribution to the Miocene Flora of Alaska 443-449

ITIrrril!, Oeorge P. Note on a Potsdam Sandstone or Conglomerate from Berks County,

Pen vsyl va:ii I 660-661

IVew berry, J(. .«*. Brief Descriptions of Fossil Plants, chiefly Tertiary, from Western North

Aineii.a 502-514

IVuttins. <". <"• On a Collection of Birds from the Hacienda "La Palma," Gulf of Nicoya,

(' stu KicM, with Critical Notes by Robert Ridgway 382^109

Ridg-^vay, Robert. Description of several New Races of American Birds 9-15

On the Genera Harporhynehug, Cabanis. and Methriopterus, Reichenbach. with a De-

sci iption of a New Genus of Mimince 43-46

Notes on the Native Trees of the Lower Wabash and White River Valleys, in Dlinois

and Indima 49-88

Critical Remarks on the Tree Creepers {Certhia) of Europe and North America 111-116

Descriptions of some New North American Birds 343-346

(Editor.) On a collection of birds from the H^icienda "La Palma," Gulf of Nicoj'a,

Costa Rica, with Critical Notes by Robert Ridgway. By C. C. Nutting 382-409

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made in the Interior of Co.sta Rica by Mr. C. C. Nut-
ting 493-502

Description of a New Warbler from the Island of Santa Lucia, West Indies 525-526

Descriptiim of a supposed New Plover from Chili 526-527

( Edi. or.) Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made at various points along the Western

Coast of Lower California, north of Capo St. Eugenie. By L. Belding 527-532

(Editor.) Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the southern extremity of the

Peninsula of Lower Califoruia. By L Belding 532-550

On the Genus Tantalus, Linn., and its Allies 550-551

Description of a Now Petrel from Alaska 656-658

Rilr y , Charles V, Jumping Seeds and Galls. With one cut 632-635

Ryder, J . A. Genera of tlie Scoloper.drellidfB 234

Smith, Ron:). Desciiption of a Now Species of Uranidea (Uranidea rhothea) from Spokane

River, Wa.sliiugton Territory 347-348

Oil tlie Life ("olor itioii of the Young of Poriirtccu^rMS rubieundtis 652-653

Smith, Rosa, and .•^^ain, Joseph. Notes on a Collection of Fishes from Johnson's

InLiuiI. iiK-luiling Deseriptions of Ave New Species 119-143

Stejneger, l^conhard. Synopsis of the West Indian M.yad''stcs. With one plate

(Plateii) 15-27

(Jn some Generic and Specitic Appellations of North American and European Birds . . 28-43

Outlines of a Monograph of the C,iyg''unce. With 16 cuts 174-221

Remarks on tht^ Systematic Arrangement of the American Turdidce. With 35 cuts . 449-48

Stone, liivingston. Does the Panther (Felis concolor) go into the Water to kill Fish?.. 570

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Streets, Thomas H., ITI. »., U. S. IV. A Study of the Phronimida; of the North Pa-
cific Surveying Expedition. With one plate (Plate i)

Swain, Joseph. A Keview of the Synonathinoe of the United States, with a Description
of one New Species

(See, also, under Smith & Swain.)

Swain, Joseph, and Kalb, Crcorge B. A Keview of the Genus Notunis, with a De-
scription of one New Species

Swainc, l.ieut. Col. P. T., U. S. A. , and Hegewald, riieut. J. T. €., U. S. A.
Information concerning some Fossil Trees in the United States National Museum

True, Frederick \V. (Translator). Observations on Four Mules in Milk. By Prof.
Alfred Duges

On a Cinnamon Bear from Pennsylvania

Turner, liucicn ]n. On Lagopus mutus Leach and its Allies

Verrill, A. E. Notice of Recent Additions to the Marine Tnvertebrata of the Northeast-
ern Coast of America, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species, and Critical Re-
marks on others. Part IV: Additions to the Deep-water Mollusca taken off Martha's
Vineyard in 1880 and 1881

White, C. A. New Molluscan Forms from the Laramie and Grc^n River Groups, with
Discussion of some Associated Forms heretofore unknown. With two plates (Plates iii
and iv)

The Molluscan Fauna of the Truckee Group, including a New Form. With one plate

(Plate v)

Yarrow, H. C,M. ©. Descriptions of New Species of Reptiles and Amphibians in
the United States National Museum

Page.

638-644

1-3

223-225
653-656
225-233

99-102
438-443

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate I
Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Plate II.-

FlG. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. G.

1. -FLUTES.
■North Pacific Phronimidte

Page.

Phronima atlantiea (female). Fifth thoracic foot; 1 a. Caudal

appendages.
Phronima atlantiea (male). Fifth thoracic foot.
Phronima padfica (female). Fifth thoracic foot ; 3 a. Caudal

appendages.
Phronimella elongata (male). Fifth thoracic foot ; 4 a. Caudal

appendages.
Phronimella elongata (female). Fifth thoracic foot ; 5 a. Caudal

appendages.

-West Indian Myadestes

Myadestes montanus Cory.
Myadestes soliiarius Baird.
Myadestes geniharhis Swainson.
Myadestes sanctce-luciw Stejneger.
Myadestes dominicanus Stejneger.
Myadestes sibilans Lawrence.

Plate III. — Laramie and Green River Molluscan Forms.

Unio clinopisthus (sp. nov.).

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.

Left side view ; natural size.
Dorsal view of the same example

Anomia micronema Meek.

Fig. 3. View of the under valve, showing the hyssal plug.
Fig. 4. Exterior view of an upper valve.

Fig. 5. Similar view of another example, showing coarser radiating lines.

Fig. 6. Interior view of a very large upper valve, showing muscular scars

and process beneath the umbo. AH of natural size.

Campeloma prooucta (sp. noy.).

Fig. 7. Lateral view of type specimen ; natural size.

Fig. 8. Opposite view of the same.

Fig. 9. Lateral view of a more robust example.

Pyrgulifera humerosa Meek.

Fig. 10. Lateral view of type specimen; natural size.
Fig. 11. Opposite view of the same.
Fig. 12. Similar view of a smaller example.
(VI)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VII

Pyrgulifera (Paramelania) damoni Smith.

Page.
Fig. 13. Copy of Mr. Smith's original figure.

Pyrgulifera (Parajielania) crassigranulata Smith.

Fig. 14. Copy of Mr. Smirh's original figure.

Plate IV.— Larauiie aud Green River Molluscau Forms 98

COI^BICULA BERTHOUDI (sp. UOV.).

Fig. 1. Left side view ; natural size.

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of another example.

Fig. 3. Interior of left valve of another example.

COUBICULA AUGHEYI (sp. nOV.).

Fig. 4. Right side view ; natural size.
Fig. 5. ' Interior view of the same example.
Fig. 6. Dorsal view of another example.

NeRITINA BRUNERI (sp. UOV.).

Fig. 7. Lateral view; natural size.

Fig. 8. Apertural view of the same example.

MeLANOPSIS AMERICANA (sp. nOV.).

Fig. 9. Two different lateral views ; enlarged.

Fig. 10. Another view of the lower part of the same example, showing
the beak and the callus of the inner lip.

Plate V. — Molluscan Forms of the Truckee Grouj) 102

Melania sculptilis.

Fig. 1. Copy of Meek's original figure.

Melania subsculptilis.

Fig. 2. Copy of Meek's original figure.

Melania taylori.

Fig. 3. Copy of Gahb's original figure.

LiTHASIA ANTIQUA.

Fig. 4. Copy of Gabb's original figure.

Carinifex (Vorticifex) tryoni.
Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Different views t)f the type specimen. After Meek.

Carinifex (Vorticifex) binneyx.

Figs. 8 aud 9. Different views of the type specimen. After Meek.

Ancylus undulatus.

Fig. 10. Dorsiil view of type s]iecituen. After Meek.
Fig. 11. Lateral outline of the same.

VIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Sph^rium? idahoknse.

Page.
Figs. 12 and 13. Copies of Meek's original figures.

Sph^rium rugosum.

Figs. 14, 15, and 16. Copies of Meek's original figures.

Latia dallii (sp. nov.).

Fig. 17. Dorsal view of the largest known example.

Fig. 18. Lateral view of the same.

Fig. 19. Dorsal view of another example.

Fig. 20. Dorsal view of another example, which has been cut away so as to
reveal the transverse semilunar septum.
All the figures on this plate are of natural size except Figs. 14, 15, and

16, which are a little enlarged.
Plate VI. — Alaskan Fossil Plants 148

Figs. 1, 2. Equiseium glohidosiim, sp. nov., p. 444.

Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. Osmunda TorelU, Heer., p. 444.

Figs. 7, 8, 9. TJtuites (Chamoecyparis) Alaskensis, sp. nov., p. 445.

Figs. 10, 11, 12. Comptonia cuspidaia, sp. nov., p. 445.

Fig. 13. Comptonia prwmissa, sp. nov., p. 445.

Fig. 14. Betula Alaskana, sp. nov., p. 446.
Plate VII.— Alaskan Fossil Plants 448

Figs. 1. 2, 3, 4. Alnus corylifoJia, sp. nov., p. 446.

Figs. 5, 6. Carpinus grandis, Ung., p. 446.
Plate VIIL— Alaskan Fossil Plants 448

Fig. 1. Fagus Deucalionis, Ung., p. 446.

Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. Qiiercus Dallii, sp. nov., p. 446.

Fig. 6. Salix Eaeana, Heer., p. 447. ^

Plate IX.— Alaskan Fossil Plants 448

Fig. 1. Populm Kichardsoni, Heer., p. 447.

Fig. 2. Populua arcHca, Heer., p. 447.

Fig. 3. Ulmus sorhifoUa, Ung., p. 447.

Fig. 4. EUrodendroii Helreiicum, Heer., p. 449.
Plate X.— Alaskan Fossil Plants 448

Figs. 1, 2. Diospyros ancepn, Heer., p. 448.

Figs. 3, 4, 5. Vacoinium reticulatum, Al. Br., p. 448.

Fig. 6. Cornus orbi/ei-a, Heer., p. 448.

Figs. 7, 8, 9. Magnoliu Xordenskioldi, Heer., p. 448.
Plate XL— Skull of Centropomus 484

Fig. 1. Dorsal view.

Fig. 2. Lateral view.

Fig. 3. Ventral view.
Plate XIL— Skull of Echeneis 564

Fig. 1. Dorsal view.

Fig. 2. Lateral view.

Fig. 3. Ventral view.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. IX

2.-CUTS.
Symbol. ^^g°-

Fig. 1, 11816. SteTnnm of Coscoroba Candida 176

Fig. 2, 4642. Sternum of Oior 17G

Fig. 3, 1856. Sternum of Olor cygnus 177

Fig. 4, 11816. Sternnva of Coscoroba Candida 177

Fig. 5, 1122. Sternum of Spatula chjpeata 177

Fig. 6, 11816. Pelvis of Coscoroba Candida 178

Fig. 7, 1586. Felvis of Cygnus gibhus 179

Fig. 8, 49530. Anterior edge of webs of Sthenelus melancorypha 185

Fig. 9, 49082. Nail of bill of Sthenelus melancorypha 1S5

Fig. 10, 57272. Anterior edge of webs of Cygnus gibbus 185

Fig. 11,57272. tifail of hill of Cygnus gibbus 185

Fig. 12. Bill of Cygnus gibbus ' 1^7

Fig. 13. Bill of Sthenelus melancorypha 1^7

Fig. 14. ]i\\\ of Olor coluniManus 187

Fig. 15. Bill of Olor cygiius, juv 207

Fig. 16. Bill of Olor bewickii, juv 207

41908. Structural details of ilf!/iafZeste8 icMCO^ts 457

37472. Structural details of Bidgwayia pinicola 460

1289. Structiyal details of iSmiia siaZis 462

18075. Structural details of Saxicola mtianthe 462

53719. Structural details of Hylocichla pallasi 463

82511. Structural details of Hylocichla fuscescens 463

1570. Structural details of fl^i/Zocic/i?a HiMsteHna 463

56284. Structural details of Tardus viscivor us 464

56294. Structural details of Tardus iliacus 465

71840. Structural details of Resperocichla navia 466

9814. Structural details of Resperocichla ncevia 466

42636. Structural details of Catharus dryas 468

74183. Structural details of Catharus melpomene 469

47366. Structural details of Catharus gracilirostris 469

82596. Structural details of Erithacus rubecula 469

77776. Structural details of Cyanecula auecica 470

75261. Structural details of Luscinia pMlomela 470

853. Structural details of Merula migratoria 471

77765. Structural details of Merula nigra 472

74582. Structural details of Merula jamaicensis 472

74588. Structural details of Merula (?) aurantia - 473

74128. Head of Merula gymnophthalma 473

55296. Structural details of Semimcrula gigas 474

76391. Structural details of Cichlherminia herminieri 475

74592. Structural details of Margarops fuscatus 476

31978. Structural details of'Mimocichla rubripes 477

54102. Structural details of Cossyphopsis reevei 478

23594. Structural details of Flatycichla ' 'brcvipes" - 479

44766. Structural details of Flatycichla flavipes 480

. Structural details of Cichlopais Icucogenys 481

30285. Structural details of Myadestes solitarius 482

38044. Structural details of Myadestes solitarius 482

16168. Tail of Myadestes toivnsendi 482

38426. Structural details of Myadestes townsendi 482

341. Structural details of Myadestes elisabethw 4-^3

Transformations of Carpocapsa saltita^is *^'^'*

a, larva ; b, pupa ; c, imago— enlarged, hair-lines showing nat. size ; d,
front wing of a pale var.; c, seed, nat. size, with empty pupa skin ; /,
do., showing hole of exit. (After Riley.)

LIST OF COERECTIONS.

Page 10, line 27, is should read in.

Page 16, line 11 from bottom, sancioe-ludce should read sanctce-lucia.
Page 89, line 21, Oncorhyncus should read Oncorhynchiis.
Page 95, line 21, lerthondi should read berthoudi.
Page 9-', line 9, humrosa should read humerosa.
Page 99, line 15, view should read view.
Page 114, line 19 from bottom, vov should read nov.
Pa^e 115, line 6 from bottom, Siniahmoo should read Semiahmoo.
Pa"-e 115, line 7 from bottom, Hiniahmoo should read Semiahmoo.
Page 122, line 4, Street should read Streets.

Page 131, line 8 from bottom, should read : 12.— Upeneus vanicolensis C. & V.
Page 131, line 16 from bottom, trifa sciatas should read trifasciatus.
Page 136, line 16 from bottom, Swian should read Swain.
Page 141, line 17 from bottom, Ba toe should read Batoe.
Page 222, line 18, Uranidba should read Uranidea.
Page 239, line 12 from bottom, Culpea should read Clupea.
Page 255, line 19, Fundnlus should read Fundulus.
Page 263, line 19, Exocwtus should read Exoccetus.
Page 266, line 23, sal and rays should be separated by more space.
Page 267, line 23, Atherinia should read Atherina.
Page 281, line 12, Scaiua should read Sciaena.
Page 285, line 12, Spclted should read Spotted.

Page 290, line 20^ OPISTOGNATHID^ should read OPISTHOGNATHID.S:.
Page 293, line 2 from bottom, retained is not properly spaced.
Page 297, line 1, Blocb should read Bloch.
Page 308, line 26, Coryihoichthys should read Corythroichthya.
Page 315, line 6 from bottom, MOLUSCA should reatl MOLLUSCA.
Pago 376, last line, olclectiou should read collection.
Page 386, line 7 from bottom, migratorius should read migratoria.
Page 412, line 14, LETHARCUS should read LETHARCHUS.
Page 413, line 3, Baiostoma brachialis should read Bieostoma brachiale.
Page 437, line 3, Letharcus should read Letharchus.
Page 456, line 17, Turdince should Turdlnce.
Page 4H5, line 2, (Plate VI) should read (Plate XI).
P.ige 486, last line, Anarhichas should read Anarrhichas.
Page 520, line 15, Chondropteygli should read Chondropterygii,
Page 52:1, line 25, larnal should read larval.

Page 524, line 6 from bottom, Burmeister should read Burmeister.
Page 524, line 5 from bottom, Soc should read Soc. .
Page 529, line 9 from bottom, Poliptila should read Polioptila.
Page 548, line 15, Nyctherodias should read Nyctherodius.
Page 549, line 21, Virosylvia should read Vireosylvia.
Page 552, line 1, Himantololophus should rea<l Hinuiut4)lophu8.
Page 563, line 26, it should read its.

Page 564, line 6 from bottom, Plate VII should read Plat« XII.
- Page 570, line 10, should be in the usual title caps.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

18 82.

INFORMATION CONCERNING SOME FOSSIIi TREES IN THE INITE©
STATES NATIONAIi MUSEUM.

By I.ieut. Col. P. T. SWAI.^E, U. S. A., aa^d I^ieait. J. T. C. HEGE-
WAED, U. S. A.

[Letter to General William T. Sherman. J

Sir : I have the honor to furnish you the following information with,
regard to the two fossil trees iirocured from "Lithodendron" at the re-
quest of Lieut. Col. P. T. Swaine, Fifteenth Infantry :

On or about the middle of May, 1879, the honor was conferred upon
me to carry out written instructions received from General Sherman,
with regard to procifring several specimens of fossil trees from "Litho-
dendron" for the National Museum. A sergeant, ten men, and two
drivers, rationed for twelve days, with teams and two heavy stone
wagons, were ordered to accompany me on the expedition, taking with
them such tools as would be necessary to procure and handle the spec-
imens. We made the usual drives, stopping at a forage agency each
night until we arrived at Navajoe Springs, Arizona.

The country passed over was very dry and dusty, though the road
was in good condition, being the regular mail route to Prescott.

At Navajoe Springs we left the road, cutting diagonally across the
country about 20 miles, arriving at Bear Spring near the head of Litho-
dendron in the evening. We had to cross several aroyas, but being
in the dry season, we had nothing to fear from water or marshy soil.
The country traversed was desolate and barren, sage-brush and pinon
trees abounding, good grazing and water being very scarce. Here and
there mountain peaks stood out in bold relief like great sign-posts to
guide the traveler on his way. The water, when found, was in small
quantities and alkaline.

Near the head of Lithodendron, and about Bear Spring, grazing was

good, the Navajoes having thousands of heads of sheep there which

they drove to the spring every morning and evening ; being always on

the qui vive for news, they thought it strange the "Great Father in

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 1 June 5, 1 8 82.

2 TKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Washington" should want some of the bones of the "Great Giant"
their forefathers had killed years ago when taking possession of the
country, the lava beds being the remains of the blood that ran from his
wounds.

Camping at Bear Spring, I turned the mules out to graze and left the
men to prepare an early dinner whilst I rode down the valley to examine
the thousands of specimens that lay scattered on each side of the A^alley
along the slopes, which were perhaps 50 feet high ; the valley of the
Lithodendron, at its widest part, being scarcely a half mile. Along
the slopes no vegetation whatever Avas to be seen, wood being very
scarce; the soil was composed of clay and sand mostly, and these petri-
factions, broken into millions of pieces, lay scattered all adown these
slopes. Some of the large fossil trees were well preserved, though the
action of the heat and cold had broken most of them in sections from
2 to 10 feet long, and some of these must have been immense trees;
measaring the exposed parts of several they varied from 150 to 200 feet
in length, and from 2 to li feet in diameter, the centers often containing
most beautiful quartz crystals.

I encountered considerable difficulty in trying to procure two speci-
mens answering to the General's description, and which I thought would
please. After finding the larger of the two fossils sent, I could find no
mate, the remainder being of a different species, and the exi)osed part
broken in segments too short to answer. Finally, I concluded to unearth
part of the same specimen, which entered the ground at an angle of
about 20^.

Bringing back men and teams, I dug along some 30 feet, finding the
second dark specimen, which made a good match, and which saw the
light, perhaps, for the first time for ages, though both were parts of the
same tree. This was on the right bank or slope of Lithodendron, one
mile and a quarter from Bear Spring. I got both fossils loaded on
the wagons, and camped at the Spring that night.

iSText morning we left quite early, encountering some difficulty in
getting over the rough country, frequently stopping to make a road to
get on a mesa or over some aroya ; late the same evening we arrived at
Xavajoe Springs.

From here we encountered no further difiiculties. Arriving at the
post 1 reported my return and the result of the expedition. (The post
was Fort Wingate, K. Mex.)

These specimens remained at the post until Colonel Bull, in Sei)tember,
1879, had them boxed up and sent to Santa Fe, :N"ew Mexico. From
there they were shipped east to Washington, I believe.
Very respectfully, your most obedient servant,

J. T. C. HEGEWALD,
{Late) Second Lieutenant^ Fifteenth Infantry.

i^EW Albany, Ind.,

September 21, 1881.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 3

HISTORY OF THE TWO SPECIMENS OF FOSSIL TREES IN THE SMITH-
SONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D. C.

The General of the Army, General W. T. Sherman, while on a tour
across the continent in the fall of 1878, snggested to Lieut. Col. P. T.
Swaine, Fifteenth United States Infantry, then in command of the post
of Fort Wingate, K. Mex., the expediency of procuring two of the pet-
rifactions of the country in that vicinity of reasonable dimensions for
transportation, yet sufdciently large to be worthy of a place in the
Smithsonian Institution. Acting upon this snggestion, an expedition
was organized early in the spring of 1879 to proceed to the Lithodeudron
(stone ^trees) in Arizona. Thomas V. Kearns, a gentleman of long
residence in that part of the country, and familiar with the locality to
be explored,- kindly volunteered Ids services, and success was, in a great
measure, due to his efforts in carrying out the wishes of the General.
The military detaU consisted of Second Lieut. J. T. C. Hegewald, one
sergeant, and twelve soldiers, all of the Fifteenth United States Infantry,
and the party was well supplied with army wagon running gears spe-
cially arranged for hauling stone, and with tools and appliances complete.
Lieutenant Hegewald has furnished a detailed and comprehensive
statement of the events connected with this expedition, which is inter-
esting as an appendix to this paper.

Only one of the two specimens obtained from the Lithodeudron by
Mr. Kearns and Lieutenant Hegewald was forwarded to Washington.
This is the large dark-colored one. In the place of the second one
brought in from the locality of the Lithodeudron a better specimen was
found on the Mesa to the north of and adjacent to Fort Wingate,
about two miles irom the flag-staff. This is the smaller and lighter
colored one.

First. Lieut. S. R. Stafford, regimental quartermaster, Fifteenth
United States Infantry, had a strong platform made of plank spiked
together, and rolled each fossil on separately, fastening them in place
with strap iron, and hauled them to Santa Fe, N. Mex., where they were
detained in the government corral awaiting the collection of enough
other curiosities to make up a car load, when they were shipped to
Washington under the direction and care of agents of the Smithsonian.

P. T. SWAIXE,
Lieutenant-Colonel Fifteenth Infantry, Brevet Colonel, U. S. A.

A STUKYOF THE PHRONIHIW-IE OF THE .\ORTJI PACIFIC SUKVEV-
IIV« EXPEOITI©I\.

By THO§. II. STKEET§, M, !>., U. S. IV.

The identification of the Fhrouimw has been attended with difficulty
on account of the absence of properly-defined characters. Glaus, who
gives the most detailed account of them, combines in his description of
P. sedentaria more than one species. I have had no opportunity to
examine P. sedentaria. The following article is the result of close

4 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

study, and comparisons of a number of specimens of each species; and
the specilic characters here presented and figured were found to be con-
stant, and apply to all sizes.

The family characteristics are as follows :

Head broad and rounded above, tapering below to the oral appara-
tus. Eyes on the dorsal and lateral surlaces of the head. Both pairs
of autenuaj present in the male, and long; in the female the inferior
pair obsolete, and the superior pair short. Thorax broad anteriorly, and
tapering posteriorly. The first and second pairs of thoracic feet short;
the extremity of the fourth joint being more or less produced, and the
fifth joint with a pair of wing-like appendages on either side of its
apex. The fifth pair of thoracic feet developed into a stout, prehensile
organ. The remaining pairs of feet simple. Abdomen narrow. The
caudal appendages slender, cylindrical, and two-branched.

There is a very marked resemblance among the Phrommidce. The
family characters are many; the generic and specific characters are
few, but constant.

The eggs of the female are carried in an incubatory pouch between
the posterior thoracic feet. Females with the young in every stage of
development within the eggs may be found swimming free; yet when
the young leave the eggs, they are always found, I believe, inside the
body of a Fyrosoma, a Beroe, or a Medusa, which the female am])hipod
appropriates as a home for her immature species. The parent and young
are usually found inclosed in the same case. The former by this action
manifests, apparently, a maternal solicitude for the welfare of her off-
spring. This is interesting as appearing in animals so low in the scale
of being as the am])liipods.

There was observed a great disparity between the number of males
and females collected in any locality. In the preparation of this article
there were examined forty-five specimens belonging to the different ge-
nera of the family, and the proportion of males to females was found to
be as 1 to 8. Until quite recently the male form — being so different — was
not recognized as belonging to the same species. The discovery Avas

made by Clans.

Phronima, Latreille.

Head, thorax, and abdomen as described under Phronimidcv. The
first and second pairs of thoracic feet short and slender, with the fourth,
or carpal joint hroadhj liroduccd; the third and fourth pairs long, sim-
j^le, and subequal. The fifth pair stoutly developed, and provided with
a strong ineliensile organ, resemhling the claw of some of the Cancridw.
The last two pairs of legs shorter than the preceding, and subequal.
The three pairs of caudal appendages long and slender, each furnished
with two lanceolate branches. Telson short.

Sexual differences. — Males smaller than the females. In the female
the inferior antennre are absent. In the position of these organs — be-
neath the lateral eye — is a broad, rounded prominence, slightly pro-
jecting beyond the anterior margin of the head. The apex of this

PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEmi. 5

prominence usually bears a single sliort hair. The superior autenuce
are short and three-jointed, the last joint being beset with a few audi-
tory hairs. In the male both pairs of antenuiTe are present, and are
provided with long, flexible llagella; the last joint of the peduncle of
the superior pair long, as in the female, but much more robust, and
densely furnished with hairs; the peduncle of the inferior pair three-
jointed. The abdomen of the male is stouter, and the bases of the
swimming feet more nearly rounded; in the female the basal portion of
these feet are oblong-ovate, and the last segment of the thorax is longer
and narrower than the corresponding part in the male.

Phronima atlantica, Gueriu.

(Plate I, Fig. 1, la, 2.)

Phronima atlantica, Gu^rin-Meneville, Iconogr., pi. 25, fig. 4; Mag. Zool., 1836, cl, vii,
pi. 18, fig. 1,— Milue-Edwards, Hist, des Crust., 1840, iii, p. 93.— C. Speuce
Bate, Catalogue Ampbi. Crust., 1862, p. 319, pi. 51, fig. 4.— Daua, U. S.
Explor. Exped., 1852, p. 1001.

Female. — The first and second joints of the peduncle of the superior an-
tenme S'hort; the last more than twice the length of the first two. The
first and second i)airs of thoracic feet with the carpal joint jjroduced an-
tero-inferiorly, and the produced portion evenlj^ set with sharp spines
along its anterior edge; the following joint, which antagonizes with the
produced portion of the preceding, slightly arched and spinous along its
inferior edge; the last joint notched below the end, and furnished with
a ribbed, pectinated appendage on either side of its base; the third joint
prolonged anteriorly below, truncated, and set around with short, sharp
bristles or spines. The second pair of legs longer than the first. The
third and fourth pairs with the basal joint armed behind, at its ex-
tremity, with a sharj) spine ; the basal joint of the fifth pair armed in
the same manner as the two preceding, but the spine is mnch larger in
the former; there is likewise a spine on the middle of the following
joint, in front. The third joint of the fifth pair enlarged, arched above,
and lengthened; the fourth joint, or palm, long, attenuated at its articu-
lation with the third, and gradually broadening to its junction with the
fifth joint, arched above, the inferior angle produced anteriorly into a
long and stout i)oint, corresponding to the immovable finger of the
Cancridw, the anterior border with two stout, ]irominent teeth, the
upper the larger, tuberculated on the edge towards the movable finger,
and beset with a few bristles or hairs; the fifth joint, or movable finger,
longer than the anterior border of the palm, arched above, and with a
broad prominence on the middle? of the inferior margin; the last joint
very small, and in old subjects fused with the preceding joint. The
basal joint of the sixth and seventh pairs of legs armed at the ex-
tremity, in front, with a short spine; and the second and third joints of
the last pair with a prominent, rounded projection on the anterior
surface, that on the second joint more pointed. The first pair of caudal
appendages extending almost as far backward as the extremity of the

G PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

third pair; tlie second pair falling short of the articulation of the rami
of the third pair, and terminating about opposite the articulation of the
rami of the first i)air. Tel sou minute, uuguiform.

Male. — The fifth pair of thoracic legs relatively shorter in the male;
all the joints of the leg individually shorter and stouter than the corre-
sponding parts in the female. The produced portion of the fourth joint,
corresponding with the immovable finger of a crab, more produced
downward, and less anteriorly, and arises from about the middle of the
inferior surface. The fifth joint is more curved at its proximal extrem-
ity, so as to antagonize with the produced portion of the fourth joint.
These sexual characters of the fifth pair of legs are only developed in
the mature male; in the young of this sex, the fifth pair partakes of the
characters, more or less, of the young female.

There were examined twenty-eight specimens of this species, coming
from many different localities in the Pacific Ocean, varying in length
from 4 to 21""", and there was found no material variation in the struc-
tural character of the prehensile organ, dependent upon age (presuming
the size of the specimen to be dependent upon its age) ; that of 4"'™, as
well as that of 21'""\ presenting all the essential characteristics of the
si)ecies as described and figured by Gueriu. The shape of the hand

as deep posteriorly as anteriorly, and all the joints are relatively shorter
and stouter. As the animal increases in size the parts become length-
ened, and the hand is much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. In
one specimen only, did the teeth on the anterior surface of the hand
show any variation; in that, the detached tooth, nearest the produced
portion, was wanting. P. custos, probably, represents this occasional
variation. In another example, the prominence on the concave surface
of the movable finger was very prominent, almost tooth-like. With these
exceptions, I fonnd no tendency to variation in these parts, which is
contrary to the researches of Claus. According to this authority, P.
atlantica is nothing more than the immature female form of P. sedentaria.
I think, however, that the A^alidity of the species will no longer be ques-
tioned, now that the male form of P. atlantica is presented.

Locality (of those examined): Pacific Ocean, north and south of the
equator, from latitude 30° 42' south to 37° north; and from longitude
81° 40' west to 1()0^ 25' west. The temperature of the water varied
from GOO to 79° Fahr.

Phronima pacific a, Streets.

(Plate I, Fif?. 3, 3a.)
Phronima sedentaria, Claus, Zeitschiift wissen. Zoologie, Leipzig, 1872, XXII, pis.

xxvi, xxvii, fig. 1-12.
Phronima padfica, Streets, Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 7, Wasbiugtou, 1877,
p. 128.
Female. — The first and second joints of the superior antenuie short
(the first narrow, the second broad) ; the last joint about twice the length

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. t

of the first aud second combined. The structure of the first and second
pairs of thoracic feet simihir to those of P. atlantica. The spine on the
posterior extremity of the basal joint of the third and fourth pairs is
wanting- in the present species, and in its place is a bristle-like hair.
The fifth pair of legs are relatively shorter, when compared with those
of aUanilca ; a prominent spine on the posterior extreuiity of tlie basal
joint, but none on the following joint, in front; the third joint short,
broad, and considerably arched above; the fourtli joint (palm) broadly
quadrate, almost as broad as long, the superior border rounded pos-
teriorly to the articulation of the third joint, the lower border slightly
curved, the character of the dentition on the anterior border si!)iilar to
that of atlantica in the general arrangement of the teeth, but the teeth
are not nearly so prominent, or pointed, the lower, single tooth but
slightly separated from the larger crenulated tubercle; the prolonged
inferior angle more curved upward, and shorter than in the former spe-
cies. The fifth joint curved, about as long as the anterior margin of
the palm, a low convexity on the inferior margin. The first ])air of
caudal appendages do not reach as far backward as the third pair, ex-
tending to, or slightly beyond, the middle of the rami of the last pair;
the second pair extends to, or slightly beyond, the point of articulation
of the rami of the third jiair, and more than half way the length of the
branches of the first pair.

The characters of the fifth, or prehensile pair of legs, and the rela
tive length of the second pair of caudal ai>pendages are sui^eient to
readily distinguish this species from P. atlantica.

In the young of S'""" the shape of the hand is the same as in the
adult. On the anterior margin there are, in the place of the den-
tated tubercle, two or three pointed teeth, springing from a slightly
elevated base. The hand of the male is similar to that of the female,
except that the immovable finger rises from a more receding angle,
which, however, is less receding than that observed in P. atlantica.

Clans confuses this species with P. sedentaria. ( Vide Zeitschrift wis-
sen. Zoologie, Leipzig, 1872, xxii, pis. xxvi, xxvii, fig. 1-12.)

The number of specimens examined was ten — nine females and one
male. Their lengths varied from 3 to 12"'™.

Locality. — Pacific Ocean, north and south of the equator — from lat
itude 40° north to 30^ 42' south; and from longitude 97° 14' west to
157° 37' west. The temperature of the water of the localities whence
the specimens were obtained varied from GG° to 73° Fahr.

The following facts may be deduced by comparison with P. atlantica.
The present species is smaller in size, less numeroxis in the localities
given, and a relatively larger i)roi)ortion of those in the collection came
from localities south of the equator.

Pheonimella, Clans.

The shape of the head and antennre, and the general foi^n of the
thorax and abdomen very similar to Phronima. The third pair of

8 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

thoracic feet long — much longer than the succeeding pair. The fifth
pair euhirged, and used for prehension ; the extremiti/, or claw, reHemhling
that of the Squllla — the movable finger (fifth joint) flexing against the
anterior aspect of the palm, which is furnished with teeth. Three pairs
of styliform caudal appendages:* the second, or middle pair short, or
rudimentary.

Sexual differences. — Males smaller than the females, and more robust.
In the females the second pair of caudal appendages are rudimentary,
almost obsolete; in the males well developed.

In respect to the antennje and other parts of the body the sexual
differences are similar to those observed in Phronima.

Phronimella elongata, Clans,

(Plate I, Fig. 4, 4a, 5, 5a.)

Phronima dongata, Clans, Wiirzburger naturwissen. Zeit-schrift, Wihvbnrg. 1862, III^
IX 247, pi. vi, tig. 6-11 (male and female).— Zeicdchrift f. wisseu. Zoologie,
Leipzig, 1S63, XII, p. 193, pi. xix, iigs. 2,3,7 (female).

rhronlmcUa doufjata, Claus, Zeitschrift f. wisseu. Zoologie, Leipzig, 1872, XXII, pp.
333, 336, 337.

Andiyloni/x hamatus, streets, Bulletin of the National MLL-jenm, No. 7, Wasniugtoa,
1877, p. 131 (female).

Female. — The first joint of the superior antennte short; the second
long and with a few auditory hairs at its apex. The first and second
juiirs of thoracic feet shorter than the succeeding pairs ; the first shorter
than the second, with the fourth joint hardly produced at its posterior
distal extremity, the produced portion spine-like; the second pair with
the fourth joint elongate and slender, and with the spine on the pos-
terior distal extremity often wanting; where it is present it is much
smaller than that on the corresponding joint of the first pair. The
third pair of thoracic feet extremely elongate, nearly as long as tiie
animal, the excessive lengthening being in tlie last two joints ; the
bases of the third and fourth x)airs of feet spinous along the posterior
edge. The base of the fifth, or prehensile, pair longer than that of the
preceding pairs, and spinous on the anterior edge, two or three spines
on the posterior edge near the distal extremity; the anterior edge of
the second, third, and fourtli joints spinous; the fourth joint enlarged
at its extremity, and armed with four or five large teeth, against which
the following joint, or finger, impinges; the lowest of the teeth the
largest, and touches the finger about its middle; the fifth joint about
one-third the length of the fourth, arched; the claws of all the pairs of
feet anchylosed with the fifth joint, and fixed at a right angle to it, form-
ing a hook, and the apex of the fifth joint slightly produced as a straight,
acute spine. The bases of the last two pairs somewhat club-shaped,

* Clans stales that there are " only two pairs of styliform caudal a[)pendages."
This is true of the female, but not of the male. In one of his plates, where the cau-
dal extremity of a male is given, the three pairs of styliform appendages are very
clearly represented.

Proceedings Nat. Mus., vol. v, 1882.

PLATE I.

iL3

Phronimid^ of North Pacific Surveying Expedition.

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ))

and apex armed with a spine in front ; a spine on tbe anterior edge ot
the following' joint. The first pair of caudal appendages terminate half
way the rami of the third pair ; the second pair rudimentary, represented
only by a projecting tubercle.

Male. — The base of the superior antennae stouter than in the female,
the first joint broad, the second long and straight, with its inferior apex
produced, and its lower edge densely hairy; the first and second joints
of the flagellum subequal, and together about as long as the third; the
third and fourth subequal, the remainder of the flagellum lost. The
inferior antenntTB more slender than the superior ; peduncle three-joiuted,
and bent upward at the third joint ; the first joint broad, the others
successively diminishing in breadth; flagellum very long, one-half, or
more, than the length of the body, filamentous, joints elongate, the first
the longest, the remainder subequal. The under surface of the flagella
of both pairs furnished with long, equidistant hairs. The body of the
animal smaller and stouter than the female; the last two joints of the
third pair of feet relatively shorter, and all the feet shorter and more
robust; the fifth joint of the fifth pair about one-half the length of the
fourth joint, and impinges on the large tooth anterior to its middle.
The second pair of caudal appendages well developed, and extend to
the commencement of the rami of the first pair.

The number of sjiecimens examined was seven — six females and one
male — varying in lengths from 9 to 15™", and coming from localities in
the Pacific Ocean north and south of the equator, from latitude 34<^ 00'
north to latitude 30° 40' south, and from longitude 102° 43' west to
longitude loO^- 00' west. Clans first describes the species as coming
from the Mediterranean Sea. The length of the male specimen, lO'"'".

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Phronima atlantica (famaie). Fiftli thor.icic foot ; la. Caudal appendages.

Fig. 2. Phromma atlantica (male). Fifth thoracic foot.

Fig. 3. P/u-omniaj;ac(/tc« (female). Filth thoracic foot; 3 «. Caudal appemlages.

Fig. 4. Phronimellaelongata (male). Fifth thoracic foot ; 4 a. Caudal appendages.

Fig. 5. Phronimella elo7igata {female). Fifth thoracic foot; 5 a. Caudal appendages.

Washington, D. C, March 1, 1882.

1>ES€RBPTION OF SEVEKAL, IVE^V RACES OF AMEKICAiV BIRDS.

By ROBERT BIDCJl^AY.

1. METHRIOPTERUS CUEVIROSTEIS OCCIDEXTALIS.*

Ch. — Similar to M. curvirostris, Swains., but tail much longer, colors
darker and browner, spots of lower parts better defined and regularly

* Methriopterus curvirostris occidentalis Eidgw., MS.

''Harporlnjnchiis curvirostris" Lawr. Mem. Boston Soc. N. H. II. pt. iii, No. 2, 1874,
267 (Tepic and Mazatlan).

10 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

cuneate or deltoid on the breast, tbe posterior lower parts siiEfused
with much deeper fulvous, and the tail spots pale isabella-color or brown-
ish white, instead of pure white.

Adult : Above grayish brown, the remiges and tail more brownish ;
middle and greater wing-coverts sometimes narrowly tipped with dull
white, but these markings occasionally quite obsolete; three or four
outer tail-feathers tipped with dull brownish white or pale isabella-
color, the spots about .3o-.40 of an inch wide on inner web of lateral
feathers, successively much more restricted on the others. Lower parts
pale isabella-color, paler on chin and throat, which are nearly white, as
is sometimes also the breast and middle of the abdomen, the color grad-
ually deepening into brownish ochraceous or fulvous on the flanks, anal
region, and crissum. Jugulnm marked with distinct, regularly cuneate
or deltoid, spots of grayish brown, like the color of the upper parts;
breast and sides marked with roundish, elliptical, or tear-shaped spots
of the same, the spots largest on the breast, where sometimes more or
less blended. Bill black, the basal portion of the mandible more brown-
ish; legs and feet dark brownish. AVing, 4.45-4.70 (4.5(3) ; tail, 5.00-5.20
(5.10); culmen, 1.12-1.30 (1.20); bill from nostril, .90-1.15 (1.02); gonys,
.70-.S5 (.77); tarsus, 1.40; middle toe, 1.00-1.10 (1.05).*

Hab. — Coast region of western Mexico, in the vicinity of Tepic and
Mazatlan ("common resident").

2. MIMUS GILVUS LAWEEXCEI.

Ch. — Differing from true M. (jiJvus in much longer wing and tail, de-
cidedly smaller and slenderer bill, decidedly lighter and browner gray
of upper parts, much less distinct light superciliary stri])e, and other
details of coloration. From var. (p'ociUs is much less distinctly black
wings, with less sharply contrasted light markings, u^iper parts browner,
the bill smaller and more slender, etc.

Adult: Above uniform brownish gray (much as in M. polyglottiis, hut
rather browner); wings and tail dusky (not black), the greater coverts
and remiges broadly edged with brownish gray (like the back), the mid-
dle and greater wing-coverts distinctly tipped with white (forming two
uarrow bands), and the extreme base of the primaries white, usually,
however, concealed by the i)rimary coverts; three to five outer tail-
feathers abruptly tipped with white, this 1.40-1 .65 inches in extent on
the outer feather, which has. the outer web mostly or entirely white;
the middle rectrices narrowly and indistinctly whitish or pale grayish at
extreme tips. A very indistinct paler superciliary stripe, strongly con-
trasted only with the dusky lores ; an indistinct dusky jiost-ocular streak ;
eyelids pure white. Lower parts dull white, purer on the throat and
belly, the jugulnm shaded with pale grayish, the flanks and anal-region,
sometimes the crissum also, more or less strongly tinged with buff. Bill,

^Extreme aud avera'^e lucasmemeiits of 4 adults.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 11

legs, and feet, black; iris "gray," "light olive," or "yellow" (Sumi-
CHRAST, MS.). Wing 4.30-4.50 (4.40), tail 4.90-5.20 (5.02), culmen .G5-
.67 (.06), tarsus 1.20-1.35 (1.27), middle toe ,80-.85 (.82).

Rah. — Istliuius of Tebuantepec (Tehuantepec City: F. Sumicbrast).

Types in U. S. Nat. Miis. (N^os. 50678, <?, and 59677, 9, Tebuantepec
City, October 8 and 29, 1869: F. Sumicbrast).

The bird described above is a well-marked race, apparently referable
to M. (/ilvus, tbougb ijossibly (witb M. gracilis, Cabanis, of Yucatan,
Guatemala, and Honduras) distinct speciiically. A considerable number
of specimens of the various forms referred by authors to M. gilvus, rep-
resenting many localities, have been examined in this connection, and the
result appears to justify the subdivision of that species into several

A. Whitish superciliary stripe very distinct.

a. gilvus. Above dark brownish gray, general outer surface of the
wings not distinctly darker. Wing 3.85-4.40 (4.08), tail
3.90-5.00 (4.39), culmen .70-.80 (.73), tarsus 1.18-1.32 (1.27),
middle toe .80-.90 (.83). H«&.— Guiana, Tobago, Grenada,
Sta. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Martini<iue.* (10 specimens exam-
ined.)

/?. melanopterus. Above much lighter gray, the wings distinctly
darker, by reason of narrower iialer edgings. Wing 4 60-4.75,
(4.67), tail 4.80-5.30 (5.12), culmen .72-.80 (.77), tarsus 1.35-
1.38 (1.30), middle toe .88-1.00 (.92). iTflft.— Venezuela and
Colombia. (4 specimens.)

B. Superciliary stripe very indistinct.

y. gracilis. Above deep gray (about intermediate in shade betAveeu
gilvus and melanopterus), the wings pure black, in abrupt and
very conspicuous contrast, and with the clear white markings
very sharply defined. Wing 4.15-4.80 (4.49), tail 5.00-5.80
(5.38), culmen .70-.75 (.72), tarsus 1.20-1.37 (1.31), middle toe
.80-.90 (.87). Hah. — Guatemala, Honduras, and Yucatan. (5
specimens.

8, lawrencei. Above decidedly brownish gray, the wings about as
in M. melanopterus. Wing 4.30-4.50 (4.40), tail 4.90-5.20 (5.02),
culmen .65-.67 (.66), tarsus 1.20-1.35 (1.27), middle toe .80- .85
(.82). Hah. — Southern Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec). (3
specimens.)
The synonymy of the several forms is as follows :

a. Gilvus.

Turdas gilvus Vieill. Ois. Am. Sept. ii, 1807, 15, pi. 68 bis (Gniana) ; Nouv. Diet.
XX, 1818, 296 ; Enc. M6th. 1823, 678.

*A very young bird, unquestionably of this species collected by Ober (Nat. Mus.,
No. 75125 ; orig. No. 793 ; "August").

12 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mimus gihus Jardine Ann. N. H. ser. 2, xx, 1847, 329 (Tobago).— SCL. P. Z. S., 1859,
342.— Taylor Ibis 1864, 80 (Trinidad).— Semper, P. Z. S. 1871, 2C8 (Sta. Lncia,
W. I.); ib. 1872, G48 (do.).— ScL. & Salv. Norn. Neotr. 1873, 3 (part).— Bou-
CARD, Cat. Av. 1876, 146 (Guiana).- Lawr. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mas. i, 1878, 187
(St. Vincent, W. I.) ; ib. 1879, 268 (Grenada, W. I.).— Salv. & Godm. Biol.
Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1879, 36 (part).

'^ Mimus melanoi)terus" (part) ScL. P. Z. S. 1859, 342 (spec's from Trinidad and To-
bago) ; Cat. Am. B. 1861, 9 (Trinidad).

/3. Melaxopterus.

Mimus vielanopterus Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1849, 35, pi. 2 (Venezuela).— ScL. P. Z.
1859, 342 (part: spec's from New Granada and Venezuela) ; Catal. Am. B.
1861, 9 (Rio Negro and Bogota).— Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, 1866 (Vene-
zuela).— Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 320 (Sta. Marta, New Granada).

Mimus columhianus Caban. Mus. Hein. i, Jan. 1851, 82 (Colombia; Venezuela).

y. Gracilis.

Mimus gracilis Caban. Mus. Hein. i, Jan., 1851, 83 (Honduras?). — Scl. & Salv. Ibis,
1859, 5 (Belize ; Vera Paz).— ScL. P. Z. S. 18.59, 343 (Guatemala; Honduras),
Cat. Am. B. 1861, 9, No. 58 (Salamii, Guatamala; Honduras).— Moore, P. Z.
S. 1859, 55 (Belize). — Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 110 (Comayagna, Honduras). —
OwEX Ibis, 1861, 60 (San Geronimo, Gnat.; fig of egg, pi. ii, fig. 2).— Baird,
Review, 1864, 54 (San Geronimo).- Lawr. Ann. Lye, N. Y., ix, 1869, 1S9
(Merida, Yucatan). — Frantzius, Jour, fiir Orn. 1859, 290.

'^ Mimus gihus" (i)art) Scl. & Salv. Nom. Neotr. 1873, 3 (" Central America to Guat-
emala"). — Salv. & Godm. Biol. Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1879, 36 (Merida, Yuca-
tan ; Belize, Comayagna, Ligbt-house, and Glover's reefs, Honduras ; Salama,
San Geronimo, ijlain of Zacapa, upper Montagua valley, Duenas, and Jutiapa,
Guatemala).

d. Lawrexcei.

" Mimus gracilis" Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 4, 187C, 12 (Teliuantepec City).

3. MEEULA FLAYIEOSTEIS GEAYSONI.*

Ch. — Above grayish brown, slightly grayer ou the nape, decidedly
ashy on primaries, ui^per tail-coverts, and outer webs of tail-feathers,
the wing-coverts and scapulars yellowish brown or raw-umber-brown ;
lores dusky. Malar region, chin, and throat, white, streaked (except
ou chin) with brownish dusky; jugulum light grayish brown, or brown-
ish gray, indistinctly streaked with darker ; breast, sides, and flanks,
phiin light brown or grayish ochre ; axillars and lining of wings deeper,
more reddish, ochraceous ; abdomen, anal region, and crissum, white ;
tibiiie light dingy grayish. Bill yellowish, dusky at tip and ou basal
portion of culmen; "iris reddish brown" (Grayson); legs and feet
light brown (dull yellowish in life I). TVlng 4.80-4.85, tail 3.90-4.00,
culmen .80-.85, bill from nostril .60, tarsus 1.35, middle toe .80-.90.
Hah. — Tres Marias Islands, oft' coast of Western Mexico.

Types, Nos. 37322, i, and 37323, 9, U. S. Xat. Mus.; Tres Marias,
Jan. 18(55 ; Col. A. J. Grayson.

* Merula flavirostris graysoni, Ridgway, MS.

'■' Turdus Jiai'irostris" L.\wrence, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 1871, 276; Nat. Hist.
Tres Marias and Socorro, 1871, 17 ; Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. pt. 3, No. 2, 1874, p. 266.

PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 13

4. SIALIA STALIS GUATEMAL.^.*

Ch. — Similar to 8. sialis of the eastern Uuited States, but with de-
cidedly longer wing and tail, the cinnamon of breast, etc., paler; 9
with the back decidedly bluish.

(? adult : Above uniform rich cobalt blue (exactly as in S. sialis), the
sbafts of the rectrices and remiges deep black, and the ends of the
primaries dusky black. Chin, throat, breast, sides, and flanks, pale
cinnamon ; abdomen white ; anal region and lower tail-coverts white,
the latter tinged with blue, and with dusky shafts. Bill and feet deep
black ; iris brown. Wing 4.15-4.40, tail 2.80-3.00, culmen .50, tarsus
.80-.S5, middle toe .G2-.65.

9 adult : xlbove dull grayish blue, more brownish across the nape ;
feathers of i)ileum and back with blackish shaft-streaks (obsolete in
winter plumage) ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, bright blue, lighter
and more greenish than in the <?; wings dull blue; throat, jugulum,
breast, sides, and flanks, pale dull cinnamon; abdomen, anal region,
and crissam, white. Bill, tarsi, and toes, black; iris, brown. Wing
4.00-4.10, tail 2.70-2.80.

Hab. — Highlands of Guatemala and Honduras.

A considerable series of specimens of Guatemalan Bluebirds are
quite uniform in their characters, as described above. It is somewhat
strange that this extreme southern form should resemble much more
closely in colors the true >S'. sialis of the eastern United States than the
»S'. azurea of eastern Mexico, but such is nevertheless the case. Speci-
mens in the National Museum collection are from central Guatemala
("Cobaa to Clusec"), and Vera Paz (Tactic and Cobau). I have not
seen a specimen from Honduras, but the birds of that country are prob-
ably identical with those from Guatemala.

5. CHAMPA FASCIATA HENSHAWI.

Cn. — Dilfering from C. fasciata of the coast district of California in
very much paler and grayer colors. Above brownish gray, becoming
decidedly ashy on sides of head and neck, the tail showing very indis-
tinct narrow transverse bars of a darker shade (quite obsolete in some
specimens). Beneath pale vinaceous-buft", more or less tinged with
pale ashy, especially on the sides. Wing 2.20-2.50, tail 3.20-3.70, cul-
men .40-.45, tarsus .95-1.05.

* Si ALIA SIALIS GUATEMALA, EidgW.,MS.

" Sialia wUsoni" ScL. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, 8, (highlands of Guatemala; "El Azu-
lejo"); Nom. Neotr. 1873, 4 (part).— Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 29 (Coban and Due-
iias; resident). — Taylor, Ibis, 1860, 15, 110 (highlands of Honduras, pine
region, alt. 5,000 ft.). — Owen, Ibis, 1861, 60 (Guatemala; descr. nest and
eggs).— ScL. Cat, Am. B. 1862, 10 (part).

" Sialia sialis" Salv. & Godji. Biol. Centr. Am. Aves, i, 1879, 45 (part).

'^ SiaJia azurea" Baird, Review, 1864, 62 (part).- Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mas,
V, 1881, 331 (Guatemala).

14 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Hah. — Interior districts of California, including west slope of Sierra
Nevada; north to Sacramento, south to Walker's Basin, Tejon Mts.,
and San Diego.

The differences in coloration between this interior form and the coast

race (true fasciafa) are very striking on comparison of si)ecimens, and

may be briefly tabulated as follows:

Var. FASCIATA. Above deep umber-brown, more grayish on side of

head and neck; beneath deep cinnamon-butt", or light cinnamon,

the throat and jugulum more or less distinctly streaked with dusky

or grayish. Wing 2.20-2.G0, tail 3.20-3.70, culmen .40-.45, tarsus

1.00-1.10. Hab.—Conat of California, south to Sta. Chira, north to

or beyond Nicasio.

Var. HENSHAWI. Above brownish gray or grayish brown, the sides

of head and neck decidedly ashy; beneath pale cinnamon-buff, or

pale vinaceous-buff', usually more or less suffused with pale ashy,

the darker streaks on jugulum, etc., nearly or quite obsolete. Wing

2.20-2.50, tail 3.20-3.70, culmen .40-.45,"^ tarsus .95-1.05. Rah.—

Interior of California, including western slope of Sierra Nevada.

As may be seen from the above measurements (taken from seven

adult specimens of fasciata and eight of ItensJiaici), the dimensions of

the two forms are essentially identical. The extreme development of

the characters distinguishing C. henshawi is seen in specimens from

Walker's Basin and the Tejon Mts., collected by Mr. H. W. Henshaw,

tp whom this new form is dedicated. Specimens from Sacramento are

darker, but still not enough so to make them referable to the coast form,

to which all specimens from Stockton seem to belong. The darkest ex-

amjiles of C. fasciata^ as restricted, come from the coast district north of

San Francisco Bay (Nicasio, Marin Co., C. A. Allen).

1. ChaM/Ea fasciata (tyiiica).

Pariis fasciaius Game. Proc. Phil. Acad. Aug. 1845, 265 ("California").

Chamwa fasciata Gamb. Proc. Phil, Acad. Feb. 1847, 154; Jour. Philad.
Acad, i, 1847, 34, pi, viii, fig. 3 (adult).— Caban. Weigm. Archiv. 1848,
i, 102.— Cass. Ulustr. 1853, 39, pi. 7 (adult).— Baird, B. N. Am. 1858,
370 (part); Eeview, 1864, 76 (part).— CoorER, B. Cal. i, 1870, 39 (part ;
"Coast of Califoruia, north to lat. 38>=").— B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am. B. i,
1874, 84, pi. vi, fig. 8.— Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 1879, 402 (Stock-
ton; constant resid.).

2. Champa fasciata hexshawi.

Chamwa fasciata Baird, B. N. Am. 1858, 370 (part ; specs, from Sacramento and Ft.
Tejon) ; Review, 1864, 76 (specs. Sacramento Valley, Ft. Tejon, and San Diego).
Xantus, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1859, 191 (Ft. Tejon).— B. B. & R. Hist. N. Am.
B. i, 1874, 84 (part).— Cooper, Orn. Cal. i, 1870, 39 (part; specs, from San
Diego and foot-hills of Sierra Nevada). — Nelson, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H.
xviii, 1875, 356 (Nevada, Cal.). — Hexsiiaw, Rep. Wheeler's Exp. 1876, App.
J. J. p. 228 ("Chamoea"; Tejon Mts. and Walker's Basin, Aug.-Nov.). —
Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, 1879, 402 (part; Marysville, Yuba Co., and
Muri)hy's,* Calaveras Co,; constant resid.).

*Altitude, 2,400 feet.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 15

6. PERISOEEUS CANADENSIS NIGEICAPILLUS.

Ch. — Similar to P. canadensis fumifrons in darkuessof coloration, but
forehead, lores, chin, throat, and sides of neck distinctly white, in marked
and abrupt contrast with the dark color of adjacent parts ; crown, occi-
put, and upper part of auricular region decidedly black, with little or no
admixture of slaty anteriorly. Differing from true canadensis in much
darker coloration throughout, much blacker crown, black auriculars,
less extensive white area on forehead, and more marked contrast of the
white portions of head and neck, with adjacent darker colors.

$ adult : (No. 85950, U. S. Nat. Mus. Labrador, Apr. 2, 1880; " Schnei-
der"; presented by Dr. L. Stejneger.) Whole forehead (back to about
.75 of an inch from the anterior points of the nasal tufts), lores, malar
region, chin, throat, and sides of neck soiled white, many of the feathers
of the chin and throat having black shafts; crown and occiput, with
upi)er and posterior j^ortions of auricular region, deep black, somewhat
mixed with slaty anteriorly and posteriorly. Upper parts dark dull slate,
lighter and more grayish on the nape, and changing to plumbeous on
the secondaries and tail-feathers, all of which are narrowly bordered at
.ends with white, which is about .25 of an inch wide on lateral rectrices;
X^rimaries edged with grayish white beyond their sinuations. Lower
parts dark bi'ownish gray, quite abrupth^ defined against the soiled
white of the jugulum. Bill and leet deep black. Wing, 5.40; the pri-
maries 1.10 longer than secondaries; tail, 5.30, its gradation only .75;
culmen, .85 ; tarsus, 1.40 ; middle toe, .05.

It is only after very careful comparison with numerous specimens of
the true P. canadensis from Maine, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Min-
nesota, and various localities in the interior of British America, and of
an even larger series of P. canadensis fumifrons from Alaska, that I have
concluded to base a new geographical race of this species upon the
single specimen described above. That I am fully justified in doing
so is evident from the fact that not one specimen among nearly 100 adult
birds of this genus resembles very closely the specimen in question. In
all probability the form to which the present specimen belongs inhabits
the coast -district of Labrador, and would thus represent on the- Atlantic
side the littoral race of Alaska, called P. canadensis fumifrons.

SYIVOPSIS OF THE WKST IIVUBAIV MYAWESTES.
By I.E01VHARD STEJIVEGER.

Having had occasion to examine the various species of Myadestes* in
connection with a study of the genera of Turdidie, certain differences in
the wing-structure among species of the West Indian group, typified by

* So tlie name is origiuallj' spelt by Swaixson, and as /.ivain found besides /nultx, I
have preferred the older form to Agassiz's restoration.

16 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

M. fjcniharhis Swains., led me into a further examination of the species
of this section of the genus, with the aid of additional material. The
inspection of the fine series of specimens, which, through the kindness
of the authorities of the U. S. National Museum, I have been enabled
to bring together, has resulted in a discovery of such interesting rela-
tionships between the forms in question, that I have concluded to put
my notes into the shape of a monograph of all the West Indian species.

The National Museum collection, while i)robably more comi>lete than
any other, is still lacking in specimens from a large number of the West
Indian Islands.t Mr. George N. Lawrence, of New York City, has
kindly placed at my disposal his entire collection of species of this genus.
Mr. J. A. Allen, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass., has loaned me seven specimens from the island of Sta. Lucia,
while Mr. C. B. Cory, of Boston, has generously put in my hands the
unique type of his M. montanus, from Haiti. These, together with the
collection of the National Museum, make a series of 35 specimens, which
represent very satisfactorily all the forms herein described, with the
exception of M. montanus.

I desire to express my obligations to my friend Egbert Eidgway
for the kindness with which he has rendered me assistance in the prepa
ration of these pages.

Washington, D. C, February 10, 1882.

SYNOPSIS OP THE SPECIES.

a'. Throat and crissum orange-brown, abruptly definetl ; breast slaty blue, a jiatcli of
white on under eyelid,
t'. Uf)per parts sooty black, back and breast difierent in color.

1. M. sihilans Lawii.

6^. Upper parts slaty blue; back and breast of the same color,
ci. Legs light yellow; no yellow armilla on tibia.

d^. Ears streaked with white ; a white, or white and brown stripe along
lower part of cheeks, bordered beneath by a blackish line,
e'. Chin of same color as throat, not white ; whole abdomen like tho
crissum.

2. M. genibarhis Swains.

e^. Chin white, abruptly defined ; upper abdomen like the breast.
/'. Only the fore half of the malar stripe white, the hind part
brown ; tail-feathers not shorter than wing,

3. M. sancioc-lucioi Stejneger.

/-. Almost the whole malar strijie white, only a few feathers at
the lower end tinged with brown ; tail feathers not longer
than wing.

,4. M. (iomjmJcawus Stejneger.

t Of the West Indian Islands inhabited by a species of Myadcutcs, but from which
the National Museum possesses no specimens, are St. Domingo and Sta. Lucia. No
species are known to occur upon the islands of Porto Rico, Guadeloupe, or Grenada,
but as these islands are mountainous and resemble in other jihysical features those
upon which species of Myadcstcs are kuown to occur, it is altogether probable that
each one of these also possesses its peculiar sjiecies of the genus.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 17

•i
d . Ears blackish, not streaked ; extreme ijoint of base of lower mandible

witb an almost inappreciable white or brown spot.

c'. Whole chin, and the spot on the malar apex brown.

5. M. montamis Cory.

e^. Extreme point of chin, and malar apex, each with a white spot.

6. M. solitarius Baird.

? c^. Legs brown ; a yellow armilla round lower end of tibia.
?7. M. armillatus (Vieill.).
a*. Whole under surface unifoi-m whitish ; a white ring round the eye.
8. if. eZisrtZ)e</i (Lemb.).

1. MYADESTES SIBILANS Lawr.

[Plate II, Fig. 6.]
1847. — rtUoyonys armillatus Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, p. 198 (nee Vieill.) (imrf).
1878. — Myiadestes sibilans Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sc. I, p. 148 ; Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.

1878, p. 188. — Ober, Camps in the Caribbees (p. 199).— Lister, Ibis, 1880, p.

39.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Ko. 74002 ( i ad. St. Vincent, Nov. 3, 1877.— F. A.
Ober).

First primary about half the 2d, not falcate ; 2d shorter than 7th,
normal in shape ; 3d, 4th, 5th, and Cth longest; tail much shorter than
wing, and double rounded; 3d and 4th pairs the longest.

Above smoky black, forehead, crown, nape and sides of head more
intense ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more slaty, with a dis-
tinct tinge of olivaceous. Chin and the upper third of the malar stripe
white, as also the lower eyelid, and a narrow stripe along the shaft of each
ear-covert ; throat and the lower two-thirds of the malar stripe bright
orange-rufous, a well defined black line separating the malar stripe from
the throat ; breast, upper part of abdomen, and flanks clear ash-gray,
many feathers, especially on the flanks, edged with rufous, remaining
underparts of the same color as the throat, only a little paler; tibia
gray, each feather tipped with rufous. Wings black with the edge, and a
large patch at the base on the inner web of each of the six inner primaries,
pure white, on the three innermost primaries also extending on to the
outre web, and thus forming a very distinct white speculum; base of
outer web of the inner secondaries dark ash forming an obscure band ;
the innermost secondaries with a narrow edge of faint olivaceous ; under
wing coverts and axillars whitish gray, several feathers being edged or
tipped with rufous. The innermost pair of tail-feathers grayish-black
at the base, becoming pure and deep black towards the tip ; the follow-
ing three jjairs uniform black ; the fifth pair has a large wedge-shaped
white spot on the inner web along the outer two-thirds of the shaft, outer
web also tipped with white; on the outermost pair the white spot
extends further tow^ards the base, only leaving a small portion at the
base of both webs black, the terminal third of the outer web being dusky
ash. Bill black; legs clear pale yellow, claws horny brown. "Iris
bright hazel" (Lawr. 1. c).

As to the dimensions see the table below.

Another male {ISfo. 74065, U. 8. Nat. Mus.) has an irregular white
Proc. Nat. Mus, 82 2 June 5, 18 83,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

spot at the tip of the third of the tail-feather from the outside, which is
not to be found in any of the other specimens examined.

The 9 does not differ from the <? either in color or size.

Table of dimensions.

Locality.

When col-
lected.

U.S.Nat.M.

Lawrence...

74061
74062
74065

r. Ober
...do...
...do...
...do...
...do...

St. Vincent

...do

? ad.
d ad.
d" ad.
d ad.
? ad.

Nov. 1, 1877
Nov. 3, 1877
Nov. 9, 1877
Nov. 1, 1877
Nov. 1, 1877

Average measurements of the above five specimens

Hab.— St. Vincent. Mr. F. A. Ober states (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1878, p. 188) that this bird "is an inhabitant of all the high ridges con-
taining deep woods and ravines." He procured several specimens from
the top of the volcan Souffricre (about 3,000' from the sea) and one
from " High Woods, Sandy Bay, Carib Country." Lister met with it
in every part of the high woods that he explored.

Eemarks. — Strangely enough, the "Souff'riere Bird" is the most dis-
tinct and remote species of the whole rufous-throated group, although
the distance between St. Vincent aad Sta. Lucia is not greater than
between Martinique and Dominica, not to mention the forms of St.
Domingo and Jamaica, which, in spite of their remote habitat, are more
nearly related to the Sta. Lucia bird than the St. Vincent species is.
If. sihilans is easily distinguished by its proportionately shorter tail
and longer tarsus, the normal second primary, the black color of the
upper surface, and the white si>eculum on the wing. Besides, the
rufous color on the under surface is mixed with orange, and totally
different from the brownish tint of the other species.

2. MYADESTES GENIBAEBIS Swains.

[Plate II, Fig. 3.]

?1818. — Muscicapa armillata Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 448 (juv., nee 1807).
1837 .—Myadestes genibarUs Swains. Nat. Libr., XIII Ornith. Flycatcli., p. 134, pi.
13.— Baird, Eev. N. A. Birds, I, 1866, p. 423.— Lawr. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus.
1878, p. 352.

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 75136 ( J ad. Martinique., July, 1877, E. A. Ober).

Second primary about two and a half times the 1st, which is attenuated,
but notfidcate; 2d also attenuated towards the tip, but not sinuated;
3d normal ; 2d equal to the 8th 5 3d shorter than 6th ; 4th, 5th, and 6th

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 19

largest. Tail considerably graduated and less emarginated, the middle
pair being equal to the 2d pair from the outside ; tail-feathers a little
shorter than wing.

Upper surface pure slaty -plumbeons, forehead slightly washed with
olivaceous; lores black; also a stripe below the white patch on the under
eyelid, assuming the color of the back on the ear-coverts, each feather
of which and the above-mentioned stripe having a narrow, well-defined
white central streak behind, very faintly washed with brownish. From
the base of lower mandible a well-defined malar stripe runs backwards,
the anterior third of which is white, while the lower two-thirds have the
color of the throat, from which the malar stripe is separated by a narrow,
but distinct, black stripe, reaching close to the lower edge of the mandi-
ble. Throat and chin chestnut-rufous, the white bases of the feathers
on the latter showing somewhat through. Breast and upper sides of
abdomen lighter than the back, almost clear ash-gray, becoming gradu-
ally lighter towards the abdomen ; remaining underparts of the same
color as the throat, only somewhat paler, and assuming a faint oliva-
ceous shade on the upper abdomen ; tibia like the back, a few feath-
ers being tipped with rufous. Wings blackish, with pale edges on
the primaries and two ash-gray bars across the secondaries, leaving
between them a deep black patch; wing-coverts, except the primary
coverts, broadly edged with gray like the baclv ; innermost secondaries
almost entirely so ; inner web of the quills white at the base, forming a
broad bar on the under surface of the wing ; edge of wing grayish white.
Middle tail-feathers uniform slate-gray ; the following pairs black, the
three outmost with a wedge-shaped white spot on the inner web at the
end, making on the innermost only one-fifth of the length of the quill,
on the middle one about one-half, and on the outerinost about two-thirds,
the outer webs being light slate-gray for the same extent from the tip.
Bill black ; legs pale brownish yellow.

The female seem to differ from the male in having the gray color of
the breast less pure, this part being somewhat suffused with rufous-olive.

A young bird in the collection of Mr. Geo. N. Lawrence {Martinique,
July, 1877, F. A. Ober), which has begun to assume the adult plumage,
has the underparts dull orange-rufous, each feather with blackish edges,
except on the throat and under tail- coverts, which are almost unicolor;
upper parts and small wing-coverts much darker, with small rufous
spots before the black terminal edge; greater and middle wing-coverts
edged at the tip with rufous. Wing-feathers elsewhere and tail almost
identical with the same parts in the adults.

20 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Table of dimensions.

Ija i • "'

Collection.

a
P

.2
g
"3

S -

•3

U. S. Xat. M.

75136 716

Ober...

Martinique -

cTad..

July, 1877

100

'^1

75137 714

..do....

....do.......

? ad..

...do....

190

'>:^

75138 734

..do ....

....do

y ad..
Juv...

...do....

lOfi

711

..do ....

.-..do

...do ....

184

lie above three adult specimens

192

Hab. Martinique. The label ou No. 7ol3G states that the species
is " abundant in high valleys."

Remarks. — I have applied Swainson's name to this species with
some hesitation, because Mr. P. L. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1871, p. 269)
stares, that he has " compared the Santa Lucia skins of this bird with
two examples of M. genibarhis in the Swainsonian collection at Cam-
bridge (which, although not so marked, are in all probability typical
specimens), and find them agree." On the other hand, the Martinique
bird agrees much better with the figure and description of Swainson,
which give the chin as having the same color as the throat. And as it
is not quite clear from the statement of Mr. Sclater— who expressly
mentions, that the St. Lucia skins do not agree with the said figure and
description — to perceive, whether the birds in the Swainsonian collec-
tion differ in the same manner, I have preferred to give the name in
question to the form which best agrees with the plate and the descrip-
tion, and to which Prof. S. F. Baird, in his admirable review (1. c.)
already has applied the name. From Professor Baird's description it is
evident that he has had before him specimens of this species, and that the
determination of the locality, "Martinique," in the Lafresnaye collection
was right. Besides, it is more probable that Swainson has had speci-
mens from Martinique than from Sta. Lucia, since birds from the former
island were common in collections, while it' is very doubtful whether
any skins at all had been brought to Europe from the latter at the time
when Swainson described his species.

3. MYADESTES SANCT^-LUCI^ Stejneger.
[PLatell, Fig. 4.]
1^71.— Myiadestes genibarhis Sclat. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 269.— Semper, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 1872, p. 649.— SCL. and Salv. Av. Neotrop. (1873) p. 4.

Mus. CoMP. ZooL. Cambr. :N"o. 29582. {Ad. JSta, Lucia. John
Semper.)

Second primary two and a half times the 1st, which is attenuated and
very slightly fiilcate; 2d attenuated and slightly si nuated at end; 3d
normal; 2d intermediate in length between 7th and 8th, 3d equal to 6th,

PKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

3cT, 4tli, 5tli and Gtli longest. Tail as in M. geniharhis; tail-feathers
eqnal to or a little longer than the wing.

Whole upper parts slaty plumbeous with a conspicuous olivaceous
wash, becoming more intense on the lower back, but lacking on the
rump and upper tail-coverts. The pattern of the head that of M. (jeni-
harhis, except that the black stripe below the eye extends further back
on the auriculars, and that the white part of the malar stripe occupies
the forward half. Chin pure white, this color abruptly defined against
the throat, which is rufous-chestnut. The remaining underparts like
those of the Martinique bird, except that the gray of the breast ex-
tends more backward on the abdomen. Wings and tail also have
the same general appearance as in the above-mentioned species; on the
wings, however, the black speculum of the secondaries is more reduced,
the adjacent grey cross-bands being broader, and on the tail the white
is more extended, especially on the outer pair, in which the middle third
of the outer web is white; besides, the outer webs of the three outermost
rectrices are broadly tipped with white, and the following two jwirs
have also very distinct white tips. Bill black, feet pale yellow.

In none of the seven specimens before me is the sex indicated ; but
as they show no differences from the specimen described above, I i^re-
sume there is no difference between the male and female.

Tahle of dimensions.

m .

■t'n

O ^'

Collection.

§1

Locality.

. 5|

-?.

mm.

MusC.Z.C.

26714

Semper .

Sta. Lucia . .

— ad.

9-:^

''I

27388
27389
27390
27391
27392
29582

....do

— ad.
-ad.

— ad.

86
89
87
89

92
93
90
94
92
89

22
22
21
22
22
21

21
20
21
22
20
21

....do...
do

....do

....do ...

....do

....do...
....do ...

....do

Average me

asurementa of

the above Heven snecimt

'ns

Hab. — Santa Lucia. Mr. Semper (1. c.) states these birds are " gen-
erally found in the virgin forest or near it," and that " they are fond of
cool shady places on the hills and high lauds."

Eemarks. — Although very nearly allied to the foregoing species, the
M. sanctce-luci(B is easily distinguishable by the well defined white chin,
the greater amount of white in the malar stripe, the darker, more chest-
nut shade of the rufous of the throat, the greater extent of the gray on
the lower parts, and by the olivaceous tinge of the back in front of the
rump.

The differences from the next form, M. dominicanvs, will be pointed
out under the head of the latter.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
4. MYADESTES DOMIXICAXUS Stejneger.

[Platell, Fig. 5.]
1876. — Mi/iadestes genibarbis Lawe. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 53.

U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 77801. ( <? ad. Dominica. F. A. Ober.)

Second primary two and oue-tliird times the 1st, which is acute and
somewhat falcate ; 2d attenuated, but scarcely sinuated at end, inter-
mediate in length between 7th and 8th; 3d equal to (5th, normal; 3d,
4th, 5th, and 6th longest. Tail somewhat graduated,* the longest
feathers equal to or a little shorter than the wing.

Above slaty plumbeous, with a very faint tinge of olivaceous on head
and back ; lores and a narrow stripe above the eyes conspicuously suf-
fused with olivaceous ; almost the whole malar stripe whitish, the feathers
the lower end tipped with chestnut; chin white, throat pure chestnut;
breast, flanks, and abdomen, except the lower middle part of the latter,
ash-gray, duller on the breast, more whitish on the abdomen, and very
faintly washed with olivaceous, especially on the flanks, where more
tinged with rufous ; lower middle of abdomen, crissum, and under tail-
coverts chestnut-rufous ; wings and tail as in M. sanctcc-luvia', the light
basal spot on the outer web of the innermost primaries being very con-
spicuous and well defined ; the black speculum on the secondaries larger,
and the amount of white on the outer tail feathers rather less than in
that bird ; bill black, feet pale yellow.

The 9 differs only in having a stronger wash of olive on the back, as
Mr. Lawrence has already remarked {I. c).

A young 9 in the first plumage, shot the 18th of September by Mr.
Ober (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 77803) resembles very much the young bird
of M. (jeniharUs from Martinique, but may be easily distinguished by
the deeper tinge of the rufous, by less well-defined edgings on the under
surface, and by the rufous tips of the wing-coverts being larger and
better defined, forming two very distinct bands across the wing. Be-
sides, the tail shows the same differences as in the adults, the 4th and
5th pair being tipped with white in the Dominica bird, while those
feathers are uniform black in the typical M. gcnibarbis.
Table of dimensions.

a
3

. 1

CoUection.

LocaUty.

1"^

U.S. ISTat. M.

77801
77802
81780

158
60

Ober....
....do...
...do ...

Dominica .

....do

cf ad..

89
92
91

88
90

21
23
23

20
21

2 ad.

9 ad

Lawr

104

....do

<-r ad

9''

105
366

....do...
....do...

....do:::::

....do

Oad"

77803

9juv.

Sept. 18

U. S. iratM.

190

measur

emenl

* lu the other sijecimens the middle tail feathers are shorter, the tail thus being
emarginated, as in the foregoing species,
t Fresh.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 23

Hab. — Dominica. " Frequents the most gloomy and solitary mount-
ain gorges. . . . Never found below 1,000 feet altitude." (Ober,
P. IT. S. N, M., 1878, p. 53.)

Remarks. — Compared with the two foregoing forms, the Dominica
bird differs in having the throat of a much richer and deeper tint, being-
beautiful chestnut without any mixture of rufous ; the rufous of the
abdomen and crissum is still more restricted than in ill. santcclucia;, and
is also of a deeper shade, agreeing with the color of the throat in the
latter. It also differs from both in having almost the whole of the
malar stripe whitish as described above. With the Santa Lucia bird
it agrees in having the chin white, and the fourth and fifth pair (count-
ing from outside) of the tail-feathers tipped with white, differing in both
these respects from the typical M. geniharhis.

In the tint of the throat the Martinique form is exactly intermediate
between the other two, as might be expected on account of the inter-
mediate position of this island between Sta. Lucia and Dominica; but
it is a strange fact that the birds from these latter islands agree in other
respects much better than either of them do with the bird from the
island between them.

The three forms here discussed are very closely allied, but as the
differences mentioned above hold good through the extensive series of
skins which I have been able to examine, I have not hesitated to describe
them as separate forms. The singular relation between their mutual
resemblances and the situation of the islands in which they occur, have
convinced me that they, although originally grown out from the same
parent stock, have how become distinct.

5. MYADESTES M0:N^TANU!S Cory.

[Plate II, Fig. 1.]
ISSX.—Myxadestei montanus Cory, Bull. Niitt. Oru. Club, 1881, p. 130.— Id. ibid. p. 151.

Mus. C. B. Cory, Boston, Xo. 1253 ( 9 ad., neighhorhood of Fort
Jacques, Haiti. March 3, 1881).

Second primary two and two-thirds times the 1st, which is acute and
somewhat falcate, equ,al to the 7th, strongly sinuated and somewhat
attenuated at the tip ; 3d longer than theCth, normal; 3d, 4th, and 5th
longest. Tail gratuated and emarginated ; middle pair equal to the
2d pair (from outside) ; tail-feathers equal to the wing.

Above slaty plumbeous, with a very faint tinge of olivaceous on the
middle of the back; lores, cheeks, and auriculars black, unstreaked;
lower eyelid brownish (?) white; chin, throat, and a small patch on the
malar apex, rufous-chestnut, or the same color as the throat in M. sanctce-
lucice; chin without any white spot ; breast, flanks, and abdomen (except
the middle portion of the latter) ash-grey, as light as in M. sibilans,
many of the feathers tinged with rufous ; middle and lower abdomen,
crissum, and under tail-coverts rufous, exactly like the same parts in
sanctcelucia3 ; tibia slaty plumbeous without rufous. Wings and tail

24 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

marked as in the allied species, with the exception that the gray on the
outer web of the outer tail-feathers is more restricted and lighter in
shade ; fourth and fifth pair without white tips. Bill black ; legs yellow ;
claws a little more dusky.

Total length (fresh) ITT'""^; wing So'^'^f tail feathers 85'""^; tarsus
23™'° ; middle toe with claw 20"»"i ; exposed culmen 10™"'.

Hab. — Haiti. — The only specimen which is yet known was procured
by Mr. Charles B. Cory in the neighborhood of Fort Jacques, Haiti,
He states {I. c.) that it is " an apparently rare species, frequenting the
summits of the highest mountains."

EemArks. — This species may be distinguished from the nearly related
M. solitariits from Jamaica by the absence of the white spot on the
extreme chin angle, and by having the malar spot rufous instead of
white. The color of the throat is less chestnut, being considerably
mixed with rufous ; the gray color of the breast and upper abdomen is
much clearer and more mixed with rufous ; the rufous on the abdomen
and crissum extends farther' forward on the former, and is much lighter
than in the Jamaican bird. Besides, the species under consideration
seems to be of smaller size.

Although only the one specimen has been examined, I have very
little doubt that the species will prove to be well founded. The in-
dividual variation among these birds seems to be very limited, and
the differences, pointed out above, are trenchant enough to make the
two forms readily distinguishable.

G. MYADESTES SOLITARIUS Baird.

[Plate II, Fig. 2.]

IB'kl.—PlUogonijs armilattus Gosse, Birds of Jamaica, p. 198, cfr. VIII (hcc Yieill.). —
SCLATER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lontl. 1861 (p. 73).—{Myiade8tes) March, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. 186:^, p. 294.

1866. — Myiadestes soUtarius Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, I, p. 421. — (Myiadectes) A. and E.
Newtoa, Handb. of Jamaica for 1881, p. 107.

U. S. Kat. Mus. Kg. 30285 (^ ad., Port Royal MoKntains, Jamaica,
March, 18G3. W. T. March).

Second primary about two and two-thirds times the 1st, which is acute,
and very falcate,* considerably shorter than 7th, sinnated and somewhat
attenuated at end; 3d shorter than 6th, conspicuously attenuated
toward the tip; 4th, 5th and 6th longest. Tail graduated, and slightly
emarginated, middle pair being equal to the 3d i)air from outside ; longest
tail-feathers about equal to the wing.

Upper surftice pure slaty plumbeous, without any olivaceous wash,
except on the forehead; lower cheeks and auriculars black, graduating
into the plumbeous of the neck on the latter, the auriculars unstreaked;
a large patch on lower eyelid, and a smaller one on malar apex, and on
the extreme point of the chin-angle, white; chin and throat i)ure chest-
nut, exactly as in M. dominicanus ; breast, flanks, and abdomen pure slaty

* More so than in the other 6 specimens, which I have had opportunity to examine.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

plumbeous on tlie upper breast, almost of the same shade as the baclv,
but beeomiug much lighter ou the lower parts towards the belly ; anal
region, crissum and under tail-coverts rufous-chestnut; tibiie like the
back. Wings and tail as in the foregoing species, the edge of the wing
being purer white.t Bill black, legs yellow, claws blackish brown.
The females seem not to differ materially from the males.

Mr. GossE states that the irides are hazel, or dull orange.

• TaMe of dimensions.

Collection.

LocaUty.

■i

t
g

1
§

U.S.Nat.M.

30285
74602
74603
78216
78217

2307
2314

March
Bryant
Bryant

Pt. Eoyal Mts., Jamaica.

Moneague, Jamaica

cfad.
cfad.
? ad.

Mar.. 1863
Feb., 1865
Feb., 1865
Oct,.. 1878

::::

mm
91
91
95
89
91
92
91

mm
96
90
94
87
91

mm
22
21
22
21
23
23
21

mm
20
20
20
20
20
21
20

mm
11
10
10
10

do . .

2 ad.! Mar., 1879
$ad.! Feb., 1865
cfad.i Apr., 1866

2313

Bryant
March

Moneague, Jamaica

Do ....

ftheab

Hae. — Jamaica. "It is entirely restricted to the dense highland
woods ; it is at times very common about the woods, above New Castle,
in Port Eoyal Mountains, and along the ridges between that parish and
Saint George's, as well as about Abbey Green, one of the approaches to
the Blue Mountains." (March, I. c.)

? 7. MYADESTES ARMILLATUS (Vieill.).

1807. — Muscicapa armiUata Vieill. Ois. Amer. Sept. I, p. 69, pi. 42.
1866.< — Mifiadestcs armillatus Baird, Eev. Amer. Birds, I, p. 422. — Sclater, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Loud., 1871, p. 270.— Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. 1878, p. 149.

The description of Yieillot (1. c.*) does not agree with any of the
West-Indian Myadestes yet known. That it is not the genibarhis from
Martinique is evident from the description, although Vieillot in 1818
gives that island as the especial habitat of his bird. It may, however,
be, that the description of the young bird, which he gives for the first
time in E". Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 418 (1818), belongs to the Marti-
nique species, and hence the statement of the habitat. Mr. Sclater
(1. c.) thinks "It is possible that M. armillatus verus may be the spe-
cies from St. Domingo," but the bird detected in that island by Mr.
Cory agrees less with Yieillot's description than any of the other

tin tliis si)ecimen, Prof. Baird's type, two or three feathers on each edge are tipped
with rufous, which is not to be seen in the other specimens.

* And N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxi, p. 448 (1818), where a few phrases are changed, and
the breast given as "more blackish " (2^?»s noir) than the back, instead of "paler"
(jjIus clair) of the original descrix^tion.

26 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

known forms, and in view of the peculiarity in their geographical dis-
tribution, that each of the mountainous islands has its own distinct
species, it seems very improbable that another form is still to be found
in St. Domingo. The most perplexing features of Vieillot's bird are
the brown feet and the beautiful yellow bracelet on the lower part of
the tibia, and I am inclined to indorse the view of Mr. Robert Eidg-
WAY, that it is one of the known species,* poorly described, from a
specimen supplied with legs and feet belonging to a quite different bird.
The strong scutellation of the tarsus, as shown in the plate, seems to
indicate that this suspicion is well founded. On the other hand, it
should not be overlooked that M. sibilans has the tibiiP colored some-
what like the bird in question, and that the West-Indian islands are not
yet so satisfactorily explored that anything can be said with certainty.

I therefore here reprint Professor Baird's translation (1. c.) of Vieil-
lot's description of the adult :

" Bill blackish ; a white spot on the sides of the throat, and at its
origin (the chin) immediately below the lower mandible (the two con-
tinuous) ; the eye surrounded by the same color. Head, back, rump,
two intermediate tail-feathers, and the breast of a grayish-slate, paler
below. Wing and tail feathers blackish, bordered externally by gray,
the three lateral on each side of the tail more or less white. Belly and
hinder parts brownish rufous ; a beautiful yellow in form of a bracelet
on the feathers of lower part of leg ; feet brown ; length, G inches, 3
lines." ViEiLLOT, Ois. Am. Sept. I, 69.

8. MYADESTES ELISABETH (Lemb.).

ISDO.—Mnscicapa elisabeth Lembeye, Aves de Cuba, p. 39, tab. 5, fig. 3.
18oG.—Mytadestefi elisabeth Cabanis, Jour. f. Ornith. 1856, p. 2.— Gundlach, ibid.

1861, p. 328; 1872, p. 428.— Id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1858 (p. 271). Extr. p. 5.—

Id. Repert. Fis.-Nat. de Cuba, I, 1865-66, p. 240.— Id. Ornith. Cuban.

Auales 1873, p. 79.— Baird, Rev. Amer. Birds, I (1866), p. 425,
l8:J9.—Miii(Hlesfcs elisahethtc Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 110.— Albrecht, Journ. f. Ornith.

1861, p. 209.— ScL. and Salv. Exot. Ornith. (1867) p. 55, pi. xxviii.
1873.— iTyJflfZcsfes elisabethcc SCL. and Salv. Nomencl. Neotr. p. 4.

The adult bird has so often been described (see the above refer-
ences), that I shall give here only a short description of the young.

Coll. Lawrence. {$ juv., Cuba. Gundlach.)

General color that of the adult. Upper parts more rusty, with a
subterminal yellowish spot and terminal blackish edge on each feather,
except on the rump, which is uniform ; spots very obsolete on the up-
per tail-coverts, where the darker edges are scarcely perceptible; the
upper wing-coverts, except the primary coverts, marked like the back.
Underparts whitish, with a. faint ochraceous tinge and very obsolete
dark edgings ; mustachial stripe hardly recognizable.

* Perhaps M. dotninicanus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Myadeatea montantis Cory.

Fig. 2. Myadestea aolUarius Baird.

Fig. 3. Myadestes genibarhui Swaiuson.

Fig. 4. Myadestea sanctw-lucia; Stejneger.

Fig. 5. Myadestea do7ninicanu8 Stejneger.

Fig. 6. Myadestea sibilans Lawrence.

Proceedings Nat. Mus. Vol. V, 1882.

PLATE 2

'Itt^H^if^

WEST INDIAN MYADESTES.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Zi

JlA-B.—Cuha. Mr. Gundlach informs us that this species lives ^'iu
the rocky niouutaius of Western Cuba. After the breeding season it
frequents the woods at the foot of the mountains " (J. f. Orn. 1856, p.
2), and that he also has observed it in the eastern, but neither in the
middle part of the island nor in the Isla de Pinos, as he has previously
indicated (J. f. Orn. 1872, p. 429).

Table of dimensions.

Collection.

1
B

a
!

1
a

1
1

a
1

1861.

m,m.

mm.

7mn.

mm.

m,m.

U. S. Xat. M.

21645

Wright.

Donna del
Gate, Cuba.

? ad..

Dec. 11

200

23542
23543

...do ....

Mt. Libano..
....do

..ad..
.. ad..
cf ad..

Sept. 23
Sept. 24

190
190

77
84
88
84

22
23
23
23

21
21
21
21

do ...

Pnlt T.iiwr

Gundlach
. do ....

Cuba

...do

d iuv.

Ave rage mea

lis"

~82

Table of comparative measurements.

IJamo of species.

Average of—

bC
H

fcb

TVT cibilnno

5 specimens

3 specimens

7 specimens

mm.
185
192

87
86
88
90
85
91
88

mm.

74
82
91
88
85
91
82

mm.
24
21
22
23
23
22
23

mm.
21
19
21
20
20
20
21

mm.

1 specimen

177

M elisabeth .

4 specimens

193

Table of geographical distribution.

Name of species.

».

M. sibilans

M. sanctsB-lucisB

—

M. elisabeth

—

28 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ON s^omc: geiveric aiv» specific appei^IjAtioivs of north

AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN BIRDS.

By tEONHARD STEJNEGER.

Looking at the ornitliological nomenclature and the changes which it
daily undergoes, in consequence of the radical introduction of the oldest
generic or sjiecilic appellations, without considering that many com-
monly adopted names thus become expelled, we feel it to be our duty to
make this transitional state as short as possible, by presenting the evi-
dences we may possess, and by proposing those changes Avhich appear
necessary.

The following remarks are chiefly proposed in reference to the names
of North American and European birds, as they are given in the latest
catalogues of birds from those regions, viz : Eobeiit Kidgway's "Xo-
menclature of North American Birds" (Washington, 1881), and H. E.
Dresser's "List of European Birds" (London, 1881).

As to the rules of the nomenclature, it seems to me that the
best are those which present the smallest number of exceptions, and
which, once adopted, give the least occasion for disputes. I therefore
propose to nse the oldest available name in every case, where it can be
proved, and to spell it exactly as it was spelled when published for the
first time, notwithstanding incorrect derivation, barbarous offspring,
error facti, &c.

The significance of a name, by means of the sound and the appearance,
is to give a conception of the named object as being different from
all other objects. If it, at the same time, can be formed so that it indi-
cates one or another chief property of the object, then it is the better.
The main j)oint is, however, that we, by hearing or seeing the name, will
get an idea of the object as being different from any other.

That names which do not signify anything cause no inconvenience
worth mentioning is evident from the numberless specific names, indi-
cating a quality common to all the species within the same genus, e. (/.
cinereus,fuseus, etc. It may be rather tedious that the names are incor-
rect, but the simply endless number of incorrect names with which we
daily work, without feeling especially troubled, and which probably no
one intends to change or to correct, shows better than anything else
how unimportant the corrections and improvements are for fticilitatiug
the work. I think that we may very soon agree that many corrections
have caused more trouble than relief, as for instance such improvements
as Heniconetta for Eniconetta,, and the like, and that they only have suc-
ceeded in swelling our lists of synonyms.

The only rule which can be carried out with safety, is the use of the
oldest name, without regard to its apj)earance, derivation, or significa-
tion. If this be adopted, most differences would disappear from the

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIOKAL MUSEUM. 29

iiouieuclature, and it is in fact the only rule which is able to establish a
passable uniformity in place of the present variety. Once universally
accepted and put in practice, it would save much time, labor, and dis-
pute ; disputes concerning year and date may easily be settled, while
all philological and linguistic disagreements may be thereby avoided.
The question as to which species one or another name is to be referred
has nothing to do with the rules of nomenclature, and are therefore
liable to come up at any time.

As to the following remarks, it will be seen that some of the pages
quoted are given in brackets. This signifies that the author has not had
opportunity of verifying them, and that he therefore does not answer
for their correctness. All the other citations have been carefully gone
over, and are thouglit to be quite correct. He has followed this method
in his later papers, and intends to proceed so in all his works in the
future.

In order to show how far carelessness in quotation and excessive zeal
concerning philological correctness may bring it, I select from the syno-
nymy of Phoenicurus titys, p. 30, the following bouquet: tifys, tithys,
thytis, tythis, titJds, thitis, tites, tcthys ; and many other modes of spelling
this word are surely to be found by a scrupulous investigation through
the whole literature. Now please, dear reader, if you are as learned a
philologist as an ornithologist, choose the right one!

Washington, D. C, February 21, 1882.

EUTICILLA

is untenable as a generic name for the European Eedstart and its alhes,
as the group had already, in 1817, received the name

Phoenicurus Forst.

S\n: — 1817 — Phoenicurus Forst. Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 53.

1822 — Buticilla Naumann, Naturg. Vog. DeutscU. I, p. iii.
1831 — Phoenicura Swaixs. Fauna Br.-Amer. II, Append, p. 489.

The synonymy of the European species is as follows:

1. Phoenicurus erithacus (Lin.) 1758.

VlbS.—Motacilla xyhoenicurus Lin., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 187.

VibS.—Motacilla erithacus Lin., tit supra.

1817. — Phoenicurus rutieilla Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 16.

1817. — Phoenicurus muralis Forster, op. cit. p. 53.

1831. — Buticilla sylvestris Brm., Handb. Vog. DeutscH. p. 363.

1831. — Buticilla arhorea Brm., ut supra.

1831. — Buticilla hortensis Brm., torn. cit. p. 364.

1831. — Phoenicura muraria Swains., Fauna Bor.-Amer. II, App. p. 489.

1836. — Phoenicura rutacilla Swains., Classif. Birds, II, p. 240 (nee Motacilla rutieilla

Lin.).
187^4. —Sylvia phenicurus Machado, Aves Audal. p. 8.
13G3.— Buticilla pectoralis Y. Hengl. Journ. f. Oru. 1863 (p. 165).

30 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
2. Fhoenicurus titys (Lix.).

1758.— Motacilla titys Lm., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 187.

1766. — Motacilla plioenmirus Lin., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I, p. 335 {passim).

1769.— Sylvia tithys Scop. Ann. I, Hist. Nat. p. 157.

1788. — Motacilla gibraltariensis Gru., Syst. Nat. I, p. 987.

1788. — Motacilla airata Gru., torn. cit. p. 988 {nee Jard. & Selb.).

1792. — Motacilla eritkacus Bechst., Gemeinn. Naturg. I, p. 538 {nee LiN.).

1803. — Sylvia tythis Bechst., Tasclib. Vog. Deutschl. p. 179.

lr<10. — Motacilla erythrourus Rafinesque, Caratt. (p. 6).

1829.— Sylvia tiles Ehrb., Symb. Phys. (Ibl. dd.).

1831.— Bnticilla atra Brm., Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 365.

1840. — Sylvia tithis Schinz, Eur. Fauna I, p. 190.

1840.— PJicenicur a tethys Jard. & Selb., 111. Orn. (pi. 86).

18i5.—Buticilla thitis Rupp., Syst. Ueb. (p. 57).

1848. — Bnticilla cairii Gerbe, Diet. Univ. d'Hist. Nat. XI (p.. 259).

1854. — Lusciola thy lis Schleg., Vog. v. Nederl. (p. 156).

1855. — Bnticilla montana Brm., Naumaunia 1855, (p. 281).

The other species given in Dresser's List of Eur. Birds should
stand as

3. Phoetncurus mesolencns (Ehr.). — Ehrenberg's Redstart.

4. Fhoenicurus rufiventris (Vieill.). — Indian Redstart.

5. Fhoenicurus moussieri (Olph-Gall.). — Moussier's Redstart.

6. Fhoenicurus erythrogaster (Guld.). — Giidenstadt's Redstart.

CINCLUS AQUATICUS Bechst.

is the usually adopted name of the red-bellied Water Ouzel of Central
Europe. The oldest name is, however,

Cinclus merula Schaff.
Syx :=:1789. — Tringa merula Schaffer, Mus. Orn. p. 52.

EEGULUS CRISTATUS Vieill. 1807,

is a name which antedates Lichtenstein's Regulus satrapa (1823).
As it is not preoccupied, there is no reason for rejecting it. Vieillot,
indeed, states that his bird is identical with the European species, which,
he erroneously calls Motacilla reguhis Lin., but he gives a description
and plate, which represent the American bird better than the Regulus
ignicapillm Brm. The following is thought to be a tolerably exhaustive
synonymy of these species :

1. Begulus cristatns Vieill. 1807.

1807.— Begulus cristatns Vieill., Ois. Amer. Sept. II, p. 50, pi. 106 {nee KocH 1816).*
1808.— Sylvia regulus Wils., Am. Orn. I (p. 126, pi. 8, fig. 2), {nee Motacilla regulus

Lin.).
1823. — Begulus satrapa Licht., Doublettenverz., p. 35.
1832. — Begulus tricolor Nutt., Man. Orn. I, p. 420.
1864. — Begulus satrapa oUvaceus Baird, Rev. Am. Birds I, p. 65.
186(3.—Begulns satrapus COUES, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1866 (p. 66).

*It may, perhaps, be to this species that Bartram, Trav. Flor. (1791) p. 291, refers
the same name. Cfr. E. Coues, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1875, p. 351.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 31

2. Beguhis vulgaris Leach,

1758.— Motacilla regulus LiN., Syst, Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 188.

1816. — Beguhis vulgaris Leach, Cat. M. B. Brit. Mus. p. .

1816. — Beguhis cristahis KoCH, Bair. Zool. I (p. 199), (nee Vieill. 1807).
1822. — Beguhis aureocapiUus Mey., Tasch. Vog. Deutschl. Ill, p. 108.
1822.— Beguhis crococephalus Brm., Beitr. Vogelk. II (p. 120).
1823. — Beguhis flavieapillu^ 'Natjm., Vog. Deutschl. Ill (p. 968).
1831. — Beguhis septentrionalis Brm., Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 479.
1831. — Beguh'is chrysoeeplialus Brm., op. cit. p. 481.
1833. — Begulus auricapillus Selby, Brit. Orn. I (p. 229).
1877. — Begulus linnei Mahn, Goteb. och Bohusl. Fauna, p. 170.

3. Begulus ignicapillus (Tenm.).

1815. — Motacilla regulus Temm., Man. d'Oru. I ed. p. .

1820. — Sylvia ignicapilla Temm., Man. d'Orn. I, p. 231.

1822. — Beguhis mystaceus Vieill, Faun. Franc, p. 231 (part).

1822. — Begulus pyroccphalus Brm., Orn. Bectr. II (p. 130); Handb. Vog. Deutschl., p.

482(1831).
18^1.— Begulus nilssonii Brm. Handb. Vog. Deutschl., p. 482; Naumauuia 1855, p. 285.
1831. — Begulus hrachyrliynchos Brm., op. cit., p. 483.

HIRUNDO, CHELIDON, and COTILE.

It has almost nnanimously been considered, tliat Bote (Isis, 1822),
was the first who subdivided the genus Hirundo after the species be-
longing to Cypselus had been removed, and consequently his names
Hirundo (type riistica LiN.), GlieUdon (type urhicaljUi.)., and CoUle (type
riparia Lin.) have been generally adopted. The same species, how-
ever, had already five years earlier been made types of three different
genera, by Thomas Forster, who, in his " Synoptical Catalogue of
British Birds" (London, 1817), establishes the genera Chelidon, Hirundo
and Clivicola, having as tyi^es respectively rustica, urhica, and riparia.

These names, which are as well founded as the later names of BoiE,
cannot, so fiir as I can see, be rejected. Mr. Forster himself states,
p. 40, that he has " in the following catalogue attended to generic and
specific differences, and thereon founded a nomenclature, regardless of
the modern names, wherever they appeared to disagree with facts." •

I suppose the following will stand as the correct synonymy :

CheUdon Forster, 1817.

< 1758.— ffiriwcio Lin. S. N. ed. 10, I, p. 191.

= 1817. — CheUdon Forster, Syu. Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (nee Boie, 1822), (type H. rustica

Lin.).
=1822.— Hirundo Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 550 (nee Forster, 1817), (same type).

Of this genus we only have one species in North America, viz :
1. CheUdon erythrogastra (BoDD.), Barn Swallow.
The European species are :
CheUdon rustica (Lin.), and
CheUdon savignii (Steph.).

32 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Hlrundo Lin. 1758.

<^lim.—Hirundo Lix. S. N. ed. 10, I, p. 191.

= ISVi .—Eirundo Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (nee BoiE, 1822), (type H. urUca

Lin.).
— 1822.— CheUdon BoiE, Isis, 1822 p. 550 (nee Forster, 1817) (same type).

This genus lias no American representative. The European species
is Hirundo urbica LiN.

Clivicola Forster 1817. ^

<1758.— ffirMW(?o Lin. S. N. ed. 10, I, p. 191.

=1817 .—Clivicola Forster, Sya. Cat. Br. B. p. 55 (type E. riparia Lin.).

=1817. — Biparia Forster, t. c. p. 17 (same type).*

=1822.— Cotile BoiE, Isis, 1822, p. 550 (same type).

=1826.—Cot>/Je BoiE, Isis, 1826, p. 971 (same type).

In Xorth America onlj" occurs —

1. Clivicola riparia (Lin.).

PLECTROPHANES and CENTEOPHANES.

In his " Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von uud fiir Dentschland oder
kurze Beschreibung aller Vogel Deutschlands " (Leipzic, 1803), Bech-
STEIN separates the FHngilla lapponica from the other Fringillie, and
gives to this group, which he characterizes "by having an acute pointed
bill with considerably i" fccted tomia, and a long straight claw on the
hind toe ", the name Calcarius. This is, as far as I know, not preoccu-
pied, and must therefore necessarily stand as the name for the genus,
which has F. lapponica for its type. The Snow Bunting he left in the
genus Fmheriza. In 1815 Dr. Bernhard Meyee, in his '' Kurze Be-
schreibuug der Vogel Liv- und Esthlands " created the genus Plectro-
plumes for the same type in the following words : " Fringilla calcarata
Fall, (this bird does not at all belong to the genus Fringilla, but forms a
separate genus, which I call Plectrophanes, Longspur)." He also did not
include the Snow Bunting in this genus, but treated it under the head of
Fmberiza, following the example of BECiiSTEiN.t In the third volume
of the "Taschenbuch" (1822) Mr. Meyer first unites the two species
under the same genus, FlectropJianes. In 1829 Jakob Katjp, in his
'< Skizzirte Entwickelungo-Geschichte und Natiirliches System der
Europiiischen Thierwelt," again separates the two species, selecting

* Forster uses this name a few pages earlier tlian Clivicola. As, however, the
adoption of Biparia would necessitate the change of the specific name of H. riparia
into europa'a FORST. 1817 (which would be inconvenient, because the species is by no
means limited to Europe), or into cinerca Vieill. 1817 (which has only been used for
the supposed American form), I have i^referred to accept the name Clivicola.

i Mr. Dresser in his " Birds of Europe " erroneously cites Plectrophanes lapponica
Mey. & Wolf, Tasch. Vog. Deutschl. I (1810), p. 187, and P. nivalis Mey. & Wolf, op.
cit. p. 176 ; but these authors 1. c. only give the names Fringilla calcarata and Emheriza
nivalis, and the word Plectroplianes is not to be found either in the first or the second
volume of their work. Consequently, the statement of Temminck, Man. d'Orn. 2 ed.
I (1820), p. 318, is also false, viz, that " Mr. Meyer has made of this species \_E. nivalis']
and of the following IE. calcarata} the genus Plectrophanes."

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 33

each as type for different genera, nivalis for PlectrojJhanes and lapponiea
for Centroplianes^ and liereiu he has been followed by later writers.
But from the foregoing statement it is evident that —

(1) Beciistein's Calcarius is the oldest name ;

(2) the type of this is Fr. lapponiea Lin. ;

(3) Meyer's Plectrophanes is merely a synonym of Calcarius, having
the same type ;

(4) the same is the case with Kaup's Centropkanes ;

(5) his Plectrophanes cannot be used for the genus having E. nivalis
for ty^ie, because preoccupied as synonymous with Calcarius ;

(6) the genus which has E. nivalis for its type should be su])plied with
a new name, as no later name has been given. In order to make as
little change as possible, I propose for it the name Plcctrophenax*

The synonymy of the two genera is then the following :
Calcarius Bechst. 1803.
=1803.— CaZcan'us Bechst. Taschb. Vog. Deutsclil. p. 130. (^ype FringiUa lap-
poniea Lix. )
=\Slo.—Flectropliancs Meyer, Vog. Liv- & Estl. p. xii {nee Kaup, 1829) (same type).
^1829. — Ceiifrophanes Kaup, Entw. Eur. Tliierw. p. 158 (same type).
=18.50. — Lcptoplectron Reichl. Av. Syst. pi. LXXV. (Type Emheriza picta Swains.)
To this genus belong the North American species :

1. Calcarius lapponicus (LiN.). — Laplaud Longspur '; ' '"

2. Crt/cartMS^ic/MS (Swains.). — Smith's Longspur ;

3. Calcarius ornafus (Towns.). — Chestnut-collared Longspur.

PUcirophenax Ste.jneger, 1882.
<[1817. — Passen'>?a ViEiLL. Analyse Ornith. j). 30 (type Tanagra cyanea Lin.) (preoccu-
pied in Botany).
=1829. — Pleclrophanes Kaup, Entw. Eur. Thierw. p. 138 {nee Meyer, 1815). (Type
Emheriza nivalis Lin.)
The North- American and only species of this genus is —
1. Plectroplienax nivalis (Lin.). — Snow Bunting.

EREMOPHILA Boie, 1828,
cannot be used in Ornithology, because already preoccupied in Ichthyol-
ogy and Botany. As the following synonymy shows, the proper name
of the genus will be —

Otocoris BoNAP. 1839.

= 1828. — Ercmophila Bom, Isis, 1828, ]}. 322 (preoccupied in Botany; nee Eremopliilus

HUMC. 1805).
= 1831.— P/ti?eremos Bkehm, Haudb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 312 {nee Latr. 1809).
= 1837.— Braehonyx Lesson, Compl. de Buffon, VIII, p. 126 (oecSwAiN*. 1827, nee

Schonhen, 1826).
= 1839. — Otocoris Bp. Faun. Ital. Ucc. Introd.
= \S¥).—Philammm G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds (p. 47.)
= 1845.— 0/oco)'His Rtjpp. Syst. Uebers. (p. 78).
= 1851. — Otocorys Cab. Mus. Hein. I, p. 121.
=:1854. — Otocoryx Light. Nouiencl. p. 38.

t nXfjHzpov =L spur ; cpsva^ =; impostor.

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 3 June 5, 1883.

34 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The names of the Xorth- American species and races will then be :

1. Otocoris alpcstrin (hiN.) — Shore Lark.

2. Otocoris alpestris Uucolama (CouEs). — White-throated Shore Lark.

3. Otocoris alpestris chrysolcema (Wagl.). — Mexicau Shore Lark.

ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS (Brunn.), 1704.

Authors who reject names given before 176G, usually cite ArcMbuteo
lagopus (Gm.), 1788. As Gunnerus, in 1767, has described the species
very distinctly in Leex's Finm. Beskr.* p. 237, as Falco norvegicus, they
will have to adopt the name Archibuteo norvegicus (Gunn.), 1767,
being the first name applied to the bird after the 12th edition of Linn^i
Syst. Nat., in which the species is not included. The description of
Gunnerus is as follows :

"Falconis hujus * * * pullum vivum * * * accepi in nido
captum, jam 8 menses natum : maguitudo est gallinadei. In dorso, alis
et subtus fuscu* est, maculis canis sublematis supra, i^rnesertim in alis
adspersis. Caput, collum & pectus ad medium usque dilute brunnea
sunt, maculis longitudinalibus fuscis ; color tamen capitis dilutior est,
& macula3 longitudinales colli pectus adtrigentes, reliquis latiores &
longiores sunt. In infima parte frontis supra ceram, nee non sub oculis
s. in superiore regioue genarum, color est dilute canus. Iris dilute cana,
& membrana nictitans cterulea. Kemigeo saturate fuscit non ad extre-
:niam caudam pertingunt, alis scili(;et complicatis. Eectrices supra &
infra alb* extremitatibus latitudiue trium digitorum fuscis. Eostrum,
ad instar uugvium, lividum, breve & iude a radice curvum, cera autem
cum digitis tlava. Pedes ad talos usque lanati & sordide albi, femori-
bus extrorsum parvis maculis fuscis adspersis. * * * Character
•ejus pro priesenti ita formari potest : Falco Norvegicus dorso alis, sterno
.subtus & abdomine fuscis maculis sublemulatis canis supra, prtesertim
,iu alis, adspersis, rectricibus albis, extremitatibus late nigris."

cicoxiA Alba.

The oldest author for this name has been stated to be Bechstein, in
liis [Nalurgesch. Vtig. Deutschl. Ill (1793), p. 48. It is, however, ante-
dated by ScHAFFER, who in 1789, Mus. Orn., p. 52, gave the name Cico-
.nia alba.

STEEPSILAS ILLIG. 1811,

is untenable, being one year younger than Morinella Mey. & Wolf,
Taschb. Viig. Deutschl. II, p. 383 (1810).
The two North-American species are :

1, Morinella interpres (Lin.). — Turnstone.

2. Morinella melanocephala (Vig.). — Black Turnstone.

* As to this work see p. 37, footnote under Totanus glottis.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 35

VAXELLUS CRISTATUS M. & W.

for a Ions time was considered to be tlie oldest uame as given in 1805, in
their " Hist. Nat. Ois. de I'Allem." (p. 110). Dresser has shown that
Bechstein'S VaneUus viilifaris of 1803 (Oru. Taschb. Vog. Uentschl., p.
313) is okler, and snbstitntes this latter uame for cristatus. The oldest
uame, however, is

Vanellus capella Schaffer. Mns. Oru., p. 49 (1789).

AEGIALITIS CAXTIANUS (Lath.)

had already, in the tenth edition of Linn.ei Syst. Nat. I, p. 150 (1758), re-
ceived the uame Charadrim alexandrinus.* Hence

AegiaJiUs alexandrinus (Lin.), 1758 ; and for the form occurring in Xorth
America.

Aegialitis alexandrinus nivosus (Cass). — Snowy Plover.

GALLINAGO MEDIA Leach, 1816,

is antedated by Scolopax media Bock, Naturforscher, XIII (1779), p. 211,
which belongs to the bird subsequently called Scolopax major by Gmelin
iu 1788, and must therefore give place to Gallinago coelestis FREUZEL.t
The North-American form will then stand as

Gallinago coelestis wilsoni (Temm.).— Wilson's Snipe.

TOTANUS GLOTTIS (Lm.) Bechst.

is the name usually adopted for the Greenshank, and for this is
quoted either Syst. Nat. ed. 10, i, p. 116 (1758), Fauna Svec, ed. 2, p.
61 (1761), or Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, p. 245 (1766). Auy one who will take
the trouble to compare these three quotations will soon find that they
refer to a bird totally different from the Totanus glottis of Bechst. The
fact that the three descriptions of Linnaeus do not fully agree, will be
mentioned later; for the present we will only consi<ler those characters
which occur in all the three editions, or which occur only in the one
without being contradictory to any character given in the others.

The following phrase of the diagnosis is the same iu all the editions:
^^Rostro recto hasi inferiori ruhro^'; and the same phrase is repeated in
the description in the Fauna, thus: ''Rostrum nigrumhasi infer ioris mat-
ilia rnhra:^ Bechstein's glottis has the bill "gray at the base" (un-
der Wurzel gran), and never red or reddish at auy age or season.

After the diagnosis follows a reprint of the diagnosis of the first
edition of the Fauna, ^4z, "i^emi^i&ws Uneis albis piscisque undidatis:^
In Bechstein's glottis the primaries, however, are black, and the

* (Cf. R. COLLETT, in Chiistiania Vicleusk. Forh. 1881, No. 10, p. 4.— R. R.)
t Scolo2)ax coelestis Frkuzel, Beschreibung tier Vijgel uud ihrer Eier in der Gegend
um Wittenberg. 1801. (p. 58).

36 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

secomlaries grayish, with wliite edges. In the 12th edit, is said : ^^Alha
immaculata sunt . . . tectrices alarum^^^ while tliose (upper wiiig-
coverts) in the summer plumage of glottis Bechst. are dark grayish-
brown with a black stripe along the shafts, in the autumnal plumage
brownish-gray with such a stripe, and in the young blackish-brown with
rusty-gray edges. Further in the same edition Linnaeus says : '■^Remujes
primores scapo albo^^ ; in the glottis Bechst. only the shaft of the first
quill is white, while the shafts of the remaining primaries are black.
From these quotations it is evident that the glottis of Linnaeus is a bird
totally different from the species so named by Bechstein, while most
authors since Bechstein's time, however, mean the bird of the latter
when they are speaking about Totanns glottis (Lin.).

It remains to determine to which species the desciiptions of Linn^us
really belong. In order to clear up this question it will be necessary to
compare those characters which in the above-mentioned three editions
do uot agree. It will thus be seen that while in the diagnoses the legs
are said to be greenish ['■'' pedihus vircscentibus''^), they are given as plum-
beous {'■'' pedeo plumhei'''') in the description of the Fauna. In the same
work is said: ^'■pectus griseum,^^ hut in the 12th edition, ^'^ Alba imma-
culata sunt pectus. . . ." From these disagreements of the descriptions
it seeiis to be very probable that Linn^us in this case did not give his
diagnosis and descriptions from the specimens themselves, but ouly from
the statements of earlier Avriters. The phrase '^ i)edes plumbci'^ may
thus have been taken from Strom, who, in his Siindmors Beskrivelse, I,
p. 235, quotes the Linnaean diagnosis in the following manner : " Nu-
menius pedibus virescentihus (more correctly plumbei). . . ." This
opinion seems also to be well founded when one comj)ares the very
meager description of the Fauna (L c.) with the ranch fuller descriiJtious
of other species, of which Linn^us had specimens before him when
describing. It will therefore be very useful to know which species the
authors cited by LtnnyEUS may have meant. In the 12th edit. Linn.eus
quotes as synonymous Limosa grisea major Briss., ed. 5, p. 272, t. 24, f.
2. To this species Brisson himself cites the same authors, which are
given by Linnaeus, and besides, the diagnosis of Linn^i Systema, 10th
edit., and Fauna, 1st ed. From the excellent description of Brisson it is
unquestionable that his species is Limosa lapponica in winter-])himage.
The description of Strom (1. c.) also shows that the bird in question
belongs to this species. It then only remains to determine whether the
characters given by Linn^us agree with those of L. lapponica. This
species has in fact the base of the lower mandible reddish, as described
above, and also the shafts of the first quills white. The two other marks,
"quills varied with white and black lines," and "wing-coverts white,
unspotted," do uot agree so well, but the diflerence is not great, and is
easily understood when one attends to the manner in which the descrij)-
tion has been made ; the inner webs of the first quills are variegated as
above described, and although the wing-coverts are not unspotted

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 37

wliite, this color, however, occapies a larger space on the wing-coverts
of this species than in any other which h'^.re reasonably can he in ques-
tion. The other characters agree as well with both species, and conse-
quently they speak in favor of the opinion here expressed.

Having thus proved that the Scolopax glottis Linnaeus is merely a
synonym of Limosa lapponica, we proceed to select a new name for it,
the first binominal one given to the bird in question, the Green-shank.

In 1767 Knud .Lekm published his " Beskrivelse over Finmarkens
Lapper," with a Latin translation following the Danish text, in which
work the Norwegian bishop Gunnerus, a very distinguished and, at
that time, everywhere in Europe, highly esteemed naturalist, and one
of the more prominent of the pupils of Linnaeus, gives a tolerably
complete account of the natural history of northern Xorway in form of
foot-notes. In these we find many good descriptions, and several species
named for the first time, and there is not the slightest reason for reject-
ing his names, as he was a strict binominalist, whose descriptions are
very clear, and published in a proper manner after 1706.

As tbe work is perhaps somewhat scarce, I think it proper to give
its title in full below.*

From his diagnosis of Scolopax nehularia (p. 251), ^^Rostro levi, acuto,
sub-reeurvato^ collo pectoraque albido, macidis fuscis ; rachi prima remiqis
nivea " it is beyond doubt that he means the species here in question.
The description of the bill is sufficient to separate this bird from the
other species of Totanus Beciist., which have the beak straight, and it
cannot be confounded with any Limosa., having the shaft of the first
quill white. The comparison with other species which he gives corrobo-
rates this opinion, as also does his quotation of Strom's Sondm. Beskr.
I, p. 252.

As Gmelin's name canescens was bestowed 21 years later, and his
description is by far not so precise as that of Gunnerus, the name of the
latter must be adopted, and the species for the future stand as Totanus
nehularius (Gunn.).

The synonymy may be given as follows :

17(5fi. _5co/o2)a:c totanus Lin., Syst. Nat. 12 ed. I, p. 245 {nee 1758 qum T. caUdris).
1767. — Scolopax nehiilarias GuNNERUS, in Leem, Lapp. Beskr. p. 251.

pers Hedenske Religion. | Canuti Leemii, Professoris Lingnse, Lapponic;e. | De

lari do Finnorum Lapporumque Norvegic religione pagaua. | Kiobenliavu, 1767.

Trykt udi det Kongel. Waysenliuses Bogtrykkerie af | G. G. Salikath.

38 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

1787. — Scolopax glottis Lath., Synops. Suppl. p. 292 {nee Lin. quw Limoaa' lapponica).

1788. — Scolopax canescens Gmel., Syst. Nat. I, p. 068.

1803.— Totanus glottis Beciist., Omitli. Tascheub. p. 287.

1809. — Totanus griseus Bechst., Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. 2 ed. IV, p. 231 (nee Scolop.

grisea Gmel. qmv Macrorhamphus gr.).
1809. — Totanus fistulans Bechst., torn. cit. p. 241.

1810.— Totanus chloropus Mky. & Wolf, Taschb. Vog. Deutscb]. II, p. 371.
181G. — Glottis natansKocu, Syst. Pair. Zool. II (p. 305) (necScol. iiatans Otto 1797 qua;

T. fusciis).
1831. — Glottis nivigula Hodgs. in Gray, Zool. Misc. II (p. 36).
1831.— rotoHHS glottoides Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831 (p. 173).
1838. — Glottis floridanus Bp. Comp. List. (p. 51).
18i\.— Glottis vigorsii Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. Ill, Grallte (p. 99).
1844. — Glottis horsfieldii Gray, tit supra.
1877 .—Glottis Unnei Malm, Goteb. ocli BohurL Fauna pp. 81 & 278.

MACHETES Cuv. 1817,

must give place to the oue year older Pavoncella Leach, Oat. M. B. Brit.
Mus. (181G), which is uot, so far as I can detect, preoccupied. Then
Pavoncella p ugnajc ( Lin. ) .

TADOE^N^A CORNUTA (Gmel.)

is not the oldest name given to that species. It is recognizably described
as Anas damiatica in Hasselquist's Palest. Eeise, Deutsche Ausgabe
(1762), p. 318, and should therefore stand as Tadorna damiatica (Has-
SELQU.), 1762.

HARELDA GLACIALIS (Lin.), 1766,

should be changed into Harelda hyemalis (Lin.), 1758, the name Anas

glacialis not being found in his lOth edition. The three earliest names

of this species are :

1758. — Anas hyemalis LiNX., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 126 (nee Pall).

17(U.— Anas kiemalis Brunn., Ornith. bor. p. 17.

1766. — Anas glacialis Linx., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I., p. 203.

POLYSTICTA Eyt. 1836,

is preoccupied by Polysticte Smith, 1835. The next name in date is

Stdlaria Bp. 1838, which is preoccupied in botany. The name given

by Gray in 1840 is uot occupied, and the genus sbould therefore in the

future bear the name

Eniconetta Gray.

Syn : =1834. — Macropns Nuttall, Man. II, p. 450 {nee Spix, 1824).

=1836. — Polijbticla^EYTO's, Brit. Birds," p. — {nee rohjsticfe Sunn, 1835, nee Foly-

siictus Reich, 1850.
=1838. — Stellaria Boxap., Comp. List, p. 57 (preoccupied in Botany).
=18A0.—Eniconttta G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds (p. 95).
=1840. — ^' Sielleria Bp." Gray, ut supra.
=:1846. — Heniconetta Agass., Ind. Univcrs. p. 178.
=1872.— " Polystiete Eyt." Suxdev., Tentain. Av. Disp. p. 148.
Species : ^tticonef fa sie.'/eri (Pall.). — Steller's Duck.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 39

PAGOPHILA EBURXEA (Phipps).

As to this bird, both the generic and the specific appellations are to
be changed. PagopMla is antedated by Gavia Boie, 1822, to whom tlie
first use of this name, as a generic one, is to be referred. Moiiring,
it is true, had already used the same word in another sense, but as his
genera are not recognized there cannot be any obstacles for adopting
them by later authors. Kaup's name PagopMla is 7 years younger and
based iiijon the same type as Boie's genus.

Synonymy of the genus :

Gavia-BoiE 1822,

<1822.— Gftt)i« Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (neo KAUr, 1829, nee Bruch, 1853).

=V69Jd.—ra<joplula Kaup, Entwg. Eur. Tliierw. p. 69 («ec Pagophilus ).

=\S\'l. — Cetosparactes Macgill, Man. Brit. Orn. II, p. 251.

=1845. — Catospuractes G. K. Gkay, Gen. of Birds III, p. 655 (err. typoyr.)

The Ivory Gull had already, in 1707, received a binominal appellation
by GuNNERUS, who applied to it the name Lams albns in the following
words : " Larus albus .... qui toto interdum corpore albus esse
& Laro cano vel & fusco magnitiidine convenire perhibetur ....
Ni valde fallor, Larus hie habendus est idem ac Senator Martensii, qui
toto corpore albus, nostro & pedibus uigris describitur esse." The
restoration of this name, which is 7 years older tlian the eburneus of
Piiipps, cannot meet with any ol*jection, as the later use of the same
]iame by Scopoli and Stat. Muller never has been adopted.

Gavia alba (Gunn.).

Syn: 1767. — Larus alhus Gunnerus in Leem, Beskr. Fium. Lapp., p. 265 {nee Scop.
1769, nee S. Mull. 1776).
1774. — Larus eburneus Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, App. (p. 187).
1876. — Larus candidus O. F. Muller, Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. VIII.
1783. — Larus niveus Bodd., Tabl. PI. Enl. (p. 58), (nee Pall.).
1846. — Larus brachytarsus Holboll, Fauna Groul. (p. 52).

LARUS GLAUCUS (Brunn.).

The appellation of this species exhibits a close analogy to the facts
referred to under Archibuteo lagopus (Brunn.), and writers, who choose
the 12th edit, of Linn^ei Systema as the starting point for specific
names, will have no alternative but to adopt the name of Gunnerus,
given in 1707, as the bird has not recei\ed any name by Linn^us.
There can be no doubt as to which species the following descri])tion of
Gunnerus belongs : " Larus hyperborens dorso dilute ciuereo, extremi-
tatibus remigum albis. A Martensio in itril. Spitzberg. dicitur Ger-
manice Burgemeister. A Brilnn. in Ornith. p. 14, n. 14S evocatur Larus
glancus totus albus, dorso & alls canis, remigum extremitatibus albis."
Gunnerus in Leem's Beskr. Finm. Lapp. p. 283 (1707).

40 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HYDROCHELIDOIir LARIFORMIS (Lin.).

I see no reason whatever for rejecting the name Sterna nigra for this
species, because there can be no doubt about which species Linn^us
has described under this name. That Gray and others have used the
names Jissrpes for this species, and erroneously given the appeUation
nigra to another, cannot be a hiuderance to the restoring of the proper
name. The Ibllowing citations from Linnet's descriiitiou in Fauna
Snec, 2d ed. p. 50, will be sufficient to show that he means the common
black Tern: ^^ Color iotius avis supra canus''^ and ^'■remiges d' rectricbs
omnes unicolores & subtus alhescentes.'''' From these it is evident that the
rump and upper surface of the tail are gray, which are the very charac-
teristic features of the bird occurring in Scandinavia, in opposition to
leucopfera Meisn., which has the rump and the upper surface of the tail
white, being one of the rarest stragglers in the country of Linn^us.
His statement '■'■Hahitat Ultunw prope Upsaliam''^ therefore corroborates
the opinion here expressed.

The synonjauy of the European form is the following:

Hi/drochelidon nigra (Lix. ).

1758. — Sterna nigra Lix., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 137 {nee Gray).

1758. — RalhiH lariformis Lix., toui. cit. p. 153.

17m.— Sterna nwcia Lix., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I, p. 228 (nee Fall.).

1766. — Sterna fissipes Lix., ut supra (nee Fall.).

1769. — Sterna merulinus ScoP.. Aun. I, Hist. Nat. p. 81.

1788. — Sterna obscura Gmul., Syst. Nat. I, p. 608 (nee Lath.).

1831. — Hijdroclididon nigricans Brm., Haiidb. Vog. Deiitschl. ]). 794.

The American form has the following synonymy :

Hiidroclitlidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.).

1788. — Sterna surinamenHis Gm., Syst. Nat. I, p. 604.

ISV^.—Sterva pltimhea Wils. Am. Orn. VII (p. 83, pi. 60).

lS2d.— Sterna nigra Bp., Syn. (p. 355).

li^m.—Sterna frenata Salvix, Ibis, 1860, p. 278 {nee Gambel).

im-^.~Hf/drochelidon fissipe>< CouES, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1862 (p. 554).

1874. — Bijdrnchelidon lariformis CouES, Birds of N. W. p. 704.

I860.—Hydrochelidon lariformis surinamensis Ridgw. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1880, p. 208.

STERCORAEIUS CEEPIDATUS and PARASITICUS.

Since the first separation of the two species, which are called "Rich-
ardson's Jaeger" and " Long-tailed Jaeger,'' much dispute among authors
has arisen from the question, to which of these ^i)ec\GS the piarasiticus of
LiNN^us really belongs.* At one time the (me opinion has been the
])revailing one, and at other times the opposite belief. For a long time
the "Richardson's Jaeger" held the name in unquestioned possession.

* All the authors before 1800 (except Brissox and Guxxerus, who in 1767 give Ihe
name parasiticus to Richardson's "Jaeger;" see Leem, Beskr. Finm. Lapp. pp. 239
and 287) confound the two species.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 41

until in the later years especially English ornithologists (Saunders,
Dresser) have tried to vindicate the name ]}arasiticus for the long-
tailed species.

In the 10th edition of Linn^ei Systema we find nothing which justifies
the change of the generally adopted appellation. Mr, Saunders (Pr.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 187G, p. 327) thinks, however, that the short diagnosis,
viz, '■'■ rectricihus duabus intennedus longissimis,^^ is snflBcient to prove
the contrary, and exclaims, "Nothing could well be clearer!" This
might perhaps have been right, if Linn^us had had before him more
than one species, of which one or more were supplied with rectricihus
longiSj and the parasiticus then was given as having rectrices longissimi ;
but as he knew but one species, his expression would be quite correct
if the middle pair of rectrices in his parasiticus had been still shorter
than they are in " Kichardson's Jaeger." The phrase "i^ec^rices iuter-
medii longissimi" indicates only that the middle pair was longer than
the other, or it may also siguify that it in this "iar?(s" was very long
compared with the other Lari described by him, which all had a square
tail. Mr. Sundevall (Tent. Meth. Av. Disp. p. 130) uses the same
phrase exactly in the same meaning, when he characterizes the whole
genus in the words, " Cauda suhaquali, pennis 2 mediis lougissimis," and
nobody will cousider this to be incorrect, although he, in the genus thus
cliaracterized, includes the Cataracta sJcua Brunn. Besides, the quo-
tations and the habits of the bird, as they are given in the lOtli edition,
agree better with the common Jaeger than with the long-tailed species.
The authors who take this edition for their starting point in nomencla-
ture have not the slightest reason for changing the name.

Saunders, Dresser, and most English writers, however, found
their nomenclature on the 12th edition of 1766. In this the diagnosis
from the 10th edition is reprinted verbatim. Besides, there is nothing
new which can justify the change ; it might then be that Linn^us here
cites as synonymous the longicaudatus of Brisson, but as he does not
adopt the other sj^ecies of the same author, the " Stercorrarius^^^ the erro-
neous citation is of no importance, as it only shows that he did not
recognize more than one species. Thus the 12th edition does not furnish
any reason supporting the change. But — and this is the main point —
this edition contains a phrase which corroborates the opinion here de-
feuded, and which appears to have been overlooked by Mr. Saunders,
viz, '■^ Rachis remigum rectricumque, imprimis subtus, nivea." From this
quotation it seems to be evident that Linn^us means the biM which
has the shafts of all the primaries white, and that his parasiticus of 1766
belongs less to the long-tailed species than even the parasiticus of 1758.
If it is so that both editions of the Systema jSTaturalis entitle the common
Jaeger to bear the name parasiticus Lin., it will be of no importance
that the description in Fauna Svecica (1761) — the diagnosis is the same
as in S. K. — is perhaps made from a specimen of the long-tailed species
which Linnaeus himself confounded with the common Jaeger. It will

42 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

have uo iuflueiice on those authors who start from 1758, because the
description of the Fauna is of later date, and it ujust have less influence
on those who date their specific appellations from 1700, because the said
description is older, and those ornithologists pay no attention to names
given before that date. It will be the less justifiable for them to use
the name of 1701, as this is opposite to the appellation of 1700.

Mr. Saunders himself states (torn. cit. p. 051) that " these violent
transfers must always be productive of confusion even when justifiable."
Where the case is clear and allows no doubt, we will have, however, to
accept the oldest name, even if the restoration for a short time would
produce sojne confusion, but it should never be performed where the
case is doubtful, or, like the present, more than doubtful.

In order to show the proper names of the two species, I give the fol-
lowing synonymy :

1. Stercorariui parasiticus (Lin.)

1758.— irt>-«s parasiticus LiN. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, I, p. 136 [tiec descr. Faun. 1761 (?), nee

Less.).
1764. — Catharacta cepphus Brunx. Orn. Bor. p. 36 {nee Steph.).
1764. — Catharacta coprotheres Bruxx. op. cit. p. 38 (?).

1773.— iams a-epidatus Banks in Hawkesw. Voy. II (p. 15) {nee Brm. & Schill.).
im\.—Lestris hoji Brm., Lehrb. Eur. Viig. II, p. 991.
1824. — Lestris schleepii Brm., torn. cit. p. 993.
1824. — Lestris henickii Brm., torn. cit. p. 996.
1811-31. — Catarractes parasita Pall., Zoogr. Ross. -As. II, \}. 310.
1831. — Lestris richardsoni Swaixs., Fauu. Bor.-Amer. p. 433.
1862. — Lestris thuliaca Preyer, Reise n. Isl. (p. 418).
ISQii.^Stercorarius tephras Malixgr., Jouiii. f. Orn., 1865, p. 392.
1873. — Sttrcorarius asiaticus Hume, Stray Feathers (p. 269).

2. Stereorarius Jongicaudus Vieill.

1819. — Stereorarius Jongicaudus Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 157.

1822.— "iesfns hujfonii H." Boie," F. Boie, Ms, 1822, pp. 562 and 874.

1822. — Lestris crepidata Brm. and Schill., Britr. Vogelk. (p. 861) {nee Banks).

1826. — Stereorarius cepphus Steph. in Shaw, Gen. Zoo!., XIII, I, p. 211.

\S-2S.— Lestris parasitica Less., Man. d'Oru. II, p. 288 {nee Lixx. 1758).

1831. — Lestris mierorynchus Brm., Handb. Vog. Deutsohl. p. 725.

1838. — Lestris lessoni Degl., Mem. Acad. Roy. de Lille, 1838 (p. 108).

1842. — Stereorarius longicaudatus De Selys, Fauue Belg. (p. 156).

1855. — Lestris hachyrhynehus Brm., Vogelf. (p. 337).

1867. — "Lestris irissoni Boie," Degl. and Gerbe, Ornitli. Europ. II, p. 400,

PODICEPS and COLYMBUS.

LiNNvEUS united the Grebes and the Loons or Divers in the same
genus, Colymhus, but in 1700 Beisson had already separated the Loons
from the Grebes, retaining the name Colymbus for the latter. In 1777
ScopoLi followed his example. Ten years later Latham applied the
name Podiceps to the same group, this consequently being a mere
synomym of Colymbus as restricted by Brisson. As the name given
by the latter author to the Loons was preoccupied, the next name, which
is Cuviek's Urinator, is to be used. The name Eudytes Illiger,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 43

altliough 12 years younger, has been generally adopted, but it must
give way to the older name, for the suppression of which I see no
reason.

The following is the synonymy of the genus :

Urinator Cuv.

<^17o8.—Coli/mbu8 Lin., Syst. Nat, ed. 10, I, p. 135.

= 1760. — Mergus Bmss., Omith. VI, p. 104 (wee Linn. 1758.)

< 1777.— JJria Scopoli, Introd. p. 473 (neo Briss. 1760).
= 1799.— Urinator Cuv., Anat. Comp. I, Tabl. II.

= ISn.—Eiidytes Illig., Prodr. Syst. p. 282.

< 1811-31. — Cepphus TiVLJu., Zoogr. Ross. -As.

y 1829.— Eudites Kaup, Entwg. Eur. Thierw. p. 144.

All the species belonging to this genus occur in North America, viz :

1. Urinator immer (Beunn.),

usually known among North American ornithologists as C. torquatus
BRtJNN.; but as the former name also is ncceptable to those writers who
follow the Stricklaudfan code of nomenclature, and who reject specific
names older than 17GG, I have found the name C. immer preferable,
liecause it also occurs in the 12th edition of Linn^i Syst. Nat.
The synonymy of the species is given as follows :

1764. — Coljimbus immer Brvsn., Ornith. Bor. p. 38.

1764. — Colyinhus torquatus Brunn., torn. cit. p. 41.

1765. — Colymbiis maximus GuNX., Tr. Selsk. Skr. Ill, ]). 125.

1766. — Colymbus glacialis Lin., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, I, p. 221.

1790. — Merg us nwvius Bo:<y; AT., Enc. Meth. Orn. I, p. 73.

1810. — Colipubus airogularisMKYF.R & Wolf, Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. II, p. 449 (partim).

1824. — Colyinbus hfiemalis Brm., Lehrb. Eur. Viig. II, p. 883.

1831. — Colymbus hiemalis Brm., Handb. Viig. Deutschl. p. 972.

2. Urinator adammi (G. R. Gray), 1859.

3. Urinator arcticus (Linn.), 1758.

4. Urhiator iMcificus (Lawr.).

5. Urinator lumme (Brunn.), 17G4.

This is the G. septentrionalis Lin. 1706. But as Linn^i^us does m)t
give the name either in the 10th edition o.f Syst. Nat. or in 2d ed. of
Fauna Svecica (17G1), the name of BRiJNNiCH is to be used.

OIV THE GEIVEKA HARPORM\ 3fCHUS, CABAIVBS. AIVD ITIETDIRIOPTE-
Rrjsi, REaCHE.'VBACSI, AVITDI A WEWCRIPTIOIV OF A rVEW" «Ej\US

OF MIlTiaiVJE.

By ROBERT RIDGWAY.

In treating of the genus Harporhi/nchus, in its comprehensive sense,
most authors have alluded more or less strongly to the great difference
in ibrm presented by the type of the genus [H. rediviviai) on the one
hand and certain species associated with it under the same generic name

44 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(notably "5." rufns). The various attempts at subdivision, however,
have either proven faihires, ou account of the gradual transition between
the two extremes in certain characters, or unsatisfactory, by reason of
the line having been varionsly drawn by different authors.* As long
ago as 185S, however, the line separating Methrioptents from Harpor-
hijmhus appears to have been properly drawn, by Professor Baird in a
"Synopsis of the species" under the heading of the latter, on p. 348 of
" Birds of Xorth America." While, however, arranging the species in a
table under the two separate headings {Harporhymhus including redivi-
vus, lecontei, and crissalis, Methriopterm comprising curvirostris, longiros-
tris, and riifus), Professor Baird hesitated to separate the two.groups gen-
erically,but remarked as follows concerning the matter: " The transition
from the one extreme in structuce in H. redivivus to the other in T. rufus
is so gradual as to render it very difficult to separate them ; T. curviros-
tris has a shorter tarsus (about equal to the middle toe) than the others,
and the graduation of the tail is less. It is very difficult to say whether
it should more properly be assigned to the first section or the second.
In the character of the bill there is the most gradual transition from its
very long greatly curved shape in H. redivivus to the straight and short
one of H. rufusJ^ It appears, however, that other characters of more
importance than the mere size and shape of the bill, serve, when taken
in connection with the latter, to very readily distinguish two groups
which it seems to me are of generic rank. These distinctions I have
been able to verify in the case of all the species known to date, includ-
ing two {M. palmeri and ill. hendirei unknown when Professor Baird's
"Keview" was published, besides two others M. cinereus (Xantus), and
ilf. ocellatus (Scl.) not taken into consideration in the "Birds of North
America." These characters are as follows :

1. Harporhynchus. Tarsus much shorter than culmen ; gonys
equal to or longer than middle toe, without claw; tail exceeding the
wing by much more than the length of the tarsus. Lower parts wholly
immaculate.

2. Methriopterus. Tarsus longer than the culmen ; gonys much
shorter than the middle toe, without claw; tail exceeding the wing by
much less than the length of the tarsus. Lower parts more or less dis-
tinctly spotted or streaked (jnarkings nearly obsolete in .1/. palmeri).

To Harporliynclius, as thus restricted, belong only E. redivivus, H.
leeontei, and //. crissalis, while to Methriopterus may be referred the

* Thus, Dr. Sclater, in bis " Synoi>sis of the Thrushes ( Turdida) of the New World,"
(P. Z. S. ISfiO, pp. 338-40), iuchides Orjiheus curvirostris Swaius. under Harporliynchus,
along with H. redivivus, H. leeontei, andil. crissalis, '' MetJmoptcrus'' embracinfi: only O.
longirostris Lafr. and Tardus rufus Linn. In hi.s ' ' Catalogue of a Collection of American
Birds," published two years later (1862; pp. 7-8), Dr. Sclater adopts essentially the
same arrangement, Harporhynchus being represented by "jff." curvirostris, and Methri-
opterus by "^." louffirostris, "H." rufus, and "H." cinereus. It is iiropcr to state,
however, that the term Methriopterus is not used in a generic sense, but merely as a
convenient subgeneric heading.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 45

following: M. riifus, M. longirostris, M. ocellatus, M. cinereus^ M. hoidirei,
M. palmeri, aud M. curvirostris. This arrangemeut, I am aware, removes
M. palmeri much further from R. lecontei thau Mr. Brewster (ef. Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Olub, vi, Apr. 1881, p. 67) has suggested should be its posi-
tion, but after a very careful comparison with all the species, made in
coTiuection with Mr. Brewster's remarks upon the subject, 1 am con-
vinced that the two birds have in fact nothing in common beyond a
general superficial resemblance in coloration. In fact, these two si)e-
cies, wbich exhibit the nearest approach in the two genera, may be
as readily distinguished by the characters given above as may H. redi-
vivus and R. rnfus, although the difference is of course far greater be-
tween the two latter. With but a single specimen of R. lecontei for
comparison, I cannot verify a single one of the characters adduced by
Mr. Brewster as distinguishing this species from R. redirlvus, although
I am obliged to indorse his view of their specific distinctness, since
very positive specific characters distinguish them, the most important
of which, it appears to me, are the following :

1. H. REDivivus. Tail slightly darker and somewhat browner than
the back ; lower parts chiefly ochraceous-buff", the crissum more fulvous;
auriculars dusky, with distinct whitish shaft-streaks; no distinct dusky
"bridle'' or paler malar stripe. Wing 3.90-4.30, tail 4.90-5.80, culmen
(to exposed base) 1.35-1.75; width of maxilla at nostrils .25-.30, the
lafeml outlines gradually hut decidedly divergent totcard the hase; tarsus
1.45-l.GO, middle toe .95-1.12.

2. H. LECONTEI. Tail very decidedly darker but scarcely browner
than the back; lower parts (especially abdomen) chiefly dull white, the
crissum ochraceous, in marked contrast ; auriculars light brownish gray,
like occiput, without distinct paler streaks; throat bordered on each
side by a distinct dusky "bridle," and a distinct malar stripe of whitish,
imrrowly barred with dusky. Wing 3.70-3.90, tail 4.57-5.20, culmen
(from exposed base) 1.25-1.35; width o/ maxilla at nostrils .20-21, the
lateral outlines parallel from near the tip hacJc nearly or quite to nostrils;
tarsus 1.25, middle toe .S5.

It will thus be seen that aside from positive characters afforded by
the plumage, the proportions of the two species are radically distinct.
While the wing and tail average slightly less in R. lecontei, the tarsus
aud middle toe are disproportionately shorter. In fact, both the feet
and bill are altogether slenderer, and much more like those of iT^. crissa-
lis, to which there is also a nuich nearer resemblance in the dusky
"bridle" and whitish malar stripe.

The ^' Rarporhynchus^'' graysoni, from the island of Socorro, I propose
to make the typQ of a new geiuis, as follows:

Genus MIMODES, Eidgway.

Ch. — Somewhat like Mimus, but with the bill decidedly stouter
the wing much more rounded, and the colors much more uniform.

46 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Tail much longer tlian the wing, rounded, but with the four middle
rectrices of equal length. Fourth, fifth, and sixth quills longest, the
third about equal to the seventh; second not longer than the tenth.
Depth of the bill through the base decidedly more than half the length
of the gonys, or of the maxilla from the nostril to the tip ; gonys less
than half the total length of the mandible. Colors plain brown, paler
below, without distinct white markings on wings or tail.

Type, Harporhynchus graysoni Baird.

In general appearance, the type and only known species of this genus
is somewhat intermediate between the species of the genera Metliriop-
terus and HarporhyncJmi^, having the straighter bill of the former and the
uniform brownish coloration of the latter. A close comparison, how-
ever, reveals the fact that the species in question is very much more
nearly related to the genus Mimus than to either of those named above^
while at the same time it becomes obvious that it cannot be included in
the latter genus, by reason of the very marked distinctive characters
pointed out above, in which it dilfers from every species of Mini us with
which I have been able to compare it.* The distinctive characters of
the two genera may be contrasted as follows :

Mimus. Depth of bill through base decidedly less than half the length
of the maxilla from nostril to tip, and not more than half the length of
the gonys; the latter decidedly more than the distance from its base to
the malar apex; third, fourth, and fifth quills longest, second longer,
equal to or longer than eighth. Tail with more or less of white.

MiMODES. Depth of bill through base decidedly more than half the
length of the maxilla from nostril to tip, and also decidedly more than
half the length of the gonys; the latter decidedly less than the distance
from its base to the malar apex. Fourth, fifth, and sixth quills longest,
the second equal to the tenth. Tail without white.

0.\ A PlIOJSiPHATIC SANDSTONE FROITI HAWTHORNE, IN FLORIDA.

Bj^GEORGE \%. HALVES, PH. D.,

Curator in the Natioiud Museum.

In connection with the work, upon the products of quarries which is
being performed under the auspices of the Tenth Census at the National
Museum in Washington, analyses have been made of a stone that is

*Iiichicling the following: M. polyglottus (including its West Indian races), M.
triurus, M. f/ilvus, M. satiirninns, M. calandria, M. thenca, M. longicaudatns, M. "nigriloris,"
M. MUi, and M. vielanotls. I have not seen specimens of M. dorsalis, M. patachonicus,
M. Mfasciatiis, or M. parvulua, but these species (except possibly the two latter) api>ear
to be congeneric with those named above. It may prove advisable, however, to
separate the three species of the Galapagoes (M. melanotis, M. trifasciatus, and M.
paniulus) on account of their very lengthened and slender bill, but I am not prepared
to say that this should be done.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

quarried iu Florida, wliicli bas proved to contain ingredients that make
it valuable for other than building purposes. To render this informa-
tion available to those interested in agricultural resources, the analyses
that have been made upon this material are now published.

There are very few stone quarries iu the State of Florida — in fact
almost the only one in actual operation is that at Hawthorne, in Alachua
County, which is operated by Mr. C. A. Simmons.

When saturated with its quarry water this stone is quite soft and can
be cut with an axe or sawn with much facility, and bricks of any desired
shape can be very easily cut from it. The chimneys of the region, and
the walls and houses, so far as stone has been used in their construction,
are made from blocks that have been taken from this quarry. The ma-
terial rapidly hardens when exposed to the air and sun, and some struct-
ures that were made of it thirty years ago are said to be still in good
conditiou. Cubes 34 inches upon their edges have been extracted, and
it is stated that a cube two or three times as large might be obtained.
The cubic contents of the excavated space is 800 yards, but the space
occupied by the deposit covers a large area and the material is said
to be practically inexhaustible. The marl beds which are associated
with this rock coutain sharks' teelh and bones which mark the Tertiary
age of the formation. Professor Smith, who has so recently written upon
the geology of Florida, in the American Journal of Science, April, 1881,
page 292, states that this bed belongs with the Yicksburg beds which
cover so large a portion of the interior of Florida.

This stone ])ossesses properties which evidently render it valuable as
a material of construction, especially in the southern latitudes, where
frost does not act as a disintegrating agent. It was examined by one
of the southern chemists, who stated that it consisted almost entirely of
silica and would be good for glass making. The examination of a thin
section of this stone, however, indicated that it possesses such a peculiar
structure, foreign to a quartz rock, that the necessity of analyses was
suggested. These analyses were performed by Dr. A. B. Howe, upon
two specimens taken from different jjortions of the quarry. The first
specimen gave the following results :

II.

Mean.

Si02

AbOs....
re203.-.

CaO

MgO

P2O5

H2O

46.70
19. 53
1.79
2.91
.16
16.12
14.28

101. 49

46.83
19.61
1.64
2.75
.27
16.02
(14. 28)

101. 40

46. 765
19.57
1.715
2.83
.215
16. 07
• 14. 28

101. 445

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The second specimen was like the first, porous, and slightly yellowish
in color, but it was softer — a circumstance due to the fact that it had
been lately quarried. Its composition was as follows :

II.

Mean.

SiOj

AhOa..-

50.70

50.76

50.73

12.84

12 86

12.85

re203 ....

1.81

1.85

1.83

CaO

12.07

11.96

12. 015

MgO

.36

.33

.345

NaaO ....

.32

KjO

.33

P2O5

12. 97

13.12

13. 045

h'o

8.39

CO,

.86

100. 65

100. 78

100. 715

The composition of this rock indicates therefore that it might be ad-
vantageously employed as a fertilizing material. Although the per-
centage of phosphoric acid is less than in the best Carolina phosphate,
there is no lime to be neutralized by sulphuric acid before liberating the
phosphoric acid. I am informed that the extent of the deposit which is
represented by these analyses is very large. But the investigation of
the value of this material as a fertilizer would of necessity involve
further analyses and a more extensive investigation of this aspect of the
question than interests us in our consideration of the substance as a
building material.

The microscopic structure of this rock indicates that it is composed
largely of angular grains of sand which are cemented together by a
fibrous material which is probably the phosphate, and by a simple re-
fracting substance which appears to be a mixture of kaolin and hydrous
silica. By treating the rock with caustic potash, Dr. Howe dissolved
over 7 per cent, of silica from it. The solution used contained 50 per
cent, of caustic potash (K O H.); in the first experiment 8.71 per cent,
of silica was dissolved, and in the second 7.93 per cent, of silica. This
determination is an indication that the hardening of the rock on expos-
ure is due to the presence of this hydrous silica, which might be, in
])art at least, in a gelatinous condition in the rock, when soaked with its
quarry water. Owing to the nature of the components it is not easy
to calculate the mineral nature of the phosphate, which is a])parently
different in the two specimens analyzed. In the first case the acid is
apparently combined with alumina and in the second case with lime.

National Museum, June 29, 1881.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 49

NOTES OiV THE NATIVE TREES OF THE I,OAVER ^VABASH AIVI>
WHITE KITER VAI,r,EVS, IN Il,I.IIVOIS AN© INUIAIVA.

By ROBERT RIDGWAY.

[The accompanying notes on the forest-growth of the Lower Wabash Valley were
prepared originally for the use of Professor Sargent in his report upon the forest trees
of North America for the Tenth Census. It being impossible, however, for him to
utilize more than occasional extracts, he suggested to the writer their publication "ui
toto in some convenient form," so that all interested in this important subject might
have the benefit of these observations. It is, therefore, in deference to Professor Sar-
gent's advice that the present paper is herewith presented.]

INTRODUCTION.

Although the flekl of this paper ostensibly iacliides the valley of the
Wabash and that of its main tributary, White River, from the mouth of
the former stream north to where the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad
crosses them both (or from latitude 37^' 50' to 38° 50', approximately),
it is proper to state that actual investigations have been made at very
few points within the district named, and chiefly in the immediate
vicinity of Mount Carmel, Wabash County, Illinois, which alone has
been carefully explored. In the limited area .comprised within five
miles' radius from Mount Carmel, 86 species of trees have been found
growing wild, including several which are commonly classed as shrubs,
but which there grow to a height of 30 feet or more. Rather protracted
observations in Knox County, Indiana, some twenty-five miles to the
northeast of Mount Carmel, and in Posey County, 20 miles or more
southward, did not increase the list, but extremely desultory observa-
tions, made by Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel, in Gallatin County,
Illinois, near the mouth of the Wabash River, where the country is very
broken, resulted in the addition of Juniperus virginiana, Chamccmjparis.
sph(vroi(lea, and a Pimis ;* while White County, the next one south of
Wabash, adds one more [Aralia .spinosa). Bobinia psendacacia occurs
l)lentifully in the hilly districts in the southern part of both Illinois and
Indiana, but has not been met with in the wild state by the writer.

Halesia tetraptera is quoted from Evansville, Ind. (only forty miles
south of Mount Carmel), and from " Southern Illinois"; while the Prince
Maximilian von Wied, who passed one winter (October 10, 1832, to
March 10, 1833) at New Harmony, Posey County, gives, in his Beise in
das innere Nor d- America^] vol. i, p. 209, a list of about 60 species of
trees which came under his observation in that vicinity, and among
which are included several which have not been found by Dr. Schneck or
myself, though it should be stated that our observations in Posey County
have been confined to a very limited field. These species are, " Jwjlans''''

* It is as yet undetermined whether the species is P. mitis or P. inoi)s.
t Published in Coblenz, 1839.

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 4 June IS, 1 § 8^5.

50 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

[= Carya] aquaUca, "J." [= C] myristiccvformis^ Acer '■'• striatum'" [= A.
pennsylvanicum], Robiniapseudacacia, '' Cerasus^^ [= Primus] virginianus,
and Nyssa sylvatica. It is, therefore, very likely that several species are
to be added to those given in the ai^pended list, thus making an actual
total of nearly 100 species of trees which are native to the valley of the
lower Wabash.

The most marked features of the woods in the region under consider-
ation, as compared with those of more eastern districts, are, (1) the entire
absence of coniferous trees, except in special and usually very restricted
localities, and (2) the great variety of species growing together. They
are emphatically "mixed woods," it being very rare indeed to find a
single species predominating over all others, though in limited sections
or particular localities one or another of the oaks (most frequently Q.
alba) J the Sugar Maple or Sweet Gum, may largely prevail; indeed, even
the Honey Locust and Catalpa have been noticed, in a single instance
each, to form the prevailing growth on a restricted area. Usually,
however, from 40 to 50 species of trees are mixed together indiscrimi-
nately upon an area approximating, say, 50 to 75 acres, the relative
abundance of the component species varying with the location, char-
acter of soil, geological formation, and other local causes. The two fol-
lowing lists, made on the spot, are given as typical :

(1) Area, about 50 acres; situation, about 1^ miles west of Mount Carmcl,
Wabash County, Illinois, in bottoms of Greathouse CreeJc; date, September
10, 1876.

1. Pawpaw, Asimina triloba.

2. Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum.

3. Eed Maple, Acer ruhrum.

4. Sugar Maple, Acer saccharimim.

5. Honey Locust, Gleditschia triacanthos.
C. Coftee-bean, Gymnocladus canadensis.

7. Eed-bud, Cercis canadensis.

8. Wild Plum, Prunus virginiana.

9. Wild Cherry, Prunus serotina.

10. Crab Apple, Pirns coronaria.

11. Cock-spur Thorn, Cratwgus crus-galli.

12. "Red Haw", Crataegus (species undetermined).

13. Sweet Gum, Liquidambar styraciflua.

14. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida.

15. "Black Gum", Kyssa {sylvatica f).

16. Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana.

17. \^\\\t(i Aiih, Fraxinus americana.

18. Blue Ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata.

19. Eed Ash, Fraxinus pubescens.

20. Sassafras, Sassafras officinale.
JJlmns amcricana.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 51

22. Slippery Elm, Ulmusfulva.

23. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis.

24. Mulberry, Morus rubra.

25. Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis.

26. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra.

27. Butternut, Juglans cinerea.

28. Shell-bark Hickory, Carya alba.

29. "Big Shellbark", Oar^/a sw/m^a.

30. "Little Shellbark", Carya microcarpa.

31. Black Hickory, Carya tomentosa.

32. Broom Hickory, Carya amara.

33. Pig-nut Hickory, Carya porcina.

34. White Oak, Quercus alba.

35. Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor.

36. "Chinquapiu" Oak, Quercus muhlenbergi.

37. Michaux's Oak, Querents michauxi.

38. Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea.

39. Laurel Oak, Quercus imbricaria.

40. Water Oak, Quercus palustris.

41. Red Oak, Quercus rubra.

42. Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria.

43. Red Birch, Betula nigra.

44. Shining Willow, Salix lucida.

45. Cottonwood, Populus moniUfera.

40. Swamp Cottonwood, Populus lieterophylla.

The following additional species grew within half a mile of the woods
in question, some of them just beyond its borders :

1. Tulip Poplar, Liriodendron tuUpifera.

2. Box Elder, J^egundo aceroides.

3. Stag-horn Sumac, Rhus typhina.

4. Black Haw, Viburnum prunifoUum.

5. Winged Elm, Ulmus alata.

6. Pecan, Carya oUvccformis.

7. Spanish Oak, Quercus falcata.

8. Black-jack Oak, Quercus nigra.

9. Post Oak, Quercus stellata.

10. Hornbeam, Carpinus caroUniana.

11. Black Willow, Salix nigra.

12. Aspen, Populus tremuloides f

Making a total of 58 species of trees, all " hard woods," actually found
growing on an area of less than one mile square. In addition to these
there would be added in certain portions of the river bottoms the fol-
lowing, so that it is possible to find as many as 75 species on the same
area in the vicinity of Mount Carmel :
1. Linden, Tilia americana.

52 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

2. Large-leafed Linden, Tilia Jieterophylla,

3. Bnckeye, JEsculus glabra f

4. Water Locust, Gleditschia monospernia.

5. Narrow-leafed Crab Apple, Pirus angiistifolia.

6. Scarlet-fruited Thorn, Cratccgiis coccinea.

7. "Ked Haw," Cratwgus suhvillosa.

8. Service Tree, Amelanchier canadensis,

9. Green Ash, Fraxinus viridis.

10. Black Ash, Fraxinus sambucifoUa.

11. Catalpa, Cafalpa speciosa.

12. jMississippi Hackberry, Celtis mississippiensis.

13. Overcup Oak, Quercus lyrata.

14. Hop Hornbeam, Ostrya virginica.

15. Beech, Fagus ferruginea.
IG. Black Birch, Betula lenta.

17. Bald Cypress, Taxodium distichum.

The larger number of the species in the last list are, of course, more
or less local, but it is believed that every one of them, and also those of
the two i^receding lists (excepting, perhaps, Ulmus alata, Quercus fal-
cata, Q. nigra, and Q. sfellata, which prefer poorer soils), could be found
on an area of less than a square mile in extent, commencing at the bank
of the Wabash Kiver, immediately above the mouth of White Biver, and
extending back through t]ie cypress swamp to the bluffs which border
the bottom lands. This gives for one square mile of woods, a grand
total of more than 70 species of trees, not including several of the larger
shrubs (as Amorpfha fruHcosa and Ilex verticillata), which here attain
almost the stature of trees.

(2) Area, about 75 acres; location, about 2 miles west of Wheatland, Knox
County, Indiana, adjoining the icestern border of Monteurh Pond; date.
May, 1881.

1. Tulip Poplar, Liriodendron tulipifera.

2. Pawpaw, Asimina triloba.

3. Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum.

4. Bed Maple, Acer rubrum.

5. Sugar Majile, Acer saccharinum.
C. Box Elder, N'egundo aceroides.

7. "Dwarf" Sumac, Elms copallina.

8. Smooth Sumac, Rhus glabra.

9. Honey Locust, Gleditschia triacanthos,

10. Coffee-bean, Gymnocladus canadensis.

11. Eed-bud, Cercis canadensis.

12. Wild Plum, Primus americana.

13. Wild Cherry, Prunus serotina.

14. Crab Apple, Pirus coronaria.

15. Black Thorn, Crattegus tomentosa.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 53

10. "Haw," Crataegus (species undetermined.)

17. Sweet Gum, Liquidamhar styracifiua.

18. Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida.

19. "Black Gum," N'yssa sylvatica f

20. Black flaw, Viburnum primifoUum.

21. Persimmon, Diospyros virglniana.

22. White Ash, Fraxiniis americana.

23. Black Ash, Fraxinus sambucifolia.
21. Bed Ash, Fraxinus puhescens.

25. Catalpa, Catalpa speciosa.

26. Sassafras, Sassafras officinale.

27. White Elm, Ulnius americana.

28. Slippery Elm, Ulmus fukia.

29. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis..

30. Mulberry, Morus rubra.

31. Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis.

32. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra.

33. Shell-bark Hickory, Carya alba.
31. Big Shellbark, Carya sulcata.

35. Black Hickory, Carya tomentosa.

36. Pig-nut Hickory, Carya porcina.

37. Broom Hickory, Carya amara.

38. White Oak, Quercus alba.

3d. Swami) White Oak, Quercus bicolor,

40. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa.

41. Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea.

42. Laurel Oak, Quercus imbricaria.

43. Water Oak, Quercus palustris.

44. Eed Oak, Quercus rubra.

45. Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria.

46. Beech, Fagus ferruginea.

47. Hornbeam, Carpinus caroUniana.

48. Black Willow, Salix nigra.

49. Shining Willow, Salix lucida.

50. Swamp Cottonwood, Populus lieterophylla.

51. Common Cottonwood, Populus monilifera.

52. Aspen, Populus tremuloides.

Originally, much the larger part of the district under consideration
was heavily timbered, and at present the nearest actual prairies to
Mount Carmel are distant about 20 to 30 miles in Lawrence and Kich-
mond Counties, Illinois. Since the first settlement of the country,*
however, the distribution of the timber has very materially changed,
much of the original forest having been cleared for cultivation, while
on the other hand nearly all the smaller i^rairies have become trans-

* Mouut Carmel was laid out as a town iu 1818, but tlic suiTonnding couutry had
already become sparsely settled.

54 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

formed into woodland. It is difficult to now estimate what proportioji
of the orignal growth (considered as to area, little if any being now in
its primitive condition) is now standing, but it is stated by those most
competent to judge, that on account of this encroachment of the woods
upon the former prairies, there is now a greater extent of woodland in
Wabash and adjoining counties (in Illinois) then there was fifty years
ago. The growth of this new forest is so rapid that extensive woods
near Mount Carmel (consisting chiefly of Oaks and Hickories, averaging
more than 80 feet high, and 1 to nearly 2 feet in diameter), were open
prairie within the memory of some of the present owners of the land!

The original growth of the richer bottom lauds and slopes of the bluffs
was probably equal in magnitude to that of any other hard-wood forest
in Eastern North America; at least the taller trees even now standing
considerably exceed in height the dimensions given in standard text-
books, and evidently based on the growth of other sections of the
country. That this discrepancy of size indicates actual superiority I
am, however, loth to believe, but am rather inclined to attribute it to a
paucity of measurements of trees in other sections, a view of the case
which is considerably strengthened by the fact that the diameter of the
larger trees does not greatly exceed that attained in the original forest
along the Atlantic seaboard, except, perhaps, in the case of particular
species. Certain it is, that the virgin forests of the western slope of
the Alleghanies, in West Virginia, and, possibly, that of some portions
of Southern Ohio, appear to compare very favorably with those of the
lower Wabash region ; at least that is the imi)ression which I have re-
ceived from jiassing through them repeatedly by rail; while I am con-
fident that in Jackson County, Indiana, near the line of the Ohio and
Mississippi Railroad even a larger growth exists at the present time than
in most parts of the Lower AVabash Valley, but I have no measurements
wherewith to substantiate this impression.

The investigations upon which my knowledge of the timber of the
Lower Wabash region is based extend over many years, during which
time an opportunity for taking a desirable measurement was never
neglected. I have furthermore received nuich assistance from friends
and correspondents interested in the subject, among whom I may
especially mention Dr. J. Schneck, of Mount Carmel; his brother,
Charles Schneck, of Posey County, Indiana; and Mr. Thos. J. Johnston,
county surveyor of Posey County. Dr. Schneck has already published,
in Professor Cox's Geological Survey of Indiana (volume for 1875, pp.
501-579), a "Catalogue of the Flora of the Wabash Valley, below the
mouth of White Eiver," in which may be found most important infor-
mation respecting the subject in hand; and in reply to letters asking
for measurements of the timber of their localities, both of the other
gentlemen named above responded with the desired information. The
measurements taken by Messrs. Johnston and Schneck are herewith
given.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(1.) Measurements of trees in Xew Harmony Township, Posei/ County, Indiana, hy Thos. J.
Johnston, county surveyor.

_ ^

a be

1"^

3="

Ft. In.

Feet.

150 6'

14° 9'

ir)0 4'

IS'^ c

iy° 4'

4.3

120 5'

170 6'

120 6'

180 3'

170 2'

1407/

120 9'

13° 6'

11=8'

110 2'

7° 6'

HO 7'

Yellow Poplar. {Liriodendroa tuKpifera) .

White Poplar. {Liriodendron tulipifera) . .

Yellow Poplar. (Liriodendron tulipifera) .
"White Oak. (Quercus alba)

Do...

Black Oak. { Querciis tinctoria ?)

Bar Oak. ( Quercus inacrocarpa)

Sweet Gum. {Liquidambar styraciflua) ...

Mulberry. (Morus rubra)

Sassafras. ( Sassafras officinale )

Sugar-tree. (Acer sacctiarinum)

Maple. (Acer rubrum ?)

Feet.
145
130
125
110
120
115
110
97
107
95
87
128
118
102
100
96
75
80
77
76
115
100
104
98
60
95
90
108

Hollow base.*
Sound.

Do.

Do.
Partially hollow.
Sound.

Do.

Do.
"Sw.-Ubut."
Sound.

Do.

Do.
Hollow
Sound.

Do.

1)0.

Do.
Do.

* This tree aud the next growing near together.

(2.) Measurements of trees in vicinity of Dici Creek, Posey County, Indiana, hy Mr. Charles

Svhneck.

Name of tree.

a .a

III

2
.6

■ °a

2
3

Remarks.

Cotton. (Populus monilifera)

18
13
14
15
17i
20'

22
18
17
24

70
65

165
137

Oixk. (Quercus alba?)

Hills

78
81
91

140
142
155

Hills ■ sound

bo.

Hill

74
60

135
130

Walnut. (Jvnlans nigra)

Sycamore. (Platanus oecidentalis)

Do.

Bur Oak. (Quercus macrocarpa)

130

Lin. (Tilia americana)

Bottoms

The following extracts from Mr. Johnston's letter accompanying the
measurements sent by him may also be of interest :

" The decayed stumji of a i)oplar [i. e., Tulip Tree] is now partly stand-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

iug near here (New Harmony) that is said by good citizens to have been,
when standing, about 37 feet in circumference. . . . There are some Cot-
ton woods here that I have not mentioned [in the listj, some 5 to G feet
diameter. Some hirge Sycamores, ' swell-buts/ reach even 37 to 40 feet
circumference, but they are hollow."

The heaviest timber in Posey County is said to be in Point Township,
in the lower end of the county.

In Dr. Schueck's " Catalogue of the Flora of the Lower Wabash Val-
ley," already referred to, the author gives (on j). 512) a table of measure-
ments, which are said to show the maximum size attained by 23 species
of trees, "the measurements in each case being those of one individual."

Pecan ( Garya olivcpformis)

Black Oak ( Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria)

Bur Oak {Querms macrocarpa)

White Oak {Quercm alba)

Persimmon ( Diospi/roe virginiana)

Black Walnut {Jnglans nigra)

Honey Locust ( Gleditschia triacanthos)

< ';!iiilpa ( Catalpa bignnioides) . [=: 0. spedosa .']

M iilbcrry (Morns rubra)

S( uilct OmU i (jnercus cnccinca)

S.issafias (Sasftafras officinale)

Biiss-woud { 7 ilia a mericn iia)

Jialcl Cypress CUtxnilhiin (lintichum)

Eed Maple (.!<•, /• ,»/„„„,)

Sycamore (Pldtmi us vccidentalis)

Tulip Tree (Ln-indcKdroit tuUpijfera)

White Ash (Fraxinus americana)

Cottonwood (Popidua inonilifera)

Sweet Gum {Lvpiidambar styraciflua)

Black Hickory ( Carya tomentosa)

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharinum)

Water Oak ( Quercus paltistris)

Beech (Fagus ferruginea)

Zi-n

§§s

-3

5""

Feet.

175

160

165

150

115

155

129

101

lOJ

2(IJ

181

17i

109

146

108

33i

176

190

17i

144

170

164

lOi

112

12J

118

120

122

It may be remarked that the size indicated by the above figures is,
in the case of some species, highly exceptional, and that I have meas-
ured none so large. Not that a single one of the three measurements
given is so very unusual (though this is in some cases true as regards
height), but that it is exceedingly uncommon to find such extreme meas-
urements of girth, length of trunk, and total height combined in a single
tree.

According to measurements thus far made it has been determined be-
yond doubt that at least thirty-four species of trees reach or exceed a
height of 100 feet, and it is all but certain that some ten or a dozen
ra6re, of which no measurements have been taken, also reach this height.
No less than eleven reach, occasionally, at least, a height of 150 feet, the
greatest height of any tree, so far as determined by accurate measure-
ments, being 190 feet {Liriodendron); two (Liriodcndron and Quercus
coccinea, fide Dr. Schneck) reach a height of 180 feet; four reach 170 feet;

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

eiglit attain IGO feet ; eleven grow 150 feet liigh ; thirteen 140 ; sixteen
reach 130; twenty- three reach 120 feet; twenty-seven 115 feet ; twenty-
nine grow to 110 feet ; and thirty-two exceed 105 feet.

The following list of the species determined as growing to 100 feet
elevation or more shows the maximum height according to the independ-
ent measurements of Dr. Schneck, Mr. Charles Schneck, Mr. Thomas J.
Johnston, and myself:

List of trees attaining a height of 100 feet or more in the Lower Wahash Valley.

No.

Name.

Maximum height.

+150, K. R.; 155, C. S.; 145, T. J. J.; 190, Dr. S.
130 R. R. • 109 Dr. S.

Tilia americana

118,R.R.

108 R. R., Dr. S., T.J.J.

115, R. R; 118, Dr. S. ; 90, T. J. J.

109, R. R.

137, R. R. ; 129, Dr. S.

144, R. R. ; 115, T. J. J. ; 164, Dr. S.

125, R. R.

115, Dr. S.

Gleditsohia triacanthos

N.yssa(8ylvatica?)

144, R. R., Dr. S. ; 137, C. S.
124 R R.

■\^

119 R. R.

134, R. R.

Platanus occidentalis

168 R. R.,Dr. S.

117 R R

156, R. R. ; 155, Dr. S. ; 130, C. S.
129, R. R.
113, R. R.

Carya alba . .

175 Dr. S.

9-?

+ 107,R. R. ; 112, Dr. S.

142, R. R. ; 150, Dr. S. ; 115, T. J. J.
+ 100 R R.

'>/[

'>'S

''fi

100 R. R.

?-7

162, R. R. ; 105, Dr. S. ; 130, C. S. ; 80, T. J. J.

''R

Qiiercus miihlenbergi .

122J, R. R.

119,'R. R. ; 120, Dr. S.

150, R. R.

128, T. J. J. ; 160, Dr. S. : +100, R. R.

122, Dr. S.

30
SI

Q uercus rubra

?i'>

140 R. R. • 165 C. S. • 170, Dr. S.

In addition to the above there are several other trees large specimens
of which have not been measured, but which, with scarce a doubt, occa-
sionally, at least, reach 100 feet in height, thus rendering it very prob-
able that in reality about fifty species attain this elevation. These spe-
cies are the following :

* 1. Magnolia acuminata.
2. Tilia heterophylla.

* 3. Eohinia pseudacacia.

4. Frunus serotina.

5. Fraximis pubescens.

6. Fraxinus sanibucifolia.

7. Fraxinus viridis.

8. Geltis mississippiensis.

9. Carya porcina.

10. Carya sulcata.

11. Qucrcus micliauxi.

12. Qiiercus falcata.

13. Quercus lyrata.

14. Quercus stellata.

* 15. Castanea vulgar is^ americana.

* IG. ChamcGcy pilar is spliwroidea.
*17. Finns {mitisf).

* These trees, though growing within the field of this paper, have not been met with
by the writer.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The raeasurements given under the head of the species enumerated
in the following list include all the reliable ones which 1 have made up
to date, or which I have been able to get upon unimpeachable authority,
and, it should be understood, cancel all measurements or estimates pre-
viously published by me ivhen in excess of those here given. They include
no estimates of height, but only actual tape-line measurements of pros-
trate trees or else very careful measurements of isolated standing trees
with a thoroughly-tested " dendrometer," although the specimens meas-
ured by the latter method are very few indeed.

The following species, usually classed as shrubs, are not included,
though some of them may occasionally reach 30 feet in height, l^o
measurements, however, have been taken of any of them :

1. Xanthoxylum americanum. Prickly Ash.

2. Ptelea trifoliata. Hop Tree ; Wafer Ash.

3. Euonymus atroimrpureus. Burning Bush ; Waahoo.

4. Hydrangea arhorescens. Wild Hydrangea.

5. Hamamelis virginica. Witch Hazel.

6. Ilex decidua. Deciduous Holly.

7. Forestiera acuminata. Forestieria.

8. Lindera benzoin. Spice Bush.

9. Alnus serrulata. Smooth Alder.

10. Aralia sjnnosa. Hercules' Club ; " Devil's walking-stick."
On the other hand, a small number which are not usually classed as
trees are so considered here, having been found to attain, occasionally,
at least, a height of 30 feet or more. They are the following :

Maximum height as measured.

Uex verticillata

Rhus glabra

Rhus copallina

Amorpha fiuticosa.

28 feet, hut taller ones seen.
30 feet.
33* feet.
35'feet.

Smithsonian Institution, Juhj 20, 1881.

CATALOGUE.

1. (1.) * Magnolia acuminata. Cucumber Tree.

I have never seen a tree of this species growing in any part of the
district under consideration. I have heard, however, that a few grow
on Sugar Creek, in the southern part of Wabash County, but have been
unable to verify the rumor. It grows quite abundantly in the extreme
southern portion of Illinois (Johnson and Union Counties), where the

*Tbemiiuber in parentliesis prefixed to the name of a species corresponds in each
case -with that given in Professor Sargent's Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North
America, published by the Census Bureau (Washington, 1881). When no second num-
ber is given, the si)ecies is one not included in the catalogue in question.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

couutry is very billy, and therefore adapted to it. The nearest point in
Indiana where I can iind a record of its occurrence is Orange County,
the third county east from Knox.
2. (8.) Liriodendron tulipifera. Tulip Tree ; " Poplar."

Formerly very abundant, and still common in some localities. The
great demand for poplar lumber for weatherboarding, etc., has greatly
depleted the supply, however. Although growing both on the hills and
in the river bottoms, the growth of the former will probably average
larger than the latter. The larger trees of this species now standing
will average about 5 feet diameter and 140 feet high, though specimens
of much larger size may still be found, and formerly were numerous.
A few yet exist, having a diameter of 7 or even 8 feet, but they are ex-
ceedingly rare. Straight trunks of 50 to 70 feet clear are occasionally
found, and twenty years ago trunks 100 feet long were not so very uu-
frequent.

Lumbermen recognize three varieties of the "poplar"— the "yellow,"
"white," and "blue," distinguished, however, only by the color of the
wood. The first is the most abundant, and produces the best lumber.

This species flowers during the first half of May, leafing the first
half of April.

List of S2)€cimtns measured.*

o
S 3

II
11

.2
P

Locality.

Authority.

19
16
15*

12
20

i»

19*
12
23

19
23

■■*"20'"
19
17
19

78
81
91

140
142
155

Charles Schneck.

Do.

Do.
Thos. J. Johnstou.

Do.
Thos. J. Johnston.

Do.
Thos. J. Johnston.
Thos. J. Johnston.
Dr. J. Schneck.

Do.

Do.
K. Kiilgway.

Do!
Do.
Do.

Do.

Do.
Thos. Hoskinson.
Dr. J. Schneck.
E. Ridgway.

80
60
70
50
55

145
130
125
110
120

("Yellow.")

("White.")

jIo

("Yellow.")

(Stump.)

""■76"
50
60
82
88
74
61
70
72
120
100
58
70
64
+ 50

\""l7'

i *^*
62

143
153
139
168
145
120
158
142
140
158

Wahash County, Illiuois

(Iq

,Jq

flo

t
u

(Jo .

145
145i

'"ihs

..do

Tbie measurements are in feet.

60 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

With the exception of the last two, the trees of the above list were
all felled, and the total length measured with a 100-foot tape-line. The
two exceptions were fine, vigorous, standing trees, and their height meas-
ured with a " dendrometer." Standiug isolated, this was easily done,
and the measurements are no doubt perfectly accurate.

The finest tree of all those given above was exami)le q ,which at 74 feet
measured 6 feet in diameter, the trunk being iJerfectly sonnd even at
the extreme base, and straight as a column.

The longest trunk (example u) was cut into ten 12-foot logs. It was not
very large, however, measuring, if I remember rightly, about 1 leet in
diameter at the butt and less than three feet through at the top of the
last cut. A trnnk measuring 84 feet in length (sawed into seven 12-
foot logs), measured 54 inches in diameter at the butt and 42 inches at
the small end of the last cut. This is the tree marked & in the list.

At the "Timber Settlement" in Wabash County, I measured, in May,
1881, a solid stump of this tree, which, although entirely denuded of bark
and with a considerable iiortion hewn off for firewood, was still 20 feet in
circumference at 4 feet from the ground. A portion of the trunk still
lying on the ground was 50 feet or more in length, and had apparently
supplied the occupants of a deserted cabin near by with firewood for
many years.

The example marked v was 35 feet in circumference at the ground,
and at 150 feet from the base the several branches were 1 to 1^ feet
in diameter. The top branches, broken off and scattered by the falling
of the tree, had been collected for firewood, so that its total height
could not be measured, but could not have been much less than 190
feet, which is the maximum height as given by Dr. Schneck in his
"Flora of the Wabash Valley " (Cox's Geological Sitrvey of Indiana^
1875, p. 512).

3. (10.) Asimina triloba. Pawpaw.

The Pawpaw is a very abundant underwood in all bottom lands and
other damp woods, growing usually to a height of 20 to 30 feet, and 2
or 3 inches in diameter, but not unfrequently 40 feet or more in height,
and, in exceptional cases, nearly a foot in diameter. The two largest
specimens measured (both in the bottoms below Mount Carmel) were 46
and 43 feet, respectively, in height, the larger being 32 inches in cir-
cumference, the smaller only 10 inches around.

Two well-marked varieties are distinguished by the fruit, which in one
has the pulp a rich golden yellow, very aromatic, and exceedingly sweet,
and much liked by most people, though too rich for many. This variety
is known as the " Yellow Pawpaw " ; the other, called " White Paw])aw,"
has a whitish or very faintly yellow, insipid, or disagreeable tasting
fruit, and is seldom eaten. I am unable to state whether any peculiarity
of flower or foliage distiuguishes the two varieties.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 61

4, (14.) Tilia americana. American Linden. " Lin."

A very common tree, growing cbiefl}^ near the river banks, but occur-
ring- in ail ricli woods. The average height of the larger trees is about
100 feet, but an elevation of 125 or even 130 feet is sometimes reached,
the diameter of large trees averaging about 3 feet. In the Wabash bot-
toms single trunks of the " Lin" are exceedingly rare, fully 80 per cent,
of the trees consisting of compound trunks, as if several trees had grown
up close together and become more or less completely coalesced at the
base.

The following measurements are of trees of rather exceptional size :

Locality.

Authority.

8
22§

110

Wabash County niinois

R. E. (Hills.)
R. E. (Bottoms.)

130

""\n

125

109

Dr. J. Schncck.

Example h was the largest I have seen, but was divided into three
trunks a short distance from the ground.

5. (15.) TUia heterophylla. White Basswood.

This tree has been found near Mount Carmel by Dr. Schneck, but I am
not autoptically acquainted with it. Possibly some of the measurements
given under the head of T. americana belong to this species.

6. ( — .) Ilex verticiliata. Black Alder.

Very abundant about the borders of ponds and swamps, and the
mouths of the creeks, forming dense almost impenetrable thickets. In
some localities it grows to a height of 20 feet and upwards, with a stem 2 to
nearly 3 feet in circumference. The two largest measured were 2 feet
11 inches, and 2^ feet, respectively, in girth, and the tallest (cut down
especially for measurement) 28 feet high. Taller specimens, which were
apparently about 35 feet high, were seen in the Cypress swamp, in the
lower part of Knox County, Indiana.

7. {AOf) ^sculus glabra? Smooth Buckeye!

Although I give the species as ^. glabra, on the strength of Dr.
Schneck's identification, I am not sure but that we have the JE. fxiva
also. The specimens examined by me (a considerable number, in the
bottoms nearly opposite the village of Eochester, Wabash County),

62 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

were 70 or 80 feet high, and some of them 2 feet or more in diameter,
thus appearing too large for JE. glabra. Whichever it may be, how-
ever, the Buckeye is a very local tree in the Wabash Valley, and I have
only seen it in the locality mentioned, where it appears to be confined
wholly to a belt of only a few hundred yards width, a few trees only
being found on the opposite side of the river. I am unable to ascribe
any reason for this restriction of its range, since the same trees, and
other vegetation associated with it, occur throughout the bottoms on
either side. It is said to be common among the hills of Gibson County,
several miles back from the river, and there to attain a height of 100 feet
or more, and a diameter of 3 feet.

8. (47.) Acer dasycarimm. Silver Maple.

A very abundant tree along the banks of rivers and large streams,
attaining an average elevation of 90 to 100 feet, and a diameter of 2 to 3
feet. Unlike the Eed Maple {A. ruhrum) the trunk usually divides low
down, usually at about 8 to 15 feet from the ground; the three or more
secondary trunks, however, extending upward for a considerable dis-
tance before branching.

Of four trees measured, the extremes were: height, 90 and 118 feet;
circumference, 12^ to 14 feet; trunk, 20 feet (only one measured).

Flowers early in April, leafing from March 31 to April 12.

9. (51.) Acer ruhrum. Eed Maple.

A very common tree, but much more local than A. dasycarpum. Is
almost wholly confined to swamps or A^ery wet bottoms, where it grows
tall, straight, and slender. In size it is about equal to A. dasycarpum
and A. saccharinum, but is much more slender than either, with a less
spreading top. Three specimens measured 70 to 108 feet in height, the
average being 95 J feet; lOi to 15 feet in circumference (average 12.83),
clear trunk, 49 to 60 feet. Decidedly taller trees occur, however, those
measured being prostrate ones, of by no means the largest size.

Flowers middle of February to Marcb 20, according to the season;
leafs out last of March to April 12. — (Schneok.)

10. (52.) Acer saccharinnm. Sugar Maple.

A very abundant tree in some localities, rare or wholly wanting in
other portions. Occasional "sugar groves" occur where, over a space
of several acres, scarcely a single tree of any other species can be found.

The larger trees of this species average about 100 feet high (the aver-
age of the five specimens measured being 108| feet, the extremes 90 and
118), and 2^ to 3, occasionally over 4, feet in diameter. The trunk, like
that of A. ruhrum, is frequently tall and straight, fonr specimens meas-
ured being, respectively, 47, 48, 60, and 70 feet to the first limb. The
var. nigrum and the common form appear to be about equally numerous,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 63

each, however, predominating, or even wholly replacing the other, in
particular localities.

Flowers as early as March 10 (Schneck), leafing April 15 to 20.

11. (53.) Negundo aceroides. Box Elder.

A very coffmou, and in some localities abundant, underwood in rich
bottoms. The larger trees of this species are 2i to 3 — rarely 1 — feet in
diameter, and 50 to 60, possibly 70, feet high. No measurements for
height have been made, but the tallest specimens do not approach the
elevation of the oaks and other trees with which they are associated.

Flowers March 20, leafing the last week in April.

12. (56.) Rhus typMna. Stag-horn Sumac.

In most localities less common than B. glabra. The largest speci-
mens observed were about 30 to 35 feet high, and 4 inches in diameter.

13. ( .) Rhus glabra. Smooth Sumac.

Much the commonest species, and when growing in woods or thickets
attaining a height of 30 to 35 feet. ]S"ear Monteur's Pond, in Knox
County, Indiana, I found this species and R. copalUna growing together,
and to about an equal size.

14. ( .) Rhus copallina. "Dwarf Sumac." (!)

A very common species in some localities. Near the northwestern
border of Monteur's Pond, in Knox County, Indiana, it is an abundant
underwood, growing frequently to a height of 25 to 30 feet, and 4 inches
or over hi diameter. Three specimens (the only ones measured) were,
respectively, 25^, 31i and 32^ feet in height (all being cut down for
measurement), 6, 7, and IJ feet trunk, and 14, 8, and 29 inches in cir-
cumference. The last consisted properly three stems united at the base,
though near the ground the coalescence of the wood was almost com-
plete, while externally there was no evidence of the triple nature of the
trunk. A section of this trunk, also leaves and fruit of the same tree,
has been deposited in the museum of the Agiicultural Department.

15. ( .) Amorpha fruticosa. False Indigo.

In the cypress swamps of Knox County, Indiana, I found this shrub
growing to a very unusual size, many specimens being 20 feet and up-
wards in height. The largest one seen was cut down for measurement,
and found to be 35 feet high; it was 17 inches in circumference at the
base, and contained eighteen annual rings.

16. (65.) Gymnodadus canadensis. Coflfee-bean; Coffee-nut.
Scarcely one of our native trees is more local in its distribution than

the present species, and there are few localities indeed where it can be
said to be abundant. It is usually found scattered through the richer
bottoms.

64 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

It is never a large tree, but grows tall and slender, frequently reacli-
iug 100 feet in height, though seldom over 2 feet in diameter, and with
a rather scant top. One tree, cut expressly for measurement, was 109
feet in length, 76 feet to the first limb, and only 20 inches in diameter
across the stump. The largest trunk was that of a tree growing in a
door-yard, and possibly a cultivated specimen. It was 8 feet in circum-
ference, but ramified at about 4 feet from the ground into several up-
right branches. The top was dense and symmetrical, the summit ele-
vated about 80 feet.

17. (GQ.) Gleditschia monosperma. Water Locust.

An abundant species in the cypress swamps in the lower part of Knox
County, Indiana, where it grows along with the Large-leafed Cottonwood
{Populus hef€roj)hylla), White Ash {Fraximts amerieana), Black Willow
{Salix nigra), and other swamp trees. It is a very much smaller tree
than G. triacanthos and of quite different appearance, having a smooth-
ish, dull-gray bark (much like that of the Hackberry, Celtis), and very
crooked, scraggy growth. The largest specimen measured was 7 feet
in circumference and 65 feet in height.

18. (67.) Gleditschia triacanthos. Honey Locust.

When growing to its full perfection, the Honey Locust is one of the
most majestic trees of the forest in whicli it is native. Many trees
occur which are 120 to nearly 140 feet high, with straight trunks of 50 to
70 feet clear, and 1 to 5, occasionally even 6, feet in diameter. There are
none of onr trees, excepting only the Bald Cypress and Catalpa, which
have a more thoroughly characteristic appearance, its tall, straight, but
usually inclined trunk of a dark iron-gray or nearly black color being
much darker than any other species, and thus easily identified at a con-
siderable distance, while the extremely delicate foliage renders its top
equally conspicuous by its contrast with the adjacent tree tops. The
Honey Locust usually, like very many other trees, occurs singly
throughout the richer woods, but it is occasionally multiplied so as to
torm the prevailing growth. It was found thus multiplied over an area
of a hundred acres or more in the AVhite Elver bottoms of Gibson
County, Indiana, where the trees of this species constituted more than
half the forest, and averaged 2 to 3 feet in diameter and 100 feet high,
with occasional specimens of considerably larger size.

The fiuest tree of this species which I have ever seen was an isolated
oue standing near the roadside in Posey County, Indiana. It was tall
and straight, with a widely- spread, symmetrical top, the trunk measur-
ing 18 feet in circumference at a yard from the ground, and about 60
feet to the first limbs. It was apparently sound throughout, and was
not less than 120 feet high.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The following measurements are of rather unusually large speci-
mens:

a
1

1
1

M
II
|l

i
1

Locality.

Authority and remarks.

17
15
14
13
18

(70?)

■"i37"
130
129

R. K. About 1 30 feet high.

Do.

E. R.

(Jo

R. R. Ambitus, 50 feet.

Dr. J. Schneck and R. R.

19. (58.) Eobinia pseudacacia. Black Locust.

Not observed in a native state by Dr. Schneck or myself in Wabash
or adjoining counties in Illinois, or in Knox, Gibson, and Posey Coun-
ties, Indiana. Given by Maximilian, however, in his list of the trees
found in the latter county, where, probably, found only in hilly locali-
ties.

20. (70.) Cercis canadensis. Red-bud.

A very abundant underwood in all rich woods, but attaining its great-
est development in the bottom lands, where specimens 40 to 50 feet hijih
and 1 foot in diameter are not uncommon. The following measurements
have been taken :

1
1

o Si
.2

Locality.

Authority.

1/2

50
46
54
41

R. R.

(\(f

R. R.

" 1

Flowers April 10 to 15, leafing from the 15th to the 20th of the same
month.

21. (76.) Primus amencana. Wild Phuu.

22. (78.) Primus cMcasa. Chickasaw Plum.

Wild Plums are very abundant, but whether the F. chicasa is common

in the wild state I do not know. I have seen cultivated trees, however,

which were about 20 feet high and nearly a foot in diameter. P. amer-

ieana is usually 15 to 20, sometimes 30 feet high, and flowers April 10.

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 5 June 12, 1882.

66 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

23. {81.) Prunus serotina. "Wild Cherry."

Once very common, the wild cherry is now rare in most portions of
the Wabash Valley. It is partial to the hilly country back from the
river, and it is there that the trees of this species attain the largest size.
They were formerly found 100 or more feet high and 3 to 4 feet in di-
ameter, and a few may ijerhaps still be found having this stature. I
have measured but a single tree of this species, however, the one in
question being 7J feet in girth, 31 feet to the first branch, and 94 feet
high, being by no means so large as some that might be found.

Flowers about the middle of April, leafing a little later.

24. (86.) Pirns angustifolia. Narrow- leaved Crab Apple.

This species has been found in Wabash County by Dr. J. Schneck
(see Cox's Geological Survey of Indiana, 1875, j). 528). It is perhaps not
so common as P. coronaria, but blooms at about the same time. Ac-
cording to Dr. S. it is " usually taller than P. coronaria.''^

25. (87.) Pirns coronaria. Crab Apple.

Common in rich woods, sometimes forming extensive thickets. I
have made no measurements, but would say ihat trees 25 to 30 feet high
and nearly a foot in diameter are occasionally found ; trunks 6 to 8
inches through, being, however, more common. It blooms in April and
May, leafing about the middle of ihe former month.

26. (94.) Cratwgus coccinea. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.

"(3pen upland woods; not rare; April, May." (Schneck.) No
measurements taken.

27. (95.) Cratccgus cordafa. Washington Thorn.

Given in Patterson's catalogue of the plants of Illinois on Dr.
Schneck's authority' .

28. (96.) Cratwgus crus-galli. Cockspur Thorn.

"Low moist thickets; common; March to May." (Schneck.) No
measurements.

29. (101.) Cratoegus subvillosa. " Red Haw."

Eiver banks chiefly; common; blossoms in April and May. A spec-
imen (cut down) measured 37 feet in height, 2^ feet in circumference.

30. (102.) Cratwgus tomentosa. Black Thorn.

"Thickets; rare; March, April." (Schneck.) No measurements;
begins to leaf April 23 to 25. (Schneck.)

31. (105.) Amelanchier canadensis. June Berry.

Found by Dr. S;'hneck, but not recognized by the writer, an^l prob-
ably rare.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

32. (lOG.) Liquidamhar styraciflua. Sweet Gum.

One of tlie most ahuudaut trees in the river bottoms, where in some
places it constitutes the prevailing growth. It is one of the tallest and
stateliest of forest trees, frequently attaining an elevatiou of 130 feet,
and occasionally of 1.30 feet or more, with straight trunks GO to 80
feet clear and 4 feet in diameter. Only the Tulip Tree {Liriodendroii)
rivals it in altitude of the trunk, but in symmetry cannot be compared
to it, except in occasional instances. As frequently seen, it has by far
the tallest and straightest shaft of any tree in the forest. One trunk
71 feet long measured only 8 inches less in diameter at the small end
than at the lower, where the diameter was a little less than 3 feet.
Another trunk 94 feet long was only Hi feet in girth at the large end.
The two largest specimens seen each measured 17 feet in circumference,
one of them having a trunk of 80 feet clear. The tallest tree measured
was one cut for lumber, and was 101 feet in total length.

Blossoms in May.

Locality.

Authority.

""m

114

101

76
78
94
71
80
(70?)

Posey Coanty, Indiana.

115 I do.

100 ! do

104 I do

98 I do

144 Wabash County, Illinois .

140 do

120 I do

1 do

] do

' do

137 I do

164 I do

127 t Knox County, Indiana . . .

128 i do

(90?) 120 I do

128J

.do

Schneck.

Thomas J. Johnston.

Do.

Do.
E.R.

Do.

Do.
Dr. J. Schneck.
R.E.

Do.

The tree marked m was straight as an arrow, and not less than 135
feet high ; the top spread 85 feet. Xo. o was 2 feet 2 inches in diam-

eter at the upper end.

33. (114.) Aralia ftj)i)iosa.

Xot
south.

Angelica Tree; "Devil's Walking Stick."

grows in White, the next county

34. (115.) Cormisforida. "Dogwood."

A very abundant tree in upland woods. Occasionally reaches 50 feet
or more in height, and a foot or more in diameter, but is usually much

68 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

smaller. The only trees measured, two of rather exceptional size, were
3^ and 4^ feet in circumference, with trunks 30 feet clear. The total
height of the first (a standing tree) was estimated at CO feet; the latter
(prostrate, and measured with tape-line) was 50 feet long.
Blossoms in April or May, and commences to leaf about April 20.

35. (119?) Nyssa multifloraf "Black Gum."

A very abundant tree both on uplands and in the bottoms. Grows tall
and slender, with few large branches except at the extreme summit, but
the trunk frequently thickly set with small horizontal branches to near
the ground, thus closely approximating the "excurrent" growth charac-
teristic of many Conifercc. Growing on thin or dry soils, its height does
not usually much exceed 70 or 80 feet, but on rich lands an elevation of
100 to 120 feet or more is sometimes reached, one specimen being 125
feet long, 13 feet in circumference, and the trunk entirely free from
branches for 64 feet. An exceptionally large specimen, which may pos-
sibly have been N. imiflora, growing in the bottoms of Posey County,
Indiana (but not in water), was 18 feet in circumference, and propor-
tionately tall.

It may be that some of our so called "Black Gums" may be iV. syl-
ratica, but of this I am not certain.

Begins to leaf May 1.

36. (123.) Viburnum Jentago. Sweet Viburnum; Sheep Berry.
"Dry, open wood, scarce." (Dr. Schneck.) '^o measurements.

37. (124.) Viburnum prunifolium. Black Haw.

Very abundant on rich lands. Blossoms in April or May. Ko meas-
urements have been taken, but no specimens exceeding 25 feet in height
have been observed.

38. ( .) Viburnum dentatum. Arrow- wood.

"I have seen but one tree. May, June." (Schneck.)
Begins to leaf the last week in March, and blooms about the 10th of
April.

39. (143.) Diospyros virginiana. Persimmon.

Common everywhere. When growing in the thick bottom -forest is
frequently 100 feet or more in height, the tallest specimen measured
being 115 feet high, 80 feet to the first limb, but only 5^ feet in girth at
the base, or less than 2 feet in diameter! When growing in open fields
or along roadsides (where it is most frequently seen), it forms a more
spreading tree, usually 30 to 40, and rarely more than 50, feet high.

40. (148.) Fraxinus americana. White Ash.

Very common in the bottom lands, where it becomes one of the very
tallest trees, an altitude of 140 feet being not uncommon, while clear
trunks of 60 to 90 feet are occasionally met with. When growing in

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

very wet lands it becomes greatly enlarged at the base, some such
trees measuring 30 feet in girth at the ground, but rapidly contracting,
so that at 20 feet they diminish one-half to two-thirds in bulk. These
"swell-butt ashes" are said to decay lirst at the top, and to be sometimes
solid at the base. Following is a list of measurements of large trees of
this species:

S
1

}

JLocality.

Authority.

10
13
27
20
29

Wabash County Illinois

K. R.

83
90
65

144

Do.

137

Charles Schneck.

f
I

Wabasli Couutv Illinois

R. R.

Do.

IS*

144

Do.

143
105

Do.

Tree marked c was 9 feet in circumference at the small end of the
trunk, which was perfectly solid throughout; d was 7^ teet in girth at
the small end; j was a prostrate tree with the top totally destroyed,
t)ut at 100 feet from the base were six branches averaging nearly 1 foot
in diameter, so that it could not have been much less than 140 leet long.

41. (154.) Fraxinus imhescens. Red Ash.
Rather rare. No measurements.

42. (155. j Fraxinus samhucifolia. "Black Ash"; "Hoop Ash."

" Swamps and wet places; not rare." (Schneck.) Abundant in the
northern portion of Monteur's Pond, Knox County, Indiana, where it
grows tall and slender, frequently 80 and occasionally nearly or quite
100 feet high, the only specimen measured being 83 feet long, trunk 57
feet, diameter (at 5 feet from the ground — the base being considerably
swollen), li feet. This tree presents so very close a resemblance in
bark, foliage, and general aspect to young Pecan trees {Garya olivcefor-
mis), as to be not readily distinguished, except by experts.

43. (158.) Fraxinus quadrangulata. Blue Ash.

Common in rich hilly woods; resembles in general appearance F.
amerlcana, but is smaller and more slender. Four freshly cut trees,
felled on a space including not more than two acres, were 2 to 2^ feet
iu diameter (across top of stump), 51 to 70 feet clear trunk, and 116 to
124 feet long. A fine tree still standing on the same piece of ground
was 13 feet in girth, and at least 50 feet to the first limb.

70 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

44. (157.) Fraxinvs viridis. Greeu Ash.

Not uncommou in wet woods ; uo measurements.

45. (165.) Catalpa speciosa. Catalpa; "Patalpha"; "Wahoo."
Formerly abundant in rich bottom lands, but now nearly exterminated

in many localities. Trees of 100 feet or more in height were formerly
not uncommon, while a diameter of 4J feet has been reported (see Cox's
Geological Purvey of Indiana, 1873, p. 417). The usual dimensions,
however, are, for the larger trees, 70 to 00 feet high, and 2J to 3 feet
diameter. It is usually, however, decidedly smaller, and when growing
in open situations forms a low spreading tree, seldom more than 50 feet
in height, and frequently much less. Trees of this character were form-
erly very abundant in the bottoms about a mile above Mount Carmel,
but they have nearly all been cut for fence-posts.

In Posey County, Indiana, while making inquiries of an intelligent
gentleman regarding the timber of his neighborhood, 1 was informed
that the day before he had cut a Catalpa, the trunk of which produced
eight 7 foot post-cuts, the diameter at the base being 4 feet, while the
total length of the tree he estimated at about 130 feet.

Blossoms late in May or early in June (seen in full bloom near the O.
and M. K. R., between Shoals and Huron, Indiana, May 30, 1881.)

-.^

■

6C=

LocaUty.

Autliority.

-i

:=>

Wabash County Blinois

R. E.

R. R.

101

46. (171.) Sassafras officinale. Sassafras.

Yery common, and in rich woods growing to a large size. The lumber
of this tree is more highly prized than any other for skiffs, being light,
strong, and durable. It is also much used for fence-posts and rails.
Although averaging perha]^s not more than 50 feet in height and a foot
in diameter it is occasionally much larger, reaching in rare instances a
diameter of 4 feet. The largest trees measured by me, however, were
nnich less, being respectively, 7, Ih, and 7f feet m girth ; the last 00
feet high, with a clear trunk of 30 feet; the second 95 feet high, with a
trunk 75 feet long.

47. (176.) Ulmns alata. Winged Elm.

A rather rare tree, chiefly in river bottoms and along banks of
streams; no measurements.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 71

48. (177.) Ulmns anerimna. White Elm; "Eed Elm."

A very common tree, most abundant in rich bottoms, where it attains
a large size. Trees fully equaling the finest New England specimens are
not uncommon, many being 5 feet in diameter and 120 feet or more in
height. A very remarkable specimen was seen in the bottoms below
Mount Carmel. It had grown in a thick wood, but the surrounding trees
having been cleared away, was thus exposed to full view. The truuk,
3^ feet in diameter, extended straight upward like a shaft or column
for about 40 feet, and then gradually enlarged, and subdivided, the sub-
divisions coalescing in places, but finally taking the character of distinct
branches, of which about 13 could be counted; these main upright
branches gradually diverged, now and then dividing, to near the top,
which was gracefully inclined outwards all round, and with an ex-
tremely regular outline. This bouquet-shaped top had an ambitus of
about 50 feet, while its summit was elevated about 120 feet above the
ground. In the immediate vicinity of Mount Carmel are several very
beautiful elm trees of the dome-sliaped type, one having an ambitus of
about 90 feet, the ends of the branches nearly touching the ground, and
the total height about 70 or 75 feet. Another one expands 01 feet,
though the total height of the tree is scarcely 00 feet, and the diameter
of its truuk only a little over 3 feet. It is needless to remark that both
these trees are completely isolated. The largest specimen which I have
measured was 16 feet in circumference (above the spurs), the trunk un-
divided for about 50 feet, and the total height more than 120 feet. The
ambitus of this tree was 105 feet, but another, also a very large tree,
expanded 111 feet.

A conspicuous peculiarity of this tree, when growing in wet situa-
tions, consists in the very prominent si)urs or buttresses thrown out
from the base. These thin walls extend sometimes many feet from the
body of the tree, some specimens with a trunk 3 feet or less in diameter
above the spurs being 12 to 15 feet in diameter at the ground. The
only other tree exhibiting this feature to a marked degree is the Red
Oak [Quercus rubra), in which, however, the spurs are thicker and do
not project so far as they do with the present species in extreme cases.
The White Elm is the tree to which the mistletoe {Phoradendron Jia-
vcscens) is most partial, fully 90 per cent, of the trees affected by this
parasite in the White Elver and Wabash bottoms being elms; in fact,
I have never seen it except on this tree and the Honey Locust {Gledit-
schia triacanthos). In the vicinity of Evansville, howe\er, only 40 miles
southeast from Mount Carmel, the case is said to be quite different, a(i-
cording to Professor John Collett, who gives a list of thirteen species of
trees ui)on which this parasite was found growing, the BlacJv Gum being,
first, the ''Ited Elm" {i. e., JJlmus americana) second, and the Honey
Locust fifth, in the order of numbers upon which it grows. (See Cox's-
Geologkal Survey of Indiana, 1875, p. 242.)

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The following specimens of Uhnus americana have been measured by
me :

Locality.

Authority.

a
b

I5i

""\e

15
154

"""lO

(50?)
59
(55?)

"so"

3.')
40

"'(50?)'

Wabash County, Illinois

R.R.
K. R.

"■(boV)"

105
91
80

R. R.

R.R.

do . .

R. R.

/
1

R.R.

::::::"

lig

85
111
50

Knox County, Indiana

Wabash Coiiuty, Illinois

R.R.
R.R.
R.R.

Flowers March 10 to 20, and begins to leaf the last week in April.

49.(179.) Ubnusfulva. " Slippery Elm."

A common tree in rich woods, but much less abundant than U. amer-
icana. Grows commonly from 50 to 70 feet high, and 1^ to 2 feet in
diameter, although much larger specimens undoubtedly occur. No
measurements, however, have been taken.

50. (183.) Celtis mississippiensis. Mississippi Hackberry.

A very common tree, though less numerous than C. occidentalism with
which it is found associated in very rich bottoms. It is usually a
smaller tree than that species, commonly 60 to 80 feet high, the branches
growing lower down, the bark of the trunk covered with prominent
warty excrescences, and the leaves smaller, more coriaceous, and entire.
The only specimen measured was 60 feet high and 11 in circumference.

51. (184.) Celtis occidentalis. Hackberry.

A very tall and beautiful tree in rich bottoms, growing frequently 120
to 130 feet high and 3 feet in diameter, with a tall, straight trunk of 60
to 70, or even 80, feet to the first limb. When growing to its full per-
fection iu a dense forest, there is an individuality in the aspect of this
tree which it is difficult to describe. It does not excel either in height
or girth, yet it has the appearance of being one of the very tallest trees
in this lofty forest, this illusion being doubtless due to the extreme slen-
derness and great length of the trunk, which not unfrequently comprises
three fourths of the total height of the tree, the smooth, gray bark con-
spicuously clouded on the north side, with blackish moss or lichen for
tiie entire length. This striking api)earance is sometimes still further
increased by vines of the Virginia Creei^er ascending to the topmost
branches, which are wreathed and matted with its foliage. Although
83 feet is the greatest length of the tape-line actually stretched along a

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. (3

triiuk of this species, oue tree was seeu whose silvery shaft yieamed
amoug the surrouudiug tree-tops iu a wood where the snmuuit level was
considerably more than 100 feet aloft, and though only ten feet iu cir-
cumference m-ust have been upwards of 90 feet to the first liiub, which
grew not more than 25 feet from the extreme summit of the tree.

The following tape-line measurements of prostrate specimens have
been made in the vicinity of Mount Carmel :

g to

.2
Q

1
1

Locality.

Authority.

9
10
13

9
11

70
75
46
46
83

Gibson Connty Indiana

R. R.

do .'.

Do.

'""i34"'

Do.

52. (189.) Mortis rubra. Mulberry.

Very common on rich lands. The largest specimens measured were
the following:

g a

Locality.

Authority.

c "

!=«

Posey County, Indiana

Thomas J. -Johnston.

Wabash County, Illinois (?)

Dr. J. Schneck.

194

R. R.

53. (191.) Platanus occidentalis. Sycamore.

This" very abundant tree is unquestionably the largest hard- wood of
North America, though there are several which it does not excel in
height. The largest specimens are 140 to 100 feet high, with an am-
bitus of 100 to 130 feet, the diameter of single trunks averaging 5 to 7
feet, but of compound trunks (i. e., those which fork comparatively
near the ground), 8 to 10 feet. The chief superiority of the Sycamore
over other trees, in point of size, consists, however, in the massiveness
of the branches, each of the principal limbs of a very large tree of this
species fully equaling an average forest tree in bulk. Twelve trees
measured the same day in the bottoms of Gibson County, Indiana, be-
low the mouth of Patoka Creek, averaged 127 feet spread of top and 23|
feet in circumference, the extremes being 100 to 135 and 14 to 30 feet;

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

two Other trees bad an ambitus of 108 and 97 feet, respectively, while
another was 33 feet in girth. These being all standing trees, their
height could not be measured accurately, but not one of them was less
than 100 feet high. The average height of eight trees, which are all
that have been actually measured, was 145^ feet, the extremes being
120 and 108 feet.

Begins to leaf May 1.

The following detailed list of all the specimens measured may be of in-
terest, as showing the great amount of variation in proportions in this tree :

a
1

1 =

Locality.

Autbority.

30
30
31
24

18(?)
12

160

(160 ?)
145
140

134X112
126
105

Gibson County, Indiana

R. R. (Photographed.)
Do

Do.

108
97
100
100
128
135

.. -do

14
19

28J
22
29J
23

25
30
25

il'

9
22
15

■ 1?

{

129
110
134
100
130

Do.

P
1

Wabash County Dlinois

40
60
68
13

74
83.i

■"ei"

63
55

R. R. (Photographed.(

168

Do.

....do

140
129
141
139

Do.

-do

a. This is probably the largest tree of any kind which I have seen
anywhere in the Wabash Valley, or any other part of the Eastern Pro-
vince of North America. It is of very vigorous growth, and apparently
perfectly sound. Circumference at the ground, 42 feet; round smallest
part of the trunk, 30 feet; greatest diameter, 15 feet, least diameter,
10 feet, the average diameter being about 11 feet. Ambitus, 134 feet
in one direction, the least spread of top being 112 feet. Total height,
as determind by several measurements with "dendrometer," and by
shadow, about 160 feet. The trunk first divides at about 7 feet from
the ground, but above this division the main stem is still 8 feet in dia-
meter; this extends upward, (jraduaUy enlarging^ to about 15 feet from
the ground, where the next division takes place, the next fork being nearly
30 feet up. Xo horizontal branches are thrown out until a height of
70 or 80 feet is reached (or about half the total height of the tree), the

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. iO

great bulk of tlie broadly spreading top beiug elevated above 90 feet
from the ground.

h. This tree, though slightly less iu diameter and spread of top, is a
more symmetrical, aud iu this respect a decidedly finer tree than the
preceding. Although the trunk first ramifies at a distance of about 18
feet from the ground, both forks extend straight upward, the larger
striight as a column, aud averaging about C teet in diameter, for 53
feet, the smaller 70 feet or more (but the upper portion curving grace-
fully outward). The top constitutes, when in full leaf, a compact dome
of foliage, the great bulk of which constitutes the upper third of the
total height. The tree is in perfect vigor, without a single dead branch,
and showing no signs of decay about the base. Its trunk is wreathed
with vines of the Virginia Creeper, which, extending upward for more
than 100 feet, show in beautiful contrast to the smooth snow white bark
of the larger branches and upper portion of the trunk.

c. Trunk divides at about 10 or 12 feet from the ground, where the
circumference is much greater than at the ground.

r. Probably the handsomest trunk of any sycamore which I have ever
seen. It rises like a huge column, 8 feet in average diameter, without
any perceptible diminution for at least 40 feet, from a widely expanded
base, measuring 17 feet in diameter and ignore than 50 feet in circum-
ference, from which spring four "sprouts," the largest of which is
nearly three feet in diameter, and all extending nearly straight upward,
to almost the height of the main tree. The base is covered with dark
green moss, and the trunk ornamented with the Virginia creeper. The
trunk is hollow, and has recently been disfigured on one side by the axe
of some vandal.

u. Not a handsome tree, the three main forks widely diverging.
y and z. Solid trees, newly felled, growing only 11* feet apart!
a'. 84 feet to second limb.

The decaying prostrate remains were found iu the bottoms of Gibson
County, Indiana, a short distance below Mount Carmel, of a huge syca-
more, which must have been much larger than any tree that I have
measured. The space covered by the crumbled base was 60 feet in
circumference. The three upright forks, found lying near together,
two of them still united, the other broken off, were each 5 feet iu
diameter, and careful measurements of them indicated a circumference
of about 63 feet, below their ramification, which took place some 20
feet from the ground, and the base of the tree. Each of the three
trunks, which were still intact, though much decayed exteriorly, was
70 feet long, but the branches were, of course, entirely decayed. When
standing in its full vigor, this tree must have been a grand one, indeed.
There is said to be still standing, near Worthington, Greene County,
Indiana, a tree of this species which has a solid trunk measuring 48 feet
in circumference, and dividing at 25 feet into three or four main branches,
the largest of which is more than 5 feet in diameter. — (See Case\s Bo-
tanical Index, April, 1880, and Botanical Gazette, June, 1880, p. 70.)

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

54. (195.) Juglans ciiierea. Butternut; White Walnut.

By no means a common tree, except in certain restricted localities.
Though very much inferior to J. nigra in stature, it sometimes attains a
considerable size, two felled trees, in the "Timber Settlement," Wabash
County, measuring 97 and 117 feet in length, and each 1 foot 10 inches
in diameter, with clear trunks 50 and 32 feet long. These trees grew
withiu a few rods of one another, the species being very common in
that locality.

55. (196.) Juglans nigra. Black Walnut; "Walnut."

The Black Walnut was, originally, a very abundant tree throughout
the rich bottom lands of the Wabash and White Rivers, but is now rap-
idly becoming scarce. Trees of this species, 5 or 6 feet in diameter,
with straight, solid trunks 40 to GO feet in the clear, were formerly com-
mon, but the finest trees have long been destroyed. Eight walnut
trees, of less than medium size, were found freshly felled, in the bot
toms of Greathouse Creek, about two miles west of Mount Carmel, and
carefully measured, with the following result: Average length, 100^
feet; average length of trunk, 47^ feet; average circumference, 9^ feet.
Extreme measurements: length, 97^ to 119^; trunk, 35 J to CO; circum-
ference, 8 to lOJ. In the river bottoms the growth is much larger. One
very fine tree measured 5J feet across the top of the stump, 42^ feet to
the first limb, 75 feet to the second limb, and 131 feet to the extreme
top. A perfectly sound and very symmetrical standing tree, of which
photographs were taken, measured 18 feet in girth at a yard from the
ground, had an ambitus of 97 feet, and was little, if any, less than 150
feet high, the trunk alone being over 70 feet to the first limb, on main
fork.

Tiie following measurements represent, very fairly, the size of Black
Walnut trees which have been cut for lumber in the vicinity of Mount
Carmel :

3
S
-J)

Locality.

Authority.

15i

15
15

i;(

15
17
9

40
CO
64

R. R.

130
_150

Chailes Schneck

R. R.

(}

R. R. (Photographed.)
R. R. '

(75?)
70
71
04
67
43i
44i
54i
54

IS*

35*

45.J

(+350?)

do ;

144
156
144
131
97J
119J
103
106J
113
101
107i
102
155

do .

Do.

.... do

R.R. (Greathouse Creek.)
Do

Do.

.... do

P
r

Do.

Wabash County, Dlinoia (?)

Dr. J. Schneck.

Eemarks.— /, trunk 3 feet diameter at upper endj g^ ditto.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

56. (198.) Caryaalha. " Sbell-bark."

Very common, attaiiiiug its greatest size on rich sand ridges in the
bottom lands, where si)ecimens 3 to 4 feet in diameter and 130 feet or
more high are not rare. The maximum height attained by this species
has not been ascertained, but it is one of the very tallest trees of the
forest, the tough and elastic top branches not being liable to be broken
by the wind, as is so often the case with tall " Poplars" and " Sycamores."
Some tall shell-barks are certainly 150 feet high, and probably more,
many trunks, apparently constituting less than half the total height,
being 70 or 80 feet to the first limb. The following measurements may
in part refer to G. sulcata, it being impossible to distinguish this species
from C. alba, except by the fruit and foliage, and some of the measure-
ments were taken in winter.

Flowers April 15 to 20, leafing from the 10th to the 13th of the same
month.

Locality.

Authority.

70
(800

R. R.

Do.

11^ 75
lOi 1 51
5" 1 39
4i 51

do . ...

Do.

e
f
9

129

101

Knox County, Indiana, young tree! ...

Do.
Do.
Do.

The so-called C. microcarpa, which may be a distinct species, is also
found. Dr. Schneck, in his catalogue (p. 500), says: "Heavy damp
soil, scarce. Has very little loose bark, one of our smallest hickories."
One specimen, however, of what was apparently this form, measured 14
leet in girth and was considerably over 100 feet high.

57. (199.) Carya amara. Swamp Hickory ; White Hickory.

Not uncommon in the bottoms, growing tall and slender, being occa-
sionally 100 feet or more high and 3 feet in diameter. The largest
measured was 11 feet iu circumference ; another was 113 feet high and
G^ in circumference, the trunk G4 feet.

58. ( .) Carya olivcvformis. Pecan (pronounced Pe-caimi').

Common iu rich bottom lands. This is by far the largest of the hick-
ories, being, in truth, one of the very largest trees of the forest. With
the single exception of the White Elm the Pecan tree has, in proportion
to its size, the most widely-expanded head of any tree, while in altitude
and majestic appearance the largest and finest elms bear no comparison.
The domelike head may occasionally be seen reared conspicuously
above the surrounding tree-tops, even in a very lofty forest, some trees
being as much as 175 feet high (by actual measurement) and with an

78 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ambitus of 100 feet or more. The trunk, like tliat of the shell-bark hick-
ories (C. alba and C. sulcata), is very long, often measuring more than
50 feet, and occasionally 80 or even 90 feet, to the first limb. A very
large tree of this species, cut down in the " Timber Settlement," Wabash
County, and measured by Dr. Schneck, was found to be 175 feet high,
with a clear trunk 90 feet long and 10 in circumference. Another still
standing, only fifteen yards distant, had exactly the same circumference,
and apparently agreed very closely in other measurements. A very
fine tree in the White River bottoms of Gibson County, Indiana, was 30
feet in circumference at the ground and 18.} feet around above the
swollen base; the column-like trunk was more than 50 feet to the first
limb, while the lofty top spread 100 feet. Near Sandborn, in Knox
County, Indiana, according to Professor Collett (Cox's Geological Sur-
vey of Indiana., 1873, p. 364), there is a tree of this species measuring 8
feet in diameter, but its height is not stated.

59. (202.) Carya porcina. '< Pig-nut"; " Broom Hickory."
Common, usually in upland woods. No measurements.

60. (203.) Carya sulcata. ''Big Shell-bark"; "Bottoms Shell-bark."

A Very common tree in rich bottom lands, where, growing to a large
size, and in the character of its bark, as well as in general appearance,
exactly resembling C. alba. For this reason it is possible that some of
the measurements given under 0. alba may be intended for the present
species.

61. (204.) Carya tomcntosa. "Black Hickory"; " White-heart Hickory";
"Bull-nut."

A very common tree in upland woods, growing frequently more than
100 feet high and 3 feet or more in diameter, one specimen measuring
1 12 feet in length, lOJ in circumference, the trunk 55 feet.

62. (207.) Quercus alba. White Oak.

Perhaps the most abundant and generally distributed of all our trees,
growing to a large size, especially in the bottoms, where trees of this
species 130 feet or more in height and 3 feet in diameter are not uncom-
mon. Indeed, even in upland woods, the average height of the larger
White Oaks is 100 feet or more. Ten trees, cut for rails, on one piece
of ground, averaged as follows: Total length, 100.05 feet; trunk, 40.1
feet ; diameter (across top of stump), 2| feet. All but one grew on high
ground. The extremes of size were: height, 87 to 111 feet; trunk, 26
to 54 feet ; diameter, 2 feet 3 inches to 3 feet. One, measuring 2 feet 4
inches in diameter and 98 feet in height, exhibited 190 annual rings of
growth. All but one were perfectly solid, and the one exception was
hollow only in the stump, the first cut being sound. The tallest and
largest tree grew at the edge of the creek bottoms, its height being 111,
trunk 54, and diameter 3 feet. In rich bottom lands the size averages

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. id

considerably greater, or about 120 feet in height by 3^ to 4 in diameter,
very large trees having an ambitus of 75 to 95 feet. The following meas-
urements show pretty well the difference in size between trees growing
in rich bottoms and those growing in the drier upland woods :

She of

TfJUte Oak trees growing in bottom lands, as measured.

Diameter.

Trunk.

Height.

Ambitus.

Locality.

Authority.

3.39
3.55
4.?3
3.66
3.00
5.00
5,10
5.50
5.83

" 6.00

128
111
123
121
111
115
110
142

Knox County, Indiana

B. R.

Do.

92
76

Do.

60
54
30

Do.

Thos. J. Johnston.

(lo .-."

Do.

Wabash County, niinois

R. K.

Do.

68
60

125
150

.... do

Do.

Dr. J. Schneck.

Av.

4.59

128. 60

Size of

White Oak trees growing on uplands.

2.50
2.83
' 2.33
2.25
2.33
2.25
2.25
2.50
2.33

43.50

41.50

104. 50

99
103
109

87
97

Knox County, Indiana

R. R.

m
n

Do.

do .

Do.

V
<1
r
s

...do

Do.

do . ...

Do.

Av.

2.40

99. 82

The following measurements are given in Mr. Johnston's list, but it is
not stated whether the trees grew in uplands or in the bottoms ; most
Ijrobably the former, however :

Diameter.

Trunk.

Height.

Locality.

Authority.

4.50
4.40
4.33
4.12

tl
35

97
107
95

Thos. J. Johnston.

Do.

Av.

4.34

The White Oak begins to leaf, near Mount Carmel, about the 12th of
April.

63. (209.) Quercus hicolor. Swamp White Oak.

A very common, or in some places abundant, tree, fully equal to Q.
alba in size, but more resembling in form Q. macrocarpa. Only two speci-
mens have been measured ; one of these, a somewhat decayed prostrate
one, measured 4 feet 8 inches across the top of the stump (not including
the bark), the trunk 67 feet to the first limb ; the topmost branches were
gone, but at 100 feet from the base the five limbs were 10 inches to 1 foot
in diameter, so that the tree when standing must have been 130 feet or

80 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

more liigii. The extreme base was hollow. The other was a standing
tree, measuring 15J feet girth at four feet from the ground, the trunk
about 20 feet, and the total height 100 feet or more. The top was widely
spreading, probablj' measuring nearly or quite 100 feet ambitus.

64. (213.) Quercm coccinea. Scarlet Oak; "Black Oak" (!).

This tree is apparently not popularly distinguished from Q. tinctoria.
Dr. Schueclr, in his catalogue, gives the maxinuim measurements of this
species as 20 J feet girth, 04 feet trunk, and 181 feet total height. I am
unable to give measurements of my own, however. It is apparently our
tallest oak, though I had supposed Q. rubra to be entitled to this dis-
tinction.

65. (218.) Quercus falcafa. Spanish Oak.

Common, along with Q. nigra and Q. im1)ri<;aria, in poor soils. Very
rare in rich grounds, only one tree being seen in the bottoms; this a very
large one near White River, in Gibson County. It measured 14 feet in
circumference, and was estimated to be 130 feet high, with a crooked
trunk of 60 to 70 feet clear. The bark was remarkably light colored,
appearing almost as pale as some of the white oak section, but the
leaves, a number of which were obtained (the date being November 2,
and the ground beneath the tree covered with them, while many, still
adhering to the branches, aftbrded proof that those on the ground were
from the same tree), were unquestionably those of Q.falcata. A pho-
tograph of this tree is in my possession, and sj)ecimens of the leaves
were deposited in the herbarium of the Agricultural Department. As
usually found growing, however, in drier and poorer soils, this oak is
by no means a large tree, seldom exceeding 80 feet in height, and prob-
ably not averaging over 50 or 60 feet, with a diameter of 1 to 2 feet.

66. (222.) Quercus imbricaria. Laurel Oak; Shingle Oak.

With possibly the exception of Q. alba, this is the most abundant and
generally distributed species, at least in Wabash County. It is the
most slender of all the oaks, and in some rich bottoms trees 100 feet in
height and 50 feet to the limbs are only 6 to 7 feet in girth ; one tree,
however, measuring nearly 4 feet in diameter (11 feet in circumference)
and over 100 feet high, has been measured. The largest prostrate tree
measured was 100 feet long, 50 feet to the first limb, and 6J feet in
girth. It is only in very rich lands, however, that this species attains
such large dimensions, and on poorer soils, where it is more abundant,
it does not usually much exceed half this size.

Flowers May 9 to 12, leafing about the 2d or 3d of the same month.

67. (226). Quercus lyrata. Overcup Oak ; Swamp Post Oak.

Not uncommon in some places, but very local — more so, indeed, than
any other of our oaks. It is confined almost entirely to the low " swales "
or depressions in the bottom lands, where the ground is either often over-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

flowed or very wet for the greater part of the year, and in snch places
is found along with the " swell-butt" ashes (^rcfj^tmts amencana ) and
other swamp trees. In general apjjearance it very closely resembles
the Swamp White Oak [Q. bicolor), branching, like that species, com-
paratively near the ground, the lower branches drooping so. as to often
touch the ground at their extremities. It is a smaller tree, however,
no specimens exceeding 80 feet high and 2^ in diameter having been
noticed, though, like other species, it may occasionally much exceed its
usual size.

68. (227.) Quercus macrocarpa. Bur Oak.

Very common in rich bottom lands. Much the largest, thongh not
the tallest of all our oaks, being frequently 5 to 6, sometimes 7, feet

more. Dr. Schneck gives the maximum dimensious of the Bur Oak as
follows: Circumference, 22; clear trunk, 72; total height, 165. Trees
of this size are exceedingly rare, however, if not wholly exceptional.
The largest that I have measured was 124 feet long to where the top
branches had been broken oft", the trunk 63 feet in the clear and 21 feet
in circumference, the measurements, in the same order, of the next
largest being 162, 30, and 20 feet. A standing tree more than 5 feet in
diameter (16 feet circumference) had an ambitus of 130 feet in one direc-
tion and 134 feet the opposite way.

Following are the measurements that I have taken of this tree, in-
cluding several by Mr. Thos. J. Johnston and Dr. Schneck:

Specimen.

Girth.

Trunk.

Height.

Ambitus.

Locality.

Authority.

18.25

17. 20

14.65

12.75

19.50

18.50

35
37
31

70
30

80
77
. 76
149
162

Posey County, Indiana . . .
do

Do.

"Waba.sh County, Illinois. .
do

Dr. .1. Schneck.

f
i

It. Pv

Pose V County, Indiana

Cha'les Schneck

40
66
60
63

130

"■"i40""

+ 124

{

100

Wabash County, Illinois.,
do

isoxisi'

D.I.

165

Wabash County, Illinois (!)

Dr. J. Schneck.

17.95

"■"

+115.80

Remarks. — e, trunk perfectly solid throughout; r/, "trunk apparently
sound"; h, trunk sound.

60, ( .) Quercus michauxi f

To this species I refer provisionally an oak which is not a common
species in the vicinity of Mount Carmel (the only place I have seen it),
but which grows sparingly in rich alluvial soils. So far as I have ob-
served, it is rather a small species, resembling in general appearance the
(}. muhlenhergi more than any other of our oaks, but having very difierent
fruit and foliage. The leaves, 3.25 to 7.00 inches long and 1.50 to 3.50
Proc. Nat. Mus 82 6 Jtme IS, 1882.

82 PEOCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

wide, are obovate, acute at each end, long petioled (petiole .70 to 1.50
long), coriaceous^ vert/ glossy above, pale and very velvety beneath, the mar-
gin deei)lv cnspidate-toothed. The acorn is very hirge (.90 to 1.00 inch
long by the same in breadth), broadest at the base, the summit some-
what depressed, the color a rich leather-brown ; cup saucer-shaped,
flattish beneath, very thicli, velv^ety inside, rouf^hly clad exteriorly with
very distinct and prominent claw like, somewhat carinate scales, the
margin thiu, and turned slightly outward ; peduncle very short (.30 or
less) or wanting, the acorn being usually sessile. This tree can hardly
be a form of Q. bieolor (to which Q. michauxi is referred by Dr. Eugle-
mann), its principal characters being directly the reverse of those of
that species. Thus, the leaves of Q. bieolor are very short-petioled or
almost sessile, while those of the present species have the petiole an
inch or more, frequently an inch and a half in length ; in Q. bieolor the
acorn is attached to a longer peduncle than any other of our oaks
(usually 2 inches or more in length!), while in this species, if present at
all, it does not exceed .30 of an inch! The acorn of Q. bieolor is also
very much smaller, and of a totally different character.
Whatever this species may be, I leave it for botanists to decide.*

70. (22S.) Quercus miihlenbergi. "Yellow Oak"; "Chinquapin" (!).
This tine tree is a very common species in the bottom lands as well

as on rich hillsides. The trunk may be recognized at a distance by its
thin -scaled, very light-colored bark, and tall slender growth, this oak
being probably the tallest in proportion to its diameter of any of the
white-barked species. One felled tree measured 130 feet in length, the
trunk 40 feet, and the circumference 13 feet; another (a photograph of
which, taken before the tree was cut, is in my possession) was 122i feet
long, 73 feet to the first limb and 84 feet to the main fork, the diameter
across the top of the stump being only 3i feet! A standing tree, whose
height could not be ascertained, was 14 feet in circumference above the
spurred base, which, at the ground, measured 10 feet in diameter.

The acorns of this tree are very small and sweet, much resembling in
both appearance and taste, and certainly not inferior to, the nuts of
the Chinquapin ( Castanea pumila), whence the popular name. The wood
is said to be tougher than that of Q. alba, and is much used by wagon-
makers.

71. (229.) Quercus nigra. "Blackjack"; "Jack Oak."

A very abundant species in poor, sandy soils, growing 30 to 50 feet
high and 8 inches to 1^ feet diameter, being, perhaps, the smallest of
all our oaks. Ko actual measurements having been made, it may be
that the dimensions given above are sometimes exceeded.

* Since the above was written, Professor Sargent writes me as follows: "This is, no
doubt, Q. michauxi, and it must tiow be considered a good ^ecies. It is one of the
most beautiful and useful of the American oaks."

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 83

72. (231.) Quercus palustris. "Water Oak"; "Turkey Oak."

A very common species in wet bottoms, distinguished by its compara-
tively smooth, grayish bark, and usually by the numerous small droop-
ing branches which grow from the trunk, sometimes to quite near the
ground. In close woods, however, it frequently has a clean straight
stem of 50 feet or more, one of 73 feet having been measured. The
Water Oak is usually 100 to 120 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter,
but much larger specimens sometimes occur, trunks even 4 and 5 feet
through being occasionally met with. But few specimens have been
measured, as follows :

! Girth.

Trunk.

Height.

Locality.

Authority.

6
12

73
23
61
55

116
120
119
117

E. R.

Wabash Coiuitv liliiiois (')

Dr. J. Schneck.

R. R.

.do ' . .

Do.

This species blossoms about the middle of April.

(?)73. (232.) Quercus pJiellos. Willow Oak.

This species I give with some doubt, not beiug quite positive that it
occurs. I have seen, however, along the road between Mount Carmel
and Olney (Kichland County) several trees which, at the time of inspec-
tion, I unhesitatingly decided to be Q. pheUos (a tree with which, as
growing in Maryland and Virginia, I was perfectly familiar), but not
having seen it since, while Dr. Schneck has not recorded it, I place the
interrogation mark as above.

74. (234.) Quercus rubra. Eed Oak; "Spanish Oak"; "Turkey Oak."
With the possible exception of Q. coccinea, this is the tallest oak
growing in the district under consideration, and, excepting Q. macro-
carpa, is the largest also. Trunks, straight as an arrow, of 5 or even 6
feet diameter (above the spurs), and 50 to more than 70 feet clear, were
formerly not at all rare, but at the present time most of them have been
cut for barrel-staves or clap-boards. The largest Red Oak which I have
measured was 23 feet in girth (round the top of the stump), the trunk
7G feet long and 3 feet in diameter at the small end. The top branches
beyond 120 feet from the base were destroyed, but at this point the sev-
eral main limbs were a foot in thickness. Another tree, measuring 19
feet in girth and 71 feet to the first limb, was 150 feet long. At the
ground these large Eed Oaks measure much more than they do a few
feet up, on account of the projecting spurs, or buttresses, which, as in
the White Elm ( Uhnus americana), are a very characteristic feature of
the species. Thus, a Red Oak measuring 6 feet through at two yards
from the ground may be 12 feet or more in diameter at the base.
Flowers April 18 to 20, and leafs out a few days later.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The extent to which this tree is cut for barrel-staves aud clapboards
Las afiorded the opportunity of taking several measurements, which are
herewith appended:

Girth.

Trunk.

Height.

Locality.

Authority.

23
13
12
19
12
14
11.50

11
15
15
14.50

11
14

..........

63
65

40
62
60
75

62
55
65

R. R.

150
125
150
130

R K

R. R.

R.R.

R R

R.R.

132

R R

R.R. (Photographed.)

Wabash County, Illinois

R R

R.R.

134
115
115
143

127

R R.

R.R.

.... do

R.R.

R R

R.R.

Av.

14.00

62. 50

132. 10

Eemarks. — a, trunk 3 feet in diameter at upper end; at 120 feet
branches 1 foot thick; h. circumference at ground, 3G feet; i. circum-
ference at ground, 28 feet; j, diameter at ground, 11 feet; /c, diameter
across stump, over spurs, C feet; through upper end of trunk, 3 feet; /,
181 annual rings to central hollow, 15 inches across; n, 242 annual
rings.

75. (235.) Quercus steUata. Post Oak.

A very common tree in clay soils. No measurements have been taken,
but the usual size of the heavier growth is about 50 to 80 feet high, and
2 to 3 feet in diameter. Larger trees, however, no doubt occur.

76. (236.) Quercus tinctoria. Black Oak.

A very common, large tree, chiefly in upland woods. Frequently 100
feet or more in height, and 3 feet in diameter. It is occasionally larger,
however, as may be seen from the annexed measurements.

Girth.

Trunk.

Height.

100

128

17i

118

102

100

12J

160

Knox County, Indiana ,

Posey County, Indiana ,

"do

Wabash County, Illinois (?)

R.R.

Thomas J. Johnson.

Do.

Do.
Dr. J. Schneck.

Eemauks. — a, 179 annual rings.

Flowers April 17th to 20th, and begins to leaf about a week later.

77. (212.) Casfanea vulgaris americana. American Chestnut.

The chestnut does not properly belong to the district under consider-
ation, but in Indiana extends westward very nearly to the junction of
the two forks of White River, having been noticed from the raik'oad,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

growing wild between Loogootee and Shoals, in Martin County, the
secoud comity east of Knox. In Jackson and other counties in the
southern and southeastern part of the State it is abundant, and grows
to a large size, a specimen near Seymour, being menfioned in Case'ft Bo-
tanical Index, which measured 22 feet in circumference 2 feet from the
grouud, and 70 feet to the first limb.

A few trees, raised from imported seed, are to be found in various
parts of Wabash County, where they grow finely, and under proper
conditions, fruit plentifully. Trees near Mount Carmel flower about
^larch 20, and begin to leaf about the middle of April.

78. (243.) Fagus ferruginea. Beech.

I have never seen, nor, indeed, heard of a single beech tree growing
on the Illinois side of the Wabash ; but immediately across the river, in
Knox County, Indiana, a few large trees begin to occur, whilt- back on
the hills of both that county and Gibson it is a very common tree. Trees
of 3 to 4 feet diameter are not uncommon, while Dr. Schneck records
one which measured 122 feet in height. Ordinarily, however, the finest
beech trees are decidedly inferior in altitude to the surrounding oak,
gum, and other tall forest trees, and 1 should estimate their average
height at not more than 90 feet.

79. (244.) Ostrija virginica. Hop Hornbeam.

By no means a common tree, but occasionally found, and possibly
more numerous in some localities not visited. No measurements.

80. (245.) Carpinus caroUniana. "Blue Beech"; "W^ater Beech."
Very common in rich bottom lands. The largest trees measured were

30 to 32 feet high, and 1 to IJ feet in diameter, but larger ones may
occur. Only four trees were measured, their dimensions being as
follows:

1 Girtli.

Trunk.

Height.

Locality.

Authority.

4i
3i

30
30
31

Knox County, Indiana

R.R.

Do.

R.E. Ambitus 35 feet.

81. (247.) Betula lenta. Cherry Birch; "Black Birch"; "Mahogany

Birch."
Isot uncommon along banks of streams. One tree, forking several feet
from the ground, measured 17^ feet in circumference, and was about SO
feet high.

82. (249.) Betula nigra. Eed Birch; River Birch.

Commoner than the last in similar situations. Young trees, as well as
some old ones, with very scaly bark, the projecting laminre very thin,
paper-like. Grows commonly 70 to 80 feet high, and occasionally 3 or

PKOCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

even 4 feet in diameter,
in length.

The only one actually measured was 84 feet

83. (260.) Salix lucida. Shining Willow.
"Moist banks of streams; common.^
ments.

(ScHNECK.) JiTo measure-

84. (

— .) Salix discolor. Glaucous Willow. .
Moist banks and along stream ; rare." (Schneck.)

No measure-

ments.

85. (261.) Salix nigra. Black Willow.

Much the most abundant and also by far the largest of our native
willows. In some swamps the trees of this species average 60 to 70
feet high and more than a foot in diameter, while trees considerably
larger are occasionally met with. Two trees growing on the border
of Monteur's Pond, in Knox County, Indiana, measured, respectively,
80 and 87^ feet in length, the latter being more than 3 feet in diameter
(10 in girth), the former 7^ feet in circumference, and 18J feet to the
hrst limb. One cut expressly for measurement, near the mouth of
Crawfish Creek (Wabash County, Illinois), was 77 feet long, 55 feet to
the first limb, and only 2^ feet around ! Two other trees, measuring re-
spectively 8^ and 9 feet in girth, were also measured, the former being
30 feet to the first limb.

86. (260.) Populuslieterophylla. "Eiver Cottonwood "5 " Swamp Cotton-
wood"; "Stui3yGum" (Knox County, vern.).

Very common about the borders of swamps, usually associated with
the Black Willow {Salix nigra). Much inferior in size to P. monilifera,
the largest trees scarcely exceeding 90 feet in height and 2 to 2^ in
diameter. The trunk, however, is usually very long in proportion, fre-
quently occupying two-thirds or more of the total length. Only three
trees of this species have been actually measured, the following being
their dimensions:

Locality.

Authority.

Knox County, Indiana.

R. R.
R. R.
R. R.

87. (267.) Populus monilifera. Cottonwood; "Big Cottonwood."

A very common tree in rich bottom lands and along the alluvial banks
of streams, where it occasioiially attains an immense size and altitude.
Trees of 5 to 6 feet diameter are not uncommon, while trunks of 7 or even
8 feet are occasionally to be met with; the stem being usually more
than 50 feet clear. The total height of the tallest cottonwoods is gen-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 87

erally more than 130 feet, as may be seen from the following measure-
ments :

Girth.

Trunk.

Height.

Locaiity.

Authority.

9
16
16

18
19
14
24
20
20
18J
11

140

R. R. (Coffee Creek bottoms.)

70
75
15

165
134
130

Waba.sh County Illinois

Dr J Schneck

R. R. (Photographs.)

75
58

170
114

"Waba.'fh County, Illinois (?)

Knox County Indiana

Dr. J. Schneck.
R R

Remarks.—;/', a very fine tree, formerly standing on the commons
within the corporation limits of Mount Carmel, but destroyed by the
tornado of June 4, 1877; height measured by its shadow, the result
verified by subsequent tape-line measurement; g, i, three majestic trees
standing near together on the bank of a bayou opposite Rochester, the
gradually tapering trunks estimated to be 70 to 80 feet clear, the total
height of the tree is nearly 150 feet. In the immediate vicinity many
others nearly as large (5 to 6 feet through).

88. (268.) Populus tremuloides. Aspen; "Quaking Asp."

A very rare tree in upland woods of Wabash County, but co nmon in
both uplands and bottoms near Monteur's Pond, in Knox County, Indi-
ana, where it forms a small slender tree, 50 to 70 feet high and (5 inches
to a little over a foot in diameter. Only two trees were measured, one,
blown over by the wind, but still growing, being 71 feet long and 1 foot
2 inches in diameter; the other, cut for measurement, being 51i feet
long, though only 14 inches in circumference at the base, and measuring
24 feet to the first limb.

89. (277.) Juniperus virginiana. Red Cedar.

Not native, so far as known, in any i)art of Wabash County, nor ad-
joining counties in Indiana, the soil being everywhere far too rich for it.
It is abundant, however, on the hills of Gallatin County, near the mouth
of the Wabash. The miniature J. communis is found sparingly in Wa-
bash and adjoining counties, but becomes only a small bush in stature.

90. (283.) ChamcecyiKiris spliwroidea. White Cedar. " Wet places near

the mouth of the Wabash River." (Schneck.) Not seen by me;
no measurements.

91. (287.) Taxodium distichum. Bald Cypress; "Cypress."

I have never heard of any cypress growing anywhere on the Illinois side
of the Wabash, but in the lower part of Knox County, Indiana, or that
portion embraced between the Wabash and White Rivers, and known as
" The Neck," it is very abundant, the area embraced by the cypress
swamps of that district, and largely timbered with cypress, being esti-
mated at 20,000 acres (see Cox's Geological Survey of Indiana, 1873, p.
338). The cypress swamps of this region comprise two quite distinct

88 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tracts, of whicli tlie northern is very much the larger, it« natural outlet
Iteing the river Deshee, whicli empties into the Wabash between Mount
Carmel and Vincennes. The "Little Cypress Swamp" is situated im-
mediately above the mouth of White Eiver, into whicli it empties
through what is termed the " White River Slough." Although known
as the ''Cy])ress Swamp," it consists of a series of beautiful, secluded
l)onds, hidden in the dense forest, and difticult of access by any one not
familiar with the locality. The principal ponds are the Cypress, Beaver-
dam, Washburne's, and Forked Ponds, of which Washburne's is perhaps
the largest. The cyi)reNS trees here grow chiefly around the borders of
these [)onds and along the sloughs connecting them, as well as the one
which empties into the river. Being so near the river, into which the
logs are floated at " high water," the finest trees have long since been
destroyed, and there are very few left whose symmetry is not marred
by low-growing branches or knots upon the trunks. The largest stand-
ing tree observed t>y me was a very old and exceedingly rough speci-
men, entirely unfit for lumber or shingles. The swollen base measured
45 feet in circumference at the ground, tlie girth immediately above the
conical portion being 21 feet; the trunk consisted of several upright
stems grown together for the greater part of their length, but in places
distinct, with one very conspicuous transverse growth joining the two
main stems, at a height of about 50 feet from the ground. The top ex-
panded 94 feet, the greater part of it elevated over 100 feet from the
ground. A solid stump, measuring 38 feet around at the ground, was 22
feet in girth at 8 feet; at about 15 feet it divided into two main trunks
of equal size, which were cut off immediately above the fork, a" scaffold
being necessary for the purpose. Another stump was 13 feet in diame-
ter across the top, but was hollow, and from its decaying wood grew
several tall, but slender, birch trees, some of which were 50 feet high.
Several other stumps of 9 and 10 feet in diameter (across the top) were
measured. Several single, solid trunks of 50 to 92 feet in the clear were
measured, their diameter at the base being 3 to 5 feet, while the largest
one measured, a standing tree, was 27 feet in girth above the swollen
base. The tallest ot these trees did not, however, much exceed 140 feet
(the two tallest measured being 140 and 147 feet), their average height
being little, if any, over 100 feet; and even the finest of them would not
compare for symmetry and length with the Sweet.Gums and Ashes with
which they were associated.

92. (324.) rinmmitisf Yellow Pine.

For obvious reasons there are no pines growing native in Wabash or
adjoining counties of Illinois or Indiana; but, according to Dr. Schneck
(catalogue, p. 502), the Yellow Pine occurs on the "hills near the mouth
of the Wabash River, in Gallatin County, Illinois," Professor Sargent,
however, suggests that the pine of Southern Illinois may be P. inops.
which "is common and reaches its best development on the 'Knobs' of
Southeastern Indiana."

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 89

IVOTES ON FISHES COt,T.ECTEI> BY CAPT. CIIAS. I5KI\I>IRE. U. S. A.,
IIV WASBIlI\«r©i'V TERBITOKY Ai-VO OREGON, MAY TO OCTOBER,
1881.

By TAKLETON H. BEAN.

Tbe Uuited States Natioual Museum has again received from Captain
Bendire a consignment of alcoholic fishes secured by him last summer
and fall. A large collection previously sent by the captain was only
partially examined and reported on in the summer of 1881*; the greater
portion of the fishes are yet to be studied.

The lot just received includes eleven species, nearly all of which are
well represented by individuals, giving opportunity for comparison of
forms which are mostly rare in museums. Captain Bendire's field notes
are included in the remarks upon the species to which they apply.

I think there is no reasonable doubt that the material thus brought
together will enable us to prove the identity of Coregonus Couesii with
C. WiUiamsonii, and to make, eventually, a consolidation of several spe-
cies of Apocope.

The following is a list of the species :

1. TJranidea marginata. 7. Apocope nnbila.

2. Coregonus WilJiamsoniL 8. Mylochilus caurinus.

3. Oncorhyncus chouicha. 9. Richardsonius balteatus.

4. Oncorhynchus nerlca. 10. Lampetra tridentata.

5. Acrochilus alutaceus. 11. Ammoccetes plumbea f
G. Rhinichthys transmontanus.

1. Uranidea marginata Bean.

U. marginata Bean, Pioc. U. S. N. M., iv, p. 26.

30324 (383) 5 specimens. Garrison Creek, Wash. Ter., July 1, 1881.
Length of specimens, 2f to 3 inches.

A. — D. VII [, 18 ; A. 14| ; V. I, 3-4 ; origin of anal vertically under sec-
ond ray of dorsal ; x)ectoral reaches to origin of anal ; lateral line
24-25, ending under the 14th ray of dorsal ; head 3;| in length ;
depth 5.

B. — D. VIII, 19 ; A. 14 ^ ; V. 1, 3 ; origin of anal vertically under second
ray of dorsal; i^ectoral reaches to origin of anal; lateral line ends
under the 13th dorsal ray of left side and the 16th of right side,
containing 22 to 25 short tubes; head 3;^; depth 5.

C— D. VIII, 20; A. 14i; V. I, 3; 13th anal ray divided at tip; last anal
ray deeply divided ; origin of anal under third ray of dorsal ;
pectoral reaches to vent; lateral line 27, ending under 17th dorsal
ray ; head 3^ ; depth 5.

D.— D. VII, 18; A. 141; V. 1,3; the left ventral has, however, a fourth
ray which is quite rudimentary; lateral line 20, ending under
10th dorsal ray.

**Beudire, Notes on Salmouidse, Proc. U. S. N. M. iv, pp. 81-87, June 2, 1881.

90 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

2. Coregonus Williamsonii Girard.

30301 (344-345) 9 2 specimens. Mill Creek, tributary of Walla Walla R., May 1, 1881.

30302 (352) 1 spec. Garrison " " 9, "
30303(353) 1 " " " " " "

30304 (3.54) 1 " " " " " "

30305 (355) 1 " " " " " "
30300(356) 1 " " " " '* "

Xumbers 344 aud 345 are the " f'resli- water lierriug" of Mill Creek,
" caught with hook and line."

Kiimbers 352 to 356, inclusive, are the " small-mouthed whitefish
caught in Garrison Creek, Walla Walla, by turning the water off. The
hsh takes a hook occasionally."

Ifumber 344 is a female with the following characters:

Head a little greater than depth of body, 4 in length to end of anal
when this is extended backward, slightly more than twice dorsal base.
Eye 4§ in head. Maxilla 3f in bead, mandible 3^. 13 or 14 gill-rakers
below angle. 13 rows of scales under dorsal base. Scales 10-90-8.

Compare with this the type of Coregonus Couesil Milner, from Chief
Mountain Lake. This type, number 1414G, has: Head a little less than
depth of body, 4t in length to end of extended anal, If times dorsal
base. Eye 4^ in head. Maxilla 3^, mandible 3 in head. 14 gill-rakers
below angle. 13 rows of scales under dorsal base. Scales 0-88-8.

iSTumber 345 is a female with the following characters: Head a little
less than depth of body, i^ in length to end of extended anal, 1| times
dorsal base. Eye 4i, maxilla 4^, mandible 3 in head. 15 gill-rakers
below angle. 13 rows of scales under dorsal base. Scales 10-87-8.

Number 354 shows the following : Head ^ of depth of body, 4^ in
length to end of extended anal, li times dorsal 'base. Eye 4^, maxilla
4^, mandible 3 in head. 14 gill-rakers below angle. 15 rows of scales
under dorsal base. Scales 10-90-8.

3. Oncorhyuchus chouicha (Walb.) Jor. »t Gilb.

30290 (363) Grilse. Walla Walla R. May 18, 1881.
30320 (383) Garrison Creek. July,

In determining the species of Oncorhi/nchus, to which the small exam-
ple number 383 belongs, I have relied upon the numerous anal rays
and branchiostegals as a guide.

Number 363, the ''salmon grilse" of this invoice, is a hands'imely
spotted young male 16J inches long, with the following characters: Gill-
rakers 22; brjinchiostegals 17 ; a few weak teeth on head of vomer only ;
teeth in jaws all small, trout-like; dorsal with 11, anal with 16 divided
rays; scales from end of dorsal to lateral line 26, from dorsal line mid-
way between dorsal and snout to lateral line C*3; lateral line 145; liom
ventral origin to lateral line 28; pyloic ca^ca very small and numeious.

4. Oncorhynchus nerka (Walb.) Gill & Jor.

30291 (359) ^ head. Celilo, 10 miles above the Dalles, Oregon, May 15, 1881.

30292 (360) S " " " " " "
30293(361) $ " " " " " "
30294 (36^) $ " " " " " "

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 91

Kumbers 3^9-3(52 are "heads of Oncorliynclius nerlca caught at (/clilo,
10 miles above the Dalles, Oregon, May 15, 1881. Color of fish, as ap-
pearing then: Back, steel bhie with greenish reflections ; sides and belly,
pure silvery white. In a number of specimens I examined about that
time the vomerine teeth were not perceptible to the touch, but the two
rows where they are located can be seen plainly in nearly all the speci-
mens."

Gill-rakers in number 3G1, 40; branchiostegals 11.

5. Acrochilusalutaceus Ag. & Pick. Hard mouth.

30297 (:]'oS) I specimen, Joliu Day River, Oregon, Aug. 15, 1881.
30-,'9H (369) 1 " " " " "

Number 368 has: scales 22-89-16; persistent teeth on leftside 5, and
one deciduous; greatest depth equals head, 4^ in length to end of scales;
least depth of caudal ])eduncle 3 in head ; eye 1^ in snout, 4J in head ;
greatest width of cartilaginous plate of lower lip equals lower jaw, 3|
in head; longest anal ray nearly l.J times anal base; pectoral 5, ventral
6.^5 in length to end of scales; dorsal origin midway between snout aod
end ot scales; D. 10; A. 9; V. 9; length of fish 10 inches.

Is'umber 369 has : sca'es 22-87-16; persistent teeth 4-5, one decidu-
ous tooth on one side and two on the other; greatest dep h of body
equal to head, 4J in length to end of scales; least depth of caudal pe-
duncle 3 in head; eye 5 in head, 1^ in snont; width of cartilaginous
plate on lower lip equals lower jaw and 3 in head; longest anal ray 1^
times anal base; pectoral 5.^ in length to end of scales; dorsal origin
midway between snout and end of scales; ventral 7 in length to end of
scales; D. 10; A. 9; V. 9; length offish 11 inches.

6. Rhinichthys transmontanus Cope.

30332 (38:}) 4 specimeus, Garrisou Creek, Wash. Ter., July, 1881.

Teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales in three individuals examined were as follows:
14-77-14, 14-72-14, 14-68 to 70-14. In one of tbese I counted (SS scales
in the lateral line of one side and 70 on the other side.

Dorsal midway between anterior nostril and end of scales, its base
equals % of its longest ray, which is 6 in length to end of scales; head
4.^, depth 5. pectoral 5 in length to end of scales; ventrals reach to vent;
pectorals do not extend to ventral origin; D. 8; A. 7; length of speci-
mens 3J to 4^ inches.

7. Apocope nubila (Grcl.) Jor. & Gilb.

30323 (383) .5 specimens, Garrisou Creek, Wash. Ter., July IS'^l.

The larger of the two tyi)es of Argyreus nuhilus Grd. has the follow-
ing characters : (Greatest height of body very little more than length of
head, 4-4 in length to end of scales ; upper jaw reaching to vertical
through hind margin of posterior nostril ; eye 5 in head ; snout 3 in
head ; pectoral 5^, ventral 6i in length to end of scales ; longest dorsal
ray equal to longest anal, which equals head without snout ; D. 8; A.
7; V. 7; scales 12-60-10; length 4 inches; teeth 2, 4-1, 2, slightly
hooked, and with a very narrow groove beneath the hook.

92 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The examples sent by Capt. Bendire show the following characters :
Greatest height of body slightly exceeds length of head, 4^ in length to
end of scales ; upper jaw as in the above ; eye 4^ in head ; snout 3^ in
head ; pectoral 5, ventral in length to end of scales ; longest dorsal
and anal rays as in last; ventral reaches to anal; 1). 9; A. 7 ; V. 7;
scales 12 to 13-55 to 30-10 to 12 ; length 3 to 3;^ inches ; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.

These specimens show consklerable variation in the number of scales
in the lateral line, and there is constantly one more dorsal ray than in
the types of A. nuMla; they are, however, certainly not si)ecitically dis-
tinct from Girard's form.

I have exai]iined a fish collected by Prof Jordan in Utah Lake and
correctly identified by him with Apocope vulnerata Cope. While the
teeth of one side of the si)ecimen identified by Prof. Jordan are 1, 4, as
he states, on the other side of the same fish I find 2, 4. If this condi-
tion occurs frequently the margin of separation between A. vulnerata and
A. nubila will become uncomfortably small, as there will be little left
besides the slightly greater number of scales.

Description of a female specimen of A. nubila^ number 24105, collected
by Capt. Bendire at Walla Walla.

D. ii, 7|; A. ii, 6|; V. 8; P. 15; scales 13-53-10; teeth hooked,
slightly grooved, 1, 4-4, 1.

Barbels minute- The end of the maxilla reaches the vertical through
the anterior margin of the nostril ; snout contained 3 times, eye 5 times
in length of head. Eye H ti-nes in width of interorbital area. Length
of head nearly 4 times in total length caudal excluded, 4.^ times caudal
included. Greatest depth 5 times. Longest dorsal and anal rays equal
and contained 5.^ times in total length without caudal ; pectoral con-
tained 5 times in the same length. Ventral equal to length of head
without postorbital part. The origin of the dorsal is a little behind
that of the ventrals, about midway between the tip of the snout and the
end of the middle caudal rays. Length 81 millimeters.

Color of the alcoholic specimen grayish olive. There is a faint indi-
cation of a dark stripe oa the nose.

8. Mylochilus caurinus (Rich.) Giranl.

30299 (34,;) 9 1 specimen, Mill Creek, trib. of Walla Walla R., Apr. 26, 1881.

"Chub, taken Apr. 26, 1881, in Mill Creek, tributary of Walla Walla
Eiver, Washington Terr'y."

"Above bluish brown; sides paler. A carmine red stripe along the
Sides. Belly silvery white. Xose steel blue. Stripe below the eye
brick red. Called Bed Horse occasionally."

Eye equal to preorbital, 1^ in snout, 5 in head. Maxilla reacning
vertical through hind margin of posterior nostril. Head 1^^ in depth,
4| in length to end of scales. Depth 4:V in length to end of scales.
Pectoral eqnals longest dorsal ray, 3 in distance from snout to dorsal.
Ventral is under 3rd ray of dorsal, does not reach vent, eqnals head

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 93

without snout. D.8; A. 8; V. 9; scales 14-74-9; teeth 1, 5-5^ 1 ; length
11|^ inches.

While it is certain that the persistent pharyngeal teeth are as stated,
I must note that a small tooth was found loose in the tissues covering
the dentigerous bones. It may be that this fish had the normal num-
ber and two of them were displaced by accident. Four of the teeth of
each side are molar-like.

9. Richardsonius balteatus (Rich.) Grd.

o0322 (38:!) 9 1 specimen, Garrison Creek, Wash. Ter., .Inly, 1881.

Length of example 4 inches. Teeth 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, without grind-
ing surface. Body compressed, resembling Notemigonns. Snout % as
long as eye, 4 in bead. Eye 3 in head. Head ^ of greatest height of
body, almost 4i in length to end of scales. Maxilla 3 in head, mandi-
ble 2i. -Dorsal behind ventrals, much nearer caudal than end of snout,
its base equal to ^ of its distance from snout. Longest dorsal ray equals
length of pectoral, 5^ in lengtli to end of scales. Anal basis nearly
equals head, 4f in length to end of scales. Ventral nearly equi-distaut
from snout and end of scales. D. 10; A. 18; Y. 9;. scales 12-63-S.

10. Lampetra tridentata (Gairdner) Jor. & Gilb.

:50295 (347) 1 specimen, Walla Walla R., Wash. Ter., May 6, ISSl.
30296 (351) 1 specimen, Garrison Creek, Wash. Ter., May 9, 1881.

"Lamprey eel." dumber 347 is 19 inches long; number 351 is almost
exactly as long. The teeth are as in llichardson's description in Fauna
Boreali- Americana; the dorsals, however, are separated simply by a
deep emargination ; the base of the first is from one-half to two-thirds
as long as that of the second; the second dorsal is higher than the first,
and is subcontinuous with the caudal. The length of the space occupied
by the giil-openings is contained Sh times in total length, and is a little
more than the length of the head from end of snout to first gill-open-
ing. Greatest height of body C in distance from snout to first dor.sal.

I have compared the type of Fctromyzon astori Grd. with Lampetra
tridentata and find that they are certainly identical, as already pointed
out by Professor Jordan. The types of P. ciliatus and P. Ikndus have
the dorsals separated by a space nearly or quite half as long as the
first dorsal, but otherwise they have the characters of tridentata.

11. ?Ammocoetes pliimbea (Ayres).

3(1321 (383) jnv., 1 specimen. Garrison Creek, Wa.sh. Ter., July, 1881.

1 am in doubt whether or not this small lamprey, 4f inches long, is
the larval form of the above-named species or not. The maxillai-y plate
is bicuspid, the cusps well se]xirated; the mandibulary plate has 7 teeth
of uniform size. I am unable to determine the structure of the other
teeth. The lii)s are fringed. Head 8i in length, equal to space occu-
pied by gill-openings. Dorsals subcontinuous. Height of body almost
equal to head. Perhaps this is Ammoca'tes eibariusGiravd, and may be
distinct from A. plumhea.

94 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

3.-;«EW MOfiM SCAIV FOKITIS FROU THE I>AR47IIE ATVB GUEEX RIVER
OROITP8, WITH DISCL'SS^ION OF SOME ASi^OCIATEU FOKITI!!! HERE-
TOFORE KIVOWIV.

By C. A. TI^HITE.

[Extract from the Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey for 1882, by permission of

the Director. |

Notwitbstauding the large number of specific and generic forms of
fossil mollusca that have been obtained from the Laramie and fresh-
water Eocene groups of Western North America, every fresh examina-
tion of those deposits in any region in which they occur is sure to add
somethiug to our knowledge of the fiiuna? which respectively charac-
terize them. While studying tbe Laramie Group in Northeastern Col-
orado during the season of 1881, I obtained no less than four new
species, and extended the known geographical range of several others.
Besides the new forms just mentioned I have recognized two others
among collections made by other i)ersoiis that have been in tbe National
Museum for several years past. All of these new forms are described
in the following paragraphs ; aiul remarks are made upon other forms
concerning which new facts have been discovered. These descriptions
are also to appear in the Annual Report of the United States Geologi-
cal Survey for 1882, in a " Review of tbe Non-Marine Fossil Mollusca
of North America."

Genus UNIO Retzius.

Unio clinopisthus (:*^). uov.), Plate III, tigs. 1 and 2.

Shell transversely elongate, short in front of the beaks, elongate and
narrowing behind them to the posterior end ; basal margin having a
gentle sinuosity, there being a slight emargination just behind tbe mid-
length ; front margin regularly rounded ; dorsal margin i)roper rather
short; postero-dorsal margin forming a long, convex, downward slope
from the dorsal to the postero-basal margin, which latter margin is nar-
rowly rounded ; beaks depressed and ])laced near the i'ront of tbe shell.
A somewhat prominent, but not sharply defined, umbonal ridge extends
from the beak of each valve to the postero-basal margin, giving a flat-
tened space at the postero-dor.sal poi tion of each valve. Surface marked
only by concentric lines of growth.

Length, 63 millimeters ; height, 30 millimeters ; thickness, both valves
together, 23 millimeters. (Museum No. 8359.)

Position and locality. — Strata of the Green River Eocene group near
Washakie Station, in Southern Wyoming, where it was collected by Dr.
Havden.

Genus CORBiCULA Miihlfeldt.

Corbicula berthoiidi (sp. uov.), Plate IV, tigs. 1, 2, and 3.

Shell very large, subtrigonal in marginal outline, moderately gibbous;
front concave immediately in front of the breaks; front margin regu-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 95

larly ronndecl; basal margin broadly rounded; postero-basal margin ab-
ruptly rounded uj) to the postero-dorsal margin, whicli latter margin
slopes oblifpiely downward with a gentle convexity from between the
beaks ; hinge strong ; all the teeth well developed, the lateral ones es-
pecially being long and large and crenulated upon their edges as is usual
with all the known species of Corhicula of the Laramie Group ; muscu-
lar and pallial impressions having the usual characteristics ; surface
marked with the usual concentric lines.

Length of one of the largest examples in the collections, 62 millime-
ters ; height from base to umbo, 54 millimeters ; thickness, both valves
together, 44 millimeters.

This fine large species, the largest yet known in IsTorth America, has
been found only in the Laramie ^strata east of the Eocky Mountains in
Colorado. It is named in honor of Capt. E. L. Berthoud, the first dis-
coverer of the rich shell deposits of the Laramie Group in that region.
(Museum No. 11556.)

Position and locality. — Laramie Group; valley of South Platte Eiver;
Northeastern Colorado.

Corbicula augheyi (sp. nov.), Plate IV, figs. 4, 5, and 6.

Shell moderately large, subtetrahedral in marginal outline, postero-
dorsal region not flattened, as in 0. herthondi; umbones full, rounded,
considerably elevated above the hinge line, front regularly rounded;
basal margin broadly convex; posterior end truncnted, the direction of
the truncated margin usually a little backward of a line drawn perpen-
dicularly with the base of the shell; postero dorsal margin a little con-
vex; hinge well developed; muscular and pallial markings of the usual
character; surface marked by the usual concentric line of growth, and
usually by very faint umboual ridges extending from the umbo to the
postero-dorsal and postero basal margins respectively.

Length of an adult example, 46 millimeters; height from base to um-
bones, 38 millimeters; thickness, both valves together, 30 millimeters.

This species has yet been foun"" only in the valley of South Platte
Eiver, in Northern Colorado, east of the Eocky Mountains. It is named
in honor of Prof. Sainuel Aughey, of Nebraska State University, who
assisted me in the collection of the type specimens. (^Museum No.
11557.)

Position and locality. — Laramie Group; valley of South Platte Eiver;
Northeastern Colorado; associated with the preceding.

Genus NERITINA Lamarck.
Neritina bruneri (sp. nov.), Plate IV, figs. 7 anil 8.

Shell subglobose; volutions about four; spire much depressed; suture
moderately distinct; inner lip broad, its inner edge a little irregular.
Surface of adult examples marked by numerous raised revolving lines,
which are crossed by strong, dark, zigzag color-markings. Upon young

96 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

examples tbe revolving lines are absent, or nearly so, and the color-
markings are less distinctly zigzag in their direction.

Axial length, 10 millimeters; transverse diameter, 13 millimeters.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. Lawrence Bruner, who first
discovered the species. It differs from N. volvilhieata White, in being
somewhat more globose, having a less elevated spire, and the inner lips
broader and less retreating. It is marked by revolving lines, somewhat
like that species, but they are sometimes obsolete. It is also orna-
mented by zigzag color-markings. The type specimen is represented
by figs. 7 and 8 on Plate IV.

Associated with the foregoing is still another form, much smaller,
which seems to be the young of ])f. volvilincata. It is without color-
markings, and the inner border of the inner lip is dentate.

Position and locality. — Laramie Group; valley of South Platte Eiver,
Northeastern Colorado, where it is associated with the two last- described
species.

Genus MELAXOPSIS Lamarck.

Melanopsis americana (sp. uov. ), Plate IV, figs. 9 and 10.

Shell very small, sides straight, and meeting at the apex at an acute
angle; volutions .six or seven, those of the spire not convex, but so flat-
tened as to show only a linear suture between them, which is somewhat
irregular; proximal portion of the last volution gently convex, its length
being more than half che entire length of the shell; outer lip thin, not
expanded, its margin not distinctly sinuous; inner lip having a very
strong callus nearly filling the distal end of the aperture, leaving a
narrow groove between it and the margin of the outer lip, and grad-
ually diminishing in thickness towards the proximal end of the aper-
ture; aperture, as bounded by the outer lip and callous inner lip, rudely
subelliptical, angular at its distal end, rounded at its ])roxiinal end, and
terminating at the end of the columella in a distinct, narrow canal,
which is slightly bent to the left. Surface marked only by faint lines
of growth.

Length, 7 millimeters; diameter of last volution, 3h millimeters.
(Museum No. 11559.)

If we except the species wliich were published by Conrad under the
generic name of BuUio2)sis, but which probably belong to the genus
Melanopsis., no species of the latter genus have hitherto been known in
North America, either fossil or living. Tbe s])ecies which is here de-
scribed is plainly congeneric with the living Melanopsis costcllata Fe-
russac, and with the Eocene M. buccinoidea Ferussac, both of Western
Europe.

Position and locitlity.—haY-dmie Group, Valley of South Platte Eiver,
Northeastern Colorado, where it is associated with the three last de-
scribed forms, and also with Corbtfla, Melunia, Anomia, and Osirea.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 97
Geuus CAMPELO:\rA Eafiiiesque.

Campeloma prodticta (sp. nov.), Plate III, figs. 7, 8, and 9.

Shell, elongate-ovate; test, uioderately tbick; spire, more than nsnally
produced for a species of this geuus; volutions, six or seveu, usually
slightly flattened, or having a faint revolving <lepression upon the dis-
tal side near the suture, which is more apparent upon the larger than
the smaller volutions; suture, deep and abrupt upon the proximal side:
aperture and lips having the usual characteristics of Campeloma; sur-
tace marked by the usual lines of growth, and by somewhat numerous
revolving stride which are often obscure. Among these examples are
others which possess the general characteristics of those Avhich are re-
garded as the types; but two or three of the revolving striic upon th(^
smaller volutions of these examples are much more prominent than in
the case of typical examples. I at present, however, regard these as
only varieties of a very variable species.

Length of aji example regarded as typical, 32 millimeters ; breadth of
the last volution, 14 millimeters; but some examples, evidently referable
to the typical forms, are pro]»ortionally less elongate. (Museum No.
8140.)

Position and locality. — Laramie strata in the Valley of Yellowstone
River, Montana, where they were collected several years ago by Mr. J.
A. Allen.

The under valve of Anomia micronema JlFeel'.

It has been the subject of frequent remark that not a single example
of the under valve of either of the two species of Anomia^ A. micnmemef
and A. (jryphorhynclms Meek, both of the Laramie Group, has ever been
discovered, althougli hundreds of examples of the upper valves of troth
of these species have been obtained, at many different localities, in a
good state of preservation. I was lately so fortunate, however,, as to tind
in the Laramie strata of Northeastern Colorado several examples of the
under valve of A. micro7iema^ one of which is illustrated by fig. 3,
Plate 111. That the under, or byssus-beariug, valves of A. mieronema at
least have been so generally destroyed is due to the f}»ct, first, of their
extreme thinness, and, secondly, to the fact that, with the exception of
a thin, porcelanous layer in the middle portion, the whole valve is^ com-
posed of a prismatic layer, like the shell of Pinna ; the pearly layer,
which gis^es such strength to the upper valve, being apparently entirely
wanting in the lower. This prismatic layer breaks up into its compo-
nent prisms with great facility. The characteristics of the under valve
of A. mieronema, as well as those of the upper valve, show it to be a
true Anomia ; thus presenting evidence of the great antiquity Osf the
genus essentially as it exists to-day.

Both valves of recent species of Anomia have, as a covering toithe
pearly layer, a very thin prismatic layer, which is often obsolete. This
layer is also sometimes distinguishable upon the upper valvef? ©#' these
Proc. Nat. M us. 82 ^7 June 94, 1 8 82,

98 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fossil species. The latter seem to differ from the sheila of living species
of Ano)iiia only in the lack of development in the under valve of the
pearly layer, and the excessive development of the prismatic layer.

Pyrgulifeba Meel- and Paramelania Smith.

There occurs somewhat abundantly in the Bear Kiver Laramie beds
of Southwestern Wyoming and the adjacent parts of Utah a shell which
Mv. ]\Ieek first referred to Melania, but to which he afterward gave the
new generic nameotPj/zY/^/i/era, describing it under the name of Pyrgu-
Ufera humrom.* It is illustrated on Plate III, figs. 10, U, aud 12. Meek
])laced this shell among the Ceriphasiida? or American Melaniaus, but
as it seems to differ quite as widely from the typical forms of that fam-
ily as it does from the true Melaniaus, I have placed it i)rovisionalIy
with the latter family. It is the only known species of the genus which
has beeu i)roposed to receive it, either fossil or liviug, if we except the
two living forms which were described by ]\Ir. Edgar A. Smith from Lake
Tauganyiki, in Africa,t under the new sub-generic name Paramelania.
]\Ir. Smith gave these two forms the names P. damoni aud P. cras-si-
</ranulata, respectively. Copies of his figures of both these forms are
given on Plate III for comparison.

ParameJania, as represented both by thesx? figures aud Mr. Smith's
(^description, seems to be exactly equivalent with Pyrgnlifera Meek. It
jjts ttrue that we -can never know whether the animal of the latter was
genferically the same as that of the former, and the wide chronological
and grgographical separation of the fossil and liviug forms is presumptive
.evideu<yi€ against their generic identity. But if we are justified iii estab-
lishing- geszera upon shells alone, as we must do in paleontology, we are
entjtkd to iiold them as against anything except direct proof of error.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III

Unio CLINOPISTIIUS (sp.UOV.).

^Fig. 1.— -Left vside view ; natural size.
FijLf. 2. — Dorsal view of the same example,

Anomia MiCRONKMA Meek.

Fig. 3.— Yiew of the under valve, showing the byssal plug.
Fig. 4. — Exterior view of an upper valve.

Fig. 5. — Similar view of aaiother example, showing coarser radiating lines.
Fig. 6.— Interior view of a very large upper valve, showing muscular scars aud
process beneath the umbo. All of natural size.

Campeloma pkoducta (sp. nov.).

Fig. 7. — Lateral view of type specimen ; natural size.

Fig. 8. — Opposite .view of the same.

Fig. 9. — Lateral view of a more robust example.

* For diagnosis of this genus, and description and figures of the species, see U. S. *
(Gcol. Sur. 40th Parallel, vol. iv, p. 146, pi. 17, fig. 19.
tSee Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend, for May, Ibdl, pp. .558-.5C1.

Procecdms-s Nat. Mus., vol. V, :

PLATE III.

Pi .ceedings Nat. Mns., vol. V, 1882.

PLATE IV.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 99

Pykgulifera humerosa Meek,

Fig. 10.— Lateral view of type specimen ; natural size.

Fig. 11. — Opposite view of tlie same.

Fig. 12.— Similar view of a smaller example.

Pyrgulifera (Paramelania) damoni Smith.

Fig. 13.— Copy of Mr. Smith's original figure.

Pyrgulifera (Paramelania) crassigraxulata Smith.

Fig. 14.— Copy of Mr. Smith's original figure.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

CORBICULA RERTHOUDI (sp. QOV.).

Fig. 1. — Left side view ; natural size.

Fig. 2.— Dorsal view of another example.

Fig. 3.— Interior of left valve of another example.

CORBICULA ACGHEYI (sp. IIOV.).

Fig. 4.— Right side view ; natural size.
Fig. ."i. — Interior view of the same examjile.
Fig. 6.— Dorsal view of another example.

Neritina bruneri (sp. nov.).

Fig. 7. — Lateral view ; natural size.

Fig. 8.— Apertural view of the same example.

MELANOPSIS AMERICANA (sp. IIOV.).

Fig. 9.— Two different lateral views ; enlarged.

Fig. 10.— Another view of the lower part of the same example, sho.wiug the beak
and the callus of the inner lip.

4.-THE HOI.I.USCAIV FAUIVA OF THE TKICKEE OKOUP, IIVCJ.VD^
II\G A NEW FOR.Tl.

By €. A. WHITE.

lExtracted from the Aunual Report of the United States Geological Survey for 1882, b.y permissiou of
the Director] '

In volume II, Paleontology of California, Mr. Gabb described and
figured two species of fresh- water fossil niollusca from the valley of Snake
River, Idaho, which he stated to be of Tertiary age. In volume IV,
United States Geological Survey of tlie Fortieth Parallel,. IMr. Meek
described and figured seven other species, one from Soutliwestern Idaho
and the others from the Kawsoh Mountains, in Northern Nevada. He
referred these to the Tertiary period, and they evidently came from
strata that are geologically equivalent witli those which furnished :\rr.
Gabb's specimens. Mr. King, in volume 1 of tbe last named survey, re-
ferred these strata to the Miocene epoch of the Tertiary period, and
gave them the name of Truckee Group.

100 PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

While arraiigiug- the fossils of the National Miiseniu, I lately foiuul
among other undistributed material a small mass of fossiliferons rock,
which bore the label '-50 miles below Salmon Falls, Snake Kiver/'

Upon breaking up this mass it was found to contain examples of both
the S])ecies that were described by Gabb, and also another form that
has not hitherto been described. This makes ten species of mollusks
that are now known to exist in that formation.

Although this fauna, so far as it is now known, is a very meager one,
it is, nevertheless, ^^ery interesting, because it differs so much from any
other fresh-water fauna, either fossil or now living, in ISTorth xVmerica.
Tliis difference is all the more remarkable because the fresh-water faun.'E
of the Laramie, and the several Eocene groups, all of whiijh are older
than the Truckee Group, consist largely of types that are now living in
the Mississippi drainage system.

Illustrations of all the molluscan species that are yet known to exist
in the Truckee Group are brought together on Plate V for the purpose
of ])resenting them all at a single view. All of them, except the four
figures of Latia daUii, are copies of the original figures pul)lished by
Meek and Gabb respectively.

Not deeming it necessary to repeat the descriptions of the species that
have already been published, the new form only will be herein de-
scribed.

The names of the others, however, are given in the following para-
graphs, together with references to the resi)ecti\ e works in which the
species were originally described.

Alelania sciilptlli.s Meek, V. S. Geol. Sur. lOth I'arallel. Vol. lY, p.
195.

Melania suhscuJ2)tUis Meek, lb., p. 190.

Melania taylori Gabb. Paleontology of California. Vol II, p. 13.

Lithasia anfiqua Gabb, lb., p. 13.

Garinifex {Vorticifcr) tryoni Meek, U. S. (leol. Sur. 40th Parallel.
Vol. IV, p. 188.

Carinifex ( Vorticlfex) hinneyi Meek, lb., p. 187.

Ancylus umluUitm Meek, lb., i>. 180.

t^pliazrium ruyonum Meek, lb., p. ISli.

Spliccrium idahocnse Meek, lb., ]). 183.

Latm dalUi (sp. nov.), plate V, figures 17, 18, 19, and 20. Shell sub-
ovate in marginal outline; irregularly convex above; the posterior por-
tion narrowing rai)idly to a small prominent umlio which ends in a very
snuill closely incurved l>eak which is turned a little to the right side,
and makes about one full volution. Semilunar shelf or septum comi)ara-
tively large. Surface marked by many strong irregular concentric un-
dulations; but otherwise it is comparatively smooth, being marked only
by fine lines of growth.

Length, 1() millimeters; breadth, 10 millimeters; height, 7 millime-
ters. (Museum Xo. 11547.)

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 101

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. W. H. Dull, whose iniport-
fiut works u})on the molhisca are well known.

This interesting shell seems to agree with the genns Latia Gray iu
all essential characteristics, so far as they are observable upon the
specimens that have yet been discovered. The form is Crepidida-lUie,
the test thill, and the semilunar septum, well developed; but the "pro-
jecting free lamina" upon the right side of the septum, described by Dr.
Gray, has not been observed upon our examples.

Although in form and structure this shell is so much like a Crepidula,
its fresh-water associations forbid its reference to the Calyptriidie. I
am not entirely satisfied that it ought to be referred to the Ancylidai,
but for the present I place it provisionally in that family.

The fact that this shell is entirely unlike any form that is now known
in North America, either living or fossil, gives it peculiar interest. This
interest is also largely iiicreased by the fact that the genus to which it
is here referred has hitherto been known only in New Zealand or other
parts of Oceanica, and only in the living state.

The molluscan fauna, to which this shell belongs is, as a whole, (juite
unlike any other fresh-water fauna of "North America, either living or
fossil. The' reason of this difference between the Truckee molluscan
fauna and that which now characterizes the Mississippi drainage sys-
tem is doubtless that the outlet of the Truckee lake has had no continu-
ous connection or identity with the streams that, persisting from Terti-
ary time and earlier, have become portions of that system.

The forms among the Truckee fauna that are most nearly like species
now living in North America are the Aneylns and the two species of
Splmr'mm just mentioned; and yet the latter present some noteworthy
differences from any North American congeneric; form either living or
fossil. It is true there is a species of Carinifex in the Pacific drainage
waters of California, but its difference from those of the Truckee fauna
was regarded by Mr. Meek as of subgeueric importan<5e. The three
forms of Melania and the Lithasia of the foregoing list have no true
type-representatives, either living or fossil, in North America; and the
newly discovered form herein described differs still more widely from
any member of any North American fauna.

The Truckee Group is understood to have quite a large geographical
extent in northern Nevada, southwestern Idaho and southeastern Ore-
gon, but it has .yet received very little investigation as regards its mol-
luscan fauna. The presence in that group of a molluscan fauna so widely
differentiated as it is indicated to be by the few species that have hith-
erto been discovered encourages the hope that large additions to it will
hereafter be made.

102 PKOCEEDINGjS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Mklania sculptilis.
Fig. I. — Copy of Meek's original figure.

Melaxia subsculptilis.
Fig. 2. — Copy of Meek's original figure.

Melaxia taylori.
Fig. 3.— Copy of Gabb's original figure.

LiTUASIA ANTIQUA.

Fig. 4. — Copy of Gabb's original figure.

Carinieex (Vorticifex) tryoxi.
Figa. 5, 6, and 7.— Different views of the type specimen. After Meek.

Carixifex (Vorticifex) bixxeyi.
Figs. 8 and 9. — Different views of the type specimen. After Meek.

AXCYLUS UXDULATUS.

Fig. 10. — DorsaT view of type specimen. After Meek.
Fig. 11. — Lateral outline of the same.

SpH.ERIUM? IDAHOEXSE.

Figs. 12 and 13. — Copies of Meek's original figures.

Sph.erium rugosum. ^

Figs. 14, 15, and It). — Copies of Meek's original figures.
Latia dallii (sp. nov.).
Fig. 17.— Dorsal view of the largest known example.
Fig. 18. — Lateral view of the same.
Fig. 19. — Dorsal view of another example.
Fig. 20 — Dorsal view of another example which has been cut away so as to reveal the

transverse semilunar septum.
' All the figures on this plate are of natural size except Figs. 14, 15, and 16, which
are a little enlarged.

DESCRIPTIOIV OF FOUR NKW .SPECIE.^ OF MHARKS. FROLTI I^IAZAT-
r-AN, ITIEXII^O.

By DAVID S. JORDAN ami CHARLES H. OILBERT.

Carcharias fronto, sp. nov. (28lf)7.)

Allied to Carcharias amblyrhynchus Bleeker, but with much larger
second dorsal.

a. Description of No. 28167, a young (female) example, 30 inches in
leugth:

Body comparatively short and stout. Head very Inoad, depressed,
broadly rounded anteriorly, the outline of the snout nearly parallel with
that of the l>road Y-shaped mouth. Leugth of snout from mouth equal
to half the distance between the angles of the mouth, or to the distance
from the line connecting these angles to the chin, about six-sevenths the
distance between the nostrils. Eye a little nearer nostril than angle of

Proceedmss Nat. Mus., vol. V, 1S82.

PLATE V.

11 ^^

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 103

mouth. Nostril a little nearer eye tlian tip of snout. Interorbital width a
trifle more than half distance from snout to base of pectoral, about twice
length of snout, measured from eye. Angle of mouth with a deep pit
which scarcely extends as a furrow on either lip. Islostrils near margin
of head, their length half their distance from eye, and about the same
as length of eye, the anterior margin with a moderate flap. Teeth ot
both jaws narrowly triangular, more than twice as high as broad, those
of the upper jaw rather broadest, all of them nearly erect and not evi-
dently notched on the outer margin. Edges of teeth appearing minutely
serrulate under a lens. Teeth about |{f.

Gill-openings rather deep, the last two over the base of the pectorals,
the depth of them about equal to the distance from nostril to middle of
eye, the branchial area scarcely longer than broad.

Free margins of all the tins concave. Insertion of tirst dorsal rather
nearer pectorals than ventrals, its distance behind pectoral being nearly
equal to the length of its anterior margin. Anterior lobe, when de-
pressed, reaching past the base of the tin, but not to the end of the pos-
terior lobe, which reaches nearly to the base of the ventrals. Length of
base 01 first dorsal slightly more than its (vertical) height, and notably
less than interorbital width. Distarice between dorsals slightly more
than twice the base of first dorsal, a little more than three times base of
second.

Second dorsal similar in form to the first dorsal, its base one-fifth
shorter, its posterior lobe reaching to within an eye's diameter of the
pit at root of caudal.

Lower lobe of caudal half length of upper, both of the ordinary form
in this genus ; length of the upper lobe a little less than the distance
from snout to posterior part of root of pectorals, a little less than one-
fourth the total length.

Anal smaller than second dorsal and proportionately higher, its mar-
gin deeply concave, its anterior lobe reaching the tip of posterior when
reflexed ; length of anterior margin about equal to base of second dor-
sal." Distance of anal from caudal a little more than its base, and a
little less than distance of front of anal from base of ventials. Middle
of anal under middle of second dorsal.

Ventrals moderate, their anterior margins about equal to the distance
between the angles of the mouth.

Pectorals rather large, their angles not acute; their tips reaching a
little past front of dorsal; tlieir anterior margins half longer than inter-
orbital width, and 2^ tiines the free margin.

Color uniform slaty-gray; all the fins edged with darker brownish,
darkest on the lower lobe of the caudal, but nowhere fully black.

b. Description of a large specimen :

A large example of this species, some 10 feet in length, was speared
from the wharf at Mazatlan. The jaws of this specimen (collector's
number, 907) were taken.

104 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED .STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Ill this specimeu the teeth of the upper jaw are broadly triauguhir, the
hreadth of the base being about equal to the vertical height, the iuuer
margin nearly .straight or slightly convex, the outer margin a little con-
cave, but not distinctly notched. Edges of upper teeth conspicuously
serrate, especially towards the base. Median tooth very broad and short,
serrate, with concave margins.

Teeth of lower jaw narrowly triangular, with broad bases, which spread
out abruptly. Edges of lower teeth weakly serrate ; mediau teeth small,
triangular, entire; middle teeth of sides of each jaw largest. Number
of teeth about f^.

The following notes on this specimen were taken by Mr. Gilbert. The
measurements were taken with">ut instruments as the shark was lying
on the beach, and are not all entirely accurate:

Head very heavy and short, the snout exceedingly broad and short;
its preoral portion much longer, shorter than distance between nostrils,
and nearly equal to the length between the inner margins of the pectorals.
Eyes on the depressed margin of the head, the nostrils very close to the
margin. A short deep fold at angle of mouth, extending a very short
distance on each lip.

Gill openings wide, the last two above base of pectorals, the longest
slit about equal to half base of pectoral.

Origin of tirst dorsal behind vertical from posterior base of pectoral,
a distance about equal to a gill-slit, the fin considerably nearer pectorals
than ventrals. Anterior margin of dorsal two-thirds anterior margin
of pectorals. Anal inserted slightly behind front of second dorsal and
somewhat smaJ
branchial area.

Pectorals long, not half longer than broad, their anterior margins
convex; inner margin of pectoral about half longer than a gill-slit;
about one-third the length of the free edge, which is six-sevenths the an-
terior edge.

Ventrals short; length of anterior margin less than one-third the
length of pectorals, nearer second dorsal than first. Distance from an-
terior base of ventrals to vertical from tirst dorsal equal to distance of
the posterior base from anal. A pit above and belowroot of tail. Cau-
dal with lower lobe half length of upper, the lower lobe broadly scythe-
shaped.

This species is rather common about Mazatlan, where it is known as
Tibtiron. Its liver is valued for the oil it jiroduces. It was not seen
elsewhere.

The fresh-water shark of Lake Nicaragua {Eulamia nicaraguensis Gill)
is closely allied to this species, but apparently distinct.

Carcharias cethalorus, sp. nov. (2S202, 29549).

Allied to Carcharias lamia (Risso), but with smaller dorsal and pec-
toral fins and longer and more pointed snout.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 105

Body ratlier robust, the back somewhat elevated.. Head depressed,
but rather long aud pointed, the snout low and flat, somewhat acute in
outline. Length of snout from mouth just equal to the distance be-
tween the angles of the mouth, about half greater than the distance
from the line connecting the angles of the mouth, forward to the chin.
Eye moderate, a little nearer nostril than angle of mouth ; distance from
eye to nostril nearly two-thirds distance from nostril to tip of snout. In-
terorbital width less than half distance from snout to first gill-opening,
slightly more than length of snout measured from eye.

Angle of mouth with a pit from which radiate three very short furrows-
Nostrils not far from margin of head, their length equal to diameter of
eye aud rather less than half their distance from eye, the flap on the an-
terior margin nearly obsolete.

Teeth of both jaws narrowly triangular, nearly erect and not evidently
notched on the outer margin ; all the teeth distinctly though finely ser-
rated on both margins. Lower teeth considerably narrower than upper
and somewhat flexuous, more faintly serrate ; their roots broad. Num-
ber of teeth about f |.

Head without conspicuous pores. Gill-openings rather large, the last
one shorter than the others, above base of pectoral, the depth of the
middle one about equal to distance from nostril to middle of eye; the
branchial area about half longer than broad.

Free margins of all the fins concave. Insertion of first dorsal close
behind base of pectorals, its distance from the latter being not more
than the diameter of the eye.

Anterior lobe when depressed extending beyond posterior lobe; dis-
tance from baseof posterior lobe to ventrals somewhat more than length
of snout from mouth. Length of base of first dorsal somewhat less than
vertical height of the fin and equal to interorbital width. Distance be-
tween dorsals 2 to 2^ times base of first dorsal, aud about 4 times base
of second.

Second dorsal much smaller than tirst ; its posterior lobe longer than
anterior and somewhat longer than baseof fin, reaching to within 1^ eyes'
breadth of the large pit at root of caudal. Base of second dorsal nearly
half length of first dorsal.

Lower lobe of caudal subfalcate, moderately pointed, two-fifths length
of upper lobe, which is a little more than one-fourth the total length,
and a little less than distance from snout to posterior part of root of
pectorals. Anal a little longer than second dorsal and inserted nearly
opposite its front; its posterior lobe extending considerably beyond the
anterior when reflexed ; length of its base nearly equal to its distance
from caudal, a little less than distance from its front to ventral. Ven-
trals moderate, their anterior margins about three-fourths distance be-
tween angles of mouth.

Pectorals rather large, somewhat falcate, twice as long as broad,
reaching to about opposite posterior part of base of dorsal, their tips

lOG PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED. STATES NATIOXAL MUSEUM.

somewhat pointed, the length of the anterior margin 1| times interor-
bital width, and nearly 14 times the free margin 5 length of pectoral
about one-sixth the total length of the tish.

Color light slaty-gray ; belly white ; middle line of back posteriorly
and upper edge of tail blackish; tips of all the fins distinctly blackish,
es])ecially the pectorals and lower lobe of caudal,

This species is rather common at Mazatlan, where several young
specimens were taken, the largest (29549), a young male, being 30 inches
in length. A species thought to be the same was also seen at Panama,
but no specimens were brought to the museum.

Carcharias longurio, sp. uov. (28306, 28330, 28331, 29541, 29551.)

fSqiialHs {Scolioclon) porosxs Poey, Memorias Cuba, II, 339 tab. 19, f. 11, 12,

1861 (Cuba.) (Not Carcharias 2>orosus Rauzaui, 1839.)
'? Scoliodo)! jwrosHfi Poey, Syuops. Pise. Cubeus, 1868, 452. (Cuba.)

Subgenus Scoliodon Miiller and Heule.

Body rather slender and elongate, the back little elevated. Head
depressed, long and narrow, rather pointed anteriorly. Length of snout
from mouth greater by about the diameter of the eye than the distance
between the angles of the mouth and a little more than half greater
than the distance from a line connecting the angles of the mouth to the
tip of the chin.

Eye rather large, a little nearer nostril than angle of mouth ; distance
from eye to nostril scarcely half the distance from nostril to tip of
snout.

Interorbital width two-fifths distance from snout to first gill-o])ening,
somewhat less than length of snout measured from eye.

Angle of mouth with a i)it from which a furrow extends on the lower
lip a distance about etjual to the length of a nostril, and on the upper
lip considerably farther. Length of nostril about two-thirds diameter of
eye, and about half its distance from eye, the anterior margin with a
narrow projecting flap. Distance between outer angles of nostrils
slightly more than their distance from tip of snout.

Teeth of the upper jaw subtriangular, very oblique, deeply notched
on the outer margin, those of the lower jaw similar, narrower and rather
less oblique. Bases of upper teeth with a few weak serrations. Ifo
evident serrations on enameled parts of any of the teeth. Number of
teeth about ff. Teeth all somewhat narrower and less oblique than in
Carcharias {ScoUodon) terra'- nova'.

Gill openings narrow, the last two over base of pectoral, the depth of
one about f the distance from snout to mouth, the middle or largest about
half the length of the branchial area; first and last gill-openings about
equal.

Top of head with numerous mucous pores. A series of numerous
large pores in a line above angle of mouth, and a baud of them behind
eye, extending upward on the nape. Under side of snout with many

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 107

niiuule pores, these formiug an elliptical area on the lower side of snout,
outside of which on each side is a crescent-shaped area of pores.

Insertion of first dorsal well behind pectoral, but much nearer to pec-
toral than ventral; its distance behind posterior base of pectoral Ij in
preoral part of snout.

Anterior lobe of dorsal, when depressed, not reaching the tip of tlie
posterior lobe; the distance to the base of posterior lobe from ventrals
nearly half preoral part of snout.

Length of base of first dorsal about equal to the height of the fin, or
to the interorbital width, about one-third the distance between dorsals,
which is 10 times base of second dorsal.

Second dorsal very small, its free margin scarcely concave ; the pointed
posterior lobe nearly twice the anterior.

Caudal, 4J in total length; its lower lobe bluntish, about | the up])er;
length of caudal equal to distance from snout to base of pectoral.

Anal fin small, but considerably larger than second dorsal, inserted
in front of the latter, so that its posterior part is below the insertion of
the dorsal. Length of anal about equal to its elongate posterior lobe,
and less than half its distance from the ventrals. Ventrals moderate,
their anterior margins two-thirds distance between angles of mouth.

Pectorals rather small, not quite reaching middle of first dorsal, their
tips bluntish, the length of the anterior margin If times interorbital
width and 1^ times the free margin. Pectoral scarcely more than one-
eighth the total length of the fish.

Color slaty-gray with a distinct bluish tinge ; white below; upper edge
of tail and tip of caudal dusky ; vertical fins faintly margined with
dark.

This species is common in the harbor of Mazatlan, where five s])eci-
mens were obtained ; the largest of these (28330), a male, 32 inches long,
is apparently nearly matnre, the claspers reaching the anal. It has
especially served for the basis of the above description.

Our specimens agree in most respects with Professor Poey's accounts
of his Scolioflon porosns from Cuba. If the generic value of the group
called Scoliodon be not admitted, the latter species must receive a new
name, as there is already a Cnrcharias porosKs Eanzani.

Carcharias, sp. incog.

The jaws of a large shark were obtained at Mazatlan, the species of
which we have not been able to ascertain. The following is a descrip-
tion of the teeth :

Teeth |f. Teeth of the upper jaw rather narrowly triangular, the tip
rather strongly curved outward;' the inner margin rather strongly con-
vex, the outer rather strongly concave; the outer margin with a broad,
shallow basal angle, a continuation of the curve of the outer edge of the
tooth. Both margins of the teeth strongly serrate, the senxe stronger

108 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED .STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

on the outer margin towards the base of the tooth. Upper jaw with a
moderate, trianguUir median tooth, denticuhited like the others.

Lower teeth very different in form, long, slender, sharp, straight, sub-
terete, rising from broad roots, somewhat turned outward, but more
erect than the upper teeth. jS'o distinct notch on outer margin, where
a slightly obtuse angle is formed. Edges of lower teeth everywhere
strictly entire.

Its relations seem to be, so far as can be judged by the teeth, with such
species as Carcharias fjutjot Bleeker and G. menisorrali Val., members
of the "genus" Phitypodon Gill.

Mustelus lunulatus, ap. nov. (29211.)

Allied to Mustelus cams (Mitch.) Dek.

Body elongate ; the back little elevated. Head depressed, rather long
and pointed ; length of snout from mouth about one-sixth more than the
distance between angles of mouth, and nearly twice the length of the
mouth, from a line connecting the angles, to the chin. Eye oblong,
large, a little nearer angle of mouth than nostril; distance from eye to
nostril three-fifths distance from nostril to tip of snout, Interorbital
space narrow, 24 times in distance from snout to first gill-opening, some-
what less than Jength of snout as measured from eye. Angle of mouth
with a pit from which furrows extend on each lip for a short distance,
about equal on each lip and considerably less than length of nostril.
Nostrils inferior, large, their length a little more than half eye and nearly
half their distance from eye ; the anterior flap large; posterior flap turned
inward, half as long as eye. Distance between nostrils 3 iu snout as
measured from eye.

Teeth, as in M. cauls, paved ; some of tlieinner teeth somewhat pointed ;
spiracles small, but evident ; head without conspicuous mucous pores.
Gill-openings small, the last two above base of pectoral, the depth of
the middle one about equal to the length of the eye, and less than the
length of the branchial area.

All the fins with their free margin notably lunate or concave. Inser-
tion of first dorsal well behind pectorals, and nearly opposite the tip of
the inner lobe of the latter, the outer lobe extending about to the mid-
dle of the fin ; distance of insertion of first dorsal from anterior root of
pectorals about ^ its distance from tip of snout. First dorsal high, its
anterior lobe when depressed reaching a little past tip of posterior lobe.
.Length of base of first dorsal about equal to its vertical height, and
nearly half greater than interorbital width. Distance between dorsals
2f times base of first and a little more tluiTi 3 times base of second.
Posterior angle of dorsal produced but not reaching to vertical from
front of ventrals. Middle of dorsal nearer pectoral base than ventral
base by a distance nearly equal to the diameter of the eye.

Second dorsal not very small, proportionately lower than first, its

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 109

posterior lobe extending farther than the anterior when depressed, its
distance from base of caudal more than the leugtli of its base.

Lower lobe of caudal short l)ut pointed ; tail forming a little more
than one fifth the total length, its length about equal to distance from
snout to front of pectorals. Terminal lobe about two-fifths length of
tail.

Anal much smaller than second dorsal, its posterior margin a little
behind posterior margin of the latter. Ventral moderate, its distal mar-
gin concave, the angles sharp. Pectorals comparatively sharp, half
longer than broad, three fourths to four-fifths length of head (to first gill-
slit), their length 7 to 7^ in total.

Color very light gray above, pale below; fins all pale.

Two half-grown specimens about 20 inches long, both numbered 29,211,
were obtained at Mazatlan, where it is known to the fishermen as " Gato."

The following analysis of Americau species of Mustelus shows the relation of M. Jiuiii-

latiis to the other species of this j^eniis :

a. Middle of lirst dorsal evidently nearer root of pectoral (posteriorly) than root of
ventral (anteriorly); snout long, its length from mouth more than width of
mouth; teeth bluntish; free margins of fins concave; first dorsal high, its
narrow anterior lobe reaching tip of the slender i)osterior lobe when retiexed;
the fin about as high as long. Interval between dorsals 2f times base of first ;
lower lobe of caudal ]»ointed; tail 5 in body, its terminal lobe more than one-
third its length ; pectorals rather sharp, their free margin incised, their tips
about reaching middle of dorsal ; embryo unknown (probably without pla-
centa); color pale Lunulatus.

aa. Middle of first dorsal about midway between pectorals and ventrals ; snout shorter,
its length from mouth about equal to width of mouth.
b. First dorsal higher than long, the tip of anterior lobe usually reaching, when
depressed, beyond tip of posterior lobe, its free margin deeply incised, its base
2f times in interval between dorsals; teeth bluntish; lower lobe of caudal
blunt ; tail more than one-fifth body, its terminal lobe more than one-third
its length ; pectorals rather obtuse, their free margin little incised, their tips
reaching first third of dorsal; inner lobe of ventrals produced; embryo not

attached to uterus by a placenta ; colors rather pale Canis. *

bb. First dorsal longer than high, its tip not reaching tip of posterior lobe, its free
margin scarcely incised, its base about half the interval between dorsals;
teeth rather sharp (in adults ?) ; lower lobe of caudal not acute ; tail less than
one-fifth total length, its terminal lobe li?ss than one-third its length ; pecto-
rals obtuse, their free edges almost straight, their tips reaching first fourth of
dorsal ; inner lobe of ventrals not produced, the free edge of the fin straight;
embryo unknown (pi'obably with placenta); color rather dark, axils of pec-
torals and ventrals duskv DonsALis.f

* Sqxahts canis Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y. i, 1815, 486 : = Miistelns asftrins
Cloquet, Diet. Sci. Nat. xiv, 407, 1820:^ Sqiiahis MiniiiJus Blainv. Faune Frangaise,
18-20-':W, 8^ : = MnsieJus ridgaris Mliller & Henle, Plagiost. 1839, 64, and of many authors.
Cape Cod to Cuba ond on all coasts of Southern Europe. We are thus far unable to
detect any permanent diiference between European and American siieciuieus. The
American name has clear priority.

f Mustelus dorsalis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 149. Panama (Gill ; Gilbert).

110 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

aaa. Middle of first dorsal much nearer root of veutrals than pectorals; suont rather
short, its width a little greater than distance between angles of mouth. First
dorsal longer than high, its blunt tip when depressed not reaching tip of pos-
terior lobe, its margin deeply incised, its base 2^ times in the interval between
dorsals ; teeth rather sharp ; lower lobe of caudal blunt ; tail less than one-
fifth length of body, its terminal lobe more than one-third its length ; pectorals
rather obtuse, their free margin little concave, their tips reaching little past
front of dorsal ; inner lobe of ventrals somewhat produced ; embryo attached
to uterus by a placenta ; color rather dark ; axils of pectorals and ventrals
dusky Californicus.*

DEmCRIPTIOIN OF A IVEW SHARK (CARC IIAKIAiii IiA.lIIEIiL.A) FROm
.SAIV DIFOO, CALIFORNIA.

By DAVID S. JORDAI>f and CHARLES H. GILBERT.

Allied to Carcharias lamia (Risso).

Body comparatively robust, the back elevated, the greatest depth
half more than the height of the dorsal liii and equal to the distance
from the nostril to the gill-openings.

Head broad and flat, the snout long, but wide and rounded. Length
of snout from mouth greater than the distance between outer angles of
nostrils, a little more than width of mouth. Nostrils considerably nearer
the eye than tip of snout, but nearer snout than angle of mouth. Eyes
moderate.

Teeth about f ^, not very large, the upi)er rather narrowly triangular,
nearly erect, slightly concave on the outer margin, but not notched,
rather finely serrated everywhere. Lower teeth similar, but consider-
ably narrower, finely serrated. Middle teeth in both jaws smaller than
the others.

A pair of jaws taken from a much larger specimen have, as usual,
the teeth considerably broader than in the young and more distinctly
serrate. They are quite similar to the teeth of C. lamia.

First dorsal beginning at a distance four-fifths the length of its own
base behind the root of pectorals, and ending at a point somewhat more
than its own base before the ventrals, its height slightly more than the
distance from the snout to the posterior margin of the eye, slightly more
than its base, and considerably less than greatest height of body. Space
between dorsals equal to the distance from snout to first gill-opening,
2f times base of first dorsal, 7 times base of second.

Second dorsal very small, not one-sixth the size of the first and con-
siderably smaller than the anal, which is deeply emarginate, the two
fins nearly opposite each other. Ventrals small, nearly midway be-
tween the two dorsals. Tail long, forming nearly two-sevenths of the
total length. Pectorals broad and long, not pointed, their tips reach-

* Musiehts californiciis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, liS : = Mi^stelus hinnuliis
Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 31 (not of Blaiuville). Coast of Southern
California, San Francisco, Monterey, Santa Barbara, San Pedro, San Diego (Jor. «fe
Gilb).

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ill

ing somewhat past the end of the base ol the dorsal, the inner margin
a little less than one third the outer, their length 5§ in total.

Color, plain light gray, white below ; edge of pectorals and caudal
narrowly dusky.

A young male specimen of this species (27,366), two feet in length,
was obtained by us in San Diego Bay, California. It is said to be not
uncommon along the coast of Lower California and it is known at San
Diego as " Bay Shark." The jaws of an adult example taken on the
coast of Lower California were also procured.

It is evidently closely related to C. lamia, but the smaller dorsal and
pectorals and the more backward i)osition of the dorsal seem to dis-
tinguish it sufiticiently. The fins seem to be less falcate than in C. lamia.

In the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ISSl, p. 32, this species is mentioned
by us under the name of Enlamia lamia.

CRITIC'AI^ REITIARK)^ OX THE TREK-CREEPEKS (CERTHIA) OF
EUROPE AND IVORTH Ai^IERICA.

By ROBERT RIDG^VAY.

The question of whether the American tree-creeper is separable from
the European as a distinct race or species has long been a mooted
point, and one in regard to which there is great difference of opinion
among writers. Several eminent authorities, both in Europe and Amer-
ica, consider the European and North American birds of this genus as
identical, or not separable even as races; but not a few authors, who base
their conclusions on ample material, and are not iutiuenced by ultra-con-
servative views regarding geographical variations, agree in recognizing
two European races or species (according to the individual views of the
author), one being the true G. famiUaris Linn, of northern Euroi)e, the
other of more southern range, and variously designated as G. ro.s^rt' Bailly
or C. trachydactyla Brehm ;* and in considering the common American
bird as distinct from both the European forms, though some of them
have referred it to G. cost(e.

The North American creeper was first separated, as G. amcricana (by
which name it has been known by American ornithologists up to a com-
paratively recent date), by Bonaparte in 1838; but having been already
named many years previously (by Bartram, in 1701, as G. ri(fa, and Barton,
in 1799, as G.fusca), Bonaparte's name cannot be used. The Mexican
creeper was also separated in 1834, liy Gloger, as G. mexicana. Thus two
European and two American races or species of Gerfhia have been
recognized by many ornithologists of standing. Others, however, pro-

* It is unnecessary for me to discuss here the question of which of these names
shouki be adopted: therefore, without inquiring particularly into the case, I adopt
provisionally the former.

112 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fess an inability to distinguisli between specimens from the two conti-
nents, and therefore insist upon their identity, althongh some of the
best anthorities rank G. mcxicana as a distinct species.

For the pnrpose of carefully reviewing the subject in all its bearings,
I hare brought together a considerable number of specimens, and after
a very deliberate comparison of this material (embracing many skins
not inclnded in the following tables of measurements), and an equally
careful consideration of all that has been written on the subject, I am
forced to the conclusion that the G. mexicana itself cannot stand even
as a race, or else it becomes necessary to recognize a larger nnmber
of races than have usually been claimed for the species. In other
"words, it is simply a question of whether geographical variations of
form and colors are to be completely ignored as a factor in the genesi*
of species, or whether they should receive due consideration in connec-
tion with this important subject. Believing the latter view to be the
more scientific one, and since they are each "associated with definite
geographical areas," 1 find the following races suscei)tible of definition.

A. — Primary coverts disfinctly tipped with whitish.

1. familiaris Linn. (Ijased iipon Scautlinavian speeimeus).

Of this form I have three examples before me from Bergen, Norway
(coll. L. Stejneger). These agree in having the lower parts of a brilliant
silvery white, never seen in American specimens, thongh this pure white
color is somewhat obscured by a grayish tinge nndoubtedly caused by
contact with carbonaceous substance upon burnt trees. The cri^snm is
very faintly tinged with butf ; the lores are either wholly white or else
merely tinged with dusky in front of the eye; the dark ground color of
the upper parts is much tinged with yellowish tawny (which prevails on
the rump), and the maxilla is either very dark brown or black. These
specimens measure as follows :

•

Locality.

Sex and age.

~ a

bti

1|
2.75

4i
1

.62

.no

.40

1
1

296 L. S.

Bergen, Norwav

cfad

^,60

.45

301 L. S.

.... °Ao •.

....do

2.60

.60

.28

.35

.70

.40

224 L. S.

....do

2. 50

2.50

.60

.30

.38

.60

.35

2.57

2.02

.61

•^

.38

.6,

.40

2. ?cost8e Bailly (described from Savoy).

I have five examples from central Enrope, which may be readily dis-
tinguished from the Scandinavian specimens described above. The

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 113

lower parts are of a yellowish rather than silvery white, the crissum
aud flanks are more decidedly tinged with buff", the lores are distinctly
dusky, and the upper parts are decidedly more tawny. Two of the five
specimens have the maxilla a clear light-brown color, ichich I have never
seen in an American specimen. The measurements are as follows :

c
M

Locality.

Sex and age.

1^
O

cfacl

2.00

a. 50

.60

.30

.70

.45

56747

Saxony

....do

2. 65

2.80

.60

.30

.38

.70

.42

56751

Silesia

— .do

2. 65

.30

.32

.82

.55

18947

. .do

2.60
2.50

2.70
2.50

.63
.60

.32
.35

.40
.40

.52

17(i(JG

France (?)

..-.do

A prao-o

2.60

2.62

.61

.31

.38

.75

.48

3. brittaiiica Subsp. nov.

Two examples from England differ from all continental specimens
which I have seen very nearly as much as C. mexlcana does from the
ordinary North American bird ; and since it would appear from descrip-
tions that these specimens represent the normal style of coloration of
specimens from the Bi'itish Islands, I see no alteruative but to charac-
terize the British specimens as a race always distinguishable from the
two continental forms. These British examples are very much browner
above than those from the continent (closely resembliug, in this respect,
Californian specimens hereinafter described as occidenfaUs), the rump is
more deeply tawny, aud the lower parts appear to be of a much duller
white, though this may be owing to a soiling of the plumage. These
are the specimens which in History of North American Birds (i, pp. 124,
125) were supposed to be the true C. familiar is, thus leading to the erro-
neous views of their relationships therein given. TLie measurements
are as follows, the tail being in both examiiles much worn at the tip, and
therefore not included :

Locality.

Sex and age.

P.a

18760

d ad

O50

.0?.

.30

.38 1 .70

.45

18761

....?.do

? ad

2.50

.60

.30

.35] . 70

.40

2.50

.61

.30

~~m

4. rufa Bartr. (Penusyb'ania.)

Creepers from eastern North America have almost invariably a de-
cidedly shorter bill and hind claw than European specimens, while

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82-

Jtily 8, ISSS.

114 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

otlier measurenieuts are on the average quite different. In coloration,
they most resemble G. cosUv, hut as a rule have the the crissum more
decidedly buff, and the rump brighter tawny, while the maxilla is never
light brown, as often occurs in the South-European form. The follow-
ing measurements are from fully adult birds, in perfect plumage:

1
1

Locality.

Sex and age.

1:3

i
s

a s

8''70l

Massachusetts

Carlisle, Pa

District of Columbia

Wabash County, 111

do ....

dnd

d" ad

c^ad

d ad

c^ad

ISl::;;:::

5 ad

? ad

?ad

9 ad

? ad

?ad

2.65
2.60
2.70
2.60
2.70

2.90
2.75
(2.60)
(2. 60)
2.75

.60
.60
.60
.60
.60

.60

.30
.32
.30
.30
.30

.30
.32
.32
.35
.30

.65
.65
.70
.70
.70

.38

827

H.W.H.

H'707

.40
.40

.42

8''706

.47

Average of males

2.65

"2."50"
2.50
2.40
2.55
2.50

2.72

2.70
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
(2. 55)
2.60

.30

.32

.68

.41

.55

.55
.58
.5.S
.55
.58
.60
.60

.28
.30
.28
.28
.30
.27
.30
.30

.30
.32
.30
.28
.32
.30
.32
.32

.65
.65
.65
.65
.65
.67
.60
.68

.40

63"'88

.40

578 H.W.H.

.40

82705

82704

H.W.H.

District of Columbia

.35
.38
.35

82708

Wabash County, HI

2. 45 2. 50
2.42 1 2.54

.40

.57

.29

.31

.65

.38

Average of both sexes

2.53

2.63

.58

.2.

.31

.66

.39

5. montana Subsp. vov.

Middle Province of North America; (uortli to Kadiak, Alaska) breeding south to
New Mexico and Arizona, in wooded mountains.

While I have been able to examine a smaller series of this form than
any other except familiaris proper and byittanica, the six examples in-
spected show such well-marked peculiarities of form and coloration as
to leave no doubt of the propriety of separating the Rocky Mountain
bird as a geographical race. The general tone of coloration is decidedly
grayer above than in any other form of the species, the flanks are de-
cidedly grayish, the crissum more pronounced buff than in either of the
three European races, and the tawny of the rump in more abrupt con-
trast with the grayish of the back. The most decided differences, how-
ever, are in proportions: thus, while the wing averages shorter than in
either Jam 11 iar is or cost(v, the tail is decidedly longer; the bill also aver-
ages much longer than in famiUaris or cosUc, but is altogether more
slender, both the vertical height and the transverse thickness being
much less. As is the case with all the American races, the hallux and
hind claw — the latter especially — are almost constantly shorter than in
the European forms.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 11

1 .

« o

Locality.

Sex and age.

£ a

3
5

'5
H

a
3

68793

Colorado

cfad

d ad.

cfad

2.60
2.65
2.55

■2."75'
2.70

.CO
.60

.30

.28

.35

.30

.77

.82
.80

. 50

6G704

.50

. .52

Average of males

2. 60 2. 72

.60

.29

.32

.80

.51

53443

9 ad

2. 50 i 2. 65

.58

.30

.70

.42

?ad

2. 55 1 2. 75

.60

.30

.35

.70

Average of females

2.52 I 2.70

.59

.30

.32

.70

.41

7154

-ad

2. 55 2. 65

.60

.28

.30

.82

5''

Average of both sexes

2.56 1 2.69

.60

.29

.a.

.48

6. occidentalis Subsp. nov.

Pacific coast of North America, breeding from mouutains of sontlieru Califoruia to
British Cohmibia.

^SText to mexicana, this is the darkest colored of all the races of this
species. Ill extremely slender bill it agrees with moyiiana., but, appa-
rently, has a shorter tail (although this apparent difference may be due
to an insufficient number of specimens compared — one specimen hav-
ing the tail .15 of an inch longer than the longest-tailed specimen of
montana), but the colors are strikingly different. Instead of being
grayer than rufa, occidentalis is much browner, extreme examples having
the light patches of the remiges a bright ochreous-buff" and the general
cast of the upper parts a decidedly rusty brown, such specimens com-
ing chiefly from the coast of Washington Territory and British Colum-
bia. The rump is a bright rusty fulvous, and the crissum always a deep
ochreous-buff. Of the European races, this most resembles hrittanica
in the color of the upper parts, some specimens being very similar in-
deed; but the crissum is constantly much more deeply buff". In the
darker- colored examples there is some resemblance to mexicana, in fact
some of them have been labeled as such; but the rump is much less
chestnut, the ])rimary coverts are always tipped with whitish, and the
lower parts more whitish. Specimens measure as follows:

1
a

Locality.

Sex and age.

1
1

1
a

11810

cfad

cfad.

cfad

2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2 50
2.50

2.60
2.70

'i'eo'

2.50
2.62

.60
.55
.58
.60
.65
.60

.32
.30
.30
.28
.32
.32

.35
.32
.30
.35
.32
.32

.70
.68

.80
.70

.50

17433
13743
16175

Siniahmoo, Wasli

Fort Tejon, Cal

Fort Crook Cal . .

.42
.45

.50

82709
71950

Mcasio, Cal

Kern Pviver, Cal

Average of adult males

.50
.47

2.50

2.60

.60

.31

.33

.47

116 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Locality.

Sex and age.

1
fat

-3

o
Q

22092
82710

Port Crook, Cal

Nicasio.Cal

?ad

2.50 1

2.40 2.30

2. 45 1 2. 30

.58
.58

.30
.30

.32
.30

.70
.70

.42

Average of adult females

.58

.30

.31

.70

.42

45951

British Columbia

— ad

— ad........

— ad

-ad

— ad

2. 35 2. 50

2.75

2. 45 2. 50
2.75 1 2.90
2. 35 2. 40
2. 60 1 2. 50
2.60 ' 2. GO

■11
.60
.60
.55
.60
.60

.30
.32
.32
.30
.30
.30
.30

.30
.32
.35
.32
.30
.32
.32

.75
.68
.72
.72
.67
.76
.80

.45

71-^5

Fort Steilacoom "Wash

. 40

7CiJ86
76687

California

.45
.42

73900

Calaveras County Cal

.52

73899

do .'

.50

2.55 2.57

.59

.31

,3?

.45

Average of both sexes

2.50 : 2.49

"Tab"

.31

.32

.45

h. — Primary coverts untliout whitish tqys.

7. mexicana Gloger.

Guatemala and southeru Mexico.

Tliis form differs conspicuously from all tbe others iu tlie total absence
of light tips to the primary coverts. The lower parts are also decidedly
grayish, with only the throat and chin white, the rumj) a bright chest-
nut-rusty, and the ground-color of the anterior upper ijarts a blackish-
brown, with the lighter streaks of a rather grayish tone. In slender bill
and other features of form it scarcely differs from the more northern
races, montana and occidentalis, and is by no means smaller, thus afford-
ing another of the very numerous ''exceptions" to the supposed law of
smaller size to the southward of resident species.* The three specimens
which I have been able to examine measure as follows:

® ©

LocaHty.

Sex and age.

13588

Mexico

-ad

— ad

2.60
2.55
2.60

.58
.60
.60

.30
.30
.35

.32
.30
.35

.70
.73
.70

.46

8176

do _-

.48

69835

V. de Fuego

Guatemala

.42

2.58

2.65

.59

.32

.71

.44

SiHTHSONiAN INSTITUTION, March 23, 1882.

* In perhaps a majority of cases where I have recently te.sted the matter by measure-
meiit.s of Large series of many Passeres I have heeu imable to verify this sui)posed law
of latitudinal variation in size.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 117

NOTE OIV THE OCCimREIVCE OF A SII>VER IiAMPBEY, ICIITHY-
OMYZOIV OASTAIVEUS, OIRARD, IIV t,OUISIANA.

By TAKJLETON H. BEAN.

Nearly two years ago Mr. N. B. Moore, of Forlorn Hope, Louisiana,
sent to the National Museum, at the request of tlie Director, a lamprey
which he perceived to be difierent from the sea-lamprey [Fciromyzon
americamis^ = marimis), by comparing it with a description in ZelFs
Encyclopedia. About that time the writer was on his way to Alaska,
and had no opportunity to examine the specimen forwarded by Mr.
Moore. It was placed in storage and came to my notice again only a
few days ago. As this individual shows some unusual characters, it is
worth while to call attention to them. It agrees pretty well with the ac-
couht of the species described by Girard from Galena, Minn., under the
name Iclithyomyzon casfcnwus, but shows a variation from the ascribed
characters of the genus in having three close-set maxillary teeth, while
some of the lateral teeth are bicuspid.

I insert here Mr. Moore's description of the recent specimen :

" I have a lamprey — first ever seen by me, and identified by a descrip-
tion in Zell's Cyclopiedia. Thinking it quite far south for one of this
species — Petromyzon amcricauus, if it be this one — I put it in whisky,
and, as I found it to differ from that given in Zell in one particular, the
dorsal fin being 4^- (inches) in length, continuous, not separated, I
thought you would like to examine it. If so, I will send it to you.
Total length, 9f inches ; anus to tip of tail fin, 2 ; between anterior and
posterior gills, 1^; tip of snout to anterior gill, 1^; commissure of
mouth, 2; greatest depth of lish at interior part of dorsal, |; greatest-
width 2 (inches) from tip of snout, ^ ; thence a true taper to tip of tail
in lateral outline; body not cylindrical. Color ochraceous about head,
then yelloAvish gray; small blue dots from head to tail and on under
side of neck."

For convenience of comparison, I copy here Girard's description ot
I. castaneus*:

" Spec. Char.— Head depressed, constituting the ninth of the total
length ; body and tail compressed. Buccal disk sub-elliptical, provided
with a double series of short, tentacular fringes upon its periphery.
Posterior margin of buccal aperture exhibiting a series of nine teeth,
disposed upon an arc of a circle. Eyes small and inconspicuous;
spiracle sub-tubular, raised above the surface of the head. Origin of
the dorsal fin equidistant between the anterior margin of the buccal
disk and the apex of the tail. Vent situated immediately in advance of
the most elevated portion of the dorsal fin. Chestnut-colored, of a
darker tint above than beneath,

*<Rep. U. S. Pacific R. R. Surv., Fishes, 1858, pp. dtil-^.

118 PEOCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIOXAL MUSEUM.

" What we have termed the head is measured from the anterior
extremity of the buccal disk to the first brauchial orifice, the chest
being the region occupied by the entire series, seven in number, of the
same branchial orifices.

" The length of the head is equal to that of the chest. The tentacles,
at the periphery of the buccal disk, are inserted into a shallow groove,
formed exteriorly by the thickened edge of the disk, and interiorly by
a soft and flexible membranous ridge. The friuges themselves are more
developed posteriorly than anteriorly. The branchial orifices are sub-
circular, provided with two semi-circular lips, au anterior aud a i^osterior
one, fringed upon their edge, and somewhat raised above the surface
of the chest.

" The dorsal fin exhibits two convex elevations, one anterior to the
vent, the other posterior to it. Its continuity with the caudal is marked
by a gradual shallow depression. The lower lobe of tlie caudal is rather
more developed than the upper lobe. The tail itself is bluntly spear-
sbaped.

'^•Tlie color is of a uniform chestnut tint, somewbat lighter along the
abdominal region than over the sides and back, which is much darker."

The single typical specimen was catalogued at number 979. It was
collected by Dr. George Suckley at Galena, Minn.

In the example received from Mr. Moore the following characters are
observed :

Head 7f in total length; body and tail compressed. Labial fringes
short everywhere, but more developed posteriorly than anteriorly.
Maxillary teeth pointed, close-set, three in number; maudibulary plate
crescent-shaped, with nine pointed teeth very gradually diminishing in
size from the middle tooth to each end. Two of the lateral teeth on
each side of the oral aperture bicuspid, the rest uuicuspid. Both series
of lingual teeth finely pectinate. Eyes very small, obscure. Spiracle
iibout once its own length in front of eyes. Origin of dorsal fin midway
between spiracle aud end of tail. The dorsal fin is continuous, low in
the first half of its length (about one-sixth the height of the part of the
body under it), thence gradually rising to its greatest height a little
behind the vent and again gradually diminishing to the emargination
which separates it from the tail. The greatest height of the dorsal is
less than one-half that of the body at the same point. The distance of
the vent from end of tail equals 3 times height of body at vent. The
space occupied by the gill-openings is about equal to length of head.
Greatest height of body equals head to hind margin of eye. The tail
small, no part of the fin surrounding it being much higher than the
anterior half of dorsal.

The alcoholic specimen now is almost uniforndy light brown replaced
by chestnut in one small area on the belly a little in front of vent. The
spots on head, chest, and back, which Mr. Moore descril^ed as blue, are
now dark brown or nearly black, resembling fly-specks.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 119

The leugtli of the specimen (numbered 30334) is now 9.3 inches;
head 1.1; chest very nearly the same; greatest height of body, ^; vent
to tip of tail, l-^tr; dorsal from end of head, 5.

I have thought it worth while to describe this lamprey in some detail
because of the interest which attaches to the locality and on account of
the slightness of our knowledge of I. castaneus^ to which our present
example is most closely related.

United States National Museum,

WasMngton, March 24, 1882.

Since the above was written I have found and examined the types of
Ichthyomyzon hirudo and I. castaneus Girard. The first is 5 inches long
and is certainly congeneric with castaneus, from which it differs in the
number of mandibulary cusps. The maxillary tooth is tricuspid and
a few of the lateral teeth are bicuspid. Ichthyomyzon hirudo and J. cas-
taneus, therefore, show a departure from the type of the genus, which
is Petromyzon argenteus Kirtland; they have the dorsals continuous as
in argenteus, but the dentition is different. The maxillary cusps in hi-
rudo and castaneus are placed close together. The lingual teeth are pec-
tinate throughout, as in Lampetra tridentaia. We are called upon now
to decide whether Petromyzon argenteus Kirtland and Girard's two spe-
cies of Ichthyomyzon {hirudo and castaneus) are all members of the genus
Ichthyomyzon. In my opinion they are, but I should refer the three
species of Ichthyomyzon to Petromyzon.

United States National Museum,

June 14, 1882.

NOTES OIV A €0I>L.ECTI01V OF FISHES FROITI JOHNSTON'S ISIiANI)^
lNCl.ir»IN<J DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NE^V SPECIES.

By ROSA SMITH awd JOSEPH SWAIRf.

The specimens which form the subject of the present paper were ob-
tained in the spring of 1880 at Johnston's Island, by the captain of a
vessel belonging to the North Pacific Guano Company. A can of alcohol
was sent out on this vessel by Professors David S. Jordan and Charles
H. Gilbert during their stay on tlie Pacific Coast of the United States
in the interest of tbe United States Fish Commission. Johnston's Island
is located about 700 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands, and aj)-
proximates IT^* north latitude, 170° west longitude. This collection,
containing five new and many little known s^^ecies. Professor Jordan
has turned over to the writers for study. The specimens are now in
the United States National Museum.

We are greatly indebted to Professor Jordan for the use of his library
aud for many valuable suggestions.

120 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The following is a list of the species obtained :

1. 0])Mclithys {Pisodontophis) stypurus Smith & Swain.

2. Oi/mnomurcena tigrina (Less.) Blkr.

3. Aulostomiis chinensis (L.) Lacepede.

4. Polynemus huru Bleeker.

5. Scomhroides sancti petri (0. & V.) S. & S.

6. Caranx gymnostethoides (Blkr.) Gthr.

7. Holocentrus leo Cuvier & Valenciennes.

8. Holocentrus crythrceus Giinther.

9. KuliUa tccniitra (Cuv. & Val.) S. & S.

10. Upeneus crassilahris Cuv. & Val.

11. Upeneus relifer Smith & Swain.

12. Upeneus [MuUoides) vanicolensis (C. & V.) S. & S.

13. Upeneus {BluUoides) preorbitalis Smith & Swain.

14. Chilinus digrammus (Lac.) C. «& V.

15. Scarus perspiciUatus Steindachuer.
IC. Julis verticaUs Smith & Swain.

17. Jiilis clepsydralis Smith & Swain.

18. Earpe hilumdata (Lac.) Smith & Swain.

19. Clicctodon setifer Bloch.

20.^ Acanthurus triostegus (Linn.) Bloch. & Schn.

21. Naseus Uturatns (Forst.) C. & V.

22. Balistes aculeatus Linn.

23. Balistes huniva Lac.

24. Ostraclon punctatum Bl. & Schn.

25. Tetrodon meleagris Lacep.

26. Biodon hystrix Linn.

27. Platophrys mancus (Broiiss.) S. & S.

1.— OPHICHTHYS STYPUEUS sp. nov.

Subgenus Pisodontophis Kaup.

Head 5.^ in trunk. Head and trunk together slightly longer than
tail, exceeding the latter by the length of the snout. Snout blunt, 5i
in head. Eye 2i in snout, 3 in interorbital space. Gape of mouth mod-
erate, extending beyond eye, 3i in head. Anterior nasal tubes turned
downward, conspicuous; posterior nostrils large. Teeth in lower jaw
less blunt than in 0. .rysturi(s J. & G., in two series in front, becoming
three jiosteriorly ; two rows (the outer row being larger) of bluntish,
conical teeth on each side of upper jaw, preceded by a patch of eight
on extremity of nasal bone; smaller teeth on vomer in a band of two
series.

Dorsal and anal fins rather high, the liighest part of dorsal exceed-
ing length of snout; dorsal beginning at the nape, at a distance from
the snout equal to half the length of the head. Pectoral short, 1^ in
its base, If in snout ; its free margin lunate. Gill-opening oblique, its

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 121

width equaling base of pectoral and If in istlimiis. End of tail rather
blunt and little compressed.

Ground color, in spirits, light olivaceous; round brown spots in four
series on the sides, extending on the dorsal but becoming fainter on the
fin; second series on lateral line, the spots of third mostly smaller; the
spots of the different series sometimes alternating regularly, sometimes
without definite order ; the diameter of most of the spots in upper two
series exceeding the snout ; a fourth series of much smaller spots (not
half the diameter of the largest ones) along sides of belly, almost dis-
appearing on tail; small, irregular, more or less confluent spots on
upper half of dorsal, the fin narrowly margined with whitish. Anal
plain, ligiit olivaceous. Pectorals with one or two small, obscure brown
spots.

One fine specimen (26817 U. S. Nat. Mus.), 24^ inches in length.

o._GYMNOMUIliENA TIGEINA (Lesson) Bleeker.

IcUlujopVis tigrhms "Lesson, Mem. Soc. d'Hist. Nixt. Paris, iv, 399, and Voy. Coq. ZooL
ii, 129, Atl. Pois. pi. 12 ; Richard's Voy. Ereb. and Terr. Fish, p. 96 ; Bleek.
Versl. Ak. Wet. Natuurk. xv, 463."

Murccnolhnna iigrina Kaup, Cat. Apod. Pish. Brit. Mus. 98, 18.56 (Strong Island, Havre,
Carteret, Moluccas, Celebes) ; Blkr. 8th Bijdrage der Vischfauna van Aniboina,
p. 93, 1857 (Java) ; Blkr. Index Pise. Actorum Sci. Soc. Indo-Mer, 5 (name only).

Gymnomurwna iigrina " Blkr. Atl. Ichth. Mur.p. 113, pi. 21, fig. 3 ; Kuer, Novara Fisch,
p. 387"; Gthr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 133, 1870 (Mauritius, Zanzibar.
East Indian Archipelago, India).

EaUtaf. — Java, Mauritius, Zanzibar, East Indian Archipelago, India,
Strong Island, Havre, Carteret, Moluccas, Celebes, Johnston's Island.

Head 4| in trunk. Head and trunk together exceed the tail by the
width of the gape, the length from the tip of snout to vent being
greater than that from vent to extremity of tail. Snout 8 in head.
Eye Ih in snout, its position being over the middle of the gape. Gape
3| in head.

Teeth pointed, recurved, some of them depressible; in two series on
upper jaw; anteriorly iu two series in lower jaw, only one at the corner
of the mouth ; a few teeth on front of vomer. Posterior nostrils with
tubes more conspicuous than anterior.

Color, in spirits, brownish, everywhere irregularly covered with
nearly round blackish spots, varying in size from the orbit to f of the
gape ; in front of the occiput the head is thickly covered with very
small, dark spots; the spots on the body run together in places, form-
ing blotches.

One specimen (2G823), 17^ inches long.

3.— AULOSTOMUS CHIXEXSIS (L.) Lacep.

Fistularia cMnensis (iu part) L. Syst. Nat. i, 515, 1766.
Anlostomus chinensis (iu part) Lac6p. v, 357, 1803.

122 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Aulostoma chincnse "Sclileg. Faun. Japou. Poiss. 320"; " Richards, Ichth. Chin. 247'';
"Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 258, 1855"; Gthr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Miis. iii, 538,
1861 (Amboyna); " Playfair in Fish. Zanz. 79"; Blkr. Quat. Mem. Ichth. N.
Guin6e, 6 (name only); Street Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 774, 1877 (Honolulu);
Blkr. Enum. Poiss. Japan 14, 1879 (name only); Gthr. Jour. Mus. Godetf.
Fische der Siidsee, 221, taf. 123, figs. B and C, 1881 (Indian Ocean and Archi-
pelago, Sandwich, Society, and Paumatu Islands, Aneiteum).

Polijpferkhthiis valeniiui "Bleek. Ternate, ii, 608."

Habitat. — Cliiua, New Guinea, Honolulu, Amboyna, Indian Ocean,
Indian Arcbip., Society and Paumatu Islands, Aneiteum, Ternate, Jobn-
ston's Island.

Head 3 (3i); deptb 12 (12^) ; D. X-3, 26; A. 3, 27.

Snout nearly 1^ in bead ; its profile somewbat concave from end of
snout to occiput. Eye 9 in snout, its diameter a little greater tban
interorbital widtb.

Spines of lirst dorsal free, remote, equal in lengtb to orbital diame-
ter ; eacb spine attacbed by a broad membrane, and received into a
narrow groove. Soft dorsal witb a somewbat irregular margin, first
brancbed rays 34 in snout, last ones about G in snout. Anal similar to
soft dorsal, its base sligbtly longer tban tbe dorsal ; base of soft dorsal
sligbtly longer tban caudal ijeduncle. Caudal fin 3i in snout. Yen-
trals subtruncate, 5^^ in snout, about as long as pectorals. Peduncle
nearly straigbt, narrow, its deptb being ^ of greatest deptb of body.

Color, in spirits, brownisb olive above, ligbt olive below ; four ligbter
borizontal olive bands on bodj-, tbe two below lateral line not distinct
except posteriorly — wbere tbe ground color is brownisb below as well
as above tbe lateral line — and on bead, bebind eye, tbree of tbese ligbt
bands being very distinct across tbeopercles; tbree ligbt oblique bands
across snout, witb many otber irregular ligbt markings; a black band
across maxillary, borizontal witb snout; a small black spot in front of
eacb pectoral and on a level witb its lower edge ; a larger one bebind
eacb pectoral in a line witb tbe first. On median line of belly are six
black spots about tbe size of tbe pui)il ; between vent and anal fin are
four more similar ones. A black streak from tbe pupil tbrougb tbe nos-
trils. Peritoneum reddisb brown.

One fine specimen (2(3819), 2Gi incbes in total lengtb.

4.— POLYNEMUS KURU Bleeker.

Pohjnemus IcuruBWiv. Nat. T. Ned. Ind. iv, 600, 1853 (Ternate); Blkr. Conspect. Spec.
Pise. p. G (name only); BUa-. Enum. Spec. Pise. Archip. ludic. 40, 1859 (Hal-
maheira, Ternate, Amboyna, Saparua ; name only); Gunther, Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mus. ii, 325, 1860 (taken from Bleeker) ; Blkr. Conspec. Molucc. Cognit.
p. 5 (Ternate, Amboyna, Saparua ; name only) ; Blkr. Beschrij. Visch. Am-
boina, p. 4 (name only) ; Blkr. Achtste Bijd. Visch. Amboiua, pp. 3, 14
(name only); Blkr. Tweede Bijd. Schth. Fauna, Halmaheira, pi). 2, 4 (name
only).

Triclddion kuru Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 275, 1861 (name only).

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 123

Eahitat.—JIiilnmheiYa, Ternate, Amboyua, Saparua, Batjau, Archip.
Molucca, Jobnstou'.s Island.

Head 3f (4f ) ; deptli 3.^ (4f ) ; leugtli (2G837) 18^ iuclies. D. YIII-I,
13; A. II, 12; scales, 8-G6-12.

Allied to P. ajyproximans, Lay & Beimett, from wliicli it chiefly differs
in coloration, uiiniber of anal rays, and in its higher dorsal and anal fins.
Body robust, compressed. Snout comparatively blunt; the profile
from snout to dorsal gently and regularly curved. IMouth moderate,
horizontal ; tip of mandible behind posterior nostril. Maxillary 2 in
head. Teeth in a continuous villiform band on palatines and pterygoids,
the patch broader, especially on the pterygoids, than in P. approximans^
and much broader than in P. opercular is ; the premaxillary band also
broad. Eye in head about 3 J times, interorbital space slightly convex, 4
in head. Preopercle with few and irregular serrations. Tooth above the
lobe of preopercle well developed. Gill-rakers one-fourth length of max-
illary; about 20 on lower limb.

Scales large, almost smooth. Small scales nearly covering the soft
dorsal, anal, and ventral fins; the membraneous flap of the spines of
first dorsal scaled, but the connecting membrane entirely naked. Upper
])ectoral rays scaled nearly to their tips; all the rays covered with
scales at their base ; upper rays also closely scaled on posterior surface.
Dorsal fins well developed; second and third spines longest, If in
head, about three-fourths length of longest soft ray. The first two rays
of second dorsal longest, about If in head. Caudal large, widely forked,
the upper lobe slightly the longer, and one-fourth longer than head.
Anal shorter than soft dorsal, the base of the tin three-fourths of its
greatest height; when depressed the tips of the two anterior rays ex-
tend verv nearly as far as the tip of the last ray ; the free margin of the
tin lunate, similar to soft dorsal ; tirst rays four-tifths length of tirst rays
of soft dorsal, and 1% in head. First anal spine very small ; second 4^
in head. Ventral tins in head If times. Pectorals If in head; pec-
toral filaments G, the superior one longest, 1\ the length of head, reach-
ing tip of ventrals.
Air-bladder large.
Adipose eyelid well developed.

Color olivaceous, the scales finely punctulate with brown; these
punctulations most numerous on the upper and lower margins of the
scales, forming longitudinal streaks along the rows of scales. The scales
from the snout to the first dorsal, on the belly, and the space between
the aual and caudal fins smaller, and on these regions the brown
points are aggregated on the margins of the scales, making their out-
line conspicuous. Vertical fins dark; margin of dorsals blackish. Pec-
toral dark, purplish underneath. Ventrals light, but with some brown
punctulations. Preopercle plain except its flap, which, together with the
other opercles, is rather dark.

One fine specimen (26837), 18J inches in length.

124 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

5.— SCOMBEOIDES SANCTI PETRI (C. & Y.) Smith & Swain.

? Chorinemus foloo Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Pciss. viii, 377, 1831 ; Blkr. Spec. Pise.
Arcliip. Indie. 61, 1859 (Java, Sumatra, Nias); Blkr. Makr. Visch. 45 (Celebes,
Teruate, Amboyna, Ceram).

Chorinemus saticti pctri Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. Tiii, 379, 1831; Blkr. Enum.
Spec. Pise. Archip. luclic. Gl, 1859 (Java, Bali, Sumatra, Siugapura, Bintaug,
Banka, Celebes, Ternate, Halmaheira, Amboyua, Sapavua, Ceram) ; Blkr.
MakreelacMige Vissclieu p. 45 (Batavia, Pasuruan); Gthr. Cat. Fishes Brit.
Mus. ii, 473, 1860 (Madagascar, Ceylou, China, Amboyua, Malayan Peninsula,
Moluccas); Gthr. Jour. Mus. Godeff. Fische der Siidsee, 138, 1873 (Kingsmill,
Schiffer, Society and Sandwich Islands) ; Streets, Bulletin U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
7,89, 1877 (Christmas Island); Blkr. Conspec. Moluc. Cognit. 11 (Halmaheira,
Amboyua, Ternate, Ceram, Archip. Molucca, Saparua, Banda; name only);
Blkr. Vier. Bijd. Ichth. Fauna Japan, 5 (name only) ; Blkr. Zes. Bijd. Visch.
Fauna Sumatra, '20 (Priamam; name only); Blkr. Beschrij. Visch. Amboina,
15 (name only); Blkr. Beschrij. Visch. Manado Makassar, 4, 18 (Macassar,
Manado, Kema; name only); Blkr. Achtsfce Bijd. Visch. Amboina, 5, 18 (name
only) ; Blkr. Bijd. Ichth. Fauna von Midden en oost Java, 8 (Pasuruan; name
only) ; Liitk. Spolia Atlantica, 508, 511, 1878 (iiame only) ; Blkr. Tweede Bijd.
Ichth. Fauna Halmaheira, 4 (name only); Blkr. Niouwc Verzam. Visschen,
Batjan, 4 (name only) ; Day's Fish. Malabar, 95 (E. Coast Africa, Sea of India,
Malasia, China, Malabar; name only).

? Chvrinemus mawritianus C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. viii, 382, pi. 286, 1831.

Head 4f (5f ) ; depth 4f (5f); D. VI-I, 20; A. II-I, 18.

Body elongate; j^rofile stMight to occiput, tlience gently cnrved.
Snout blnntish, 3i in head ; mouth oblique, lower jaw longest ; maxillary
terminating beneath posterior margin of eye, the sui)plemental bone
well developed. Villiform teeth on jaws, tongue, vomer, i)alatines, and
a hroad patcli on pterygoids. Ej'e 4| in head, IJ in interorbital space.
Edge of upright limb of preopercle somewhat convex, slanting back-
ward slightly. Gill-rakers strong, the longest 1^ in eye, 19 on lower
part of arch. Scales elongate-rhombic.

Margin of soft dorsal less concave than anal, second articulate ray
highest, 2J in head, the tenth ray 2^ in second. Caudal deeply forked,
lower lobe longer, equal to length of head. First ray of anal highest,
equaling highest dorsal ray. Ventrals 2 in head; pectorals 2 in head.

Color, in spirits, bluish above, silvery below; upper part of dorsal
black, its base yellowish, the semi-detached dorsal finlets dusky; caudal
irregularly washed with dark blue, middle rays yellowish ; anal with a
central black blotch, its semi-detached Unlets yellowish-white ; pectoral
dusky, blaclc at base posteriorly, a dark spot in the axil ; ventrals yel-
lowish. Top of head dark blue with metallic luster, below light silvery;
an irregular band of very dark blue from occiput to caudal, making the
dorsal outline dark ; the greatest width of this band is one-half the
ocular diameter; the two series of spots on the side are more or less in-
distinct, on one side seven above lateral line and four below ; on the
other side five above and live below lateral line, the lower anterior two
larger and more distinct than the others.

One fine specimen (2G825), 20^ inches long.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED -STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 125
C— CAEAXX GYMNOSTETHOIDES (Bleeker) Giiutlier.

Carangoides gymnostetlwidcis Blkr. Makreelacbtige Vissclieu, p. 61 ; " Blkr. Nat. T. Ned.

Iiul. i, p. 364 " ; Blkr. Spec. Pise. Archip. ludic. p. 41, 1859 (Java).
Caranx fiymnostethoides, Gtlir. Cat. Fisli. Brit. Mus. ii, 431 (Sea of Batavia).

BaUtat— Java, Sea of Batavia, Johnston's Island.

Head 3f (4); depth 3 (3|); D. VII-I, 31; A. II-I, 26.

Body elliptical, compressed; profile convex from snout to nostril,
thence regularly arched to caudal; the ventral outline less convex, be-
ing- almost straight from head to anal. Head longer than deep ; snout
rather blunt, 3 in head. Mouth low, somewhat oblique ; maxillary 2-^% in
head, extending opposite front of pupil; lower jaw little produced.

Teeth in villiform bauds on jaws, vomer, palatines, and a patch on
the tongue. Eye large, 1^ in snout, 4| in head. Adipose eyelid little
developed. Cheeks and temporal regions with fine scales ; head other-
wise naked. Scales rather small, those below pectoral smaller. A
naked area on breast not widening forward from base ofventralsas
much as in C. orthof/rammiis J. «& G.

Lateral line but little curved, arched above pectorals, and gradually be-
coming straight at their tips ; greatest depth of the arch about equal to
pupil, the arched part of the line longer than the straight. Plates de-
veloi)ed only in the posterior half of the straight part; the plates small
with low keels, their spines little prominent; 25 developed plates, includ-
ing small ones.

Spinous dorsal rather weak, the highest spine l^ in snout (these spines
probably varying according to the age). Soft dorsal long and low, with
slender rays; a well-developed scaly basal sheath anteriorly; the first
articulate ray is If in base of fin and 1^ in head. Anal similar to soft
dorsal. First free anal spine nearly obsolete, secoud small.

Caudal lobes moderate, equal, 14 in head; their length is much less
than the depth from tip to tip.

Pectorals falcate, their tips slender, reaching tenth ray of anal ; their
length 2J in body (from snout to base of caudal flu) ; ventrals 2f in
head.

Color, in spirits, about as in C. ortJiogrammus.

One fine specimen (26839), 15h inches in length.

7.— HOLOCENTEUS LEO Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Holocentrum leo C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 204, 1829 (Society andWaigiou Islands);
"Less.Voy.Coquille,ii,222"j "Ciiv.EegueAnim.Ill.pl. 14, f.l."; "Blkr. Kokos
Islands, iii, 355, 1855"; Blkr. Ennm. Spec. Pise. Archip. ludic. 2, 1859 (Cocos,
Batu,- Celebes, Batjau, Amboyua); Blkr. Nat. T. Ned. lud. vii, 355; "Blkr.
Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 678, pi. 14, f. 3"; Blkr. Couspec. Molucc. Cognit. p. 5
(Batjau, Amboyua, Archip. Molucca; name only); Blkr. Beschrij. Viscb.
Mauado Makassar, pp. 3, 13 (Mauado; name only); Blkr. Achtste Bijd. Visch.
Amboiua, pp. 3, 13; Blkr. Nieuwe Verzam. Visscben Batjau, p. 3.

126 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Holocentrum sjnniferitm Gtlir. Cat. Fishes Brit, Mus. i, 39, 1859. (In part; the speci-
mens from the Pacific.)

Habitat. — Society, "VVaigiou, Kokos, Batjan, Amboyna, Batu, Celebes,
Manado, and Johnston's Islands.

Head 3 (3^) ; depth 2^ (3) -, D. XI, 15-lG ; A. IV, 10 ; scales 34-45-8.

Body ovate, compressed, elevated. Profile rather steep ; from snout
to occiput slightly concave, thence evenly curved. Mouth oblique,
maxillary terminating opposite anterior half of pupil ; lower jaw pro-
duced ; snout pointed, 3^ in head ; eye 4 in head ; interorbital space 7
in head ; intermaxillary groove as long as snout. The lower of the two
opercular spines smaller than the upper. The prominent strife of oper-
cle and suprascapula end in jioints, producing shari^ly serrate margins;
all the other bones of shoulder-girdle smooth -, subopercle scarcely
striate, rather reticulate, its margin nearly smooth ; posterior half of
interopercle serrate; preopercle with a strong spine at the angle, which
varies in length from 1 J to 2^ in the height of the straight upright limb
of preopercle ; posterior edge of preopercle coarsely serrate and slightly
slanted forwards. Nasal bones prominent. Fan-like striations on oc-
ciput, and all the occipital bones coarsely serrate on their margins.
The orbital rim much narrower than in H. erythrmis, also less deeply
lobed and more finely denticulate. Supraocular region rough with mi-
nute spines. As in R. crythrcvns, the infraorbital bone has a blunt
tooth in front of the supplemental maxillary bone, and another beneath
front part of eye, leaving the intervening space lunate and more or less
serrate.

First dorsal spine is If in the third, which is the highest, and If in
depth of body ; the fourth is a trifle lower than the third, and thence
the spines decrease regularly in height to the eleventh, which is 3f in:
the highest spine. In soft part of dorsal the third, fourth, fifth, and.
sixth rays are highest and equal the highest si)ine ; the last ray less
than a third of the highest ; first ray unbranched, 1^ in greatest depth
of the fin, the margin rounded.

Caudal not deeply forked, its lobes rounded and about equal. Anal
similar to soft dorsal, its third spine strong, 1\ in third dorsal s-piue.;
Ventrals If in head. Pectorals scarcely longer.

Color, in spirits, nearly uniform. Cheeks and dorsnl region some-
what darker than elsewhere, there being dark puuctalations on the
scales. Faint whitish lines follow the rows of scales along the sides,
and are most noticeable on the caudal peduncle. The " halved" scales
at base of spinous dorsal are of a bluish white superiorly. Fins plain,
except that in one specimen the pectoral shows on the base of the
rays on its posterior side a small gray spot formed by very minute
punctulations. Peritoneum light.

Two fine specimens (29180), 11^ inches in length.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 127

8.— HOLOCENTEUS ERYTHR.EUS Giinther.

Eoloccntmm erythrwiim Gthr. Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 1, 32, 1859 (Sea of S. Cliristoval);
Gthr. Jour. Mus. Godeff. Fische der Siidsee, 99, 1873 (Soliman, New Hebrides,
Hervey, Kingsmill, Society, Paumatu, and Sandwich Islands).

Hahitat—Solimnu, New Hebrides, Hervey, Kingsmill, Society, Pau-
matu, Sandwich, and Johnston's Islands.

Head 2f (3|); depth 2f (3^); D. XI, 14; A. IV, 9; scales 3-50-6.

Body more elongate than in E. leo. Proiile gently curved. Snout
rather pointed, slightly shorter than eye, 4 in head. Mouth somewhat
oblique; jaws about equal; maxillary extends to posterior margin of
pupil, and is 2^ in head; eye large, 3'^ in head; interorbital space 5^ in
head ; intermaxillary groove slightly longer than diameter of eye. " The
infraorbital bone has a rather short tooth in front of the supplementary
bone of the maxillary, and another rather smaller one beneath anterior
half of orbit; between them are five or seven small ones" [Giinther).
The remainder of the orbital rim is broad, with four or five serrate lobes.
Occipital region with fan-like striations which end in points. Posterior
part of supraorbital with small, distinct spines. Suprascapula striate,
each stria ending in a point ; otherwise the shoulder girdle is smooth.
Preopercular spine variable, If to 2 in posterior edge of preopercle;
upright limb of preopercle serrate, slightly convex, and slants back-
ward a very little. Opercle striate, dentate, and having two spines, the
upper one larger. Sub- and interopercle serrate only on posterior half,
occasionally smooth.

Spinous part of dorsal fin rather low, first spine 1 J in highest, which
is 23 in depth of body ; third, fourth, and fifth are highest, the spines
evenly decreasing to the last, which is five-sevenths of first; soft part
higher than spinous, its margin describing a nearly perpendicular line,
the first ray unbranched, second ray highest, 1| in depth of body, thence
regularly decreasing in height to the last, which is 3f in first.

Caudal well forked, npper lobe longer, If in head. Anal similar to
soft dorsal; third anal spine large, 1^ in head ; fourth slender; 1^ in third.
Ventrals 1§ in head ; pectorals If.

Color, in spirits, light olivaceous with indistinct bands along the sides;
superiorly these bands are dark, caused by puuctulatious beneath <-he
scales, the scales themselves evenly and very fineiy punctulate ; above
anal a few narrow, silvery bands, the scales not punctate in this region.
The spinous dorsal is marked by a series of roundish, white spots along
middle of fin, and a triangular white spot behind tip of each spine ; the
fins otherwise uniform. Peritoneum light.

"This species appears to be near H. inccUopterum^ from which, how-
ever, it differs in several respects * * * ; from H. Here it may be dis-
tinguished by eleven dorsal spines, and from H. ticroides by a greater
number of scales in the lateral line." [GUnther.)
Two fine specimens (26813), 11 inches long.

128 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

9.— KUHLIA T^ISTIUEA (C. & V.) Smith & Swaiu.

Dales tmiurus C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 114, 1829 (Java); "Blkr. Perc. 49";

Gtlir, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 1,267, 1859 (Chinese Sea); Blkr. Enum. Spec.

Pise. Archip. Indie. 4, 1859 (Java).
Moronopsia twniurus Blkr. Sur Genre Moronopsis, p. 2 (Java, Sumatra, Buro).

Eahitaf. — Java, Cliiiiese Sea, Sumatra, Bnro, Johnston's Island.

Head 3^- (4i); depth 2| (3a); D. X, 11; A. Ill, 11; scales, 8-54-13;
Br. C.

Greatest width on head behind eye, 2^ in greatest depth. Yentral
outline well arched to beginning of caudal peduncle, thence slightly
concave to caudal fin, somewhat more curved than dorsal; profile nearly
straight from end of snout to occiput, thence gently curved to caudal
peduncle, which is little concave.

Snout rather ijoiuted, very short, not two-thirds of orbital diameter.
Eye large, 24 in head; interorbital width slightly less than diameter of
eye. Mouth moderate, maxillary reaching almost to pupil, 2f in head.
Teeth in villiform bands, the teeth on upper jaw higher and the band
wider in front than on the sides ; the band on mandible similar but nar-
rower; minute teeth on palatines and pterygoids, and in a /^-shaped
band on vomer.

Preopercle finely pectinate on whole length of lower limb, becoming-
coarser at the angle, extending only on lower third of upright limb,
which is scarcely oblique. The inferior of the two opercular spines
longer and narrower than the superior one. Preorbital narrow, notched,
the lobe in front of the notch serrate. Gill-rakers slender, long, 2 in
eye, about 2S on lower part of gill-arch.

Scales moderate, minute ones extending upon caudal; a well devel-
oped basal sheath of small scales on dorsal and anal pectorals, w'ith
small scales on their base.

First doi'sal spiue shortest, 2}^ in eye, second 1| in eye, third spinal
three times height of first, fourth and fifth higliest. If in head, thence
decreasing to ninth, which is 4 in head, the tenth spine 3 in head; soft
part of dorsal obliquely truncate, its first ray 2^ in head, the last 4^ in
head. Anal somewhat concave, its soft portion longer than articulate
part of dorsal, and the median rays lower than those of soft dorsal;
first anal spine If in third, second stronger and little shorter than third,
which is 3 in head. Caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly longer,
1^ in head. Yentral not reaching vent, 2 in head. Pectoral 1§ in
head.

Color, in spirits, bluish, with metallic luster above, bright silvery be-
low; fins light j-ellowish, thickly dotted with brown, except ventrals
and lower part of pectorals; an obscure light band conforms to the cau-
dal outline near its margin, and the fin is narrowly edged with dusky.
Lining of mouth bluish. Peritoneum brown.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 129

Onr alcoholic specimens do not show the markings on the candal fin
which previons writers have described.

" Elle est caracterisee * * * par les cinq handes brnnes de la can-
dale." (Bleeker.)

Two line specimens (2081-4), llf inches in length.

lO.—UPENEUS CRASSILABRIS Cnvier & Valenciennes.

rjKneus crassilah-is Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 523, 1831 (New Guinea) ; BIkr.

Euura. Spec. Pise. Archip. Indie. 38, 1859 (name only); Gtlir. Cat. Fishes

Brit. Mas. i, 411, 1859 (taken from Cnv. & Val.); Blkr. Visckfauua Nieuw-

Guiuea, p. 8 (name only).
Parupcneus crassiJahris Blkr. Quatri^me Mem. Fanne Ickthyologique Nonvelle Guiuee;

Blkr. Revision Mulloidcs, 33, 1874? (from Cuv. & Val.) (New Guinea).

Hahitat. — Indian Archipelago, New Gninea, Johnston's Island.

Head 3 (Sf); depth 3 (3|); D. VIII, 9; A. I, 7; scales 2-31-G.

Body oblong, compressed, robnst. Head and anterior part of body
heavy. Profile concave from suont to a point midway between the nos-
trils, thence regnlarly curved to first dorsal; suont long, bhiut, If in
length of head. Ventral outline little curved; caudal peduncle two-
thirds length of head, its least depth almost twice in its length. Mouth
moderate, little oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary 2;V in head,
terminating between the nostrils.

Strong, blunt, but conical, teeth in one series in each jaw, the teeth
more or less widely separated. Eye 2f in snout and 5 in head ; inter-
orbital space very convex, 3f in head.

Preoi)ercle with upright hmb slanting obliquely forwards; opercular
spine strong. Gill-rakers 2 in eye, 4i in maxillaiy, about 28 on lower
limb of arch.

Barbels two-thirds length of head, reaching posterior margin of snb-
opercle. Scales large, ctenoid.

Dorsal fins well developed; third and fourth spines longest, 1.J in
head, twice the height of soft dorsal, the last of which are scarcely
longer than the first; soft dorsal two-tbirds as high as long, its length
2 in head. Caudal moderate, well forked, upper lobe more rounding.
If in head. Anal differs from soft dorsal in having its first branched
rays one-fourth longer than the last, the nnbranched ray also slightly
exceeding the last ray ; the greatest height of the fin 2f in head. The
membrane of the first soft ray envelopes a small spine, which, being
thus covered, might easily be overlooked; the first articulate ray of
anal, as in soft dorsal, not branched. Ventral fins large, li in head,
about reaching tips of i)ectorals.

Air-bladder large.

Color, in spirits, ohvaceous, lighter below, the fish, as a whole, having
a smutty appearance; exposed part of each scale punctulate with brown;
first dorsal and caudal dusky; base of soft dorsal dusky, upper half ir-
regularly hght and dark; anal with irregular dusky bars; soft dorsal,
Proc^Nat. Mus. 82 9 July 8, 1S8S.

130 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

caudal, and anal tipped witli black; ventrals yellowish, spine and con-
necting membrane smutty; pectorals yellow, their base, the preorbital,
and upper part of head purple. Barbels very dark ; branchiostegal mem-
brane purple. Peritoneum light.

According to Cuvier and Valenciennes TJpeneus crassilabris is " voisin
du cyelosiome. * * Ce poisson parait avoir etc jauue, avec des points
ou des lignes peu marquees sur les cotes. La premiere dorsale est vio-
lette; la seconde n'a que la base de cette couleur; la moitie superieure
est rayee de cinq a six raies paralleles longitudinales, alternativement
blanches et violettes. L'anale, beaucoup plus pale, a des points violets
et un plus grand uombre de raies obliques. La caudale est plus foucee
que la dorsale, et elle a des points blancs plus ou molns eftaces. Les
pectorales sont jaunes, plus ou moins olivatres. Les ventrales ont les
trois rayons externes colores en violet, et les internes jaunatres. La
membrane branchiostege et les barbillons sont d'un brun violet plus ou
moins fonce."

11.— UPENEUS VELIFER sp. nov.

Head ^ (3|); depth ^ (3|); D. YIII, 9 ; A. I, 7; scales 2-29-6.

Allied to Upeneits trifasclatus (Lac.) Cuv. & Val.

Body less robust than in TJ. crassilabris. Profile from beginning of
dorsal fin to a point above center of orbit, a gentle and regular curve;
thence to the snout a straight oblique line. Snout rather pointed, lower
jaw included; lips thin; maxillary 2f in head; eye rather small, high,
and far back, its diameter contained 3^ times in the snout (measured
obliquely from eye) and 5i times in the head.

Teeth blunt, isolated, in a single series in each jaw; the overlapping
upper jaw shows all the teeth of the premaxillary in the closed mouth.
K"o teeth on vomer or palatines. A strong, blunt spine on opercle.
Gill-rakers 28 on lower limb.

Barbels slender and long, extending slightly beyond base of ventral,
nearly as long as head. Scales ctenoid, moderate.

Dorsal fins well developed ; third spine highest, equaling two-thirds of
the greatest depth, the spines following about evenly decreasing in
height to the eighth, which is two-sevenths of the third. In the second
dorsal the first ray is shortest, 3'^ in depth of body, all between the first
and ninth about equal and slightly higher than the first; the posterior
half of the ninth, or split ray, is 2^ times as high as the intermediate
rays, and exceeds the highest dorsal spine; when depressed it extends
onto the caudal one-fifth of the greatest length of the caudal; outline
of soft dorsal slightly concave. Anal about one-fifth higher than soft
dorsal; its last ray, however, is less produced, being six-sevenths of the
last ray of the dorsal, and, depressed, does not reach base of caudal;
anal outline somewhat convex from first ray to the split ray, which,
similarly to that ray in the soft dorsal, is produced beyond rest of fin.
The first ray of second dorsal and anal unbranched but plainly articu-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 131

late. Caudal well developed, forked, its lobes roimded. Pectoral 1^
in bead. Veiitrals not quite reacbing tbe vent, IJ in bead.

Air-bladder large, lined witb black.

Color, in spirits, yellowisb, witb dark markings; bead gray; a black
spot on tbe median line between occiput and first dorsal ; a blackisb
baud across tbe back between tbe dorsal fins, another at base of soft
dorsal, and a tbird on tbe caudal peduncle; all tbese bands becoming
ligbter below tbe lateral line; a gray blotcb below lateral line, nearer
second band than tbe one on tbe tail. First and second dorsal spines
black, tbe whole upper portion of spinous dorsal dark, tbe membrane
connecting tbe fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh spines nearly black,
forming a blotch ; second dorsal very dark, witb about three narrow
whiteish stripes, and inconspicuous white spots on its base ; caudal plain,
yellow, narrowly margined with brown above, less narrowly margined witb
black below; anal dark, its marginal third witb three light lines disposed
horizontally; nearer the base the membrane is crossed by white bars
at right angles with the rays, almost forming a network of lines; pecto-
rals dusky at base, otherwise plain yellow; ventral spine nearly black,
the rest of the fin "dusky, witb about nine slightly waving lines of
white across the rays. Lower lip and barbels gray, tips of the barbels
fading into yellowish. Branchiostegal membrane dusky. Peritoneum
light.

This species is closely allied to TJ. frifasciatus (Lac.) C. & V., from
which its most conspicuous differences (according to a figure in the
Jour. Mus. Godeffroy) are the extreme elongation of tbe last ray in both
tbe soft dorsal and tbe anal fin, and the greater length of the barbels,
which pass beyond the base of the ventrals, while in this figure the bar-
bels only reach the posterior margin of tbe subopercle. Lacepede's
figures, copied from Commerson, represent the specimen which be calls
Mnlliis hifasciatits as having the barbels shorter than the head, and M.
trlfa sciatus witb tbe barbels nearly attaining the extremity of the ventral
fins. Of tbe barbels Cuvier & Valenciennes say: "ils ne depassent
pas I'angle du preopercule, et ceux du mulle trois-handes depassent
meme I'opercule. Capendant la figure, qui est de Sounerat, les exagere,
en les faisant aller jusques sous les ventrales." — (Hist. ^at. Poiss.
iii, 4G8.) In the figures by Lacepede tbe dorsal and anal fins are low
in both M. hlfasciatm and M. tri/asciatns.

One specimen (26822), lOf inches in length.

13._UPE^TEUS VANICOLENSIS (C. & V.) Smith & Swain.

Upeneus vanicolensis C. & V, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vii, 521, 1831 (Vanicolo).

Upeneus vanicolensis Blkr. Nat. T. Ned .lud. iv, 601, 1853.

MiiUoides vanicolensis Blkr. Ternate ii, 601, 1853 ; Gtlir. Cat. Fishes Brit. Mns. i, 404,

1859 (seas of Ternate and Vanicolo); Bleeker, Ennui. Spec. Pise. Arcliip.

ludic. 39, 1859 (name only); Blkr. Conspect. Spec. Pise. p. 6 (Halmaheira,

Ternate, Archip. Moh;cca ; name only) ; Blkr. Revision Mulloides, x>. 14,

1874? (Ternate, Sangir).

132 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

HaUtat. — Vauicolo, Teruate, Saiigir, Halmaheira, Arcliip. Molucca,
Johnstou's Island.

Head Sf {^); depth 4J (5i); D. YIII-I, 8; A. II, G; scales, 21-3G-G.

Body rather slender ; ventral outline almost as much curved as dor-
sal; profile gently, and nearly evenly, curved from snout to first dorsal
fin. Caudal peduncle tapers evenly from dorsal and anal to the caiudal
fin, and nearly equals length of head ; its least depth 2^ in its length.

Snout short, bluntish, 2| in head ; mouth small, maxillary reaching
posterior nostril, 2| in head. The bands of villiform teeth very narrow;
in front two series in each jaw, on the sides only one. Eye large, 1| in
snout, 3J in head ; interorbital space moderately convex, 3 in head.
Upright limb of preopercle straight ; opercular spine small.

Gill-rakers slender, 2h in maxillary, 7 in head, about 25 on lower limb
of arch.

I>arbels 1§ in head, extending beyond posterior margin of eye.

Scales, moderate, ctenoid; preorbital smooth.

Dorsal fins moderate ; spines of first dorsal rather weak, depressible
into a groove; first spine very minute, second and third longest, 1^ in
head, those following evenly decreasing in height to the eighth spine,
which is 3 in head. The first ray of the second dorsal fin is unbranched,
and, showing no articulations, has the appearance of a true spine,
slightly shorter than the last soft ray, and 4 in head; the second artic-
ulate ray is contained 1| times in the highest dorsal spine. Caudal well
forked, its longest rays 1^ in head. Anal with two spines, the first of
which is very minute ; otherwise, similar to soft dorsal, though a very
little higher. Pectorals If in head. Yentrals 1;^ in head. Air-bladder
moderate. Peritoneum, black.

Color, in spirits, grayish-green above lateral line, lighter below, with
yellow metallic luster ; minute black punctulations on scales above lat
eral line ; none below.

One specimen (30,873), 6^ inches long.

1,3.— UPEXEUS PEEOEBITALIS sp. nor.

Head 3f (4^) ; depth 4^ (5^). D. YIII-9 ; A. I, 7 ; scales 2-37-5.

Body more slender than in U.. vanicoJensis C. & Y. ; ventral out-
line almost straight, dorsal outline well curved ; profile from snout to
dorsal regularly curved ; caudal peduncle 1^ in head, its least height
S\ in head.

Mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary 3 in head, terminating behind
anterior nostril ; lower jaw produced. The band of villiform teeth mod-
erate in both jaws, in a patch in front, narrowing posteriorly. Eye
moderate, 2^ in snout, 4^ in head; interorbital space slightly concave,
4^ in head ; preorbital very deep, 2| in head.

Gill-rakers short and rather slender, 4^ in maxillary; 19 on lower limb
of arch.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 133

Barbels 1^ in head, reacliiug j)o.sterior margin of preopercle. Scales
large, ctenoid.

Dorsal fins medinm ; spinons dorsal depressible into a groove ; first
spine rudimentary, scarcely perceptible, second and tliird spines longest,
1| in head, eighth spine 4 in second. The first ray of soft dorsal is
nnbranched but evidently articulate, shorter than the first branched
ray, which is 2^ in head, thence about regularly decreasing in heigbt.
Caudal well forked, its longest rays 1^ in head ; anal similar to soft dorsfil,
its spine vey^y minute and first ray nnbranched but plainly articulate.
Ventrals 2 in head. Pectorals If in head. Air-bladder moderate.

Color, in spirits, nearly uniform yellowish; snout dusky, fius plain.
Peritoneum dark.

One fine specimen (20,602), lif inches long.

14.— CHILINUS DIGRAMMA (Lacep.) Cuv. & Yal.

Sparus radiatus, Bl. Schu. p. 270, tab. 56 (uot of Linn.).

Lahrm digramma Lac6p. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, pp. 448, 517, 1802.

ClieUhius commersonii, "Beuu. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i, 167."

Cheilinits cocdnetis, "Rlipp. Atl. Fisclie, p. 23."

CheUiruis diagrammus, Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. siv, 98, 1839 (Isle of France,
S6ch611es, Madagascar, New Guinea); Blkr. Overzigt Labroieden, 4 (name
only), 38 (descriptions); Blkr. Tweede Bijd. Ichth Fauna Halujaheira, 2, 4
(name only).

CheiUmts radiatus, Bleek. Atl. Iclith. i, p. 68, tab. 26, fig. 1, 1862; Gtbr. Cat. Fishes
Brit. Mas. iv, 131 (Moluccas, Amboyua, Louisiade Archipelago, Cape Flattery,
N. E. Australia); Gthr. Fish. Zanz. p. 89 ; " Klunz. Fisch. d. Roth. Meer. p. 556 " ;
Blkr. Vischsooten van Amboina, p. 21 ; Blkr. 8th Bijdrage Amboina, 7, 25
(name only); Blkr. Conspec. Moliicc. Cognit. 18 (Halmaheira, Batjau, Am-
boyna, Ternate, Archip. Molucc. ; name only); Blkr. Bijd.Visch. Nieuw Guinea'
3, 11 (name only); Blkr. Beschrij. Viseh. Manado Makassar, 5, 25 (Manado,
Macassar); Blkr. NieuweVerzamVisschen Batjau, 5 (name only); Blkr. Quat.
Mem. Ichth. Nouv. Guinea, 6 (name only).

HahitaL — Isle of France, Sech^lle, Madagascar, New Guinea, Moluc-
cas, Amboyna, Louisiade Archipelago, Cape Flattery, IS". E. Australia,
Halmaheira, Batjau, Ternate, Archip. Molucc, Manado, Macassar,
Johnston's Island.

Head 2^ (3^); depth 3 (31); length (26815) 12^ inches; D. IX, 10;
A. Ill, 8; scales, l^-21-5i; Br. 5.

Body rather slender; profile not steep; snout rather pointed, 2f in
head; lower jaw produced; mouth little oblique, maxillary uot reaching
eye ; anterior canine teeth strong ; eye 7 in head ; interorbital space 4f
iu head; nostrils very small; gill-rakers placed wide apart, 10 on lower
part of arch, the longest ones 3 in eye; slit behind last gill obsolete;
gill-membranes not joined to the isthmus.

First dorsal spine as high as orbital diameter, the spines increasing
slightly in height to the last, which is one-half higher than first; soft
part of dorsal higher than spinous, its highest rays 3 in head, the out-
line rounded; caudal subtruncate; first anal spine equals diameter of

134 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

eye, second and third increasing in height, as usual; soft portion little
higher than that of dorsal. Veutrals short, 2| in head ; pectorals fan-
shaped, 2| in head.

Most of the tubes of lateral line simi^le.

Color in spirits, chocolate above, lighter below ; a narrow light band
crosses the back immediately behind soft-dorsal fin, fading out just before
it reaches the space close behind anal, thus outlining the base of caudal
peduncle; this light mark extending up on the dorsal fiu, almost meeting
the central light line of the dorsal, the pedunculate baud seeming to
be a contiuuation of the middle dorsal line. A light streak outlines the
cheek superiorly, becoming fainter where it extends across opercles to
the upper base of pectoral. A series of similar light lines extends ob-
liqueiy downward from eye across cheeks and opercles; these lines
somewhat waving, and coalescing more or less; two or three light
streaks on preorbital, running from eye toward snout; nasal region ver-
miculate, with similar light markings. Dorsal fin chocolate, with two
light lines running lengthwise of the fiu; soft part brownish only at
base, transparent superiorly, yet somewhat dusky. Caudal copper-
green, its outer rays of a brown, like the back ; anal light, tinged with
green; a very dark brown spot on base of veutrals, covering half the
fin ; pectorals transparent, uniform yellowish ; teeth greenish.

Three fine specimens in the collection.

The name radiafus, having been given to this species through an erro-

15.— SCAEUS PEESPICILLATUS Steindachner.

Scarus (Scams) perspicUJaius Steiud. Neue Seltene Fisch-Arten aus. k. k. Museeu Wien,
etc., p. 16, taf. iv, f. 1, 1879 (Sandwich Islands).

Hahitat. — Sandwich Islands, Johnston's Island.

Head 3^ (4); depth 2| (S^); D. IX, 10; A. Ill, 9; Br. 5; scales, li-
23-6.

Body oblong, compressed. Ventral outline well and regularly curved,
exceeding dorsal. Head longer than deep; snout rather bluut, 2J in
head; eye moderate, 3 in snout; interorbital space equals suout. Lips
tbin, covering half the dental plate; upper lip double only at the corner
of the mouth. Dental plates crenulate; no posterior canines. Gill-
rakers numerous, short, and very slender.

Scales large; one series of six scales on cheek, and an extra scale
below this series. Tubes of lateral line irregularly branched, and the
branches more or less waved; not very prominent.

Dorsal and anal spines rather flexible, not pungent; dorsal rather low
and of nearly equal height throughout, o^ in head. Anal similar to soft
pnrt of dorsal, its height 2| in head. Caudal emargiuate, If in head.
Pectorals IJ in head. Veutrals 14 in head.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 135

lu spirits olivaceous brown, little lighter below. Dorsal and anal
smutty, both lighter anteriorly and on marginal half of the fins ; a well
defined dusky line runiung horizontally near the margins of both, leav-
ing the edges of the fins plain light colored. Pectorals and caudal
dusky ; ventrals plain, light colored. Head marked with yellow as fol-
lows: a line in front of the eyes outlines a brownish oblong figure, which
extends vertically across the snout, not quite equal to the eye in width,
becoming narrower on median line of snout, its length six times that of
its greatest width ; an indistinct line passes over the interorbital space,
curves around anterior margin of eye, and ends before reaching the
scales on the cheek ; a more distinct line runs nearly parallel with pre-
opercular membrane; a horizontal, waving band on the middle of the
cheek is continuous with a wider band on chin, this having its lower
edge evenly waved; a narrow, nearly lunate, band on each side of the
lower jaw; round and oblong spots on cheek and jaws. Obscure dots
on some of the scales of ventral region, above anal, and more noticeable
ones behind pectoral fins. All the foregoing markings yellow. Teeth
rosy ; peritoneum dark.

One fine specimen (2CS33), 15 inches long.

16.— JULIS VERTICALIS sp. nov.

Head 3i (3f); depth 3i- (3f); length (26829) 11 inches. D. VIII, 13;
A. Ill, 11; Br. 6; scales 2^21-Sh (These measurements were taken
to end of middle rays of caudal.)

Body oblong, compressed, rather robust; dorsal and anal outlines
about equally curved ; head longer than deep ; snout somewhat blunt,
2f in head ; eye moderate, 6| in head. Branchiostegal membranes form-
ing a fold across the isthmus.

Scales moderate, becomiug smaller in front of ventrals; small scales
on base of dorsal, anal, and caudal fins. Gill-rakers short, 16 on louver
part of arch ; slit behind last gill wholly obsolete. Tubes of lateral line
forked once on most of the scales anterior to caudal peduncle.

Spinous dorsal low; the anterior spines about 5^ in head; the spines
increasing slightly in height posteriorly; height of soft portion of dor-
sal fin 3i in head. Caudal with outer rays produced, but not greatly
so ; the greatest length of the fin If in head. Anal similar to soft dor-
sal. Pectorals If in head. Ventrals short, 2f in head.

In spirits olivaceous brown; each scale with a conspicuous dark, ver-
tical streak, forming two vertical lines on the body for each scale of the
lateral line. Head, dorsal, and produced rays of caudal purplish-brown,
caudal otherwise olivaceous; anal with a light purplish basal band,,
otherwise brownish; ventrals purplish dusky; pectorals olivaceouSj,
washed in part with purple. Peritoneum light.

One fine specimen.

136 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

17._JULIS CLEPSYDEALIS sp. uov.

Head 3i (3|); depth 3^ (3|)5 length (26826) 7 J inches. D. VIII, 13;
A. II, 11; Br. 6; scales 2-27-8. (These measurements taken to end of
middle rays of caudal.)

Body rather stout; head longer than high; jaws about equal; snout
little pointed, 2^ iu head ; eye 5 J in head, 1^ in iuterorbital space.
Brauchiostegal membrane forming a fold across the isthmus. Gill-
rakers short and weak, about 12 on lower part of arch. Is"o slit behind
last gill.

Pores of lateral line mostly branched, forming three or four spread-
ing tubes on the scale. The scales extend up on base of dorsal and anal
fins, smaller ones on base of caudal. Scales on breast reduced in jsize.

Dorsal low, its first spine equaling orbital diametei ; spines gradually
increasing, the last being twice the height of first; soft portion slightly
higher than spinous. Anal similar.

Outer caudal rays greatly produced, the filamentous part nearly as
long as the head. Yentrals 1| in head ; although their first ray is pro-
duced the ventrals do not quite reach the vent. Pectorals I-5- in head.

Color, in spirits, blackish. Head, dorsal and anal fins black; pos-
terior portion of body blackish olivaceous ; an hour-glass-shaped lighter
area on shoulders, extending across thorax, this area bounded in front
by the outline of the black head. Pectoral blue-black in the axil; base
of fin yellowish, followed by a black blotch that covers the upper rays
to their extremities, descendiug obliquely forward leaves the lower rays
l>lain yellowish and transparent at their tips. Caudal blackish. Yen-
trals light, transparent, the spine and first ray dusky. Peritoneum
gray, with a pinkish shade.

One fine example.

18.--HARPE BILUXULATA (Lacep.) Smith & Swian.

Lahrtis Inlunulaius Lac6p. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 454, 52G, pi. 31, 1802.

Comjpkus hihinulatus Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 121, 18:59 (Seas of lucTia, Isle

de France) ; Gtbr. Cat. Fisla. Brit. Mus. iv, 105, 1862 (Isle do France, Aiu-

boyna, Mauritius) ; " Gthr. Fish. Zauz. p. 87"; Blkr. Atl. Iclith. i, IGO, tab.

38, fig. 3; Blkr. Neg. Bijd. Viscli. Amboina,'4 (Amboyna) ; Blkr. Index Pise.

Actorum Sci. Soc. Indo-Neer. 4 (name only) ; Gtbr. Jour. Mus. Godeff. Fiscbe

der Slidsee, 240, pi. 130, 1881 (Mauritius, Zanzibar, Amboyna, Misol, Sandwich

Islands).
Cossyphiis alhotankdiis C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xiii, 141, 1839 (Sandwich Islands);

Gtbr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 105 (taken from Cuv. & Val.).
Gymnoprojmna {bihuudattm) Gill, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1863 (generic diagnosis

only).

Habitat. — Seas of India, Isle of France, Amboyna, Mauritius, Zanzi-
bar, Misol, Sandwich Islands, Johnston's Island.

Head 2^ (3^); depth 2f (3f); D. XII, 10; A. Ill, 12; scales oi-35-13

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 137

Head louger than deep ; upper lip thin, lower lip narrow. Gill-rakers
short, 13 on lower arch. Ventrals reach vent, nearly as long as head.
The outer ray of ventral and outer rays of caudal produced. Scales on
cheeks and occiput much smaller than elsewhere, in about 12 rows on
the cheeks.

The fatty hump on forehead, which is usually seen on mature indi-
viduals in this genus, is wholly undeveloped.

Color, in spirts, yellow olivaceous, with darker olivaceous waving-
streaks running horizontally between the rows of scales ; these lines be-
coming mere brown spots above and below, but forming two bands be-
hind the eye, which converge into one in front of the eye; under jaw
scarcely spotted except near the gape of the mouth. A dark brown
blotch between the soft dorsal and the lateral line extending around the
posterior part of the soft dorsal, /y-shaped, as seen from above, close
up under the fin, but not extending on it ; the dorsal fin with a dark
spot anteriorly, the margin of connecting membrane brownish along
whole of spinous portion. Teeth white.

A larger specimen (17 inches in length) is darker everywhere, with
the dorsal, caudal and ventral fins dusky, and the blotch between soft
dorsal and lateral line less prominent. The ventrals are longer, reach-
ing third anal spine.

Two fine specimens, numbered 26830, lof inches in length.

19.— CH^TODOi^ SETIFEE Bloch.

Clicetodon setifer Bl. Naturg. ausliind. Fisclie, t. 426, f. 1, 1797 ; Bloch & Sclm. Sys-

tema IcMliyologite, 225, 1801 (Tranquebar) ; Cuv. & Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss.

vii, 7(), 1831 (Bolabold) ; "Gu^rin, Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 22, f. 1"; "Less. Voy.

Cog. Zool. ii, 175, Poiss. pi. 29, f. 2"; "Richards, Ichth. China, p. 24G"; Cnv.

Regue Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 38, f. 1; " Jeuyiis, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 61";

Gthr. Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. ii, 6, IStiO (Isle de France, Amboyna, China,

Aneiteum) ; Gthr. Jour. Mus. Godeff. Fish. Slid. 36, taf. 26, B. 1873.
Pomacentrus fdamentosus, Lac6p. iv, pp. 506, 511, 1802.
Chcetodon sebanus C. & V. vii, 74, 1831 (Timor, Guam, Tougatabou, Isle of France,

Batavia).
" Clmtodon anriga, var. RUpp. N. W, Fische, p. 28."
Chcetodon lunaris " Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 70."
Choetodon auriga Bleek. Celebes, iv, 164.

^a&/.tot— Tranquebar, Bolabold, Isle of France, Amboyna, China,
Aneiteum, Timor, Guam, Tongatabou, Celebes, Johnston's Island.

Head 3fo (31) ; depth 1| (2). D. XII, 24 ; A. Ill, 20 ; scales 6-14-13.
(In a straight horizontal series from head to caudal 15, about 11 in first
row above lateral line.)

Body ovate. Profile steep; from dorsal to occiput convex, thence
concave to snout. Snout pointed, conical ; mouth nearly horizontal,
maxillary 4 iu head ; teeth ordinary ; eye If in snout, 4 in head ; inter-
orbital space 1^ in snout.

Gill-rakers very short and slender ; suiDrascapula striate and dentate.

138 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

First closal spiue If in snout, theuce almost evenly increasing in lieiglit
to tlie sixth, which is 2f in head, seventh to eleventh about equal,
twelfth 2 in Lead ; the soft portion of dorsal higher than spinous, its
highest rays 1^ in head, its margin rounded. The filiform elongation of
the fifth ray is broken off. Caudal truncate. Middle rays of anal
longest, giving a bluntly pointed outline to the fin ; second anal spine
not as long as third and scarcely stronger, 2J in head. Ventrals If in
head. Pectorals 1^ in head. Scales finely ctenoid. Fins scaled as usual.

Preopercle crenulate at the angle and on lower margin.

Color, in spirits, pale olivaceous with dark and black markings ; five
dark lines ascend obliquely from shoulder-girdle to dorsal, seven similar
ones ascend obliquely from anal meeting the anterior lines at a right
angle ; above the seven lines and running parallel with them are about
four wider greenish-brown bands, which anteriorly describe a right angle
ascending to the dorsal, this part of the wide bands thus running par-
allel with the lines on front part of body, the ground color between
these bands being of a sulphur yellow. A black band descends perpen-
dicularly across the eye, narrower and fading out above, a third wider
than orbital diameter below the eye, the bands of the two sides, extend-
ing across the interopercle, meet at the isthmus. A black oval spot near
the margin on the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth soft rays of
dorsal. Between the posterior spines of the dorsal the connecting mem-
brane is narrowly margined with black, the soft dorsal edged with black
to the twenty-third ray. The extreme edge of caudal fin is white, ante-
rior to which is a narrow space of gray margined with black, then a
dull-yellow lunate space equal in width to both the other marginings ;
the base of the caudal being grayish leaves this lunate space outlined
by a gray line, the dusky ground color covering the anterior two-thirds
of the length of the fin. And with a thread-like line of black near its
margin. Pectorals and ventrals plain. Peritoneum dusky.

One fine specimen (26831), 7^ inches long.

20— ACANTHUEUS TEIOSTEGUS (L.) Bloch. & Schn.

Cli(eto(lon triostegus Liuii. Syst. Nat. i, 403; Brouss. Icbthj*. fig. and description, 1782;

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1246, 1788 (Pacific & Indian Oceans).
Cha'todon couagga Lac. iv, 727, 1802.
Acanthurus zebra Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss.iii, pi. 25, fig. 3, 1802, iv, 160, pi. 6, fig. 3, 1802;

C. &, V. Hist. Poiss. X, 197, 1835 (Isle de France, Sechell^s, Marianna, N.

Zealand, Oulan, Society and Sandwich Islands).
Acanthurus triostegus Bl. & Schn. Syst. Ichthy. 215, ISOl (Pacific and Indian Oceans);

Blkr. Enum. Spec. Pise. Archip. Indie. 75, 1859 (name only); Bll^r. Conspec.

Molncc. Cognit. 12 (Buro, Amboyna, Ternate, Ceram, Archip. Mohicc. ; name

only); Blkr. Bijd. Visch. N. Gnin^e, 4, 10 (name only); Blkr. Zes. Bijd. Visch.

Sumatra, 5, 21 (Kauer, Trnssan, Padang, Ulakau, Sibogba, Priamam) ; Blkr.

Twaalfde Bijd. Visch. Celebes, 2 (name only) ; Blkr. Beschrij. Visch. Amboiua,

6 (name only) ; Blkr. Beschrij. Manado Makassar, 4,20 (Manado; name only);

Blkr. Achtste Bijd. Visch. Amboina, 5, 20 (name only) ; " Blkr. Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch, sxiii, Tenth. 13; Jeuyns, Voy. Beagle, Fishes, 75"; Gthr. Cat.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 139

Fish. Brit. Mus. iii, 327, 1861 (Amboyua, Celebes, Malayan Archipelago, Sand-
wich Islands, Aueitetiiu, W. Coast of Australia, Mauritius, New Zealand) ;
Gthr. Jour. Mus. Godetf. 108, 1873 (Polynesia, Sandwich Islands, Indian
Ocean).

Harpurus fafic'iatus "Forst. Descr. Auim. ed. Licht. 216."

AcauthufHS hirudo "Benn. Ceyl. Fishes, 11, pi. 11 ; Blkr. Bat. Gen. xsiii. Tenth. 13."

Acanthurus suharmatus " Benu. Whal. Voy. ii, 278."

Teiithis (uistralis "Gray in King's Survey of the coasts of Austr. ii, 435."

Habitat. — Isle of France, Sechelles, Mariaiina, New Zealand, Oiilan,
Society Islands, Sandwich Islands, Euro, Amboyna, Ternate, Ceram,
Arcliip. Molucc, New Guinea, Sumatra, Kauer, Trussan, Padang, Ula-
kan, Siboglia, Priamam, Celebes, Manado, Macassar, Malayan Archip.,
Aneiteum, W. Coast of Australia, Mauritius, Polynesia, Indian Ocean,
Johnston's Island.

Two fine specimens, numbered 2GS20, 7 inches in length.

21.— NASEUS LITURATUS (Forst.) Cuv. & Yal.

Harjjurus lituratus " Forst. Descr. Aniiu. ed. Licht. 218."

Acanthurus lituratus Bl. & Schn. 216, IdOl.

Acanthurus harpurus " Shaw, Zool. iv, 381."

Aspisnrus elegans " Riipp. Atl. Fische, 61, taf. 16, fig. 2."

AspisuruscaroUnarum "Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. 375, pi. 63, fig. 1 (New Ireland)."

Prionurus eoume " Less. Voy. Cog. Zool. ii, 151 (Otaiti, Matavai)."

Kuseus lituratus C.&V. x, 282, 1835; "Blkr. Celebes, iii, 763"; Gthr. iii, 353, 1861

(Olaheiti, Aneiteum, Malayan Archipelago, Red Sea, Polynesia); Gthr. Jour.

Mus. Godefl:'. 124,taf. 82, 1873 (Society Islands, Red Sea, East Coast of Africa,

Sandwich Islands); Blkr. Conspec. Molucc. Cognit. 12 (Amboina, Archip.

Molucc ; name only) ; Blkr. Zes. Bijd. Visch. Sumatra, 11 (Batoe ; name only);

Blkr. Beschrij. Visch. Amboina, 17 (name only); Blkr. Beschirj. Visch. Monado,

Makassar, 20 (Macassar) ; Blkr. Achtste Bijd. Visch. Amboina, 20 (name only) ;

Blkr. Visschen Van Diemensland, 1 1 (name only).
Acanthurus lituratus B]k.Y. Bijd. Visch. N. Guinea, 3, 11 (name only); "Blkr. Nat. T.

Ned. Ind. iii, 763."
Aspisurus lituratus "Riipp, N. W. Fische, 130."

Habitat. — New Ireland, Uran, Otaiti, Matavai, Celebes, Aneiteum, Ma-
layan Archip., Red Sea, Polynesia, Society Islands, East Coast of Africa,
Sandwich Islands, Amboyna, Archip. Molucc, Sumatra, Batoe, Man-
ado, Macassar, Van Dieman's Land, New Guinea, Ulea, Gulf of Suez,
Isle of France, Johnston's Island.

Two fine specimens, numbered 26812, measuring 10.^ inches. •

22.— BALISTES ACULEATUS Linn^us.

BaUstes amleatus "L. Syst. Nat. i, 406, 1766"; Bloch,Naturge8chicte ausliind, Fische,
i, 183, 194, 1786.pl, 149 (Red Sea) ; Gmel. Syst; Nat. 1466, 1788 (Indian Ocean,
Red Sea); Bloch & Schn. Syst. Ichth. 465, 1801 (Indian Ocean, Red Sea);
Lay & Benu. in Beechey's Voy. Zool. 69, pi. 22, fig. 2, 1839 (Loo-Choo Islands) ;
"Jenyus, Zool. Beagle Fish. 155, 1842 ; Blkr. Vehr, Bat. Gen. xxiv, Balist.
15, 1852 ; HoUard, Ann. Sc. Nat. i, 333, 1854 " ; Gthr. Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus.
vlii, 223, 1870 (Isle of France, Island of Johanna, Zanzibar, W. Doast of Af-
rica, Moluccas, Amboyna, China Seas, Fiji Islands, Micronesia, Seychelles,

140 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mauritius) ; Blkr. Conspec. Molucc. Cogiiit. 21 (Amboyna, Arcbip. Molucc,
Banda; uame only); Bllcr. Zes. Bijcl. Visch. Sumatra, i:i (Nias ; name ouly) ;
Blkr. Iclitli. Fauna Borneo, 12 (Ignata ; name ouly) ; Blkr. Twaalfde Bijd.
Visch. Celebes, 2 (name only); Blkr. Besclirij. Viscb. Amboina, 823 (name
only) ; Blkr. Bescbrij. Viscb. Manado Makassar, 6, 29 (Manado ; name only) ;
Blkr. Acbtste Bijd. Viscb. Amboina, 8, 28 (name only) ; Blkr. Einige Visscben
Van Diemensland (name only) ; Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7, 79, 1877
(Fanning Islands).

Balistes ornaUmmm "Less. Voy. Cog. Zool. Pois. i, 119, pi. 10, fig. 1, 1830."

Palisies armafus "Cuv. R. An. 111. Poiss, pi. 112, f. 2, 1829-'30."

Balistes striatus " Grouov. Syst. ed. Gray, 32."

? Balistes assasi "Forsk. 75, n. 112"; Gmel. 1471, n. 12, 1788 (Red Sea).

Balistes {Balistapus) acideatua "Blkr. Atl. Icbtb. Baliat. 120, pi. 2, f. 3."

Baliste epineux Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 367, pi. 17, f. 1, 1798.

HaUtat. — Indiau Ocean, Eed Sea, Loo-Choo Islands, Isle of France,
Island of Johanna, Zanzibar, W. Coast of Africa, Moluccas, Amboyna,
Cliina Seas, Fiji Islands, Micronesia, Seyclielles, Mauritius, Arcbip.
Molucca, Banda, ISTias, Ignata, Manado, Van Diemen's Land, Sumatra,
Fanning Islands, Johnston's Island.

Two hue examples, numbered 2G81G and 297G0; length 11 inches.

23.— BALISTES BUNIVA Lacepede.

Balistes rinrjens " Osbeck, Voy. Cbin. ii, 93, 1771, notof L. ; " Blocb, Ausl. Fiscb. 183 (foot-
note), pi. 152, lig. 2, 1786; Blocb & Scbu. Syst. Icbtb. 472, 1801 (Indian and
Cbinese Seas); "Ricb. Voy. Samar. Fisb. 21, pi. 16, f. 1-4, 1848; Rep. Icbtb.
Cbin. Rep. 15tb Meet. Brit. Assoc. 201, 1846; Hollard, Ann. Sc. Nat. 4tbseiies,
1854, Zool. i, 317; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Ind. N6ere viii, 1860; Sumatra viii,
69" (not of Linn.).

Baliste sillonne Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i, 370, pi. 18, fig. 1, 1798 (Cbina Sea, E. Coast of
Africa).

Balistes iuniva Lac. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v, 669, pi. 21, f. 1, 1803; Gtbr. Cat. Fisb. Brit.
Mus. Tiii, 227, 1870 (Jamaica, St. Croix, St. Helena, Zanzibar, Cbina Seas,
Sandwich Islands) ; Streets, Bulletin U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 7, 56, 1877 (Honolulu).

t ^Balistes piceus Poey, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 180, 1863 (Cuba); Poey,Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil. 177, 1863 (name only); "Repert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, ii, 435, 1868."

Melichthys ringens Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-N6ere. vi, Sumatra viii, 69; "Blki-. Atl.
Icbtb, V, 108, pi. 220, f. 2, 1865"; "Blkr. Balist. pi. vi, f. 2."

Balistes itiger "Gtbr. Fisb. Zanz. 135, pi. 19, f. 1, 1866."

Habitat. — ludian Ocean, China Sea, Sumatra, E. Coast of Africa,
Cuba, Zanzibar, Jamaica, St. Croix, St. Helena, Sandwich Islands,
Johnston's Island.

Three fine specimens, numbered 26818, 8 inches long.

21.— OSTEACION PUNCTATUM Bl. & Schn.

Ostracion 2)0intille 'L.acci). i, 442, 445, pi. 21, f. 1, 1798 (Isle de France).

Ostracion punctatus Bl. «fc Schn. 501, 1801 ; " Cuv. Regno An."; " Jenyns, Zool. Beagle,
Fish. 158; Blkr. Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind. xi, 108, and Atl. Icbtb. Ostraj, 39, pi. 2,
fig. 4; Hollard, Ann. Sc. Nat. vii, 165, 1857 " ; Gtbr. Cat. Fishes, viii, 261,
1870 (Ind. Ocean and Arcbip.; Pacific); Blkr. Conspec. Molucc. Cogiut. 22
(Arcbip. Molucc, Banda; name only); Blkr. Quat. Mem. Icbtb. N. Guin<Se, 4,
22 (name only).

PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 141

Ostmcion lentiglnosus Bl. & Schn. 501 (India).

Ostracion meUagris, "Shaw, Zool. v, 428, pi. 172, aud Zool. Misc. pi. 253."

ifa&itof.— Indian Ocean aud Archipelago, Zanzibar, India, Arcbip.
Molucc, Banda, Kew Guinea, Isle of France, Johnston's Island.
One fine specimen (2G821).

25.— TETRODON MELEAGEIS Lacep.

Tetrodon meleagris Lac. i, 476, 505, 1798 (Seas of Asia); Bl. & Scbu. Syst. Icbtliy. 507,
1801 (Asia); " Eichards, Voy. Sulpliur, Fish. 122, pi. 57, figs. 1-3"; Gthr. Cat.
Fish. Brit. Mas. viii, 299, 1870 (Polynesia).

Tetrodon lacrymaius "(Cuv.) Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. Poiss. 204."

Rahitat. — Asia, Polynesia, Johnston's Island.
Three fine specimens (26811).

26.— DIODOIN^ HYSTEIX L.

Diodon lujfitrix, L. Syst. Nat. i, 413; Bl. Naturgcschichte ansUiud. Fische. i, 91, 1786
(name only); Bris. Barnev. Eev. Zool. 141, 1846"; Gthr. Cat. Fish. Brit.
Mas. viii, 306, 1870 (Gaboon, Fernando Po, Calabar, West Indies, Jamaica,
Cape Seas, Amboyna, Indian Ocean, Society Islands) ; Bean (No. 23779),
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. iii, 75, 1880 (Bermuda ; name only) ; Poey, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phil. 179, 1863 (name only).

Diodon atincja Bl. tab. 125, i, 91 (name only) ; Bl. & Schn. Syst. Ichth. 511, 1801 (Amer-
ican Seas, Ca'pe of Good Hope); " Kauii Wiegm. Arch. 227, 1855 (not L.)";
Poey. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 179, 1863 (name only).

Diodon plmnievi, Lac6p, ii, pi). 2, 10 ; i, x^l- 3, fig. 3.

Diodon hmchiatns Bl. & Schn. p. 513, 1801.

Diodon imnctalns, " Cuv. 1. c. 132 ; Blkr. Conspec. Molucc. Coguit. 21 (Amboyna, Ternate,
Ceram, Archip. Molucc, Banda; name only) ; Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. xxiv,
Blootk. p. 19"; Blkr. Elfde. Bijd. Visch. Celebes, 4 (name only) ; Blkr. Zez.
Bijd. Visch. Sumatra (Lampong); Blkr. Beschrij. Visch. Amboiua, pp. 8, 23
(name only) ; Blkr. Achtste Bijd. Visch. Amboiua, 28 (uame only) ; Blkr.
Tweede Bijd. Ichth. Fauna Batoe, 4 (uame only).

HoJocanthus hysirix "Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, 27."

Faradiodon hystrix "Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Gymnod, 66, pi. 3, fig. 2."

Habitat. — Gaboon, Fernando Po, Calabar, West Indies, Jamaica, Cape
Seas, Amboyna, Indian Ocean, Society Islands, Cape of Good Hope,
Burmudas, Ternate, Ceram, Archip. Molucc. Banda, Celebes, Sumatra,
Lampong, Batoe, Johnston's Island. (Much of the above synonymy is
doubtful.)

Length (26842) 24i inches.

Spines all more or less flattened except behind the pectorals, where they
are round ; in about 18 series between nostrils and dorsal fin. First
spine behind nostril, 2 J in pectoral ; shorter and stronger spines in front
of dorsal, becoming longer again on tail; spines behind pectoral about
as long as that fin.

Color, in spirits, purplish dusky above and on sides; belly light;
back, sides, and fins with small dark spots, much more numerous than
the spines ; lips purplish brown with small dark spots.

142 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

A specimen (28267) from Mazatlau, lOi inches in length, differs in
the follovriug particulars : spines behind pectorals somewhat shorter,
and all the spines more keeled; more spines on interorbital space;
color darker above and the spots larger, scarcely more numerous than
the spines.

One large specimen.

27.— PLATOPHRYS MANCUS (Broussonet) Smith & Swain.

Fleuronectes mancus Brouss. Ichth. description on figure, 1782 (Pacific). (Not Bhomho-
idichtliys mancus Gthr.)

Habitat. — Pacific Ocean.

Head 3f (4|) ; depth 2 (2i) ; length (26838) 16 inches. D. 98; A. 78 ;
scales about 95 ; Br. 6.

Body elliptical, the profile continuous with the dorsal curve, the snout
l^rojecting and the nasal bones forming a prominent knob; ventral out-
line a regular and gentle curve from gill-opening to caudal peduncle ;
lower jaw produced beyond upper, a pointed knob below and behind
symphysis.

Head not much higher than long ; mouth moderately oblique, small
for a large mouthed species, the maxillary reaching little beyond an-
terior rim of eye, 2f in head. Pointed teeth in two series in each jaw,
those of the inner and larger series becoming somewhat smaller i)os-
teriorly, the teeth on maxillary not extending as far back on the blind
side; the outer series of few small teeth. Eyes small, the lower orbit
7 in head, the upper one slightly smaller; the lower orbit wholly in
advance of the upper; the concave iuterorbital space 2f in head; the
orbital rim a sharp ridge without distinct knobs.

Xostrils apparently wanting. Cheeks and opercles more or less scaly.
Gill-rakers rather long, the length of longest 2 in upper orbit; 10 on
lower part of arch, none above.

Scales cycloid, not deciduous, similar on both sides, but without ac-
cessory scales on the blind side.

Dorsal fin beginning on the snout, the first ray on the blind side,
about as long as superior orbit, the rays gradually increasing in height
to the posterior third of the fin, where they are 2f in head ; thence rap-
idly decreasing to end of fin. Anal similar, its highest rays not opposite
the highest part of dorsal, but a little farther back. Pectoral of eyed
side falcate, the second ray one-fourth longer than head, produced into
a filament ; pectoral of blind side If in head. Ventrals moderate, when
depressed reaching past front of anal. Caudal bluntly pointed, If in
head.

Coloration in spirits: everywhere mottled with gray and brown ; the
fins (except pectoral on blind side) marked with same colors, but the
spots more nearly round and less complicated. On the colored side
there is a large, irregular blackish blotch behind pectoral, a round black
spot on the lateral line half way between head and caudal fin. About

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 143

twelve blackish spots at regular intervals on dorsal fin, six or seven
similar ones on anal. The ventral on the eyed side is marked like
the anal. The colors and spots extend over on the blind side on the
nasal bones, j)remaxillary, chin, and interopercle. The skinny flap in
the month between the teeth and vomer is also spotted.

One specimen (2G838), 16 inches in length.

This species, well described and figured by Broussonet in 1782, seems
not to have been seen by any succeeding author. The specific name
^hnancus^^ has been wrongly transferred by Dr. Giinther to the very
different Platophrys hetcropJithalmus of the Mediterranean.

Indiana University, April 4, 1882.

DESCRIPTIOIV OF A IVE^V CYPRINODOIVT (ZYGOIVECTES IXUKUS),
FROM SOUTIIEKIV ILIilNOIS.

By DAVID S. JORDAN ami CHARLES H. GILBERT.

Zygonectes inunis sp. nov. (29666.)

Zygonectes melanops Jordan, Bull. Ills. Lab. Nat. Hist. No. 2, 52 : uot Haplo-

chilas melanops Co])e,= Gamhmia holhroohi (Agassiz).
Zygonectes melanops- J ord, & Gilb. Syu. Fish. N. A. 340.

Closely allied to Zygonectes dispar Agassiz.

Body rather short and high, compressed, the back considerably
arched; caudal peduncle deep and compressed; head small, much nar-
rowed forwards; interorbital space twice as wide as diameter of orbit;
eye rather large, 3i times in head — as long as snout, which equals man-
dible; teeth small, in villiform bands, the outer series not at all en-
larged; height of caudal peduncle at vertical behind anal fin 1^ in head ;
at base of caudal li in head.

Dorsal small, posteriorly inserted ; distance from its origin to snout
twice that to base of caudal; length of base of tin 2f in head; the
vertical from origin of dorsal passes through middle of anal base.
Distance from origin of anal to base of caudal 1^ times in that to tip
of snout ; length of anal base equalling one-half that of head ; its longest
ray two-thirds head ; pectoral broad, reaching beyond base of ventrals,
1;^ in head.

Scales in regular series, the humeral scale not enlarged; 29 oblique
series fof scales from scapula to base of caudal fin ; 9 in an oblique series
from vent to middle of back.

Head 3f in length ; depth 3f. D. 0; A. 9; scales 29.9.

Color: Brownish, light on belly and sides of head; sides and back
with a few scattered dark brown specks, these forming inconspicuous
series behind pectorals ; caudal peduncle punctate with brown specks
below ; opercles silvery ; a very decided, well-defined, brownish-black

144 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

bar tlirougli eyes and across clieeks, tbe barf as wide as orbit 5 vertical
fins with irregular cross series of brown dots.

Several specimens of this species were collected by Prof. S. A. Forbes
in the streams of Southern Illinois. A single specimen, 2 inches long
(Xo. 29GGG, U. S. Kat. Mus.), from Cache Eiver, serves as the type of
the species.

NOTES OIV BIRDS COL.f.ECTEl> DIRINO THE SIMMER OF ISSO IIV
ALASKA AND SDBERIA.

By TARI.ET01V H. BEAW.

The collection which is the subject of the present paper was made by
the writer while investigating the fish and fisheries of Alaska for the
TJuired States Fish Commissioner, in company with the Coast Survey
party commanded by Mr. W. H. DalL

Owing to the engrossing nature of the primary object of my inquiry
and the limited number ot days jiassed in port, there was little oppor-
tunity for collecting and observing birds. However, as fish were not
plentiful north of the Arctic circle and birds were comparatively abund-
ant and desirable for the Museum, much of my time was devoted to
making bird skins while in that region. Especial eifort was made, also,
to procure a good series of skins of the species of Melofunza, inhabiting
the mainland and islands of the Territory. The region in w hich M. fas-
ciata rufina occurs is so interesting and rich ichthyologically that birds
were necessarily neglected, and this sparrow is represented by only a
few skins. The' insular species {einerea), on the other hand, came in for
a larger share of attention.

In order to give an idea of the time which one may ordinarily' devote
to bird-collecting who is not sent upon that special duty, I will state
here the number of days which were devoted mainly or partly to that
work during the six months of our cruise : May, 2 days ; June, 11; July,
11 ; August, 9 ; September, 9 ; October, 7 ; in all 49 days.

Although the number of species secured is small (less than a third of
the whole number known to occur in Alaska), there are some interesting
features about the collection. Many of the species here mentioned are
from localities north of the Ar<;tic circle, and some of them were not
previously recorded from the Territory. The specimen of Ui(rinorhyuchi(s
liygmwus obtained by our party in Plover Bay was the first secured for
an American museum, and is in a plumage wdjich has not yet been illus-
trated. Six young individuals of Saxicola ananthe were found between
Port Clarence and Cape Lisburne. Empidonax (lifficilis and Buteo bore-
alis calm us were obtained for the first time in the Territorj\ The range
oH Actodromas acuminata was extended northward to Port Clarence.

Larus marinus was found to be common on Unalaslika Island, though
previously unknown in Alaska.

Bioincdea melanophrys was seen within 1,000 miles west of Cape Men-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 145

dociuo, California, and may safely be claimed for the ftiuna of the United
States. The nests of Hirimdo erythrogastra and Melosjyiza fasciata
rufina are worthy of more extended examination than I have been able
to give them.

On the 23d of October, when about 700 miles south of Unalashka
Island, a small flock of geese was seen flying towards the southeast, and
sometimes resting on the water. We did not sail close enough to make
them out, but there is little doubt that they belonged to the genus Anser.
Mr. Dall, Mr. Baker, Captain Herendeen, and I looked at them with a
glass, and all agreed as to the identification. Owing to the distance,
we could not determine the species.

So far as most of the species are concerned 1 have simply transcribed
my hastily made field notes. In a few cases, however, I have supple-
mented these fragments by subsequent investigations in the Museum.
Even in this small collection there still remains some material that is
worthy of the attention and will, doubtless, eventually receive the notice
of an ornithologist.

To Mr. Dall I owe the opportunity of joining his party, and he, as well
as his assistants, contributed as much as possible to the collection; the
probability of finding Eurinorhynclms at Plover Bay was first suggested
by Mr. Dall.

I am much indebted to Mr. Robert Ridgway for aid in determining
the species collected by me and for advice in the preparation of these
notes.

1. Hylocichla ALICIA Baird.

81334 (3493) $ . St. Paul, Kodiak, July 13, 1S80.

Found in the timber, in the vicinity of the potato fields of the St.
Paul people.

2. Hylocichla unalascje (Gmel.) Eidgw.

81333 (3236) $ . Sitka, June 15, 1880.

81331 (3340) S . Chugachik Bay, Cook's Inlet, July 1, 1880.

(3341) ^ ad. " Cook's Inlet, " " "

81332(3342) 9- « «< « <' ^«

81330(3492),?. St. Paul, Kodiak, "12, "

81692 (3428) alcoholic, Wooded Id., Kodiak, " 13, "

At Chugachik Bay this species was not uncommon in the little grove
of Sitka spruce on the spit near our anchorage, associated with ^giotlms
linaria.

3. Merula migratoria (Linn.) Sw. & Rich.

I saw one of this species at Sitka, May 29, 1880, in the vicinity of
Piseco Lake.

4. Hesperocichla n^via (Gmel.) Baird.

(3235) ad. ^ . Sitka, Alaska, Juno 15, 1880.

Found near the mouth of Indian River. The only one seen, although
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 10 July 8 , 1883.

146 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

it is common. Its mouth was filled with insects and an earthworm.
Measurements from the fresh bird: Length, 9.87; extent, 15.50; tar-
sus, 1.31 ; middle toe and claw, .94.

5. Saxicola genanthe (Linn.) Bechst.

81336 (3639) ^ juv. Cape Lisburne, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 21, 1880.

81337 (3640) <? " " " " " " "
(3641) ^ " " " " " " "

81338(3743). Port Clarence, " Sept. 6, ,"

(3787). Chamisso Id., Kotzebue Sd., Alaska, Aug. 31, '**
(3788). " " " " " " " "

At Cape Lisburne this bird was found with Anthus ludoviciamis, but
was not nearly so abundant as the titlark. I saw it also 10 miles to the
eastward of Cape Lisburne. Its movements are similar to those of An-
thus. It was feeding here on grass seeds and fruit of Saxifroga, and was,
in consequence, excessively fat.

On Chamisso Island the only two seen were secured ; they were on a
sand and gravel beach and the low bluffs adjacent.

Capt. E. P. Herendeen went ashore, September 1, on the east side of
Choris Peninsula and reported having seen stouechats, one of which
he wounded but could not get. Owing to the rain he found it useless
to attempt to collect small birds.

At Port Clarence only one was seen ; this was near the beach on the
west side of the spit. The day was cold and windy, with a little rain and
some snow. Plectrophanes nivalis was of more frequent occurrence,
though not plentiful ; Centrophanes lapponicus was rather common.

6. Parus atricapillus septentrionalis (Harris) Allen.

81679 (3352) alcoholic. Port Chatham, Cook's Inlet, July 6, 1880.

81680 (3428) alcoholic. St. Paul, Kodiak, July 13, 1880.

The Port Chatham specimen was shot with a rifle by Mr. Baker in
the timber near Refuge Cove.

On Kodiak Island we found the species in the timber near the potato
ground of the St. Paul people.

7. Anorthura alascensis (Baird) Coues.

81339 (3896) <? ad. lUuliuk, Unalashka, Oct. 13, 1880.
81340(3897) 9- " " " " "

This was one of only eight species of land birds seen by me October
6 to 18, 1880. The other birds were Passerculm sandwichensis, Melos-
piza cinerea, Corvus corax carnivorns, Leucosticte griseinucha, Arquatella
Couesii, Heteroscelus incanus, and Ealicvetus leucoceplialus. Lagopus ru-
pestris was, of course, present, but I did not find it.

Anortliura was more abundant at Chernoffsky than at Iliuliuk. At
both places I found it frequenting the rocks near the water's edge and
the faces of cliffs looking seaward.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 147

8. MOTACILLA OCULARIS SwinllOC.

81341 (3595) 9 (?). Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Aug. 14, 1880.

Only one individual certainly seen; occurring with Budytes flava in
the vicinity of the native summer tents ; very hard to approach. Judg-
ing from the uniformly small number of specimens of this bird secured
by collectors in Plover Bay, the species seems to be rare in that locality.

9. Budytes flava (Linn.) Gray.

81342 (3594). Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Ang. 13, 1880,
81343(3596)^. " " " " " " 14, "

These wagtails were present in small numbers on the spit at Port
Providence, and they were exceedingly shy. They were seldom seen at
the tents, but usually in the grass. They were sometimes heard in the
air, chirping while in flight.

A single wagtail was seen flying towards the point of the spit at Port
Providence, September 13, but I could not determine the species.

It may not be out of place here to remark that, on the 15th of Sep-
tember, Mr. Baker and Captain Herendeen, of the coast-survey party,
walked through a divide leading from Port Providence to Moore Lake
and saw no birds except ravens. The few land birds still remaining at
this port were near the sea-shore.

10. Anthus ludovicianus (Gm.) Licht.

81G65. Little Koniusbi Island, Shuraagius, July 16, 1880.

81344 (3776). Cape Li.sburne, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 21, 1880.
61673 (alcobolic)." " " " " " " "

81674 " " " " " " " "
81682(3647) " " " " " " " " "

The Little Koniushi Island example was found at the top of the ridge
overlooking Northwest Harbor, at least 1,000 feet above the sea level.

At Cape Lisburne most of the specimens seen of this wagtail were in
a little valley through which runs a small stream, and on the low plateau
east of this stream. They were feeding on seeds of Saxifraga mainly.

11. Dendrgeca jestiva (Gmel.) Baird.

81675 (1539) alcoholic. St. Paul, Kodiak Island, July 9, 1880.

Found in the Sitka spruce near the village of St. Paul.

12. Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus (Pall.) Ridgw.

81345 (3295) ^ . Port Mulgrave, Yakutat Bay, June 24, 1860.

81676 (3432) alcoholic. St. Patil, Kodiak, July 13, 1880.

Common at Port Mulgrave around the head of the harbor; found in
Sitka spruce near St. Paul.

148 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

13. HmUNDO ERYTHROGASTEA Bodcl.

(3533) i & 9, alcoholic. Cave Rock, Unalashka, July 23, 1880.
(3510) nest of above, with 4 young, July 28, 1880.

A pair of the above species of swallow was observed for some time
circling around Cave Eock, on Amaknak Island, near Iliuliiik. In the
mouth of the cave was the nest here to be described. The swallows
were not seen on the nest, but there is no reasonable doubt that the pair
obtained were the owners.

The nest in its present condition is 5i inches long; the greatest depth
of the front wall is 3 inches ; the grass lining, on which is placed an
additional cushion of feathers, is 3i inches long and nearly 3 inches
wide on top; the bacli: wall of the nest contains only grasses and sea-
weeds ; the mud wall separates readily into only four layers. The mud
in its dry state crumbles very readily, and could not have had great
cohesive power originally. To remedy this defect, the pellets were in-
termingled with a long, narrow, red sea-weed which has considerable
strength and furnishes a sticky secretion well adapted for holding them
together, and the same sea-weed was employed between the layers.
The mud was evidently found on the shore close to high-water mark,
as it contains numerous small shells which may be always seen in such
location. The grass seems to be mainly the common wild rye of the
vicinity. The inner lining is ample and prettily arranged. It consists
of soft feathers of young bald eagle, raven, and gull, tastefully inter-
twined, and forming a shallow, but luxurious, cushion.

The structure and situation of this nest are similar to what Mr. Eidg-
"way observed at Pyramid Lake and the Euby Mountains;* but the
limited number of mud layers of the Unalashka nest and the introduc-
tion of a glutinous sea weed to supply the defective cohesive i)ower of
the pellets forming the wall, afford a new illustration of the faculty
which this swallow possesses of adapting itself to the conditions of its
environment.

14. Leucosticte griseinucha (Brandt) Baird.

81349 (3487) 9 . Little Kouiushi Id., Shumagins, July IG, 1330.
81348 (3889) 9 . lUuliuk, Unalashka, Oct. 7, 1880.
(3890) 9. " " " " "

Found on the low ground on Little Koniushi, near Northwest Harbor.
Kot common.

Abundant at Iliuliuk late in July and also in October ; frequents the
hillocks and cliffs, and comes into the village vards.

* Om. 40th Parallel Surv., p. 441.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 149

15. ^Egiothus canescens exilipes (Cones) Eidg-^v.

81678 (3679) 5 juv., in alcohol. Chamisso, Id., Ang. 31, 1880.
61362 (3752) S ad. Chamisso Id., Kotzebue Sound, Aug. 31, 1880.
(3753). " " " " " " "

(3755) <? juv., " " " " " " "

(3756) <?. " " " " " " "
81.365 (3757) ^ juv. " " " " " " "

(3758) 5 (?) " " " " " " ''

(3759) 9 (?) juv., first plumage. Chamisso, Id., Kotzebue Sound, Ang. 31, 1880.
81363 (3760) " " " " " " "

(3761) " " " " " " "

From tlie above list of skins, secured on Chamisso Island, it will be
observed that these red polls M'ere quite abundant there; indeed it was
the only land bird found in numbers. Some grouse were seen, but not
by me. A single Passercidus was observed and secured. Two young
stone chats {Saxlcola ocnanthc) were obtained; no others were seen. On
this island the land rises gradually from the sides and ends, so that a
very regular curve is shown. AVith the exception of numerous hum-
mocks, which greatly impede walking, there are no serious hinderances
to collecting. The island is covered Mith grass, alder, and willow, and
there is also a dwarf birch. Wild rye is present in considerable patches
in some places. Salmou berries, whortleberries, empetrum, and another
berry which is not edible, were all abundant. There are some little rills
of tolerably good water. We found JEglothm most abundant, swaying
on the stalks of wild rye and in the small trees lining the rivulet banks.
There are some cliffs in a tumble-down condition, and occasional deep
cuts between and small stretches of sand beach. On these cliffs were
immense numbers of puffins.

Many of these .skins of the white-rumped redpoll show a great amount
of wearing of the feathers, particularly of the tail, and in one bird the
tail is tinely graduated.

16. .^GiOTHUS LINARIA (Linn.) Caban.

(333y'/(? ad. breeding plumage. Chugacliik Bay, Cook's Inlet, July 1, 1880.
61367 (3339) 9 ad. Cliug.achik Bay, Cook's Inlet, July 1, 1^80.
81366 (37.')4) i ad. Chamisso Id., August 31, 1880.

On the spit adjoining that portion of Chugachik Bay which is known
as Ugolnoi Bay, this bird was observed sparingly in a small patch of
Sitka spruce.

Out of 15 ^^giothi secured on Chamisso Island, only one proved to be
I'lnaHa; JE. Unaria exilipes was the common form.

17. Plectrophanes nivalis (Linn.) 3Ieyer.

81347 (3483) juv. Little Koniushi Id., Shumagins, July 16, 1880.
81346 (3484) $. " " " " " " "

?81666. " " " " " " "

150 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

(3570). Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Aug. 14, 1880.
(3749) t? . Port Clarence, Alaska, Sept. 6, "

(37.51). '' " " " '^ ''

81352 (3790) ^. " " " " '' "
(3784) S (0- Poiut Belcher, " Arctic O., Aug. 27, "
(3770) <J . Point Belcher, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 27, 1380.

81351 (.3771) i. " " " " " " " "

81354 (3773) $ (?). Icy Cape, " '' " " 25, "
(3592). Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Aug. 13, 18?0.

81353 (3593) <?. " "■ " " " " " "
(3570) " " " " " Aug. 14, «

81355 (3826) 9 . " " " " " Sept. 12, "

On Little Kouiusbi Island I obtained one adult male and several
young birds — all of tbem from the top of the ridge several times refer-
red to. The young were able to make short flights only.

At Plover Bay Plectrophanes nivalis was found in small numbers,
generally feeding on refuse near the summer tents ; difficult to shoot on
that account, and when it flew away it was hard to overtake, since it
remained only a few seconds in once place.

Near Icy Cape, Alaska, Plectrophanes was again scarce, shy, and hard
to shoot. One of these buntings, which w^as followed for a long time,
but not secured, showed a nearer approach to the winter plumage than
the individual brought down.

At Point Belcher P. nivalis was more abundant than at any of the
other localities where we obtained it, although even here there were
comparatively few, Centroplianes lapponicus being much more common.

At Port Clarence few of the species were seen; they were usually
found not far from the beach, not going inland on the spit like Centra-
phanes.

As we approached Cape Upright, Saint Mathew Island, September
22, 1880, small flocks of the snow bunting from the land flew around the

18. Centeophanes Lapponicus (Linn.) Caban.

<? (?). Belkoffsky, Aliaska, July 23, 1880.

Cape liisburne,

(?).

Point Belcher, Alaska, Aug. 27, 1880.

Point Belcher, Arctic O., Aug. 27, 1880.

(?)• " " " " " " "

81677 (3671) alcoholic. Point Belcher, Alaska, Aug. 27, 1880.
81357 (3824) <? . Port Clarence, Sept. 9, 1880.

The specimens obtained at Belkoflsky, which is on the peninsula of
Aliaska, were young; the species was by no means common at the date
of my collecting, but it was more abundant than any other land bird
except Passer cidus sandtcichensis. The birds were on the low plateau
bordering the sea-shore near the village.

81361 (3588) juv.

81360 (3589) juv.

(3774) <? .

(3775) 9 (

81356 (3777) <? .

81683 (3647)

81358 (3785) <? .

(3786) S-

(3767) i.

81359 (3768) $ {':

Alaska,

Aug. 22

Alaska,

Aug. "

Alaska,

Aug. 21

Alaska,

Aug 22

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 151

At Port Clarence the bird was common in small flocks, feeding on
seeds, usually near the small lagoons which are present on the spit.

At Cape Lisburne and 10 miles to the eastward I observed numerous
examples on the 21st and 22d of August, feeding, as usual, on seeds of
species of Saccifraga, and congregating in small flocks.

At Poiut Belcher, August 27, there were more of this species than at
any other place visited by us. They were, as elsewhere, feeding on
grass seeds and the seeds of flowering plants, among which Saxifraga
was most common. Number 81358 of this lot is worthy of mention ou
account of the deformity of its bill; the gonysis nearly twice as long as
the culmen and decidedly hooked.

19. Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmel.) Baird.

81687 (3501) alcoholic. Belkoffsky. Aliaska, July 23, 1880.
81371 (3590) 5 ad. Belkoffsky, Aliaska, July 23, 1880.
81370(3881) 2 ad. Chemoffsky, Uualashka, Oct. 1, 1880.

Moderately common at Belkoffsky as well as at Chernoffsky, on the
island of Unalashka. Also common during our stay at Iliuliuk, on the

20. Passerculus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bp.) Ridgw.

(3353) <? ad. Chugachik Bay, Cook's Inlet, July 1, 1880.

(3354) 9 " " " " " " " "

(3355) 9 " " " " " " " " ^
81372(3356) 9 ad. " " " " " " "

(3496) ^ ad. St. Paul, Kodiak, July 13, 1880.
81369 (3497) ^ ad. St. Paul, Kodiak, July 13, 1880.
81368 (3762) <? ad. Chamisso Id., Kotzebue Sound, Aug. 31, 1880.

The spit in Chugachik Bay, on which I collected birds July 1, 1880,
is low and level, its beaches higher than the interior. At some high
tides the sea breaks over and carries with it immense numbers of fish,
which are left stranded when the waters recede. This occurred a few
days before our visit, and we saw thousands upon thousands of fishes
lying uncovered on the ground. Great quantities of drift-wood are
found here. Wild wheat abounds, and there are many pretty flow-
ering plants, among which are serrana, violets, chickweed, vetch, and
Jacob's ladder. There is also a little grove of Sitka spruces, in which I
found the redpolls {JEgiotlms) and thrushes. Passercnlns was quite
abundant in the wild wheat. On this spit was found the young eider
which I have numbered in my catalogue.

On the 2d of July we visited Glacier spit, distant 9 miles from our
anchorage. Here a pair of eagles had a nest on one of the tall pines.
A small plover, resembling the killdeer and with similar actions, was
shot but badly mutilated and finally lost.

The specimen of Passerculus obtained on Chamisso Island was the only
one seen there.

152 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

21. ZoNOTEiCHiA CORONATA (Pall.) Baird.

ei373 (3490) 9 ad. Popoff Id., Sliumagins, July 18, 1880.
81690 (3428) (alcoholic). St. Paul, Kodiak Id., July 13, 1880.
81693 (3429) " " " " 9, "

81714 (3429 bis.) " " '' " 9, "

81686 (3430) " " " '' 12, "

Common ou the island of Kodiak.

22. JuNCO OREGONUS (Towns.) Scl.

81350 (3238) ^ . Sitka, June 15, 1880.

81681 (1404) alcoholic. Sitka, June 15, 1880.

23. Melospiza fasciata rufina (Brandt) Baird.

(3299) (1451, ale.) i. Port Althorp, Juue 19, 1880.
81386 (3300) ad. 9 . Port Althorp, George island, Juue 19, 1880.

(3251) nest containing 4 young, the young preserved in alcohol. Port Althorp,
June 19, 1880.
81380 (3358) 9 ad. Graham Harbor, Cook's Inlet, July 4, 1680.
81385(3357) <? juv. " •' " " "' " "

Common at Graham Harbor ; frequently seen feeding on the beach.

The nest found on George Island (Port Althorp) is made of coarse
grasses, loosely laid together below, and interlaced with strips of what ap-
pears to be the leaf of Panax Jiorridum, and with the light inner bark of
the same. The superstructure is of flue grasses more intimately woven.
The greatest depth of the nest is 4 inclies, and its diameter is from 5 to 7
inches. The inside lining is 2i inches across the top and 2 inches deep.
The nest was supported by a dead stalk of Panax and concealed in
the tall, coarse grass which is abundant in that locality.

Number 81385 bears a wonderfully close resemblance in coloration
and general appearance to number 81384 from Kodiak, which is sup-
posed to be cinerea; it will be observed, however, that there is consider-
able difference in the measurements.

As nearly as I can determine from the material in the collection, the
conclusions expressed in the History of North American birds by
Baird, Brewer, and Kidgway are fully justified. There is a large
series of skins of cinerea from Kodiak and Unalashka, but the repre-
sentation of fasciata rufina is still unsatisfactory, and the song sparrow
of the western islands of the Aleutian chain has a meager showing. A
study of the collection in its present state, as already remarked, will
lead us to the adoption of the views advanced iii the History of North
American Birds: Melosirlza fasciata r?r/iwa is notably smaller than Jl/.
cinerea in its wing, tail, tarsus, middle toe, and all measurements of the
bill; in coloration, also, adult birds of the two species differ greatly.

The following table of measurements deals with all the skins now ac-
cessible in the collection which have been referred to fasciata rufina.
For convenience of reference, the average measurements of the large
series of skins of M. cinerea are brought on the same sheet :

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, loo

July 4, 188(1.

Mavlf.; 1874
Oct., 1805.

Sept., 1865.

Doc, "
Sept., "

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154 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

24. ]\rELOSPiZA ciNERA (Gm.) Ridgw.

(3494) <?. St. Paul, Kodiak,

July 9,

1880.

83134 (3495) $ juv.

U li u

13,

81382 (3488) $ ad.

Little Koniushi

Id.,

Sliumagins,

16,

'«

81381 (3489) 9 ad.

<< a

((

61383 (3491).

Popoff

'•

18,

81377 (3882) 9 ad.

Cliemoffeky, Uaalashkald.,

Oct.

(3883) 9.

(3884) 9-
8137G (3885) <? ad.

81378(3887) 9 ad. Iliuliuk, " " " 7, '<

(3888) 9. " " " " " "

(3892) ^. " " " " 12, "

(3898) S. " " " " 13, "

(3899) c? ad. " " " " " "
81375 (3900) <? ad. " " " '■ " "

(3901) 9. " " " " " "

81379 (3902) ? ad. " " " '' " "

(3903) 9. " " " " " "

(3904) 9. " " " " " "

(3905) <?. " " " " 1(>, "

(3906) c?. " " " " " "

A nest of this sparrow containing 4 eggs was sent over from Wooded
Island, Kodiak, July 11, 1880, by Nicolas Pavloff.

On little Koniusbi Island it was not uncommon on the low ground
bordering Northwest Harbor. Not seen on the beach, because there is
none, properly speaking, and small Crustacea would scarcely occur in
sufficient numbers to attract these sparrows.

It frequents the sea-shore at Chernoffsky and Iliuliuk, feeding among
sea-weeds.

Upon examination of the measurement tables of J/, cinerea the pecu-
liarities of birds from Kyska and Attn will appear; the small bill, even
of the adult bird, is noteworthy, and it is to be hoped that sufficient
material will soon be obtained to determine the extent and value of this
divergence.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. 155

Sept. 25, 1868.
May 24, "

" 27, 1867.
Aug. 5, 1842.
June 10, 1868.
July 13,1880.

" 9, "
, 1844.

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156 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 157

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158 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

25. Passerella iliaca unalascensis (Gin.) Eidgw.

81389 (3319) <? ad. George Island, Port Althorp, June 19, IHSU.
(3359),?. Graham Harbor, Cook's Inlet, July 4, "

61689 (3428) alcoholic. Wooded Id., Kodiak, " 13, "

81716 (3429) " St. Paul, " " 9, "

81387 (3498) <? ad. St. Paul, Kodiak, " 12, "

(3499) i. " " " " 13, "

81388(3500) 9 ad. " " " " " "

81688 (3458) alcoholic. Popoff Id., Shumagins, " 18, "

81390 (3485) ^ ad. Little Koniushi Id., Shumagins, " 16, " \

81391 (3486) 9 ad. " " " " " " "

The afternoon of July 4, 1880, was decidedly warm for bird-collecting
at Graham Harbor, and I have a lively recollection of the difficulties
encountered in the timber at that place. The sound of a woodpecker
tapping on a dead tree allured me to the chase. There was a lavish
display of flowering plants — American cowslip, salmon berry, anemones,
and a beautiful blue cranesbill. Frost had nipped the detestable wild
ginseng {Panax horridum), but unfortunately had not destroyed the en-
tire crop. Mosquitos were at the climax of their capacity for making
life wretched. The only bird that could be approached Avitli a degree
of comfort was the song sparrow {Melospiza fasciata rufina), which fre-
quented the beach and its immediate vicinity. Fasserella hid in the re-
cesses of the timber, and the way to him led through stinging acres of
Panax, over legions of briar-beset, snaggy fallen trees, into numberless
concealed pitfalls, and within the jurisdiction of the most relentless mos-
quitos known to man. Bird-collecting here was simply a painful duty,
and the rcAvard of honest labor was inadequate, because one was al-
most sure to lose a bird after killing it in that maze of undergrowth.

On Little Koniushi Island I found this Passerella associated with Plee-
trophanes nivalis and Anthus ludovicianus on the top of the ridge over-
looking Northwest Harbor, about 1,200 feet above the sea level. Walk-
ing on this island is simply torture, especially for one who is intent on
birds and takes no heed to his steps. The soil is soft and yielding, and
in most places thickly covered with loose rocks, scrub alder, and a kind
of wild apple — all mingled in such a way as to impede one's progress
and multiply his toil. Sitka and Port Mulgrave are little better for
comfortable walking than the localities just described ; indeed, most of
the timbered region, so far as I have observed, is a most discouraging
field for pedestrianism.

20. CoRVUS COR AX CARNivoRUS (Bartr.) Ridgw.

(3075) ad. Sitka, Alaska.
81394 (3076) ad. Sitka, Alaska.

(3291) sternum. Port Mulgrave, Y;tkutat Bay, Alaska, Jane 24, 1880.

81667 (3292) head. " " " " " " " "

Extremely abundant at Sitka. Mr. A. T. Whitford informed me that
he has seen ravens catch rats in a very expert manner j swooping swiftly

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 159

upon the victims, tbey cany them up iuto the air and let them fall from
a great height. If the first fall does not kill the rat, he is captured
again and carried higher. The rats are eaten by ravens.

I shot at a raven at Cape Lisburne, August 21, but failed to kill it.
On the following day I heard one at a distance on one of the hills, 10
miles to the eastward of this cape.

Again, at Chamisso Island, Eschscholtz Bay, I attempted to kill a
raven with small shot and failed.

I saw, but could not obtain, a fine bird of this species at Elephant
Point, Eschscholtz Bay, September 2, 1880.

At Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, ravens were extremely
abundant September 14, and so gorged with blubber and overrun with
parasites that it was too disgusting to i)repare skins of them. At the
head of the spit I watched their movements for some time, as they did
not fear me while I sat still and made no sudden movement. They
would alight close to my head and look at me with apparent curiosity,
uttering now^ and then a hoarse call to other ravens flying near at hand.
Hopping forward a step or two, they would pull oft' pieces of moss from
the stones and jump slightly into the air in an aft'ected sort of way,
sometimes taking a good-sized stone in the beak, perhaps to see if any
food might be concealed underneath. Occasionally, one would find a
morsel, and then another would try to take it out of his bill, the lucky
one seeming to hold out the prize temptingly, but firmly, to tantalize
his covetous neighbor. In starting to tly they would strike the ground
with their feet several times to gain an impetus.

27. CoRVUS CAURiNUS, Baird.

81396 (3239) 9 ad. Sitka, June 16, 1880.
81395 (3240) $ " " " " "

Abundant at Sitka, May 28 to June 16, 1880, associated with the pre-
ceding. Voice variable, usually less ringing and hoarser than that of
C.frngii'orus, but sometimes an exact counterpart of it. Without some
definite and reliable mode of recording the notes of this fish crow for
comparison with those of the common eastern species, there must be
doubt as to the relation between the voices of the two birds.

A small flock was seen at George Island, Port Althorp, June 19, 1880,
perched on the rocks, and feeding on a gravel beach at low tide.

160 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 161

28. Cyanocitta stelleri (Gm.) Caban.

(30:}7) <?. Old Sitka (mouth of river), Juue 2, 1880.

81392 (30G3) ^. Near Hot Springs Bay, Baraaotf Id., June 5, 1880.
Measurements of number 3037 in the fresh state : Length, 13 ; ex-
tent, 18.37 ; wing, 6; tail, 6; crest, 2 ; testis, .37. When shot, this bird
had its mouth and crop crammed full of insects.

A bird of this species was shot at Port Althorp, June 19, but was lost
in a dense thicket.

29. Empidonax difficilis Baird.

81393 (3067) ad. ^ . Near Hot Springs Bay, (Sitka), Alaska, June 5, 1880.

This individual was oue of a few examples seen at the place noted.
It is the first speccimen of the species recorded from Alaska, and, so
far as I know, the only one. From the size of the testes (.25) it is proba-
ble that this date represents very nearly the breeding time of this fly-
catcher in the locality named.

The fresh bird furnished the following measurements : Length, 5.25;
extent, 7.50 5 wing, 2.62.

30. Selasphorus rufus (Gmel.) Aud.

(3097) juv. Sitka.

(3098) " "

A live humming bird, with its nest and eggs, was brought into Mr.
Whitford's store at Sitka, June 9, 1880, but none of our iiarty were pres-
ent at the time, and we did not get them.

31. Nyctea scandiaca Linn.

(3681) sternum of 81397.

81397 (3689) i ad. Point Belcher, Alaska, Arctic O. Aug. 27, 1880.

Common on the gently rising ground inlaud from the small lake near
our anchorage. I saw as many as six atone time on small grassy mounds.
They were uniformly hard to approach, never allowing me to come
within gun-shot, except in the one instance when I crept along under
cover of the low bluff forming one of the lake borders, and rose sud-
denly within easy range.

32. Hierofalco gyrfalco sacer (Forst.) Eidgw.

81398 (3838) $ . Bering Sea, 60 miles E.S.E. from St. George Island. Sept. 24, 1880.
(3838) sternum of above.

This individual was shot while trying to alight on the vessel ; it
dropped into the leach of the mainsail, and from thence into the cockpit,
where it was secured. Two examples of this species, according to my
belief, were around the vessel between St. Mathew and St. Lawrence
Islands, a few days i^revious to this date. One of them was shot, but
lost.

Proc. Nat. Mus, 82 11 July 25, 1 8 83.

162 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The following color notes and measurements were taken from the bird :
Iris brown; tarsus and toes bluish gray; bill the same at base, but
black at tii) ; eyebrows bluish gray.

Ovaries little developed; eggs not distinguishable to the unaided eye.

Length, 21; extent, 44; wing, 14; tail, 9; tarsus, 2.37; bill, 1.12;
head, 2.50; middle toe, 1.94; middle toe claw, .81.

33. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gm.) Eidgw.

81668 (3150) head. Hot Springs, Barauoff Island, Alaska, June 9, 1880.
("3151) sternum. " " " " " " "

This specimen of the osprey was shot by Capt. E. P. Herendeen near
Hot Springs.

34. Circus hudsonius (Linn.) Yiell.

81401 (3720) 9. Elephant Point, Eschscholtz B., Alaska, Sept. 2, 1880,

Several individuals of this hawk were seen flying over the marshes
in the vicinity of Elephant Point. The following color notes and meas-
urements were taken from the recently-killed bird :

Length, 21.50; extent, 47.50; wing, 15.50; tail, 10.50; bill, 1.19; head,
2; tarsus, 3.37; middle toe and claw, 2.37; middle toe claw, .75.

Iris brown. The upper tail coverts are not white, as is usually re-
corded of this species, but whitish, with many blotches of rufous.

35. BuTEO BOREALis CALURUS (Cass.) Eidgw.

81399 (3060) 9 (?).iuv. Baranoff Id., near Sitka, Alaska, June 5, 1880.

This young hawk was shot by Lieutenant Eockwell, U. S. I^., near
Hot Springs Bay. I have the following notes from the recently-killed
bird: Iris very light hazel; length, 21.50; extent, 47.50; wing, 14.50;
tail, 9. This species has not been previously recorded from Alaska.

36. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.) Eidgw.

81400 (3466) 9 • Popoff Island, Shumagins, July 18, 1880.

Iris hazel. Cere yellow, with a greenish tinge. Lips and feet lemon
yellow. Eggs very small.

Measurements from the fresh bird : Length, 23 ; extent, 50.50 ; wing,
18; tail, 10.06; bill, 1.37; head, 2.25; tarsus, 2.94; middle toe and
claw, 2.19 ; middle toe claw, .81.

37. Haliaetus leucocephalus (Linn.) Savig.

(3293) sternum. Port Althorp, Alaska, June 19, 1880.

Very abundant in the vicinity of Sitka, May 28 to June 16, 1880,
usually around shallow coves in the neighborhood of the mouths of
fresh water streams.

A pair of young birds of this species was seen at Iliuliuk, Unalashka,
October 13, 1880.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 163

38. Lagopus albus (Gm.) Aud.

81402 (3482) 9 . Unga Id., Shumagins, July 21, 1880.

The crop was filled with leaves of a species of willow. Several of the
birds were seea on low ground not far away from the ocean beach, in
the vicinity of a small trout stream.

This specimen corresponds very closely in most respects with number
33548, a female from Korway, collected July 2, 1862 ; the claws, how-
ever, are considerably shorter than in the Norway exami)le, aud in all
other specimens of albus in the Museum,

39. Hjematopus NIGER Pall.

(3096). Old Sitka, Alaska, June 1, 1880.
81669 (3122^ head. Sitka Bay, Alaska, June 8, 1880.
(3124) sternum of 3122.

A pair were seen at Port Althorp, June 21 5 they passed and repassed
the veSvSel at anchor, drawing near when their peculiar whistle was imi-
tated, and circling around us several times,

40. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.) Illig.

81709 (3543) alcoholic, St. Paul. Id., Beriug Sea, Aug. 6, 1880,

81403 (3764) g. Point Belcher, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 27, ISf^O.

81404 (3602) <? . Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Aug. 14, 1880.

No. 3602 was shot on the end of the spit. Toes semipalmate, though
when the skin dries this may not be evident. Legs and feet yellow and
olive brown. Bill nearly black at base and tip, the remaining portion
greenish gray.

Measurements from the fresh bird: Length, 9; extent, 19; wing, 6;
tail, 2,37; bill, .81; tarsus, 1.12; middle toe and claw, 1.12, Testes
elongate, minute,

41. Strepsilas ]vrELAN0CEPHALA Vig.

81405 (3789) ^. Elephant Point, Eschscholtz Bay, Alaska, Sept. 2, 1880.

Only a few of these turnstones were seen here.

42. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.) Cuv.

(3115) ^ ad. Sitka, Alaska, June 8, 1880.

81406 (3828) ^ juv. Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Sept. 12, 1880.
(3829) 9 juv. Port Providence, Plover Bay, Sept. 13, 1880.

The single example secured in Alaska was in adult male summer
plumage. It was found on a small rock in the cove near the old fish-
house at Sitka. The following measurements were taken from the fresh,
bird: Length, 12.50; extent, 24.87; wing, 7.G9,

The individuals obtained at Plover Bay were the only two of the
species seen there. They were found on the spit which forms the har-
bor of Port Providence. Land birds were very scarce here during the

164 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

time of our second visit, September 12 to 17. Besides the Squatarola
I saw only Stercorarius crejndatus, Heteroscehis mcamis, Corvus corax
carnivorns, Flectrophanes nivalis, and one wagtail in fliglit.

43. Charadrius dominicus Miill.

81407 (3772) <?. Icy Cape, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 25, 18S0.

Only one small flock of this plover was definitely seen, containing
perhaps not more than a half dozen individuals.

44. Arquatella Couesii Eidgw.

(3879) i . Chemoffsky, Unalaslika, Oct. 1, 1880.

81409(3880) 9- " " " " "

(3891) 9. Iliuliuk, " " 11, "

81408(3893) <? . " " " 13, "

(3894) c?. " " " " "

(3895) 9. " " " " "

Not uncommon on small rocks in Chernoffsky Harbor, near its head
and around the shores. At Iliuliuk, also, I found it feeding on sea-
washed shores, usually on small islets.

45. ACTODROMAS ACUMINATA (Horsf.) Eidgw.

81410 (3825) <?. Port Clarence, Alaska, Sept. 9, 1880.

Found near the margin of one of the small fresh water lagoons.
Eare. This species has not previously been obtained north of St.
Michael's.

40. ACTODROMAS MACULATA (Vicll.) COUCS.

(3765) <?. Point Belcher, Alaska, Arctic O., August 27, 1880.

81411 (3782). " " " " "

Quite common, with Pelidna alpina americana, at small fresh-water
ponds, and sometimes near tide-pools.

47. ACTODROMAS MINUTILLA (Viell.) Bp.

81715 (3501) alcoholic. Belkoffsky, Aliaska, July 23, 1880.

81412 (3591) 9 (?). Belkoffsky, Aliaska, July 23, 1880.

81413 (3597) $. Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, August 13, 1880.

It was a real pleasure to collect land birds at Belkoffsky, although
few species were found — only Centrophanes lapponicns and Passercuivs
sandtcichensis besides the small sand piper. Walking was comfortable
and there were many small, rapid streams of delightfully cool water
rushing down from the steep hill behind the village. The valley be-
tween this hill and the sea is undulating, free from alder and other im-
pediments to travel, rich in grasses and flowers, and abounding in
patches of exceedingly hard stones covered with lichens. Iris, geranium,
aster, Finguicula, azaleas, Jacob's ladder, painted cups, yarrow, and
water willow were in bloom. A fine salmon river falls into Belkoflsky
Bay, and salmon were beginning to ascend. On the low ground birds

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 165

were not abundant, but I heard more up the hillside. The volcano,
Pavlolf,is visible from the village, and was sending up columns of smoke
during our stay.

48. PeLIDNA ALPINA AMERICANA. CasS.

(3598) 9 . Port Providence, Plover Bay. Siberia, Aug- 13, 1880.
(3599). " " " " " " " "

81417 (3600) $. " " . " " " " " "
81415 (3601) <?. " " " " " " 14, "
81416(3778),?. Cape Lisbnrne, Alaska, Arctic O., " " 21, "

(3779) ^ jxiv." " " " " " " " ••

81414 (3780) t?. Cape Lisburue, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 21, 1880.

81418 (3766) 9 . Icy Cape, Alaska, Arctic O., " 25, "

81419 (3783) 9. Point Belclier, " << '< " 27, "

A very common species at all of the places named above. Feeding
on the beach or at tide-pools and fresh- water ponds.

49. EuRiNORHYNCHUS PYGM^us (Liuu.) Pearsou.

81434 (3795) juv. Port Provideuce, Plover Bay, Siberia, 1880.

Shot on the end of the spit by a native, most probably late in August.
Amnuinition was left with this boy on the 13th of August for the ex-
press purpose of getting this sand piper, and one month later we were
rewarded by receiving from him the only specimen we saw of the species.

50. Heteeoscelus incanus (Gmel.) Cones.

(3831) ^. Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Sept, 14, 1880,

81421 (3832) <?. " " " " " " " "

81420 (3907) <? ad, Uiulink, Unalashka, Oct, 16, 1880.
(3822) 2 sternuras, of 3831 and 3832,

The Unalashka specimen was in winter plumage, the only one seen
there. Its call drew me towards it.

At Port Providence no others were observed except the two here
recorded. They were found standing on the rocks near the eastern
border of the harbor, teetering like some of the small species of Acto-
dromas.

51. Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.) Bp.

(3603) <?(?). Oft' Cape Tcbaplin, Siberia, Aug, 15, 1880.

81422 (3604) ^ (?), Oft" Cape Tchapliu, Siberia, Aug. 15, 1880.

81423 (3781) 9 ( ?). Point Belclier, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 27, 1880.
Immense flocks of this phalarope were heard and seen off Cape Tchap-

lin. Their twittering was a very pleasant sound. The day was calm,
clear, and pleasant, so that a line opportunity was afforded for the use
of the dredge and the pursuit of phalaropes. At Point Belcher again
we saw large flocks of the same species, feeding in the swash of the
tide along the beach, and drifting shoreward with the incoming current
from short distances at sea. The northern phalarope, on the other
hand, was observed at the margins of fresh- water lagoons.

166 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

52. LOBIPES HYPEKBOREUS (Lillll.) CuV.

81424 (3791). Port Clarence, Alaska, Sept. 6, 1880.'

In small flocks, feeding at the margins of fresh- water lagoons. Four
individuals were shot.

The spit at Port Clarence, where I collected birds, is long, narrow, and
curved. The width at the astronomical station of the " Yukon" party
must have been about three-fourths of a mile. The ground is level, and
walking good; there are numerous fresh lagoons of very palatable water,
around which birds collect. There are no trees except the very scrubby
dwarf willows. We found a few flowering plants, and manj^ exquisite
lichens. The shallow lagoons are well stocked with sticklebacks. Cen-
trophanes lappoulcus was common ; a few Plectrophanes nivalis were seen
and only one Saxicola amanthe. A wagtail was observed on the 6th and
again on the 8th of September, but too far off for identification. Lams
glaueescens was abundant, associated with kittiwakes.

I saw here a bird which I supposed to be a small wren ; it appeared
unexpectedly, when my attention was fixed on other si:>ecies, alighted
not very far off, was marked down and diligently searched for in a place
where there was no apparent chance of escape, but unfortunately could
not be found.

53. Grus CANADENSIS (Linn.) Temm.

On the 18th of August, in the vicinity of the Diomede Islands, sand-
hill cranes were seen flying towards the American shore.

On the 1st of September, Capt. E. P. Herendeen went ashore on the
east side of Choris Peninsula, and here he saw a sand-hill crane.

64. Bernicla nigricans (Lawr.) Cass.

81425 (3667) ad. <? . Near Icy Cape (Lat. 70° 13' N.), Arctic O., Aug-. 25, 1880.

On the 22d of August, while at anchor 10 miles to the eastward of
Cape Lisburne, we first observed brant migrating southward; great
numbers of them passed us during the day. On the 25th of August
we found them very abundant on the brackish -water lagoons of the s^jit
near Icy Cape.

Measurements taken from number 81425 in the fresh state are the
following: Length, 23.50; extent, 46.02; wiug, 12.87; tail, 4.19; bill,
1.31; head (from base of bill), 2.50; tarsus, 2.31; middle toe and claw,
2.25.
55. Mareca AMERICANA (Gmel.) Steph.

81710 (3678) beads in alcohol. Eschscholtz Bay, Aug. 31, 1880.

Two individuals were shot at Elephant Point, Eschscholtz Bay, Sep-
tember 2, 1880.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 167

50. FULIX sp.

81717 (3481) embryo. Unga Id., Shumagins, Jnly 18, 1880.
(3481) 3 eggs. Unga Id., Shumagius, Jnly 18, 1880.

This nest was obtained by Mr. Marcus Baker ; it contained, when
found, 7 eggs.

57. Olangula albeola (Linn.) Steph.

Many small flocks were seen at Chernoffsky, TJnalashka, October 1 to
4, 1880, and again at Iliuliuk, on the same island, October 5 to 18, 1880.

58. SoMATERiA v-NiGRA Gray.

81426 (3337) jnv. Chugacliik Bay, Cook's Inlet, Jnly 1, 1880.
(3320) 4 eggs. " " " " Jnne 30, "

The young, not able to fly, but wonderfully expert in diving, were
abundant near the head of Plover Bay, Siberia, August 12, 1880; their
disappearance under water was so sudden that I failed to secure even a
single specimen. One of the adult females feigned to be crippled and
labored oft' through the water with much make-believe eftort, to draw us
away from the young.

59. SoMATERiA SPECTABiLis (Liuu.) Boie. *

(371K3) beads in alcobol. Port Clarence, Sept. 9, 1860.

Eight of these ducks were brought to us by an Eskimo as we were
leaving Port Clarence. They were moulting, and the native speared
them.
CO. Pelionetta perspicillata (Linn.) Kaup.

(3123) sternum. Near Hot Springs, Baranoff Id., June 5, 1880.

81712 (3125) bead. Sitka Bay, Alaska, June 9, 1880.
81711 (3126) " " " " " "

81713 (3127) " '' " " " "
These were heads of ^, 9 and young.

61. Mergus merganser americanus (Cass.) Ridgw.

I shot a female of the above species, July 13, 1880, near the margin
of a small fresh-water lake not far from the village of St. Paul, Kodiak
Island.

An egg (number 3389), said to be of this merganser, was obtained from
Nicolas Pavloff, at Wooded Island, Kodiak, about the same time.

62. RiSSA TRIDACTYLA KOTZBUEI (Bp.) COUCS.

(3685) 2 sternums. Cape Lisburne, Arctic O., Aug. 21, 18^0.
(3605) 9 . Port Providence, Plover B., Siberia, Aug. 14, 1880.
(3673) feet of two. Cape Lisburne, Arctic O., " 21, 1880.
(3836) 9 jnv. St. Matbew Id., Bering Sea, Sept. 22, 1880.

The species was abundant in Plover Bay, August 11 to 14 and Sep-
tember 12 to 17.

IGS PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Bill light greenisli yellow ; eyelids, commissure, and iuside of mouth
deep orauge red ; legs and feet black.

The feet of two individuals shot at Cape Lisburne are preserved in
alcohol. There is a well-developed nail on the hind toe of one of these
feet, while the rest of the nails are quite rudimentary. The pair of feet
havingthebest developed nails had, when fresh, a mere trace of yellowish
on the skin of the under surface of the toes, while the other pair had
bright yellow areas on the corresponding parts.

The young female shot at St. Mathew Island was in the nest. The
nests were built of sea-weeds on high, narrow ledges of the inaccessible
cliff's. Abundant in this locality with Fratercula corniculata and Ftil-
marus glaciaUs Rodgersi. At St. Mathew Island we saw a great many
beautiful young kittiwakes flying near Cape Upright, the black collars
and wing j)atches making them attractive objects of pursuit.

63. Larus glaucus Brunn.

81696 (3668) head in alcohol. Cape Lisburne, Arctic O., Aug. 21, 1880
sternum. " " " " " "

The species was abundant at Cape Lisburne.

64. Larus glaucescens Licht.

81695 (3729) alcoholic head. Port Clarence, Alaska, Sept. 6, 1880.
(3729) sternum. " " " " " "

This gull was shot on the western side of the spit, near the point.
Common.

65. Larus marinus Linn.

81694 (3841) juv. head. Chernoffsky, Unalashka, Oct. 1, 1880.

Abundant, feeding at the mouth of the river falling into the head of
Chernoff'sky Bay. The first recorded instance of its occurrence on the
west coast of America.

66. Stercorarius pomatorhinus (Temm.) Viell.

(3738) sternum. Point Belcher, Aug. 27, 1880.

(3670) sternum of 81427.
81427 (3690) 9 ad. Point Belcher, Alaska, Arctic O., Aug. 27, 1880.

(3686) 2 sternnms. " " " " " " "

81702 (3672) head in alcohol. Point Belcher, Aug. 27, 1880.

The eggs of this bird (81427) were very small. The species was very
common, with Kyctea scandiaca, on the rising ground, industriously feed-
ing upon something which I could not make out because of the diffi-
culty of approaching the birds. The flights of this jjeger from sea-
ward to the land and back again were frequent. We found Stercorarius
very abundant in the vicinity of the whaling shij^s, where it fared sump-
tuously.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 169

67. Stercorarius crepidatus (Banks) Viell.

81428 (3830) ? . Port Providence, Plover Bay, Siberia, Sept. 12, 1880.

(3818) 2 sternums. " " " " " " "

81701 (3818) head iu alcohol. " " " " " "

Common. Two examples were shot near tlie head of the spit.

68. DiOlMEDEA NIGRIPES Alld.

(3009) ad. 9 . Pacific Ocean, Lat. 36° 32' N., Long. 126° 13' W., May 15, 1880.

The "Yukon" sailed from San Francisco May 13, proceeding to the
westward several hundred miles and then laying her course for Sitka.
From the time we leit the bar until we neared north latitude 52 degrees
on this voyage D. nigripes was with us every day, soaring around us
w^hen we had a good breeze and leisurely following in our wake or float-
ing astern when the wind was light or wanting. On the above date
(May 15) we caught three of these birds with a fish-hook baited with
pork. Soon after taking them on deck one of them became seasick, and
ejected a piece of pumice. One of the calls of this albatross is similar
to the peeping sound of very young chickens. It makes a peculiar sound,
too, by striking its jaws together when approached on deck, and can in-
flict a painful wound with its sharp hook. These gouies pick up what-
ever floating food is cast from the vessel, and it is surprising to see how
soon after anything is cast overboard a flock of the birds will approach,
although none may be in sight at the time. In alighting after rapid
flight they back air with their wings, drop their legs and thrust their
feet forward to back water, making a light splashing. As soon as a
small flock has gathered the gonies begin to fight and scream over their
floating food, watching one another to see when anything turns up, the
quickest and strongest getting the most. One of the most laughable
things we saw was the chase of an overloaded Fraterctda by one of these
gonies ; the Fraterctda skimmed along close to the surface of the water
and sometimes apparently floundering through it, as if its bodj" were
too heavy for its wings ; the gony followed in hot haste but was soon
foiled, astonished, and apparently much disgusted by the unexpected
diving of the little struggler.

As we proceeded northward we observed a larger proportion of old
birds with the upper and under tail coverts and part of the belly white.
We saw no individuals of D. nigripes as far north as Sitka on the north-
ward voyage. On our homeward way late in October, we saw the spe-
cies frequently when about 700 miles south of Unalashka; a few were re-
ported within 300 miles south of this island.

Measurements of number 3009 from the fresh specimen: Length,
28.50; extent, 79.50; wing, 19.50; tail, 6; bill, 3.75; head, 2.87; tarsus,
3.50; middle toe, 4; middle toe claw, .02; iris umber; tarsus, foot, base
and tip of bill black ; remainder of bill plumbeous.

A second living one, caught with the last, had the bill 4.

170 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

A very large one cauglit May IG gave the following record: Length,
32.50; wing, 21.50; bill, 4.31; upper and under tail coverte white; cris-
sum with some white ; iris umber or golden brown.

69. DioMEDA BRACHYURA Temm.

(33:51 ale. 1474) 4 heads. Alexaudrovsk, Cook's Inlet, July 4, 1880.
(3301) ad. 9 • Cook's lulet, June 29, 1880.
(3333) sternum of 3301.

The specimen here mentioned was shot by Capt. E. P. Herendeen near
the mouth of the inlet, not far from Fort Alexander. The species was
abundant. This example was moulting ; some of the primaries are rudi-
mentary. It has been extremely difficult to kill these birds because they
never come near the vessel nor allow it to approach them closely. Un-
like D. nigripes, it is extremely shy.

Measurements from the recently-killed bird: Extent, 88; wing, 21;
tail, 6.75 ; head, 3.75 ; bill, 5.19 ; tarsus, 3.87 ; middle toe and claw, 5.12.
Bill flesh color, with a faint purplish tinge; hook light horn color;
iris dark brown.

The Kodiak native name for this gony is Kay-mahryeerk'.

In about north latitude 51 degrees we begun to lose sight of D. nigripes,
and i>. hrachyura took its place. From latitude 52 degrees north the
latter species increased in numbers. We found it at various points
around the Gulf of Alaska, but the mouth of Cook's Inlet, and the vicinity
of the Barren Islands, seemed to be its favorite summer resort. Natives
of the trading village Alexandrovsk frequently spear this bird from their
bidarkas. I picked up four skins of this species from a pile of refuse at
this village.

We saw !>. hrachyura in Unimak Pass July 25, and in Bering Sea, off
Makusbin, on the following day. A single individual was seen August
10 about 40 miles to the westward of the entrance to Plover Bay. An-
other individual was seen September 18 to the northward of St. Law-
rence Island. On the 22d of September we saw a few of these birds in
the vicinity of St. Mathew Island. On the 5th of October we saw a few
individuals, in beautiful plumage, while under sail from Chernoffsky,
along the west coast of Unalashka, to Iliuliuk.

70. DiOMEDEA MELANOPHRYS Temm.

On the 3 1st of October a single Biomedea was seen on the Pacific not
far from the following position : North latitude 40° 30', west longitude
142° 23'. Observing that it differed greatly from the common D. nigripes,
I made these notes concerning it: Head, neck, lower parts, and rump
white ; the under surface of the wings, too, shows considerable light
color ; elsewhere the bird is dark gray like n i gripes ; in size it is slightly
less than the nigripes around it; the dark part of the wing of this bird
is very different from the black of D. hrachyura so far as observed; the

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 171

bill is light ; a dark streak runs from the bill behind the eye ; the bird
could not be secured.

This description, taken while the bird was flying- near the vessel, evi-
dently indicates D. melanophrys, as suggested to me by Mr. Eidgway
recently, and, if so, the range of that species will be extended to within
about 1,0G0 miles west of Ca])e Mendocino, California, thus coming well
within the limits of D. nigripes.

71. Fratercula corniculata (Naum.) Gray.

81429 (3837) ad. 9 . St. Mathew Islaud, Bering Sea, Sept. 22, 1880.
Abundant on the cliffs near Cape Upright, where they were inacces-
sible except by shooting. They fairly cover the narrow ledges in com-
pany with fulmars and kitti wakes. Colors of the fresh bird: Bill red
and pale lemon, with narrow stripes of black in the grooves ; corners
of mouth yellow ; iris white ; eyelids red ; palpebral appendages black ;
feet and legs orange ; lighter on the upper surface of the toes and front
of the feet ; worn and soiled so as to appear grayish on the under sur-
face of feet and toes.

The corners of the mouth are soft and 7iot callous. The palpebral ap-
pendages are also soft.

72. Phaleris psittacula (Pall.) Temm.

(34G5) sternum. Little Koniusbi Id., Shumagins, July 16, 1880.

Abundant. The bird whose sternum was prepared flew into a crevice
in the rocks, and was caught without being injured.

73. SiMORHYNCHUs CRISTATELLUS (Pall.) Merrem.

81430 (3827) juv. Big Diomede Island, Bering Strait, Sept. 10, 1880.
Changing to first plumage.

Great bunches of these little auks were brought to us by Eskimo at
Big Diomede. Mr. Baker secured six of the young also on the island.

74. Synthliborhamphus antiquus (Gm.) Coues.

81706 (3116) alcoliolic. Sitka Bay, Alaska, June 9, 1880.
81708(3117) '' . " " " " " "

81707(3118) " " " " '<■ " "

These specimens were shot by Lieut. Com. Chas. H. Eockwell, F. S.
N. ; small flocks were occasionally met with in the bay.

75. Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gm.) Brandt.

81431 (3069) ad. <J . Sitka Bay, Alaska, June 5, 1880.
(307<l) sternum of last.

81705 (3119) alcoholic. Sitka Bay, Alaska, June 9, 1880.
81703(3120) " " " " " " "

81704(3121) " " " " " " "

Not abundant j found in small flocks.

172 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

76. TJRIA COLUJIBA (Pall.) Cass.

81700 (3128) head. Sitka Bay. Alaska, June 9, 1880.
81698(3129) " " "■ " " " "

81699 (3289) heads. PortAlthorp, " " 19, "

(3294) sternum. " " " " " "

At Port Altborp, on the 19th of June, 1880, 1 saw a dozen or more of
these birds feeding in a small cove on George Island. They are very
graceful in their movements. While feeding they put the head under
the water and paddle along with it in that position— moving rather
quickly. When one sees something in the water at a little distance
he makes a rush for it, and others follow to get the prize. In alighting,
after a short, rapid flight, they come down on the water with a tumble.
One of their calls resembles the chipping of a sparrow, and I mistook it
for that several times. They have a low whistle also.

We found it very abundant in the harbor of St. Paul, Kodiak, July
9 to 14, 1880.

77. LoMViA TROILE (Linn.) Brandt.

81697 (3303) head in alcohol. Chugachik Bay, Cook's Inlet, June 30, 1880.
(3305) sternum of last. " " "

(3321) 7 eggs. Chugachick Bay, " " "

Abundant in the inlet.

Distribution of species.

1
1

•6

.2
3

■i

S
1

2
3
4
5
6

Hylocichla unalascce

Merula migratoria

Hesperocichla ncevia

X
X
X

■■

Parus atricapillus septen-
trionalis

7
8
9
10
11
12

■

X
X

Myiodioctes pusillus pileo-

13
14
15
16

X
X

^giothus canescens exiUpes

■

X
X

18
19
20

X
X

Passerculus sandwichensis .

Paseerculus sandivichensig

alaudinus

X
X

23
24

Melospiza fasciata rufina..
Mdospiza cincrea

....

PKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 173

Distribution of species — Continued.

si
<

%
I

1
1

i
1

1
•1

Passerella iliaca unalas-

Corvus corax carnivorus...

X
X
X
X
X

29
30
31
32
33

Empidonax difficilis

Pandion haliaetus caro-

34
35
3G

Buteo borealis calurus

Archihtdeo lagopus sancti-

Hallceetus leucocephalus ...

■ ■

41
42
43
44

Squatarola helvetica

49
50
51

53
54

Grus canadensis

....

Fulix sp**

■"■■l"""

PcUonetta perspicillata

Mergus merganser ameri-

Rissa tridactyla kotzbuei

X
X

Stercorarius pomatorhinus .

Phaleris psittacula

Simorhynchus cristatellus\\
Synthliborhamphus anti-

Brachyrhamphus marmo-

* Bering Sea, 60 miles ESE. from St. George Island.

f Lat. 36° 32' N., long. 126" 13' W.

+ Lat. 40° 32' N., long. 142° 23' W.

§ St. Mathew Island, Bering Sea.

II Big Diomede Island, Bering Strait.

*"*' Unga Island.

U. S. National Museum, May 22, 1882.

174 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

OUTliIIVES OF A MOIVOGRAPH OF THE CY«I\IIV^.*
By L.EONMARD STEJIVEGER.

["It is better to err on the side of minuteneas tb<an of vagueness."— GossE. ]

CYGNIN.E BONAP.

1838. — Cygninw Bp. Comp. List. p. 55.

1850. — Cygnidw Kaup (fide Gray).

1852, — Olorinw Reichb. Syst. Av. p. x.

18G0. — Cijcnidw Des Mues, Tr. Ool. Ornith. p. 537.

DiAGN. — Anatidce having the kind toe without iveb and the lores naJced,
coincident with reticulate tarsi, the latter shorter than the middle toe tcith
claw.

The i^receding marks combined appear to express the essential char-
acters of the Cygnincc. By this dia.5>-nosis I follow Mr. SundevallI
in excluding the genus Coscoroha Reichb., which has the lores feathered
at all ages. As early even as Euppell's monograph of tlie genus
Cygnus, (Mus. Senkenb. Ill), it was separated from the Swans. Here,
however, it may be remarked, that this diagnosis refers only to the
adult birds, because the young have the lores more or less downy or
feathered, except in the genus Chenopis, which has the loral space
naked at all ages. The removal of Coscoroha to the Anatimc will be
discussed more explicitly below. The criterion " tarsi reticulate " further
excludes the genera Cairina Flem. and Plcctropterns Leach, which, it
is true, have the lores naked, but the tarsi of which are scutellate in-
stead of reticulate. Anseranas Less, has certainly both naked lores and
reticulate tarsi, but differs in having the tarsus longer than the middle
toe with claw.

Anatidce which do not at once unite all the above characters conse-
quently belong to one of the other subfamilies.

The whole ftimily Anatidw forms, as to structural features, a very
homogeneous group, and intermediate links are everywhere to be found.
Thus it is very difficult to define the subfamilies anatomically, and to

"The present treatise comprises merely the ontlines of a monograph of the Swans,
intended by the author to bo mnch more complete, but which liis departure for the
Commander Islands prevented him from fini^shing according to the original plan. The
paper contains so many valuable hints and so much important information upon this
interesting group of birds, that it has been thought advisable to publish in it its pres-
ent form, as preliminary to the more elaborate monograph contemplated by the au-
thor after his return. — R. R.

tTent. Meth. Av. Disp. p. 147.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 175

give the structural differences by which they are to be separated, so
that I find it not improbable that an exact investigation, based on a
more abundant material than I can at present procure, will reduce the
subfamilies to groups of lower rank.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBFAMILY.

External characters.

N^eck very long, as long as, or longer than, the body. Bill longer
than the head, broad, and of nearly equal breadth for the whole length,
rounded at the end, culmen high, depressed at the tip; nad rather
large, only slightly arched; lamelhie of upper mandible vertical, in one
row; nostrils situated nearly at the middle of the bill, in the fore part
of the oblong nasal sinus. Lores naked in the adults ; iu all species,
except one, thinly covered with small down or feathers in the young.
Legs short, stout ; lower part of tibia naked; tarsi compressed, nuich
shorter than the middle toe with the claw, and covered with small hex-
agonal plates, the size of which diminishes laterally and posteriorly; the
anterior toes reticulate as far as the second joint, then scutellate; mid-
dle toe longest, longer than the tarsus, the outer longer than the inner,
which has a broad margin; hind toe short, elevated, and without web,*
the claws strong, arched, compressed except the middle, which is only
compressed on the one side, the claw of the inner toe in old birds the
largest and most arched. Wings long, ample, the inner remiges highly
developed, with about 32 quills. Tail composed of 20-24 rectrices,
short, rounded, or cuneate.

Sexes similar.

Os teo log tea I cha racters.

The Swans, restricted as above, have a rather elongated skull, the
intermaxillar portion being especially lengthened, but their cranium
does not otherwise differ materially from that of the other Anati(la\ As
a rule, however, the Cyynhiw lack the two apertures on the occiput just
above the foramen tnarinum, which always are to be found in the other
members of the tiimilyt as well circumscribed and often large foramina.
The glandular depressions along the roof of the orbits are more or less
well marked. They are rather distinct in the genus Cygnus, whereas
they seem to be wanting in most of the other Anatidcc.

The neck is extremely long, longer than the body, and is composed of
the greatest number of vertehrce yet discovered in any recent bird, viz,

*Tliis expression is not quite correct, for I have, iu the freshly-killed biril, always
found a narrow, very slightly developed lobe.

t One specimen of Cairina moschata (Lis. ), which I have examined, had no foutanelles.
I have seen two skulls of Olor columbianus (Ord.) which presented corresponding open-
ings, their limits, however, being lacerated and iu a state indicating that the ossifi-
cation was not yet finished. The other crania of the same siiecies show no trace of
these fontanelles.

176 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

from twenty-two to twenty-six. (The next in order are Coscoroha
Candida having 21, and Branta canadensis with 20, and of birds belong-
ing to other families, the long necked Plotns anliinga with 20 vertebnie
colli, and Plioeni copter us ^ in which I have found only 18.)

The number of the dorsal vertebra' amounts to eight, and consequently
there are eight pairs of dorsal pleur apophyses, the first five usually sup-
porting epipleural appendages. The three last have no uncinate processes
as do likewise neither the two cervical ribs nor the sacral one.

The body of the sternum is square, with the lateral margins quite
l)arallel, and not narrower at the hind
termination of the costal border, where
the last dorsal rib articulates, as in the
other Anatidce. (See figs. 1 and 2.) The
hind border, with two fyroportionally
shallow notches, their length makiiig as
a rule about one-sixth of the greatest
length of the sternum. The middle por-
tion of the end of the sternum usually
slightly sinuated. The crista sterni is
rather high, but the carinal angle does
not j)rotrude forward longer than the
short manubrium, the fore border of the
crista being more or less arched. In the one genus (Olor), the carina of
which is shallow for the reception of a long fold of the windpi])e, the
anterior margin consequently is double; in the other genera only a
little concave. The lower limit of the crista is slightly curved. The
greater portion of the lateral margin of the corpus sterni is occupied
by the costal border, from which eight hwmapophyses ascend to meet the
dorsal ribs, the free border behind being proportionately very short.
The pectoral ridge on the body of the sternum, defining the origin of
mttsculus pectoralis secundus, does not run 'parallel with the external
margin or to the end of the keel, as is the case in the other Anatidce
(figs. 3-5), but passes obliquely towards the middle, which it reaches
before the termination of the crista. This feature, however, is not
always equally marked. In one of the skeletons of the Olor columbianus
which I have examined, the course has some resemblance to that of
Coscoroba, not dismissing, however, its jjeculiar swanlike character.

The clavicles form a broad, rather robust, U-shaped arch, except in
the genus Olor, where the lower end is bent upwards and backwards
to admit the fold of the trachea to enter the hollow keel of the breast
bone.

The coracoids are rather short and very stout bones. The scapula is
proportionaUy short.

The most marked feature in the osteology of the Swans, wherein
they differ from the other members of the family, and which character-
izes them as powerful flyers, seems to be the considerable length of
the humerus and antibracliium, these being almost of equal length*

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 177

When folded and lying close to the body their elbow -joint reaches far
beyond the acetahulmn. Their length is greater than that of the hand,
and considerably more than twice the tarsus.

The 2)€ivis presents only few difi'erences from that of the other Ana-
tidce. It is, however, proportionally louger and narrower, the breadth
between the acetahula making only about one-fifth of the total length of
the ilia. The very prominent ridges, forming the internal borders of
the post-acetabular parts of the i/ia, run from the acetahula backward
nearly parallel, the hinder sacral roof being rather narrow and of equal

Spatula clypeata. — No. 1122, Ai-my Med. Mus. Nat. size.

breadth, whereas in the other Anatidw, the ridges converge backwards
from the more distant acetahula^ forming a wedge-shaped and rather
flat and broad roof. The foramen ischiadicnm is rather large.

The -pelvic limbs agree in every respect with those of the typical mem-
bers of the family, except in the proportional length of the single bones
mutually.

The number of free caudal vertebra' is seven, to which is to be added
the pygostyle.

The Cygnince are more nearly related to the Anatinw than to the An-
serine, the Coscoroba Eeichb. being among Ducks the genus most closely
allied to the Swans. It has also, as stated above, usually been referred
to the latter group, but an accurate examination undoubtedly shows
that Coscoroba belongs to the Cygnince as little as does Cairina to the Anser-
ince, and that Sundevall was right in removing it from the Swans.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 12 July 25, 1 883.

178 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Though both tlie exterior proportions and the color of the Coscoroha
are much Uke those of the Swans, there are, however, considerable dif-
ferences.

In the first place, the bill is not of equal breadth for the whole length
as in the Swans, but broadens, comparatively, considerably towards the
tip, being, besides, more depressed in front of the nostrils, so that, on
the whole, it is a perfect duck-bill. Add to this that the lores, at all
ages, are comijletely feathered. The relation of the wing-feathers is
nearly identical, but there is, however, a ditfereuce, the inner web of the
third primary of Coscoroha not being sijiuated, as is the case in all species
of Cygninw. The relatively inucli longer hind toe of Coscoroha is another
not unimi)ortant difference, the whole nail touching the ground when
the bird walks.

The interior differences are even more essential.

As I have just above given a short characteristic of the most inter-
esting and peculiar facts in the osteology of the SwaTis, I here only in-
tend to enumerate the more essential osteological features wherein Cos-
coroha differs from the Cygnina', mostly leaving to the reader himself to
draw the comparison.

The sl:ull shows only few differences besides the above-mentioned pe-
culiar sliape of the bill. The os lacrymale, however, is more duck-like
than in the Swans, the fore processes Deing more elongated. On the oc-

Pelvis of Coscoroha Candida.— I'fo. 11816, TJ. S. Nat. Mus.

ciput the two fontanelles, above the foramen magnum, are to be found as
well circumscribed, long, and rather narrow apertures (4 by 1.5'""'). The
vertehrw colli amount to 21, the last supporting a free rib without epi-
pleural appendage. Seven vertehrw of the dorsal section with their pleura-
p)ophyses and hwmopojjJiyses, the five first having uncinate processes. One
sacral rib. The number of free coccygeal vertehrw is only five plus the
pygostyle. The sternum is quite duck-like in its outlines, the lateral mar-
gins converging to the articulations of the last dorsal hmmapophyses, and
from this jKjint again diverging. The costal horder is comparatively
short. The notches of the hind margin very deep, making about ^ of
the whole length of the sternum. The pectoral ridge for the origin of
muse, pectoralis secundus runs backwards to the end of the crista, the
lower border of which forms an undulating line, being higher ou the

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 179

fore portion; the carinal angle overhangs the mamihrium considerably;

the fore border of the keel is sharp

and rather straight. Most of these

features will be well seen in fig. 4.

The hracMum and antihracMum are

of the same length, proportionally

much shorter than in the Swans, their

length being shorter than twice the

tarsus, and only equal to the distance

between the shoulder and hip joints.

The j^cJvis is, as fig. G shows, quite

typically duck-like. Compared with

fig. 7, the pelvis of a swan, and with

fig. 22, in Owens Anat. Vertebr., II,

p. 32, representing a typical pelvis

of a duck, the diflerences from the

former and the identity with the latter

are easily perceptible, the greatei

breadth and wedge-shaped form ot

the post-acetabular sacral roof being

the most essential characters.

In nearly all the above-mentioned
features Coscoroha differs from the
Swans, while the same characters
draw it near to the true Ducks ; or, in
other words, in nearly all the points
wherein the Cygnimc differ from the
Anatinw, the Coscoroha agrees with
the latter.

There can, after this, be no doubt fji
where it, for the future, should be
placed in the system.*

It is, however, unquestionable that p^i.^^^ cyonu. gim,,.-
the Swans, through Coscoroha, are Mus.

more nearly allied to the Anatinw than they are to the Anserirue.

No. 158C, Army Med.

But

* The genus Coscoroha only comprises two species, of which one is known merely from
a single specimen. The following is a short synopsis :

Coscoroha Eeichb.
= 1852. — Coscoroha Eeichb. Syst. Avium, p. x.

= 1855.— " PsettrfoZor G. R. Gray, MSS." Catal. Gen. Subgen. Bird's Brit. Mus., p.
122.
= 1872.—PseuclocijcHus Sundev., Tent. Meth. Av. Disp. p. 147.

Key to the specks :
a' Primaries with black tips; the nail of the bill flesh-colored ; feet red.

1. Candida (Vieill.) 1816.
o* Primaries entirely white ; the nail of the bill black ; feet orange-colored.
2. davidi SwiNH. 1870.

180 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

this statement refers only to the recent forms, because we, in reality,
Lave a fossil species, whicli seems to be an intermediate link between the
swans and geese. This form is the Cygmisfak'oneri Pakkek,* a gigantic
swan from the Zebbug-Cave, Malta, nearly one-third larger than average
individuals of the Mute Swan. It stood on longer legs, and had the
comparatively short toes of a goose. In fact, the tarsi were consider-
ably longer in proportion than those of the recent swans, the toes being
very short, so that, whilst the proximal joint of the middle toe is one-
fourth thicker than that of the Mute Swan, it is only three fourths the
length. As this species evidently is generically quite distinct from any
of the recent genera, I propose for it the name

Paljeocycnus * Stejueger gen. nov.

Type Palojocycrms falconeri.

Fossil Swans have not been found longer back than the diluvium,
Mr. K. i.WEN indicating the existence of a Swan from the diluvious
strata of Essex, alongside of the bones of Ulejjhas primigenius and
Rhinoceros tichorhinus. In the caves of France and of Malta, in the so-

1. Coscoroha Candida (Vieill.)

1162.— Anas coscoroha Molin., Stor. Nat. Chili (p. 207).
1818. — Anser candidus Vieill., Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii, p. 331.
Ib'Sl.—Ci/gniis anatoidcs KiXG, Pr. Zool. Soc. Loncl. 1830-31, p. 15.
1837. — Cygnus hyperhoreus d'Orbigny, Mag. Zool. p. — .
1854. — Cygnus chionis Light., Noiiiencl. p. 101.

Hah.— South. America, from Chili and Buenos Ayres sonthwaid to the Falkland
Islands.

List of specimens and dimensions.

1
S
s

o
3

Locality.

From the tip of
the bill to—

■5 ^

Length of toes,
with claws.

Museum.

1
1

The ante-
rior bor-
der of-

1
1
O

1
1

Leyden

G6theburg

Gotheburg

1071...

Eiode la Plata.
Montevideo...
....do

d ..

cTad.
$ad.

mml mm
75 42
82 44
71 38

mm
98

106
92

mm
32
30
22

mm\mm
112 125
11 !l28
906 102

mm
93
96

28
32

mm
87
89
76

mm
161
138
120

mm,
455
480
405

2. Coscoroha davidi Swinhoe.

1870.— Cygnus {Coscoroha) davidi Swinh., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1370, p. 430.
Hab. — China. Only one specimen known.
Both species are white with red bill.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1865, p. 752.
* TcaXcab'i = antiqmis, hvhvo? ;= cygnus.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 181

called "Kjolikenmoddings" of Denmark, and iu the leavings of the
lake-dwellings of Switzerland the bones of Olor cygnus are found toler-
ably common, and likewise from the peat-bogs of England. From
Belgium, Prof. P. I. van Blueden has described a separate species as
Cygnus JierenthalsU* from "une phalange du pied."

The subfamily Cygnimc is at the present time considered to embrace
nine recent .species, distributed in four different genera.

This number is only one more than Ruppell already indicated in his
monograph, but amongst the eight considered by him are enumerated
Cairina moschata{Li^.) and Plectropterus riippelUi Sclat. {= gamhensis
Rtipp. uec Linn.). Blainville gave, in Compt. Esnd. VII, 1838, pp.
1022-1020, and Lesson, in Rev. Zool. 1839, pp. 321-324, an enumeration
of the species belonging to the genus, also comprising eight, having,
instead of the two last, adopted C. coscoroha (Mol.) and immutaMlis
Yarr., whilst, however, they did not distinguish between hewickii
Yaer. and columhianus (Ord). Eyton having published in 1838 his
"Monograph of the Anatidaj" separates these, and thus makes species.
SchleGtEL, in his synopsis of the genus (Mus. P.-B. 1866, VI, Anseres^
pp. 78-83) enumerates eight 8i)ecies. He, it is true, adopts also coscoroha
(Mol.) as belonging to this genus; on the other hand, however, he does
not recognize G. immutaMlis Yarr, as a distinct species.

LiNNyEUS only described one species of Swan under the name of Anas
cygnus, enumerating, however, the tame Swan among the synonyms as
var. mansuetus; but in 1779 Pallas had already separated the latter
specifically, and retained for it the title of cygnus, whilst the Hooper re-
ceived the name olor.

Molina, in 1782, described the Chilian Swan as Anas melaneorypha.

In 1788 Gmelin described nigricolUs after Bougainville and me-
lanocej)hala after Molina. In the mean time, as these two are synony-
mous with Molina's melaneorypha, the number of species known at that
time amounted still to only three.

In 1790 Latham described atratus. In the same year it was described
by Bonnaterre under the name of Anser Kovoe-Hollandice.

Lewis and Clarke, in their "Travels" (1814), separated the Ameri-
can Swan, which Ord, in the second American edition of Guthrie's
Geography iu the following year (1815), gave the systematic name Anas
colimibianus, thus making the fifth species.

In 1830 Yarrell described Cygnus bewicMi as new, by which the
number of species was increased to six. In the same year Breiim in-
dicated C, islandicus as a supx)osed new species, which, however, is only
a synonym of Olor cygnus.

The seventh species was added in the following year (1831) by Rich-
ardson, viz: C. buccinator from ISTorth America.

The eighth dates from the year 1S38, when Yarrell introduced C.
immutaMlis into the system.

* Jour, de Zool. I, 187:2, p. 288, (C. herrenthalsi Ibis, 1873, p. 434.)

1S2 PKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Three Swans, which vou Pelzeln iu 18G2 described as belonging to
immutaMlis, are in the present work introduced under C. iimcini, a spe-
cies which Hume founded iu 1871 on two immature specimens, and
which has usually been regarded as the young of C. gibhiis Bechst.
Thus we at preseut allow nine species of Swans.

The C.passmori, described by Hincks in 1805, seems only to be a young
huccinator. Gijgnus davidi, which was described by Swinhoe in 1870,
does not belong to the Swans, but to the genus Coscoroha Eeichb.
amongst the Anathuc. (See p. 180.)

Until Bechstein in 1803 indicated the genus Cygnus, the species be-
longing to this group were referred to the great Linn^AN genus Anas.
The new genus was soon commonly adopted, and remained undivided
until 1832, when Waglek* divided it into three, viz : Chcno^ns, Olor,
and Cygrms.

At first I was inclined to regard all the Swans as belonging to only
one genus. But since Prof. Theo. Gill has drawn my attention to
several differences in the structure I have convinced myself that the
genera in question are as well founded as a greater part of genera among
the A^iatidw, which I never hesitated to admit. If one would adopt the
view of Mr. Seebohm,! that the color is the most important generic
criterion, only two genera ought to be established, the one white and
the other black ; but the greatest ditferences are even to be found be-
tween the white species, this fact, for one, showing the untenabiiity of
Mr. Seebohm's standpoint. The color can indicate where the limits of
a genus are to be drawn, and may in many cases be of great value as
instruction when the matter is doubtful, or may also add an important
character to the other ones, but it ought not to be the only or even the
main character of a genus, which should merely be based upon struct-
ural marks.

In the matter now before us it will, however, be seen that if we admit
any subdivision of the genus, the black-necked Swan must be separated
from the Pala?arctic knob-billed Swan {Cygnus gihhus) and its congeners
to obtain equivalency with the different groups.J I therefore propose
the new genus ISthenelus, the number of recent genera thus being four.
For the fossil C.falconerl I have introduced a fifth genus, Palaeocycnus.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

o'. Predominant color of the adults wbite; young with do^ny or feathered lores; ter-
tiaries and scapulars uoroial, not crisi^; tail longer than the middle toe
"with claw.

• Eearlier than this BoiE had asserted the necessity of this divisou (Oken's Isis 1822,
p. 564, nat).

tCat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. v, p. viii : "These so-called structural characters have
no generic value at all." (!)

tREiCHKNBACH, in his Naturg. Vog. Neuholl, p. 343, expresses the same opinion,
nowhere, however, as far as I cau detect, giving a name.

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 183

¥. Tail cnneate; tlie young witli the down on the sides of the bill not forming
loral antisB.*
ci. Inner webs of ontcr four primaries and outer webs of the second, third,
fourth, and fifth sinuated ; the young with the down on the sides of the
bill reaching almost to the nostrils; webs of the feet scalloped.

1. Stlmnelus Ste.jnegee 1882.
c^. Inner webs of outer three primaries and out«r webs of the second, third,
and fourth sinuated ; the young with the down on the sides of the bill
terminating far back of the nostrils ; webs of the feet straight, not scal-
loped.

•2. Cijgnus Bechst. 1803.

&2. Tail rounded; the young with the down on the sides of the bill forming very
distinct loral autiaj.

3. Olor Wagl. 1832.
a". Piedominant color of the adults blackish ; the young with naked lores

tertiaries

and scapulars crisp ; tail shorter than the middle toe with claw.
4. Chenopis Wagl. 1832.
Geographical distribution.

The Cygmme appear both in the northern and the southern hemi-
spheres as extra-tropical birds, no representatives of these large Lamelli-
rostris being found within the tropics. They are consequently wanting
both in the Indo-African Tropical — they do not at all breed in Africa —
and in the American Tropical Eegion, only one species being met with
in the South American Temperate and one in the Australian Eegion.
The remaining seven species occur in the Arctic and the North Temper-
ate Regions, the greatest number, viz, five, being found in the Old World,
and here they only extend their winter migrations to the two southern
provinces, the Mediterranean and the Manchurian, without breeuing
there. The two ISTorth American species only breed within the Ameri-
can division of the Arctic Region.

The following table gives a synopsis of their distribution:
Table I.

Arctic reg.

North temp,
reg.

ft
1

1
3

■-S

Name of species.

ri
1

Slhenehii) melancorypha

Cygnus gibbu.i

immutabilis

unwini

Olor cygnus

X
X

X
X
X
X

columbianus

Chenopis atratus

biU.

'This term denotes the projecting angle of the loral feathering at the base of the

184 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 185

Sthenelus * Stejneger gen. nov.

DiAGN. — Predominant color of the adults, u-liite; young with dowvy or feathered lores,
the down on the sides of the bill reaching almost to the nostrils, hut not forming distinct
loral antice ; tertiaries and scapulars normal, not crisp; tail longer than the middle toe
tviih claw, cuneate; inner wehs of outer four primaries and outer uebs of the second, third,
fourth, and fifth sinuated; tvebs of the feet scalloped. (See fig. 8, aud compare with
fig. 10.)

Nail of biU. ( ) ^^ 49083

Anterior edge of webs of Cygnus gibhus. i^

49530

Fig. 8.
Anterior edge of webs of Sthenelus melancorypha

Sthenelus melancorypha (Mol.).

Black-necked Swan.

DiAGN. — Head and necJc hrownish hlaclc ; body white; young in the
down piire white ; legs pale flesh -colored.
Syn. — 1782 — Anas melancorypha Molina, Stor. Nat., Chili, p. 207.

VlSQ^Anas melancoripha Brandis, Uebers Molin, Naturg. Chili, p. 207.

1788 — Anas nigricollis Gmel., Syst. Nat. I, p. 502.

1788 — Anas melanoeephala Gmel., ut supra.

1810— ^nas melanocorypha Molina, Stor. Nat. Chil., 2 ed. (p. 199).

1837 — "Anas melanocorphynphus Mol." Less. Corupl. Buff. IX, p. 528.

1839 — ^'Anas melanocoryphea Mol." Less. Eev. Zool. 1839, p. 322.

1839 — "Anser melanocoryphus Bonn." Less., ut supra.

Coll. Stejneger No. 716, ( ^ ad. South America).

Length of bill from tip to mouth TO""'", to anterior border of the nos-
trils 40'"'", to the forward angle of the eye 95""". Breadth of bill at the
nostrils, 26'"™. Length of toes with claw: outer toe 111, middle toe
118, inner toe 95, and hind toe 21""^. Tarsus 87, longest tail feathers
110, and wings 450'""^. From tip of bill to the base of the frontal knob
43""" ; the height of which amounts to 16"'".

The bill, in front of the tubercle and a point under the middle of the
nostrils, is dark plumbeous, while the tubercle, the base of the bill be-
hind the point mentioned and the naked lores, are yellowish brown. In

*2£veXoi, uom. myth., father of Cycnus, Ov. ilet. 2, 367.

186 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tbe live bird, these parts are stated to be, respectively, light plumbeous,
with white nail, and intense rose-red. Iris is said to be brown or almost
black. The legs are, in the skin, light brownish; in the live bird, pale
flesh color.

Tbe head and the upper two-thirds of the neck are of a beautiful
blackish-brown color, with velvet gloss; a narrow white stripe sur-
rounds the eye, from the hind angle of which it extends backward into
the nape, but without meeting the stripe from the other side. On the
chin a large white spot. The whole remaining plumage is pure white.

9 differs from the c? only in being smaller.

Coll. Stejneger No. 711, (<? jun. South America).

Length of bill along gape 69™°', from the tip to the front of the nos-
trils 39'"™, to the fore border of the eye 98™™, breadth at the nostrils
25™™. Length of toes with claw: outer toe 103, middle toe 110, inner toe
01, and hind toe 22™™. Length of tarsus 87, tailfeathers 110, and wing
400'"™.

The bill, which does not show the slightest trace of a frontal knob, is,
in the dried condition, dark yellowish-red at the base, gradually chang-
ing into dark brownish towards the tip ; the nail light yellowish. Legs
light yellowish gray, with darker webs.

The plumage is white with pale rusty edges on each feather, this
tinge being most intense on the upper parts. The head and the upper
two-thirds of the neck, as in the adult described above; the brown,
however, being considerably lighter. The limit of the feathering round
the base of the bill very light, becoming almost white round the eye
and on the chin, on which the light color forms a rather large spot;
from the hind angle of each eye the white stripe extends backward,
nearly meeting its fellow on the median line of the nai)e. The prima-
ries are white, the tips broadly edged with dark chocolate-brown on the
outer five, becoming narrower and fainter on the following quills; in
the former, the colored edge is about 20™™ broad at the tips, tapering
towards the base on both webs, and becoming first obsolete on the outer
web; the shafts of the outer quills are brown for the most part, gradu-
ally decreasing towards the innermost, the shafts of which are almost
white to the very tip. The primary coverts are also more or less marked
with brown shadings on the tips of the webs and shafts.

Another young specimen, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 49530 (9 jim. — Con-
chitas, Buenos Ayres, June, 18GG), shows the following dimensions:
Length of bill from the tip to the mouth Gl'"™, to the fore border of
the nostrils 34'"™, to the front of the eye 83™™, breadth 21™™. Length
of toes with claw : outer toe 87, middle toe 95, inner toe 74, and hind toe,
20™™. Tarsus 88, tailfeathers 104, and wings 395™™.

No trace of fi'ontal knob, the culmen only slightly rising above the
nostrils.

Color as in the foregoing specimen, with the exception that the
white behind the eyes is almost wanting, and the edges of the feathers

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 187

J"ig. 12.

Cygnus gihbus.

Fig. 13. _,./'

of the middle part of the Beck are conspicuously lighter brown, be-
coming almost white above towards the limit of the white part of the
neck. Besides, the middle tail feathers are brownish gray on the inner
web tOAvards the tip; this color on the outer ones also extending into
the outer web, which, however, is edged with white to the very tip; the
shafts are brown.

In specimen No. 6GG05, U. 8. Wat. Mus., which has the knob still very
small, viz, only 3™"% the plumage has already
become pure white, without any trace of brown
shadings or spots, the same being the case in
iV^o. 2, Mus. Leid., in which the height of the
tubercle only amounts to S'"'".

The doicny xilumage is white. The following '
dimensions and descriptions are from two
cygnets hatched in the Zoological Garden in
Eotterdam: ' '^- ^",...../ O

Mus. Leiden. (9 FuUus, 34 days old.)

Length of bill along gape oG«>™, from tip to
fore border of the nostrils 20"^™, to tbe eye
55"'™, lireadth 12'""\ Length of toes with
claw: outer toe 43, middle toe 44, inner toe
34, and hind toe 10'"™. Tarsus, oo""'"'.

Pure white; the down of the upper parts is
gray at the base, giving the upi)er surface a
faint grayish tinge. Bill lead-black, with the nail light. Legs yellow-
ish gray, with the webs grayish yellow.

Mus. Leiden. ( i Pullus, 1 day old.)

Length of commissure 21""^^ bill from tip to the nostrils 12, to the
eye 30""", breadth of bill 8"^"^. Length of toes with claw: outer toe 29,
middle toe 31, inner toe 24, hind toe C, and tarsus 23"^"*.

Pure white; the grayish tinge on the upper surface almost impercep-
tible.

As may be seen by reference to fig. 13, ahnost the whole of the base
of the bill in this species is covered with down, which reaches much
more than half way to the nostrils, both above and below, and having
a very diflerent anterior outline from the same stage of species of Cyg-
nus and Olor, as shown in figs. 12 and 14.

Olor Columbia nils.

188 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 189

Ctgnus Bechst. 1803.

DiAGN. — Predominant color of the adults ivhite; young icitli doumy or
feathered lores, the down on the sides of the bill terminating far hael: of the
nostrils, and not forming distinct loral anticc; tertiaries and scapulars nor-
mal, not crisp ; tail longer than the middle toe icith claiv, cuneate ; inner
webs of outer three primaries and outer icebs of the second, third, and fourth
sinuated; tvebs of the feet straight, not scalloped.

Syn.— < imS.—Cifgnus Bechst., Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 404.
< 1840.— Cycnus Temm., Man. d'Oni. 2 ed. IV, p, 526.
= 18'l2.—Olor Bp., Catal. Meth. Uccell. Europ. (gen. 206). (Nee Wagl.)

Synojjsis of the sjtecies.

a'. Cnliuen with a knob at the base.

bK Frontal knob larger; legs in the adults black; young gray or brownish gray,
with the bill lead-color.

1. gibhus Bechst. 1809.

h"^. Frontal knob smaller; legs in the adults gray or yellowish gray; young white,
with the bill light pinkish red.

a^. Culnien without knob.

2. immutabilis Yark. 1838,
3. xinwini Hume 1871.

Cygnus gibbus Bechst.
Mute Swan.

DiAGN. — Culmen with a large knob at the base ; legs in the adults blade;
young gray or brownish gray, with the bill lead-color.

Syn.— 17.58.— Jjjas cygnus Linx., Syst. Nat. x, ed. I, p. 122 {part).

1783. — Alias cygjias BODD., Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (ed. Tegetm.).

1788. — Anas olor G^KL., Syst. Nat. I, p. 501 (nee Pall. 1779 qiv.v Olor cygnus (Li.).).

1809.— Cygnus gibbus Bechst., Genieinn. Naturg. Deutschl. IV, p. 815.

1811.— Cygnus sibilus Pall., Zoogr. Rosso-As. II, p. 215.

1817. — Cygnus mutus Forster, Syuopt. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 64.

1820. — " Cygnus gibbosus Meyer," Kuhl, Buff. Fig. Av. Noni. Syst. pp. 16 and 26.

1828.— Cygnus mansuetus Flem., Brit. Anim. (j). 126).

1858. — ^^ Cygnus slbilans Pall.," Nilss. Skand. Fauna, Fogl. 3 ed. II, p. 386.

This species has usually been called Cygnus olor (Gmel. nee Pall.
1811). But, as will be shown below, Pallas has given the name Anas
olor to the Hooper long before Gmelin compiled his Systema, Naturalis,
for which reason the name of the latter must be suppressed for the
present species. The matter stands as follows: Pallas, in 1779, in
the introduction to a treatise on Anas glocitans (Sv. Yetensk. Acad.
Handl. XL, p. 2G-27), says as follows: . . , "Duck-genus [Anas)
. . . most kinds occur very generally both in Europe, Asia, and
America, but not in the Tropics. Thus also ..." the Swan is to be

190 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

foimd, not only that wbicli is rigiitly called Cygmis, wliicli lias a lioarse
and hissing voice, but also the OJor, which the newest zoologists hesi-
tate over, and which has a clear and i)leasant voice, which can be heard
far; it ought thus to belong to a different species." In a foot-note he
adds: "I mean here the so-called C^r/wMs/er^ts, . . . which . . •
really is a distinct species from the so-called Cygmis mansuetnsy He
gives the name clearly, in a scientific and highly distinguished journal,
which, at that time, was widely spread over everywhere where the
science of natural history was cultivated, and four years after the
above-quoted remarks were translated into German (Schwed. Abhaudl.
Uebersetzt von A. G. Kiistner, 41 vol. p. 23, Leipzic, 1783). He urges
repeatedly that the same species (in opposition to Linnaeus, who had
only distinguished between the two Swans as the wild and the tame
state of the same species) must be separated, and his indication of
which kind he means is fully unmistakable. By this he has fulfilled
all demands by adopting a name given by an author. In this case it is
not less than nine years older than Gimelin's. But of his errors, the
same applies to this as to many others — that science must not allow
itself to be bound by them, even if it should cause the greatest difficul-
ties to rectify the mistake.

Among the synonyms of this species Mr. Dresser (Birds of Eur.)
cites ^^Anas {Cygmis) mmisuetus, Lath. Gen. Synopsis, Suppl. p. 297
(1787)." This quotation is not correct, and can be misapprehended, as
if Latham had given the name mansuetns as a specific one, but he
only writes —

Genus XCII.
Anas.

. . . Cygmis {ferns) . . .

. . . {mansuetus) . . .

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 191

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192 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Cygnus immutahilis Yare.
Polish Swan.*

DiAGN. — Culmen until a smaller Jcnoh at the base; legs in the aclulls
slate-gray or yellowish gray ; young white ^ icith the bill light pinMsh red.

Syn. — 1838.— Cygmis immutahilis Yarr., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, p. 19 (nee v. Pelz,
18(i2, quse C. unwini Hume),

Since Yarrell, in 1838, described this species, but few contributions
to the ehicidation of the questions concerning its habitat and its rela-
tion to C. gibbus have been made. The time was when its right as a
species was generally denied, essentially for the reason that a few in-
stances of mixed broods with both white and gray cygnets were stated
to have occurred. But at present, the opinion being inclined to regard
such a case as "the result of an alliance between a Mute and a Polish
Swan," the distinction of these two species seems to be generally ad-
nntted — at least in England. The various investigations about this
question are described at great length, and important new observa-
tions given, by Mr. Dresser in his Birds of Europe, Parts Ixxvii,
Ixxviii, and Ixxix, April, 1880, but not even he has answered the in-
quiry as to the true habitat of the immutabilis. At first I regarded
it as an eastern form, confounding it with G. unwini; but I have now
convinced myself that the latter constitutes a different species, and I
am inclined to believe that the English immutahilis will show itself to
be a western bird. Specimens can easily be overlooked, and a few may,
perhaps, be found in one or another of the European museums (as, for
instance, the example in Mus. Leiden.), but I see no reason why it should
be supposed that the ornithologists of the continent have been less ex-
act in this case than those of England. I therefore regard the species
as being very scarce on the European continent; the only specimen
from there was killed in Holland, just opposite to England, in which
latter country it seems to be not even rare.

Blainville has already questioned whether the immutabilis is not
the wild form of the Tame Swan, and we see that Mr. Dresser for a
long time also was inclined to indorse the same view, which, however,
my investigations most positively contradict, it appears to me that
the question, with more right, could be asked conversely, viz, whether
the Polish Swan is not a race originated by domestication ; but even
this seems not to be the case, as it appears from the quotation in Mr.
Dresser's Birds of Eur. (1. c.) of the experiences of Mr. SmpsoN, "who
had from seventy to a hundred cygnets through his hands yearly for
the past thirty years, and who never saw a white one," and f.om the
statement of Mr. Dresser himself, that the Changeless Swan, " so far

*Not "Polar Swjiu (Cygne du Pole)" as Blainville, Compt. Reud. VII, 1838, p.
1024, and after him Degl. «fe Gerbe, Ornith. Eur. II, p. 477, indicates.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 193

as he can ascertain, has only been recorded in a wild state from the
shores of Great Britain."* Should it, after all, be an absurd supposition
that immutabilis is the indigenous wild English Swan, while gibbus is
inctigenous only to the continent, but introduced, in a half domesticated
state, to England during the time of Richard I"?

This Swan presents the peculiar fact that the young of it are better
distinguishable from its nearest allies than the adults of both species
in their perfect plumage. This is, however, no objection to its right to
be considered a species any more than in the case of two other species,
the plumages of whose young are quite alike.

The most conspicuous distinctive mark of the two species is that the
young (in down and in the first plumage) of immutabilis are white, and
not gray or brownish, as in gibbus. They are, however, not pure white,
at least not always, as they were described as being on the back more
or less tinged with warm bufl*.

They differ also in the color of the bill, this being pale pinkish red in
the young immntahiUs and i^lumbeous in gibbus. It cannot here be ob-
jected that the Mute Swan in the later youth also has the bill of a sim-
ilar color, as it, during the transition to the white plumage, begins to
take a reddish tone, because the mentioned red color on the bill of the
young Polish Swan is to be found already in the first summer simul-
taneous with the first feathers, as is evident from Mr. Soutwell's
(Dresser 1. c.) description of the plumage of three young the 20th of
August: "They had then assumed nearly all their feathers and were
more than half grown ; the color was white, apparently stained or sul-
lied by a yellowish tint, which was strongest on the wing-coverts; feet
pale ash-color, and beak a purplish flesh-color, differing entirelj^ from
the lead-color of the bill in the young Mute Swan of the same age."
Also the color of the bill of the adult birds is diftereut, the Polish Swan
having it rather redder than the continental species.

The frontal knob is said to be smaller in immutabilis at all ages. It
is, however, present also in the quite young, as is evident from Mr.
Dresser's plate, fig. 2. The eye and the lamella, too, are said to be
smaller.

The character now to be mentioned belongs only to the adult birds.
In the adult gibbus the legs are jet-black, sometimes with a shade of red
shining through the black color; in immutabilis their color is variously
stated to be from pale j)! mbeous or slate-gray to a light drab color.
This latter color they had in the specimen examined by me. In the
young the color of the feet is nearly the same in the two species, and it

*I8 the statement, p. 4, about the captures of immutabilis in NorfolTc, enumerated by
Mr. Stevknson, contrary to this? He says: "Some, at least, if not most of these,
however, were undoubtedly birds Avhich had straggled from other waters, aud not
genuine wild birds." I cannot plainly see if these words are the refiectious of Mr.
Dresser himself or only a quotation of Mr. Stevenson.

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 13 Jwly S5, 1 882.

194 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

is expressly stated "that at no stage of growth is this a character to be
depended upon."

In their size they seem not to differ. Mr. Dresser gives the total
length of the adult male of gihhus at about four and a half to five feet,
the gape 3.55 inches, and the tarsus 4.5 inches ; and of the adult immu-
lahiUs, respectively at about five feet, 3.6, and 4.25 inches. The differ-
ences in the length of the wing, 27 inches as against 23.5, and yet more
in the length of the tail, 10 to 6.8, are certainly quite considerable, but
not more shan sometimes occurs in the same species, especially as it is
probable that the feathers of the specimen from North-Repps are not fully
developed.

Finally, there are the osteological differences described by Mr. Pel-
ERIN (Mag. Nat. Hist., 1839, p. 178), which I have had no occasion to
verify, and which I cannot remember to have seen confirmed or denied
by any other thar Mr. Yarrell himself.

The English ornithologists may after this be right when they urge the
independence of C. immiitabilis, and it should be a great offense against
the science if one would unite these two forms and hereby cut off", or at
least trouble, the study of this particular phenomenon.

As far as my investigations go, they also agree with the results of the
English authors. In Schlegel's Catal. Mus. P.-B., YI, Anseres, p. 79,
a male "de I'ann^e" is enumerated under Cygnus olor (Gmel.) as
killed on the Lake of Haarlem in the month of December, 1840. The
description of this interesting specimen, which certainly belongs to C.
immutahilis Yarr., is as follows :

Mus. Leiden, C olor No. 3 (<?, Lalce of Haarlem, Holland, December,
1840).

Length of the bill along the gape, 102""' ; from the tip to the fore
border of the nostrils 60, and to the eye 131'"'". Length of toes with
claws: Outer toe 139, middle toe 145, inner toe 112, and hind toe 30'""\
Tarsus 95, tail 158, and wing 565'""'- The distance from the tip of the
bill to the fore border of the knob 82""", the knob itself being 6'"'" high.

The whole plumage pure white, with a faint rose-colored shade on the
•wing-coverts, and a rust-colored tinge on the crown and chin. The tar-
sus and toes yellowish-gray, the webs grayish-yellow. The original color
of the bill cannot be recognized in the dried specimen.

If one compare the above dimensions with those given on Table IV, it
will be seen that they agree quite well with the smallest specimen. The
small size of the frontal knob, and the remarkably light feet, are very
characteristic features, combined with the white plumage. I therefore
regard the identification of this specimen with G. immutahilis to be un-
questionable.

As to the colors of the young, I refer to the descriptions given above.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 195
Cygmis umcini Hume.
Kuobless Swan.

DiAGN. — Culmen tcithout knob ; legs in the adults slate-colored ; young
gray or brownish gray.

Syn. — ? 1804. — Anas dirccca Hermann, Observ. Zool. I, p. 139.

1862. — Cynus immutabiUs v. Pelzeln, Sclir. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, xii, p. 785

(nee Yarr. 1838).
1871. — Cijgnns unwlni A. 0. Hume, Ibis 1871, p. 413.
1871.— Ciigmis olor Salvin, Ibis 1871, p. 413 (uec Pall., nee Gm.).
1872. — Cygnus iirwini Gibbel, Tlies. Oru. I, p. 857.

Note 1 to the synonymy. — Dkesser cites Hermann's Anas dircwa as
belonging to immutabiUs Yarr. with a query. Because the descri])tioa
of the said author contains the phrase "corpore ciwereo" I regard tliis
reference unadvisable. The resembLance of the title Cygnus polonicus^
cited by Hermann, and the English name, "Polish Swau," is of no
consequence for the reason that such a title is not to be found in
Gesner, in spite of the quotation.* It belongs rather to the species
here in question, but the phrase ^'rostro rubro''^ makes me hesitate,
because I am not satisfied whether the young of this species has a red
bill or not. From the description of Hume it seems that it should not
be the case. Hermann does not speak about the knob, it is true, but
if it had been completely absent he should not have failed to mention
it. I have therefore introduced it into the above synonymy with some
doubt.

Note 2. — The museum at Vienna received in the year 1857 three adult
swans which Mr. Zelebor had captured in the month of March the
foregoing year, and which had been deposited in the imperial menagerie
at Schonbrunn, near Vienna, where they died in the beginning of the
said year. Misled by the statement that white and gray cygnets had
been found in the same brood, Mr. A. v. Pelzeln, in a short article
(1. c), identified the specimens with the C. immutahiUs Yarr.

Mr. A. V. Pelzeln has had the great courtesy to send one of the
specimens a great distance for my inspection, and I am thus enabled to
make up my own ojiinion.

As fiir as I can judge the specimens in question are distinct from both
the gibbus and the immutabiUs. From both these species they are sep-
arated by the complete absence of even the slightest trace of a tubercle
or knob, by their inferior size, and by the different form of the bill.
From the former, with which they agree in having the plumage of the
young brownish, they are further distinguishable by the legs and webs,
which are "slate-colored, changing into olive," and from the latter by
having a brownish and not white plumage of the young.

'' Hermann quotes: Gesner, Edit. Francof. 1604, p. 273 B: but on p. 373 B (on p. 273
lie treats of Ciconia) lie only says: "1h Polonia cygni sunt divcrsi generis; sunt enim alij
feri, 2)ari magnitudine, alij domcstici, quoi'um vox suavis est, ij- tuba refert."

196 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES XATIOXAL MUSEUM.

lu 1871 Mr. A. O. Hume described two yoiiug swans from Iu;lia un-
der the name C. tmicini, which I consider not to be identical with the
gibbiis, as is the general opinion, for the following reason:

They are said to have not the fixintest trace of a tubercle. The young
of the common Mute Swan get their knob very early, as soon as they
have been full feathered. The fact that the female has a smaller and
more indistinct knob is of no consequence, while Hume had before him
both male and female. They were, too, full grown, ready to take the
white plumage in the first spring, and in this age the young gibhus has
a very distinct knob, even in the female sex.

Nor can these birds be identified with the immutabiUs Yarr., the
total absence of the knob and the brownish ])lumage being invincible
obstacles.

On the other hand, the description in these points agrees very well
with the above-mentioned birds from Egypt. The following description
is by Hume: "From the frontal feathers to beyond the end of the nasal
fossa, a distance of very nearly 1^ inch, the culmen is a perfectly straight
line. Beyond this there is a very shallow concavity to the posterior
margin of the nail."

To the foregoing five specimens I add a sixth, which agrees in the
eastern habitat, the absence of the tubercle, and the apparently dark
young plumage, viz: the bird, w^hich C. A. Wright mentions (Ibis,
1874, p. 241), as follows: "There is an example of C. olor in the Malta
University INIuseum nearly pure white, but with scarcely any appear-
ance of the frontal knob."

The Polish Swans, indicated to have been found in Corfu and Epirus
(Ibis, 1860, p. 351, and 1870, p. 338), probably may also belong to the
species here in question.

K. K. Hof.-Nat. Cab. Vienna. [Tal-en alive in March, 1856, on Lal-e
Menzaleh, Egypt; died in confinement at Vienna, 1857. By H. Zele-
BOR.)

Total length 1,300'"'" (v. Pelzeln in litt.) *

Length of the bill along gape Ol"'™, from the tip to the front of the
nostrils 51"'", to the fore border of the eye 113"""; breadth of bill at
nostrils 32'"'". Length of toes with claws: outer toe 138, middle toe
148, inner toe 108, and hind toe 30'"'". Tarsus 96, wing 535, and tail
193""".

Mr. A. V. Pelzeln t describes the color of the bill on the newly dead
bird as orange changing into crimson, with the same black markings
as the Mute Swan. On the stuffed bird the black color has the follow-

* The dimensions of the two other specimens were : Total length 1,360 and IjSSO™"' ;
wing 540 and 550; bill along gape 105 and 85'"'". (v. Pelz. !» Utt.)

tSehr. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, Bd. XII. 1862, p. 785: Notiz. Uber Cygnus immuta-
lilis Yarkell. Von A. v. Pelzeln.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. VjI

iug extension : The naked skin between the base of the bill and the eye ;
further, a large si)ot S'"'" long, on the culmen adjacent to the frontal
feathers, and connected with the black loral space by a small black
stripe; besides, the whole skin covering the nasal cavity is black, sur-
rounded by the red-bill color; finally, the nail both on the upper and
lower mandible with the edges of both jaws. " The legs and webs are
not black, but slate-colored, changing into olive" (v. Pelzeln).

Plumage pure white with a few brownish feathers here and there, the
remains of the young plumage.

For the sake of completeness, I here give the main points of Mr.
Hume's description of the coloration of the young.

( (? and 9 jun. Juhbee stream, on the borders of the Hazara and Ka-
undpindes districts, India. — 11th January, 1871. — By Capt. Unwin.)

"If from each side of the frontal tongue of feathers, about half an
inch from its point, a. slightly curving line be drawn to a point on the
edge of the upper mandible about a quarter of an inch from the gape,
the whole of the space inclosed by such line between it and the eye is
perfectly black. At the extreme point of the frontal feathers, again, is
a black band about a quarter of an inch wide, which extends right and
left over the whole narial space. The nail is black; the rest of the bill
was light gray. The legs and feet, I may add, were grayish black.

"The general color of the lower surface is a dull white; of the upper
whitey -brown. The crown and occiput wood-brown; the greater por-
tion of the wing, the scapulars, and rump are \vood or sandy brown.
There is nowhere any trace of a ' sooty gray.' The brown is essentially
a buffy or sandy brown, though here and there, as in the feathers of the
base of the neck, a faint grayish shade is intermingled.

"Both male and female, though diflering somewhat in size, are pre-
cisely similar both as regards plumage and coloration of the bill."

I am aware that of late there have been published two or three papers
about the Indian Swans in " Stray Feathers," and in the "Journal of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal," but as I have not been able to pro-
cure any of them, I cannot say whether they have any influence on the
question discussed above. If they really prove that Capt. Unwin's
young birds belong to Cygnus gibMs, I would propose that the present
species, which certainly at all events is distinct from the Knob-Swan,
should be called Cygnus pelzelni.

Olor Wage. 1832.

DiAGN. — Predominant color of the adults white ; the young ivith downy
or feathered lores, the down on the sides of the hill terminating far back of
the 7iostrils, and forming very distinct loral antiw; tertiaries and scapulars
normal, not crisp; tail longer than the middle toe with claw, rounded; in-

198 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tier webs of outer three primaries, and outer icehs of the second, third, and
fourth, sinuated; webs of the feet not scalloped.

Syn.— = 1832.— 0/or Wagler, Isis 1832, p. 1234 (uec Bp. 1842, quae Cijgnus).
\S\b.—Cijgnm Gekbe, Eev. Zool., 1845, p. 244.

Synopsis of the spedes.

a'. The distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind border of the nostrils
much longer than the distance from the latter to the tip of the bill.
b'. The yellow color at the base of the bill extending beyond the nostrils.

1. cygnus (Lm.), 1758.

b^. The yellow color at the base of the bill not extending to the nostrils.

c^. Smaller: Total length about 1,150™"; middle toe with claw about 125'"";
the yellow spot at the base of the bill making at least i of the surface of
the bill and lores.

2. hewhckii (Yarr.), 1830.

c^ Larger: Total length about 1,400'""; middle toe with claw about 140'"'" ;
the yellow spot at the base of the bill making, at most, iV of the surface
of the bill and lores.

3. columhianus (Ord.), 1815.

a*. The distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind border of the nostrils
equal to the distance from the latter to the tip of the bill.

4. hioeinator (Rich.), 1831.

Olor cygnus (Lin.).
Hooper Swan.

DiAGN. — The distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind
border of the nostrils is much longer than the distance from the latter to the
tip of the bill; the yellow color at the base of the bill extending beyond the
nostrils, malting % of the surface of the bill and lore.

Syn. — 1758. — Anas cygnus Lixx., Syst. Nat. x ed. I, p. 122 (part).

1779. — Anas olor Pall., Sv. Vet. Acad. Handl. XL, p. 27 (nee Gmel. 1788 quae

Cygnus gihhus Bechst. )
1809. — Cygnus musicus Bechst., Gemein. Naturg. Deutschl. IV, p. 830 (nee Bp.

1826, qu8B 0. columUanus (Ord)).
1810. — Cygnus melanorhynchus Mey. & Wolf, Taschb. Vog. Deutschl. II, p. 498.
1816. — Cygnus ferus Leach, Syst. Cat. Mam. &, Birds, Br. Mus. (p. 37) (neo

Bartr. 1791, quiB ? 0. columbianus (Ord)).
1830. — Cygnus islandicus Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 1135 (nee Naum. 1838, quas 0.

bewickii (Yarr) ).
1842. — Cygnus xanihorliinus "Navm., Vog. Deutschl. XI, p. 478.
1877. — Cygnus linnei Malm., Gotebs. och Bohusl. Fauna, pp. 90 and 343.

Since Bechstein raised the specific name cygnus, given by Linn^us,
to the rank of a generic name, the species has been called musicus or ferus.
As synonymous, Cygnus olor Pall., Zoogr. Kosso-Asiat. II, p. 211 (nee

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 199

Gmel. 1783) has been thus quoted. But the name of Pallas has,
without doubt, the priority in this species, as I have shown above (p. 189),
for which both Bechstein's name for this and Gmelin's olor must give
way, and I cannot see but that the authors, who only admit one genus
of Swans, viz, Cygrms, must adopt the name of Pallas as the oldest
for the present species. It is certainly a serious matter to transfer the
name, which the Mute Swan has borne so long, to the Hooper, but if
we consider the right of priority, there is nothing else to be done. In
this case it does not depend upon a question which can be disputed,
how the old authors' descriptions can be interpreted (as, for examj)le,
with Sterna Mr undo and Stercorarius parasiticus). [See the note under
Cygnus gibbus.]

200 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 201

Olor bewicMi (Yaer.).

Bewick's Swan.

DiAGN. — The distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind
border of the nostrils is much longer than the distance from the latter to the
tip of the hill; the yellow color at the base of the bill does not extend to the
nostrils, maMng at least ^ of the surface of the bill and lores. Smaller : Total
length about 1150"""; middle toe with claw ahout 125"'"\

Syn, — 1830. — Cygnus lewickii Yarrell, Trans. Lin. Soc. XVI, p. 453 (nee Rich. 1831

quai O. columbianus (Ord) ).
1838. — Cygnus islandicm Naum., Wiegm. Arcbiv, IV, 1838, p. 364 (nee Breiim,

1830, qna; Olor cygnus (Lin.)).
1838. — Cygnus herwicMi Eyton, Monogr. Anat. PI. 18 (err. typ.).
1840. — Cygnus minor Keys. & Blas., Wirbelth. Europ. p. LXXXII.
1842. — Cygnus melanorhinus Naum., Vog. Deutselil. XI, p. 497.*
1851. — Cygnus musicus Kj.erboll., Orn. Dan., PI. XLIV (nee Bechst. quje 0.

cygnus (Lin. ) ).
1854. — Cygnus americanus Hartl., Nanmannia, 1854, p. 327 (nee Siiarpl. qua9

columbianus (Ord) ).
1856. — ''Cygnus altwmi Homeyer" Bp., Cat. Parzud., p. 15.
1866. — " Cygnus altmnii Badeker," Schlegel, Mus. P. B., VI, Anseres, p. 82.
1880. — Cygnus hewicki Drp:sser, Birds of Eur. pt. Ixxvii-lxsix.

Note 1. — 111 Pallas's Zoograpliia Eosso-Asiatica I, p. 214, this
species is found to be separated from the common Hooper, but only as
variety "/5 minor'''' nnder Cygnus olor A In 1840 Keyseeling aud
Blasius altered the name j^iven by Pallas to a binominal, and called
the species minor ; but already, 10 years earlier,^ Yaerell had described
it under the name bewicMi. The same year Breiim, in Isis, had named
a little Swan as islandicus, but after what I have tried to show, in my
second note on the synonymy, it does not belong here, bnt to the
Hooper, whilst the species described and well drawn by Naumann in
Wiegmann's Archiv. 1838, under Beehm's name islandicus certaiuly
belougs to bewickii; he altered the name 4 years later to melanorhinus.
In Naumannia for the year 1854, p. 145, Taf. I and II, Professor Altum
described and delineated a little Swan after specimens killed in North-
western Germany, and which he considered to be a new species, difler-
ent from bewickii, but without giving it a name, and whose principal

*GiEBEL, Thesaur. Ornith. I, cites, "Wiegm. Areh. IV, 1838, p. 361, Taf. 9," and
Dresser, B. of Eur., has the same quotation.

t Althougli Pallas's description in the above-named place only partly refers to C.
hewickii, it will not do to place his name as unconditionally synonymous with the
Hooper, as Mr. Finsch does (Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ver. Wien XXXIX, 1879, p. 255).

t A specimen was killed in France in 1807, and was deposited in the museum at
Leiden under the name Cygnus musicus, until I, the last summer, identified it with
heivitJcii.

202 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

character consisted in the unmixed black color of the whole culmen.
During the discussion which followed, the name Altum's Swan was
occasionally employed to indicate the specimens described by him, and
hence probably " Cygntis altumW originated.

Note 2.— Mr, Dresser indicates the year of publication of Yarrell's
name to be 1833, probably because the volume of the "Transactions" in
question bears that date on the title-page. But the part in which
Yarrell's treatise was ])rinted was published in 1830. Besides, Mr.
Dresser quotes "p. 445," which also is that on which the treatise be-
gins, but the name and the diagnosis first occur on p. 453.

j^ote 3. — Prof. J. Eeinhardt has already made a statement* which,
strauge to say, has generally been overlooked, to the effect that C.
L. Brehm's Gygnus islandicus is not synonymous with the species in
question. His description in Oken's Isis, 1830, p. 1135, and in Handb.
Vog. Deutschl. 1831, p. 832, contains nothing on which the identity can
be founded, with the exception that the Iceland Swan was smaller,
"frequently G inches shorter," than the Hooper. Besides, the shape of
the bill of the two supposed species was indicated to be different, but
not in such a manner that anything about the present question is to be
concluded from this. It is highly improbable that Brehm could really
have a G. heividcii before him without taking notice of the difference
between the extension of the yellow on the beak. The matter will be
found to be quite certain when we look at the drawing in his Handb.
Yog. Deutschl., pi. xli, fig. 1, which, according to p. 1035, is meant to
represent C. islandicus. Though drawn by Goetz, and belonging to
the class of unlucky representations, it still unmistakably shows the
extension of the yellow color, both in the upper and the lower mandi-
ble, precisely as in the Hooper, viz, the yellow color is carried to a
point under the nostrils, and Brehm expressly assures us that all the
figures are drawn from nature. Neither can it be pleaded as a proof
against the opinion here expressed that Iceland is stated as the habitat
after it is known that (7. hewicldi has never been seen there. Neither
do Brehm's small specimens allow themselves to be referred to as any
pigmy variety of the Hooper. Prof. J. Eeinhardt, in Copenhagen,
has, at all events, kindly informed me that those Swans occurring in
Iceland cannot be separated from those of the continent on account of
smaller size.t Here it must be remarked that the so-called consider-
able difference in size, viz, "6 inches," is not especially extraordinary.
The difference between the largest and smallest individuals of the lat-
ter species which I have measured (except an unusually small speci-
men from Greenland) amounts to 5 inches.

Note 4. — The uppermost figure to the right on Plate xliv in Kj^r-

* Natuhistorisk Tidsskrift, II (p. 532).

X Personally I liave had no opportunity of examining skins of specimens from Ice-
land. In the mean time this aft'air ought to be very closely examined. I refer here
to the remarkably small si^ecimen of the Hooper from Greenland, included in the table
of dimensions on p. 202.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. 203

BOLLiNG's " Ornithologia Danica" represents undoubtedly a C. heiciclii,
although that on the i^late is called musicus, and although the author
in the text under the latter species refers to the same represeutation.
The yellow color on the beak has in fact precisely the peculiar limit of
that in hewickii.

Note 5. — In riCDLEGEL's Mus. P.-B. Ameres^ p. 82, and in Degland
and Gerbe's Ornith. Europ. II, p. 474 (probably on his authority), as
synonymous with the sui^posed species, Cygnus altumii,* Badeker is
stated, without date and without naming the place from which the quo-
tation is taken. In Bonaparte's Cat. Ois. Eur. Parzudaki, 1858, in
Severzow's "Turkistanskie Jevotnie," 1873, and again in Mr. Dres-
ser's translation of the same in the Ibis, 1876, j). 410, also in Cab. Journ.
Ornith. 1875, j). 184, the name Cygnus altiimi occurs, but with the
author's name, Homeyer, added. Mr. E. v. Homeyeb has in the
meantime had the kindness to inform me as follows: "Neither I nor
any of my friends in Berlin have any knowledge that Badeker has
anywhere spoken of a C. altumii. Neither have I ever done so. ... I
repeat that t have never spoken about G. alUimii, and do not know how
Severzow can have quoted me." Prof. B. Altum writes to me that
the Swan described by him in Naumannia IV, p. 145, Badeker has
had figured with the name in question. He can, however, neither give
place nor date.

Coll. Stejneger no. 394. ( ? ad. Soninie, Jadcleren, Norway, 58^ 53"
N. lat., 22d January, 1880. By Mr. SoPHUS A. Buch.)

Totnl length of the newly-killed bird, 1,135""" ; length of the bill
along gape, 89""" ; from the hip to the front of the nostrils, 39'""' ; to
the fore border of the eye, 108"'™ ; length of toes with claws : outer toe
116, middle toe 124, inner toe 99, and hind toe 19"™. Tarsus 90,
wing 530, and tail 163"™.

Bill, black on the whole surface from the tip to the front, and on the
sides to a point about 15'"™ behind the nostrils; the remainder and the
naked lores intense reddish-yellow, about of the same color as the pulp
of the blood-orange ; the border of the black color forms a very jagged
line ; on that part of the culmen which lies between the lateral yellow
spots the yellow color shines through the black, like the shadings in
marble ; along the forehead towards the eye both the beak and the
lores are black ; the lower jaw black, the margins with the lamellie dark
tiesh-colored ; the naked skin of the chin grayish-black, with trans-
l^arent faint yellowish marbled shadings. Feet, grayish-black.

The plumage pure white, with a fine ashy-gray tinge on the sides of
the head, and edged with pale rust-color on the feathers of the fore-
head, crown, and cheeks.

* Or altumi, as Degl. aud Gerbe, 1867, write it.

204 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Mus. Bergen {Balestrand, Sogn, Norway, Gl^ S" N. Lat, 19th January,
1880. By Mr. Sv0edrup.)

Length of the bill from the tip to the mouth 89"'", to the front of the
nostrils 39""", and to the fore border of the eye 113'"'". Length of toes
with claws : outer toe 118, middle toe 127, inner toe 9G, and hind toe
21'"™. Tarsus 92, wing 550, and tail 166'"™.

In this specimen, when fresh, the lateral spots on the bill are of a
purer yellow color than the preceding, without red ; also the whole
culmen is jet black, without the shaded yellow transverse stripe towards
the forehead ; the margin of the lower mandible with the lamella quite
light flesh-colored.

On the whole like the former, although without the grayish tinge on
the sides of the head.

Coll. of Norway Scientific Soc. Trondhjem. ( 9 f ad., Stjord-
alen, Norway, 63^ 25" N. Lat. — The first half of February, 1880.)

Length of bill along gape, ST""; from the tip to the front of the
nostrils, 39'"™ ; to the fore border of the eye, 116™™. Length of toes
with claws : Outer toe 117, middle toe 125, inner toe 95, and hind toe
22mm. Tarsus 92, wing 560, and tail 163™™.

The shortest distance from the openings of the nostrils to the yellow
lateral spot on the base of the bill amounts to 18™"" . The lateral spots
are in connection with each other over the culmen by a narrow yellow
stripe, which forms an angle in the middle of the culmen with the point
turned towards the front ; the margin nearest the feathers of the fore-
head, blackish. From the upper and hinder border of the skin of the
nostrils, but not in immediate connection with the yellow at the base
of the bill, a yellowish brown spot almost 8'"'" long extends towards the
tip to cr. 10™'^ from the hind border of the openings of the nostrils. Skin
of the chin brownish.

The whole plumage dazzlingly white, with faint yellowish edges on
the feathers of the fore part of the head.

Coll. of ^S'orway Scientific Soc. Trondhjem {Jun. ; Hitren, Nor-
way, Q30 30" N. Lat. Last of December, 1879. J5y J/r. Arnet).

Mr. Storm* gives the total length at ] ,040""™. The distance from the
tip of the bill to the mouth I foiind in the stuffed specimen to be 83™™,
to the fore border of the nostrils 37™™, and to the anterior angle of the
eye 109™™. Length of the toes with claws: Outer toe 114, middle toe
120, inner toe 91, and hind toe 18™™. Tarsus 92, wing 500™™, and tail
134™™. The slight differences in the dimensions given by Mr. Storm
(l. c.) of the same specimen probably arise from some difference in our
respective modes of measurement. The dimensions given here are car-
ried out in the same manner as all those undertaken and introduced by
me into this treatise.
" *Kgl. N. Vidmsk. Selsk. Skr, 1879, p, 129,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 205

From the base forward to between the nostrils and the nail, the bill
on the unskiuned bird was tiesh-colored (Mr. Storm, I. c. and i)i litt.).
The red color in the dried condition has now exactly the same extent,
but has changed to a dull yellowish-red in the hinder part and dark
crimson in the front part; border, tip, and a spot round the opening of
the nostrils, black. Mr. Storm describes the feet in the freshly-killed
specimen as grayish, lighter than in the adult, and the iris as light
grayish.

The upper part of the head and neck dull bluish-gray, with the edges
of the feathers on the head lighter ; chin and throat dirty-Avhite; fore-
head partly with rather strong rusty -yellow tinge; round the eyes a
sharply-defined, downy, white ring. Eest of the surface of the body
light violet-gray, with the edges of the feathers tawny yellow ; on the
back, shouhlers, wing-coverts, sides, and the rather purer light bluish-
gray rump, the shafts are blackish, forming very distinct dark streaks;
on each shoulder a pure white feather protrudes, with a few gray rays.
The underside whitish, with the edges of the feathers rust-colored,
especially on the middle of the belly ; crissum shaded with dull grayish.
The primaries a trifle darker than the back, the first with a white stripe
in the outer web, along the shaft ; tlie primary coverts rather light. Rec-
trices gray, lighter along the edge of the inner web; a cluster of the
outer tail-coverts on each side pure white.

The tail consists of 20 rectrices.*

Mus. University Copenhagen (9 jun. Veiling, Jufland, DenmarJ:,
Gth ALarch, 1859.)

Length of the bill along gape, 82™"' ; to the fore border of the nostrils,
36"'"; and to the fore border of the bill, 104""". Breadth at the nos-
trils, 28"'"'. Length of toes with claws: Outer toe 114, middle toe 119,
inner toe 97, and hind toe 24"'"'. Tarsus 90, wing 475, and tail 138""".

Lores almost bare, and the light color on those and the bill yellow.
This color extends along the edge of the upper mandible not farther
than is usual in the adult birds, whilst that on the culmen reaches as
far as the fore border of the nostrils; likewise the hinder part of the
skin of the nostrils is yellow. On the culmen, straight up from the
upper posterior point of the skin of the nostrils, a large horseshoe-
shaped black spot, with the opening towards the back. The limits be-
tween black and yellow less distinct than in the adult.

The color of the plumage about the same as that of the young speci-
men in the collection at Trondhjem, described above, although not so
bluish; the tint on the back, wings, and tail feathers being, on the con-
trary, brownish. Also, the shafts are light, except on the remiges and
rectrices, the shafts of which are brownish. The forehead and the abdo-
men with rusty -yellow tinge.

* Mr. Dresser, Birds of Enr., part for April, 1880, says: " The young bird is said to
have only eighteeu or nineteeu tail-feathers."

206 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

? Mus. Acad. ]S"at. Sci. Philadelphia, No. 1794. {Pull. Eurcpe.)

Length of bill along gape, 2G'"'"; from the tip to the fore border of
the nostrils 14, and to the anterior angle of the eye 36™". Breadth of
the bill at the nostrils, 10™'". Toes with claws: Outer toe 32, middle
toe 33, inner toe 27, and hind toe 8""". Tarsus 33"'™.

Color of the bill, brownish, with whitish nail. Legs yellowish-gray.

The down on the upper surface has a distinct tinge of brownish on
the white ground, this tinge changing into a lighter tone on the under-
side of the neck, while it forms a very well defined limit against the
white on the rest of the under surface.

This specimen is admitted to the j^resent species with doubt. Per-
haps it may belong to 0. cygrius ; but the proportionately great height
of the bill at the base, and the positron of the nostrils parallel to the
commissure and not to the culmen, seem to indicate it to be a true
^hewiclcii.

Bewick's Swan has often been confounded with both the Hooper
and 0. columbianus^ and even quite recently doubts about the difference
from the first mentioned have been stated; whilst the erroneous identi-
fication of columhianUs with hewicMi has caused the impression that the
latter is to be found in the Nearctic region.

When once attention has been drawn to the difference between the
adult Hooper and the adult hewicku, it is almost impossible after-
wards to make a mistake between them, as one, only from the color
of the beak, will be able to distinguish them from each other, apart
from the size and structural differences, which will be spoken of later.
In the Hooper, the yellow color on the bill and lores embraces really a
larger surface than the black, and reaches, even on the jaw, in a pointed
angle to under and in front of the nostrils, whilst that in the bewiclcii
only embraces about one-third of the surface of the bill aud lores, as also
that in the latter ends in a curved line behind the nostrils, without
reaching them. On some individuals one sees a very little portion or
spot of the yellow, stretching itself on to the skin of the nostrils, where
it occasionally is said to extend in a narrow stripe to the hind border of
the opening of the nostrils, but on the jaw itself the yellow color does
not reach by a long way near the opening of the nostrils. The men-
tioned relation concerning the extent of the yellow on the skin of the
nostrils I have most frequently observed on specimens from Denmark.

As is clearly shown by a comparison of the measurements given in
Tables Y and VI, the difference in size alone is sufficient to separate the
adult birds of both species from each other.

With regard to the adults there is thus no difficulty. On the con-
trary, it is not always so easy to distinguish the young birds of the two
species from each other, as in them the given distinctions in the color of
the bill and the size do not always hold good. Dr. O. FmscH thinks,
after having spoken about the mentioned difficulties, which for him even

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 207

appear to raise doubts about tlie specific value of hewicMi* (Yerli. Zool.

Bot. Ver. Wien, 1879, p. 256), that " only the shorter tarsus and middle

toe can be given as distinctions"; but

even this mark cannot be employed with

individuals that have not yet reached

their full size. I have therefore looked

about after another distinctive mark,

and believe I have found one, which is

characteristic in all ages. I*

What there is most peculiar in 0. he- 1

wicMi, when comi^ared with the Hooper, §

is without doubt the higher and rather s"

shorter form of the bill, and on the whole

the bill is that part in which we can

expect to find the most essential char-
acters in these birds.

I have had the beaks of two full-
grown young birds, in gray plumage,

photographed, the one of Bewick's,

the other of the Hooper, so that the
former, in order to be more easily com-
pared, is so much enlarged that it has
obtained exactly the same size as the o
latter. Figs. 15 and IG are taken very |
carefully after these photographs. I

If one takes the distances from the |i
tip of the bill to the hind border of the |'
nostrils, and from this point again to
the mouth, in the one figure, between
the feet of the dividers, and places these
measurements on the other figure, it
will be very easy to convince oneself
that the nostrils in bewicMi lie nearer
the tip of the bill than in the Hooper,
which can also be expressed thus, viz,
that in the Hooper the distance from the mouth to the hind border of
the nostrils is equal to the distance between this and the hind border
of the nail of the bill, whilst in hewiekn the former distance is equal to
that between the hind border of the nostrils and a point on the middle

*When Dr. Finsch, ], c, in his comparative table of the dimensious, quotes *lie
measurements of Professor Schlkgel, and thereby makes out that the difference in size
between cygnus and hewickii is only slight, it should not be forgotten that one of the
specimens which Professor Schlegel measures as ctignus is only a female of hewicUi,
and, moreover, a very small one, too, as is fully evident from my table.

The mistake of Professor Schlegel is the more strange frojii -the fact that he in his
catalogue (p. 81) expressly adverts to the peculiar extension of the yellow color on
the biU being exactly that of the typical hewickii.

208 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of tlie nail. It will further be easily seen in the same figure that a
straight line laid along the upper border of the nostrils in the Hooper
will go almost parallel with the culmen, whilst this in Bewick's Swan
will form a much more obtuse angle with the same.*

It will not be diflBcult in general in these birds to notice through the
skin of the bill the outlines of the bones which lie underneath. Espec-
ially easy will one be able to discern the outlines of the processus
maxiUaris of the nasal bone with the open angle lying back and below the
same, between the named processus and the arcus zygomaticus {x on figs.
15, 16), together with the angle lying above and to the front (yon the same
figures), formed by the 2)roc£ss us maxiUaris and intermaxillaris of the os
nasale.

In all the specimens which I have examined it has shown itself that
the processus maxiUaris in 0. cygmis is much more inclined than in 0.
hewiclii, in which it is more perpendicular, so that perpendicular lines
through the upper points of the angles x and y in the figures, descending
to a line parallel with the commissure, have a not inconsiderable dis-
tance from each other in hewicJcii, whilst they come together, or almost
so, in the Hooper; or, in other words, in the latter the point of the angle
X extends so far forward that it comes almost under the point of the
angle y, which is far from being the case in Bewick's Swan. The re-
lation can be very clearly seeu in the sketches.

I have thus always found the formation of the bill, in old as well as in
young specimens; and I have but little doubt that this relation, which
agrees with the greater height of the bill in hewicMi, will show itself to
be au excellent, easily perceived, and constant mark, and that by this
the difficulty of distinguishing the young birds of both species by the
assistance of outward marks is satisfactorily settled.

Besides, if one compare the two above-mentioned young birds, sepa-
rately described (see pp. 206 and 207), which would have taken, the ensu-
ing spring, the white i^lumage of the old birds, the color does not show
any particular difference. Exactly the contrary to what Mr. Dresser
(Birds of Eur., April, 1880) describes,! the young heicickii now before me
is considerably lighter than my specimen of the Hooper. Besides, the
former has on the back numerous blackish hairlike stripes, formed by
the dark-colored shafts, whilst they in the other are not darker than
the radii. Another young specimen of the Hooper, belonging to the
Bergen Museum, and which I have described in Nyt Mag. for Naturv.,
XXV, p. 145, is similar to the one in my collection.

*Naumann has already drawn attention to this feature.

t Said to resemble the young of C. musicus, but is, of course, mi;ch smaller, and the
coloration of the plumage is rather darker.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEU

SUM. 209

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July S^, 18 8S,

210 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Olor columhianns (Ord.)
Whistling Swan.

DiAGN. — The distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind bor-
der of the nostrils much longer than the distance from the latter to the tip
of the Mil ; the yellow color at the base of the bill does not extend to the
nostrils^ making at most xs of the surface of the bill and lores; larger.
Total length about 1,400'""' ; middle toe with claic about 140"™.

Syn. — ? 1791. — Cygims ferns Bartram, Travels (p. 294) (uec Leach, 1816 quie 0. cygnus

(L.)).
1815. — Anas columhianns Ord, Guthrie's Geogr. 2d Amer. ed. (p. 319).
1826. — Anas cygnus Bp., Obs. Nomencl. Wils. p. — (nee Lin. 1758).
1826. — Cygnus musicus Bp., ut supra (uec Bechst. 1809, qutB O. cygnus (L.)).
1831. — Cygnus ferus Sharpless, Doughty's Cab. Nat. Hist. I. No. 8, p. 181

(uec Leach, 1816).
IS^l.-^Cygnus americanus Sharpl., op. cit. p. 185.*
1831. — Cygnus iewickii Rich., iu Sw. & Eich., Fauna Bor., Amer. II, p. 465

(uec Yarr. 1830).

N'ote 1 to the Synonymy. — As it seems impossible to decide whether
Bartram has met with the Trumpeter or the Whistling Swan, I have
admitted it to the latter species with query. Probably it may belong
to this, but on the probability alone I should not like to transfer to any
species a name which another bird has borne during a long time.

I^ote 2. — In order to justify the change of the uame givxn by Sharp-
less, and the reinstatement of Ord's title, I quote below Dr. Elliott
CouES's investigation iu this matter: — " By their size and the difference
in the voice, the two American si)ecies are correctly discriminated by
Lewis and Clarke ;t nnfortunarely, however, they blunder in the
matter by saying that the large species (i. e., the one subsequently
called Cygnus buccinator by Sir John Eichardson) is the same as that
common on the Atlantic coast; whereas, it is their other species, here
called by them the Trumpeter, that is found also in the Atlantic States.
But this confusion must not be allowed to stand in the light of the main
point of this case, which is that in 1815, Ord based his Anas columbi-
anus exclusively upon the Whistling Swan of Lewis and Clarke, i. e.,
upon the smaller of the two species, subsequently named Cygnus ameri-
canus by Sharpless. The blunder of the original authors does not
extend to Ord, to whose name columbianus should be restored its right-
ful priority." (Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr. 2d ser. No. 0,
p. 444.)

Note 3. — In opposition to those American ornithologists who have re-
garded the specimen from Igloolik (iu 06° K. Lat.), desciibed by Kich-

* Only the word "Americana" occurs, the whole name, Cygnus americanus first being
found in Sharpless's paper in the Americ. Jouru. Sc. Art. xxii, 1832, p. 83. The date
of number 8 of Doughty's Cabinet is 1831 and not 1830, as generally quoted.

t History of the Expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clarke.
By Paul Allen, Philad., 1814, II, (p. 192).

PEOCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 211

AHDSON in Faun. Bor.-Amer. II. p. 465, as belonging to 0. columhianm,
Piofessor SCHLEOEL (Mas. T. B. VI, Anseres, p. 82) refers it to hewicJdl
under AThich name Eichaedson also described it. In the mean time
after It has been slioTvn that this species does not at all occur in the
^ew World, It appears to be certain that the American ornithologists are
right. The description contains, besides, nothing that speaks in favor of
ScHLEaEL's opinion. -Cere orange (that color entirely behind the
Bostrils)" agrees fully as well to 0. cohmUanus. It is not so remarka-
le that EiCHARDSON himself identifies it with Yarrell's hewicldL for
this was first described the previous year, and that without special de-
tails concerning the color of the bill. Besides, it would almost seem
as If the specimen had not been preserved, and the description com-
piled from memory, or from a short notice in his journal. When the sneci
men was killed at Igloolik the 0. hewicJcil was'not yet described. It is
therefore most probable that Richardson at the time overiooked the
species, and then, when first informed of the description of Yarrell
has remembered that he had killed a Swan on which the yellow colo;
lid not extend to the nostrils. In confirmation of this, it may be stated
that the dimensions given are not of the specimen described, but copied
from YARRELL, and that it is not indicated where it was deposited, as
IS the case with the other specimens collected by him.

U. S. I^AT. Mus. ^-o. 85.578. [i ad. CurrUuel<, North Carolina, 1st Be-

cember, 1881. By Mr. Isaac Hinckley.)

Total length of the newly killed bird 1,355'^-, between the tips of the

outstretched wings 2,180-". Length of the bill along gape 100"". froin

the tip to thefrontof the nostrils 16™^ to the fore border of the eve 12"

^oT^urT''' i*^f '"'f ''' '"^■^' "^ '^' '^'' ^^ t^^ ^^^"^^ ^«rd;r of the
nostuls 01, and from that point to the tip of the bill 56™". Breadth of

mini l^'^ZT''' ''■™- ^^"^'^^ ^^ '^'^ ^'"'^ ^'--^■- -^ter toe ll.
^dt!Su92^' '""""" '"" '"'' '"'' ""''''' ''' ''™"- ^^^«"« 11^' ^"^^ - ^i

Tip of tail beyond folded Avings 92'"™. Outstretched legs reach 50-
2ZT ^''^' ^'"^^^ ""^ '"^"^"'' ^e^sm^ed inside of the wing,

Largest secondaries 23™™ longer than the longest primary o,,^ ,,^1
mary longest, 8- longer than the 1st, which is equal to the 3d. The
nner web of the the three first primaries and the outer web of the sec

aries 25 ' '" " ' '""''''• """"^'^ '' ^"^'"^^"^'^ 1^' «f «^--l-
Number of tail-feathers 20, one in the sheath

^inH^! .1 T -^"^ '^ '^' '"^^^ "^^^"^^^^^^' "*^^ ^^^ ^^^'"ella dark

P^i^l^^5^;ed^^changing into plumbeous black at the base. Naked skin

long. Iho spot before the eye was 12- long, and intense orange colored.

212 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of the angulus mentalis Mack, with liigher shadings of pinkish lead-
color.

Legs brownish black.

Iris dark brown.

Plnmage pure white, with a faint tinge on rusty of the forehead and
crown.

Coll. Stejneger, Ko. 437. ( ^ ad. Koshl-onong Lal:e, Jefferson County,
Wisconsin, 9th Noremher, 1880. Bij Prof. TnuRE Kumlien.)

In the freshly killed bird the length from the tip of the bill to the end
of the tail amounted, according to Mr. Kumllen's land information, to
52.72 inches, *. e., 1,333™", and the tail reached 2 inches, i. e., 51"'"\
beyond the tips of the folded wings. The remaining dimensions are as
follows: Length of bill from tip to mouth, 99'"-; to the fore border of
the nostrils, 44-"'; to the front of the eye, 117"""; the breadth of the
bill at the nostrils, 32"'"^. Lengtli of toes with claws: Outer toe 141,
middle toe 151, inner toe 121, and hind toe 30""". Length of tarsus 123,
wing 547, and tail 152""™.

The whole of the bill and lores black, with exception of a spot about
20-- long and 8""" broad (now of a yellowish-gray color), which ex-
tends from the eye forward and downward, along the borders of the
plumage of the cheeks, and which in the fresh condition, according
to Mr. KuMLiEN's statement, was " very conspicuously orange-yellow ;
feet and tarsi black, the naked portion of tibia a little lighter; iris
brownish black."

The whole plumage pure white, with exception of a great many small,
narrow, but regularly spread, rusty yellow longitudinal spots on the
crown, the points of many of the feathers being of this color. Besides,
the points and the edge of the outer web of some of the first primaries,
and the large upper coverts of these, are shaded with brownish gray.

TJ. S. Nat. Mits. :No. 85579. {—jun. Curritnc'k, North Carolina,28th Xo-
remher, 1881. By Mr. Isaac Hinckley).

Total length of the bird in flesh 1^183—. L. of bill along gape 84-",
from the tip to the front of the nostrils 39""", to the fore border of the
eye 108"-. Breadth of bill at the middle of the nostrils 31"™. Dis-
tance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind border of the nos-
trils 58, and from this point to tlie tip of the bill 48"-. Length of toes
with claws: outer toe 130, middle toe 138, inner toe 112, and hind toe
26—. Length of tarsus 110, wing 510, and tail 137—.

The tip of the tail reaches 03— beyond the folded wings, outstretched
legs 100— beyond the tip of tail. Length of cubitus, measured inside
of the wing, 258—.

The longest secondaries are equal to the longest primary. 2ud and
3d primaries equal and largest, the first considerably shorter. Tlie

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 213

sinuation of the four first quills as iu the adult bird, with the exception
that the inner web of the fourth primary also is slightly siuuated. The
number of the primaries is 10, and of the secondaries 23.
Tail feathers 20.

The middle portion of the bill (in the newly killed bird) is of a dull
purplish lead-color, lighter and changing into pale pinkish red on the
hind part of the skin, covering the nasal fossa? and the processus max-
illaris of the nasal bone, becoming plumbeous at the borders of this
area 5 the remaining portion of the bill and the nearly naked lores, is
l)lumbeous black, a small stripe of which also is to be found behind the
openings of the nostrils. The borders of the dark color are very indis-
tinct, forming numerous more or less perceptible islets within the light
area.' The tomium of the lower mandible dark purplish plumbeous, be-
coming almost black at the base.

Legs light pfumbeous-gray, dark, almost black in the midst of the
web. The underside of the feet blackish with a stripe mostly of bluish
white on the webs along the toes.
Iris dark.

The color of the plumage is dull ash-gray, tinged with lavender, and
en neck, shoulders, and middle wing-coverts each feather bordered with
light yellowiyh gray. The head is much darker, the crown being
especially dull brownish, while the chin is much lighter, and a grayish
white spot is to be found right under the eye. The hinder back, and
upper part of the rump are quite white, the rest of the rump and the tail-
coverts the same as the shoulders; one of the tail-coverts was quite white,
and as its base was still in the sheath,* showing itself to be a feather of
the coming white plumage. The remiges are white, with broad pure
gray tips, this color reaching back as far as the siuuation ; on the first
and second still longer. The tail feathers are darker ashy gray, the
basal half of the shafts being white. Whole of the under surface light
grayish with a slight tinge of yellowish. iTnder wing-coverts and
axillaries pure white. The shafts of the upper surface are somewhat
darker than the webs, but not very perceptibly so, and do not form any
distinct dark strij)es.

Another young specimen in flesh (for the examination of which I am
indebted to the kindness of Professor S. F. Baird), killed 14th Decem-
ber, 1881, measured from tip of the bill to the end of the tail 1,225""'.
The bill had the same color as the foregoing specimen, but the light
portion was somewhat more pinkish red. The plumage was also similar,
with the exception that the whole underside behind the neck was white
with faint rusty tinge on the border of each feather.

In addition to the statements above about the color of the bill of the
young bird, I give the following note, kindly given me by Mr. E. W.
Nelson, showing the color of several freshly killed specimens, shot at St.

* "The outer follicle," Nitscli, Pterylographie.

214 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Michael's, Alaska, September 19,1870: "Bill purplish flesh-color,, ratlier
light, and bordered along gape by black. Iris hazel."

March 15, 1882, I had the opportunity of examining a living young
specimen. The bill was black, except the portion between the nostrils,
the posterior half of the upper tomium, and the whole margin of the
lower mandible, which were of a vivid pinkish flesh color. The yellow
spot in front of the eye was veiy perceptible, of common length, but
still narrower and duller than in the quite adult bird. Iris hazel. The
plumage white, except head and neck, which were gray, somewhat
lighter than in the specimen described above.

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 215

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216 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Olor buccinator (Eich.).

Trumpeter Swan.

DiAGN. — The distance from the anterior angle of the eye to the hind
border of the nostrils equal to the distance from the latter to the tij) of the
bill; color of the bill and lores entirely blacJc.

Syj<.— 1831.— Cygnus buccinator Rich, in S\v. & Rich. Fauna Bor.-Amer. I, p. 464.
1844. — Cyfjnus hucinator Giraud, Birds of Long Island, p. 299.
1865. — Cygnus passmori Hincks, Jonrn. Linn. Soc. Zool. VIII, p. 1.
1S72.—" Cygnus passmorei Hincks," Coues, Key, N. A. B. p. 281.
1876. — Olor passmorii Boucard, Catal. Av. p. 57.

Note to the Synonymy.— Trot W. Hincks laid before the Linnean
Society, on January 21, 1864, the description of a supposed new spe-
cies of Swan, Cyynus passmori, from Canada, which could be distin-
guished from 0. buccinator EiCH., by several anatomical differences,
also, amongst other things, by a smaller size (the whole length from the
bill to the end of the tail being 1,295™"', in opposition to 1,524"^'", the
distance between the tip of the bill and the hind border of the nostrils
51inm^ in opposition to 76'"™) ; also, by faint dirty gray tinge in opposi-
tion to buccinatorh generally more or less rust-colored tinge on the
head and neck; by the same gray tinge on the inner web and points of
the remiges, and by the naked black skin of the lores only reaching
to the eyes and not surrounding them. There is, however, reason to
suppose, and Mr. Hincks himself expresses strong doubts, that these
differences only arise from age. The smaller size, gray tinge on head
and wing-feathers, feathering of the skin surrounding the eye, are all
features which prove the young age of the bird, and C. xmssmori may
therefore be regarded as a young buccinator until the reverse has been
demonstrated.

Though the present species is a very distinct one, and the most remote
of the genus to which it lielongs, it has been very difficult to point out
a character wJiich will hold good hi birds of all ages. I am not at all
acquainted with the quite young bird, but think, however, that the
above diagnosis will be sufiQcient even for identification of the younger
specimens.

As both Olor cygnus and bewicMi are easily recognizable by the yellow
color of the base of their bills, a nearer comparison only is needed with
the 0. columbianus, of which specimens are said to be found which want
entirely the yellow spot. I may here remark that I myself never met,
amongst the numerous birds of this species which I have examined, a
specimen on which I could not detect distinct traces of the spot by a
careful inspection.

Besides the larger size, which is not always sufficient to distinguish
the two species, as a comparison of the Tables VII and VIII will show,
it has often been stated as a good criterion that buccinator has twenty-
four tail feathers in contradistinction to columbianus, which only has

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 217

twenty. Independent of the inconvenience of tliis character, when the
birds moult their rectrices, I may confess that I only in a few cases
have been able to count twenty-four tail feathers; and the inconstancy
of the number of these feathers I have found pervading the whole group,
this character changing individually, so that it is not at all to be de-
pended upon.

As a rule, the frontal apex of the ptilosis forms a sharp angle in
huccinator, whilst it always is rounded in columhianiis ; but I have also
seen specimens of the former which had the limit of the feathering
rounded as in the latter. In huccinator I also usually fouua the dis-
tance from the eye to the point of the mentioned frontal apex to be
larger than from the same point to the hind border of the nasal fossa?,
whilst the relation is quite the reverse in columhianus ; but I have also
met specimens of both species in which this character was only very
slightly expressed, the young columhianus especially having the culmen
feathered longer forward than the older birds.

The position of the nostrils, those being situated more backwards in
the Trumpeter than in the Whistling Swan, is thus the only mark
which it is possible to express in a short diagnosis, and which I have
found constant and easily perceptible.

21:

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 219

Chenopis Wagl. 1832.

DiAGN. — Predoininant color of the adults Uachish ; the young icith nalced
lores; tertiaries and scapulars cris]) ; tail shorter than the middle toe tvitli
claw, rounded; inner icehs of outer three primaries and outer icehs of the
second, tJiird, and fourth sinuated; webs of the feet not scalloped.

&YN.— =1822.— Chenopis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1234.
=1852. — Chenopsis Eeichexb., Syst. Av., p. X.*
=\SM.— Chenopis Jekdox, Birds of ludia, III, p. 777.

Chenopis atrata (Lath.).

Black Swan.

Dika-^.—Flmnage of the adults blacJcish, with white icing feathers ; bill
red, with a tvhite band behind the nail ; legs black.
Syn.— 1790. — Anas airataL,\TH., lud. Oruitli., II, p. 834.

1790.— Anser Novoo-HoUandicc Boxna.t., Eucycl. Mdth. Oruith. I, p. 103.

1791. — Anas plutonia Shaw, Natur. Miscell. Ill (tab. 108).

Coll. Stejnegek, No. 71U. {Pullus, Victoria, Australia.)

Length of bill along gape 24'""', from the tip to the fore border of the
nostrils 14"™, to the front of the eye 34'""\ Length of toes with claws:
Outer toe 34, middle toe 36, inner toe 29, and hind toe 7'"'". Tarsus
29'""'.

The bill and an entirely naked 2-"'"' broad stripe from that to the eye
dark horn colored, or brownish black ; the nail of the upper mandible
as well as the lower is white at the tip. The feet dull grayish brown.

The faintly glossy plumage, is on the whole of the upper surface, the
cheeks, the tibia, and the crissum, light brownish gray, which color,
especially behind the feet, is tolerably distinctly marked against the
white color of the undersurface ; this on the throat is shaded with the
same tinge as the back ; the white color of the chin and throat goes
imperceptibly over into the grayish tinge on the cheeks.

* Usually is quoted "C/fe^o^JsJs Agassiz," audGiEBEL, in his Thes. Ornitli., adds "No-
mencl. univers"; but I have uot been able to find it in his Nomenclator Zoologicus,
Aves, nor in either of the two editions of his Index Universalis.

220 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 221

INDEX OF SPECIFIC NAMES MENTIONED IN THIS WORK.

altumi^ OZor hewickii.
altumii = OZor hewickii.
americanus= Olor coliirnbianus.
iinatoide,s=^ Coscoroia Candida.
atrata (Chenopis).
bewicki = Olo7' bewicMi.
bewickii (Olor).
hewickii = OZor columhianus.
berwickii = OZo?' hewickii.
buccinator (Olor).
buciuator^ 0/or huccinator.
Candida (Coscoroba).
caudidus= Coscoroba Candida.
ch[ou\s= Coscoroba Candida.
coliimbiauns (Olor).
coscoroba = Coscoroba Candida,
cygnas^ Cygntts gibbus.
cyguua = Cygnus gibbus.
cygnus (Olor).
cygniis = OZor columhianus.
davidi (Coscoroba).
dirctea=! Cygnus unwini?
falcoueri (Pal.^ocycnus).
ferus= 0/or cygnus.
ferns = Olor columbianus.
gambensis (Plectropterus).
gibbosus= C(/(/«MS gibbus.
gibbus (Cygnus)
bereuthalsi (Cygnus).
herrentbalsii := Cygnus herenthalsi.
liyperboreus = (7osco>-oZ*rt Candida.
immutabilis (Cygnus).

iiurautabilis= C]/<7nMS unwini.

islandicu3= OZoj- cygnus.

islandicus= OZor hewickii.

linnei = Olor cygnus.

niansuetus^ C//(7HMs gibbus.

melancoripba = Sthenelus melancorypha.

mebiucorypba (Sthenelus).

melauocepbala = Sthenelus melancorypJia.

melanocorypbea = Sthenelus melancorypha.

melauocoryphus = Sthenelus melancorypha.

mehiuorbinus= Olor beivickii.

melauorhyucbn3= Olor cygnus.

ininoT= Olor bewickii.

moscbata (Cairina).

musicus=OZo?' hewickii.

musicus^ Olor columbianus.

musicus := Olor cygnus.

uigricollis = iSZZ(eKeZ«s melancorypha.

noYce-hoUaudio?. = Chenopis atrata.

olor ^zCygnus gibbus.

olor= Cygnus unwini.

olor = Olor cygnus.

passniorei = OZo?' buccitiator.

passmori = Olor huccinator.

l^hitoma := Chenojns atrata.

riippellii (Plectropterus).

sibilaus= Cygnus gibbus.

sibilu8= Cygnus gibbus.

unwini (CiGNUs).

urwini ^ Cygnus unwini.

xantborbiuus= Olor cygnus.

NOTC: OIV THE BIAISIT»!l A[V» TBIE REABIIVG OF THE AXOIiOTIi,
AMBI.,YSTOMA MEXBCAIVBJM.*

By M. CARBOIVRJIER.

These amphibians live very well in an aquarium of suitable capacity^
30 to 40 liters of water for each pair. This water should be renewed
about once a fortnight. Some clusters of aquatic plants {Elodca cana-
densis) will assist in maintaining- the purity of the water, and their top-
most branches will serve, at the same time, as a support for the eggs
deposited by the female. These eggs resemble frogs' eggs; they are
covered with a similar viscous material and are deposited in strings
instead of being agglomerated ; they hatch in from 15 days to 3 weeks,
depending upon the temperature of the water.

* Translated from the French by Tarletou H. Bean.

222 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

According to my observations, several days before tbe spawning tlie
male spermatizes all the water in the aquarium and the zoosperms
(spermatozoa) penetrate directly into the oviduct of the female, thus
fecundating the eggs. The axolotl is capable of spawning five or six
times a year, and produces each time from 150 to 200 young. A dim
light is better for the maintaining of axolotls than a bright light, which
they dislike.

I have some individuals in which the branchine are altogether ab-
sorbed; they have thus passed into the Amhlystoma state and respire
entirely by the lungs {poumons), I have never been able to secure re-
production under this last condition.

I feed my axolotls with earth-worms; they are fond of tadpoles also;
in the absence of these things I frequently give them calf liver, pre-
senting it to them in small morsels by the aid of a piece of wood.

The axolotl in its normal state is black ; the albino is a variety which
I have obtained among the spawnings of the former, and which became
permanent and fertile like the black form.

UESCKIPTIOIV OF A IVEW SPECIKS OF ITRAXIDFA (URAP^IDBA POI.-
L.ICAJRSS) FROM 1.AISE iWICHIGAIM.

By DAVID S. JOKDAIV amd €1IAKL£S H. OILBERT.

Uranidea poUicaris sp. uov. (296(33. )

Body robust ; nape prominent, the profile of head steeply declined,
thence to tip of snout in a straight or slightly concave line ; head much
depressed, broad and flat above, evenly narrowed forwards to tlie
broad, much depressed, bluntly-rounded snout; eyes small, with ex-
tensive vertical range, their diameter less than snout or than the flat
iuterorbital width ; mouth rather small, anterior, with but little lateral
cleft ; maxillary reaching vertical from front of orbit ; teeth villiform
on jaws and vomer, none on palatines ; i>i"eopercular si)ine large and
strong, spirally curved upwards and inwards, wholly invested with
membrane ; a single, sharp, concealed spinous point below angle of pre-
opercle ; isthmus broad, without fold, its width equaling distance from
snout to middle of pupil.

Spinous dorsal rather low, nearly uniform in height, connected with
second dorsal by a low membrane; longest spine equaling length of
snout ; soft dorsal long, and its longest ray 2} in head ; origin of anal
fin under third dorsal ray, its last ray under sixteenth of dorsal ; high-
est anal ray 2^ in head ; ventrals I, 4, reaching two-thirds distance to
vent ; pectoral rays all simple, unbranched, the longest reaching verti-
cal from vent, and contained 1^^ times in head. Vent equidistant be-
tween tip of snout and base of caudal fin.

Skin everywhere smooth.

Head 3f in length to base of caudal ; depth 4| ; eye 5^ in head.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 223

D. VII— X9 5 A. 13 ; Y. I, 4 ; P. 17. Lat. 1. complete.
. Color olivaceous above, little punctulated ; lower two-fifths of sides
and whole under side of head and body uniform whitish ; above, head
and body with irregular spots and blotches of black ; these in flne'r pat-
tern on head, and not forming- bands on back; dorsals, caudal, and pec-
torals with black spots arranged in more or less distinct series -, anal
ventrals, and lower rays of pectorals translucent, unmarked. '

A single specimen (No. 29GG3) U inches in length, was taken in Lake
Michigan, oft' Eacine Wis., by Dr. P. R. Hoy, and presented to the i^'a-
tional Museum.

OBSERVATIOIVS ON FOUR ilIUI.ES IIV MII^K.-

By Professor ALFRED ©UGES.

[Trauslation of a note coutained in "El Eepertorio" of Guanajuato, Mex. No XVII

187G.] '

Although observations relative to the milk given by animals which
have not passed through the state of gestation are few, still a number
have been recorded, including some regarding the human species.
Fremy has given an analysis of the milk of a sheep and Schlossberger
of that of a goat. Facts of this nature being so uncommon, I believe
that the note which, conjointly with my learned friend Prof. Vicente
Fernandez, I now publish, will prove of considerable interest.

On the nth of May, 1870, having learned that there was a mule in
milk at the Hacienda d'Argent de San Pedro de Eocha, on the Marfll
road, a quarter league from Guanajuato, I went to the place, accom-
panied by my friend Fernandez. Through the kindness of the em-
ployes of Mr. Bernardo Lopez, proprietor of the f\irm, we were per-
mitted to examine the phenomenal animal, which was then workin- in
an ore mill. *

The mule is of a chestnut color, with the nose, lower parts of the
bmbs, belly, tail, and mane white. Its height is about 1^ meters: its
proportions are perfect, without fullness of the abdomen; the breast is
also larger than those of hybrids of the same kind ordinarilv; the back
IS quite concave. Except in these particulars, however, there is not the
least doubt but that we had before our eyes an ordinary mule. We
were told that it had been bought five years before, and, according to the
workmen, it was at least seven years old. On examination, however, I dis-
covered that the teeth resembled those of a horse four and a half or five
years old. It is possible that there is an anomaly here co-ordinate with
the peculiar appearance presented by the mamm«. The latterare shaped
like the alligator pear {Persca grattissima), black, and without nip-
ples. Their length is 12 centimeters, exclusive of the base, which is

* Translated by Frederick W. True, from Professor DugeV7r^cli~^rsiou of liTs
original Spanish.

224 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

buried, as it were, in the skin of the abdomen ; as a whole the organs
somewhat resemble testicles. According to the information given us,
the animal had never given birth to offspring, nor had ever been
served by an ass or horse. It appeared that two years before a work-
man in the establishment, seeing that the mammae were a little large,
attempted to milk the animal, and that the repetition of this act had
brought about the condition in which we found the animal. In a
moment, and before us, more than four hundred grams of milk were
drawn, which issued with much force and fell foaming into the vessel
prepared to receive it. When it had remained undisturbed for a little
time it appeared of a dead white color, resembling that of milk of
almonds. Its odor was slight, not at all resembling that of the mule.
Its taste seemed to me oily and a little sweet, but as I tasted of it with
repugnance I cannot describe the flavor accurately. Eegarding its
other peculiarities I refer to the note of my friend. Professor Fernan-
dez. The microscopic characters were those of ordinary milk.

Such are the more important facts which I learned regarding the
hybrid in question. The matter is known to a large number of the cit-
izens of Guanajuato.

The following note on the nature of the mule's milk is extracted
from the report of Prof. Vincente Fernandez, which appeared in the
same number of the " Eepertorio" in which my own observations were
first printed :

" The liquid obtained from the mule has the appearance of whey, is
without sensible odor, and has a sweet taste. Its reaction is slightly
alkaline. Density, 1.0270. Heat alone does not coagulate it. Acetic
and hydrochloric acids coagulate it, however, and leave oil globules
upon the filter. Sulphuric acid coagulates the milk also, and gives a
white precipitate by forming an insoluble compound with the casein.
It contains, therefore, two of the principal constituents of cow's milk —
fats and casein.

"By pouring into a test-tube 80 drops of pure sulphuric acid, 5 cen-
tigrams of ox-besoar,* and a drop of milk, and heating to 60° or 80°
F., I obtained a reddish purple color similar to that of a solution of
permanganate of potash. This demonstrates the presence of glucose,
which is formed by the sulphuric acid at the expense of the lactose —
another principle of cow's milk.

"In order to prove the existence of butter and of casein, I mixed 20
centiliters of milk with an equal volume of a saturated solution of sul-
phate of soda and one gram of carbonate of soda.

"Filtration gave a clear liquid, and butter remained on the filter. The
liquid, neutralized by acetic acid, gave a precipitate of casein, which the
carbonate held in solution.

*This reagent, very delicate for use iu recognizing the presence of glucose, is a dis-
covery of Vicente Fernandez, and has always been of great service to me iu testing
diabetic urine. — A. D.

peocp:edings of united states national museum. 225

"A quantitative analysis gave the following figures, the process being
carried on with the greatest care:

Liter.

Hundredths.

908. 50
19.45
T7.00
51.30
3.75

90. 850

Casein . . ..

1.945

1.700

5. 130

Fixed salts

0.375

1, 000. 00

100, 000

"The result proves that the liquid in question is a true milk, and that
this milk does not differ from that of horses in general, except by the
presence of a little more fat, which diminishes its density. Possibly
the predominance of fat is due to the fact that the milk remained a long
time in the mammse, and that the casein underwent a regressive change.
Otherwise it is a liquid almost entirely composed of olein."

Subsequent to the time of this observation my friend, Mr. Epifanio
Jimenez, brought to Guanajuato a mule five years old, which gave about
a liter of milk daily for four months. The animal was taken away
again, however, so that I was unable to examine it.

I have been made aware of an additional fact. I received milk from
two mules of the Hacienda de Luna, near Guanajuato, in February,
1880. It is salt, very fat, and whiter than that of which an analysis
has been given. The facts which I obtained are as follows : One mule
is fifteen years old, the other eighteen. The first furnishes milk at all
times of the year, and has done so from the time it was i^urchased.
The second mule has been nnder observation only a month. Neither
has given birth to young. The quantity of liquid given by the first
animal is 250 grams per day; by the second, a liter or a liter and a
quarter.

Guanajuato, November 24, 1880.

OIV I.AGOPUS MUTUS, I>EACH, AIVD IT.S Alil^IE!^.

By I.UCIEIV M. TUR]\ER. *

The following paper is based upon an examination of the specimens
contained in the National Museum collection, to which I have been kindly
allowed access by Professor Baird. A sufficiency of material alone can
demonstrate to a certainty the relationship of birds subject to almost
daily mutations of plumage as are exhibited in the various species of
the genus Lagopus.

It is well known that individual birds of this genus differ greatly,
though they inhabit a restricted locality, such as a single mountain.
The birds from the lowlands are larger and have a looser plumage,
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 15 July S9, 1 § 8®.

226 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

while those from the more elevated localities are perceptibly smaller
and have a denser, closer litting plumage.

During the wintex season the entire plumage is white with the excep-
tion of the tail, and in some of the males of L. niutus, also the greater
number of the females, a black stripe from the base of the side of the
bill produced through the eye to the auricular legiou. This black
stripe, however, varies in position and distribution. When nearly ob-
solete it occupies the auricular region, and when greatly developed is
continuous across the forehead of the bird, and is even present in the
summer plumage of some females. This feature is specially charac-
teristic of the winter plumage alone, however, and at this season it is
almost impossible and even hazardous to assert that this or the other
example is to a certainty this or that race. The table of measurements
liroves only such variability of size as may be met with in individuals of
any other series of birds belonging to the same species.

The summer plumage is assumed at variable periods of the months of
April, May, or even in early June, according to the locality. The moult
for the summer is usually shown first on the head and neck, followed
by the lower back, sides, breast, middle back, lianks, and abdomen, in
the order named. The abdomen and chin are the last areas to show
the complete moult. The parts named are also the first to assume, in
the order given, the white winter plumage.

During the time of the summerplumage scarcely a single day passes but
that tlte general color of the feathers is not modified by the appearance
or loss of some feather. How, then, is it possible to state just where
the plumage of an individual shall constitute the summer stage when
it is scarcely possible to find two birds of the same sex, age, and local-
ity which do not differ in an appreciable degree of coloration, and
where there are no other characters on which to base a comparison ?
In the examples just compared I find the plumage of birds from Nor-
way, France, Switzerland, and two localities in the "Barren Grounds"
of Arctic America which do not vary in an essential color, and the pat-
tern of coloration scarcely more divergent than will be found in birds
of the same sex from the same locality of either region mentioned.

The birds from the western coast of Arctic America and the east-
ernmost Aleutian Islands do not, so far as I can see, differ appreciably
from the European specimens in point of plumage during the breeding
season. The males perhaps show a slight variation in shade of the
ground color, but not in an essential degree. Hence the American and
the European bird should be separated only as races, if at all, although
most authors who have separated the American bird have distinguished
it as a species by a binomial appellation — Lagoims rupcstris (Clm.) Leach.

It seems to me, however, that the European birds mutus and alpinus
should constitute, as is held by many authors, but a single species
having the name Lagopus mutus Leach, while the American bird may

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 227

be recognized as a fairly definable race to be called Lagopus mutus
rupestris (Gm.) Ridgw.*

The most striking variation of coloration is to be found in the ex-
amples from Greenland and Cumberland Gulf. If the summer plum-
age is to be taken as the consideration which shall constitute a species
or race in this genus, then the birds from Greenland and Cumberland
Gulf should be recognized as a definable form, for which the name Lago-
pus mutus rclnhanlti (Brehm) should be used, unless the Iceland bird
should prove to be identical (and this I have had no opportunity of
verifying), in which case the birds of all the localities named above
should then receive the name Lagopus mutus islandorum Fabeb.

The birds procured by me at Atkha Islands (Aleutian chain) present
still greater variations of coloration, and appear to represent a well-
marked local race, for which I propose the name Lagopus mutus
atl'hensis.

The following descriptions of summer specimens, together with the
table of comparative measurements, will help to establish tbe relation-
sliip of the four races recognized in this paper :

1. Lagopus mutus (typims).

No. 34120, Lapland (67° N.), <?, ad., July 3 7, 1855.

Head and neck dusky, with light gray tips to many of the feathers,
and others having an obscure yellowish-brown spotting near, but ante-
rior, to the gray. The back, rump, tail-coverts, and scapulars very
dusky, much vermiculated with grayish and fulvous, the rump having
a tendency to zigzag, fine markings almost approaching bars on the
lower portion. Jugulum and breast having few light yellowish-brown
spots, especially on upper breast and sides of the neck. The sides and
flanks are strongly but sparsely barred with dusky and light bufi". Tail
entirely black. This example is identical in plumage with No. 33546,
^, marked ''T. lagopus,^^ from Norway, summer; and with 43680, <?,
marked ''X. rupestris,''^ from the Barren Grounds of Arctic America, late
spring.

No. 33547 <?, ad., labeled "i. alpinus,''^ Norway, July 0, 1802.

Head black, feathers narrowly tipped with brownish-yellow; entire
neck black, the feathers tipped with pure gray; upper back black with
narrow bars of light fulvous; back and rump black with fine dots of
gray and fulvous, which latter disappear on the lower rump and upper
tail-coverts, where replaced with small gray dots, and each feather
tipped w ith a narrow crescentic band of grayish white. Jugulum and
sides black with fine dots of white and buff, inclined to spotting. The
tendency to produce bars is in this example nearly obsolete. The tail
with a rather broader tip of white than in other specimens.

No. 34119, 2, ad., "i. alpinus,^^ Lapland, July, 1855, and No. 18897,
$, ad., "X. mutus,''^ France, late spring.

*See "Hist. N. Am. Birds," vol. iii, pp. 456, 462.

228 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

These two females are only distingiiisliable, the one from the other,
by a slight variation in the shade of the yellowish -brown. Ihe bird
from France is a little lighter in color than the other; the tendency to
produce distinct bars of black, alternating with yellowish-brown, is very
well marked, while on the inferior surface there is a somewhat distinct
tendency to broader gray tips to the feathers. These markings are so
little different from the pattern of coloration of the other specimens that
it is not easy to exactly define the points of discrepancy.

No. 56825, 5, ad., "X. mutus,''^ Switzerland, summer.

General color above similar to No. 44582, "i. rupestris,'' Barren
Grounds of Arctic America. The yellowish-brown is lighter and the
bars narrower. The black bars also narrower and somewhat broken
into (lots or spots. The ends of most of the feathers of the upper parts,
iugulum, breast, sides, and flauks, broadly tipped with white. The best
expression to define the coloration of this example in contradistinction
to No. 44582, is to state that it (the Switzerland bird) is paler.

No. 33549, $, ad., "T. lagopus,^^ Norway, June 11.

No. 856, 9, yng., '' T. larjoxms,^^ Norway (nearly two-thirds grown).

These two birds are conspicuous for the finer, narrower bars of yel-
lowish-brown and black. The back, rump, tail-coverts, shoulders, sides,
and upper part of the flanks distinctly tipped with white on the greater
number of the feathfers. The jugulum and upper breast less marked
with the white tips of the feathers, but more distinctly barred with black
and the yellowish-brown.

2. Lagopus mutus rupestris (Gm.) Ridgw.

No. 2855, Barren Grounds of Arctic America, c? , ad., summer. Crown
blackish, with white tips to some of the feathers, others very narrowly
lipped with faint yellowish-brown. Neck and sides of head with greater
area of white on tips of feathers. Back, rump, and tail-coverts very
dusky witli fine vermiculations of fulvous and gray, having but little
tendency to barring. The upper breast, sides, and jugulum barred
with black and very light fulvons, some of the feathers broadly tipped
with gray.

No. 43675, 9, ad., Fort Yukon, Alaska, June, 1864.

Head, entire neck, sides, breast, flanks, and abdomen light yellowish-
brown, distinctly barred with black. Back, rump, and u]>per tail coverts
very distinctly barred with bright yellowish-brown, each feather of the
upper parts broadly tipped with a crescentic margin of grayish. The
tail merely tipped with whitish.

No. 80100, 9, ad.. Gens de Large Mountains, Arctic America. This
example ])resents a lighter yellowish-brown coloration, occupying a
slightly greater area than No. 43675, and the black bars being more re-
stricted in width are not less conspicuous and the tips of the feathers
more grayish. No other essential diflerences can be distinguished.

Catalogue No. 73488, Unalashka, May 18, 1877.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 220

S ad. The ground color of back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-
c:)verts dark liver-browii, tlie uape aud crown light reddish brown barred
with black, and on the back and other posterior parts very finely aud
densely vermiculated with black, producing the dark liver-brown general
aspect. The jugulum similar to the crown and nape, but mth the black
bars broader and more distinct, but becoming finer and less distinct on
the upper breast. The wing, including primaries, secondaries, and some
of the tertiaries white, with few scattered feathers of same pattern of
coloration as the upper back. The longer upper tail- coverts are some-
what darker than the color of the back, owing to the finer vermiculation
of the black and brown colors. Chin and lower sides of head white.
The black stripe from base of side of bill is much spotted with white.
The lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white. Tail black,
with very narrow tip of white, and decidedly rounded in outline.

Catalogue No. 73489. Fnalashka, May 18, 1877.
9, ad. Upper parts, including head, neck, and upper tail-coverts
bright brown-ochre, the tips of each feather either brighter or else
white, coarsely barred, having a tendency to spotting with black, which,
on elevating the superincumbent feathers, is greater in area on each
side of the shaft. The lower parts, including foreueck, breast, and sides,
bright yellow-ochre with sparser, but more regular bars of black. The
wings, including primaries and secondaries, white. The wing-coverts
similar to the coloration of the hind neck. The flanks and sides broadly
barred with black and light yellowish-ochre. The lower tail-coverts
very distinctly barred with black and yellowish-ochre, the latter color
finely dotted with black and narrowly tipped with white. Abdomen
white. The claws black with light edges and tip. Tarsus and toes of
both sexes covered with fine white downy feathers containing few
bristles.

No. 43682, $ , ad., Arctic coast, east of Fort Anderson, H. B. 7, July
25, 1867.

This exami)le is in full breeding plumage and scarcely differs in any
regard from No. 43675 and No. 80100 from near the same region.
3. Lagopus miitus reinhardti (Brelim) Turner.

No. 20346, <?, ad., Sukkertoppen, in lat. 65° 22' N. and long. 53° 05'
W. on the West coast of Greenland, July 24, 1860; marked L. reinhardti.
Ground color grayish-fulvous, minutely dotted with black and fulvous-
brown, nowhere producing bars, excei)t on jugulum, upper breast, and
sides of neck, where these bars are very narrow, and of black and yel-
lowish-brown color.

No. 20347, <? ad, (from the same locality as the preceding example)
marked L. reinhardti. Is similar to the preceding, but has a more
grayish ground color and greater tendency to barring on the rump,
some of the tail-coverts, upper breast, sides of neck and jugulum. The
tendency to produce bars is scarcely evident in No. 20346.

No. 70997, 2, yng., Niantalik, Cumberland Gulf.

230 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Xo. 7,0998, 9, ad., Niantalik, Cumberland Gulf, August 10, 1870.

sso. 20345, 9 , ad., Sukkertoppeu, West coast of Greenland.

All of these birds are labeled L. rupestris, but are so entirely different
in plumage that they should be referred to L. reinhardti Brehm, or else
to L. ulandorum Fabek, should these two prove to be the same bird, a
statement which I am not preplired to make, as there are no accessible
specimens of the Iceland bird with which to comi^are them.

The birds from Niautalik and Sukkertoppeu present such great dis-
tinctions from the corresponding plumage of riqwstris, that they should
be recognized as distinct from nipestris. The pattern of coloration in
these three birds is not appreciably different in the adult birds from the
two localities separated by an expanse of water, which would hardly
admit them being considered as a rare bird in those respective localities.

The crown, hind neck, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black, each
feather distinctly edged with white, many of the feathers obscurely
marked with short bars of light fulvous-gray, most conspicuous on
wing-coverts and sides of neck The entire lower parts black, with
biifly bars distinctly alternating with the black bars, each feather tipped
with gray. The under tail-coverts show the bars very plainly. The
breeding i^lumage of this bird is very similar to the corresponding
plumage of the female of Ganace canadensis.

4. Lagopus mutus atkhensis Turnev.

Catalogue No. 85597. <?. May, 29, 1879. Ground color of upper
parts light olive-brown, altogether lighter than in the corresponding
plumage of rupestris. The whole surface very finely and densely ver-
miculated with black. The tips of many of the feathers lighter and
more grayish, with very narrow crescentic terminal bar of whitish. The
ground color of head and nape above is more yellowish than that of the
back. The crown spotted with black. Ground color of foreneck, jugu-
lum, and ujjper breast light fulvous or yellowish-brown, distinctly and
somewhat regularly barred with black. The upper breast, sides, and
flanks similar, but more finely and distinctly barred with dusky. The
wings, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white. The
inferior upper tail-coverts in this example are little lighter than the
rump, simply the obliteration of the prevailing ground color of the back.
Tail black and decidedly truncate (not rounded as in riipestris), and
narrowly tipped with white.

No. 85598. $ . Same locality, June 7, 1879.

This example of few days later plumage presents no appreciable differ-
ence from the one of May 29, 1879. The extent of the white on the up-
per breast is little greater. The dusky shaft of the wing quills is quite
conspicuous in both examples. The black patch from base of bill is con-
tinuous around the eye, and embraces the auricular region. The tar-
sus and toes are only moderately feathered, and have but few bristly
terminating feathers. The claws are long and narrow, black at their in-

PROCFEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 231

sertioii, and white tipped and edged. The bill is pure black, as is also
the iris.

Cataloo-ne Xo. SoGOO. May 29, 1879, 9 adult.

Ground color of head, neck, breast, sides, flanks, and upper tail-cov-
erts light brown-ochre, paler and much less rusty than in corresponding
plumage of rupestris. The upper parts irregularly barred with black.
The most of the feathers tipped with a crescentric bar of white, the
black bar immediately preceding which is much broader than the others.
The fore part of the back is irregularly spotted with black. Crown
spotted with black, the feathers tipped with yellowish-white. Jugulum
and breast more sparsely but regularly barred with black. The sides
and abdomen similarly, but more broadly, barred with black and light
yellowish-brown. But few feathers of white occur on the breast and
abdomen. The under tail-coverts are very distinctly barred with black
and light yellowish-brown, the tips of the upper tail-coverts and tail
have a narrow band of pure white. The wings white, the dusky shaft
extending not quite to the tips. The tarsus and toes are but slightly
feathered. The claws black, with white edge and tips. The bill and
iris black.

Example No. 85599 is similar.

When I first obtanied these birds I was struck with the api^arent
greater size and also the difterence in the shape of the bill and claws.
These birds frequent the low lands, where, amongst tlie rank grasses
and weeds, a nest, com])osed of gTasses and other plants, is loosely ar-
ranged. The number of eggs reaches as high as seventeen, though I
never found more than fifteen in a single nest. The eggs are much
darker in color than those of L. alhus and but little inferior in size. I
had a number of eggs of this bird, but they were broken in transitu.

The following tables of measurements of specimens in the National
Museum collection will serve to show the differences of size and propor-
tions which, to a certain degree, distinguish the several races of this
species;

232 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

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PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 233

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234 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

OEXERA OF THE SCOr.OPC:i\l>REI.L.II>^.

By J. A. RYDER.

There are two forms of this group ; the first has the body very slender,
tapering- anteriorly, with the eyes or stemmata placed on the upper sur-
face of the narrow, elongate head; the second form has a broader, more
robust body of nearly uniform width anteriorly and posteriorly, with the
eyes or stemmata at the sides of the head and not visible from above,
the head itself being nearly circular or subquadrate in outliue from
above. The first is the type to which we may assign the old designa-
tion of ScoJopendrella originally i)roposed for it by Gervais; the second,
of which Newport's species becomes the type, may be distinguished
generically from the first as pointed out above, under the name of
SciitigereUa. Tlie latter form is also distinguished from the first by the
much greater development of the basal appendages of the legs.
IScolopendreUa comprehends :

tS. notocantha Gervais.

8. microcolpa Muhr.
Scutigerella comprehends:

8. immaculata Newport.

8. graticv Kyder.

The literature of the subject has been fully cited by me in a paper
entitled The 8tn(ctur€, Affinities, and 8j)ecies of ScoIojmidrcUa, iu Proc.

A lilST OF THE SPECIES OF FISHES KECOROED AS OCCURRINQ
IIV THE OLTf.F OF MEXICO.

By O. BROWN OOODE and TARI>ETO]V H. BEAN.

For the convenience of collectors in the Gulf of Mexico we have pre-
pared the following list of fishes recorded as occurring in its waters.
Of the species marked by an asterisk there are specimens in the National
Museum from this region. We have not inquired into the validity of
the other species, but have given them under the names by which they
are cited in tlie works of Giiuther, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Girard, and
other authorities, preferring to leave their nomenclature unchanged until
studies have been made upon specimens.

Nearly 300 species are enumerated iu this list and several unciescribed

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 235

forms remain to be added. Tlie list was prepared iu January, ISSl, but
has since been somewhat enhirged.

MALTHEID^.

* Malthe cubifrons IJichardson.
*Malthe vespertilio (L.) Cuv.
*Halientichthys aculeatus (Mitch-
ill) Goode.

ANTENNAEIID^.

* Antennarius aunulatus Gilh

* Antennarius x)leurophthalmus

Gill.

* Pterophrynoides histrio (L.) Gill.

CERATIID^.

Ceratias, sp.

DIODONTIDiE.

*Chilomycterusgeometricus(Linn.)
Kaup.

* Chilomycterus reticulatus (L.)

Giinther.

* Diodon hystrix L.

* Diodon uovemmaculatus Cuv.

TETRODONTID^.

* Tetrodon nephelus G. & B. MSS.

* Tetrodon testudineus Linn.

* Tetrodon Speugleri Bl.

* Lagocephalus la3vigatus (L.) Gill.

OSTEACIONTID^.

* Ostracion quadricorne Linn.

* Ostracion triquetrum Linn.^

* Ostracion trigonum Linn.

BALISTID^.

* Alutera Schoepfii (Walb.) Goode

& Beau.

* Alutera scripta (Osbeck) Blkr.

* Mon acanthus occidentalis Giin-
ther.

* Monacanthus pnllns Ranz.
Monacanthus Daviclsonii Cope.
Monacanthus spilonotus Co])e.

* Balistes capriscus Linn.

IIIPPOCAMPID^.

* Hippocampus zostera? J. & G.

MSS.

* Hippocampus stylifer J. & G.

MSS.
Hippocampus puncticulatns Guich.

SYNGNATHID^E.

* Siphostoma louisiana? (Linn.) Jor.
c: Gilb.

* Siphostoma zatropis J. & G. MSS.

* Siphostoma affine (Gthr.) Jor. &

Gilb.

* Siphostoma floridai J. & G. MSS.

FISTULARIID^.

* Aulostoma maculatum Yal.

SOLEID^.

Achirus Brownii Giinther.

* Achirus brachialis Bean MSS.

* Aphoristia plagiusa (L.) Jor. &
Gilb.

* Etropus crossotus Jor, & Gilb.

PLEUKONECTID^TS.

* Hemirhombus aramaca (Cuv.)

Gthr.

* Citharichthys spilopterus Giin-

ther.

* Paralichtliysdentatus (Linn.) Jor.

& Gilb.

* Paralichthys ommatus Jor. & Gilb.

* Paralichthj'S squamilentus J. &

G. MSS.

OPIIIDIID^.

* Ophidium Joseph! Girard.
Ophidium Holbrookii Putnam.

* Ophidium Graellsi Poey.

* Leptophidium profundorum Gill.

* Genypterus omostigma J. & G.

MSS.

236 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

FIERASFEEID^.

Fierasfer dubius Putnam.

BLENNIID^.

* Blenuius Stearusii J. & G. MSS.

* Chasmodes Bosciauus (Lac.) C. &

* Chasmodes saburrte Jor. & Gilb.

MSS.

* Isestlies punctatus (Wood) Jor. &

Gilb.

* Isestlies scrutator J. & G. MSS.

* Isestlies iontlias Jor. & Gilb. MSS.
Hypleurochilus multifilis (Girard)

Gill.

* Labrosomus uucliipinnis (Q, &

G.) Poey.

* Cremnobates marmoratus Steind.

OPISTHOGNATHLD^.

Opisthognathus maxillosus Poey.

* Opisthognathus . lonchurus Jor.

& Gilb. MSS.

LEPTOSCOPID^.

* Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gill.

URANOSCOPIDJE.

Astroscopus anoplus (C. & V.)

Brev.
Astroscopus y-graecum (C. & V.)

Gill.

BATRACniD^.

* Batrachus tau Linn., subsp. beta

Giinther.

* Batrachus pardus Goode & Bean.

* Poiichthys plectrodon J. & G.

MSS.

GOBIESOCIDiE.

* Gobiesox virgatitlus J. & G. MSS.'

GOBIID^.

* Gobiosoma molestum Girard.

* Gobionellus oceanicus (Pall.) Jor.

& Gilb.

* Lepidogobius gulosus (Girard)
J. & G.

* Gobius soporator Cuv. & Val.

* Gobius lyricus Girard.

* Gobius boleosoma J. & G. MSS.

* Eleotris gyrinus Cuv. & Val.

* Dormitator maculatus (Bloch)

Jor. & Gilb.

* Philypnus. dormitator Cuv. & Val.

* Culius amblyopsis Cope.

* loglossus calliurus Bean MSS.

TRIGLID^^.

* Cephalacanthus volitans (Linn.)

J. &G.

* Prionotus tribulus Cuv. & Val.
Priouotus caroliuus (L.) Cuv.

* Prionotus punctatus (Bloch) C.

&Y.

* Prionotus scitulus J. & G. MSS.

SCOEP^NID^.

* Scorpiena Stearnsii.

* Scorptena Plumieri Bloch.

SCARID^.

* Scarus radians C. & V.

* Hemistoma croicense (Bloch) G.

&B.

* Hemistoma guacamaia (C. & V.)

G. &B.

LABRID^.

*Platyg]osKus humeralis Poey.

* Platyglossus Horealis J. & G.

MSS.

* Platyglossus radiatus (L.) J. & G.

* Platyglossus caudalis Poey.

* Platyglossus bivittatus (Bl.) Gthr.
*Harperufa(L.) Gill.

* Xyrichthys vermiculatus Poey.

* Lachnolajmus falcatus (L.) Val.

POMACENTRID^.

* Pomacentrus leucostictus M. & T.

* Glyphidodon declivifrons (Gill)

Gthr.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 237

♦Chromis insolatus (C. & V.) J. &

G.
*Cbromis enchrysurus J. & G.

MSS.

POLYNEMID^.

*Polyneinus octonemus Girard.

ACANTHUEID^.

* Acanthurus nigricans (Linn.) Gill.
*Acanthurus cliirurgus Bl. & Schn.

CH^T^TODONTID^.

* Clioetodon capistratus L.

* Pomacanthus arcuatiis (L.) Cuv.
Holacanthus tricolor (Blocb) Lac.
*Holacanthus ciliaris(L.) Lac.

TRICHIURID^.

* Tricliiurus lepturus Linn.

SCOMBRED^. .

*Orcynus alliteratus (Eaf.) Gill.

* Scomberoraorus in a c u 1 a t u s

(Mitch.) Jor. & Gilb.
Scoiuberomorus regalis (Bloch)

Jor. & Gilb.
Scoiuberomorus caballa (C. & V.)

J. & G.

CARANaiD^.

*Decaptern8 i)imctatus (Mitch.)
Gill.

* Caraiix pisqiietus Cuv. & Val.
*Caranx hippus (Liun.) Gill.

* Caranx fallax Cuv. & Yal.
*Caranx trachurus (L.)Lac.

* Caranx amblyrhynchus Ciiv. &

Val.

* Selene argentea (Lac.) Brevoort.
Selene capillaris (Mitch.) G. & B.
Vomer setipinnis (Mitch.) C. & V.
*Blepharis crinitus (Akerly) De

Kay.

* Trachyuotus carolinns (Linn.)

Gill.

* Trachynotus ovatns (L.) Gthr.

* Trachynotus goreensis C. «& V.

* Trachynotus glaucus (L.) C. & V.

* Scriola Stearnsii Goode & Bean.
Seriola Lalandii C. & V.

* Seriola falcata Cuv. & Val.
Seriola Eivoliana C. & V.
*01igoplites occidentalis (Linn.)

Gill.

* Elagatis piimulatus Poey.

* Chloroscombruschrysurus (Linn.)

Gill.
Naucrates ductor (L.) Eaf.

CORYPH^NID^.

*CoryphcTna puuctulata (Cuv. &
Val.) Gthr.

STROMATEIDJE.

*Stromateus alepidotus (Linn.)

LATILID^.

*Caulolatiliis microps G. &.B.

BERYCID^.

*Holocentrum sogo (Bloch).

SCIiENID^.

*Eques acuminatus Schn.
*Eques lanceolatus Gmel.
*Cynoscion maculatum (Mitch.)
Gill.

* Cynoscion n o t h n m (Holbrook)

Gill.
*Pogonias chromis (Linn.) Cuv.
*Micropogon undulatus (L.) C. &

V.
*Liostomus xanthurus Lac.
*Scioena lanceolata (Holbrook)

Gthr.

* Scitena punctataa (L.) J. & G.

* Scicena ocellata (Linn.) Gthr.
*Menticirrus alburnus (Liun.) Gill.
*Menticirrus nebulosus (Mitch.)

Gill.

* Menticirrus littoralis (Holbr.) Gill.

GERRIDJE.

* Gerresharengulus (G. & B.) J. &G.

* Gerreshomonymus (G. »&B.)J.&G.

238 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

PIMELEPTEEID^.

Pimelepterus Boscii Lac.

SPARID^.

* Stenotomus caprinus Bean, MSS.

* Lagodon rhomboides (Linn.) Hol-

brook.
*Sparus Milneri (G. & B.) J. & G.

* Sparus pagrus L.

* Sparus macrops (Poey).

* Sparus bajonado Bloch.
*Diplodus piobatoceplialus (Walb.)

J. & G.

* Diplodus Holbrookii Bean.
Diplodus caribbseus (Poey) Jor. &

Gilb.

PEISTIPOMATID^.

* Pomadasy s f u 1 v o m a c u 1 a t u s

(Mitch.) Jor. & Gilb.
*Pomadasys bilineatus (C. & V.)

Jor. & Gilb.
*Conodon nobilis (L.) Jor. & Gilb.

* lllioniboplites aurorubens (Cuv. &

Val.) Gill.
*Lutjanus synagris (L.) J. & G.

* Lutjanus caxis (Schneider) Poey.
*Lutjauus Stearusii G. «& B.

* Lutjanus Blackfordii G. & B.
Lutjanus campeachianus Poey.
Lutjanus caballerote Poey.
*Diabasis Iremebundus (G. and

B.) J. & G.

* Diabasis chrysopterus (L.) J. & G.

* Diabasis formosus (L.) .Tor. &

Gilb.

* Diabasis auroliueatus (Cuv. &

Val.) Jor. & Gilb.

* Diabasis elegans (C. & Y.) Jor. &

Gilb.

* Diabasis chromis (Brouss.) Jor. &

Gilb.
Diabasis albus (C. & Y.) Jor. &
Gilb.

* Diabasis jeniguano (Poey) G. & B.

* Pomadasys virginicus (L.) J. & G.

♦Lutjanus chrysurus (Bl.) Yaill.

CENTEAECHID^.

*Micropterus salmoides (Lac.)
Henshall.

* Lepomis pallidus (Mitch.) Gill &

& Jor.

* Lepomis Holbrooki (C. & Y.) Mc-

Kay.

* Lepomis punctatus (C. & Y.) J.

SERRANID^.

* Ehypticus pituitosus G. & B.

* Epinephelus morio (C. & Y.) Gill.

* E p i n e p h el n s Drum mon d-hayi

Goode and Bean.

* Epinephelus nigritus (Holbrook)

Gill.

* Epinephelus lunulatus Poey.
Epinephelus striatus (Bloch) Gill."

* Epinephelus atlanticus (Lac.) J.

&G.
Epinephelus punctatus (L.) J. & G.
Epinephelus tseniops (C. & Y.) J.

&G.

* Epinephelus gnasa (Poey) J. & G.

* Hyjjoplectrus nigricans (Poey)

Gill.

* Trisotropis fiilcatus Poey.

* Trisotropis microlepis G. & B.

* Trisotropis stomias G. & B. MSS.
Trisotropis petrosus Poey.

* Serranus atrarius ( J. »& G.)
*Serranus subligarius (Cope) J.

&G.

* Serranus trifurcus (L.) J. «& G.

* Diplectrura fasciculare (C. & Y.)

Holbr.

LABRACID^.

* Roccus lineatus (Bl.) Gill.

CENTROPOMID^.

* Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch)

C. & Y.

EPHIPPIID^.

* Chietodipterusfaber (Brouss.) Jor.

& Gilb.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 239

POMATOMID^.

* Pomatomus saltatrix (Linn.) Gill.

ELACATID^.

* Elacate Canada (L.) Holbr.

LOBOTID^E.

* Lobotessurinamensis (BlocIi)Cuv.

CHILODIPTERID^E.

* Apogon alutus (Poey) J. & G.

MSS.

* Apogon maculatus (Poey) J. & G.

ECHENEIDID^.

* Ecbeneis naucrates L.

SPHYR^NIDJ^.

* Spbyr.Tna picuda Scbneider.

* Spbj^roena guaguancbo Poey.

MUGILID^.

* Mugil albula Linn.

* Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.

ATHEEINID^.

* Atberina Velieana G. & B.

* Menidia peniusulfe (G. & B.) J.

&G.

* Menidia vagrans (G. & B.) J. &

BELONID^.

* Tylosurns longirostris (Mitcb.) J.

&G.
Tylosurns caribbreus (Les.) J. & G.

* Tylosurus notatus (Poey) J. & G.

* Tylosurus gladius Bean MSS.

SCOMBRESOCID^.

* Hemirbampbus u n i f a s c i a t u s

Eauz.
*Exoccetus noveboracensis Mitcb-
ill.

* Exocoetus Hillianus Gosse.

CYPRINODONTID^.

* Cyprinodon variegatus Lacep.

* Cyprinodon gibbosus B. & G.

* Cyprinodon elegaus B. & G.

* Cyprinodon bovinus B. & G.
*Mollienesia latipinna Le Sueur.

* Mollienesia lineolata Grd.

* Fundulus grandis B. & G.

* Fundulus similis (B. & G.) Gtbr.

* Fundulus ocellaris J. & G. MSS.

* Fundulus xenicus J. & G. MSS.

* Fundulus adinia Jor. &Gilb. MSS.

* Gambusia patruelis (B. & G.) Grd.

* Lucania venusta Grd.

STOMIATID^.

Astronestbes niger Eicb.

SYNODONTID^E.

*Synodus fcetens (Linn.) Gill.

* Tracbinocepbalus myops (Frost.)

Gill.

* Synodus intermedins (Spix) Poey.

ELOPID^.

* Megalops atlanticus C. & V.

* Flops saurus L.

ALBULID^E.

* Albula vulpes (L.) Goode.

CEUPEIDvE.

* Brevoortia patronus Goode.

* Opistbonema tbrissa (Osbeck)

Gill.
Harengula clupeola C. & V.

* Harengula pensacol.T G. & B.

* Clupea cbrysoebloris ( Eaf.) J. & G.

* Culpea sapidissima Wilson.

* Clupea pseudobispanica (Poey)

Gtbr.

DOEOSOMID^E.

Dorosoma mexicanum (Gtbr.) J. &.
G.

* Dorosoma Cepedianum (Les.) Gill.

ENGRAULIDID^E.

* Stolepborus Brownii (Gmel.) Jor,

& Gilb.

* Stolepborus Mitcbilb (C. cS: V.)

Jor. & Gilb.

240 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

SILURID^.
Arius felis (Linn.) Jor. & Gilb.
^luriclithys marinus (Mitcli.) B.
&G.

ANGUILLID^.

* Angiiilla vulgaris Eaf.

* Anguilla tj'raunns Girard.

* Conger cauclicula Bean MSS.

MUR^NID^.

* Opbichtliys macrm-us Poey.

* Opiiiclithys clirysops Poey.

* Pisodontophis longus Poey.

* Crotalopsis mordax (Poey) G. & B.

* Sphagebranchus scuticaris G. & B.

* Spbagebranchus teres G. & B.

MSS.

* Letharchus velifer G. & B. MSS.

* Herpeticlithys ocellatiis (Le

Sueur) Goode »& Bean.
*Neocouger mucronatus Girard.

* Myropbis lumbricus J. & G. MSS.

* Myropbis microstigmius Poey.

* Gymnotborax ocellatus Agassiz.

* Gymnotborax afer Bl.

* Gymnotborax moringa (Cuv.).

AMIID^.

* Amia calva L.

LEPIDOSTEID^.

*Lepidosteus osseus (L.) Ag.

* Lepidosteus pbitystomus Eaf.
Lepidosteus tristoecbus (Bl. &

Scbn.) Jor. & Gilb.

ACIPENSERID^.

Acipeuser sp.

CEPHALOPTERID^.

Ceratoptera birostris (Walb.)
Goode.

TORPEDINID^.

*Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers) M.
&H.

myliobatidyt:.

* Ebiuoptera quadriloba (Lac.) Cuv.

RHINOBATID^.

* Ebinobatus lentiginosus Garman.

TRTGONID^.

Pteroplatea maclura (Les.) M. & H.

* Trygon sabina Le Sueur.

PRISTIDvE.

*Pristis pectinatus Latb.

SPHYRNID^.

* Spbyrna tiburo (Linn.) Eaf.

GALEORHINIDiE.

* Hypoprion brevirostris Poey.

* Scoliodon terraeuovoe Eicb.
Carcbarinus platyodon (Poey) J.

&G.

LAMNIDvE.

* Isurus DeKayi (Gill) Jor. & Gilb.

GINGLTMOSTOMID.E.

* Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmel.)

M. & H.

PETROMYZONTID^.

castaneus (Grd.)

* Petromyzon
Bean.

United States National, Museum,

Washington, March 31, 1882.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 241

IVOTES ©IV FISDBES ©RSEKVED ABOtTT PEIVSAC01.A, FliOKBDA, AIVI>
CAi,VES20IV, TEXAS, WITBt I>ESCKIPT10i\ OF WEW SI»EC"IES.

By DAWm S. JORDAN and CHAKLES H. GflL-BEKT.

The greater part of the montli of March, 1882, was spent by Pro-
fessor Jordan at Galveston and Pensacohi, in the collection and stndy
of fishes, in the interest of the United States National Museum. Fifty-
one species of marine fishes were observed at Galveston and about 110
at Pensacola; making a total of 129. These are enumerated below.
The "common names" here given are, in all cases, those in use among
the Gulf fishermen. The letters P. or G. after the name of a species
indicate that it was observed at Pensacola or Galveston, respectively.
Tlie specimens obtained are mostly in the United States National
Mnseum.

Professor Jordan wishes to make especial acknowledgment of his
indebtedness to Mr. Silas Stearns, of Pensacola, for enthusiastic and
intelligent assistance. Mr. Stearns is a member of the firm of Warren
& Co., wholesale fish-dealers at Pensacola, and the resources of this
firm were in the most generous way placed at our disposal. The most
valuable portions of the present collection were obtained from the ves-
sels sent out for Bed Snappers, the captains of these vessels beiug
directed by Mr. Stearns to save for the Museum all small fishes taken
from the mouths or stomachs of these fishes. Several interesting species
were also obtained by Mr. Stearns and Professor Jordau, with a fine-
meshed seine in the shallow waters of the Lagana Grande at Pensacola.

It will be observed that the shore-fishes, even as far westward as Gal-
veston, are essentially the same as those found along the Carolina coast.
The forms found in deeper water have a close relation with the West
Indian fauna.

LAMNID.E.

1. Isurus dekayi (Gill) J. & G. P.

Lamna ijunctala Dekay, New York Fanua Fish. 352, pi. 63, f. 203 (uot Sqnalns

jmndatus Mitch. ; uot Lamna punctata StorerHisst. Fish. Mass., which seems

to be Lamna corntibica.)
LsUropsis dekayi Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. vii, 409. (Aftpr Dekay.)
Lsuropsis glancns Poey, Synops, Plsc. Cubens. 186S, 446. (Probably not Oxii-

rhina glauca Miiller & Henle.)

The synonomy of the American species of Isurus has been much con-
fused, as appears from the above account of it. It is certain that two
species of this type, viz, Lamna cornuhica and Isurus delcayi, occur on
our Atlantic coast. We find no evidence of the existence of Isurus
spaUanzani Eaf. in our waters, although Dr. Giinther has referred the
descriptions both of Storer and Dekay to the latter species. VV^e recog-
nize the American I. delcayi, provisionally, as a species distinct from
I. glauca, which inhabits the coasts of Asia and Africa, as, in the speci-
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 16 A wg. 8, 1 8 8S.

242 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

.men examined by us, the pectoral is much hirger than in the descrip-
tion and figure of the hitter, published by Miiller & Henle.

A single individual of Isurus dekayi, a female ten feet in length, was
fonnd on the beach of Santa Rosa Island, near Pensacola. It showed
the following characters :

Color dark sooty-gray above, white below, the color abruptly chang-
ing on the tail. The whole of the caudal, the dorsal and upper edge of
pectoral, dark. Anal and under side of pectoral white.

Head 5 in total length with caudal, the upper lobe of caudal 5i in the
same. Pectoral fin falcate, as long as head; front of dorsal inserted
well behind axil of pectoral, at a distance equal to ^ the head or a little
more than half the dorsal base, which is 2^ in head. Height of dorsal,
If in head. Distance from posterior edge of base of dorsal to front of
ventral, If in head. Dorsal and pectoral somewhat falcate.

Second dorsal very small, in front of the slightly larger anal, and not
twice as large as eye. Interspace between dorsals, 2f times base of
first dorsal.

Gill area deeper than long; its depth 2f in length of head. Snout
sharp, conical. Eye large, 4f in snout, wliich measured from eye, is 3
in head. Nostril half nearer eye than snout; eye slightly nearer tip of
snout than angle of mouth. Labial fold very short. Caudal keel
strong, a pit above and below it.

Greatest depth of body, three-fourths length of head. Teeth about
ffj none of them with basal cusps; those of the middle of each jaw
mnch longer and narrower than the others, as in other species of the
genus.

CAECHARIID^.

2. Carcharias,* m). incert. Sharp-nosed Shark, G.

The jaws of an unknown species of shark were obtained at Galveston.
The teeth in the upper jaw are narrowly triangular, little oblique, and
slightly notched on the inner side. Median teeth smaller and narrower
than those on the sides. Bases of the teeth coarsely serrate, especially
on the inner edge; crown of the teeth finely serrate. Lower teeth very
narrow, nearly erect, their edges very minutely serrulate, appearing
entire, except under a lens. Teeth about |f.

* The name Carcharias first appears in Rafinesqne's Caratteri di Alcnni auovi Generi,
etc., 1810, 10. Only neiv species nre noticed iu this paper, and but one is nieiitioued.
Ca7-charias taurus Raf., a species of Odontaspis Ag., which does not agree with the orig-
inal diagnosis of Carcharias. In Rafinesqne's Indice d' Ittiologia Siciliana, IHlO, j). 44,
a work which appeared almost simultaneously with the preceding, we find three species
mentioned under the head of Carcharias, viz, lamia, glaacus, taurus. It seems evident
from the context that the former species was intended by Rafiuesque as the type of the
genus C rcharias. It is, however, not described .and not identifiable, although the
species called later " Carcharias lamia" by Risso, was probably intended. In view of
the fact that nearly all modern writers have adopted the name Carcharias toT the genus,
to which glaucus and ^^ lamia" belong, it seems to us that Cuvier's restriction of the
name Carcharias may be retained, in spite of the evident objection to it. If Carcharias
be retained, C glaucus should be considered its type, being a species certainly iden-
tified and agreeing with the original diagnosis of the genus, with Avhich C. taurus
was associated by error, an error several times since repeated. The two papers of
Rafiuesque may well be considered as parts of the same memoir, the "Caratteri'" con-
taining an account of "new" siJccies, " the Indice" an enumeration of known species.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 243

3. Carcharias platyodon (Poey.) J. & G. Shoirl-tiostd SJmrk (Galveston).
^Squalm2)laUiodon Poey, Memorial, Cuba, II, 331.
ISqualus obtu-siis Poey, Memorias, Cuba, II, 337.
lEidamia obtusa, Poey, Eep. Pis. Nat. Cuba, 1868, 447.

This is the commonest of the large sharks found on the coast of Texas
in the summer. A young male specimen 32 inches long was obtained
at Galveston, and the jaws of a verj^ large example, in the possession of
Mr. E. Gabriel, of Galveston, were also examined.

The following is a description of the specimen obtained:

Color slaty, with a distinctly bluish tinge above, whiter below, the
white extending higher posteriorly, and forming a faint lateral stripe.
Caudal fin all blackish; second dorsal and anal tipped with dusky.

Body comparatively short and stout. Head very short, broad, bluntly
rounded anteriorly, and much depressed. Mouth very broad and short.
Length of snout from mouth If in distance between angles of mouth.
Breadth of mouth between angles twice length of mouth. Angle of
mouth with a pit from which radiate two very short furrows.

Inner edge of nostril with a very blunt lobe. Distance between nos-
trils but a trifle less than length of snout from mouth. Length of
nostril greater than eye and half its distance from eye. Eye slightly
nearer nostril than angle of mouth. Kostril a little nearer eye than tip
of snout. Distance from eye to snout 1| times in interorbital width,
which is 1§ in length of head to first gill opening. Gill openings short,
the height of one a little more than half length of gill area. Top of
head with numerous mucous pores.

First dorsal beginning close behind pectoral, at a distance from the
posterior root of the latter equal to about U diameter of the eye; the
fin moderate in size, its anterior lobe rather obtuse, the posterior little
produced ; the free edge of the tin little concave. Anterior lobe extend-
ing when depressed a little beyond posterior lobe; the fin a little
higher than long, its base 2J times in the interspace between dorsals,
and about equal to the distance from the posterior base of the first dor-
sal and tlie vertical from the insertion of the ventrals. Length of pos-
terior lobe two-fifths base of the fin.

Second dorsal very small, its base 5 times in the interspace between
dorsals, less than half base of first dorsal ; the fin scarcely as long as
high ; its posterior lobe moderately produced.

Caudal moderate, the lower lobe not falcate, 2^ times in the length
of the upper lobe; the latter 3| in the total length, about equal to the
distance from the snout to the base of the dorsal.

Anal a little larger than second dorsal and placed a little further
back; its lobes more falcate, its distance from base of caudal 1 J its
base.

Ventrals moderate, their lobes bluntish, the anterior margin scarcely
more than half the length of the base. Pectorals rather small, their
tips not falcate, reaching slightly past posterior part of dorsal ; their
free margins a little concave, the anterior margin a little shorter than

244 PKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

liead, G times in total leiigtli of body. Width of pectoral a little less
than tbau two-t birds its length; the posterior lobe coutaiiied 3% times
in its anterior lobe.

Claspers, in specimen described, not reaching nearly to edge of ven-
tral.

Teeth of upper jaw broadly triangular, nearly erect, uot notched on
the outer margin, the edges distinctly and rather coarsely serrate.
Lower teeth narrowly triangular, with broad base, the edges finely
serrate. Teeth in the young scarcely narrower than in the adult.

The specimen here described was uot preserved, it having spoiled
before the arrival of alcohol.

Among the described species of this geinis Carcliarinmplafyodon (Poey)
(^=ohtusus Poey) seems to be most nearly related to the species ex-
amined by us. The pectoral in C. platyodon is larger, the teeth some-
what dift'ei-ent, and the second dorsal is said to be "assez grande,"
whereas in C. coeruleus the latter fin is very small. (J. fronto, lately de-
scribed by us from Mazatlan, is also verj^ similar, but has a much larger
second dorsal.

Another species, similar, but with longer snout, has been described by
Dekay under the name of Carcharias ca'riileus. This description has been
referred by Professor Gill to the synonymy of the very diflerent si)ecies,
Carcharias phcmheus {Nardo) = Carcharias milherti M. & H., and has
been called ^'■Eulamia milberti''\

There is, however, no good evidence that C. milherti {plumhcus) has
ever been taken in our waters. The only record is that of INIiiller &
Henle, who mention " ein Exemplar in Paris, von New York durch JMil-
bert". This specimen is apparently not the type of the original descrip-
tion; it belonged to a collection in which there were several confusions
of localities, and if really from New York it may have belonged to some
si)ecies different from the type in the museum at Berlin — perhaps to
C. obscurus or cceruleus.

There are aj^parently seven species of Carcharias (in the broad sense in
which the genus is understood by Midler & Henle, Giinther, etc.,) now
known to inhabit the waters of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the
United States. If others exist, their occurrence is yet to be verified.

These are,

1. C. glaucus (L.) Cuv.

2. * C. ohscurus (Le S.) M. & H. {Platypodon.)

*The first four of these species may be readilj' recognized by the following char-
acters :

a. First dorsal inserted nearer veutrals than pectorals. {Carcharias).

Glaucus.
an. First dorsal inserted close behind pectorals.

b. Upper teeth oblique, very deeply notched on the outer margin ; pectorals,
long. {I'latypodon Gill) Obscukus.

th. Uijper teeth suberect, triangular, scarcely notched. {Eiilamia GUI.)

c. Snout moderate ; its length from mouth uot less than width of mouth.

CCERULKUS.

cc. Snout very short; its length from mouth much less than width of
mouth \ Platyodon.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, 245

3. C. cceruleus (Dek.) J. & G. {Eidamia.)

4. G. platyodon (Poey) J. & G. {Eulamia.)

5. G. Umbatm M. & H. {Isogomphodon maculiplnnis (Poey) Gill).
C. G. hrevirostris (Poey) G'tbr [Eypoprion).

7. G. terrcv-novw Eicb. {ScoUodon.)

The Squalus punctatus Mitch. (Traus. Lit. and Phil. Soc. 1, 484),
agrees well enough with the comraon ScoUodon terncnovcc, and was
probably founded on that species. It has, however, been identified
by Gill with Gareharias isodon M. & H., a species oi Aprionodon. This
species is known only from a specimen collected by Milbert — the local-
ity not stated; but as some other collections of Milbert were made
at I^ew York, this type of C. isodon has been assumed to be from that
locality. So far as we know, no American collector has ever obtained
a specimen of the species, and Gareharias isodon, or Aprionodon puncta-
tus, should be erased from our lists.

It is not likely that, the tyi^e of ^^ ScoUodsn terraiiovtc'^ really came
from Newfoundland. It is a southern species, and is very abundant
along our South Atlantic and Gulf coasts.

4. Sccliodon terras-novae (Rich.) Gill. P.

Two young specimens obtained at Pensacola, where the si^ecies are
said to be common.

SPHYRNID^.

5. Sphyrna tiburo (L.) Kaf. — Shovel-nosed shark (Peusacola). P.

Abundant at Pensacola.

PRISTIDIDJE.

6. Pristis pectinatus Latham. — Smc-Jish. G,

Common. Tliere is thus far no evidence of the occurrence of Pristis
antiquornm in American waters, although the name occurs in several
lists of species.

TEYGONID.E.

7. Trygon sabina Le Sneur. — Sting-ray; Sting-a-ree. G. (31045).

Generally common. Also seen in the markets of New Orleans, being
obtained in Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne.

SILUPvID^E.

8. Arius felis (L.) J. & Q.—Sea cat-fish ; Blue cat. G.

Very common on the sandy beaches. It is seldom brought into the
markets, and is eaten chiefly by the negroes. The specimens seen
belong to the form described by Baird «& Girard as Arius equestris. This
form agrees in dentition, character of bony i)lates, etc., fully with the
Arius fdis of the Atlantic coast. The barbels in specimens of equestris
examined are, however, somewhat longer, the maxillary barbel extend-

246 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

ing to about the end of the first fourth of the base of the pectoral; the
others leugthened in proportion. In fells the barbel dees not usually
reach the gill opening. The pectoral in equestris extends slightly beyond
last ray of dorsal. These peculiarities are not likely to be constant.
There is i^robably no permanent difference on which to base a subspecies
equestris.

9. ^lurichtliys marinus (Mitcli.) B. & G.—Sea Mtten ; Sea cat-fsh ; Gaff-top-sail
cat. G.

Generally abundant.

ELOPIDiE.

10. Megalops atlanticus C. &. V. — Grande £caiUe; ^^ Grandacoij" ; Tarpun; Silver
fi8h. G.

This species is generally common along the Gulf coast, but only scales
were obtained. It reaches a length of some 6 feet. Its habit of leaping
out of water like the mullet causes it to be dreaded hj fishermen. It is
said that several i)ersons have been killed or injured when in small boats
by the "Grande Ecaille" leaping into the boat.

It seems to us that the specific name atlanticus should be adopted as
the name of this species, being the oldest name ever really conferred on
it. The earlier names " eyprinoides^'' Bloch, " thrissoides^^ Bloch & Schn..
and '■'- (jiganteus'''' Shaw, were alike based on a figure and description of
r>roussonet, as Clnpea cyprinoides. Broussonet had evidently a specimen
of the Indian species, Meyalops cyprinoides (Brouss.) Bleeker, and for
this species the name cyprinoides should be retained. Bloch took his
name ^'■cyprinoides'''' and his description from Broussonet, but added a
figure from Plumier, of the American species. The names " thrissoides^^
and ''■ giganteus'^ were given as substitutes for '■'■ eypr'inoides^^^ and were
likewise based prinmriiy on Broussonet's description. The earliest name
intended for our species is Megalops atlanticus C. & V. The reference
to Clupea apalike Lac, given by Giinther, is fallacious. Lacepede
describes Clupea cyprinoides, "la clupe apalike," after Broussonet, his
synonymy, like that of all writers before Cuvier and Valenciennes,
including references both to M. cyprinoides and 21. atlanticus.

H. Elops saurus L. — Lndji-fish. P.

Very abundant in summer ; at Peusacola, largely salted as bait for
the Red Snapper. Not used as food.

CLUPEID^.

12. Brevoortia patronus Goode.— ^7ew(/e. G. P. (31046, 30907).

Generally common ; reaching a length of about 13 inches ; no use is
made of it.

In life this species is bluish above, silvery below ; a faint narrow dark
stripe along the middle of each row of scales on the back. Caudal fin
bright yellow, its j)osterior margin blackish ; dorsal and anal dull yel-
lowish ; paired fins, pale ; opercle, yellowish ; a blackish blotch on its
upper edge j a round blackish humeral sx)ot.

PROCEEDINGfi OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 247

13. Opisthonema thrissa (Osbeck) Gill. G. P.

Two spocimeus obta-iued at Pensacola, where it does not appear to
be very abnudaiit.

14. Clu-pea. sapidissima WUa.— Shod, Jlcwlfe. P. (30809.)

Head, ;3| (4| in total); depth, 3| (4|). D. I, 16. A.I, 20. Scutes,
21+15.

This species is not uncommon about Pensacola, where numerous young
specimens were obtained. It is known to the fishermen as " alewife " or
"shad," and is used only for bait. The sijecimens seen were 8 to 9
inches in length. They are somewhat more elongate than the young
of the northern shad, and the number of gill-rakers is pretty constantly
smaller (about 38 below the angle of the arch, instead of 45 to 50).

15. Clupea chrysochloris (Raf.) J. & G.—Bhte hen-ing. P. G. (30809.)
{Meletta ttuocril Cuv. &l Val. xx, 375.)

ISTot rare on the Gulf coast. Known to the fishermen only as a marine
species. One specimen obtained at Galveston and one at Pensacola.

The following is a description of the Galveston specimen :

Color in life deep bluish -green above, the color abruptly ceasing on
level of ui)per edge of gill opening; sides white, with a strong tinge of
golden, especially on head. Dorsal yellowish, more or less dusky at
base and in front. Caudal soiled yellowish, dusky at tip. Yentrals
and anal pale; pectorals pale, a dusky streak on the inner side, behind
first ra3" ; tips of jaws blackish; mouth yellowish within ; tongue bluish ;
lining of opercle mostly pale; peritoneum white.

Body comparatively long and slender; head not very deep; lower
jaw strongly projecting, its tip fitting into an emarginctiou of the upper
jaw and entering the profile; tip of lower jaw with a few slender decidu-
ous teeth. Premaxillaries with a narrow band of rather strong ijenna-
neiit teeth ; those of the outer series strongest. Tongue with feeble
teeth ; vomer toothless. Gill-rakers numerous, but not long, not so long
as eye ; about 5^- in head (about 22 below angle). Eye not large, 4^ in
head. Maxillary reaching past middle of pupil, a little less than half
head. Cheeks longer than deep; their depth below eye 4 in head;
lower limb of preopercle 2^ in upper. Longest ray of dorsal IJ in head.
Ventrals small, nearer snout than base of caudal. Pectorals 1^ in head.

Head 4 (5 m total); depth 3^ (42). D. 2, 17; A. 1, 18. Lat. 1. 48.
Scutes IG 4- 13 (19 -j- 15 in the Pensacola siiecimeu, 20 + 15 in a specimen
from White River, Indiana).

The Pensacola specimen is remarkable for its extraordinary fatness,
the body being very plump and full of oil. It is very greasy to the
touch, even after having been for some time in alcohol.

16. Clupea pseudohispanica (Poey) Gthr, P. (30320.)

Four specimens of this species, each 6^ inches long, were obtained at
Pensacola. Its resemblance to the European sardine {Clwpea jnlchardus

248 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Walb.) is very great; hence its name of " Sardina de Espana," ainoug
the Cabau fishermen.

Head 4^ to 4 J in length; depth 5 to 5.^; D. IG, A. 10: hit. 1., about 45.

Body slender, little compressed, the belly scarcely carinated, its scutes
not prominent; mouth small, the maxillary not extending quite to front
of pupil, its length 2| in head ; gill-rakers long, very slender and numerous,
about two-thirds diameter eye, between 30 and 40 on arch below angle.
Lower jaw with a few feeble teetb, visible with lens; tongue with some
asperities; cheeks much longer than deep, the vertical depth below eye
about two-thirds diameter of eye ; eye 3| in head. Opercle without
distinct stria? ; interopercle with very few. Ca udal well forked ; the lower
lobe a little the longer as long as head. Yentrals inserted nearly be-
low middle of dorsal, a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout ; pec-
torals 1^ in head ; a conspicuous sheath of scales at base of pectorals.

About 45 scales in a longitudinal series; the scales being thin and
deciduous, their number cannot be exactly ascertained.

Color bluish above, becoming golden and silvery below, with no dis-
tinct markings anywhere.

reritoneum pale; lining of oi^ercle somewhat dusky. Intestinal canal
somewhat elongate, about li times length of body.

This species is mostly readily distinguished from G. piJcJiardus by the
absence of radiating striae on the opercles, these being very conspicuous
in the sardine.

DOROSOMATIDiE.

17. Dorosoma cepedianum (Le S.) Gill.— Shad. G. (30913.)

Generally abundant, especially along the coast of Texas. The speci-
mens all differ somewhat from the usual form of this species, and appa-
rently constitute a local variety or subspecies, xjerhaps worthy of a dis-
tinctive name. Compared with i^pecimens from White Kiver, Indiana,
the Galveston form has a slenderer body (depth 'S^ to 3 in length, in-
stead of 2J to 2|), and larger head (4 in length, instead of 4^). The
dorsal filament is in all specimens shorter th;!n the head. There seem
to be no other permanent diftereuces. D. 12; A 1, 32. Scales 5G to 20.
Scutes 18 + 12.

This species is not used for food. It must spawn in or near the sea
at Galveston, as individuals of all sizes are abundant in the baj

ENGRAULIDID.^.

18. Stolephorus mitchilli (0. &, V.) J, & G. G. P. (30892 Galv.) ; (30857 Peus.).

Engraulis viifchilli, C. & V., Hist. Nat. Poiss. xxi, 50, 1848 (not EngraiiJis

mitchilli Gliuther vii, ;591 ; not Cliipea viltata Mitch).
Engraulis vittata Storer, Hist. I^'isli. Mass. pi. xxvii, f. 3 (not description).
? Engraulis diiodecim Cope, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 18fi6, 405.

Head 3|- in length (4-| in total) ; depth 4 (*>) in adults, the young
more slender; D. 14; A. 25 to 20; lat. 1. 37.
Body rather short and deep, strongly compressed ; the belly com-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 249

pressed and slightly serrated. Head short, compressed, blnntish. Snout
extremely short, not longer than the ])upil of the very large eye. Eye
about 3 in head. Mouth somewhat oblique ; mandible extendhig farther
forward than eye. Maxillary extending beyond root of mandible about
to margin of opercle. Both jaws well provided with teeth. Cheeks
broadly triangular, almost equilateral, smaller than eye. Opercle
short, little oblique. Gill-rakers rather long, about two-thirds diameter
of eye.

Insertion of dorsal about midway between base of caudal and middle
of eye. Caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe slightly the longer, about
as long as head. Anal long and high, its base 3| in body, considerably
longer than head. Pectorals long, li in head, reaching about to the
front of the small ventrals, which do not reach the vent and are about
2^ times in head.

Scales thin, caducous.

Color in life translucent, very pale, with bluish reHections. Sides
with a narrow and not shar[)ly defined but bright silvery shade, scarcely
wider than the pupil, distinct for the whole length of the body. Snout
yellowish ; top of head dusty ; the occiput nearly black ; sides of head
lustrous silvery. Middle Hue of head blackish; a series of dark points
along the base of the dorsal, becoming a well-defined dark streak be-
hind the fin. Dark points along base of anal, these also becoming a
dark stripe behind the fin. Caudal distinctly yellowish, with many
dark points; its tip dusky; other fins pale; the dorsal slightly yel-
lowish.

This species is very common in the Bay of Galveston, where many
specimens were obtained. The longest about 2.^- inches in length. One
specimen was obtained at Pensaowla; another is in our collection from
Wood's Holl, Mass., where it is the commonest species of Stolephorus.
From most of the North American species of this genus, S. mitchiUi is
distinguished by the length of the anal and by the less sharply-defined
lateral stripe.

SCOPELID.E.

19 Synodus intermedins (Spix) Voey.—Sand Dicer, SmcI Laiince. P. (;i0877.)
1 Saurus inlermedius Spix. Pise. Bras. 81. Giintber v, 390.
Sam-US anolis C. & V., xxii, 48:1.
Synodus intermedins Poey, Syn. Pise. Cub. 414 (No. 68).

Numerous specimens, most of them badly mutilated, were obtained
from the stomachs of lied Snappers at Pensacola. Many of these were
full of spawn. The most perfect specimens, about a foot in length, shows
the following characters :

Color grayish-white above, becoming abruptly paler on the level of
the upper margin of the pectorals ; back and sides with eight broad
dark cross-bands, which are broadest near the lateral line; lower ])art
of sides with a pinkish tint. A jet-black blotch on shoulder girdle

250 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

above, bidden by upper part of opercle : some irregular dark blotches
on clieeks and opercles ; opercle with some yellow ; membrane joining
maxillary tobead black. Dorsal witb about G narrow dark bars formed by
series of dark spots ; caudal yellowish, margined posteriorly with black ;
a dark blotch at its base ; pectoral faintly barred with dusky and light
yellow; ventrals, anal, and gill membranes sulphur yellow. Tip of
snout not black ; jaws mottled with dark ; top of bead with dark cross-
line ; axil blackish.

Head 4 (42) ; depth 8 (9) ; D. I, 10, A. 1, 10. Scales about 4-50-7.

Body fusiform, somewhat depressed, especially posteriorily. Head
bluntish, rather large; snout short, broader at base than long, scarcely
longer than eye, 4i in head. Bones of top of bead weakly striate ; region
behind eyes with strong radiating ridges; interorbital space deeply
concave, its width G in bead, superciliary bone prominent, scale-like,
with radiating stiite.

Jaws subequal in front, the lower scarcely included. Maxillary If
in head, considerably longer than pectoral. Teeth not very large, those
on palatines and tongue rather small.

Scales on cheeks large, in 4 or 5 rows. Scales on body everywhere
large, those on breast not reduced ; three series between adipose tin and
lateral line; lateral line conspicuous, slightly keeled on the tail.

Origin of dorsal midway between adipose fin and nostrils, the fin
high, as high as long, the longest rays If in head. Caudal If in head;
])ectoral 1§, reaching about to seventh scale of lateral line ; ventral 1^ ;
insertion of ventrals under second third of pectoral, the tin extending
to slightly beyond base of last ray of dorsal ; base of anal as long as max-
illary.

Our specimens are evidently identical with Poey's " Species dubia,
an Synodus intermedia. IS'o. G8."

CYPRINODOIS^TID^.

20. Cyprinodon variegatus Lac. (30829.)

Ci/priiiodon (jihhosus Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1853, 390.

Body very short and robust, in adults high and much compressed,
the females abruptly constricted at base of caudal peduncle; caudal
peduncle rather short and high, rapidly narrowed backwards to tail, its
greatest height nearly equal to length of bead, its least height one-half
head; head short, little depressed, narrowed upwards and forwards,
with sharp snout and small mouth; width of mouth rather less than
lenatb of snout; teeth large, in a single series, consisting of wedge-
shaped incisors, much widened towards tips, the cutting edge tricuspid;
no villiform teeth ; eye moderate, its diameter longer than mandible,
slightly less than interorbital width, about equal to length of snout,
and contained 3^ times in length of bead ; interorbital width 3 in bead.
Opercle joined by membrane to shoulder-girdle from a point slightly
above base of pectoral.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 251

lutestinal canal loiij;-, but not much convoluted, 2| times length of
body.

Dorsal moderate, in females as high as the length of its base, in males
much higher; origin of dorsal midway betjveen base of caudal and end
of snout ; base of fin 1^ to If in length of head ; longest ray (in <? 2' long)
reaching half way from base of fiu to base of caudal; the anterior rays
equaling length of head and extending beyond tips of posterior rays
■where the lin is depressed; in females, the longest raj about 1^ in head.
Origin of anal under eighth or ninth ray of dorsal ; the fin very small, and
much higher than long; length of base about equaling snout; longest
ray half length of head (less in females). No external oviduct. Caudal
truncate or slightly emargiuate, 1;^ in head. Ventrals, in adult males,
reaching front of anal, 2^^ in head; in females, reaching vent. Pec-
torals long, reaching middle of ventrals, 1^ in head.

Scales large, tuberculate in males, arranged in regular series;
humeral scale much enlarged, its height nearly half length of head;
26 or 27 oblique series of scales from opercle to base of tail; 13 scales
in an oblique series from vent to middle of back.

Head, 3f to 3f in length; depth, 2 to 25; D. 11; A. 10. Scales,
2G-13.

Color: (?, olivaceous; from dorsal forward above pectoral to head
deep lustrous steel-blue, the color very intense and conspicuous in life;
rest of npper parts with rather greenish luster, becoming dull slaty
blue; and on cheeks, opercles, sides anteriorly, and belly, deep salmon -
color; lower lip and preopercle, violet. Dorsal blackish, the anterior
margin of fin orange; caudal dusky olive, with a jet-black bar at tip,
and a narrow black cross-streak at base. Anal dusky at base, bordered
entirely around with bright orange. Ventrals dusky, bordered with
orange. Pectorals dusky-orange, darker below. Smaller specimens
show some orange shading on the sides, and sometimes also traces of
the cross-bands of the female.

9 , very light olive ; lower half of sides with about 11, alternately wide
and narrow, vertical, dark bars, those anteriorly narrower and closer
together; usually 7 or 8 dark cross-bars on the back, alternating with
the wide bars below; these bars are of various degrees of distinctness,
sometimes almost obsolete ; a dusky area below eye; young with broad
greenish cross-shades wider than the interspaces. Belly pale or yellow-
ish; lower jaw largely blue; cheeks brassy. Dorsal dusky, with an
iniense black, faintly ocellated spot near tip of last rays. Caudal
faintly reddish, with a black bar towards base. Other fins pale orange,
with some dark points.

Found very abundant at Galveston and still more so at Pensacola.
Specimens from the Gulf {'•^gibbosus^^) are larger and somewhat brighter
colored than those from the Atlantic farther north, but a careful com-
parison with specimens from Beaufort, N. C, and AVood's Holl, Mass.,
failed to show any differences of even varietal value. It is possible that

2.72 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

this species is identical also Avitli C. hovimis (Baird & Girard, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1853, 389), and with C. cximius (Grd. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phil. 1859, 158). But as hovimis is described as having head
3 in length, eye 4 in head, ventrals under anterior margin of dorsal, tin
raj'S fewer in number, D. 9, A. 8, aad with somewhat different colora-
tion, and G. eximius with head about 3J in length, eye 4 in head, D. 12,
A. 12, and different coloration, it is not advisable to include them, for the
present, in the synonomy of variegatus.

21. Fundulus similis (Gkard) Jor. P. G. (30812 Pens. ; 30920 Galv.)

Body very long and slender, the outlines scarcely arched; adults
much deeper than young; head narrow, very long, and regularly nar-
rowed forwards; preorbital exceedingly wide, as wide as eye, 4J to 5 in
length of head; eye small, 5 to 5 J in head, IJ to li| in interorbital width;
posterior margin of orbit slightly behind middle of head ; eye If in
length of mandible ; mouth small, maxillary not nearly reaching vertical
from anterior nostril; teeth very small, in broad villiform bands, the
outer series not at all enlarged ; interorbital width 3.^ in head.

Dorsal fin long and rather low, the height less than length of base in
adult males, 1^ in length of base in females ; in males the last rays are
but little higher than some of those preceding, in females the last are
the lowest; longest ray (in <?) 2^ in head; origin of dorsal nudway
between middle of eye and tip of caudal. Origin of anal under third
dorsal ray, the fin much higher than dorsal, the longest ray 1^ in head ;
the rays regularly increase in length to the sixth ; the seventh, eighth, and
ninth then rapidly shortened, the last again somewhat longer ; thus the
anterior outline of the fin is convex, and the posterior deeply emarginyte
or falcate, or in females nearly vertically truncate ; posterior margins of
oviduct adnate along either side of third anal ray, forming a pouch at
base of first and second rays, covering one-fourth length of first ray.
Pectorals reaching origin of ventrals. If to 1| length of head ; ventrals
not reaching vent, 2 J in head; their base midway between pectorals and
origin of anal; caudal subtruncate, 1| in head.

Scales large, in regular series ; 33 oblique series from opercle to base
of tail ; 11 in an oblique series upwards from vent to mid«lle of back ;
humeral scales not enlarged.

Head 3^ in length ; depth 3| to 4f ; D. 11 to 13.

A. 10 ; scales 33—11.

Color: ^, olivaceous, bronze below; lower parts of head strongly
orange ; sides with 10 to 15 narrow dark bars, one-third to two-thirds as
wide as the interspaces, and not very dark, although distinct; a large,
diffuse, dark humeral blotch, extending froai above opercle to about base
of pectoral; each scale with a distinct > -shaped intermarginal series of
dots, forming conspicuous reticulations. Dorsal dusky Avith black
specks, mostly black at base ; a small ocellated black spot behind, dis-
appearing in adults ; caudal faintly clouded with dusky, especially about
the middle ; ventrals pale, somewhat soiled.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITFD STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 253

9 , olivaceous, sides paler olive, witli metallic lustre; belly white;
7 to 15 very narrow sbari)ly-defiued black bars on sides, not exteudiug
on the back, scarcely broader than the pupil ; scales marked as in the
males, but much more faintly. Fins pale, almost immaculate.

This species is very abundant at Pensacola., where many specimens
Mere collected ; it Avas also obtained at New Orleans. The Galveston
specimens show quite constantly: D. 11, A. 9, head 3^ in length ; eye
smaller, If in interorbital width, and width of preorbital 5^ in head;
and may represent a tangible variety.

22. Fundulus grandis Gnl. G. P. (1^083';.)

FtindHhisjLrklnisis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1859, 157.

Body stout, robust; adult females much compressed and elevated;
caudal peduncle short and rather deep, its greatest dei)th (iu $ , 5 inches
long) equaling- its length, which equals one-half length of head ; head
long, broad, and heavy, the lower jaw conspicuously longer than the
upper, and very strong; teeth in a narrow villiform patch, the outer series
in each jaw enlarged ; preorbital narrow, about one-half diameter of
orbit; eye large, slightly less than length of snout or mandible, 1 to IJ
in head, slightly more than one-half interorbital space.

Dorsal tin small arid low, but little elevated, in males 4.i inches long",
where the tips reacli scarcely more than half way from base of fin to
root of caudal; the rays still shorter in adult females; origin of dorsal
usually slightly nearer tip of caudal than tip of snout; base of dorsal
contained from 2J to 3 times in head; longest rays in male about one-
half head, somewhat less in females. Origin of anal under fourth or
fifth ray of dorsal, its base equallinry length of snout; longest ray iu
males If iu head, in females 2 to 2^ times ; oviduct attached to first anal
ray for a distance more than one-third length of ray ; ventrals barely
reaching vent in males, about 2^ in head ; pectorals large, reaching to
or beyond base of ventrals, and half or more than half length of head;
caudal about 1^ in head.

Scales in 35 to 38 oblique rows ; 15 in an oblique series from vent for-
wards to middle of back.

Head 3 to 3^ in length ; depth 3f to 3| ; D. 11 ; A. 10 or 11 ; scales
35 to 38-15.

Color: ^, very dark green above, paler posteriorly; sides with
numerous small, round, pearly-white spots, occasionally some of them
arranged in vertical series ; posteriorly with traces of 8 to 10 very nar-
row, pale, vertical bars, alternating with broader, faint, dusky ones ; belly
yellowish ; sides of head dusky. Caudal greenish, abnost black behind,
its edge translucent ; the basal part with numerous small white spots.
Dorsal olive, anteriorly orange, blackish on basal half, and marked with
numerous small white spots. Anal and ventrals bright orange, the
former sometimes dusky, and frequently with several white specks at
base. Pectorals light vellow.

254 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

9 , sometimes nearly x)laiii silvery, dusky olive above, and with much
minute dark specking on lower Lalf of sides ; sides usually showing
traces of from 12 to 15 narrow, silvery, vertical bars, less than one half
as wide as the dusky interspaces ; no white spotting on body or fins ;
fins all nearly plain dusky olive, with some yellow; top of head blackish.

This species is very closely allied to F. heteroditus^ but differs con-
stantly in the much lower fins ; the interorbital width is slightly less,
and the fins show some slight differences in coloration. F. grandis was
found very abundant in the Laguna Grande at Pensacola, and was also
found at Galveston, Tex.

23. Fundulus ocellaris sp. nov. (29667, 29667, 30853.) P.

Head comparatively small and narrow, with short depressed snout,
and weak jaws; body rather slender; lower jaw but little longer than
upper; eye small, 4 in head. If in interorbital width, equaling snout,
which equals length of mandible; teeth all villiform, in narrow bands
in each jaw, the outer series but little enlarged, but projecting appre-
ciably beyond the others; i^reorbital narrow, less than half diameter of
orbit.

Dorsal fin (in $ 3 inches long) much elevated, reaching, when de-
pressed, beyond base of rudimentary rays of caudal ; much shorter than
this in females and young males. Origin of dorsal midway between tip
of caudal and tip of snout, or slightly nearer snout; the base of the fin
li in height of longest ray, which is contained 1;^ in head; outline of
fin rhomboid, the upper edge straight, the last rays highest. Anal fin
similar to dorsal, but narrower and sliglitly lower, not reaching caudal
when depressed ; its origin under second ray of dorsal and distant from
caudal half as far as from tip of snout; base half height of lonjjest ray;
greatest height of caudal peduncle two-thirds its length and half length
of head ; oviduct not attached to first anal ray, but forming a low sheath
along base of first six rays. Caudal short, rounded, 1;^ in head ; pecto-
rals slender, reaching base of ventrals, Ij in head ; ventrals (in adult,?)
extending beyond front of anal, half length of head.

Scales moderate, in somewhat irregular oblique series, of which there
are 35 between gill opening and base of caudal; 15 scales in an oblique
series from vent forwards to middle of back; about 18 cross series
between nape and front of dorsal; humeral scale not enlarged.

Female with somewhat deeper body, and different coloration; the
fins smaller, tlie last ray of dorsal shorter than those preceding, and not
reaching halfway from its base to rudimentarj- caudal rays; length of
longest ray greater than base of fin; ventrals not nearly reaching vent;
front of dorsal nearer tip of caudal than end of snout.

Head 3 to 3i in length ; depth 1. D. 11 ; A. 10 ; V. 6 ; P. 13; scales
35-15.

Color: ^, dark olive brown above, golden on sides and below, the
golden tint extending farther upon caudal peduncle than on trunk;

PEOOEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 255

scales margined with darker; sides with 13 to 15 dark cross-bauds of
the color of the back, not extending on the belly, but almost reaching
lower median line behind ventrals ; these bands usually approximately
parallel, and the anterior ones, at least, narrower thau the interspaces,
the widest of which is about two-thirds diameter of orbit; sides poste-
riorly to origin of dorsal finely speckled with small pearly spots which
cover both bands and interspaces. Dorsal and anal margined with
orange anteriorly, the color deeper on front of anal; the two fins tinged
with orange and checked with black and pearl color ; caudal light orange,
indistinctly barred at base with series of linear blotches; pectorals and
ventrals plain orange, the former slightly dusky.

9 dark above, sides finely dusted with darlt points, pale below, tinged
with yellowish; middle of sides with about 13 very narrow, short, dark
half bars ; back sometimes with small dark blotches ; dorsal dusky with
a very distinct black spot ocellated with white, on its posterior rays ;
caudal and anal plaiu dusky; ventrals light yellowish.

About 15 specimens, the longest about 3 inches long, obtained in
Laguna Grande, at Pensacola.

24 Fundnlus xenicus nom. sp. nov. P. (29668; 30821: 30841.)

Adinia vmltifasdata Gi-ard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1859, 117 (not Hijdrar-
gyra vuilfifasciaia Le Sueur, nor Fundulus adinia Jor. and Gilb. Synopsis
Fishes N. A. 334).

Body very deep and much compressed, with very high caudal j^edun-
cle, rapidly tapering head, and ver}" slender, sharp, conical suont; tip
of snout on axis with body, the ventral outline somewhat more arched
than the dorsal ; profile rising rapidly from tip of snout to origin
of dorsal, slightly depressed at nape ; body highest at origin of dorsal
fin, where the profile is angulated; depth much greater in adults than
in the young; in a male specimen, 2 J' long, the depth ennals one half
the length; in younger males the depth is contained 2.^- to 2.;V times in
length; greatest depth of caudal peduncle 3;? in length. Head high
and narrow; snout conical, pointed; jaws equal, the gape horizontal
in closed mouth ; mouth protractile downwards and forAvards ; teeth
very small, in a villiform band, the outer series in each jaw enlarged
and conical. Eye large, 3 in head, 14^ in tlie narrow interorbital si)ace,
equal to length of snout, rather more than length of mandible. Branchi-
ostegal membranes broadly joined across throat, united as far back as
vertical from preopercular margin. Branchiostegal 5. Opercle joined
by membrane to shoulder- girdle, down to a point just above base of
pectoral.

Intestinal canal equaling length of body.

Dorsal in advance of anal, its origin midway between base of caudal
and middle of orbit; the fin much higher than long, the longest rays
reaching, in adult males, beyond rudimentary caudal rays; highest dor-
sal ray If in head. Anal beginning opposite middle of dorsal base,
similar to dorsal, but lower, scarcely reaching base of caudal ; the base

256 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

of the fin is very oblique and is about equal to length of caudal pedun-
cle ; distance from origin of anal to base of caudal, 2 in distance to tip
of snout ; longest anal ray 1^ in head. Caudal broad, 1^ in head. Ven-
trals (in ^) reaching anal, 2^ in head. Pectorals long, reaching mid-
dle of ventrals, IJ in head. Oviduct not adnate to first anal ray.

Female specimens have body less deep, fins much lower, and differ-
ent coloration ; the depth is 2f to 2| in length, and the longest dorsal
ray If in head.

Head 2-,\ in length ; depth 2 ; D. 9 or 10 j A. 11 or 12 ; V. G ; P. 14 ;
B. 5 ; scales 25-10.

Color: ^, dark green, sides with 10 to 14 narrow bands of bluish-
silvery, the first of which is somewhat in front of dorsal; these bands
are slightly oblique below, and are a little narrower than the interspaces ;
they become wider and farther apart behind ; the interspaces are fre-
quently divided by fainter silvery bands; a diffuse, broad, dusky blotch
below and behind eye. Lower jaw bright orange; lower side of head
and belly yellow.

Dorsal blackish, with very numerous round blue spots, the lower
Fpots, and sometimes most of them, orange ; anal similarly colored ;
caudal wiMi irregular alternately darii; and light bars, and a few white
basal spots ; ventrals dusky, tipped with sul[>hur-yellow ; pectoral trans-
lucent.

$ greenish, with a faint trace of a dusky lateral stripe, and with
about 8 obscure pale cross-bands ; dorsal, caudal, and pectorals plain
dusky, the lower edge of caudal tipped with orange; anal and ven-
trals orange-yellow ; lower jaws yellow ; a dusky shade below and
behind eye.

Very numerous specimens, the largest about 2 inches long, were
obtained from the Laguna Grande, at Pensacola, in salt-water.

25. Lucania venusta Girard. P. (30819.)

LHcania affinis Grtl. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1859, 118.

Body fusiform, rather strongly compressed, the dorsal and ventral
outlines about equally arched; head narrow, compressed, flattened
above the eyes, the upper profile of snout both longitudinally and trans-
versely convex ; snout compressed, conspicuously shortened and verti-
cally rounded, its height greater than its width ; caudal peduncle long
and rather slender, its greatest height If in head, its length slightly
less than head; mouth very small, ])rotractile forwards, the lower jaw
very much projecting in open mouth ; mandible heavy, short, and
strongly convex, less than diameter of orbit; teeth small, but firm and
strong, conical, in a single series in each jaw, or forming an irregular
double series anteriorly; no villiform teeth behind this outer series;
eye large, 3 in head, slightly shorter than interorbital width, and greater
than length of snout.

Intestinal canal rather less tlian length of body.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 257

Origin of dorsal flu midway between tip of snout and "base of caudal,
or very slightly nearer the latter; the length of its base contained If in
head; the upper margin of the fin rounded, the longest ray (in c?)
equalling the length of its base.

Origin of anal fin under middle of dorsal; distance from its origin to
base of caudal from four-sevenths ( 9 ) to five-sevenths ( <? ) of distance
to top of snout; oviduct not attached to first anal ray, but produced
backwards, forming a low sheath on both sides at base of first G rays;
length of anal base, two-fifths head; longest ray ((?), one-half head;
caudal If in head. Pectorals long, reaching beyond base of ventrals;
If in head. Ventrals to slightly beyond vent; 1| in head.

Head 3.^ in length; depth 3 J. D. 11 or 12; A. 9 or 10; Scales 2(J-8.

Color (? light olive, pale on belly, sides with some silvery lustre and
with indistinct trace of an obsolete dusky lateral stripe; scales con-
spicuously dark-edged; opercles and cheeks bright silvery; dorsal and
caudal light yellow, and, as well as the anal, narrowly margined with
black ; dorsal with an elongate, vertical, black blotch at anterior mar-
gin, a yellow spot behind it; a vertical dusky streak behind each dorsal
ray, composed of fine black jjoints. Anal orange or translucent, white
at base; ventrals similar to anal. Pectorals pale yellowish. A dark
vertical streak through iris.

9 similar, fins all plain.

Exceedingly abundant in the lagoons at Pensacola.

26. Gambusia patruelis Girard. N. O. G. 30922.

Meterandria affinis Baird & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1853, 390.
Gambusia gracilis Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 121.
Gamhusia huviilis Giiutber, vi, 335.

The specimens described are all femAles.

Body rather slender, compressed, the belly nnich distended with ova,
projecting much beyond normal outline of body, and abruptly con-
stricted at the vent ; greatest height of caudal peduncle one-third
greater than its least height, and three-fourths length of head ; head
small, very broad, and much depressed ; teeth strong, in a broad villi-
form band in each jaw, the outer series much enlarged, the teeth not
movable, straight; eye small, 1| in interorbital width, slightly greater
than length of snout, and 3 J to 3.^^ in length of head ; interorbital width
1§ in head.

Intestinal canal short, about equal to length of body.

Dorsal small, inserted far back, its base scarcely greater than diam-
eter of orbit ; distance from its origin to base of caudal equaling one-
half the distance to tip of snout ; the origin of fin over middle of anal ;
highest ray If in head. Anal larger than dorsal, with longer base and
higher rays ; the longest anal ray slightly less than length of head ;
origin of anal about midway between rudimentary caudal rays, and gill
opening. Caudal acutely rounded, slightly less than length of head
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 17 Aug-. 8, 18 8S.

258 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Veutrals short, not nearly reaching- front of anal, 2 in bead. Pectorals
nearly as long as Lead, reaching to beyond base of ventrals.

Head 4 in length ; depth 3 to 4 ; D. 7 ; A. 8 or 9. Scales 30 or 31-10.

Color, light olive with some bluish reflections ; each scale edged with
dark; a very narrow dark line along median row of scales on sides; toj)
of head and upper part of opercle, dusky ; an oblique, narrow and ratlier
obscure, dark blue-black band below eye ; a black spot on each side of
belly, a dark median line on caudal peduncle below. Fins dusky.

Exceedingly abundant in the marshes about Lake Poutchartrain. A
few specimens were also obtained at Galveston. This species is most
closely allied to Gambusia holbroolci (Agassiz) ; a comparison with spec-
imens of the latter from Indian Eiver, Florida, show certain constant
differences. Thus, in holhrooM the eye is larger, more than one third
length of head, and is contained li in interorbital width ; and the head
is larger, 3§ in body. These slight differences may disappear on the
examination of an extended series, but with our present material no
variation is apparent. In the synonomy of holbroolci must be i)laced
HaplocMIus melanops Cope. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1870, 457 {nee
Zygonectes melano'ps Jordan. Bull. 111. Lab. Isat. Hist. No. 2, 52) ; and
Zygonectes atrilatuH Jordan «& Brayton, Bull. U. S. JSTat. Mus. xii, 1878, 84.

27. MollienesialatipiniiaLe Sueur. P. (30823,30870.)

PcccUia muliiUneafa Le Sueur, Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1823, ii, 4.
1 Liviia matamorensis Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, IIG.

Body oblong, much compressed in males, of nearly equal height from
dorsal backwards, the greatest height of body but one-third greater than
that of caudal peduncle ; females, with gibbous belly and narrower
caudal peduncle ; head very small, depressed, not narrowed forwards ;
mouth very small, vertical, and without lateral cleft; lengtli of mandi-
ble about two-thir(^?. diameter of orbit ; teeth nil very small, movable, in
a rather narrow band ; the outer series much larger than the others, but
still very small, composed of slender pointed teeth, strongly curved
inwards ; eye moderate, 1^ to 1| in interorbital width, equal to or slightly'
greater than snout, and 3J to 3A in head.

Dorsal very long, in adult males enormously elevated, exceeding-
height of body ; the fin is almost square, the base slightly longer than
the height, the upper margin nearly straight ; longest ray 2^^ in length
of body, the last ray reaching beyond base of caudal; base of fin 2^ in
body ; origin of dorsal distant from base of caudal, 24 times its distance
from the tip of snout. In females, the dorsal is low, the longest ray
equaling two-thirds length of head, the last ray reaching- but half way
to base of caudal ; the base of the fin 3f tiuies in length of body, its
origin distant from base of caudal IJ times the distance from tip of snout.

Anal very small ; in the male, modified into an intromittent organ,
and inserted in advance of middle of dorsal, its origin about half way
between snout and base of caudal, the fourth ray longest and thickest, 1:^

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 259

in bead ; iu females the origin is nuder twelfth ray of dorsal, and about
midway between tip of caudal and tip of snout. Caudal rounded, about
equaling length of head in females, one-fourth greater than head in
males. Ventrals inserted behind vertical from origin of dorsal, reaching
beyond vent in females ; in males the first and second rays are thick-
ened, the second filamentous, IJ- in head. Pectoral long, longer in
males, where it reaches beyond middle of ventrals, and is very slightly
less than length of head.

Scales in very regular rows, 26 in a longitudinal series, 9 or 10 in an
oblique series forward from vent to middle of back; humeral scale not
enlarged. Intestinal canal about 2i times total length of fish (with
caudal).

<?. Head 4 in length; depth 2f to 3. 9. Head 3^ to 3f in length;
depth 24 to 2|.

D. 15 or 16 ; A. 8 ; scales, 26 — 9 or 10.

Color : c? . Light olive-green, marbled with darker and spotted with
pale green ; each scale on back and sides with an oblong, blackish spot,
these forming continuous lengthwise stripes ; head dusky above, opercle
and cheek minutely speckled; an orange strii^e above opercle; lower
parts of head mostly orange; some orange tinge on breast. Dorsal
translucent, its basal half with about five series of linear blackish hor-
izontal spots, forming interrupted lines; above middle of fin, on mem-
brane between each pair of rays, is a large, roundish dark spot. Be-
tween these spots and above them are many small, round bronze spots.
Membrane between second and -third rays red at base; all of these
markings irregular on first and last rays; caudal niirrowlymargiued all
around with black, its base lavender; its lower parts mostly whitish;
the middle orange; the upper parts pale, with round orange spots;
other fins pale orange. Females have dorsal and caudal olivaceous,
with indistinct, narrow cross-bands, formed by series of small dark
spots on the rays.

Very abundant at Peusacola, where numerous specimens were pro-
cured from the Laguna Grande. It is also very common about the
wharves, the gorgeous dorsal fin of the male being conspicuous in the
shallow water.

28. Mollienesia lineolata (Grd.) J. & G. G. ; N. O. (30891.)
? Mollienesia pocdlioides (Girard).

Four female specimens and one male, from Galveston, Tex. (the largest
2' long), and two females from Lake Poutchartrain, are referred by us
to this species. They show the following difierences from M. latijnnna :

Eye small, the iris jet black ; diameter of orbit 3^ to 3^ times in head,
and If to 2 times in interorbital width (the eye 2| in head, and If in
iuterorbital width, in laUpimm of same size) ; dorsal fin smaller, its base
3| in body iu females, 3 in males, the rays constantly 13 or 14 in num-
ber (usually 13) ; origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and ru

260 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

dimentarj' caudal rays in females 5 in males, distant from snout by
length of base of fin ; ventrals inserted in advance of vertical, from
origin of dorsal, or, in male, opposite origin of dorsal ; color the same
as in latipinna, except that all the specimens show the 5 faint, dark, ver-
tical half bars on tLe sides.

This species can hardly be regarded as more than a representative
form of 31. latipinna, and, on the examination of a sufficient number of
specimens of the various localities, may be found to vary into the typi-
cal form. The differences pointed out above are, however, constant in
the specimens in our possession, and seem to warrant the retention of
the name for the present.

The male fish described by Girard as Limia poeciloides, is probably
referable to this species. Limia matainorensis, on the contrary, seems to
be a typical latipinna.

29. Muraena ocellata (Ag.) Jen. P.

One small specimen in good condition, together with the remains of
several larger ones, were taken from the stomachs of Ived Snappers at
Peusacola. Color light olive green, darker above, becoming light yel-
lowish on the belly, the dark color forming reticulations around whitish
spots of various sizes 5 most of them round, some oblong and some conflu-
ent, the largest not quite as large as eye; spots becoming smaller to-
ward head and largest toward the tip of the tail. Dorsal with dark
marginal blotches ; anal black edged ; a small jet-black spot at augle of
mouth; no black around gill-opening.

Teeth uniserial, the larger ones distinctly serrated on the posterior
margin, rather strong and turned backward, those in front little larger
than the others. Vomer, in all specimens examined, without trace of
teeth; gape in head; dorsal beginning a little in advance of gill-open-
ing. Head 2.^ in trunk; head and trunk a little shorter than tail; eye
3 in gape, half broader than gill-slit, equal to interorbital space.

AXCtUILLID^.

30. Ophichthys mordax (Poey) J. & G. P.

One specimen, nearly digested, from the stomach of a Eed Snapper,
at Peusacola. The dentition agrees better with Poey's account of his
" MacrodonopJds ynordax,^^ than with Giinther's description of Crotalopsis
punctifer Kaup. Dr. Giinther considers the two identical.

31. Ophichthys macrurus Poey. P. (30895.)

A single specimen, in good condition 11 inches long, was presented to
the National Museum by Dr. August Galny, of Galveston.

Color light olive, the back closely punctulate but pale, the belly
whitish ; fins all pale ; dorsal and pectoral without darker margin.

Head 2§ in distance from snout to vent ; the distance from snout to
vent 2| to 2f in total length ; gape 2-§ in head, a little less than length

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 261

of pectoral, which is about equal to greatest depth of body ; teeth all
distinctly biserial. Dorsal beginning a little in front of tip of pectoral.
Fins all edged with black.

Body not very slender. Head narrow and pointed, the upper jaw
projecting beyond lower. Bye large, more than half length of snout,
its position over the middle of the gape, its diameter more than the
interorbital width ; gape 2| in length of head ; teeth biserial on jaws
and vomer, subequal, short, slender, and sharp, all of them more or less
directed backward; no large canines; some of the vomerine teeth
larger than the others ; nasal tubes short and inconspicuous ; gill-
openings small, their height about f eye.

Tail almost exactly twice length rest of body. Head slightly more
than half trunk, nearly 9 in total length. Distance from snout to front
of dorsal 2J in distance from snout to vent. Dorsal beginning opposite
anterior fourth of pectoral, rather low. Pectorals long and narrow,
about 2f in head. Free tip of tail sharp. This species is allied to
Ophichthys parilis (Ricli.), but seems to be well distinguished by the
short tubes of the nostrils.

32. Ophichthys chrysops Poey. P.

f Ophisurus gomesii Castelnau, Auim. Am6r. Sud., Poiss. j). 84.

Two specimens, one male and one female, the male about 20 inches
long, in poor condition, were taken from the stomach of a Red Snapper
at Pensacola. The male with the testes well developed ; the female
with two mrge ovaries extending for the entire length of abdominal
cavity.

33. Myrophis lumbricus sp. no v. (G.) 30896.

A single specimen, 9 inches in length, obtained at Galveston.

Color light olivaceous, scarcely translucent in life, with a slight
bluish luster towards the head. Everywhere, except on belly, finely and
densely punctulate with black, besides which are small faint spots of
greenish yellow. Eyes bright green. Underside of belly and head with
steel-blue luster.

Body subterete, worm-like, tai^eriug backward almost to a point,
even the tail scarcely compressed^ Diameter of head much less than of
body. Head extremely small, slender, and pointed, the narrow upper
jaw projecting well beyond lower. Eye small, considerably nearer
angle of mouth than tip of snout, its length about half snout. Gape
short, about 4 in head. Teeth all strong, slender, sharp, directed back-
ward, apparently in single series, some of the anterior in the upper jaw
canine-like, a single series of teeth on the vomer rather stronger than
the teeth in the jaws.

Gill openings small, oblique, rather close together, subinferior, just
below the minute rounded pectorals, which are narrower than the gill
openings and not much larger than the eye. Opercular region long,
with very conspicuous concentric strife.

262 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Head 10| iu total length ; greatest depth of body 33. Length of
head and trunk 2| in total. Dorsal very low, beginning at a point
nearer gill opening- than vent, at a distance behind gill opening about
equal to length of head. Lateral line distinct.

This species is evidentlj' distinct from the Myrophis found at Panama,
which Dr. Giinther calls Myrophis punctatus. This species has larger
head, larger mouth, longer pectorals, and the body more compressed,
etc. Myrophis microsUgmius Poey, from Cuba, is said to have the
dorsal inserted farther back. Kaup's description of M. longicoUis (= M.
punctatus), from Surinam, also indicates a species with a longer head;
but too little is known of that species to afford a comparisou with M.
lumbricus, M. microsUgmius, or the Panama sj)ecies, if that be really
different from M. punctatus Liitken.

Three other eels, two of them Ophichthys, and the other perhaps an
OpMosoma, and all new to our coast, were obtained from stomachs of Eed
Snappers at Pensacola, but in such bad condition that they cannot be
identified.

34. Anguilla rostrata (Le S.) DeKaj. — " Fresh -water eeV N. O.
Seen only in the New Orleans markets.

35. Conger caudicula Beau, MSS. P.

A species of Conger with the skin entirely digested was taken from
the stomach of a Eed Snapper. We were unable to distinguish its re-
mains from the common species.

SCOMBERESOOID^.

36. Tylosurus longirostris (Mitch.) J. & G.— Needle-fish. G.; P. (31010, G.)
{Beloiie scrutator Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 1859, 30, pi. siii.)

Generally common ; rarely brought into the markets, although con-
sidered good eating. It is not tangibly different from the northern
form.

37. Hemirhamphus unifasciatus Ranzani. G. (31027.)
(Eemirham2)hiis rohcrfi aud H. rkhardl C. & V. xix, 24, 26.)

Generally common.

38. ExocoBtus hillianus Gosse. P. (30866.)

One fine specimen, 5^ inches long, from the " Snapper Banks" at Pen-
sacola.

Color, back and sides to middle of base of pectoral dark green, thence
abruptly bright silvery, this shade covering the lower two-thirds of the
sides, belly, and sides of head. A rather faint purplish band from u])per
edge of i)ectoral base backward, parallel with back ; occiput, snout, sides
of head and silvery area on sides more or less flushed with pinkish
purple. Dorsal fin translucent, with a large black blotch covering upjier
part of first 6 rays; the fin with narrow white edging posteriorly;

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 263

caudal bright brick-red, speckled with dark i)oiuts aud edged posteriorly
with translucent. Pectorals dusky translucent, with reddish tinge on
basal two-thirds of upper rays. Ventrals translucent, with some red-
dish on base of central rays and with a distinct small dusky spot at
base of outer ray, externally visible through the covering scale. Anal
translucent, somewhat white anteriorly.

Head 4^^ ; depth 5. I). 12 ; A. 14; scales 38-5.

Body moderately compressed. Head rather short, the short snout
4| times in its length ; the large eye 3 times, interorbital space flat, 3 in
head. Gill rakers rather long.

Pectoral fin reaching about to middle of anal, its length If in body,
its second ray scarcely shorter than third, not forked. Ventral fin in-
serted slightly nearer root of caudal than tip of snout, its tip extending
very slightly past front of anal, its length 14 in head. Dorsal much
higher than long, its longest rays slightly longer than head, reaching
caudal. Lower lobe of caudal slightly longer than head.

This rare and beautiful species has not been hitherto recorded from
our coast.

The species of the restricted genus Exoccetus (exclusive of Halocyp-
selus and Cypselurns) represented in the National Museum from our At-
lantic coast, may be recognized in the following analysis:
a. Ventrals moderate, shorter than head, reaching little past front of anal ; second ray
of pectoral simple. (Farexocccius Bleeker. )
h. Dorsal higher than long, with a black blotch in front ; ventrals plain ; anal

about as long as dorsal; D. 12, A. 14 IIillianus.

aa. Ventrals long, longer than head, reaching usually past anal fin; second ray of
l^ectoral forked. (Exocoetus.)
c. Ventrals pale ; snout not very blunt.

d. Anal rather long, its base about three-fourths that of dorsal ; its in-
sertion nearly opposite front of dorsal ; lower caudal lobe shorter

than head; D. 11, A. 12 Exioens.*

dd. Anal short, its base less than half that of dorsal; its insertion behind
that of dorsal ; lower caudal lobe nearly one-third longer than head ;

D. 14, A. 9 NOVEBORACENSIS. t

cc. Ventrals black, with Avhite edgings; snout very blunt ; anal rather long,
its base more than f dorsal ; its insertion slightly behind front of dor-
sal ; lower caudal lobe half longer than head ; D. 12, A. 12.

RONDELETII. X

SYNGNATHID^.

39. Siphostoma floridae sp. nov. P. (30826.)

Body comparatively slender, the belly scarcely keeled, even in the
females. Head slender, the snout long, from one-third to one-half longer

* Exococtus exiliens Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i, 1400, 1788; Giinther v), 291; Goode, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus. V, 64.

t Exococlm noveboracensis Mitchill, Amer. Monthl. Mag. ii, 233, 1817 : ExOcoetus mel-
anurus C. & V. xix, 101.

t Exocwtus rondeletii Cuv. & Val. xix, 115. A specimen we examined (21870) from
open sea, lat. 46° ; long. 61'^.

264 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

than the rest of the bead, its upper edge with a low sharp keel ; top of
head without keel ; supraocular ridge a little elevated, the region be-
tween eyes concave ; opercle striate, without median keel. Lnteral line
not continuous with upper edge of tail. Dorsal fin on one body-ring
and C or 7 caudal rings, the distance from its insertion to the tip of the
snout li to If in total length. Head 5J to Gi in length. Dorsal rays
27. Eings 17 or 18 -|- 31 or 32. Caudal pouch in the male, covering
about 18 rings. Tail longer than trunk, If in total.

Color in life, dark green ; tail with faint darker bars broader than the
interspaces ; sides of body with horizontal pale streaks or vermicula-
tions; sides of tail with some round pale spots, snout dusky, marbled or
barred on side with paler; lower part of opercle nearly plain. Dorsal
translucent, yellowish at base ; caudal yellow, dusky at tip.

Many specimens, the longest about seven inches in length, were taken
with the seine in sea-wrack and algie in Pensacola Bay, especially in the
Laguna Grande. In oar paper on the Fishes of Beaufort Harbor (Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, 308) we have recorded a ^^ Siphonostomafuscum^
from that locality. The specimens referred to under that name belong
to Slphostoma louisiatKc chietiy ; among them are examples of the pres-
ent species.

40. Siphostoma afHue (Gthr.) J. & G. P. (30827.)

(S'q>hostoma sp. Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1880, 22; Saint John's River.)

Abundant in Pensacola Bay in the same localities as the preceding,
from which it is readily distinguished by the much shorter snout and
the peculiar coloration.

Color in life: Females deep olive-green, varying to brown, blackish,
or slightly reddish, according to the character of the surroundings ;
females with a black keel on tbe belly, which is obsolete in the male.
Dark color of the back forming about 15 dark cross-bars, very faint and
much wider than the interspaces. Plates of anterior parts of body,
each with two narrow vertical stripes of shining silvery, very conspicu-
ous in life. Sides of head mottled, especially on lower half of opercle.
Snout daik above, abruptly paler below. Dorsal dark, like the body,
with narrow dark oblique paler streaks formed of small pale spots. Cau-
dal and anal dusky. Males olivaceous, mottled with darker, the vertical
silvery streaks absent. Dorsal rays 28 to 31. Eings 10 -f 32.

Specimens of this species from Saint John's Eiver, Florida, are in our
collection.

41. Siphostoma zatropis sp. nov. P. (30865.)

A single specimen, 5g inches long, obtained from the mouth of a Eed
Snapper.

Color brown, marbled with darker and with reddish. Back and sides
with ten broad dark bands, the anterior portion of each band paler
than the posterior; all the bands broader than the whitish interspaces.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 265

Snout whitisli, with two narrow dark bauds; opercle and lower part of
head with white vertical streaks. Behind the vent the dark bauds en-
circle the body ; before the vent the belly is immaculate. Caudal tipped
with black. Dorsal rays 20 ; rings 18+30. Dorsal much shorter than
head, on 1 + 4 rings. Head 9 in length; snout short, 2f in head; tail
longer than rest of body, 1^ in total length.

Occiput crested; opercle with a cousi)icuous keel. This species is
very different from any other thus far found in our waters, and is an
interesting addition to our fauna.

Our specimen is doubtless identical with Syngnafhus albirostris Giin-
ther (viii, 170) from "Mexico." The original Coryfhroichthys albirostris
of Kaup from Bahia and Mexico is uncertain, and must apparently have
been some other lish. It is said to have D. 27; rings 12+29. Syngna-
thuseluccns Poey is closely related, but apparently different.

42. Hippocampus zosterae sp. iiov. P. (30852.)

Two specimens, each less than two inches long; a male with distended
egg-sac, and a fenuile were taken with seiue in the Laguua Grande.
They were found in the sea- wrack (Zostera) in water about 3 feet deep.

Snout very short, about 2| in head; supraorbital spines moderate,
diverging, each with a smaller spine in front of it. Coronet stoutish,
high, fully two-thirds as long as snout, ending in five small, bluutish
spines, besides which are a few filaments, which are about as long as
snout; some filaments on the back of the neck; temporal spines shaxp,
pouiting nearly straight out. Spine on side of throat rather short.
Spines on body small, subequal, sharp, straight. A spine at base of
pectoral, and one below it. Length of head about equal to greatest
depth of body. Dorsal fin covering most of two body rings and one
caudal ring ; the tin rather high and very short, the number of rays but
12. Bings 11 + 26 to 30.

Color olive-green, the sides of the head mottled and with some paler
spots, especially about the eye ; dorsal mottled with dusky, in the male
with a broad conspicuous red margin, in life.

The smaller number of dorsal rays seems to fully distinguish this
species from all others found in the Atlantic.

43. Hippocampus stylifer sp. nov. P. (30876.)

One specimen (9) about three inches long, "spewed up" by a Bed
Snapper at Pensacola.

Snout not very short, but little shorter than rest of head, equal to dis-
tance from middle of eye to gill-opening; a small tubercle on the median
line at base of snout above ; supraocular and temporal spines long,
simi)le; a long spine on the median line in front of coronet, its length
s<;arcely less than diameter of eye; coronet stoutish, high, its five spines
broadly spreading, slender; the three posterior spines shortest and less
divergent; extent of coronet greater than its height; spines of head with
dermal tentacles.

266 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Each alternate plate on the neck, armed on each of the dorsal ridges,
with a long slender spine, which is as long as the eye, and scarcely-
tapering toward the tip; each provided with a filament about as long
as the spine; upper lateral ridges of each plate similarly armed, the
spines shorter; lower lateral and ventral ridge on two plates, likewise
armed. Each fourth j^late on the tail similarly armed with a long,
slender spine on its upper and lower ridges. A strong spine in front of
pectoral, and one below it. About fifty well-developed spinous pro-
cesses on the body, besides numerous smaller spinous points. Base
of dorsal elevated, the fin covering about 4 body rings, its number of
rays IG. Rings about 12 + 31.

Color brownish, crossed at intervals by darker bars, which have a
grayish center. These bars cross the plates which have the largest
spines. Suout blackish, with two or three oblique whitish streaks, one
of them forming a ring.

Two other specimens of this species, taken in gulf-weed oft" the east
coast of Florida, by Prof. J. H. Corastock, are in the museum of Cor-
nell University.

Another specimen of Hippocamims^ in bad condition, was' taken from
the stomach of a Red Snapper.

Snout rather longer than postorbital part of head; coronet and
supraorbital spines high ; spines on body and tail large and sharp. Dor-
salrays aitparentlj" 16. Whether this specimen belongs to H. stylifer
or not, we are unable to say.

MUGILID.^.

44. Mugil albula U— Mullet, Molly, Meuille. G. (30912, 30915, 30923, 31039,31050.)

Mui/il bcrlandieri Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Snrv. Ichth. 20.
Miigil mexivaiins Steiudachner, Ichtbyol. Beitriige, iil, 58, 1875.

Excessively abundant, particularly about Galveston, where they are
found even in the gutters along the streets. Held in low esteem as
a food-fish, and largely used for bait.

We do not believe that the mullet of Southern California and the west
coast of Mexico, Mufjil mexicaniis Steind. can be distinguished as a species
from the Atlantic fish. Both Miiffil albula and M. hrasilioisis appear to
be equally abundant on both coasts, and their range on both sides is
similar, M. albula reaching to Cape Cod, and Monterey M. brasiliensis
to Virginia and Lower California.

ATHERINID^.

45. Menidia peninsulae (Goode & Beau) J. & G. P. (30918.)

Very abundant about Pensacola, in schools along the sandy beaches.

Light green; edges of scales with dark dots; lips and top of head
dusky; a dusky streak along base of anal; eye silvery; lateral streak
narrow, tapering ))ehiud; bases of pectoral and caudal bright yellow ;
fins otherwise nearly x)lain ; D. IV-I, 8 ; A. I, 16. Scales 40-9. Scales

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 267

thin and smooth, their ed^es entire, as iu 71/. notata, from which closely
allied species it differs mainly iu the shorter anal. Vertical fins scale-
less. Length 4 inches.

46. Menidia vagrans (Goode & Bean) J. & G. G. (30893.)

Very abundant about Galveston, in schools along the sandy beaches ;
originally described from Pensacola, but not obtained there by us.

Color in life, light greenish above, the lateral band broad, covering
two half- rows of scales, becoming narrow posteriorly; sides and belly
silvery. Tip of snout and of lower jaw yellow, soiled with blackish.
Each scale of back with oue to three dark i^oiuts, these forming about
5 cousi)icnous streaks as seen from above; caudal yellow, with dark
punctulations, its margin dusky ; dorsal and pectorals somewhat dusky,
lower fins white, the anal with dark i)oints at base.

Head 4f in length (5i with caudal) ; depth 5^ (Gi). D. IV-I, 8; A.
I, 15 to I, 17. Scales 43-6.

First dorsal very small, its insertion over front of anal, midway be-
tween base of caudal and posterior angle of opercle ; distance from its
front to front of second dorsal f head. Pectorals slightly shorter than
head. Vertical fins with large scales.

Scales firm, adherent, their edges crenate or laciniate, feeling very
rough to the touch. Scales of head large. Length 4 inches.

This species appears to represent in the Gulf the allied Menidia hosci
[Atherinia menidia L.) of the South Atlantic coasts. M. vagrans differs
from the latter chiefly in the shorter anal (A. I, 20 to 1, 22 in M. bosci.).

ECHENEIDID^.

47. Echeneis naucrates L. P.

One specimen 25 inches long and another 8 inches long were taken
at Pensacola. The larger example shows the following characters : Color
nearly uniform dusky, the black lateral band little marked, the tips of
dorsal and caudal lobes little paler than the rest of the fin. D. XXII-
34 ; A. 35. Caudal lunate, the lobes pointed.

The small specimen has but 20 laminae ; the lobes of the dorsal and
anal are yellowish white, as are the upper and lower rays of the caudal;
the median (black) rays of the caudal being abruptly produced.

TRICIIIUIIID^.

48. Trichiurus lepturus L.— Sfl5re-/is/i ; Silver Eel. G. (30983.)
Rather common about Galveston.

SCOMBRID^.

49. Scomber ?grex Mitcliill. P. (30825.)

The anterior half of the body of a small mackerel was obtained at
Pensacola, the posterior part having been cut off for bait. This speci-

268 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

men differs from otliers of this species examined by us in having the
body very slender, tlie depth 1| in length of head. The coloration is
peculiar, the back and sides being reticulated with black in fine pat-
tern, on an olivaceous ground, there being about 12 cross streaks of black
between the occiput and the dorsal fin. In S. grex these streaks are
not usually half so numerous. The lower part of the sides is i>laiu
silvery. The air-bladder is developed, and the ovaries in this speiimeu,
which was about a foot long, are full of eggs.

Scomber grex Mitchill (Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y. 1815, 422) of
the Atlantic and Scomber diego Ayres (Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 92, 1855) of
the coast of Southern California are apparently identical. The Medi-
terranean species. Scomber coUas Gmel. (= S.imcumatophorus Delaroche),
seems to differ iu some i)articulars, slight, but constant in the speci-
mens examined. These are shown in the following analysis:

a. Air-bladder preseut.

ft. Dark bands ou bock broad, as broad as interspaces, usually confluent below
with a wavy dark, lateral streak ou the level of upper edge of i)ectoral; sides
and belly below the streak immaculate; head '.i\ to ;^f in length; longest
dorsal spine not more than half head Grex.

ih. Dark dorsal bands narrow, more wavy, not so broad as interspaces; lateral
streak obsolete or represented by a line of dots; lower part of sides with
numerous irregular, wavy vertical streaks and reticulations of a dull gray
color, which are usually broader than the interspaces; head 4 in length;
longest dorsal spine a little more than half head Colias.

50. Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitch.) J. & G. — Spanish mackerel. P.
Abundant iu spring and summer -, one of the most important food-
fishes.

51. Scomberomorus caballa (C. & V.) J. & G. — King-fish. P.

A specimen 4 feet in length was taken at Pensacola. Oolor in life
steel-blue, jialer below, slightly clouded, but without spots ; upper fins
dusky; lower fins whitish. Head 5 in length ; depth C. Maxillary 1|
in head, reaching posterior margin of eye. Eye G in head ; snout pointed,
2f in head. Teeth broad, triangular, smallest in front, those in lower
jaw largest, their breadth at base ^ their height. Gill-rakers very short,
scarcely higher than broad. Pectorals 1'^ in head ; ventrals 3|. Dor-
sal lobe 3 ; anal lobe 23. Interspace between dorsals a little longer
than eye. D. (spines injured) I, 14-9; A. Ill, 12-10.

OARANGID^.

52. Decapterus punctatus (Agass.) Gill. — Ciijar-fish. P.

Kather common at Pensacola, where several specimens w-ere obtained.

53. Caraiixtrachurus(L.)Lac. P. (30833.)

Two specimens, one of them in fair condition, the other partly di-
gested, taken from the stomach of a Eed Snapper at Pensacola.
We identify the Gulf species with the Caranx trachurus i)roper, our

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 269

specimen agreeing well with the detailed accounts of Cuvier & Valen-
ciennes (ix, 11) and of Day (Fishes of Gt. Brit. 1881, 124, pi. xliv).
There are at least three well-defined species or varieties of the type
called Trachurus represented in our collections. These appear to cor-
respond to the three species described, but not named, by Cuvier &
Valenciennes (ix, p. 17), and all three are, if descriptions are to be
trusted, found in the Mediterranean, and pretty widely distributed over
the globe.

Tlie following characters are shown by our specimens :

a. Body comparatively deep and compressed, the depth 4 to 4 J- iu length ; scutes 34

to 36 -j- 36 to 38 in number, the anterior scutes scarcely lower than the posterior,

their height about f diameter of ej'e; length of curve of lateral line 1? to 1| in

the straight part ; maxillary reaching past front of pupil 2J to 2^ iu head ; lining

of opercle blackish Trachurus.*

aa. Body moderately compressed, the depth 4^ to 4f in length ; scutes 38 to 404-38 to
42 in number, the anterior little lower than the posterior, their height about three-
fifths diameter of eye; curve of lateral line IJ to li in straight part ; maxillary
reaching to front of pupil, 2| in head ; lining of opercle scarcely blackish.

DECLIVIS.t

aaa. Body elongate, little compressed, the depth 5 in length ; scutes 5C-(-46 to 48 iu
number, tbe anterior one-third lower than the posterior, their height 2^^ iu di-
ameter of eye ; curve of lateral line scarcely shorter than straight part ; maxillary
reaching to just beyond front of eye, 2f in head ; lining of opercle scarcely black-
ish -. PlCTURATUS,t

54. Caranxhippus(L.)J. & G.— J^ffoA->7(; Crevalle. N. O.

{Carangus liippos and Carangus chrysos Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 434. Ca-
ranx carangus Giinther, ii, 448. Carangus esculentus Gerard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv.
Ichth. 23. Caranx defensor Holbr. Ichth. S. C. 1860, 87. )

Specimens of enormous size, weighing more than 25 pounds, were
seen in the markets of ^N^ew Orleans, having been taken in Lake Borgne.

* ? Scomber trachurus L. Syst. Nat. 298. Scomber trachurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat.
1335. Caranx trachurus Cuv. & Val. ix, 11. Caranx trachwms Risso, Ichth. Nice,
1810, 173. Trachurus trachurus Day, Fishes G't Brit. 124. ? Caranxomorus plumieri-
anus Lac6p. Hist. Nat. Poiss. iii, 84, pi. 11, Trachurus saurus Eafinesque, Indice
d'lttiol. Sicil. 1810, 20. Specimens examined from Pensacola and from Newport,
Rhode Island.

\ Caranx trachurus "premiere subdivision" C. and V. ix, 17 (specimens from various
points in the Mediterranean). Caranx dedivis Jenyns, Voyage Beagle, Fish. 1842, 68
(New Holland). Trachurus trachurus in part, of various writers, and apparently the
most abundant type in the Mediterranean. We are unable to disentangle its synonymy
entirely from that of the preceding into which it may perhaps be found to intergrade.
We have collected numerous speci-mens of this type at Genoa and at Venice. A
specimen collected by Mr. Xautus at Cape San Lucas is iu the National Museum.

t Seriola picturata Bowdich, Excurs. Madeira, 1825, 123 (Madeira), Trachurus cuvieri
Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ii, 183, 1837 (Madeira). Caranx symmetricus Ayres, Proc.
Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci. i, 1855, 62 (California). Caranx amia Risso, Ichtli. Nice, 1810, 174
(not Scomber amia L.). Caranx trachurus " deuxieme subdivision," C. «fe V. iii, 17
(specimens from various localities in the Mediterranean and from Valparaiso).
Tracliurus fallax Capello, Cat. Peix. Portugal, 1887, 318. Trachurus rissoi Giglioli, Cat-
alogo degli Aufibi e Pesci Italiani, 1880, 27. Specimens examined by us from Monterey,
Santa Barbara, and San Pedro, California, and Cape San Lucas.

270 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

These large exami^les were light brown above, silvery below, the
jjectoral creamy with a diffuse black blotch below ; aual lobe and under
side of tail deep yellow. Opercular spot jet black, sharply defined.

Head 3f ; depth 3i; D. VI-I, 20; A. II-I, 16.

A portion of the true synonymy of this species has been detached
to form a mythical " Garangm chrysos,''^ by recent American authors.
There is no doubt in our mind that the species called carangus Auct.,
esculentus Grd., and defensor Holbr. are identical with each other and
with the original Scomber kqypos of Linnaeus. The original Scomber chry-
sos of ]Mitchill was probably the young of the same species.

Dr. Glinther has identified the Scomber Miipos of Linnteus with Caranx
fallax C. & Y. This must be erroneous, as Caranx fallax is rare at
Charleston, whence Linntieus received his specimens, while the present
species is very common. The two chief distinctive characters given by
Linnaeus "operculis postice macula nigra," and "dentium unica series,
anterioribus duobus majoribus" apply, as Dr. Gill has shown, to the
present specie.? and not to i\iQ fallax.

55. Trachynotus carolinus (L.) Gill. — Pompano. P.

Generally abundant in summer; the most valuable food-fish of the
Gulf coast. It reaches the weight of 10 or 12 pounds.

56. Trachynotus glaucus C. »fc V.— Gaff-top-sail Pompano. P.

iSJ^ot rare; reaches a weight of two pounds; a food-fish of mediocre
quality.

57. Oligoplites occidentalis (L.) Gill.— Fp??ojr-/fli7. P.

58. Seriola stearnsi Goode & Beau. — Amber-fish. P.

Not uncommon on the " Snapper Banks" about Peusacola ; reaching
a weight of about 10 pounds. One specimen was obtained and others
were seen.

This species much resembles the "yellow-tail" of the Cahfornian
coast, Seriola dorsalis (Gill), which we have identified, with considerable
doubt, with Seriola lalandi C. & V., a species originally described from
Brazil.

S. stearnsi is, however, readily distinguished from the " yellow-tail "
by its larger mouth, the maxillary reaching to the middle of the eye,
about 2^ in head (in S. dorsalis barely to front of pupil, 2| in head).
Seriola stearnsi may be known from all the other Atlantic species, ex-
cept S. zo7iata, by the greater number of rays in the soft dorsal. S.
zonata has the occipital region carinated, while in ;8'. stearnsi., as in S.
dorsalis, this region is broadly rounded. Seriola dubia Poey seems to
resemble S. stearnsi, and may be identical with it. In any event the
name '■'■duhia'''' could not be retained, as there is an earlier Seriola dubia
Lowe. The description of Seriola gigas Poey does not indicate any
character by which it may be separated from the true Seriola lalandi.
The latter species has 2d D. I, 32 or 33 ; the Californian dorsalis I, 35.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 271

The life coloration of Seriola stearnsi is light bluish above, whitish be-
low ; a very distinct stripe of brassy -yellow from snout through eye toward
the tail. Caudal dusky, not yellow. Second dorsal and anal dusky ;
tip of dorsal pale. Pectoral dusky; ventral creamy, its inner edge
somewhat dusky. Inside of mouth pale. D. V-I, 37 ; A. II-I, 21.
Caudal keel unusually strong.

59. Seriola lalandi C. & V. P.

Seriola gigas Poey, Mem. Cuba.
A specimen weighing about 25 pounds, referred by us to this species,
was seen in the 'New Orleans market. It was taken at Pensacola. This
species appears to reach a larger size than S. stearnsi, and to have fewer
rays in the dorsal.

60. Seriola falcata Cuv. & Val. — Rock salmon. P.

'I Seriola rivoliana C. &, V. ix, 207 (Mediterranean ?).
1 Seriola bosci C. & V. ix, 209 (Charleston).
Seriola falcata C. & V. ix, 210 (Gulf of Mexico).
1 Seriola honariensis C. & V. ix, 211 (Buenos Ayres).
^Seriola ligulata Poey, Mem. ii, 231 (Cuba).
'^1 Seriola coronata Poey, Mem. ii, 232 (Cuba).
"i Seriola honariensis GUnther, ii, 464.
Seriola falcata GUnther, ii, 464 (Jamaica).

Seriola honariensis Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii, 129 (Pensacola).
Seriola rivoliana Liitkeu, Spolia Atlantica, 1880, COS (considers rivoliana, hosci,
faleofa,iind honariinsis as identical).

Not uncommon on the Snapper Bank at Pensacola, reaching a weight
of 10 to 12 iiounds. The synonymy of this species is badly confused on
account of the imperfections in the earlier descriptions. If it be true,
as supposed by Liitkeu, that all the Seriolw with falcate dorsal consti-
tute a single pelagic species, this species will stand as S. rivoliana. The
only eaily description which apjdies well to our specimens is that of
Seriola falcata. It is possible that the species with the black temporal
band (which, according to Mr. Stearns, occurs in Southern Florida) may
be different from IS. falcata, in which case most or all the other synonyms
referred to above might belong to it.

The life-coloration of Seriola falcata is as follows : Grayish above,
paler but hardly silvery below. Fins blackish, the pectorals pale, the
caudal not at all yellow. Eye white ; lining of opercle pale; a very ob-
scure olivaceous band from eye to front of dorsal, scarcely visible in fresh
specimens. Preorbital and i^reopercle shaded with olive.

Head 3f (4f in total); depth 3| (4). D. VII-I, 29; A. II-I, 21. Coeca
30.

Body rather deep and compressed. Head somewhat longer than
deep, not conical. Snout 2f in head, maxillary reaching front of pupil,
3^ in head, its tip broad, eye large, 5J in head. If in snout. Occiput
somewhat carinated. Interorbital space wide, convex. Caudal keel
little developed.

272 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dorsal liigli, somewhat falcate ; its anterior lobe If iu Lead, 2J in the
base of the fin. Pectoral 2 in head; veutrals If; anal lobe If; anal

spines small. '

NOMEID^.

61. Nomeus gronovii (Gmel.) Gthr. P.

One specimen obtained from the stomach of a Eed Snapper at Peu-

sacola.

POMATOMID^.

62. Pomatomus saltatrix (L.) Gill. — Bhic-fish. P.

Rather common about Pensacola,and valued as a food-fish. Rare or
unknown at Galveston.

CENTROPOMID^.

63. Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch.) C. & V. — Robalo. G.

A food-fish of large size and delicate flesh, much valued along the
Mexican coast. It is occasionally taken about Galveston in summer. It
becomes more abundant southward along the Texas coast, and is one of
the staple food-fishes about Brazos Santiago. An individual, weighing 15
pounds, in the Galveston market, taken at Indianola, showed the fol-
lowing characters :

Dull pale olivaceous; lateral line black; caudal dull yellowish; lower
fins pale. Maxillary 2§ in head, extending, to opposite posterior margin
of pupil. Second dorsal spine reaching front of second dorsal, as long-
as from snout to edge of preopercle. All the dorsal spines stroug.
Second anal spine 2^ in head. Lat. 1. 70.

SERRANID^.

64. Epinephelus morio (C. & V.) Gill.— i?cfi <7?o«iJer. P.

Common on the " Snapper Banks" about Pensacola, reaching a weight
of about 30 pounds ; rather less valued as a food-fish than the related
species.

Color brownish-olive, everywhere flushed with light red, the lower
parts nearly salmon-color; whole body marked with obscure round pale
spots, these obsolete on the fins, and most distinct in the young. Dorsal,
anal, and caudal edged with blackish; pectorals plain red. Inside of
mouth deep scarlet.

65. Epinephelus drummond-hayi Goodc & Menn.— Spotted hind. P.

Rather common on the banks about Pensacola, reaching a weight of
30 pounds; a beautifully colored species, probably the handsomest of
the genus.

Dark brown, densely covered with small pearly-white spots ; those
below smaller and nearly round, all of them arranged somewhat in irreg-
ular series.

Fins all covered with similar spots, those of the paired fins chiefly on

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 273

the inner suface. Lower side of head Hushed, immaculate. Caudal
more densely spotted than body, the terminal spots of a fine lavender.
Pectoral with a submarginal baud of orange.

66. Tiisotropis stoniias Ooode & Beau MSS. — Black groiipir, P.

This species is about equallj^ common with the Red Grouper at Pen-
sacola, and reaches a weight of about 40 pounds.

Color dark gray, each scale finely vermiculate with darker but with-
out distinct spots; some specimens with the body everywhere marbled
with darker in the form of large roundish blotches; old examples more
uniform ; belly pale ; fins all grayish, their tips or edges blackish; pec-
torals with no yellow or pale edging. Lips blackish, not tinged with
yellow. Head 3 in length; depth 4. A. Ill, 11. Lat. 1. 140. Scales
smooth, with numerous accessory scales.

67. Trisotropis falcatus Poey.— icfuHj?. P.

Not rare on the "Banks"; a smaller species than the others, not ex-
ceeding 20 pounds. It is one of the best food-fishes, more delicate than
the other "Groupers.'" It is called "*Scaw?j>" from its way of flapping
when touched after lying apparently dead on the deck.

68. Serranus fascicularis C. & v.— ^(/H(>>-e?-/?87i. P. (30831.)

A single fine specimen obtained from the "Snapper Banks" at Pen-
sacola. Three smaller si)ecimens were taken from the stomachs of Eed
Snappers. The upper lobe of the caudal fin in this species is sometimes,
produced in a long filament.

69. Serranus trifurcus (L.) J. & G. P.

Several young specimens, from 2 to 6 inches long, apparently belong-
ing to this rare species, were taken from the mouths and stoniachs of
Eed Snappers at Pensacola.

Color light olivaceous, the sides with about six dusky bars, which
are rather broader than the interspaces. They are distinct only pos-
teriorly and near the lateral line. No white band before the anal. A
very small jet-black spot close behind eye in the young, becoming obso-
lete with age; opercle with a dark diffuse blotch; chin and n])per ])arts
of head somewhat soiled with dark points; lower parts plain white;,
cheeks WMth yellowish markings. Dorsal and caudal vaguelj^ barred oi:-
spotted; no black blotch on last spines of dorsal; other fins pale.

Head 2.} (3i in total); depth 3^^ (4j). D. X, 11 or X, 12; A. Ill, 7.
Scales 5-52-12.

Body slender, little compressed ; head long and somewhat pointed ;
lower jaw a little the longer; maxillary reaching to i:)osterior border of
pupil, nearly half length of head; teeth small, the canines little de-
veloped, those on sides of lower jaw largest. Eye large, 4 in head.
Preorbital and interorbital space very narrow. Preoj^ercle with its edge
evenly and sharply serrate. Interopercle sharply serrate. Gill-rakers
slender, rather long. Scales on cheek in about series,

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 IS Aug-. 8 5, 18 82.

•274 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dorsal fiu somewhat emarginate, the fourtli spine bigliest, about 2i
ill IkmcI; this spiue and some of the others, occasionally filamentous;
soft dorsal rather high, rather higher than fourth spiue, the longest
rays more than half head. Caudal with the upper ray filamentous, 2^
in length of body ; middle rays also produced, 1^ in head. Second anal
si)ine stronger but shorter than third, 5 in head. Veutrals about as
long as pectorals. If in head, not reaching front of anal.

Soft dorsal and anal scaleless. Scales moderate, ctenoid. Jaws, pre-
orbital and to[) of head naked.

These specimens differ somewhat in form and color from others in the
National Museum from Charleston, S. C. We cannot, however, sei^arate
them si)ecifically.

70. Serranus subligarius (Cope) J. & G. P. (30859.)
(Ceiitrojnislis sublif/aritis Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. Pbila. 187(t.

Two young specimens, the largest 3 inches long", were obtained from
the mouth of Red Snappers at Peusacola. Professor Co])e's type, the
only specimen of this species hitherto known, was also obtained at
Tensacola.

Olivaceous, tinged with reddish above, paler below but not silvery;
each scale on the sides with a blackish margin, these forming rather
faint, continuous, dusky streaks. Posterior part of sides with faint
traces of about 5 irregular cross-shades of darker along the sides. A
large blotch of cream-color in front of the vent, extending upwards as
an irregular cross-bar to near the middle of the side, its posterior edge
sharply defined, its anterior fading into the color of the belly; a black
ring around tail behind dorsal and anal ; a large, black blotch on front
of soft dorsal, extending downward on the body, where it is less dis-
tinct than on the fin. Cheeks yellowish ; opercles darker; lower parts
of head brown, the preopercle (below), interopercle, lower jaw, and
branchiostegals covered by a network of wavy bluish streaks. Spi-
nous dorsal dark gray, mottled; soft dorsal similarly and more dis-
tinctly marked. Pectorals, anal, and caudal grayish, with sharply de-
fined narrow blackish bars, somewhat undulating. Yentrals faintly
barred, mostly black.

Head 2i (3) ; depth 2| (3^), D. X. 13 ; A. Ill, 7. Scales about 6-42-17.

Body rather deep, compressed, the back elevated, the anterior profile
nearly straight. Head long and low, slender, acuminate ; its depth at
middle of eye but half its length in the smaller specimen, in the larger
proportionately deei)er. Mouth rather small ; lower jaw scarcely pro-
jecting; maxillary reaching to posterior margin of i)ui)il, its length 1>;\
in head; teeth small, the canines little developed; those on sides of
lower jaw largest, as usual in Serranus. Eye rather large, 4 in head.
Preorbital and interorbital space very narrow. Edge of i)reoperclc
subequally and rather shar])ly serrate; none of the teeth directed for-
wards. Gill-rakers short, rather few. Scales on cheek sinall. in aixtiit
10 series.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 275

Dorsal lin scarcely emarginate, the fourth spine not elevated, about
2J in head, a little lower than the soft rays. Caudal subtruneate, a lit-
tle more than half head. Second anal spine longer and stronger than
third, 2^ in head. Yentrals If in head; pectorals If; neither reaching-
front of anal. Dorsal and anal tins, jaws, preorbital, and front of head
scaleless. This species is technically close to the preceding, but is re-
markably different in form and appearance, resembling- somewhat a
Hi/jwplcctrus.

SPAPJD.E.

71. Liitjainis blackfordi Goode & Beau. — Ilcd Snaj^prr ; I'anjo Colorailo. P.

This tish is at present taken in far greater luimbers than any other
on our Gulf coast. At Pensacola it is the most important food-tish, and
in the X<^w Orleans market it is sold in greater quantities than all other
species combined. It is taken with hook and line on the " Snapper
Banks " usually from a to 30 miles oft" shore. It reaches a weight of about
35 i^ounds, according to Mi\ Stearns, to whom we are indebted for most
of the statements of weights contained in this paper. Ic is a rather
coarse tish, but bears transportation well.

This fish feeds on various small fishes — serranoids, eels, &c. — the spe-
cies of which are thus far very little known. The systematic preserva-
tion of small fishes " spewed up" by the Snappers when caught, or found
in tlieir stomachs, has been begun by Mr. Stearns. We may in the fu-
ture expect large results from this source, which has already yielded
many of the most interesting forms contained in the present collection.

72. Liitjanus caxis (Bloch) Poey.— J;/o(A- >^'«fl7>j:rr; Lauyer. P. (30848.)

leather common about Pensacola, not reaching a large size. It is not
often taken in nets, and its name " Lawyer" is said to be given in allu-
sion to its skill in avoiding capture.

In life, young specimens are dark green, paler below ; each scale above
with a black spot which becomes gradually bronze down the sides ;
these spots forming distinct stripes along the row\s of scales. Spinous
dorsal with a blackish basal band, then a pearly baud, a broad black-
ish band at tip. Soft dorsal yellowi.sh, spotted at base. Ventrals and
anal dark purplish red, darkest and spotted at base. Pectoral trans-
lucent yellowish. Caudal yellowish, tipped with reddish. A very dis-
tinct bright-blue stripe across preorbital and suborbital.

73. Liitjanus stearnsi Goode & Beau. — Mangrove Snapper. P.

Not uncommon on the " Snapper Banks " at Pensacola ; one specimen
obtained.

Color (in spirits) dusky brownish above, the sides and below paler,
more or less flushed with salmon red ; sides and lower parts of head
flushed with red, especially behind jaws. Bases of scales on sides of
breast and belly crimson ; centers of scales on sides whitish. Vertical
fins dusky ; pectorals and ventrals largely rosy.

216 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Scales above lateral line forming oblique series which are not through-
out parallel with the lateral line. Teeth on vomer in an anchor-shaped
patch, prolonged backward on the median line ; outer pair of canines of
upper jaw very strong; inner small; canines of lower jaw not much de-
veloped; maxillary reaching front of eye, 2^ in head; preopercle little
notched ; band of scales on each side of occiput single, composed of
about two series; 5 or 6 rows of scales on cheek; posterior nostrils
ovate, pointed behind ; gill-rakers stoutish, not very long ; pectoral short,
]X)inted, § length of head ; second and third anal spines subequal, short-
ish, the soft rays rather low. Caudal lunate, the upper lobe slightly
longest.

74. Diabasis fornicsus (L.) J. A- G.—Ued-moiith (jruni. P.
{nanudon arciialnm Holbr. Icbtli. S. C. 1-24, pi. xvii, f. 2.)

A single large specimen obtained at Pensacola.

Body and fins dull gray; the middle of each scale paler; second dor-
sal, caudal, and tips of ventrals of a dusky slate-color ; front of head
with narrow stripes of steel-blue alternating with bronze, these stripes
covering maxillary, preorbital, suborbital, whole naked part of snout
above cheeks, and temporal region behind eye; the bands are faint or
obsolete on opercle; a dark, vertical blotch on oi)ercle, near angle of
preopercle, mostly hidden by the latter; mouth orange within, the
color fading anteriorly.

75. Diabasis aurolineatus (C. A: V.) J. & G. P. (30869.)

HamnJon auroVtncal iim C. & V. v, 237.

HamuJon aurolineatum Gtlir. i, 31(5.

Hamulon caudimacula Poey, Syii. Pise. Cub. 319 (not of C. & V.).

Color light olivaceous, grayish-silvery below; a dark-bronze band,
narrower than pupil, darkest in the younger specimen, from snout
through eye straight to base of caudal; above this, two or three dark
streaks, the middle one most distinct, from eye to above gill-opening ;
another beginning on top of snout on each side, passing above eye, and
extending parallel with the iirst-mentioned stripe straight to last ray
of dorsal, where it meets its fellow of the opposite side; a dark streak
from tip of snout along median line to front of dorsal ; a large, rounded
black blotch at base of the caudal, some obscure dusky shading below
soft dorsal and at baseof i)ectoral; fins all plain; upper shghtly dusky ;
anal nearly white; pectorals, caudal, and ventrals light yellow; lining
of opercle pale orange ; inside of mouth scarlet. In the large speci-
men the dark stripes are fainter, paler, and more yellowish ; several
tainter bands occur between the broader ones, and faint oblique streaks
of light bronze follow tlie lovrs of scales, those above lateral line
oblique.

Head 3 (3f ) ; depth 2^ (33). D. XIII, 15 ; A. Ill, 8.

Scales 7-52-13. Length of largest specimen 5 inches.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 277

Body rather elongate, soiiiewliat compressed, the back a little ele-
vated. Head uot deep, the snout short, but not blunt, 3 to 3;V in head;
preorbital very narrow, little wider than pupil; maxillary reaching mid-
dle of pupil, 2 in head ; eye large, 3i in head; scales of cheek small, in
about 11 rows; gill-rakers short, not one-third as long as pupil; preop-
ercle sharply serrate.

Scales of moderate size, those above lateral line in very oblique rows,
those below in horizontal rows.

Dorsal spines rather high, the longest 1^ to 24 in head, longer than
the second anal spine; caudal well forked, the up[)er lobe the longer,
1^ to H in head ; second anal spine strong, longer and stronger than
third, 2| to 24 in head, reaching, when depressed, to base of last ray;
ventrals If to If in head; pectorals 1^ to 1^.

Two specimens, in good condition, the largest oi inches loug, were
taken from the mouth of a Eed Snapper at Pensacola. Our specimens
agree in color with Hwmulon fremehundum , described by Goode & Bean,
from Clearwater Harbor. The latter species is, however, quite different,
being less elongate, with much smaller mouth and much larger scales,
there being but 9 or 10 series between the lateral line and the vent.

76. Pomadasys fulvomaculatus (Mitch.) J. & G.— Pig-fish. P. G. (UO:!!.)
Orfho2)ristisdiq)Jex Grd. U. S. Mex. Bouutl. Surv. 1859, 15.
Friatipoma fasciatum C. & V. v, "285; Giiutber, i, 301.

A common shore fish of small size and good quality. It has little
economic importance.

Color in life light blue above, shading gradually into silvery below ;
preorbital and snout of a clear sky-blue ; a dash of blue on side of
upper lip; each scale on body with a blue centre, the edge with a bronze
spot ; these forming on back and sides very distinct orange-brown stripes
along the rows of scales; those above the lateral line extending ob-
liquely upward and backward, those below nearly horizontal. Snout
with bronze spots ; one or two bronze cross-lines connecting front of
orbits ; two or three oblique lines on preorbital ; besides numerous bronze
spots larger than those on the body; preorbital also with dusky shades,
one of which extends on upper lip. Cheeks and opercles with distinct
bronze spots, larger than those on the body. Inside of mouth pale ; in-
side of gill cavity tinged with golden.

Dorsal translucent, with about three bronze longitudinal shades, com-
posed of spots, those on soft dorsal most distinctly spot-like; edge of
the fin dusky. Caudal plain, yellowish at base, dusky toward the tip.
Anal whitish, its edge dusky, its base shaded with bronze. Pectorals
and ventrals yellowish, the latter darker at tip.

Fresh specimens, so far as we have noticed, show no trace of vertical
bands. On examples preserved in alcohol, the yellowish and blue
markings gradually disappear, and dark cross shades become apparent.
A specimen 5 years in alcohol shows the following coloration : Silver-

2,ib PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

gray, with faint streaks along the rows of scales. A distinct narrow
dusky baud from front of spinous dorsal through base of pectoral ; be-
hind this 7 or 8 cloudy, obscure bands, alternately broad and narrow;
a horizontal dusky shade behind eye; spinous dorsal with a faint me-
dian pale shade, soft with three rows of faint spots; other fins nearly
l>]ain. This specimen evidently corresponds to the Pristipoma fasci-
(itinit of C. & Y. and Giinther, and as evidently' belongs to P. fidvom-
actdatus ; Ortliopristis duplex Grd. does not seem to be at all different.
Head 3.1- ; depth 3. 1). XII, 10; A. IT, 13 or 14. Scales 8'-54-16.

77. Lagodon rhomboides iL.) YiuW^v.—Chopa SpUui. P. G. (31052.)

Exceedingly common everywhere along the shore. A fish of small
s;::e, little valued as food, and seldom brought to the market.

73. Diplodus probatocephalus OValb.) J. & G.—Shaphead. P. G. (31041.)

Generally common, but less important as a food-fish than farther
north. Specimens seen mostly small. IJeaches a weight of about 12
pounds.

79. Stenotonius capriuus Beau MSS. — Goat's Head rovfiee. P.

Two specimens, the larger partly digested, the smaller in good con-
dition, were taken from stomachs of Eed Snappers at Pensacola.

Color nearly uniform pale olive, silvery below ; sides with faint traces
of dark cross-bauds; fins pale, the posterior margin of caudal blackish.
Anterior teeth small, in a close-set band, the outer a little enlarged, com-
pressed, and lanceolate. Two series of molars in eacli jaw. A Avell-
developed antrorse spine before dorsal. Anterior profile irregular,
abruptly depre'ssed above eye, the snout rather pointed. Scaly part of
cheek as deep as long. Pectoral a little longer than head, reaching soft
rays of anal ; dorsal spines slender, rather high, the first two short the
third somewhat filamentous. Head 3^; depth 2. D. XI, 12; A. Ill, 12.
Scales 7-47-14.

This species is strongly marked. It is distinguished from S. argyrops
by the deeper cheeks and preorbital region and the less elongate form,
as well as by the structure of the si^inous dorsal.

80. Sparus pagrus L.— /Voy/ff. P. (30838.)

{Paf/rus rnlgaris C. A: V. ; Paf/nis aradiiciis, Good & Bean, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1879, 133.)

Xot uncommon at Pensacola ; two si)ecimens obtained.

Color golden-olive, the middle of each scale largely pinkish-red, giv-
ing a general reddish hue to the fish ; sides and below silvery, flushed
with red ; many scales of back and sides each with a small round spot of
deep purplish-blue, these forming distinct longitudinal streaks on the
sides below lateral line, the series somewhat irregular, running along
the margins of the scales ; above the lateral line these spots are some-
what scattered, forming very irregular oblique series, running upward
and backward ; a few of these spots on nape and n^jper part of opercle ;

PR0CFEDING8 OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 279

a (lark blotch on upper part of orbital rim ; suout tinged with purplish,
occiput with olive ; edge of opercle du.sky ; vertical fins largely orange,
their edges translucent; spinous dorsal somewhat dusky; ventrals pale,
with a i)inkish blotch at base; pectorals yellowish, especially at base,
the axil somewhat dusky ; no autrorse spine before dorsal.

Our specimens agree with various descriptions of European examples
of this species, except in the coloration. In none of these descriptions
is there any allusion to the blue spots which form so striking a feature
of tlie coloration of the American fish.

xVPOGOXID.E.

81. Apogon maculatus (Poey) J. & G. P. (30HG3.)

A single specimen, 3 inches long, in perfect condition, "spewed up*'
by a Eed Snai)per at Pensacola.

Color intense scarlet, nearly uniform; a tinge of crimson about pec-
torals and on sides of head. A round, black, ink-like spot, a little larger
than pupil, under second dorsal ; another, smaller, on upper part of tail,
on each side, just before root of caudal ; tip of caudal whitish ; iris red.

Head 2f ; depth 2^. D. YI-I, 9; A. II, 8. Scales about 2|-2G-7
(some of them lost, so that the number cannot be exactly ascertained).

Maxillary 14 in head, reaching beyond pupil; eye very large, 3 in
head ; preopercle distinctly serrulate. Pectoral If in head, somewhat
shorter than caudak

This species has not been hitherto noticed north of Cuba.

82. Apogon alutus Sp. nov. P. (30874.)

A single specimen, 2J inches long, "spewed up" by a Eed Snapper at
Pensacola.

Color rusty-red with silvery lustre ; sides of head little reddish. Body
and fins everywhere much soiled and freckled with dark points. First
dorsal blackish, thickly punctate; second dorsal, anal and caudal yellow,
smutty with dark points, the posterior half of the caudal more dusky.
Ventrals smutty yellow; pectorals colorless.

Head 2| in leiigth ; depth 2^. D. Vl-I, 9 ; A. II, 8. Lat. 1. 21.

Head much compressed, short and high, its height at occiput six-
sevenths its length ; snout short and blunt, less than interorbital width,
about half diameter of orbit; mouth very oblique, the maxillary reach-
ing beyond pupil, but not to posterior margin of orbit ; length of maxil-
lary If in head ; teeth in narrow villiform bands in each jaw, those on
vomer and palatines minute; eye of moderate size, 2* in head; orbital
rim elevated above and behind; interorbital width 3^ in head, with a
low median longitudinal ridge; both ridges of preopercle entire; opercle
without spine; gill-rakers slender, the longest rather more than half
diameter of orbit ; 8 or 9 rakers on anterior branch of outer arch.

First dorsal low, of six rather weak spines, its base two-fifths lengtli
of head, and equal to greatest height of fin ; second dorsal high, the

280 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

lougest ray li in licad. Anal similar to second dorsal ; second anal
spine half length of longest ray, which is contained If in head; caudal
1^; ventrals not reaching vent 1|, and pectorals If, in length of bead.
Allied to A. puncticiihitus (Poey), but with much larger scales.

MULMD.E.

83. Mullus barbatus L. Snbsp. auratus; sul)sp. nov. P. (30828.)

One specimen 6.} inches long, from the stomach of a Eed Snapper, at
Pensacola.
. Head 3f ; depth 4. 13. YII-I, S; A. II, 6.

Form essentially as in M. harlxdus, the profile a little less steep, the
iuterorbital space a trifle broader, the maxillary extending exactly to
op])osite front of eye, its length 2f in head. Iuterorbital width 3i in
head ; barbels 1^ ; eye 3§ ; oblique length of snout 2|. Teeth in lower
jaw small; on upper jaw obsolete; on vomer and palatines coarse and
granular, forming large patches. Gill rakers slender, a little shorter
than pui)il.

Dorsal spines slender, compressed, the longest about If in head (li
to 1^ in M. harhatns) ; height of soft dorsal half head ; caudal as long as
head. Pectoral If in head. Yentrals 1^. Scales mostly lost, so that
the number in the lateral line cannot be counted.

Color scarlet, becoming crimson where the scales are removed ; snout
scarlet ; side with two distinct longitudinal yellow stripes. Caudal scar-
let, first dorsal with an orange band at base and a yellow baud higher up ;
the rest of the fin pale ; no black on dorsal fin. Second dorsal mottled
scarlet and pale; anal and ventrals plain, pectoral reddish; iris violet,
dusky above; sides of head with silvery lustie.

This is the first authentic record of the European surmullet in our
waters. Our specimen seems to indicate a third subspecies of M.
barbatus, diftering from subsp. nurmuletus in the lower fins, and in the
replacement of the l)lack band on the spinous dorsal by light yellow ;
from subsp, barbatus it difters in the lower fins, less blunt snout, and in
the presence of two yellow lateral bands,

EPHIPPID.E,

84. Chastodipterus faber (Brouss.) J. & G.— Half -moon ; A>iffcl-Jlsh ; Sjjade-Jinh. ■ P.
G. (31044.)

Generally common,

SCI.^NID.E,

85. Pogonias chromis (L.) C. & Y. — Drum; Tamboro. P. G.
Common, a coarse fish of inferior quality, reaching a large size.
Head 3;^; depth 2J. D. X-I, 23; A. II, 6. Lat. 1. 47 (pores).

86. Sciaena punctata (L.) J. iSc G.— Mademoiselle ; Silver-fi.sh ; Bastard Croaker ; Yellow
Tail. P. G.

A very common shore-fish of small size and good quality. It rarely
reaches the weight of more than half a pound.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSUEM. 281

The specimens from the Gulf coast differ from those taken farther
north in the almost entire absence of the dark punctulations which are
so conspicuous in the latter. They seem to be otherwise identical.

Color in life silvery, slightly bluish above, the scales of the opercles
and middle of sides with some dusky points. Spinous dorsal light yel-
lowish, dusky at tip. Second dorsal and caudal uniform dull yellow.
Anal bright yellow in front, the color fiiding behind. Yentrals slightly
yellowisli, their axils orange. Pectorals yellowish above; axil silvery.
Inside of mouth pure white ; an orange area puuctulate with black on
inside of opercle. Upper fins all with some punctulations. Head 3^,
depth 3jr. D. XI-I, 21; A. If, 9. Scales 7-52-11.

87. Scaenaocellata (L.) Gtlir.—i?ef?;/is/i ; Po/ssoH ^o«i/e; Fez Colorado. P. G. (30845
Peus.; 31914 Gal V.)

The most important food-fish of tlie Texas coast, the amount taken
exceeding that of all other s])ecies comljined. A good food-fish when
not too large. It reaches a weight of 35 to 10 pounds, the large speci-
mens being known as Bull Ked-fish.

The serratures on tlie opercle, which are conspicuous in ordinary
specimens, wholly disappear with age, the edge of the bone being
finally entire and wholly covered by tlie skin. This change takes place
gradually, being complete at a length of about 30 inches.

Color of adults deep brassy yellow above, verging towards orange on
the sides ; belly white ; head bronze, darker above ; a band of deeper
bronze backward from eye. Young without bronze shades, all of which
intensify with age ; scales in the young with darker shades forming
undulating streaks ; these obliterated with age ; fins all pale, tinged with
reddish, the pectoral most red ; second dorsal and caudal somewhat
dusky. Mouth white within, lining of opercle black. Caudal ocella
varying much in size, sometimes wanting ; sometimes two or three or
even 8 to 10 or more in number. About 19 out of 20 individuals have
the normal single ocella on each side. Iris yellowish.

88. Liostomus xaiithurus Lac— C/(ojm Blanca; Spot; Flat Croaler ; Fost Croaker.
P. G. (30S36.)

Very abundant along the coast. A good pan-fish, but not very im-
portant from its small size. The color is rather paler and more silvery
than usual in northern specimens, the humeral spot and dark oblique
lines less distinctly indicated. Dorsal and caudal light brownish, the
tips darker ; soft dorsal yellowish tinge ; anal yellowish, somewhat
dotted ; paired fins pale.

D. X-I, 30; A. II, 12. Scales 9-48-13. Head 3^; depth 3.

There is no evidence of the existence of two species of Liostomus.
Liostomus ohliquus is the species when well preserved. Liostomus xan-
thurus C. «& V. is a faded Museum specimen. Liostomus xanthuriis Lac.
was so named from a confusion of the coloration of the species with that
of the "yellow-tail," Scicena punctata.

282 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

89. Micrcpogon undulatus (L.) C. & Y.—Croalcr; Eonco. P. G. (30840.)
Very common ; a food-thsli of cou.siderable importance, altliongh reacli-

ing but a small size.

The three species properly referable to this genus, after the removal
of Genyonemus Gill, are very closely related, and might not improperly
be taken as geographical varieties of one species. They may be thus
compared :

a. D. X-I, 28 ; outer teeth of upperjaw evidently enlarged ; snout projecting beyond
preujaxillaries ; scales between front of dorsal and lateral line, in a vertical series
9, in an oblique series 12: in an oblique series from vent upward and forward 18.
Head 3 ; depth *3?} Uxdulatcs.

aa. D. X-I, 24; outer teeth of upper jaw scarcely enlarged ; .snout little projecting ;
Lat. 1. 43 (oblique series; 53 pores). Scales between front of dorsal and lateral
line, vertically, 6 or 7 ; obliquely, 8 ; 16 in an oblique series from vent. Head, 3;^ ;
depth, 3J EcTENES.*

aaa. D. X-I, 20 ; outer teeth of upper jaw scarcely enlarged; snout somewhat project-
ing; Lat. 1. 42 (49 pores). Scales above lateral line, vertically, "> or G: obliquely,
8 : 12 in an oblique .series from vent. Head 3^ ; deiith 3* ALTipiXNi.s.t

90. Menticirrus nebulosus (Mitch.) Gill. — Whtt'nKj. P.

One large specimen obtained at Pensacola, where it is said to be not
uncommon.

We have carefully compared this specimen with others from the coast
of Massachusetts, and unable to detect any differences.

This species has been hitherto supposed to be confined to the Xorth
Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod to Cape Hatteras.

This species is very close to M. alburnns, but differs constantly, so
far as we have seen, in the smaller teeth, higher first dorsal and sharper
coloration, a dark lateral sliade always extending into the lower lobe
of the caudal fin.

91. Menticirrus alburnust (L.) Gill.— ir/((7iH(7: Ground Mullet. G. (30917,31051.)
{rmliritm phahvna Girard, U. S. Mes. Bound. Surv. 1859, 13.)

Generally common ; a market fish of good quality but of small size.

Color in life, smutty-gray above, with strong reddish and bronze
reflections. Sides with obscure traces of oblique bars ; a short vertical
bar below spinous dorsal ; a U-shaped bar from nape and end of spinous
dorsal surrounding the bar first mentioned ; three or four other bais
extending downward and backward behind it; a smutty stripe along
each side of belly. Upper fins light yellowish; spinous dorsal and
lower lobe of caudal tipped with black. Pectoral reddish, covered with

* Microjiogon ectenes Jor. and Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1818. Mazatlan (Gilb.).

\ Micropogon aUqnnnis, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.; Chiapam (Giltr.); San
Jose {Gthr.); Panama (Gthr. Gilb.).

t The rude figure of Catesby (Albwnus americanus Catcsb. p. 12, t. 12) has usually
been referred to this species. In the eleventh edition of the Systema Naturae, p. 321,
this figure is the type of a "Cyjjriiius americunus.'' If this figure is considered identi-
fiable (which it really is not), this species should be called Menticirruii americanus, the
name of Perca alburnufi dating from the twelfth edition.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 283

dark dots, so as to appear almost wholly black. Yeiitrals and aual
creamy orange, somewhat soiled with black. Inside of opercle black.

D. X-I, 24 ; A. I. 7. Scales, C-54-11 ; gill rakers almost obsolete ;
scales on breast not very small ; outer teeth of upper jaw much enlarged.

92. Menticirrus littoralis (Hcilbr.) GiU.— Surf WhUhio. P. G. (;30815,30835,30837,
3104(i,3Ui4s. )

A common surf species, as abundant as the preceding, but less often
brought to market. This species is very dift'erent from M. aJburmts,
with which it has been confounded. Its relations are with the two
Pacific coast species, 31. undulaUis Grd., and M. eJongatus Gthr., from
the latter of which it is difficult to distinguish it. The following is a
detailed description :

Color in life gray above, with some bluish and with very strong bronze
reflections; a darker bronze shade along sides on level of pectorals,
extending to tail and along cheeks, the belly below this abruptly white.
No trace of dark bars. Dorsals light brown; spinous dorsal black at
tip, the base narrowly white. Caudal pale, its tips usually black;
anal creamy, sometimes dusky at tip. Pectoral whitish, only its upper
rays with dark punctulations, especially on the inner side, which is
sometimes quite dark. Ventrals pale, puuctulate towards their tips,
which are white. Lining of gill cavity pale.

Head 3^- in length (3| in total); depth 4f (5J). D. X-I, 23 (not 27 as
stated by Holbrook); A. I, 7. Scales G-50-11; 54 tubes in lateral line.

Body elongate, the caudal peduncle very slender, its least depth 3f in
head. Head long, rather broad ; the snout long, bluntish, 3 in head, pro-
jecting moderately beyond the premaxillaries (for a distance of about one-
fifth its length), which project beyond lower jaw. Mouth rather small,
wholly inferior, the maxillary reaching little beyond front of eye, 3^ in
head. Teeth in broad bands, the outer series in upper jaw a very little
enlarged (very much smaller than in M. alburmis).

Posterior nostril a lanceolate slit, as long as barbel, or about half
diameter of eye. Eye small, 5 to in head, about one-fourth narrower
than preorbital or interorbital space. Gill rakers about one-third diam-
eter of pupil; about 7 on lower part of arch.

Dorsal spines rather slender and high, the longest about two-thirds
length of head. Soft dorsal moderate, its longest rays about equal to
snout. Lower lobe of caudal broader than upper. If in head. Longest
rays of anal a little longer than snout ; pectorals If in head, reaching
slightly beyond tips of ventrals, which are about two in head. Ax-
illary scale one-fourth length of pectoral; scales on breast very small;
about 25 in a lougitiulinal series to front of ventrals, and about 15 in
a cross series connecting outer margins of ventrals ; 10 scales in a
vertical series from vent to lateral line ; 15 to 18 in an oblique series
forward. No air bladder. Pyloric c«ca 9.

284 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED ST<VTES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The species of tliis geuns are all American. Those known to us may
be compared as follows:

a. Mouth compaiatively large, the maxillary extending to below the eye; gill-raker.s
tiibercnlate or minute.
1). Outer teeth of upper jaw much enlarged, more than half length of posterior
uostril; snout protruding well l)eyond premaxillaries; scales ou breast
large, regularly arranged.
c. Soft dorsal rather short (rays less thau I, 2:i); coloration plaiu.

d. Spinous dorsal elevated, its longest spines reaching past front of soft dorsal;
snout very i)romiuent, its tip slightly turned upward, xii'ojecting beyond
premaxillaries for a distance about equal to the large eye; maxillary
shortest, 3^ in head ; posterior nostril oblong; upper caudal lobe elongate;
tip of spinous dorsal black ; lower tins pale or somewhat dusky. D. X-1, 22.

Pacific coast of tropical America Nasus.*

dd. Spinous dorsal not elevated, the longest spines not reaching soft dorsal;
snout bluntisli, projecting beyond premaxillaries for about half diameter
of eye; maxillary long, 3 in head; posterior nostril nearly round; upper
caudal lobe not produced; pectoral large; lower fins mostly black. D.

X-I, IS. Pacific coast of tropical America Panamensis.!

cc. Soft dorsal rather long (D. X-I, 24); spinous dorsal moderately elevated, its
tip reaching front of second dorsal ; snout short, rather sharp, projecting
beyond premaxillaries for a distance equal to about half eye; maxillary
moderate, 3 in head; posterior nostril broad-ovate; lower caudal lobe
longest; pectoral rather large; coloration nearly x>lain, or with faint ob-
lique dusky bars; pectoral and lining of opercle black. South Atlantic

and Gulf coasts of United States Alburnus.

hb. Outer teeth of upper jaw moderately enlarged, less than half length of posterio
nostril; snout moderately protruding; scales ou breast large; spinous dor-
sal high, the longest spine filamentous (in the adult) reaching past front of
second dorsal, usually higher than body below it; gill rakers reduced to
minute tubercles. Body always with distinct oblique bauds, the anterior V-
shaped; a dark lateral baud, distinct posteriorly, and extending ou lower
lobe of caudal; lower fins blackish; lining of opercle mostly pale. D.
X-I. 2G. Cape Cod to Gulf of Mexico NEBt'LOSus.

aa. Mouth comparatively small, the maxillary less than one-third head, barely reach-
ing eye; outer teeth of upper jaw scarcely enlarged; snout little })roject-
ing; scales ou breast small, irregular; coloration plaiu, the back and
sides ijometimes with faim undulating streaks. D. about X-I, 24.
e. Pectorals, veutrals, and anal black; snout bluutisb, scarcely projecting;
posterior nostril oblong; pectoral large, li in head: depth, 4^ iu hngfb;

scales, 9-60-14. Southern California UxDULATtjs.

ee. Pectorals, ventrals, and anal pale; lining of gill cavity pale. Snout some-
what projecting; pectorals shortish. If in head.
/. Upper lobe of caudal longer thau lower; scales about 9-60-13; 2.5 scales
in an oblique series forward from vent to lateral line; axillary scale one-
third length of pectoral; posterior nostril short, one-third diameter of
orbit; snout very little inojecting; gill-rakers very short, 4 or 5 on
lower part of arch ; depth, 4^ in length. Pacific coast of tropical Amer-
ica Eloxgatus. t

* TJnibrina nasus Giiuther, Fish. Ceutr. Amer. 1869, 426. Mazatlan (Gilb.) ; Panama
(Gthr.; Gilb.).

\Umhrina panamensis Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr. iv, 9, 1875. Mazatlan (Gilb.); Pan-
ama (Steiud. ; Gilb.).

t Umbr'nia cloiifialn Gthr. Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1864, 148. Mazatlan (Gilb. ) ; Chiapam
(Gthr.); Panama (Steind. ; Gilb.).

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 285

//• Upper lobe of caudal uot louder than lower; scales about 8-50-11 ; 15 to
18 scales in au oblique series forward from vent to lateral line; axillary
scale less than one-fourth pectoral; posterior nostril lanceolate, half
as long as eye; snout distinctly projecting; gill-rakers larger than in
other species, about 7 on lower part of arch ; depth 4 j in length. Caudal
usually tipped with black. South Atlantic .ind Gulf coast of United
States LiTTORALIS.

Of the>se species, nebidosus and aJbnrnKS are closely related, as are
also littoralis, louhdatus, and eloiif/atiiSj which appear to be represen-
tatives of one form in three different fannal areas; nasus and ^>ro(a>we«.s/6'
are better distinguished.

93. Cynoscion maculatum (Mitch.) GiU. —Speclhd Trout; Spotted Trout. P. G.
(:jO!s:;;:i, :Juyil, 31047.)

(OtoUthus carolinensw C. it V. ; OtoVtthufi (tnimmordi Richardson and Giraid.)

One of the most abundant and valuable of the food fishes of the Gulf
coast. Among the shore-fishes it ranks next in importance to the "Eed-
fisli" and its flesh is finer in quality. It reaches a weight of about 10
pounds.

Color in life grayish, with very brilliant reflections of violet, green,
etc., becoming silvery below ; sides of bead iridescent. Back above
lateral line and behind middle of second dorsal covered with round
black spots, somewhat irregular in size and position, most of them
smaller than the pupil; a few below lateral line. First dorsal blackish
at tip, with some dark spots. Second dorsal yellowish, edged with
dusky and with 2 or 3 series of round dark spots. Caudal creamy, edged
and broadly tii)ped with blackish, the base and median parts of the fin
with small round dark spots. Anal and ventrals creamy, slightly soiled
Avith blackish. Pectorals light yellowish, immaculate, the axil some-
what dusky. Inside of mouth light orange-yellow. Inside of opercle
slightly dusky.

Head 3.^ ; depth 5. D. X-I, L'5 ; A. II. 10. Scales 0-7S-14; 08 tubes
in lateral line.

Northern specimens have the spotted area extending usually farther
forward, but do not otherwise difter. The OtoUthiis ilrummondi of Rich-
ardson is the same species, with some slight errors in the description.
The anal rays are quite constantly II, 10.

POMACENTRID.E.

94. Chromis insolatus (C. & V.) J. & G. P.

A single small specimen " spewed np" by a Red Snapper, at Pensa-
cola.

Steel brown ; a curved blue streak between eyes in front ; many scales
on upper and anterior parts of body each with a blue spot ; fins all plain
dusky.

D. XIII, 13 ; A. II, 12. Scales 2i-25-9.

286 PROCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

95. Chromis enchrysurus sp. uov. P. (:30f-71.)

Several specimens in tine condition, the largest 3J inches long,
"spewed up" by Eed Snappers, at Pensacola.

Allied to Chromis insolains (C. & V.) and Chromis flavicauda (Gthr.).

Head 3=^ in length; depth 2. B.XIII, 12; A, 11, 12 (D. XII, 11; A.
II, 11, in one specimen). Scales 3-26-9.

Body regularly ovate-oblong, the anterior profile evenly convex.
Month small, oblique, the jaws equal, the maxillary extending little
past front of eye, 3| in liead. Snout short, ^ in head. Eye large, 2^
in head. Preorbital entire; preopercle with distinct obtuse serratures
or crenations. Teeth slender, conical, in a moderate band, those of the
outer series considerably enlarged. Gill-rakers long, not as long as
pupil.

Dorsal somewhat emarginate, the longest spine li in head, the long-
est soft ray about the same ; caudal lunate, the upper lobe slightly longer,
about as long as head. Anal about as high as soft dorsal, its second
spine If in head. Yentrals filamentous at tip, longer than head. Pec-
torals about as long as head. Vertical fins largely covered with small
scales.

Color, when fresh, sooty gray, rather dark, a narrow blue stripe from
tip of snout obliquely upward and backward across upper part of eye
to above front of lateral line, where it ends in blue dots ; sides paler pos-
teriorly and below; fins dusky, the distal half of anal, most of soft dor-
sal, and the whole of caudal and pectorals of a very intense light yellow,
deepest on the caudal ; veutrals dusky-bluish, slightly tinged with yel-
low. A small black sjiot in upper part of axil.

96. Platyglossus caudaUs (Poey) Gthr. P. (30817.)

'] .litlis caiidalis Poey. Mem. Cuba, ii, 213.
'! .'.////(Ajxr^fs Poey. Mem. Cuba ii, 214.

A single fine specimen G inches long, taken from the stomach of a
Red Snapper, at Pensacola. A second specimen badly injured was also
obtained.

Head 3,^ (35) ; depth 4^ (5). D. IX-II ; A. Ill, 12. Scales 2-25-C.

Body very slender, compressed, the snojit rather pointed, 3;V in head.
Eye moderate, 5i in head. Posterior canine large. Dorsal si)iues low,
rather slender, but i)ungeiit, lower than the soft rays. Caudal fin con-
vex, its two outermost rays somewhat produced. Pectoral I'jj in length
of head. Scales on breast small. Head naked.

Color, when fresh, olivaceous above ; a row of round sky-blue spots
along each side of back ; a broad band-like area of orange intermingled
with violet spots along sides from lateral line about to level of eye,
extending backward about to middle of body ; the lower edge of the
orange band serrate. Below the orange a baud of pale violet, becoming

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 287

]>o,steriorly deep violet. Still lower on level of lower edge of i^ectorala
deep yellow band about a>s wide a-s a scale, growing narrower and fainter
behind. Belly pearly. Head above olivaceous, marked witb blue ; pre-
orbital and suborbital region scarlet, with three violet;blue stripes, these
margined with cherry red. Cheeks below lowest violet stripe translu-
cent yellowish. Opercles bright red, with about 3 oblique violet stripes,
the upper forming an oblique blotch behind eye, in the middle of which
is a round black ink-like spot ; no dark opercular spot ; chin pearly. Iris
red.

Dorsal light orange, the soft part with three rows of violet spots ; caudal
orange, with four rows of spots, the orange arranged in one longitudinal,
two marginal, and two convergent orange bands, which are connected
by reticulations around blue spots. Anal with a basal orange spot on
each membrane, then a blue spot, then a broad yellow band, then a nar-
row blue band, and a terminal band of orange. Ventrals light red.
Pectorals pale violet, yellow at base ; a bluish oblique band below
them. Blue spots of head and posterior parts clear, sky-blue ; elsewhere
of a violet shade and less bright.

This specimen agrees in many respects with Poey's ^'caudaU.s.'^ Poey,
however, had a deeper fish (depth 4J in total length), and he makes no
mention at all of the broad orange lateral shade so conspicuous in our
specimens. It is possible that the latter difference is sexual. Poey's
''pictus'''' has the orange band, but the body is too slender (depth oj in
total), and the coloration is otherwise not quite like that of our speci-
mens.

97. Platyglossus florealis sp. uov. P. (30839.)

Two specimens 3f inches in length were taken with a seine in the
Laguna Grande, near Pensacola. They were found in shallow water in
masses of Zoster a.

Head ^ (3|) 5 depth 4 (4f). D. IX, 11; A. Ill, 12. Scales U-2G-8.

Body rather slender, moderately compressed ; snout not very sharp,
3J in head. Eye moderate, 5 in head. Posterior canines small. Dorsal
spines rather low, stiff and pungent, lower than soft rays. Caudal
truncate, If in head. Pectoral U in head. Scales on breast suuxll ;
head naked.

Coloration in life: ground color olive-brown; a rather dull olive-green
stripe from above snout along sides of back to tail, midway between
lateral line and dorsal ; a brownish area along lateral line ; below this
a distinct dark brown band from gill-opening to middle of caudal on
level of eye, and about as broad as eye, ending in a small dark spot
at base of caudal. Below this another light l)rownish area bounded by
a dark bronze stripe on level of pectoral, the belly abruptly pale. Each
scale of side with a narrow crescent of deep greenish-blue towards its
base. These spots are very distinct, especially anteriorly, giving the
whole fish a bluish cast. Sides of head pale orange ; a bright blue wavy

288 PROCEEDIXCxS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

streak along- preorbital, suborbital, aud opercle, turniug abruptl3' down-
ward on the subopercle. A faint blue streak behind eye. Oi)ercle with a
deep indigo- black sjmt bordered by bluish and yellow ; tip of opercle yel-
low ; the color bounded by a <-shaped blue line. Lower jaw with two
cross stripes of coppery orange, the interspaces white, the tip reddish.
A small jet-black spot at base of last ray of soft dorsal.

Dorsal tin light cherry-red, with a row of translucent spots at base ;
a narrow translucent median band, the tips translucent. Caudal trans-
lucent, tinged with red toward the base. Anal with a row of pearly
spots, and a cherry-red band, then a narrow pearly band, then a light
yellow band, then a light red band, the tips translucent. Pectorals
yellowish ; ventrals Avhite. Iris scarlet.

This gaily-colored little fish seems to be well distinguished from all
thus far known in the West Indies.

TRIGLIDyE.

98. Prionotus tribulus C. & V. G. (30910, 30201, 31053.)
Common; numerous specimens obtained at Galveston.
Coloration in life: light olive-green, the head and body everywhere

reticulated with dark olive-green, in definite patterns, the dark lines on
the head consi)icuous, arranged in a series of curves and concentric
circles ; the dark streaks on the body mostly undulating and ascending
backward. A diffuse band along side of bright orange. Belly white.
Two faint diffuse dark bands downward and forward from soft dorsal,
the hindmost ascending on the fin; a fainter band on spinous dorsal.

Spinous dorsal reddish, clouded with darker. A large dark blotch,
not ocellated, between fifth and sixth spines. Second dorsal translucent
reddish, with darker spots. Anal similar, paler, the spots almost obso-
lete. Caudal reddish, with three darker bands. Ventrals plain light
reddish. Pectorals light clear green on the front side, grayish behind;
with about 5 somewhat irregular dark cross-bands, the three median
broadest and forked or Y-shaped above. Upper edge of pectorals pale.
Pectoral appendages reddish, barred with darker.

Head 2i; depth 5. I). IX-I, 12; A. 11. P. 13-3. Lat. 1. 19 (tubes).

99. Prionotus scitulus sp. uov. P.

Prionotus jnindatHS Jor. & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1S78, 373 (not of C.
&Y.).

A single specimen taken from the stomach of a Picd Snapper at Pen-
sacola.

Head 3^ m) ; depth G^ (7). D. IX, I, 13; A. 12; L— ; Lat. 1. ca.
70 (pores), about GO scales. Length 5| inches; none larger.

Body much slenderer than in any other species; head small, low,
rather pointed. Snout rather long, a little shorter than rest of head, its
width between angles of mouth about 2i in head. Maxillary not reach-
ing front of eye, 2§ in head. Sides of snout finely and evenly serrate ;

PKOCEEDING.S OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 289

no spinous teeth on iireorbital ; pieopercular spine simple, long, and
slender, without tooth at base. Spines on top and posterior part of
head about as in P. jxdmijyes, but rather sharper, the furrow connecting
orbits posteriorly not much marked. Opercular spine small. Eyes
large, separated by a narrow concave space, the supraocular ridge
prominent, serrate in front. Band,s of palatine teeth narrow. Gill-
rakers long and slender, as in Prionofus punctafus.

Dorsal high, its longest spine 14 in head. Pectoral scarcely more
than J length of body, reaching to base of iifth or sixth dorsal ray.

Coloration in life, dark olive above ; back and sides covered with
numerous round spots of different sizes, and not arranged in series ;
these si)ots bronze color in life, becoming brownish after death ; spinous
dorsal dusky, with lighter streaks ; a distinct black spot on upper half of
spinous dorsal, between the fourth and fifth spine, this spot being ocel-
lated below and behind ; a second black blotch on upper half of first spine
and membrane, also ocellated behind ; second dorsal and caudal spotted
and finely blotched with black; anal largely black, with a pinkish
border; pectorals blackish ; ventrals pale ; branchiostegals pinkish.

This species, formerly erroneously identified by us with Prionotm
punctatus, differs from the latter in its much slenderer form, in color, in
the absence of spinous teeth on snout, and in the short pectorals.

The original types were ol)taiued by us at Beaufort, Xorth Carolina,
in 1S77. Another specimen (15148) is in the National Museum, collected

UEANOSCOPID.E.

100. Astroscopus anoplus (C. & V.) Brev.—Dofj-Jish ; Electric Do{i-fish. P. G.
(3U(r51, 30899.)

This species is rather common about Galveston, and is not rare about
Pensacola. Two young specimens were obtained at each place. The
fishermen at Galveston ascribe to it electric powers in life — a trait already
noticed by Dr. J. A. Ilenshall in the closely allied Astroscopus y-grwcum.

Coloration of young specimens in life: dark olive above, becoming
abruptly white beneath, the sides with a darker shade. Back and top
of head, as far back as front of soft dorsal and as low as upper edge of
pectoral, covered with small, round, light-green spots, none of them as
large as pupil, those on top of head light brown. Posterior part of body
speckled with blackish dots. First dorsal black except at base; second
dorsal plain, with a dark blotch in front; anal and ventrals immaculate;
caudal with three black longitudinal stripes, the interspaces pale. Pec-
toral black at base, its edge pale. Lower jaw and median line of lower
side of head yellow; a large oblong black blotch on each side of median
line of lower part of head. Lips dusky. D. IV-I, 13; A. 13. Scales
scarcely appreciable, visible only posteriorly.

The naked area behind the eyes is much smaller in this species than
in A. ygrcccnm, its .form being concavo-convex, its length barely twice
Proc. yat. ]\Ius. 82 19 Aug-. 15, 1S83'.

290 PR0CEEDIXG8 OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

tliiit of the suout; tbe bony Y-shaped i)Uite on top of head is mnch
vshoi'ter and broader in A. anojyhis, concave on the median line, and forked
about half its length. The posterior, undivided p;ut of the Y is broader
than long. The bony bridge across the occiput is but little shorter than
the part of the head which precedes it. In A. y-gra:eum the Y is forked
for less than half its length, the posterior part is more than twice as
long as broad, and not concave on the median line; the naked area
behind the eyes is trapezoidal, longer than broad, and about 4 times
the length -of the snout. The bony bridge across the occiput is not half
the length of the part of the head before it.

The coloration of the A. y-gnccum is somewhat different. The pale
spots on the body are larger ; some of them are as large as the pupil,
and each surrounded by a narrow ring of black. They extend backward
to the end of the soft dorsal, and also cover the lower jaw. The second
dorsal is black (the base paler), with two oblique stripes of white; the
anal is white with a broad black band ; the caudal black with two white
bands, the corners also white; the pectoral brownish, with a broad black
shade and a narrow edging of white; the two black blotches on the lower
l)arts of the head are present as in A. anoplus, but less distinct.

OPISTOGXATHID.E.

101. Opisthognatlius lonchurus sp. nov. (29G71). I". ("SOSW.)

Head not very large, rounded, and blunt anteriorly in profile; snout
extremely short, shorter than pupil ; eye large, 3^ in head ; maxillary
IjV in length of head (in specimen 5 inches long), rather narrow at tip,
with a ^A•ell-developed maxillary bone; lower jaw included; teeth in
both jaws cardi form, forming bands, the outer series enlarged, slender;
vomer with o rather large teeth, forming a semicircle; palatines tooth-
less ; gill-rakers slender, of moderate length. Longest anal rays 1^ in
head; ventrals long, 14 in head; pectoral somewhat mutilated, appa:-
rently little more than half head.

Dorsal spines very slender, the longest about as long as head, slightly
higher than soft rays. Caudal long, the middle rays longest, a little
shorter than head. Scales entirely destroyed by the digestive i»rocess;
head naked.

Head 3f in length ; depth 4f. D. ca. 25; A. ca. L").

Color: head light olive, unmarked; rim of upper lip narrowly black;
top of head and back rather darker ; body apparently nearly plain light
olive; caudal plain, with traces of three dark bars; breast white; eye
dark.

A single specimen, 5 inches long (No. 29(371, TJ. S.Nat. Mus.),in poor
condition (the skin of the body having been digested), taken from the
stomach of a lied Snapper, at Pensacola. A second specimen, in the
U. S. Nat. Mus. (30712), since forwarded by I\lr. Stearns, has the liead
3;^; depth 33; lat. 1. 07.

PKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 291

BATEACHID.E.

102. Batrachus tau (L.) C. & Y.—Sarpo. P. (30811.)

Very common iu grassy lagoons about Pensacola. Our specimens
belong to the scarcely tangible var. fi. of Giintber. Tbe "white'' spots
on the body and fins are bright olive-yellow in life.

103. Porichthys plectrodon sp. iiov. G. (30894.)

Allied to Porichthys margarltatus (Rich.), but with the palatine teeth
very different.

Head 3| (4|) ; depth 5f (G). D. II, 37 ; A. 34.

Body rather elongate, tapering aud compressed behind. Head de-
pressed, two-thirds as broad as long aud half wider than deep ; lower
jaw considerably projectiug, maxillary reaching to well behind eye, its
length I'l in head. Teeth iu single series on jaws, vomer, aud palatines;
those of upper jaw verj^ small, a few of the anterior and two or three of
the lateral teeth somewhat enlarged, the latter strongly hooked for-
wards. Teeth in lower jaw strong, rather weaker than in P. manjari-
iatus; those in the front of the jaw hooked strongly inwards; the lateral
teeth, which are larger, hooked backwards and iuwards; one or two
strong canines on each side of vomer, these curved backwards and out-
wards. Teeth on palatines distant, few in number (usually 4 or 5);
among these are one to three very strong canines (usually, but not
always, much larger than canines on vomer), strongly curved forwards
aud inwards. In P. margaritatus* and P. j^orosissimus, the palatine
teeth are not especially enlarged, subequal and more numerous ; the
canines on the vomer being much larger thau any of the other teeth.

Gill openings extending from upper edge of pectoral to just below
lower edge. Pectoral without axillary foramen.

Height of soft dorsal about 3 in head. Length of caudal nearly 2.
Height of anal 3^. Length of pectorals 1| ; of ventrals 2|.

Color in life light brown above, the top of head much darker and
clouded with dark brown ; a row of about ten bar-like dark blotches along
middle of side, each larger than eye ; those anteriorly deeper than long,
the others longer than deep. Each of these blotches is usually more or
less confluent with a saddle-like dark blotch across the back, A cres-
cent-shaped pale translucent area below the eye ; below this a larger
blue-black area, irregularly crescent-shaped, covering the preorbital
aud suborbital region, bounded below and behind by a row of shining
mucous pores. On it are about four large pores, and above and behind
it, close behind and below eye, is a large shining pore bordered with
black. Cheek steel-bluish. Sides of body silvery, becoming golden
below. Lower part of head and belly bright golden. A dark stripe along-
base of dorsal. Soft dorsal with 2 or 3 rows of small round dark olive

*Tlie identity of the Pacific species (marfiaritatxs 'Ric\i.=notati!s Grd.) with the
Surinam ''imrosissimiin" is not yet proven, and is not very pro))ablt'.

292 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

spots, the upper row posteriorly becoming a dark edging to the fin.
Caudal dull red, edged with dusky. Anal very pale, edged with black-
ish. Pectorals light orange, usually with some small dark spots above.
Veutrals orauge, slightly darker anteriorly.

Numerous series of i^ores on the body, those of the lateral Hue accom-
panied by shining golden bodies, as in other species of the genus. Ac-
cording to fishermen, these bodies are phosphorescent, shining at night ;
a statement which is probably true, although we have been unable to
verify it. Pores on sides of back not shining. jMost of the pores, as
in other species, accompanied by numerous small cirri or cilia.

The arrangement of the lines of pores and shining bodies is not very
dift'erent from that found in P. margaritatus. It may be thus described
in detail.

A series of pores beginning at tip of snout, extending down around
preorbital region, bounding the dark subocular blotch and joining almost
at a right angle with a series of pores which extends downward from
lower posterior corner of eye to angle of mouth. Another series diverges
from the first in front of eye, passing close below eye, then upward above
cheek, ending in a large pore behind preopercle. A curved series of pores
extending backward along opercle, and another parallel with it aloijg
subopercle.

Two obscure series from front of eye along top of head, becoming
wide apart at the vertex, converging at the nape, then slightly diverg-
ing, converging in front of spinous dorsal, then again diverging to pass
around the fin, each at last becoming straight at front of soft dorsal,
extending close to its base to its last ray, there being about two pores
to each ray. Just below this series, at front of soft dorsal on each
side, begins a second series, with the pores wider apart and somewhat
irregular, ceasing near the middle of the soft dorsal fin.

The lateral line proper next begins above upper posterior angle of
preopercle, whence a short branch passes directly upward. Opposite
front of soft dorsal, the lateral line is interrupted for a distance a little
more than diameter of eye. A short branch arises at this interruption
and passes upward and backward at an angle from the end of the
anterior part. Thence the lateral line passes straight to base of caudal.

The next series arises just behind axil of pectoral, then curves
abruptly downward and backward, becoming straight opposite third ray
of anal, thence jn-oceeding to base of caudal, the pores small and close-
set, anteriorly bead-like and shining, becoming dull toward the tail.
]!sext comes a double series on each side of base of anal, the two series
converging behind and finally coalescing.

Another series begins at the middle of the base of the pectoral in front,
curves downward, around the base of the fin, and, proceeding directly
backward, ceases opposite vent. A series begins midway between gill
opening and ventral and, extending straight backward, ceases opposite
base of pectoral. Another begins, on each side, on lower side of head,

PEOCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 293

directly below angle of inoutli, the two diveigiug- sliglitly between veu-
trals, then converging a little behind ventrals, then abruptly diverging,
joining the series last mentioned, on each side, jnst in front of l)ase of
pectoral.

A cross-series of pores e5:tends straight across belly, between vent
and anal fin. At each end of this cross-series a series of i^ores turns
abruptly forward, the two meeting in an acute angle on the belly just
in front of a vertical from base of pectorals. Finally, three parallel
series on each side of lower parts of head meet in front, the two ante-
rior in obtuse curves, the posterior in an acute angle. The anterior
series along the mandible ends at the corner of the mouth. The next
just behind the mandible ends just below the corner of the mouth. The
next passes along the branchiostegal region, ending at the gill oi)ening.
JMandible with two large foramina. A series of dark-colored pores along
each side of tongue.

This species is not rare about Galveston, where many specimens, the
largest 8 inches long, were obtained with the seine, iu water of moder-
ate depth. It seems to be unknown to fishermen at Peusacola.

GOBIESOCID.E.

104. Gobiesox virgatulus sp. HOT. P. (30861.)

Three specimens, the longest about 1;^ inches in length, taken among
ballast rocks in Peusacola Bay.

Head 2f (3f ); width of head 3^; depth G (7). D. 10 ; A. S.

Body rather slender, the head low and rather l)road, broadly rounded
anteriorly ; eyes very small, about 4 in head, their diameter two-thirds
to three-fourths the broad, slightly convex interorbital space. Cheeks
prominent ; opercle ending in a sharp spine. Cleft of mouth extending
to below- front of orbit ; lower jaw somewhat shorter than upper.

Teeth of upper jaw in a narrow baud of about two series; four teeth
of the outer series a little larger than the rest, somewhat canine-like.
Middle teeth of lower jaw incisor-like and partly horizontal, their edges
entire or somewhat concave. Yeutral disk considerably shorter than
head. Distance from root of caudal to front of dorsal 2| in length.
Pectoral short, about 2f in head.

Color in life olivaceous, with numerous paler spots; the whole body
covered with rather faiut, wavy longitudinal stripes or lines of a light
orange-brown color, about as wide as the interspaces, much as in some
species of LipaHs; skin everywhere with dark punctulations. Caudal
dusky, slightly barred with paler, its tip abruptly yellowish. Dorsal
and anal dusky, somewhat barred. Body sometimes with traces of
darker cross-shades.

This species may be identical with Gohiesox mtdiis of Giinther, but the
name nudus cannot fairly be reta ined, as the original Gyclopterus nudus
L. was an East Indian species, very different from this.

294 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

GOBIID.E.

105. Lepidogobius gulosus (Girard) J. AG. V. (?,G^A-i.)

Three specimens obtained in the "Laguna Grande" at Pensacoki, the
longest 2f inches in lengtli.

Coloration in life light, grayish olive, Avith rather sharply-detined
markings of darker brown; head with a pale bluish stripe from behind
the angle of the month upward and forward parallel with the gape to
below the front of eye, then turning abruptly backward across suborbi-
tal region to upper edge of gill opening; another pale streak from snout
along lower part of eye; betiveen this and tlie first streak a dusky area ;
below the first-mentioned streak a dusky region on cheeks ; opercle
with an oblique blackish bar; top of head with dark marblings sur-
rounded by paler reticulations ; back with a series of black cross-blotches,
mostly separated on the median line; two narrow vertical dark bars
behind i^ectoral; middle line of side posteriorly with longitudinally
oblong black blotches ; besides these numerous other blotches not regu-
larly arranged. First dorsal with two or three oblique black bands ;
second dorsal pale, with about four series of black dots ; caudal spotted
with black, pectoral yellowish, ventral black, its center yellowish; anal
pale; lower side of head pale ; jaws dusky.

Head o-^ {U in total) ; depth 5 (6). D. YI-15 ; A. IG ; Lat. 1. about 42.

Body elongate, moderately compressed. Head long and large, low,
rather sharp in i)rofile. Eyes large, placed high and close together, 4
in head. Snout short, ii in head. Mouth large, very oblique, the lower
jaw strongly projecting, the maxillary extending to below middle of
pupil, its length 2^ in head.

Teeth in few series, those of the outer row very long, slender, and
curved, those of the lower jaw longest.

Gill membranes not continued forward above opercle. Scales small,
cycloid, imbedded. Head, nape, and breast scaleless ; scales of anterior
part of body not well developed.

Dorsal spines slender, the tips of the longest somewhat filamentous,
although short, the longest about half head. Soft rays a little higher
than the spines. Soft dorsal and anal unusually long. Caudal x)ointed,
about as long as head. Pectorals about 1^ in head, their upper rays not
"silk-like." Yentrals about as long as pectorals, their insertion directly
below front of pectorals.

106. Gobius lyricus (Girard) J. & G. G. (30897.)

A single specimen about 3^ inches long, taken with a dip-net in a
brackish pool at Galveston.

Subgenus Euctenoijohlus Gill.

Color in life dark olive, with 4 or 5 irregular confluent blackish cross-
bauds, besides dark blotches and irregular markings. Head marbled

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 295

with darker, the jaws, opercles, and brauchiostegals blackish. First
dorsal mostly dusky translucent, somewhat barred. Second dorsal and
anal plain dusky. Caudal dark blue, with two loirgitudinal stripes of
bright red. Pectoral finely barred or reticulated with blackish and
pale. Head and belly yellowish. Female specimens probably duller
and paler.

Head V^ (of); depth ^ (6). D. YI-11; A. I, 10. Lat. 1. 27.

Body ratner elongate, moderately compressed. Head rather short,
the profile very obtuse, descending abruptly from before the front of
the eye to tlie snout. Eyes small, placed high, about as long as snout,
and about U in head. Mouth nearly horizontal, much below level of
eye; the maxillary extending to beyond pupil, 2^ in head ; jaws subequal;
teeth strong, in one series in each jaw ; in the lower jaw about 4 shortish,
canine-like teeth behind the other teeth; anterior teeth of lower jaw
small; of upper jaw rather large.

Gill opening not continued forward above opercle.

Fir.st dorsal with two or three spines filamentous, the longest reaching
past the middle of the second dorsal, which is of moderate height and
similar to the anal; caudal long and pointed, one-fourth longer than the
head. Pectoral as long as head, about reaching front of anal. Upper
rays of ])ectorals not silk-like. Ventrals somewhat shorter than head,
tlieir insertion below front of pectorals.

Scales large, rough, those on nape, pectoral region, and belly reduced
in size; head naked.

Gohim wUrdemamii Girard is possibly identical with this species,
although the scales are said to be smaller, and the teeth much smaller
than in G. lyricus. The original types of G. lyricm, as of G. wiirde-
manni, came from Brazos Santiago, Tex. The types of the latter are
now lost.

107. Gobius boleosoma sp. iiov. P. (30860.)

Subgenus (Jorypliopterns Gill.

Color in life: Male deep olive green, mottled Avith darker; middle of
side with 4 or 5 vague darker blotches. A jet-black spot above gill
opening, on side of back. Head mottled, dusky below ; usually a dark
bar below eye. Dorsals tipped with bright yellowish, each crossed by
numerous narrow, somewhat oblique, interrupted bars or series of spots,
these being of a rich reddish brown color. Caudal barred with black,
its upper edge tinged with orange. Anal nearly plain, with a slight
orange tinge. Ventrals bluish-black, their edges whitish.

Female paler and duller in color, more mottled, the black spot
above gill opening obsolete or nearly so ; a dark spot at base of caudal.
Upper fins barred, as in the male. Lower fins mostly pale, tinged with
orange.

Head 4 (5 in total) ; depth 4J (oj). D. VI-12; A. 1, 11. Lat. 1. about
33.

296 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Body slender, subfusiforin, little compressed. Head moderate, not
very blunt, the anterior profile somewhat evenly decurved, the snout not
very short, scarcely- shorter than the large eye. Mouth not very large,
horizontal, the lower jaw included, the maxillary extending slightly be-
yond front of pupil ; its length about 3 in head. Teeth small, slender, in
narrow bauds, those of the outer series longer than the others. Eyes
placed high, abont 4 in head ; iuterorbital space not wider than pupil.

Scales moderate, ctenoid ; those on nape and belly not much reduced
in size.

Gill openings not continued forward above opercle.

First dorsal with the spines slender but rather firm, none of them
filamentous, the longest about three-fifths head. Second dorsal and
anal rather large. Caudal long, pointed, slightly longer than head.
Pectorals large, slightly longer than head, none of the upper rays
silk-like. Veutrals slightly shorter than head, inserted below axil of
pectorals.

Many specimens of this species, the largest about 2 inches in length
were obtained in the Laguna Grande at Pensacola. It lurks in sea
wrack on muddy bottoms in very shallow water (G to 12 inches). In
form, size, coloration, and movements, this little fish bears a remarkable
resemblance to the percoid, Boleomma olmstedi.

108. Gobius soporator C. & V. P. (:5()s2-2.)
(Gobius caiulus Grd. ; Gobius mapo Poey; Gobius carolineusis Gill.)

Exceedingly abundant about the wharves at Pensacola, lurking under
stones in ballast heaps, etc. It reaches a length of about 5 inches.

Color in life very deep olive-green, the back and sides obscurely
barred and much marbled with different shades of olive-green ; cheeks
with the dark markings forming reticulations around pale spots. Whole
under i)art of head blackish in the males ; yellowish in the females.

First dorsal with an oblique median shade of blackish, the base in
front and the distal part light orange. Second dorsal dusky at base
with some spots, its margin light orange. Caudal reddish, with dusky
cross-lines or spots. Anal and ventral dusky, yellowish at base in the
female. Pectoral olivaceous, yellowish at base, reddish at tip; two dark
spots on base of pectoral.

Head 3 J (4 in total); depth 4 (5). D. YI, 10; A. I. 9. Lat. 1. 30 to 38;
12 rows of scales from first dorsal downward and backward to anal.
Scales on nape extremely small. Scales on sides firm, ctenoid.

Form robust. Head rather blunt and heavy, the snout less abruptly
decurved than in G.Iyricus. Mouth moderate, the jaws equal, the max-
illary reaching about to front of pupil, 2f in head. Teeth in moderate
bands, the outer series somewhat enlarged. Cheeks full, tumid. Eyes
moderate, placed rather high, much broader than the iuterorbital space.

Dorsal spines slender, the first longer than the other, but not fila-
mentous, If in head; caudal rounded, IJ in head; ui)per rays of pec-
torals silk-like, the fin somewhat longer than ventral, 1:^ in head.

PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 297

109. Gobiosoma alepidotum (Blocb & Schu.) Grd. P. (30854.)
{Cohlosoma moJcstum Grd.)

Eiither common about Pensacola. Numerous specimens taken with
the seine in the Laguna Grande.

Color in life light olive, closely punctulate with darker under the
lens; sides of body withln-oad dusky shades which alternate with nar-
row paler bars, which are sometimes chain-like. A longitudinal series
of small linear dark spots along the middle of side of the body; a dark
space above and in front of base of pectoral; sometimes a dark area
below eye. Dorsals, anal, and ventrals blackish, usually without dis-
tinct markings, sometimes faintly barred with reddish ; pectorals pale,
dusky, and speckled at base.

Head 3f ; depth 4. D. VII, 13; A. 10.

We are unable to distinguish our specimens from G. cdepidotnm of the
Atlantic coast.

110. loglossus calliurus Bean MSS. P.

Body very elongate, slender, much compressed, of equal depth
throughout ; head compressed, without osseous crest ; mouth very oblique ;
the lower jaw strongly projecting; premaxillaries in front on the level
with pupil ; maxillary extending to opposite front of pupil, its length
I'f in head; upper jaw with a narrow band of about two series of coni-
cal cardiform teeth ; those of the outer row much larger than the others ;
behind these are two small conical curved canines ; lower jaw with a
single row of smaller teeth, behind which are about 4 canines directed
somewhat backward ; the posterior pair largest and strongly curved ;
no teeth on vomer or palatines. Tongue narrow, pointed. Eye large,
nearly twice length of snout, 3i in head, its diameter considerably more
than depth of cheek, about half more than interorbital width; opercles
unarmed. Pseudobranchiii? present. Gill openings wide, extending for-
wards below, the membranes attached mesially to the very narrow isth-
mus, across which they do not form a fold. Gill-rakers long and slender.

Dorsal fins separated by a short interval, the first of very slender
somewhat filamentous spines, the longest about as long as head ; second
dorsal httle more than half as high as first, apparently nearly uniform,
separated from the caudal by an interval nearly half length of head ;
caudal lanceolate, its middle rays filamentous, about half the length of
rest of body ; anal rather high, similar to soft dorsal. Yeutrals I, 4,
inserted very slightly in advance of base of pectorals, the two fins very
close together, but apparently quite separate and without basal fold of
skin ; the fin little longer than head, the inner rays filamentous. Pectoral
with broad base, about 1^ in head. Anal papilla very short, midway be-
tween tip of snout and base of caudal.

Body with very small, non-iml)ricate, imbedded scales, these a little
larger and imbricate on the tail; cheeks with imbedded cycloid scales.
Scales very weakly ctenoid, most of them appearing cycloid. Xo lat-
eral line.

298 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Head 5 in length ; depth 7 to 7i. D. VI-22 ; A. 1, 21.

Color : light olive, top of first dorsal dusky ; middle of caudal dusky
(blue), with paler (perhaps red) edgings.

Two specimens of this remarkable species, the largest 4^ inches long,
taken from stomachs of the Eed Snapper at Pensacola.

BLE]SXIID.E.

111. Chasmodes saburrae Sp. nov. P. (30824.)

Allied to Chasmodes bosqui(()ius, but with the mouth smaller, the form
less elongate.

Head 3i to Sf; depth 3i to Sf. D. XII, 17 ; A. II, 18.

Body rather deep and compressed, less elongate than in Chosqulanus ;
the back somewhat arched. Head comparatively short, much shorter
than in C bosquianus, not one-fourth longer tlian deep; profile forming
a nearly even curve from the base of the dorsal to the tip of the snout,
which is not blunt, although less acute than in ot-her species of the
genus.

Mouth low, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching to near the pos-
terior margin of the pupil, its length 2;^- to 2f in head (2 or less in C.
hosquianus), lower jaw included ; teeth rather short, equal ; toothless pos-
terior part of lower jaw occupying scarcely more than half the leugth
of its side; oblique length of snout 3i in head. Eye large, 5 in head,
half wider than the interorbital space. Lower edge of gill-oi)ening
opposite base of third ray of pectoral, the height of the slit 4^ to 5 in
head. Lateral line extending as far as tip of pectoral. A minute
cirrus (sometimes obsolete), not so long as pupil, above each eye, and a
similar one over each nostril.

Dorsal fin continuous, the spines slender, but little lower than the
soft rays, the longest of the latter being li in head. Last ray of dorsal
joined to base of caudal; anal free from caudal. Caudal 1^ in head.
First two rays of anal short, in the males thickened and fleshy at tip,
the short anal papilla close in front of them. Pectorals a little shorter
than head; ventrals If in head.

Females (in spirits) with about 8 irregular blackish cross-bars extend-
ing on the dorsal fin, everywhere freckled with pale spots; a bar below
eye, and two or three across the under side of head; fins all sharply
barred with blackish, in fine pattern ; the cross-bars on pectorals and
ventrals usually very distinct.

Male in life: deep olivaceous, with traces of darker bjirs, and marbled
with light and dark; a series of round greenish spots along middle of
sides posteriorly, besides other series which form narrow undulating-
greenish lines converging backwards; a dark stripe downward and one
forward from eye; lower side of head mostly dusky.

Dorsal fin dusky or greenish, the spinous part with a dark shade or
one or two dark blotches near the base, and with a median longitudinal
band of orange: usuallv a duskv blotcli above this band between first

PE0CEED1^'GS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 299

and second .spines, the margin of the lin somewhat dusky. Some speci-
mens with the outer part of both dorsals aud the top of head dusted
with bhick spots; others with these spots obsolete; soft dorsal and
caudal light orange, barred with light greeuish; anal dull orange, with
an obscure blackish median baud, the exserted tips of the rays abruptly
whitish. Pectorals dusky olive, strongly tinged with orange. Ventrals
blackish, orange at tip.

The life colors of the female were not observed.

This species is very abundant iu Pensacola Bay, where 14 specimens,
the largest about 4 inches in length, were obtained. Some of these
were taken with a seine in masses of Zosfera iu the Laguna Grande;
others were caught with a pin-hook from the wharves, where it abounds
among the ballast rocks {sahurra) on which the wharves are built.

112. laesthes* ionthas sp. uov. P. (308.56.)

Head 4 (4^) ; depth 3| (4i). D. XII, 13, or XII, 14 ; A. II, 13, or II, 14.

Body rather deep, moderately compressed, the back little elevated.
Head short, blunt, but less so than in 1. imnctatus ; the profile promi-
nent above the eye, thence descending abruptly but not vertically to
the tip of the snout; oblique length of snout 4 iu head.

Mouth small, low, its cleft largely anterior, the short nmxillary
scarcely reaching past the front of the eye, 4 in head. Eyes large,
placed high, 5 in head, the interorbital space about half their diameter.
Orbital cirrus low, scarcely larger than nasal cirrus, which is about
equal to diameter of pupil. Teeth moderate, equal ; no posterior canines.
Gill-opening extending downward to a point a little below middle of
base of pectoral, the height of the slit 3 in head. Lateral line not reach-
ing tip of pectoral.

Dorsal fin continuous, the spines low and not very stiff, slenderer
than in I. imnctaim^ the longest spines a little lower than the soft rays,
which are about 1^ in head. Caudal free from anal, slightly connected
with dorsal ; a little shorter than head ; pectoral about as long as head ;
ventrals shorter than head.

Color clear olive-green, with only traces of darker bars; body every-
where densely freckled with small round blackish spots, smaller than
the ]3upil ; on the sides aud lower part of head these spots are reduced
to close-set dots; two dark lines, separated by a pale area, downward
from eye ; a vertical curved blackish line behind eye, iu front of which
is a golden area. Vertical fins all plain olive-green, their edges dusky;
tips of anal rays pale; paired fins dusky-olive; lower parts of head
tinged with golden, sometimes with dusky croPS-bars; cirri green.

Four specimens, the largest about 2^ inches long, were obtained with
hook and line from the wharves at Pensacola.

The small size of the orbital cirrus and the freckled coloration readily
distinguish this species from its congeners.

* hesilus J. & G. Syn. Fish. N. A. 757: type Blennius geiitUis Grd.

300 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

113. Isesthes scrutator sp. uov. P.G. (I^OS.'O, Peusacola.)
Head 4 (4|); d('ptli 3f {U). D. XII, II; A. II, 10..

Body rather deep, compressed, the back uot elevated; bead short,
very bluut, almost as deep as loug, the profile abruptly descending
before eye, the snout about one-fourth length of head. Mouth very
small, anterior, the maxillary extending to opposite front of eye, 3.^ in
head; teeth subequal, without canines. Orbital cirri very long, reach-
ing Avhen depressed about to the front of dorsal, their length more than
half head in Pensacola specimen, in the other somewhat shorter; a short
branch near its middle. Xasal barbel miinite. Eye large, much l)roader
than the concave interorbital space, about 4i in head. Lower edge of
gill-opening a little below middle of base of pectoral, the depth of the
slit 2.^ in head.

Dorsal fin scarcely emarginate, the spines rather stiff, lower than the
soft rays, the longest spine 2 in head. Caudal slightly connected at
base with dorsal, 1^ in head. Pectoral about as long as head, reaching
past front of anal. Yentrals If in head.

Lateral line extending to base of 8th spine, not to tip of pectoral.

Color in life deep olive-green, almost immaculate, or with faint traces
of darker vertical bars; a golden blotch behind eye, behind which is a
dusky crescent ; two dark bars downward from eye, separated by a yel-
lowish area. Fins all dusky greenish, nearly or quite immaculate.
Front of spinous dorsal blackish. Colors of female, if diHerent, unknown.

One fine specimen, 3 inches in length, taken with hook and line from
the wharf at Pensacola. Another, which had been a long time in alco-
hol, and is discolored and somewhat shrivelled, was prcvsented by Dr.
August Galny. It was taken in Galveston Bay.

114. Blennius steanisi .sp. uov. P. (20669.)

Head, 3^ {U in total) ; depth, 4|- (5f ). D. XI, IS ; A. 11, 21.

Body much elongate, compressed, tapering regularly behind ; ante-
rior profile mo<lerately decurved; snout short and blunt; mouth large,
obli(pie, the jaws even ; maxillary reaching slightly beyond middle of
orbit, 2;^ times in head; teeth in the front of the Jaw only, occupying
on each side a space equal to half length of maxillary; teeth |f, the
lateral one on each side much enlarged and canine-like, rather short
but strongly curved ; canine in upper jaw, equaling about half diame-
ter of pupil ; eye moderate, equaling snout, 4^ in head ; interorbital
space very narrow, not as wide as pupil ; upper posterior rim of orl)it
with a long, slender filament, forked at base, its length equaling dis-
tance from tip of snout to posterior rim of orbit ; no filament at the
nape ; gill membranes somewhat united to the isthmus in front, but
forming a broad fold across it posteriorly, the gill openings of the two
sides therefore continuous below.

Dorsal rather high ; no notch between spines and soft portions, the
membrane of last ray not reaching base of caudal ; spines of nearly

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 301

nuiform height, all very sleuder and flexible, the tips almost filameut-
ous ; highest spine half length of head ; highest soft ray If in head ;
anal lower than dorsal, its longest ray very slightly less than one-half
length of head ; length of candal peduncle more than half its height,
about equaling diameter of orbit ; caudal about equal to pectoral, 1^ in
head ; ventrals long, the inner ray much the longest, 1-^ in head, not
quite reaching vent.

Color, light greenish-olive, somewhat mottled ; sides with irregular
dark bars formed of spots, these extending on the tin; skin everywhere
finely punctate ; dorsal dark olive, the spinous part darker at tip ; anal
blackish, with paler edge; ventrals dusky; pectorals and caudal olive.

Three specimens, the largest 3 inches long (Xo. 29G69, JJ. S. Nat.
Mus.), taken from the stomach of a Ked Snapper, at Pensacola.

OPHIDIID.E.

115. Ophidium graellsi Poey. P. (308()S.)

Very light olive, somewhat punctate above, slightly silvery below;
fins without trace of dark edging (but being mutilated tbey may have
been dark-edged in life).

Head 4';f in length, depth about 7. Head small, the profile not very
obtuse ; snout ig in head ; eye 3|, more than twice the narrow inter-
orbital space ; mouth oblique, the maxillary reaching to posterior border
of pupil, 2 in head ; lower jaw slightly included ; teeth small, in narrow
bands in the jaws, the outer series in upper jaw somewhat enlarged ;
vomerine and palatine teeth small, subequal ; head naked ; snout spine-
less; opercle without spine; no evident pseudobranchine ; gill-rakers
rather long and strong, 4 below angle of arch; occiput nearly midway
between origin of dorsal and front of eye. Air-bladder long and slen-
der, occupying nearly the whole length of abdominal cavity, tapering
backward.

Two specimens, one of which is in good condition and about 4 inches
long, were taken from the stomach of a Eed Snapper, at Pensacola. The
type of (jraellsi differed from the specimens before us in having a shorter
head (more than 5 times in the length), and a larger maxillary (reach-
ing posterior border of eye). But as the typical specimen of (jnu'lhi was
8 inches long, the difference is prol)ably due to increased size.

116. Genypteius omostigma sp. uov. P. (29G70.)

Bo<ly comparatively short, highest at occiput ; thence tapering rapidly
to tip of tail; upper profile of head very convex ; snout blunt; mouth
horizontal, the lower jaw included ; maxillary not quite reaching i)osterior
border of orbit; teeth in jaws uniform, strongly incurved, in rather
broad bands ; a single series of small teeth in vomer ; those on palatines
minute; maxillary 1§ in head; eye large, 3 in head, much larger than
snout, equalling twice interorbital width ; opercle terminating in a strong,
compressed spine, the length of which is about two thirds diameter of

302 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

pupil; gill-rakers very small, 4 below ou anterior arch. Loiiiiest ven-
tral filament half length of head; the shorter three-quarters length of
longer. Distance from origin of dorsal to tip of snout 3^ in total length ;
distance from origin of anal to snout 2| in total length. Scales minute,
imbedded. Pseudobranchia? not evident. Air-bladder short, thick, with
a large posterior foramen.

Head -if^ in length ; depth about G.

Color light olive-green, silvery on belly, cheeks, and lower side of
head; sides above with a few irregular, large, scattered, dark blotches;
about 9 of these along base of dorsal fin ; an intensely black, round
blotch on scapular region, rather larger than pupil; dorsal with black
blotches; anal largely black; upper half of eye black, lower half bright
silvery.

A single specimen, 3i inches h)ng (Xo. 29070 LT. S. Nat. Mus.), taken
from the stomach of a Red Snapper, at Pensacola.

As here understood the genus Genijpterus diflers from Opliidliim in
the presence of a spine on the opercle, a character api)arently of more
importance than that drawn from the dentition of the palatines. In
the latter respect 6^. omosHgma agrees more nearly with Ophidium.

PLEURONECTID.E.

117. Paralichthysdeiitatus(L.) J. & G.— jF/0H/(r7er. P.: G. (310:^8.)

A common market-fish at Galveston, New Orleans, and Pensacola.
Our specimens agree with others from VTashington market and other
northern localities.

The width of the iuterorbital space increases with age. In si)ecimeus
10 inches long, it is wider than the eye, aud equal to the length of the
snout, without the premaxillary. In young specimens it is proportion-
ately much narrower.

D. 88; A. 71. Gill-rakers narrowly triangular, 3 to 4 times as high as
broad ; the mouth large, the maxillary reaching past eye, a little more
than half head.

The genus Pscudorhomhus Bleekeris in all respects identical with the
prior ParaUchfhi/s Grd. Ancijlopsetta,, Ut'opsetfa, and Chcoiopfietta Gill,
as well as Rippoglossbia Steindachner and Xystrenrys J. »& G. are
inseparable from ParaUchtliys.

118. Paralichthys albigtttta S11. uov. P. (nosiH.)

Psendorhomhus doitatiis {"albigufta") Goode & Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1B79,
125. (Specimeu No. 4887, U. S. Nat. Mus.)

Body elongate, irregularly elliptical, the snout protruding, owing
to angulation of profile above front of upper orbit ; caudal peduncle
short nnd high, its length two-fifths the height, which equals two-fifths
length of head; head large, 3^ in length; mouth large; maxillary reach-
ing beyond lower eye, half length of head; teeth long, slender, conical;
those in lower jaw distant, 7 in number on each side, regularly and
rapidly decreasing in size towards angle of mouth; in front of upper

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 303

jaw are 3 or 4 canine-like teeth on each side, similar to those in lower
jaw, but rather smaller; the lateral teeth all equally minute; interorbital
space narro\r, scaled posteriorly, not tiat, the ridge of upper orbit promi-
nent posteriorly; interorbital width 2i to 3 in eye; lower eye slightly in
advance of the upper, 5f in head; gill-rakers moderate, broad, with 3 or
4 coarse serratures on inner margin; 10 rakers beloTV angle, the longest
2h in orbit.

Fins all low; dorsal beginning slightly in advance of upper eye, the
first two rays a little turned to blind or left side, the anterior rays not
elevated or exserted; dorsal highest at beginning of last fourth of fin,
the longest ray 2§ in head. Anal similar to dorsal; distance from its
origin to snout 24 in length of body ; the highest ray 2f in head. Caudal
rounded, 1^ in head ; pectoral long and slender, half head ; ventrals long,
reaching beyond front of anal, slightly less than one-third head.

Scales rather small, becoming somewhat larger on caudal peduncle;
lateral line with a short, high, somewhat oblique, arch in front, the
anterior end of arch much above axis of body ; width of arch about
3^ in straight portion of lateral line; scales all smooth and imbedded;
minute accessory scales very numerous.

Head 3^ in length, depth 2f. I). 7(5 to 79; A. 59 to Gl. Lat. 1. about
90 (pores); about 00 oblique series behind curve of lateral line.

Color (in specimen from Pensacola) dark greenish, mottled with
darker, and with many very small pale spots; tins all colored like the
body. A specimen from Beaufort, N. C, is nearly uniform dark brown.

The types of the present species (Xo. 30818 U. S. Nat. Mus.) are two
specimens, 7 to 8 inches long, obtained in the Laguna Grande, at Pensa-
cola. A third specimen is known from Beaufort, I^. C, and a few small
specimens from Pensacola, in addition to the one mentioned above.
There is also a small specimen (4887), which has been a long time in the
National Museum, where it has received from unknown hands, the
manuscript name " Clicmopsetta albigutta.''^ This specific name we here
adopt as our own.

119. Paraliclithys sqiiamilentus sp. nov. P. (30862.)

Sinistral. Body very deep, closely compressed, the greatest height
at about tlie middle of the length ; caudal peduncle very short, its
lengtli one-third its height, which is 2f in head; profile evenly arched,
augulated at front of upper eye, the snout thus projecting ; head short
and high, the greatest height at occiput equalling the length, which is
contained 3f times in length of body ; snout 4f in head. ]\[outh large,
\'ery oblique, the lower jaw included ; mandibh^ with a sharp compressed
knob at symphysis, its length 1| in head; maxillary narrow, reaching
beyond pupil, but not quite to posterior margin of lower eye, its length
very slightly more than half head ; teeth in lower jnw of moderate size,
the longest rather less than diameter of pupil, the largest next the sym-
])hysis, thence decreasing rapidly towards corner of mouth ; the teeth
are distant, few in number, 8 on each side; upper jaw with two or three
rather large teeth on each side in front, these smaller than tliose in lower

304 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

jaw ; lateral teetli minute ; an inconspicuous blunt tubercle on snout,
in front of upper eye ; interorbital space a narrow scaleless bony ridge,
slightly concave anteriorly ; interorbital width scarcely more than half
diameter of pupil; upper eye slightly in advance of lower, its diameter
about one-fifth head ; gill rakers f , comparatively slender, compressed,
the iuneredge with a few distinct strong teeth ; the longest raker nearly
half diameter of eye.

Dorsals low, beginning over front of upper eye, the anterior rays not
produced nor filamentous, but with free tips ; the highest rays are at
beginning of posterior third of fin, their length 2}^ in head; length of
first ]'ays 4i in head.

Anal spine weak; the fin similar to dorsal, but higher, the highest
ray 21 in head ; ventrals reaching front of anal, about one-third head ;
pectoral of colored side 24^, of right side 2J, in head, caudal about If
in head.

Scales on head and body very small, cycloid, closely adherent, with-
out free posterior edge ; lateral line with a very short, high curve ante-
riorly, the width of which is contained 4^ times in length of straight
posterior part; snout, jaws, and preopercle scaleless, head otherwise
scaly.

Head 3| in length ; depth 2. D. 78 ; A. 59. Lat. 1. 123 (pores).

Color (in spirits) : very light grayish, with traces of several irregu-
larly arranged, faintly ocellated, darker spots ; lips dusky ; fins all
mottled with colors of body.

Two specimens, each about 5 inches long (Xo. 308G2, U. S. iSTat. Mus ),
were collected at Pensacola.

120. Hemirhombus paetiilus Beau MSS. P.

Body elliptic-ovate, strongly compressed, not very deep; the anterior
profile regularly decurved until just above the snout, where it forms an
angle, the rather short snout thus abruptly projecting; mouth rather
large, considerably arched; maxillary extending to below middle of
lower eye, 2§ in head ; teeth in lower jaw in a single series; upper jaw
with tAvo distinct rows, those of outer series in front, enlarged, 2 to 4 of
them forming small canines. Eyes large, the lower slightly longer than
snout, about 4 in head, its front in advance of the upper eye, especially
in adults, where half of it is thus in advance ; interorbital space broad,
concave, in old specimens as broad or broader than least diameter of
orbit ; the concavity caused by the prominent ocular ridges which con-
verge backwards, the lower turning upward at an angle to join the other.
Gill-rakers short, flatfish, and stout, the longest about one-fourth diam-
eter of orbit; the rakers are similar on all the arches, growing gradu-
ally shorter on the posterior ones.

Dorsal beginning over angle of snout, its first rays slightly turned to
blind side, the longest rays 2;^ in head. Caudal short, rounded, l.J in
head. Anal without spine, a little lower than dorsal. Left ventral 3i

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 305

iu head. Pectoral of left side with two filameutous rays, its length from
1^ to nearly 2 times that of head -, pectoral of blind side short, about 2i
in head.

Scales small, thin, weakly ciliate, with many smaller scales inter-
mingled; about 7 series of scales on cheeks; lateral line straightj
slightly raised anteriorly.

Head 2f in length (4* in total); depth 2f (2^). D. 81; A. 63. Lat.
1. 53 (pores on blind side).

Light yellowish-brown, with irregular blackish blotches, these most
distinct along middle of sides; tins all grayish, mottled and spotted
with black, the pectoral of left side distinctly barred; blind side white.,
immaculate.

Several specimens, only one of which was perfect, were taken froni
stomachs of the Eed Snapper at Pensacola. The individual here-
described is 7 inches long, some of the imperfect specimens being nearly
a foot long. As usual in the genus Hemirhombns, the adults show longer
pectoral, wider iuterorbital space, and the upper eye farther back.

121. Etropuscrossotus J. & G. N. O. G. (30980.)

One specimen found in the oSTew Orleans market, it having been takeu
in Lake Pontchartraiu. Three others were obtained at Galveston. We
have compared these carefully with the original types of the species
from ]NLizatlan and with others from Panama, and are unable to detect
any difference whatever. The wide range thus shown for this species
is remarkable.

122. Achirus lineatus (L. ) Cuv. Subsp. browni (Gthr. ).—Sole. P. G. (:]0H 17,300(11^
3103tj.)

' Common; numerous specimens from Pensacola and Galveston. The
Gulf form of this species {'■'■hrownV'') seems to differ from Northern
specimens only in coloration, the dark bands being broader and the
blind side wholly unmarked.

Color in life light brown, with 7 or 8 narrow black bands edged with
l)rownish ; these bauds rather irregular and about as broad as the eye ;
between these bands irregular dark cloudings; the head spotted with
blackish, fins with dark spots, the membranes largely black, the rays
pale. D. 54; A. 40.

123. Aphoristia plagiiTsa (L.) J. & G. P. (308.5.5.)

Abundant about Pensacola. Numerous small specimens taken in the
Laguna Grande. The West Indian Aijhoristia ornata (Lac.) Kaup has-
not yet been distinguished from the present species.

TETEODONTID.E.

124. Lagocephaliis laevigatiis (L.) Gill. G.
One specimen obtained at Galveston.

Proc. Nat. :\rus. 82 20 Awg. 15, 1 889.

-306 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

125. Tetrodon turgidus Mitch. Subsp. uepbelus, Goode & Bean MS>i.—Blon-(r-Jish.
P. G.

Very abundant both at Galveston and Pensacola.

.126. Chilomycterus geometricus (Bl. & Schu.) Kanp. G.
iJonimon about Galveston.

BALISTID.^.

127. Alutera sp. incog. P. G. (30849.)

Eatherrare; a young specimen seen at Galveston. Two very small
ones collected by Mr. Stearns at Pensacola.

D. I.-30 ; A. about 30: dorsal spine somewhat barbed ; body elongate;
lower jaw projecting; no pelvic spine.

128. Balistescapriscus L.— Ze«f/(ej- JffcAe^. P.

One specimen obtained at Pensacola, where it is not uncommon.

OSTEACIID.E.

129. Ostracium quadricorne L. P. G.

Not numerous; one specimen obtained at Galreston and another at
Pensacola.

ANTEXXAEIID.^.

130. Pterophrynoides histrio (L.) Gill. G.

Xot uncommon about Galveston, where three specimens were seen.

MALTHEID.E.

131. Malthe vespertilio (L.) Cuv. G.

One specimen obtained at Galveston, presented by Dr. A. Galny.
Snout 8 in length to base of caudal.

The following species had not been recorded as occurring on the Gulf
coast of the United States previous to the time when the present col-
lection was made. Several of them were, however, already in the Xa-
tional Museum. Those in italics are described as new in the present
paper; those marked with an asterisk have been previously recorded
from points on the Atlantic coast of the United States.

Isurus dekayi.* ; MyrophiH Jionbricu.s.

Carcharias platyodon.* I Conger caudicula.

Scoliodon terrajnovic.* ; Exoccetus hillianus.

Sphyrna tiburo.*
Clupea pseudohispanica.
Synodus intermedins.
Fiinduhis ocellaris.

Siph osto m a fioridce.
Sip It OS to m a za trop is.
Hippoca mjrus zoster cv.
Hippoca mp us stylifer.

Ophichthys macrurus. I Scomber ? grex.*

Ophichthys chrysops. j Oaraux trachurus.*

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 307

Nomeus gronovii.
Serranus trifurcus.*
Stenotomu.s caprinus.
Diabasis auroliueatus.
Apogon maculatus.
Apogou alutus.
Mullus barbatus auratus.
MenticiiTiis nebulosus.*
Chromis insolatus.
Chromis enchrysurus.
Platyglossus caudalis.
Platyghssus florealis.
Astroscopus anoplus.*
Opistlt ofjnathus lo n cli urns.
Porich thys plectrodon.
Indiana Uni\^rsity, May 15, 1882

Gohiesox virgatnlus.
Gobius boleosoma.
logiossus calliiiras.
Ch asm o des sa h u rrw.
Isesthes ionfhas.
Isesthes scrutator.
Blennius stearnsi.
Genypterus omostlyma.
Ophidium graellsi.
ParaJlchthys alb'ujutta.
ParaUchthys squamilenfus.
Hemirhombus pai-tulus.
Etropus crossotus.
Aphoristia plagiusa.

A REVIEW OF THE SYiVCJNATHI^M: OF THE 1 >ITED STATE!!), MITH
A I>E!!$C;RIPTIOi> OF O.XE XEIV SPEMES

By JOSEPH SWAII^f.

Tlie number of species of Pipe-fishes on our coasts has beeu uncer-
tain, owing to the fact that the fishes have not been carefully studied in
large collections from their various localities. The writer has endeavored
to go over the group critically, to ascertain the number of species and to
find the limit of variation in the characters of each species. ]N"early all
the specimens studied by me have beeu collected by Professors D. S.
Jordan and C. H. Gilbert; some of them belong to the United States
National Museum, the others to the museum of Indiana University.

The writer wishes to express his great obligations to Professor Jordan
for the use of his collection and library, and for many valuable sugges-
tions.

ANALYSIS OF SPECIES.

. Toj) of liead strongly carinated.

i. Breast shields not covered by soft skiu; lower jaw slightly included; opercle with
a prominent ridge; snout short; D. 23, covering 1+4 rings; rings
18+30; belly concave; twelve irregular brown cross-bands on
body (CorijthrokhiJii/s Kaup) Zatropis, 1.

bb. Breast shields covered by soft skin; lower jaw included; D. 41; rings 19+39.
(Dermatostelhus Gill) Punctipinne, 2.

308 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

aa. Top of head -with a slight carination, or with none; opercle without prominent
longitudinal ridge. (Sijyhostomu.)
c. Dorsal fin covering 1+9 rings: snout usually long.
d. Rings 20 to -21+45 to 49; D. 39 to 46; top of head without ke^^d; large, reach-
ing a length of 18 inches Califorxiense, 3.

dd. Rings 18 to 19+39 to 42: D. 36-41; top of head slightly keeled.

Griseolixeatum, 4.
cc. Dorsal fin covering 1+7 (sometimes 1+6; rings.

e. Rings 15+38; D. 29 to 30; top of head distinctly keeled; snout short.

AULISCUS, 5.
ee. Rings 16 to 19 before vent.
/. Dorsal fin low, not longer than head.

, g. Rings 18+31 ; D. 34 ; snout short : body comparatively stout; tail short.

Bairdianum, 6.
gg. Rings 17 to 19+.36 to 41: D. 30 to 32: snout moderate, or rather

short ; l)ody slender Leptorhyxchum, 7.

ggg. Rings 17 to 18+31 to 32; D. 27; snout rather long Florid.e,8.

f. Dorsal fin very high, not shorter than head; rings 16+30 to 33; D. 28 to

32 ; belly in female with black carina ; snout rather short ; sides of Ijody

with narrow vertical silvery streaks in life; dorsal spotted.. Ai-fixe, 9.

ccc. Dorsal fin covering 3+5 rings; rings 20 to 21+36 to 38; D. 32 to 37 ; belly fiat

or slightly concave ; snout moderate Louisia^m;, 10.

cccc. Dorsal fin covering 5+4 or 4+5 rings; rings 18 to 20+36 to 40; D. 36 to 40:
snout moderate Fuscu.m, 11.

1. Siphostoma zatropis J. cV G.

'.'.Corythoichthiis albirostris Kaup, Lophobr. p. 25 (Bahia, Mexico).
Sijngnathus aJbirostrifi GiiutheT, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. viii, 170, 1870 (Mexico).
Si2)hostoma zatropis J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 (Pensacola).

Head D in total length; D. 23; rings 18+30.

Body robust. Snout short, 2f in head; a strong median ridge above
on snout, two ridges below with a median groove, and on each side of
the groove is a horizontal ridge running to lower part of orbit. Occiput
and nuchal plates very sharply carinated; opercle with two horizontal
ridges. Belly somewhat concave, little keeled. Dorsal much shorter
than head, covering 1 + 4 rings. Caudal well developed, 1^ in base of
dorsal. Tail longer than rest of body, If in total length.

Color in spirits light olivaceous, with about twelve irregular brown
cross bauds, each covering from two to three rings; snout light, with
two or three narrow cross-bands below; rest of head dusky.

Habitat. — Atlantic coast of America, Pensacola; Mexico.

Described from the original type, a specimen, og inches in length,
obtained by Prof. D. S. Jordan from the "Snapper Banks," near Pensa-
cola, Fla.

2. Siphostoma punctipinne (Gill) J. A: G.

Dtrmatosietlnis putictipiiuiis Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 283 (San

Diego, Cal.).
Siphostoma imnctipinnt J. & G. Proc. T'. S. Nat. Mus. 1^80, 353, (name only).

J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, G9: J. & G. Synopsis Fishes Nortli

America, 385, 1882.

Head 8 in total length ; D. 41 ; rings 19+30: length VI inches.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 309

Body comparatively robust. Suont moderate. Occiput with a raised
keel ; joiut between the occiput and the first dorsal shield more perfect
than usual, so that the head can be placed at an angle with the body.
Greatest depth about equal to length ot post-orbital part of head. Skin
on breast and anterior ventral plates thin, showing- the striations of the
bones. Tail twice as long as trunk. Only the original types are
known.

Habitat.— Facile coast of the United States: San Diego, Cal.

3. Siphostoma califoniiense (Storer) J. &. G.

Syiirinathus califoniiensis Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nar. Hist, ii, 73, iy4.5 (Cali-
fornia); Storer, Syuopsis Fishes of North America, 524, 1846 (California);
Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 283 (California). Dameril Hist. Nat.
Priss. ii, 1870, 566.
Sijjhostoma calif orniensh Jor. »t Gilb. Proceed. U. S. Nat. Mus. 453. 1--0: .J. &
G. Proceed. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1, 69, 1881 (common south of San Francisco);.
J. & G. Synopsis Fishes North America, 384, 1882 (Pacific coast).
Head 6^ to 8 J in total length ; D. 39-46; rings 20-21 + 47-4!).
Trunk robust. Snout very long, 1^ to 14 iu head, with median ridge
above and below. Occiput and nuchal plates not carinated in adults.
Dorsal shorter than head, covering 1+0 rings. Distance to dorsal 2J
in length. Pectorals as long- as high, equaling- in length the diameter of
eye. Caudal pouch of males covering 21 to 25 rings, its length 3 in total.
Color iu life "olivaceous, varying to brownish red, yellowish below j
head and body variously marliled and speckled with whitish, the mark-
ing posteriorly taking the form of shore horizontal grayish streaks,
especially distinct on the top of the head; anteriorly often forming- nar-
row bars." (Jordan.) This is much larger than the other American
species, reaching a length of IS.J inches. Described here from specimens
taken at Santa Barbara and Mouterev.

pangs. D.rays. Sno"*^

I 21-h47 45 !•

i 20 + 47 43 If

i 21--49 46 I ]|

^ 21 + 49 43 If

20 ^45 39 1 14

21-49 43 1 1*

^ 2l-r48 46

The length of the snout is of but little -^'alue for specific distinction.
Professor Jordan found siecimens of S. californiense, at Santa Barbara
and Monterey, with the snout no longer than the rest of the head.

As is usual in this group the females differ from the males, in a more
robust trunk, in a longer snout, and iu a greater keel on belly. These
differences are not very constant.

Habitat.— Facilac coa.st of the United States ; common south of San
Francisco.

310 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

4. Siphostoma gi iseolineatum (Avres) J. & G.

Si/u(inathu>< (irhivlhicatus Ayres, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. 14, 1834 (Sau Frau-
cisco Bay); Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1893, 284 (San Francisco,
Tomales Bay, Fort Umpqna); Giiuther, Cat. Fish, riii, 160, 1870 (Vancou-
ver's Island, California).
Siphostoma (jrlseolineatmn J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 69, 18S1 (Sau Francisco

to Puget Sound) : J. & G. Syn. Fish. South America, 384, 1882).
Syi>(inaihus ahhoii Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish. 34G, 1858 (San Francisco).

Dumeril 1. c. 567.
SyiioiHithiis caHfor)iiciisis Girard, U. S. Pac. E. E. Surv. Fish. 344, 1858 (Tomales
Bay, San Francisco, Monterey). (Not of Storer.)
D. 36 to 41; rings 18 to 19+39 to 42.

S. (jriseoJineatum is closely allied to c(diforniense, but it differs in a
somewhat shorter .snout, in the number of D. rays, in the number of
rings, in its size, in the snout being slightly more keeled, and in the
dorsal covering 0-1+9 rings.

Suout in T „„„+!

1
2
3
4
5

18^42

Ir '

lS-r39

]9f42

37 !

19+42 j

37 i

18 + 42 !

18-r42

Rahifat. — Pacific coast of the United States; Puget Sound, Fort
Umpqua, Tomales, San Francisco, Monterey.

5. Siphostoma auliscus sp. no v.

Sijyhostoma dimidiatum J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 453, 1880 (Santa Barbara.,
San Diego) {not Syngnathiis dimidiatus GUI); J. & G. Synopsis Fishes
North America (coast of California, chiefly south of Point Concepciou);
Eosa Smirh, Sau Diego Free Press, Nov. 5, 1880.

Head 9-9^ in total length : D. 29-30; rings 15+37-38.

Trunk rather slender. Snout 2 in head, median ridge above distinct,
below comparatively broad and blunt. Occiput and nuchal i^lates
sharply carinated ; belly weakly keeled. Opercle slightly keeled, very
convex, making the head slightly broader than deep. Dorsal little
longer than head, covering 1+7 rings. Pectorals scarcely higher than
long, slightly exceeding diameter of eye. Tail longer than rest of body,
If in total length. Caudal pouch covering 21 rings. Color in spirits
somewhat lighter than *S'. californiense, scarcely mottled or marbled.

TABLE.

Kings.

rays.

Snout in
head.

Heart in
body.

Length.

-■ 15+38

30
29

Inches.

i
4J

Habitat.
bara.

-Pacific coast of the United States: San Diego, Santa Bar-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 311

6. Siphostcma bairdianum (Dnmeril) Svraiu. (:312;"3.)

1 Siinfinatlius liairdlaniifi Dnmeril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 5/1, l~7n (coast of Mexico,
uear California).

Body uiuisnally stout, with short head, short snout, and short tail, the
general appearance being much like S. caUforniense^ but all the parts
contracted. Snout short, compressed, just as long as the rest of the
head (9), its upper edge with a sharp, low keel, which is higher than
in 8. californiense. Top of head wiihout keel. Opercle striate, with
trace of a keel at base.

Keels of body not very sharp, the interspaces between the angles
scarcely concave. Lateral line not continuous with the upper edge of
the tail. Belly with a slight median keel. Dorsal fin low.

Eings 18+31. Dorsal rays 31, the tin inserted on 1 + 7 rings. Ten
rings on the tail behind the caudal pouch. Head 7| in length -, base of
dorsal equal to head. Distance from snout to dorsal 2^- in lengthy
caudal pouch 2f in length of body; tail behind caudal pouch 6 times.

Color blackish, with fine pale vermiculations; top of head and neck
with wavy longitudinal streaks; caudal dusky; dorsal somewhat mot-
tled; a dusky blotch before eye.

A single male example, 9 inches long, was obtained by Mr. Andrea
Larco at Santa Barbara, and is now in the National Museum. The
caudal pouch in this specimen is full of eggs.

This species seems most nearly allied to S. californiense, diftering iu
the stouter form, much shorter tail and snout, and in the smaller num-
ber of rings and of dorsal rays.

It agrees fairly with M. Dumeril's account of Sijnfjnatlius bairdianits,
the only discrepancy of importance being the statement that the dorsal
covers 3+6 rings. The numbers^ of rings (17+31) and of dorsal rays
(30), as given byM. Dumeril, agree very closely with the specimen from
Santa Barbara.

Hahifat.—CoRiit of Southern California; Santa Barbara; Lower Cali-
fornia.

7. Siphostoma leptorhynchum (Girard) J. ifc G.

Sjimjnatlnis leptorlnjnchus Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, ISC, 1854;

Girard, U. S. Pac. E. R. Surv. Fish. 345, 1858 (San Diego) ; Gill, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 284 (San Diego). Dume'ril 1. c. 567.
Siphostoma hptorlxyndnis J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23 and 453. 1880

(San Diego) ; Rosa Smith. San Diego Free Press, Nov. 5, 1880 (San Diego);

J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1-C9, 18^?l (Santa Barbara to San Diego). J.

it G. Synopsis Fishes North America, 384.
Sijiitjnafhus breiirostris Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1.56, 1854;

Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 345, 18.58 (San Diego).
Synynathus arumUnaceus Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv. Fish. 346, 1858 (coast

of California); Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 284 ; J. «fe G. Proc. U.

S. Nat. Mns. 23, 1880 (name only). Dnmeril 1. c. 567.
Syiignatlms dhnidiatus Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 284 (San Diego)j

Gunrher, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 165, 1870. Dumeril 1. c. 566.

312 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Head OJ to S^ in total length; D. 30 to 32; rings 17 to 19 + 3G to 41.

Snout 1| to 2 in head ; median line of snout above carinate ; occiput and
nuchal plates weakly keeled in young, the keels apparently disappearing
in adults. Angle of belly less acute than in >S'. californkme ; the keel
sometimes wanting. Dorsal tin shorter than head, covering 1+7 rings;
caudal pouch covering about 19 rings. Otherwise essentially as in 8.
calif orniense.

Snout in ! Head in
: bead. , lengtb.

18+40
19+38
18+38
18+39
17+38
18+41
18+37
17+36

30
31
31
32
30

Inches.
5

2 .

5
3i

€

HaUtat. — Pacific coast of the United States, San Diego, Santa Bar-
bara.

S. Siphostonia floridae J. A: G.

? Sijngnathus louisianw Goode & Beau, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 333, 1879 (Sau

Marco Island). (Not. of Gliutber. )
Siphostonia flovidw J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 (Pensacola; Beaufo.t).

Head G to Qh in total length; D. 27; rings 17 to 18+31 to 32.

Snout rather short, about If in head; median line well keeled al)ove
jind below, the ridge on both sides of median ridges above and below
not so conspicuous. Occiput and opercle little keeled. Dorsal shorter
than head, covering 1+6 to 7 rings, its height 5 times in its base. Cau-
dal fin 2 J in base of dorsal. Pectoral slightly higher than length of its
base. Tail longer than trunk, If in total length, caudal pouch covering
about 18 rings.

" Color in 4ife, dark green ; tail with faint darker bars, broader than
the interspaces. Sides of tail, especially mesially, with many rough and
oblong pale spots. Snout mottled, especially on side. Lower part of
opercle nearly plain. Dorsal translucent, yellowish at base. Caudal
yellow, dusky at tip. Anal plain." (Jordan.)

Here described from specimens from Beaufort, X. C, and from Pen-
sacola, Fla.

TABLE.

Eings.

D. rays.

Snout in
Lead.

Head in
length.

Length.

Inchen.
6
(5

17-t-31
17+32
17+33
17+33

(]

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED .STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 313

Habitat — ^onth Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; Beau-
fort, X. C: San Marco Island, Fla.; Pensacola, Fla.

9. Siphostoma affine (Gunther) J. & G.

Synrjnathus affinis Giiuther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Miis. viii, 163. 1870 (Louis-

iaua.)
Si2)hotwstoma sp. Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 22, 1680 (Saint John's River,

Fla.).
Sq)hostoma affinis J. & G. Synopsis Fishes North America. 383, 1882 (Saint

John's River, Fla.); J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 (Pensacola, Fla.).

Trunk robust, very deep; width of adult females 2 in depth. Snout
short, 2 to 21 in head; median ridge well delined above and below; a
less conspicuous ridge above on each side of median line, from end of
snout to nostrils, thence running over iuterorbital and temples. Occiput,
nuchal plates, and opercle keeled. Belly, in females, sharply carinated.
Fins well developed. Height of dorsal, 3i in its length ; base of dorsal
.slightly longer than head, covering 34-4i-5 rings. Caudal, 2i in base
of dorsal.

Color in life, "deep olive green, varying to brown or l>lackish, or
slightly reddi.sh, according to surroundings; females with a black keel
on the belly, which is obsolete in the male. Dark color of back form-
ing about 15 dark cross-bars, very faint and much wider than the inter-
spaces. Sides of head mottled, especially on lower half of opercles.
Snout dark above, abruptly paler below. Dorsal high, having the dark
color of the body with dark oblique shades, the paler color appear-
ing like faint spots; vertical striiie on body plates, shining .silvery, very
distinct and bright in life. Caudal and anal colored like the dorsal, the
latter conspicuous." {Jordan.)

Described from specimens taken at Pensacola, Fla.

Kings.

D. rays.

Snout in
head.

Head in
length.

Length.

I 16 + 31

31
30
31
30
29
30
28
130
32

1
P
1

8
8

Inches.

164-30

16-1-30

lG+31

16+32

; 16+32

16+32

'..'.'. 16 + 32

Eahitat.—iioiith. Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States; Saint
John'.s Kiver, Fla. ; Pensacola, Fla.; Louisiana.

10. Siphostoma louisianae (Giiuther) J. & G.

Syngnathm loulsiana' Glinther, Cat. Fish, viii, 160, 1870 (New Orleans).
SipJwiwstoma loitisiance Jordan, Vroc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1880, 22 (Beaufort, N. C).
Sijihostoyna louisiana J. <t G. Synopsis Fishes North America, 383, 1882 (Beau-
fort, N. C).
Syngnathus fuscHs Dumeril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 574 (Savannah).

314 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Head 7 to 7| iu total leiigtli ; D. 32 to 37 ; rings 20 to 21+30 to 38.

Trunk broader below. Suoiit moderate, about If in head ; median
ridge above aud below, a ridge on each side of median ridge above and
below. Occiput, nuchal plates, and opercle somewhat keeled. Belly
flat or slightly concave, with a median ridge. Dorsal fin well developed,
shorter tban head, covering 3+5 rings. Caudal longer than pectoral,
2^ in base of dorsal. Tail longer than trunk, li^ in total len gth.

Color iu spirits brownish, lighter on lower part of trunk and below ;
brown of the side extends in a band through eye to middl e of snout.
Her.e described from specimens from Beaufort, X. C.

Kings. D.rays. ^nmitm

Head in T„-,„t.,
length. -Length.

20+38 32

20+36 33

21+38 33

21+38

20+38 35

Inches.

?* 1 I

7i 1 5

n i 7

4 . ..

HaMtat — Atlantic coast of the United States
vannah, Ga.; Xew Orleans, La.

11. Siphostoma fuscum (Storer) J. »fe G.

" Synf/ualhus typhle Mitch. Traus. Lit. & Phil, i, 475, 1815." (Not of L.)
SyiKjnathus fmcus Storer, Report Fish. Mass. 162, 1839; De Kay, New York

Fauna, 321, 1842 (coast of Mass.).
Siplwnostoma fuscum J. & G. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1680, 22 (Wood's Holl,

Mass.).
Siphostoma fuscum J. & G. Synopsis Fishes North America, 383, 1882 (Atlan-
tic coast, northward).
Sijngiiathus jyecliiauus Storer, Report Fishes Mass. 163, 1839 ; De Kay, New York
Futiua, 321, 1842 (coast of Mass.); Storer, Synopsis Fishes North America,
490, 1846 (Mass. Conn. New York) ; Gill, Can. Nat. Aug. 1865, 21 (Bay of
Fimdy); Glinther, Cat. Fishes Brit. Mus. 157, 1870 (Atlantic coast U. S.);
Uhler & Lugger, Report Fishes Maryland, 76, 1876 (St. Mary's River).
Syiujnathus fasciatus De Kay, New York Fauna, 319,. 1842, pi. 54, fig. 176 (New

York).
Syngnathus vhidesc(nsDe Kay, New York Fauna, 321, 1842, pi. 54, fig. 176 (New

York) ; Dum^ril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 570 (Cape Cod).
Syngnatlius dekayi Duraeril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 569, 1870, ("after 5. /«scirt/«,s

Dek.).
Syugnathus milheriiauns Dumeril, Hist. Nat. Poiss. ii, 570, New York,
Head 7J to 9 in total length ; D. 36 to 40 ; rings 18 to 20 + 3G to 40.
Snout short, about 2 in head ; median line above aud below well keeled,
the ridge on each side of median ridges rather conspicuous. Occiput
nuchal plates, and opercle carinate, belly somewhat convex, scarcely
keeled. Dorsal longer than head, covering 4-5+5-4 rings, its height
5-0 in length of its base. Tail much longer than trunk, If in total
length.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 315

Color in spirits, olivaceous or brownish, lighter below, especially on
belly, lower half of opercles, and snout ; sides mottled and blotched much
as in other species.

specimens from Wood's HoJl, Mass.

D. rays.

Einsa

covered

Length.

by dorsal.

Inches.

4+5

5 +.5

4+5

44+5

5+4

5+5

18+36
19+38
18 4-36
19+40
19+38
20+3
19+37

Catalogue of nominal species, with identifications.

Nominal .species.

Identification.

Sijniujathus fuscum Storer i 1839 j Sipliostoma fusciim.

Siji-ignnthus peckianus Storer 1839 I Siphostoma fu-scum.

.Syngaathusfasciatus De Kay : 1842 ! Siphostoma fuscum.

Sijiujnatfms viridescens De Kay i 1842 I Siphostoma fuscum.

SjjiicjaatJms californiensis Storer 1845 ] Siphostoma californiense.

Hyiujnathus griseolineatus Ayres I 1854 Siphostoma griseolineatum.

t<yngnathusleptorhynchvs Giraid 1854 I Siphostoma Icptorbvuchuni.

Syngnathus brevirostris Girard 1851 Siphostoma lepturhs uchum.

■Si/ngnathus abhoti Girartl 18.^,s Siphostoma griseolineatum.

Sf/ngnatlms arundinaceus Girard 1 sr.s Siphostoma leptorhynchuni.

BennritostctJms pimctipinnis Gill isc.j Siphostoma punctipinne.

Siingiiathus dimidiatus Gill 1 ^lyj Siplios i^oma leptojh vnchum.

Syngnathus affinis Giinther 1870 Siphostoma affine.

.Syngnathus louisianm Giinther 1870 Siphostoma loui.siauic.

Syngnathus dekayi Dum6ril 1870 ; Siphostoma fuscum.

Syngnath us m llbertian us Dumf ril 1870 j Siphostoma fuscum.

Syngnuth:^s :.in:i .;,, "x Dumtril 1870 | Siphostoma bairdiamis.

Siphostun, ■ ini. &Gilb ' 1882 I Siphostoma zatropi.s.

Siphost'nn < .1. A G : 1882 ! Siphostoma florid^.

Siphostotifi .!.:ii._ao .^'.vains , 1882 : Siphostoma auliscus.

Habitat. — Atlantic coast of the United States, Cape Cod to Virginia;

Wood's Holl, Massachusetts; Connecticut; Xew York; Saint Mary's
Eiver, Maryland.

Indiana Univeesity, May 16, 1S82.

IVOTICE OF RECEIVT ADJDITIO.^S TO THE .lIARIiVE IIVVEKTJEBRATA
OF TfilE XOKTMEASTERN COAST OF AHERItA, WITH DE.SCRIP-
TIO>S OF 3fEW GENERA AIVD SPECIE.^ AND CRITICAL RE.^IARKS
OX OTHER!^.

PART IV.-ADDITIONS TO THE DEEP-WATER MOLUSCA, TAKEN OFF MARTHA'S
VINEYARD, IN 1880 AND 1881.

By A. E. VERRItl..

The following article contains the species of Mollusca that have been
added to our deep-water fauna since the publication of my former article
on the same sul>ject in these Proceedings (vol. iii, p. 350). This is

316 PROCEEDIXGS OF UKITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

intended as a supplemeut to that article, aud 1 have, therefore, intro-
duced here a number of the species previously recorded, of which the
names have been changed, or which, on more careful study, have proved
to be distinct from the European species with which they wei"e, at
first, identified. The names of sucli species are printed in italic type to
<listiugnish them from species now recorded for tlie first time, which are
in black-faced type. I have not given any general summary, because
it is expected that dredging will be again carried on in the same region
by the United States Fish Commission during the present season.

CEPHALOPODA.

Full descriptions and figures of all our Cephalopods may be found in
the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy, vol. v, pp. 177-446,
1880-'81, and in the Report of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fish-
eries for 1879, pp. [1-244], pi. i-xlvi, 1882.

DECACERA.

Lestoteuthis Fabricii (Liclit.) Yerrill.

GoHdtiis Fabricii Steeustrup, Verrill, Traus. Conu. Acad., v, p. 291.
Lestoteidhis Fabricii Verrill, Traus. Conu. Acad., v, p. 390, pi. 45, figs. l-2f7,
pi. 49, figs, l-iy; pi. 55, figs. 1-ld, 1881.
Verrill, Report ou the Cephalopods of the Northeastern Coast of America,
iu Rep. U. S. Com. of Fish aud Fisheries for 1879 [p. 206], pi. 15, figs. 1-lc,
2-2d, 3-3/, pi. 45, figs. 1-ld, 1882.

Station 953; 715 fathoms; one rather large and lierfect male speci-
men. Station 1031; 255 fathoms; one young specimen.

Chiroteuthis lacertosa Verrill.

CMroteuthis lacertosa Verrill, Traus. Coun. Acad., v, p. 408, pi. 56, figs. 1-1/,
1881; Rep. ou Cephalop. [p. 209], pi. 46, figs. 1-1/ 1882.

Off Delaware Bay, station 1048, iu 435 fathoms, 1881,— Lieut. Z. L.
Tanner.

Brachioteuthis Beanii Verrill.

Brachioieuihis Beanii Verrill, Traus. Couu. Acad., v, p. 406, pi. 55, figs. 3-3?;.
pi. 56, figs. 2-2«, 1881; Rep. ou Cephalop. [p. 214], pi. 45, tigs. 3-3&,pl. 46,
figs. 2-2rt, 1882.

Stations 1031 and 1033, in 2.55 and 183 fathoms, 1881.

Histioteuthis CoUinsii Verrill.

Hi-ttioteuikis CoUinsii Verrill, Amer. Jouru. Sci., xvii, p. 241, 1879; Traus.
Couu. Acad., v, p. 234, pi. 22, pi. 27, figs. 3-5, pi. 37, tig. 5, 1880; Rep.
ou Cephalop. [pp. 121, 216], pi. 23, pi. 24, figs. 3-6.
Station 895; 372 fathoms. Jaws only.

Desmoteuthis tenera Verrill.

Desmoteuihis tenera Verrill, Trans. Coun. Acad., v, p. 412, pi. 55, figs. 2-2d,
pi. 56, fig. 3, 1881 ; Rep. on Cephalop. [p. 216 J, pi. 45. figs. 2-2(Z, pi. 46, fig. 3.
Station 952; 388 fathoms. Two specimens.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 317

Stoloteuthis leucoptera Verrill.— Butterfly Squid.

Sepiola leucoptera Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xvi, p. 378, 1878, vol. xix,
p. 291, pi. 15, tigs. 4 and 5, Aijril, 1880; Traus. Conn. Acad., v, p. 347,
pi. 31, figs. 4 and .5, pi. 54, fig. 4, June, 1881.
Stoloteuthis leucoptera Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 418, Oct., 1881: Rep.
on Cephalop. [p. 165], pi. 36, figs. 1, !«, 2, 1882.
Stations 947, 952, 998, 999, 1020 (3 jnv.); 182-388 fathoms.

OCTOPODA Leach.

Alloposus mollis Verrill.

Alloposus mollis Verrill, 1880 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 366, pi. .50, figs. 1, la,

2, 2a, pi. 51, figs. 3, 4, 1881; Rep. on Cepbalop. [p. 181], pi. 39, figs. 1,
1«, 2, •2a ; pi. 42, fig. 7 ; pi. 44, fig. 1, 1882.

This has occurred in 197 to 715 fathoms.

Two remarkably large female specimens of this species were taken in
1881, each weighing about 20 pounds. These occurred at stations 937
and 994, in 506 and 3C8 fathoms. The length was 812>^™ (32 inches) to
the tips of the arms. It was taken by Captain Tanner off Chesapeake
Bay and off" Delaware Bay, in 300 and in 197 fathoms.

Octopus lentus Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 37.5, pi. 35, figs. 1, 2, 9 , pl. 51, fig. 2<?, 1881 ; Rep.
on Cepbalop. [p. 191], pl. 43, figs. 1, 2, ? , pl. 44, fig. 2, ^ , 1882.
Off the Carolina coasts, 464 to 603 fathoms, Blake Exp.,— A. Agas-
siz, 1880.

Eledone verrucosa Verrill.

Eledone verrucosa \evii\\, Bull. Mus'. Conip. Zool.,viii, p. 105, pl. 5, 6,1881;
Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 360, pl. 52, 53,1881 ; Rep. on Cephalop. [p.l83],
pl. 44, figs. 3, 3a, 1382.
South of George's Bank, 810 fathoms; off :N^autuckeT, 400 futhoms;
Blake Exp.,— A. Agassiz, 1880.

GASTROPODA.

IJHACniGLOSSA.

Margiuella caruea Storer (?)•

Marginella caruea Storer, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 465, pl. 9, figs.

3, 4, 1837.

Marginella roscida'^ Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xs, p. 391, Nov., 1880; Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 369, 1880.

Our shell has a somewhat higher and more acute spire than the one
figured by Storer, and the callus does no>t reach its summit. There are
four prominent folds on the columella, the two anterior ones very ob-
lique. The color is not preserved.

A single dead specimen was taken off' Martha's Vineyard, at station
805, in 05 fathoms, 1880. Another specimen, also dead, but more per-
fect, was taken, in 1881, at station 949, in 100 fathoms. Key West,
Florida, — Storer.

318 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Buccinum Sanderson! VciTill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v. n. 400, pi. V8, fig. D (uucleus), Jnue, 18S2.
Shell elongated, browuisb, trausluceut, rather thiu aud delicate, with
a high spire: well impressed suture ; strongly convex, obliquely ribbed
and strongly, spirally sculptured whorls ; a large, smooth, mammillary
nucleus; a small aperture: aud a short, nearly straight columella.

Whorls, in our largest example, seven, a little flattened below the
suture, strongly convex in the middle; the penultimate whorl with about
13 broadly convex, curved ribs or undulations, stronglj- excurved at the
middle of the whorl ; on the body-whorl the ribs are less prominent and
fade out below the middle : on the three upper whorls they are absent.
The spiral sculpture, on the lower whorls, consists of prominent, narrow,
rounded cinguli, unecpial in size and separated by narrow grooves;
usnally there are three or four smaller and lower cinguli between two
of the larger ones, and sometimes a narrow groove appears on the larger
ridges, dividing them into two ; on the anterior part of the body-whorl
the cinguli become more uniform in size and more numerous. The whole
surface is covered with fine distinct lines of growth, which decussate the
cinguli and mostly cross the ribs somewhat obliquely.

The nucleus is rounded and remarkably large for the genus (2'"'" in
diameter), translucent glossy brown, nearly smooth for about one turn
and a half; the apex is regular aud not obliquely raised.

The aperture is unusually small and short, elliptical, a little contracted
posteriorly; outer lip thiu, well rounded, the edge receding in a broad
curve below the suture; canal short and narrow; columella rather
straight, thiu, with the folds slightly developed, the anterior end thiu,
rounded, and projecting quite as far as the lip; the upper part of the
columella-lip is not excavated, nor distinctly excurved. The operculum
il5 small, pale yellow, rounded-elliptical, with the nucleus at about the
middle of the length, aud a little to one side of the center. Epidermis
thin aud smooth. Color of the shell, with epidermis, yellowish brown to
dark reddish brown, sometimes with small whitish spots on the larger
spiral ridges; columella whitish, inside of aperture pale orange-brown
or light amber.

Our largest example (female) is 40™'" long; breadth, 21"'"'; length of
"body whorl, 29.5"^'"; length of aperture, 21.5""" ; its breadth (lip broken),
12™'"; length of operculum, 11.5™"'; its breadth, 9™™. A male has very
nearly the same propc»rtions.

Off Martha's Vineyard, station 939, in 25S fathoms; station 1032, in
208 fathoms, 1881, two living examples, male and female.

This species resembles some of the varieties of B. nndatiim, but besides
its more slender and elongated form and more delicate texture, it difl'ers
decidedly in the character of the spiral sculi)ture, the shortness and
small size of the aperture, and in the operculum ; but the most striking
difl'erences are in the nucleus aud upper whorls, for the nucleus is more

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 319

than twice as large as that of B. midatum, and different in cliaracter;
wLile on the second and third whorls the spiral ciuguli are fewer and
very much more prominent and coarser. The character of the nucleus
and upper whorl will also distinguish it from all the other species of
our coast.

I have named this interesting shell in honor of Mr. Sanderson Smith,
of the U. S. Fish Commission parties during these explorations.

Sijilio pubescens Verrill.

Xe2)tiineai)ro2nnqitaYcvh\], Amer. Jouru. Sci., xvi, p. 210, 187S.

Nej^tunea (Sipho) proplnqua Verrill, Amer. Jouru. Sci., xs, p. 391, Nov., 1880;

Verrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 370, 1880 {nou Alder, Jeffrey.s, etc.).
Sipho puhescens Verrill, Tr. Couu. Acad., v, p. TjOl, pi. 43. fig. 6, pi. 57, fig. 25,
June, 1882.
Shell rather stout, fusiform, regularly tapered, obtuse at the tip of
the spire, with the suture deep and canaliculate. Whorls about seven,
broadly rounded and somewhat Hattened, narrowly but distinctly chan-
neled at the suture.

Sculpture over the whole surface, regular and numerous shallow,
spiral grooves, or sulci, separated by slightly raised, flat, or somewhat
rounded cinguli, usually but not constantly wider than the sulci; on the
penultimate whorl there are about li to 1(3 of the sulci; slight but dis-
tinct curved lines of growth cover the surface. Aperture narrow ovate-
elliptical; outer lip broadly and regularly rounded, the edge receding
in the middle in a broad, concave curve; at the base of the canal the
lip is decidedly incurved. Canal moderately long, somewhat contracted,
spirally curved to the left and strongly bent backw^ard at the tip. Col-
umella very much bent, with a strong sigmoid curvature; portion o})-
posite the middle of the aperture greatly receding. Epidermis thin, but
firm, yellowish green to olive-green; when fresh and uninjured covered
with fine, short, capillary processes, forming spiral lines along the cin-
guli.

Color of the shell white; inside of aperture translucent bluish white.
The nucleus is moderately large (diameter 2.15'"™), smooth, mammil-
lary; its first whorl is strongly turned up obliquely, and incurved.

The median tooth of the radula is broad, with three denticles, the
middle one largest; the lateral teeth are large, with three sharp curved
denticles, the outer one much the largest, the middle one smallest;
occasionally the inner one bears a small secondary denticle on its outer
edge.

Operculum long, ear-shaped, with the nucleus at the tip of the small
end, which is but little incurved; inner edge strongly convex beyond
the middle; outer edge broadly rounded. A female of the ordinary
adult size and form is G5'"'" long; breadth, 28"^™; length of canal and
body-whorl, 4G'"'"; breadth of body-whorl, 25'"'"; length of aperture,
SS"""^; its breadth, ll'""^; breadth of opening of canal at base, 5'"'".

An average male is 50"'"' long; breadth, 26'""'; length of body-whorl,
40'"'"; its breath, 17'"'"; length of aperture, 31'"'" ; its breadth, 12'""'.

320 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

This species was first dredged by us, in 1877, on the United States
Fisli Commission steamer S])eedwell, off Cape Sable, Nova Scotia, in
88 to 91 fathoms, fine compact sand, where it occurred in considerable
numbers, living- : and off Halifax, 42 fathoms, dead.

Off' Martha's Vineyard this species is very common in deep water.
It occurred at 48 stations in that region in 18S0 and 1881 ; living speci-
meus were taken in 8G to 410 fathoms, but it is most abundant between
200 and 410 fathoms; at station 098, in 302 fathoms, 154 specimens
were taken, 140 of them living. Dead shells, inhabited by Eupaf/uri,
occurred in 64 to 85 fathoms, and also in 458 fathoms. It was taken by
Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, on the Fish Hawk, in 1880, off Chesapeake Bay,
in 56 to 300 fathoms; and oft' Delaware Bay, in 156 and 435 fathoms, in
1881.

This shell is closely allied to S. proplnquus (Alder) of Europe, to
which I formerly referred it, with doubt. Our species is, however, a
larger, more robust, and more hairy shell, and its nuclear whorls are
totally different, for according to the descriptions, S. propinquns always
has a regularly sjnral nucleus, with the first whorl minute and not turned
up; this is, also, the case with an authentic specimen, in my possession,
received from the Rev. A. M. Norman.

Sipho Stimjjsoiii, var. Uraiulns Verrill.

NeptuHta {Sipho) arata Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus. , iii, p. 370, 18S0.
Specimens intermediate between this variety and the ordinary, nearly
smooth, shallow-water form have been obtained. The name, aratus,
having been used in this group, I propose to name the strongly spirally
sculptured variety, Uratidus.

Sipliii (jhjplii.s Verrill.

Triionofdfiiis latericexs Vt'rrill, Aiiier. Jouru. Sci.; xx, p. 391, Nov.. 1^80: Vonill,

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns., iii, p. 369,1880 {non Moll., Miirch).
SijjJio (jhjptus Verrill, Trans. Coun. Acad., v, p. 505, pi. 57, fig. 22, pi. 58, lig.s.
1, 1«, June, 1882.

Shell long-fusiform, with a high, tapering, acute spire; with an im-
pressed, oblique, undulated suture; with convex, transversely ribbed and
spirally grooved whorls ; and with a narrow, rather long, nearly straight
canal.

Whorls .seven to eight, evenly rounded, crossed by about 13 slightly
curved, regular, rounded and prominent ribs, separated by rather wider,
regularly concave interspaces; the ribs are lower and a little excurved
just below the suture, and fade out before reaching the base of the canal ;
sometimes they are mostly obsolete on the body-whorl. The raised spiral
cingnli are numerous, regular and close, crossing equally the ribs and
interspaces; they are mostly alternately larger and smaller, and are .sep-
arated by narrow impressed grooves ; the cinguli are crossed by very
fine, close and delicate raised lines of growth, giving them a minutely
wavy appearance. Aperture narrow-ellii)tical ; outer lip evenly convex,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 321

incurved at the base of tlie canal, wliich is narrow and elongated, and
but slightly bent to the left and a very little bent back at the tip ;
columella slightly sigmoid.

The nucleus is small, consisting of two whorls ; the first whorl is mi-
nute and turned obliquely upward and inward, with a smooth glossy
surface, crossed by a few small transverse grooves ; the next whorl is
regular, smooth at first, then with fine spiral lines ; the normal sculpture
begins on the third whorl. Color of shell, grayish white. No obvious
epidermis.

The largest specimen is 30™" long; breadth, 10,5™" ; length of body-
whorl, 19™™ 5 its breadth, 9™™ ; length of ai>erture, 15"^™ ; its breadth, 4.5"'™.

This species was dredged off Martha's Vineyard, by the United States
Fish Commission steamer. Fish Hawk, in 1880 and 1881 (stations 891,
938, 951, 1028, 1029, 1032), in 219 to 458 fathoms.

This shell has a sculpture much like that of S. cidatus V., 1880, but it
has a longer and more acute spire, a longer canal, narrower aperture,
and a different nucleus. In general appearance it resembles 8. latericeus,
but it is a more delicately sculptured shell, with a different nucleus. It
also somewhat resembles 8. pellucidus (Hancock) in general appearance,
but the latter has a much shorter and wider canal.

According to the nature of the nucleus this shell would belong to the
subgenus, 8iphonorMs Morch.

Sipho parvus Verrill and Smith.

Slplw mrvusYtivi'iW aucl Smith, in Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 504, pi. 57,
tigs. 20, 20&, June, 1882.

Shell small, thin, delicate, translucent, subfusiform, with a rather
slender, acute spire; a short, straight canal; and few raised, revolving
cinguli.

Whorls six, convex, usually with three (rarely five or six) prominent
rounded cinguli or carinre, separated by much wider, broadly concave
interspaces; the uppermost one is usually some distance below the
suture, which is imjjressed; on the last whorl there are about seven to
nine principal carina, occasionally with a smaller one interpolated, and
becoming more crowded anteriorly ; delicate and close, raised lines of
growth cover the interspaces and cross the raised cinguli.

The nucleus is very small, smooth and glossy ; the first turn is minute
and regularly spiral, not upturned; three spiral cinguli appear on the
second whorl. Aperture elliptical; outer lip thin, rounded, incurved
at the base of the canal, which is narrow, but very short and straight ;
columella nearly straight in the middle. The epidermis is thin, lamel-
lose, but not ciliated.

Color yellowish or grayish white. Operculum ovate, with the smaller
or left end rounded and incurved, forming a small lobe, defined by a notch,
and with the nucleus central to this small lobe.

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 21 Sept. 5, 1889.

322 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The radula is very slender; the outlines of the median plates are in-
distinct; they bear three very small, but distinct and nearly equal, den-
ticles; the lateral teeth have only two denticles.

Length, 11™™; breadth, 5™'"; length of body-whorl, 7.10"'™; length of
aperture, 5™™ ; its breadth, 2.15™'".

Off Martha's Vineyard, in 312 to 506 fathoms (stations 937, 917, 994,
997, 1029), 1881, fourteen specimens.

This delicate species is liable to be confounded with the young of S.
pygina'us, but it differs decidedly in its dentition, operculum, nuclear
Avhorls, short and straight canal, and in the character of its spiral cin-
guli. The upper whorls of S. pyymtcus are much more angular, with
coarser and more prominent carinse or cinguli, which are separated by
narrower incised grooves.*

This species, by its regular spiral nucleus, would be referable to the
gToup Siphonorhis. It also approaches Molinia Friele, by the characters
of its dentition and operculum.

Troplion clathralus (Linn^j Holler.

Off Chatham, Mass. ; stations 972, 976. in 16 fathoms.

Astyris diaphana Verrill.

Jstyris rosacea Verrill, Proc. Nat. Miis., iii,p. 408 {non Gould).

Astyria diaphana Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 513, j)l. 58, fig. 2, June, 1881.

Shell thin, delicate, translucent, white, nearly smooth, elongated,
with a long, tapering, acute spire. Whorls eight, broadly and evenly
rounded ; suture somewhat impressed, but not deep, frequently narrowly
channelled. Surface, except anteriorly and on the canal, destitute of
spiral lines, unless microscopic striations, and of any indication of ribs,
but covered with very close, almost microscopic lines of growth, which
give the surface a dull appearance, when dry; on the canal and extend-
ing to the anterior part of the body-whorl are a number of distinct
spiral lines, becoming faint opposite the middle of the aperture. The
nucleus is larger than in A. romcea, rounded, depressed, and spiral, but
somewhat mammillary. The aperture is small, oblong-ovate; the outer
lip is sharp at the edge, but in adult shells has a. distinct thickening a
little back from the margin ; the inner surface is usually smooth, but in a
few adult examples it has a row of four or five small, transversely oblong

* There are two varieties of «S'. ( Siphonorbis) pyijmwus on our coast, which are often
■well-marked. The larger, typical form, from north of Cape Cod, has well-rounded
■whorls, covered with strong cinguli and sulci, and with a strongly ciliated epidermis ;
canal long and much curved. The other variety, which abounds off" Martha's Vine-
yard, etc., in from 20 to 300 fathoms, on muddy bottoms, has the whorls flattened and
much smoother, the cinguli often obsolete, in part, except on the upper whorls, and
the epidermis dark green or olive, and only slightly ciliated, or often nearly or quite
smooth ; and the canal is perhaps a little shorter and less curved. This may take the
variety name, S. pygmcem, var. planulns. The nucleus and ajjical whorls agree well,
however, in the two forms. The generic names, Neptunella and Siphonella, formerly
used by me for this shell, are both preoccupied.

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 323

tubercles, back from the margin, aDcl a larger conical one at tlie base
of the canal.

Columella signoid, a little excavated in the middle, and with a distinct,
raised, spiral fold at its inner edge anteriorly; canal sliort, open, very
slightly curved. Epidermis thin, closely adherent, minutely lamellose
along the lines of growth, pale greenish or yellowish white, sometimes
with microscopic spiral striations.

Length of one of the largest specimens, 12'"'" ; breadth, 4'""* ; length
of body-whorl and canal, 7'"™; length of aperture, 5'"'"; its breadth,
1.8'"'". Some specimens are stouter and shorter.

'Off Martha's Vineyard, in 65 to 487 fathoms, 1880 and 1881,— IT. S.
Fish Commission. Taken at many stations. Off Chesapeake Bay, 300
fathoms, — Lieut. Z. L. Tanner.

It occurred in considerable numbers at stations 870, 87G, in 155 and
120 fothoms.

The true A. rosacea occurs in shallow water from oil' Cape Cod north-
ward to Nova Scotia. It differs much from A. EUlholli, of Greenland,
and if the latter is not a distinct species, it is, at least, a ver^- marked
variety.

Astijris pura Verrill.

Astyris zonalis, pars (white var.), Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 408, 1881

(«o« Linsley).
Astyris pura Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 515, June, 1882,

This shell, formerly supposed to be a white deep-water variety of A.
zonalis {=A. dissimilis St.), proves to be distinct from the latter.

. It is a stouter shell with a narrower, blunter spire, a larger nucleus,
and a wider aperture. It has a more distinct caiml, which is a little
curved at the tip. The surface is nearly smooth, except a few faint
spiral lines on the canal. Shell pure white or pinkish, translucent,
usually with the ai)ex distinctly pink or yellowish. It is very common
off Martha's Vineyard, in 100 to 487 fathoms.*

TOXOGLOSSA.

Pleurotoma Dalli Verrill and Smith.

Veriill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 451, pi. 57, figs. 1, la, April, 1882.

A slender, transversely ribbed species, remarkable for the deep notch,
widest within, and the deeply concave subsutural band.

Whorls ten, somewhat angular and shouldered, crossed by strongly
marked, somewhat oblique, angular ribs, which are most elevated at
the shoulder, below the strongly marked, concave, subsutural band ;
they do not extend on this band, and mostly fade out below, before
reaching the suture ; ou the body-whorl the ribs are less distinct and
sometimes absent; when present they extend only a little below the
suture. The whole surface is covered with fine, wavy, spiral lines;

* The true A. zonalis also occurred from near the shore to 120 fathoms. Those from
the decider localities were highly colored and banded like the shore specimens.

324 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

fine, but rather conspicuous, lines of growtli cover tbe surface, and re-
cede strongly on the subsutural band.

Aperture small, ovate, rather narrow. Outer lip with a prominent,
convex edge, which has a deep notch, situated a short distance below
the suture. The notch is usually constricted or even nearly closed up
at the edge of the lip, but is broadly rounded at its inner end ; this
gives it a button hole like appearance. In some specimens it is but
little constricted. Canal short, broad, slightly everted.

Color, brown of various tints ; often brown, with one or two spiral
bands of yellowish brown, and with streaks of light brown -, or the ribs
may be pale yellowish brown ; aperture brown within ; columella whitish
in front. Oi^erculum, and animal, not observed.

Length of the largest specimen, 19.5™™ ; greatest diameter, 6™™ ; length
of body-whorl and canal, 10™"'; of aperture, 6™™; breadth of aperture,
2,5™™.

Off Martha's Vineyard, stations 1035, 103G, 1038, 1039, in 94 to IIG
fathoms, 1881. Off Delaware Bay, station lOlG, 101 fathoms, dredged
by Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, Oct. 10, 1881.

Pleurotoma comatotropis Dall.

Pleurotoma (Mangilia) comatotropis Dall, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoijl., ix, p. 7:S,
1881.
Differs from all our other species in having strong spiral ribs and
grooves on the lower whorls.

One dead specimen. Off Martha's Vineyard, station 910, in 100
fathoms. Off Cape San Antonio, 640 fathoms (Dall).

Daphnella limacina Dall.

Pleurotoma (BcJa) Umacina Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoul., ix, p. 55, 1831.
Pleurotoma (Daphnella) Ihnacina Verrill, Am. Jouru. Sci., xxii, ji. 300, 1881.
Daphndla Umacina Dall, op. cit., p. 102 ; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 452.

Station 994, 308 fathoms. Gulf of Mexico, 447-805 fathoms, Blake
Exp.,— Dall.

Bela Gouldii Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 465, pi. .57, figs. 6, 6a, April, 1882.
Off Chesapeake Bay, station 898, in 300 fathoms,— Lieut. Z. L. Tanner.
Common from Cape Cod to ISova Scotia and the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
in 12 to 60 fathoms.

Bela harpularia (Couth.) H. and A. Ad.

Fusus harpularius Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 106, pi. 1, fig. 10,
1838.
Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed i, p. 291, fig. 191, 1841.
Bela harpularia H. and A. Adams, Genera of Eecent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 92,
1858.
Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., cd. ii, p. 352, fig. 191 {non G. O. Sars).
Verrill, Report Invert. Anim. of Vineyard Sd., in 1st Rep. U. S. FisbCom.,
pp. 508, 636, pi. 21, fig. 108 (after Gould), 1874 (autb. cop., p. 342) ; Trans.
Conn. Acad., v, pi. 43, fig. 14, pi. 57, fig. 9, 1882.

This species ranges from Long Island Sound to Nova Scotia, but is

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 325

loss common northward. It is the most common species sonth of Cape
Cod, in moderate depths (18 to 30 fathoms), where it is nsually unac-
companied by any other species, and occurs of large size and typical
form. We took it off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, 18 to 29 fathoms,
in 1871, 1880, 1881 ; off Block Island, 20 to 28 fathoms, 1874, 1880 ; east-
ern end of Long- Island Sound, 1874; Massachusetts Bay, 8 to 29 ftith-
oms, 1873, 1877, 1878, 1879 ; Cape Cod Bay, and off' Cape Cod, 15 to 34
fathoms, 1879 ; Casco Bay, 1873 ; Eastport, Me., and Bay of Fundy, 10
to 50 fathoms, 1870, 1872 ; Halifax harbor, 20 fathoms, and off" Halifax
120 miles, 190 fathoms, 1877. Messrs. Smith and Harger, on the " Bache,"
in 1872, took it at various localities on George's and Le Have Banks,
in 25 to GO fathoms. Oft" Martha's Vineyard, 104 miles, 3C8 fathoms,
1881.

Bsla pleurotomaria (Couthouy) Adams.

FusHS pleurotomarias Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 107, pi. 1, fig.

9, 1838.
Fusus riifus Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 290, fig. 192 (non Montagu).
Befrancia Vahlii (Beck) Moller, 1842 (t. Lovtiu).
Mangelia pyramidalis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49, 1851 (f non

Strom, sp.).
Bela pleurotomaria H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, i, p. 92, 1858.
Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 355, fig. 625.

Verrill, Report Invert. Anim. of Vineyard Sd., in 1st Rep. U. S. Fish Com.,
p. G37, 1874 (auth. cop., p. 343); Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 478.
This species is found from off' Martha's Vineyard to Labrador! It is
not uncommon in Eastport harbor and the Bay of Fundy, where I
dredged it in 1864, 18G5, 1868, 1870, in 15 to 80 fathoms. By the U. S.
Fish Com. it has been dredged in Halifax harbor in 20 to 25 fathoms,
1877 ; George's Bank, 45 fathoms, 1872 -, Gulf of Maine, at Cashe's Ledge,
30 to 40 fathoms, 1874; off' Cape Ann, 38 to 40 fathoms, 1874; Casco
Bay, 1873 ; Massachusetts Bay, 31 to 48 fathoms, 1877, 1879 ; off' Cape
Cod, 30 to 122 fathoms, 1879; off Chatham, Mass., 16 fathoms, 1881.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 255 fathoms, 1881. It appears to occur on
the coast of Greenland.

Whether it can be identified accuratelj' with any European species is
doubtful. Many writers have considered it identical with B. pyramid-
alis (Strom). But the shell figured under that name by Prof. G. O. Sars
appears to be quite different.

Eela cancellata (Mighels) Stimpson.

Films cancellatiis Mighels, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. .50, 1841; Boslon,

Jour. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 18, Jan., 1842.
Bela cancellata Stimpson, Check List, 1862.

Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. ii, p. 355, description (but not the figure, 924),

(non G. O. Sars).
Verrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 364, 1381 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p.
475, pi. 43, figs. 10, 11 ; pi. 57, fig. 13.

This shell extends from off Martha's Vineyard, in 126 and 312 fathoms
(stations 877, 947), north to Nova Scotia and Labrador; and probably

326 PROCEEDINGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

to Greenland and Northern Europe. It is one of tlie most common
species in the cold waters of the Bay of Fundy, near Eastport, Me., and
Grand Menan I., in 10 to 100 fathoms, where I have often dredged it,
in 1861, 18G3, 1801, ISGo, 1808, 1870, 1872. We have also taken it, on
the various U. S. Fish Com. expeditions, off Xova Scotia ; in the Gulf of
Maine; Casco Bay; Massachusetts Bay; off Cape Cod, etc., in 12 to 02
fathoms.

Bela decussata (Coutb.) H. aud A. Adams.

rieurotoma decussata Couthony, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 183, pi. 4, fig.
8, 1839 (now Lara., nee McGLlv.).
Gould, Rep. on Invert, of Mass., 1st ed., p. 280, fig. 185, 1841.
Mangella decussata Stimpson, SbellsNew Eng., -p. 49, 1851.
Bela decussata Gould, Rep. on Invert, of Mass., Binney's ed., p. 354, fig. 623,
1870.
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 472, pi. 43, fig. 13.

This shell is not uncommon on the New England coast, in moderate
depths, mostly in 25 to 75 fathoms. Its range is from off" Martha's Vine-
yard (station 091), in 31 fathoms, northward to Labrador. In the Bay
of Fundy, where it is not rare, I have taken it in 20 to 100 fathoms, in
1808, 1870, 1872.

Bela pygmcea Verrill.

Bela tenuicostata (2)ars) Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 365, 1860 (non Sars).
Bela pygmaea Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 460, pi. 57, fig. 8, May, 1882.

Shell very small, fusiform, or subovate, with four or five convex whorls,
a very short spire, and a large body- whorl ; sculpture very finely can-
cellated or reticulated. The whorls are usually rather evenly rounded,
moderately convex, but often have a very slightly marked, rounded
shoulder; suture somewhat impressed, rather oblique. The nucleus is
relatively not small, with the apex not prominent, so that it appears to
be obtuse, or rounded, smooth, glassy. The whole surface below the
nucleus is covered by fine, raised, revolving cinguli, separated by slight
grooves of about the same width, and by equally fine, slightly sinuous,
transverse riblets, coincident with the lines of growth, and receding in
a distinct curve on the subsutural band; the crossing of these two sets
of lines produces a finely cancellated sculpture over the whole surface,
but the transverse lines are usually more evident on the convexity of
the whorls, while the spiral lines are more conspicuous anteriorly, and
on the siphon. Aperture relatively large, oblong elliptical, slightly
obtusely angled posteriorly ; sinus shallow, but distinct, evenly coucave;
outer lip els^ewhere evenly convex. Canal short and broad, not con-
stricted at base by any incurvature of the outer lip. Columella
strongly concave or excavated, in the middle, sigmoid anteriorly.
Color of shell, pale greenish white, covered by a thin epidermis of sim-
ilar color.

One of the largest sliells is 5.5'"™ long; 2.75^""' broad; length of body-
whorl, 1"""; of aperture, 3'"'".

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 327

Only a few specimens have been taken off Martha's Vineyard, at sta-
tions 892 and 894, in 487 and 3G5 fathoms, 1880; station 947, in 312
fathoms, 1881.

This little species bears some resemblance to B. decussata, bnt can be
readily distinguished by the much finer and more uniform sculpture.

Bela incisula Verrill.

f I'leurotoma Trevelyana, var. Smlthii Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1876,

p. 332 («ott Smilhii Forbes).
Bela impressa-i Verrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, pp. 365, 1880 (won Morch.).
Bela iwcisuZa Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 461, pi. 43, fig. 12; pi. 57, fig. 14.

The shell is small, subfusiform to short ovate, with about five or six
turreted, flattened whorls, which are angularly shouldered just below
the suture. The subsutural band arises abruptly from the suture,
nearly at right angles, and its surface is flat or slightly concave,
marked by strongly recurved lines of growth, but mostly without spiral
lines. The shoulder is often nearly right-angled. The whorls are
decidedly flattened in the middle. There are, on the last whorl, about
twenty rather broad, flattened or rounded ribs, which are nearly
straight, a little prominent and usually slightly nodose at the shoulder,
but they disappear a short distance below it. They are separated by
well excavated, concave grooves, deepest close to the shoulder.

The most characteristic feature of the sculi3ture is that the surface is
marked by rather fine, but regular and distinct, sharply incised, narrow,
revolving grooves, which are rather distant, with flat intervals. Of
these there are usually about three to five on the penultimate whorl,
and about twenty to twenty-eight on the last, the greater unmber being
below the middle, on the siphon, where they become coarser and closer,
with narrower rounded intervals. One of the sulci, just below the
shoulder, is usually more distinct, and cuts the ribs so as to give their
upper ends a subnodiilous appearance ; below this there is usually a
rather wide zone, without grooves; usually no revolving Hues above
the shoulder. The apex is usually eroded ; when perfect it is acute.
The nucleus has a very small and slightly j)rominent, smooth apex; its
first turn is marked with fine spiral lines; the next whorl has, at first,
about three stronger, spiral, raised cinguli, which soon begin to be
crossed by thin transverse riblets.

Aperture about half the length of the shell, narrow ovate, or ellipti-
cal, angulated above. Canal short, nearly straight, a little narrowed
at the base by an incurvature of the lip. The outer lip has a decided
angle at the shoulder, below which the edge is well rounded, and pro-
jects strongly forward, in the middle; the sinus, above the shoulder, is
rather deep, wide, and evenly rounded within. Columella strongly
excavated in the middle, obliquely receding at the end.

The shell is commonly greenish white and covered by a thin, close,
greenish epidermis; but some specimens are clear white, rarely pinkish.

Ordinary specimens are about e.S'"'" long; 3.5"^™ broad; apeiture,

328 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

3mm long. One of the largest, baviug six wliorls, is 8™™ long; 4.5™™
broad; body-whorl, G'"™ long; aperture, 4.5™™ long.

This is one of the most common and generally distributed species of
Bela found on the New England coast. It inhabits both muddy and
sandy bottom, and sometimes is found among gravel and rocks. It
occurs from the region ofl" Newport, R. I., northward to Labrador, and
from very shallow water, in the Bay of Fundy and Casco Bay, to 500
fathoms, off Martha's Vineyard. It is very common from Massachusetts

Bcla concinnula Verrill.

Bela exaraia {pars) Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 3fi6, 1880.
Bela concinnula Verrill, Trans. Couu. Acad., v, p. 4(J8, pi. A'^, fig. 15; pi. 57,
fig. 11.

Sheir rather small and delicate, long-ovate, regularly turreted, with
about six whorls, which rise almost at right angles from the suture, and
have an angular, or squarish, nodulous shoulder, usually distinctly car-
inated by a thin, raised, spiral keel, which forms small, but prominent
nodules where it crosses the ribs; below the shoulder the whorls are
abruptly flattened. The subsutural band is usually little convex, or
nearly flat.

The ribs are numerous (often 20 to 25), regular, nearly straight below
the shoulder, separated by concave intervals of equal or greater width;
they extend entirely across the upper whorls ; above the shoulder they
are slightly' excurved on the subsutural band. Whole surface covered
with regular and rather strong, rounded, elevated, revolving cinguli,
which cross the ribs and produce on them small, rounded nodes, and
give a pretty regularly and strongly cancellated appearance to the
whole surface. On the penultimate whorl there are four or five cinguli
below the angle. Aperture rather short, narrow-ovate, angulated pos-
teriorly; sinus broad and shallow. Canal narrow, a little produced,
and slightly curved; columella decidedly sigmoid, its inner edge ex-
curved at the end.

Color of the shell white, or pale greenish white, covered with a thin,
pale green epidermis.

A rather large male is 11.5™™ long; breadth, 5.25™™; length of body-
whorl, 7™™; its breadth, 5™™; length of aperture, 5™™; its breadth, 2™™.
An ordinary specimen measures, in length, 10™™; breadth, 4.5"'™ ; length
of aperture, 5.5™™.

This species is common and widely distributed on this coast. It
ranges from the region south of Martha's Vineyard, in deep Avater, to
Labrador. By the U. S. Fish Com. it was dredged, oft" Newport, R. J.,
and Martha's Vineyard, in 252 to 487 fathoms (stations 880, 892, 947,
994, 1038), 1880 and 1881; Cape Cod Bay and oft' Cape Cod, 25 to 123
fathoms, 1879; Massachusetts Bay, 20 to 29 ftvthoms, 1877; Gulf of
Maine, many stations, 25 to 88 fathoms, 1873, 1874, 1878; 150 fathoms,
1872; Casco Bay, 1873; George's Bank, 50 to 05 fathoms, 1872; south

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 329

of George's Bank, 430 fathoms, 1872; Halifax Harbor, IG to 21 liitlioms,
and off Halifax, 42 fathoms, 1877.

Bela temiiUrata Dall.

Dall, Am. Journ. Concli., vii, p. 98, 1871.
Bela simplex Verrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Miis., iii, p. 367, 1880 (non Middeudorff).

A single immature specimen, referred to this species by Mr. Dall, was
taken in 1880.

The nucleus, consisting of nearly three apical whorls, is chestnut-
brown; the surface is finely decussated by equal lines riiuuing obliquely
in opposite directions.

The shell is pale flesh-color, covered with a thin, smooth, glossy, pale
yellowish brown epidermis. Length, 9'"'"; breadth, 5"""; length of
body-wborl, 7™"; of aperture, C""'".

One dead, but fresh, specimen, from station 894, in 365 fathoms, oft'
Martha's Vineyard. Alaska, — Dall.

The nucleus of this shell is not like that of a Bela. It more nearly
resembles Pleurotomella, in several respects.

T^NIOGLOSSA.

Dolium Bairdii Verrill aud Suiitli.

Dolium Baridii Verrill and Smith, iu Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., xxii, p. 299, Oct.,
1881 (■ description).

The apical or jinclear whorls are regularly spiral, yellowish brown,
snooth, showing only taint lines of growth, and consist of nearly fonr
tu"us. Tbe color and character of the surface change abruptly beyond
th( nucleus, the normal sculpture suddenly appealing. The largest
sptcimen taken (<?) is 68™"^ long; breadth, 50"""; length of aperture,
53"-.

Of Martha's Vineyard, station 945; 202 fathoms, one large living (?.
Stations 1032, 1036, 1038, 1040, 94 fathoms; young specimens and frag-
meu s of several large specimens.

Of Delaware Bay, station 1046, 104 fathoms, one living ( <? ), 1881,—
Lieul. Z. L. Tanner.

AmaurpsiH Mandlca (Gmelin) Morch,

Amauropsis helicoklcs Gould, Binney's ed., p. 348, fi<^. Ifil.

Oft" 'Jhatham, Mass.; stations 965, 969, in 15 to 18 fathoms.

LamelL'ria pellucida, var. Gouldii Verrill.

This lifters from the orighml L.peUucida in having the mantle thicker,
with m)re or less numerous, low verrucse on the dorsal snrface; color
pale yelow or yellowish white, more or less blotched or specked with
flakc-wlite and bright yellow, and often wirh brown blotches. The verge
appears to be.difterent in form, the lateral papilla being larger and
longer, aid not so near the end, the portion beyond it forming a spatu-
late or olovate lobe, rounded at the end, but this may be due partly to

330 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the state of contraction. The shell, in the specimens examined, is very
thin, delicate, and transparent, as in L. pcllucida. Init differs in being-
somewhat shorter, broader, with the spire a little lower, the apex less
elevated, and the suture less impressed. In alcohol, a specimen is 18™"^*
long; breadth, 11*""" ; height, 10""™.

Oft' Martha's Vineyard, stations 925, 938, 939, 94G, 1029, in 224 to 458
fathoms.

Several specimens of both sexes occurred at some of these localities.
Off Delaware Bay, station 1047, 1881, — Lieut. Z. L. Tanner. It is usually
associated with the smooth form originally described, and intermediate
states, as to the number and size of the dorsal verrucie occur, some
being strongly verrucose, others nearly smooth.

Capulus Hungaricus (Linne).

CapuJus hungaricua Jeffreys, Brit. Couch., iii, p. 269, pi. 6, fig. 5; v, pi. 59, figs.
6, Cm.
G. O. Sars, Moll. Arct. Norvegi;?, p. 145, pi. v, figs. 2a, 2& (dentition).

Stations 922, 1029, in G9 and 458 fathoms, off Martha's Vineyard, 1881;
two living si)ecimeus.

On the European side of the Atlantic, this species is found from Ice-
land to the Mediterranean.

Torellia fimbriata Verrill and Sniitli.

TorelUa fimhriata Verrill and Smith, in Ycrrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 520, p.
57, figs. 27, 27«, June. 1882.

Shell thin, fragile, translucent, broader than high, with a short, de-
pressed spire, the apex small and a little prominent, the last whorl laige
and ventricose, with spiral carinje, bearing divergent epidermal hars.
Whorls five, very convex, rapidly enlarging; suture deep, sligltly
channeled; nuclear whorls smooth and glossy, regularly spiral, the
first whorl minute. Sculpture, several raised, angular, spiral caiin;e
separated by unequal intevals, on which are finer spiral lines, and
numerous evident, thin, raised flexuous lines of growth, which ffoss
both the intervals and carina?, rendering the latter finely nodiious.
On the last whorl there are about ten carina;, each of which usuill.y
supports a spiral row of long epidermal hairs; the uppermost of these
is just below the suture, and its epidermal processes are long aid ap-
pressed against the preceding whorl; the next is separated by awider
space, while those on the conyex part of the whorl are nearer together;
the last defines the border of the umbilicus, which is deep, hit not
broad. Aperture large, roundish, the lip continuous in adult shells;
in the umbilical region the lip is somewhat reflected, so as to pirtially
conceal the umbilicus; within the lip the columella has a ver;y obtuse
lobe, projecting inward.

Epidermis thick, pale yellowish or greenish yellow, mor< or less
lamellose along the lines of growth, and rising into long aid large
divergent hair-like processes along the spiral carinte.

Shell yellowish white.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 331

Length of tlie largest specimen (<^), 14.5™™; breadtb, 17™™; length of
body- whorl, 13™™; length of aperture, 10™™; breadth, 10.2™™; length of
hairs, 2-3™™.

Variety, tiareUa Venill.

A variety occurred in company with the typical form, at station 1020,
182 fathoms, in which the subsutural carina is well developed antl
crowned by its row of long hairs, but the other carinine are nearly obso-
lete, and only bear rows of short, inconspicnous hairs; the epidermis is
elsewhere thick and lamellose, not hairy. The spire is a little more ele-
vated.

Off Martha's Vineyard, stations 869, 878, 939, 1025, 1026, 1033, 1038,
in 142 to 258 fathoms, 1880 and 1881,— U. S. Fish Commission. A small
specimen was taken in 1873, at station 21 b, 52 to 90 fathoms, near
Cashe's Ledge, off the coast of Maine, by the party on the Bache.

Fossarus elegans Venill and Smith.

Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 522, pi. 57, fig. 2S, June, 1882.

Shell small, ovate, with a short, acute, turreted spire, and five angu-
lated and sharply carinated whorls, elegantly latticed between the cari-
naj. The whorls increase rapidly, the last being relatively large. On
the last whorl there is a sharp angular carina at the shoulder, often with
a smaller one just below it, a larger and more prominent one around the
periphery, and three or four smaller ones on the anterior slope, besides
a spiral fold around the umbilical region; on the larger specimens there
are, sometimes, two or three strong, raised varices on the last whorl, and
the edge of the lip is thickened. The intervals between the carinas are
concave. On the preceding whorls the two larger carinne are visible,
often with a small intermediate one. The nucleus is minute, regular,
smooth, a little prominent. The rest of the shell is covered, between the
carinoe, with numerous, close, thin, obli(pie, raised lamellje, or lines of
growth; those on the subsutural band are flexuous. Aperture nearly
round; lip continuous; outer lip thickened, and with denticles exter-
nally, where the carinse terminate. Umbilicus spiral, very narrow,
sometimes closed. Color white.

Length, 5.3™™; breadth, 4™™; length of aperture, 2™™.

Off' Martha's Vineyard, station 949, 100 fathoms, 1881 ; eight speci-
mens, none living.

Velutina laevigata (L.) Gould.

Off Martha's Vineyard, stations 940, 949; in 100 to 130 fathoms.

Cerithiella WMteavesii Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 522, pi. 42, fig. 7, July, 1882.
Lovenella WMteavesii Verrill, these Proc, p. 375, 1880.

Gingula areolata (Stimp.) Verrill.

Amer. Jouru. Sci., xvii, p. 311, 1879.

Off Martha's Vineyard, station 940, in 130 fathoms.

332 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Litiopa bombyx Rang.

Station 103S, clinging to floating Sargassum

Scalaria (Opalia) Andrewsii Verrill.

ScaJaria, uiuletermiiuHl sp., Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 376, 1880.
Scalaria {Opalia) Amlrcwsii Verrill, Traus. Conn. Acad., v, p. 526, pi. 57, fig.
35, July, 1882.

Shell small, slender, elongated, with well-rounded wliorls and deep
suture. Whorls seven, crossed by about thirteen regular ribs, which
arc moderately elevated and evenly rounded, and, on the lower whorls,
a little thickened, most so in the middle; their interstices are crossed by
several distinct spiral ciuguli, which also render the ribs a little nodu-
lous; on the penultimate whorl there are about five ciuguli; on the last
whorl a strong, round, spiral carina surrounds the base or umbilical re-
gion, starting from under the upper margin of the outer lip and enclos-
ing a space, on which two or more faint spiral grooves can be detected.
Aperture round; lip continuous; margin of outer lip thickened by a rib;
inner lip with the edge reflected in the umbilical region; no umbilicus.

Color white. Length, 5,5""°; breadth, 2'"™ ; diameter of aperture, 1"^-"'.

Station 873, off Newport, E. I., 100 fathoms, 1880. One specimen.

Dedicated to Mr. E. A. Andrews, of the U. S. Fish Commission par-
ties, in 1880 and 1881.

Scalaria (Cirsotrema) Leeana Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 523, pi. 57, fig. 34, July, 1882.

Shell small, slender, elongated, with well-rounded whorls and deep,
oblique suture (apex truncated). Whorls crossed by numerous small,
little-elevated, oblique ribs, and on each whorl one large, strong, oblique
varix-like rib, those on the three lower whorls nearly in one line, the last
foruiing the greatly thickened margin of the lip. Both the ribs and the
wider intervals between them are crossed by very numerous and fine
spiral stride. Aperture small, round-ovate, surrounded by a much thick-
ened, continuous margin close to the edge; this rim around the outer lip
is crossed by oblique strire ; base with spiral striiP, but without a distinct
carina; no umbilicus. Size about the same as the preceding species.

Ofl' Martha's Vineyard, station 1038, 14G fathoms, 1881.

Named in honor of Prof. L. A. Lee, of Bowdoin College, and of the
U. S. Fish Commission party in 1881.

Acirsa costulata (Migliels) Verrill.

TurritcUa costulata Mighels. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 50, 1841; Bos-
ton Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 20, 1842.
Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. ii, p. 318, fig. ^87.
Scalaria Escliriclitii Midler, Kroyer's Tidsskr., iv, p. 83, 1842.
Acirsa horcalis (Morcli) Verrill, Amer. Jouru. Sci., iii, pp. 210, 281, 1872.
Crab Ledge, ott" the southern part of Cape Cod, stations 005 and 981,
in 15 and 32 fathoms. Previously known from the Bay of Fundy, and
northward to Greenland.

PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 333

AcUs toiiiis Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 528, pi. 58, fig. 19, July, 1882.
Eulimdla ventricosa (pars) Vernll, these Proc.,iii, p. 380,1880 (won Forbessp.)

Shell very slender, smooth, white, acute. Whorls nine, evenly
rounded; surface with few, faint, microscopic, rai,«ed, spiral lines; suture
impressed; aperture elliptical, a little effuse in front. Nucleus small,
regularly spiral, not upturned. Length, 3.8""'^; breadth, l'""".

Station 873, in 100 fathoms, 1880.

EHIPHIDOGLOSSA.

Machaeroplax obscura, var. bella (Verk.).

Macha;ro2ilax hella Friele; Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 378, 1880.

Station 1032, off Martha's Vineyard, 208 fathoms.

Doubtless this is only a strongly sculptured variety of M. ohsaira.

Machwroplax cinerea (Couth.) Friele.

Margarita cinerea Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. ii, p. 279, fig. 539.

This species, which had not occurred south of Cai)e Cod previously,
was taken at station 981, in 41 fathoms, off Chatham, Cape Cod.

Cydosircma Dalli Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 532, pi. 57, fig. 39, July, 1882.
Cijdostrema trodioides Verrill, these Proc., iii, p. 378, 1880 (non Jeffr., Sars).

This shell differs from C. trodioides in having the base covered around
the umbilical region with six to eight very distinct, incised, spiral lines.
The umbilicus is closed, or represented only by a slight and narrow pit.
The surface of the shell has only a little luster, and is slightly rough-
ened by very faint and close lines of growth.

Color, yellowish white. Height, 2""" ; breadth, 2.25"''^\

Station 892, in 487 tiithoms.

Cyclostrema rugulosum (Jeffreys, MSS.) Sars.

G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegite, p. 129, pi. 21, figs. 1, a, h.

Station 894, in 365 fathoms, 1880.
Northern Norway, 80-200 fathoms, — Sars.

Fissurella Tanneri Verrill, sp. nov.

Shell large, ovate, rather thin, with regularly and finely decussated
sculpture. Apex nearer the anterior (smaller) end, moderately elevated.
Perforation not large, round-ovate, conformable with the outline of the
shell, but more rounded. Whole surface covered with rather fine, raised,
radiating lines, with interstices of similar width or narrower; these are
decussated by numerous concentric raised lines, which rise into nodules,
or, towards the margin, form small, arched lamella? in crossing the radii.
Shell, externally, pale yellowish gray, internally lustrous bluish white ;
edge finely creuulated. Length, 40"'™; breadth, 31'"'^; height, IG™'";
longest diameter of apical foramen, 4""" ; its breadth, 3™"'.

Off Delaware Bay, station 1040, in 104 fathoms,— Lieut. Z. L. Tanner,
1881; one living specimen.

334 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

Scissurella crispata FlemiDg.

A single specimen was fonml by Mr. Dall in tbe apertnre of a i)f«r-
f/arita, irom off Martha's Vineyard, 238 to 305 fathoms. Gulf of St.
Lawrence, — Dawson.

CocciiVnia Beanii D.all.

Tliia volume, p. 403.
Acmoa rubella f Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 391, 1680 {iion Fabr., Sars).

Socculina Rathbuni Dall.

This volume, p. 403.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 100 to 365 fathoms. Several living young
specimens were taken at station 997, in 335 fathoms. Mr. Dall, in a re-
cent letter, informs me that he has received the same species from Mr.
Jeffreys, taken by the "Porcui^ine" expedition, off' the European coast.
West Indies, 399 to 502i fathoms (t. Dall).

Off Martha's Vineyard, 500 fathoms. West Indies, 399 and 502^
fathoms (t. Dall).

Addisonia paradoxa Dall.

This volume, p. 405.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 69 to 130 fathoms, 1881.

Mr. Dall has recently informed me that he has received from Mr. Jef-
freys a shell belonging to this genus, and perhaps identical with this
si)ecies, judging from the shell only. Mr. Jeffreys identifies the shell
referred to with Gadinia excentrica Tiberi.

POLYPLACOPHORA.

CJitPiopleura apiculata (Say) Carpenter.

Chiton apiculatus Say; Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. ii, p. 258, fig. 522.

Off Martha's Vineyard, station 938, in 310 fathoms. One young spec-
imen. Common in shallow water. Possibly the apparent occurrence in
deep water was due to the accidental lodgment of the sj)ecimen in the
seive, from some previous dredging.

GYMNOGLOSSA.

Stilifer Stimpsonii Verrill, 1872.

A living specimen of this species occurred at station 1028, in 410 ftith-
oms, 1881. In 1880 it was taken in considerable numbers at stations
814, 823, 824, in 13 to 27 fathoms, off Block Island. These were living
on the upper surface of the common sea-urchin {Strongyloccntrotus Dro-
hachiensls). New Jersey to Nova Scotia!

Stilifer curtus Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 535, July, 1882.
Shell broader than high, with a very low spire, nearly concealed by
the ventricose body- whorl, which nearly envelopes the preceding whorlsj

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 335

nucleus miuute, only a little prominent. Aperture large, nearly as long
as the shell, lunate ; surface smooth, white.

Station 1028, in 410 fathoms 5 one living example. Host not known-

Tuibonilla Emertoni Verrill.

Verrill, Trans. Couu. Acad., v, p. .536, pi. 58, figs. 14, 14a.

Shell small, white, lustrous, elongated, with a very slender, acute
spire. Whorls eleven, not very oblique, broadly rounded, a little flat-
tened at the periphery; suture strongly impressed ; surface very smooth
and glossy, without any spiral lines, but with slight, rather indistinct
and irregular longitudinal furrows, which are often absent. Apical
whorl small, strongly upturned.

Aperture small; outer lip flattened, projecting a little anteriorly
(more or less broken in all my specimens). Columella nearly straight,
with no trace of a fold.

Length, 4.8"""; breadth, 1.2""i.

Off" Martha's Vineyard, station 895, in 238 fathoms, 1880.

This shell resembles T. nivea Stimpson, which also occurs in the same
region, but the latter is a longer and larger shell, with a decidedly smaller
and more prominent upturned nucleus, and is strongly and regularly
longitudinally ribbed.

Named in honor of Mr. J. H. Emerton, for several seasons zoological
artist of the Fish Commission.

Tiirbonilla Bushiana Verrill.

Trans. Couu. Acad., v, p. 537, pi. 58, fig. 16.
T«r&oHi/Za/oj-mosa Verrill aud Smith, iu Verrill, Amer. Jour. Set., xx, p. 398,
1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 380, 1880 (non Jetfreys, Ad.).
The name formosa having been previously used, I propose to name
this species Bushiana, in honor of Miss K. J. Bush, an excellent assist-
ant in the conchological work of the U. S. Fish Commission.

Eulimella Smithii Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 538, pi. 58, fig. 18.
Tiirbonilla Smithii Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 380, 1880.

This species seems to belong to Eulimella rather than to Turhonilla, if
the two groups be kept apart.

Menestho striutula (Couthouy) Verrill.

Mencstbo albiila Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. ii, p. 333, fig. 604 (non Fabr., sp.).

Crab Ledge, off south side of Cape Cod, 10 to 15 fathoms.

Menestho Bruneri Verrill.

Menestho Bruneri Verrill, Traus. Conn. Acad., v, p. 539, July, 1882.

Shell small, white, with an elongated, acute-conical spire, the apical

whorl very small, upturned, and incurved. Whorls six, with a rounded

shoulder close to the suture, the portion next the suture rising abruptly,

nearly at a right angle; periphery flattened or very slightly rounded;

336 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM,

suture little oblique, impressed, or subcanaliculate. Aperture narrowly
contracted posteriorly, narrow ovate anteriorly; outer lip little convex,
slightly produced anteriorly; columella excurved, flattened, with no
fold nor tooth. Sculpture delicate, incised, spiral grooves, separated by
wider intervals, and covering the anterior two-thirds of the body- whorl,
extending a little back of the aperture, but mostly absent on the pre-
ceding whorls. No umbilicus.

Length, 5™™; breadth, 2.5'"^>; length of body- whorl, 3.5 ">■"; of aper-
ture, 2.o"'°>; its breadth, 1™'".

Off iN^ewport, R. I., station 892, in 487 fathoms, 1880.

oS^amed for Mr. H. L. Bruner, an assistant, during the season of 1881,
in the concholugical work of the Fish Commission.

TECTIBRANCHIATA.

Actfvon nilidns Verrill.

Juriculhia xnsculpta Verrill, these Proc.,iii,p. 381, 1880 («ow Moat., sp.)
Actwon nitidus Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 540, pi. 58, fig. 21.

Shell small, white, translucent, glossy, elongated, apex obtuse.. Nu-
clear whorl rather large, regular. Whorls six, flattened at the periphery,
gradually increasing, slightly roundly shouldered. Sculpture delicate,
wavy, incised spiral lines, more distant and distinct on the anterior
part of the body-whorl, becoming finer, closer, and more wavy behind
the middle, obsolete near the suture, except one fine subsutural groove ;
suture impressed or slightl3' canaliculate. Aperture narrow-ovate, much
contracted posteriorly, a little produced anteriorly ; columella spirally
twisted, the iuner edge forming a slightly raised fold.

Length, 8'"™; breadth, 3"^"; length of body-whorl, 5.5"'"; length of
aperture, 3.5'"°'.; its breadth, 1.8"'"'.

Stations 892 and 947, in 487 and 312 fathoms, 1880 and 1881, south of
Martha's Vineyard.

Cyl'wlma Gouldii (Coutli.) Verrill.

Bulla Gouldii Couihouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 181, pi. 4, fig. 6, 1838.

Utriculus Gouldii Stinipson ; Gould, Invert. Mass. (ed. ii), p. 217, fig. 508.

Cylichna Gouldii Verrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 383, 1880.
Crab Ledge, off Chatham, Cape Cod, station 973. Stellwagen's Bank,
Massachusetts Bay, in 15 to 25 fathoms, 1879.

Cylichna ? Dalli Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 542, July, 1882.
Shell white, somewhat thickened when full grown, translucent when
younger, elongated, broadest about the middle, narrowed to both ends,
most so posteriorly; apex with a distinct pit, showing volutions within;
no umbilicus; whole surface covered with fine, regular, wavy spiral
lines, visible with a lens. Outer lip with a free, sharp edge, rising slightly
above the body-whorl posteriorly, and separated from it by a deep,
narrow slit; it is very slightly convex and a little flaring along the

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 337

middle, anteriorly rounded and sharp to its union with the inner margin.
Aperture very narrow posteriorly, suddenly enlarging to an ovate form
anteriorly, by the decided excurvature of the inner margin. Animal
unknown.

Length of largest example, 10'"™; breadth, 5.25™'".

Stations 997 and 999, in 335 and 266 fathoms.

PhiUne tincta Verrill.

Trans. Couu. Acad., v, p. 544, July, 1882.

Shell very thin, rather large, irregularly oblong, broad, widest in the
middle, not polished, tinged with smoky brown; surface without dis-
tinct spiral lines, covered with very e\'ideut, close, raised, wavy lines of
growth. Apex rounded, neither spiral nor depressed. Outer lip rising
a little above the body- whorl, and separated from it by a simple wide
sinus, flaring, convex, and slightly angulated in the middle, a little
narrowed and well rounded anteriorly; a spiral fold where the inner lip
passes into the shell, in front of the prominent body-whorl.

Length, 10.75™'"; breadth, 8™™; breadth of aperture, 7™™.

Station 921, in 65 fathoms; two living specimens.

CHomsTiDiE Verrill.

The peculiar structure of the animal of the following species, and of
its radula, will not allow it to be placed in any established family.
Therefore, I propose to make it the type of a new family, Choristidev.

This family may be characterized by the heliciform shell, with the
periostraca continuous betw^een the whorls; lip continuous; columella
without a fold; operculum horny, paucispiral. Animal with frontal
tentacles united by a fold, and with simple posterior tentacles. Jaws
well developed ; pharynx large, retractile.

Eadula with three rows of rachidian teeth, the central ones small;
with broad, bilobed, inner lateral teeth; and two rows of small, hook-
shaped outer lateral ones. Gill composed of numerous lamelhp, attached
to the inner surface of the mantle on the left side and over the neck.

The position of this family is doubtful. Its head, tentacles, pharynx,
&c., resemble those of many TccUbranchs. Its dentition is, apjiareutly,
unique.

Choristes elegans Carp., var. tenera V.

Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 541, pi. 58, figs. 27, 27rt,
Choristes elegans Carpenter, Canadian Nat., p. 392, pi. 7, fig. 13, 1872.
Shell thin, fragile, short, heliciform, with a low spire, and a very large,
ventricose body-whorl. Whorls, in our largest examples, four to five,
very convex, evenly rounded; apical whorl small, spiral, oblique; suture
Impressed; surface smooth (the epidermis is destroyed and the surface
of the shell is eroded in all the living examples). The whorls are in con-
tact and united, but the epidermis continues around the whorls between
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 22 Sept. 5,18 82.

338 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

or in the sutures. Aperture large, forming more than a half-circle;
outer side well rounded, nearly straight on the columella-margin; lip
continuous all around, raised up and with the edge slightly everted, in
the umbilical region, so as to ])artially conceal the umbilicus, which is
rather large and deep, nearly circular. Operculum s^iiral, thin, horny,
round-ovate, with the nucleus excentric and with two to three rapidly
increasing whorls.

The animals of several alcoholic sjiecimens were examined. Head
large, short, thick, rounded or truncate, with two short, Hat, obtuse
anterior tentacles, wide apart, but connected together by a transverse
fold; posterior tentacles short, thick, conical, smooth; no eyes visible.
Pharynx short, thick, retractile; jaws crescent-shaped, strong, black.
Verge situated just below the right posterior tentacle, small, papilli-
form, swollen at base; below this and farther back, a larger and thicker
l)apilla, with basal swelling ; on each side, between the mantle and foot,
at about mid-length of the foot, a small mammiform i)apilla; two small,
flat cirri behind and beneath the operculum. Foot broad, ovate, with
two tentaculiform i)rocesses in front.

The largest specimens are badly broken; some of them were about
10""" in length; greatest diameter of operculum, 6'""'; its breadth, 4.5"'"'.
A perfect, but small, specimen is G""" long; breadth, G"'"'; length of body-
whorl, 5.2"'"'; length of aperture, 4"""; its breadth, 3.2""".

Station 1031, oft" Martha's Vineyard, in 255 fathoms, 1S81. About a
dozen specimens, all living, were taken from the interior of an old egg-
case of a skate {Raia, sp.). Most of them were badly broken.

I have comi^ared these specimens directly with original specimens of
the fossil Choristes elcgans, found in the post-pliocene of Canada by Prin-
cipal J. W. Dawson, who very kindly sent me specimens, both adult and
young.

Our specimens agree very closely with the smaller fossil ones in form
and structure. The principal difference is in the much thinner and
more fragile texture of the recent shells. This may be due to mere
local conditions. Therefore, until more specimens of the recent shells
are obtained, I prefer to consider it a thin and delicate A\ariety of the
ancient type.

Koonsia Yerrill.
Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. .545.

Allied to Fleurohrancluvcij with which it agrees in the character of
the head, tentacles, proboscis, and gill. It differs in having the back
swollen and overhangiug, both on the sides and posteriorly, with a dis-
tinct mantle-edge all around, and with a wide groove between it and the
foot posteriorly, as well as laterally ; the foot is narrower and prolonged
posteriorly, with a specialized glandular groove near the end, beneath,
and a conical papilla above, near the tip.

The external reproductive organs appear less complicated than in
Pleurohrancluva.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 339 '

The verge is armed witli small hooks, but the spicule, present in the
latter genus, is not protruded in any of our specimens of Koonsia, if
present.

Koonsia obesa Verrill.

Trans. Couii. Acad., v, p. 545, July, 1882.

Body large, stout, broad, with a large swollen back, smooth and white
in the preserved specimeus, and defined by the mantle-edge, which
forms a rim along the lateral and posterior borders. Head large and
broad, with two short, fiat, posteriorly grooved, anterior tentacles, one
at each corner; the anterior mantle-border runs between them, and sup-
ports a row of small papilla?. Posterior tentacles short, stout, flat-
tened, ear-like, with the outer edges incurved, forming a large groove.

Foot broad and rounded anteriorly, with small auricles ; long, tapered
and acute posteriorly, extending some distance beyond the mantle; a
conical papilla, near the tip, above; under side, near the end, with a
narrow, elongated, depressed, glandular area, surrounded by a raised
border; this is sometimes tinged with bright red, in alcohol; the rest
of the foot is usually tinged with chocolate-brown.

Gill large, bipinnate, deep purple.

This species grows to a great size. One, from station 939, was over
5 inches (128'"™) long; 4 inches (102""") wide; and about 2 inches (50"^™)
high, even after preservation in alcohol.

Ofl" Martha's Vineyard, stations 895, 939, 940, 1025, in 210 to 258 fath-
oms. Oft" Delaware Bay, station 1015, in 312 fathoms. At station 946,
in 241 fathoms, seven young specimens were taken, some of them not
over 1 inch long ; these were associated with Fleurobranchcm tarda.

This genus is dedicated to Mr. B. F. Koons, of the U. S. Fish Com-
mission, in 1880 and 1881.

NUDIBEANCHIATA.

Issa ramosa Verrill and Emerton.

Verrill, Amer. Jouru. Sci., xxii, p. 301, 1881; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 547,
pi. 58, figs. 3G, 36 rt.
Stations 940 and 949, in 130 and 100 fathoms.

Heterodoris robusta Verrill & Emerton.

Ileterodoris rohusta Verrill and Emerton, Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p.
549, pi. 58, figs. 35, 35«, 35Z».
Oft" Martha's Vineyard, station 1029, in 458 fathoms.

Dendronotus arborescens Alder & Hancock.

Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 385, 1880.
Station 1038, in 140 fathoms, 1881; several specimens.

Fiona nobilis Alder & Hancock.

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xxii, p. 301, 1881.

Abundant at stations 935, 995, among Anatifers, adhering to pieces of
floating timber.

340 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Eolis papulosa (Linn6).

Station 1032, in 208 fathoms, 1881.

Coryphella, sp. uov.

Station 1038, in 14G fatlioms.

PTEROPODA.
Triptera columnella Rang.

Station 947, about 89 miles south of Martha's Vineyard, 1881.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Xylophaga dorsalis (Turton) Forbes & Han.

Verrill, these Proc, ii, p. 197, 1879; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 559, pi. 44,
fig. 9, July, 1882.

Off Martha's Vineyard, stations 880, 998, in 252 and 302 fathoms.
North of Cape Cod, in 20 to 110 fathoms.

My a truncata Linn (5.

Off Martha's Vineyard, station 991, in 34 fathoms; one, dead.

Pholadomya arata Verrill & Smith.

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xxii, p. 301, 1881; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 567,
pi. 58, fig. 37.
Stations 871, 940, 949, 950, in 69 to 130 fathoms, 1880, 1881.

Mytilimeria flexuosa Verrill & Smith.

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci.,xvii, p. 302, 1881; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 567,
pi. 58, fig. 38.

Station 947, in 312 fathoms, 1881.

Neaera perrostrata (Dall).

Necera ornatissima (D'Orbigny), var. perrostrata Dall, Bulletin Mus. Comp.
Zool., ix, p. 110, 1881.

This shell has been examined by Mr. Dall and identified with those
from the "Blake" expedition.

Stations 871, 874, 876, 1880, in 85 to 120 fathoms. Gulf of Mexico, 339
fathoms, — Dall.

Necera oiesa Lov^n.

G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Ai-ct. Norvegic-e, p. 87, pi. 6, figs. 4, a-c, 1878.

Off Martha's Vineyard, stations 869, 891 to 895, 898, in 192 to 500
fathoms ; stations 938, 947, 994, 997, 998, 1028, in 302 to 410 fathoms,
1881. Bay of Fundy, 1872 ; Gulf of Maine, 52 to 92 fathoms, 1873, 1874 ;
off Cape Cod, 106 fathoms, 1879.

Verticordia cselata Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 566, July, 1882.

Station 949, in 100 fathoms, 1881.

Syndosmya lioica Dall.

Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. 133, 1881.

Station 871, in 115 fathoms, 1880, one broken specimen ; station 949,

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 341

100 fathoms, three specimens. Gulf of Mexico, 30 to 805 fathoms,
" Blake "exp. (t. Ball).
I have comi^ared our shell with specimens sent to me by Mr. Ball.

Spisula ovalis (Gould).

Stations 941, 950, oft' Martha's Vineyard, in 09 to 76 fathoms, dead ;
also at stations 905, 075, 970, 978, 981 to 983, off the south side of Cape
Cod, in 15 to 41 fathoms.

Cardium {Fulria) jieramahilis Dall.

Dall, Biilletiu Mus. Coinp. Zool., ix, p. 132, 18S1.
Cardium, sp. Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mua., iii, p. 407, 1880.

Station 871, in 115 fathoms, 1880 ; one valve. Gulf of Mexico 50 to
119 fathoms, "Bache" and "Blake'' exp. (t. Ball).

I have identified our shell by direct comparison with specimens sent
to me by Mr. Ball.

Diplodonta turgida Verrill & Smith.

A'errill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xxii, p. 303, 1881; Trans. Couu. Acad., v, pi. 58,
lig.42.

Station 950, in G9 fathoms, 1881.

Cryptodon subovatus? (Jeffr.). V.

Axinus sniovatus Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1881, p. 704, pi. 61, fig. 8,

1882.

A single specimen, from station 891, in 500 fathoms, appears to be
this species. It is very thin and delicate, and very inequilateral.

Montacuta ovata Jeff.

Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1881, p. 698, pi 61, fig. 4, 1882.
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 571, July, 1882.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 100 to 153 fathoms, living. These shells are
encrusted with a thick coat of iron oxide. Perhaps the encrusted shells,
recorded by me in 1880 as TelUmya ferruginosa, was the same species.
The specimens were too much eroded for accurate determination.

Solemya velum (Say), var. horealis (Totten).

Off Chesapeake Bay, station 898, in 300 fathoms ; one living specimen.

Bead shells of S. velum were taken off' Martha's Vineyard, station 871,
in 115 fathoms. I regard S. horealis as the adult of 8. velum.

Leda unca Gould.

Verrill, these Proc, iii, p. 401, 1880.

Mr. Ball has identified our shells with those taken in the Gulf of Mex-
ico by the Blake exp., in 54 to 640 fathoms.

He refers them to L. Jamaicensis B'Orbigny. I am not satisfied that
this identification is correct, for B'Orbigny's figure is not very like our
shells, of which we have taken large numbers.

Additional localities, in 1881, were stations 921, 949, 951, 1038, in 05
to 219 tathoms.

342 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Leda tenuisulcata (Conth.) Stirapsou.

Station 973, in 17 fathoms, off south side of Cape Cod. Off Chesa-
peake Bay, station 898, in 300 fathoms.

Leda pernula (Miiller).

Station 1025, in 216 fathoms. Off Halifax, 59 fathoms.

Nucula tenuis (Mout.) Turton.

Stations 895, 943, 997 to 999, in 153 to 335 fathoms.

Modiolaria nigra (Gray) Lov<Sn.

Station 921, in 65 fathoms, 73 miles south of Martha's Vineyard; also
at stations 985, 980, 991, 993, off" Martha's Vineyard, in 26 to 39 fathoms.
Off Chesapeake Bay, station 900, in 31 fathoms.

Modiolaria corrugata (Stimpson) Morch.

Station 918, in 45 fathoms, 61 miles south of Martha's Vineyard.

Modiolaria poUta Veriill and Smith.

Modiola polita Vemll and Smith, in Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, pp. 392,
400. Nov., 1880 ; Verrill, Proc. U. S.Nat. Mus., iii, p. 402, Jan., 1881 ; Trans.
Conn. Acad., v, p. 578, July, 1882.

Dall, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, p. IIC, 1881.
Myiilus luteus Jeffreys, French Expl. in Bay of Biscay, in Rept. Brit. Assoc,
1880 (no description); Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1880, p. 315 (no
description).
Modiola luiea Fischer, Jour, de Conchyl., iii, vol. xxii, p. 52, Jan., 1882.

Two living specimens were taken at station 895, in 238 fathoms. Gulf
of Mexico, 339 fathoms, "Blake" Exp. (t. Dall). Mr. Dall has com-
])ared his specimens with our original types. Bay of of Biscay, 677 to
900"^,— Jeffreys, Fischer.

Mr. Dall has suggested that this species belongs to Modiolaria., rather
than to Modiola. In this opinion I am disposed to concur. ]t forms
a large nest of byssus-fibers and mud. The largest examples show
tine radiating lines.

Idas argenteus Jeff., var. ?lamellosus Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., a'. p. 579, July, 1882.
Idas argenteus Jeftreys, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov., 1870, p. 428; Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1879, p. 570, pi. 45, fig. 3.
This shell is thin, translucent, covered with a yellowish epidermis;
umbos and hinge reddish brown; inner surface iridescent; sculpture,
distinctly raised thin concentric lamella^, which are not crowded; no
radiating lines. Some of the specimens have several horny, sharp, stiff",
beard-like processes projecting from the posterior and dorsal surfaces.
One of the largest specimens is 5.5""" long; greatest height, 2.2'"^".
Station 997, in 335 fathoms; several living specimens.

Pecicn glyptus Verrill.

Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. 580, July, 1882 (description).
Pecten, sp., near opercularis Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 403, 1881.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 343

Amussium feneatratiim (Forbes) Jeffreys.

Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loudou, 1ST9, p. 561.
Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., v, p. o82, July, 1882 (descrij)tiou).
PSctenfene/ifratus Forbes, Kept. Brit. Assoc, for 184.3, pp. 146, I9i, 1844.

Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mns., iii, p. 40:5, Jan., 1881 (description).
Pecten incequisculptuH Tiberi (t. Jeffreys).

This eleg^ant species has been dredged, living, at several stations off
IMartha's Vineyard, in 86 to 310 fathoms. It was most numerous at sta-
tions 949 and 1040, in 100 and in 93 fathoms.

It occurs on the European coasts, ofi' Portugal and in the Mediterra-
nean Sea: from 50 to 250 fathoms.

]»ES€RIPTIOIV8 OF SOME NEW IVOKTH A.IIERICAIV BIRDS.

By ROBERT RIB>«WAY.

1. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus, snbsp. uov.

Ch. — In coloration, somewhat intermediate between C. mexicanus
(typicus) and G. consperstin (paler than the former, darker than the latter),
but in dimensions agreeing best with the latter.

Adult: Above dull rusty brown, less reddish anteriorly, the whole
top of head, nape, back, and scapulars distinctly speckled with white,
each white dot immediately preceded by an equally distinct one of
dusky; rump and outer surface of wings ferruginous, the former nearly
immaculate, the latter rather coarsely barred with black; upper tail-
coverts chestnut-rufous, each feather with a white terminal and black
subterminal dot. Tail clear rusty rufous, crossed by about seven or
eight narrow, irregular bars of black, these less than .05 of an inch
broad on the middle feathers, and al)out .10 of an inch wide on the outer
pair. Chin, throat, and jugulum silky white (more or less tinged with
ochraceous), passing gradually on the breast into soft ochraceous, this
changing to rich ferruginous on sides, abdomen, and remaining lower
parts, the parts thus colored marked, more or less distinctly, with black
dots or bars, and, in some specimens, white terminal specks. Bill dusky,
the mandible paler; iris brown; legs and feet brownish black or dark
brown. Wing 2.25-2.40 (2.32), tail 2.00-2.20 (2.12). culmen .75-.85 (.81),
bill from nostril .52-.65 (.GO), tarsus .68-.72 (.70), middle toe .50-.58 (.53).
(Five specimens.)

Hah. — California, north to San Francisco and the Calaveras Eiver.

The Califoruian specimens of this species appear to differ uniformly
from examples obtained in the Interior, in the characters indicated above.
They are all decidedly darker in coloration, approaching in this respect
the typical G. mexicanus of Mexico, but they are much smaller tJian the
latter race. Compared with a series of seven examples of G. conspersiis,
as to dimensions, five examples of punctulatus average the same in length
of wing, .05 of an inch less in length of tail, the middle toe and tarsus

344 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

each .02 longer, and the calmen .09 of an inch longer. It is quite likely,
however, that a larger series of each would negative these apparent
slight differences.

Types, 82715, $ ad., Forest Hill, Placer County, California, October
7, 1862, F. Gruber, and 79154, 9 ad., Calaveras R., 30 miles east of
Stockton, L. Belding.

2. Lophophanes inornatus griseus, subsp. nov.

Ch. — Differing from L. inornatus {typicus) in rather larger size and
decidedly grayer colors. Above uniform brownish gray ; beneath pale
grayish, lighter on the middle of the abdomen. Wing 2.80-3.00, tail
2.40-2.70, culmen .40-.48, tarsus .80- 90.

^a&.— Middle Province of United States, from Kevada, Utah, and
Colorado to New Mexico and Arizona.

All specimens of this species from the Middle Province region differ
from Californian examples as noted above, the difference being abso-
lutely constant in the considerable series examined. The distinctions
between the two races may be stated more precisely as follows :

Var. INORNATU^S. Above grayish olive- brown, beneath grayish white-
Wing 2.G8-2.90, tail 2.20-2.60, culmen .38-.40, tarsus .80-.88. Hah.—
California and Western Oregon.

Var. GKISEUS. Above brownish gray, beneath paler grayish. Wing
2.80-3.00, tail 2.40-2.70, culmen .40-.48, tarsus .80-.90. iTaft.— Middle
Province of United States.

3. Geothlypis beldingi, sp. nov.

Sp. cb..— Adult i (No. 87G85, U. S. Nat. Mus., San Jos6del Cabo, Lower
California; L. Belding): Entire lower parts very rich yellow (much deeper
than in G. trlchas), paler, but not inclining to white, on the anal region,
the sides and flanks tinged with brownish; whole forhead, lores, malar
region, and auriculars deep black, this having exactly the same limits
and extent as in G. trichas, G. melanops, and G. rostrata, but bordered
behind for its ichole extent ivith bright yellow, inclining to whitish only
in a very limited space, immediately back of the auriculars. Entire
upper parts uniform olive-green (richer and browner than in the allied
species), anteriorly fading gradually into the yellow behind the black
mask, the occiput and nape somewhat tinged or indistinctly clouded
with umber-brown. Bill wholly deep black ; feet brownish. Wing 2.60,
tail 2.70, its graduation .50, culmen .55, bill from nostril .40, tarsus .95,
middle toe .65.

Adult 9 (No. 87686, same locality, «&c.) : Above olive-green, thepileum
and sides of head more brownish ; lores, suborbital region, etc., brownish
olive, mixed somewhat with yellowish; malar region and entire lower
parts bright yellow, more ochrey-whitish about the anal-region. Bill
black above, brownish below ; feet pale brownish. Wing 2.35, tail 2.40,
its graduation .30 ; culmen .55, tarsus .95, middle toe .65.

The two specimens described above have been compared with ex-

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 345

ainples of all the known Mexican GeothlypecVj excepting G. speciosa Scl.,
of which there is probably no specimen in any American collection. The
latter, so fiir as I am able to judge from descriptions, seems to differ in
"ochre-yellow" instead of intensely rich gamboge, lower parts,* in the
smaller size (wing 2.40, tail 2.30, tarsus .So), and apparently in the ab-
sence of a light band bordering the hinder margin of the black mask,
which it is said also occupies the top of the head, while in the present
bird the black extends backward only .30-.35 of an inch from the frontal
antite. From G. trichas, G. melanops, and G. rostrata, the only other
related species, the differences are so great as not to need specification.
Since the above was written three more specimens (skins) have beea
received from Mr. Belding. The two males agree minutely with the
one described above, except that the yellow of the lower parts is scarcely
so intense, though still much deeper than in the allied species. In both
there is the same very slight whitening (for the space of about .20 of an
inch) just behind the auricular s, the feathers bordering the black mask
being elsewhere entirely light yellow. These specimens measure as
follows :

Number.

Locality.

Date.

g«

87532 San Jos^, Lower California...

April 24,1882

2.55

2.00

.40

.52

.35

.05

.65

87533 San Jose, Lower California. ..

April 29,1882

2.60

2.70

.50

.52

.35

.95

.65

The female (No. 87534:, San Jose, April 29) differs from the type chiefly
in having the auriculars and lores quite distinctly darker, forming a
slight indication of the mask of the male. Wing 2.40, tail 2.50, its grad-
uation .45; culmen .50, tarsus .90, middle toe .00.

This fine new species is one well worthy to bear the name of the en-
thusiastic naturalist who has had tlie good fortune to discover it — Mr. L.
Belding,of Stockton, Gal., already well known to ornithologists through
his valuable contributions to our knowledge of Californian birds t — to
whom I take great pleasure in dedicating it.

4. Rallus beldingi, sp. nov.

Cii. — .Most resembling B. elegans, but darker and richer colored
throughout, the sides and flanks with the white bars much narrower,
and marked also with very distinct blackish bars. Size, smaller.

Adult 9 (No. 8G419, Espiritu Santo Islands, Lower California, Febru-
ary 1, 1882 ; L. Belding) : Pileum and upper half of nape dark sooty
brown or sepia; ground-color of other upper parts deep olive-browu
(much as in B. virginianus — decidedly darker than in elegans), broadly

* Cf. Baird, Review Am. B. i, p. 223, and Salvin & Godman, Biol. Ceutr. Am.
Aves. i, p. 152.

i Cf. these ProceediDgs, vol. i, pp. 388-449.

346 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

striped with brownish black, about as in B. obsoletKs ; wing-coverts dull
chestnut-brown, tinged with olive, the exterior feathers more rusty;
supra-loral stripe light cinnamon, the feathers white at base; lores, con-
tinuous with a broad stripe behind the eye, dull grayish brown ; under
eyelid whitish; malar region, cheeks, entire foreneck, jugulum, and
breast rich cinnamon, much deeper than in any of the allied forms; chin
white, throat mixed white and cinnamon, the latter on tips of the
feathers; entire sides and flanks rather dark hair-brown (less olivaceous
than upper parts), rather distinctly barred with blackish and very
sharply barred with pure white, the bars of the latter color about .05-
.07 of an inch in width ; lining of wing dark brown, with very narrow
white bars; anterior and middle portion of crissum marked much like
the flanks, the lateral and terminal lower tail-coverts pure white.
Basal two-thirds of the mandible, and posterior portion of maxillary
toraium deep orange; rest of bill dark horn-brown, the end of the man-
dible paler; feet dark horn-brown. Wing 5.70, tail 2.50, culmen 2.15,
depth of bill at base .50, in middle .30; tarsus 1.92, middle toe 1.80.

Compared with specimens of all the allied species and races of the
genus, the present bird is instantly distinguishable by the characters
ponited out above. In intensity of coloration it most nearly resembles R.
virginianiis ; but, apart from its much larger size, presents the following
differences of coloration: The side of the head below the eye is chiefly
cinnamon, whereas this portion is in R. virginianus very distinctly ashy;
the breast, etc., are both deeper and redder cinnamon; the ground-color
of the sides and flanks much paler (uniform black in virginianus)', the
black stripes of the upper parts are both narrower and less sharply de-
fined, while the wings are much less rusty.

Compared with the larger species {R. longirostris, with its races, R.
elegans and R. obsoletus), it is difficult to say to which it is most nearly
related. None of the forms of R. longirostna, however, need close com-
parison, the darkest colored race of that species {saturatuSj from Loui-
siana) having broader black strii)es and a very different (ash-gray)
ground-color above; the breast, &c., a very much duller and lighter
cinnamon, and the flank-bars broader and on a uniform ground-color.
R. obsokfus agrees best in the coloration of the upper parts, which, how-
ever, in all specimens (including one from San Quentin Bay, on the west-
ern side of Lower California) have a lighter, and in some a decidedly
grayer, ground-color; but the white flank-bars are much broader, with
unicolored interspaces, the breast very conspicuously i)aler, and the size
considerably greater. R. elegans has also the breast paler, the ground-
color of the upper parts a lighter and much more yellowish olive, and
the black stripes much more sharply defined. U])on the whole, I see no
other way than to consider the specimen in question as representing a
very distinct species or local race, which I take great pleasure in naming
after its collector.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 347

OESCRIPTIOrV OF A NEW SPECIES OF URANIDEA (IJKAIVIB>EA
KfilOTMEA) FROri SPOKAIVE RIVEK, ^VA.SHIIVOTOIV TERRITORY.

By ROSA SMITH.

Head 3 (3f); depth 4^ (oi); length (30737) 3 iuches. D. YIII-IG; A.
11; V. I, 4; Br. 0.

Subgenus Cottopsis Girard.

Body of the usual form in the genus, widest anteriorly, gradually
tapering to the tail, the greatest width just behind head, 1} in greatest
depth of body. Head wide, depressed, its depth half its width. Mouth
moderate, maxillary reaching the vertical of posterior margin of pupil.
Eye moderate, 1^ in snout. Snout 3} in head, more pointed ami the
head broader than in U. gulosa or U. aspera. Interorbital space rather
narrow, 2 in eye, slightly concave.

Yilliform teeth on jaws and vomer, about as in U. aspera, the pala-
tine teeth forming a broader and much longer baud than in the latter
species.

Opercular spines nearly as in U. aspera; a sharp spine at the angle
of preopercle directo.l upward and backward, below which are two
small and very blunt ones. A single spine directed forward at the
inferior angle of opercle.

Skin of the head smooth to the touch, but there are numerous very
minute tubercles on the nose, interocular width, and vertex. An
a]>pearance of prickles is observed on the space between occiput and
origin of dorsal, but no roughness can be felt. Conspicuous prickles
extend from the scapula and origin of dorsal fin almost to base of
caudal, and below the lateral line a distance equaling the interorbital
space; these prickles more prominent than in U. aspera. The lower
surface of head, the abdominal region, and base of anal are smooth
and without any trace of warts or prickles.

Isthmus rather broad, the gill-membranes not forming a fold across
it. First dorsal low, its margin convex; fourth and fifth spines highest,
about 4 in head. First ray of soft dorsal equaling highest part of
spinous, increasing to the third, which is 2\ in head, the outline nearly
straight from third to fifteenth rays. Caudal subtruucate. Anal sim-
ilar to soft dorsal, its last ray inserted opposite insertion of fourteenth
dorsal ray, the free tips, not extending quite as far as those of dorsal.
Ventrals not reaching vent, 2 in head. Pectoral attaining third ray of
soft dorsal and barely to beginning of anal.

Caudal peduncle nearly 4 in greatest depth. In young examples the
opercular spines and dermal prickles are more conspicuous than in the
adult.

Color, in spirits, olivaceous with blackish markings. Upper part of
head dark gray, with a darker area on occiput. Two blackish spots at

348 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

base of spinous dorsal, and two larger spots, or almost bands, at base
of soft dorsal, extending below lateral line, and a black connecting
band below lateral line, which extends along middle of peduncle,
spreading out, fan-like, at base of caudal; the general hue of the i)rickly
region is dark gray ; the thorax, abdomen, and base of anal yellowish-
white with fine blackish punctulations on these regions in the larger
specimen, the smaller ones without dots on this area. Fins with small
black spots which tend to form waving horizontal lines in their arrange-
ment. Veutrals almost plain yellowish-white. Brauchiostegal mem-
brane punctate with black in adult. Lining of mouth plain whitish.
Peritoneum white.

This species is known to me from four individuals collected from the
Falls of the Spokane River, in Washington Territory. The largest and
smallest of these have been presented to the National Museum by Mr.
W. G. W. Harford, and their catalogue number is 30737.

The smaller number of flu-rays separates this species readily from
U. aspera and U. semiscahra (D. X, 21, A. 17 in aspera ; D. YII, 18,
A. 14 in semiscahra)^ while the very prickly skin at once distinguishes
it from all others.

San Diego, Cal., Jutie 1, 1882.

ON THIS EASTWARD DISTRIBIJTIOIV OF THE BLACK-TAIL.ED DEER
(CARIACUS COI.IJMBIAIVIJS).

By CAPT. CHAS. BEI^DIRi:, U. S. A.

[Extracted from a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

I have for the past two years carefully examined a great number of
hides of the so-called black-tailed deer found in this region, and have
sent several lots of tails to Judge J. D. Caton, who is the best author-
ity on the Ccrvid(c we have. The judge is perfectly right in saying,
''The most extraordinary fact in connection with this deer is the ex-
tremely narrow limits of its range, and this must be still farther re-
stricted. I am now satisfied that it reaches no farther than the east-
ern slopes of the Cascade Mountains instead of the foot-hills of the
Eockies." I have examined skins from various portions of this country,
a great many taken near the eastern border of the Cascades, about
Prineville, Oregon, also the Warm Si)ring Indian Eeservatiou, The Dal-
les, Camp Harney, Oregon, Yakima Valley, and the Spokane Fort
region, and I have to see the first true black-tailed deer skin (the Cervus
columbianns) yet which comes from any point east of the Cascade range.
I can speak i)ositively about this, as I have made very careful examina-
tions, and liave looked over several thousands of hides, brought to-
gether from various places, at the instigation of Judge Caton. If this
deer occurs at all east of the Cascade range, it will be found about Fort

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 341»

Klamath, which is located on the eastern slope of this range, and well
up in the mountains. But I do not think that it will even be found
there, and it is strange to account for it, but it is true all the same.
There are two gentlemen stationed at Fort Townsend, Washington
Territory, who can and will get you specimens, I think. They are
Col. Alexander Chambers, Twenty-first Infantry, and Capt. Stephen P.
Jocelyn, same regiment. Come to think of it, they are likely to be re-
moved any day, as their regiment is to go to Wyoming. I will try and
see if I can't find some one to do this, and will write to a taxidermist in
Portland about it, whom I know.
Fort Walla Walla,

Washington Territory, April 22, 1882.

UliSCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BJLEIVNY (ISESTHES GIl.-
BERTI) FROM SAIVTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA.

By DAVID S. JORDAN.

Head 4 in length (4| with caudal); depth 4 (4§). D. XII, 19; A. II,
21. Length of largest specimen 4i inches.

Body comparatively robust, deep, and compressed. Head large,
rounded, the anterior jjrofile less blunt than in I. gentilis and less
rounded, nearly straight from tip of snout to above eye, thence again
nearly straight to front of dorsal. Length of snout about equal to
diameter of eye, 4^ in head. Mouth rather small, terminal, the maxil-
lary reaching to opposite middle of eye, 2| in head. Teeth subequal,
with no trace of posterior canines. Superciliarj^ tentacle large, multifid,
much branched from near the base, the principal division 3| in head.

Gill-openings larger than in J. gentilis, extending downward to the
level of lower edge of pectoral, the length of the slit. If in head.

Lateral line developed beyond the straight part, its posterior portion
curved downwards.

Dorsal fin continuous, with a slight but distinct depression between
the spinous and soft parts, the spines somewhat curved, but stiff and
strong, the longest spine about 2J- in head; longest soft niys 2 in head.
Candal fin free from dorsal and anal, 1^ in head. Yentrals IJ in head.
Pectorals about as long as head.

Males, as usual in this genus, with the anal spines partly detached,
and provided with fleshy tips.

Coloration olivaceous, the body and fins everywhere profusely mottled
and reticulated with darker. Obscure dark shades extending down-
waxd from eye across, or partly across, lower side of head. Head with-
out distinct spots, or other sharply defined markings ; no pale bars on
side of head in either sex. Some yellowish markings on anterior part
of dorsal.

Numerous specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. Charles H.

350 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Gilbert and myself iu rock pools, at Santa Barbara, Cal., in the winter
of 1880. It was at first supposed by us to be identical with Blennius
gentilis Girard, a species of which we obtained no adult specimens.
Numerous specimens of Isesthes (jilberti have been distributed under the
name of Hi/pleurochilus gentilis (number 2G917, U. S. Nat. Mus.). Four
specimens from Santa Barbara (26916) are the types of the present
description ; all of them are males.

The following description of specimens of Isesthes gentilis may be
compared with the foregoing.

Head 3| in length {U with caudal); depth 4 (4|-). D. XIII, 17; A.
11, 19. Length (26645) 3f inches.

Body rather robust, deep and compressed, the head large, very bluntly
and evenly rounded in profile, more obtuse and more evenly curved
than in I. giJberti, the snout shorter, about equal to eye, 4^ in head.
Mouth rather small, terminal, the maxillary reaching to opposite middle
of eye, its length 3 iu head. Teeth subequal, the hindmost on each side
of upper jaw shorter than the others, and a little apart from them but
not forming "a small canine" as stated by Girard.

Superciliary tentacle long and simple in all specimens examined, its
length about 3 in head. (Tentacles much smaller in the female, accord-
ing to Steindachner.)

Gill-opening extending downward not quite to lower edge of pectoral,
its length (vertical) 2^ in head. Lateral line with only the straight
anterior portion developed, not curved downward posteriorly.

Dorsal fin continuous, with scarcely a trace of emargination between
the spinous and soft parts. Dorsal spines comparatively low and flex-
ible, much less strong than in I. gilberti, the longest spines 3 in head;
longest soft rays If. Caudal free from dorsal and anal. If in head.
Yentrals 1| in head ; pectorals 1^.

Coloration, in spirits, brown, the whole body closely mottled and
blotched with darker brown, so that the light ground color forms,
especially anteriorly, light reticulations around darker spots. On the
head the dark spots are small and close together, smallest anteriorly,
the lower parts of the head being immaculate. Extending from the
curve of the preopercle downward, across the interopercle and branchial
region, is a sharply defined white bar (said to be golden-yellow in life),
edged with black. Behind this and parallel with it across subopercle and
isthmus is a similar bar. These bars (which, according to Steindachner,
are characteristic of the male) are present iu all specimens examined,
A few pale spots or bars in front of these. Back with about 6 dusky
cross-shades; below each of these is an oblong dark blotch, the anterior
placed along the lateral line, all together forming an interrupted dark
stripe. A similar dark stripe near the median line of the body, inter-
rupted by some pale blotches. Fins all blotched and spotted with light
and dark colors, but without distinct markings (a blue spot on front
of dorsal in life, according to Steindachner). Ventrals and anal nearly

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 351

plain blackish in males, the base of the anal with a pale streak. Two
specimens from Cape San Lucas, supposed to be the female of this
species, have the tentacles much shorter, not longer than pui)il, lack
the pale stripes on the head, and have a very distinct blackish blotch
on front of spinous dorsal.

The following specimens of this species (all of them, except 2481, ap-
parently males) are in the National Museum:

489. (Girard's type.) . Monterey. Trowbridge.

7859. (3). San Diego. A. Cassidy.

26645 (2). "California" (probably San Diego). Mus. Comp. Zool.

30742. San Diego. W. Cooper.

2481. Cape San Lucas. J. Xantus.

United States National Museum, Jtme 21, 1882.

DEStJRIPTIOlV OF A NEW SPECIES OF COIVODOX (COIVOOON SER-
RIFERS fro:?! ROCA SOLEDAD, 5.0WER CALIFORNIA.

By B>AVIS> S. JOROAN aiad CMAKI.ES II. GBILBERT.

Conodon serrifer, sp. uov.

Head Sf in length to base of caudal; depth 3f. D. XI, 1, 12; A. HI,
7. Scales G-53-1 5. Length of largest specimen 8 inches.

Body comparatively elongate, elliptical, little compressed, the dorsal
and ventral outhnes regularly and nearly equally curved, the back not
much elevated and not specially comj^ressed. Head rather short, broad,
not very acute anteriorly, the profile nearly straight from snout to base
of dorsal ; snout short, about equal in length to the large eye, 34 in head.
Interorbital area broad and quite liat, its width 41- in head. Mouth
moderate, terminal, oblique, the lips moderately developed. Maxillary
extendiug to opposite front of eye, 2f in head. Premaxillaries in front
on level of middle of eye.

Teeth in moderate bands, those in the outer series enlarged, but much
less so than in C. nohilis, the teeth slenderer than in the latter; two
teeth in front of lower jaw somewhat canine-like. Preorbital narrow,
its least width about two-fifths diameter of eye. Jaws equal in front.

Preopercle with its posterior margin somewhat concave, armed with
strong teeth, which are directed backward and somewhat upward. An-
gle of preopercle with a strong spine directed backward, its length about
half length of eye. Lower limb of preopercle with strong spinous teeth
(as in the species of Plectropoma)^ directed forward and downward, be-
coming gradually smaller anteriorl3^ Nostrils small, roundish, the an-
terior largest. Gill-rakers rather slender, of moderate length.

Scales rather irregularly arranged, those above lateral line forming-
series parallel with the lateral line, which are somewhat broken opposite

352 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

the angulation of the lateral line. Small scales on soft parts of dorsal
and anal.

Dorsal fin low, divided almost to base, the spines rather strong. First
and second spines short and slender, the second little more than one-
third the height of the third ; the fourth or longest 2^ in head ; soft dor-
sal low, its longest rays 3 in head. Caudal subtruncate, the upper rays
longest. If in head. Anal rather low, the second spine 2 in head, much
longer and stronger than the third, which is little lower than the sott
rays. Pectoral pointed, l^V in head ; ventrals If.

Color dusky bluish above, silvery below. Sides of back with about
seven short black bars, each much narrower than the interspaces, the
last under last rays of dorsal, all terminating below at the lower edge
of the dark hue of the back. Fins all pale.

The types of this species (17546; U. S. Nat. Mus.), three adult speci-
mens in good condition, were obtained by Dr. Thomas H. Streets at
Boca Soledad, on the Pacific coast of Lower California. They have
been mentioned by Dr. Streets (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 50, 1877)
under the name of Conodon phimieri. They are closely related to the
latter species, but distinguishable as follows :

Common characters. — Body ratber elongate; preopercle with
strong antrorse teeth on its lower limb and a spine at its angle ; series
of scales above lateral line parallel with it ; outer series of teeth in
both jaws enlarged ; dorsal deeply notched ; soft rays of vertical fins
scaly ; second anal spine enlarged. (Conodon, C. & V.)

a. Back distinctly elevated and compressed, the depth equal to length of head, 3^ in
body; teeth of outer series very strong and thick; second dorsal spine more than
half length of third; second anal spine more than half length of head; pre-
opercular spine small; dark bars on sides extending to level of lower edge of

pectoral Nobilis.

aa. Back not elevated, the depth equal to length of head, 3f in body; teeth of outer
series moderately enlarged, slender ; second dorsal spine small, less than one-third
length of third; second anal spine about half length of head; preopercular spine
very strong; dark bars on sides not extending to level of pectorals. ..Serrifer.
It may be here observed that of the two specimens referred to Pristi-
poma lenciscus by Dr. Streets, one (17539) belongs to Pomadasys axil-
laris (Steind.), the other (30746) to Pomadasys nitidus (Steind). The
variety of Pomadasys lenciscus from Mazatlan and Panama mentioned
by us (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 387, foot-note) has received from Dr.
Steindachner (Neue & Seltene Fische, aus. K. K. Museum, Wien, &c.,
1879. 30, 52. taf 9. f. 2) the name of Prisfipoma lenciscus var. elongatiis.
As it is apparently a valid species, although very closely related to P.
lenciscus , it may stand as Pomadasys elongatus. It is much more abun-
dant than the typical lenciscus.
United States National Museum, June 26, 1883.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 353

CATAf.O«VlE OF TBaE FISHES C!©t,i:.E€TES> BY MR. JOIBIV XAi^TTtlS
AT CAPE SAIV B^IUCAS, ^VHBCBJt AB5E IVO^V fliV TBSE l^IVBTEI) STATES
IVATBONAIi MUSEUM, WITBI DESC'REPTIOIVS OF EIGIBT IVEW SPE-
CIES.

By I>AVSB> S. jrOBSIJAlV ami CHARLES If. C1II.E5ERT.

Mr. John Xautus, when stationed at Cape Sau Lucas as a tidal
observer for the Coast Survey, brought together a very large collection
of objects of natural history, among which was a most excellent series
of the fishes of the coast. The collections were formed under the
auspices and direction of the Smithsonian Institution. They were
studied by Professor Gill, who published descriptions* of most of the
species in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia in 1862 and 1863. Later, during a period of confusion in the
Museum, this collection was scattered and many of the specimens lost
or destroyed, and the study of the undescribed portion was abandoned
by Professor Gill. The writers have gone over the entire collection
again, and give here a catalogue of what remains. Even after the
extensive collections studied by Giiuther, Steindachner, and the writers,
there still remain in the Xantus collection several species new to
science.

It may be observed that the descrii^tions published by Professor Gill
are, for the most part, taken from immature fishes. This accounts for
many discrepancies between these descriptions and those taken from
adults of the same species. Most of the specimens obtained by Xantus
were taken from tide pools and rocks, and few or none bought in the
markets.

1. Elops saurus L.

2521. Small specimens.

2. Clupea thrissina sp. no v.

6388, 2524, 6339. Several specimens in fair condition, the largest 7|
inches in length.

Allied to Clupea [Harengula) clupeoJa.

Head 4 in length; depth 3^. D. I, 15; A. 1, 13 or 1, 14. Scales about
40-10. Ventral scutes 16 + 13.

Body rather deep, but more elongate than usual in the group called
Harengula, to which this species belongs ; rather strongly compressed.
Head large, deep, rather blunt anteriorly. Mouth not large, rather
oblique, the lower jaw projecting; the upper jaw scarcely emarginate in

* Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower Califoruia in the Smithsonian Institution, col-
lected by Mr. John Xautus. By Theodore Gill. Part I, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1862, pp. 140-151; Part II, op. cit. pp. 242-246; Part III, oj). cit. 249-262; Part IV, oj).
cit., 1863, pp. 80-92. A few sjiecies were also described iu other papers of Professor
Gill, both earlier and later than those here mentioned.

Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 23 Sept, 5, 1882.

354 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

front, its tip on the level of the pupil. Lower jaw very deep, its depth
half its length. Maxillary extending to somewhat past the vertical
from the front of the pupil, its length 2 in head.

Both jaws with small teeth, which appear to be permanent ; teeth
present also on palatines, pterygoids, and tongue, the teeth on the
pterygoids very conspicuous, forming a large patch.

Eye large, 3 in head. Cheeks much longer than deep, not as deep as
eye, the anterior margin of the preopercle very oblique. Opercle short
and deep, shorter than eye, its posterior margin nearly vertical. Cheeks
and opercles marked with fine, but distinct, branching striie.

Gill-rakers rather short, slender, and close-set, about 30 below the
angle of the arch. Longest gill-raker about half diameter of eye.

Scales firm and adherent, their posterior margins less convex than
usual, rough with small fine teeth. Scales before dorsal similar to the
others, but much smaller. Belly sharply compressed, the scutes strong,
especiallj' behind ventrals.

Distance from snout to dorsal 2f in length. Dorsal fin about as high
as long, its free margin concave, its last ray slightly longer than that
wliich precedes it. Length of anterior rays of dorsal 1^ in head. Caudal
well forked, the lower lobe slightly the longer, about as long as head.
Anal low. Ventrals 2 in head; pectorals 1^.

Color bluish above, silvery below ; fins all pale; a round black spot
behind upper part of gill-opening.

3. Clupea, sp. incog.

2534. A single young herring in poor condition, not belonging to any
species known to us, but not in condition for description.

4. Pristigaster ? sp. incog.

15443. A young specimen in very bad condition, which we are unable
to identify with any of the known species of this type.

Body elongate, with a very distinct silvery stripe. Lowerjaw strongly
projecting, its teeth very strong, much stronger than upper teeth. Ven-
tral outline not very prominent, strongly serrate. Ventral fins now
wanting, but perhaps destroyed. It may possibly be a species of Cliiro-
centrodon.

5. Synodus scituliceps Jor. & Gilb.

A single young specimen in bad condition, apparently belonging to
this species.

6. Characodon furcidens, sp. uov.

9571, 30971. Many specimens, in fair condition, except that the colora-
tion has faded ; the largest 3 J inches in length.

Head 4 in length ; depth 3f. D. 15 to 17 ; A 13. Scales about 50-15.

Body of a form diflerent from that of the species of Cyprinodon;
comparatively elongate, not greatly compressed, the head rather low
and broad, depressed ; the profile rising evenly from the tip of the snout

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 355

to the nape, the region thence to the dorsal gibbous, especially iu the
larger examples, the caudal peduncle comparatively long and slender,
about as long as head.

Anterior teeth large, firmly fixed, all bicuspid or Y-shaped, in a single
series; a band of minute villiform teeth behind them, at least in upper
jaw. Mandible not extending back to front of eye. Eye rather large,
3^^ in head, Interorbital area wide, very nearly half head.

Scales rather small, those on top of head not much larger than the
others; humeral scale not enlarged. Opercle connected by membrane
to shoulder girdle, from upper base of pectoral upward, as in Cijprinodon.
Insertion of dorsal very fiir back, midway between base of caudal and
base of pectoral. First ray of dorsal very slender and articulate, not
at all spine-like. Dorsal fin low, not so high as long, its base 1§ iu
head. Anal inserted below seventh ray of dorsal. Pectorals 1% in
head; ventrals 2. Caudal obliquely truncate, very slightly emarginate,
the upper lobe about one fifth longer than the lower, 1^ in head ; upper
lobe usually more or less sharply angular; lower lobe rounded.

Coloration in spirits: Males with the sides profusely mottled with
darker, sometimes nearly plain. Vertical fins each with several brown-
ish bars and blotches and each with a dusky subterminal bar. A nar-
row dark line along middle of each row of scales on the back. Females
with several short dark bars on the posterior half of the body, the fins
colored as in the male. Some small dark specks on caudal peduncle.

7. Fundulus parvipinnis Girard.

7242. Numerous examples, precisely like others from San Diego.

8. Fundulus vinotus, sp. nov.

30973. One specimen, somewhat faded, but in fair condition. Length
2i inches. Head 3f in length; depth ^. D. 12; A. 11. Scales about
31-10.

Body little elongate, compressed posteriorly. Head large, very broad,
and somewhat depressed above. Mouth moderate. Teeth in narrow
bands, the outer much enlarged. Eye 3^ in head. Interorbital space 2.

Scales comparatively large. Dorsal inserted moderately in advance
of anal, its front midway between base of caudal and occiput ; the fin
of moderate height. Pectoral If in liead ; caudal 1|.

Coloration, in spirits, olivaceous, with about 23 narrow silvery bars
with undulating edges, the bars narrower than the darker interspaces.
Fins now all plain.

This species is apparently related to F. hetcroclitus and other Atlantic
species. It may be distinguished from most of its relatives by its com-
paratively large scales.

9. Fundulus extensus, sp. uov.

30972. Two specimens, faded and rather soft, the longest nearly 3
inches long.
Head 3^; depth 5|-. D. 15: A. 13. Scales about 17-12.

356 PEOCEEDIXGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Body unusually elongate, moderately compressed, tlie caudal peduncle
long-, much longer tban liead. Head slender, not very broad, the iu-
terorbital width 2f in head. Eye large, 3 J in head. Month rather large;
the teeth in a moderate band, the outer considerably enlarged.

Dorsal flu rather long', of moderate height, its insertion well in front
of that of anal, at a jwiut midway between eye and base of caudal.

Pectoral small, If in head. Caudal If.

Coloration, in spirits, plain, somewhat translucent, with no markings
anywhere, except traces of some very narrow dark bars on the sides.
Fins now plain.

This species resembles somewhat the Eastern Fundulus cliaphanus, but
it is more elongate.

10. Hemirhamphus uhifasciatus Eauzaui.
G3120. An adult example, in fair condition.

11. Gymuomurasna nectura, sp. liov.

10-442. One specimen, 6J inches in length, in good condition.

Body moderately elongate, the snout heavy, compressed, abruptly
truncate in profile. Anterior nostril on the front of the snout, in a short
tube; posterior nostril directly above the eye, without tube.

Eye rather large, about half as long as snout, which is 2f in cleft of
mouth. Cleft of mouth straight, its length 2| in head. Jaws about even
in front, the lower having little motion, but capable of completely clos-
ing the mouth.

Teeth rather strong, sharp, straight, erect, mostly in two series, and
nearly all depressible; those on the vomer a little larger than the others.
Teeth in outer series in each jaw small, much smaller than those of the
inner series. Gill opening small. Head 2f in trunk; head and trunk
a little shorter than tail.

End of tail with a moderate tin, larger than usual in this genus; the
fin more developed on tlie upper side, where its length is equal to that
of the head.

Color dark brown, with ill-defined bars, blotches and reticulations of
darker brown, the head and breast more distinctly marked.

Compared with GymnomurKna tigrina, this species has the fin better
developed, the snout and mouth longer, the teeth larger, the color dif-
ferent, &c.

12. Muraena pinta Jordan & Gilbert.

2324. One half-grown individual, in good condition. Young speci-
mens of this species have an inner row of smaller teeth in the upper jaw.

13. Apterichthys selachops, sp. nov.

4391. One specimen, in good condition, about 14 inches long.
Body moderately elongate, the tail sharp-pointed. No trace of fins any-
where. Head tapering anteriorly to the long, sharp snout, which ends

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 357

ill a short flexible tip. Snout projecting much beyond the mouth ; the
form and position of the mouth and snout and the position of the nos-
trils giving a physiognomy remarkably shark-like. Cleft of the mouth
oblique, somewhat curved downwards and backwards posteriorly. Teeth
all small, pointed, their tips directed backward ; apparently in about one
series in each jaw and a narrow band on the vomer. Lower jaw ante-
riorly pointed, incapable of much motion. Width of lower jaw between
angles of mouth. If in its length. Length of snout from eye, If in
length of cleft of mouth. Cleft of mouth 4 in head.

Anterior nostrils without tube, posterior each in a short tube; both
pairs on the lower side of the snout. Eyes minute, but evident, some-
what behind the vertical from the front of the lower jaw.

Gill-openiugs ventral, close together in front, slightly divergent be-
liind, the slits about as long as snout. Lateral line conspicuous.

Head 5 in head and trunk; head and trunk 1^ in tail.

Color uniform plain brown; the head slightly paler and mottled.

The specimen is a female full of ova; the ovaries extend backward in
the abdominal ca\'ity far behind vent.

14. Ophichthys miurus, sp. nov.

2304. Three specimens, in good condition, the largest about a foot
long.

Body moderately elongate. Head long and slender, anteriorly pointed.
Lower jaw included; cleft of mouth 21 in head.

Teeth all slender and pointed, directed backwards, most of them not
depressible, those of the upper jaw in two widely separated series, those
of the inner series largest, slender and close-set. Vomer with a median
series of about 4 slender teeth. Lower jaw with a single series of rather
long, slender teeth, wide apart, larger than the teeth of the upper jaw,
but smaller than those of the vomer.

Snout very short, nearly twice the length of eye, 4 times in cleft of
mouth. Eyes small, placed high and well forward. Nostrils without
tubes. Lateral line conspicuous. Gill-openings small, placed very low,
separated by an intersiiace, less than the length of one slit, which is
about as long as snout.

Pectoral fin very small, pointed, about as long as snout. Gill-open-
ing midway between tip of snout and beginning of dorsal. Fins very
low; tip of tail pointed. Tail unusually short. Head of in head and
trunk. Tail If in rest of body, a little shorter tha,n trunk without head.

Coloration light yellowish; a series of roundish dark brown blotches
on each side of body, the two series alternating; a series of small half-
blotches on the back, these also mostly alternating. Head covered with
small spots; dark spots on sides of lower jaw; fins all pale.

This would be a species of '■'■ Hcrpetoiclitliys'''' in Dr. Kaup's arrange-
ment.

358 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

15. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.

2510, .'3003, 7G1G, Numerous small specimens, mostly in poor condition,
most or all of them belonging to tlie present species,
7090. Two large specimens in good condition.

16. Sphyraena argentea Girard.

(Sphyrwna lucamna Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 88.)

6353. (Types of Spliyrccna lucamna Gill.) Numerous young specimens,
in rather poor condition, none of them more than G inches long. They
agree in all tangible respects with Sphyrwna argentea. Lat. 1. about 142.

17. Lepidopus caudatus (Euplir.) White.

10115. One specimen, 10 inches long, in poor condition.

18. Decapterus hypodus Gill.

(Decajjterus hi/podus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 2S1.

4005. (Types oi Decapterus hypodus.) Four specimens, in good condi-
tion, G to 8 inches in length. This species is extremely closely related
to I)ecaj)terus macarellus (C. & V.) Gill, of the Atlantic coast, of which
it may well be taken as a geographical representative or variety. The
only ditterences which we are able to appreciate are the following:

Body rather less slender in D. hypodus (depth 5^ instead of 5^) ; teeth
rather stronger (distinctly seen on lower jaw and tongue; scarcely to be
felt anywhere in D. macarellus); caudal armature stronger, about 30
plates baving distinct keels (not more than 25 in I), macarellus); lateral
line becoming straight more or less behind middle of trunk (near middle
of body in I), macarellus).

It is possible that a large series would show that the two forms are
absolutely identical.

19. Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich) J. & G.

(Trachunis symmetriciis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18lr2, 2(51.)

808G. Two specimens, in good condition, of the usual Californian type.

20. Trachurus declivis (Jenyus) J. & G.

0351=31014. A single immature specimen, about 4 inches in length,
evidently different from Caranx picturatus {symmetricus Ayres) and ap-
parently identical with Mediterranean specimens of the species we have
called Caranx decliris. Plates 3G-f 36, those on anterior part of lateral
line little lower than the others. Curve of lateral line If in straight
part.

21. Caranx crumenophthalmus.

{Tmchurops hmchijcMrm Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 261.)

4007. (Types of Trachurops brachychirus.) Two specimens, in fair con-
dition, each 8 to inches in length.

We are unable to detect any difference between this species and the

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 359

ordiuary crumenopMlialmiis. The pectoral is not in the least shorter
than usual, about 3f in length to base of caudal. Head oh; depth 3f.

22. Caranx caballus Giintlier.

7570. Five young specimens, about G inches loug, in fair condition.

23. Caranx crinitus Akerly.

(Blepharichthys crimtus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Soi. Pbila. 1^02, 262.)

31012. One specimen, young, in fair condition.

24. Trachynotus carolinus (L.) Gill.

{Traclnjnotus pamimnm Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 262 : TrachynotHS caro-
linus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 84.)

5085. Seven specimens, the largest 6 inches long. These are not dis-
tinguishable from the young of the Atlantic Pompano.

25. Trachynotus fasciatiis Gill.

{Trachiinotus fasciatn8(ji\\,'Pvoe,. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 8Q=Traeki/notiis glaucoides
Giiutlier, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, 150.)

9647. (Not original type.) An adult example, in good condition.

26. Seriola dorsalis (Gill) J. & G.

(Halatracius dorsalis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 8^ = Seriola lalandiJor. &
Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 46. Not of C. *& V.)

2511. (Type of Hakttractus dorsalis.) A very young example, in good
condition, 3^ inches in length.

The banded coloration of this specimen is usual in immature Seriokc.
The large number of dorsal rays distinguishes this species from Seriola
mazatlana Steiud. It is apparently the young of the Californian "Yel-
low Tail," which we have formerly identified with Seriola lalandi C
& V. Until specimens of the two forms can be actually compared, it
is better to retain the Pacific species under a separate name as Seriola
dorsalis.

Head 3 J ; depth 4. Tail scarcely carinated ; vertical fins little ele-
vated anteriorly, not falcate. Head about one-fourth longer than deep,
somewhat carinated at the occiput; (this carina probably disappearing
with age). Maxillary 2J in head, reaching nearly to the middle of the
pnpil. I>. Vll-I, 37- A. II-I, 21.

27. Rhypticus xanti Gill.

{ BhijpUcus xaiiti Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2, 2.50.)
30740. (Type of Ehypticus xanti.) One specimen, 5 inches long, in
good condition.

28. Rhypticus nigripinnis Gill.

{Ehypticus nigripinnis Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 53, Pauauia : Ehypticus
maculaius Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 251, Cape San Ivucas; not Ehypti-
cus maculatus Holbr. : Fi omicropterus decoratus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 164,
Panama.')

360 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

3689. (Type of Eltypt'wus maculatus.) One young specimen, about 2h
inches long, in bad condition.

This specimen is undoubtedly the young of the species called nigri-
innnis and decoratus by Professor Gill, a species very closely related to
Bhypticus maculatus Holbr. of the Atlantic, but distinct from it.

The number of dorsal rays is II, 25, not III, 24, as given by Professor
Gill. The first soft ray having been detached and broken, was taken
for a third sjiine, but its articulated tip is still attached.

29. Epinephelus sellicauda Gill.

{Epinephelus sellicauda Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 'ZbO^^EpinepheJus ordinatus
Cope, Trans. Am. Pliilos. Soc. 1870, 406. )

7247. (Type of Epineplielus sellicauda.) A single specimen, very
young and somewhat shrivelled.

30. Brachyrliinus furcifer (C. & Y.) Poey.

{Brachyrhinm cirohts Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 249.)

3688. Nine inches long, in fair condition. We have compared this
specimen with one from Cuba, and, with Professor Gill, are unable to
point out any differences likely to be permanent. The Californian
specimen is somewhat deeper, with deeper and blunter head, and the
pale spots on the sides are smaller than in the other, otherwise the two
seem to be identical.

31. Authias multifasciatus (Gill) J. it G.

{Pronotogr animus multifasciatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 81.)
2762. (Type of Pronotogrammus multifasciatus.) A very young
exami)le, about two inches long, the fore part of the head injured. It
has a blunt head, forked caudal, scaly maxillary, large scales, high
lateral line, and other characters of Anthias, to which genus it should
l)robably be referred.

32. Xeiiichthys xanti Gill.

{Xenichihys xanti Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, S^^Xenichthys xeuops Jordan
and Gilbert, Ball. U. S. Fish Commission, 1882, 325.)

5086. (Types of Xeniclitliys xanti.) Manj' small specimens, 3 to 4 inches
in length, in lair condition. These evidently belong to the same species
as the adult examples lately described by us from Panama as Xeniclitliys
.renops.

The dorsal rays are XI-I, 17, instead of XII, 14, as stated by Pro-
fessor Gill. The scales of the lateral line are perhaps a little more con-
spicuous than the others, but the difference is of no importance.

33. Lutjazius novemfasciatus Gill.

(Luljanus novemfasciatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186.1, 251 = ^ Mesopriou iner-
mis Peters, Berliner Monatsbeiichte, 1809, 705 = Lutjanus prieto Jordan & Gilbert,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881, 353.)

4010. (Ty])es of Liitjanns novemfasciatus.) Two specimens, about five

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 361

The very youug specimens on vdiicli this species was based, evidently
belong to the species which we have lately described as Lutjamis prieto,
an identification which could not be made from the description published.
The dark bands are a character of extreme youth.

Serranus calopteryx Jor. & Gilb. (Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. iv, 1881, 350)
seems to be identical with Prionodes fasciatus Jenyns (Voyage of the
Beagle, Fishes, 1842, 46). The absence of the vomerine and palatine
teeth in Jenyns' type is, as has been suggested by Dr. Giinther, purely
accidental, and without significance. The name fasciatus is preoccu-
l)ied in the genus Serranus, by Rolocentrus fasciatus Bloch. This spe-
cies may therefore retain the name Serranus calopteryx.

34. Diabasis sexfasciatus (Gill) J. & G.

{Hamulon sexfasciaius Gill, Proc. Ac. N;it. Sci. Phila. 1862, 2bA^HwmuJo)i maculostim
Peters, Berliner Moaatsber. 1869, 705.)

3000. (Types of Hamulon sexfasciatus.) One specimen, 4 inches long.

64C7. About twelve specimens of similar small size.

This species reaches a very large size, and the adult examples are quite
different in form and coloration from the little fish which served as the
original type. As in related species, the black spots on the scales are
developed with age.

35. Diabasis scudderi (Gill) J. & G

{Ewmulon scudderii Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 253 = ^rt>nH/?on brevirosfrnm
Giinther, Trans. Zool. Soc. Loud. 18'69, il8 = Hcemulon «n(?mm«/e Steindachner.Ichtli.
Beitriige, iii, 11, 1875:)

3683. (Types of Ilccmulon scuddcril.) Three young specimens, in good
condition. The coloration is quite different from that of the adult or
half-grown of this species, and is extremely similar to that of the young
of Pomadasys hilineatus.

Grayish, the scales with inconspicuous darker spots. A broad black
band through snout and eye, ending in a black blotch at base of caudal.
A second band from between nostrils on each side, above eye straight
to soft dorsal and upper edge of caudal peduncle. Fins, especially
anal, a little dusky. A dark blotch hidden by angle of opercle. All
these specimens have 12 dorsal spines, but most of those obtained by
Mr. Gilbert have 11, as in the type of Hwmulon undecimale.

36. Diabasis sieindachneri Jordan & Gilbert.

19879. Eight specimens, nearly adult, in good condition. These
appear to have been received alter the publication of Piofessor Gill's
l)apers.

37. Diabasis flavignttatus (Gill) Jor. & Gilb.

{Ha-mnlon Jlarifiutlatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 254 = Eamiilon margariti-
Jcrnm Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1864, 147.)

3681. (Type of Hwimilon Jfaviguttatus.) An adult example, in good
condition.

362 PEOCEEDIXGS OF UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

38. Diabasis maculicauda (Gill) Jor. & Gilb.

{Orthostocchus maculicauda Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1802,2r>5=^ir(:cm!<?oH mazaf-
lanum Steiudacbuer, Iclithyol. Notiz, viii, 12, taf. vi, 1869.)

6557. (Tyj)es of Orthostoechus maculicauda.) Several immature speci-
mens.

39. Pomadasys inornatus (Gill) J. & G.

(Microh'pidoivs inornatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila, 1862, 256 = ? Pristipoma hreri-
innne Steiudacliner, Ichth. Notiz, viii, \S^9,\i) = ? Pristipoma notatum Peters, Berliu.
Monatsber. 1889,708.)

3684:. (Types of Microlepidotus inornatus.) Two adult specimens, iu
good coudition, 8 inches long.
2999. One young example.

6558. Numerous immature exami^les, from 1 to 4 inches long, showing
lengthwise stripes.

7313. Four specimens, partly grown.

All the specimens examined have 14 spines in the dorsal, and the
membranes of the soft dorsal and anal seem to be without scales.

The young of this species is silvery, with three regular parallel black-
ish stripes, the lower from eye to middle of base of caudal, the next
from above eye to upper x)art of caudal pednncle, the third higher uj),
to middle of soft dorsal. The adults are nearly plain with traces of
about 6 narrow, dusky, wavy streaks, which do not follow the rows of
scales.

The specimen from Guaymas (Xo. 29386), i-eferred to by us in a pre-
vious paper (Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus. 1881, 274) as Pomadasys inornatus,
belongs apparently to Pomadasys cantharinus (Jenyns) J. & G.

40. Pomadasys ?bilineatus (Cuv. & Val.) J. & G.

{Gcnytrcmus Intcrruptus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 256 (young).

30927. (Tyjjes of Genytremiis interruptus.) Nine young specimens, 3 to 4
inches in length. These young specimens resemble to a remarkable
degree the young of the Atlantic species, P. bilineatus, with which they
were comj^ared by Professor Gill. Compared with specimens of the
latter species they differ only in the larger size of the scales, above the
lateral line mesiallj\ In bilineatus there are usually 6 scales in a ver-
tical series between the spinous dorsal and the lateral line. In the types
of interruptus we find 4, 5, or 6 scales in such a series. In Pomadasys
fiirthi we find 4. Filrtlii differs from bilineatus, so far as we can see,
only in a slightly different color, more arched back, and rather larger
scales between the spinous dorsal and lateral line. We are unable at
present to decide whether the types of interruptus are the young of
fiirtM or of bilineatus. If the former, which is not unlikely, the occur-
rence of the latter species in the Pacific is yet to be verified, although
not improbable. All the definite records of bilineatus on the west coa.st
of tropical America refer to young specimens, with lateral stripes like
the types of bilineatus.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 363

The coloration of the types of '..iferruptm is as follows :
Dull grayish, somewhat bluish above ; scales auteriorly with iucoii-
spiciious darker spots. A wavy, sharjily-defiued black band through
snout and eye, to opposite last ray of dorsal, where it ends abruptly.
Behind it, at base of caudal, is a large oval black blotch. A similar
black stripe from above eye straight to middle of base of soft dorsal.
Veutrals black, other fins more or less tinged with dusky, the pectorals
and spinous dorsal ])alest. If these prove to be the young of Poma-
dasys f'Hrtlii, the name interrtiptus is to be substituted for f'drthi. This
question cannot be settled with the material now at hand.

41. Girella nigricans (Ayres) Gill.

(Girella nigricans ^Girelladorsirnacula Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862,244.)
20320. (Type of OireJla dorsimaeula.) A partly grown specimen,
showing the pale blotch on the back by the side of the dorsal tin, char-
acteristic of the young of this species.

42. Pimelepterus analogus Gill.

(Pimelepteriis analogus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1862,24^ = Fimelejyterus eJegans
Peters, Berliner Mouatsber. 1869, 707.)

3001. (Types of Fimelepterus analogus.) In poor condition.

43. Apogon retrosella (Gill) J. & G.

(Amhi retrosella Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 251.)

2451. (Types of Amia retrosella.) Seven specimens, in fair condition,
li to 3^ niches in length.

2997. Four specimens, in poor condition.

4001, 4002, 4003. (Types of J.wj« retrosella.) Three half grown speci-
mens, in fair condition.

4413. (Types of Amia retrosella.) Three specimens.

44. Upeneus dentatus Gill.

iU2)encHs dvniatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 256.)

3G99. (Types of Uiieneus dentatus.) Three young examples, about 4
inches in length, in good condition. This species has not been obtained
by any other collector. It is well distinguished from the common Upe-
neus grandisquamis Gill. Compared with the young oi grandisquamis of
the same &ize, dentatus is more slender, less comjiressed, with smaller
scales^ very much larger eye, much weaker teeth, and the dorsal out-
line less arched.

45. Umbrina dorsalis Gill.

( Umhrina dorsalis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1862, 257.)

3096. (Types of Umhrina dorsalis.) Ten specimens, the largest 4 inches
long.

46. Umbrina xanti Gill.

{Umhrina jcanti Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 257= Umbrina analis Giiuther,
Traus. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 426.)

7156. (Types of Umhrina xanti.) Three young examples, the largest
nearly 4 inches long.

364 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

299G. Two small specimeus.

Compared with the young of Umhrina dorsalls, the young of U. xanti
differ iu the following respects:

The body is more slender and elongate (dei)th 3f ; 3^ in dorsaUs), the
head is more elongate, the anterior profile much less blunt and rounded,
the eye much smaller (not much longer than snout), the pectoral shorter,
(2 in head ; If in dorsaUs), the anal spine shorter. The oblique streaks
along the rows of scales are narrower and more sharplj- defined in xanti
than in dorsaUs. The number of dorsal rays in dorsaUs is constantly
greater.

Adult examples of the two species obtained by Mr. Gilbert show the
following differential characters:

a. Suout very blunt, not lonsjer than eye, 4 iu head; preopercle with its nicmbraua-
ceous edges crenulate ; jjectorals more than two-thirds length of head. D. X-I,
30 to 33; A. II, 7. Scales 9-53-12. Dark stripes along rows of scales very faint,

broader than the pale interspaces. Depth 3 iu length Dorsalis.

aa. Snout rather acute, longer than eye, 3^ in head ; preopercle with its bony edge
serrate; pectorals less than two-thirds length of head. D. X — I, 26; A. IT, 6.
Scales 6-48-10. Dark stripes along rows of scales very distinct, narrower than
the pale interspaces. Depth 3Jin length Xaxti.

l!^either species appears to be very common along the coast.

47. Myriopristis occidentalis Gill.

{Alijrio2]ris1is occidcnialis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 87: IBhampliohenjx Icu-
coptis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 88.)

C348. (Types oi MyrioprisHs occidentalis.) Veiy many young speci-
meus, 2 to 3 inches in length.

G350. (Types of Myriopristis occidentaUs.) Many young siiecimens.

0304. (Types oi Bhamphoheryx Jcucopus.) Two specimens, each about
2 inches iu length.

These specimens appear to belong to the same species. In all the
specimens called occidentaUs the sides are dull and dusky with dark
punctulations. In the types of leucopns the sides have a silvery luster.
There is no tangible difference in form, so far as we can judge from
these small specimens.

48. Myriopristis pcscilopus (Gill) J. &, G.

{UhamphohcriixpcccUopns Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 87: Hhamphoherijx Icu-
copit.s Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 88.)

G273. {Types of RhampJiobcryx 2)C£cilopus.) Three specimens, each about
2 inches in length, in good condition.

In these specimens the spinous dorsal is all black and the ventrals
tipped with black. PcecHopns is probably a species distinct from J/.
occidentaUs, although the resemblance is remarkably great, the ditfer-
ences, except in color, being scarcely appreciable.

Compared with occidentaUs of the same size, p(jeciIopus has the lower
jaw a tritie shorter and the eye a little larger. In poccilopus the sides

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 365

liave a bright silvery luster, without dark punctulatious, as iu the
specimens called leucopus.

There is no warrant for the generic name Rhamplioheryx. It is strictly
synonymous with Myriopristls.

49. Holocentrum suborbitale Gill.

{Holocentrum siiborWale Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, BQ.)
2319. (Types of Rolocentnhn siihorhiiale.)
7312. Numerous specimens.

50. Polynemus approximans Lay & Bennett.

(Pohjnvmus approxbnans Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 258.)
6418. Numerous young exami)les.

51. Prionurus punctatus Gill.

{Prionnms imnciahis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 242.)
3079, 4422, 930G. (Types of Prionurus punctatus.) Many specimens
in good condition, mostly young.

52. Pomacanthus strigatus (Gill) J. & G.

{Holacanthus strUjatv.s Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 243.)

3668. (Type of Holacanthus strigatus.) One specimen, about 3 inches
in length, in good condition.

53. Cheetodon iiigrirostris (Gill) J. »& G.

(Sarotlrodm ni{)rirostns Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 243.)

3669. (Types of Sarothrodus nigrirostris.) Two specimens partly
grown, in fair condition, but badly shriveled.

54. Poraacentrus rectifrasnum Gill.

{Foinaccntnts recii/nvninn Gill, Proc, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 148; 1863, 214: Poma-
centrus analigutta Gill MSS, iu Giinther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. iv, 27.)

3670. {Ty\)es of Pomacentrus reciifrwmmi.) Three partly grown speci-
mens, in good condition.

3674. (Types of Pomacentrus analigutta.) Several specimens, in good
condition, 1^ to 3 inches in length.

There seems little reason to doubt that the above-noticed specimens
all belong to the same species.

55. Pomacentrus flavilatus Gill.

(Pomacentrus JlavUatits Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 148; 1863, 214: Poma-
(xntrus hairdii Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 149: Pomataprion hairdii Gill, Proc,
Ac, Nat, Sci. Phila. 1863, 217.)

3677. (Tyi^e of Pomacentrvs Jlavilatus.) One half grown specimen, in
fine condition, with the charax^ieristic coloration of the species.

3656. (Type of Pomacentrus hairdii.) One very immature specimen,
less than an inch long.

AVe are able to distinguish this species from P. rectifrccnum only by
the difference in coloration. No intermediate conditions have yet been

366 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

noticed by us. According to Mazatlan fishermen, it readies a larger
size than as yet observed by collectors, still retaining its characterisric
coloration.

56. Pomacentrus quadrigutta Gill.

{Hypsypops dorsalis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 147 (adult) : Pomacenlrns
quadrigutta Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1852, 149: Pomataprion dorsaHs G\U, Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1803, 21G: not Pomacentrus dorsalis Gill. Proc. Acad. Nat. S.-;i.
Phila. 1859, 29; a Chinese species.)

3657. (Type of Pomacentrus quadrigutta.) A very young example,
less than one inch in length.

The type of Rijpsypops dorsalis (43G9) has now gone to decay.

57. Glyphidodon declivifrons (Gill) J. & G.

(EuscMstodus declivifrons Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2, 145, 146; 1833, 219:
EvscMstodus concolor Gill, 1. c. 18G2, 145, foot-note = £'».sc/((8^o<7».5 analoyus Gill, 1. c.
1883, 219, Aspiuwall.)

9332. (Tj^pes of Euscliistodus declivifrons.) About ten young exam-
ples, 2 to 4 inches in length.

30744. A large example, 5^ inches in length, in good condition. On
this specimen the dark bands have all disappeared.

58. Glyphidodon saxatilis (L.) Lac.

(Glyphidodon trosclielii Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2, 150 ; 18G3, 21:0.)
8173, 8180. (Types of Glyphidodon troschelii.) Many young speci-
mens.

■39. Chromis atrilobata Gill.

(Chromis atriJohata Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 149; 1863, 220.)

3075. (Type of Chromis atrilobata.) A half-grown specimen, in bad
condition.

Ko second specimen of this species has yet been obtained. It may
be identical with the Brazilian Chromis marf/inatus, as suggested by
Dr. Giinther, but it is certainly premature to unite the two on tLe ba.sis
of our present knowledge. A few species of shore-fishes are certainly
common to the fauujie of Brazil and Lower California, but the suppo-
sition is against identity in any individual case. Much injury has been
done to our knowledge of geographical distribution by the random
identification of specimens with closely related species belonging to
some other fauna. Of 50 species of marine fishes given by Dr. Giinther
(Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 1809, 385-392) as common to both sides of the
Isthmus of Panama, at least 11 have been incorrectly identified and
are not found on both coasts, the identity of 18 more is doubtful and
must be verified, while but 21 of the list can be positively stated to be
specifically identical. A large number not included in this list are also
certainly identical, but in this case it is better to retain some doubtful
species than to make many doubtful identifications.

We may notice that the green coloration of the type of Chromis
atrilobata (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 220) seems to have come
from the copper tank in which it has been kept.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 367

60. Harpe diplotasnia Gill.

{Harpe (liploUcnia Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G2, 140 (9 ?): Harpe pectoralis
Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1832, 141 ( $ ).

4441. (Types of Earpe dlplotmiia.) One specimeu, 9 inches lonjj^, in
alcohol.

2986. Stnfifed skin of achilt ; also one of the original types.

6430. {Harpe pectoralis ; not type ; record of locality and collector
lost.) A specimen, about 10 inches long, in spirits.

2988,8867. (Stuffed skins; types oi Harpe pectoralis.)

These two forms have been well described by Professor Gill. We
are uuable to find any constant difference between them except in the
color. It is not improbable that pectoralis is the male and diplotwnia
the female of the same species. The form aaWQd pectoralis is certainly
the male.

61. Julis lucasanus Gill.

{Jidis lucasanus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Pbila. 1862, 142.)

3676, 3677. (Typ'es of Julis lucasanus.) Young aud half-grown ex-
amples, in good condition.
4396. Two adult and one young example.

62. Xyrichthys mundiceps Gill.

(Xirkhfliys mundiceps Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 143.)

4370. (Types of Xirichthys mundiceps.) One half-grown and several
small examples.

8082. (Types.) Very many young examples, in poor condition.

30929. Three adult males and one female (not types).

The large specimens last mentioned were received after the publica-
tion of Professor Gill's papers. The female exami)le is plain light
browni.sh like the original types. The males are darker, with a narrow
vertical blue or violet line at the base of each scale, these most distinct
and broadest on caudal peduncle. A conspicuous jet-black spot, rather
larger than the eye, at base of caudal, just below lateral line. Three
concentric blue curved lines on flap of cpercle. Three narrow blue lines
downward and forward from eye across cheek. Lower jaw aud lower
side of head with blue strii)es and lines, the one connecting angles of the
mouth below broader than the others. Fins pale ; now plain.

In the male the body is deeper than in the female, and the anterior
profile is steeper. The largest of the original types is a male, and still
shows traces of the dark caudal spot.

63. Novacula mundicorpus (Gill) Giinther.

{Iniistius mundkorpus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci-. Phila. 1862, 145.)

7o88. One adult example, probably a male, 7 inches in length, evi-
dently not tbe original type.

Color olivaceous, whitish below ,• three broad bars of dark olive on
the back and sides, these bars nearly as wide as the interspaces.

368 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Most of the scales of the back and sides with a vertical light bluish
stripe, not so distinct as in X. nmndiceps. In the middle of the first
dark band, just above the lateral line, are one or two scales of a differ-
ent color, the posterior half of each being jet black, the base light blue,
the colors abruptly defined. Dorsal with narrow dark stripes running
obliquely downward and backward. Anal i)ale, with a conspicuous
light horizontal stripe near the tips of the rays; a narrower similar
stripe near the middle of the fin. Some bluish clouds on opercle.
Some vertical pale blue stripes below eye. Anterior dorsal dusky. A
faint dusky streak below eye ; tip of caudal a little dusky.

64. Caulclatilus princeps (Jenyns) Gill.

(Caulohttihts affinis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1865, 67.)

5789. (Type of Canlolatilus affinis.) One very young example, about
3 inches long, badly shrivelled. So far as we can see the number of
fin rays in this specimen is not less than usual in the species to which
it belongs.

65. Gobius soporator C. & V.

246G. One specimen.

66» Gobhis banana Cuv. & Val.
24:04. Several young examples.
2474. Adults.
2772. Adults.
20931. Three adult specimens.

67. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch) J. & G.

2491, 7350. Many examples.

68. Philypnus lateralis Gill.

{rhihipuus lateralis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 180O, 123.)

2435 to 2442. Types of Philypnus lateralis.

2492, 0283. Many specimens.

69. Porichthys margaritatus (Rich.) J. & G.
3004. Young examples.

70. Clinus xanti (Gill) Gthr.

{Labrosomus xanti Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 107.)

2334, 7050, 7314. Many specimens, of various sizes, some of them types
of Labrosomus xanti.

This species is extremely close to the Clinus nucMpinnis^ differing in
the specimens examined, in the arrangement of the teeth on the vomer.
In xanti there are three large bluntish teeth forming a triangle; in
nucMpinnis., one large tooth and about six smaller ones forming a V-
shaped figure. In nuchipinnis there is always a distinct black blotch

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 369

on the opercle, which is faint or obsolete in xanti. In form, structure
of fins, numbers of scales, &c., we are unable to find any differences.

71. Tripterygixun carminale Jor. & Gilb.
2487. Two examples.

72. Salarias atlanticus C. & V.

2745, 7324, 7333, 7794. Many specimens, of various sizes.

73. Isesthes gentilis (Grd.) J. & G.

2481. Two examples, the largest '2h inches long, answering entirely to
the description of the female of this species given by Dr. Steindachner
(Ichth. Beitr. v, 150). A male specimen of this species is in Mr. Lock-
ington's collection, from La Paz.

74. Myxodagnus opercularis Gill.

{Hfi/xodagmis opcrculavls Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. ^ci. Phila. 1861, 263.)

2531, 2532, 2533. (Types of Myxodagmis opercularis.) Three imma-
ture examples, faded.

75. Dactylagnus miindus Gill.

{Dactylafjnus mtindus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 505.)
4915. (Type of Dactylagnus mundus.) One specimen, nearly 6 inches
long.

76. Sebastopsis xyris, sp. nov,

30979. Six small specimens, somewhat discolored, the largest about
3 inches in length.

Head 2i; depth 3i. D. XIII, 10 ; A. Ill, 5. Lat. 1. 24 (pores).

Body oblong, somewhat compressed, the back a little elevated. Head
large, very strongly armed. Mouth rather large, oblique, the jaws sub-
equal in frout, the maxillary extending to beyond pupil, its length If
in head. No i^alatiue teeth. Jaws naked. Preorbital narrow, its edge
lobate, not spinous. Eye large, about 3| in head.

Cranial ridges very short, sharp, and high, their spines more or less
hook-like and compressed. Interorbital space narrow, very deeply con-
cave, with two curved longitudinal ridges, each armed with a small
spine. Nasal spines sharp. Preocular, supraocular, postocular, tym-
panic, occipital, nuchal, and coronal spines present. Occipital ridge
very short, spine-like. Coronal spines separating the naked frontal
region from the scaly part of the head. A sharp temporal spine on each
side ; behind it two strong spines on the suprascapula ; a spine on the
shoulder-girdle. Opercle with two spines. Preopercle with about five
spines, the largest with a smaller spine at its base in front, the two lower-
most spines almost obsolete. Suborbital stay forming a sharp elevated
ridge, with a sharp spine near its front, under the eye, and another near
its junction with the preopercle. Gill-rakers very short, rather stout.
Proc. Nat. Mus. 82 24 Sept. 5, 1 882.

370 PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Dorsal fiu rather deeply iiotclied, tlie spines strong, the longest 2f in
head. Longest soft ray about half length of head. Caudal truncate,
If in head. Second anal spine If in head, very strong, much longer
than third or than the soft rays. Pectoral 1^ in head, the base rather
broad, a little procurrent, the tip pointed. Ventral If in head, its in-
sertion under anterior margin of base of pectoral.

Scales unusually large, ctenoid ; 25 pores in lateral line, the number
of rows of scales somewhat more.

Coloration faded, apparently light red or perhaps brown iu life, Avith
traces of darker shades. Caudal with bands and blotches of dark brown ;

dusky blotches near the base.

77. Dinematichthys ventralis (Gill) J. & G.
(Brosmophycis ventralis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1863, 253.)

2479, 2482, 2483. (Types of Brosmopliycis ventralis.) Three specimens,
the largest about 3 inches long, in fair condition.

78. Paralichthys adspersus (Steind.) J. & G.
7036. One specimen, about 8 inches long.

79. Tetrodon testudineus L.

12092. Young specimen. We are unable to distinguish the Pacific
Coast form {annulatus Jenyns=h€raldi Gthr.) from the West Indian
testudineus.

80. Psilonotus punctatissimus (Giinther) J. & G.

(= Tetrodon oxyrhynchus Lockington, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1881, 116.)

9899. Many specimens, the largest about 3 inches long.

81. Balistes mitis Bennett.
2990. Dried skin.

7318. Three adult specimens in spirits.

82. Antennarius strigatus Gill.

{Antennariiis strigatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1863, 92.=Antennarius temdfdia
Giinther, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1869, 440.)

62G7. (Types of Antennarius strigatus.) Two specimens, in fine con-
dition.

83. Antennarius sanguineus Gill.

(Antennarius sanguineus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 91. =^Ante7inariu8 leojyar-
din us Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, 151.)

6393. (Types of Antennarius sanguineus.) Two fine specimens, one
adult, the other nearly so.

18004. One half-grown example, in good condition.

The types of the following species described by Professor Gill appear

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 371

to be lost or destroyed. Of all of these except Boryrliamplms calif orni.
ensis, the Museum now possesses one or more examples in good condi-
tion, most of them being from the collection of Mr. Gilbert:

Dactyloscopus pector-

ali s = Dactyloscopus pectoraUs Gill.

Iniistius miindicorp us ^ Novacula mundicorpiis (Gill) J. & G.
Hypsypopsdorsalis = Pomacentrus qvadrigutta Gill.

Diapterus californiensis^ Gerres calif orniensis (Gill) J. & G.
Diapterus gracilis = Gerres gracilis (Gill) J. &G.

Hox)lopagrus gUntheri = Hoplopagrus giintheri Gill.
Nematistius i»octoralis = Nemaiistius pectoraUs Gill.
Cirrliitiis betaiirus =^ Cirrlntiis rivulatus^al.

Argyriosus brevoorti = Selene vomer (L.) Liitk.

Trachynotus rhodopus =; Trac}iynotu,8rliodopus(ji\\\.{T.lcennedyi^ie,\\i^.)
Trachynotus nasutus = Trachynotus rhodopus Gill.
Doryrliainphus califorui-

ensis ^^ Doryrliainphus calif orniensis Gill.

Hippocampus gracilis

Gill = Eippocanqms ingens Grd.

United States IS'ational Museum, June 28, 1882.

I.IST OF FISnES COt.I.ECTEI> BY JOHIV XAIVTUS AT COI^IMA,

MEXICO.

By DAVID S. JOKDAN aeid CHARI.ES H. OILBERT.

About twenty years ago a considerable collection of fishes was made
by Mr. John Xantus at Colima, on the west coast of Mexico, for the
Smithsonian Institution. Much of this collection arrived at Washing-
ton in bad condition, and the greater part of it has gone to decay. In
the present iiaper is given a catalogue of the specimens still remaining.

1. Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmel.) Miiller & Henle.

7332. Two young examples, each 10 inches long. This species has
not hitherto been recorded from the Pacific coast of Mexico. A young
specimen was seen by Mr. Gilbert at Mazatlan.

2. Arius guatemalensis Giiuther.
8141. Four specimens.

3. Characodon furcidens Jor. &- Gilb.

5093. Very many examples in fair condition, the largest 3 inches
long.

4. Muraeua pinta Jor. & Gilb.

7328. One specimen, 8 inches long.

5. Rhypticus xanti Gill.

7710. One fine specimen, 8 inches long.

6. Epinephelus sellicauda Gill.
9583, 9587, 9580, 9601.

372 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

7. Diabasis sexfasciatus (Gill) J. tS: G.
30997. Oue liall'-grown specimen.

8. Diabasis steindachneri Jor. & Gilb.
9580, 9588, 9600, 19632.

9. Diabasis maculicauda (Gill) J. & G.
Three specimens, in very bad condition.

10. Pomadasys virginicus Snbsp, taeniatus (Gill) J. & G.

31013. One specimen.

We have compared Pacific coast representatives of this species {Ani-
sotremiis Ueniatus Gill) with specimens from the Bahamas. The former
appear to have very slightly smaller scales (11-56-18 against 9-56-16),
but we can find no other structural difference, and this may not be con-
stant. The Atlantic form has the vertical bauds much darker, almost
black, instead of brown. The blue lateral stripes are wider and fiiinter,
as broad as a scale and more than two-thirds the width of the inter-
spaces ; they are very faintly edged with darker. The additional smaller
l)lue stripes between the broader stripes are more numerous than in the
Pacific form. In the latter the blue stripes are much less wide than a
scale and barely one-third the olive stripes. The coloration in Pacific
coast specimens is very uniform, and the name tcvniatus mny be retained
for the subsi)ecies which they represent.

11. Pomacanthus strigatus (Gill) J. & G.

31008. A fine large specimen, 8 inches in length ; pale bar downward
from dorsal very distinct ; dorsal and anal with a narrow edging of bright
blue posteriorly. Blue stripes on head wholly obsolete.

12. Pomacentrus rectifrcenuni Gill.

Young specimens, in very poor condition.

13. Philypnus lateralis Gill.

8057. One example, 9 inches long.

14. Dormitator maculatus (Blocli) J. & G.
Specimens in bad condition.

15. Culius eequidens Jor. & Gilb.
5089. In bad condition.

16. Fierasfer areuicola Jor. & Gilb.

7531. Two specimens, the largest 4| inches long.

These specimens agree well with the typical example, but the mouth
is larger, the maxillary extending much beyond orbit, its length nearly
two-thirds that of head.

United States National Museum, June 30, 1882.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 373

tlST OF FISHE!^ COLI.ECTES* AT PAIVAMA BY C APTAIIV JOHN M.
DOW, NOW IN THE UNBTEO STATES NATIONAI. MUSEUITI.

By DAVID S. JOKDAN afiad CHARLES H. GILBERT.

About twenty years ago (1861-18G5) several collections of fishes were
forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution by Capt. J. M. Dow, from
Panama and other points on the west coast of Central America. One
of these collections has been studied by Professor Gill.* The others
haA-e hitherto remained unnoticed and many of the specimens have
been allowed to decay. The present paper gives an account of what
remains at present.

1. Mustelus dorsalis Gill.

(Musteliis dorsalis Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1864.)

8068. (Types of Mustelus dorsalis.) Four half-grown specimens.

2. Anableps dowi Gill.

{AnahJcps dowi Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 4.)

8005. Five specimens, the largest nearly 11 inches long, from La Union,
San Salvador.

3. Hemirhamphus poeyi Giinther.
30953. Two fine adult specimens.

This species is very close to S. unifasciatus^ if really distinct. It differs
chiefly in the shortness of the lower jaw.

Four specimens of Exocoetus, representing three species, are also
in the collection, but it is questionable whether any of them really came
from Panama. We are informed by Captain Dow that the specimen
which became the type of Exocoetus alUdactylus Gill (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1863, 167) was taken oft' the northern coast of Brazil, and not at
Panama.

4. Agonostoma nasutum Giiu+her.

30966. One specimen.

5. Joturus stipes si), nov.

31010. One large specimen, found in the same bottle as 30057 {Poma-
dasys Immilis).

19915. Two still larger examples, in good condition, about 15 inches in
length, from "Central America"; the exact locality and the collector
unknown.

Head 4f in length; depth 4; D. lY-l, 9. A III, 9. Scales 45—13.

* Descriptive Euumeratiouof a Collection of Fislies from the Western Coast of Cen-
tral America. Presented to the Smithsonian Institution by Capt. John M. Dow.
By Theodore Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 162-174.

374 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Body robust, a little compressed behind. Head lieavy, little com-
pressed, gibbous above and anteriorly. Snout thick, broad, protruding,
blunt and tumid at tip, considerably overhanging the small inferior
mouth, and entirely below the level of the eye. Length of snout 2§ in
head. Maxillary reaching nearly to posterior margin of eye, 2^ in head,
hidden entirely beneath the preorbital. Mouth broad, but without much
lateral cleft. Lower jaw included. Ui^per lip thick, slipping beneath
the snout. Lower lip very thick, its anterior edge forming a soft sharp-
edged fold; outline of the lip very obtuse. Teeth rather strong, coarse,
bluntly conical, forming a large ovate patch on each side of lower jaw,
the two patches not confluent. A similar but smaller patch on the
vomer. No teeth on the palatines. Upper jaw with a band of similar
but rather smaller teeth.

Nostrils roundish, close together, in front of the small round eye,
which is nearer angle of mouth than level of top of head. Interorbital
space very broad, transversely convex. Eye 6 in head, 3 in interor-
bital width. No adipose eyelid. Neither lip with cirri or papillie.

Scales of head each with many smaller ones at base; accessory scales
on body largely developed. All the fins, including spinous dorsal, cov-
ered with small scales. Gill membranes largely united, free from the
isthmus.

Dorsal spines compressed and curved, becoming rapidly shorter from
the first, which is about two-thirds length of head. Second dorsal and
anal with their free margins concave, the anal somewhat falcate, its
longest ray 1^ in head. Caudal forked, as long as head. Pectoral as
long as head, reaching middle of first dorsal.

Color dull olivaceous, without distinct markings, paler below.

6. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.

15121, 15122, 15128. Several young specimens.

7. Muraenesox coniceps Jor. &. Gilb.

30981. One large specimen, in poor condition.

8. Echeneis naucrates L.

30981. One half-grown specimen, in fair condition. Disk with 22
lamina}.

9. Scomber grex Mitchill.

30998. Two half-grown specimens, in poor condition. The air-bladder
is present.

10. Oligoplites altus (Gtbr.) J, & G.

30969. A young specimen, in good condition.

11. Oligoplites occidentalJs (L.) Gill.

COIifjopIitcs inoruatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 160.)

30959. (Type of Olkjopliies inoniatus.) One adult specimen, in good
condition.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 375

12. Trachynotus ovatus (L.) Lac.

30970. One partly grown specimen, in good condition.

15123. Three very yonng specimens.

Comiiared with Atlantic specimens of somewhat larger size, Xo. 30970
is somewhat deeper (depth If in length, instead of 1^), and the dorsal
and anal fins are much less elevated in front (anterior lobe of dorsal 4^
in length; 2^^ in T. ovatus from Cuba).

13. Caranx dorsalis (Gill) Gthr.

(Carangoklcs dorsalis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1863, 166.)

4957. (Types of Carangoides dorsalis.) Two specimens, in good condi-
tion.

14. Caranx speciosus Lac.

(Caranx pa7tam&nsi8 Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 166.)
309G0. (Type of Caranx panamensis.) One adult specimen, in good
condition.

15. Caranx faUax C. & V.

{Carangus marginatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1863, 166.)

30958. (Type of Carangus marginatus.) One adult example, in good
condition.

There can be no doubt that Dr. Giinther's identification of Scomber
hippos L. with this species is erroneous.

16. Caranx atrimanus J. & G.

30745. One specimen, 5^ inches long, in good condition. '

17. Rhypticus nigripinnis Gill.

{Promicro2)ierus decoratus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1863, 164.)
309G1. (Type of Promicropterus decoratus.) One specimen, 8 inches
long, in good condition.

18. Alphestes multiguttatus (Gthr.) J. &, G.

30988. One specimen, in fair condition, but somewhat faded.

30954. A young specimen, in good condition.

This species is closely allied to the West Indian Alpliestes afer Bloch,
{Plectropoma chloropterum 0. & V.), but is readily distinguished by the
more i)ointed snout and the totally different coloration.

19. Epinephelus analogus Gill.

{E2Ji>iephclus analogus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 163.)

4944. (Type of Epinephelus analogus.) A half-grown specimen, in good
condition.
30993. One fine young specimen.

20. Pomadasys humilis (Kner & Steindachner) J. «& G.

30957. A fine adult specimen, and one young specimen.
The resemblance of this species to Pomadasys crocro (C. & V.) is very
close.

376 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

21. Kuhlia xenura Jor. & Gilb.

(Xenichihys xenurua Jortlau & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 454.)

435G, (Types of A'emc/if/ii/s xenurus.) Two specimens, in good condition.

This species should be referred to the genus KuMia Gill {—JlJoronopsis
Gill), rather than to Xenichthys. It has no enlarged scale in the ven-
tral axil, and it has the naked snout, jaws, and fins, the compressed
body, and high dorsal spines of the species of Kulilia.

An examination of the Museum records shows that these specimens
now bear a number originally given to one of the types of " EuscJiistodus
concolor,^^ from San Salvador. As the connection of these specimens
with the Dow collection rests on the same records, we consider it doubt-
ful whether they really came from San Salvador.* Kuhlia xenura appears
to be a valid species distinct from K. twniura, but it should be suppressed
from the list of species inhabiting the Pacific coast of Central America,
until its occurrence there is verified bj" some collector.

22. Centropomus unionensis Bocourt.

30991. One fine specnueu, in good condition.

23. Apogon dovii Giiuther.

30990. Two specimens, in bad condition.

24. Polynemus approximans Laj- & Bennett.
15129. One specimen, in good condition.

25. Sciasna oscitans Jor. & Gilb.

309G7. Three fine specimens, two of them adult.

26. Sciaena armata (Gill) J. & G.

{BairdieUa armata Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 164 = Cwvina acutirostris
Steinflachuer Ichtli. Beitr. Ill, 28, 1875.)

(Type of BairdieUa armata.) One specimen, in good condition.

27. Sciaena ophioscion (Gthr.) J. & G.

{Ophioscion typicus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 165.)

22861. (Type of Opliio8cion typicus.) One adult si^ecimen, in good
condition.

28. Pomacanthus zonipectus (Gill.) Giintber.

{Pomacaniliodes zon'ipectns Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 244 (adult) = Potiacan-
thus crescenialis Jor, & Gilb. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 358, young.)

5922. (Type of Fomacanthodes zonipectus.) A large specimen, in good
condition, from San Salvador.

29979. A young specimen (from IsTicaragua), showing the coloration
of the '■'•crescentalis'''' stage, which is wholly different from that of the
adult. The changes in coloration appear to be analogous to those of
Fomaeantlius arcuatus.

* There is some reason for thinking that these specimens belonged to Dr. Stimpson's
olclection, and came from the east coast of Asia.

PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 377

29. Acanthurus tractus Poey.

30902. A young specimen, in good condition.

30. Holocentrum suborbitale Gill.

2705. Four specimens, in good condition.

31. Gerres dowi (Gill) Gthr.

(Diapterus dowii Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 162.)

30985. (Types of Diapterus doici.) Tliree balf-grown specimens, in
good condition.

Two large specimens of Gerres lineatus (30082), from a fresh-water
lake near Acapulco, Mexico, are also in the collection.

32. Glyphidodon declivifrons (Gill) Gthr.

(EuscMstodiis dtcUvifrons and concolor, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 145: Eus-
chistodiis analogus, Gill, I.e., 1863, 219.)
30980. (Formerly 4350.) (Tyi^e o£ EuscJiistodus concolor.)
2757. One specimen.

33. Glyphidodon saxatilis (L.) Lac.

4300. Young specimens from San Salvador.

34. Pomacentrus quadrigutta Gill.

4305. One small specimen from San Salvador, having the coloration
ascribed to P. quadrigutta.

35. Pomacentrus rectifraBiium Gill.

30902. Small specimens from San Salvador.

36. Scorpasna plumieri Bloch.

One specimen, in bad condition, apparently belonging to this species.

37. Dormitator maculatus (Bloch) J. & G.

{Dormitator microphthalmus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 170.)
4953. (Type of Dormitator microphthalmus.) A very large specimen,
nearly a foot in length.

33. Philypnus lateralis Gill.
30994. Several specimens.

39. Gobius soporator C. & V.
2701. Many small specimens.

40. Clinus macrccephalus Giinther.

30950. Two specimens, in bad condition.

41. Diodon liturosus Shaw.

(Shaw, General Zool. v. pt. 2, 431', 1804, after Diodon tacliete Lac. ~ Diodon maou-
latiis Gthr.
9870. One young specimen, in good condition.

378 PROCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The types of the following species described by Professor Gill, from
the. present collection, Jipiiear to be lost :

Contropomusarmatus ^ Centropomus armatus Gill.

Amblyscion argeuteus =: Larimus argenteiis (Gill) J. & G.

Exocoetus dowii = Exocatus dowi GiU.

Upeueus grandisq iiamis = Ujicneus grandisquamis GiW.

Tricliidiou opercularis = Polijnemus ojyercularis {Gi\\)Gt]iT.

M u g i 1 g u e n t h e r i i = Miigil albida L. (Mexlcanus Steind).

Leptariiis dowii := Arius doivi {G\\l) Gthr.

Sciadestroschelii =: Arius 8p.
Aelurichtbys panamensi8 = Adurichthys panamensis Gill.

Atractosteus tropicus =: Lcpidosteus trojncus (Gill) Gthr.

Urotrygonmundus = Urolophus mundus (Gill) Gtbr.

All these species are now represented in the National Museum, with
the exception of Sciades troschelii and Urotrygon mundus^ which remain
unidentified.

United States National Museum, July 4, 1882.

L.1ST OF A COr,IiEC'TIOIV OF FISHES MADE BV MR. I.. BEr.DIIVO NEAR
CAPE SAIV lilJCAS, t,OWEK €Al>IFOKNIA.

By DAVBB S. JORDAN ami CHARLES H. GH.BERT.

1. Muraena dovii Giiuther.
{Alurwiui pUitUa Jor. & Gilb.)

30480. A young specimen from Espiritu Santo Island, agreeing fairly
with the original description of Murcvna pintita^ but the tail slightly
shorter than the rest of the body. There are a few small yellowish spots
on the posterior part of the head, similar to those on the body, which
are not very numerous.

We have examined two very large eels (19893) collected by Captain
Hereudeen at the Galapagos Islands. They seem to be referable to
Murccna dovii., agreeing as well with Giinther's description as they do
with each other, and there seems to be little room for doubt that our
'■'■ Murwiia pintita''^ is the young of the same species. There is consider-
able variation in the size and form of the small pale spots.

2. Leptocephalus* conger (L.) J. «fc G.

30930. A small specimen, 6^ inches long, from near Cape San Lucas,
does not show any variation from Mediterranean examples of this spe-

*Tbe generic names Leptocephalus Giuelin (Syst. Nat. 1, 1150, 1788; based on Lepto-
cephalus morrisi, a larval Conger) and Echelus Ealinesqiie (Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi
Geueri, etc., 1810, 64; E. macropterus Raf.) bave priority over Conger Cuvier. As Lep-
tocephalus is tbe first generic name applied to tbis group, it sbould in our opinion be
retained, in i)refereuce to Echelus, notwitbstanding its common use for larval forms
generally.

PKOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 379

cies. No other specimen of this genus lias been brought from the Pacific
coast of tropical America.

3. Mugil albula L.

o0932. Four small specimens, each about 5 inches long, from Cape
San Lucas.

4. Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz.

30933. Three half-grown and numerous young specimens were col-
lected in San Jose Eiver, near Cape San Lucas.

5. Agonostoma nasutum Giinther.

30934. Five sj^ecimens, the largest about 7 inches long, were collected
at San Jose, where they are known as trucha, or trout. These do not
differ essentially from the specimens described by Dr. Giinther; the
maxillary usually extends slightly beyond front of orbit; head 4^ to 4 J
in length (to base of caudal); eye 4^ in head; maxillary not longer than
interorbital width, contained 2f to 3;^ times in head; a band of pterygoid
teeth often but not always developed ; dorsal spines very strong, not
flexible, the origin of the fin nearer snout than tail ; caudal well forked,
the middle rays 1^ in outer.

6. Remora squalipeta (Dald.) J. & G.
{Echoieis remora L.)

30941. A single specimen, 6 inches long, from San Jos^.

7. Centropomus robalito Jor. & Glib.

30940. Two small specimens, 3J inches long, were obtained at San
Jose.

8. Gobius banana Cuv. & Val.

30935. Color light olivaceous, back and sides blotched and shaded
with dark brown ; a series of irregular roundish blotches along middle
of sides; narrow black streaks radiating from eye, two of these running
downwards and forwards to mouth, and oue backwards to upper pre-
opercular angle, with a similar i^arallel streak below it; a black streak
running across upper margin of opercle, and extending on base of upper
pectoral rays; dark markings on back, sometimes forming more or less
distinct cross-bars; belly vfhite; ventrals and anal immaculate; other
fins all more or less distinctly barred with wavy black lines.

Head 3f in length ; depth 5§. D. VI-11 ; A. I, 10 ; scales Cl-21.

Body subfusiform, long and low, scarcely or but little cou)i)ressed.
Head long and low, slender, much narrowed anteriorly, its greatest
breadth but little more than its greatest depth, and 1^ in its length ;
cheeks scarcely tumid; snout long, low, 2| in head, the profile very little
curved. Upper jaw very protractile; lips thick; mouth low, narrow,
subterminal, very variable in size, the maxillary from 2^ to 24 in head,
sometimes not reac